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[ "Symphony X", "Iconoclast (2011-2013)", "what event happened in 2011?", "The album's name and lyrical concept were revealed on January 29, 2011", "what was it's name?", "Iconoclast", "did the album make it big?", "Iconoclast debuted at number 76 on the Billboard 200 album chart in the United States, selling more than 7,300 copies in its first week." ]

[ "Přírodní park Třebíčsko (before Oblast klidu Třebíčsko) is a natural park near Třebíč in the Czech Republic. There are many interesting plants. The park was founded in 1983.\n\nKobylinec and Ptáčovský kopeček\n\nKobylinec is a natural monument situated ca 0,5 km from the village of Trnava.\nThe area of this monument is 0,44 ha. Pulsatilla grandis can be found here and in the Ptáčovský kopeček park near Ptáčov near Třebíč. Both monuments are very popular for tourists.\n\nPonds\n\nIn the natural park there are some interesting ponds such as Velký Bor, Malý Bor, Buršík near Přeckov and a brook Březinka. Dams on the brook are examples of European beaver activity.\n\nSyenitové skály near Pocoucov\n\nSyenitové skály (rocks of syenit) near Pocoucov is one of famed locations. There are interesting granite boulders. The area of the reservation is 0,77 ha.\n\nExternal links\nParts of this article or all article was translated from Czech. The original article is :cs:Přírodní park Třebíčsko.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nNature near the village Trnava which is there\n\nTřebíč\nParks in the Czech Republic\nTourist attractions in the Vysočina Region", "Damn Interesting is an independent website founded by Alan Bellows in 2005. The website presents true stories from science, history, and psychology, primarily as long-form articles, often illustrated with original artwork. Works are written by various authors, and published at irregular intervals. The website openly rejects advertising, relying on reader and listener donations to cover operating costs.\n\nAs of October 2012, each article is also published as a podcast under the same name. In November 2019, a second podcast was launched under the title Damn Interesting Week, featuring unscripted commentary on an assortment of news articles featured on the website's \"Curated Links\" section that week. In mid-2020, a third podcast called Damn Interesting Curio Cabinet began highlighting the website's periodic short-form articles in the same radioplay format as the original podcast.\n\nIn July 2009, Damn Interesting published the print book Alien Hand Syndrome through Workman Publishing. It contains some favorites from the site and some exclusive content.\n\nAwards and recognition \nIn August 2007, PC Magazine named Damn Interesting one of the \"Top 100 Undiscovered Web Sites\".\nThe article \"The Zero-Armed Bandit\" by Alan Bellows won a 2015 Sidney Award from David Brooks in The New York Times.\nThe article \"Ghoulish Acts and Dastardly Deeds\" by Alan Bellows was cited as \"nonfiction journalism from 2017 that will stand the test of time\" by Conor Friedersdorf in The Atlantic.\nThe article \"Dupes and Duplicity\" by Jennifer Lee Noonan won a 2020 Sidney Award from David Brooks in the New York Times.\n\nAccusing The Dollop of plagiarism \n\nOn July 9, 2015, Bellows posted an open letter accusing The Dollop, a comedy podcast about history, of plagiarism due to their repeated use of verbatim text from Damn Interesting articles without permission or attribution. Dave Anthony, the writer of The Dollop, responded on reddit, admitting to using Damn Interesting content, but claiming that the use was protected by fair use, and that \"historical facts are not copyrightable.\" In an article about the controversy on Plagiarism Today, Jonathan Bailey concluded, \"Any way one looks at it, The Dollop failed its ethical obligations to all of the people, not just those writing for Damn Interesting, who put in the time, energy and expertise into writing the original content upon which their show is based.\"\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n Official website\n\n2005 podcast debuts" ]

[ "Symphony X is an American progressive metal band from Middletown, New Jersey. Founded in 1994, the band consists of guitarist Michael Romeo, keyboardist Michael Pinnella, drummer Jason Rullo, lead vocalist Russell Allen and bassist Michael Lepond. They achieved some commercial success with the 2007 album Paradise Lost and the 2011 album Iconoclast, which reached number 76 on the Billboard 200.", "They achieved some commercial success with the 2007 album Paradise Lost and the 2011 album Iconoclast, which reached number 76 on the Billboard 200. Romeo explained the band's name in a 2008 interview; \"So, you know, the music we were coming up with had the keyboard thing and the guitar, and some classical elements, so the word 'Symphony' came up and, so the dramatic thing, you know?", "Romeo explained the band's name in a 2008 interview; \"So, you know, the music we were coming up with had the keyboard thing and the guitar, and some classical elements, so the word 'Symphony' came up and, so the dramatic thing, you know? So then, somebody said 'Symphony X' and we were like, 'yeah, that's cool' it is that kinda thing, and the 'X' is the unknown and all the other stuff we do.\"", "So then, somebody said 'Symphony X' and we were like, 'yeah, that's cool' it is that kinda thing, and the 'X' is the unknown and all the other stuff we do.\" History Symphony X and The Damnation Game (1994−1995) In early 1994 Michael Romeo (formerly of the bands Phantom's Opera and Gemini) recorded a studio album titled The Dark Chapter, which featured himself and keyboard player Michael Pinnella. The tape attracted a fair share of attention, particularly in Japan.", "The tape attracted a fair share of attention, particularly in Japan. Romeo then recruited bassist Thomas Miller, drummer Jason Rullo, and vocalist Rod Tyler. Their self-titled debut album was recorded in the same year, and released to a positive reception in Japan by the now-defunct record company Zero Corporation. The band's second studio album, The Damnation Game, followed six months later. Singer Rod Tyler had left the band by then and was replaced by current singer Russell Allen.", "Singer Rod Tyler had left the band by then and was replaced by current singer Russell Allen. The Divine Wings Of Tragedy and Twilight In Olympus (1996−1998) The Divine Wings of Tragedy was the album that first gave Symphony X exposure in metal circles. It took a considerable time to record the album, with the recording sessions taking place in 1996, and the album was released late in the year, on November 13.", "It took a considerable time to record the album, with the recording sessions taking place in 1996, and the album was released late in the year, on November 13. The positive feedback from the specialized press served to establish Symphony X in Europe; their success in Japan only continued to grow. At the end of 1997 and for part of the next year, Jason Rullo, their drummer, had to stay away from the band in order to solve personal issues. He was temporarily replaced by Thomas Walling.", "He was temporarily replaced by Thomas Walling. He was temporarily replaced by Thomas Walling. Even with a temporary drummer, the band recorded Twilight in Olympus, released in early 1998. That year also saw the first live performances from the band, which by then had already gathered many fans from around the globe. Their first official show happened in 1998, in Japan. It was soon followed by a world tour. Bassist Thomas Miller left the band and was replaced by Michael Lepond in that year.", "Bassist Thomas Miller left the band and was replaced by Michael Lepond in that year. A compilation album, Prelude to the Millennium, was released by the end of 1998. As an extra, it featured a second version of the song \"Masquerade\" from the first album, with Russell Allen on vocals. V: The New Mythology Suite and The Odyssey (1999−2005) Jason Rullo returned to the drums for the band's fifth album, V: The New Mythology Suite, released in 2000.", "V: The New Mythology Suite and The Odyssey (1999−2005) Jason Rullo returned to the drums for the band's fifth album, V: The New Mythology Suite, released in 2000. It was the band's first release on major progressive label InsideOut Music. The album was their first concept album, dealing with the myth of Atlantis.", "The album was their first concept album, dealing with the myth of Atlantis. The album features classics such as \"Evolution (The Grand Design)\", \"Communion and the Oracle\", \"Egypt\" and the mini-suite \"Rediscovery\", and includes pieces of classical music. The band went on a European and South American tour shortly after its release and recorded their first live album, Live on the Edge of Forever.", "The band went on a European and South American tour shortly after its release and recorded their first live album, Live on the Edge of Forever. In 2002, the band released The Odyssey, an album prominently featuring a 24-minute-long musical interpretation of the Homeric epic, the Odyssey. In 2005 Symphony X was featured on Gigantour, a summer festival headlined by Megadeth with Dream Theater, Nevermore and Anthrax.", "In 2005 Symphony X was featured on Gigantour, a summer festival headlined by Megadeth with Dream Theater, Nevermore and Anthrax. Two Symphony X songs from the tour, \"Inferno\" and \"Of Sins and Shadows\", are featured on the Gigantour DVD and CD-set, released in September 2006.", "Two Symphony X songs from the tour, \"Inferno\" and \"Of Sins and Shadows\", are featured on the Gigantour DVD and CD-set, released in September 2006. Paradise Lost (2006–2010) The band's album Paradise Lost, a concept album loosely inspired by John Milton's epic poem of the same name, was recorded in Romeo's studio throughout 2006, delayed numerous times and released finally worldwide on June 26, 2007. The band claimed this work had darker themes musically.", "The band claimed this work had darker themes musically. The band claimed this work had darker themes musically. The album included a special DVD of footage shot by the band throughout their history, available in FYE stores. The release coincided with a 14-month world tour, including a tour through all of Europe with Dream Theater in the fall of 2007. The band also revealed plans to perform in Japan and other Asian countries, as well as appear for the first time ever in Russia, India, and the Middle East.", "The band also revealed plans to perform in Japan and other Asian countries, as well as appear for the first time ever in Russia, India, and the Middle East. Paradise Lost debuted at number 123 on the Billboard 200 album chart in the United States, selling 6,300 copies in its first week. The record also debuted at number 1 on the Top Heatseekers Chart. Symphony X released their first music video for the song \"Serpent's Kiss\" on July 28, 2007.", "Symphony X released their first music video for the song \"Serpent's Kiss\" on July 28, 2007. It was followed by a video for \"Set the World on Fire\", released on January 11, 2008. The band toured North and South America from October to November 2008, and toured Asia in February 2009.", "The band toured North and South America from October to November 2008, and toured Asia in February 2009. Iconoclast (2011–2013) On March 1, 2010, an update on the Symphony X official website announced, that the band had recorded most of their next album and that Romeo and Allen were working on lyrics; Romeo was getting ready to start doing tracking for the album.", "Iconoclast (2011–2013) On March 1, 2010, an update on the Symphony X official website announced, that the band had recorded most of their next album and that Romeo and Allen were working on lyrics; Romeo was getting ready to start doing tracking for the album. The album's name and lyrical concept were revealed on January 29, 2011 in an interview by DJ JC Green of Metal Messiah Radio's \"Heavy Metal Thunder\" show with Russell Allen: the follow-up to Paradise Lost will be titled Iconoclast and will have its lyrics centered around \"machines taking over everything and all this technology we put our society into pretty much being our demise.\"", "The album's name and lyrical concept were revealed on January 29, 2011 in an interview by DJ JC Green of Metal Messiah Radio's \"Heavy Metal Thunder\" show with Russell Allen: the follow-up to Paradise Lost will be titled Iconoclast and will have its lyrics centered around \"machines taking over everything and all this technology we put our society into pretty much being our demise.\" On March 25, 2011, it was announced on the Nuclear Blast website and Blabbermouth.net, that the new Symphony X album, Iconoclast, would be released in Europe on June 17 and in North America on June 21, as a Standard Edition as well as a 2-CD Digipack.", "On March 25, 2011, it was announced on the Nuclear Blast website and Blabbermouth.net, that the new Symphony X album, Iconoclast, would be released in Europe on June 17 and in North America on June 21, as a Standard Edition as well as a 2-CD Digipack. Iconoclast debuted at number 76 on the Billboard 200 album chart in the United States, selling more than 7,300 copies in its first week.", "Iconoclast debuted at number 76 on the Billboard 200 album chart in the United States, selling more than 7,300 copies in its first week. The record also debuted at number 7 on the Top Hard Rock Chart, number 19 on the Top Rock Chart and number 13 on the Top Independent Chart. The album showcases the highest chart position and the most first-week sales in the band's history.", "The album showcases the highest chart position and the most first-week sales in the band's history. On February 25, 2011, Symphony X played the first show of their 2011 tour in Stuttgart, Germany, where they performed two songs from Iconoclast: \"End of Innocence\" and \"Dehumanized\". Some days later, in Antwerp, Belgium, they performed yet another new song, \"Heretic\". During their show in London, England, the band debuted another new song titled \"Prometheus\".", "During their show in London, England, the band debuted another new song titled \"Prometheus\". On February 27, 2013, it was announced that, during the previous week, drummer Jason Rullo was admitted to hospital for heart failure. Jason spent a week in hospital, and was released after some days. He then started a rehab program that took a minimum of 3–6 months under doctors' care.", "He then started a rehab program that took a minimum of 3–6 months under doctors' care. John Macaluso joined them on tour for their South American and European dates, until Jason Rullo was able to fully recover. Underworld and band hiatus (2015–2019) The band is working on releasing a second fan club CD.", "Underworld and band hiatus (2015–2019) The band is working on releasing a second fan club CD. Michael Romeo said it will be another collection of demo tunes and other rare material, and may also include a bit of content created just for the release, along the lines of MJR's Star Wars tune on the first fan club CD, Rarities and Demos, which has since sold out of its first pressing. SXW, the band's revamped fan club, has relaunched and is now active.", "SXW, the band's revamped fan club, has relaunched and is now active. The band began recording the drum tracks for the new album on September 9, 2014, and planned to release the complete recording by the spring of 2015. Michael Lepond stated they had ten songs written and that the album would contain either nine or all ten of them.", "Michael Lepond stated they had ten songs written and that the album would contain either nine or all ten of them. He also stated all lyrics and instrumental tracks were composed and ready to be brought together, and that the album would be less heavy than Iconoclast: \"If I had to compare, I would say that it's a combination of The Odyssey and Paradise Lost — something in there.", "He also stated all lyrics and instrumental tracks were composed and ready to be brought together, and that the album would be less heavy than Iconoclast: \"If I had to compare, I would say that it's a combination of The Odyssey and Paradise Lost — something in there. It has a lot of classic Symphony X elements in it, which I think a lot of our fans were missing for a few years. So I think our fans will really like this one.", "So I think our fans will really like this one. It really just focuses on solid songwriting.\" As of December 11, 2014, recording of the drums, lead vocals, rhythm guitar, and bass were complete. With the keyboards, guitar solos, background vocals, and some miscellaneous odds and ends being done in the coming weeks. On April 10, 2015 the band announced the mixing and mastering of the new album was complete.", "On April 10, 2015 the band announced the mixing and mastering of the new album was complete. On May 18, 2015, the band announced the title of the album would be titled Underworld, and a release date of July 24, 2015. The first single from the album, \"Nevermore\", premiered on May 22, 2015. The band released the second single, \"Without You\", on June 19, 2015, and was made available for digital download.", "The band released the second single, \"Without You\", on June 19, 2015, and was made available for digital download. According to singer Russell Allen, the band entered a short hiatus during 2017 in which they did not perform, due in part to his commitment to Adrenaline Mob, although it was announced during a January 2018 interview with Metal Nation that the band had plans to get together in the following months and begin writing a follow up to Underworld.", "According to singer Russell Allen, the band entered a short hiatus during 2017 in which they did not perform, due in part to his commitment to Adrenaline Mob, although it was announced during a January 2018 interview with Metal Nation that the band had plans to get together in the following months and begin writing a follow up to Underworld. On July 14, 2017, Adrenaline Mob was involved in a serious vehicular accident, which resulted in severe injuries for Allen and the death of the band's bassist and their tour manager.", "On July 14, 2017, Adrenaline Mob was involved in a serious vehicular accident, which resulted in severe injuries for Allen and the death of the band's bassist and their tour manager. In July 2018, according to Michael Romeo, the band hopes to re-group and make another album, but also said that he was giving Russell Allen some time and space after dealing with the aftermath of the accident, and also his touring commitments with Trans-Siberian Orchestra.", "In July 2018, according to Michael Romeo, the band hopes to re-group and make another album, but also said that he was giving Russell Allen some time and space after dealing with the aftermath of the accident, and also his touring commitments with Trans-Siberian Orchestra. In June 2019, Romeo was considering to make their tenth album after they're done touring in August 2019.", "In June 2019, Romeo was considering to make their tenth album after they're done touring in August 2019. Upcoming tenth studio album (2020–present) During bassist LePond's May 2020 interview with Metal Nation when asked about plans for him and the band, he had confirmed that the band was ready to start writing the tenth studio album, a follow-up to their 2015 album, Underworld as soon as the virus slowed down, and that writing would begin in about 'a month or so'.", "Upcoming tenth studio album (2020–present) During bassist LePond's May 2020 interview with Metal Nation when asked about plans for him and the band, he had confirmed that the band was ready to start writing the tenth studio album, a follow-up to their 2015 album, Underworld as soon as the virus slowed down, and that writing would begin in about 'a month or so'. Solo projects Keyboardist Michael Pinnella released a solo album, entitled Enter by the Twelfth Gate, on October 12, 2004.", "Solo projects Keyboardist Michael Pinnella released a solo album, entitled Enter by the Twelfth Gate, on October 12, 2004. Another solo album, \"Ascension\", was released in 2014. Vocalist Russell Allen's solo debut, entitled Atomic Soul, was released in the summer of 2005. With this album, Allen took a different musical direction from that seen in his work with Symphony X. It was considered by many—including Allen himself—to be a hard rock album.", "It was considered by many—including Allen himself—to be a hard rock album. Also in 2005, he recorded an album called The Battle with former Masterplan vocalist Jørn Lande under the moniker \"Allen/Lande\". The two would later record follow-up albums entitled The Revenge, released May 11, 2007; The Showdown, released November 5, 2010; and The Great Divide, released October 21, 2014.", "The two would later record follow-up albums entitled The Revenge, released May 11, 2007; The Showdown, released November 5, 2010; and The Great Divide, released October 21, 2014. In early 2011, Russell Allen co-founded heavy metal supergroup Adrenaline Mob with guitarist Mike Orlando and drummer Mike Portnoy (ex-Dream Theater), who has since left the group. They have released three studio albums, Omertá (2012), Men of Honor (2014) and We the People (2017).", "They have released three studio albums, Omertá (2012), Men of Honor (2014) and We the People (2017). Bassist Michael LePond released his first solo album, Mike LePond's Silent Assassins on September 26, 2014. It features guest performances from guitarist Mike Chlasciak (Halford, Testament), lead guitarist, drum producer and Symphony X bandmate Michael Romeo, and vocalist Alan Tecchio (Hades, Watchtower). LePond himself played bass and rhythm guitar.", "LePond himself played bass and rhythm guitar. LePond himself played bass and rhythm guitar. Michael Romeo's second solo album, War of the Worlds, Pt. 1, was released on July 27, 2018. The album features Rick Castellano on vocals, John DeServio on bass, and John Macaluso on drums. It was Romeo's first solo album since The Dark Chapter, which was released in 1994. War of the Worlds, Pt. 2 will be released in 2022.", "2 will be released in 2022. 2 will be released in 2022. Musical style Symphony X is often compared to other progressive metal bands such as Dream Theater, Fates Warning, and Shadow Gallery. Their music includes complex timings and odd meters while incorporating elements of heavy metal and progressive rock. It also contains strong neo-classical elements reminiscent of Yngwie Malmsteen, Cacophony, Randy Rhoads, and other bands. The band have been categorized as progressive metal, power metal, and neoclassical metal.", "The band have been categorized as progressive metal, power metal, and neoclassical metal. Recording studio: The Dungeon The Dungeon is the studio located at the home of Symphony X's guitarist and composer Michael Romeo. The albums The Divine Wings of Tragedy and V: The New Mythology Suite were partially recorded in the Dungeon, while The Odyssey, Paradise Lost, Iconoclast and Underworld were fully recorded there and produced by Romeo himself.", "The albums The Divine Wings of Tragedy and V: The New Mythology Suite were partially recorded in the Dungeon, while The Odyssey, Paradise Lost, Iconoclast and Underworld were fully recorded there and produced by Romeo himself. Line-up Current members Michael Romeo − guitars, backing vocals (1994–present) Michael Pinnella − keyboards, backing vocals (1994–present) Jason Rullo – drums (1994–1997, 1998–present) Russell Allen − lead vocals (1995–present) Michael Lepond − bass, backing vocals (1999–present) Former members Thomas Miller − bass (1994−1998) Rod Tyler − lead vocals (1994) Thomas Walling − drums (1997−1998) Timeline Discography Studio albums Symphony X (1994) The Damnation Game (1995) The Divine Wings of Tragedy (1996) Twilight in Olympus (1998) V: The New Mythology Suite (2000) The Odyssey (2002) Paradise Lost (2007) Iconoclast (2011) Underworld (2015) Singles The End of Innocence (2011) Nevermore (2015) Without You (2015) Other albums Prelude to the Millennium (1999) Live on the Edge of Forever (2001) References External links 1994 establishments in New Jersey American power metal musical groups American progressive metal musical groups American symphonic metal musical groups Heavy metal musical groups from New Jersey Inside Out Music artists Metal Blade Records artists Middletown Township, New Jersey Musical groups established in 1994 Musical quintets Nuclear Blast artists" ]

[ "Symphony X", "Iconoclast (2011-2013)", "what event happened in 2011?", "The album's name and lyrical concept were revealed on January 29, 2011", "what was it's name?", "Iconoclast", "did the album make it big?", "Iconoclast debuted at number 76 on the Billboard 200 album chart in the United States, selling more than 7,300 copies in its first week.", "Are there any other interesting aspects about this article?", "Jason Rullo was admitted to hospital" ]

[ "Hector Joseph Stewart MLC (29 July 1875 – 9 August 1931) was the member of the Western Australian Legislative Council for the South-East Province, from 1917 to 1931. He was a member of what was then the Country Party (now the National Party).\n\nHe was born in Prahran in Victoria, to Andrew Stewart (publisher) and Josaphine Stuart Little.\n\nHe died on 9 August 1931 in Subiaco, Perth, whilst still in office. His death occurred after he was admitted to St John of God Subiaco Hospital for a \"serious operation\".\n\nReferences \n\nMembers of the Western Australian Legislative Council\n1875 births\n1931 deaths", "John Merino (1967 – September 6, 2009) was an Ecuadorian colonel and the head of security for President Rafael Correa.\n\nAfter co-ordinating security for such events as the Union of South American Nations and the independent bicentennial celebrations, Merino was promoted to security chief of Presidential security a few days before the inauguration for Rafael Correa’s second term.\n\nOn August 10, 2009 Merino was admitted to Quito’s military hospital with flu conditions. Merino was admitted to the ICU ward when it was discovered he was suffering from the H1N1 virus. Merino died at the age of 42 on September 6 after spending 27 days in hospital.\n\nReferences\n\n1967 births\n2009 deaths\nEcuadorian military personnel\nDeaths from influenza" ]

[ "Symphony X is an American progressive metal band from Middletown, New Jersey. Founded in 1994, the band consists of guitarist Michael Romeo, keyboardist Michael Pinnella, drummer Jason Rullo, lead vocalist Russell Allen and bassist Michael Lepond. They achieved some commercial success with the 2007 album Paradise Lost and the 2011 album Iconoclast, which reached number 76 on the Billboard 200.", "They achieved some commercial success with the 2007 album Paradise Lost and the 2011 album Iconoclast, which reached number 76 on the Billboard 200. Romeo explained the band's name in a 2008 interview; \"So, you know, the music we were coming up with had the keyboard thing and the guitar, and some classical elements, so the word 'Symphony' came up and, so the dramatic thing, you know?", "Romeo explained the band's name in a 2008 interview; \"So, you know, the music we were coming up with had the keyboard thing and the guitar, and some classical elements, so the word 'Symphony' came up and, so the dramatic thing, you know? So then, somebody said 'Symphony X' and we were like, 'yeah, that's cool' it is that kinda thing, and the 'X' is the unknown and all the other stuff we do.\"", "So then, somebody said 'Symphony X' and we were like, 'yeah, that's cool' it is that kinda thing, and the 'X' is the unknown and all the other stuff we do.\" History Symphony X and The Damnation Game (1994−1995) In early 1994 Michael Romeo (formerly of the bands Phantom's Opera and Gemini) recorded a studio album titled The Dark Chapter, which featured himself and keyboard player Michael Pinnella. The tape attracted a fair share of attention, particularly in Japan.", "The tape attracted a fair share of attention, particularly in Japan. Romeo then recruited bassist Thomas Miller, drummer Jason Rullo, and vocalist Rod Tyler. Their self-titled debut album was recorded in the same year, and released to a positive reception in Japan by the now-defunct record company Zero Corporation. The band's second studio album, The Damnation Game, followed six months later. Singer Rod Tyler had left the band by then and was replaced by current singer Russell Allen.", "Singer Rod Tyler had left the band by then and was replaced by current singer Russell Allen. The Divine Wings Of Tragedy and Twilight In Olympus (1996−1998) The Divine Wings of Tragedy was the album that first gave Symphony X exposure in metal circles. It took a considerable time to record the album, with the recording sessions taking place in 1996, and the album was released late in the year, on November 13.", "It took a considerable time to record the album, with the recording sessions taking place in 1996, and the album was released late in the year, on November 13. The positive feedback from the specialized press served to establish Symphony X in Europe; their success in Japan only continued to grow. At the end of 1997 and for part of the next year, Jason Rullo, their drummer, had to stay away from the band in order to solve personal issues. He was temporarily replaced by Thomas Walling.", "He was temporarily replaced by Thomas Walling. He was temporarily replaced by Thomas Walling. Even with a temporary drummer, the band recorded Twilight in Olympus, released in early 1998. That year also saw the first live performances from the band, which by then had already gathered many fans from around the globe. Their first official show happened in 1998, in Japan. It was soon followed by a world tour. Bassist Thomas Miller left the band and was replaced by Michael Lepond in that year.", "Bassist Thomas Miller left the band and was replaced by Michael Lepond in that year. A compilation album, Prelude to the Millennium, was released by the end of 1998. As an extra, it featured a second version of the song \"Masquerade\" from the first album, with Russell Allen on vocals. V: The New Mythology Suite and The Odyssey (1999−2005) Jason Rullo returned to the drums for the band's fifth album, V: The New Mythology Suite, released in 2000.", "V: The New Mythology Suite and The Odyssey (1999−2005) Jason Rullo returned to the drums for the band's fifth album, V: The New Mythology Suite, released in 2000. It was the band's first release on major progressive label InsideOut Music. The album was their first concept album, dealing with the myth of Atlantis.", "The album was their first concept album, dealing with the myth of Atlantis. The album features classics such as \"Evolution (The Grand Design)\", \"Communion and the Oracle\", \"Egypt\" and the mini-suite \"Rediscovery\", and includes pieces of classical music. The band went on a European and South American tour shortly after its release and recorded their first live album, Live on the Edge of Forever.", "The band went on a European and South American tour shortly after its release and recorded their first live album, Live on the Edge of Forever. In 2002, the band released The Odyssey, an album prominently featuring a 24-minute-long musical interpretation of the Homeric epic, the Odyssey. In 2005 Symphony X was featured on Gigantour, a summer festival headlined by Megadeth with Dream Theater, Nevermore and Anthrax.", "In 2005 Symphony X was featured on Gigantour, a summer festival headlined by Megadeth with Dream Theater, Nevermore and Anthrax. Two Symphony X songs from the tour, \"Inferno\" and \"Of Sins and Shadows\", are featured on the Gigantour DVD and CD-set, released in September 2006.", "Two Symphony X songs from the tour, \"Inferno\" and \"Of Sins and Shadows\", are featured on the Gigantour DVD and CD-set, released in September 2006. Paradise Lost (2006–2010) The band's album Paradise Lost, a concept album loosely inspired by John Milton's epic poem of the same name, was recorded in Romeo's studio throughout 2006, delayed numerous times and released finally worldwide on June 26, 2007. The band claimed this work had darker themes musically.", "The band claimed this work had darker themes musically. The band claimed this work had darker themes musically. The album included a special DVD of footage shot by the band throughout their history, available in FYE stores. The release coincided with a 14-month world tour, including a tour through all of Europe with Dream Theater in the fall of 2007. The band also revealed plans to perform in Japan and other Asian countries, as well as appear for the first time ever in Russia, India, and the Middle East.", "The band also revealed plans to perform in Japan and other Asian countries, as well as appear for the first time ever in Russia, India, and the Middle East. Paradise Lost debuted at number 123 on the Billboard 200 album chart in the United States, selling 6,300 copies in its first week. The record also debuted at number 1 on the Top Heatseekers Chart. Symphony X released their first music video for the song \"Serpent's Kiss\" on July 28, 2007.", "Symphony X released their first music video for the song \"Serpent's Kiss\" on July 28, 2007. It was followed by a video for \"Set the World on Fire\", released on January 11, 2008. The band toured North and South America from October to November 2008, and toured Asia in February 2009.", "The band toured North and South America from October to November 2008, and toured Asia in February 2009. Iconoclast (2011–2013) On March 1, 2010, an update on the Symphony X official website announced, that the band had recorded most of their next album and that Romeo and Allen were working on lyrics; Romeo was getting ready to start doing tracking for the album.", "Iconoclast (2011–2013) On March 1, 2010, an update on the Symphony X official website announced, that the band had recorded most of their next album and that Romeo and Allen were working on lyrics; Romeo was getting ready to start doing tracking for the album. The album's name and lyrical concept were revealed on January 29, 2011 in an interview by DJ JC Green of Metal Messiah Radio's \"Heavy Metal Thunder\" show with Russell Allen: the follow-up to Paradise Lost will be titled Iconoclast and will have its lyrics centered around \"machines taking over everything and all this technology we put our society into pretty much being our demise.\"", "The album's name and lyrical concept were revealed on January 29, 2011 in an interview by DJ JC Green of Metal Messiah Radio's \"Heavy Metal Thunder\" show with Russell Allen: the follow-up to Paradise Lost will be titled Iconoclast and will have its lyrics centered around \"machines taking over everything and all this technology we put our society into pretty much being our demise.\" On March 25, 2011, it was announced on the Nuclear Blast website and Blabbermouth.net, that the new Symphony X album, Iconoclast, would be released in Europe on June 17 and in North America on June 21, as a Standard Edition as well as a 2-CD Digipack.", "On March 25, 2011, it was announced on the Nuclear Blast website and Blabbermouth.net, that the new Symphony X album, Iconoclast, would be released in Europe on June 17 and in North America on June 21, as a Standard Edition as well as a 2-CD Digipack. Iconoclast debuted at number 76 on the Billboard 200 album chart in the United States, selling more than 7,300 copies in its first week.", "Iconoclast debuted at number 76 on the Billboard 200 album chart in the United States, selling more than 7,300 copies in its first week. The record also debuted at number 7 on the Top Hard Rock Chart, number 19 on the Top Rock Chart and number 13 on the Top Independent Chart. The album showcases the highest chart position and the most first-week sales in the band's history.", "The album showcases the highest chart position and the most first-week sales in the band's history. On February 25, 2011, Symphony X played the first show of their 2011 tour in Stuttgart, Germany, where they performed two songs from Iconoclast: \"End of Innocence\" and \"Dehumanized\". Some days later, in Antwerp, Belgium, they performed yet another new song, \"Heretic\". During their show in London, England, the band debuted another new song titled \"Prometheus\".", "During their show in London, England, the band debuted another new song titled \"Prometheus\". On February 27, 2013, it was announced that, during the previous week, drummer Jason Rullo was admitted to hospital for heart failure. Jason spent a week in hospital, and was released after some days. He then started a rehab program that took a minimum of 3–6 months under doctors' care.", "He then started a rehab program that took a minimum of 3–6 months under doctors' care. John Macaluso joined them on tour for their South American and European dates, until Jason Rullo was able to fully recover. Underworld and band hiatus (2015–2019) The band is working on releasing a second fan club CD.", "Underworld and band hiatus (2015–2019) The band is working on releasing a second fan club CD. Michael Romeo said it will be another collection of demo tunes and other rare material, and may also include a bit of content created just for the release, along the lines of MJR's Star Wars tune on the first fan club CD, Rarities and Demos, which has since sold out of its first pressing. SXW, the band's revamped fan club, has relaunched and is now active.", "SXW, the band's revamped fan club, has relaunched and is now active. The band began recording the drum tracks for the new album on September 9, 2014, and planned to release the complete recording by the spring of 2015. Michael Lepond stated they had ten songs written and that the album would contain either nine or all ten of them.", "Michael Lepond stated they had ten songs written and that the album would contain either nine or all ten of them. He also stated all lyrics and instrumental tracks were composed and ready to be brought together, and that the album would be less heavy than Iconoclast: \"If I had to compare, I would say that it's a combination of The Odyssey and Paradise Lost — something in there.", "He also stated all lyrics and instrumental tracks were composed and ready to be brought together, and that the album would be less heavy than Iconoclast: \"If I had to compare, I would say that it's a combination of The Odyssey and Paradise Lost — something in there. It has a lot of classic Symphony X elements in it, which I think a lot of our fans were missing for a few years. So I think our fans will really like this one.", "So I think our fans will really like this one. It really just focuses on solid songwriting.\" As of December 11, 2014, recording of the drums, lead vocals, rhythm guitar, and bass were complete. With the keyboards, guitar solos, background vocals, and some miscellaneous odds and ends being done in the coming weeks. On April 10, 2015 the band announced the mixing and mastering of the new album was complete.", "On April 10, 2015 the band announced the mixing and mastering of the new album was complete. On May 18, 2015, the band announced the title of the album would be titled Underworld, and a release date of July 24, 2015. The first single from the album, \"Nevermore\", premiered on May 22, 2015. The band released the second single, \"Without You\", on June 19, 2015, and was made available for digital download.", "The band released the second single, \"Without You\", on June 19, 2015, and was made available for digital download. According to singer Russell Allen, the band entered a short hiatus during 2017 in which they did not perform, due in part to his commitment to Adrenaline Mob, although it was announced during a January 2018 interview with Metal Nation that the band had plans to get together in the following months and begin writing a follow up to Underworld.", "According to singer Russell Allen, the band entered a short hiatus during 2017 in which they did not perform, due in part to his commitment to Adrenaline Mob, although it was announced during a January 2018 interview with Metal Nation that the band had plans to get together in the following months and begin writing a follow up to Underworld. On July 14, 2017, Adrenaline Mob was involved in a serious vehicular accident, which resulted in severe injuries for Allen and the death of the band's bassist and their tour manager.", "On July 14, 2017, Adrenaline Mob was involved in a serious vehicular accident, which resulted in severe injuries for Allen and the death of the band's bassist and their tour manager. In July 2018, according to Michael Romeo, the band hopes to re-group and make another album, but also said that he was giving Russell Allen some time and space after dealing with the aftermath of the accident, and also his touring commitments with Trans-Siberian Orchestra.", "In July 2018, according to Michael Romeo, the band hopes to re-group and make another album, but also said that he was giving Russell Allen some time and space after dealing with the aftermath of the accident, and also his touring commitments with Trans-Siberian Orchestra. In June 2019, Romeo was considering to make their tenth album after they're done touring in August 2019.", "In June 2019, Romeo was considering to make their tenth album after they're done touring in August 2019. Upcoming tenth studio album (2020–present) During bassist LePond's May 2020 interview with Metal Nation when asked about plans for him and the band, he had confirmed that the band was ready to start writing the tenth studio album, a follow-up to their 2015 album, Underworld as soon as the virus slowed down, and that writing would begin in about 'a month or so'.", "Upcoming tenth studio album (2020–present) During bassist LePond's May 2020 interview with Metal Nation when asked about plans for him and the band, he had confirmed that the band was ready to start writing the tenth studio album, a follow-up to their 2015 album, Underworld as soon as the virus slowed down, and that writing would begin in about 'a month or so'. Solo projects Keyboardist Michael Pinnella released a solo album, entitled Enter by the Twelfth Gate, on October 12, 2004.", "Solo projects Keyboardist Michael Pinnella released a solo album, entitled Enter by the Twelfth Gate, on October 12, 2004. Another solo album, \"Ascension\", was released in 2014. Vocalist Russell Allen's solo debut, entitled Atomic Soul, was released in the summer of 2005. With this album, Allen took a different musical direction from that seen in his work with Symphony X. It was considered by many—including Allen himself—to be a hard rock album.", "It was considered by many—including Allen himself—to be a hard rock album. Also in 2005, he recorded an album called The Battle with former Masterplan vocalist Jørn Lande under the moniker \"Allen/Lande\". The two would later record follow-up albums entitled The Revenge, released May 11, 2007; The Showdown, released November 5, 2010; and The Great Divide, released October 21, 2014.", "The two would later record follow-up albums entitled The Revenge, released May 11, 2007; The Showdown, released November 5, 2010; and The Great Divide, released October 21, 2014. In early 2011, Russell Allen co-founded heavy metal supergroup Adrenaline Mob with guitarist Mike Orlando and drummer Mike Portnoy (ex-Dream Theater), who has since left the group. They have released three studio albums, Omertá (2012), Men of Honor (2014) and We the People (2017).", "They have released three studio albums, Omertá (2012), Men of Honor (2014) and We the People (2017). Bassist Michael LePond released his first solo album, Mike LePond's Silent Assassins on September 26, 2014. It features guest performances from guitarist Mike Chlasciak (Halford, Testament), lead guitarist, drum producer and Symphony X bandmate Michael Romeo, and vocalist Alan Tecchio (Hades, Watchtower). LePond himself played bass and rhythm guitar.", "LePond himself played bass and rhythm guitar. LePond himself played bass and rhythm guitar. Michael Romeo's second solo album, War of the Worlds, Pt. 1, was released on July 27, 2018. The album features Rick Castellano on vocals, John DeServio on bass, and John Macaluso on drums. It was Romeo's first solo album since The Dark Chapter, which was released in 1994. War of the Worlds, Pt. 2 will be released in 2022.", "2 will be released in 2022. 2 will be released in 2022. Musical style Symphony X is often compared to other progressive metal bands such as Dream Theater, Fates Warning, and Shadow Gallery. Their music includes complex timings and odd meters while incorporating elements of heavy metal and progressive rock. It also contains strong neo-classical elements reminiscent of Yngwie Malmsteen, Cacophony, Randy Rhoads, and other bands. The band have been categorized as progressive metal, power metal, and neoclassical metal.", "The band have been categorized as progressive metal, power metal, and neoclassical metal. Recording studio: The Dungeon The Dungeon is the studio located at the home of Symphony X's guitarist and composer Michael Romeo. The albums The Divine Wings of Tragedy and V: The New Mythology Suite were partially recorded in the Dungeon, while The Odyssey, Paradise Lost, Iconoclast and Underworld were fully recorded there and produced by Romeo himself.", "The albums The Divine Wings of Tragedy and V: The New Mythology Suite were partially recorded in the Dungeon, while The Odyssey, Paradise Lost, Iconoclast and Underworld were fully recorded there and produced by Romeo himself. Line-up Current members Michael Romeo − guitars, backing vocals (1994–present) Michael Pinnella − keyboards, backing vocals (1994–present) Jason Rullo – drums (1994–1997, 1998–present) Russell Allen − lead vocals (1995–present) Michael Lepond − bass, backing vocals (1999–present) Former members Thomas Miller − bass (1994−1998) Rod Tyler − lead vocals (1994) Thomas Walling − drums (1997−1998) Timeline Discography Studio albums Symphony X (1994) The Damnation Game (1995) The Divine Wings of Tragedy (1996) Twilight in Olympus (1998) V: The New Mythology Suite (2000) The Odyssey (2002) Paradise Lost (2007) Iconoclast (2011) Underworld (2015) Singles The End of Innocence (2011) Nevermore (2015) Without You (2015) Other albums Prelude to the Millennium (1999) Live on the Edge of Forever (2001) References External links 1994 establishments in New Jersey American power metal musical groups American progressive metal musical groups American symphonic metal musical groups Heavy metal musical groups from New Jersey Inside Out Music artists Metal Blade Records artists Middletown Township, New Jersey Musical groups established in 1994 Musical quintets Nuclear Blast artists" ]

[ "Symphony X", "Iconoclast (2011-2013)", "what event happened in 2011?", "The album's name and lyrical concept were revealed on January 29, 2011", "what was it's name?", "Iconoclast", "did the album make it big?", "Iconoclast debuted at number 76 on the Billboard 200 album chart in the United States, selling more than 7,300 copies in its first week.", "Are there any other interesting aspects about this article?", "Jason Rullo was admitted to hospital", "what was he admitted to the hospital for?", "heart failure." ]

[ "Hagen Friedrich Liebing (18 February 1961 – 25 September 2016), nicknamed \"The Incredible Hagen\", was a German musician and journalist, best known as the bassist for the influential punk band Die Ärzte. \n\nIn 1986, drummer Bela B invited him to join Die Ärzte. The two knew each other from early Berlin punk days. The band disbanded in 1988. Liebing tried his hand at journalism shortly thereafter. He wrote several articles for Der Tagesspiegel, and was the senior music editor of Tip Berlin since the mid-1990s. \n\nWhen Die Ärzte reunited in 1993, Liebing did not join them. However, he did join them on stage as a special guest in 2002. In 2003, he published his memoirs The Incredible Hagen – My Years with Die Ärzte. From 2003 to 2010, he headed the Press and Public Relations at the football club Tennis Borussia Berlin. \n\nLiebing died in Berlin on 25 September 2016, after a battle with a brain tumor.\n\nReferences\n\n1961 births\n2016 deaths\nMusicians from Berlin\nGerman male musicians\nGerman journalists\nDeaths from cancer in Germany\nDeaths from brain tumor", "Johann Karl Wezel (October 31, 1747 in Sondershausen, Germany – January 28, 1819 in Sondershausen), also Johann Carl Wezel, was a German poet, novelist and philosopher of the Enlightenment.\n\nLife\nBorn the son of domestic servants, Wezel studied Theology, Law, Philosophy and Philology at the University of Leipzig. Early philosophical influences include John Locke and Julien Offray de La Mettrie. After positions as tutor at the courts of Bautzen and Berlin, Wezel lived as a freelance writer. A short stay in Vienna did not result in him getting employed by the local national theater. He thus moved back to Leipzig and, in 1793, to Sondershausen, which he did not leave again until his death in 1819.\n\nAlthough his works were extremely successful when they were published, Wezel was almost forgotten when he died. His rediscovery in the second half of the 20th century is mainly due to German author Arno Schmidt who published a radio essay about him in 1959.\n\nWorks\n Filibert und Theodosia (1772)\n Lebensgeschichte Tobias Knauts, des Weisen, sonst der Stammler genannt: aus Familiennachrichten gesammelt (1773–1776)\n Der Graf von Wickham (1774)\n Epistel an die deutschen Dichter (1775)\n Belphegor oder die wahrscheinlichste Geschichte unter der Sonne (1776)\n Herrmann und Ulrike (1780)\n Appellation der Vokalen an das Publikum (1778)\n Die wilde Betty (1779)\n Zelmor und Ermide (1779)\n Tagebuch eines neuen Ehmanns (1779)\n Robinson Krusoe. Neu bearbeitet (1779)\n Ueber Sprache, Wißenschaften und Geschmack der Teutschen (1781)\n Meine Auferstehung (1782)\n Wilhelmine Arend oder die Gefahren der Empfindsamkeit (1782)\n Kakerlak, oder Geschichte eines Rosenkreuzers aus dem vorigen Jahrhunderte (1784)\n Versuch über die Kenntniß des Menschen (1784–1785)\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n \n \n\n1747 births\n1819 deaths\nPeople from Sondershausen\n\nGerman male writershuort escrouesr" ]

[ "Symphony X is an American progressive metal band from Middletown, New Jersey. Founded in 1994, the band consists of guitarist Michael Romeo, keyboardist Michael Pinnella, drummer Jason Rullo, lead vocalist Russell Allen and bassist Michael Lepond. They achieved some commercial success with the 2007 album Paradise Lost and the 2011 album Iconoclast, which reached number 76 on the Billboard 200.", "They achieved some commercial success with the 2007 album Paradise Lost and the 2011 album Iconoclast, which reached number 76 on the Billboard 200. Romeo explained the band's name in a 2008 interview; \"So, you know, the music we were coming up with had the keyboard thing and the guitar, and some classical elements, so the word 'Symphony' came up and, so the dramatic thing, you know?", "Romeo explained the band's name in a 2008 interview; \"So, you know, the music we were coming up with had the keyboard thing and the guitar, and some classical elements, so the word 'Symphony' came up and, so the dramatic thing, you know? So then, somebody said 'Symphony X' and we were like, 'yeah, that's cool' it is that kinda thing, and the 'X' is the unknown and all the other stuff we do.\"", "So then, somebody said 'Symphony X' and we were like, 'yeah, that's cool' it is that kinda thing, and the 'X' is the unknown and all the other stuff we do.\" History Symphony X and The Damnation Game (1994−1995) In early 1994 Michael Romeo (formerly of the bands Phantom's Opera and Gemini) recorded a studio album titled The Dark Chapter, which featured himself and keyboard player Michael Pinnella. The tape attracted a fair share of attention, particularly in Japan.", "The tape attracted a fair share of attention, particularly in Japan. Romeo then recruited bassist Thomas Miller, drummer Jason Rullo, and vocalist Rod Tyler. Their self-titled debut album was recorded in the same year, and released to a positive reception in Japan by the now-defunct record company Zero Corporation. The band's second studio album, The Damnation Game, followed six months later. Singer Rod Tyler had left the band by then and was replaced by current singer Russell Allen.", "Singer Rod Tyler had left the band by then and was replaced by current singer Russell Allen. The Divine Wings Of Tragedy and Twilight In Olympus (1996−1998) The Divine Wings of Tragedy was the album that first gave Symphony X exposure in metal circles. It took a considerable time to record the album, with the recording sessions taking place in 1996, and the album was released late in the year, on November 13.", "It took a considerable time to record the album, with the recording sessions taking place in 1996, and the album was released late in the year, on November 13. The positive feedback from the specialized press served to establish Symphony X in Europe; their success in Japan only continued to grow. At the end of 1997 and for part of the next year, Jason Rullo, their drummer, had to stay away from the band in order to solve personal issues. He was temporarily replaced by Thomas Walling.", "He was temporarily replaced by Thomas Walling. He was temporarily replaced by Thomas Walling. Even with a temporary drummer, the band recorded Twilight in Olympus, released in early 1998. That year also saw the first live performances from the band, which by then had already gathered many fans from around the globe. Their first official show happened in 1998, in Japan. It was soon followed by a world tour. Bassist Thomas Miller left the band and was replaced by Michael Lepond in that year.", "Bassist Thomas Miller left the band and was replaced by Michael Lepond in that year. A compilation album, Prelude to the Millennium, was released by the end of 1998. As an extra, it featured a second version of the song \"Masquerade\" from the first album, with Russell Allen on vocals. V: The New Mythology Suite and The Odyssey (1999−2005) Jason Rullo returned to the drums for the band's fifth album, V: The New Mythology Suite, released in 2000.", "V: The New Mythology Suite and The Odyssey (1999−2005) Jason Rullo returned to the drums for the band's fifth album, V: The New Mythology Suite, released in 2000. It was the band's first release on major progressive label InsideOut Music. The album was their first concept album, dealing with the myth of Atlantis.", "The album was their first concept album, dealing with the myth of Atlantis. The album features classics such as \"Evolution (The Grand Design)\", \"Communion and the Oracle\", \"Egypt\" and the mini-suite \"Rediscovery\", and includes pieces of classical music. The band went on a European and South American tour shortly after its release and recorded their first live album, Live on the Edge of Forever.", "The band went on a European and South American tour shortly after its release and recorded their first live album, Live on the Edge of Forever. In 2002, the band released The Odyssey, an album prominently featuring a 24-minute-long musical interpretation of the Homeric epic, the Odyssey. In 2005 Symphony X was featured on Gigantour, a summer festival headlined by Megadeth with Dream Theater, Nevermore and Anthrax.", "In 2005 Symphony X was featured on Gigantour, a summer festival headlined by Megadeth with Dream Theater, Nevermore and Anthrax. Two Symphony X songs from the tour, \"Inferno\" and \"Of Sins and Shadows\", are featured on the Gigantour DVD and CD-set, released in September 2006.", "Two Symphony X songs from the tour, \"Inferno\" and \"Of Sins and Shadows\", are featured on the Gigantour DVD and CD-set, released in September 2006. Paradise Lost (2006–2010) The band's album Paradise Lost, a concept album loosely inspired by John Milton's epic poem of the same name, was recorded in Romeo's studio throughout 2006, delayed numerous times and released finally worldwide on June 26, 2007. The band claimed this work had darker themes musically.", "The band claimed this work had darker themes musically. The band claimed this work had darker themes musically. The album included a special DVD of footage shot by the band throughout their history, available in FYE stores. The release coincided with a 14-month world tour, including a tour through all of Europe with Dream Theater in the fall of 2007. The band also revealed plans to perform in Japan and other Asian countries, as well as appear for the first time ever in Russia, India, and the Middle East.", "The band also revealed plans to perform in Japan and other Asian countries, as well as appear for the first time ever in Russia, India, and the Middle East. Paradise Lost debuted at number 123 on the Billboard 200 album chart in the United States, selling 6,300 copies in its first week. The record also debuted at number 1 on the Top Heatseekers Chart. Symphony X released their first music video for the song \"Serpent's Kiss\" on July 28, 2007.", "Symphony X released their first music video for the song \"Serpent's Kiss\" on July 28, 2007. It was followed by a video for \"Set the World on Fire\", released on January 11, 2008. The band toured North and South America from October to November 2008, and toured Asia in February 2009.", "The band toured North and South America from October to November 2008, and toured Asia in February 2009. Iconoclast (2011–2013) On March 1, 2010, an update on the Symphony X official website announced, that the band had recorded most of their next album and that Romeo and Allen were working on lyrics; Romeo was getting ready to start doing tracking for the album.", "Iconoclast (2011–2013) On March 1, 2010, an update on the Symphony X official website announced, that the band had recorded most of their next album and that Romeo and Allen were working on lyrics; Romeo was getting ready to start doing tracking for the album. The album's name and lyrical concept were revealed on January 29, 2011 in an interview by DJ JC Green of Metal Messiah Radio's \"Heavy Metal Thunder\" show with Russell Allen: the follow-up to Paradise Lost will be titled Iconoclast and will have its lyrics centered around \"machines taking over everything and all this technology we put our society into pretty much being our demise.\"", "The album's name and lyrical concept were revealed on January 29, 2011 in an interview by DJ JC Green of Metal Messiah Radio's \"Heavy Metal Thunder\" show with Russell Allen: the follow-up to Paradise Lost will be titled Iconoclast and will have its lyrics centered around \"machines taking over everything and all this technology we put our society into pretty much being our demise.\" On March 25, 2011, it was announced on the Nuclear Blast website and Blabbermouth.net, that the new Symphony X album, Iconoclast, would be released in Europe on June 17 and in North America on June 21, as a Standard Edition as well as a 2-CD Digipack.", "On March 25, 2011, it was announced on the Nuclear Blast website and Blabbermouth.net, that the new Symphony X album, Iconoclast, would be released in Europe on June 17 and in North America on June 21, as a Standard Edition as well as a 2-CD Digipack. Iconoclast debuted at number 76 on the Billboard 200 album chart in the United States, selling more than 7,300 copies in its first week.", "Iconoclast debuted at number 76 on the Billboard 200 album chart in the United States, selling more than 7,300 copies in its first week. The record also debuted at number 7 on the Top Hard Rock Chart, number 19 on the Top Rock Chart and number 13 on the Top Independent Chart. The album showcases the highest chart position and the most first-week sales in the band's history.", "The album showcases the highest chart position and the most first-week sales in the band's history. On February 25, 2011, Symphony X played the first show of their 2011 tour in Stuttgart, Germany, where they performed two songs from Iconoclast: \"End of Innocence\" and \"Dehumanized\". Some days later, in Antwerp, Belgium, they performed yet another new song, \"Heretic\". During their show in London, England, the band debuted another new song titled \"Prometheus\".", "During their show in London, England, the band debuted another new song titled \"Prometheus\". On February 27, 2013, it was announced that, during the previous week, drummer Jason Rullo was admitted to hospital for heart failure. Jason spent a week in hospital, and was released after some days. He then started a rehab program that took a minimum of 3–6 months under doctors' care.", "He then started a rehab program that took a minimum of 3–6 months under doctors' care. John Macaluso joined them on tour for their South American and European dates, until Jason Rullo was able to fully recover. Underworld and band hiatus (2015–2019) The band is working on releasing a second fan club CD.", "Underworld and band hiatus (2015–2019) The band is working on releasing a second fan club CD. Michael Romeo said it will be another collection of demo tunes and other rare material, and may also include a bit of content created just for the release, along the lines of MJR's Star Wars tune on the first fan club CD, Rarities and Demos, which has since sold out of its first pressing. SXW, the band's revamped fan club, has relaunched and is now active.", "SXW, the band's revamped fan club, has relaunched and is now active. The band began recording the drum tracks for the new album on September 9, 2014, and planned to release the complete recording by the spring of 2015. Michael Lepond stated they had ten songs written and that the album would contain either nine or all ten of them.", "Michael Lepond stated they had ten songs written and that the album would contain either nine or all ten of them. He also stated all lyrics and instrumental tracks were composed and ready to be brought together, and that the album would be less heavy than Iconoclast: \"If I had to compare, I would say that it's a combination of The Odyssey and Paradise Lost — something in there.", "He also stated all lyrics and instrumental tracks were composed and ready to be brought together, and that the album would be less heavy than Iconoclast: \"If I had to compare, I would say that it's a combination of The Odyssey and Paradise Lost — something in there. It has a lot of classic Symphony X elements in it, which I think a lot of our fans were missing for a few years. So I think our fans will really like this one.", "So I think our fans will really like this one. It really just focuses on solid songwriting.\" As of December 11, 2014, recording of the drums, lead vocals, rhythm guitar, and bass were complete. With the keyboards, guitar solos, background vocals, and some miscellaneous odds and ends being done in the coming weeks. On April 10, 2015 the band announced the mixing and mastering of the new album was complete.", "On April 10, 2015 the band announced the mixing and mastering of the new album was complete. On May 18, 2015, the band announced the title of the album would be titled Underworld, and a release date of July 24, 2015. The first single from the album, \"Nevermore\", premiered on May 22, 2015. The band released the second single, \"Without You\", on June 19, 2015, and was made available for digital download.", "The band released the second single, \"Without You\", on June 19, 2015, and was made available for digital download. According to singer Russell Allen, the band entered a short hiatus during 2017 in which they did not perform, due in part to his commitment to Adrenaline Mob, although it was announced during a January 2018 interview with Metal Nation that the band had plans to get together in the following months and begin writing a follow up to Underworld.", "According to singer Russell Allen, the band entered a short hiatus during 2017 in which they did not perform, due in part to his commitment to Adrenaline Mob, although it was announced during a January 2018 interview with Metal Nation that the band had plans to get together in the following months and begin writing a follow up to Underworld. On July 14, 2017, Adrenaline Mob was involved in a serious vehicular accident, which resulted in severe injuries for Allen and the death of the band's bassist and their tour manager.", "On July 14, 2017, Adrenaline Mob was involved in a serious vehicular accident, which resulted in severe injuries for Allen and the death of the band's bassist and their tour manager. In July 2018, according to Michael Romeo, the band hopes to re-group and make another album, but also said that he was giving Russell Allen some time and space after dealing with the aftermath of the accident, and also his touring commitments with Trans-Siberian Orchestra.", "In July 2018, according to Michael Romeo, the band hopes to re-group and make another album, but also said that he was giving Russell Allen some time and space after dealing with the aftermath of the accident, and also his touring commitments with Trans-Siberian Orchestra. In June 2019, Romeo was considering to make their tenth album after they're done touring in August 2019.", "In June 2019, Romeo was considering to make their tenth album after they're done touring in August 2019. Upcoming tenth studio album (2020–present) During bassist LePond's May 2020 interview with Metal Nation when asked about plans for him and the band, he had confirmed that the band was ready to start writing the tenth studio album, a follow-up to their 2015 album, Underworld as soon as the virus slowed down, and that writing would begin in about 'a month or so'.", "Upcoming tenth studio album (2020–present) During bassist LePond's May 2020 interview with Metal Nation when asked about plans for him and the band, he had confirmed that the band was ready to start writing the tenth studio album, a follow-up to their 2015 album, Underworld as soon as the virus slowed down, and that writing would begin in about 'a month or so'. Solo projects Keyboardist Michael Pinnella released a solo album, entitled Enter by the Twelfth Gate, on October 12, 2004.", "Solo projects Keyboardist Michael Pinnella released a solo album, entitled Enter by the Twelfth Gate, on October 12, 2004. Another solo album, \"Ascension\", was released in 2014. Vocalist Russell Allen's solo debut, entitled Atomic Soul, was released in the summer of 2005. With this album, Allen took a different musical direction from that seen in his work with Symphony X. It was considered by many—including Allen himself—to be a hard rock album.", "It was considered by many—including Allen himself—to be a hard rock album. Also in 2005, he recorded an album called The Battle with former Masterplan vocalist Jørn Lande under the moniker \"Allen/Lande\". The two would later record follow-up albums entitled The Revenge, released May 11, 2007; The Showdown, released November 5, 2010; and The Great Divide, released October 21, 2014.", "The two would later record follow-up albums entitled The Revenge, released May 11, 2007; The Showdown, released November 5, 2010; and The Great Divide, released October 21, 2014. In early 2011, Russell Allen co-founded heavy metal supergroup Adrenaline Mob with guitarist Mike Orlando and drummer Mike Portnoy (ex-Dream Theater), who has since left the group. They have released three studio albums, Omertá (2012), Men of Honor (2014) and We the People (2017).", "They have released three studio albums, Omertá (2012), Men of Honor (2014) and We the People (2017). Bassist Michael LePond released his first solo album, Mike LePond's Silent Assassins on September 26, 2014. It features guest performances from guitarist Mike Chlasciak (Halford, Testament), lead guitarist, drum producer and Symphony X bandmate Michael Romeo, and vocalist Alan Tecchio (Hades, Watchtower). LePond himself played bass and rhythm guitar.", "LePond himself played bass and rhythm guitar. LePond himself played bass and rhythm guitar. Michael Romeo's second solo album, War of the Worlds, Pt. 1, was released on July 27, 2018. The album features Rick Castellano on vocals, John DeServio on bass, and John Macaluso on drums. It was Romeo's first solo album since The Dark Chapter, which was released in 1994. War of the Worlds, Pt. 2 will be released in 2022.", "2 will be released in 2022. 2 will be released in 2022. Musical style Symphony X is often compared to other progressive metal bands such as Dream Theater, Fates Warning, and Shadow Gallery. Their music includes complex timings and odd meters while incorporating elements of heavy metal and progressive rock. It also contains strong neo-classical elements reminiscent of Yngwie Malmsteen, Cacophony, Randy Rhoads, and other bands. The band have been categorized as progressive metal, power metal, and neoclassical metal.", "The band have been categorized as progressive metal, power metal, and neoclassical metal. Recording studio: The Dungeon The Dungeon is the studio located at the home of Symphony X's guitarist and composer Michael Romeo. The albums The Divine Wings of Tragedy and V: The New Mythology Suite were partially recorded in the Dungeon, while The Odyssey, Paradise Lost, Iconoclast and Underworld were fully recorded there and produced by Romeo himself.", "The albums The Divine Wings of Tragedy and V: The New Mythology Suite were partially recorded in the Dungeon, while The Odyssey, Paradise Lost, Iconoclast and Underworld were fully recorded there and produced by Romeo himself. Line-up Current members Michael Romeo − guitars, backing vocals (1994–present) Michael Pinnella − keyboards, backing vocals (1994–present) Jason Rullo – drums (1994–1997, 1998–present) Russell Allen − lead vocals (1995–present) Michael Lepond − bass, backing vocals (1999–present) Former members Thomas Miller − bass (1994−1998) Rod Tyler − lead vocals (1994) Thomas Walling − drums (1997−1998) Timeline Discography Studio albums Symphony X (1994) The Damnation Game (1995) The Divine Wings of Tragedy (1996) Twilight in Olympus (1998) V: The New Mythology Suite (2000) The Odyssey (2002) Paradise Lost (2007) Iconoclast (2011) Underworld (2015) Singles The End of Innocence (2011) Nevermore (2015) Without You (2015) Other albums Prelude to the Millennium (1999) Live on the Edge of Forever (2001) References External links 1994 establishments in New Jersey American power metal musical groups American progressive metal musical groups American symphonic metal musical groups Heavy metal musical groups from New Jersey Inside Out Music artists Metal Blade Records artists Middletown Township, New Jersey Musical groups established in 1994 Musical quintets Nuclear Blast artists" ]

[ "Melissa Gilbert", "Relationships" ]

[ "Emília Barreto Corrêa Lima (10 April 1934 – 4 February 2022) was a Brazilian beauty queen. She was the second-ever Miss Brazil a title which was awarded to her in 1955.\n\nBiography\nBarreto was born in Sobral and grew up in Camocim. After her victory in the Miss Brazil competition, she received a letter from Rachel de Queiroz. She was subsequently one of the semifinalists for Miss Universe 1955. She was also the first-ever and represented . During her time as reigning Miss Brazil, she kept a low profile, only attending charitable events and refusing to charge for her presence.\n\nShe married engineer Wilson Santa Cruz Caldas in 1956, with whom she had four children: Nelson, Marilia, Emilia, and Anna Cecilia. She was also the maternal grandmother of actor .\n\nBarreto died in Rio de Janeiro on 4 February 2022, at the age of 87.\n\nReferences\n\n1934 births\n2022 deaths\nMiss Brazil winners\nMiss Universe 1955 contestants\nPeople from Sobral, Ceará", "Ann Ayscough Sands (January 5, 1761July 17, 1851) was an American educator. She was the founder of the first public school ever established in Brooklyn, New York. St. Ann's Church, the first Episcopal church in that city, was named in her honor.\n\nBiography\nAnn Ayscough was born in New York City, January 5, 1761. Her father, Dr. Richard Ayscough, was a surgeon in the British army, and her mother was a Langdon, while a still more remote ancestor was a Cuyler, one of the original Dutch settlers from Holland. She was married to Joshua Sands, March 9, 1780. In 1813, she was the principal founder and the first directress of the Loisian Seminary and therefore, indirectly, was the founder of the first public school ever established in Brooklyn. She was also the president of the Brooklyn Dorcas Society. She died of a pulmonary affection on July 17, 1851, at the age of 90. She had twelve children, six of whom preceded her in death.\n\nReferences\n\nAttribution\n\nBibliography\n \n \n\n1761 births\n1851 deaths\nEducators from New York City\nFounders of schools in the United States\nAmerican women educators\nPeople of colonial New York\nWomen founders" ]

[ "Melissa Ellen Gilbert (born May 8, 1964) is an American actress, television director, producer, politician and former president of the Screen Actors Guild. Gilbert began her career as a child actress in the late 1960s, appearing in numerous commercials and guest starring roles on television. From 1974 to 1983, she starred as Laura Ingalls Wilder, the second oldest daughter of Charles Ingalls (played by Michael Landon) on the NBC series Little House on the Prairie.", "From 1974 to 1983, she starred as Laura Ingalls Wilder, the second oldest daughter of Charles Ingalls (played by Michael Landon) on the NBC series Little House on the Prairie. During the run of Little House, Gilbert appeared in several television films, including The Diary of Anne Frank and The Miracle Worker. As an adult, she continued her career mainly in television films.", "As an adult, she continued her career mainly in television films. Gilbert has also continued with guest starring roles on television and has completed voice work for animation such as Batman: The Animated Series as Barbara Gordon / Batgirl. From 2009 to 2010, Gilbert appeared as Caroline \"Ma\" Ingalls in the touring production of Little House on the Prairie, the Musical. In 2012, she was a contestant on season fourteen of the popular reality dance competition show Dancing with the Stars on ABC.", "In 2012, she was a contestant on season fourteen of the popular reality dance competition show Dancing with the Stars on ABC. Gilbert served as the President of the Screen Actors Guild from 2001 to 2005. In 2009, her autobiography Prairie Tale: A Memoir, was released. In 2014, she wrote a short story for children, called Daisy and Josephine as well as My Prairie Cookbook: Memories and Frontier Food from My Little House to Yours.", "In 2014, she wrote a short story for children, called Daisy and Josephine as well as My Prairie Cookbook: Memories and Frontier Food from My Little House to Yours. In 2016, Gilbert ran for U.S. Congress as a Democrat in Michigan's 8th congressional district and she won the Democratic primary. She later dropped out because of health issues stemming from a 2012 accident.", "She later dropped out because of health issues stemming from a 2012 accident. Early life and family Gilbert was born in Los Angeles, California, on May 8, 1964, to a newly engaged couple, Kathy Wood and David Darlington, and given up for adoption immediately after birth. She was adopted one day later by actor and comedian Paul Gilbert and his wife, dancer and actress Barbara Crane, the daughter of The Honeymooners creator Harry Crane.", "She was adopted one day later by actor and comedian Paul Gilbert and his wife, dancer and actress Barbara Crane, the daughter of The Honeymooners creator Harry Crane. They later adopted a son, Jonathan, who co-starred on Little House on the Prairie. Gilbert's parents divorced when she was 8 years old. Her mother then married Harold Abeles, and together they had biological daughter Sara Rebecca Abeles (the actress known professionally as Sara Gilbert) on January 29, 1975. On February 13, 1976, Paul Gilbert died.", "On February 13, 1976, Paul Gilbert died. On February 13, 1976, Paul Gilbert died. Although 11-year-old Melissa was told that he had suffered a stroke, she found out years later that he had been a VA patient who dealt with constant pain and that he had taken his own life. The marriage of Barbara and Harold Abeles later ended in divorce. According to her biography, Gilbert was raised in her adoptive mother's Jewish religion, but did not have any formal religious education or conversion ceremony.", "According to her biography, Gilbert was raised in her adoptive mother's Jewish religion, but did not have any formal religious education or conversion ceremony. Career Early years Gilbert's earliest television appearances were in dozens of commercials, including one for Alpo dog food with Lorne Greene (Michael Landon's television father on Bonanza). She also attended school with Landon's daughter, Leslie Landon.", "She also attended school with Landon's daughter, Leslie Landon. It was Leslie who informed her that she had won the role of Laura Ingalls on Little House on the Prairie, beating out over 500 child actresses for the part. The pilot was shot in 1973 and was a ratings success. Almost a year later, Gilbert began filming the series. Gilbert became extremely close to the Landon family after her adoptive father died.", "Gilbert became extremely close to the Landon family after her adoptive father died. However, a rift developed between Michael Landon and Gilbert after the revelation of Landon's affair with Little House young makeup artist, Cindy Clerico. Gilbert had limited contact with Landon after Little House ended during the 1983–84 season.", "Gilbert had limited contact with Landon after Little House ended during the 1983–84 season. Seven years later, she was contacted by Landon's family and upon news of his condition, paid him a heartfelt visit following his May 9, 1991, appearance on The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson where he discussed his pancreatic cancer. She visited Landon at his Malibu home where he was, by then, bedridden, and they spent the afternoon together. Landon died one week later.", "Landon died one week later. Landon died one week later. When Gilbert gave birth to her son with second husband Bruce Boxleitner on October 6, 1995, they named him Michael, in honor of Landon. Career after Little House Gilbert has continued to work regularly, mainly in television. She starred as Jean Donovan in the biopic Choices of the Heart (1983), and as Anna Sheridan in three episodes of Babylon 5 with then-husband Boxleitner in 1996.", "She starred as Jean Donovan in the biopic Choices of the Heart (1983), and as Anna Sheridan in three episodes of Babylon 5 with then-husband Boxleitner in 1996. She also provided the voice of Batgirl on the 1990s Batman: The Animated Series, though she would be replaced by voice actress Tara Strong for the series' follow-up The New Batman Adventures. For her contribution to the television industry, Gilbert received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 6429 Hollywood Blvd in 1985.", "For her contribution to the television industry, Gilbert received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 6429 Hollywood Blvd in 1985. Her then-fiancé, Rob Lowe, was present with her when her star was unveiled during the ceremony. In 1998, she was inducted into the Western Performers Hall of Fame at the National Cowboy & Western Heritage Museum in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma.", "In 1998, she was inducted into the Western Performers Hall of Fame at the National Cowboy & Western Heritage Museum in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. In 2006, Gilbert appeared as Shari Noble, a patient looking to reconstruct her nipples after committing zoophilia with her dog in a season four episode of Nip/Tuck. In 2008 and through 2009, Gilbert played Caroline \"Ma\" Ingalls in the musical adaptation of Little House on the Prairie.", "In 2008 and through 2009, Gilbert played Caroline \"Ma\" Ingalls in the musical adaptation of Little House on the Prairie. This world premiere production at the Guthrie Theater in Minneapolis was directed by Francesca Zambello and also starred Kara Lindsay as Laura. The show ran through October 19 and was on a US National tour for 2009–10. The tour ended in June 2010 at Starlight Theatre in Kansas City, Missouri.", "The tour ended in June 2010 at Starlight Theatre in Kansas City, Missouri. In March and April 2018, Gilbert starred in an Off-Off-Broadway, limited-run production of Geraldine Aron's 2001 one-woman play 2001 My Brilliant Divorce. Dancing with the Stars In March 2012, Gilbert joined the cast of celebrity contestants on season 14 of Dancing with the Stars. She was paired with Maksim Chmerkovskiy.", "She was paired with Maksim Chmerkovskiy. She was paired with Maksim Chmerkovskiy. During week four's show, while dancing the Paso Doble, she fell and hit her head on Maksim's leg and suffered a mild concussion and was taken to a hospital. She went home to recuperate, but returned to continue in the competition. In week eight of competition, she was eliminated, finishing in fifth place.", "In week eight of competition, she was eliminated, finishing in fifth place. Screen Actors Guild presidency Gilbert was elected president of the Screen Actors Guild in 2001 after a contentious candidacy, in which she ultimately beat her opponent, Rhoda actress Valerie Harper, 21,351 votes to 12,613 votes after a second vote was taken. In 2003, she was re-elected, defeating Kent McCord with 50% of the vote to his 42%. In July 2005, she announced that she would not seek a third term.", "In July 2005, she announced that she would not seek a third term. She was succeeded by Alan Rosenberg, who assumed the guild presidency on September 25. 2016 congressional campaign On August 10, 2015, Gilbert announced her campaign for Michigan's 8th congressional district in the 2016 elections to the United States House of Representatives. Gilbert, who was the presumptive Democratic nominee in the district, dropped out of the race in May 2016, citing health issues.", "Gilbert, who was the presumptive Democratic nominee in the district, dropped out of the race in May 2016, citing health issues. Personal life Relationships After her relationship with Rob Lowe ended, Gilbert left for New York City to star in the play A Shayna Maidel. Gilbert was set up with actor Bo Brinkman, a cousin of actors Randy Quaid and Dennis Quaid. The couple married on February 22, 1988, seven weeks after her split from Lowe.", "The couple married on February 22, 1988, seven weeks after her split from Lowe. Their son, Dakota Paul Brinkman, was born on May 1, 1989. The couple divorced in 1992. Weeks after Gilbert's divorce filing, actor Bruce Boxleitner's former wife set him up with Gilbert. Gilbert had met Boxleitner as a teenager when they both were on Battle of the Network Stars; he was her teenage crush. After reconnecting, they dated on and off for over a year.", "After reconnecting, they dated on and off for over a year. They were engaged twice and both engagements were ended by Boxleitner. After reuniting for a third time, they married on January 1, 1995, in her mother's living room. Gilbert gave birth to their son, Michael Garrett Boxleitner, on October 6, 1995. He is named in honor of Michael Landon and Garrett Peckinpah, her friend Sandy Peckinpah's son, who died of meningitis at age 16. Gilbert was stepmother to Boxleitner's two sons.", "Gilbert was stepmother to Boxleitner's two sons. Gilbert was stepmother to Boxleitner's two sons. On March 1, 2011, Gilbert announced that she and Boxleitner had separated. On August 22, 2011, Gilbert filed for divorce from Boxleitner. In January 2013, Gilbert's representative confirmed her engagement to actor Timothy Busfield. They married on April 24, 2013, lived in Howell, Michigan, from 2013 to 2018, and moved to New York City late in 2018.", "They married on April 24, 2013, lived in Howell, Michigan, from 2013 to 2018, and moved to New York City late in 2018. Tax issues Following her announcement as a candidate for U.S. Representative from Michigan, a spokesperson for her opponent's campaign referred to Gilbert as a \"tax cheat\". Gilbert owed $360,000 in back federal taxes and $112,000 in California state taxes. Gilbert has stated the tax debt is an outgrowth of a stalled acting career, the economy, and divorce.", "Gilbert has stated the tax debt is an outgrowth of a stalled acting career, the economy, and divorce. She has negotiated a repayment plan with the IRS. Health issues Gilbert has battled alcoholism and drug abuse, which she wrote about in her 2009 autobiography. While playing the role of Caroline \"Ma\" Ingalls in the touring musical Little House on the Prairie, a visit to the doctor revealed that Gilbert had been working with a broken back for months.", "While playing the role of Caroline \"Ma\" Ingalls in the touring musical Little House on the Prairie, a visit to the doctor revealed that Gilbert had been working with a broken back for months. On July 22, 2010, Gilbert underwent surgery to replace a disc as well as fuse a vertebra in her lower spine. The surgery was described as a complete success. In January 2015, Gilbert decided to have her breast implants removed for health reasons.", "In January 2015, Gilbert decided to have her breast implants removed for health reasons. Filmography Film Television Awards and nominations References Sources Gilbert, Melissa (2009). Prairie Tale: A Memoir (1st ed.). Gallery Books.", "Prairie Tale: A Memoir (1st ed.). Gallery Books. Gallery Books. External links About Melissa Gilbert 1964 births Living people 20th-century American actresses 21st-century American actresses Actresses from Los Angeles American actor-politicians American adoptees American child actresses American film actresses Leaders of American trade unions American memoirists American musical theatre actresses American stage actresses American television actresses American television directors American voice actresses American women television directors Jewish American actresses Participants in American reality television series Presidents of the Screen Actors Guild Michigan Democrats Women in Michigan politics Activists from California American women memoirists 21st-century American Jews" ]

[ "Melissa Gilbert", "Relationships", "Was she ever married?", "actor Bo Brinkman, a cousin of actors Randy Quaid and Dennis Quaid. The couple married" ]

[ "I Told You So is a 1970 Ghanaian movie. The movie portrays Ghanaians and their way of life in a satirical style. It also gives insight into the life of a young lady who did not take the advice of her father when about to marry a man, she did not know anything about the man she was going to marry, but rather took her mother's and uncle's advice because of the wealth and power the man has.\n\nThe young lady later finds out that the man she is supposed to marry was an armed robber. She was unhappy of the whole incident. When her dad ask what had happened, she replied that the man she was supposed to marry is an armed robber; her father ended by saying \"I told you so\".\n\nCast\nBobe Cole\nMargret Quainoo (Araba Stamp)\nKweku Crankson (Osuo Abrobor)\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n \n I TOLD YOU SO GHANAIAN MOVIE\n\n1970 films\nGhanaian films", "Kitty Lambert is an LGBT rights activist. She was raised Mormon and married a male Mormon missionary when she was seventeen.  She did not come out as a lesbian for many years out of fear of losing her children.\n\nLambert is president of (and was involved in the founding of) OUTspoken for Equality, an LGBT rights nonprofit in the Western New York area, and as such was instrumental in convincing the New York state legislature to legalize same-sex marriage.\n\nIn 2010 Lambert and her partner Cheryle Rudd went to a marriage office in Buffalo, New York to apply for a marriage license, accompanied by a group of supporters.  They were refused, but Lambert was given a license to marry a 22-year-old man at the marriage office whom she had never met before. She did not marry him, but the incident was filmed and put on YouTube, where as of July 2011 it had been viewed by 125,000 people.\n\nOver the years, Lambert had three heart attacks, and Rudd had cervical and thyroid cancer.  They had difficulty with hospitals due to lack of legal recognition of their relationship.\n\nIn 2011 Kitty Lambert and Cheryle Rudd became the first same-sex couple to legally marry in New York.  She and Rudd had been together for twelve years prior to their marriage.  Niagara Falls Mayor Paul Dyster officiated.\n\nReferences \n\nLGBT people from New York (state)\nLGBT rights activists from the United States\nLesbians\nActivists from Buffalo, New York\nFormer Latter Day Saints\nYear of birth missing (living people)\nLiving people" ]

[ "Melissa Ellen Gilbert (born May 8, 1964) is an American actress, television director, producer, politician and former president of the Screen Actors Guild. Gilbert began her career as a child actress in the late 1960s, appearing in numerous commercials and guest starring roles on television. From 1974 to 1983, she starred as Laura Ingalls Wilder, the second oldest daughter of Charles Ingalls (played by Michael Landon) on the NBC series Little House on the Prairie.", "From 1974 to 1983, she starred as Laura Ingalls Wilder, the second oldest daughter of Charles Ingalls (played by Michael Landon) on the NBC series Little House on the Prairie. During the run of Little House, Gilbert appeared in several television films, including The Diary of Anne Frank and The Miracle Worker. As an adult, she continued her career mainly in television films.", "As an adult, she continued her career mainly in television films. Gilbert has also continued with guest starring roles on television and has completed voice work for animation such as Batman: The Animated Series as Barbara Gordon / Batgirl. From 2009 to 2010, Gilbert appeared as Caroline \"Ma\" Ingalls in the touring production of Little House on the Prairie, the Musical. In 2012, she was a contestant on season fourteen of the popular reality dance competition show Dancing with the Stars on ABC.", "In 2012, she was a contestant on season fourteen of the popular reality dance competition show Dancing with the Stars on ABC. Gilbert served as the President of the Screen Actors Guild from 2001 to 2005. In 2009, her autobiography Prairie Tale: A Memoir, was released. In 2014, she wrote a short story for children, called Daisy and Josephine as well as My Prairie Cookbook: Memories and Frontier Food from My Little House to Yours.", "In 2014, she wrote a short story for children, called Daisy and Josephine as well as My Prairie Cookbook: Memories and Frontier Food from My Little House to Yours. In 2016, Gilbert ran for U.S. Congress as a Democrat in Michigan's 8th congressional district and she won the Democratic primary. She later dropped out because of health issues stemming from a 2012 accident.", "She later dropped out because of health issues stemming from a 2012 accident. Early life and family Gilbert was born in Los Angeles, California, on May 8, 1964, to a newly engaged couple, Kathy Wood and David Darlington, and given up for adoption immediately after birth. She was adopted one day later by actor and comedian Paul Gilbert and his wife, dancer and actress Barbara Crane, the daughter of The Honeymooners creator Harry Crane.", "She was adopted one day later by actor and comedian Paul Gilbert and his wife, dancer and actress Barbara Crane, the daughter of The Honeymooners creator Harry Crane. They later adopted a son, Jonathan, who co-starred on Little House on the Prairie. Gilbert's parents divorced when she was 8 years old. Her mother then married Harold Abeles, and together they had biological daughter Sara Rebecca Abeles (the actress known professionally as Sara Gilbert) on January 29, 1975. On February 13, 1976, Paul Gilbert died.", "On February 13, 1976, Paul Gilbert died. On February 13, 1976, Paul Gilbert died. Although 11-year-old Melissa was told that he had suffered a stroke, she found out years later that he had been a VA patient who dealt with constant pain and that he had taken his own life. The marriage of Barbara and Harold Abeles later ended in divorce. According to her biography, Gilbert was raised in her adoptive mother's Jewish religion, but did not have any formal religious education or conversion ceremony.", "According to her biography, Gilbert was raised in her adoptive mother's Jewish religion, but did not have any formal religious education or conversion ceremony. Career Early years Gilbert's earliest television appearances were in dozens of commercials, including one for Alpo dog food with Lorne Greene (Michael Landon's television father on Bonanza). She also attended school with Landon's daughter, Leslie Landon.", "She also attended school with Landon's daughter, Leslie Landon. It was Leslie who informed her that she had won the role of Laura Ingalls on Little House on the Prairie, beating out over 500 child actresses for the part. The pilot was shot in 1973 and was a ratings success. Almost a year later, Gilbert began filming the series. Gilbert became extremely close to the Landon family after her adoptive father died.", "Gilbert became extremely close to the Landon family after her adoptive father died. However, a rift developed between Michael Landon and Gilbert after the revelation of Landon's affair with Little House young makeup artist, Cindy Clerico. Gilbert had limited contact with Landon after Little House ended during the 1983–84 season.", "Gilbert had limited contact with Landon after Little House ended during the 1983–84 season. Seven years later, she was contacted by Landon's family and upon news of his condition, paid him a heartfelt visit following his May 9, 1991, appearance on The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson where he discussed his pancreatic cancer. She visited Landon at his Malibu home where he was, by then, bedridden, and they spent the afternoon together. Landon died one week later.", "Landon died one week later. Landon died one week later. When Gilbert gave birth to her son with second husband Bruce Boxleitner on October 6, 1995, they named him Michael, in honor of Landon. Career after Little House Gilbert has continued to work regularly, mainly in television. She starred as Jean Donovan in the biopic Choices of the Heart (1983), and as Anna Sheridan in three episodes of Babylon 5 with then-husband Boxleitner in 1996.", "She starred as Jean Donovan in the biopic Choices of the Heart (1983), and as Anna Sheridan in three episodes of Babylon 5 with then-husband Boxleitner in 1996. She also provided the voice of Batgirl on the 1990s Batman: The Animated Series, though she would be replaced by voice actress Tara Strong for the series' follow-up The New Batman Adventures. For her contribution to the television industry, Gilbert received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 6429 Hollywood Blvd in 1985.", "For her contribution to the television industry, Gilbert received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 6429 Hollywood Blvd in 1985. Her then-fiancé, Rob Lowe, was present with her when her star was unveiled during the ceremony. In 1998, she was inducted into the Western Performers Hall of Fame at the National Cowboy & Western Heritage Museum in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma.", "In 1998, she was inducted into the Western Performers Hall of Fame at the National Cowboy & Western Heritage Museum in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. In 2006, Gilbert appeared as Shari Noble, a patient looking to reconstruct her nipples after committing zoophilia with her dog in a season four episode of Nip/Tuck. In 2008 and through 2009, Gilbert played Caroline \"Ma\" Ingalls in the musical adaptation of Little House on the Prairie.", "In 2008 and through 2009, Gilbert played Caroline \"Ma\" Ingalls in the musical adaptation of Little House on the Prairie. This world premiere production at the Guthrie Theater in Minneapolis was directed by Francesca Zambello and also starred Kara Lindsay as Laura. The show ran through October 19 and was on a US National tour for 2009–10. The tour ended in June 2010 at Starlight Theatre in Kansas City, Missouri.", "The tour ended in June 2010 at Starlight Theatre in Kansas City, Missouri. In March and April 2018, Gilbert starred in an Off-Off-Broadway, limited-run production of Geraldine Aron's 2001 one-woman play 2001 My Brilliant Divorce. Dancing with the Stars In March 2012, Gilbert joined the cast of celebrity contestants on season 14 of Dancing with the Stars. She was paired with Maksim Chmerkovskiy.", "She was paired with Maksim Chmerkovskiy. She was paired with Maksim Chmerkovskiy. During week four's show, while dancing the Paso Doble, she fell and hit her head on Maksim's leg and suffered a mild concussion and was taken to a hospital. She went home to recuperate, but returned to continue in the competition. In week eight of competition, she was eliminated, finishing in fifth place.", "In week eight of competition, she was eliminated, finishing in fifth place. Screen Actors Guild presidency Gilbert was elected president of the Screen Actors Guild in 2001 after a contentious candidacy, in which she ultimately beat her opponent, Rhoda actress Valerie Harper, 21,351 votes to 12,613 votes after a second vote was taken. In 2003, she was re-elected, defeating Kent McCord with 50% of the vote to his 42%. In July 2005, she announced that she would not seek a third term.", "In July 2005, she announced that she would not seek a third term. She was succeeded by Alan Rosenberg, who assumed the guild presidency on September 25. 2016 congressional campaign On August 10, 2015, Gilbert announced her campaign for Michigan's 8th congressional district in the 2016 elections to the United States House of Representatives. Gilbert, who was the presumptive Democratic nominee in the district, dropped out of the race in May 2016, citing health issues.", "Gilbert, who was the presumptive Democratic nominee in the district, dropped out of the race in May 2016, citing health issues. Personal life Relationships After her relationship with Rob Lowe ended, Gilbert left for New York City to star in the play A Shayna Maidel. Gilbert was set up with actor Bo Brinkman, a cousin of actors Randy Quaid and Dennis Quaid. The couple married on February 22, 1988, seven weeks after her split from Lowe.", "The couple married on February 22, 1988, seven weeks after her split from Lowe. Their son, Dakota Paul Brinkman, was born on May 1, 1989. The couple divorced in 1992. Weeks after Gilbert's divorce filing, actor Bruce Boxleitner's former wife set him up with Gilbert. Gilbert had met Boxleitner as a teenager when they both were on Battle of the Network Stars; he was her teenage crush. After reconnecting, they dated on and off for over a year.", "After reconnecting, they dated on and off for over a year. They were engaged twice and both engagements were ended by Boxleitner. After reuniting for a third time, they married on January 1, 1995, in her mother's living room. Gilbert gave birth to their son, Michael Garrett Boxleitner, on October 6, 1995. He is named in honor of Michael Landon and Garrett Peckinpah, her friend Sandy Peckinpah's son, who died of meningitis at age 16. Gilbert was stepmother to Boxleitner's two sons.", "Gilbert was stepmother to Boxleitner's two sons. Gilbert was stepmother to Boxleitner's two sons. On March 1, 2011, Gilbert announced that she and Boxleitner had separated. On August 22, 2011, Gilbert filed for divorce from Boxleitner. In January 2013, Gilbert's representative confirmed her engagement to actor Timothy Busfield. They married on April 24, 2013, lived in Howell, Michigan, from 2013 to 2018, and moved to New York City late in 2018.", "They married on April 24, 2013, lived in Howell, Michigan, from 2013 to 2018, and moved to New York City late in 2018. Tax issues Following her announcement as a candidate for U.S. Representative from Michigan, a spokesperson for her opponent's campaign referred to Gilbert as a \"tax cheat\". Gilbert owed $360,000 in back federal taxes and $112,000 in California state taxes. Gilbert has stated the tax debt is an outgrowth of a stalled acting career, the economy, and divorce.", "Gilbert has stated the tax debt is an outgrowth of a stalled acting career, the economy, and divorce. She has negotiated a repayment plan with the IRS. Health issues Gilbert has battled alcoholism and drug abuse, which she wrote about in her 2009 autobiography. While playing the role of Caroline \"Ma\" Ingalls in the touring musical Little House on the Prairie, a visit to the doctor revealed that Gilbert had been working with a broken back for months.", "While playing the role of Caroline \"Ma\" Ingalls in the touring musical Little House on the Prairie, a visit to the doctor revealed that Gilbert had been working with a broken back for months. On July 22, 2010, Gilbert underwent surgery to replace a disc as well as fuse a vertebra in her lower spine. The surgery was described as a complete success. In January 2015, Gilbert decided to have her breast implants removed for health reasons.", "In January 2015, Gilbert decided to have her breast implants removed for health reasons. Filmography Film Television Awards and nominations References Sources Gilbert, Melissa (2009). Prairie Tale: A Memoir (1st ed.). Gallery Books.", "Prairie Tale: A Memoir (1st ed.). Gallery Books. Gallery Books. External links About Melissa Gilbert 1964 births Living people 20th-century American actresses 21st-century American actresses Actresses from Los Angeles American actor-politicians American adoptees American child actresses American film actresses Leaders of American trade unions American memoirists American musical theatre actresses American stage actresses American television actresses American television directors American voice actresses American women television directors Jewish American actresses Participants in American reality television series Presidents of the Screen Actors Guild Michigan Democrats Women in Michigan politics Activists from California American women memoirists 21st-century American Jews" ]

[ "Melissa Gilbert", "Relationships", "Was she ever married?", "actor Bo Brinkman, a cousin of actors Randy Quaid and Dennis Quaid. The couple married", "When did they marry?", "February 22, 1988,", "Did they have any children?", "she gave birth to son Dakota Paul Brinkman.", "Was he their only child?", "They divorced in 1992.", "Did she ever remarry?", "they finally married on January 1, 1995," ]

[ "I Told You So is a 1970 Ghanaian movie. The movie portrays Ghanaians and their way of life in a satirical style. It also gives insight into the life of a young lady who did not take the advice of her father when about to marry a man, she did not know anything about the man she was going to marry, but rather took her mother's and uncle's advice because of the wealth and power the man has.\n\nThe young lady later finds out that the man she is supposed to marry was an armed robber. She was unhappy of the whole incident. When her dad ask what had happened, she replied that the man she was supposed to marry is an armed robber; her father ended by saying \"I told you so\".\n\nCast\nBobe Cole\nMargret Quainoo (Araba Stamp)\nKweku Crankson (Osuo Abrobor)\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n \n I TOLD YOU SO GHANAIAN MOVIE\n\n1970 films\nGhanaian films", "\"The King Who Wished to Marry His Daughter\" is a Scottish fairy tale collected by John Francis Campbell in Popular Tales of the West Highlands, listing his informant as Ann Darroch from Islay.\n\nIt is Aarne-Thompson type 510B, unnatural love. Others of this type include Cap O' Rushes, Catskin, Little Cat Skin, Allerleirauh, Donkeyskin, The She-Bear, Tattercoats, Mossycoat, The Princess That Wore A Rabbit-Skin Dress, and The Bear.\n\nSynopsis\nA king lost his wife a long time ago, and declared he would not marry anyone who did not fit her clothes. One day, their daughter tried on her dress and found it fit. Her father declared he would marry her. At her foster-mother's advice, she put him off with demands for clothing: a dress of swan's down, a dress of moorland canach, a silk dress that stood on the ground with gold and silver, a gold shoe and a silver shoe, and a chest that could lock inside and out, and travel over land and sea. When she got the chest, she put her clothing in it and got in herself, and asked her father to put it to sea, so she could see how well it worked. It carried her off to another shore.\n\nThere, a herder-boy would have broken it open, but she got him to get his father instead. She stayed with his father for a time, and went into service at the king's house, in the kitchen. She refused to go to the sermon because she had bread to bake, and sneaked off to go dressed in the swan-down dress and the king's son fell in love with her. She went again, in the moorland canach dress, and then in that of gold and silver, with the shoes, but the third time, the king's son had set a guard, and she escaped, but leaving a shoe behind.\n\nWhen the king's son tried it on women, a bird sang that it was not that one but the kitchen maid. Every woman failed, and he fell ill. His mother went to the kitchen to talk, and the princess asked to try it. She persuaded her son, and it fit. They married and lived happily ever after.\n\nVariants\nReverend Sabine Baring-Gould collected an English variant titled The Golden Bull: a princess is forced by her father to wed a prince from a remote country for political reasons. Disagreeing with the marriage, she asks her father for three dresses (the first depicting the night sky \"besprent with stars\"; the second one a sky with clouds and the third \"embroidered all over with birds\") and for a hollowed out metallic golden bull, which she intends to use as a hiding spot.\n\nSee also\nFair, Brown and Trembling\n\nReferences\n\nKing who Wished to Marry His Daughter\nKing who Wished to Marry His Daughter" ]

[ "Melissa Ellen Gilbert (born May 8, 1964) is an American actress, television director, producer, politician and former president of the Screen Actors Guild. Gilbert began her career as a child actress in the late 1960s, appearing in numerous commercials and guest starring roles on television. From 1974 to 1983, she starred as Laura Ingalls Wilder, the second oldest daughter of Charles Ingalls (played by Michael Landon) on the NBC series Little House on the Prairie.", "From 1974 to 1983, she starred as Laura Ingalls Wilder, the second oldest daughter of Charles Ingalls (played by Michael Landon) on the NBC series Little House on the Prairie. During the run of Little House, Gilbert appeared in several television films, including The Diary of Anne Frank and The Miracle Worker. As an adult, she continued her career mainly in television films.", "As an adult, she continued her career mainly in television films. Gilbert has also continued with guest starring roles on television and has completed voice work for animation such as Batman: The Animated Series as Barbara Gordon / Batgirl. From 2009 to 2010, Gilbert appeared as Caroline \"Ma\" Ingalls in the touring production of Little House on the Prairie, the Musical. In 2012, she was a contestant on season fourteen of the popular reality dance competition show Dancing with the Stars on ABC.", "In 2012, she was a contestant on season fourteen of the popular reality dance competition show Dancing with the Stars on ABC. Gilbert served as the President of the Screen Actors Guild from 2001 to 2005. In 2009, her autobiography Prairie Tale: A Memoir, was released. In 2014, she wrote a short story for children, called Daisy and Josephine as well as My Prairie Cookbook: Memories and Frontier Food from My Little House to Yours.", "In 2014, she wrote a short story for children, called Daisy and Josephine as well as My Prairie Cookbook: Memories and Frontier Food from My Little House to Yours. In 2016, Gilbert ran for U.S. Congress as a Democrat in Michigan's 8th congressional district and she won the Democratic primary. She later dropped out because of health issues stemming from a 2012 accident.", "She later dropped out because of health issues stemming from a 2012 accident. Early life and family Gilbert was born in Los Angeles, California, on May 8, 1964, to a newly engaged couple, Kathy Wood and David Darlington, and given up for adoption immediately after birth. She was adopted one day later by actor and comedian Paul Gilbert and his wife, dancer and actress Barbara Crane, the daughter of The Honeymooners creator Harry Crane.", "She was adopted one day later by actor and comedian Paul Gilbert and his wife, dancer and actress Barbara Crane, the daughter of The Honeymooners creator Harry Crane. They later adopted a son, Jonathan, who co-starred on Little House on the Prairie. Gilbert's parents divorced when she was 8 years old. Her mother then married Harold Abeles, and together they had biological daughter Sara Rebecca Abeles (the actress known professionally as Sara Gilbert) on January 29, 1975. On February 13, 1976, Paul Gilbert died.", "On February 13, 1976, Paul Gilbert died. On February 13, 1976, Paul Gilbert died. Although 11-year-old Melissa was told that he had suffered a stroke, she found out years later that he had been a VA patient who dealt with constant pain and that he had taken his own life. The marriage of Barbara and Harold Abeles later ended in divorce. According to her biography, Gilbert was raised in her adoptive mother's Jewish religion, but did not have any formal religious education or conversion ceremony.", "According to her biography, Gilbert was raised in her adoptive mother's Jewish religion, but did not have any formal religious education or conversion ceremony. Career Early years Gilbert's earliest television appearances were in dozens of commercials, including one for Alpo dog food with Lorne Greene (Michael Landon's television father on Bonanza). She also attended school with Landon's daughter, Leslie Landon.", "She also attended school with Landon's daughter, Leslie Landon. It was Leslie who informed her that she had won the role of Laura Ingalls on Little House on the Prairie, beating out over 500 child actresses for the part. The pilot was shot in 1973 and was a ratings success. Almost a year later, Gilbert began filming the series. Gilbert became extremely close to the Landon family after her adoptive father died.", "Gilbert became extremely close to the Landon family after her adoptive father died. However, a rift developed between Michael Landon and Gilbert after the revelation of Landon's affair with Little House young makeup artist, Cindy Clerico. Gilbert had limited contact with Landon after Little House ended during the 1983–84 season.", "Gilbert had limited contact with Landon after Little House ended during the 1983–84 season. Seven years later, she was contacted by Landon's family and upon news of his condition, paid him a heartfelt visit following his May 9, 1991, appearance on The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson where he discussed his pancreatic cancer. She visited Landon at his Malibu home where he was, by then, bedridden, and they spent the afternoon together. Landon died one week later.", "Landon died one week later. Landon died one week later. When Gilbert gave birth to her son with second husband Bruce Boxleitner on October 6, 1995, they named him Michael, in honor of Landon. Career after Little House Gilbert has continued to work regularly, mainly in television. She starred as Jean Donovan in the biopic Choices of the Heart (1983), and as Anna Sheridan in three episodes of Babylon 5 with then-husband Boxleitner in 1996.", "She starred as Jean Donovan in the biopic Choices of the Heart (1983), and as Anna Sheridan in three episodes of Babylon 5 with then-husband Boxleitner in 1996. She also provided the voice of Batgirl on the 1990s Batman: The Animated Series, though she would be replaced by voice actress Tara Strong for the series' follow-up The New Batman Adventures. For her contribution to the television industry, Gilbert received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 6429 Hollywood Blvd in 1985.", "For her contribution to the television industry, Gilbert received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 6429 Hollywood Blvd in 1985. Her then-fiancé, Rob Lowe, was present with her when her star was unveiled during the ceremony. In 1998, she was inducted into the Western Performers Hall of Fame at the National Cowboy & Western Heritage Museum in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma.", "In 1998, she was inducted into the Western Performers Hall of Fame at the National Cowboy & Western Heritage Museum in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. In 2006, Gilbert appeared as Shari Noble, a patient looking to reconstruct her nipples after committing zoophilia with her dog in a season four episode of Nip/Tuck. In 2008 and through 2009, Gilbert played Caroline \"Ma\" Ingalls in the musical adaptation of Little House on the Prairie.", "In 2008 and through 2009, Gilbert played Caroline \"Ma\" Ingalls in the musical adaptation of Little House on the Prairie. This world premiere production at the Guthrie Theater in Minneapolis was directed by Francesca Zambello and also starred Kara Lindsay as Laura. The show ran through October 19 and was on a US National tour for 2009–10. The tour ended in June 2010 at Starlight Theatre in Kansas City, Missouri.", "The tour ended in June 2010 at Starlight Theatre in Kansas City, Missouri. In March and April 2018, Gilbert starred in an Off-Off-Broadway, limited-run production of Geraldine Aron's 2001 one-woman play 2001 My Brilliant Divorce. Dancing with the Stars In March 2012, Gilbert joined the cast of celebrity contestants on season 14 of Dancing with the Stars. She was paired with Maksim Chmerkovskiy.", "She was paired with Maksim Chmerkovskiy. She was paired with Maksim Chmerkovskiy. During week four's show, while dancing the Paso Doble, she fell and hit her head on Maksim's leg and suffered a mild concussion and was taken to a hospital. She went home to recuperate, but returned to continue in the competition. In week eight of competition, she was eliminated, finishing in fifth place.", "In week eight of competition, she was eliminated, finishing in fifth place. Screen Actors Guild presidency Gilbert was elected president of the Screen Actors Guild in 2001 after a contentious candidacy, in which she ultimately beat her opponent, Rhoda actress Valerie Harper, 21,351 votes to 12,613 votes after a second vote was taken. In 2003, she was re-elected, defeating Kent McCord with 50% of the vote to his 42%. In July 2005, she announced that she would not seek a third term.", "In July 2005, she announced that she would not seek a third term. She was succeeded by Alan Rosenberg, who assumed the guild presidency on September 25. 2016 congressional campaign On August 10, 2015, Gilbert announced her campaign for Michigan's 8th congressional district in the 2016 elections to the United States House of Representatives. Gilbert, who was the presumptive Democratic nominee in the district, dropped out of the race in May 2016, citing health issues.", "Gilbert, who was the presumptive Democratic nominee in the district, dropped out of the race in May 2016, citing health issues. Personal life Relationships After her relationship with Rob Lowe ended, Gilbert left for New York City to star in the play A Shayna Maidel. Gilbert was set up with actor Bo Brinkman, a cousin of actors Randy Quaid and Dennis Quaid. The couple married on February 22, 1988, seven weeks after her split from Lowe.", "The couple married on February 22, 1988, seven weeks after her split from Lowe. Their son, Dakota Paul Brinkman, was born on May 1, 1989. The couple divorced in 1992. Weeks after Gilbert's divorce filing, actor Bruce Boxleitner's former wife set him up with Gilbert. Gilbert had met Boxleitner as a teenager when they both were on Battle of the Network Stars; he was her teenage crush. After reconnecting, they dated on and off for over a year.", "After reconnecting, they dated on and off for over a year. They were engaged twice and both engagements were ended by Boxleitner. After reuniting for a third time, they married on January 1, 1995, in her mother's living room. Gilbert gave birth to their son, Michael Garrett Boxleitner, on October 6, 1995. He is named in honor of Michael Landon and Garrett Peckinpah, her friend Sandy Peckinpah's son, who died of meningitis at age 16. Gilbert was stepmother to Boxleitner's two sons.", "Gilbert was stepmother to Boxleitner's two sons. Gilbert was stepmother to Boxleitner's two sons. On March 1, 2011, Gilbert announced that she and Boxleitner had separated. On August 22, 2011, Gilbert filed for divorce from Boxleitner. In January 2013, Gilbert's representative confirmed her engagement to actor Timothy Busfield. They married on April 24, 2013, lived in Howell, Michigan, from 2013 to 2018, and moved to New York City late in 2018.", "They married on April 24, 2013, lived in Howell, Michigan, from 2013 to 2018, and moved to New York City late in 2018. Tax issues Following her announcement as a candidate for U.S. Representative from Michigan, a spokesperson for her opponent's campaign referred to Gilbert as a \"tax cheat\". Gilbert owed $360,000 in back federal taxes and $112,000 in California state taxes. Gilbert has stated the tax debt is an outgrowth of a stalled acting career, the economy, and divorce.", "Gilbert has stated the tax debt is an outgrowth of a stalled acting career, the economy, and divorce. She has negotiated a repayment plan with the IRS. Health issues Gilbert has battled alcoholism and drug abuse, which she wrote about in her 2009 autobiography. While playing the role of Caroline \"Ma\" Ingalls in the touring musical Little House on the Prairie, a visit to the doctor revealed that Gilbert had been working with a broken back for months.", "While playing the role of Caroline \"Ma\" Ingalls in the touring musical Little House on the Prairie, a visit to the doctor revealed that Gilbert had been working with a broken back for months. On July 22, 2010, Gilbert underwent surgery to replace a disc as well as fuse a vertebra in her lower spine. The surgery was described as a complete success. In January 2015, Gilbert decided to have her breast implants removed for health reasons.", "In January 2015, Gilbert decided to have her breast implants removed for health reasons. Filmography Film Television Awards and nominations References Sources Gilbert, Melissa (2009). Prairie Tale: A Memoir (1st ed.). Gallery Books.", "Prairie Tale: A Memoir (1st ed.). Gallery Books. Gallery Books. External links About Melissa Gilbert 1964 births Living people 20th-century American actresses 21st-century American actresses Actresses from Los Angeles American actor-politicians American adoptees American child actresses American film actresses Leaders of American trade unions American memoirists American musical theatre actresses American stage actresses American television actresses American television directors American voice actresses American women television directors Jewish American actresses Participants in American reality television series Presidents of the Screen Actors Guild Michigan Democrats Women in Michigan politics Activists from California American women memoirists 21st-century American Jews" ]

[ "Melissa Gilbert", "Relationships", "Was she ever married?", "actor Bo Brinkman, a cousin of actors Randy Quaid and Dennis Quaid. The couple married", "When did they marry?", "February 22, 1988,", "Did they have any children?", "she gave birth to son Dakota Paul Brinkman.", "Was he their only child?", "They divorced in 1992.", "Did she ever remarry?", "they finally married on January 1, 1995,", "Who did she marry the second time?", "Bruce Boxleitner's", "Did they have any children?", "She gave birth to a son, Michael Garrett Boxleitner,", "Did she have any daughters?", "she gave birth to son" ]

[ "Shreemati Rasasundari (1810–1899) was a 19th-century Bengali writer. She is notable for her autobiography, which provides a rare insight into the life of a 19th-century Bengali housewife.\n\nEarly life\nRasasundari was born in March 1810 in Pabna District, Bengal Presidency, East India Company ruled India. She self-educated herself at home, but only to a limited extent. She married Sitanath Sarkar when she was 12 in 1822. Her husband was a Zamidar in Ramdia, Faridpur District. Her mother-in-law and three widowed sister-in laws lived with them. Her mother-in-law was particularly fond of her.\n\nCareer\nRasasundari was a deeply religious women. She had limited literacy. She got her chance to learn when her husband bought a handwritten copy of the religious text Chaitanya Bhagavata. She tried to read from the Chaitanya Bhagavata and using her limited knowledge taught herself how to read at 25. She learned how to write when she was 50, with the support of one of her sons. Her husband, Sitanath Sarkar, died when she was 59, leaving her a widow. She found herself with free time and started writing her autobiography. In 1886 she published her autobiography Amar Jibon (my life). Her autobiography focused on her and her role in the family. She depicts the role of women in Bengali society and how they were bound by their duties to their families through writing about her own life. She wrote about having to eat after making sure everyone in the household had eaten and despite having servants was expected to do household chores. She added more to a second edition of her autobiography which was published in 1898. The book depicted her attempt to shape her life and the intense societal pressures faced by Bengali women.\n\nDeath\nRasasundari died in 1899.\n\nReferences\n\n1810 births\n1899 deaths\nBangladeshi feminists\nBengali writers\nPeople from Pabna District", "Elizabeth Wilks born Lizzie Bennett (17 July 1861 – 16 November 1956) was a British doctor, suffragist, tax resister and philanthropist. She was married to Mark Wilks who was sent to jail for her refusal to pay tax and his refusal to make his wife tell him how much she earned.\n\nLife\nWilks was born in De Montfort Square in Leicester to John and Sarah Annie Bennett. She attended the university of London and when she left in 1896 she was a qualified doctor and she had a degree in surgery. The same year she married Mark Wilks who was a London teacher.\n\nWilks was a founder member of the Women's Tax Resistance League which was a group who objected particularly to women paying tax to a government over which they had no electoral control. Wilks became the treasurer of the organisation whose motto was \"No Vote No Tax!\".\n\nWilks came to notice when she refused to pay her tax in 1908. Married women were not required to pay taxes per se in Britain at that time. According to the law a married couple's joint income was added together and the husband paid the tax. However Elizabeth, who as a doctor, earned more than her husband, refused to tell her husband how much she earned. This put the authorities into a quandary as Elizabeth was not liable to pay tax and her husband was nominally willing to pay the tax but he said that he had no idea how much to pay. There was no legal requirement for Elizabeth to tell her husband about her income. In 1910 the authorities illegally seized some of her goods in an attempt to levy the tax on her income. The authorities then tried to claim the tax either from them as a couple or by her husband alone. This was legally unsatisfactory as Mark was being asked for tax on her income (of about £600 per annum) that he was nominally unaware of. 3,000 teachers signed a petition when Mark Wilks was placed in Brixton Jail and there was a demonstration in Trafalgar Square to protest at his treatment. He was released after a fortnight to a celebrations at Caxton Hall from the supporters of the Women's Tax Resistance League. His support included the writer George Bernard Shaw. Despite a debate in the House of Lords where it was realised that the law was unfair, British law did not get amended until 1972.\n\nThe Wilks moved to the village of Headley Down in Hampshire where Elizabeth was concerned by the quality of the public housing in 1933. She raised the money to build sixteen new residences which were managed by the newlyformed Headley Public Utility Society.\n\nWilks died in Headley Down in 1956 and she left her home and ten acres of woodland to the Headley Public Utility Society. The residences were given to the local authority but the Headley PUS still maintains the woodlands for public benefit.\n\nReferences \n\n1861 births\n1956 deaths\nPeople from Leicester\nBritish suffragists\nBritish philanthropists\nPeople from East Hampshire District" ]

[ "Melissa Ellen Gilbert (born May 8, 1964) is an American actress, television director, producer, politician and former president of the Screen Actors Guild. Gilbert began her career as a child actress in the late 1960s, appearing in numerous commercials and guest starring roles on television. From 1974 to 1983, she starred as Laura Ingalls Wilder, the second oldest daughter of Charles Ingalls (played by Michael Landon) on the NBC series Little House on the Prairie.", "From 1974 to 1983, she starred as Laura Ingalls Wilder, the second oldest daughter of Charles Ingalls (played by Michael Landon) on the NBC series Little House on the Prairie. During the run of Little House, Gilbert appeared in several television films, including The Diary of Anne Frank and The Miracle Worker. As an adult, she continued her career mainly in television films.", "As an adult, she continued her career mainly in television films. Gilbert has also continued with guest starring roles on television and has completed voice work for animation such as Batman: The Animated Series as Barbara Gordon / Batgirl. From 2009 to 2010, Gilbert appeared as Caroline \"Ma\" Ingalls in the touring production of Little House on the Prairie, the Musical. In 2012, she was a contestant on season fourteen of the popular reality dance competition show Dancing with the Stars on ABC.", "In 2012, she was a contestant on season fourteen of the popular reality dance competition show Dancing with the Stars on ABC. Gilbert served as the President of the Screen Actors Guild from 2001 to 2005. In 2009, her autobiography Prairie Tale: A Memoir, was released. In 2014, she wrote a short story for children, called Daisy and Josephine as well as My Prairie Cookbook: Memories and Frontier Food from My Little House to Yours.", "In 2014, she wrote a short story for children, called Daisy and Josephine as well as My Prairie Cookbook: Memories and Frontier Food from My Little House to Yours. In 2016, Gilbert ran for U.S. Congress as a Democrat in Michigan's 8th congressional district and she won the Democratic primary. She later dropped out because of health issues stemming from a 2012 accident.", "She later dropped out because of health issues stemming from a 2012 accident. Early life and family Gilbert was born in Los Angeles, California, on May 8, 1964, to a newly engaged couple, Kathy Wood and David Darlington, and given up for adoption immediately after birth. She was adopted one day later by actor and comedian Paul Gilbert and his wife, dancer and actress Barbara Crane, the daughter of The Honeymooners creator Harry Crane.", "She was adopted one day later by actor and comedian Paul Gilbert and his wife, dancer and actress Barbara Crane, the daughter of The Honeymooners creator Harry Crane. They later adopted a son, Jonathan, who co-starred on Little House on the Prairie. Gilbert's parents divorced when she was 8 years old. Her mother then married Harold Abeles, and together they had biological daughter Sara Rebecca Abeles (the actress known professionally as Sara Gilbert) on January 29, 1975. On February 13, 1976, Paul Gilbert died.", "On February 13, 1976, Paul Gilbert died. On February 13, 1976, Paul Gilbert died. Although 11-year-old Melissa was told that he had suffered a stroke, she found out years later that he had been a VA patient who dealt with constant pain and that he had taken his own life. The marriage of Barbara and Harold Abeles later ended in divorce. According to her biography, Gilbert was raised in her adoptive mother's Jewish religion, but did not have any formal religious education or conversion ceremony.", "According to her biography, Gilbert was raised in her adoptive mother's Jewish religion, but did not have any formal religious education or conversion ceremony. Career Early years Gilbert's earliest television appearances were in dozens of commercials, including one for Alpo dog food with Lorne Greene (Michael Landon's television father on Bonanza). She also attended school with Landon's daughter, Leslie Landon.", "She also attended school with Landon's daughter, Leslie Landon. It was Leslie who informed her that she had won the role of Laura Ingalls on Little House on the Prairie, beating out over 500 child actresses for the part. The pilot was shot in 1973 and was a ratings success. Almost a year later, Gilbert began filming the series. Gilbert became extremely close to the Landon family after her adoptive father died.", "Gilbert became extremely close to the Landon family after her adoptive father died. However, a rift developed between Michael Landon and Gilbert after the revelation of Landon's affair with Little House young makeup artist, Cindy Clerico. Gilbert had limited contact with Landon after Little House ended during the 1983–84 season.", "Gilbert had limited contact with Landon after Little House ended during the 1983–84 season. Seven years later, she was contacted by Landon's family and upon news of his condition, paid him a heartfelt visit following his May 9, 1991, appearance on The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson where he discussed his pancreatic cancer. She visited Landon at his Malibu home where he was, by then, bedridden, and they spent the afternoon together. Landon died one week later.", "Landon died one week later. Landon died one week later. When Gilbert gave birth to her son with second husband Bruce Boxleitner on October 6, 1995, they named him Michael, in honor of Landon. Career after Little House Gilbert has continued to work regularly, mainly in television. She starred as Jean Donovan in the biopic Choices of the Heart (1983), and as Anna Sheridan in three episodes of Babylon 5 with then-husband Boxleitner in 1996.", "She starred as Jean Donovan in the biopic Choices of the Heart (1983), and as Anna Sheridan in three episodes of Babylon 5 with then-husband Boxleitner in 1996. She also provided the voice of Batgirl on the 1990s Batman: The Animated Series, though she would be replaced by voice actress Tara Strong for the series' follow-up The New Batman Adventures. For her contribution to the television industry, Gilbert received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 6429 Hollywood Blvd in 1985.", "For her contribution to the television industry, Gilbert received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 6429 Hollywood Blvd in 1985. Her then-fiancé, Rob Lowe, was present with her when her star was unveiled during the ceremony. In 1998, she was inducted into the Western Performers Hall of Fame at the National Cowboy & Western Heritage Museum in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma.", "In 1998, she was inducted into the Western Performers Hall of Fame at the National Cowboy & Western Heritage Museum in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. In 2006, Gilbert appeared as Shari Noble, a patient looking to reconstruct her nipples after committing zoophilia with her dog in a season four episode of Nip/Tuck. In 2008 and through 2009, Gilbert played Caroline \"Ma\" Ingalls in the musical adaptation of Little House on the Prairie.", "In 2008 and through 2009, Gilbert played Caroline \"Ma\" Ingalls in the musical adaptation of Little House on the Prairie. This world premiere production at the Guthrie Theater in Minneapolis was directed by Francesca Zambello and also starred Kara Lindsay as Laura. The show ran through October 19 and was on a US National tour for 2009–10. The tour ended in June 2010 at Starlight Theatre in Kansas City, Missouri.", "The tour ended in June 2010 at Starlight Theatre in Kansas City, Missouri. In March and April 2018, Gilbert starred in an Off-Off-Broadway, limited-run production of Geraldine Aron's 2001 one-woman play 2001 My Brilliant Divorce. Dancing with the Stars In March 2012, Gilbert joined the cast of celebrity contestants on season 14 of Dancing with the Stars. She was paired with Maksim Chmerkovskiy.", "She was paired with Maksim Chmerkovskiy. She was paired with Maksim Chmerkovskiy. During week four's show, while dancing the Paso Doble, she fell and hit her head on Maksim's leg and suffered a mild concussion and was taken to a hospital. She went home to recuperate, but returned to continue in the competition. In week eight of competition, she was eliminated, finishing in fifth place.", "In week eight of competition, she was eliminated, finishing in fifth place. Screen Actors Guild presidency Gilbert was elected president of the Screen Actors Guild in 2001 after a contentious candidacy, in which she ultimately beat her opponent, Rhoda actress Valerie Harper, 21,351 votes to 12,613 votes after a second vote was taken. In 2003, she was re-elected, defeating Kent McCord with 50% of the vote to his 42%. In July 2005, she announced that she would not seek a third term.", "In July 2005, she announced that she would not seek a third term. She was succeeded by Alan Rosenberg, who assumed the guild presidency on September 25. 2016 congressional campaign On August 10, 2015, Gilbert announced her campaign for Michigan's 8th congressional district in the 2016 elections to the United States House of Representatives. Gilbert, who was the presumptive Democratic nominee in the district, dropped out of the race in May 2016, citing health issues.", "Gilbert, who was the presumptive Democratic nominee in the district, dropped out of the race in May 2016, citing health issues. Personal life Relationships After her relationship with Rob Lowe ended, Gilbert left for New York City to star in the play A Shayna Maidel. Gilbert was set up with actor Bo Brinkman, a cousin of actors Randy Quaid and Dennis Quaid. The couple married on February 22, 1988, seven weeks after her split from Lowe.", "The couple married on February 22, 1988, seven weeks after her split from Lowe. Their son, Dakota Paul Brinkman, was born on May 1, 1989. The couple divorced in 1992. Weeks after Gilbert's divorce filing, actor Bruce Boxleitner's former wife set him up with Gilbert. Gilbert had met Boxleitner as a teenager when they both were on Battle of the Network Stars; he was her teenage crush. After reconnecting, they dated on and off for over a year.", "After reconnecting, they dated on and off for over a year. They were engaged twice and both engagements were ended by Boxleitner. After reuniting for a third time, they married on January 1, 1995, in her mother's living room. Gilbert gave birth to their son, Michael Garrett Boxleitner, on October 6, 1995. He is named in honor of Michael Landon and Garrett Peckinpah, her friend Sandy Peckinpah's son, who died of meningitis at age 16. Gilbert was stepmother to Boxleitner's two sons.", "Gilbert was stepmother to Boxleitner's two sons. Gilbert was stepmother to Boxleitner's two sons. On March 1, 2011, Gilbert announced that she and Boxleitner had separated. On August 22, 2011, Gilbert filed for divorce from Boxleitner. In January 2013, Gilbert's representative confirmed her engagement to actor Timothy Busfield. They married on April 24, 2013, lived in Howell, Michigan, from 2013 to 2018, and moved to New York City late in 2018.", "They married on April 24, 2013, lived in Howell, Michigan, from 2013 to 2018, and moved to New York City late in 2018. Tax issues Following her announcement as a candidate for U.S. Representative from Michigan, a spokesperson for her opponent's campaign referred to Gilbert as a \"tax cheat\". Gilbert owed $360,000 in back federal taxes and $112,000 in California state taxes. Gilbert has stated the tax debt is an outgrowth of a stalled acting career, the economy, and divorce.", "Gilbert has stated the tax debt is an outgrowth of a stalled acting career, the economy, and divorce. She has negotiated a repayment plan with the IRS. Health issues Gilbert has battled alcoholism and drug abuse, which she wrote about in her 2009 autobiography. While playing the role of Caroline \"Ma\" Ingalls in the touring musical Little House on the Prairie, a visit to the doctor revealed that Gilbert had been working with a broken back for months.", "While playing the role of Caroline \"Ma\" Ingalls in the touring musical Little House on the Prairie, a visit to the doctor revealed that Gilbert had been working with a broken back for months. On July 22, 2010, Gilbert underwent surgery to replace a disc as well as fuse a vertebra in her lower spine. The surgery was described as a complete success. In January 2015, Gilbert decided to have her breast implants removed for health reasons.", "In January 2015, Gilbert decided to have her breast implants removed for health reasons. Filmography Film Television Awards and nominations References Sources Gilbert, Melissa (2009). Prairie Tale: A Memoir (1st ed.). Gallery Books.", "Prairie Tale: A Memoir (1st ed.). Gallery Books. Gallery Books. External links About Melissa Gilbert 1964 births Living people 20th-century American actresses 21st-century American actresses Actresses from Los Angeles American actor-politicians American adoptees American child actresses American film actresses Leaders of American trade unions American memoirists American musical theatre actresses American stage actresses American television actresses American television directors American voice actresses American women television directors Jewish American actresses Participants in American reality television series Presidents of the Screen Actors Guild Michigan Democrats Women in Michigan politics Activists from California American women memoirists 21st-century American Jews" ]

[ "Tropic Thunder", "Promotion" ]

[ "The Régie du cinéma was a provincial film classification organization responsible for the motion picture rating system within the Canadian province of Quebec; of which its roles were merged into the Government of Quebec's Ministry of Culture and Communications on 1 April 2017. Its mandate was to classify and approve films for distribution to Quebec's movie theatres and home video outlets. Its purview devolved from the Cinema Act (RSQ, C-18.1). As of 2010, the Agency had a net income of 7 million dollars and has accumulated more than 85 million dollars in cash in their bank account.\n\nRating system\nThe Régie du cinéma rates all films and videos. The same classifications are used for television broadcasts, who make their own determinations as to a program's rating.\n\nThe current ratings are:\n\nEach rating can also include one or a number of complementary indications. The possible combinations are as follows:\n\nG rated films usually can have some swearing in them, as long as the offensive language is not prevalent throughout. Violence can also be permitted, but only in a fantasy context. Sex can be present as long as it is filmed with extreme maintenance. Horror elements can be present, but have to be filmed in a way that would not scare children under 13 years of age. In cases where objectionable material can be found, the Not recommended for young children tag, which indicates that the movie could contain material inappropriate for young children but does not prohibit them from viewing the film, is added to the original rating.\n\n13+ rated films usually have content that likely would not be suitable for young children. Typically, scenes of violence that are darker than what is depicted in traditional fantasy films warrant a 13+ rating. As opposed to G movies, strong horror elements can be present; these are usually accompanied with the Horror tag. Vulgar Language is more prevalent and scenes of sexual acts or nudity can be more explicit.\n\n16+ rated films are usually movies with more explicit violence than what a 13+ movie can afford. Most of these cases, a movie deals with extreme violence. In some cases, it can be for sex and nudity, and that rating usually occurs to soft-core pornography. Horror elements can also be present, although in these cases, they are mostly mixed with violence. In rare cases, a movie is rated 16+ for the language it uses.\n\n18+ rated films are mostly hard-core or soft-core pornography movies, but they can also feature movies of extreme violence and gore. It is rare that a normal movie will get an 18+ rating for the language or horror elements it has. Sometimes, nudity and sex is strong enough to warrant an 18+ rating without going into the edges of pornography, but is usually accompanied by another indication, such as violence.\n\nMovies that have not yet been rated feature the indication En attente de classement (Rating Pending). This is common on print advertising before the release of a movie. The movie must have been rated by the Régie by the time it is released.\n\nWhile not a classification per se, educational or pedagogical movies, sport and physical exercise programs, and promotional materials are exempt from classification.\n\nThe Régie does not cut sequences from movies; they are rated in the format provided by the production company. Nonetheless, the Régie has the authority to deny classification, in which case the movie cannot be distributed in any format in the province of Québec. Such movies usually feature inhumane sexual exploitation.\n\nSee also\n Canadian motion picture rating system\n Canadian Home Video Rating System, the English-speaking equivalent of the Régie's ratings for home video materials\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n \n Régie du cinéma ratings database (includes a brief description of each movie and a rationale for the rating)\n\nCanadian motion picture rating systems\nQuebec government departments and agencies\nEntertainment rating organizations\nMotion picture rating systems\nCinema of Quebec", "Jawan of Vellimala (English: The Soldier of Vellimala) is a 2012 Malayalam film written by James Albert and directed by debutant Anoop Kannan. It stars Mammootty, Sreenivasan, Mamta Mohandas and Asif Ali.\n\nCast\n Mammootty as Gopikrishnan,retired soldier,Indian Army\n Asif Ali as Koshi Oommen\n Sreenivasan as Varghese\n Mamta Mohandas as Deepa\n Leona Lishoy as Jenny Varghese\n Ann Sheetal as Jenny's friend\n Baburaj as Chacko\n Joji as dam security guard\n Sunil Sukhadha as Ittichan\n Joju George as Vinu\n Kottayam Nazeer as Rafi\n Niyas Backer as Shibu\n Sadiq\n Ranjith as Dr. Shivaprasad (cameo)\n Devan as Lt Col.Rajagopal (cameo)\n Vineeth Sreenivasan as Narrator(Voice-only)\n\nRelease and reception\n\nSify gave the movie a negative review adding \"Jawan of Vellimala is a messy tale that can surprise you with its hollowness. An amateurish effort at best, this film is unintentionally funny at times and lacks much fizz.\" The noted reviewer of Sify Moviebuzz making it clear that the movie collapsed in all aspects and establishes his arguments with several examples, giving the verdict as \"below average\" and moreover a very amateurish effort at its best.\n\nRediff.com gave the movie a negative rating of 2 out of 5 stars. Rediff.com critic Paresh C. Palicha furnishes the review heading as \"Nothing new in Jawan of Vellimala\" and added \"At the end, Jawan of Vellimala, which held so much promise in the beginning, just fizzles out.\"\n\nThe Times of India gave the movie a negative rating of 2 out of 5 stars stating \"Finally, when it happens, what is intended to be a glorious end, looks plainly dramatic and even a blessed actor like Mammootty fails to shoulder the burden\" and concludes with a note \"Jawan of Vellimala lacks appeal not because it is predictable, but because of the shocking manner in which it ruins what could have been a promising plot.\"\n\nindiaglitz gave the movie a rating of 6/10 adding \"The execution of 'Jawan of Vellimala' certainly ruins the possibilities of a great movie from a promising plot. But the movie will be fine for a onetime watch, if you don't go with bigger expectations.\"\n\nSoundtrack\n\nBox office\nThe film collected around 1710 from 1st weekend from UK box office.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n \n\n2012 films\n2010s Malayalam-language films\nIndian films\n2012 directorial debut films" ]

[ "Tropic Thunder is a 2008 action-comedy film directed by Ben Stiller, who wrote the screenplay with Justin Theroux and Etan Cohen. The film stars Stiller, Jack Black, Robert Downey Jr., Jay Baruchel, and Brandon T. Jackson as a group of prima donna actors making a Vietnam War film. When their frustrated director (Steve Coogan) drops them in the middle of a jungle, they are forced to rely on their acting skills to survive the real action and danger.", "When their frustrated director (Steve Coogan) drops them in the middle of a jungle, they are forced to rely on their acting skills to survive the real action and danger. Tropic Thunder parodies many famous war films, specifically those based on the Vietnam War. The ensemble cast includes Tom Cruise, Nick Nolte, Danny McBride, Matthew McConaughey, and Bill Hader. Stiller developed Tropic Thunder premise during the production of Empire of the Sun in the spring of 1987, and later enlisted Theroux and Cohen to complete a script.", "Stiller developed Tropic Thunder premise during the production of Empire of the Sun in the spring of 1987, and later enlisted Theroux and Cohen to complete a script. The film was green-lit in 2006, and was produced by Stuart Cornfeld, Stiller, and Eric McLeod for Red Hour Productions and DreamWorks Pictures as an international co-production between the United States, Germany and the United Kingdom. Filming took place in 2007 on the Hawaiian island of Kaua'i over thirteen weeks and was the largest film production in the island's history.", "Filming took place in 2007 on the Hawaiian island of Kaua'i over thirteen weeks and was the largest film production in the island's history. The extensive marketing campaign included faux websites for the three main characters and their fictional films, a fictional television special, and selling the energy drink advertised in the film, \"Booty Sweat\". Paramount Pictures and DreamWorks released Tropic Thunder in the US on August 13, 2008. It received generally positive reviews for its characters, story, faux trailers, and cast performances.", "It received generally positive reviews for its characters, story, faux trailers, and cast performances. However, the depiction of the mentally handicapped and use of blackface makeup attracted controversy. The film opened at the top of the American box office and retained the number-one position for three consecutive weeks, ultimately grossing more than $195 million worldwide before its release on home media on November 18, 2008.", "The film opened at the top of the American box office and retained the number-one position for three consecutive weeks, ultimately grossing more than $195 million worldwide before its release on home media on November 18, 2008. Downey was nominated for an Academy Award, a BAFTA Award, and a Screen Actors Guild Award, while both he and Cruise received nominations for a Golden Globe Award. Plot Hook-handed Vietnam veteran Staff Sergeant John \"Four Leaf\" Tayback's memoir Tropic Thunder is being made into a film.", "Plot Hook-handed Vietnam veteran Staff Sergeant John \"Four Leaf\" Tayback's memoir Tropic Thunder is being made into a film. With the exception of newcomer supporting actor Kevin Sandusky, the cast—fading action hero Tugg Speedman, overbearing five-time Academy Award-winning Australian method actor Kirk Lazarus, loudmouthed rapper Alpa Chino, and drug-addicted comedian Jeff Portnoy—all cause problems for the inexperienced director Damien Cockburn, who cannot control them, resulting in a million-dollar pyrotechnics scene being wasted.", "With the exception of newcomer supporting actor Kevin Sandusky, the cast—fading action hero Tugg Speedman, overbearing five-time Academy Award-winning Australian method actor Kirk Lazarus, loudmouthed rapper Alpa Chino, and drug-addicted comedian Jeff Portnoy—all cause problems for the inexperienced director Damien Cockburn, who cannot control them, resulting in a million-dollar pyrotechnics scene being wasted. With the project months behind schedule, studio executive Les Grossman gives Damien an ultimatum: get the cast under control or the project will be cancelled.", "With the project months behind schedule, studio executive Les Grossman gives Damien an ultimatum: get the cast under control or the project will be cancelled. On Four Leaf's advice, Damien drops the actors into the middle of the jungle, with hidden cameras and rigged special effects explosions to film \"guerrilla-style\". The actors have guns that fire blanks, along with a map and scene listing that will lead to a helicopter waiting at the end of the route.", "The actors have guns that fire blanks, along with a map and scene listing that will lead to a helicopter waiting at the end of the route. Unknown to the actors and production, the group have been dropped in the middle of the Golden Triangle, the home of the heroin-producing Flaming Dragon gang. Just as the group is about to set off, Damien inadvertently steps on an old land mine and is blown up, stunning the actors.", "Just as the group is about to set off, Damien inadvertently steps on an old land mine and is blown up, stunning the actors. Tugg, believing Damien faked his death to encourage the cast to give better performances, assures the others that Damien is alive, and that they are still shooting the film. Kirk is unconvinced but joins them in their trek through the jungle just to get out of the jungle.", "Kirk is unconvinced but joins them in their trek through the jungle just to get out of the jungle. When Four Leaf and pyrotechnics operator Cody Underwood try to locate the deceased director, they are captured by Flaming Dragon. Four Leaf is revealed to have hands; he confesses to Underwood that he actually served in the Coast Guard, has never left the United States, and that he wrote his \"memoir\" as a tribute.", "Four Leaf is revealed to have hands; he confesses to Underwood that he actually served in the Coast Guard, has never left the United States, and that he wrote his \"memoir\" as a tribute. As the actors continue through the jungle, Kirk, who has become convinced that Tugg's ineptitude is putting them in jeopardy, and Kevin, the only actor who bothered to properly prepare for his role, discover that Tugg is leading them in the wrong direction.", "As the actors continue through the jungle, Kirk, who has become convinced that Tugg's ineptitude is putting them in jeopardy, and Kevin, the only actor who bothered to properly prepare for his role, discover that Tugg is leading them in the wrong direction. The resulting argument results in Kirk leading the rest of the cast back toward the resort they are staying at as an increasingly delirious Tugg is captured by Flaming Dragon. Taken to their base, Tugg believes it is a POW camp from the script.", "Taken to their base, Tugg believes it is a POW camp from the script. The gang discovers he is the star of their favorite film, the box-office bomb Simple Jack, and force him to reenact it several times a day, leading him to become brainwashed. Meanwhile, in Los Angeles, Tugg's agent Rick 'Pecker' Peck confronts Les over an unfulfilled term in Tugg's contract that entitles him to a TiVo.", "Meanwhile, in Los Angeles, Tugg's agent Rick 'Pecker' Peck confronts Les over an unfulfilled term in Tugg's contract that entitles him to a TiVo. Flaming Dragon calls during the discussion and demands a ransom for Tugg, but Les instead delivers a profanity-laden death threat. Les is uninterested in rescuing Tugg and is instead delighted at the prospect of a large insurance payout if Tugg dies. He attempts to convince Pecker to play along by promising a Gulfstream V jet and \"lots of money\".", "He attempts to convince Pecker to play along by promising a Gulfstream V jet and \"lots of money\". Kirk, Alpa, Jeff, and Kevin discover Flaming Dragon's heroin factory. After witnessing Tugg being tortured, they plan a rescue attempt based on the film's script.", "After witnessing Tugg being tortured, they plan a rescue attempt based on the film's script. Kirk impersonates a farmer towing a \"captured\" Jeff on the back of a water buffalo, distracting the armed guards so Alpa and Kevin can infiltrate and find the prisoners, but a combination of broken Mandarin Chinese and inconsistencies in his story sets off the gang's boss. The actors, knowing their cover has been blown, begin firing, fooling the gang members into surrender.", "The actors, knowing their cover has been blown, begin firing, fooling the gang members into surrender. Their control of the gang falls apart when Jeff grabs the leader and heads for the drugs, and the gang, realizing the guns fire blanks, recover their guns and fight back. The four actors locate Four Leaf, Cody, and Tugg and cross a bridge rigged to explode to get to Underwood's helicopter.", "The four actors locate Four Leaf, Cody, and Tugg and cross a bridge rigged to explode to get to Underwood's helicopter. Tugg initially remains behind, believing Flaming Dragon to be his \"family,\" but runs back screaming, chased by an angry horde. Four Leaf destroys the bridge, rescuing Tugg, but as the helicopter takes off, the gang boss fires an RPG at the helicopter. Rick unexpectedly stumbles out of the jungle and saves them by throwing a TiVo box into the path of the grenade.", "Rick unexpectedly stumbles out of the jungle and saves them by throwing a TiVo box into the path of the grenade. The crew return to Hollywood and footage from the hidden cameras is compiled into the feature film Tropic Blunder, which becomes a major critical and commercial success. The film wins Tugg his first Academy Award, which Kirk presents to him at the ceremony.", "The film wins Tugg his first Academy Award, which Kirk presents to him at the ceremony. Cast Ben Stiller as Tugg Speedman: Once the highest-paid, highest-grossing action film star ever due to his Scorcher franchise, his career has stalled, and he now has a reputation for appearing in nothing but box office bombs. After drawing negative coverage for his portrayal in Simple Jack, in which he plays a mentally-challenged farm boy, he takes the role of Four Leaf Tayback in an attempt to save his career.", "After drawing negative coverage for his portrayal in Simple Jack, in which he plays a mentally-challenged farm boy, he takes the role of Four Leaf Tayback in an attempt to save his career. Tugg's faux trailer at the film's start is a preview for Scorcher VI: Global Meltdown, the latest in his series and a spoof of long-running summer action blockbuster franchises. Jack Black as Jeff Portnoy: A drug-addicted comedian-actor well known for portraying multiple parts in films that rely on toilet humor, particularly jokes about flatulence.", "Jack Black as Jeff Portnoy: A drug-addicted comedian-actor well known for portraying multiple parts in films that rely on toilet humor, particularly jokes about flatulence. In the film-within-a-film, he plays a raspy-voiced soldier named Fats. He fears he is only considered an actor because of his farts and nothing else.", "He fears he is only considered an actor because of his farts and nothing else. Portnoy's faux trailer for juvenile family comedy The Fatties: Fart 2, about a family (with each member played by Portnoy) which enjoys passing gas, spoofs Eddie Murphy's portrayal of multiple characters in films such as Nutty Professor II: The Klumps.", "Portnoy's faux trailer for juvenile family comedy The Fatties: Fart 2, about a family (with each member played by Portnoy) which enjoys passing gas, spoofs Eddie Murphy's portrayal of multiple characters in films such as Nutty Professor II: The Klumps. Robert Downey Jr. as Kirk Lazarus: An Australian method actor and five-time Academy Award winner, Lazarus had a controversial \"pigmentation alteration\" surgery to temporarily darken his skin for his portrayal of the black character, Staff Sergeant Lincoln Osiris.", "Robert Downey Jr. as Kirk Lazarus: An Australian method actor and five-time Academy Award winner, Lazarus had a controversial \"pigmentation alteration\" surgery to temporarily darken his skin for his portrayal of the black character, Staff Sergeant Lincoln Osiris. Lazarus refuses to break character until he has recorded the DVD commentary for a part and only speaks in his character's African American Vernacular English.", "Lazarus refuses to break character until he has recorded the DVD commentary for a part and only speaks in his character's African American Vernacular English. Lazarus's faux trailer, Satan's Alley, is about two gay monks in a 12th-century Irish monastery, parodying films like Brokeback Mountain and Downey's own scenes with Tobey Maguire (who in a cameo portrays himself playing the other monk) in Wonder Boys. Downey said he modeled Lazarus on three actors: Russell Crowe, Daniel Day-Lewis and Colin Farrell.", "Downey said he modeled Lazarus on three actors: Russell Crowe, Daniel Day-Lewis and Colin Farrell. Lazarus was originally intended to be Irish, but Downey felt more comfortable using an Australian accent, since he had portrayed an Australian character in Natural Born Killers. Nick Nolte as Four Leaf Tayback: The author of Tropic Thunder, a fake memoir of his war experiences on which the film-within-a-film is based.", "Nick Nolte as Four Leaf Tayback: The author of Tropic Thunder, a fake memoir of his war experiences on which the film-within-a-film is based. He suggests the idea of dropping the actors in the middle of the jungle to get them looking and feeling like soldiers lost in a foreign land. Matthew McConaughey as Rick \"The Pecker\" Peck: Speedman's extremely devoted agent and best friend. Steve Coogan as Damien Cockburn: The inexperienced British film director who is unable to control the actors in the film.", "Steve Coogan as Damien Cockburn: The inexperienced British film director who is unable to control the actors in the film. The character was partly inspired by Richard Stanley, and his experience of directing the 1996 film The Island of Dr. Moreau, with Val Kilmer and Marlon Brando. Jay Baruchel as Kevin Sandusky: A novice actor, he is the only cast member to have read the script and book and attended the assigned boot camp prior to the film. Sandusky plays a young soldier named Brooklyn in the film-within-a-film.", "Sandusky plays a young soldier named Brooklyn in the film-within-a-film. Brooklyn and Sandusky each occupy the position of straight man in character in the film-within-a-film and its cast, being the only actor without an internal conflict or deep-seated insecurity. He often serves as a mediator when tensions between the cast get high. Danny McBride as Cody: The film's explosives expert and helicopter pilot. He has developed a reputation for being a dangerous pyromaniac after an incident while working on Freaky Friday nearly blinded Jamie Lee Curtis.", "He has developed a reputation for being a dangerous pyromaniac after an incident while working on Freaky Friday nearly blinded Jamie Lee Curtis. Brandon T. Jackson as Alpa Chino: A closeted homosexual rapper who is attempting to cross over into acting, portraying a soldier named Motown, while promoting his \"Bust-A-Nut\" candy bar and \"Booty Sweat\" energy drink. He feels his image as a rapper would not allow him to be openly gay. His name is a play on Al Pacino.", "His name is a play on Al Pacino. His name is a play on Al Pacino. Kevin Hart turned down the role because he did not want to play a gay character. Bill Hader as Studio Executive Rob Slolom: Grossman's assistant and right-hand man. Brandon Soo Hoo as Tran: The 12-year-old young leader of the Flaming Dragon gang. The character was compared to God's Army guerrilla leaders Johnny and Luther Htoo. Reggie Lee as Byong: The second-in-command of the Flaming Dragon gang.", "Reggie Lee as Byong: The second-in-command of the Flaming Dragon gang. Trieu Tran as Tru: A dedicated soldier, and actor, in the Flaming Dragon gang. Tom Cruise as Les Grossman: The profane, ill-tempered studio executive producing Tropic Thunder. Various commentators believe he is loosely based on Scott Rudin, famous for his volcanic temper and poor treatment of others.", "Various commentators believe he is loosely based on Scott Rudin, famous for his volcanic temper and poor treatment of others. Various actors and celebrities portray themselves, including Tobey Maguire, Tyra Banks, Maria Menounos, Martin Lawrence, The Mooney Suzuki, Jason Bateman, Lance Bass, Jennifer Love Hewitt, Alicia Silverstone, Christine Taylor, Mini Anden, Anthony Ruivivar, Yvette Nicole Brown, Rachel Avery, Sean Penn, and Jon Voight.", "Various actors and celebrities portray themselves, including Tobey Maguire, Tyra Banks, Maria Menounos, Martin Lawrence, The Mooney Suzuki, Jason Bateman, Lance Bass, Jennifer Love Hewitt, Alicia Silverstone, Christine Taylor, Mini Anden, Anthony Ruivivar, Yvette Nicole Brown, Rachel Avery, Sean Penn, and Jon Voight. Co-writer Justin Theroux appears in two brief roles as a UH-1 Huey gunner and the disc jockey from Zoolander (shown in a deleted scene).", "Co-writer Justin Theroux appears in two brief roles as a UH-1 Huey gunner and the disc jockey from Zoolander (shown in a deleted scene). Production Script Stiller developed the premise for Tropic Thunder while shooting Empire of the Sun, in which he played a small part. Stiller wanted to make a film based on the actors he knew who, after taking part in boot camps to prepare for war film roles, became \"self-important\" and \"self-involved\" and appeared to believe they had been part of a real military unit.", "Stiller wanted to make a film based on the actors he knew who, after taking part in boot camps to prepare for war film roles, became \"self-important\" and \"self-involved\" and appeared to believe they had been part of a real military unit. Co-writer Theroux revealed that the initial script concept was to have actors go to a mock boot camp and return with posttraumatic stress disorder.", "Co-writer Theroux revealed that the initial script concept was to have actors go to a mock boot camp and return with posttraumatic stress disorder. The final script was developed to satirize Vietnam War films such as Apocalypse Now, Rambo, Missing in Action, Platoon, Full Metal Jacket, Hamburger Hill, and The Deer Hunter. Theroux pointed out that since viewers had an increased awareness of the inner workings of Hollywood due to celebrity websites and Hollywood news sources, the script was easier to write.", "Theroux pointed out that since viewers had an increased awareness of the inner workings of Hollywood due to celebrity websites and Hollywood news sources, the script was easier to write. Dialogue for unscripted portions of the storyboard was developed on set by the actors or was improvised. Casting Stiller's original plan was cast Keanu Reeves as Tugg Speedman and himself as Rick Peck. Etan Cohen created the role of Kirk Lazarus as a way of lampooning the great lengths that some method actors go to depict a role.", "Etan Cohen created the role of Kirk Lazarus as a way of lampooning the great lengths that some method actors go to depict a role. Downey was approached by Stiller about the part while on vacation in Hawaii. Downey said on CBS' The Early Show that his first reaction was, \"This is the stupidest idea I've ever heard!\" and that Stiller responded, \"Yeah, I know – isn't it great?\"", "and that Stiller responded, \"Yeah, I know – isn't it great?\" In another interview, Downey said that he accepted the part but, having no idea where or even how to start building the character of Lazarus, eventually settled on a jive-esque speech pattern and a ragged bass voice; he then auditioned Lazarus' voice over the phone to Stiller, who approved the characterization immediately. Downey revealed that he modeled the character on actors Russell Crowe, Colin Farrell, and Daniel Day-Lewis.", "Downey revealed that he modeled the character on actors Russell Crowe, Colin Farrell, and Daniel Day-Lewis. The initial script was written for Downey's character to be Irish, but was altered after Downey stated he could improvise better as an Australian (he had previously played a similar outlandish Australian character in the film Natural Born Killers). Downey's practice of remaining in character between takes and even off the film set was also written into the script for his character to perform.", "Downey's practice of remaining in character between takes and even off the film set was also written into the script for his character to perform. Downey required between one and a half to two hours of make-up application. According to Downey, \"One makeup artist would start on one side of my face and a second makeup artist would start on the other side, and then they'd meet in the middle.\"", "According to Downey, \"One makeup artist would start on one side of my face and a second makeup artist would start on the other side, and then they'd meet in the middle.\" Downey acknowledged the potential controversy over his role: \"At the end of the day, it's always about how well you commit to the character.", "Downey acknowledged the potential controversy over his role: \"At the end of the day, it's always about how well you commit to the character. If I didn't feel it was morally sound, or that it would be easily misinterpreted that I'm just C. Thomas Howell [in Soul Man], I would've stayed home.\" Co-star Brandon T. Jackson stated: \"When I first read the script, I was like: What? Blackface?", "Blackface? Blackface? But when I saw him [act] he, like, became a black man ... It was just good acting. It was weird on the set because he would keep going with the character. He's a method actor.\" Stiller commented on Downey's portrayal of a white actor playing a black man: \"When people see the movie – in the context of the film, he's playing a method actor who's gone to great lengths to play a black guy.", "Stiller commented on Downey's portrayal of a white actor playing a black man: \"When people see the movie – in the context of the film, he's playing a method actor who's gone to great lengths to play a black guy. The movie is skewering actors and how they take themselves so seriously.\" Stiller previewed the film before the NAACP, and several black journalists reacted positively to the character. Cruise was initially set to cameo as Stiller's character's agent, Rick Peck.", "Cruise was initially set to cameo as Stiller's character's agent, Rick Peck. Instead, Cruise suggested adding a studio head character, and the idea was incorporated into the script. Stiller and Cruise worked together to create the new character, Les Grossman, as a middle-aged businessman. The role required that Cruise don a fatsuit, large prosthetic hands, and a bald cap. It was Cruise's idea to give the character large hands and dance to \"Low\".", "It was Cruise's idea to give the character large hands and dance to \"Low\". Stiller intended to keep Cruise's role a secret until the film's release. In addition, Paramount Pictures refused to release promotional pictures of Cruise's character to the media. In November 2007, images of Cruise wearing a bald headpiece and a fatsuit appeared on Inside Edition, as well as on the Internet. Cruise's attorneys threatened a lawsuit if photos showing Cruise in costume were published.", "Cruise's attorneys threatened a lawsuit if photos showing Cruise in costume were published. They approached various sites that were hosting the image and quickly had it removed. A representative for Cruise stated: \"Mr. Cruise's appearance was supposed to be a surprise for his fans worldwide. Paparazzi have ruined what should have been a fun discovery for moviegoers.\"", "Paparazzi have ruined what should have been a fun discovery for moviegoers.\" The photography agency INF, who debuted the image, responded with a statement: \"While these pictures were taken without breaking any criminal or civil laws, we've decided to pull them from circulation effective immediately.\" Serving as a last-minute replacement, Tobey Maguire was available to be on set for only two hours to film his scenes in Satan's Alley.", "Serving as a last-minute replacement, Tobey Maguire was available to be on set for only two hours to film his scenes in Satan's Alley. Downey said he was amazed Maguire would agree to do the film and felt like they were creating a \"karmic pay-off\" for their scenes together in the 2000 film Wonder Boys, where Downey's character has a one-night stand with Maguire's character. After Cruise vacated the role of Rick Peck, Owen Wilson was cast to play the part.", "After Cruise vacated the role of Rick Peck, Owen Wilson was cast to play the part. Following his suicide attempt in August 2007, Wilson dropped out of the film and was replaced by Matthew McConaughey. Filming Although Southern California and Mexico were considered for the main unit filming, the Hawaiian island of Kaua'i (where Stiller has a home) was selected for the majority of the shooting. Kaua'i was chosen over Mexico because a tax credit for in-state spending was negotiated with the Kaua'i Film Commission.", "Kaua'i was chosen over Mexico because a tax credit for in-state spending was negotiated with the Kaua'i Film Commission. John Toll, the cinematographer, stated the island was also selected for its similarity to Vietnam, based on its dense foliage, variety of terrains, and weather. Kaua'i was first scouted as a possible location to film Tropic Thunder in 2004. Stiller spent more than 25 hours over 6 weeks exploring the island, using all-terrain vehicles, boats, and helicopters.", "Stiller spent more than 25 hours over 6 weeks exploring the island, using all-terrain vehicles, boats, and helicopters. After the film was greenlit by DreamWorks in 2006, pre-production lasted for six months, most of this time spent on scouting additional locations for filming. Filming for the Los Angeles and interior scenes occurred on sets at Universal Studios in Hollywood. Tropic Thunder was the first major studio production on Kaua'i in five years.", "Tropic Thunder was the first major studio production on Kaua'i in five years. After filming was completed, it was deemed the largest production filmed on the island to date, and contributed more than $60 million to the local economy. Tim Ryan, the executive editor of Hawaii Film & Video Magazine, commented on the filming on the island: \"I think Tropic Thunder will give Kaua'i much needed and long idled publicity in the production arena ... It should put Kaua'i back on the production consideration radar.\"", "It should put Kaua'i back on the production consideration radar.\" Preliminary production crews were on the island starting in December 2006 and principal photography began in July 2007, with filming lasting thirteen weeks over seven separate locations on the island. Much of the filming took place on private land as well as conservation status designated areas. Casting calls on the island sought 500 residents to portray the villagers in the film. Two units shot simultaneously on the island from the ground, and an aerial unit shot from helicopters.", "Two units shot simultaneously on the island from the ground, and an aerial unit shot from helicopters. Many of the sets and the bridge used for one of the final scenes were built in three months. The island's erratic weather hampered filming with rain and lighting issues. The crew also faced complications in moving the equipment and cast due to the difficult terrain. The film advising company Warriors Inc. was enlisted to ensure the war scenes, including the attire worn by the actors, looked authentic.", "The film advising company Warriors Inc. was enlisted to ensure the war scenes, including the attire worn by the actors, looked authentic. Former members of the U.S. military taught the actors how to handle, fire, and reload their weapons, as well as perform various tactical movements. The opening war scene was filmed over three weeks and required fifty stuntmen. Animatics were used to map out the necessary camera angles for filming. Effects Six companies working on different scenes and elements created 500 shots of visual effects in the film.", "Effects Six companies working on different scenes and elements created 500 shots of visual effects in the film. These were at times altered weekly due to the reactions of test audiences in screenings. CIS Visual Effects Group assisted with the Scorcher VI faux trailer and twenty additional shots for the home media release. To expand on the comedy in the film, some of the explosions and crashes were embellished to look more destructive.", "To expand on the comedy in the film, some of the explosions and crashes were embellished to look more destructive. The visual effects supervisor Michael Fink reflected on the exaggerated explosions: \"We worked really hard to make the CG crashing helicopter in the hot landing sequence look real. Ben was adamant about that, but at the same time he wanted the explosion to be huge. When you see it hit the ground, it was like it was filled with gasoline!", "When you see it hit the ground, it was like it was filled with gasoline! It was the same thing with Ben's sergeant character, who almost intercepts a hand grenade ... Now, I was in the Army for three years and no hand grenade would make an explosion like that ... But it was a big dramatic moment and it looks really cool ... and feels kind of real.\"", "But it was a big dramatic moment and it looks really cool ... and feels kind of real.\" Filming the large napalm explosion in the opening scene of the film required a 450-foot (137-meter) row of explosive pots containing 1,100 gallons (4,165 liters) of gasoline and diesel fuel. All the palm trees used in the explosion were moved to the specific location after the crew determined the impact of the lighting and necessary camera angles.", "All the palm trees used in the explosion were moved to the specific location after the crew determined the impact of the lighting and necessary camera angles. Due to the size and cost of the 1.25-second explosion, it was performed only once and was captured by twelve cameras. For the safety of the crew and cast, the detonators were added one hour before the explosion and nobody was allowed to be within during detonation. The explosion was made up of twelve individual explosions and resulted in a mushroom cloud that reached in the air.", "The explosion was made up of twelve individual explosions and resulted in a mushroom cloud that reached in the air. For the scene in the film, Danny McBride's character, Cody Underwood, was the only actor shown in the shot of the explosion. All the other characters were added digitally. The explosion of the bridge in one of the final scenes used nine cameras to capture the shot, and the crew was required to be away for their safety. Promotion A trailer for the film was released in April 2008.", "Promotion A trailer for the film was released in April 2008. The Calgary Herald gave it a rating of 3/5, commenting: \"This could either be good or very, very bad.\" Gary Susman of Entertainment Weekly questioned whether the film would \"... turn into precisely the kind of bloated action monstrosity that it's making fun of.\" The trailer received the \"Best Comedy Trailer\" award at the 9th annual Golden Trailer Awards.", "The trailer received the \"Best Comedy Trailer\" award at the 9th annual Golden Trailer Awards. DreamWorks also released a red band trailer, the first of its kind used by the studio to promote one of its films. Stiller, Downey, and Black appeared on the seventh-season finale of American Idol in a sketch as The Pips performing with Gladys Knight (via archival footage).", "Stiller, Downey, and Black appeared on the seventh-season finale of American Idol in a sketch as The Pips performing with Gladys Knight (via archival footage). The three actors also later performed a sketch at the 2008 MTV Movie Awards which featured the actors attempting to create a successful viral video to promote the film with awkward results. In September 2008, Stiller and Downey attended the San Sebastián International Film Festival to promote the film.", "In September 2008, Stiller and Downey attended the San Sebastián International Film Festival to promote the film. A screening was shown, but it was not chosen to compete against the other films at the festival. Between April 2008 and the film's commercial release in August 2008, the film had over 250 promotional screenings. On August 3, 2008, Stiller, Downey, and Black visited Camp Pendleton, a U.S. Marine Corps base in California, to present a screening to over a thousand military members and their families.", "On August 3, 2008, Stiller, Downey, and Black visited Camp Pendleton, a U.S. Marine Corps base in California, to present a screening to over a thousand military members and their families. The screening was on behalf of the United Service Organizations and included the actors heading to the screening by helicopter and Humvees. On August 8, 2008, a special 30-minute fictional E! True Hollywood Story aired about the making of Tropic Thunder.", "True Hollywood Story aired about the making of Tropic Thunder. In video games, a themed scavenger hunt was incorporated into Tom Clancy's Rainbow Six: Vegas 2, and Stiller allowed his likeness to be used in the online Facebook application game based on the film. As a tie-in for the film's release, Paramount announced it would market the energy drink known in the film as \"Booty Sweat\".", "As a tie-in for the film's release, Paramount announced it would market the energy drink known in the film as \"Booty Sweat\". Michael Corcoran, Paramount's president of consumer products, commented on the release: \"We're very excited, because it has the potential to live for quite a while, well beyond the film.\" The drink was sold in college bookstores, on Amazon.com, and at other retailers.", "The drink was sold in college bookstores, on Amazon.com, and at other retailers. Faux websites and mockumentary Several faux websites were created for the main characters and some of their prior film roles. A website for Simple Jack, a faux film exhibited within the film, was removed by DreamWorks on August 4, 2008, due to protests from disability advocates.", "A website for Simple Jack, a faux film exhibited within the film, was removed by DreamWorks on August 4, 2008, due to protests from disability advocates. In addition, other promotional websites were created for \"Make Pretty Skin Clinic\", the fictitious company that performed the surgery of the film's character Kirk Lazarus, along with one for the energy drink \"Booty Sweat\". In mid-July 2008, a faux trailer for the mockumentary Rain of Madness was released.", "In mid-July 2008, a faux trailer for the mockumentary Rain of Madness was released. The mockumentary was a parody of Hearts of Darkness: A Filmmaker's Apocalypse. It follows co-writer Justin Theroux as a fictitious documentarian named Jan Jürgen documenting the behind-the-scenes aspects of the film within the film. Marketing for the faux documentary included a movie poster and an official website prior to Tropic Thunders release. The mockumentary was released on the iTunes Store after the film's release and was also included on the home video release.", "The mockumentary was released on the iTunes Store after the film's release and was also included on the home video release. Amy Powell, an advertising executive with Paramount, reflected on the timing of the release of Madness: \"We always thought that people would be talking about Tropic Thunder at the water cooler, and that's why we decided to release Rain of Madness two weeks into Tropics run—to keep this positive buzz going.\"", "Amy Powell, an advertising executive with Paramount, reflected on the timing of the release of Madness: \"We always thought that people would be talking about Tropic Thunder at the water cooler, and that's why we decided to release Rain of Madness two weeks into Tropics run—to keep this positive buzz going.\" Release Theatrical release Tropic Thunder held an early screening at the 2008 San Diego Comic-Con, two weeks before it officially premiered on August 11, 2008, at the Mann Village Theatre in Westwood, California and two days before its wide release.", "Release Theatrical release Tropic Thunder held an early screening at the 2008 San Diego Comic-Con, two weeks before it officially premiered on August 11, 2008, at the Mann Village Theatre in Westwood, California and two days before its wide release. Members of several disability groups picketed before the premiere, protesting at the portrayal of intellectual disability shown in the film. The groups revealed that it was the first time that they had ever protested together at an event.", "The groups revealed that it was the first time that they had ever protested together at an event. As a result of the protest, the normally unobstructed views of the red carpet leading to the premiere were blocked off by 10-foot (3-m)-high fences and there was an increase in the number of security personnel present. No protests were held at the United Kingdom's September premiere. The North American release was scheduled for July 11, 2008, but was delayed until August 15, before being brought forward to August 13.", "The North American release was scheduled for July 11, 2008, but was delayed until August 15, before being brought forward to August 13. As a result of the move from July, 20th Century Fox moved its family comedy Meet Dave in the open slot. The August 13 release date was also the opening weekends for the animated family film Star Wars: The Clone Wars and the horror film Mirrors.", "The August 13 release date was also the opening weekends for the animated family film Star Wars: The Clone Wars and the horror film Mirrors. Studios consider the third week of August to be a weaker performing period than earlier in the summer because of students returning to school. Previous R-rated comedies such as The 40-Year-Old Virgin and Superbad were released in mid-August and performed well at the box office.", "Previous R-rated comedies such as The 40-Year-Old Virgin and Superbad were released in mid-August and performed well at the box office. Reacting to Tropic Thunders release date, Rob Moore, vice chairman of Paramount Pictures, stated: \"For a young person at the end of summer, you want to have some fun and forget about going back to school. What better than a crazy comedy?\"", "What better than a crazy comedy?\" What better than a crazy comedy?\" Home media Tropic Thunder was released in the United States on DVD and Blu-ray on November 18, 2008, three months after its release and a week after the end of its theatrical run in the U.S. and Canada. The film was released on home video on January 26, 2009, in the United Kingdom.", "The film was released on home video on January 26, 2009, in the United Kingdom. Special features include an unrated director's cut of the film which is 12 minutes longer than the theatrical release, audio commentaries (including one featuring Stiller, Downey, and Black, with Downey providing his commentary as Lincoln Osiris, a nod to a joke in the film that Lazarus never breaks character until he completes the DVD commentary), several featurettes, deleted scenes, an alternate ending, and the Rain of Madness mockumentary.", "Special features include an unrated director's cut of the film which is 12 minutes longer than the theatrical release, audio commentaries (including one featuring Stiller, Downey, and Black, with Downey providing his commentary as Lincoln Osiris, a nod to a joke in the film that Lazarus never breaks character until he completes the DVD commentary), several featurettes, deleted scenes, an alternate ending, and the Rain of Madness mockumentary. For the film's first week of release, Tropic Thunder placed on several video charts.", "For the film's first week of release, Tropic Thunder placed on several video charts. It reached second place on the Nielsen VideoScan First Alert sales chart and Nielsen's Blu-ray Disc chart, earning $19,064,959 (not including Blu-ray sales). In rentals, it placed first on the Home Media Magazine'''s video rental chart. The DVD sales in 2008 totaled $42,271,059, placing it in 28th for DVD sales for the year. By September 2009, 2,963,000 DVD units have been sold, gathering revenue of $49,870,248.", "By September 2009, 2,963,000 DVD units have been sold, gathering revenue of $49,870,248. Reception Critical response The review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes gives the film a rating of 82% based on 252 reviews and an average rating of 7.1/10. The website's critical consensus reads, \"With biting satire, plenty of subversive humor, and an unforgettable turn by Robert Downey Jr., Tropic Thunder is a triumphant late summer comedy.\"", "The website's critical consensus reads, \"With biting satire, plenty of subversive humor, and an unforgettable turn by Robert Downey Jr., Tropic Thunder is a triumphant late summer comedy.\" Metacritic, which assigns a weighted average score from reviews by mainstream critics, gave a film score of 71 out of 100 based on 39 critics, indicating \"generally favorable reviews\".", "Metacritic, which assigns a weighted average score from reviews by mainstream critics, gave a film score of 71 out of 100 based on 39 critics, indicating \"generally favorable reviews\". After attending an industry screening in April 2008 Michael Cieply from The New York Times stated that the film was \"... shaping up as one of [DreamWorks]'s best prospects for the summer.\"", "After attending an industry screening in April 2008 Michael Cieply from The New York Times stated that the film was \"... shaping up as one of [DreamWorks]'s best prospects for the summer.\" Claudia Puig of USA Today gave the film a positive review, writing \"There are some wildly funny scenes, a few leaden ones and others that are scattershot, with humorous satire undercut by over-the-top grisliness. Still, when it's funny, it's really funny.\"", "Still, when it's funny, it's really funny.\" A review in Variety by Todd McCarthy was critical: \"Apart from startling, out-there comic turns by Robert Downey Jr. and Tom Cruise, however, the antics here are pretty thin, redundant and one-note.\" Glenn Kenny of RogerEbert.com would later call the film \"intermittently amusing but entirely smug and hateful.\"", "Glenn Kenny of RogerEbert.com would later call the film \"intermittently amusing but entirely smug and hateful.\" Rick Groen of The Globe and Mail also gave the film a negative review, calling it \"... an assault in the guise of a comedy—watching it is like getting mugged by a clown.\" J.R. Jones of Chicago Reader stated \"The rest of the movie never lives up to the hilarity of the opening, partly because the large-scale production smothers the gags but mostly because those gags are so easy to smother.\"", "J.R. Jones of Chicago Reader stated \"The rest of the movie never lives up to the hilarity of the opening, partly because the large-scale production smothers the gags but mostly because those gags are so easy to smother.\" Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times gave 3.5/4 and wrote, \"The movie is, may I say, considerably better than Stiller’s previous film, Zoolander (2001).", "Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times gave 3.5/4 and wrote, \"The movie is, may I say, considerably better than Stiller’s previous film, Zoolander (2001). It’s the kind of summer comedy that rolls in, makes a lot of people laugh and rolls on to video.\" The faux trailers before the film also received mixed reviews.", "The faux trailers before the film also received mixed reviews. David Ansen of Newsweek approved of the trailers, writing \"Tropic Thunder is the funniest movie of the summer—so funny, in fact, that you start laughing before the film itself has begun.\" Christy Lemire, writing for the Associated Press, called the trailers \"... the best part of the trip.\" Robert Wilonsky of The Village Voice was critical, saying that the trailers' comedy \"... resides in the land of the obvious, easy chuckle.\"", "Robert Wilonsky of The Village Voice was critical, saying that the trailers' comedy \"... resides in the land of the obvious, easy chuckle.\" Downey, Stiller, Black and Cruise were repeatedly singled out for praise by numerous critics, claiming that they \"stole the show\", were \"... off-the-charts hilarious ...\", and would bring viewers \"... the fondest memories of [their] work.\"", "Downey, Stiller, Black and Cruise were repeatedly singled out for praise by numerous critics, claiming that they \"stole the show\", were \"... off-the-charts hilarious ...\", and would bring viewers \"... the fondest memories of [their] work.\" Scott Feinberg, of the Los Angeles Times, criticized the concept of Downey's portrayal of an African-American, writing \"...", "Scott Feinberg, of the Los Angeles Times, criticized the concept of Downey's portrayal of an African-American, writing \"... I just can't imagine any circumstance under which a blackface performance would be acceptable, any more than I can imagine any circumstance under which the use of the N-word would be acceptable.\" Sara Vilkomerson said Cruise did \"... an astonishingly funny and surprising supporting performance.\"", "Sara Vilkomerson said Cruise did \"... an astonishingly funny and surprising supporting performance.\" Logan Hill of New York argued against Cruise's cameo saying that it \"... just makes him look a little lost and almost pathetic—shucking and jiving, trying to appeal to the younger moviegoers who are abandoning him.\" Several critics commented on the controversy over lines in the film talking about the mentally disabled. Duane Dudek of the Milwaukee Journal Sentinel wrote that the film \"... is just sophomoric enough to offend.", "Duane Dudek of the Milwaukee Journal Sentinel wrote that the film \"... is just sophomoric enough to offend. And while it is also funny, it is without the empathy or compassion to cause us to wonder why we are laughing.\" Christian Toto of The Washington Times argued against the opposition, \"Tropic Thunder is drawing fire from special interest groups for ... its frequent use of the word 'retard', but discerning audiences will know where the humor is targeted. And they'll be laughing too hard to take offense.\"", "And they'll be laughing too hard to take offense.\" Kurt Loder of MTV contrasted the opposition to the lines with Downey character portrayal of an African American, \"The scene in which the derisive Alpa Chino (Brandon T. Jackson) nails Lazarus' recitation of black-uplift homilies as nothing more than the lyrics to the Jeffersons theme is funny; but the one in which Lazarus quietly explains to Speedman that his Simple Jack character failed because he made the mistake of going 'full retard'—rather than softening his character with cuteness in the manner of Forrest Gump—is so on-the-nose accurate, it takes your breath away.\"", "Kurt Loder of MTV contrasted the opposition to the lines with Downey character portrayal of an African American, \"The scene in which the derisive Alpa Chino (Brandon T. Jackson) nails Lazarus' recitation of black-uplift homilies as nothing more than the lyrics to the Jeffersons theme is funny; but the one in which Lazarus quietly explains to Speedman that his Simple Jack character failed because he made the mistake of going 'full retard'—rather than softening his character with cuteness in the manner of Forrest Gump—is so on-the-nose accurate, it takes your breath away.\" Critics' lists In January 2009, Entertainment Weekly included Tropic Thunder in its list \"25 Great Comedies From the Past 25 Years\" for its \"spot-on skewering of Hollywood.\"", "Critics' lists In January 2009, Entertainment Weekly included Tropic Thunder in its list \"25 Great Comedies From the Past 25 Years\" for its \"spot-on skewering of Hollywood.\" The film also appeared on several critics' top ten lists of the best films of 2008. Stephen King placed it at the fourth position, calling the film \"the funniest, most daring comedy of the year.\"", "Stephen King placed it at the fourth position, calling the film \"the funniest, most daring comedy of the year.\" The Oregonians Marc Mohan, placed it sixth, and several critics placed it seventh: Elizabeth Weitzman of the New York Daily News, Premiere magazine, Mike Russell of The Oregonian, as well as Peter Hartlaub of the San Francisco Chronicle. David Ansen of Newsweek placed it eighth and Lisa Schwarzbaum of Entertainment Weekly included the film in the tenth position.", "David Ansen of Newsweek placed it eighth and Lisa Schwarzbaum of Entertainment Weekly included the film in the tenth position. Box office Stacey Snider, the chief executive of DreamWorks, suggested that the film would earn around $30 million in its opening weekend and go on to be as successful as Borat: Cultural Learnings of America for Make Benefit Glorious Nation of Kazakhstan, which earned $129 million in the U.S. and Canada and $260 million worldwide.", "Box office Stacey Snider, the chief executive of DreamWorks, suggested that the film would earn around $30 million in its opening weekend and go on to be as successful as Borat: Cultural Learnings of America for Make Benefit Glorious Nation of Kazakhstan, which earned $129 million in the U.S. and Canada and $260 million worldwide. The Dark Knight had been the number one film at the box office for the four weeks prior to the release of Tropic Thunder.", "The Dark Knight had been the number one film at the box office for the four weeks prior to the release of Tropic Thunder. Bob Thompson, a writer for the National Post, speculated that Tropic Thunders opening weekend would outperform The Dark Knight for the weekend.", "Bob Thompson, a writer for the National Post, speculated that Tropic Thunders opening weekend would outperform The Dark Knight for the weekend. In a list compiled prior to the summer's film releases, Entertainment Weekly predicted that the film would be the tenth highest-grossing film of the summer at the American box office with $142.6 million.Tropic Thunder opened in 3,319 theaters and, for its first five days of American and Canadian release, earned $36,845,588.", "In a list compiled prior to the summer's film releases, Entertainment Weekly predicted that the film would be the tenth highest-grossing film of the summer at the American box office with $142.6 million.Tropic Thunder opened in 3,319 theaters and, for its first five days of American and Canadian release, earned $36,845,588. The film placed first in the weekend's box office with $25,812,796, surpassing Star Wars: The Clone Wars and Mirrors, which debuted the same weekend.", "The film placed first in the weekend's box office with $25,812,796, surpassing Star Wars: The Clone Wars and Mirrors, which debuted the same weekend. Reacting to the film's opening receipts, DreamWorks spokesman Chip Sullivan stated \"We're thrilled, quite frankly. It played out exactly how we hoped.\" In foreign markets for the film's opening weekend, it was released in 418 Russian and 19 United Arab Emirates locations earning $2.2 million and $319,000, respectively.", "In foreign markets for the film's opening weekend, it was released in 418 Russian and 19 United Arab Emirates locations earning $2.2 million and $319,000, respectively. The film maintained its number one position at the American and Canadian box office for the following two weekends, making it the second film in 2008 (after The Dark Knight) to hold the number-one position for more than two consecutive weekends.", "The film maintained its number one position at the American and Canadian box office for the following two weekends, making it the second film in 2008 (after The Dark Knight) to hold the number-one position for more than two consecutive weekends. The film's widest release was in 3,473 theaters, placing it in the top 25 widest releases in the U.S. for 2008. For 2008, the film was the fifth-highest-grossing domestic R-rated film.", "For 2008, the film was the fifth-highest-grossing domestic R-rated film. The film's U.S. and Canada gross of over $110 million made Tropic Thunder Stiller's most successful film as a director. The film has had gross receipts of $110,515,313 in the U.S. and Canada and $85,187,498 in international markets for a total of $195,702,811 worldwide. Accolades In October 2008, Paramount chose to put end-of-year award push funds behind Tropic Thunder, and began advertising for Downey to receive a nomination by the Academy Awards for Best Supporting Actor.", "Accolades In October 2008, Paramount chose to put end-of-year award push funds behind Tropic Thunder, and began advertising for Downey to receive a nomination by the Academy Awards for Best Supporting Actor. In a November 2008 issue by Entertainment Weekly, Downey's film role was considered one of the three contenders for Best Supporting Actor.", "In a November 2008 issue by Entertainment Weekly, Downey's film role was considered one of the three contenders for Best Supporting Actor. As a way of extending the film-within-a-film \"universe\" into real life, there were at least two online \"For Your Consideration\" ads touting Downey's character, Kirk Lazarus, for Best Supporting Actor; one of these contains \"scenes\" from Satan's Alley that were not in the trailer as released in theaters.", "As a way of extending the film-within-a-film \"universe\" into real life, there were at least two online \"For Your Consideration\" ads touting Downey's character, Kirk Lazarus, for Best Supporting Actor; one of these contains \"scenes\" from Satan's Alley that were not in the trailer as released in theaters. At least one of the ads was produced by Paramount Pictures and intended for early For Your Consideration awareness for Downey's role.", "At least one of the ads was produced by Paramount Pictures and intended for early For Your Consideration awareness for Downey's role. On January 22, 2009, the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences nominated Downey for Best Supporting Actor. At the 81st Academy Awards, Downey lost to Heath Ledger for his role as The Joker in The Dark Knight.", "At the 81st Academy Awards, Downey lost to Heath Ledger for his role as The Joker in The Dark Knight. With the onset of the annual Hollywood film award season at the end of 2008, Tropic Thunder began receiving nominations and awards starting with a win for \"Hollywood Comedy of the Year Award\" at the 12th annual Hollywood Film Festival on October 27, 2008. The film was nominated for Best Motion Picture, Comedy or Musical, for the Satellite Awards.", "The film was nominated for Best Motion Picture, Comedy or Musical, for the Satellite Awards. In addition, Downey was nominated for Best Actor in a Supporting Role. The Broadcast Film Critics Association nominated Downey for Best Supporting Actor and awarded Tropic Thunder Best Comedy Movie at the BFCA's Critics' Choice Awards. Both Downey and Cruise received nominations from the Hollywood Foreign Press Association for Golden Globes for Best Supporting Actor. The Boston Society of Film Critics recognized the cast with its Best Ensemble award.", "The Boston Society of Film Critics recognized the cast with its Best Ensemble award. Downey was also nominated by both the Screen Actors Guild and the British Academy of Film and Television Arts for Best Supporting Actor awards. ControversyTropic Thunder was criticized by the disability advocacy community. The website for Simple Jack was withdrawn on August 4 amid several groups' concerns over its portrayal of intellectual disability.", "The website for Simple Jack was withdrawn on August 4 amid several groups' concerns over its portrayal of intellectual disability. A spokesman for DreamWorks said, \"We heard their concerns, and we understand that taken out of context, the site appeared to be insensitive to people with disabilities.\" A coalition of more than 20 disability advocacy groups, including the Special Olympics and the Arc of the United States, objected to the film's repeated use of the word \"retard\".", "A coalition of more than 20 disability advocacy groups, including the Special Olympics and the Arc of the United States, objected to the film's repeated use of the word \"retard\". DreamWorks offered to screen the film for the groups on August 8 to determine if it still offended them. The screening was postponed to the same day of the premiere on August 11. After representatives for the groups attended the private screening and were offended by its content, the groups picketed outside the film's premiere.", "After representatives for the groups attended the private screening and were offended by its content, the groups picketed outside the film's premiere. Timothy Shriver, the chairman of the Special Olympics, stated, \"This population struggles too much with the basics to have to struggle against Hollywood. We're sending a message that this hate speech is no longer acceptable.\" Disability advocates and others who previewed the film reported that the offensive treatment of individuals with mental disabilities was woven throughout the film's plot.", "Disability advocates and others who previewed the film reported that the offensive treatment of individuals with mental disabilities was woven throughout the film's plot. Disability advocates urged people not to see the film, claiming it is demeaning to individuals with mental disabilities and would encourage bullying.", "Disability advocates urged people not to see the film, claiming it is demeaning to individuals with mental disabilities and would encourage bullying. Stiller defended the film, stating \"We screened the movie so many times and this didn't come up until very late ... in the context of the film I think it's really clear, they were making fun of the actors and actors who try to use serious subjects to win awards.\"", "Stiller defended the film, stating \"We screened the movie so many times and this didn't come up until very late ... in the context of the film I think it's really clear, they were making fun of the actors and actors who try to use serious subjects to win awards.\" Co-writer Etan Cohen echoed Stiller's rationale: \"Some people have taken this as making fun of handicapped people, but we're really trying to make fun of the actors who use this material as fodder for acclaim.\"", "Co-writer Etan Cohen echoed Stiller's rationale: \"Some people have taken this as making fun of handicapped people, but we're really trying to make fun of the actors who use this material as fodder for acclaim.\" He went on to state that the film lampoons actors who portray intellectually disabled or autistic characters such as Dustin Hoffman in Rain Man, Tom Hanks in Forrest Gump, and Sean Penn in I Am Sam.", "He went on to state that the film lampoons actors who portray intellectually disabled or autistic characters such as Dustin Hoffman in Rain Man, Tom Hanks in Forrest Gump, and Sean Penn in I Am Sam. A DreamWorks spokesman did not directly respond to the criticism, claiming that Tropic Thunder \"... is an R-rated comedy that satirizes Hollywood and its excesses, makes its point by featuring inappropriate and over-the-top characters in ridiculous situations.\"", "A DreamWorks spokesman did not directly respond to the criticism, claiming that Tropic Thunder \"... is an R-rated comedy that satirizes Hollywood and its excesses, makes its point by featuring inappropriate and over-the-top characters in ridiculous situations.\" The film's advertising was altered, but none of the scenes in the film were edited as a result of the opposition.", "The film's advertising was altered, but none of the scenes in the film were edited as a result of the opposition. In response to the controversy, the director's cut of the DVD (but not the Blu-ray) includes a public service announcement in the special features that discourages use of the word \"retard\".", "In response to the controversy, the director's cut of the DVD (but not the Blu-ray) includes a public service announcement in the special features that discourages use of the word \"retard\". Another aspect that drew warning before the release of the movie and criticism afterwards was Robert Downey Jr. playing a white Australian actor who dons \"blackface\" as part of his method acting the role of an African-American man.", "Another aspect that drew warning before the release of the movie and criticism afterwards was Robert Downey Jr. playing a white Australian actor who dons \"blackface\" as part of his method acting the role of an African-American man. He responded by pointing out that this was a case of donning \"blackface\" in order to point out how wrong it is.", "He responded by pointing out that this was a case of donning \"blackface\" in order to point out how wrong it is. Others have point out that the wrongness of \"blackface\" is addressed within the movie itself by an actual African-American, and that the climax of movie pins on Downey Jr.'s shedding of his method acting; in this way the movie mocks, rather than embraces, both \"blackface\" and the extreme and ridiculous things method actors sometimes do for their roles.", "Others have point out that the wrongness of \"blackface\" is addressed within the movie itself by an actual African-American, and that the climax of movie pins on Downey Jr.'s shedding of his method acting; in this way the movie mocks, rather than embraces, both \"blackface\" and the extreme and ridiculous things method actors sometimes do for their roles. Some have pointed out that how the film characterized and how non-Jewish Tom Cruise portrayed the Jewish character of Les Grossman (in addition to his name, he also references the Jewish holiday of Purim) is antisemitic.", "Some have pointed out that how the film characterized and how non-Jewish Tom Cruise portrayed the Jewish character of Les Grossman (in addition to his name, he also references the Jewish holiday of Purim) is antisemitic. Critics have also referred to this performance as \"Jewface\" as early as 2008 (years before Sarah Silverman raised awareness of the term), calling it \"vulgar\" and \"exploitation\".", "Critics have also referred to this performance as \"Jewface\" as early as 2008 (years before Sarah Silverman raised awareness of the term), calling it \"vulgar\" and \"exploitation\". Reportedly, Tom Cruise was largely responsibly for the final form Les Grossman took, including using him as an additional villain, the hairiness of the character and the \"fat hands\". MusicTropic Thunders score and soundtrack were released on August 5, 2008, the week before the film's theatrical release.", "MusicTropic Thunders score and soundtrack were released on August 5, 2008, the week before the film's theatrical release. The score was composed by Theodore Shapiro and performed by the Hollywood Studio Symphony. William Ruhlmann of AllMusic gave the score a positive review, stating it is \"...an affectionate and knowing satire of the history of Hollywood action movie music, penned by an insider.\" Thomas Simpson of Soundtrack.Net called it \"...a mixture of fun, seriousness, rock n' roll and great scoring.\"", "Thomas Simpson of Soundtrack.Net called it \"...a mixture of fun, seriousness, rock n' roll and great scoring.\" Five songs, \"Cum On Feel the Noize\" by Quiet Riot, \"Sympathy for the Devil\" by The Rolling Stones, \"For What It's Worth\" by Buffalo Springfield, \"Low\" by Flo Rida and T-Pain, and \"Get Back\" by Ludacris, were not present on the soundtrack, yet did appear in the film.", "Five songs, \"Cum On Feel the Noize\" by Quiet Riot, \"Sympathy for the Devil\" by The Rolling Stones, \"For What It's Worth\" by Buffalo Springfield, \"Low\" by Flo Rida and T-Pain, and \"Get Back\" by Ludacris, were not present on the soundtrack, yet did appear in the film. The soundtrack features songs from The Temptations, MC Hammer, Creedence Clearwater Revival, Edwin Starr, and other artists.", "The soundtrack features songs from The Temptations, MC Hammer, Creedence Clearwater Revival, Edwin Starr, and other artists. The single \"Name of the Game\" by The Crystal Method featuring Ryu has an exclusive remix on the soundtrack. The soundtrack debuted 20th on Billboards Top Soundtracks list and peaked at 39th on its Top Independent Albums list.", "The soundtrack debuted 20th on Billboards Top Soundtracks list and peaked at 39th on its Top Independent Albums list. James Christopher Monger of allmusic compared the music to other film's soundtracks such as Platoon, Full Metal Jacket, and Forrest Gump'' and called it \"...a fun but slight listen that plays out like an old late-'70s K-Tel compilation with a few bonus cuts from the future.\" Spin-off Cruise reprised his character Les Grossman for the 2010 MTV Movie Awards.", "Spin-off Cruise reprised his character Les Grossman for the 2010 MTV Movie Awards. On June 9, 2010, it was announced that a spin-off film would be developed centering on Grossman. A script has been written by Michael Bacall. In March 2012, Bacall gave an update on the long-rumored Les Grossman spin-off movie, revealing that the film will attempt to uncover where Grossman's well-documented anger issues originated.", "In March 2012, Bacall gave an update on the long-rumored Les Grossman spin-off movie, revealing that the film will attempt to uncover where Grossman's well-documented anger issues originated. See also List of films featuring fictional films References External links English-language films 2008 films 2008 action comedy films 2000s satirical films American films American action comedy films American satirical films British films British action comedy films British satirical films German films English-language German films German action comedy films German satirical films Mandarin-language films Films about actors Films about filmmaking Films set in Los Angeles Films shot in Hawaii Films shot in Los Angeles Military humor in film Films about the United States Army Films directed by Ben Stiller Films produced by Ben Stiller Films with screenplays by Etan Cohen Films with screenplays by Justin Theroux Films scored by Theodore Shapiro DreamWorks Pictures films Paramount Pictures films Red Hour Productions films 2008 comedy films Torture in films Blackface minstrel shows and films" ]

[ "Tropic Thunder", "Promotion", "What is the rating of the movie?", "The Calgary Herald gave it a rating of 3/5," ]

[ "Best of Nollywood Awards (stylized as BON Awards) is an annual film event presented by Best of Nollywood Magazine honouring outstanding achievement in the Nigerian Movie Industry. The first edition was held on December 6, 2009, in Ikeja, Lagos State. The 2013 ceremony honouring movies of 2013, was held at Dome, Asaba, Delta State on December 5, 2013. Governor Emmanuel Uduaghan as the chief host, and the nomination party was held at the State House in Lagos. The red carpet used for the event was aimed to be one of the longest in history.\n\nCeremonies \n 2009 Best of Nollywood Awards\n 2010 Best of Nollywood Awards\n 2011 Best of Nollywood Awards\n 2012 Best of Nollywood Awards\n 2013 Best of Nollywood Awards\n 2014 Best of Nollywood Awards\n 2015 Best of Nollywood Awards\n 2016 Best of Nollywood Awards\n 2017 Best of Nollywood Awards\n2018 Best of Nollywood Awards\n\nCategories \nAs of 2013, the BON Awards have approximately 35 categories.\n\n Best Lead Actor in an English Movie\n Best Lead Actress in an English Movie\n Best Lead Actor in a Yoruba film\n Best Lead Actress in a Yoruba film\n Best Supporting Actor in an English film\n Best Supporting Actress in an English film\n Best Supporting Actor in a Yoruba film\n Best Supporting Actress in a Yoruba film\n Most Promising Act of the Year (male)\n Most Promising Act of the Year (female)\n Best Child Actor (male)\n Best Child Actor (female)\n Comedy of the Year\n Movie with the Best Social Message\n Best Kiss in a Movie\n Best Makeup in a Movie\n Onga Best Use of Nigerian Food in a Movie\n\n Best Short film of the Year\n Best Use of a Costume in a Movie\n Best Screenplay\n Best Edited Movie\n Best Sound in a Movie\n Best Production Design\n Best Cinematography\n Director of the Year\n Movie of the Year\n Best Special Effects\n Best Actor (Hausa)\n Best Actress (Hausa)\n Best Supporting Actor (Hausa)\n Best Supporting Actress (Hausa)\n Revelation of the Year (Female)\n Revelation of the Year (Male)\n Movie Journalist of the Year\n Marketer of the Year\n\nReferences \n\n \n2009 establishments in Nigeria\nNigerian film awards\nAwards established in 2009\nEntertainment events in Nigeria\nMagazine awards", "South Indian International Movie Awards, also known as the SIIMA Awards, rewards the artistic and technical achievements of the South Indian film industry. SIIMA Awards are presented for numerous categories in each of the four language films(Kannada, Malayalam, Tamil & Telugu). SIIMA award for Best Actor recognizes the performance of an actor in a leading role in South Indian movie. SIIMA award for Best Actor was first given during the year 2012.\n\nSuperlatives\n\nWinners & Nominees\n\nCritics choice\n\nReferences\n\nSouth Indian International Movie Awards" ]

[ "Tropic Thunder is a 2008 action-comedy film directed by Ben Stiller, who wrote the screenplay with Justin Theroux and Etan Cohen. The film stars Stiller, Jack Black, Robert Downey Jr., Jay Baruchel, and Brandon T. Jackson as a group of prima donna actors making a Vietnam War film. When their frustrated director (Steve Coogan) drops them in the middle of a jungle, they are forced to rely on their acting skills to survive the real action and danger.", "When their frustrated director (Steve Coogan) drops them in the middle of a jungle, they are forced to rely on their acting skills to survive the real action and danger. Tropic Thunder parodies many famous war films, specifically those based on the Vietnam War. The ensemble cast includes Tom Cruise, Nick Nolte, Danny McBride, Matthew McConaughey, and Bill Hader. Stiller developed Tropic Thunder premise during the production of Empire of the Sun in the spring of 1987, and later enlisted Theroux and Cohen to complete a script.", "Stiller developed Tropic Thunder premise during the production of Empire of the Sun in the spring of 1987, and later enlisted Theroux and Cohen to complete a script. The film was green-lit in 2006, and was produced by Stuart Cornfeld, Stiller, and Eric McLeod for Red Hour Productions and DreamWorks Pictures as an international co-production between the United States, Germany and the United Kingdom. Filming took place in 2007 on the Hawaiian island of Kaua'i over thirteen weeks and was the largest film production in the island's history.", "Filming took place in 2007 on the Hawaiian island of Kaua'i over thirteen weeks and was the largest film production in the island's history. The extensive marketing campaign included faux websites for the three main characters and their fictional films, a fictional television special, and selling the energy drink advertised in the film, \"Booty Sweat\". Paramount Pictures and DreamWorks released Tropic Thunder in the US on August 13, 2008. It received generally positive reviews for its characters, story, faux trailers, and cast performances.", "It received generally positive reviews for its characters, story, faux trailers, and cast performances. However, the depiction of the mentally handicapped and use of blackface makeup attracted controversy. The film opened at the top of the American box office and retained the number-one position for three consecutive weeks, ultimately grossing more than $195 million worldwide before its release on home media on November 18, 2008.", "The film opened at the top of the American box office and retained the number-one position for three consecutive weeks, ultimately grossing more than $195 million worldwide before its release on home media on November 18, 2008. Downey was nominated for an Academy Award, a BAFTA Award, and a Screen Actors Guild Award, while both he and Cruise received nominations for a Golden Globe Award. Plot Hook-handed Vietnam veteran Staff Sergeant John \"Four Leaf\" Tayback's memoir Tropic Thunder is being made into a film.", "Plot Hook-handed Vietnam veteran Staff Sergeant John \"Four Leaf\" Tayback's memoir Tropic Thunder is being made into a film. With the exception of newcomer supporting actor Kevin Sandusky, the cast—fading action hero Tugg Speedman, overbearing five-time Academy Award-winning Australian method actor Kirk Lazarus, loudmouthed rapper Alpa Chino, and drug-addicted comedian Jeff Portnoy—all cause problems for the inexperienced director Damien Cockburn, who cannot control them, resulting in a million-dollar pyrotechnics scene being wasted.", "With the exception of newcomer supporting actor Kevin Sandusky, the cast—fading action hero Tugg Speedman, overbearing five-time Academy Award-winning Australian method actor Kirk Lazarus, loudmouthed rapper Alpa Chino, and drug-addicted comedian Jeff Portnoy—all cause problems for the inexperienced director Damien Cockburn, who cannot control them, resulting in a million-dollar pyrotechnics scene being wasted. With the project months behind schedule, studio executive Les Grossman gives Damien an ultimatum: get the cast under control or the project will be cancelled.", "With the project months behind schedule, studio executive Les Grossman gives Damien an ultimatum: get the cast under control or the project will be cancelled. On Four Leaf's advice, Damien drops the actors into the middle of the jungle, with hidden cameras and rigged special effects explosions to film \"guerrilla-style\". The actors have guns that fire blanks, along with a map and scene listing that will lead to a helicopter waiting at the end of the route.", "The actors have guns that fire blanks, along with a map and scene listing that will lead to a helicopter waiting at the end of the route. Unknown to the actors and production, the group have been dropped in the middle of the Golden Triangle, the home of the heroin-producing Flaming Dragon gang. Just as the group is about to set off, Damien inadvertently steps on an old land mine and is blown up, stunning the actors.", "Just as the group is about to set off, Damien inadvertently steps on an old land mine and is blown up, stunning the actors. Tugg, believing Damien faked his death to encourage the cast to give better performances, assures the others that Damien is alive, and that they are still shooting the film. Kirk is unconvinced but joins them in their trek through the jungle just to get out of the jungle.", "Kirk is unconvinced but joins them in their trek through the jungle just to get out of the jungle. When Four Leaf and pyrotechnics operator Cody Underwood try to locate the deceased director, they are captured by Flaming Dragon. Four Leaf is revealed to have hands; he confesses to Underwood that he actually served in the Coast Guard, has never left the United States, and that he wrote his \"memoir\" as a tribute.", "Four Leaf is revealed to have hands; he confesses to Underwood that he actually served in the Coast Guard, has never left the United States, and that he wrote his \"memoir\" as a tribute. As the actors continue through the jungle, Kirk, who has become convinced that Tugg's ineptitude is putting them in jeopardy, and Kevin, the only actor who bothered to properly prepare for his role, discover that Tugg is leading them in the wrong direction.", "As the actors continue through the jungle, Kirk, who has become convinced that Tugg's ineptitude is putting them in jeopardy, and Kevin, the only actor who bothered to properly prepare for his role, discover that Tugg is leading them in the wrong direction. The resulting argument results in Kirk leading the rest of the cast back toward the resort they are staying at as an increasingly delirious Tugg is captured by Flaming Dragon. Taken to their base, Tugg believes it is a POW camp from the script.", "Taken to their base, Tugg believes it is a POW camp from the script. The gang discovers he is the star of their favorite film, the box-office bomb Simple Jack, and force him to reenact it several times a day, leading him to become brainwashed. Meanwhile, in Los Angeles, Tugg's agent Rick 'Pecker' Peck confronts Les over an unfulfilled term in Tugg's contract that entitles him to a TiVo.", "Meanwhile, in Los Angeles, Tugg's agent Rick 'Pecker' Peck confronts Les over an unfulfilled term in Tugg's contract that entitles him to a TiVo. Flaming Dragon calls during the discussion and demands a ransom for Tugg, but Les instead delivers a profanity-laden death threat. Les is uninterested in rescuing Tugg and is instead delighted at the prospect of a large insurance payout if Tugg dies. He attempts to convince Pecker to play along by promising a Gulfstream V jet and \"lots of money\".", "He attempts to convince Pecker to play along by promising a Gulfstream V jet and \"lots of money\". Kirk, Alpa, Jeff, and Kevin discover Flaming Dragon's heroin factory. After witnessing Tugg being tortured, they plan a rescue attempt based on the film's script.", "After witnessing Tugg being tortured, they plan a rescue attempt based on the film's script. Kirk impersonates a farmer towing a \"captured\" Jeff on the back of a water buffalo, distracting the armed guards so Alpa and Kevin can infiltrate and find the prisoners, but a combination of broken Mandarin Chinese and inconsistencies in his story sets off the gang's boss. The actors, knowing their cover has been blown, begin firing, fooling the gang members into surrender.", "The actors, knowing their cover has been blown, begin firing, fooling the gang members into surrender. Their control of the gang falls apart when Jeff grabs the leader and heads for the drugs, and the gang, realizing the guns fire blanks, recover their guns and fight back. The four actors locate Four Leaf, Cody, and Tugg and cross a bridge rigged to explode to get to Underwood's helicopter.", "The four actors locate Four Leaf, Cody, and Tugg and cross a bridge rigged to explode to get to Underwood's helicopter. Tugg initially remains behind, believing Flaming Dragon to be his \"family,\" but runs back screaming, chased by an angry horde. Four Leaf destroys the bridge, rescuing Tugg, but as the helicopter takes off, the gang boss fires an RPG at the helicopter. Rick unexpectedly stumbles out of the jungle and saves them by throwing a TiVo box into the path of the grenade.", "Rick unexpectedly stumbles out of the jungle and saves them by throwing a TiVo box into the path of the grenade. The crew return to Hollywood and footage from the hidden cameras is compiled into the feature film Tropic Blunder, which becomes a major critical and commercial success. The film wins Tugg his first Academy Award, which Kirk presents to him at the ceremony.", "The film wins Tugg his first Academy Award, which Kirk presents to him at the ceremony. Cast Ben Stiller as Tugg Speedman: Once the highest-paid, highest-grossing action film star ever due to his Scorcher franchise, his career has stalled, and he now has a reputation for appearing in nothing but box office bombs. After drawing negative coverage for his portrayal in Simple Jack, in which he plays a mentally-challenged farm boy, he takes the role of Four Leaf Tayback in an attempt to save his career.", "After drawing negative coverage for his portrayal in Simple Jack, in which he plays a mentally-challenged farm boy, he takes the role of Four Leaf Tayback in an attempt to save his career. Tugg's faux trailer at the film's start is a preview for Scorcher VI: Global Meltdown, the latest in his series and a spoof of long-running summer action blockbuster franchises. Jack Black as Jeff Portnoy: A drug-addicted comedian-actor well known for portraying multiple parts in films that rely on toilet humor, particularly jokes about flatulence.", "Jack Black as Jeff Portnoy: A drug-addicted comedian-actor well known for portraying multiple parts in films that rely on toilet humor, particularly jokes about flatulence. In the film-within-a-film, he plays a raspy-voiced soldier named Fats. He fears he is only considered an actor because of his farts and nothing else.", "He fears he is only considered an actor because of his farts and nothing else. Portnoy's faux trailer for juvenile family comedy The Fatties: Fart 2, about a family (with each member played by Portnoy) which enjoys passing gas, spoofs Eddie Murphy's portrayal of multiple characters in films such as Nutty Professor II: The Klumps.", "Portnoy's faux trailer for juvenile family comedy The Fatties: Fart 2, about a family (with each member played by Portnoy) which enjoys passing gas, spoofs Eddie Murphy's portrayal of multiple characters in films such as Nutty Professor II: The Klumps. Robert Downey Jr. as Kirk Lazarus: An Australian method actor and five-time Academy Award winner, Lazarus had a controversial \"pigmentation alteration\" surgery to temporarily darken his skin for his portrayal of the black character, Staff Sergeant Lincoln Osiris.", "Robert Downey Jr. as Kirk Lazarus: An Australian method actor and five-time Academy Award winner, Lazarus had a controversial \"pigmentation alteration\" surgery to temporarily darken his skin for his portrayal of the black character, Staff Sergeant Lincoln Osiris. Lazarus refuses to break character until he has recorded the DVD commentary for a part and only speaks in his character's African American Vernacular English.", "Lazarus refuses to break character until he has recorded the DVD commentary for a part and only speaks in his character's African American Vernacular English. Lazarus's faux trailer, Satan's Alley, is about two gay monks in a 12th-century Irish monastery, parodying films like Brokeback Mountain and Downey's own scenes with Tobey Maguire (who in a cameo portrays himself playing the other monk) in Wonder Boys. Downey said he modeled Lazarus on three actors: Russell Crowe, Daniel Day-Lewis and Colin Farrell.", "Downey said he modeled Lazarus on three actors: Russell Crowe, Daniel Day-Lewis and Colin Farrell. Lazarus was originally intended to be Irish, but Downey felt more comfortable using an Australian accent, since he had portrayed an Australian character in Natural Born Killers. Nick Nolte as Four Leaf Tayback: The author of Tropic Thunder, a fake memoir of his war experiences on which the film-within-a-film is based.", "Nick Nolte as Four Leaf Tayback: The author of Tropic Thunder, a fake memoir of his war experiences on which the film-within-a-film is based. He suggests the idea of dropping the actors in the middle of the jungle to get them looking and feeling like soldiers lost in a foreign land. Matthew McConaughey as Rick \"The Pecker\" Peck: Speedman's extremely devoted agent and best friend. Steve Coogan as Damien Cockburn: The inexperienced British film director who is unable to control the actors in the film.", "Steve Coogan as Damien Cockburn: The inexperienced British film director who is unable to control the actors in the film. The character was partly inspired by Richard Stanley, and his experience of directing the 1996 film The Island of Dr. Moreau, with Val Kilmer and Marlon Brando. Jay Baruchel as Kevin Sandusky: A novice actor, he is the only cast member to have read the script and book and attended the assigned boot camp prior to the film. Sandusky plays a young soldier named Brooklyn in the film-within-a-film.", "Sandusky plays a young soldier named Brooklyn in the film-within-a-film. Brooklyn and Sandusky each occupy the position of straight man in character in the film-within-a-film and its cast, being the only actor without an internal conflict or deep-seated insecurity. He often serves as a mediator when tensions between the cast get high. Danny McBride as Cody: The film's explosives expert and helicopter pilot. He has developed a reputation for being a dangerous pyromaniac after an incident while working on Freaky Friday nearly blinded Jamie Lee Curtis.", "He has developed a reputation for being a dangerous pyromaniac after an incident while working on Freaky Friday nearly blinded Jamie Lee Curtis. Brandon T. Jackson as Alpa Chino: A closeted homosexual rapper who is attempting to cross over into acting, portraying a soldier named Motown, while promoting his \"Bust-A-Nut\" candy bar and \"Booty Sweat\" energy drink. He feels his image as a rapper would not allow him to be openly gay. His name is a play on Al Pacino.", "His name is a play on Al Pacino. His name is a play on Al Pacino. Kevin Hart turned down the role because he did not want to play a gay character. Bill Hader as Studio Executive Rob Slolom: Grossman's assistant and right-hand man. Brandon Soo Hoo as Tran: The 12-year-old young leader of the Flaming Dragon gang. The character was compared to God's Army guerrilla leaders Johnny and Luther Htoo. Reggie Lee as Byong: The second-in-command of the Flaming Dragon gang.", "Reggie Lee as Byong: The second-in-command of the Flaming Dragon gang. Trieu Tran as Tru: A dedicated soldier, and actor, in the Flaming Dragon gang. Tom Cruise as Les Grossman: The profane, ill-tempered studio executive producing Tropic Thunder. Various commentators believe he is loosely based on Scott Rudin, famous for his volcanic temper and poor treatment of others.", "Various commentators believe he is loosely based on Scott Rudin, famous for his volcanic temper and poor treatment of others. Various actors and celebrities portray themselves, including Tobey Maguire, Tyra Banks, Maria Menounos, Martin Lawrence, The Mooney Suzuki, Jason Bateman, Lance Bass, Jennifer Love Hewitt, Alicia Silverstone, Christine Taylor, Mini Anden, Anthony Ruivivar, Yvette Nicole Brown, Rachel Avery, Sean Penn, and Jon Voight.", "Various actors and celebrities portray themselves, including Tobey Maguire, Tyra Banks, Maria Menounos, Martin Lawrence, The Mooney Suzuki, Jason Bateman, Lance Bass, Jennifer Love Hewitt, Alicia Silverstone, Christine Taylor, Mini Anden, Anthony Ruivivar, Yvette Nicole Brown, Rachel Avery, Sean Penn, and Jon Voight. Co-writer Justin Theroux appears in two brief roles as a UH-1 Huey gunner and the disc jockey from Zoolander (shown in a deleted scene).", "Co-writer Justin Theroux appears in two brief roles as a UH-1 Huey gunner and the disc jockey from Zoolander (shown in a deleted scene). Production Script Stiller developed the premise for Tropic Thunder while shooting Empire of the Sun, in which he played a small part. Stiller wanted to make a film based on the actors he knew who, after taking part in boot camps to prepare for war film roles, became \"self-important\" and \"self-involved\" and appeared to believe they had been part of a real military unit.", "Stiller wanted to make a film based on the actors he knew who, after taking part in boot camps to prepare for war film roles, became \"self-important\" and \"self-involved\" and appeared to believe they had been part of a real military unit. Co-writer Theroux revealed that the initial script concept was to have actors go to a mock boot camp and return with posttraumatic stress disorder.", "Co-writer Theroux revealed that the initial script concept was to have actors go to a mock boot camp and return with posttraumatic stress disorder. The final script was developed to satirize Vietnam War films such as Apocalypse Now, Rambo, Missing in Action, Platoon, Full Metal Jacket, Hamburger Hill, and The Deer Hunter. Theroux pointed out that since viewers had an increased awareness of the inner workings of Hollywood due to celebrity websites and Hollywood news sources, the script was easier to write.", "Theroux pointed out that since viewers had an increased awareness of the inner workings of Hollywood due to celebrity websites and Hollywood news sources, the script was easier to write. Dialogue for unscripted portions of the storyboard was developed on set by the actors or was improvised. Casting Stiller's original plan was cast Keanu Reeves as Tugg Speedman and himself as Rick Peck. Etan Cohen created the role of Kirk Lazarus as a way of lampooning the great lengths that some method actors go to depict a role.", "Etan Cohen created the role of Kirk Lazarus as a way of lampooning the great lengths that some method actors go to depict a role. Downey was approached by Stiller about the part while on vacation in Hawaii. Downey said on CBS' The Early Show that his first reaction was, \"This is the stupidest idea I've ever heard!\" and that Stiller responded, \"Yeah, I know – isn't it great?\"", "and that Stiller responded, \"Yeah, I know – isn't it great?\" In another interview, Downey said that he accepted the part but, having no idea where or even how to start building the character of Lazarus, eventually settled on a jive-esque speech pattern and a ragged bass voice; he then auditioned Lazarus' voice over the phone to Stiller, who approved the characterization immediately. Downey revealed that he modeled the character on actors Russell Crowe, Colin Farrell, and Daniel Day-Lewis.", "Downey revealed that he modeled the character on actors Russell Crowe, Colin Farrell, and Daniel Day-Lewis. The initial script was written for Downey's character to be Irish, but was altered after Downey stated he could improvise better as an Australian (he had previously played a similar outlandish Australian character in the film Natural Born Killers). Downey's practice of remaining in character between takes and even off the film set was also written into the script for his character to perform.", "Downey's practice of remaining in character between takes and even off the film set was also written into the script for his character to perform. Downey required between one and a half to two hours of make-up application. According to Downey, \"One makeup artist would start on one side of my face and a second makeup artist would start on the other side, and then they'd meet in the middle.\"", "According to Downey, \"One makeup artist would start on one side of my face and a second makeup artist would start on the other side, and then they'd meet in the middle.\" Downey acknowledged the potential controversy over his role: \"At the end of the day, it's always about how well you commit to the character.", "Downey acknowledged the potential controversy over his role: \"At the end of the day, it's always about how well you commit to the character. If I didn't feel it was morally sound, or that it would be easily misinterpreted that I'm just C. Thomas Howell [in Soul Man], I would've stayed home.\" Co-star Brandon T. Jackson stated: \"When I first read the script, I was like: What? Blackface?", "Blackface? Blackface? But when I saw him [act] he, like, became a black man ... It was just good acting. It was weird on the set because he would keep going with the character. He's a method actor.\" Stiller commented on Downey's portrayal of a white actor playing a black man: \"When people see the movie – in the context of the film, he's playing a method actor who's gone to great lengths to play a black guy.", "Stiller commented on Downey's portrayal of a white actor playing a black man: \"When people see the movie – in the context of the film, he's playing a method actor who's gone to great lengths to play a black guy. The movie is skewering actors and how they take themselves so seriously.\" Stiller previewed the film before the NAACP, and several black journalists reacted positively to the character. Cruise was initially set to cameo as Stiller's character's agent, Rick Peck.", "Cruise was initially set to cameo as Stiller's character's agent, Rick Peck. Instead, Cruise suggested adding a studio head character, and the idea was incorporated into the script. Stiller and Cruise worked together to create the new character, Les Grossman, as a middle-aged businessman. The role required that Cruise don a fatsuit, large prosthetic hands, and a bald cap. It was Cruise's idea to give the character large hands and dance to \"Low\".", "It was Cruise's idea to give the character large hands and dance to \"Low\". Stiller intended to keep Cruise's role a secret until the film's release. In addition, Paramount Pictures refused to release promotional pictures of Cruise's character to the media. In November 2007, images of Cruise wearing a bald headpiece and a fatsuit appeared on Inside Edition, as well as on the Internet. Cruise's attorneys threatened a lawsuit if photos showing Cruise in costume were published.", "Cruise's attorneys threatened a lawsuit if photos showing Cruise in costume were published. They approached various sites that were hosting the image and quickly had it removed. A representative for Cruise stated: \"Mr. Cruise's appearance was supposed to be a surprise for his fans worldwide. Paparazzi have ruined what should have been a fun discovery for moviegoers.\"", "Paparazzi have ruined what should have been a fun discovery for moviegoers.\" The photography agency INF, who debuted the image, responded with a statement: \"While these pictures were taken without breaking any criminal or civil laws, we've decided to pull them from circulation effective immediately.\" Serving as a last-minute replacement, Tobey Maguire was available to be on set for only two hours to film his scenes in Satan's Alley.", "Serving as a last-minute replacement, Tobey Maguire was available to be on set for only two hours to film his scenes in Satan's Alley. Downey said he was amazed Maguire would agree to do the film and felt like they were creating a \"karmic pay-off\" for their scenes together in the 2000 film Wonder Boys, where Downey's character has a one-night stand with Maguire's character. After Cruise vacated the role of Rick Peck, Owen Wilson was cast to play the part.", "After Cruise vacated the role of Rick Peck, Owen Wilson was cast to play the part. Following his suicide attempt in August 2007, Wilson dropped out of the film and was replaced by Matthew McConaughey. Filming Although Southern California and Mexico were considered for the main unit filming, the Hawaiian island of Kaua'i (where Stiller has a home) was selected for the majority of the shooting. Kaua'i was chosen over Mexico because a tax credit for in-state spending was negotiated with the Kaua'i Film Commission.", "Kaua'i was chosen over Mexico because a tax credit for in-state spending was negotiated with the Kaua'i Film Commission. John Toll, the cinematographer, stated the island was also selected for its similarity to Vietnam, based on its dense foliage, variety of terrains, and weather. Kaua'i was first scouted as a possible location to film Tropic Thunder in 2004. Stiller spent more than 25 hours over 6 weeks exploring the island, using all-terrain vehicles, boats, and helicopters.", "Stiller spent more than 25 hours over 6 weeks exploring the island, using all-terrain vehicles, boats, and helicopters. After the film was greenlit by DreamWorks in 2006, pre-production lasted for six months, most of this time spent on scouting additional locations for filming. Filming for the Los Angeles and interior scenes occurred on sets at Universal Studios in Hollywood. Tropic Thunder was the first major studio production on Kaua'i in five years.", "Tropic Thunder was the first major studio production on Kaua'i in five years. After filming was completed, it was deemed the largest production filmed on the island to date, and contributed more than $60 million to the local economy. Tim Ryan, the executive editor of Hawaii Film & Video Magazine, commented on the filming on the island: \"I think Tropic Thunder will give Kaua'i much needed and long idled publicity in the production arena ... It should put Kaua'i back on the production consideration radar.\"", "It should put Kaua'i back on the production consideration radar.\" Preliminary production crews were on the island starting in December 2006 and principal photography began in July 2007, with filming lasting thirteen weeks over seven separate locations on the island. Much of the filming took place on private land as well as conservation status designated areas. Casting calls on the island sought 500 residents to portray the villagers in the film. Two units shot simultaneously on the island from the ground, and an aerial unit shot from helicopters.", "Two units shot simultaneously on the island from the ground, and an aerial unit shot from helicopters. Many of the sets and the bridge used for one of the final scenes were built in three months. The island's erratic weather hampered filming with rain and lighting issues. The crew also faced complications in moving the equipment and cast due to the difficult terrain. The film advising company Warriors Inc. was enlisted to ensure the war scenes, including the attire worn by the actors, looked authentic.", "The film advising company Warriors Inc. was enlisted to ensure the war scenes, including the attire worn by the actors, looked authentic. Former members of the U.S. military taught the actors how to handle, fire, and reload their weapons, as well as perform various tactical movements. The opening war scene was filmed over three weeks and required fifty stuntmen. Animatics were used to map out the necessary camera angles for filming. Effects Six companies working on different scenes and elements created 500 shots of visual effects in the film.", "Effects Six companies working on different scenes and elements created 500 shots of visual effects in the film. These were at times altered weekly due to the reactions of test audiences in screenings. CIS Visual Effects Group assisted with the Scorcher VI faux trailer and twenty additional shots for the home media release. To expand on the comedy in the film, some of the explosions and crashes were embellished to look more destructive.", "To expand on the comedy in the film, some of the explosions and crashes were embellished to look more destructive. The visual effects supervisor Michael Fink reflected on the exaggerated explosions: \"We worked really hard to make the CG crashing helicopter in the hot landing sequence look real. Ben was adamant about that, but at the same time he wanted the explosion to be huge. When you see it hit the ground, it was like it was filled with gasoline!", "When you see it hit the ground, it was like it was filled with gasoline! It was the same thing with Ben's sergeant character, who almost intercepts a hand grenade ... Now, I was in the Army for three years and no hand grenade would make an explosion like that ... But it was a big dramatic moment and it looks really cool ... and feels kind of real.\"", "But it was a big dramatic moment and it looks really cool ... and feels kind of real.\" Filming the large napalm explosion in the opening scene of the film required a 450-foot (137-meter) row of explosive pots containing 1,100 gallons (4,165 liters) of gasoline and diesel fuel. All the palm trees used in the explosion were moved to the specific location after the crew determined the impact of the lighting and necessary camera angles.", "All the palm trees used in the explosion were moved to the specific location after the crew determined the impact of the lighting and necessary camera angles. Due to the size and cost of the 1.25-second explosion, it was performed only once and was captured by twelve cameras. For the safety of the crew and cast, the detonators were added one hour before the explosion and nobody was allowed to be within during detonation. The explosion was made up of twelve individual explosions and resulted in a mushroom cloud that reached in the air.", "The explosion was made up of twelve individual explosions and resulted in a mushroom cloud that reached in the air. For the scene in the film, Danny McBride's character, Cody Underwood, was the only actor shown in the shot of the explosion. All the other characters were added digitally. The explosion of the bridge in one of the final scenes used nine cameras to capture the shot, and the crew was required to be away for their safety. Promotion A trailer for the film was released in April 2008.", "Promotion A trailer for the film was released in April 2008. The Calgary Herald gave it a rating of 3/5, commenting: \"This could either be good or very, very bad.\" Gary Susman of Entertainment Weekly questioned whether the film would \"... turn into precisely the kind of bloated action monstrosity that it's making fun of.\" The trailer received the \"Best Comedy Trailer\" award at the 9th annual Golden Trailer Awards.", "The trailer received the \"Best Comedy Trailer\" award at the 9th annual Golden Trailer Awards. DreamWorks also released a red band trailer, the first of its kind used by the studio to promote one of its films. Stiller, Downey, and Black appeared on the seventh-season finale of American Idol in a sketch as The Pips performing with Gladys Knight (via archival footage).", "Stiller, Downey, and Black appeared on the seventh-season finale of American Idol in a sketch as The Pips performing with Gladys Knight (via archival footage). The three actors also later performed a sketch at the 2008 MTV Movie Awards which featured the actors attempting to create a successful viral video to promote the film with awkward results. In September 2008, Stiller and Downey attended the San Sebastián International Film Festival to promote the film.", "In September 2008, Stiller and Downey attended the San Sebastián International Film Festival to promote the film. A screening was shown, but it was not chosen to compete against the other films at the festival. Between April 2008 and the film's commercial release in August 2008, the film had over 250 promotional screenings. On August 3, 2008, Stiller, Downey, and Black visited Camp Pendleton, a U.S. Marine Corps base in California, to present a screening to over a thousand military members and their families.", "On August 3, 2008, Stiller, Downey, and Black visited Camp Pendleton, a U.S. Marine Corps base in California, to present a screening to over a thousand military members and their families. The screening was on behalf of the United Service Organizations and included the actors heading to the screening by helicopter and Humvees. On August 8, 2008, a special 30-minute fictional E! True Hollywood Story aired about the making of Tropic Thunder.", "True Hollywood Story aired about the making of Tropic Thunder. In video games, a themed scavenger hunt was incorporated into Tom Clancy's Rainbow Six: Vegas 2, and Stiller allowed his likeness to be used in the online Facebook application game based on the film. As a tie-in for the film's release, Paramount announced it would market the energy drink known in the film as \"Booty Sweat\".", "As a tie-in for the film's release, Paramount announced it would market the energy drink known in the film as \"Booty Sweat\". Michael Corcoran, Paramount's president of consumer products, commented on the release: \"We're very excited, because it has the potential to live for quite a while, well beyond the film.\" The drink was sold in college bookstores, on Amazon.com, and at other retailers.", "The drink was sold in college bookstores, on Amazon.com, and at other retailers. Faux websites and mockumentary Several faux websites were created for the main characters and some of their prior film roles. A website for Simple Jack, a faux film exhibited within the film, was removed by DreamWorks on August 4, 2008, due to protests from disability advocates.", "A website for Simple Jack, a faux film exhibited within the film, was removed by DreamWorks on August 4, 2008, due to protests from disability advocates. In addition, other promotional websites were created for \"Make Pretty Skin Clinic\", the fictitious company that performed the surgery of the film's character Kirk Lazarus, along with one for the energy drink \"Booty Sweat\". In mid-July 2008, a faux trailer for the mockumentary Rain of Madness was released.", "In mid-July 2008, a faux trailer for the mockumentary Rain of Madness was released. The mockumentary was a parody of Hearts of Darkness: A Filmmaker's Apocalypse. It follows co-writer Justin Theroux as a fictitious documentarian named Jan Jürgen documenting the behind-the-scenes aspects of the film within the film. Marketing for the faux documentary included a movie poster and an official website prior to Tropic Thunders release. The mockumentary was released on the iTunes Store after the film's release and was also included on the home video release.", "The mockumentary was released on the iTunes Store after the film's release and was also included on the home video release. Amy Powell, an advertising executive with Paramount, reflected on the timing of the release of Madness: \"We always thought that people would be talking about Tropic Thunder at the water cooler, and that's why we decided to release Rain of Madness two weeks into Tropics run—to keep this positive buzz going.\"", "Amy Powell, an advertising executive with Paramount, reflected on the timing of the release of Madness: \"We always thought that people would be talking about Tropic Thunder at the water cooler, and that's why we decided to release Rain of Madness two weeks into Tropics run—to keep this positive buzz going.\" Release Theatrical release Tropic Thunder held an early screening at the 2008 San Diego Comic-Con, two weeks before it officially premiered on August 11, 2008, at the Mann Village Theatre in Westwood, California and two days before its wide release.", "Release Theatrical release Tropic Thunder held an early screening at the 2008 San Diego Comic-Con, two weeks before it officially premiered on August 11, 2008, at the Mann Village Theatre in Westwood, California and two days before its wide release. Members of several disability groups picketed before the premiere, protesting at the portrayal of intellectual disability shown in the film. The groups revealed that it was the first time that they had ever protested together at an event.", "The groups revealed that it was the first time that they had ever protested together at an event. As a result of the protest, the normally unobstructed views of the red carpet leading to the premiere were blocked off by 10-foot (3-m)-high fences and there was an increase in the number of security personnel present. No protests were held at the United Kingdom's September premiere. The North American release was scheduled for July 11, 2008, but was delayed until August 15, before being brought forward to August 13.", "The North American release was scheduled for July 11, 2008, but was delayed until August 15, before being brought forward to August 13. As a result of the move from July, 20th Century Fox moved its family comedy Meet Dave in the open slot. The August 13 release date was also the opening weekends for the animated family film Star Wars: The Clone Wars and the horror film Mirrors.", "The August 13 release date was also the opening weekends for the animated family film Star Wars: The Clone Wars and the horror film Mirrors. Studios consider the third week of August to be a weaker performing period than earlier in the summer because of students returning to school. Previous R-rated comedies such as The 40-Year-Old Virgin and Superbad were released in mid-August and performed well at the box office.", "Previous R-rated comedies such as The 40-Year-Old Virgin and Superbad were released in mid-August and performed well at the box office. Reacting to Tropic Thunders release date, Rob Moore, vice chairman of Paramount Pictures, stated: \"For a young person at the end of summer, you want to have some fun and forget about going back to school. What better than a crazy comedy?\"", "What better than a crazy comedy?\" What better than a crazy comedy?\" Home media Tropic Thunder was released in the United States on DVD and Blu-ray on November 18, 2008, three months after its release and a week after the end of its theatrical run in the U.S. and Canada. The film was released on home video on January 26, 2009, in the United Kingdom.", "The film was released on home video on January 26, 2009, in the United Kingdom. Special features include an unrated director's cut of the film which is 12 minutes longer than the theatrical release, audio commentaries (including one featuring Stiller, Downey, and Black, with Downey providing his commentary as Lincoln Osiris, a nod to a joke in the film that Lazarus never breaks character until he completes the DVD commentary), several featurettes, deleted scenes, an alternate ending, and the Rain of Madness mockumentary.", "Special features include an unrated director's cut of the film which is 12 minutes longer than the theatrical release, audio commentaries (including one featuring Stiller, Downey, and Black, with Downey providing his commentary as Lincoln Osiris, a nod to a joke in the film that Lazarus never breaks character until he completes the DVD commentary), several featurettes, deleted scenes, an alternate ending, and the Rain of Madness mockumentary. For the film's first week of release, Tropic Thunder placed on several video charts.", "For the film's first week of release, Tropic Thunder placed on several video charts. It reached second place on the Nielsen VideoScan First Alert sales chart and Nielsen's Blu-ray Disc chart, earning $19,064,959 (not including Blu-ray sales). In rentals, it placed first on the Home Media Magazine'''s video rental chart. The DVD sales in 2008 totaled $42,271,059, placing it in 28th for DVD sales for the year. By September 2009, 2,963,000 DVD units have been sold, gathering revenue of $49,870,248.", "By September 2009, 2,963,000 DVD units have been sold, gathering revenue of $49,870,248. Reception Critical response The review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes gives the film a rating of 82% based on 252 reviews and an average rating of 7.1/10. The website's critical consensus reads, \"With biting satire, plenty of subversive humor, and an unforgettable turn by Robert Downey Jr., Tropic Thunder is a triumphant late summer comedy.\"", "The website's critical consensus reads, \"With biting satire, plenty of subversive humor, and an unforgettable turn by Robert Downey Jr., Tropic Thunder is a triumphant late summer comedy.\" Metacritic, which assigns a weighted average score from reviews by mainstream critics, gave a film score of 71 out of 100 based on 39 critics, indicating \"generally favorable reviews\".", "Metacritic, which assigns a weighted average score from reviews by mainstream critics, gave a film score of 71 out of 100 based on 39 critics, indicating \"generally favorable reviews\". After attending an industry screening in April 2008 Michael Cieply from The New York Times stated that the film was \"... shaping up as one of [DreamWorks]'s best prospects for the summer.\"", "After attending an industry screening in April 2008 Michael Cieply from The New York Times stated that the film was \"... shaping up as one of [DreamWorks]'s best prospects for the summer.\" Claudia Puig of USA Today gave the film a positive review, writing \"There are some wildly funny scenes, a few leaden ones and others that are scattershot, with humorous satire undercut by over-the-top grisliness. Still, when it's funny, it's really funny.\"", "Still, when it's funny, it's really funny.\" A review in Variety by Todd McCarthy was critical: \"Apart from startling, out-there comic turns by Robert Downey Jr. and Tom Cruise, however, the antics here are pretty thin, redundant and one-note.\" Glenn Kenny of RogerEbert.com would later call the film \"intermittently amusing but entirely smug and hateful.\"", "Glenn Kenny of RogerEbert.com would later call the film \"intermittently amusing but entirely smug and hateful.\" Rick Groen of The Globe and Mail also gave the film a negative review, calling it \"... an assault in the guise of a comedy—watching it is like getting mugged by a clown.\" J.R. Jones of Chicago Reader stated \"The rest of the movie never lives up to the hilarity of the opening, partly because the large-scale production smothers the gags but mostly because those gags are so easy to smother.\"", "J.R. Jones of Chicago Reader stated \"The rest of the movie never lives up to the hilarity of the opening, partly because the large-scale production smothers the gags but mostly because those gags are so easy to smother.\" Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times gave 3.5/4 and wrote, \"The movie is, may I say, considerably better than Stiller’s previous film, Zoolander (2001).", "Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times gave 3.5/4 and wrote, \"The movie is, may I say, considerably better than Stiller’s previous film, Zoolander (2001). It’s the kind of summer comedy that rolls in, makes a lot of people laugh and rolls on to video.\" The faux trailers before the film also received mixed reviews.", "The faux trailers before the film also received mixed reviews. David Ansen of Newsweek approved of the trailers, writing \"Tropic Thunder is the funniest movie of the summer—so funny, in fact, that you start laughing before the film itself has begun.\" Christy Lemire, writing for the Associated Press, called the trailers \"... the best part of the trip.\" Robert Wilonsky of The Village Voice was critical, saying that the trailers' comedy \"... resides in the land of the obvious, easy chuckle.\"", "Robert Wilonsky of The Village Voice was critical, saying that the trailers' comedy \"... resides in the land of the obvious, easy chuckle.\" Downey, Stiller, Black and Cruise were repeatedly singled out for praise by numerous critics, claiming that they \"stole the show\", were \"... off-the-charts hilarious ...\", and would bring viewers \"... the fondest memories of [their] work.\"", "Downey, Stiller, Black and Cruise were repeatedly singled out for praise by numerous critics, claiming that they \"stole the show\", were \"... off-the-charts hilarious ...\", and would bring viewers \"... the fondest memories of [their] work.\" Scott Feinberg, of the Los Angeles Times, criticized the concept of Downey's portrayal of an African-American, writing \"...", "Scott Feinberg, of the Los Angeles Times, criticized the concept of Downey's portrayal of an African-American, writing \"... I just can't imagine any circumstance under which a blackface performance would be acceptable, any more than I can imagine any circumstance under which the use of the N-word would be acceptable.\" Sara Vilkomerson said Cruise did \"... an astonishingly funny and surprising supporting performance.\"", "Sara Vilkomerson said Cruise did \"... an astonishingly funny and surprising supporting performance.\" Logan Hill of New York argued against Cruise's cameo saying that it \"... just makes him look a little lost and almost pathetic—shucking and jiving, trying to appeal to the younger moviegoers who are abandoning him.\" Several critics commented on the controversy over lines in the film talking about the mentally disabled. Duane Dudek of the Milwaukee Journal Sentinel wrote that the film \"... is just sophomoric enough to offend.", "Duane Dudek of the Milwaukee Journal Sentinel wrote that the film \"... is just sophomoric enough to offend. And while it is also funny, it is without the empathy or compassion to cause us to wonder why we are laughing.\" Christian Toto of The Washington Times argued against the opposition, \"Tropic Thunder is drawing fire from special interest groups for ... its frequent use of the word 'retard', but discerning audiences will know where the humor is targeted. And they'll be laughing too hard to take offense.\"", "And they'll be laughing too hard to take offense.\" Kurt Loder of MTV contrasted the opposition to the lines with Downey character portrayal of an African American, \"The scene in which the derisive Alpa Chino (Brandon T. Jackson) nails Lazarus' recitation of black-uplift homilies as nothing more than the lyrics to the Jeffersons theme is funny; but the one in which Lazarus quietly explains to Speedman that his Simple Jack character failed because he made the mistake of going 'full retard'—rather than softening his character with cuteness in the manner of Forrest Gump—is so on-the-nose accurate, it takes your breath away.\"", "Kurt Loder of MTV contrasted the opposition to the lines with Downey character portrayal of an African American, \"The scene in which the derisive Alpa Chino (Brandon T. Jackson) nails Lazarus' recitation of black-uplift homilies as nothing more than the lyrics to the Jeffersons theme is funny; but the one in which Lazarus quietly explains to Speedman that his Simple Jack character failed because he made the mistake of going 'full retard'—rather than softening his character with cuteness in the manner of Forrest Gump—is so on-the-nose accurate, it takes your breath away.\" Critics' lists In January 2009, Entertainment Weekly included Tropic Thunder in its list \"25 Great Comedies From the Past 25 Years\" for its \"spot-on skewering of Hollywood.\"", "Critics' lists In January 2009, Entertainment Weekly included Tropic Thunder in its list \"25 Great Comedies From the Past 25 Years\" for its \"spot-on skewering of Hollywood.\" The film also appeared on several critics' top ten lists of the best films of 2008. Stephen King placed it at the fourth position, calling the film \"the funniest, most daring comedy of the year.\"", "Stephen King placed it at the fourth position, calling the film \"the funniest, most daring comedy of the year.\" The Oregonians Marc Mohan, placed it sixth, and several critics placed it seventh: Elizabeth Weitzman of the New York Daily News, Premiere magazine, Mike Russell of The Oregonian, as well as Peter Hartlaub of the San Francisco Chronicle. David Ansen of Newsweek placed it eighth and Lisa Schwarzbaum of Entertainment Weekly included the film in the tenth position.", "David Ansen of Newsweek placed it eighth and Lisa Schwarzbaum of Entertainment Weekly included the film in the tenth position. Box office Stacey Snider, the chief executive of DreamWorks, suggested that the film would earn around $30 million in its opening weekend and go on to be as successful as Borat: Cultural Learnings of America for Make Benefit Glorious Nation of Kazakhstan, which earned $129 million in the U.S. and Canada and $260 million worldwide.", "Box office Stacey Snider, the chief executive of DreamWorks, suggested that the film would earn around $30 million in its opening weekend and go on to be as successful as Borat: Cultural Learnings of America for Make Benefit Glorious Nation of Kazakhstan, which earned $129 million in the U.S. and Canada and $260 million worldwide. The Dark Knight had been the number one film at the box office for the four weeks prior to the release of Tropic Thunder.", "The Dark Knight had been the number one film at the box office for the four weeks prior to the release of Tropic Thunder. Bob Thompson, a writer for the National Post, speculated that Tropic Thunders opening weekend would outperform The Dark Knight for the weekend.", "Bob Thompson, a writer for the National Post, speculated that Tropic Thunders opening weekend would outperform The Dark Knight for the weekend. In a list compiled prior to the summer's film releases, Entertainment Weekly predicted that the film would be the tenth highest-grossing film of the summer at the American box office with $142.6 million.Tropic Thunder opened in 3,319 theaters and, for its first five days of American and Canadian release, earned $36,845,588.", "In a list compiled prior to the summer's film releases, Entertainment Weekly predicted that the film would be the tenth highest-grossing film of the summer at the American box office with $142.6 million.Tropic Thunder opened in 3,319 theaters and, for its first five days of American and Canadian release, earned $36,845,588. The film placed first in the weekend's box office with $25,812,796, surpassing Star Wars: The Clone Wars and Mirrors, which debuted the same weekend.", "The film placed first in the weekend's box office with $25,812,796, surpassing Star Wars: The Clone Wars and Mirrors, which debuted the same weekend. Reacting to the film's opening receipts, DreamWorks spokesman Chip Sullivan stated \"We're thrilled, quite frankly. It played out exactly how we hoped.\" In foreign markets for the film's opening weekend, it was released in 418 Russian and 19 United Arab Emirates locations earning $2.2 million and $319,000, respectively.", "In foreign markets for the film's opening weekend, it was released in 418 Russian and 19 United Arab Emirates locations earning $2.2 million and $319,000, respectively. The film maintained its number one position at the American and Canadian box office for the following two weekends, making it the second film in 2008 (after The Dark Knight) to hold the number-one position for more than two consecutive weekends.", "The film maintained its number one position at the American and Canadian box office for the following two weekends, making it the second film in 2008 (after The Dark Knight) to hold the number-one position for more than two consecutive weekends. The film's widest release was in 3,473 theaters, placing it in the top 25 widest releases in the U.S. for 2008. For 2008, the film was the fifth-highest-grossing domestic R-rated film.", "For 2008, the film was the fifth-highest-grossing domestic R-rated film. The film's U.S. and Canada gross of over $110 million made Tropic Thunder Stiller's most successful film as a director. The film has had gross receipts of $110,515,313 in the U.S. and Canada and $85,187,498 in international markets for a total of $195,702,811 worldwide. Accolades In October 2008, Paramount chose to put end-of-year award push funds behind Tropic Thunder, and began advertising for Downey to receive a nomination by the Academy Awards for Best Supporting Actor.", "Accolades In October 2008, Paramount chose to put end-of-year award push funds behind Tropic Thunder, and began advertising for Downey to receive a nomination by the Academy Awards for Best Supporting Actor. In a November 2008 issue by Entertainment Weekly, Downey's film role was considered one of the three contenders for Best Supporting Actor.", "In a November 2008 issue by Entertainment Weekly, Downey's film role was considered one of the three contenders for Best Supporting Actor. As a way of extending the film-within-a-film \"universe\" into real life, there were at least two online \"For Your Consideration\" ads touting Downey's character, Kirk Lazarus, for Best Supporting Actor; one of these contains \"scenes\" from Satan's Alley that were not in the trailer as released in theaters.", "As a way of extending the film-within-a-film \"universe\" into real life, there were at least two online \"For Your Consideration\" ads touting Downey's character, Kirk Lazarus, for Best Supporting Actor; one of these contains \"scenes\" from Satan's Alley that were not in the trailer as released in theaters. At least one of the ads was produced by Paramount Pictures and intended for early For Your Consideration awareness for Downey's role.", "At least one of the ads was produced by Paramount Pictures and intended for early For Your Consideration awareness for Downey's role. On January 22, 2009, the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences nominated Downey for Best Supporting Actor. At the 81st Academy Awards, Downey lost to Heath Ledger for his role as The Joker in The Dark Knight.", "At the 81st Academy Awards, Downey lost to Heath Ledger for his role as The Joker in The Dark Knight. With the onset of the annual Hollywood film award season at the end of 2008, Tropic Thunder began receiving nominations and awards starting with a win for \"Hollywood Comedy of the Year Award\" at the 12th annual Hollywood Film Festival on October 27, 2008. The film was nominated for Best Motion Picture, Comedy or Musical, for the Satellite Awards.", "The film was nominated for Best Motion Picture, Comedy or Musical, for the Satellite Awards. In addition, Downey was nominated for Best Actor in a Supporting Role. The Broadcast Film Critics Association nominated Downey for Best Supporting Actor and awarded Tropic Thunder Best Comedy Movie at the BFCA's Critics' Choice Awards. Both Downey and Cruise received nominations from the Hollywood Foreign Press Association for Golden Globes for Best Supporting Actor. The Boston Society of Film Critics recognized the cast with its Best Ensemble award.", "The Boston Society of Film Critics recognized the cast with its Best Ensemble award. Downey was also nominated by both the Screen Actors Guild and the British Academy of Film and Television Arts for Best Supporting Actor awards. ControversyTropic Thunder was criticized by the disability advocacy community. The website for Simple Jack was withdrawn on August 4 amid several groups' concerns over its portrayal of intellectual disability.", "The website for Simple Jack was withdrawn on August 4 amid several groups' concerns over its portrayal of intellectual disability. A spokesman for DreamWorks said, \"We heard their concerns, and we understand that taken out of context, the site appeared to be insensitive to people with disabilities.\" A coalition of more than 20 disability advocacy groups, including the Special Olympics and the Arc of the United States, objected to the film's repeated use of the word \"retard\".", "A coalition of more than 20 disability advocacy groups, including the Special Olympics and the Arc of the United States, objected to the film's repeated use of the word \"retard\". DreamWorks offered to screen the film for the groups on August 8 to determine if it still offended them. The screening was postponed to the same day of the premiere on August 11. After representatives for the groups attended the private screening and were offended by its content, the groups picketed outside the film's premiere.", "After representatives for the groups attended the private screening and were offended by its content, the groups picketed outside the film's premiere. Timothy Shriver, the chairman of the Special Olympics, stated, \"This population struggles too much with the basics to have to struggle against Hollywood. We're sending a message that this hate speech is no longer acceptable.\" Disability advocates and others who previewed the film reported that the offensive treatment of individuals with mental disabilities was woven throughout the film's plot.", "Disability advocates and others who previewed the film reported that the offensive treatment of individuals with mental disabilities was woven throughout the film's plot. Disability advocates urged people not to see the film, claiming it is demeaning to individuals with mental disabilities and would encourage bullying.", "Disability advocates urged people not to see the film, claiming it is demeaning to individuals with mental disabilities and would encourage bullying. Stiller defended the film, stating \"We screened the movie so many times and this didn't come up until very late ... in the context of the film I think it's really clear, they were making fun of the actors and actors who try to use serious subjects to win awards.\"", "Stiller defended the film, stating \"We screened the movie so many times and this didn't come up until very late ... in the context of the film I think it's really clear, they were making fun of the actors and actors who try to use serious subjects to win awards.\" Co-writer Etan Cohen echoed Stiller's rationale: \"Some people have taken this as making fun of handicapped people, but we're really trying to make fun of the actors who use this material as fodder for acclaim.\"", "Co-writer Etan Cohen echoed Stiller's rationale: \"Some people have taken this as making fun of handicapped people, but we're really trying to make fun of the actors who use this material as fodder for acclaim.\" He went on to state that the film lampoons actors who portray intellectually disabled or autistic characters such as Dustin Hoffman in Rain Man, Tom Hanks in Forrest Gump, and Sean Penn in I Am Sam.", "He went on to state that the film lampoons actors who portray intellectually disabled or autistic characters such as Dustin Hoffman in Rain Man, Tom Hanks in Forrest Gump, and Sean Penn in I Am Sam. A DreamWorks spokesman did not directly respond to the criticism, claiming that Tropic Thunder \"... is an R-rated comedy that satirizes Hollywood and its excesses, makes its point by featuring inappropriate and over-the-top characters in ridiculous situations.\"", "A DreamWorks spokesman did not directly respond to the criticism, claiming that Tropic Thunder \"... is an R-rated comedy that satirizes Hollywood and its excesses, makes its point by featuring inappropriate and over-the-top characters in ridiculous situations.\" The film's advertising was altered, but none of the scenes in the film were edited as a result of the opposition.", "The film's advertising was altered, but none of the scenes in the film were edited as a result of the opposition. In response to the controversy, the director's cut of the DVD (but not the Blu-ray) includes a public service announcement in the special features that discourages use of the word \"retard\".", "In response to the controversy, the director's cut of the DVD (but not the Blu-ray) includes a public service announcement in the special features that discourages use of the word \"retard\". Another aspect that drew warning before the release of the movie and criticism afterwards was Robert Downey Jr. playing a white Australian actor who dons \"blackface\" as part of his method acting the role of an African-American man.", "Another aspect that drew warning before the release of the movie and criticism afterwards was Robert Downey Jr. playing a white Australian actor who dons \"blackface\" as part of his method acting the role of an African-American man. He responded by pointing out that this was a case of donning \"blackface\" in order to point out how wrong it is.", "He responded by pointing out that this was a case of donning \"blackface\" in order to point out how wrong it is. Others have point out that the wrongness of \"blackface\" is addressed within the movie itself by an actual African-American, and that the climax of movie pins on Downey Jr.'s shedding of his method acting; in this way the movie mocks, rather than embraces, both \"blackface\" and the extreme and ridiculous things method actors sometimes do for their roles.", "Others have point out that the wrongness of \"blackface\" is addressed within the movie itself by an actual African-American, and that the climax of movie pins on Downey Jr.'s shedding of his method acting; in this way the movie mocks, rather than embraces, both \"blackface\" and the extreme and ridiculous things method actors sometimes do for their roles. Some have pointed out that how the film characterized and how non-Jewish Tom Cruise portrayed the Jewish character of Les Grossman (in addition to his name, he also references the Jewish holiday of Purim) is antisemitic.", "Some have pointed out that how the film characterized and how non-Jewish Tom Cruise portrayed the Jewish character of Les Grossman (in addition to his name, he also references the Jewish holiday of Purim) is antisemitic. Critics have also referred to this performance as \"Jewface\" as early as 2008 (years before Sarah Silverman raised awareness of the term), calling it \"vulgar\" and \"exploitation\".", "Critics have also referred to this performance as \"Jewface\" as early as 2008 (years before Sarah Silverman raised awareness of the term), calling it \"vulgar\" and \"exploitation\". Reportedly, Tom Cruise was largely responsibly for the final form Les Grossman took, including using him as an additional villain, the hairiness of the character and the \"fat hands\". MusicTropic Thunders score and soundtrack were released on August 5, 2008, the week before the film's theatrical release.", "MusicTropic Thunders score and soundtrack were released on August 5, 2008, the week before the film's theatrical release. The score was composed by Theodore Shapiro and performed by the Hollywood Studio Symphony. William Ruhlmann of AllMusic gave the score a positive review, stating it is \"...an affectionate and knowing satire of the history of Hollywood action movie music, penned by an insider.\" Thomas Simpson of Soundtrack.Net called it \"...a mixture of fun, seriousness, rock n' roll and great scoring.\"", "Thomas Simpson of Soundtrack.Net called it \"...a mixture of fun, seriousness, rock n' roll and great scoring.\" Five songs, \"Cum On Feel the Noize\" by Quiet Riot, \"Sympathy for the Devil\" by The Rolling Stones, \"For What It's Worth\" by Buffalo Springfield, \"Low\" by Flo Rida and T-Pain, and \"Get Back\" by Ludacris, were not present on the soundtrack, yet did appear in the film.", "Five songs, \"Cum On Feel the Noize\" by Quiet Riot, \"Sympathy for the Devil\" by The Rolling Stones, \"For What It's Worth\" by Buffalo Springfield, \"Low\" by Flo Rida and T-Pain, and \"Get Back\" by Ludacris, were not present on the soundtrack, yet did appear in the film. The soundtrack features songs from The Temptations, MC Hammer, Creedence Clearwater Revival, Edwin Starr, and other artists.", "The soundtrack features songs from The Temptations, MC Hammer, Creedence Clearwater Revival, Edwin Starr, and other artists. The single \"Name of the Game\" by The Crystal Method featuring Ryu has an exclusive remix on the soundtrack. The soundtrack debuted 20th on Billboards Top Soundtracks list and peaked at 39th on its Top Independent Albums list.", "The soundtrack debuted 20th on Billboards Top Soundtracks list and peaked at 39th on its Top Independent Albums list. James Christopher Monger of allmusic compared the music to other film's soundtracks such as Platoon, Full Metal Jacket, and Forrest Gump'' and called it \"...a fun but slight listen that plays out like an old late-'70s K-Tel compilation with a few bonus cuts from the future.\" Spin-off Cruise reprised his character Les Grossman for the 2010 MTV Movie Awards.", "Spin-off Cruise reprised his character Les Grossman for the 2010 MTV Movie Awards. On June 9, 2010, it was announced that a spin-off film would be developed centering on Grossman. A script has been written by Michael Bacall. In March 2012, Bacall gave an update on the long-rumored Les Grossman spin-off movie, revealing that the film will attempt to uncover where Grossman's well-documented anger issues originated.", "In March 2012, Bacall gave an update on the long-rumored Les Grossman spin-off movie, revealing that the film will attempt to uncover where Grossman's well-documented anger issues originated. See also List of films featuring fictional films References External links English-language films 2008 films 2008 action comedy films 2000s satirical films American films American action comedy films American satirical films British films British action comedy films British satirical films German films English-language German films German action comedy films German satirical films Mandarin-language films Films about actors Films about filmmaking Films set in Los Angeles Films shot in Hawaii Films shot in Los Angeles Military humor in film Films about the United States Army Films directed by Ben Stiller Films produced by Ben Stiller Films with screenplays by Etan Cohen Films with screenplays by Justin Theroux Films scored by Theodore Shapiro DreamWorks Pictures films Paramount Pictures films Red Hour Productions films 2008 comedy films Torture in films Blackface minstrel shows and films" ]

[ "Tropic Thunder", "Promotion", "What is the rating of the movie?", "The Calgary Herald gave it a rating of 3/5,", "Who are the actor in the movie?", "Stiller, Downey, and Black" ]

[ "Dick Figures is an American adult-oriented animated comedy series created and written by Ed Skudder and Zack Keller.\n\nSeries overview\n\nEpisodes\n\nPilot\n\nSeason 1 (2010–11)\n\nSeason 2 (2011)\n\nSeason 3 (2011–2012)\n\nSeason 4 (2012)\n\nSeason 5 (2013–2014)\nSeason 5's release and production was subject to two large hiatuses. Due to the production of the movie, season 5's production was put on hold until after the movie was done so there was a one-year gap between the end of season 4 and the beginning of season 5. A hiatus also occurred between episodes 3 and 4 due to both the weekly release of the movie starting on September 17, 2013 and the crew taking a break from the year-long production of the movie. Regular release of the season resumed in April 2014.\n\nAs well as being released on YouTube for free viewing, the season was also available to buy in advance to the YouTube release.\n\nMovie (2013)\nDick Figures: The Movie was released on September 17, 2013. On the same day, it was split up into 12 different chapters and released weekly on YouTube. The full movie can be seen now for online streaming on Yekra, Amazon.com, Hulu and Netflix and can be purchased for digital download through iTunes, Google Play, Vudu, PlayStation Network, and Xbox.\n\nMessin' With Sasquatch (2015)\n\nReferences\n\nLists of web series episodes\nLists of American adult animated television series episodes", "The New Release was a company that owned and operated DVD rental kiosks. The company was based in Houston and was part of privately held TNR Entertainment Corp. TNR was acquired by NCR in 2009. NCR had in 2008 partnered with Blockbuster to establish a channel for kiosk DVD rentals, and TNR's acquisition furthered this aim. NCR's DVD kiosks were purchased by Redbox in 2012 \n\nTNR was backed by an institutional investor group including Celerity Partners, LP of Los Angeles; Chapton Partners, LP, a Houston family partnership; Laminar Direct Capital, L.P., a member of the D. E. Shaw group of companies and MCG Capital, a leading specialized financial services company and financial advisor.\n\nEach of its interactive kiosks held up to 1,000 DVDs, including new releases and classic titles. To rent a movie, consumers swiped their credit card, make their selection and the machine then dispensed the movie(s). The charge per rental was $1 per day; and keeping a DVD more than 14 days was effectively the same as purchasing the DVD.\n\nThe kiosks were located at grocery stores including Albertson's, Dillon’s, Kroger, Publix and others—and promotions included a “Movie Lover’s Survey,” “Movie For a Year” and a “First Movie Free.”\n\nThe company also operated kiosks under the name \"moviecube,\" a California company which it acquired.\n\nHistory\nFounded in 2002, The New Release focused primarily on the grocery channel. The first kiosks were installed in Houston, HEB locations, with later expansion into Dallas, Kroger locations. Acquired by NCR in 2009, its kiosks eventually became the property of Redbox when Redbox acquired all of NCR's DVD rental kiosks in 2012.\n\nPromotions\nThe New Release periodically created promotions to entice current consumers and attract new ones. The New Release held a “Movie Lover’s Survey,” where they gave away free movies to the first 500 respondents.\n\nThe New Release gave away “Movie For a Year” to 45 customers throughout North America.\n\nIn the past, The New Release produced a “First Movie Free” promotion in many of its locations nationwide.\n\nSee also\nOnline video rental\nVideo store\n\nReferences\n\nVideo rental services\nRetail companies established in 2002\nCompanies based in Houston\nNCR Corporation" ]

[ "Tropic Thunder is a 2008 action-comedy film directed by Ben Stiller, who wrote the screenplay with Justin Theroux and Etan Cohen. The film stars Stiller, Jack Black, Robert Downey Jr., Jay Baruchel, and Brandon T. Jackson as a group of prima donna actors making a Vietnam War film. When their frustrated director (Steve Coogan) drops them in the middle of a jungle, they are forced to rely on their acting skills to survive the real action and danger.", "When their frustrated director (Steve Coogan) drops them in the middle of a jungle, they are forced to rely on their acting skills to survive the real action and danger. Tropic Thunder parodies many famous war films, specifically those based on the Vietnam War. The ensemble cast includes Tom Cruise, Nick Nolte, Danny McBride, Matthew McConaughey, and Bill Hader. Stiller developed Tropic Thunder premise during the production of Empire of the Sun in the spring of 1987, and later enlisted Theroux and Cohen to complete a script.", "Stiller developed Tropic Thunder premise during the production of Empire of the Sun in the spring of 1987, and later enlisted Theroux and Cohen to complete a script. The film was green-lit in 2006, and was produced by Stuart Cornfeld, Stiller, and Eric McLeod for Red Hour Productions and DreamWorks Pictures as an international co-production between the United States, Germany and the United Kingdom. Filming took place in 2007 on the Hawaiian island of Kaua'i over thirteen weeks and was the largest film production in the island's history.", "Filming took place in 2007 on the Hawaiian island of Kaua'i over thirteen weeks and was the largest film production in the island's history. The extensive marketing campaign included faux websites for the three main characters and their fictional films, a fictional television special, and selling the energy drink advertised in the film, \"Booty Sweat\". Paramount Pictures and DreamWorks released Tropic Thunder in the US on August 13, 2008. It received generally positive reviews for its characters, story, faux trailers, and cast performances.", "It received generally positive reviews for its characters, story, faux trailers, and cast performances. However, the depiction of the mentally handicapped and use of blackface makeup attracted controversy. The film opened at the top of the American box office and retained the number-one position for three consecutive weeks, ultimately grossing more than $195 million worldwide before its release on home media on November 18, 2008.", "The film opened at the top of the American box office and retained the number-one position for three consecutive weeks, ultimately grossing more than $195 million worldwide before its release on home media on November 18, 2008. Downey was nominated for an Academy Award, a BAFTA Award, and a Screen Actors Guild Award, while both he and Cruise received nominations for a Golden Globe Award. Plot Hook-handed Vietnam veteran Staff Sergeant John \"Four Leaf\" Tayback's memoir Tropic Thunder is being made into a film.", "Plot Hook-handed Vietnam veteran Staff Sergeant John \"Four Leaf\" Tayback's memoir Tropic Thunder is being made into a film. With the exception of newcomer supporting actor Kevin Sandusky, the cast—fading action hero Tugg Speedman, overbearing five-time Academy Award-winning Australian method actor Kirk Lazarus, loudmouthed rapper Alpa Chino, and drug-addicted comedian Jeff Portnoy—all cause problems for the inexperienced director Damien Cockburn, who cannot control them, resulting in a million-dollar pyrotechnics scene being wasted.", "With the exception of newcomer supporting actor Kevin Sandusky, the cast—fading action hero Tugg Speedman, overbearing five-time Academy Award-winning Australian method actor Kirk Lazarus, loudmouthed rapper Alpa Chino, and drug-addicted comedian Jeff Portnoy—all cause problems for the inexperienced director Damien Cockburn, who cannot control them, resulting in a million-dollar pyrotechnics scene being wasted. With the project months behind schedule, studio executive Les Grossman gives Damien an ultimatum: get the cast under control or the project will be cancelled.", "With the project months behind schedule, studio executive Les Grossman gives Damien an ultimatum: get the cast under control or the project will be cancelled. On Four Leaf's advice, Damien drops the actors into the middle of the jungle, with hidden cameras and rigged special effects explosions to film \"guerrilla-style\". The actors have guns that fire blanks, along with a map and scene listing that will lead to a helicopter waiting at the end of the route.", "The actors have guns that fire blanks, along with a map and scene listing that will lead to a helicopter waiting at the end of the route. Unknown to the actors and production, the group have been dropped in the middle of the Golden Triangle, the home of the heroin-producing Flaming Dragon gang. Just as the group is about to set off, Damien inadvertently steps on an old land mine and is blown up, stunning the actors.", "Just as the group is about to set off, Damien inadvertently steps on an old land mine and is blown up, stunning the actors. Tugg, believing Damien faked his death to encourage the cast to give better performances, assures the others that Damien is alive, and that they are still shooting the film. Kirk is unconvinced but joins them in their trek through the jungle just to get out of the jungle.", "Kirk is unconvinced but joins them in their trek through the jungle just to get out of the jungle. When Four Leaf and pyrotechnics operator Cody Underwood try to locate the deceased director, they are captured by Flaming Dragon. Four Leaf is revealed to have hands; he confesses to Underwood that he actually served in the Coast Guard, has never left the United States, and that he wrote his \"memoir\" as a tribute.", "Four Leaf is revealed to have hands; he confesses to Underwood that he actually served in the Coast Guard, has never left the United States, and that he wrote his \"memoir\" as a tribute. As the actors continue through the jungle, Kirk, who has become convinced that Tugg's ineptitude is putting them in jeopardy, and Kevin, the only actor who bothered to properly prepare for his role, discover that Tugg is leading them in the wrong direction.", "As the actors continue through the jungle, Kirk, who has become convinced that Tugg's ineptitude is putting them in jeopardy, and Kevin, the only actor who bothered to properly prepare for his role, discover that Tugg is leading them in the wrong direction. The resulting argument results in Kirk leading the rest of the cast back toward the resort they are staying at as an increasingly delirious Tugg is captured by Flaming Dragon. Taken to their base, Tugg believes it is a POW camp from the script.", "Taken to their base, Tugg believes it is a POW camp from the script. The gang discovers he is the star of their favorite film, the box-office bomb Simple Jack, and force him to reenact it several times a day, leading him to become brainwashed. Meanwhile, in Los Angeles, Tugg's agent Rick 'Pecker' Peck confronts Les over an unfulfilled term in Tugg's contract that entitles him to a TiVo.", "Meanwhile, in Los Angeles, Tugg's agent Rick 'Pecker' Peck confronts Les over an unfulfilled term in Tugg's contract that entitles him to a TiVo. Flaming Dragon calls during the discussion and demands a ransom for Tugg, but Les instead delivers a profanity-laden death threat. Les is uninterested in rescuing Tugg and is instead delighted at the prospect of a large insurance payout if Tugg dies. He attempts to convince Pecker to play along by promising a Gulfstream V jet and \"lots of money\".", "He attempts to convince Pecker to play along by promising a Gulfstream V jet and \"lots of money\". Kirk, Alpa, Jeff, and Kevin discover Flaming Dragon's heroin factory. After witnessing Tugg being tortured, they plan a rescue attempt based on the film's script.", "After witnessing Tugg being tortured, they plan a rescue attempt based on the film's script. Kirk impersonates a farmer towing a \"captured\" Jeff on the back of a water buffalo, distracting the armed guards so Alpa and Kevin can infiltrate and find the prisoners, but a combination of broken Mandarin Chinese and inconsistencies in his story sets off the gang's boss. The actors, knowing their cover has been blown, begin firing, fooling the gang members into surrender.", "The actors, knowing their cover has been blown, begin firing, fooling the gang members into surrender. Their control of the gang falls apart when Jeff grabs the leader and heads for the drugs, and the gang, realizing the guns fire blanks, recover their guns and fight back. The four actors locate Four Leaf, Cody, and Tugg and cross a bridge rigged to explode to get to Underwood's helicopter.", "The four actors locate Four Leaf, Cody, and Tugg and cross a bridge rigged to explode to get to Underwood's helicopter. Tugg initially remains behind, believing Flaming Dragon to be his \"family,\" but runs back screaming, chased by an angry horde. Four Leaf destroys the bridge, rescuing Tugg, but as the helicopter takes off, the gang boss fires an RPG at the helicopter. Rick unexpectedly stumbles out of the jungle and saves them by throwing a TiVo box into the path of the grenade.", "Rick unexpectedly stumbles out of the jungle and saves them by throwing a TiVo box into the path of the grenade. The crew return to Hollywood and footage from the hidden cameras is compiled into the feature film Tropic Blunder, which becomes a major critical and commercial success. The film wins Tugg his first Academy Award, which Kirk presents to him at the ceremony.", "The film wins Tugg his first Academy Award, which Kirk presents to him at the ceremony. Cast Ben Stiller as Tugg Speedman: Once the highest-paid, highest-grossing action film star ever due to his Scorcher franchise, his career has stalled, and he now has a reputation for appearing in nothing but box office bombs. After drawing negative coverage for his portrayal in Simple Jack, in which he plays a mentally-challenged farm boy, he takes the role of Four Leaf Tayback in an attempt to save his career.", "After drawing negative coverage for his portrayal in Simple Jack, in which he plays a mentally-challenged farm boy, he takes the role of Four Leaf Tayback in an attempt to save his career. Tugg's faux trailer at the film's start is a preview for Scorcher VI: Global Meltdown, the latest in his series and a spoof of long-running summer action blockbuster franchises. Jack Black as Jeff Portnoy: A drug-addicted comedian-actor well known for portraying multiple parts in films that rely on toilet humor, particularly jokes about flatulence.", "Jack Black as Jeff Portnoy: A drug-addicted comedian-actor well known for portraying multiple parts in films that rely on toilet humor, particularly jokes about flatulence. In the film-within-a-film, he plays a raspy-voiced soldier named Fats. He fears he is only considered an actor because of his farts and nothing else.", "He fears he is only considered an actor because of his farts and nothing else. Portnoy's faux trailer for juvenile family comedy The Fatties: Fart 2, about a family (with each member played by Portnoy) which enjoys passing gas, spoofs Eddie Murphy's portrayal of multiple characters in films such as Nutty Professor II: The Klumps.", "Portnoy's faux trailer for juvenile family comedy The Fatties: Fart 2, about a family (with each member played by Portnoy) which enjoys passing gas, spoofs Eddie Murphy's portrayal of multiple characters in films such as Nutty Professor II: The Klumps. Robert Downey Jr. as Kirk Lazarus: An Australian method actor and five-time Academy Award winner, Lazarus had a controversial \"pigmentation alteration\" surgery to temporarily darken his skin for his portrayal of the black character, Staff Sergeant Lincoln Osiris.", "Robert Downey Jr. as Kirk Lazarus: An Australian method actor and five-time Academy Award winner, Lazarus had a controversial \"pigmentation alteration\" surgery to temporarily darken his skin for his portrayal of the black character, Staff Sergeant Lincoln Osiris. Lazarus refuses to break character until he has recorded the DVD commentary for a part and only speaks in his character's African American Vernacular English.", "Lazarus refuses to break character until he has recorded the DVD commentary for a part and only speaks in his character's African American Vernacular English. Lazarus's faux trailer, Satan's Alley, is about two gay monks in a 12th-century Irish monastery, parodying films like Brokeback Mountain and Downey's own scenes with Tobey Maguire (who in a cameo portrays himself playing the other monk) in Wonder Boys. Downey said he modeled Lazarus on three actors: Russell Crowe, Daniel Day-Lewis and Colin Farrell.", "Downey said he modeled Lazarus on three actors: Russell Crowe, Daniel Day-Lewis and Colin Farrell. Lazarus was originally intended to be Irish, but Downey felt more comfortable using an Australian accent, since he had portrayed an Australian character in Natural Born Killers. Nick Nolte as Four Leaf Tayback: The author of Tropic Thunder, a fake memoir of his war experiences on which the film-within-a-film is based.", "Nick Nolte as Four Leaf Tayback: The author of Tropic Thunder, a fake memoir of his war experiences on which the film-within-a-film is based. He suggests the idea of dropping the actors in the middle of the jungle to get them looking and feeling like soldiers lost in a foreign land. Matthew McConaughey as Rick \"The Pecker\" Peck: Speedman's extremely devoted agent and best friend. Steve Coogan as Damien Cockburn: The inexperienced British film director who is unable to control the actors in the film.", "Steve Coogan as Damien Cockburn: The inexperienced British film director who is unable to control the actors in the film. The character was partly inspired by Richard Stanley, and his experience of directing the 1996 film The Island of Dr. Moreau, with Val Kilmer and Marlon Brando. Jay Baruchel as Kevin Sandusky: A novice actor, he is the only cast member to have read the script and book and attended the assigned boot camp prior to the film. Sandusky plays a young soldier named Brooklyn in the film-within-a-film.", "Sandusky plays a young soldier named Brooklyn in the film-within-a-film. Brooklyn and Sandusky each occupy the position of straight man in character in the film-within-a-film and its cast, being the only actor without an internal conflict or deep-seated insecurity. He often serves as a mediator when tensions between the cast get high. Danny McBride as Cody: The film's explosives expert and helicopter pilot. He has developed a reputation for being a dangerous pyromaniac after an incident while working on Freaky Friday nearly blinded Jamie Lee Curtis.", "He has developed a reputation for being a dangerous pyromaniac after an incident while working on Freaky Friday nearly blinded Jamie Lee Curtis. Brandon T. Jackson as Alpa Chino: A closeted homosexual rapper who is attempting to cross over into acting, portraying a soldier named Motown, while promoting his \"Bust-A-Nut\" candy bar and \"Booty Sweat\" energy drink. He feels his image as a rapper would not allow him to be openly gay. His name is a play on Al Pacino.", "His name is a play on Al Pacino. His name is a play on Al Pacino. Kevin Hart turned down the role because he did not want to play a gay character. Bill Hader as Studio Executive Rob Slolom: Grossman's assistant and right-hand man. Brandon Soo Hoo as Tran: The 12-year-old young leader of the Flaming Dragon gang. The character was compared to God's Army guerrilla leaders Johnny and Luther Htoo. Reggie Lee as Byong: The second-in-command of the Flaming Dragon gang.", "Reggie Lee as Byong: The second-in-command of the Flaming Dragon gang. Trieu Tran as Tru: A dedicated soldier, and actor, in the Flaming Dragon gang. Tom Cruise as Les Grossman: The profane, ill-tempered studio executive producing Tropic Thunder. Various commentators believe he is loosely based on Scott Rudin, famous for his volcanic temper and poor treatment of others.", "Various commentators believe he is loosely based on Scott Rudin, famous for his volcanic temper and poor treatment of others. Various actors and celebrities portray themselves, including Tobey Maguire, Tyra Banks, Maria Menounos, Martin Lawrence, The Mooney Suzuki, Jason Bateman, Lance Bass, Jennifer Love Hewitt, Alicia Silverstone, Christine Taylor, Mini Anden, Anthony Ruivivar, Yvette Nicole Brown, Rachel Avery, Sean Penn, and Jon Voight.", "Various actors and celebrities portray themselves, including Tobey Maguire, Tyra Banks, Maria Menounos, Martin Lawrence, The Mooney Suzuki, Jason Bateman, Lance Bass, Jennifer Love Hewitt, Alicia Silverstone, Christine Taylor, Mini Anden, Anthony Ruivivar, Yvette Nicole Brown, Rachel Avery, Sean Penn, and Jon Voight. Co-writer Justin Theroux appears in two brief roles as a UH-1 Huey gunner and the disc jockey from Zoolander (shown in a deleted scene).", "Co-writer Justin Theroux appears in two brief roles as a UH-1 Huey gunner and the disc jockey from Zoolander (shown in a deleted scene). Production Script Stiller developed the premise for Tropic Thunder while shooting Empire of the Sun, in which he played a small part. Stiller wanted to make a film based on the actors he knew who, after taking part in boot camps to prepare for war film roles, became \"self-important\" and \"self-involved\" and appeared to believe they had been part of a real military unit.", "Stiller wanted to make a film based on the actors he knew who, after taking part in boot camps to prepare for war film roles, became \"self-important\" and \"self-involved\" and appeared to believe they had been part of a real military unit. Co-writer Theroux revealed that the initial script concept was to have actors go to a mock boot camp and return with posttraumatic stress disorder.", "Co-writer Theroux revealed that the initial script concept was to have actors go to a mock boot camp and return with posttraumatic stress disorder. The final script was developed to satirize Vietnam War films such as Apocalypse Now, Rambo, Missing in Action, Platoon, Full Metal Jacket, Hamburger Hill, and The Deer Hunter. Theroux pointed out that since viewers had an increased awareness of the inner workings of Hollywood due to celebrity websites and Hollywood news sources, the script was easier to write.", "Theroux pointed out that since viewers had an increased awareness of the inner workings of Hollywood due to celebrity websites and Hollywood news sources, the script was easier to write. Dialogue for unscripted portions of the storyboard was developed on set by the actors or was improvised. Casting Stiller's original plan was cast Keanu Reeves as Tugg Speedman and himself as Rick Peck. Etan Cohen created the role of Kirk Lazarus as a way of lampooning the great lengths that some method actors go to depict a role.", "Etan Cohen created the role of Kirk Lazarus as a way of lampooning the great lengths that some method actors go to depict a role. Downey was approached by Stiller about the part while on vacation in Hawaii. Downey said on CBS' The Early Show that his first reaction was, \"This is the stupidest idea I've ever heard!\" and that Stiller responded, \"Yeah, I know – isn't it great?\"", "and that Stiller responded, \"Yeah, I know – isn't it great?\" In another interview, Downey said that he accepted the part but, having no idea where or even how to start building the character of Lazarus, eventually settled on a jive-esque speech pattern and a ragged bass voice; he then auditioned Lazarus' voice over the phone to Stiller, who approved the characterization immediately. Downey revealed that he modeled the character on actors Russell Crowe, Colin Farrell, and Daniel Day-Lewis.", "Downey revealed that he modeled the character on actors Russell Crowe, Colin Farrell, and Daniel Day-Lewis. The initial script was written for Downey's character to be Irish, but was altered after Downey stated he could improvise better as an Australian (he had previously played a similar outlandish Australian character in the film Natural Born Killers). Downey's practice of remaining in character between takes and even off the film set was also written into the script for his character to perform.", "Downey's practice of remaining in character between takes and even off the film set was also written into the script for his character to perform. Downey required between one and a half to two hours of make-up application. According to Downey, \"One makeup artist would start on one side of my face and a second makeup artist would start on the other side, and then they'd meet in the middle.\"", "According to Downey, \"One makeup artist would start on one side of my face and a second makeup artist would start on the other side, and then they'd meet in the middle.\" Downey acknowledged the potential controversy over his role: \"At the end of the day, it's always about how well you commit to the character.", "Downey acknowledged the potential controversy over his role: \"At the end of the day, it's always about how well you commit to the character. If I didn't feel it was morally sound, or that it would be easily misinterpreted that I'm just C. Thomas Howell [in Soul Man], I would've stayed home.\" Co-star Brandon T. Jackson stated: \"When I first read the script, I was like: What? Blackface?", "Blackface? Blackface? But when I saw him [act] he, like, became a black man ... It was just good acting. It was weird on the set because he would keep going with the character. He's a method actor.\" Stiller commented on Downey's portrayal of a white actor playing a black man: \"When people see the movie – in the context of the film, he's playing a method actor who's gone to great lengths to play a black guy.", "Stiller commented on Downey's portrayal of a white actor playing a black man: \"When people see the movie – in the context of the film, he's playing a method actor who's gone to great lengths to play a black guy. The movie is skewering actors and how they take themselves so seriously.\" Stiller previewed the film before the NAACP, and several black journalists reacted positively to the character. Cruise was initially set to cameo as Stiller's character's agent, Rick Peck.", "Cruise was initially set to cameo as Stiller's character's agent, Rick Peck. Instead, Cruise suggested adding a studio head character, and the idea was incorporated into the script. Stiller and Cruise worked together to create the new character, Les Grossman, as a middle-aged businessman. The role required that Cruise don a fatsuit, large prosthetic hands, and a bald cap. It was Cruise's idea to give the character large hands and dance to \"Low\".", "It was Cruise's idea to give the character large hands and dance to \"Low\". Stiller intended to keep Cruise's role a secret until the film's release. In addition, Paramount Pictures refused to release promotional pictures of Cruise's character to the media. In November 2007, images of Cruise wearing a bald headpiece and a fatsuit appeared on Inside Edition, as well as on the Internet. Cruise's attorneys threatened a lawsuit if photos showing Cruise in costume were published.", "Cruise's attorneys threatened a lawsuit if photos showing Cruise in costume were published. They approached various sites that were hosting the image and quickly had it removed. A representative for Cruise stated: \"Mr. Cruise's appearance was supposed to be a surprise for his fans worldwide. Paparazzi have ruined what should have been a fun discovery for moviegoers.\"", "Paparazzi have ruined what should have been a fun discovery for moviegoers.\" The photography agency INF, who debuted the image, responded with a statement: \"While these pictures were taken without breaking any criminal or civil laws, we've decided to pull them from circulation effective immediately.\" Serving as a last-minute replacement, Tobey Maguire was available to be on set for only two hours to film his scenes in Satan's Alley.", "Serving as a last-minute replacement, Tobey Maguire was available to be on set for only two hours to film his scenes in Satan's Alley. Downey said he was amazed Maguire would agree to do the film and felt like they were creating a \"karmic pay-off\" for their scenes together in the 2000 film Wonder Boys, where Downey's character has a one-night stand with Maguire's character. After Cruise vacated the role of Rick Peck, Owen Wilson was cast to play the part.", "After Cruise vacated the role of Rick Peck, Owen Wilson was cast to play the part. Following his suicide attempt in August 2007, Wilson dropped out of the film and was replaced by Matthew McConaughey. Filming Although Southern California and Mexico were considered for the main unit filming, the Hawaiian island of Kaua'i (where Stiller has a home) was selected for the majority of the shooting. Kaua'i was chosen over Mexico because a tax credit for in-state spending was negotiated with the Kaua'i Film Commission.", "Kaua'i was chosen over Mexico because a tax credit for in-state spending was negotiated with the Kaua'i Film Commission. John Toll, the cinematographer, stated the island was also selected for its similarity to Vietnam, based on its dense foliage, variety of terrains, and weather. Kaua'i was first scouted as a possible location to film Tropic Thunder in 2004. Stiller spent more than 25 hours over 6 weeks exploring the island, using all-terrain vehicles, boats, and helicopters.", "Stiller spent more than 25 hours over 6 weeks exploring the island, using all-terrain vehicles, boats, and helicopters. After the film was greenlit by DreamWorks in 2006, pre-production lasted for six months, most of this time spent on scouting additional locations for filming. Filming for the Los Angeles and interior scenes occurred on sets at Universal Studios in Hollywood. Tropic Thunder was the first major studio production on Kaua'i in five years.", "Tropic Thunder was the first major studio production on Kaua'i in five years. After filming was completed, it was deemed the largest production filmed on the island to date, and contributed more than $60 million to the local economy. Tim Ryan, the executive editor of Hawaii Film & Video Magazine, commented on the filming on the island: \"I think Tropic Thunder will give Kaua'i much needed and long idled publicity in the production arena ... It should put Kaua'i back on the production consideration radar.\"", "It should put Kaua'i back on the production consideration radar.\" Preliminary production crews were on the island starting in December 2006 and principal photography began in July 2007, with filming lasting thirteen weeks over seven separate locations on the island. Much of the filming took place on private land as well as conservation status designated areas. Casting calls on the island sought 500 residents to portray the villagers in the film. Two units shot simultaneously on the island from the ground, and an aerial unit shot from helicopters.", "Two units shot simultaneously on the island from the ground, and an aerial unit shot from helicopters. Many of the sets and the bridge used for one of the final scenes were built in three months. The island's erratic weather hampered filming with rain and lighting issues. The crew also faced complications in moving the equipment and cast due to the difficult terrain. The film advising company Warriors Inc. was enlisted to ensure the war scenes, including the attire worn by the actors, looked authentic.", "The film advising company Warriors Inc. was enlisted to ensure the war scenes, including the attire worn by the actors, looked authentic. Former members of the U.S. military taught the actors how to handle, fire, and reload their weapons, as well as perform various tactical movements. The opening war scene was filmed over three weeks and required fifty stuntmen. Animatics were used to map out the necessary camera angles for filming. Effects Six companies working on different scenes and elements created 500 shots of visual effects in the film.", "Effects Six companies working on different scenes and elements created 500 shots of visual effects in the film. These were at times altered weekly due to the reactions of test audiences in screenings. CIS Visual Effects Group assisted with the Scorcher VI faux trailer and twenty additional shots for the home media release. To expand on the comedy in the film, some of the explosions and crashes were embellished to look more destructive.", "To expand on the comedy in the film, some of the explosions and crashes were embellished to look more destructive. The visual effects supervisor Michael Fink reflected on the exaggerated explosions: \"We worked really hard to make the CG crashing helicopter in the hot landing sequence look real. Ben was adamant about that, but at the same time he wanted the explosion to be huge. When you see it hit the ground, it was like it was filled with gasoline!", "When you see it hit the ground, it was like it was filled with gasoline! It was the same thing with Ben's sergeant character, who almost intercepts a hand grenade ... Now, I was in the Army for three years and no hand grenade would make an explosion like that ... But it was a big dramatic moment and it looks really cool ... and feels kind of real.\"", "But it was a big dramatic moment and it looks really cool ... and feels kind of real.\" Filming the large napalm explosion in the opening scene of the film required a 450-foot (137-meter) row of explosive pots containing 1,100 gallons (4,165 liters) of gasoline and diesel fuel. All the palm trees used in the explosion were moved to the specific location after the crew determined the impact of the lighting and necessary camera angles.", "All the palm trees used in the explosion were moved to the specific location after the crew determined the impact of the lighting and necessary camera angles. Due to the size and cost of the 1.25-second explosion, it was performed only once and was captured by twelve cameras. For the safety of the crew and cast, the detonators were added one hour before the explosion and nobody was allowed to be within during detonation. The explosion was made up of twelve individual explosions and resulted in a mushroom cloud that reached in the air.", "The explosion was made up of twelve individual explosions and resulted in a mushroom cloud that reached in the air. For the scene in the film, Danny McBride's character, Cody Underwood, was the only actor shown in the shot of the explosion. All the other characters were added digitally. The explosion of the bridge in one of the final scenes used nine cameras to capture the shot, and the crew was required to be away for their safety. Promotion A trailer for the film was released in April 2008.", "Promotion A trailer for the film was released in April 2008. The Calgary Herald gave it a rating of 3/5, commenting: \"This could either be good or very, very bad.\" Gary Susman of Entertainment Weekly questioned whether the film would \"... turn into precisely the kind of bloated action monstrosity that it's making fun of.\" The trailer received the \"Best Comedy Trailer\" award at the 9th annual Golden Trailer Awards.", "The trailer received the \"Best Comedy Trailer\" award at the 9th annual Golden Trailer Awards. DreamWorks also released a red band trailer, the first of its kind used by the studio to promote one of its films. Stiller, Downey, and Black appeared on the seventh-season finale of American Idol in a sketch as The Pips performing with Gladys Knight (via archival footage).", "Stiller, Downey, and Black appeared on the seventh-season finale of American Idol in a sketch as The Pips performing with Gladys Knight (via archival footage). The three actors also later performed a sketch at the 2008 MTV Movie Awards which featured the actors attempting to create a successful viral video to promote the film with awkward results. In September 2008, Stiller and Downey attended the San Sebastián International Film Festival to promote the film.", "In September 2008, Stiller and Downey attended the San Sebastián International Film Festival to promote the film. A screening was shown, but it was not chosen to compete against the other films at the festival. Between April 2008 and the film's commercial release in August 2008, the film had over 250 promotional screenings. On August 3, 2008, Stiller, Downey, and Black visited Camp Pendleton, a U.S. Marine Corps base in California, to present a screening to over a thousand military members and their families.", "On August 3, 2008, Stiller, Downey, and Black visited Camp Pendleton, a U.S. Marine Corps base in California, to present a screening to over a thousand military members and their families. The screening was on behalf of the United Service Organizations and included the actors heading to the screening by helicopter and Humvees. On August 8, 2008, a special 30-minute fictional E! True Hollywood Story aired about the making of Tropic Thunder.", "True Hollywood Story aired about the making of Tropic Thunder. In video games, a themed scavenger hunt was incorporated into Tom Clancy's Rainbow Six: Vegas 2, and Stiller allowed his likeness to be used in the online Facebook application game based on the film. As a tie-in for the film's release, Paramount announced it would market the energy drink known in the film as \"Booty Sweat\".", "As a tie-in for the film's release, Paramount announced it would market the energy drink known in the film as \"Booty Sweat\". Michael Corcoran, Paramount's president of consumer products, commented on the release: \"We're very excited, because it has the potential to live for quite a while, well beyond the film.\" The drink was sold in college bookstores, on Amazon.com, and at other retailers.", "The drink was sold in college bookstores, on Amazon.com, and at other retailers. Faux websites and mockumentary Several faux websites were created for the main characters and some of their prior film roles. A website for Simple Jack, a faux film exhibited within the film, was removed by DreamWorks on August 4, 2008, due to protests from disability advocates.", "A website for Simple Jack, a faux film exhibited within the film, was removed by DreamWorks on August 4, 2008, due to protests from disability advocates. In addition, other promotional websites were created for \"Make Pretty Skin Clinic\", the fictitious company that performed the surgery of the film's character Kirk Lazarus, along with one for the energy drink \"Booty Sweat\". In mid-July 2008, a faux trailer for the mockumentary Rain of Madness was released.", "In mid-July 2008, a faux trailer for the mockumentary Rain of Madness was released. The mockumentary was a parody of Hearts of Darkness: A Filmmaker's Apocalypse. It follows co-writer Justin Theroux as a fictitious documentarian named Jan Jürgen documenting the behind-the-scenes aspects of the film within the film. Marketing for the faux documentary included a movie poster and an official website prior to Tropic Thunders release. The mockumentary was released on the iTunes Store after the film's release and was also included on the home video release.", "The mockumentary was released on the iTunes Store after the film's release and was also included on the home video release. Amy Powell, an advertising executive with Paramount, reflected on the timing of the release of Madness: \"We always thought that people would be talking about Tropic Thunder at the water cooler, and that's why we decided to release Rain of Madness two weeks into Tropics run—to keep this positive buzz going.\"", "Amy Powell, an advertising executive with Paramount, reflected on the timing of the release of Madness: \"We always thought that people would be talking about Tropic Thunder at the water cooler, and that's why we decided to release Rain of Madness two weeks into Tropics run—to keep this positive buzz going.\" Release Theatrical release Tropic Thunder held an early screening at the 2008 San Diego Comic-Con, two weeks before it officially premiered on August 11, 2008, at the Mann Village Theatre in Westwood, California and two days before its wide release.", "Release Theatrical release Tropic Thunder held an early screening at the 2008 San Diego Comic-Con, two weeks before it officially premiered on August 11, 2008, at the Mann Village Theatre in Westwood, California and two days before its wide release. Members of several disability groups picketed before the premiere, protesting at the portrayal of intellectual disability shown in the film. The groups revealed that it was the first time that they had ever protested together at an event.", "The groups revealed that it was the first time that they had ever protested together at an event. As a result of the protest, the normally unobstructed views of the red carpet leading to the premiere were blocked off by 10-foot (3-m)-high fences and there was an increase in the number of security personnel present. No protests were held at the United Kingdom's September premiere. The North American release was scheduled for July 11, 2008, but was delayed until August 15, before being brought forward to August 13.", "The North American release was scheduled for July 11, 2008, but was delayed until August 15, before being brought forward to August 13. As a result of the move from July, 20th Century Fox moved its family comedy Meet Dave in the open slot. The August 13 release date was also the opening weekends for the animated family film Star Wars: The Clone Wars and the horror film Mirrors.", "The August 13 release date was also the opening weekends for the animated family film Star Wars: The Clone Wars and the horror film Mirrors. Studios consider the third week of August to be a weaker performing period than earlier in the summer because of students returning to school. Previous R-rated comedies such as The 40-Year-Old Virgin and Superbad were released in mid-August and performed well at the box office.", "Previous R-rated comedies such as The 40-Year-Old Virgin and Superbad were released in mid-August and performed well at the box office. Reacting to Tropic Thunders release date, Rob Moore, vice chairman of Paramount Pictures, stated: \"For a young person at the end of summer, you want to have some fun and forget about going back to school. What better than a crazy comedy?\"", "What better than a crazy comedy?\" What better than a crazy comedy?\" Home media Tropic Thunder was released in the United States on DVD and Blu-ray on November 18, 2008, three months after its release and a week after the end of its theatrical run in the U.S. and Canada. The film was released on home video on January 26, 2009, in the United Kingdom.", "The film was released on home video on January 26, 2009, in the United Kingdom. Special features include an unrated director's cut of the film which is 12 minutes longer than the theatrical release, audio commentaries (including one featuring Stiller, Downey, and Black, with Downey providing his commentary as Lincoln Osiris, a nod to a joke in the film that Lazarus never breaks character until he completes the DVD commentary), several featurettes, deleted scenes, an alternate ending, and the Rain of Madness mockumentary.", "Special features include an unrated director's cut of the film which is 12 minutes longer than the theatrical release, audio commentaries (including one featuring Stiller, Downey, and Black, with Downey providing his commentary as Lincoln Osiris, a nod to a joke in the film that Lazarus never breaks character until he completes the DVD commentary), several featurettes, deleted scenes, an alternate ending, and the Rain of Madness mockumentary. For the film's first week of release, Tropic Thunder placed on several video charts.", "For the film's first week of release, Tropic Thunder placed on several video charts. It reached second place on the Nielsen VideoScan First Alert sales chart and Nielsen's Blu-ray Disc chart, earning $19,064,959 (not including Blu-ray sales). In rentals, it placed first on the Home Media Magazine'''s video rental chart. The DVD sales in 2008 totaled $42,271,059, placing it in 28th for DVD sales for the year. By September 2009, 2,963,000 DVD units have been sold, gathering revenue of $49,870,248.", "By September 2009, 2,963,000 DVD units have been sold, gathering revenue of $49,870,248. Reception Critical response The review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes gives the film a rating of 82% based on 252 reviews and an average rating of 7.1/10. The website's critical consensus reads, \"With biting satire, plenty of subversive humor, and an unforgettable turn by Robert Downey Jr., Tropic Thunder is a triumphant late summer comedy.\"", "The website's critical consensus reads, \"With biting satire, plenty of subversive humor, and an unforgettable turn by Robert Downey Jr., Tropic Thunder is a triumphant late summer comedy.\" Metacritic, which assigns a weighted average score from reviews by mainstream critics, gave a film score of 71 out of 100 based on 39 critics, indicating \"generally favorable reviews\".", "Metacritic, which assigns a weighted average score from reviews by mainstream critics, gave a film score of 71 out of 100 based on 39 critics, indicating \"generally favorable reviews\". After attending an industry screening in April 2008 Michael Cieply from The New York Times stated that the film was \"... shaping up as one of [DreamWorks]'s best prospects for the summer.\"", "After attending an industry screening in April 2008 Michael Cieply from The New York Times stated that the film was \"... shaping up as one of [DreamWorks]'s best prospects for the summer.\" Claudia Puig of USA Today gave the film a positive review, writing \"There are some wildly funny scenes, a few leaden ones and others that are scattershot, with humorous satire undercut by over-the-top grisliness. Still, when it's funny, it's really funny.\"", "Still, when it's funny, it's really funny.\" A review in Variety by Todd McCarthy was critical: \"Apart from startling, out-there comic turns by Robert Downey Jr. and Tom Cruise, however, the antics here are pretty thin, redundant and one-note.\" Glenn Kenny of RogerEbert.com would later call the film \"intermittently amusing but entirely smug and hateful.\"", "Glenn Kenny of RogerEbert.com would later call the film \"intermittently amusing but entirely smug and hateful.\" Rick Groen of The Globe and Mail also gave the film a negative review, calling it \"... an assault in the guise of a comedy—watching it is like getting mugged by a clown.\" J.R. Jones of Chicago Reader stated \"The rest of the movie never lives up to the hilarity of the opening, partly because the large-scale production smothers the gags but mostly because those gags are so easy to smother.\"", "J.R. Jones of Chicago Reader stated \"The rest of the movie never lives up to the hilarity of the opening, partly because the large-scale production smothers the gags but mostly because those gags are so easy to smother.\" Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times gave 3.5/4 and wrote, \"The movie is, may I say, considerably better than Stiller’s previous film, Zoolander (2001).", "Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times gave 3.5/4 and wrote, \"The movie is, may I say, considerably better than Stiller’s previous film, Zoolander (2001). It’s the kind of summer comedy that rolls in, makes a lot of people laugh and rolls on to video.\" The faux trailers before the film also received mixed reviews.", "The faux trailers before the film also received mixed reviews. David Ansen of Newsweek approved of the trailers, writing \"Tropic Thunder is the funniest movie of the summer—so funny, in fact, that you start laughing before the film itself has begun.\" Christy Lemire, writing for the Associated Press, called the trailers \"... the best part of the trip.\" Robert Wilonsky of The Village Voice was critical, saying that the trailers' comedy \"... resides in the land of the obvious, easy chuckle.\"", "Robert Wilonsky of The Village Voice was critical, saying that the trailers' comedy \"... resides in the land of the obvious, easy chuckle.\" Downey, Stiller, Black and Cruise were repeatedly singled out for praise by numerous critics, claiming that they \"stole the show\", were \"... off-the-charts hilarious ...\", and would bring viewers \"... the fondest memories of [their] work.\"", "Downey, Stiller, Black and Cruise were repeatedly singled out for praise by numerous critics, claiming that they \"stole the show\", were \"... off-the-charts hilarious ...\", and would bring viewers \"... the fondest memories of [their] work.\" Scott Feinberg, of the Los Angeles Times, criticized the concept of Downey's portrayal of an African-American, writing \"...", "Scott Feinberg, of the Los Angeles Times, criticized the concept of Downey's portrayal of an African-American, writing \"... I just can't imagine any circumstance under which a blackface performance would be acceptable, any more than I can imagine any circumstance under which the use of the N-word would be acceptable.\" Sara Vilkomerson said Cruise did \"... an astonishingly funny and surprising supporting performance.\"", "Sara Vilkomerson said Cruise did \"... an astonishingly funny and surprising supporting performance.\" Logan Hill of New York argued against Cruise's cameo saying that it \"... just makes him look a little lost and almost pathetic—shucking and jiving, trying to appeal to the younger moviegoers who are abandoning him.\" Several critics commented on the controversy over lines in the film talking about the mentally disabled. Duane Dudek of the Milwaukee Journal Sentinel wrote that the film \"... is just sophomoric enough to offend.", "Duane Dudek of the Milwaukee Journal Sentinel wrote that the film \"... is just sophomoric enough to offend. And while it is also funny, it is without the empathy or compassion to cause us to wonder why we are laughing.\" Christian Toto of The Washington Times argued against the opposition, \"Tropic Thunder is drawing fire from special interest groups for ... its frequent use of the word 'retard', but discerning audiences will know where the humor is targeted. And they'll be laughing too hard to take offense.\"", "And they'll be laughing too hard to take offense.\" Kurt Loder of MTV contrasted the opposition to the lines with Downey character portrayal of an African American, \"The scene in which the derisive Alpa Chino (Brandon T. Jackson) nails Lazarus' recitation of black-uplift homilies as nothing more than the lyrics to the Jeffersons theme is funny; but the one in which Lazarus quietly explains to Speedman that his Simple Jack character failed because he made the mistake of going 'full retard'—rather than softening his character with cuteness in the manner of Forrest Gump—is so on-the-nose accurate, it takes your breath away.\"", "Kurt Loder of MTV contrasted the opposition to the lines with Downey character portrayal of an African American, \"The scene in which the derisive Alpa Chino (Brandon T. Jackson) nails Lazarus' recitation of black-uplift homilies as nothing more than the lyrics to the Jeffersons theme is funny; but the one in which Lazarus quietly explains to Speedman that his Simple Jack character failed because he made the mistake of going 'full retard'—rather than softening his character with cuteness in the manner of Forrest Gump—is so on-the-nose accurate, it takes your breath away.\" Critics' lists In January 2009, Entertainment Weekly included Tropic Thunder in its list \"25 Great Comedies From the Past 25 Years\" for its \"spot-on skewering of Hollywood.\"", "Critics' lists In January 2009, Entertainment Weekly included Tropic Thunder in its list \"25 Great Comedies From the Past 25 Years\" for its \"spot-on skewering of Hollywood.\" The film also appeared on several critics' top ten lists of the best films of 2008. Stephen King placed it at the fourth position, calling the film \"the funniest, most daring comedy of the year.\"", "Stephen King placed it at the fourth position, calling the film \"the funniest, most daring comedy of the year.\" The Oregonians Marc Mohan, placed it sixth, and several critics placed it seventh: Elizabeth Weitzman of the New York Daily News, Premiere magazine, Mike Russell of The Oregonian, as well as Peter Hartlaub of the San Francisco Chronicle. David Ansen of Newsweek placed it eighth and Lisa Schwarzbaum of Entertainment Weekly included the film in the tenth position.", "David Ansen of Newsweek placed it eighth and Lisa Schwarzbaum of Entertainment Weekly included the film in the tenth position. Box office Stacey Snider, the chief executive of DreamWorks, suggested that the film would earn around $30 million in its opening weekend and go on to be as successful as Borat: Cultural Learnings of America for Make Benefit Glorious Nation of Kazakhstan, which earned $129 million in the U.S. and Canada and $260 million worldwide.", "Box office Stacey Snider, the chief executive of DreamWorks, suggested that the film would earn around $30 million in its opening weekend and go on to be as successful as Borat: Cultural Learnings of America for Make Benefit Glorious Nation of Kazakhstan, which earned $129 million in the U.S. and Canada and $260 million worldwide. The Dark Knight had been the number one film at the box office for the four weeks prior to the release of Tropic Thunder.", "The Dark Knight had been the number one film at the box office for the four weeks prior to the release of Tropic Thunder. Bob Thompson, a writer for the National Post, speculated that Tropic Thunders opening weekend would outperform The Dark Knight for the weekend.", "Bob Thompson, a writer for the National Post, speculated that Tropic Thunders opening weekend would outperform The Dark Knight for the weekend. In a list compiled prior to the summer's film releases, Entertainment Weekly predicted that the film would be the tenth highest-grossing film of the summer at the American box office with $142.6 million.Tropic Thunder opened in 3,319 theaters and, for its first five days of American and Canadian release, earned $36,845,588.", "In a list compiled prior to the summer's film releases, Entertainment Weekly predicted that the film would be the tenth highest-grossing film of the summer at the American box office with $142.6 million.Tropic Thunder opened in 3,319 theaters and, for its first five days of American and Canadian release, earned $36,845,588. The film placed first in the weekend's box office with $25,812,796, surpassing Star Wars: The Clone Wars and Mirrors, which debuted the same weekend.", "The film placed first in the weekend's box office with $25,812,796, surpassing Star Wars: The Clone Wars and Mirrors, which debuted the same weekend. Reacting to the film's opening receipts, DreamWorks spokesman Chip Sullivan stated \"We're thrilled, quite frankly. It played out exactly how we hoped.\" In foreign markets for the film's opening weekend, it was released in 418 Russian and 19 United Arab Emirates locations earning $2.2 million and $319,000, respectively.", "In foreign markets for the film's opening weekend, it was released in 418 Russian and 19 United Arab Emirates locations earning $2.2 million and $319,000, respectively. The film maintained its number one position at the American and Canadian box office for the following two weekends, making it the second film in 2008 (after The Dark Knight) to hold the number-one position for more than two consecutive weekends.", "The film maintained its number one position at the American and Canadian box office for the following two weekends, making it the second film in 2008 (after The Dark Knight) to hold the number-one position for more than two consecutive weekends. The film's widest release was in 3,473 theaters, placing it in the top 25 widest releases in the U.S. for 2008. For 2008, the film was the fifth-highest-grossing domestic R-rated film.", "For 2008, the film was the fifth-highest-grossing domestic R-rated film. The film's U.S. and Canada gross of over $110 million made Tropic Thunder Stiller's most successful film as a director. The film has had gross receipts of $110,515,313 in the U.S. and Canada and $85,187,498 in international markets for a total of $195,702,811 worldwide. Accolades In October 2008, Paramount chose to put end-of-year award push funds behind Tropic Thunder, and began advertising for Downey to receive a nomination by the Academy Awards for Best Supporting Actor.", "Accolades In October 2008, Paramount chose to put end-of-year award push funds behind Tropic Thunder, and began advertising for Downey to receive a nomination by the Academy Awards for Best Supporting Actor. In a November 2008 issue by Entertainment Weekly, Downey's film role was considered one of the three contenders for Best Supporting Actor.", "In a November 2008 issue by Entertainment Weekly, Downey's film role was considered one of the three contenders for Best Supporting Actor. As a way of extending the film-within-a-film \"universe\" into real life, there were at least two online \"For Your Consideration\" ads touting Downey's character, Kirk Lazarus, for Best Supporting Actor; one of these contains \"scenes\" from Satan's Alley that were not in the trailer as released in theaters.", "As a way of extending the film-within-a-film \"universe\" into real life, there were at least two online \"For Your Consideration\" ads touting Downey's character, Kirk Lazarus, for Best Supporting Actor; one of these contains \"scenes\" from Satan's Alley that were not in the trailer as released in theaters. At least one of the ads was produced by Paramount Pictures and intended for early For Your Consideration awareness for Downey's role.", "At least one of the ads was produced by Paramount Pictures and intended for early For Your Consideration awareness for Downey's role. On January 22, 2009, the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences nominated Downey for Best Supporting Actor. At the 81st Academy Awards, Downey lost to Heath Ledger for his role as The Joker in The Dark Knight.", "At the 81st Academy Awards, Downey lost to Heath Ledger for his role as The Joker in The Dark Knight. With the onset of the annual Hollywood film award season at the end of 2008, Tropic Thunder began receiving nominations and awards starting with a win for \"Hollywood Comedy of the Year Award\" at the 12th annual Hollywood Film Festival on October 27, 2008. The film was nominated for Best Motion Picture, Comedy or Musical, for the Satellite Awards.", "The film was nominated for Best Motion Picture, Comedy or Musical, for the Satellite Awards. In addition, Downey was nominated for Best Actor in a Supporting Role. The Broadcast Film Critics Association nominated Downey for Best Supporting Actor and awarded Tropic Thunder Best Comedy Movie at the BFCA's Critics' Choice Awards. Both Downey and Cruise received nominations from the Hollywood Foreign Press Association for Golden Globes for Best Supporting Actor. The Boston Society of Film Critics recognized the cast with its Best Ensemble award.", "The Boston Society of Film Critics recognized the cast with its Best Ensemble award. Downey was also nominated by both the Screen Actors Guild and the British Academy of Film and Television Arts for Best Supporting Actor awards. ControversyTropic Thunder was criticized by the disability advocacy community. The website for Simple Jack was withdrawn on August 4 amid several groups' concerns over its portrayal of intellectual disability.", "The website for Simple Jack was withdrawn on August 4 amid several groups' concerns over its portrayal of intellectual disability. A spokesman for DreamWorks said, \"We heard their concerns, and we understand that taken out of context, the site appeared to be insensitive to people with disabilities.\" A coalition of more than 20 disability advocacy groups, including the Special Olympics and the Arc of the United States, objected to the film's repeated use of the word \"retard\".", "A coalition of more than 20 disability advocacy groups, including the Special Olympics and the Arc of the United States, objected to the film's repeated use of the word \"retard\". DreamWorks offered to screen the film for the groups on August 8 to determine if it still offended them. The screening was postponed to the same day of the premiere on August 11. After representatives for the groups attended the private screening and were offended by its content, the groups picketed outside the film's premiere.", "After representatives for the groups attended the private screening and were offended by its content, the groups picketed outside the film's premiere. Timothy Shriver, the chairman of the Special Olympics, stated, \"This population struggles too much with the basics to have to struggle against Hollywood. We're sending a message that this hate speech is no longer acceptable.\" Disability advocates and others who previewed the film reported that the offensive treatment of individuals with mental disabilities was woven throughout the film's plot.", "Disability advocates and others who previewed the film reported that the offensive treatment of individuals with mental disabilities was woven throughout the film's plot. Disability advocates urged people not to see the film, claiming it is demeaning to individuals with mental disabilities and would encourage bullying.", "Disability advocates urged people not to see the film, claiming it is demeaning to individuals with mental disabilities and would encourage bullying. Stiller defended the film, stating \"We screened the movie so many times and this didn't come up until very late ... in the context of the film I think it's really clear, they were making fun of the actors and actors who try to use serious subjects to win awards.\"", "Stiller defended the film, stating \"We screened the movie so many times and this didn't come up until very late ... in the context of the film I think it's really clear, they were making fun of the actors and actors who try to use serious subjects to win awards.\" Co-writer Etan Cohen echoed Stiller's rationale: \"Some people have taken this as making fun of handicapped people, but we're really trying to make fun of the actors who use this material as fodder for acclaim.\"", "Co-writer Etan Cohen echoed Stiller's rationale: \"Some people have taken this as making fun of handicapped people, but we're really trying to make fun of the actors who use this material as fodder for acclaim.\" He went on to state that the film lampoons actors who portray intellectually disabled or autistic characters such as Dustin Hoffman in Rain Man, Tom Hanks in Forrest Gump, and Sean Penn in I Am Sam.", "He went on to state that the film lampoons actors who portray intellectually disabled or autistic characters such as Dustin Hoffman in Rain Man, Tom Hanks in Forrest Gump, and Sean Penn in I Am Sam. A DreamWorks spokesman did not directly respond to the criticism, claiming that Tropic Thunder \"... is an R-rated comedy that satirizes Hollywood and its excesses, makes its point by featuring inappropriate and over-the-top characters in ridiculous situations.\"", "A DreamWorks spokesman did not directly respond to the criticism, claiming that Tropic Thunder \"... is an R-rated comedy that satirizes Hollywood and its excesses, makes its point by featuring inappropriate and over-the-top characters in ridiculous situations.\" The film's advertising was altered, but none of the scenes in the film were edited as a result of the opposition.", "The film's advertising was altered, but none of the scenes in the film were edited as a result of the opposition. In response to the controversy, the director's cut of the DVD (but not the Blu-ray) includes a public service announcement in the special features that discourages use of the word \"retard\".", "In response to the controversy, the director's cut of the DVD (but not the Blu-ray) includes a public service announcement in the special features that discourages use of the word \"retard\". Another aspect that drew warning before the release of the movie and criticism afterwards was Robert Downey Jr. playing a white Australian actor who dons \"blackface\" as part of his method acting the role of an African-American man.", "Another aspect that drew warning before the release of the movie and criticism afterwards was Robert Downey Jr. playing a white Australian actor who dons \"blackface\" as part of his method acting the role of an African-American man. He responded by pointing out that this was a case of donning \"blackface\" in order to point out how wrong it is.", "He responded by pointing out that this was a case of donning \"blackface\" in order to point out how wrong it is. Others have point out that the wrongness of \"blackface\" is addressed within the movie itself by an actual African-American, and that the climax of movie pins on Downey Jr.'s shedding of his method acting; in this way the movie mocks, rather than embraces, both \"blackface\" and the extreme and ridiculous things method actors sometimes do for their roles.", "Others have point out that the wrongness of \"blackface\" is addressed within the movie itself by an actual African-American, and that the climax of movie pins on Downey Jr.'s shedding of his method acting; in this way the movie mocks, rather than embraces, both \"blackface\" and the extreme and ridiculous things method actors sometimes do for their roles. Some have pointed out that how the film characterized and how non-Jewish Tom Cruise portrayed the Jewish character of Les Grossman (in addition to his name, he also references the Jewish holiday of Purim) is antisemitic.", "Some have pointed out that how the film characterized and how non-Jewish Tom Cruise portrayed the Jewish character of Les Grossman (in addition to his name, he also references the Jewish holiday of Purim) is antisemitic. Critics have also referred to this performance as \"Jewface\" as early as 2008 (years before Sarah Silverman raised awareness of the term), calling it \"vulgar\" and \"exploitation\".", "Critics have also referred to this performance as \"Jewface\" as early as 2008 (years before Sarah Silverman raised awareness of the term), calling it \"vulgar\" and \"exploitation\". Reportedly, Tom Cruise was largely responsibly for the final form Les Grossman took, including using him as an additional villain, the hairiness of the character and the \"fat hands\". MusicTropic Thunders score and soundtrack were released on August 5, 2008, the week before the film's theatrical release.", "MusicTropic Thunders score and soundtrack were released on August 5, 2008, the week before the film's theatrical release. The score was composed by Theodore Shapiro and performed by the Hollywood Studio Symphony. William Ruhlmann of AllMusic gave the score a positive review, stating it is \"...an affectionate and knowing satire of the history of Hollywood action movie music, penned by an insider.\" Thomas Simpson of Soundtrack.Net called it \"...a mixture of fun, seriousness, rock n' roll and great scoring.\"", "Thomas Simpson of Soundtrack.Net called it \"...a mixture of fun, seriousness, rock n' roll and great scoring.\" Five songs, \"Cum On Feel the Noize\" by Quiet Riot, \"Sympathy for the Devil\" by The Rolling Stones, \"For What It's Worth\" by Buffalo Springfield, \"Low\" by Flo Rida and T-Pain, and \"Get Back\" by Ludacris, were not present on the soundtrack, yet did appear in the film.", "Five songs, \"Cum On Feel the Noize\" by Quiet Riot, \"Sympathy for the Devil\" by The Rolling Stones, \"For What It's Worth\" by Buffalo Springfield, \"Low\" by Flo Rida and T-Pain, and \"Get Back\" by Ludacris, were not present on the soundtrack, yet did appear in the film. The soundtrack features songs from The Temptations, MC Hammer, Creedence Clearwater Revival, Edwin Starr, and other artists.", "The soundtrack features songs from The Temptations, MC Hammer, Creedence Clearwater Revival, Edwin Starr, and other artists. The single \"Name of the Game\" by The Crystal Method featuring Ryu has an exclusive remix on the soundtrack. The soundtrack debuted 20th on Billboards Top Soundtracks list and peaked at 39th on its Top Independent Albums list.", "The soundtrack debuted 20th on Billboards Top Soundtracks list and peaked at 39th on its Top Independent Albums list. James Christopher Monger of allmusic compared the music to other film's soundtracks such as Platoon, Full Metal Jacket, and Forrest Gump'' and called it \"...a fun but slight listen that plays out like an old late-'70s K-Tel compilation with a few bonus cuts from the future.\" Spin-off Cruise reprised his character Les Grossman for the 2010 MTV Movie Awards.", "Spin-off Cruise reprised his character Les Grossman for the 2010 MTV Movie Awards. On June 9, 2010, it was announced that a spin-off film would be developed centering on Grossman. A script has been written by Michael Bacall. In March 2012, Bacall gave an update on the long-rumored Les Grossman spin-off movie, revealing that the film will attempt to uncover where Grossman's well-documented anger issues originated.", "In March 2012, Bacall gave an update on the long-rumored Les Grossman spin-off movie, revealing that the film will attempt to uncover where Grossman's well-documented anger issues originated. See also List of films featuring fictional films References External links English-language films 2008 films 2008 action comedy films 2000s satirical films American films American action comedy films American satirical films British films British action comedy films British satirical films German films English-language German films German action comedy films German satirical films Mandarin-language films Films about actors Films about filmmaking Films set in Los Angeles Films shot in Hawaii Films shot in Los Angeles Military humor in film Films about the United States Army Films directed by Ben Stiller Films produced by Ben Stiller Films with screenplays by Etan Cohen Films with screenplays by Justin Theroux Films scored by Theodore Shapiro DreamWorks Pictures films Paramount Pictures films Red Hour Productions films 2008 comedy films Torture in films Blackface minstrel shows and films" ]

[ "Tropic Thunder", "Promotion", "What is the rating of the movie?", "The Calgary Herald gave it a rating of 3/5,", "Who are the actor in the movie?", "Stiller, Downey, and Black", "When was the release of the movie?", "August 2008,", "Who produced the film?", "I don't know.", "Who is the director of the film?", "I don't know." ]

[ "Don Juan Manuel's Tales of Count Lucanor, in Spanish Libro de los ejemplos del conde Lucanor y de Patronio (Book of the Examples of Count Lucanor and of Patronio), also commonly known as El Conde Lucanor, Libro de Patronio, or Libro de los ejemplos (original Old Castilian: Libro de los enxiemplos del Conde Lucanor et de Patronio), is one of the earliest works of prose in Castilian Spanish. It was first written in 1335.\n\nThe book is divided into four parts. The first and most well-known part is a series of 51 short stories (some no more than a page or two) drawn from various sources, such as Aesop and other classical writers, and Arabic folktales.\n\nTales of Count Lucanor was first printed in 1575 when it was published at Seville under the auspices of Argote de Molina. It was again printed at Madrid in 1642, after which it lay forgotten for nearly two centuries.\n\nPurpose and structure\n\nA didactic, moralistic purpose, which would color so much of the Spanish literature to follow (see Novela picaresca), is the mark of this book. Count Lucanor engages in conversation with his advisor Patronio, putting to him a problem (\"Some man has made me a proposition...\" or \"I fear that such and such person intends to...\") and asking for advice. Patronio responds always with the greatest humility, claiming not to wish to offer advice to so illustrious a person as the Count, but offering to tell him a story of which the Count's problem reminds him. (Thus, the stories are \"examples\" [ejemplos] of wise action.) At the end he advises the Count to do as the protagonist of his story did.\n\nEach chapter ends in more or less the same way, with slight variations on: \"And this pleased the Count greatly and he did just so, and found it well. And Don Johán (Juan) saw that this example was very good, and had it written in this book, and composed the following verses.\" A rhymed couplet closes, giving the moral of the story.\n\nOrigin of stories and influence on later literature\nMany of the stories written in the book are the first examples written in a modern European language of various stories, which many other writers would use in the proceeding centuries. Many of the stories he included were themselves derived from other stories, coming from western and Arab sources.\n\nShakespeare's The Taming of the Shrew has the basic elements of Tale 35, \"What Happened to a Young Man Who Married a Strong and Ill-tempered Woman\".\n\nTale 32, \"What Happened to the King and the Tricksters Who Made Cloth\" tells the story that Hans Christian Andersen made popular as The Emperor's New Clothes.\n\nStory 7, \"What Happened to a Woman Named Truhana\", a version of Aesop's The Milkmaid and Her Pail, was claimed by Max Müller to originate in the Hindu cycle Panchatantra.\n\nTale 2, \"What happened to a good Man and his Son, leading a beast to market,\" is the familiar fable The miller, his son and the donkey.\n\nIn 2016, Baroque Decay released a game under the name \"The Count Lucanor\". As well as some protagonists' names, certain events from the books inspired past events in the game.\n\nThe stories\n\nThe book opens with a prologue which introduces the characters of the Count and Patronio. The titles in the following list are those given in Keller and Keating's 1977 translation into English. James York's 1868 translation into English gives a significantly different ordering of the stories and omits the fifty-first.\n\n What Happened to a King and His Favorite \n What Happened to a Good Man and His Son \n How King Richard of England Leapt into the Sea against the Moors\n What a Genoese Said to His Soul When He Was about to Die \n What Happened to a Fox and a Crow Who Had a Piece of Cheese in His Beak\n How the Swallow Warned the Other Birds When She Saw Flax Being Sown \n What Happened to a Woman Named Truhana \n What Happened to a Man Whose Liver Had to Be Washed \n What Happened to Two Horses Which Were Thrown to the Lion \n What Happened to a Man Who on Account of Poverty and Lack of Other Food Was Eating Bitter Lentils \n What Happened to a Dean of Santiago de Compostela and Don Yllán, the Grand Master of Toledo\n What Happened to the Fox and the Rooster \n What Happened to a Man Who Was Hunting Partridges \n The Miracle of Saint Dominick When He Preached against the Usurer \n What Happened to Lorenzo Suárez at the Siege of Seville \n The Reply that count Fernán González Gave to His Relative Núño Laynes \n What Happened to a Very Hungry Man Who Was Half-heartedly Invited to Dinner \n What Happened to Pero Meléndez de Valdés When He Broke His Leg \n What Happened to the Crows and the Owls \n What Happened to a King for Whom a Man Promised to Perform Alchemy \n What Happened to a Young King and a Philosopher to Whom his Father Commended Him \n What Happened to the Lion and the Bull \n How the Ants Provide for Themselves \n What Happened to the King Who Wanted to Test His Three Sons \n What Happened to the Count of Provence and How He Was Freed from Prison by the Advice of Saladin\n What Happened to the Tree of Lies \n What Happened to an Emperor and to Don Alvarfáñez Minaya and Their Wives \n What Happened in Granada to Don Lorenzo Suárez Gallinato When He Beheaded the Renegade Chaplain \n What Happened to a Fox Who Lay down in the Street to Play Dead \n What Happened to King Abenabet of Seville and Ramayquía His Wife \n How a Cardinal Judged between the Canons of Paris and the Friars Minor \n What Happened to the King and the Tricksters Who Made Cloth \n What Happened to Don Juan Manuel's Saker Falcon and an Eagle and a Heron \n What Happened to a Blind Man Who Was Leading Another \n What Happened to a Young Man Who Married a Strong and Ill-tempered Woman\n What Happened to a Merchant When He Found His Son and His Wife Sleeping Together \n What Happened to Count Fernán González with His Men after He Had Won the Battle of Hacinas \n What Happened to a Man Who Was Loaded down with Precious Stones and Drowned in the River \n What Happened to a Man and a Swallow and a Sparrow \n Why the Seneschal of Carcassonne Lost His Soul \n What Happened to a King of Córdova Named Al-Haquem \n What Happened to a Woman of Sham Piety \n What Happened to Good and Evil and the Wise Man and the Madman \n What Happened to Don Pero Núñez the Loyal, to Don Ruy González de Zavallos, and to Don Gutier Roiz de Blaguiello with Don Rodrigo the Generous \n What Happened to a Man Who Became the Devil's Friend and Vassal \n What Happened to a Philosopher who by Accident Went down a Street Where Prostitutes Lived \n What Befell a Moor and His Sister Who Pretended That She Was Timid \n What Happened to a Man Who Tested His Friends \n What Happened to the Man Whom They Cast out Naked on an Island When They Took away from Him the Kingdom He Ruled \n What Happened to Saladin and a Lady, the Wife of a Knight Who Was His Vassal \n What Happened to a Christian King Who Was Very Powerful and Haughty\n\nReferences\n\nNotes\n\nBibliography\n\n Sturm, Harlan\n\n Wacks, David\n\nExternal links\n\nThe Internet Archive provides free access to the 1868 translation by James York.\nJSTOR has the to the 1977 translation by Keller and Keating.\nSelections in English and Spanish (pedagogical edition) with introduction, notes, and bibliography in Open Iberia/América (open access teaching anthology)\n\n14th-century books\nSpanish literature\n1335 books", "The UWF Heavyweight Championship was the premier title in the Universal Wrestling Federation owned by Bill Watts. When Mid-South Wrestling Association changed its name to the UWF, the Mid-South North American Championship was retired and a tournament was held to crown a new UWF Heavyweight Champion. When Jim Crockett Promotions purchased the UWF, the title was defended in Crockett for a while and was then retired. \n\nIt should not be confused with the UWF Heavyweight Championship that was defended in the Universal Wrestling Federation promotion owned by Herb Abrams. That title and promotion began several years after Watts' promotion was sold.\n\nTitle history\n\nReferences\n\nUniversal Wrestling Federation (Bill Watts) championships\nHeavyweight wrestling championships" ]

[ "Tropic Thunder is a 2008 action-comedy film directed by Ben Stiller, who wrote the screenplay with Justin Theroux and Etan Cohen. The film stars Stiller, Jack Black, Robert Downey Jr., Jay Baruchel, and Brandon T. Jackson as a group of prima donna actors making a Vietnam War film. When their frustrated director (Steve Coogan) drops them in the middle of a jungle, they are forced to rely on their acting skills to survive the real action and danger.", "When their frustrated director (Steve Coogan) drops them in the middle of a jungle, they are forced to rely on their acting skills to survive the real action and danger. Tropic Thunder parodies many famous war films, specifically those based on the Vietnam War. The ensemble cast includes Tom Cruise, Nick Nolte, Danny McBride, Matthew McConaughey, and Bill Hader. Stiller developed Tropic Thunder premise during the production of Empire of the Sun in the spring of 1987, and later enlisted Theroux and Cohen to complete a script.", "Stiller developed Tropic Thunder premise during the production of Empire of the Sun in the spring of 1987, and later enlisted Theroux and Cohen to complete a script. The film was green-lit in 2006, and was produced by Stuart Cornfeld, Stiller, and Eric McLeod for Red Hour Productions and DreamWorks Pictures as an international co-production between the United States, Germany and the United Kingdom. Filming took place in 2007 on the Hawaiian island of Kaua'i over thirteen weeks and was the largest film production in the island's history.", "Filming took place in 2007 on the Hawaiian island of Kaua'i over thirteen weeks and was the largest film production in the island's history. The extensive marketing campaign included faux websites for the three main characters and their fictional films, a fictional television special, and selling the energy drink advertised in the film, \"Booty Sweat\". Paramount Pictures and DreamWorks released Tropic Thunder in the US on August 13, 2008. It received generally positive reviews for its characters, story, faux trailers, and cast performances.", "It received generally positive reviews for its characters, story, faux trailers, and cast performances. However, the depiction of the mentally handicapped and use of blackface makeup attracted controversy. The film opened at the top of the American box office and retained the number-one position for three consecutive weeks, ultimately grossing more than $195 million worldwide before its release on home media on November 18, 2008.", "The film opened at the top of the American box office and retained the number-one position for three consecutive weeks, ultimately grossing more than $195 million worldwide before its release on home media on November 18, 2008. Downey was nominated for an Academy Award, a BAFTA Award, and a Screen Actors Guild Award, while both he and Cruise received nominations for a Golden Globe Award. Plot Hook-handed Vietnam veteran Staff Sergeant John \"Four Leaf\" Tayback's memoir Tropic Thunder is being made into a film.", "Plot Hook-handed Vietnam veteran Staff Sergeant John \"Four Leaf\" Tayback's memoir Tropic Thunder is being made into a film. With the exception of newcomer supporting actor Kevin Sandusky, the cast—fading action hero Tugg Speedman, overbearing five-time Academy Award-winning Australian method actor Kirk Lazarus, loudmouthed rapper Alpa Chino, and drug-addicted comedian Jeff Portnoy—all cause problems for the inexperienced director Damien Cockburn, who cannot control them, resulting in a million-dollar pyrotechnics scene being wasted.", "With the exception of newcomer supporting actor Kevin Sandusky, the cast—fading action hero Tugg Speedman, overbearing five-time Academy Award-winning Australian method actor Kirk Lazarus, loudmouthed rapper Alpa Chino, and drug-addicted comedian Jeff Portnoy—all cause problems for the inexperienced director Damien Cockburn, who cannot control them, resulting in a million-dollar pyrotechnics scene being wasted. With the project months behind schedule, studio executive Les Grossman gives Damien an ultimatum: get the cast under control or the project will be cancelled.", "With the project months behind schedule, studio executive Les Grossman gives Damien an ultimatum: get the cast under control or the project will be cancelled. On Four Leaf's advice, Damien drops the actors into the middle of the jungle, with hidden cameras and rigged special effects explosions to film \"guerrilla-style\". The actors have guns that fire blanks, along with a map and scene listing that will lead to a helicopter waiting at the end of the route.", "The actors have guns that fire blanks, along with a map and scene listing that will lead to a helicopter waiting at the end of the route. Unknown to the actors and production, the group have been dropped in the middle of the Golden Triangle, the home of the heroin-producing Flaming Dragon gang. Just as the group is about to set off, Damien inadvertently steps on an old land mine and is blown up, stunning the actors.", "Just as the group is about to set off, Damien inadvertently steps on an old land mine and is blown up, stunning the actors. Tugg, believing Damien faked his death to encourage the cast to give better performances, assures the others that Damien is alive, and that they are still shooting the film. Kirk is unconvinced but joins them in their trek through the jungle just to get out of the jungle.", "Kirk is unconvinced but joins them in their trek through the jungle just to get out of the jungle. When Four Leaf and pyrotechnics operator Cody Underwood try to locate the deceased director, they are captured by Flaming Dragon. Four Leaf is revealed to have hands; he confesses to Underwood that he actually served in the Coast Guard, has never left the United States, and that he wrote his \"memoir\" as a tribute.", "Four Leaf is revealed to have hands; he confesses to Underwood that he actually served in the Coast Guard, has never left the United States, and that he wrote his \"memoir\" as a tribute. As the actors continue through the jungle, Kirk, who has become convinced that Tugg's ineptitude is putting them in jeopardy, and Kevin, the only actor who bothered to properly prepare for his role, discover that Tugg is leading them in the wrong direction.", "As the actors continue through the jungle, Kirk, who has become convinced that Tugg's ineptitude is putting them in jeopardy, and Kevin, the only actor who bothered to properly prepare for his role, discover that Tugg is leading them in the wrong direction. The resulting argument results in Kirk leading the rest of the cast back toward the resort they are staying at as an increasingly delirious Tugg is captured by Flaming Dragon. Taken to their base, Tugg believes it is a POW camp from the script.", "Taken to their base, Tugg believes it is a POW camp from the script. The gang discovers he is the star of their favorite film, the box-office bomb Simple Jack, and force him to reenact it several times a day, leading him to become brainwashed. Meanwhile, in Los Angeles, Tugg's agent Rick 'Pecker' Peck confronts Les over an unfulfilled term in Tugg's contract that entitles him to a TiVo.", "Meanwhile, in Los Angeles, Tugg's agent Rick 'Pecker' Peck confronts Les over an unfulfilled term in Tugg's contract that entitles him to a TiVo. Flaming Dragon calls during the discussion and demands a ransom for Tugg, but Les instead delivers a profanity-laden death threat. Les is uninterested in rescuing Tugg and is instead delighted at the prospect of a large insurance payout if Tugg dies. He attempts to convince Pecker to play along by promising a Gulfstream V jet and \"lots of money\".", "He attempts to convince Pecker to play along by promising a Gulfstream V jet and \"lots of money\". Kirk, Alpa, Jeff, and Kevin discover Flaming Dragon's heroin factory. After witnessing Tugg being tortured, they plan a rescue attempt based on the film's script.", "After witnessing Tugg being tortured, they plan a rescue attempt based on the film's script. Kirk impersonates a farmer towing a \"captured\" Jeff on the back of a water buffalo, distracting the armed guards so Alpa and Kevin can infiltrate and find the prisoners, but a combination of broken Mandarin Chinese and inconsistencies in his story sets off the gang's boss. The actors, knowing their cover has been blown, begin firing, fooling the gang members into surrender.", "The actors, knowing their cover has been blown, begin firing, fooling the gang members into surrender. Their control of the gang falls apart when Jeff grabs the leader and heads for the drugs, and the gang, realizing the guns fire blanks, recover their guns and fight back. The four actors locate Four Leaf, Cody, and Tugg and cross a bridge rigged to explode to get to Underwood's helicopter.", "The four actors locate Four Leaf, Cody, and Tugg and cross a bridge rigged to explode to get to Underwood's helicopter. Tugg initially remains behind, believing Flaming Dragon to be his \"family,\" but runs back screaming, chased by an angry horde. Four Leaf destroys the bridge, rescuing Tugg, but as the helicopter takes off, the gang boss fires an RPG at the helicopter. Rick unexpectedly stumbles out of the jungle and saves them by throwing a TiVo box into the path of the grenade.", "Rick unexpectedly stumbles out of the jungle and saves them by throwing a TiVo box into the path of the grenade. The crew return to Hollywood and footage from the hidden cameras is compiled into the feature film Tropic Blunder, which becomes a major critical and commercial success. The film wins Tugg his first Academy Award, which Kirk presents to him at the ceremony.", "The film wins Tugg his first Academy Award, which Kirk presents to him at the ceremony. Cast Ben Stiller as Tugg Speedman: Once the highest-paid, highest-grossing action film star ever due to his Scorcher franchise, his career has stalled, and he now has a reputation for appearing in nothing but box office bombs. After drawing negative coverage for his portrayal in Simple Jack, in which he plays a mentally-challenged farm boy, he takes the role of Four Leaf Tayback in an attempt to save his career.", "After drawing negative coverage for his portrayal in Simple Jack, in which he plays a mentally-challenged farm boy, he takes the role of Four Leaf Tayback in an attempt to save his career. Tugg's faux trailer at the film's start is a preview for Scorcher VI: Global Meltdown, the latest in his series and a spoof of long-running summer action blockbuster franchises. Jack Black as Jeff Portnoy: A drug-addicted comedian-actor well known for portraying multiple parts in films that rely on toilet humor, particularly jokes about flatulence.", "Jack Black as Jeff Portnoy: A drug-addicted comedian-actor well known for portraying multiple parts in films that rely on toilet humor, particularly jokes about flatulence. In the film-within-a-film, he plays a raspy-voiced soldier named Fats. He fears he is only considered an actor because of his farts and nothing else.", "He fears he is only considered an actor because of his farts and nothing else. Portnoy's faux trailer for juvenile family comedy The Fatties: Fart 2, about a family (with each member played by Portnoy) which enjoys passing gas, spoofs Eddie Murphy's portrayal of multiple characters in films such as Nutty Professor II: The Klumps.", "Portnoy's faux trailer for juvenile family comedy The Fatties: Fart 2, about a family (with each member played by Portnoy) which enjoys passing gas, spoofs Eddie Murphy's portrayal of multiple characters in films such as Nutty Professor II: The Klumps. Robert Downey Jr. as Kirk Lazarus: An Australian method actor and five-time Academy Award winner, Lazarus had a controversial \"pigmentation alteration\" surgery to temporarily darken his skin for his portrayal of the black character, Staff Sergeant Lincoln Osiris.", "Robert Downey Jr. as Kirk Lazarus: An Australian method actor and five-time Academy Award winner, Lazarus had a controversial \"pigmentation alteration\" surgery to temporarily darken his skin for his portrayal of the black character, Staff Sergeant Lincoln Osiris. Lazarus refuses to break character until he has recorded the DVD commentary for a part and only speaks in his character's African American Vernacular English.", "Lazarus refuses to break character until he has recorded the DVD commentary for a part and only speaks in his character's African American Vernacular English. Lazarus's faux trailer, Satan's Alley, is about two gay monks in a 12th-century Irish monastery, parodying films like Brokeback Mountain and Downey's own scenes with Tobey Maguire (who in a cameo portrays himself playing the other monk) in Wonder Boys. Downey said he modeled Lazarus on three actors: Russell Crowe, Daniel Day-Lewis and Colin Farrell.", "Downey said he modeled Lazarus on three actors: Russell Crowe, Daniel Day-Lewis and Colin Farrell. Lazarus was originally intended to be Irish, but Downey felt more comfortable using an Australian accent, since he had portrayed an Australian character in Natural Born Killers. Nick Nolte as Four Leaf Tayback: The author of Tropic Thunder, a fake memoir of his war experiences on which the film-within-a-film is based.", "Nick Nolte as Four Leaf Tayback: The author of Tropic Thunder, a fake memoir of his war experiences on which the film-within-a-film is based. He suggests the idea of dropping the actors in the middle of the jungle to get them looking and feeling like soldiers lost in a foreign land. Matthew McConaughey as Rick \"The Pecker\" Peck: Speedman's extremely devoted agent and best friend. Steve Coogan as Damien Cockburn: The inexperienced British film director who is unable to control the actors in the film.", "Steve Coogan as Damien Cockburn: The inexperienced British film director who is unable to control the actors in the film. The character was partly inspired by Richard Stanley, and his experience of directing the 1996 film The Island of Dr. Moreau, with Val Kilmer and Marlon Brando. Jay Baruchel as Kevin Sandusky: A novice actor, he is the only cast member to have read the script and book and attended the assigned boot camp prior to the film. Sandusky plays a young soldier named Brooklyn in the film-within-a-film.", "Sandusky plays a young soldier named Brooklyn in the film-within-a-film. Brooklyn and Sandusky each occupy the position of straight man in character in the film-within-a-film and its cast, being the only actor without an internal conflict or deep-seated insecurity. He often serves as a mediator when tensions between the cast get high. Danny McBride as Cody: The film's explosives expert and helicopter pilot. He has developed a reputation for being a dangerous pyromaniac after an incident while working on Freaky Friday nearly blinded Jamie Lee Curtis.", "He has developed a reputation for being a dangerous pyromaniac after an incident while working on Freaky Friday nearly blinded Jamie Lee Curtis. Brandon T. Jackson as Alpa Chino: A closeted homosexual rapper who is attempting to cross over into acting, portraying a soldier named Motown, while promoting his \"Bust-A-Nut\" candy bar and \"Booty Sweat\" energy drink. He feels his image as a rapper would not allow him to be openly gay. His name is a play on Al Pacino.", "His name is a play on Al Pacino. His name is a play on Al Pacino. Kevin Hart turned down the role because he did not want to play a gay character. Bill Hader as Studio Executive Rob Slolom: Grossman's assistant and right-hand man. Brandon Soo Hoo as Tran: The 12-year-old young leader of the Flaming Dragon gang. The character was compared to God's Army guerrilla leaders Johnny and Luther Htoo. Reggie Lee as Byong: The second-in-command of the Flaming Dragon gang.", "Reggie Lee as Byong: The second-in-command of the Flaming Dragon gang. Trieu Tran as Tru: A dedicated soldier, and actor, in the Flaming Dragon gang. Tom Cruise as Les Grossman: The profane, ill-tempered studio executive producing Tropic Thunder. Various commentators believe he is loosely based on Scott Rudin, famous for his volcanic temper and poor treatment of others.", "Various commentators believe he is loosely based on Scott Rudin, famous for his volcanic temper and poor treatment of others. Various actors and celebrities portray themselves, including Tobey Maguire, Tyra Banks, Maria Menounos, Martin Lawrence, The Mooney Suzuki, Jason Bateman, Lance Bass, Jennifer Love Hewitt, Alicia Silverstone, Christine Taylor, Mini Anden, Anthony Ruivivar, Yvette Nicole Brown, Rachel Avery, Sean Penn, and Jon Voight.", "Various actors and celebrities portray themselves, including Tobey Maguire, Tyra Banks, Maria Menounos, Martin Lawrence, The Mooney Suzuki, Jason Bateman, Lance Bass, Jennifer Love Hewitt, Alicia Silverstone, Christine Taylor, Mini Anden, Anthony Ruivivar, Yvette Nicole Brown, Rachel Avery, Sean Penn, and Jon Voight. Co-writer Justin Theroux appears in two brief roles as a UH-1 Huey gunner and the disc jockey from Zoolander (shown in a deleted scene).", "Co-writer Justin Theroux appears in two brief roles as a UH-1 Huey gunner and the disc jockey from Zoolander (shown in a deleted scene). Production Script Stiller developed the premise for Tropic Thunder while shooting Empire of the Sun, in which he played a small part. Stiller wanted to make a film based on the actors he knew who, after taking part in boot camps to prepare for war film roles, became \"self-important\" and \"self-involved\" and appeared to believe they had been part of a real military unit.", "Stiller wanted to make a film based on the actors he knew who, after taking part in boot camps to prepare for war film roles, became \"self-important\" and \"self-involved\" and appeared to believe they had been part of a real military unit. Co-writer Theroux revealed that the initial script concept was to have actors go to a mock boot camp and return with posttraumatic stress disorder.", "Co-writer Theroux revealed that the initial script concept was to have actors go to a mock boot camp and return with posttraumatic stress disorder. The final script was developed to satirize Vietnam War films such as Apocalypse Now, Rambo, Missing in Action, Platoon, Full Metal Jacket, Hamburger Hill, and The Deer Hunter. Theroux pointed out that since viewers had an increased awareness of the inner workings of Hollywood due to celebrity websites and Hollywood news sources, the script was easier to write.", "Theroux pointed out that since viewers had an increased awareness of the inner workings of Hollywood due to celebrity websites and Hollywood news sources, the script was easier to write. Dialogue for unscripted portions of the storyboard was developed on set by the actors or was improvised. Casting Stiller's original plan was cast Keanu Reeves as Tugg Speedman and himself as Rick Peck. Etan Cohen created the role of Kirk Lazarus as a way of lampooning the great lengths that some method actors go to depict a role.", "Etan Cohen created the role of Kirk Lazarus as a way of lampooning the great lengths that some method actors go to depict a role. Downey was approached by Stiller about the part while on vacation in Hawaii. Downey said on CBS' The Early Show that his first reaction was, \"This is the stupidest idea I've ever heard!\" and that Stiller responded, \"Yeah, I know – isn't it great?\"", "and that Stiller responded, \"Yeah, I know – isn't it great?\" In another interview, Downey said that he accepted the part but, having no idea where or even how to start building the character of Lazarus, eventually settled on a jive-esque speech pattern and a ragged bass voice; he then auditioned Lazarus' voice over the phone to Stiller, who approved the characterization immediately. Downey revealed that he modeled the character on actors Russell Crowe, Colin Farrell, and Daniel Day-Lewis.", "Downey revealed that he modeled the character on actors Russell Crowe, Colin Farrell, and Daniel Day-Lewis. The initial script was written for Downey's character to be Irish, but was altered after Downey stated he could improvise better as an Australian (he had previously played a similar outlandish Australian character in the film Natural Born Killers). Downey's practice of remaining in character between takes and even off the film set was also written into the script for his character to perform.", "Downey's practice of remaining in character between takes and even off the film set was also written into the script for his character to perform. Downey required between one and a half to two hours of make-up application. According to Downey, \"One makeup artist would start on one side of my face and a second makeup artist would start on the other side, and then they'd meet in the middle.\"", "According to Downey, \"One makeup artist would start on one side of my face and a second makeup artist would start on the other side, and then they'd meet in the middle.\" Downey acknowledged the potential controversy over his role: \"At the end of the day, it's always about how well you commit to the character.", "Downey acknowledged the potential controversy over his role: \"At the end of the day, it's always about how well you commit to the character. If I didn't feel it was morally sound, or that it would be easily misinterpreted that I'm just C. Thomas Howell [in Soul Man], I would've stayed home.\" Co-star Brandon T. Jackson stated: \"When I first read the script, I was like: What? Blackface?", "Blackface? Blackface? But when I saw him [act] he, like, became a black man ... It was just good acting. It was weird on the set because he would keep going with the character. He's a method actor.\" Stiller commented on Downey's portrayal of a white actor playing a black man: \"When people see the movie – in the context of the film, he's playing a method actor who's gone to great lengths to play a black guy.", "Stiller commented on Downey's portrayal of a white actor playing a black man: \"When people see the movie – in the context of the film, he's playing a method actor who's gone to great lengths to play a black guy. The movie is skewering actors and how they take themselves so seriously.\" Stiller previewed the film before the NAACP, and several black journalists reacted positively to the character. Cruise was initially set to cameo as Stiller's character's agent, Rick Peck.", "Cruise was initially set to cameo as Stiller's character's agent, Rick Peck. Instead, Cruise suggested adding a studio head character, and the idea was incorporated into the script. Stiller and Cruise worked together to create the new character, Les Grossman, as a middle-aged businessman. The role required that Cruise don a fatsuit, large prosthetic hands, and a bald cap. It was Cruise's idea to give the character large hands and dance to \"Low\".", "It was Cruise's idea to give the character large hands and dance to \"Low\". Stiller intended to keep Cruise's role a secret until the film's release. In addition, Paramount Pictures refused to release promotional pictures of Cruise's character to the media. In November 2007, images of Cruise wearing a bald headpiece and a fatsuit appeared on Inside Edition, as well as on the Internet. Cruise's attorneys threatened a lawsuit if photos showing Cruise in costume were published.", "Cruise's attorneys threatened a lawsuit if photos showing Cruise in costume were published. They approached various sites that were hosting the image and quickly had it removed. A representative for Cruise stated: \"Mr. Cruise's appearance was supposed to be a surprise for his fans worldwide. Paparazzi have ruined what should have been a fun discovery for moviegoers.\"", "Paparazzi have ruined what should have been a fun discovery for moviegoers.\" The photography agency INF, who debuted the image, responded with a statement: \"While these pictures were taken without breaking any criminal or civil laws, we've decided to pull them from circulation effective immediately.\" Serving as a last-minute replacement, Tobey Maguire was available to be on set for only two hours to film his scenes in Satan's Alley.", "Serving as a last-minute replacement, Tobey Maguire was available to be on set for only two hours to film his scenes in Satan's Alley. Downey said he was amazed Maguire would agree to do the film and felt like they were creating a \"karmic pay-off\" for their scenes together in the 2000 film Wonder Boys, where Downey's character has a one-night stand with Maguire's character. After Cruise vacated the role of Rick Peck, Owen Wilson was cast to play the part.", "After Cruise vacated the role of Rick Peck, Owen Wilson was cast to play the part. Following his suicide attempt in August 2007, Wilson dropped out of the film and was replaced by Matthew McConaughey. Filming Although Southern California and Mexico were considered for the main unit filming, the Hawaiian island of Kaua'i (where Stiller has a home) was selected for the majority of the shooting. Kaua'i was chosen over Mexico because a tax credit for in-state spending was negotiated with the Kaua'i Film Commission.", "Kaua'i was chosen over Mexico because a tax credit for in-state spending was negotiated with the Kaua'i Film Commission. John Toll, the cinematographer, stated the island was also selected for its similarity to Vietnam, based on its dense foliage, variety of terrains, and weather. Kaua'i was first scouted as a possible location to film Tropic Thunder in 2004. Stiller spent more than 25 hours over 6 weeks exploring the island, using all-terrain vehicles, boats, and helicopters.", "Stiller spent more than 25 hours over 6 weeks exploring the island, using all-terrain vehicles, boats, and helicopters. After the film was greenlit by DreamWorks in 2006, pre-production lasted for six months, most of this time spent on scouting additional locations for filming. Filming for the Los Angeles and interior scenes occurred on sets at Universal Studios in Hollywood. Tropic Thunder was the first major studio production on Kaua'i in five years.", "Tropic Thunder was the first major studio production on Kaua'i in five years. After filming was completed, it was deemed the largest production filmed on the island to date, and contributed more than $60 million to the local economy. Tim Ryan, the executive editor of Hawaii Film & Video Magazine, commented on the filming on the island: \"I think Tropic Thunder will give Kaua'i much needed and long idled publicity in the production arena ... It should put Kaua'i back on the production consideration radar.\"", "It should put Kaua'i back on the production consideration radar.\" Preliminary production crews were on the island starting in December 2006 and principal photography began in July 2007, with filming lasting thirteen weeks over seven separate locations on the island. Much of the filming took place on private land as well as conservation status designated areas. Casting calls on the island sought 500 residents to portray the villagers in the film. Two units shot simultaneously on the island from the ground, and an aerial unit shot from helicopters.", "Two units shot simultaneously on the island from the ground, and an aerial unit shot from helicopters. Many of the sets and the bridge used for one of the final scenes were built in three months. The island's erratic weather hampered filming with rain and lighting issues. The crew also faced complications in moving the equipment and cast due to the difficult terrain. The film advising company Warriors Inc. was enlisted to ensure the war scenes, including the attire worn by the actors, looked authentic.", "The film advising company Warriors Inc. was enlisted to ensure the war scenes, including the attire worn by the actors, looked authentic. Former members of the U.S. military taught the actors how to handle, fire, and reload their weapons, as well as perform various tactical movements. The opening war scene was filmed over three weeks and required fifty stuntmen. Animatics were used to map out the necessary camera angles for filming. Effects Six companies working on different scenes and elements created 500 shots of visual effects in the film.", "Effects Six companies working on different scenes and elements created 500 shots of visual effects in the film. These were at times altered weekly due to the reactions of test audiences in screenings. CIS Visual Effects Group assisted with the Scorcher VI faux trailer and twenty additional shots for the home media release. To expand on the comedy in the film, some of the explosions and crashes were embellished to look more destructive.", "To expand on the comedy in the film, some of the explosions and crashes were embellished to look more destructive. The visual effects supervisor Michael Fink reflected on the exaggerated explosions: \"We worked really hard to make the CG crashing helicopter in the hot landing sequence look real. Ben was adamant about that, but at the same time he wanted the explosion to be huge. When you see it hit the ground, it was like it was filled with gasoline!", "When you see it hit the ground, it was like it was filled with gasoline! It was the same thing with Ben's sergeant character, who almost intercepts a hand grenade ... Now, I was in the Army for three years and no hand grenade would make an explosion like that ... But it was a big dramatic moment and it looks really cool ... and feels kind of real.\"", "But it was a big dramatic moment and it looks really cool ... and feels kind of real.\" Filming the large napalm explosion in the opening scene of the film required a 450-foot (137-meter) row of explosive pots containing 1,100 gallons (4,165 liters) of gasoline and diesel fuel. All the palm trees used in the explosion were moved to the specific location after the crew determined the impact of the lighting and necessary camera angles.", "All the palm trees used in the explosion were moved to the specific location after the crew determined the impact of the lighting and necessary camera angles. Due to the size and cost of the 1.25-second explosion, it was performed only once and was captured by twelve cameras. For the safety of the crew and cast, the detonators were added one hour before the explosion and nobody was allowed to be within during detonation. The explosion was made up of twelve individual explosions and resulted in a mushroom cloud that reached in the air.", "The explosion was made up of twelve individual explosions and resulted in a mushroom cloud that reached in the air. For the scene in the film, Danny McBride's character, Cody Underwood, was the only actor shown in the shot of the explosion. All the other characters were added digitally. The explosion of the bridge in one of the final scenes used nine cameras to capture the shot, and the crew was required to be away for their safety. Promotion A trailer for the film was released in April 2008.", "Promotion A trailer for the film was released in April 2008. The Calgary Herald gave it a rating of 3/5, commenting: \"This could either be good or very, very bad.\" Gary Susman of Entertainment Weekly questioned whether the film would \"... turn into precisely the kind of bloated action monstrosity that it's making fun of.\" The trailer received the \"Best Comedy Trailer\" award at the 9th annual Golden Trailer Awards.", "The trailer received the \"Best Comedy Trailer\" award at the 9th annual Golden Trailer Awards. DreamWorks also released a red band trailer, the first of its kind used by the studio to promote one of its films. Stiller, Downey, and Black appeared on the seventh-season finale of American Idol in a sketch as The Pips performing with Gladys Knight (via archival footage).", "Stiller, Downey, and Black appeared on the seventh-season finale of American Idol in a sketch as The Pips performing with Gladys Knight (via archival footage). The three actors also later performed a sketch at the 2008 MTV Movie Awards which featured the actors attempting to create a successful viral video to promote the film with awkward results. In September 2008, Stiller and Downey attended the San Sebastián International Film Festival to promote the film.", "In September 2008, Stiller and Downey attended the San Sebastián International Film Festival to promote the film. A screening was shown, but it was not chosen to compete against the other films at the festival. Between April 2008 and the film's commercial release in August 2008, the film had over 250 promotional screenings. On August 3, 2008, Stiller, Downey, and Black visited Camp Pendleton, a U.S. Marine Corps base in California, to present a screening to over a thousand military members and their families.", "On August 3, 2008, Stiller, Downey, and Black visited Camp Pendleton, a U.S. Marine Corps base in California, to present a screening to over a thousand military members and their families. The screening was on behalf of the United Service Organizations and included the actors heading to the screening by helicopter and Humvees. On August 8, 2008, a special 30-minute fictional E! True Hollywood Story aired about the making of Tropic Thunder.", "True Hollywood Story aired about the making of Tropic Thunder. In video games, a themed scavenger hunt was incorporated into Tom Clancy's Rainbow Six: Vegas 2, and Stiller allowed his likeness to be used in the online Facebook application game based on the film. As a tie-in for the film's release, Paramount announced it would market the energy drink known in the film as \"Booty Sweat\".", "As a tie-in for the film's release, Paramount announced it would market the energy drink known in the film as \"Booty Sweat\". Michael Corcoran, Paramount's president of consumer products, commented on the release: \"We're very excited, because it has the potential to live for quite a while, well beyond the film.\" The drink was sold in college bookstores, on Amazon.com, and at other retailers.", "The drink was sold in college bookstores, on Amazon.com, and at other retailers. Faux websites and mockumentary Several faux websites were created for the main characters and some of their prior film roles. A website for Simple Jack, a faux film exhibited within the film, was removed by DreamWorks on August 4, 2008, due to protests from disability advocates.", "A website for Simple Jack, a faux film exhibited within the film, was removed by DreamWorks on August 4, 2008, due to protests from disability advocates. In addition, other promotional websites were created for \"Make Pretty Skin Clinic\", the fictitious company that performed the surgery of the film's character Kirk Lazarus, along with one for the energy drink \"Booty Sweat\". In mid-July 2008, a faux trailer for the mockumentary Rain of Madness was released.", "In mid-July 2008, a faux trailer for the mockumentary Rain of Madness was released. The mockumentary was a parody of Hearts of Darkness: A Filmmaker's Apocalypse. It follows co-writer Justin Theroux as a fictitious documentarian named Jan Jürgen documenting the behind-the-scenes aspects of the film within the film. Marketing for the faux documentary included a movie poster and an official website prior to Tropic Thunders release. The mockumentary was released on the iTunes Store after the film's release and was also included on the home video release.", "The mockumentary was released on the iTunes Store after the film's release and was also included on the home video release. Amy Powell, an advertising executive with Paramount, reflected on the timing of the release of Madness: \"We always thought that people would be talking about Tropic Thunder at the water cooler, and that's why we decided to release Rain of Madness two weeks into Tropics run—to keep this positive buzz going.\"", "Amy Powell, an advertising executive with Paramount, reflected on the timing of the release of Madness: \"We always thought that people would be talking about Tropic Thunder at the water cooler, and that's why we decided to release Rain of Madness two weeks into Tropics run—to keep this positive buzz going.\" Release Theatrical release Tropic Thunder held an early screening at the 2008 San Diego Comic-Con, two weeks before it officially premiered on August 11, 2008, at the Mann Village Theatre in Westwood, California and two days before its wide release.", "Release Theatrical release Tropic Thunder held an early screening at the 2008 San Diego Comic-Con, two weeks before it officially premiered on August 11, 2008, at the Mann Village Theatre in Westwood, California and two days before its wide release. Members of several disability groups picketed before the premiere, protesting at the portrayal of intellectual disability shown in the film. The groups revealed that it was the first time that they had ever protested together at an event.", "The groups revealed that it was the first time that they had ever protested together at an event. As a result of the protest, the normally unobstructed views of the red carpet leading to the premiere were blocked off by 10-foot (3-m)-high fences and there was an increase in the number of security personnel present. No protests were held at the United Kingdom's September premiere. The North American release was scheduled for July 11, 2008, but was delayed until August 15, before being brought forward to August 13.", "The North American release was scheduled for July 11, 2008, but was delayed until August 15, before being brought forward to August 13. As a result of the move from July, 20th Century Fox moved its family comedy Meet Dave in the open slot. The August 13 release date was also the opening weekends for the animated family film Star Wars: The Clone Wars and the horror film Mirrors.", "The August 13 release date was also the opening weekends for the animated family film Star Wars: The Clone Wars and the horror film Mirrors. Studios consider the third week of August to be a weaker performing period than earlier in the summer because of students returning to school. Previous R-rated comedies such as The 40-Year-Old Virgin and Superbad were released in mid-August and performed well at the box office.", "Previous R-rated comedies such as The 40-Year-Old Virgin and Superbad were released in mid-August and performed well at the box office. Reacting to Tropic Thunders release date, Rob Moore, vice chairman of Paramount Pictures, stated: \"For a young person at the end of summer, you want to have some fun and forget about going back to school. What better than a crazy comedy?\"", "What better than a crazy comedy?\" What better than a crazy comedy?\" Home media Tropic Thunder was released in the United States on DVD and Blu-ray on November 18, 2008, three months after its release and a week after the end of its theatrical run in the U.S. and Canada. The film was released on home video on January 26, 2009, in the United Kingdom.", "The film was released on home video on January 26, 2009, in the United Kingdom. Special features include an unrated director's cut of the film which is 12 minutes longer than the theatrical release, audio commentaries (including one featuring Stiller, Downey, and Black, with Downey providing his commentary as Lincoln Osiris, a nod to a joke in the film that Lazarus never breaks character until he completes the DVD commentary), several featurettes, deleted scenes, an alternate ending, and the Rain of Madness mockumentary.", "Special features include an unrated director's cut of the film which is 12 minutes longer than the theatrical release, audio commentaries (including one featuring Stiller, Downey, and Black, with Downey providing his commentary as Lincoln Osiris, a nod to a joke in the film that Lazarus never breaks character until he completes the DVD commentary), several featurettes, deleted scenes, an alternate ending, and the Rain of Madness mockumentary. For the film's first week of release, Tropic Thunder placed on several video charts.", "For the film's first week of release, Tropic Thunder placed on several video charts. It reached second place on the Nielsen VideoScan First Alert sales chart and Nielsen's Blu-ray Disc chart, earning $19,064,959 (not including Blu-ray sales). In rentals, it placed first on the Home Media Magazine'''s video rental chart. The DVD sales in 2008 totaled $42,271,059, placing it in 28th for DVD sales for the year. By September 2009, 2,963,000 DVD units have been sold, gathering revenue of $49,870,248.", "By September 2009, 2,963,000 DVD units have been sold, gathering revenue of $49,870,248. Reception Critical response The review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes gives the film a rating of 82% based on 252 reviews and an average rating of 7.1/10. The website's critical consensus reads, \"With biting satire, plenty of subversive humor, and an unforgettable turn by Robert Downey Jr., Tropic Thunder is a triumphant late summer comedy.\"", "The website's critical consensus reads, \"With biting satire, plenty of subversive humor, and an unforgettable turn by Robert Downey Jr., Tropic Thunder is a triumphant late summer comedy.\" Metacritic, which assigns a weighted average score from reviews by mainstream critics, gave a film score of 71 out of 100 based on 39 critics, indicating \"generally favorable reviews\".", "Metacritic, which assigns a weighted average score from reviews by mainstream critics, gave a film score of 71 out of 100 based on 39 critics, indicating \"generally favorable reviews\". After attending an industry screening in April 2008 Michael Cieply from The New York Times stated that the film was \"... shaping up as one of [DreamWorks]'s best prospects for the summer.\"", "After attending an industry screening in April 2008 Michael Cieply from The New York Times stated that the film was \"... shaping up as one of [DreamWorks]'s best prospects for the summer.\" Claudia Puig of USA Today gave the film a positive review, writing \"There are some wildly funny scenes, a few leaden ones and others that are scattershot, with humorous satire undercut by over-the-top grisliness. Still, when it's funny, it's really funny.\"", "Still, when it's funny, it's really funny.\" A review in Variety by Todd McCarthy was critical: \"Apart from startling, out-there comic turns by Robert Downey Jr. and Tom Cruise, however, the antics here are pretty thin, redundant and one-note.\" Glenn Kenny of RogerEbert.com would later call the film \"intermittently amusing but entirely smug and hateful.\"", "Glenn Kenny of RogerEbert.com would later call the film \"intermittently amusing but entirely smug and hateful.\" Rick Groen of The Globe and Mail also gave the film a negative review, calling it \"... an assault in the guise of a comedy—watching it is like getting mugged by a clown.\" J.R. Jones of Chicago Reader stated \"The rest of the movie never lives up to the hilarity of the opening, partly because the large-scale production smothers the gags but mostly because those gags are so easy to smother.\"", "J.R. Jones of Chicago Reader stated \"The rest of the movie never lives up to the hilarity of the opening, partly because the large-scale production smothers the gags but mostly because those gags are so easy to smother.\" Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times gave 3.5/4 and wrote, \"The movie is, may I say, considerably better than Stiller’s previous film, Zoolander (2001).", "Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times gave 3.5/4 and wrote, \"The movie is, may I say, considerably better than Stiller’s previous film, Zoolander (2001). It’s the kind of summer comedy that rolls in, makes a lot of people laugh and rolls on to video.\" The faux trailers before the film also received mixed reviews.", "The faux trailers before the film also received mixed reviews. David Ansen of Newsweek approved of the trailers, writing \"Tropic Thunder is the funniest movie of the summer—so funny, in fact, that you start laughing before the film itself has begun.\" Christy Lemire, writing for the Associated Press, called the trailers \"... the best part of the trip.\" Robert Wilonsky of The Village Voice was critical, saying that the trailers' comedy \"... resides in the land of the obvious, easy chuckle.\"", "Robert Wilonsky of The Village Voice was critical, saying that the trailers' comedy \"... resides in the land of the obvious, easy chuckle.\" Downey, Stiller, Black and Cruise were repeatedly singled out for praise by numerous critics, claiming that they \"stole the show\", were \"... off-the-charts hilarious ...\", and would bring viewers \"... the fondest memories of [their] work.\"", "Downey, Stiller, Black and Cruise were repeatedly singled out for praise by numerous critics, claiming that they \"stole the show\", were \"... off-the-charts hilarious ...\", and would bring viewers \"... the fondest memories of [their] work.\" Scott Feinberg, of the Los Angeles Times, criticized the concept of Downey's portrayal of an African-American, writing \"...", "Scott Feinberg, of the Los Angeles Times, criticized the concept of Downey's portrayal of an African-American, writing \"... I just can't imagine any circumstance under which a blackface performance would be acceptable, any more than I can imagine any circumstance under which the use of the N-word would be acceptable.\" Sara Vilkomerson said Cruise did \"... an astonishingly funny and surprising supporting performance.\"", "Sara Vilkomerson said Cruise did \"... an astonishingly funny and surprising supporting performance.\" Logan Hill of New York argued against Cruise's cameo saying that it \"... just makes him look a little lost and almost pathetic—shucking and jiving, trying to appeal to the younger moviegoers who are abandoning him.\" Several critics commented on the controversy over lines in the film talking about the mentally disabled. Duane Dudek of the Milwaukee Journal Sentinel wrote that the film \"... is just sophomoric enough to offend.", "Duane Dudek of the Milwaukee Journal Sentinel wrote that the film \"... is just sophomoric enough to offend. And while it is also funny, it is without the empathy or compassion to cause us to wonder why we are laughing.\" Christian Toto of The Washington Times argued against the opposition, \"Tropic Thunder is drawing fire from special interest groups for ... its frequent use of the word 'retard', but discerning audiences will know where the humor is targeted. And they'll be laughing too hard to take offense.\"", "And they'll be laughing too hard to take offense.\" Kurt Loder of MTV contrasted the opposition to the lines with Downey character portrayal of an African American, \"The scene in which the derisive Alpa Chino (Brandon T. Jackson) nails Lazarus' recitation of black-uplift homilies as nothing more than the lyrics to the Jeffersons theme is funny; but the one in which Lazarus quietly explains to Speedman that his Simple Jack character failed because he made the mistake of going 'full retard'—rather than softening his character with cuteness in the manner of Forrest Gump—is so on-the-nose accurate, it takes your breath away.\"", "Kurt Loder of MTV contrasted the opposition to the lines with Downey character portrayal of an African American, \"The scene in which the derisive Alpa Chino (Brandon T. Jackson) nails Lazarus' recitation of black-uplift homilies as nothing more than the lyrics to the Jeffersons theme is funny; but the one in which Lazarus quietly explains to Speedman that his Simple Jack character failed because he made the mistake of going 'full retard'—rather than softening his character with cuteness in the manner of Forrest Gump—is so on-the-nose accurate, it takes your breath away.\" Critics' lists In January 2009, Entertainment Weekly included Tropic Thunder in its list \"25 Great Comedies From the Past 25 Years\" for its \"spot-on skewering of Hollywood.\"", "Critics' lists In January 2009, Entertainment Weekly included Tropic Thunder in its list \"25 Great Comedies From the Past 25 Years\" for its \"spot-on skewering of Hollywood.\" The film also appeared on several critics' top ten lists of the best films of 2008. Stephen King placed it at the fourth position, calling the film \"the funniest, most daring comedy of the year.\"", "Stephen King placed it at the fourth position, calling the film \"the funniest, most daring comedy of the year.\" The Oregonians Marc Mohan, placed it sixth, and several critics placed it seventh: Elizabeth Weitzman of the New York Daily News, Premiere magazine, Mike Russell of The Oregonian, as well as Peter Hartlaub of the San Francisco Chronicle. David Ansen of Newsweek placed it eighth and Lisa Schwarzbaum of Entertainment Weekly included the film in the tenth position.", "David Ansen of Newsweek placed it eighth and Lisa Schwarzbaum of Entertainment Weekly included the film in the tenth position. Box office Stacey Snider, the chief executive of DreamWorks, suggested that the film would earn around $30 million in its opening weekend and go on to be as successful as Borat: Cultural Learnings of America for Make Benefit Glorious Nation of Kazakhstan, which earned $129 million in the U.S. and Canada and $260 million worldwide.", "Box office Stacey Snider, the chief executive of DreamWorks, suggested that the film would earn around $30 million in its opening weekend and go on to be as successful as Borat: Cultural Learnings of America for Make Benefit Glorious Nation of Kazakhstan, which earned $129 million in the U.S. and Canada and $260 million worldwide. The Dark Knight had been the number one film at the box office for the four weeks prior to the release of Tropic Thunder.", "The Dark Knight had been the number one film at the box office for the four weeks prior to the release of Tropic Thunder. Bob Thompson, a writer for the National Post, speculated that Tropic Thunders opening weekend would outperform The Dark Knight for the weekend.", "Bob Thompson, a writer for the National Post, speculated that Tropic Thunders opening weekend would outperform The Dark Knight for the weekend. In a list compiled prior to the summer's film releases, Entertainment Weekly predicted that the film would be the tenth highest-grossing film of the summer at the American box office with $142.6 million.Tropic Thunder opened in 3,319 theaters and, for its first five days of American and Canadian release, earned $36,845,588.", "In a list compiled prior to the summer's film releases, Entertainment Weekly predicted that the film would be the tenth highest-grossing film of the summer at the American box office with $142.6 million.Tropic Thunder opened in 3,319 theaters and, for its first five days of American and Canadian release, earned $36,845,588. The film placed first in the weekend's box office with $25,812,796, surpassing Star Wars: The Clone Wars and Mirrors, which debuted the same weekend.", "The film placed first in the weekend's box office with $25,812,796, surpassing Star Wars: The Clone Wars and Mirrors, which debuted the same weekend. Reacting to the film's opening receipts, DreamWorks spokesman Chip Sullivan stated \"We're thrilled, quite frankly. It played out exactly how we hoped.\" In foreign markets for the film's opening weekend, it was released in 418 Russian and 19 United Arab Emirates locations earning $2.2 million and $319,000, respectively.", "In foreign markets for the film's opening weekend, it was released in 418 Russian and 19 United Arab Emirates locations earning $2.2 million and $319,000, respectively. The film maintained its number one position at the American and Canadian box office for the following two weekends, making it the second film in 2008 (after The Dark Knight) to hold the number-one position for more than two consecutive weekends.", "The film maintained its number one position at the American and Canadian box office for the following two weekends, making it the second film in 2008 (after The Dark Knight) to hold the number-one position for more than two consecutive weekends. The film's widest release was in 3,473 theaters, placing it in the top 25 widest releases in the U.S. for 2008. For 2008, the film was the fifth-highest-grossing domestic R-rated film.", "For 2008, the film was the fifth-highest-grossing domestic R-rated film. The film's U.S. and Canada gross of over $110 million made Tropic Thunder Stiller's most successful film as a director. The film has had gross receipts of $110,515,313 in the U.S. and Canada and $85,187,498 in international markets for a total of $195,702,811 worldwide. Accolades In October 2008, Paramount chose to put end-of-year award push funds behind Tropic Thunder, and began advertising for Downey to receive a nomination by the Academy Awards for Best Supporting Actor.", "Accolades In October 2008, Paramount chose to put end-of-year award push funds behind Tropic Thunder, and began advertising for Downey to receive a nomination by the Academy Awards for Best Supporting Actor. In a November 2008 issue by Entertainment Weekly, Downey's film role was considered one of the three contenders for Best Supporting Actor.", "In a November 2008 issue by Entertainment Weekly, Downey's film role was considered one of the three contenders for Best Supporting Actor. As a way of extending the film-within-a-film \"universe\" into real life, there were at least two online \"For Your Consideration\" ads touting Downey's character, Kirk Lazarus, for Best Supporting Actor; one of these contains \"scenes\" from Satan's Alley that were not in the trailer as released in theaters.", "As a way of extending the film-within-a-film \"universe\" into real life, there were at least two online \"For Your Consideration\" ads touting Downey's character, Kirk Lazarus, for Best Supporting Actor; one of these contains \"scenes\" from Satan's Alley that were not in the trailer as released in theaters. At least one of the ads was produced by Paramount Pictures and intended for early For Your Consideration awareness for Downey's role.", "At least one of the ads was produced by Paramount Pictures and intended for early For Your Consideration awareness for Downey's role. On January 22, 2009, the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences nominated Downey for Best Supporting Actor. At the 81st Academy Awards, Downey lost to Heath Ledger for his role as The Joker in The Dark Knight.", "At the 81st Academy Awards, Downey lost to Heath Ledger for his role as The Joker in The Dark Knight. With the onset of the annual Hollywood film award season at the end of 2008, Tropic Thunder began receiving nominations and awards starting with a win for \"Hollywood Comedy of the Year Award\" at the 12th annual Hollywood Film Festival on October 27, 2008. The film was nominated for Best Motion Picture, Comedy or Musical, for the Satellite Awards.", "The film was nominated for Best Motion Picture, Comedy or Musical, for the Satellite Awards. In addition, Downey was nominated for Best Actor in a Supporting Role. The Broadcast Film Critics Association nominated Downey for Best Supporting Actor and awarded Tropic Thunder Best Comedy Movie at the BFCA's Critics' Choice Awards. Both Downey and Cruise received nominations from the Hollywood Foreign Press Association for Golden Globes for Best Supporting Actor. The Boston Society of Film Critics recognized the cast with its Best Ensemble award.", "The Boston Society of Film Critics recognized the cast with its Best Ensemble award. Downey was also nominated by both the Screen Actors Guild and the British Academy of Film and Television Arts for Best Supporting Actor awards. ControversyTropic Thunder was criticized by the disability advocacy community. The website for Simple Jack was withdrawn on August 4 amid several groups' concerns over its portrayal of intellectual disability.", "The website for Simple Jack was withdrawn on August 4 amid several groups' concerns over its portrayal of intellectual disability. A spokesman for DreamWorks said, \"We heard their concerns, and we understand that taken out of context, the site appeared to be insensitive to people with disabilities.\" A coalition of more than 20 disability advocacy groups, including the Special Olympics and the Arc of the United States, objected to the film's repeated use of the word \"retard\".", "A coalition of more than 20 disability advocacy groups, including the Special Olympics and the Arc of the United States, objected to the film's repeated use of the word \"retard\". DreamWorks offered to screen the film for the groups on August 8 to determine if it still offended them. The screening was postponed to the same day of the premiere on August 11. After representatives for the groups attended the private screening and were offended by its content, the groups picketed outside the film's premiere.", "After representatives for the groups attended the private screening and were offended by its content, the groups picketed outside the film's premiere. Timothy Shriver, the chairman of the Special Olympics, stated, \"This population struggles too much with the basics to have to struggle against Hollywood. We're sending a message that this hate speech is no longer acceptable.\" Disability advocates and others who previewed the film reported that the offensive treatment of individuals with mental disabilities was woven throughout the film's plot.", "Disability advocates and others who previewed the film reported that the offensive treatment of individuals with mental disabilities was woven throughout the film's plot. Disability advocates urged people not to see the film, claiming it is demeaning to individuals with mental disabilities and would encourage bullying.", "Disability advocates urged people not to see the film, claiming it is demeaning to individuals with mental disabilities and would encourage bullying. Stiller defended the film, stating \"We screened the movie so many times and this didn't come up until very late ... in the context of the film I think it's really clear, they were making fun of the actors and actors who try to use serious subjects to win awards.\"", "Stiller defended the film, stating \"We screened the movie so many times and this didn't come up until very late ... in the context of the film I think it's really clear, they were making fun of the actors and actors who try to use serious subjects to win awards.\" Co-writer Etan Cohen echoed Stiller's rationale: \"Some people have taken this as making fun of handicapped people, but we're really trying to make fun of the actors who use this material as fodder for acclaim.\"", "Co-writer Etan Cohen echoed Stiller's rationale: \"Some people have taken this as making fun of handicapped people, but we're really trying to make fun of the actors who use this material as fodder for acclaim.\" He went on to state that the film lampoons actors who portray intellectually disabled or autistic characters such as Dustin Hoffman in Rain Man, Tom Hanks in Forrest Gump, and Sean Penn in I Am Sam.", "He went on to state that the film lampoons actors who portray intellectually disabled or autistic characters such as Dustin Hoffman in Rain Man, Tom Hanks in Forrest Gump, and Sean Penn in I Am Sam. A DreamWorks spokesman did not directly respond to the criticism, claiming that Tropic Thunder \"... is an R-rated comedy that satirizes Hollywood and its excesses, makes its point by featuring inappropriate and over-the-top characters in ridiculous situations.\"", "A DreamWorks spokesman did not directly respond to the criticism, claiming that Tropic Thunder \"... is an R-rated comedy that satirizes Hollywood and its excesses, makes its point by featuring inappropriate and over-the-top characters in ridiculous situations.\" The film's advertising was altered, but none of the scenes in the film were edited as a result of the opposition.", "The film's advertising was altered, but none of the scenes in the film were edited as a result of the opposition. In response to the controversy, the director's cut of the DVD (but not the Blu-ray) includes a public service announcement in the special features that discourages use of the word \"retard\".", "In response to the controversy, the director's cut of the DVD (but not the Blu-ray) includes a public service announcement in the special features that discourages use of the word \"retard\". Another aspect that drew warning before the release of the movie and criticism afterwards was Robert Downey Jr. playing a white Australian actor who dons \"blackface\" as part of his method acting the role of an African-American man.", "Another aspect that drew warning before the release of the movie and criticism afterwards was Robert Downey Jr. playing a white Australian actor who dons \"blackface\" as part of his method acting the role of an African-American man. He responded by pointing out that this was a case of donning \"blackface\" in order to point out how wrong it is.", "He responded by pointing out that this was a case of donning \"blackface\" in order to point out how wrong it is. Others have point out that the wrongness of \"blackface\" is addressed within the movie itself by an actual African-American, and that the climax of movie pins on Downey Jr.'s shedding of his method acting; in this way the movie mocks, rather than embraces, both \"blackface\" and the extreme and ridiculous things method actors sometimes do for their roles.", "Others have point out that the wrongness of \"blackface\" is addressed within the movie itself by an actual African-American, and that the climax of movie pins on Downey Jr.'s shedding of his method acting; in this way the movie mocks, rather than embraces, both \"blackface\" and the extreme and ridiculous things method actors sometimes do for their roles. Some have pointed out that how the film characterized and how non-Jewish Tom Cruise portrayed the Jewish character of Les Grossman (in addition to his name, he also references the Jewish holiday of Purim) is antisemitic.", "Some have pointed out that how the film characterized and how non-Jewish Tom Cruise portrayed the Jewish character of Les Grossman (in addition to his name, he also references the Jewish holiday of Purim) is antisemitic. Critics have also referred to this performance as \"Jewface\" as early as 2008 (years before Sarah Silverman raised awareness of the term), calling it \"vulgar\" and \"exploitation\".", "Critics have also referred to this performance as \"Jewface\" as early as 2008 (years before Sarah Silverman raised awareness of the term), calling it \"vulgar\" and \"exploitation\". Reportedly, Tom Cruise was largely responsibly for the final form Les Grossman took, including using him as an additional villain, the hairiness of the character and the \"fat hands\". MusicTropic Thunders score and soundtrack were released on August 5, 2008, the week before the film's theatrical release.", "MusicTropic Thunders score and soundtrack were released on August 5, 2008, the week before the film's theatrical release. The score was composed by Theodore Shapiro and performed by the Hollywood Studio Symphony. William Ruhlmann of AllMusic gave the score a positive review, stating it is \"...an affectionate and knowing satire of the history of Hollywood action movie music, penned by an insider.\" Thomas Simpson of Soundtrack.Net called it \"...a mixture of fun, seriousness, rock n' roll and great scoring.\"", "Thomas Simpson of Soundtrack.Net called it \"...a mixture of fun, seriousness, rock n' roll and great scoring.\" Five songs, \"Cum On Feel the Noize\" by Quiet Riot, \"Sympathy for the Devil\" by The Rolling Stones, \"For What It's Worth\" by Buffalo Springfield, \"Low\" by Flo Rida and T-Pain, and \"Get Back\" by Ludacris, were not present on the soundtrack, yet did appear in the film.", "Five songs, \"Cum On Feel the Noize\" by Quiet Riot, \"Sympathy for the Devil\" by The Rolling Stones, \"For What It's Worth\" by Buffalo Springfield, \"Low\" by Flo Rida and T-Pain, and \"Get Back\" by Ludacris, were not present on the soundtrack, yet did appear in the film. The soundtrack features songs from The Temptations, MC Hammer, Creedence Clearwater Revival, Edwin Starr, and other artists.", "The soundtrack features songs from The Temptations, MC Hammer, Creedence Clearwater Revival, Edwin Starr, and other artists. The single \"Name of the Game\" by The Crystal Method featuring Ryu has an exclusive remix on the soundtrack. The soundtrack debuted 20th on Billboards Top Soundtracks list and peaked at 39th on its Top Independent Albums list.", "The soundtrack debuted 20th on Billboards Top Soundtracks list and peaked at 39th on its Top Independent Albums list. James Christopher Monger of allmusic compared the music to other film's soundtracks such as Platoon, Full Metal Jacket, and Forrest Gump'' and called it \"...a fun but slight listen that plays out like an old late-'70s K-Tel compilation with a few bonus cuts from the future.\" Spin-off Cruise reprised his character Les Grossman for the 2010 MTV Movie Awards.", "Spin-off Cruise reprised his character Les Grossman for the 2010 MTV Movie Awards. On June 9, 2010, it was announced that a spin-off film would be developed centering on Grossman. A script has been written by Michael Bacall. In March 2012, Bacall gave an update on the long-rumored Les Grossman spin-off movie, revealing that the film will attempt to uncover where Grossman's well-documented anger issues originated.", "In March 2012, Bacall gave an update on the long-rumored Les Grossman spin-off movie, revealing that the film will attempt to uncover where Grossman's well-documented anger issues originated. See also List of films featuring fictional films References External links English-language films 2008 films 2008 action comedy films 2000s satirical films American films American action comedy films American satirical films British films British action comedy films British satirical films German films English-language German films German action comedy films German satirical films Mandarin-language films Films about actors Films about filmmaking Films set in Los Angeles Films shot in Hawaii Films shot in Los Angeles Military humor in film Films about the United States Army Films directed by Ben Stiller Films produced by Ben Stiller Films with screenplays by Etan Cohen Films with screenplays by Justin Theroux Films scored by Theodore Shapiro DreamWorks Pictures films Paramount Pictures films Red Hour Productions films 2008 comedy films Torture in films Blackface minstrel shows and films" ]

[ "Tropic Thunder", "Promotion", "What is the rating of the movie?", "The Calgary Herald gave it a rating of 3/5,", "Who are the actor in the movie?", "Stiller, Downey, and Black", "When was the release of the movie?", "August 2008,", "Who produced the film?", "I don't know.", "Who is the director of the film?", "I don't know.", "When was the promotion happened?", "Between April 2008 and the film's commercial release in August 2008, the film had over 250 promotional screenings." ]

[ "Patriot Park is a theme park in Kubinka, Russia that is themed around equipment of the Russian military. The park, which officially opened in 2016, is designed around a military theme, and includes interactive exhibits with military equipment.\n\nThe park incorporates the Aviation Museum of the Kubinka air base and the Kubinka Tank Museum. The location of the exhibits and the restrictions for civilian visitors are changed very often without any notifications. In 2020 the Main Cathedral of the Russian Armed Forces was completed and plans for an Armed Force Museum are in progress.\n\nThe park has hosted International Military-Technical Forum \"Army\" since 2015.\n\nSpecifications \n Total land area — 5,414 hectares (54.14 km2)\n Military base — 3,530 hectares (35.3 km2)\n Civilian part — 1,884 hectares (18.84 km2)\n Maximum planned attendance is 20,000 visitors\n\nThe shooting range inside Patriot Park has an area of over 160 hectares (1.6 km2) and 32 shooting bays:\n One 1400 m long shooting bay\n 21 shooting bays of 300 m length\n 10 shooting bays of 50 m length\n\nThe entire shooting range is more than 2,500 m wide, and each bay has a stand with seats for spectators and participants. There are also firearm storage facilities, changing rooms and a restaurant. The total grandstand capacity is over 2,000 people.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\n Complete set of photos of Park Patriot collection\n\nMinistry of Defence (Russia)\nAmusement parks in Russia\nOdintsovsky District\nKubinka", "The shooting ratio or \"Bertolo code\" in filmmaking and television production is the ratio between the total duration of its footage created for possible use in a project and that which appears in its final cut.\n\nA film with a shooting ratio of 2:1 would have shot twice the amount of footage than was used in the film. In real terms this means that 120 minutes of footage would have been shot to produce a film of 60 minutes in length.\n\nWhile shooting ratios can vary greatly between productions, a typical shooting ratio for a production using film stock will be between 6:1 and 10:1, whereas a similar production using video is likely to be much higher. This is a direct result of the significant difference in price between video tape stock and film stock and the necessary processing. Although the decisions, styles and preferences of the filmmakers can affect the shooting ratio of a project greatly, the nature of the production (genre, form, single camera, multi-camera, etc.) greatly affects the typical range of the ratios seen – documentary films typically have the highest (often exceeding 100:1 following the rise of video and digital media) and animated films have the lowest (typically as close to 1:1 as possible, since the creation of footage frame by frame makes the time costs of animation extremely high compared to live action). Animated productions will often shoot acting reference (by animators of themselves and or others), location reference, and performance reference (taken of voice actors), but these pieces of reference footage are not regarded as counting towards the shooting ratio, as they were never intended to appear in the projects they were created for. Audition footage, screen tests, and location reference are similarly not counted towards a narrative film's shooting ratio, live action or animated, for the same reason. Since a documentary may potentially use any footage that is shot at any point for any reason, documentary productions do not have similar exceptions. Head slates, tail slates, and outtakes are counted live action shooting ratios because, although the footage is not intended for use in the final picture, it is contained on the same reels and masters as the footage that is intended for final picture. Animated and visual effects projects typically do not include slates as part of the shooting ratio, since they virtually are instantaneous and zero-cost to create in digital formats.\n\nIn modern productions, due to the rise of digital cinema, shooting ratios are less limited by price of stock and storage, since the vast majority of productions are now entirely or partially digital. Shooting ratios instead defined and limited by the expense (in time, labor, and money, and memory) of actually shooting and editing the film, rather than cost of raw media.\n\nReferences\n\nFilm and video terminology\nRatios\nTelevision terminology" ]

[ "Tropic Thunder is a 2008 action-comedy film directed by Ben Stiller, who wrote the screenplay with Justin Theroux and Etan Cohen. The film stars Stiller, Jack Black, Robert Downey Jr., Jay Baruchel, and Brandon T. Jackson as a group of prima donna actors making a Vietnam War film. When their frustrated director (Steve Coogan) drops them in the middle of a jungle, they are forced to rely on their acting skills to survive the real action and danger.", "When their frustrated director (Steve Coogan) drops them in the middle of a jungle, they are forced to rely on their acting skills to survive the real action and danger. Tropic Thunder parodies many famous war films, specifically those based on the Vietnam War. The ensemble cast includes Tom Cruise, Nick Nolte, Danny McBride, Matthew McConaughey, and Bill Hader. Stiller developed Tropic Thunder premise during the production of Empire of the Sun in the spring of 1987, and later enlisted Theroux and Cohen to complete a script.", "Stiller developed Tropic Thunder premise during the production of Empire of the Sun in the spring of 1987, and later enlisted Theroux and Cohen to complete a script. The film was green-lit in 2006, and was produced by Stuart Cornfeld, Stiller, and Eric McLeod for Red Hour Productions and DreamWorks Pictures as an international co-production between the United States, Germany and the United Kingdom. Filming took place in 2007 on the Hawaiian island of Kaua'i over thirteen weeks and was the largest film production in the island's history.", "Filming took place in 2007 on the Hawaiian island of Kaua'i over thirteen weeks and was the largest film production in the island's history. The extensive marketing campaign included faux websites for the three main characters and their fictional films, a fictional television special, and selling the energy drink advertised in the film, \"Booty Sweat\". Paramount Pictures and DreamWorks released Tropic Thunder in the US on August 13, 2008. It received generally positive reviews for its characters, story, faux trailers, and cast performances.", "It received generally positive reviews for its characters, story, faux trailers, and cast performances. However, the depiction of the mentally handicapped and use of blackface makeup attracted controversy. The film opened at the top of the American box office and retained the number-one position for three consecutive weeks, ultimately grossing more than $195 million worldwide before its release on home media on November 18, 2008.", "The film opened at the top of the American box office and retained the number-one position for three consecutive weeks, ultimately grossing more than $195 million worldwide before its release on home media on November 18, 2008. Downey was nominated for an Academy Award, a BAFTA Award, and a Screen Actors Guild Award, while both he and Cruise received nominations for a Golden Globe Award. Plot Hook-handed Vietnam veteran Staff Sergeant John \"Four Leaf\" Tayback's memoir Tropic Thunder is being made into a film.", "Plot Hook-handed Vietnam veteran Staff Sergeant John \"Four Leaf\" Tayback's memoir Tropic Thunder is being made into a film. With the exception of newcomer supporting actor Kevin Sandusky, the cast—fading action hero Tugg Speedman, overbearing five-time Academy Award-winning Australian method actor Kirk Lazarus, loudmouthed rapper Alpa Chino, and drug-addicted comedian Jeff Portnoy—all cause problems for the inexperienced director Damien Cockburn, who cannot control them, resulting in a million-dollar pyrotechnics scene being wasted.", "With the exception of newcomer supporting actor Kevin Sandusky, the cast—fading action hero Tugg Speedman, overbearing five-time Academy Award-winning Australian method actor Kirk Lazarus, loudmouthed rapper Alpa Chino, and drug-addicted comedian Jeff Portnoy—all cause problems for the inexperienced director Damien Cockburn, who cannot control them, resulting in a million-dollar pyrotechnics scene being wasted. With the project months behind schedule, studio executive Les Grossman gives Damien an ultimatum: get the cast under control or the project will be cancelled.", "With the project months behind schedule, studio executive Les Grossman gives Damien an ultimatum: get the cast under control or the project will be cancelled. On Four Leaf's advice, Damien drops the actors into the middle of the jungle, with hidden cameras and rigged special effects explosions to film \"guerrilla-style\". The actors have guns that fire blanks, along with a map and scene listing that will lead to a helicopter waiting at the end of the route.", "The actors have guns that fire blanks, along with a map and scene listing that will lead to a helicopter waiting at the end of the route. Unknown to the actors and production, the group have been dropped in the middle of the Golden Triangle, the home of the heroin-producing Flaming Dragon gang. Just as the group is about to set off, Damien inadvertently steps on an old land mine and is blown up, stunning the actors.", "Just as the group is about to set off, Damien inadvertently steps on an old land mine and is blown up, stunning the actors. Tugg, believing Damien faked his death to encourage the cast to give better performances, assures the others that Damien is alive, and that they are still shooting the film. Kirk is unconvinced but joins them in their trek through the jungle just to get out of the jungle.", "Kirk is unconvinced but joins them in their trek through the jungle just to get out of the jungle. When Four Leaf and pyrotechnics operator Cody Underwood try to locate the deceased director, they are captured by Flaming Dragon. Four Leaf is revealed to have hands; he confesses to Underwood that he actually served in the Coast Guard, has never left the United States, and that he wrote his \"memoir\" as a tribute.", "Four Leaf is revealed to have hands; he confesses to Underwood that he actually served in the Coast Guard, has never left the United States, and that he wrote his \"memoir\" as a tribute. As the actors continue through the jungle, Kirk, who has become convinced that Tugg's ineptitude is putting them in jeopardy, and Kevin, the only actor who bothered to properly prepare for his role, discover that Tugg is leading them in the wrong direction.", "As the actors continue through the jungle, Kirk, who has become convinced that Tugg's ineptitude is putting them in jeopardy, and Kevin, the only actor who bothered to properly prepare for his role, discover that Tugg is leading them in the wrong direction. The resulting argument results in Kirk leading the rest of the cast back toward the resort they are staying at as an increasingly delirious Tugg is captured by Flaming Dragon. Taken to their base, Tugg believes it is a POW camp from the script.", "Taken to their base, Tugg believes it is a POW camp from the script. The gang discovers he is the star of their favorite film, the box-office bomb Simple Jack, and force him to reenact it several times a day, leading him to become brainwashed. Meanwhile, in Los Angeles, Tugg's agent Rick 'Pecker' Peck confronts Les over an unfulfilled term in Tugg's contract that entitles him to a TiVo.", "Meanwhile, in Los Angeles, Tugg's agent Rick 'Pecker' Peck confronts Les over an unfulfilled term in Tugg's contract that entitles him to a TiVo. Flaming Dragon calls during the discussion and demands a ransom for Tugg, but Les instead delivers a profanity-laden death threat. Les is uninterested in rescuing Tugg and is instead delighted at the prospect of a large insurance payout if Tugg dies. He attempts to convince Pecker to play along by promising a Gulfstream V jet and \"lots of money\".", "He attempts to convince Pecker to play along by promising a Gulfstream V jet and \"lots of money\". Kirk, Alpa, Jeff, and Kevin discover Flaming Dragon's heroin factory. After witnessing Tugg being tortured, they plan a rescue attempt based on the film's script.", "After witnessing Tugg being tortured, they plan a rescue attempt based on the film's script. Kirk impersonates a farmer towing a \"captured\" Jeff on the back of a water buffalo, distracting the armed guards so Alpa and Kevin can infiltrate and find the prisoners, but a combination of broken Mandarin Chinese and inconsistencies in his story sets off the gang's boss. The actors, knowing their cover has been blown, begin firing, fooling the gang members into surrender.", "The actors, knowing their cover has been blown, begin firing, fooling the gang members into surrender. Their control of the gang falls apart when Jeff grabs the leader and heads for the drugs, and the gang, realizing the guns fire blanks, recover their guns and fight back. The four actors locate Four Leaf, Cody, and Tugg and cross a bridge rigged to explode to get to Underwood's helicopter.", "The four actors locate Four Leaf, Cody, and Tugg and cross a bridge rigged to explode to get to Underwood's helicopter. Tugg initially remains behind, believing Flaming Dragon to be his \"family,\" but runs back screaming, chased by an angry horde. Four Leaf destroys the bridge, rescuing Tugg, but as the helicopter takes off, the gang boss fires an RPG at the helicopter. Rick unexpectedly stumbles out of the jungle and saves them by throwing a TiVo box into the path of the grenade.", "Rick unexpectedly stumbles out of the jungle and saves them by throwing a TiVo box into the path of the grenade. The crew return to Hollywood and footage from the hidden cameras is compiled into the feature film Tropic Blunder, which becomes a major critical and commercial success. The film wins Tugg his first Academy Award, which Kirk presents to him at the ceremony.", "The film wins Tugg his first Academy Award, which Kirk presents to him at the ceremony. Cast Ben Stiller as Tugg Speedman: Once the highest-paid, highest-grossing action film star ever due to his Scorcher franchise, his career has stalled, and he now has a reputation for appearing in nothing but box office bombs. After drawing negative coverage for his portrayal in Simple Jack, in which he plays a mentally-challenged farm boy, he takes the role of Four Leaf Tayback in an attempt to save his career.", "After drawing negative coverage for his portrayal in Simple Jack, in which he plays a mentally-challenged farm boy, he takes the role of Four Leaf Tayback in an attempt to save his career. Tugg's faux trailer at the film's start is a preview for Scorcher VI: Global Meltdown, the latest in his series and a spoof of long-running summer action blockbuster franchises. Jack Black as Jeff Portnoy: A drug-addicted comedian-actor well known for portraying multiple parts in films that rely on toilet humor, particularly jokes about flatulence.", "Jack Black as Jeff Portnoy: A drug-addicted comedian-actor well known for portraying multiple parts in films that rely on toilet humor, particularly jokes about flatulence. In the film-within-a-film, he plays a raspy-voiced soldier named Fats. He fears he is only considered an actor because of his farts and nothing else.", "He fears he is only considered an actor because of his farts and nothing else. Portnoy's faux trailer for juvenile family comedy The Fatties: Fart 2, about a family (with each member played by Portnoy) which enjoys passing gas, spoofs Eddie Murphy's portrayal of multiple characters in films such as Nutty Professor II: The Klumps.", "Portnoy's faux trailer for juvenile family comedy The Fatties: Fart 2, about a family (with each member played by Portnoy) which enjoys passing gas, spoofs Eddie Murphy's portrayal of multiple characters in films such as Nutty Professor II: The Klumps. Robert Downey Jr. as Kirk Lazarus: An Australian method actor and five-time Academy Award winner, Lazarus had a controversial \"pigmentation alteration\" surgery to temporarily darken his skin for his portrayal of the black character, Staff Sergeant Lincoln Osiris.", "Robert Downey Jr. as Kirk Lazarus: An Australian method actor and five-time Academy Award winner, Lazarus had a controversial \"pigmentation alteration\" surgery to temporarily darken his skin for his portrayal of the black character, Staff Sergeant Lincoln Osiris. Lazarus refuses to break character until he has recorded the DVD commentary for a part and only speaks in his character's African American Vernacular English.", "Lazarus refuses to break character until he has recorded the DVD commentary for a part and only speaks in his character's African American Vernacular English. Lazarus's faux trailer, Satan's Alley, is about two gay monks in a 12th-century Irish monastery, parodying films like Brokeback Mountain and Downey's own scenes with Tobey Maguire (who in a cameo portrays himself playing the other monk) in Wonder Boys. Downey said he modeled Lazarus on three actors: Russell Crowe, Daniel Day-Lewis and Colin Farrell.", "Downey said he modeled Lazarus on three actors: Russell Crowe, Daniel Day-Lewis and Colin Farrell. Lazarus was originally intended to be Irish, but Downey felt more comfortable using an Australian accent, since he had portrayed an Australian character in Natural Born Killers. Nick Nolte as Four Leaf Tayback: The author of Tropic Thunder, a fake memoir of his war experiences on which the film-within-a-film is based.", "Nick Nolte as Four Leaf Tayback: The author of Tropic Thunder, a fake memoir of his war experiences on which the film-within-a-film is based. He suggests the idea of dropping the actors in the middle of the jungle to get them looking and feeling like soldiers lost in a foreign land. Matthew McConaughey as Rick \"The Pecker\" Peck: Speedman's extremely devoted agent and best friend. Steve Coogan as Damien Cockburn: The inexperienced British film director who is unable to control the actors in the film.", "Steve Coogan as Damien Cockburn: The inexperienced British film director who is unable to control the actors in the film. The character was partly inspired by Richard Stanley, and his experience of directing the 1996 film The Island of Dr. Moreau, with Val Kilmer and Marlon Brando. Jay Baruchel as Kevin Sandusky: A novice actor, he is the only cast member to have read the script and book and attended the assigned boot camp prior to the film. Sandusky plays a young soldier named Brooklyn in the film-within-a-film.", "Sandusky plays a young soldier named Brooklyn in the film-within-a-film. Brooklyn and Sandusky each occupy the position of straight man in character in the film-within-a-film and its cast, being the only actor without an internal conflict or deep-seated insecurity. He often serves as a mediator when tensions between the cast get high. Danny McBride as Cody: The film's explosives expert and helicopter pilot. He has developed a reputation for being a dangerous pyromaniac after an incident while working on Freaky Friday nearly blinded Jamie Lee Curtis.", "He has developed a reputation for being a dangerous pyromaniac after an incident while working on Freaky Friday nearly blinded Jamie Lee Curtis. Brandon T. Jackson as Alpa Chino: A closeted homosexual rapper who is attempting to cross over into acting, portraying a soldier named Motown, while promoting his \"Bust-A-Nut\" candy bar and \"Booty Sweat\" energy drink. He feels his image as a rapper would not allow him to be openly gay. His name is a play on Al Pacino.", "His name is a play on Al Pacino. His name is a play on Al Pacino. Kevin Hart turned down the role because he did not want to play a gay character. Bill Hader as Studio Executive Rob Slolom: Grossman's assistant and right-hand man. Brandon Soo Hoo as Tran: The 12-year-old young leader of the Flaming Dragon gang. The character was compared to God's Army guerrilla leaders Johnny and Luther Htoo. Reggie Lee as Byong: The second-in-command of the Flaming Dragon gang.", "Reggie Lee as Byong: The second-in-command of the Flaming Dragon gang. Trieu Tran as Tru: A dedicated soldier, and actor, in the Flaming Dragon gang. Tom Cruise as Les Grossman: The profane, ill-tempered studio executive producing Tropic Thunder. Various commentators believe he is loosely based on Scott Rudin, famous for his volcanic temper and poor treatment of others.", "Various commentators believe he is loosely based on Scott Rudin, famous for his volcanic temper and poor treatment of others. Various actors and celebrities portray themselves, including Tobey Maguire, Tyra Banks, Maria Menounos, Martin Lawrence, The Mooney Suzuki, Jason Bateman, Lance Bass, Jennifer Love Hewitt, Alicia Silverstone, Christine Taylor, Mini Anden, Anthony Ruivivar, Yvette Nicole Brown, Rachel Avery, Sean Penn, and Jon Voight.", "Various actors and celebrities portray themselves, including Tobey Maguire, Tyra Banks, Maria Menounos, Martin Lawrence, The Mooney Suzuki, Jason Bateman, Lance Bass, Jennifer Love Hewitt, Alicia Silverstone, Christine Taylor, Mini Anden, Anthony Ruivivar, Yvette Nicole Brown, Rachel Avery, Sean Penn, and Jon Voight. Co-writer Justin Theroux appears in two brief roles as a UH-1 Huey gunner and the disc jockey from Zoolander (shown in a deleted scene).", "Co-writer Justin Theroux appears in two brief roles as a UH-1 Huey gunner and the disc jockey from Zoolander (shown in a deleted scene). Production Script Stiller developed the premise for Tropic Thunder while shooting Empire of the Sun, in which he played a small part. Stiller wanted to make a film based on the actors he knew who, after taking part in boot camps to prepare for war film roles, became \"self-important\" and \"self-involved\" and appeared to believe they had been part of a real military unit.", "Stiller wanted to make a film based on the actors he knew who, after taking part in boot camps to prepare for war film roles, became \"self-important\" and \"self-involved\" and appeared to believe they had been part of a real military unit. Co-writer Theroux revealed that the initial script concept was to have actors go to a mock boot camp and return with posttraumatic stress disorder.", "Co-writer Theroux revealed that the initial script concept was to have actors go to a mock boot camp and return with posttraumatic stress disorder. The final script was developed to satirize Vietnam War films such as Apocalypse Now, Rambo, Missing in Action, Platoon, Full Metal Jacket, Hamburger Hill, and The Deer Hunter. Theroux pointed out that since viewers had an increased awareness of the inner workings of Hollywood due to celebrity websites and Hollywood news sources, the script was easier to write.", "Theroux pointed out that since viewers had an increased awareness of the inner workings of Hollywood due to celebrity websites and Hollywood news sources, the script was easier to write. Dialogue for unscripted portions of the storyboard was developed on set by the actors or was improvised. Casting Stiller's original plan was cast Keanu Reeves as Tugg Speedman and himself as Rick Peck. Etan Cohen created the role of Kirk Lazarus as a way of lampooning the great lengths that some method actors go to depict a role.", "Etan Cohen created the role of Kirk Lazarus as a way of lampooning the great lengths that some method actors go to depict a role. Downey was approached by Stiller about the part while on vacation in Hawaii. Downey said on CBS' The Early Show that his first reaction was, \"This is the stupidest idea I've ever heard!\" and that Stiller responded, \"Yeah, I know – isn't it great?\"", "and that Stiller responded, \"Yeah, I know – isn't it great?\" In another interview, Downey said that he accepted the part but, having no idea where or even how to start building the character of Lazarus, eventually settled on a jive-esque speech pattern and a ragged bass voice; he then auditioned Lazarus' voice over the phone to Stiller, who approved the characterization immediately. Downey revealed that he modeled the character on actors Russell Crowe, Colin Farrell, and Daniel Day-Lewis.", "Downey revealed that he modeled the character on actors Russell Crowe, Colin Farrell, and Daniel Day-Lewis. The initial script was written for Downey's character to be Irish, but was altered after Downey stated he could improvise better as an Australian (he had previously played a similar outlandish Australian character in the film Natural Born Killers). Downey's practice of remaining in character between takes and even off the film set was also written into the script for his character to perform.", "Downey's practice of remaining in character between takes and even off the film set was also written into the script for his character to perform. Downey required between one and a half to two hours of make-up application. According to Downey, \"One makeup artist would start on one side of my face and a second makeup artist would start on the other side, and then they'd meet in the middle.\"", "According to Downey, \"One makeup artist would start on one side of my face and a second makeup artist would start on the other side, and then they'd meet in the middle.\" Downey acknowledged the potential controversy over his role: \"At the end of the day, it's always about how well you commit to the character.", "Downey acknowledged the potential controversy over his role: \"At the end of the day, it's always about how well you commit to the character. If I didn't feel it was morally sound, or that it would be easily misinterpreted that I'm just C. Thomas Howell [in Soul Man], I would've stayed home.\" Co-star Brandon T. Jackson stated: \"When I first read the script, I was like: What? Blackface?", "Blackface? Blackface? But when I saw him [act] he, like, became a black man ... It was just good acting. It was weird on the set because he would keep going with the character. He's a method actor.\" Stiller commented on Downey's portrayal of a white actor playing a black man: \"When people see the movie – in the context of the film, he's playing a method actor who's gone to great lengths to play a black guy.", "Stiller commented on Downey's portrayal of a white actor playing a black man: \"When people see the movie – in the context of the film, he's playing a method actor who's gone to great lengths to play a black guy. The movie is skewering actors and how they take themselves so seriously.\" Stiller previewed the film before the NAACP, and several black journalists reacted positively to the character. Cruise was initially set to cameo as Stiller's character's agent, Rick Peck.", "Cruise was initially set to cameo as Stiller's character's agent, Rick Peck. Instead, Cruise suggested adding a studio head character, and the idea was incorporated into the script. Stiller and Cruise worked together to create the new character, Les Grossman, as a middle-aged businessman. The role required that Cruise don a fatsuit, large prosthetic hands, and a bald cap. It was Cruise's idea to give the character large hands and dance to \"Low\".", "It was Cruise's idea to give the character large hands and dance to \"Low\". Stiller intended to keep Cruise's role a secret until the film's release. In addition, Paramount Pictures refused to release promotional pictures of Cruise's character to the media. In November 2007, images of Cruise wearing a bald headpiece and a fatsuit appeared on Inside Edition, as well as on the Internet. Cruise's attorneys threatened a lawsuit if photos showing Cruise in costume were published.", "Cruise's attorneys threatened a lawsuit if photos showing Cruise in costume were published. They approached various sites that were hosting the image and quickly had it removed. A representative for Cruise stated: \"Mr. Cruise's appearance was supposed to be a surprise for his fans worldwide. Paparazzi have ruined what should have been a fun discovery for moviegoers.\"", "Paparazzi have ruined what should have been a fun discovery for moviegoers.\" The photography agency INF, who debuted the image, responded with a statement: \"While these pictures were taken without breaking any criminal or civil laws, we've decided to pull them from circulation effective immediately.\" Serving as a last-minute replacement, Tobey Maguire was available to be on set for only two hours to film his scenes in Satan's Alley.", "Serving as a last-minute replacement, Tobey Maguire was available to be on set for only two hours to film his scenes in Satan's Alley. Downey said he was amazed Maguire would agree to do the film and felt like they were creating a \"karmic pay-off\" for their scenes together in the 2000 film Wonder Boys, where Downey's character has a one-night stand with Maguire's character. After Cruise vacated the role of Rick Peck, Owen Wilson was cast to play the part.", "After Cruise vacated the role of Rick Peck, Owen Wilson was cast to play the part. Following his suicide attempt in August 2007, Wilson dropped out of the film and was replaced by Matthew McConaughey. Filming Although Southern California and Mexico were considered for the main unit filming, the Hawaiian island of Kaua'i (where Stiller has a home) was selected for the majority of the shooting. Kaua'i was chosen over Mexico because a tax credit for in-state spending was negotiated with the Kaua'i Film Commission.", "Kaua'i was chosen over Mexico because a tax credit for in-state spending was negotiated with the Kaua'i Film Commission. John Toll, the cinematographer, stated the island was also selected for its similarity to Vietnam, based on its dense foliage, variety of terrains, and weather. Kaua'i was first scouted as a possible location to film Tropic Thunder in 2004. Stiller spent more than 25 hours over 6 weeks exploring the island, using all-terrain vehicles, boats, and helicopters.", "Stiller spent more than 25 hours over 6 weeks exploring the island, using all-terrain vehicles, boats, and helicopters. After the film was greenlit by DreamWorks in 2006, pre-production lasted for six months, most of this time spent on scouting additional locations for filming. Filming for the Los Angeles and interior scenes occurred on sets at Universal Studios in Hollywood. Tropic Thunder was the first major studio production on Kaua'i in five years.", "Tropic Thunder was the first major studio production on Kaua'i in five years. After filming was completed, it was deemed the largest production filmed on the island to date, and contributed more than $60 million to the local economy. Tim Ryan, the executive editor of Hawaii Film & Video Magazine, commented on the filming on the island: \"I think Tropic Thunder will give Kaua'i much needed and long idled publicity in the production arena ... It should put Kaua'i back on the production consideration radar.\"", "It should put Kaua'i back on the production consideration radar.\" Preliminary production crews were on the island starting in December 2006 and principal photography began in July 2007, with filming lasting thirteen weeks over seven separate locations on the island. Much of the filming took place on private land as well as conservation status designated areas. Casting calls on the island sought 500 residents to portray the villagers in the film. Two units shot simultaneously on the island from the ground, and an aerial unit shot from helicopters.", "Two units shot simultaneously on the island from the ground, and an aerial unit shot from helicopters. Many of the sets and the bridge used for one of the final scenes were built in three months. The island's erratic weather hampered filming with rain and lighting issues. The crew also faced complications in moving the equipment and cast due to the difficult terrain. The film advising company Warriors Inc. was enlisted to ensure the war scenes, including the attire worn by the actors, looked authentic.", "The film advising company Warriors Inc. was enlisted to ensure the war scenes, including the attire worn by the actors, looked authentic. Former members of the U.S. military taught the actors how to handle, fire, and reload their weapons, as well as perform various tactical movements. The opening war scene was filmed over three weeks and required fifty stuntmen. Animatics were used to map out the necessary camera angles for filming. Effects Six companies working on different scenes and elements created 500 shots of visual effects in the film.", "Effects Six companies working on different scenes and elements created 500 shots of visual effects in the film. These were at times altered weekly due to the reactions of test audiences in screenings. CIS Visual Effects Group assisted with the Scorcher VI faux trailer and twenty additional shots for the home media release. To expand on the comedy in the film, some of the explosions and crashes were embellished to look more destructive.", "To expand on the comedy in the film, some of the explosions and crashes were embellished to look more destructive. The visual effects supervisor Michael Fink reflected on the exaggerated explosions: \"We worked really hard to make the CG crashing helicopter in the hot landing sequence look real. Ben was adamant about that, but at the same time he wanted the explosion to be huge. When you see it hit the ground, it was like it was filled with gasoline!", "When you see it hit the ground, it was like it was filled with gasoline! It was the same thing with Ben's sergeant character, who almost intercepts a hand grenade ... Now, I was in the Army for three years and no hand grenade would make an explosion like that ... But it was a big dramatic moment and it looks really cool ... and feels kind of real.\"", "But it was a big dramatic moment and it looks really cool ... and feels kind of real.\" Filming the large napalm explosion in the opening scene of the film required a 450-foot (137-meter) row of explosive pots containing 1,100 gallons (4,165 liters) of gasoline and diesel fuel. All the palm trees used in the explosion were moved to the specific location after the crew determined the impact of the lighting and necessary camera angles.", "All the palm trees used in the explosion were moved to the specific location after the crew determined the impact of the lighting and necessary camera angles. Due to the size and cost of the 1.25-second explosion, it was performed only once and was captured by twelve cameras. For the safety of the crew and cast, the detonators were added one hour before the explosion and nobody was allowed to be within during detonation. The explosion was made up of twelve individual explosions and resulted in a mushroom cloud that reached in the air.", "The explosion was made up of twelve individual explosions and resulted in a mushroom cloud that reached in the air. For the scene in the film, Danny McBride's character, Cody Underwood, was the only actor shown in the shot of the explosion. All the other characters were added digitally. The explosion of the bridge in one of the final scenes used nine cameras to capture the shot, and the crew was required to be away for their safety. Promotion A trailer for the film was released in April 2008.", "Promotion A trailer for the film was released in April 2008. The Calgary Herald gave it a rating of 3/5, commenting: \"This could either be good or very, very bad.\" Gary Susman of Entertainment Weekly questioned whether the film would \"... turn into precisely the kind of bloated action monstrosity that it's making fun of.\" The trailer received the \"Best Comedy Trailer\" award at the 9th annual Golden Trailer Awards.", "The trailer received the \"Best Comedy Trailer\" award at the 9th annual Golden Trailer Awards. DreamWorks also released a red band trailer, the first of its kind used by the studio to promote one of its films. Stiller, Downey, and Black appeared on the seventh-season finale of American Idol in a sketch as The Pips performing with Gladys Knight (via archival footage).", "Stiller, Downey, and Black appeared on the seventh-season finale of American Idol in a sketch as The Pips performing with Gladys Knight (via archival footage). The three actors also later performed a sketch at the 2008 MTV Movie Awards which featured the actors attempting to create a successful viral video to promote the film with awkward results. In September 2008, Stiller and Downey attended the San Sebastián International Film Festival to promote the film.", "In September 2008, Stiller and Downey attended the San Sebastián International Film Festival to promote the film. A screening was shown, but it was not chosen to compete against the other films at the festival. Between April 2008 and the film's commercial release in August 2008, the film had over 250 promotional screenings. On August 3, 2008, Stiller, Downey, and Black visited Camp Pendleton, a U.S. Marine Corps base in California, to present a screening to over a thousand military members and their families.", "On August 3, 2008, Stiller, Downey, and Black visited Camp Pendleton, a U.S. Marine Corps base in California, to present a screening to over a thousand military members and their families. The screening was on behalf of the United Service Organizations and included the actors heading to the screening by helicopter and Humvees. On August 8, 2008, a special 30-minute fictional E! True Hollywood Story aired about the making of Tropic Thunder.", "True Hollywood Story aired about the making of Tropic Thunder. In video games, a themed scavenger hunt was incorporated into Tom Clancy's Rainbow Six: Vegas 2, and Stiller allowed his likeness to be used in the online Facebook application game based on the film. As a tie-in for the film's release, Paramount announced it would market the energy drink known in the film as \"Booty Sweat\".", "As a tie-in for the film's release, Paramount announced it would market the energy drink known in the film as \"Booty Sweat\". Michael Corcoran, Paramount's president of consumer products, commented on the release: \"We're very excited, because it has the potential to live for quite a while, well beyond the film.\" The drink was sold in college bookstores, on Amazon.com, and at other retailers.", "The drink was sold in college bookstores, on Amazon.com, and at other retailers. Faux websites and mockumentary Several faux websites were created for the main characters and some of their prior film roles. A website for Simple Jack, a faux film exhibited within the film, was removed by DreamWorks on August 4, 2008, due to protests from disability advocates.", "A website for Simple Jack, a faux film exhibited within the film, was removed by DreamWorks on August 4, 2008, due to protests from disability advocates. In addition, other promotional websites were created for \"Make Pretty Skin Clinic\", the fictitious company that performed the surgery of the film's character Kirk Lazarus, along with one for the energy drink \"Booty Sweat\". In mid-July 2008, a faux trailer for the mockumentary Rain of Madness was released.", "In mid-July 2008, a faux trailer for the mockumentary Rain of Madness was released. The mockumentary was a parody of Hearts of Darkness: A Filmmaker's Apocalypse. It follows co-writer Justin Theroux as a fictitious documentarian named Jan Jürgen documenting the behind-the-scenes aspects of the film within the film. Marketing for the faux documentary included a movie poster and an official website prior to Tropic Thunders release. The mockumentary was released on the iTunes Store after the film's release and was also included on the home video release.", "The mockumentary was released on the iTunes Store after the film's release and was also included on the home video release. Amy Powell, an advertising executive with Paramount, reflected on the timing of the release of Madness: \"We always thought that people would be talking about Tropic Thunder at the water cooler, and that's why we decided to release Rain of Madness two weeks into Tropics run—to keep this positive buzz going.\"", "Amy Powell, an advertising executive with Paramount, reflected on the timing of the release of Madness: \"We always thought that people would be talking about Tropic Thunder at the water cooler, and that's why we decided to release Rain of Madness two weeks into Tropics run—to keep this positive buzz going.\" Release Theatrical release Tropic Thunder held an early screening at the 2008 San Diego Comic-Con, two weeks before it officially premiered on August 11, 2008, at the Mann Village Theatre in Westwood, California and two days before its wide release.", "Release Theatrical release Tropic Thunder held an early screening at the 2008 San Diego Comic-Con, two weeks before it officially premiered on August 11, 2008, at the Mann Village Theatre in Westwood, California and two days before its wide release. Members of several disability groups picketed before the premiere, protesting at the portrayal of intellectual disability shown in the film. The groups revealed that it was the first time that they had ever protested together at an event.", "The groups revealed that it was the first time that they had ever protested together at an event. As a result of the protest, the normally unobstructed views of the red carpet leading to the premiere were blocked off by 10-foot (3-m)-high fences and there was an increase in the number of security personnel present. No protests were held at the United Kingdom's September premiere. The North American release was scheduled for July 11, 2008, but was delayed until August 15, before being brought forward to August 13.", "The North American release was scheduled for July 11, 2008, but was delayed until August 15, before being brought forward to August 13. As a result of the move from July, 20th Century Fox moved its family comedy Meet Dave in the open slot. The August 13 release date was also the opening weekends for the animated family film Star Wars: The Clone Wars and the horror film Mirrors.", "The August 13 release date was also the opening weekends for the animated family film Star Wars: The Clone Wars and the horror film Mirrors. Studios consider the third week of August to be a weaker performing period than earlier in the summer because of students returning to school. Previous R-rated comedies such as The 40-Year-Old Virgin and Superbad were released in mid-August and performed well at the box office.", "Previous R-rated comedies such as The 40-Year-Old Virgin and Superbad were released in mid-August and performed well at the box office. Reacting to Tropic Thunders release date, Rob Moore, vice chairman of Paramount Pictures, stated: \"For a young person at the end of summer, you want to have some fun and forget about going back to school. What better than a crazy comedy?\"", "What better than a crazy comedy?\" What better than a crazy comedy?\" Home media Tropic Thunder was released in the United States on DVD and Blu-ray on November 18, 2008, three months after its release and a week after the end of its theatrical run in the U.S. and Canada. The film was released on home video on January 26, 2009, in the United Kingdom.", "The film was released on home video on January 26, 2009, in the United Kingdom. Special features include an unrated director's cut of the film which is 12 minutes longer than the theatrical release, audio commentaries (including one featuring Stiller, Downey, and Black, with Downey providing his commentary as Lincoln Osiris, a nod to a joke in the film that Lazarus never breaks character until he completes the DVD commentary), several featurettes, deleted scenes, an alternate ending, and the Rain of Madness mockumentary.", "Special features include an unrated director's cut of the film which is 12 minutes longer than the theatrical release, audio commentaries (including one featuring Stiller, Downey, and Black, with Downey providing his commentary as Lincoln Osiris, a nod to a joke in the film that Lazarus never breaks character until he completes the DVD commentary), several featurettes, deleted scenes, an alternate ending, and the Rain of Madness mockumentary. For the film's first week of release, Tropic Thunder placed on several video charts.", "For the film's first week of release, Tropic Thunder placed on several video charts. It reached second place on the Nielsen VideoScan First Alert sales chart and Nielsen's Blu-ray Disc chart, earning $19,064,959 (not including Blu-ray sales). In rentals, it placed first on the Home Media Magazine'''s video rental chart. The DVD sales in 2008 totaled $42,271,059, placing it in 28th for DVD sales for the year. By September 2009, 2,963,000 DVD units have been sold, gathering revenue of $49,870,248.", "By September 2009, 2,963,000 DVD units have been sold, gathering revenue of $49,870,248. Reception Critical response The review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes gives the film a rating of 82% based on 252 reviews and an average rating of 7.1/10. The website's critical consensus reads, \"With biting satire, plenty of subversive humor, and an unforgettable turn by Robert Downey Jr., Tropic Thunder is a triumphant late summer comedy.\"", "The website's critical consensus reads, \"With biting satire, plenty of subversive humor, and an unforgettable turn by Robert Downey Jr., Tropic Thunder is a triumphant late summer comedy.\" Metacritic, which assigns a weighted average score from reviews by mainstream critics, gave a film score of 71 out of 100 based on 39 critics, indicating \"generally favorable reviews\".", "Metacritic, which assigns a weighted average score from reviews by mainstream critics, gave a film score of 71 out of 100 based on 39 critics, indicating \"generally favorable reviews\". After attending an industry screening in April 2008 Michael Cieply from The New York Times stated that the film was \"... shaping up as one of [DreamWorks]'s best prospects for the summer.\"", "After attending an industry screening in April 2008 Michael Cieply from The New York Times stated that the film was \"... shaping up as one of [DreamWorks]'s best prospects for the summer.\" Claudia Puig of USA Today gave the film a positive review, writing \"There are some wildly funny scenes, a few leaden ones and others that are scattershot, with humorous satire undercut by over-the-top grisliness. Still, when it's funny, it's really funny.\"", "Still, when it's funny, it's really funny.\" A review in Variety by Todd McCarthy was critical: \"Apart from startling, out-there comic turns by Robert Downey Jr. and Tom Cruise, however, the antics here are pretty thin, redundant and one-note.\" Glenn Kenny of RogerEbert.com would later call the film \"intermittently amusing but entirely smug and hateful.\"", "Glenn Kenny of RogerEbert.com would later call the film \"intermittently amusing but entirely smug and hateful.\" Rick Groen of The Globe and Mail also gave the film a negative review, calling it \"... an assault in the guise of a comedy—watching it is like getting mugged by a clown.\" J.R. Jones of Chicago Reader stated \"The rest of the movie never lives up to the hilarity of the opening, partly because the large-scale production smothers the gags but mostly because those gags are so easy to smother.\"", "J.R. Jones of Chicago Reader stated \"The rest of the movie never lives up to the hilarity of the opening, partly because the large-scale production smothers the gags but mostly because those gags are so easy to smother.\" Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times gave 3.5/4 and wrote, \"The movie is, may I say, considerably better than Stiller’s previous film, Zoolander (2001).", "Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times gave 3.5/4 and wrote, \"The movie is, may I say, considerably better than Stiller’s previous film, Zoolander (2001). It’s the kind of summer comedy that rolls in, makes a lot of people laugh and rolls on to video.\" The faux trailers before the film also received mixed reviews.", "The faux trailers before the film also received mixed reviews. David Ansen of Newsweek approved of the trailers, writing \"Tropic Thunder is the funniest movie of the summer—so funny, in fact, that you start laughing before the film itself has begun.\" Christy Lemire, writing for the Associated Press, called the trailers \"... the best part of the trip.\" Robert Wilonsky of The Village Voice was critical, saying that the trailers' comedy \"... resides in the land of the obvious, easy chuckle.\"", "Robert Wilonsky of The Village Voice was critical, saying that the trailers' comedy \"... resides in the land of the obvious, easy chuckle.\" Downey, Stiller, Black and Cruise were repeatedly singled out for praise by numerous critics, claiming that they \"stole the show\", were \"... off-the-charts hilarious ...\", and would bring viewers \"... the fondest memories of [their] work.\"", "Downey, Stiller, Black and Cruise were repeatedly singled out for praise by numerous critics, claiming that they \"stole the show\", were \"... off-the-charts hilarious ...\", and would bring viewers \"... the fondest memories of [their] work.\" Scott Feinberg, of the Los Angeles Times, criticized the concept of Downey's portrayal of an African-American, writing \"...", "Scott Feinberg, of the Los Angeles Times, criticized the concept of Downey's portrayal of an African-American, writing \"... I just can't imagine any circumstance under which a blackface performance would be acceptable, any more than I can imagine any circumstance under which the use of the N-word would be acceptable.\" Sara Vilkomerson said Cruise did \"... an astonishingly funny and surprising supporting performance.\"", "Sara Vilkomerson said Cruise did \"... an astonishingly funny and surprising supporting performance.\" Logan Hill of New York argued against Cruise's cameo saying that it \"... just makes him look a little lost and almost pathetic—shucking and jiving, trying to appeal to the younger moviegoers who are abandoning him.\" Several critics commented on the controversy over lines in the film talking about the mentally disabled. Duane Dudek of the Milwaukee Journal Sentinel wrote that the film \"... is just sophomoric enough to offend.", "Duane Dudek of the Milwaukee Journal Sentinel wrote that the film \"... is just sophomoric enough to offend. And while it is also funny, it is without the empathy or compassion to cause us to wonder why we are laughing.\" Christian Toto of The Washington Times argued against the opposition, \"Tropic Thunder is drawing fire from special interest groups for ... its frequent use of the word 'retard', but discerning audiences will know where the humor is targeted. And they'll be laughing too hard to take offense.\"", "And they'll be laughing too hard to take offense.\" Kurt Loder of MTV contrasted the opposition to the lines with Downey character portrayal of an African American, \"The scene in which the derisive Alpa Chino (Brandon T. Jackson) nails Lazarus' recitation of black-uplift homilies as nothing more than the lyrics to the Jeffersons theme is funny; but the one in which Lazarus quietly explains to Speedman that his Simple Jack character failed because he made the mistake of going 'full retard'—rather than softening his character with cuteness in the manner of Forrest Gump—is so on-the-nose accurate, it takes your breath away.\"", "Kurt Loder of MTV contrasted the opposition to the lines with Downey character portrayal of an African American, \"The scene in which the derisive Alpa Chino (Brandon T. Jackson) nails Lazarus' recitation of black-uplift homilies as nothing more than the lyrics to the Jeffersons theme is funny; but the one in which Lazarus quietly explains to Speedman that his Simple Jack character failed because he made the mistake of going 'full retard'—rather than softening his character with cuteness in the manner of Forrest Gump—is so on-the-nose accurate, it takes your breath away.\" Critics' lists In January 2009, Entertainment Weekly included Tropic Thunder in its list \"25 Great Comedies From the Past 25 Years\" for its \"spot-on skewering of Hollywood.\"", "Critics' lists In January 2009, Entertainment Weekly included Tropic Thunder in its list \"25 Great Comedies From the Past 25 Years\" for its \"spot-on skewering of Hollywood.\" The film also appeared on several critics' top ten lists of the best films of 2008. Stephen King placed it at the fourth position, calling the film \"the funniest, most daring comedy of the year.\"", "Stephen King placed it at the fourth position, calling the film \"the funniest, most daring comedy of the year.\" The Oregonians Marc Mohan, placed it sixth, and several critics placed it seventh: Elizabeth Weitzman of the New York Daily News, Premiere magazine, Mike Russell of The Oregonian, as well as Peter Hartlaub of the San Francisco Chronicle. David Ansen of Newsweek placed it eighth and Lisa Schwarzbaum of Entertainment Weekly included the film in the tenth position.", "David Ansen of Newsweek placed it eighth and Lisa Schwarzbaum of Entertainment Weekly included the film in the tenth position. Box office Stacey Snider, the chief executive of DreamWorks, suggested that the film would earn around $30 million in its opening weekend and go on to be as successful as Borat: Cultural Learnings of America for Make Benefit Glorious Nation of Kazakhstan, which earned $129 million in the U.S. and Canada and $260 million worldwide.", "Box office Stacey Snider, the chief executive of DreamWorks, suggested that the film would earn around $30 million in its opening weekend and go on to be as successful as Borat: Cultural Learnings of America for Make Benefit Glorious Nation of Kazakhstan, which earned $129 million in the U.S. and Canada and $260 million worldwide. The Dark Knight had been the number one film at the box office for the four weeks prior to the release of Tropic Thunder.", "The Dark Knight had been the number one film at the box office for the four weeks prior to the release of Tropic Thunder. Bob Thompson, a writer for the National Post, speculated that Tropic Thunders opening weekend would outperform The Dark Knight for the weekend.", "Bob Thompson, a writer for the National Post, speculated that Tropic Thunders opening weekend would outperform The Dark Knight for the weekend. In a list compiled prior to the summer's film releases, Entertainment Weekly predicted that the film would be the tenth highest-grossing film of the summer at the American box office with $142.6 million.Tropic Thunder opened in 3,319 theaters and, for its first five days of American and Canadian release, earned $36,845,588.", "In a list compiled prior to the summer's film releases, Entertainment Weekly predicted that the film would be the tenth highest-grossing film of the summer at the American box office with $142.6 million.Tropic Thunder opened in 3,319 theaters and, for its first five days of American and Canadian release, earned $36,845,588. The film placed first in the weekend's box office with $25,812,796, surpassing Star Wars: The Clone Wars and Mirrors, which debuted the same weekend.", "The film placed first in the weekend's box office with $25,812,796, surpassing Star Wars: The Clone Wars and Mirrors, which debuted the same weekend. Reacting to the film's opening receipts, DreamWorks spokesman Chip Sullivan stated \"We're thrilled, quite frankly. It played out exactly how we hoped.\" In foreign markets for the film's opening weekend, it was released in 418 Russian and 19 United Arab Emirates locations earning $2.2 million and $319,000, respectively.", "In foreign markets for the film's opening weekend, it was released in 418 Russian and 19 United Arab Emirates locations earning $2.2 million and $319,000, respectively. The film maintained its number one position at the American and Canadian box office for the following two weekends, making it the second film in 2008 (after The Dark Knight) to hold the number-one position for more than two consecutive weekends.", "The film maintained its number one position at the American and Canadian box office for the following two weekends, making it the second film in 2008 (after The Dark Knight) to hold the number-one position for more than two consecutive weekends. The film's widest release was in 3,473 theaters, placing it in the top 25 widest releases in the U.S. for 2008. For 2008, the film was the fifth-highest-grossing domestic R-rated film.", "For 2008, the film was the fifth-highest-grossing domestic R-rated film. The film's U.S. and Canada gross of over $110 million made Tropic Thunder Stiller's most successful film as a director. The film has had gross receipts of $110,515,313 in the U.S. and Canada and $85,187,498 in international markets for a total of $195,702,811 worldwide. Accolades In October 2008, Paramount chose to put end-of-year award push funds behind Tropic Thunder, and began advertising for Downey to receive a nomination by the Academy Awards for Best Supporting Actor.", "Accolades In October 2008, Paramount chose to put end-of-year award push funds behind Tropic Thunder, and began advertising for Downey to receive a nomination by the Academy Awards for Best Supporting Actor. In a November 2008 issue by Entertainment Weekly, Downey's film role was considered one of the three contenders for Best Supporting Actor.", "In a November 2008 issue by Entertainment Weekly, Downey's film role was considered one of the three contenders for Best Supporting Actor. As a way of extending the film-within-a-film \"universe\" into real life, there were at least two online \"For Your Consideration\" ads touting Downey's character, Kirk Lazarus, for Best Supporting Actor; one of these contains \"scenes\" from Satan's Alley that were not in the trailer as released in theaters.", "As a way of extending the film-within-a-film \"universe\" into real life, there were at least two online \"For Your Consideration\" ads touting Downey's character, Kirk Lazarus, for Best Supporting Actor; one of these contains \"scenes\" from Satan's Alley that were not in the trailer as released in theaters. At least one of the ads was produced by Paramount Pictures and intended for early For Your Consideration awareness for Downey's role.", "At least one of the ads was produced by Paramount Pictures and intended for early For Your Consideration awareness for Downey's role. On January 22, 2009, the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences nominated Downey for Best Supporting Actor. At the 81st Academy Awards, Downey lost to Heath Ledger for his role as The Joker in The Dark Knight.", "At the 81st Academy Awards, Downey lost to Heath Ledger for his role as The Joker in The Dark Knight. With the onset of the annual Hollywood film award season at the end of 2008, Tropic Thunder began receiving nominations and awards starting with a win for \"Hollywood Comedy of the Year Award\" at the 12th annual Hollywood Film Festival on October 27, 2008. The film was nominated for Best Motion Picture, Comedy or Musical, for the Satellite Awards.", "The film was nominated for Best Motion Picture, Comedy or Musical, for the Satellite Awards. In addition, Downey was nominated for Best Actor in a Supporting Role. The Broadcast Film Critics Association nominated Downey for Best Supporting Actor and awarded Tropic Thunder Best Comedy Movie at the BFCA's Critics' Choice Awards. Both Downey and Cruise received nominations from the Hollywood Foreign Press Association for Golden Globes for Best Supporting Actor. The Boston Society of Film Critics recognized the cast with its Best Ensemble award.", "The Boston Society of Film Critics recognized the cast with its Best Ensemble award. Downey was also nominated by both the Screen Actors Guild and the British Academy of Film and Television Arts for Best Supporting Actor awards. ControversyTropic Thunder was criticized by the disability advocacy community. The website for Simple Jack was withdrawn on August 4 amid several groups' concerns over its portrayal of intellectual disability.", "The website for Simple Jack was withdrawn on August 4 amid several groups' concerns over its portrayal of intellectual disability. A spokesman for DreamWorks said, \"We heard their concerns, and we understand that taken out of context, the site appeared to be insensitive to people with disabilities.\" A coalition of more than 20 disability advocacy groups, including the Special Olympics and the Arc of the United States, objected to the film's repeated use of the word \"retard\".", "A coalition of more than 20 disability advocacy groups, including the Special Olympics and the Arc of the United States, objected to the film's repeated use of the word \"retard\". DreamWorks offered to screen the film for the groups on August 8 to determine if it still offended them. The screening was postponed to the same day of the premiere on August 11. After representatives for the groups attended the private screening and were offended by its content, the groups picketed outside the film's premiere.", "After representatives for the groups attended the private screening and were offended by its content, the groups picketed outside the film's premiere. Timothy Shriver, the chairman of the Special Olympics, stated, \"This population struggles too much with the basics to have to struggle against Hollywood. We're sending a message that this hate speech is no longer acceptable.\" Disability advocates and others who previewed the film reported that the offensive treatment of individuals with mental disabilities was woven throughout the film's plot.", "Disability advocates and others who previewed the film reported that the offensive treatment of individuals with mental disabilities was woven throughout the film's plot. Disability advocates urged people not to see the film, claiming it is demeaning to individuals with mental disabilities and would encourage bullying.", "Disability advocates urged people not to see the film, claiming it is demeaning to individuals with mental disabilities and would encourage bullying. Stiller defended the film, stating \"We screened the movie so many times and this didn't come up until very late ... in the context of the film I think it's really clear, they were making fun of the actors and actors who try to use serious subjects to win awards.\"", "Stiller defended the film, stating \"We screened the movie so many times and this didn't come up until very late ... in the context of the film I think it's really clear, they were making fun of the actors and actors who try to use serious subjects to win awards.\" Co-writer Etan Cohen echoed Stiller's rationale: \"Some people have taken this as making fun of handicapped people, but we're really trying to make fun of the actors who use this material as fodder for acclaim.\"", "Co-writer Etan Cohen echoed Stiller's rationale: \"Some people have taken this as making fun of handicapped people, but we're really trying to make fun of the actors who use this material as fodder for acclaim.\" He went on to state that the film lampoons actors who portray intellectually disabled or autistic characters such as Dustin Hoffman in Rain Man, Tom Hanks in Forrest Gump, and Sean Penn in I Am Sam.", "He went on to state that the film lampoons actors who portray intellectually disabled or autistic characters such as Dustin Hoffman in Rain Man, Tom Hanks in Forrest Gump, and Sean Penn in I Am Sam. A DreamWorks spokesman did not directly respond to the criticism, claiming that Tropic Thunder \"... is an R-rated comedy that satirizes Hollywood and its excesses, makes its point by featuring inappropriate and over-the-top characters in ridiculous situations.\"", "A DreamWorks spokesman did not directly respond to the criticism, claiming that Tropic Thunder \"... is an R-rated comedy that satirizes Hollywood and its excesses, makes its point by featuring inappropriate and over-the-top characters in ridiculous situations.\" The film's advertising was altered, but none of the scenes in the film were edited as a result of the opposition.", "The film's advertising was altered, but none of the scenes in the film were edited as a result of the opposition. In response to the controversy, the director's cut of the DVD (but not the Blu-ray) includes a public service announcement in the special features that discourages use of the word \"retard\".", "In response to the controversy, the director's cut of the DVD (but not the Blu-ray) includes a public service announcement in the special features that discourages use of the word \"retard\". Another aspect that drew warning before the release of the movie and criticism afterwards was Robert Downey Jr. playing a white Australian actor who dons \"blackface\" as part of his method acting the role of an African-American man.", "Another aspect that drew warning before the release of the movie and criticism afterwards was Robert Downey Jr. playing a white Australian actor who dons \"blackface\" as part of his method acting the role of an African-American man. He responded by pointing out that this was a case of donning \"blackface\" in order to point out how wrong it is.", "He responded by pointing out that this was a case of donning \"blackface\" in order to point out how wrong it is. Others have point out that the wrongness of \"blackface\" is addressed within the movie itself by an actual African-American, and that the climax of movie pins on Downey Jr.'s shedding of his method acting; in this way the movie mocks, rather than embraces, both \"blackface\" and the extreme and ridiculous things method actors sometimes do for their roles.", "Others have point out that the wrongness of \"blackface\" is addressed within the movie itself by an actual African-American, and that the climax of movie pins on Downey Jr.'s shedding of his method acting; in this way the movie mocks, rather than embraces, both \"blackface\" and the extreme and ridiculous things method actors sometimes do for their roles. Some have pointed out that how the film characterized and how non-Jewish Tom Cruise portrayed the Jewish character of Les Grossman (in addition to his name, he also references the Jewish holiday of Purim) is antisemitic.", "Some have pointed out that how the film characterized and how non-Jewish Tom Cruise portrayed the Jewish character of Les Grossman (in addition to his name, he also references the Jewish holiday of Purim) is antisemitic. Critics have also referred to this performance as \"Jewface\" as early as 2008 (years before Sarah Silverman raised awareness of the term), calling it \"vulgar\" and \"exploitation\".", "Critics have also referred to this performance as \"Jewface\" as early as 2008 (years before Sarah Silverman raised awareness of the term), calling it \"vulgar\" and \"exploitation\". Reportedly, Tom Cruise was largely responsibly for the final form Les Grossman took, including using him as an additional villain, the hairiness of the character and the \"fat hands\". MusicTropic Thunders score and soundtrack were released on August 5, 2008, the week before the film's theatrical release.", "MusicTropic Thunders score and soundtrack were released on August 5, 2008, the week before the film's theatrical release. The score was composed by Theodore Shapiro and performed by the Hollywood Studio Symphony. William Ruhlmann of AllMusic gave the score a positive review, stating it is \"...an affectionate and knowing satire of the history of Hollywood action movie music, penned by an insider.\" Thomas Simpson of Soundtrack.Net called it \"...a mixture of fun, seriousness, rock n' roll and great scoring.\"", "Thomas Simpson of Soundtrack.Net called it \"...a mixture of fun, seriousness, rock n' roll and great scoring.\" Five songs, \"Cum On Feel the Noize\" by Quiet Riot, \"Sympathy for the Devil\" by The Rolling Stones, \"For What It's Worth\" by Buffalo Springfield, \"Low\" by Flo Rida and T-Pain, and \"Get Back\" by Ludacris, were not present on the soundtrack, yet did appear in the film.", "Five songs, \"Cum On Feel the Noize\" by Quiet Riot, \"Sympathy for the Devil\" by The Rolling Stones, \"For What It's Worth\" by Buffalo Springfield, \"Low\" by Flo Rida and T-Pain, and \"Get Back\" by Ludacris, were not present on the soundtrack, yet did appear in the film. The soundtrack features songs from The Temptations, MC Hammer, Creedence Clearwater Revival, Edwin Starr, and other artists.", "The soundtrack features songs from The Temptations, MC Hammer, Creedence Clearwater Revival, Edwin Starr, and other artists. The single \"Name of the Game\" by The Crystal Method featuring Ryu has an exclusive remix on the soundtrack. The soundtrack debuted 20th on Billboards Top Soundtracks list and peaked at 39th on its Top Independent Albums list.", "The soundtrack debuted 20th on Billboards Top Soundtracks list and peaked at 39th on its Top Independent Albums list. James Christopher Monger of allmusic compared the music to other film's soundtracks such as Platoon, Full Metal Jacket, and Forrest Gump'' and called it \"...a fun but slight listen that plays out like an old late-'70s K-Tel compilation with a few bonus cuts from the future.\" Spin-off Cruise reprised his character Les Grossman for the 2010 MTV Movie Awards.", "Spin-off Cruise reprised his character Les Grossman for the 2010 MTV Movie Awards. On June 9, 2010, it was announced that a spin-off film would be developed centering on Grossman. A script has been written by Michael Bacall. In March 2012, Bacall gave an update on the long-rumored Les Grossman spin-off movie, revealing that the film will attempt to uncover where Grossman's well-documented anger issues originated.", "In March 2012, Bacall gave an update on the long-rumored Les Grossman spin-off movie, revealing that the film will attempt to uncover where Grossman's well-documented anger issues originated. See also List of films featuring fictional films References External links English-language films 2008 films 2008 action comedy films 2000s satirical films American films American action comedy films American satirical films British films British action comedy films British satirical films German films English-language German films German action comedy films German satirical films Mandarin-language films Films about actors Films about filmmaking Films set in Los Angeles Films shot in Hawaii Films shot in Los Angeles Military humor in film Films about the United States Army Films directed by Ben Stiller Films produced by Ben Stiller Films with screenplays by Etan Cohen Films with screenplays by Justin Theroux Films scored by Theodore Shapiro DreamWorks Pictures films Paramount Pictures films Red Hour Productions films 2008 comedy films Torture in films Blackface minstrel shows and films" ]

[ "The Police", "1979: Reggatta de Blanc", "Was there any hits from this album", "Regatta de Blanc\" won the Grammy Award for Best Rock Instrumental Performance.", "Did it help the growth of the band", "The album's singles failed to dent the US top 40, but Reggatta de Blanc still hit No. 25 on the US album charts.", "Was there any additional members during that album", "I don't know." ]

[ "A soundtrack album is any album that incorporates music directly recorded from the soundtrack of a particular feature film or television show. The first such album to be commercially released was Walt Disney's Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs, the soundtrack to the film of the same name, in 1938. The first soundtrack album of a film's orchestral score was that for Alexander Korda's 1942 film Rudyard Kipling's Jungle Book, composed by Miklós Rózsa.\n\nOverview\nWhen a feature film is released, or during and after a television series airs, an album in the form of a soundtrack is frequently released alongside it.\n\nA soundtrack typically contains instrumentation or alternatively a film score. But it can also feature songs that were sung or performed by characters in a scene (or a cover version of a song in the media, rerecorded by a popular artist), songs that were used as intentional or unintentional background music in important scenes, songs that were heard in the closing credits, or songs for no apparent reason related to the media other than for promotion, that were included in a soundtrack.\n\nSoundtracks are usually released on major record labels (just as if they were released by a musical artist), and the songs and the soundtrack itself can also be on music charts, and win musical awards.\n\nBy convention, a soundtrack record can contain any kind of music including music \"inspired by\" but not actually appearing in the movie; the score contains only music by the original film's composers.\n\nContemporaneously, a soundtrack can go against normality, (most typically used in popular culture franchises) and contains recently released or exclusive never before released original pop music selections, (some of which become high-charting records on their own, which due to being released on another franchises title, peaked because of that) and is simply used for promotional purposes for well known artists, or new or unknown artists. These soundtracks contain music not at all heard in the film/television series, and any artistic or lyrical connection is purely coincidental.\n\nHowever depending on the genre of the media the soundtrack of popular songs would have a set pattern; a lighthearted romance might feature easy listening love songs, whilst a more dark thriller would compose of hard rock or urban music.\n\nIn 1908, Camille Saint-Saëns composed the first music specifically for use in a motion picture (L'assasinat du duc de Guise), and releasing recordings of songs used in films became prevalent in the 1930s. Henry Mancini, who won an Emmy Award and two Grammys for his soundtrack to Peter Gunn, was the first composer to have a widespread hit with a song from a soundtrack.\n\nBefore the 1970s, soundtracks (with a few exceptions), accompanied towards musicals, and was an album that featured vocal and instrumental, (and instrumental versions of vocal songs) musical selections performed by cast members. Or cover versions of songs sung by another artist.\n\nAfter the 1970s, soundtracks started to include more diversity, and music consumers would anticipate a motion picture or television soundtrack. Majority of top charting songs were those featured or released on a film or television soundtrack album.\n\nNowadays, the term \"soundtrack\" sort of subsided. It now mostly commonly refers to instrumental background music used in that media. Popular songs featured in a film or television series are instead highlighted and referenced in the credits, not a part of a \"soundtrack\".\n\nIn advertisements or store listings, soundtrack albums are sometimes confused with original cast albums. These are albums made with the original stage cast of a musical, and are recorded by the cast either in live performance or in a studio, not transferred from a movie soundtrack.\n\nIn some cases, recorded dialogue may be incorporated into the soundtrack album. This comes in two kinds: audio clips from the movie itself (used on the albums for Pulp Fiction and Apollo 13, for example) or radio dramas that involve the characters from the movie involved in other events (example: King of Pirates, from FLCL). The unusual first soundtrack album of the 1939 film The Wizard of Oz, issued in 1956 in conjunction with the film's first telecast, was virtually a condensed version of the film, with enough dialogue on the album for the listener to be able to easily follow the plot, as was the first soundtrack album of the 1968 Romeo and Juliet, and the soundtrack albums of The Taming of the Shrew (1967 version), Cromwell, and Little Big Man. In the case of Patton, the bulk of the album featured the film's musical score, while the opening and final tracks featured George C. Scott's opening and closing speeches from the movie. The highly unusual soundtrack album of the 1972 mystery film Sleuth was designed as a sort of teaser, with Laurence Olivier and Michael Caine's voices heard for the first three minutes, after which the dialogue was abruptly cut off and the musical score of the film took over, forcing listeners to \"see the film if they wished to know what the mystery was all about.\"\n\nIn a few rare instances, the complete soundtrack for a film — dialogue, music, sound effects, etc. — has been released. One notable example was a 3-LP set of the 1977 Rankin-Bass film The Hobbit. Because this particular film was produced for television, it lent itself well to the LP format: built-in commercial insert points were used to end each LP side, thus avoiding any additional editing. Another example was the above-mentioned Zeffirelli Romeo and Juliet - the movie proved so popular that two years after the film's original release, an album set of the complete soundtrack was released. Still another example was the Laurence Olivier Richard III, the soundtrack of which was released as a 3-LP album by RCA Victor in 1955.\n\nExtra tracks\nSometimes tracks not in the movie are included in the album, especially on a CD release of the soundtrack as opposed to an LP. Some of these may be \"outtakes\" (songs or instrumental music recorded for use in the movie but \"cut\" in the final edit as released), or they may have been used in trailers but not in the movie itself. Examples include the South Park: Bigger, Longer & Uncut soundtrack. Two other well-known examples are the soundtrack albums to Rodgers and Hammerstein's Carousel and The King and I both of which include two or more songs not heard in the finished film.\n\nPopularity in cultures\n\nSoundtrack albums account for the bulk of the Indian music industry. Music from the Indian film industry, particularly the music of Bollywood, usually sells more than Indian pop records.\n\nLists\n\nBest-selling soundtrack albums\n\nAlbum streams\n\nSee also\nSoundtrack\nCast recording - for musical theater\nShow tune\nFilm score\n\nReferences\n\nAlbum types", "\"Lapdance\" is a song by American rock/hip hop band N.E.R.D. from their debut studio album, In Search Of.... The nu metal song features rappers Vita and Lee Harvey, and was produced by the Neptunes.\n\nIt was ranked number 93 on VH1's \"100 Greatest Songs of Hip Hop\".\n\nA remix of \"Lapdance\" by Trent Reznor appeared on the compilation album Spin This. Although it is censored, an uncensored version of the remix is available on a rare promo single disc. A remix of \"Lapdance\" by Paul Oakenfold appeared on the soundtrack album Swordfish. The song uses comparison of politicians to strippers giving a lap dance for free due to the use of their excessive propaganda without ever taking action.\n\nCharts\n\nCertifications\n\nUsage in other media\n In 2001, the song was included in the soundtrack of Kiss of the Dragon.\n A brief snippet of the song was used in the Scrubs episode \"My Fifteen Minutes\".\n Featured in the 2002 video game BMX XXX.\n In 2003, the song was featured in the pilot for The WB teen drama, One Tree Hill.\n Featured in the 2003 video game True Crime: Streets of LA.\n Remixed version of \"Lapdance\" was featured in the 2003 superhero film, Daredevil.\n In the 2009 video game, DJ Hero, \"Lapdance\" is mixed with two songs: \"The Big Beat\" by Billy Squier and \"Rockit\" by Herbie Hancock. The latter was mixed by Grandmaster Flash.\n In the 2011 episode of Black Mirror, \"Fifteen Million Merits\", the instrumental for the song was featured in an advertisement for the fictional pornographic show, Wraith Babes.\n In 2011, \"Lapdance\" was released as DLC for the 2010 video game Dance Central\n In 2013, \"Lapdance\" was used in the trailer for the film Identity Thief.\n In 2014, the song was used in the trailer for the film Penguins of Madagascar.\n In 2014, the song was used in the film Step Up: All In.\n In 2015, the song was used in the trailer and TV Spot for the film, Paul Blart: Mall Cop 2 and Daddy's Home.\n In 2019, it featured in the second episode of season 7 of Orange Is the New Black.\n\nReferences\n\n2001 debut singles\nN.E.R.D. songs\nNu metal songs\nSong recordings produced by the Neptunes\nSongs written by Chad Hugo\nSongs written by Pharrell Williams\n2001 songs\nRap rock songs" ]

[ "The Police were an English rock band formed in London in 1977. For most of their history the line-up consisted of primary songwriter Sting (lead vocals, bass guitar), Andy Summers (guitar) and Stewart Copeland (drums, percussion). The Police became globally popular in the late 1970s and early 1980s. Emerging in the British new wave scene, they played a style of rock influenced by punk, reggae, and jazz. Their 1978 debut album, Outlandos d'Amour, reached No.", "Their 1978 debut album, Outlandos d'Amour, reached No. 6 on the UK Albums Chart on the strength of the singles \"Roxanne\" and \"Can't Stand Losing You\". Their second album, Reggatta de Blanc (1979), became the first of four consecutive No. 1 studio albums in the UK and Australia; its first two singles, \"Message in a Bottle\" and \"Walking on the Moon\", became their first UK number ones.", "1 studio albums in the UK and Australia; its first two singles, \"Message in a Bottle\" and \"Walking on the Moon\", became their first UK number ones. Their next two albums, Zenyatta Mondatta (1980) and Ghost in the Machine (1981), led to further critical and commercial success with two songs, \"Don't Stand So Close to Me\" and \"Every Little Thing She Does Is Magic\", becoming UK number-one singles and Top 5 hits in other countries; the latter album and single were their breakthrough into the US as both reached the Top 3 there.", "Their next two albums, Zenyatta Mondatta (1980) and Ghost in the Machine (1981), led to further critical and commercial success with two songs, \"Don't Stand So Close to Me\" and \"Every Little Thing She Does Is Magic\", becoming UK number-one singles and Top 5 hits in other countries; the latter album and single were their breakthrough into the US as both reached the Top 3 there. Their final studio album, Synchronicity (1983), was No.", "Their final studio album, Synchronicity (1983), was No. 1 in the UK, Canada, Australia, Italy and the US, selling over 8 million copies in the US. Its lead single, \"Every Breath You Take\", became their fifth UK number one, and only US number one.", "Its lead single, \"Every Breath You Take\", became their fifth UK number one, and only US number one. During this time, the band were considered one of the leaders of the Second British Invasion of the US; in 1983 Rolling Stone labelled them \"the first British New Wave act to break through in America on a grand scale, and possibly the biggest band in the world.\" The Police disbanded in 1986, but reunited in early 2007 for a one-off world tour that ended in August 2008.", "The Police disbanded in 1986, but reunited in early 2007 for a one-off world tour that ended in August 2008. They were the world's highest-earning musicians in 2008, due to their reunion tour. The Police have sold over 75 million records, making them one of the best-selling bands of all time. The band won a number of music awards, including six Grammy Awards, two Brit Awards—winning Best British Group once, and an MTV Video Music Award.", "The band won a number of music awards, including six Grammy Awards, two Brit Awards—winning Best British Group once, and an MTV Video Music Award. In 2003, they were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. Four of their five studio albums appeared on Rolling Stones list of the \"500 Greatest Albums of All Time\". The band were included among both Rolling Stones and VH1's lists of the \"100 Greatest Artists of All Time\".", "The band were included among both Rolling Stones and VH1's lists of the \"100 Greatest Artists of All Time\". History 1977: Formation In late November 1976, while on tour with the British progressive rock band Curved Air in Newcastle upon Tyne, in the northeast of England, the band's American drummer, Stewart Copeland, met and exchanged phone numbers with ambitious singer-bassist (and former schoolteacher) Gordon Sumner a.k.a.", "History 1977: Formation In late November 1976, while on tour with the British progressive rock band Curved Air in Newcastle upon Tyne, in the northeast of England, the band's American drummer, Stewart Copeland, met and exchanged phone numbers with ambitious singer-bassist (and former schoolteacher) Gordon Sumner a.k.a. Sting (so nicknamed because of his habit of wearing a black-and-yellow striped sweater resembling a wasp), who at the time was playing in a jazz-rock fusion band called Last Exit.", "Sting (so nicknamed because of his habit of wearing a black-and-yellow striped sweater resembling a wasp), who at the time was playing in a jazz-rock fusion band called Last Exit. On 12 January 1977, Sting relocated to London and, on the day of his arrival, sought out Copeland for a jam session. Curved Air had recently split up and Copeland, inspired by the contemporary punk rock movement, was eager to form a new band to join the burgeoning London punk scene.", "Curved Air had recently split up and Copeland, inspired by the contemporary punk rock movement, was eager to form a new band to join the burgeoning London punk scene. While less keen, Sting acknowledged the commercial opportunities, so they formed The Police as a trio, with Corsican guitarist Henry Padovani recruited as the third member.", "While less keen, Sting acknowledged the commercial opportunities, so they formed The Police as a trio, with Corsican guitarist Henry Padovani recruited as the third member. After their debut concert on 1 March 1977 at Alexander's in Newport, Wales (which lasted only ten minutes), the group played London pubs and Punk clubs touring as backing band and support act for Cherry Vanilla and for Wayne County & the Electric Chairs.", "After their debut concert on 1 March 1977 at Alexander's in Newport, Wales (which lasted only ten minutes), the group played London pubs and Punk clubs touring as backing band and support act for Cherry Vanilla and for Wayne County & the Electric Chairs. On 1 May 1977, The Police released on Illegal Records their debut single \"Fall Out,\" recorded at Pathway Studios in Islington, North London on 12 February 1977 (a couple of weeks before the band's debut live performance), with a budget of £150.", "On 1 May 1977, The Police released on Illegal Records their debut single \"Fall Out,\" recorded at Pathway Studios in Islington, North London on 12 February 1977 (a couple of weeks before the band's debut live performance), with a budget of £150. This is the only Police recording featuring Henry Padovani. Mick Jagger reviewed the single in Sounds magazine. Also in May 1977, former Gong musician Mike Howlett invited Sting to join him in the band project Strontium 90.", "Also in May 1977, former Gong musician Mike Howlett invited Sting to join him in the band project Strontium 90. The drummer Howlett had in mind, Chris Cutler, was unavailable, so Sting took Copeland. The band's fourth member was guitarist Andy Summers. A decade older than Sting and Copeland, Summers was a music industry veteran who had played with Eric Burdon and the Animals and Kevin Ayers among others.", "A decade older than Sting and Copeland, Summers was a music industry veteran who had played with Eric Burdon and the Animals and Kevin Ayers among others. Strontium 90 performed at a Gong reunion concert in Paris on 28 May 1977, and played at a London club (under the name of \"the Elevators\") in July.", "Strontium 90 performed at a Gong reunion concert in Paris on 28 May 1977, and played at a London club (under the name of \"the Elevators\") in July. The band also recorded several demo tracks: these were released (along with live recordings and an early version of \"Every Little Thing She Does Is Magic\") 20 years later on the archive album Strontium 90: Police Academy.", "The band also recorded several demo tracks: these were released (along with live recordings and an early version of \"Every Little Thing She Does Is Magic\") 20 years later on the archive album Strontium 90: Police Academy. Summers's musicality impressed Sting, who was becoming frustrated with Padovani's rudimentary abilities and the limitations they imposed on The Police's potential. Shortly after the Strontium 90 gig, Sting approached Summers to join the band.", "Shortly after the Strontium 90 gig, Sting approached Summers to join the band. He agreed, on the condition the band remain a trio, with him replacing Padovani. Restrained by loyalty, Copeland and Sting resisted the idea, and The Police carried on as a four-piece version. However, they only performed live twice: on 25 July 1977 at the Music Machine in London and on 5 August at the Mont de Marsan Punk Festival.", "However, they only performed live twice: on 25 July 1977 at the Music Machine in London and on 5 August at the Mont de Marsan Punk Festival. Shortly after these two gigs (and an aborted recording session with ex-Velvet Underground member John Cale as producer on 10 August), Summers delivered an ultimatum to the band and Padovani was dismissed leaving him free to join Wayne County & The Electric Chairs.", "Shortly after these two gigs (and an aborted recording session with ex-Velvet Underground member John Cale as producer on 10 August), Summers delivered an ultimatum to the band and Padovani was dismissed leaving him free to join Wayne County & The Electric Chairs. The effect of Summers's arrival was instant: Copeland said: \"One by one, Sting's songs had started coming in, and when Andy joined, it opened up new numbers of Sting's we could do, so the material started to get a lot more interesting and Sting started to take a lot more interest in the group.\"", "The effect of Summers's arrival was instant: Copeland said: \"One by one, Sting's songs had started coming in, and when Andy joined, it opened up new numbers of Sting's we could do, so the material started to get a lot more interesting and Sting started to take a lot more interest in the group.\" The Police's power trio line-up of Copeland, Sting, and Summers performed for the first time on 18 August 1977 at Rebecca's club in Birmingham in the West Midlands.", "The Police's power trio line-up of Copeland, Sting, and Summers performed for the first time on 18 August 1977 at Rebecca's club in Birmingham in the West Midlands. A trio was unusual for the time, and this line-up endured for the rest of the band's history. Few punk bands were three-pieces, while contemporary bands pursuing progressive rock, symphonic rock and other sound trends usually expanded their line-ups with support players.", "Few punk bands were three-pieces, while contemporary bands pursuing progressive rock, symphonic rock and other sound trends usually expanded their line-ups with support players. The musical background of all three players may have made them suspect to punk purists, with music critic Christopher Gable stating, The band were also able to draw on influences from reggae to jazz to progressive and pub rock. While still maintaining the main band and attempting to win over punk audiences, Police members continued to moonlight within the art rock scene.", "While still maintaining the main band and attempting to win over punk audiences, Police members continued to moonlight within the art rock scene. In late 1977 and early 1978, Sting and Summers recorded and performed as part of an ensemble led by German experimental composer Eberhard Schoener; Copeland also joined for a time. These performances resulted in three albums, each of them an eclectic mix of rock, electronica and jazz.", "These performances resulted in three albums, each of them an eclectic mix of rock, electronica and jazz. Various appearances by the Schoener outfit on German television made the German public aware of Sting's unusual high-pitched voice, and helped pave the way for The Police's later popularity. The bleached-blond hair that became a band trademark happened by accident.", "The bleached-blond hair that became a band trademark happened by accident. In February 1978, the band, desperate for money, was asked to do a commercial for Wrigley's Spearmint chewing gum (directed by Tony Scott) on the condition they dye their hair blond. The commercial was shot with the band, but was shelved and never aired.", "The commercial was shot with the band, but was shelved and never aired. 1977–1978: Recording contract and Outlandos d'Amour Copeland's older brother Miles was initially sceptical of the inclusion of Summers in the band, fearing it would undermine their punk credibility, and reluctantly agreed to provide £1,500 to finance The Police's first album. Recording Outlandos d'Amour was difficult, as the band was working on a small budget, with no manager or record deal.", "Recording Outlandos d'Amour was difficult, as the band was working on a small budget, with no manager or record deal. It was recorded during off-peak hours at the Surrey Sound Studios in Leatherhead, Surrey, a converted recording facility above a dairy which was run by brothers Chris and Nigel Gray. During one of his periodic studio visits, Miles heard \"Roxanne\" for the first time at the end of a session.", "During one of his periodic studio visits, Miles heard \"Roxanne\" for the first time at the end of a session. Where he had been less enthusiastic about the band's other songs, the elder Copeland was immediately struck by the track, and quickly got The Police a record deal with A&M Records on the strength of it. \"Roxanne\" was issued as a single in the spring of 1978, while other album tracks were still being recorded, but it failed to chart.", "\"Roxanne\" was issued as a single in the spring of 1978, while other album tracks were still being recorded, but it failed to chart. It also failed to make the BBC's playlist, which the band attributed to the song's depiction of prostitution. A&M consequently promoted the single with posters claiming \"Banned by the BBC\", though it was never really banned, just not play-listed.", "A&M consequently promoted the single with posters claiming \"Banned by the BBC\", though it was never really banned, just not play-listed. Copeland later admitted, \"We got a lot of mileage out of it being supposedly banned by the BBC.\" The Police made their first television appearance in October 1978, on BBC2's The Old Grey Whistle Test to promote the release of Outlandos d'Amour.", "The Police made their first television appearance in October 1978, on BBC2's The Old Grey Whistle Test to promote the release of Outlandos d'Amour. Though \"Roxanne\" was never banned, the BBC did ban the second single from Outlandos d'Amour, \"Can't Stand Losing You\". This was due to the single's cover, which featured Copeland hanging himself over an ice block being melted by a portable radiator. The single became a minor chart hit, The Police's first, peaking at No.", "The single became a minor chart hit, The Police's first, peaking at No. 42 in the UK. The follow-up single, \"So Lonely\", issued in November 1978, failed to chart. In February 1979, \"Roxanne\" was issued as a single in North America, where it was warmly received on radio despite the subject matter. The song peaked at No. 31 in Canada and No. 32 in the US, spurring a UK re-release of it in April.", "32 in the US, spurring a UK re-release of it in April. The band performed \"Roxanne\" on BBC1's Top of the Pops, and the re-issue of the song finally gained the band widespread recognition in the UK when it peaked at No. 12 on the UK Singles Chart.", "12 on the UK Singles Chart. 12 on the UK Singles Chart. The group's UK success led to gigs in the US at the famous New York City club CBGB, The Rathskeller (The RAT) in Boston and at The Chance in Poughkeepsie, New York, from which \"Roxanne\" finally debuted on US radio on WPDH, and a gruelling 1979 North American tour in which the band drove themselves and their equipment around the country in a Ford Econoline van.", "The group's UK success led to gigs in the US at the famous New York City club CBGB, The Rathskeller (The RAT) in Boston and at The Chance in Poughkeepsie, New York, from which \"Roxanne\" finally debuted on US radio on WPDH, and a gruelling 1979 North American tour in which the band drove themselves and their equipment around the country in a Ford Econoline van. That summer, \"Can't Stand Losing You\" was also re-released in the UK, becoming a substantial hit, peaking at No.", "That summer, \"Can't Stand Losing You\" was also re-released in the UK, becoming a substantial hit, peaking at No. 2. The group's first single, \"Fall Out\", was reissued in late 1979, peaking at No. 47 in the UK. 1979: Reggatta de Blanc In October 1979, the group released their second album, Reggatta de Blanc, which topped the UK Albums Chart and became the first of four consecutive UK No. 1 studio albums.", "1 studio albums. 1 studio albums. The album spawned the hit singles \"Message in a Bottle\" (No. 1 UK, No. 2 Canada, No. 5 Australia) and \"Walking on the Moon\" (No. 1 UK). The album's singles failed to enter the US top 40, but Reggatta de Blanc still reached No. 25 on the US album charts.", "25 on the US album charts. 25 on the US album charts. The band's first live performance of \"Message in a Bottle\" was on the BBC's television show Rock Goes to College filmed at Hatfield Polytechnic College in Hertfordshire. The instrumental title track \"Reggatta de Blanc\" won the Grammy Award for Best Rock Instrumental Performance. In February 1980, the single \"So Lonely\" was reissued in the UK.", "In February 1980, the single \"So Lonely\" was reissued in the UK. Originally a non-charting flop when first issued in late 1978, upon re-release the track became a UK top 10 hit, peaking at No. 6. In March 1980, the Police began their first world tour, which included places that had seldom hosted foreign performers—including Mexico, India, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Greece and Egypt.", "In March 1980, the Police began their first world tour, which included places that had seldom hosted foreign performers—including Mexico, India, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Greece and Egypt. The tour was subsequently documented in the film The Police Around the World (1982), directed by Kate and Derek Burbidge, which contains footage shot by Annie Nightingale originally intended for a BBC production The Police in the East.", "The tour was subsequently documented in the film The Police Around the World (1982), directed by Kate and Derek Burbidge, which contains footage shot by Annie Nightingale originally intended for a BBC production The Police in the East. In May 1980, A&M in the UK released Six Pack, a package containing the five previous A&M singles (not including \"Fall Out\") in their original sleeves plus a mono alternate take of the album track \"The Bed's Too Big Without You\" backed with a live version of \"Truth Hits Everybody\".", "In May 1980, A&M in the UK released Six Pack, a package containing the five previous A&M singles (not including \"Fall Out\") in their original sleeves plus a mono alternate take of the album track \"The Bed's Too Big Without You\" backed with a live version of \"Truth Hits Everybody\". It reached No. 17 in the UK Singles Chart (although chart regulations introduced later in the decade would have classed it as an album).", "17 in the UK Singles Chart (although chart regulations introduced later in the decade would have classed it as an album). 1980–1981: Zenyatta Mondatta Pressured by their record company for a new record and a prompt return to touring, the Police released their third album, Zenyatta Mondatta, in October 1980. The album was recorded in a three-week period in the Netherlands for tax reasons. The album gave the group their third UK No.", "The album gave the group their third UK No. The album gave the group their third UK No. 1 hit, \"Don't Stand So Close to Me\" (the UK's best-selling single of 1980) and another hit single, \"De Do Do Do, De Da Da Da\", both of which reached No. 10 in the US.", "10 in the US. 10 in the US. While the three band members and co-producer Nigel Gray all expressed immediate regret over the rushed recording for the album, which was finished at 4 a.m. on the day the band began their world tour, the album received high praise from critics.", "While the three band members and co-producer Nigel Gray all expressed immediate regret over the rushed recording for the album, which was finished at 4 a.m. on the day the band began their world tour, the album received high praise from critics. The instrumental \"Behind My Camel\", written by Andy Summers, won the band a Grammy for Best Rock Instrumental Performance, while \"Don't Stand So Close to Me\" won the Grammy for Best Rock Vocal Performance for Duo or Group.", "The instrumental \"Behind My Camel\", written by Andy Summers, won the band a Grammy for Best Rock Instrumental Performance, while \"Don't Stand So Close to Me\" won the Grammy for Best Rock Vocal Performance for Duo or Group. 1981–1982: Ghost in the Machine and Brimstone and Treacle The Police's fourth album, Ghost in the Machine, co-produced by Hugh Padgham, was recorded at Air Studios on the Caribbean island of Montserrat, with the exception of \"Every Little Thing She Does Is Magic\" which was recorded at Le Studio at Morin Heights, Quebec, Canada, and released in 1981.", "1981–1982: Ghost in the Machine and Brimstone and Treacle The Police's fourth album, Ghost in the Machine, co-produced by Hugh Padgham, was recorded at Air Studios on the Caribbean island of Montserrat, with the exception of \"Every Little Thing She Does Is Magic\" which was recorded at Le Studio at Morin Heights, Quebec, Canada, and released in 1981. It featured thicker sounds, layered saxophones, and vocal textures.", "It featured thicker sounds, layered saxophones, and vocal textures. It spawned the hit singles \"Every Little Thing She Does Is Magic\" (featuring pianist Jean Roussel), their fourth UK No. 1 (No. 3 in the U.S.), \"Invisible Sun\", and \"Spirits in the Material World\".", "3 in the U.S.), \"Invisible Sun\", and \"Spirits in the Material World\". As the band was unable to agree on a cover picture, the album cover had three red pictographs, digital likenesses of the three band members in the style of segmented LED displays, set against a black background.", "As the band was unable to agree on a cover picture, the album cover had three red pictographs, digital likenesses of the three band members in the style of segmented LED displays, set against a black background. In the 1980s, Sting and Summers became tax exiles and moved to Ireland (Sting to Roundstone, County Galway, and Summers to Kinsale in County Cork) while Copeland, an American, remained in England. The group opened and closed the 1981 concert film, Urgh! A Music War.", "The group opened and closed the 1981 concert film, Urgh! A Music War. A Music War. The film, which captured the music scene in the wake of punk, was masterminded by Stewart Copeland's brothers Ian and Miles. The film had a limited release but developed a mythic reputation over the years. At the 1982 Brit Awards in London, the Police received the award for Best British Group.", "At the 1982 Brit Awards in London, the Police received the award for Best British Group. After the Ghost in the Machine Tour concluded in 1982, the group took a sabbatical and each member pursued outside projects. By this time, Sting was becoming a major star, and he established a career beyond the Police by branching out into acting.", "By this time, Sting was becoming a major star, and he established a career beyond the Police by branching out into acting. Back in 1979, he had made a well-received debut as the \"Ace Face\" in the British drama film Quadrophenia, a film loosely based on The Who's rock opera, followed by a role as a mechanic in love with Eddie Cochran's music in Chris Petit's Radio On. In 1982, Sting furthered his acting career by co-starring in the Richard Loncraine film Brimstone and Treacle.", "In 1982, Sting furthered his acting career by co-starring in the Richard Loncraine film Brimstone and Treacle. He also had a minor solo hit in the United Kingdom with the movie's theme song, a cover of the 1929 hit \"Spread a Little Happiness\" (which appeared on the Brimstone & Treacle soundtrack, along with three new Police tracks, \"How Stupid Mr Bates\", \"A Kind of Loving\", and \"I Burn for You\").", "He also had a minor solo hit in the United Kingdom with the movie's theme song, a cover of the 1929 hit \"Spread a Little Happiness\" (which appeared on the Brimstone & Treacle soundtrack, along with three new Police tracks, \"How Stupid Mr Bates\", \"A Kind of Loving\", and \"I Burn for You\"). Over 1981 and 1982, Summers recorded his first album with Robert Fripp, I Advance Masked.", "Over 1981 and 1982, Summers recorded his first album with Robert Fripp, I Advance Masked. In 1983, Stewart Copeland composed the musical score for Francis Ford Coppola's film Rumble Fish. The single \"Don't Box Me In (theme From Rumble Fish)\", a collaboration between Copeland and singer-songwriter Stan Ridgway (of the band Wall of Voodoo) received significant airplay upon release of the film that year. Also in 1983, Sting filmed his first big-budget movie role-playing Feyd-Rautha in David Lynch's Dune.", "Also in 1983, Sting filmed his first big-budget movie role-playing Feyd-Rautha in David Lynch's Dune. As Sting's fame rose, his relationship with Stewart Copeland deteriorated. Their increasingly strained partnership was further stretched by the pressures of worldwide publicity and fame, conflicting egos, and their financial success. Meanwhile, both Sting's and Summers's marriages failed.", "Meanwhile, both Sting's and Summers's marriages failed. 1983: Synchronicity and \"The Biggest Band in the World\" In 1983, the Police released their last studio album, Synchronicity, which spawned the hit singles \"Every Breath You Take\", \"Wrapped Around Your Finger\", \"King of Pain\", and \"Synchronicity II\". By that time, several critics deemed them \"the biggest rock band in the world\".", "By that time, several critics deemed them \"the biggest rock band in the world\". Recording the album, however, was a tense affair with increasing disputes among the band. The three members recorded their contributions individually in separate rooms and over-dubbed at different times. The Synchronicity Tour began in Chicago, Illinois in July 1983 at the original Comiskey Park, and on 18 August the band played in front of 70,000 in Shea Stadium, New York.", "The Synchronicity Tour began in Chicago, Illinois in July 1983 at the original Comiskey Park, and on 18 August the band played in front of 70,000 in Shea Stadium, New York. Near the end of the concert, Sting announced: \"We'd like to thank the Beatles for lending us their stadium.\"", "Near the end of the concert, Sting announced: \"We'd like to thank the Beatles for lending us their stadium.\" Looking back, Copeland states, \"Playing Shea Stadium was big because, even though I'm a septic tank (rhyming slang for 'Yank'), The Police is an English band and I'm a Londoner – an American Londoner – so it felt like conquering America.\"", "Looking back, Copeland states, \"Playing Shea Stadium was big because, even though I'm a septic tank (rhyming slang for 'Yank'), The Police is an English band and I'm a Londoner – an American Londoner – so it felt like conquering America.\" They played throughout the UK in December 1983, including four sold out nights at London's Wembley Arena, and the tour ended in Melbourne, Australia on 4 March 1984 at the Melbourne Showgrounds (the final concert featured Sunnyboys, Kids In The Kitchen, Bryan Adams and Australian Crawl, with the Police topping the bill).", "They played throughout the UK in December 1983, including four sold out nights at London's Wembley Arena, and the tour ended in Melbourne, Australia on 4 March 1984 at the Melbourne Showgrounds (the final concert featured Sunnyboys, Kids In The Kitchen, Bryan Adams and Australian Crawl, with the Police topping the bill). Sting's look, dominated by his orange-coloured hair (a result of his role in Dune) and tattered clothing, both of which were emphasised in the music videos from the album, carried over into the set for the concert.", "Sting's look, dominated by his orange-coloured hair (a result of his role in Dune) and tattered clothing, both of which were emphasised in the music videos from the album, carried over into the set for the concert. Except for \"King of Pain\", the singles were accompanied by music videos directed by Godley & Creme. Synchronicity became a No. 1 album in both the UK (where it debuted at No. 1) and the US. It stayed at No.", "1) and the US. It stayed at No. It stayed at No. 1 in the UK for two weeks and in the US for seventeen weeks. It was nominated for Grammy Awards for Album of the Year, but lost to Michael Jackson's Thriller. \"Every Breath You Take\" won the Grammy for Song of the Year, beating Jackson's \"Billie Jean\".", "\"Every Breath You Take\" won the Grammy for Song of the Year, beating Jackson's \"Billie Jean\". \"Every Breath You Take\" also won the Grammy for Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal, while the album won the Grammy for Best Rock Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal.", "\"Every Breath You Take\" also won the Grammy for Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal, while the album won the Grammy for Best Rock Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal. \"Every Breath You Take\" also won the American Video Award for Best Group video, and the song won two Ivor Novello Awards in the categories Best Song Musically and Lyrically and Most Performed Work from the British Academy of Songwriters, Composers, and Authors.", "\"Every Breath You Take\" also won the American Video Award for Best Group video, and the song won two Ivor Novello Awards in the categories Best Song Musically and Lyrically and Most Performed Work from the British Academy of Songwriters, Composers, and Authors. 1984–1986: Hiatus, aborted sixth studio album During the group's 1983 Shea Stadium concert, Sting felt performing at the venue was \"Everest\" and decided to pursue a solo career, according to the documentary The Last Play at Shea.", "1984–1986: Hiatus, aborted sixth studio album During the group's 1983 Shea Stadium concert, Sting felt performing at the venue was \"Everest\" and decided to pursue a solo career, according to the documentary The Last Play at Shea. After the Synchronicity tour ended in March 1984, the band went on hiatus while Sting recorded and toured in support of his successful solo debut LP, the jazz-influenced The Dream of the Blue Turtles, released in June 1985; Copeland recorded and filmed The Rhythmatist (1985); and Summers recorded another album with Robert Fripp (Bewitched, 1984) and the theme song for the film 2010—which was not used in the film, but included on the soundtrack album.", "After the Synchronicity tour ended in March 1984, the band went on hiatus while Sting recorded and toured in support of his successful solo debut LP, the jazz-influenced The Dream of the Blue Turtles, released in June 1985; Copeland recorded and filmed The Rhythmatist (1985); and Summers recorded another album with Robert Fripp (Bewitched, 1984) and the theme song for the film 2010—which was not used in the film, but included on the soundtrack album. At the 1985 Brit Awards held at London's Grosvenor Hotel on 11 February, the band received the award for Outstanding Contribution to Music.", "At the 1985 Brit Awards held at London's Grosvenor Hotel on 11 February, the band received the award for Outstanding Contribution to Music. In July the same year, Sting and Copeland participated in Live Aid at Wembley Stadium, London. In June 1986, the Police reconvened to play three concerts for the Amnesty International A Conspiracy of Hope tour. Their last performance on stage before their split was on 15 June at Giants Stadium in New Jersey.", "Their last performance on stage before their split was on 15 June at Giants Stadium in New Jersey. They ended their set with \"Invisible Sun\", bringing out Bono to sing the final verse. When they finished, they handed U2 their instruments for the all-star finale of \"I Shall Be Released\". As the lead singer of U2 – who themselves would soon be regarded as the biggest band in the world – Bono stated, \"It was a very big moment, like passing a torch.\"", "As the lead singer of U2 – who themselves would soon be regarded as the biggest band in the world – Bono stated, \"It was a very big moment, like passing a torch.\" In July of that year, the trio reunited in the studio to record a new album. However, Copeland broke his collarbone in a fall from a horse and was unable to play the drums.", "However, Copeland broke his collarbone in a fall from a horse and was unable to play the drums. As a result of the tense and short-lived reunion in the studio, \"Don't Stand So Close to Me '86\" was released in October 1986 as their final single and made it into the UK Top 25. It also appeared on the 1986 compilation Every Breath You Take: The Singles, which reached No. 1 in the UK album charts.", "1 in the UK album charts. 1 in the UK album charts. A rerecorded version of \"De Do Do Do De Da Da Da\" was subsequently also included on the DTS-CD release of the Every Breath You Take: The Classics album in 1995. The album has sold over five million copies in the US. Following the failed effort to record a new studio album, the Police effectively disbanded.", "Following the failed effort to record a new studio album, the Police effectively disbanded. In the liner notes to the Police's box set Message in a Box, Summers explains: \"The attempt to record a new album was doomed from the outset. The night before we went into the studio Stewart broke his collarbone falling off a horse and that meant we lost our last chance of recovering some rapport just by jamming together. Anyway, it was clear Sting had no real intention of writing any new songs for the Police.", "Anyway, it was clear Sting had no real intention of writing any new songs for the Police. It was an empty exercise.\" 1986–2006: Disbandment Each band member continued with his solo career over the next 20 years. Sting continued recording and touring as a solo performer to great success. Summers recorded a number of albums, both as a solo artist and in collaboration with other musicians.", "Summers recorded a number of albums, both as a solo artist and in collaboration with other musicians. Copeland became a prolific producer of movie and television soundtracks, and he recorded and toured with two new bands, Animal Logic and Oysterhead. However, a few events did bring the Police back together, albeit briefly.", "However, a few events did bring the Police back together, albeit briefly. Summers played guitar on Sting's album ...Nothing Like the Sun (1987), a favour the singer returned by playing bass on Summers' album Charming Snakes (1989) and later singing lead vocals on \"'Round Midnight\" for Summers' tribute to Thelonious Monk Green Chimneys (1999).", "Summers played guitar on Sting's album ...Nothing Like the Sun (1987), a favour the singer returned by playing bass on Summers' album Charming Snakes (1989) and later singing lead vocals on \"'Round Midnight\" for Summers' tribute to Thelonious Monk Green Chimneys (1999). On 2 October 1991 (Sting's 40th birthday), Summers joined Sting on stage at the Hollywood Bowl during The Soul Cages Tour to perform \"Walking on the Moon\", \"Every Breath You Take\", and \"Message in a Bottle\".", "On 2 October 1991 (Sting's 40th birthday), Summers joined Sting on stage at the Hollywood Bowl during The Soul Cages Tour to perform \"Walking on the Moon\", \"Every Breath You Take\", and \"Message in a Bottle\". The performance was broadcast as a pay-per-view event. On 22 August 1992, Sting married Trudie Styler in an 11th-century chapel in Wiltshire, southwest England. Summers and Copeland were invited to the ceremony and reception.", "Summers and Copeland were invited to the ceremony and reception. Aware that all band members were present, the wedding guests pressured the trio into playing, and they performed \"Roxanne\" and \"Message in a Bottle\". Copeland said later that \"after about three minutes, it became 'the thing' again\".", "Copeland said later that \"after about three minutes, it became 'the thing' again\". In 1995 A&M released Live!, a double live album produced by Summers featuring two complete concerts—one recorded on 27 November 1979 at the Orpheum Theatre in Boston during the Reggatta de Blanc tour, and one recorded on 2 November 1983 at the Omni in Atlanta, Georgia, during the Synchronicity Tour (the latter was also documented in the VHS tape Synchronicity Concert in 1984).", "In 1995 A&M released Live!, a double live album produced by Summers featuring two complete concerts—one recorded on 27 November 1979 at the Orpheum Theatre in Boston during the Reggatta de Blanc tour, and one recorded on 2 November 1983 at the Omni in Atlanta, Georgia, during the Synchronicity Tour (the latter was also documented in the VHS tape Synchronicity Concert in 1984). On 10 March 2003, the Police were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and performed \"Roxanne\", \"Message in a Bottle\", and \"Every Breath You Take\" live, as a group (the last song was performed alongside Steven Tyler, Gwen Stefani, and John Mayer).", "On 10 March 2003, the Police were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and performed \"Roxanne\", \"Message in a Bottle\", and \"Every Breath You Take\" live, as a group (the last song was performed alongside Steven Tyler, Gwen Stefani, and John Mayer). In the autumn of 2003, Sting released his autobiography, Broken Music.", "In the autumn of 2003, Sting released his autobiography, Broken Music. In 2004, Copeland and Summers joined Incubus onstage at KROQ's Almost Acoustic Christmas concert in Los Angeles performing \"Roxanne\" and \"Message in a Bottle\". In 2004, Henry Padovani released an album with the participation of Copeland and Sting on one track, reuniting the original Police line-up for the first time since 1977. Also in 2004, Rolling Stone ranked the Police No. 70 on their list of the 100 Greatest Artists of All Time.", "70 on their list of the 100 Greatest Artists of All Time. In 2006, Stewart Copeland released a rockumentary about the band called Everyone Stares: The Police Inside Out, based on Super-8 filming he did when the band was touring and recording in the late 1970s and early 1980s. In October 2006, Andy Summers released One Train Later, an autobiographical memoir detailing his early career and time with the band.", "In October 2006, Andy Summers released One Train Later, an autobiographical memoir detailing his early career and time with the band. 2007–2008: Reunion tour In early 2007, reports surfaced the trio would reunite for a tour to mark the Police's 30th anniversary, more than 20 years since their split in 1986. On 22 January 2007, the punk wave magazine Side-Line broke the story the Police would reunite for the Grammys, and would perform \"Roxanne\".", "On 22 January 2007, the punk wave magazine Side-Line broke the story the Police would reunite for the Grammys, and would perform \"Roxanne\". Side-Line also stated the Police were to embark on a massive world tour. Billboard magazine later confirmed the news, quoting Summers' 2006 statement as to how the band could have continued post-Synchronicity: \"The more rational approach would have been, 'OK, Sting, go make a solo record, and let's get back together in two or three years.'", "Billboard magazine later confirmed the news, quoting Summers' 2006 statement as to how the band could have continued post-Synchronicity: \"The more rational approach would have been, 'OK, Sting, go make a solo record, and let's get back together in two or three years.' I'm certain we could have done that. Of course we could have. We were definitely not in a creative dry space. We could have easily carried on, and we could probably still be there.", "We could have easily carried on, and we could probably still be there. That wasn't to be our fate. It went in another way. I regret we never paid it off with a last tour.\" The band opened the 49th Annual Grammy Awards on 11 February 2007 in Los Angeles, announcing, \"Ladies and gentlemen, we are The Police, and we're back!\" before launching into \"Roxanne\".", "before launching into \"Roxanne\". before launching into \"Roxanne\". A&M, the band's record company, promoted the 2007–08 reunion tour as the 30th anniversary of the band's formation and of the release of their first single for A&M, \"Roxanne\". The Police Reunion Tour began in late May 2007 with two shows in Vancouver. Stewart Copeland gave a scathing review of the show on his own website, which the press interpreted as a feud occurring two gigs into the tour.", "Stewart Copeland gave a scathing review of the show on his own website, which the press interpreted as a feud occurring two gigs into the tour. Copeland later apologised for besmirching \"my buddy Sting,\" and chalked up the comments to \"hyper self-criticism\". Tickets for the British leg of the tour sold out within 30 minutes, and the band played two nights at Twickenham Stadium on 8 and 9 September.", "Tickets for the British leg of the tour sold out within 30 minutes, and the band played two nights at Twickenham Stadium on 8 and 9 September. On 29 and 30 September 2007, Henry Padovani joined the group on stage for the final encore of their two shows in Paris, playing the song \"Next to You\" as a four-piece band. In October 2007, the group played the largest gig of the reunion tour in Dublin in front of 82,000 fans.", "In October 2007, the group played the largest gig of the reunion tour in Dublin in front of 82,000 fans. The group headlined the TW Classic festival in Werchter, Belgium on 7 June 2008. They also headlined the last night of the 2008 Isle of Wight Festival on 15 June, the Heineken Jammin' Festival in Venice on 23 June and the Sunday night at Hard Rock Calling (previously called Hyde Park Calling) in London on 29 June.", "They also headlined the last night of the 2008 Isle of Wight Festival on 15 June, the Heineken Jammin' Festival in Venice on 23 June and the Sunday night at Hard Rock Calling (previously called Hyde Park Calling) in London on 29 June. In February 2008, the band announced that, when the tour finished, they would break up again. \"There will be no new album, no big new tour,\" said Sting.", "\"There will be no new album, no big new tour,\" said Sting. \"Once we're done with our reunion tour, that's it for The Police.\" The final show of the tour was on 7 August 2008 at Madison Square Garden in New York City.", "The final show of the tour was on 7 August 2008 at Madison Square Garden in New York City. The band performed the opening song, \"Message in a Bottle\", with the brass band of the New York Metropolitan Police Corp. Later, they performed \"Sunshine of Your Love\" and \"Purple Haze\" as a tribute to the rock trios that preceded them: Cream and The Jimi Hendrix Experience.", "The band performed the opening song, \"Message in a Bottle\", with the brass band of the New York Metropolitan Police Corp. Later, they performed \"Sunshine of Your Love\" and \"Purple Haze\" as a tribute to the rock trios that preceded them: Cream and The Jimi Hendrix Experience. While announcing the show, the group also donated $1 million to New York Mayor Michael Bloomberg's initiative to plant one million trees in the city by 2017.", "While announcing the show, the group also donated $1 million to New York Mayor Michael Bloomberg's initiative to plant one million trees in the city by 2017. The world's highest-earning musicians in 2008, the tour sold 3.7 million tickets and grossed $358 million, making it the third-highest-grossing tour of all time at its conclusion.", "The world's highest-earning musicians in 2008, the tour sold 3.7 million tickets and grossed $358 million, making it the third-highest-grossing tour of all time at its conclusion. On 11 November 2008, the Police released Certifiable: Live in Buenos Aires, a Blu-ray, DVD and CD set of the band's two performances in Buenos Aires, Argentina on the tour (1 and 2 December 2007).", "On 11 November 2008, the Police released Certifiable: Live in Buenos Aires, a Blu-ray, DVD and CD set of the band's two performances in Buenos Aires, Argentina on the tour (1 and 2 December 2007). Those sets with two DVDs also included a documentary shot by Copeland's son Jordan entitled Better Than Therapy as well as some photographs of Buenos Aires taken by Andy Summers.", "Those sets with two DVDs also included a documentary shot by Copeland's son Jordan entitled Better Than Therapy as well as some photographs of Buenos Aires taken by Andy Summers. Musical style The Police started as a punk rock band, but soon expanded their music vocabulary to incorporate reggae, pop and new wave sonorities to their sound. In his retrospective assessment Stephen Thomas Erlewine of AllMusic argues that the notion of the Police as a punk rock band was true only \"in the loosest sense of the term\".", "In his retrospective assessment Stephen Thomas Erlewine of AllMusic argues that the notion of the Police as a punk rock band was true only \"in the loosest sense of the term\". He states the band's \"nervous, reggae-injected pop/rock was punky\" and had a \"punk spirit\" but it \"wasn't necessarily punk\". A \"power trio,\" The Police are known as a new wave and post-punk band, with many songs falling in the reggae-fusion genre.", "A \"power trio,\" The Police are known as a new wave and post-punk band, with many songs falling in the reggae-fusion genre. Legacy In 2003, the Police were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in their first year of eligibility. In 2004, Rolling Stone ranked the Police number 70 on their list of the 100 Greatest Artists of All Time, and in 2010, the band were ranked 40th on VH1's 100 Greatest Artists of All Time.", "In 2004, Rolling Stone ranked the Police number 70 on their list of the 100 Greatest Artists of All Time, and in 2010, the band were ranked 40th on VH1's 100 Greatest Artists of All Time. Four of the band's five studio albums appeared on Rolling Stone'''s 2003 list of the 500 Greatest Albums of All Time: Ghost in the Machine (number 322), Reggatta de Blanc (number 369), Outlandos d'Amour (number 434), and Synchronicity (number 455).", "Four of the band's five studio albums appeared on Rolling Stone'''s 2003 list of the 500 Greatest Albums of All Time: Ghost in the Machine (number 322), Reggatta de Blanc (number 369), Outlandos d'Amour (number 434), and Synchronicity (number 455). In 2008, Q magazine named Synchronicity among the top 10 British Albums of the 1980s. The primary songwriter for the Police, Sting was inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame in 2002.", "The primary songwriter for the Police, Sting was inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame in 2002. In Rolling Stone's 2004 list of the 500 greatest songs of all time, \"Every Breath You Take\" ranked number 84 (the highest new wave song on the list), and \"Roxanne\" ranked number 388. \"Message in a Bottle\" ranked number 65 in the magazine's 2008 list of the 100 greatest guitar songs.", "\"Message in a Bottle\" ranked number 65 in the magazine's 2008 list of the 100 greatest guitar songs. Q magazine named \"Every Breath You Take\" among the top 10 British Songs of the 1980s, and in a UK-wide poll by ITV in 2015 it was voted The Nation's Favourite 80s Number One.", "Q magazine named \"Every Breath You Take\" among the top 10 British Songs of the 1980s, and in a UK-wide poll by ITV in 2015 it was voted The Nation's Favourite 80s Number One. In May 2019, \"Every Breath You Take\" was recognized by BMI as being the most performed song in their catalogue, overtaking \"You've Lost That Lovin' Feelin'\" performed by the Righteous Brothers.", "In May 2019, \"Every Breath You Take\" was recognized by BMI as being the most performed song in their catalogue, overtaking \"You've Lost That Lovin' Feelin'\" performed by the Righteous Brothers. With a string of UK number one albums, the Police were among the most commercially successful British bands of the early 1980s, and with success overseas they are typically regarded as in both the vanguard of the Second British Invasion, and the new wave movement.", "With a string of UK number one albums, the Police were among the most commercially successful British bands of the early 1980s, and with success overseas they are typically regarded as in both the vanguard of the Second British Invasion, and the new wave movement. With a history of playing to large audiences (such as Shea Stadium in 1983), the Police were a featured artist in the stadium rock episode of the 2007 BBC/VH1 series Seven Ages of Rock along with Queen, Led Zeppelin, U2 and Bruce Springsteen.", "With a history of playing to large audiences (such as Shea Stadium in 1983), the Police were a featured artist in the stadium rock episode of the 2007 BBC/VH1 series Seven Ages of Rock along with Queen, Led Zeppelin, U2 and Bruce Springsteen. Despite the band's well-documented disagreements with one another, Summers confirmed in 2015 that Sting, Copeland and he are good friends.", "Despite the band's well-documented disagreements with one another, Summers confirmed in 2015 that Sting, Copeland and he are good friends. Summers said, \"Despite the general press thing about 'God, they hate each other', it's actually not true, we're very supportive of one another.\"", "Summers said, \"Despite the general press thing about 'God, they hate each other', it's actually not true, we're very supportive of one another.\" DiscographyOutlandos d'Amour (1978)Reggatta de Blanc (1979)Zenyatta Mondatta (1980)Ghost in the Machine (1981)Synchronicity (1983) Concert tours The Police Around the World Tour (1977–1980) Zenyatta Mondatta Tour (1980–1981) Ghost in the Machine Tour (1981–1982) Synchronicity Tour (1983–1984) The Police Reunion Tour (2007–2008) Band members Stewart Copeland – drums, percussion, backing and lead vocals, keyboards, guitars (1977–1986, 2003, 2007–2008) Sting – lead and backing vocals, bass guitar, double bass, keyboards, saxophone, harmonica (1977–1986, 2003, 2007–2008) Andy Summers – guitars, backing and lead vocals, keyboards (1977–1986, 2003, 2007–2008) Henry Padovani – guitar (1977; 2007 reunion tour finale, Paris with Sting, Summers, and Copeland) Awards and nominations Brit Awards 1982: Best British Group 1985: Outstanding Contribution to Music Grammy Awards |- !scope=\"row\" | 1981 | \"Reggatta de Blanc\" | rowspan= \"2\" | Best Rock Instrumental Performance | |- !scope=\"row\" rowspan= \"2\" | 1982 | \"Behind My Camel\" | |- | \"Don't Stand So Close to Me\" | Best Rock Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal | |- !scope=\"row\" rowspan= \"4\" | 1984 | rowspan= \"2\" | Synchronicity| Album of the Year | |- | Best Rock Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal | |- | rowspan= \"2\" | \"Every Breath You Take\" | Record of the Year | |- | Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal | |- !scope=\"row\" | 1986 | The Police Synchronicity Concert | Best Music Video, Long Form | |- Juno Awards |- | rowspan=\"2\" | 1984 | Synchronicity| International Album of the Year | People's Choice Awards |- | 2008 | Themselves | Favorite Reunion Tour | Rock and Roll Hall of Fame The Police were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame on 10 March 2003.", "DiscographyOutlandos d'Amour (1978)Reggatta de Blanc (1979)Zenyatta Mondatta (1980)Ghost in the Machine (1981)Synchronicity (1983) Concert tours The Police Around the World Tour (1977–1980) Zenyatta Mondatta Tour (1980–1981) Ghost in the Machine Tour (1981–1982) Synchronicity Tour (1983–1984) The Police Reunion Tour (2007–2008) Band members Stewart Copeland – drums, percussion, backing and lead vocals, keyboards, guitars (1977–1986, 2003, 2007–2008) Sting – lead and backing vocals, bass guitar, double bass, keyboards, saxophone, harmonica (1977–1986, 2003, 2007–2008) Andy Summers – guitars, backing and lead vocals, keyboards (1977–1986, 2003, 2007–2008) Henry Padovani – guitar (1977; 2007 reunion tour finale, Paris with Sting, Summers, and Copeland) Awards and nominations Brit Awards 1982: Best British Group 1985: Outstanding Contribution to Music Grammy Awards |- !scope=\"row\" | 1981 | \"Reggatta de Blanc\" | rowspan= \"2\" | Best Rock Instrumental Performance | |- !scope=\"row\" rowspan= \"2\" | 1982 | \"Behind My Camel\" | |- | \"Don't Stand So Close to Me\" | Best Rock Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal | |- !scope=\"row\" rowspan= \"4\" | 1984 | rowspan= \"2\" | Synchronicity| Album of the Year | |- | Best Rock Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal | |- | rowspan= \"2\" | \"Every Breath You Take\" | Record of the Year | |- | Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal | |- !scope=\"row\" | 1986 | The Police Synchronicity Concert | Best Music Video, Long Form | |- Juno Awards |- | rowspan=\"2\" | 1984 | Synchronicity| International Album of the Year | People's Choice Awards |- | 2008 | Themselves | Favorite Reunion Tour | Rock and Roll Hall of Fame The Police were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame on 10 March 2003. Other lists Ranked No.70 on Rolling Stone''s Immortals, the 100 Greatest Artists of All Time.", "Other lists Ranked No.70 on Rolling Stone''s Immortals, the 100 Greatest Artists of All Time. Ranked No.40 on VH1's List of 100 Greatest Artists of All Time.", "Ranked No.40 on VH1's List of 100 Greatest Artists of All Time. See also List of best-selling music artists List of highest-grossing concert tours List of new wave artists List of reggae rock artists References Citations Sources External links thepolice.com thepolicetour.com 1977 establishments in England 1977 in London A&M Records artists Brit Award winners British musical trios English new wave musical groups Grammy Award winners Juno Award for International Album of the Year winners Musical groups established in 1977 Musical groups reestablished in 2007 Musical groups disestablished in 2008 Musical groups from London Reggae rock groups" ]

[ "Víctor Jara", "Artistic work" ]

[ "\"Tell Me What You Want Me to Do\" is the title of a number-one R&B single by singer Tevin Campbell. To date, the single is Campbell's biggest hit peaking at number 6 on the Billboard Hot 100 and spending one week at number-one on the US R&B chart. The hit song is also Tevin's one and only Adult Contemporary hit, where it peaked at number 43. The song showcases Campbell's four-octave vocal range from a low note of E2 to a D#6 during the bridge of the song.\n\nTrack listings\nUS 7\" vinyl\nA \"Tell Me What You Want Me to Do\" (edit) – 4:16\t\nB \"Tell Me What You Want Me to Do\" (instrumental) – 5:00\n\n12\" vinyl\nA \"Tell Me What You Want Me to Do\" (edit) – 4:16\t\nB \"Tell Me What You Want Me to Do\" (album version) – 5:02\n\nUK CD\n \"Tell Me What You Want Me to Do\" – 4:16\n \"Goodbye\" (7\" Remix Edit) – 3:48\n \"Goodbye\" (Sidub and Listen) – 4:58\n \"Goodbye\" (Tevin's Dub Pt 1 & 2) – 6:53\n\nJapan CD\n \"Tell Me What You Want Me to Do\" – 4:10\n \"Tell Me What You Want Me to Do\" (instrumental version) – 4:10\n\nGermany CD\n \"Tell Me What You Want Me to Do\" (edit) – 4:10\n \"Just Ask Me\" (featuring Chubb Rock) – 4:07\n \"Tomorrow\" (A Better You, Better Me) – 4:46\n\nCharts\n\nWeekly charts\n\nYear-end charts\n\nSee also\nList of number-one R&B singles of 1992 (U.S.)\n\nReferences\n\nTevin Campbell songs\n1991 singles\n1991 songs\nSongs written by Tevin Campbell\nSongs written by Narada Michael Walden\nSong recordings produced by Narada Michael Walden\nWarner Records singles\nContemporary R&B ballads\nPop ballads\nSoul ballads\n1990s ballads", "\"Tell Me What You Want\" is the fourth single by English R&B band Loose Ends from their first studio album, A Little Spice, and was released in February 1984 by Virgin Records. The single reached number 74 in the UK Singles Chart.\n\nTrack listing\n7” Single: VS658\n \"Tell Me What You Want) 3.35\n \"Tell Me What You Want (Dub Mix)\" 3.34\n\n12” Single: VS658-12\n \"Tell Me What You Want (Extended Version)\" 6.11\n \"Tell Me What You Want (Extended Dub Mix)\" 5.41\n\nU.S. only release - 12” Single: MCA23596 (released 1985)\n \"Tell Me What You Want (U.S. Extended Remix)\" 6.08 *\n \"Tell Me What You Want (U.S. Dub Version)\" 5.18\n\n* The U.S. Extended Remix version was released on CD on the U.S. Version of the 'A Little Spice' album (MCAD27141).\n\nThe Extended Version also featured on Side D of the limited gatefold sleeve version of 'Magic Touch'\n\nChart performance\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n Tell Me What You Want at Discogs.\n\n1984 singles\nLoose Ends (band) songs\nSong recordings produced by Nick Martinelli\nSongs written by Carl McIntosh (musician)\nSongs written by Steve Nichol\n1984 songs\nVirgin Records singles" ]

[ "Víctor Lidio Jara Martínez (; 28 September 1932 – 16 September 1973) was a Chilean teacher, theater director, poet, singer-songwriter and socialist political activist tortured and killed during the dictatorship of Augusto Pinochet. He developed Chilean theater by directing a broad array of works, ranging from locally produced plays to world classics, as well as the experimental work of playwrights such as Ann Jellicoe. He also played a pivotal role among neo-folkloric musicians who established the Nueva Canción Chilena (New Chilean Song) movement.", "He also played a pivotal role among neo-folkloric musicians who established the Nueva Canción Chilena (New Chilean Song) movement. This led to an uprising of new sounds in popular music during the administration of President Salvador Allende. Jara was arrested shortly after the Chilean coup of 11 September 1973, which overthrew Allende. He was tortured during interrogations and ultimately shot dead, and his body was thrown out on the street of a shantytown in Santiago.", "He was tortured during interrogations and ultimately shot dead, and his body was thrown out on the street of a shantytown in Santiago. The contrast between the themes of his songs—which focused on love, peace, and social justice—and the brutal way in which he was murdered transformed Jara into a \"potent symbol of struggle for human rights and justice\" for those killed during the Pinochet regime.", "The contrast between the themes of his songs—which focused on love, peace, and social justice—and the brutal way in which he was murdered transformed Jara into a \"potent symbol of struggle for human rights and justice\" for those killed during the Pinochet regime. His preponderant role as an open admirer and propagandist for Che Guevara and Allende's government, in which he served as a cultural ambassador through the late 1960s and until the early 1970s crisis that ended in the coup against Allende, marked him for death.", "His preponderant role as an open admirer and propagandist for Che Guevara and Allende's government, in which he served as a cultural ambassador through the late 1960s and until the early 1970s crisis that ended in the coup against Allende, marked him for death. In June 2016, a Florida jury found former Chilean Army officer Pedro Barrientos liable for Jara's murder. In July 2018, eight retired Chilean military officers were sentenced to 15 years and a day in prison for Jara's murder.", "In July 2018, eight retired Chilean military officers were sentenced to 15 years and a day in prison for Jara's murder. Early life Víctor Lidio Jara Martinez was born on September 28, 1932, his parents were working as tenants and they lived near the town of La Quiriquina, located twelve kilometers from the old Chillan, he had about five brothers. His exact place of birth is uncertain, but in any case, he was born in the Ñuble Region.", "His exact place of birth is uncertain, but in any case, he was born in the Ñuble Region. At the age of five, his family moved to Lonquén, a town near Santiago de Chile, where his father, Manuel Jara, had rented a small piece of land that he worked from sun to sun with a miserable performance. His father was illiterate and did not want him and his other siblings to go to school so that they could help him in the fields from the ages of six and seven.", "His father was illiterate and did not want him and his other siblings to go to school so that they could help him in the fields from the ages of six and seven. His mother, on the other hand, knew how to read a little and from the beginning she insisted that they at least learn the letters. Jara's mother was a mestiza with deep Araucanian roots in southern Chile, she was self-taught, and played the guitar and the piano.", "Jara's mother was a mestiza with deep Araucanian roots in southern Chile, she was self-taught, and played the guitar and the piano. She also performed as a singer, with a repertory of traditional folk songs that she used for local functions like weddings and funerals. The relationship between her parents became more tense with each passing day, her father began to drink and disappeared from the house several days in a row, leaving all the work in the hands of Amanda.", "The relationship between her parents became more tense with each passing day, her father began to drink and disappeared from the house several days in a row, leaving all the work in the hands of Amanda. Later, her mother moved to Santiago and took a job as a cook in a restaurant in Vega Poniente. Because she was so skilled she did well there and so she was able to educate three of her children, including Victor. She died when Jara was 15, leaving him to make his own way.", "She died when Jara was 15, leaving him to make his own way. He began to study to be an accountant, but soon moved into a seminary, where he studied for the priesthood. After a couple of years, however, he became disillusioned with the Catholic Church and left the seminary. Subsequently, he spent several years in army service before returning to his hometown to pursue interests in folk music and theater.", "Subsequently, he spent several years in army service before returning to his hometown to pursue interests in folk music and theater. Musical career After joining the choir at the University of Chile in Santiago, Jara was convinced by a choir-mate to pursue a career in theater. He subsequently joined the university's theater program and earned a scholarship for talent.", "He subsequently joined the university's theater program and earned a scholarship for talent. He appeared in several of the university's plays, gravitating toward those with social themes, such as Russian playwright Maxim Gorky's The Lower Depths, a depiction of the hardships of lower-class life.", "He appeared in several of the university's plays, gravitating toward those with social themes, such as Russian playwright Maxim Gorky's The Lower Depths, a depiction of the hardships of lower-class life. In 1957, he met Violeta Parra, a singer who had steered folk music in Chile away from the rote reproduction of rural materials toward modern song composition rooted in traditional forms, and who had established musical community centers called peñas to incorporate folk music into the everyday life of modern Chileans.", "In 1957, he met Violeta Parra, a singer who had steered folk music in Chile away from the rote reproduction of rural materials toward modern song composition rooted in traditional forms, and who had established musical community centers called peñas to incorporate folk music into the everyday life of modern Chileans. Jara absorbed these lessons and began singing with a group called Cuncumén, with whom he continued his explorations of Chile's traditional music (working as a guitarist and vocalist from 1957 to 1963).", "Jara absorbed these lessons and began singing with a group called Cuncumén, with whom he continued his explorations of Chile's traditional music (working as a guitarist and vocalist from 1957 to 1963). He was deeply influenced by the folk music of Chile and other Latin American countries, and by artists such as Parra, Atahualpa Yupanqui, and the poet Pablo Neruda. In the 1960s, Jara started specializing in folk music and sang at Santiago's La Peña de Los Parra, owned by Ángel Parra.", "In the 1960s, Jara started specializing in folk music and sang at Santiago's La Peña de Los Parra, owned by Ángel Parra. Through these activities, he became involved in the Nueva Canción movement of Latin American folk music.", "Through these activities, he became involved in the Nueva Canción movement of Latin American folk music. In 1966, Víctor released his first album homonymous, by the record company \"Demon\", being the only album released under this label and the Víctor Jara's first solo work, the album would later be re-released under the titles Canto a lo humano and Sus mejores canciones, and in 2001 an reissue on CD by Warner Music Chile was released, with the original title.", "In 1966, Víctor released his first album homonymous, by the record company \"Demon\", being the only album released under this label and the Víctor Jara's first solo work, the album would later be re-released under the titles Canto a lo humano and Sus mejores canciones, and in 2001 an reissue on CD by Warner Music Chile was released, with the original title. This version on CD also included five bonus tracks, four of which are songs by Víctor Jara along with Cuncumén.", "This version on CD also included five bonus tracks, four of which are songs by Víctor Jara along with Cuncumén. The album includes some Jara's versions of some Latin American folk songs, such as; \"La flor que anda de mano en mano\", and \"Ojitos verdes\", two Chilean folk songs, \"La cocinerita\", an Argentinian folk song, or \"Ja jai\", a Bolivian traditional.", "The album includes some Jara's versions of some Latin American folk songs, such as; \"La flor que anda de mano en mano\", and \"Ojitos verdes\", two Chilean folk songs, \"La cocinerita\", an Argentinian folk song, or \"Ja jai\", a Bolivian traditional. The authorship of this album, as well as its singles, was in the hands of Camilo Fernández, owner of the Demon record company, from its launch in 1966 until 2001, when he recently transferred the rights to the widow of Víctor Jara, after years of profiting from the album (as well as with others from Patricio Manns, Isabel and Ángel Parra, among others) without ever financially rewarding its authors or family.", "The authorship of this album, as well as its singles, was in the hands of Camilo Fernández, owner of the Demon record company, from its launch in 1966 until 2001, when he recently transferred the rights to the widow of Víctor Jara, after years of profiting from the album (as well as with others from Patricio Manns, Isabel and Ángel Parra, among others) without ever financially rewarding its authors or family. In 1967 released their second album homonymous, this album apart from the controversial song \"The appeared\" includes Jara's covers of some folk songs from Chile, Argentina, Bolivia or Spain as; «Despedimiento del angelito», «Ay mi palomita», «Casi, casi», «Qué alegres son las obreras» or «Romance del enamorado y la muerte».", "In 1967 released their second album homonymous, this album apart from the controversial song \"The appeared\" includes Jara's covers of some folk songs from Chile, Argentina, Bolivia or Spain as; «Despedimiento del angelito», «Ay mi palomita», «Casi, casi», «Qué alegres son las obreras» or «Romance del enamorado y la muerte». Also, the album was subsequently released under the name of Desde longuén hasta siempre with a variation of different covers.", "Also, the album was subsequently released under the name of Desde longuén hasta siempre with a variation of different covers. In 1968, Jara released his first collaborative album entitled, \"Canciones folklóricas de América\" (Folkloric Songs of America), with Quilapayun. In 1970, he had left his theater work in favor of a career in music. His songs were inspired by a combination of traditional folk music and left-wing political activism.", "His songs were inspired by a combination of traditional folk music and left-wing political activism. From this period, some of his best-known songs are \"Plegaria a un Labrador\" (\"Prayer to a Worker\") and \"Te Recuerdo Amanda\" (\"I Remember You Amanda\"). Political activism Early in his recording career, Jara showed a knack for antagonizing conservative Chileans, releasing a traditional comic song called \"La beata\" that depicted a religious woman with a crush on the priest to whom she goes for confession.", "Political activism Early in his recording career, Jara showed a knack for antagonizing conservative Chileans, releasing a traditional comic song called \"La beata\" that depicted a religious woman with a crush on the priest to whom she goes for confession. The song was banned on radio stations and removed from record shops, but the controversy only added to Jara's reputation among young and progressive Chileans. More serious in the eyes of the Chilean right wing was Jara's growing identification with the socialist movement led by Salvador Allende.", "More serious in the eyes of the Chilean right wing was Jara's growing identification with the socialist movement led by Salvador Allende. After visits to Cuba and the Soviet Union in the early 1960s, Jara had joined the Communist Party. The personal met the political in his songs about the poverty he had experienced firsthand. Jara's songs spread outside Chile and were performed by American folk artists. His popularity was due not only to his songwriting skills but also to his exceptional power as a performer.", "His popularity was due not only to his songwriting skills but also to his exceptional power as a performer. He took a decisive turn toward political confrontation with his 1969 song \"Preguntas por Puerto Montt\" (\"Questions About Puerto Montt\"), which took direct aim at a government official (Edmundo Pérez Zujovic) who had ordered police to attack squatters in the town of Puerto Montt. The Chilean political situation deteriorated after the official was assassinated, and right-wing thugs beat up Jara on one occasion.", "The Chilean political situation deteriorated after the official was assassinated, and right-wing thugs beat up Jara on one occasion. In 1970, Jara supported Allende, the Popular Unity coalition candidate for president, volunteering for political work and playing free concerts. He composed \"Venceremos\" (\"We Will Triumph\"), the theme song of Allende's Popular Unity movement, and welcomed Allende's election to the Chilean presidency in 1970.", "He composed \"Venceremos\" (\"We Will Triumph\"), the theme song of Allende's Popular Unity movement, and welcomed Allende's election to the Chilean presidency in 1970. After the election, Jara continued to speak in support of Allende and played an important role in the new administration's efforts to reorient Chilean culture. He and his wife, Joan Jara, were key participants in a cultural renaissance that swept Chile, organizing cultural events that supported the country's new socialist government.", "He and his wife, Joan Jara, were key participants in a cultural renaissance that swept Chile, organizing cultural events that supported the country's new socialist government. He set poems by Pablo Neruda to music and performed at a ceremony honoring him after Neruda received the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1972. Throughout rumblings of a right-wing coup, Jara held on to his teaching job at Chile's Technical University. His popular success during this time, as both a musician and a Communist, earned him a concert in Moscow.", "His popular success during this time, as both a musician and a Communist, earned him a concert in Moscow. So successful was he that the Soviet Union tried to latch onto his popularity, claiming in their media that his vocal prowess was the result of surgery he had undergone while in Moscow. Backed by the United States, which opposed Allende's socialist politics, the Chilean military staged a coup d'état on 11 September 1973, resulting in the death of Allende and the installation of Augusto Pinochet as dictator.", "Backed by the United States, which opposed Allende's socialist politics, the Chilean military staged a coup d'état on 11 September 1973, resulting in the death of Allende and the installation of Augusto Pinochet as dictator. At the moment of the coup, Jara was on his way to the Technical University (today the Universidad de Santiago). That night, he slept at the university along with other teachers and students, and sang to raise morale.", "That night, he slept at the university along with other teachers and students, and sang to raise morale. Torture and murder After the coup, Pinochet's soldiers rounded up Chileans who were believed to be involved with leftist groups, including Allende's Popular Unity party. On the morning of 12 September 1973, Jara was taken prisoner, along with thousands of others, and imprisoned inside Chile Stadium. The guards there tortured him, smashing his hands and fingers, and then mocked him by asking him to play the guitar.", "The guards there tortured him, smashing his hands and fingers, and then mocked him by asking him to play the guitar. Jara instead sang the Chilean protest song Venceremos. Soon after, he was killed with a gunshot to the head, and his body was riddled with more than 40 bullets. According to the BBC \"There are many conflicting accounts of Jara’s last days but the 2019 Netflix documentary Massacre at the Stadium pieces together a convincing narrative.", "According to the BBC \"There are many conflicting accounts of Jara’s last days but the 2019 Netflix documentary Massacre at the Stadium pieces together a convincing narrative. As a famous musician and prominent supporter of Allende, Jara was swiftly recognised on his way into the stadium. An army officer threw a lit cigarette on the ground, made Jara crawl for it, then stamped on his wrists. Jara was first separated from the other detainees, then beaten and tortured in the bowels of the stadium.", "Jara was first separated from the other detainees, then beaten and tortured in the bowels of the stadium. At one point, he defiantly sang Venceremos (We Will Win), Allende’s 1970 election anthem, through split lips.", "At one point, he defiantly sang Venceremos (We Will Win), Allende’s 1970 election anthem, through split lips. On the morning of the 16th, according to a fellow detainee, Jara asked for a pen and notebook and scribbled the lyrics to Estadio Chile, which were later smuggled out of the stadium: “How hard it is to sing when I must sing of horror/ Horror which I am living, horror which I am dying.” Two hours later, he was shot dead, then his body was riddled with machine-gun bullets and dumped in the street.", "On the morning of the 16th, according to a fellow detainee, Jara asked for a pen and notebook and scribbled the lyrics to Estadio Chile, which were later smuggled out of the stadium: “How hard it is to sing when I must sing of horror/ Horror which I am living, horror which I am dying.” Two hours later, he was shot dead, then his body was riddled with machine-gun bullets and dumped in the street. He was 40.\"", "He was 40.\" He was 40.\" After his murder, Jara's body was displayed at the entrance of Chile Stadium for other prisoners to see. It was later discarded outside the stadium along with the bodies of other civilian prisoners who had been killed by the Chilean Army. His body was found by civil servants and brought to a morgue, where one of them was able to identify him and contact his wife, Joan.", "His body was found by civil servants and brought to a morgue, where one of them was able to identify him and contact his wife, Joan. She took his body and gave him a quick and clandestine burial in the general cemetery before she fled the country into exile. Forty-two years later, former Chilean military officers were charged with his murder.", "Forty-two years later, former Chilean military officers were charged with his murder. Legal actions On 16 May 2008, retired colonel Mario Manríquez Bravo, who was the chief of security at Chile Stadium as the coup was carried out, was the first to be convicted in Jara's death. Judge Juan Eduardo Fuentes, who oversaw Bravo's conviction, then decided to close the case, a decision Jara's family soon appealed.", "Judge Juan Eduardo Fuentes, who oversaw Bravo's conviction, then decided to close the case, a decision Jara's family soon appealed. In June 2008, Judge Fuentes re-opened the investigation and said he would examine 40 new pieces of evidence provided by Jara's family. On 28 May 2009, José Adolfo Paredes Márquez, a 54-year-old former Army conscript arrested the previous week in San Sebastián, Chile, was formally charged with Jara's murder.", "On 28 May 2009, José Adolfo Paredes Márquez, a 54-year-old former Army conscript arrested the previous week in San Sebastián, Chile, was formally charged with Jara's murder. Following his arrest, on 1 June 2009, the police investigation identified the officer who had shot Jara in the head. The officer played Russian roulette with Jara by placing a single round in his revolver, spinning the cylinder, placing the muzzle against Jara's head, and pulling the trigger.", "The officer played Russian roulette with Jara by placing a single round in his revolver, spinning the cylinder, placing the muzzle against Jara's head, and pulling the trigger. The officer repeated this a couple of times until a shot fired and Jara fell to the ground. The officer then ordered two conscripts (one of them Paredes) to finish the job by firing into Jara's body. A judge ordered Jara's body to be exhumed in an effort to gather more information about his death.", "A judge ordered Jara's body to be exhumed in an effort to gather more information about his death. On 3 December 2009, Jara was reburied after a massive funeral in the Galpón Víctor Jara, across from Santiago's Plaza Brasil. On 28 December 2012, a judge in Chile ordered the arrest of eight former army officers for alleged involvement in Jara's murder. He issued an international arrest warrant for one of them, Pedro Barrientos Núñez, the man accused of shooting Jara in the head during a torture session.", "He issued an international arrest warrant for one of them, Pedro Barrientos Núñez, the man accused of shooting Jara in the head during a torture session. On 4 September 2013, Chadbourne & Parke attorneys Mark D. Beckett and Christian Urrutia, with the assistance of the Center for Justice and Accountability, filed suit in a United States court against Barrientos, who lives in Florida, on behalf of Jara's widow and children.", "On 4 September 2013, Chadbourne & Parke attorneys Mark D. Beckett and Christian Urrutia, with the assistance of the Center for Justice and Accountability, filed suit in a United States court against Barrientos, who lives in Florida, on behalf of Jara's widow and children. The suit accused Barrientos of arbitrary detention; cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment or punishment; extrajudicial killing; and crimes against humanity under the Alien Tort Statute (ATS), and of torture and extrajudicial killing under the Torture Victim Protection Act (TVPA).", "The suit accused Barrientos of arbitrary detention; cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment or punishment; extrajudicial killing; and crimes against humanity under the Alien Tort Statute (ATS), and of torture and extrajudicial killing under the Torture Victim Protection Act (TVPA). It alleged that Barrientos was liable for Jara's death as a direct perpetrator and as a commander.", "It alleged that Barrientos was liable for Jara's death as a direct perpetrator and as a commander. The specific claims were that: On 11 September 1973, troops from the Arica Regiment of the Chilean Army, specifically from La Serena, attacked the university where Jara taught. The troops prohibited civilians from entering or leaving the university premises. During the afternoon of 12 September 1973, military personnel entered the university and illegally detained hundreds of professors, students, and administrators.", "During the afternoon of 12 September 1973, military personnel entered the university and illegally detained hundreds of professors, students, and administrators. Víctor Jara was among those arbitrarily detained on the campus and was subsequently transferred to Chile Stadium, where he was tortured and killed. In the course of transporting and processing the civilian prisoners, Captain Fernando Polanco Gallardo, a commanding officer in military intelligence, recognized Jara as the well-known folk singer whose songs addressed social inequality, and who had supported President Allende's government.", "In the course of transporting and processing the civilian prisoners, Captain Fernando Polanco Gallardo, a commanding officer in military intelligence, recognized Jara as the well-known folk singer whose songs addressed social inequality, and who had supported President Allende's government. Captain Polanco separated Jara from the group and beat him severely. He then transferred Jara, along with some of the other civilians, to the stadium.", "He then transferred Jara, along with some of the other civilians, to the stadium. Throughout his detention in the locker room of the stadium, Jara was in the physical custody of Lieutenant Barrientos, soldiers under his command, or other members of the Chilean Army who acted in accordance with the army's plan to commit human rights abuses against civilians.", "Throughout his detention in the locker room of the stadium, Jara was in the physical custody of Lieutenant Barrientos, soldiers under his command, or other members of the Chilean Army who acted in accordance with the army's plan to commit human rights abuses against civilians. The arbitrary detention, torture, and extrajudicial killing of Jara and other detainees were part of a widespread, systematic attack on civilians by the Chilean Army from 11 to 15 September 1973.", "The arbitrary detention, torture, and extrajudicial killing of Jara and other detainees were part of a widespread, systematic attack on civilians by the Chilean Army from 11 to 15 September 1973. Barrientos knew, or should have known, about these attacks, if for no other reason than that he was present for and participated in them. On 15 April 2015, a US judge ordered Barrientos to stand trial in Florida.", "On 15 April 2015, a US judge ordered Barrientos to stand trial in Florida. On 27 June 2016, he was found liable for Jara's killing, and the jury awarded Jara's family $28 million. On 3 July 2018, eight retired Chilean military officers were sentenced to 15 years in prison for Jara's murder and the murder of his Communist associate and former Chilean prison director Littre Quiroga Carvajal. They received three extra years for kidnapping both men.", "They received three extra years for kidnapping both men. They received three extra years for kidnapping both men. A ninth suspect was sentenced to five years in prison for covering up the murders. In November 2018, it was reported that a Chilean court ordered the extradition of Barrientos. Theater work 1959. Parecido à la Felicidad (Some Kind of Happiness), Alejandro Sieveking 1960.", "Parecido à la Felicidad (Some Kind of Happiness), Alejandro Sieveking 1960. La Viuda de Apablaza (The Widow of Apablaza), Germán Luco Cruchaga (assistant director to Pedro de la Barra, founder of ITUCH) 1960. The Mandrake, Niccolò Machiavelli 1961. La Madre de los Conejos (Mother Rabbit), Alejandro Sieveking (assistant director to Agustín Siré) 1962. Ánimas de Día Claro (Daylight Spirits), Alejandro Sieveking 1963.", "Ánimas de Día Claro (Daylight Spirits), Alejandro Sieveking 1963. The Caucasian Chalk Circle, Bertolt Brecht (assistant director to Atahualpa del Cioppo) 1963. Los Invasores (The Intruders), Egon Wolff 1963. Dúo (Duet), Raúl Ruiz 1963. Parecido à la Felicidad, Alejandro Sieveking (version for Chilean television) 1965. La Remolienda, Alejandro Sieveking 1965. The Knack, Ann Jellicoe 1966. Marat/Sade, Peter Weiss (assistant director to William Oliver) 1966.", "Marat/Sade, Peter Weiss (assistant director to William Oliver) 1966. La Casa Vieja (The Old House), Abelardo Estorino 1967. La Remolienda, Alejandro Sieveking 1967. La Viuda de Apablaza, Germán Luco Cruchaga (director) 1968. Entertaining Mr Sloane, Joe Orton 1969. Viet Rock, Megan Terry 1969. Antigone, Sophocles 1972. Directed a ballet and musical homage to Pablo Neruda, which coincided with Neruda's return to Chile after being awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature.", "Directed a ballet and musical homage to Pablo Neruda, which coincided with Neruda's return to Chile after being awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature. Discography Studio albums Víctor Jara (1966) Víctor Jara (1967) Canciones folklóricas de América (with Quilapayún) (1968) Pongo en tus manos abiertas (1969) Canto libre (1970) El derecho de vivir en paz (1971) La Población (1972) Canto por travesura (1973) Tiempos que cambian (unfinished) (Estimated release: 1974) Manifiesto (1974; reissued in 2001) Live albums Víctor Jara en Vivo (1974) El Recital (1983) Víctor Jara en México (1996) Habla y canta (1996; reissued in 2001) En Vivo en el Aula Magna de la Universidad de Valparaíso (2003) Compilations Te recuerdo, Amanda (1974) Víctor Jara.", "Discography Studio albums Víctor Jara (1966) Víctor Jara (1967) Canciones folklóricas de América (with Quilapayún) (1968) Pongo en tus manos abiertas (1969) Canto libre (1970) El derecho de vivir en paz (1971) La Población (1972) Canto por travesura (1973) Tiempos que cambian (unfinished) (Estimated release: 1974) Manifiesto (1974; reissued in 2001) Live albums Víctor Jara en Vivo (1974) El Recital (1983) Víctor Jara en México (1996) Habla y canta (1996; reissued in 2001) En Vivo en el Aula Magna de la Universidad de Valparaíso (2003) Compilations Te recuerdo, Amanda (1974) Víctor Jara. Presente (1975) Vientos del Pueblo (1976) Canto Libre (1977) An unfinished song (1984) Todo Víctor Jara (1992) 20 Años Después (1992) The Rough Guide to the Music of the Andes (1996) Víctor Jara presente, colección \"Haciendo Historia\" (1997) Te Recuerdo, Víctor (2000) Antología Musical (2001) 1959–1969 – Víctor Jara (2001) Latin Essential: Victor Jara (2003) Colección Víctor Jara (2004) Víctor Jara.", "Presente (1975) Vientos del Pueblo (1976) Canto Libre (1977) An unfinished song (1984) Todo Víctor Jara (1992) 20 Años Después (1992) The Rough Guide to the Music of the Andes (1996) Víctor Jara presente, colección \"Haciendo Historia\" (1997) Te Recuerdo, Víctor (2000) Antología Musical (2001) 1959–1969 – Víctor Jara (2001) Latin Essential: Victor Jara (2003) Colección Víctor Jara (2004) Víctor Jara. Serie de Oro.", "Serie de Oro. Serie de Oro. Grandes Exitos (2005) Tribute albums A Víctor Jara by Raímon (1974) Het Recht om in Vrede te Leven by Cornelis Vreeswijk (1978) Cornelis sjunger Victor Jara: Rätten till ett eget liv by Cornelis Vreeswijk (1979) Konzert für Víctor Jara by various artists (1998) Inti-illimani interpeta a Víctor Jara by Inti-Illimani (1999) Quilapayún Canta a Violeta Parra, Víctor Jara y Grandes Maestros Populares by Quilapayún (2000) Conosci Victor Jara?", "Grandes Exitos (2005) Tribute albums A Víctor Jara by Raímon (1974) Het Recht om in Vrede te Leven by Cornelis Vreeswijk (1978) Cornelis sjunger Victor Jara: Rätten till ett eget liv by Cornelis Vreeswijk (1979) Konzert für Víctor Jara by various artists (1998) Inti-illimani interpeta a Víctor Jara by Inti-Illimani (1999) Quilapayún Canta a Violeta Parra, Víctor Jara y Grandes Maestros Populares by Quilapayún (2000) Conosci Victor Jara? by Daniele Sepe (2000) Tributo Rock a Víctor Jara by various artists (2001) Tributo a Víctor Jara by various artists (2004) Lonquen: Tributo a Víctor Jara by Francesca Ancarola (2005) Even in Exile by James Dean Bradfield (2020) Documentaries and films The following are films or documentaries about and/or featuring Víctor Jara: 1973: El Tigre Saltó y Mató, Pero Morirá…Morirá….", "by Daniele Sepe (2000) Tributo Rock a Víctor Jara by various artists (2001) Tributo a Víctor Jara by various artists (2004) Lonquen: Tributo a Víctor Jara by Francesca Ancarola (2005) Even in Exile by James Dean Bradfield (2020) Documentaries and films The following are films or documentaries about and/or featuring Víctor Jara: 1973: El Tigre Saltó y Mató, Pero Morirá…Morirá…. Director: Santiago Álvarez – Cuba 1974: Compañero: Víctor Jara of Chile.", "Director: Santiago Álvarez – Cuba 1974: Compañero: Víctor Jara of Chile. Directors: Stanley Foreman/Martin Smith (Documentary) – UK 1976: Il Pleut sur Santiago. Director: Helvio Soto – France/Bulgaria 1978: Ein April hat 30 Tage. Director: Gunther Scholz – East Germany 1978: El Cantor. Director: Dean Reed – East Germany 1999: El Derecho de Vivir en Paz. Director: Carmen Luz Parot – Chile 2001: Freedom Highway: Songs That Shaped a Century.", "Director: Carmen Luz Parot – Chile 2001: Freedom Highway: Songs That Shaped a Century. Director: Philip King – Ireland 2005: La Tierra de las 1000 Músicas [Episode 6: La Protesta]. Directors: Luis Miguel González Cruz, – Spain 2010: Phil Ochs: There but for Fortune Director: Kenneth Bowser 2019:Masacre en el estadio.", "Directors: Luis Miguel González Cruz, – Spain 2010: Phil Ochs: There but for Fortune Director: Kenneth Bowser 2019:Masacre en el estadio. Netflix In popular culture Jara is one of many desaparecidos (people who vanished under the Pinochet government and were most likely tortured and killed) whose families are still struggling to get justice. Joan Jara currently lives in Chile and runs the Víctor Jara Foundation, which was established on 4 October 1994 with the goal of promoting and continuing Jara's work.", "Joan Jara currently lives in Chile and runs the Víctor Jara Foundation, which was established on 4 October 1994 with the goal of promoting and continuing Jara's work. She publicized a poem that Jara wrote before his death about the conditions of the prisoners in the stadium. The poem, written on a piece of paper that was hidden inside the shoe of a friend, was never named, but it is commonly known as \"Estadio Chile\" (Chile Stadium, now known as Víctor Jara Stadium).", "The poem, written on a piece of paper that was hidden inside the shoe of a friend, was never named, but it is commonly known as \"Estadio Chile\" (Chile Stadium, now known as Víctor Jara Stadium). On 22 September 1973, the Soviet astronomer Nikolai Stepanovich Chernykh found an asteroid that he initially called \"SO2\", but later he would end up calling it \"2644 Victor Jara\".", "On 22 September 1973, the Soviet astronomer Nikolai Stepanovich Chernykh found an asteroid that he initially called \"SO2\", but later he would end up calling it \"2644 Victor Jara\". The 1975 anthology For Neruda, for Chile contains a section called \"The Chilean Singer\", with poems dedicated to Jara. In 1989, Scottish rock band Simple Minds dedicated \"Street Fighting Years\" track to Victor Jara.", "In 1989, Scottish rock band Simple Minds dedicated \"Street Fighting Years\" track to Victor Jara. In the late 1990s, British actress Emma Thompson started to work on a screenplay that she planned to use as the basis for a movie about Jara. Thompson, a human rights activist and fan of Jara, saw his murder as a symbol of human rights violations in Chile, and believed a movie about his life and death would raise awareness.", "Thompson, a human rights activist and fan of Jara, saw his murder as a symbol of human rights violations in Chile, and believed a movie about his life and death would raise awareness. The movie was to feature Antonio Banderas as Jara and Thompson as his wife, Joan. However, the project was not completed. In 2007, a fishing schooner built in 1917 in Denmark was renamed after the singer-songwriter.", "In 2007, a fishing schooner built in 1917 in Denmark was renamed after the singer-songwriter. He sails at social and cultural events, and when he's not on the high seas he's at the museum in the port of Lübeck, Germany. The title song on Rory McLeod's album Angry Love is about Jara.", "The title song on Rory McLeod's album Angry Love is about Jara. In a list prepared by the renowned American magazine Rolling Stone, published on June 3, 2013, Víctor Jara is named as one of the \"15 Rock & Roll Rebels\", being the only Latin American to integrate the list. In 2020, James Dean Bradfield of Manic Street Preachers released a concept album about Victor Jara called 'Even In Exile', that album was rated 4 out of 5 stars by The Guardian.", "In 2020, James Dean Bradfield of Manic Street Preachers released a concept album about Victor Jara called 'Even In Exile', that album was rated 4 out of 5 stars by The Guardian. On September 7, 2021, the Municipality of Estación Central approved the name change of \"Avenida Ecuador\" to \"Avenida Víctor Jara\". See also Nueva Canción Chilena Estadio Victor Jara 2644 Victor Jara Brigada Victor Jara Galpón Víctor Jara References Bibliography Jara, Joan (1983). Victor: An Unfinished Song. Jonathan Cape, London.", "Victor: An Unfinished Song. Jonathan Cape, London. Jonathan Cape, London. Kósichev, Leonard. (1990). La guitarra y el poncho de Víctor Jara. Progress Publishers, Moscow External links Resources in English Three chapters from Victor: An Unfinished Song by Joan Jara Discography Victor Jara: The Martyred Musician of Nueva Cancion Chilena Background materials on the Chilean Workers' Movement in the 1970s Report of the Chilean National Commission on Truth and Reconciliation GDR Poster Art: Víctor Jara Allende’s Poet.", "Progress Publishers, Moscow External links Resources in English Three chapters from Victor: An Unfinished Song by Joan Jara Discography Victor Jara: The Martyred Musician of Nueva Cancion Chilena Background materials on the Chilean Workers' Movement in the 1970s Report of the Chilean National Commission on Truth and Reconciliation GDR Poster Art: Víctor Jara Allende’s Poet. Nick MacWilliam for Jacobin, 2 August 2016.", "Nick MacWilliam for Jacobin, 2 August 2016. Nick MacWilliam for Jacobin, 2 August 2016. Resources in Spanish Fundación Víctor Jara Lyrics of all his Songs Discography Vientos del Pueblo: Un Homenaje a Víctor Jara 1932 births 1973 deaths Anti-fascists Anti-capitalists Assassinated Chilean people Burials in Chile Chilean male actors Chilean educators Chilean folk singers Chilean male poets Chilean male singer-songwriters Chilean theatre directors Chilean Christians Chilean communists Chilean torture victims Deaths by firearm in Chile Executed writers Former Roman Catholics Latin American folk singers Marxist humanists Nueva canción musicians People from Chillán University of Chile alumni Chilean Marxists People murdered in Chile Communist Party of Chile politicians University of Santiago, Chile alumni Political music artists 20th-century Chilean poets 20th-century Chilean male writers 20th-century Chilean male singers" ]

[ "Víctor Jara", "Artistic work", "What can you tell me about Jara's artistic work?", "He was deeply influenced by the folk music of Chile and other Latin American countries, and by artists such as" ]

[ "Herman van Doorn (born 1963) is a Dutch singer also known as \"Hermanherman\". He is known for singing the Dutch theme songs for the long running animated series Pokémon.\n\nBiography\n\nVan Doorn studied at the Conservatory of Utrecht and Berklee College in Boston, with the emphasis to jazz vocals and improvisation. His styles widely range from improvised music and modern composed music, to pop and musical theatre. His most famous work is performing the Dutch theme songs for the television series Pokémon.\n\nDiscography\n\nAlbums \n 1999: \"For What You Are Is Never Seen\"\n 2001: \"Movin\"\n 2010: \"Fugain\" \n 2017: \"1418\"\n\nSingles \n 2010: \"Le Printemps\" (From the album: \"Fugain\")\n 2010: \"Attention Mesdames Et Messieurs\" (From the album: \"Fugain\")\n 2011: \"Fête Foraine\" \n 2014: \"For The Fallen\" (From the album: \"1418\")\n\nReferences \n\n1963 births\nLiving people\nDutch pop singers\nDutch jazz singers", "\"What's Easy for Two Is Hard for One\" (also known as \"What's Easy for Two Is So Hard for One\") is a song written and produced by Smokey Robinson and released as a single by singer Mary Wells for the Motown label.\n\nSong information\nIn this song, the narrator is longing for a longtime partnership with a suitor and constantly begs the man to \"take her to the preacher man\" in hopes the couple does \"what should be done\" because \"what two can easily do is so hard to be done by one\".\n\nRelease and reaction\nReleased in mid-1963, the song returned Wells to the top 30 where it peaked at number 29 on the Billboard Hot 100 (and #8 R&B). Wells covered the song at least two more times.\n\nCovers\n\"What's Easy for Two Is Hard For One\" is one of the most covered Motown songs within the company.\n The Temptations recorded a version in 1965. Remained unreleased until 1999.\n The Marvelettes recorded a version in 1966. It was released in 1968 (#114 U.S. Pop).\n Connie Haines released a version in 1966.\n Barbara Randolph recorded a version in 1966.\n Lulu recorded a version for Decca Records in 1964.\n The Intruders recorded a version for their 1974 album, Energy of Love.\n\nPersonnel\n\nMary Wells' version\nLead vocals by Mary Wells\nBacking vocals by The Andantes: Jackie Hicks, Marlene Barrow, and Louvain Demps\nInstrumentation by The Funk Brothers\n\nTemptations' version\nLead vocals by Paul Williams\nBacking vocals by Eddie Kendricks, David Ruffin, Otis Williams, and Melvin Franklin\nInstrumentation by The Funk Brothers\n\nConnie Haines' version\nLead vocals by Connie Haines\nBacking vocals by The Andantes\nInstrumentation by The Funk Brothers and the Detroit Symphony Orchestra\n\nMarvelettes' version\nLead vocals by Wanda Young\nBacking vocals by The Andantes\nInstrumentation by The Funk Brothers\n\nReferences\n\n1963 singles\nMary Wells songs\nThe Marvelettes songs\nSongs written by Smokey Robinson\nMotown singles\nSong recordings produced by Smokey Robinson\n1963 songs" ]

[ "Víctor Lidio Jara Martínez (; 28 September 1932 – 16 September 1973) was a Chilean teacher, theater director, poet, singer-songwriter and socialist political activist tortured and killed during the dictatorship of Augusto Pinochet. He developed Chilean theater by directing a broad array of works, ranging from locally produced plays to world classics, as well as the experimental work of playwrights such as Ann Jellicoe. He also played a pivotal role among neo-folkloric musicians who established the Nueva Canción Chilena (New Chilean Song) movement.", "He also played a pivotal role among neo-folkloric musicians who established the Nueva Canción Chilena (New Chilean Song) movement. This led to an uprising of new sounds in popular music during the administration of President Salvador Allende. Jara was arrested shortly after the Chilean coup of 11 September 1973, which overthrew Allende. He was tortured during interrogations and ultimately shot dead, and his body was thrown out on the street of a shantytown in Santiago.", "He was tortured during interrogations and ultimately shot dead, and his body was thrown out on the street of a shantytown in Santiago. The contrast between the themes of his songs—which focused on love, peace, and social justice—and the brutal way in which he was murdered transformed Jara into a \"potent symbol of struggle for human rights and justice\" for those killed during the Pinochet regime.", "The contrast between the themes of his songs—which focused on love, peace, and social justice—and the brutal way in which he was murdered transformed Jara into a \"potent symbol of struggle for human rights and justice\" for those killed during the Pinochet regime. His preponderant role as an open admirer and propagandist for Che Guevara and Allende's government, in which he served as a cultural ambassador through the late 1960s and until the early 1970s crisis that ended in the coup against Allende, marked him for death.", "His preponderant role as an open admirer and propagandist for Che Guevara and Allende's government, in which he served as a cultural ambassador through the late 1960s and until the early 1970s crisis that ended in the coup against Allende, marked him for death. In June 2016, a Florida jury found former Chilean Army officer Pedro Barrientos liable for Jara's murder. In July 2018, eight retired Chilean military officers were sentenced to 15 years and a day in prison for Jara's murder.", "In July 2018, eight retired Chilean military officers were sentenced to 15 years and a day in prison for Jara's murder. Early life Víctor Lidio Jara Martinez was born on September 28, 1932, his parents were working as tenants and they lived near the town of La Quiriquina, located twelve kilometers from the old Chillan, he had about five brothers. His exact place of birth is uncertain, but in any case, he was born in the Ñuble Region.", "His exact place of birth is uncertain, but in any case, he was born in the Ñuble Region. At the age of five, his family moved to Lonquén, a town near Santiago de Chile, where his father, Manuel Jara, had rented a small piece of land that he worked from sun to sun with a miserable performance. His father was illiterate and did not want him and his other siblings to go to school so that they could help him in the fields from the ages of six and seven.", "His father was illiterate and did not want him and his other siblings to go to school so that they could help him in the fields from the ages of six and seven. His mother, on the other hand, knew how to read a little and from the beginning she insisted that they at least learn the letters. Jara's mother was a mestiza with deep Araucanian roots in southern Chile, she was self-taught, and played the guitar and the piano.", "Jara's mother was a mestiza with deep Araucanian roots in southern Chile, she was self-taught, and played the guitar and the piano. She also performed as a singer, with a repertory of traditional folk songs that she used for local functions like weddings and funerals. The relationship between her parents became more tense with each passing day, her father began to drink and disappeared from the house several days in a row, leaving all the work in the hands of Amanda.", "The relationship between her parents became more tense with each passing day, her father began to drink and disappeared from the house several days in a row, leaving all the work in the hands of Amanda. Later, her mother moved to Santiago and took a job as a cook in a restaurant in Vega Poniente. Because she was so skilled she did well there and so she was able to educate three of her children, including Victor. She died when Jara was 15, leaving him to make his own way.", "She died when Jara was 15, leaving him to make his own way. He began to study to be an accountant, but soon moved into a seminary, where he studied for the priesthood. After a couple of years, however, he became disillusioned with the Catholic Church and left the seminary. Subsequently, he spent several years in army service before returning to his hometown to pursue interests in folk music and theater.", "Subsequently, he spent several years in army service before returning to his hometown to pursue interests in folk music and theater. Musical career After joining the choir at the University of Chile in Santiago, Jara was convinced by a choir-mate to pursue a career in theater. He subsequently joined the university's theater program and earned a scholarship for talent.", "He subsequently joined the university's theater program and earned a scholarship for talent. He appeared in several of the university's plays, gravitating toward those with social themes, such as Russian playwright Maxim Gorky's The Lower Depths, a depiction of the hardships of lower-class life.", "He appeared in several of the university's plays, gravitating toward those with social themes, such as Russian playwright Maxim Gorky's The Lower Depths, a depiction of the hardships of lower-class life. In 1957, he met Violeta Parra, a singer who had steered folk music in Chile away from the rote reproduction of rural materials toward modern song composition rooted in traditional forms, and who had established musical community centers called peñas to incorporate folk music into the everyday life of modern Chileans.", "In 1957, he met Violeta Parra, a singer who had steered folk music in Chile away from the rote reproduction of rural materials toward modern song composition rooted in traditional forms, and who had established musical community centers called peñas to incorporate folk music into the everyday life of modern Chileans. Jara absorbed these lessons and began singing with a group called Cuncumén, with whom he continued his explorations of Chile's traditional music (working as a guitarist and vocalist from 1957 to 1963).", "Jara absorbed these lessons and began singing with a group called Cuncumén, with whom he continued his explorations of Chile's traditional music (working as a guitarist and vocalist from 1957 to 1963). He was deeply influenced by the folk music of Chile and other Latin American countries, and by artists such as Parra, Atahualpa Yupanqui, and the poet Pablo Neruda. In the 1960s, Jara started specializing in folk music and sang at Santiago's La Peña de Los Parra, owned by Ángel Parra.", "In the 1960s, Jara started specializing in folk music and sang at Santiago's La Peña de Los Parra, owned by Ángel Parra. Through these activities, he became involved in the Nueva Canción movement of Latin American folk music.", "Through these activities, he became involved in the Nueva Canción movement of Latin American folk music. In 1966, Víctor released his first album homonymous, by the record company \"Demon\", being the only album released under this label and the Víctor Jara's first solo work, the album would later be re-released under the titles Canto a lo humano and Sus mejores canciones, and in 2001 an reissue on CD by Warner Music Chile was released, with the original title.", "In 1966, Víctor released his first album homonymous, by the record company \"Demon\", being the only album released under this label and the Víctor Jara's first solo work, the album would later be re-released under the titles Canto a lo humano and Sus mejores canciones, and in 2001 an reissue on CD by Warner Music Chile was released, with the original title. This version on CD also included five bonus tracks, four of which are songs by Víctor Jara along with Cuncumén.", "This version on CD also included five bonus tracks, four of which are songs by Víctor Jara along with Cuncumén. The album includes some Jara's versions of some Latin American folk songs, such as; \"La flor que anda de mano en mano\", and \"Ojitos verdes\", two Chilean folk songs, \"La cocinerita\", an Argentinian folk song, or \"Ja jai\", a Bolivian traditional.", "The album includes some Jara's versions of some Latin American folk songs, such as; \"La flor que anda de mano en mano\", and \"Ojitos verdes\", two Chilean folk songs, \"La cocinerita\", an Argentinian folk song, or \"Ja jai\", a Bolivian traditional. The authorship of this album, as well as its singles, was in the hands of Camilo Fernández, owner of the Demon record company, from its launch in 1966 until 2001, when he recently transferred the rights to the widow of Víctor Jara, after years of profiting from the album (as well as with others from Patricio Manns, Isabel and Ángel Parra, among others) without ever financially rewarding its authors or family.", "The authorship of this album, as well as its singles, was in the hands of Camilo Fernández, owner of the Demon record company, from its launch in 1966 until 2001, when he recently transferred the rights to the widow of Víctor Jara, after years of profiting from the album (as well as with others from Patricio Manns, Isabel and Ángel Parra, among others) without ever financially rewarding its authors or family. In 1967 released their second album homonymous, this album apart from the controversial song \"The appeared\" includes Jara's covers of some folk songs from Chile, Argentina, Bolivia or Spain as; «Despedimiento del angelito», «Ay mi palomita», «Casi, casi», «Qué alegres son las obreras» or «Romance del enamorado y la muerte».", "In 1967 released their second album homonymous, this album apart from the controversial song \"The appeared\" includes Jara's covers of some folk songs from Chile, Argentina, Bolivia or Spain as; «Despedimiento del angelito», «Ay mi palomita», «Casi, casi», «Qué alegres son las obreras» or «Romance del enamorado y la muerte». Also, the album was subsequently released under the name of Desde longuén hasta siempre with a variation of different covers.", "Also, the album was subsequently released under the name of Desde longuén hasta siempre with a variation of different covers. In 1968, Jara released his first collaborative album entitled, \"Canciones folklóricas de América\" (Folkloric Songs of America), with Quilapayun. In 1970, he had left his theater work in favor of a career in music. His songs were inspired by a combination of traditional folk music and left-wing political activism.", "His songs were inspired by a combination of traditional folk music and left-wing political activism. From this period, some of his best-known songs are \"Plegaria a un Labrador\" (\"Prayer to a Worker\") and \"Te Recuerdo Amanda\" (\"I Remember You Amanda\"). Political activism Early in his recording career, Jara showed a knack for antagonizing conservative Chileans, releasing a traditional comic song called \"La beata\" that depicted a religious woman with a crush on the priest to whom she goes for confession.", "Political activism Early in his recording career, Jara showed a knack for antagonizing conservative Chileans, releasing a traditional comic song called \"La beata\" that depicted a religious woman with a crush on the priest to whom she goes for confession. The song was banned on radio stations and removed from record shops, but the controversy only added to Jara's reputation among young and progressive Chileans. More serious in the eyes of the Chilean right wing was Jara's growing identification with the socialist movement led by Salvador Allende.", "More serious in the eyes of the Chilean right wing was Jara's growing identification with the socialist movement led by Salvador Allende. After visits to Cuba and the Soviet Union in the early 1960s, Jara had joined the Communist Party. The personal met the political in his songs about the poverty he had experienced firsthand. Jara's songs spread outside Chile and were performed by American folk artists. His popularity was due not only to his songwriting skills but also to his exceptional power as a performer.", "His popularity was due not only to his songwriting skills but also to his exceptional power as a performer. He took a decisive turn toward political confrontation with his 1969 song \"Preguntas por Puerto Montt\" (\"Questions About Puerto Montt\"), which took direct aim at a government official (Edmundo Pérez Zujovic) who had ordered police to attack squatters in the town of Puerto Montt. The Chilean political situation deteriorated after the official was assassinated, and right-wing thugs beat up Jara on one occasion.", "The Chilean political situation deteriorated after the official was assassinated, and right-wing thugs beat up Jara on one occasion. In 1970, Jara supported Allende, the Popular Unity coalition candidate for president, volunteering for political work and playing free concerts. He composed \"Venceremos\" (\"We Will Triumph\"), the theme song of Allende's Popular Unity movement, and welcomed Allende's election to the Chilean presidency in 1970.", "He composed \"Venceremos\" (\"We Will Triumph\"), the theme song of Allende's Popular Unity movement, and welcomed Allende's election to the Chilean presidency in 1970. After the election, Jara continued to speak in support of Allende and played an important role in the new administration's efforts to reorient Chilean culture. He and his wife, Joan Jara, were key participants in a cultural renaissance that swept Chile, organizing cultural events that supported the country's new socialist government.", "He and his wife, Joan Jara, were key participants in a cultural renaissance that swept Chile, organizing cultural events that supported the country's new socialist government. He set poems by Pablo Neruda to music and performed at a ceremony honoring him after Neruda received the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1972. Throughout rumblings of a right-wing coup, Jara held on to his teaching job at Chile's Technical University. His popular success during this time, as both a musician and a Communist, earned him a concert in Moscow.", "His popular success during this time, as both a musician and a Communist, earned him a concert in Moscow. So successful was he that the Soviet Union tried to latch onto his popularity, claiming in their media that his vocal prowess was the result of surgery he had undergone while in Moscow. Backed by the United States, which opposed Allende's socialist politics, the Chilean military staged a coup d'état on 11 September 1973, resulting in the death of Allende and the installation of Augusto Pinochet as dictator.", "Backed by the United States, which opposed Allende's socialist politics, the Chilean military staged a coup d'état on 11 September 1973, resulting in the death of Allende and the installation of Augusto Pinochet as dictator. At the moment of the coup, Jara was on his way to the Technical University (today the Universidad de Santiago). That night, he slept at the university along with other teachers and students, and sang to raise morale.", "That night, he slept at the university along with other teachers and students, and sang to raise morale. Torture and murder After the coup, Pinochet's soldiers rounded up Chileans who were believed to be involved with leftist groups, including Allende's Popular Unity party. On the morning of 12 September 1973, Jara was taken prisoner, along with thousands of others, and imprisoned inside Chile Stadium. The guards there tortured him, smashing his hands and fingers, and then mocked him by asking him to play the guitar.", "The guards there tortured him, smashing his hands and fingers, and then mocked him by asking him to play the guitar. Jara instead sang the Chilean protest song Venceremos. Soon after, he was killed with a gunshot to the head, and his body was riddled with more than 40 bullets. According to the BBC \"There are many conflicting accounts of Jara’s last days but the 2019 Netflix documentary Massacre at the Stadium pieces together a convincing narrative.", "According to the BBC \"There are many conflicting accounts of Jara’s last days but the 2019 Netflix documentary Massacre at the Stadium pieces together a convincing narrative. As a famous musician and prominent supporter of Allende, Jara was swiftly recognised on his way into the stadium. An army officer threw a lit cigarette on the ground, made Jara crawl for it, then stamped on his wrists. Jara was first separated from the other detainees, then beaten and tortured in the bowels of the stadium.", "Jara was first separated from the other detainees, then beaten and tortured in the bowels of the stadium. At one point, he defiantly sang Venceremos (We Will Win), Allende’s 1970 election anthem, through split lips.", "At one point, he defiantly sang Venceremos (We Will Win), Allende’s 1970 election anthem, through split lips. On the morning of the 16th, according to a fellow detainee, Jara asked for a pen and notebook and scribbled the lyrics to Estadio Chile, which were later smuggled out of the stadium: “How hard it is to sing when I must sing of horror/ Horror which I am living, horror which I am dying.” Two hours later, he was shot dead, then his body was riddled with machine-gun bullets and dumped in the street.", "On the morning of the 16th, according to a fellow detainee, Jara asked for a pen and notebook and scribbled the lyrics to Estadio Chile, which were later smuggled out of the stadium: “How hard it is to sing when I must sing of horror/ Horror which I am living, horror which I am dying.” Two hours later, he was shot dead, then his body was riddled with machine-gun bullets and dumped in the street. He was 40.\"", "He was 40.\" He was 40.\" After his murder, Jara's body was displayed at the entrance of Chile Stadium for other prisoners to see. It was later discarded outside the stadium along with the bodies of other civilian prisoners who had been killed by the Chilean Army. His body was found by civil servants and brought to a morgue, where one of them was able to identify him and contact his wife, Joan.", "His body was found by civil servants and brought to a morgue, where one of them was able to identify him and contact his wife, Joan. She took his body and gave him a quick and clandestine burial in the general cemetery before she fled the country into exile. Forty-two years later, former Chilean military officers were charged with his murder.", "Forty-two years later, former Chilean military officers were charged with his murder. Legal actions On 16 May 2008, retired colonel Mario Manríquez Bravo, who was the chief of security at Chile Stadium as the coup was carried out, was the first to be convicted in Jara's death. Judge Juan Eduardo Fuentes, who oversaw Bravo's conviction, then decided to close the case, a decision Jara's family soon appealed.", "Judge Juan Eduardo Fuentes, who oversaw Bravo's conviction, then decided to close the case, a decision Jara's family soon appealed. In June 2008, Judge Fuentes re-opened the investigation and said he would examine 40 new pieces of evidence provided by Jara's family. On 28 May 2009, José Adolfo Paredes Márquez, a 54-year-old former Army conscript arrested the previous week in San Sebastián, Chile, was formally charged with Jara's murder.", "On 28 May 2009, José Adolfo Paredes Márquez, a 54-year-old former Army conscript arrested the previous week in San Sebastián, Chile, was formally charged with Jara's murder. Following his arrest, on 1 June 2009, the police investigation identified the officer who had shot Jara in the head. The officer played Russian roulette with Jara by placing a single round in his revolver, spinning the cylinder, placing the muzzle against Jara's head, and pulling the trigger.", "The officer played Russian roulette with Jara by placing a single round in his revolver, spinning the cylinder, placing the muzzle against Jara's head, and pulling the trigger. The officer repeated this a couple of times until a shot fired and Jara fell to the ground. The officer then ordered two conscripts (one of them Paredes) to finish the job by firing into Jara's body. A judge ordered Jara's body to be exhumed in an effort to gather more information about his death.", "A judge ordered Jara's body to be exhumed in an effort to gather more information about his death. On 3 December 2009, Jara was reburied after a massive funeral in the Galpón Víctor Jara, across from Santiago's Plaza Brasil. On 28 December 2012, a judge in Chile ordered the arrest of eight former army officers for alleged involvement in Jara's murder. He issued an international arrest warrant for one of them, Pedro Barrientos Núñez, the man accused of shooting Jara in the head during a torture session.", "He issued an international arrest warrant for one of them, Pedro Barrientos Núñez, the man accused of shooting Jara in the head during a torture session. On 4 September 2013, Chadbourne & Parke attorneys Mark D. Beckett and Christian Urrutia, with the assistance of the Center for Justice and Accountability, filed suit in a United States court against Barrientos, who lives in Florida, on behalf of Jara's widow and children.", "On 4 September 2013, Chadbourne & Parke attorneys Mark D. Beckett and Christian Urrutia, with the assistance of the Center for Justice and Accountability, filed suit in a United States court against Barrientos, who lives in Florida, on behalf of Jara's widow and children. The suit accused Barrientos of arbitrary detention; cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment or punishment; extrajudicial killing; and crimes against humanity under the Alien Tort Statute (ATS), and of torture and extrajudicial killing under the Torture Victim Protection Act (TVPA).", "The suit accused Barrientos of arbitrary detention; cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment or punishment; extrajudicial killing; and crimes against humanity under the Alien Tort Statute (ATS), and of torture and extrajudicial killing under the Torture Victim Protection Act (TVPA). It alleged that Barrientos was liable for Jara's death as a direct perpetrator and as a commander.", "It alleged that Barrientos was liable for Jara's death as a direct perpetrator and as a commander. The specific claims were that: On 11 September 1973, troops from the Arica Regiment of the Chilean Army, specifically from La Serena, attacked the university where Jara taught. The troops prohibited civilians from entering or leaving the university premises. During the afternoon of 12 September 1973, military personnel entered the university and illegally detained hundreds of professors, students, and administrators.", "During the afternoon of 12 September 1973, military personnel entered the university and illegally detained hundreds of professors, students, and administrators. Víctor Jara was among those arbitrarily detained on the campus and was subsequently transferred to Chile Stadium, where he was tortured and killed. In the course of transporting and processing the civilian prisoners, Captain Fernando Polanco Gallardo, a commanding officer in military intelligence, recognized Jara as the well-known folk singer whose songs addressed social inequality, and who had supported President Allende's government.", "In the course of transporting and processing the civilian prisoners, Captain Fernando Polanco Gallardo, a commanding officer in military intelligence, recognized Jara as the well-known folk singer whose songs addressed social inequality, and who had supported President Allende's government. Captain Polanco separated Jara from the group and beat him severely. He then transferred Jara, along with some of the other civilians, to the stadium.", "He then transferred Jara, along with some of the other civilians, to the stadium. Throughout his detention in the locker room of the stadium, Jara was in the physical custody of Lieutenant Barrientos, soldiers under his command, or other members of the Chilean Army who acted in accordance with the army's plan to commit human rights abuses against civilians.", "Throughout his detention in the locker room of the stadium, Jara was in the physical custody of Lieutenant Barrientos, soldiers under his command, or other members of the Chilean Army who acted in accordance with the army's plan to commit human rights abuses against civilians. The arbitrary detention, torture, and extrajudicial killing of Jara and other detainees were part of a widespread, systematic attack on civilians by the Chilean Army from 11 to 15 September 1973.", "The arbitrary detention, torture, and extrajudicial killing of Jara and other detainees were part of a widespread, systematic attack on civilians by the Chilean Army from 11 to 15 September 1973. Barrientos knew, or should have known, about these attacks, if for no other reason than that he was present for and participated in them. On 15 April 2015, a US judge ordered Barrientos to stand trial in Florida.", "On 15 April 2015, a US judge ordered Barrientos to stand trial in Florida. On 27 June 2016, he was found liable for Jara's killing, and the jury awarded Jara's family $28 million. On 3 July 2018, eight retired Chilean military officers were sentenced to 15 years in prison for Jara's murder and the murder of his Communist associate and former Chilean prison director Littre Quiroga Carvajal. They received three extra years for kidnapping both men.", "They received three extra years for kidnapping both men. They received three extra years for kidnapping both men. A ninth suspect was sentenced to five years in prison for covering up the murders. In November 2018, it was reported that a Chilean court ordered the extradition of Barrientos. Theater work 1959. Parecido à la Felicidad (Some Kind of Happiness), Alejandro Sieveking 1960.", "Parecido à la Felicidad (Some Kind of Happiness), Alejandro Sieveking 1960. La Viuda de Apablaza (The Widow of Apablaza), Germán Luco Cruchaga (assistant director to Pedro de la Barra, founder of ITUCH) 1960. The Mandrake, Niccolò Machiavelli 1961. La Madre de los Conejos (Mother Rabbit), Alejandro Sieveking (assistant director to Agustín Siré) 1962. Ánimas de Día Claro (Daylight Spirits), Alejandro Sieveking 1963.", "Ánimas de Día Claro (Daylight Spirits), Alejandro Sieveking 1963. The Caucasian Chalk Circle, Bertolt Brecht (assistant director to Atahualpa del Cioppo) 1963. Los Invasores (The Intruders), Egon Wolff 1963. Dúo (Duet), Raúl Ruiz 1963. Parecido à la Felicidad, Alejandro Sieveking (version for Chilean television) 1965. La Remolienda, Alejandro Sieveking 1965. The Knack, Ann Jellicoe 1966. Marat/Sade, Peter Weiss (assistant director to William Oliver) 1966.", "Marat/Sade, Peter Weiss (assistant director to William Oliver) 1966. La Casa Vieja (The Old House), Abelardo Estorino 1967. La Remolienda, Alejandro Sieveking 1967. La Viuda de Apablaza, Germán Luco Cruchaga (director) 1968. Entertaining Mr Sloane, Joe Orton 1969. Viet Rock, Megan Terry 1969. Antigone, Sophocles 1972. Directed a ballet and musical homage to Pablo Neruda, which coincided with Neruda's return to Chile after being awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature.", "Directed a ballet and musical homage to Pablo Neruda, which coincided with Neruda's return to Chile after being awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature. Discography Studio albums Víctor Jara (1966) Víctor Jara (1967) Canciones folklóricas de América (with Quilapayún) (1968) Pongo en tus manos abiertas (1969) Canto libre (1970) El derecho de vivir en paz (1971) La Población (1972) Canto por travesura (1973) Tiempos que cambian (unfinished) (Estimated release: 1974) Manifiesto (1974; reissued in 2001) Live albums Víctor Jara en Vivo (1974) El Recital (1983) Víctor Jara en México (1996) Habla y canta (1996; reissued in 2001) En Vivo en el Aula Magna de la Universidad de Valparaíso (2003) Compilations Te recuerdo, Amanda (1974) Víctor Jara.", "Discography Studio albums Víctor Jara (1966) Víctor Jara (1967) Canciones folklóricas de América (with Quilapayún) (1968) Pongo en tus manos abiertas (1969) Canto libre (1970) El derecho de vivir en paz (1971) La Población (1972) Canto por travesura (1973) Tiempos que cambian (unfinished) (Estimated release: 1974) Manifiesto (1974; reissued in 2001) Live albums Víctor Jara en Vivo (1974) El Recital (1983) Víctor Jara en México (1996) Habla y canta (1996; reissued in 2001) En Vivo en el Aula Magna de la Universidad de Valparaíso (2003) Compilations Te recuerdo, Amanda (1974) Víctor Jara. Presente (1975) Vientos del Pueblo (1976) Canto Libre (1977) An unfinished song (1984) Todo Víctor Jara (1992) 20 Años Después (1992) The Rough Guide to the Music of the Andes (1996) Víctor Jara presente, colección \"Haciendo Historia\" (1997) Te Recuerdo, Víctor (2000) Antología Musical (2001) 1959–1969 – Víctor Jara (2001) Latin Essential: Victor Jara (2003) Colección Víctor Jara (2004) Víctor Jara.", "Presente (1975) Vientos del Pueblo (1976) Canto Libre (1977) An unfinished song (1984) Todo Víctor Jara (1992) 20 Años Después (1992) The Rough Guide to the Music of the Andes (1996) Víctor Jara presente, colección \"Haciendo Historia\" (1997) Te Recuerdo, Víctor (2000) Antología Musical (2001) 1959–1969 – Víctor Jara (2001) Latin Essential: Victor Jara (2003) Colección Víctor Jara (2004) Víctor Jara. Serie de Oro.", "Serie de Oro. Serie de Oro. Grandes Exitos (2005) Tribute albums A Víctor Jara by Raímon (1974) Het Recht om in Vrede te Leven by Cornelis Vreeswijk (1978) Cornelis sjunger Victor Jara: Rätten till ett eget liv by Cornelis Vreeswijk (1979) Konzert für Víctor Jara by various artists (1998) Inti-illimani interpeta a Víctor Jara by Inti-Illimani (1999) Quilapayún Canta a Violeta Parra, Víctor Jara y Grandes Maestros Populares by Quilapayún (2000) Conosci Victor Jara?", "Grandes Exitos (2005) Tribute albums A Víctor Jara by Raímon (1974) Het Recht om in Vrede te Leven by Cornelis Vreeswijk (1978) Cornelis sjunger Victor Jara: Rätten till ett eget liv by Cornelis Vreeswijk (1979) Konzert für Víctor Jara by various artists (1998) Inti-illimani interpeta a Víctor Jara by Inti-Illimani (1999) Quilapayún Canta a Violeta Parra, Víctor Jara y Grandes Maestros Populares by Quilapayún (2000) Conosci Victor Jara? by Daniele Sepe (2000) Tributo Rock a Víctor Jara by various artists (2001) Tributo a Víctor Jara by various artists (2004) Lonquen: Tributo a Víctor Jara by Francesca Ancarola (2005) Even in Exile by James Dean Bradfield (2020) Documentaries and films The following are films or documentaries about and/or featuring Víctor Jara: 1973: El Tigre Saltó y Mató, Pero Morirá…Morirá….", "by Daniele Sepe (2000) Tributo Rock a Víctor Jara by various artists (2001) Tributo a Víctor Jara by various artists (2004) Lonquen: Tributo a Víctor Jara by Francesca Ancarola (2005) Even in Exile by James Dean Bradfield (2020) Documentaries and films The following are films or documentaries about and/or featuring Víctor Jara: 1973: El Tigre Saltó y Mató, Pero Morirá…Morirá…. Director: Santiago Álvarez – Cuba 1974: Compañero: Víctor Jara of Chile.", "Director: Santiago Álvarez – Cuba 1974: Compañero: Víctor Jara of Chile. Directors: Stanley Foreman/Martin Smith (Documentary) – UK 1976: Il Pleut sur Santiago. Director: Helvio Soto – France/Bulgaria 1978: Ein April hat 30 Tage. Director: Gunther Scholz – East Germany 1978: El Cantor. Director: Dean Reed – East Germany 1999: El Derecho de Vivir en Paz. Director: Carmen Luz Parot – Chile 2001: Freedom Highway: Songs That Shaped a Century.", "Director: Carmen Luz Parot – Chile 2001: Freedom Highway: Songs That Shaped a Century. Director: Philip King – Ireland 2005: La Tierra de las 1000 Músicas [Episode 6: La Protesta]. Directors: Luis Miguel González Cruz, – Spain 2010: Phil Ochs: There but for Fortune Director: Kenneth Bowser 2019:Masacre en el estadio.", "Directors: Luis Miguel González Cruz, – Spain 2010: Phil Ochs: There but for Fortune Director: Kenneth Bowser 2019:Masacre en el estadio. Netflix In popular culture Jara is one of many desaparecidos (people who vanished under the Pinochet government and were most likely tortured and killed) whose families are still struggling to get justice. Joan Jara currently lives in Chile and runs the Víctor Jara Foundation, which was established on 4 October 1994 with the goal of promoting and continuing Jara's work.", "Joan Jara currently lives in Chile and runs the Víctor Jara Foundation, which was established on 4 October 1994 with the goal of promoting and continuing Jara's work. She publicized a poem that Jara wrote before his death about the conditions of the prisoners in the stadium. The poem, written on a piece of paper that was hidden inside the shoe of a friend, was never named, but it is commonly known as \"Estadio Chile\" (Chile Stadium, now known as Víctor Jara Stadium).", "The poem, written on a piece of paper that was hidden inside the shoe of a friend, was never named, but it is commonly known as \"Estadio Chile\" (Chile Stadium, now known as Víctor Jara Stadium). On 22 September 1973, the Soviet astronomer Nikolai Stepanovich Chernykh found an asteroid that he initially called \"SO2\", but later he would end up calling it \"2644 Victor Jara\".", "On 22 September 1973, the Soviet astronomer Nikolai Stepanovich Chernykh found an asteroid that he initially called \"SO2\", but later he would end up calling it \"2644 Victor Jara\". The 1975 anthology For Neruda, for Chile contains a section called \"The Chilean Singer\", with poems dedicated to Jara. In 1989, Scottish rock band Simple Minds dedicated \"Street Fighting Years\" track to Victor Jara.", "In 1989, Scottish rock band Simple Minds dedicated \"Street Fighting Years\" track to Victor Jara. In the late 1990s, British actress Emma Thompson started to work on a screenplay that she planned to use as the basis for a movie about Jara. Thompson, a human rights activist and fan of Jara, saw his murder as a symbol of human rights violations in Chile, and believed a movie about his life and death would raise awareness.", "Thompson, a human rights activist and fan of Jara, saw his murder as a symbol of human rights violations in Chile, and believed a movie about his life and death would raise awareness. The movie was to feature Antonio Banderas as Jara and Thompson as his wife, Joan. However, the project was not completed. In 2007, a fishing schooner built in 1917 in Denmark was renamed after the singer-songwriter.", "In 2007, a fishing schooner built in 1917 in Denmark was renamed after the singer-songwriter. He sails at social and cultural events, and when he's not on the high seas he's at the museum in the port of Lübeck, Germany. The title song on Rory McLeod's album Angry Love is about Jara.", "The title song on Rory McLeod's album Angry Love is about Jara. In a list prepared by the renowned American magazine Rolling Stone, published on June 3, 2013, Víctor Jara is named as one of the \"15 Rock & Roll Rebels\", being the only Latin American to integrate the list. In 2020, James Dean Bradfield of Manic Street Preachers released a concept album about Victor Jara called 'Even In Exile', that album was rated 4 out of 5 stars by The Guardian.", "In 2020, James Dean Bradfield of Manic Street Preachers released a concept album about Victor Jara called 'Even In Exile', that album was rated 4 out of 5 stars by The Guardian. On September 7, 2021, the Municipality of Estación Central approved the name change of \"Avenida Ecuador\" to \"Avenida Víctor Jara\". See also Nueva Canción Chilena Estadio Victor Jara 2644 Victor Jara Brigada Victor Jara Galpón Víctor Jara References Bibliography Jara, Joan (1983). Victor: An Unfinished Song. Jonathan Cape, London.", "Victor: An Unfinished Song. Jonathan Cape, London. Jonathan Cape, London. Kósichev, Leonard. (1990). La guitarra y el poncho de Víctor Jara. Progress Publishers, Moscow External links Resources in English Three chapters from Victor: An Unfinished Song by Joan Jara Discography Victor Jara: The Martyred Musician of Nueva Cancion Chilena Background materials on the Chilean Workers' Movement in the 1970s Report of the Chilean National Commission on Truth and Reconciliation GDR Poster Art: Víctor Jara Allende’s Poet.", "Progress Publishers, Moscow External links Resources in English Three chapters from Victor: An Unfinished Song by Joan Jara Discography Victor Jara: The Martyred Musician of Nueva Cancion Chilena Background materials on the Chilean Workers' Movement in the 1970s Report of the Chilean National Commission on Truth and Reconciliation GDR Poster Art: Víctor Jara Allende’s Poet. Nick MacWilliam for Jacobin, 2 August 2016.", "Nick MacWilliam for Jacobin, 2 August 2016. Nick MacWilliam for Jacobin, 2 August 2016. Resources in Spanish Fundación Víctor Jara Lyrics of all his Songs Discography Vientos del Pueblo: Un Homenaje a Víctor Jara 1932 births 1973 deaths Anti-fascists Anti-capitalists Assassinated Chilean people Burials in Chile Chilean male actors Chilean educators Chilean folk singers Chilean male poets Chilean male singer-songwriters Chilean theatre directors Chilean Christians Chilean communists Chilean torture victims Deaths by firearm in Chile Executed writers Former Roman Catholics Latin American folk singers Marxist humanists Nueva canción musicians People from Chillán University of Chile alumni Chilean Marxists People murdered in Chile Communist Party of Chile politicians University of Santiago, Chile alumni Political music artists 20th-century Chilean poets 20th-century Chilean male writers 20th-century Chilean male singers" ]

[ "Víctor Jara", "Artistic work", "What can you tell me about Jara's artistic work?", "He was deeply influenced by the folk music of Chile and other Latin American countries, and by artists such as", "What songs is he known for?", "\"Plegaria a un Labrador\" (\"Prayer to a Worker\") and \"Te Recuerdo Amanda\" (\"I Remember You Amanda\")." ]

[ "Galpón Víctor Jara (“Víctor Jara Warehouse”) is a cultural center located in Santiago, Chile, in Barrio Brasil, an area of the city known for its strong artistic and cultural scene. Managed by the Víctor Jara Foundation, the center is named for the Chilean singer-songwriter and activist who was killed by the Chilean army following the Chilean coup of 11 September 1973. The Galpón is a popular live venue for Chilean bands, particularly those of the New Chilean Cumbia, gypsy and cueca musical styles, such as Chico Trujillo, Banda Conmoción and La Mano Ajena.\n\nHistory\n\nFollowing the return to democracy in Chile in 1990, efforts to achieve justice and recognition for Víctor Jara slowly gained momentum. In the early 2000s, the Víctor Jara Foundation campaigned to convert the Víctor Jara Stadium, where Jara was tortured and killed (the stadium, originally called Estadio Chile, was renamed to commemorate Jara in 2004), into a cultural center, but encountered difficulties from local authorities. A solution was found in the space occupied by the Foundation itself, in Plaza Brasil, the heart of Barrio Brasil, a cultural hub in the western part of Santiago. Galpón Víctor Jara opened there in 2003. Joan Jara, the Foundation’s founder and Jara’s widow, said at the time that\n“we want to be a meeting place for all kinds of artists: Chilean, foreign and those alternative artists who don’t fit in anywhere else.”\n\nIn 2009, a large public funeral for Víctor Jara was held at the Galpón, with thousands of mourners gathering to honor the singer. Jara’s remains had been exhumed as part of investigations into his death. The casket was carried on a procession through the streets of Santiago and re-buried in the General Cemetery.\n\nThe Galpón has been forced to close on a number of occasions. In 2010, the then mayor of Santiago, Pablo Zalaquett, closed the center because it did “not comply with the infrastructure required of a venue holding events of such a nature.” It was reopened shortly after, once the application for a new permit was in process. The venue has also been closed on a few occasions due to complaints about loud noise. This occurred most recently in September 2012, just prior to celebrations for the 80th anniversary of Jara’s birth, and calling a halt to the planned Cumbre Internacional de la Cumbia event (“International Cumbia Summit”). The center was reopened a couple of weeks later with a temporary permit, and Joan Jara remarked that “This has been such a long process. At least there exists the possibility that we can continue to develop this work, which I believe is very important for Chilean artists,” in 2013, it was closed because \"it has never obtained a definitive building permit or a final resolution from the municipality of Santiago.\"\n\nSee also\nVíctor Jara\nVíctor Jara Foundation\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n[www.fundacionvictorjara.cl Víctor Jara Foundation]. (Spanish).\n\nMusic venues in Chile\nLists of things named after Víctor Jara", "20 Años Después () is a compilation music album of singer-songwriter Victor Jara. It was released in Spain by Fonomusic in 1992. The compilation was re-edited in 1998 with the 13th original track, \"El Aparecido\", omitted from the original compilation.\n\nTrack listing\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nVictor Jara Foundation – Spanish Language\n20 Años Después album text/lyrics and cover art\nBiographical Notes: The Victor Jara Story\n\nVíctor Jara compilation albums\n1992 compilation albums\nSpanish-language compilation albums" ]

[ "Víctor Lidio Jara Martínez (; 28 September 1932 – 16 September 1973) was a Chilean teacher, theater director, poet, singer-songwriter and socialist political activist tortured and killed during the dictatorship of Augusto Pinochet. He developed Chilean theater by directing a broad array of works, ranging from locally produced plays to world classics, as well as the experimental work of playwrights such as Ann Jellicoe. He also played a pivotal role among neo-folkloric musicians who established the Nueva Canción Chilena (New Chilean Song) movement.", "He also played a pivotal role among neo-folkloric musicians who established the Nueva Canción Chilena (New Chilean Song) movement. This led to an uprising of new sounds in popular music during the administration of President Salvador Allende. Jara was arrested shortly after the Chilean coup of 11 September 1973, which overthrew Allende. He was tortured during interrogations and ultimately shot dead, and his body was thrown out on the street of a shantytown in Santiago.", "He was tortured during interrogations and ultimately shot dead, and his body was thrown out on the street of a shantytown in Santiago. The contrast between the themes of his songs—which focused on love, peace, and social justice—and the brutal way in which he was murdered transformed Jara into a \"potent symbol of struggle for human rights and justice\" for those killed during the Pinochet regime.", "The contrast between the themes of his songs—which focused on love, peace, and social justice—and the brutal way in which he was murdered transformed Jara into a \"potent symbol of struggle for human rights and justice\" for those killed during the Pinochet regime. His preponderant role as an open admirer and propagandist for Che Guevara and Allende's government, in which he served as a cultural ambassador through the late 1960s and until the early 1970s crisis that ended in the coup against Allende, marked him for death.", "His preponderant role as an open admirer and propagandist for Che Guevara and Allende's government, in which he served as a cultural ambassador through the late 1960s and until the early 1970s crisis that ended in the coup against Allende, marked him for death. In June 2016, a Florida jury found former Chilean Army officer Pedro Barrientos liable for Jara's murder. In July 2018, eight retired Chilean military officers were sentenced to 15 years and a day in prison for Jara's murder.", "In July 2018, eight retired Chilean military officers were sentenced to 15 years and a day in prison for Jara's murder. Early life Víctor Lidio Jara Martinez was born on September 28, 1932, his parents were working as tenants and they lived near the town of La Quiriquina, located twelve kilometers from the old Chillan, he had about five brothers. His exact place of birth is uncertain, but in any case, he was born in the Ñuble Region.", "His exact place of birth is uncertain, but in any case, he was born in the Ñuble Region. At the age of five, his family moved to Lonquén, a town near Santiago de Chile, where his father, Manuel Jara, had rented a small piece of land that he worked from sun to sun with a miserable performance. His father was illiterate and did not want him and his other siblings to go to school so that they could help him in the fields from the ages of six and seven.", "His father was illiterate and did not want him and his other siblings to go to school so that they could help him in the fields from the ages of six and seven. His mother, on the other hand, knew how to read a little and from the beginning she insisted that they at least learn the letters. Jara's mother was a mestiza with deep Araucanian roots in southern Chile, she was self-taught, and played the guitar and the piano.", "Jara's mother was a mestiza with deep Araucanian roots in southern Chile, she was self-taught, and played the guitar and the piano. She also performed as a singer, with a repertory of traditional folk songs that she used for local functions like weddings and funerals. The relationship between her parents became more tense with each passing day, her father began to drink and disappeared from the house several days in a row, leaving all the work in the hands of Amanda.", "The relationship between her parents became more tense with each passing day, her father began to drink and disappeared from the house several days in a row, leaving all the work in the hands of Amanda. Later, her mother moved to Santiago and took a job as a cook in a restaurant in Vega Poniente. Because she was so skilled she did well there and so she was able to educate three of her children, including Victor. She died when Jara was 15, leaving him to make his own way.", "She died when Jara was 15, leaving him to make his own way. He began to study to be an accountant, but soon moved into a seminary, where he studied for the priesthood. After a couple of years, however, he became disillusioned with the Catholic Church and left the seminary. Subsequently, he spent several years in army service before returning to his hometown to pursue interests in folk music and theater.", "Subsequently, he spent several years in army service before returning to his hometown to pursue interests in folk music and theater. Musical career After joining the choir at the University of Chile in Santiago, Jara was convinced by a choir-mate to pursue a career in theater. He subsequently joined the university's theater program and earned a scholarship for talent.", "He subsequently joined the university's theater program and earned a scholarship for talent. He appeared in several of the university's plays, gravitating toward those with social themes, such as Russian playwright Maxim Gorky's The Lower Depths, a depiction of the hardships of lower-class life.", "He appeared in several of the university's plays, gravitating toward those with social themes, such as Russian playwright Maxim Gorky's The Lower Depths, a depiction of the hardships of lower-class life. In 1957, he met Violeta Parra, a singer who had steered folk music in Chile away from the rote reproduction of rural materials toward modern song composition rooted in traditional forms, and who had established musical community centers called peñas to incorporate folk music into the everyday life of modern Chileans.", "In 1957, he met Violeta Parra, a singer who had steered folk music in Chile away from the rote reproduction of rural materials toward modern song composition rooted in traditional forms, and who had established musical community centers called peñas to incorporate folk music into the everyday life of modern Chileans. Jara absorbed these lessons and began singing with a group called Cuncumén, with whom he continued his explorations of Chile's traditional music (working as a guitarist and vocalist from 1957 to 1963).", "Jara absorbed these lessons and began singing with a group called Cuncumén, with whom he continued his explorations of Chile's traditional music (working as a guitarist and vocalist from 1957 to 1963). He was deeply influenced by the folk music of Chile and other Latin American countries, and by artists such as Parra, Atahualpa Yupanqui, and the poet Pablo Neruda. In the 1960s, Jara started specializing in folk music and sang at Santiago's La Peña de Los Parra, owned by Ángel Parra.", "In the 1960s, Jara started specializing in folk music and sang at Santiago's La Peña de Los Parra, owned by Ángel Parra. Through these activities, he became involved in the Nueva Canción movement of Latin American folk music.", "Through these activities, he became involved in the Nueva Canción movement of Latin American folk music. In 1966, Víctor released his first album homonymous, by the record company \"Demon\", being the only album released under this label and the Víctor Jara's first solo work, the album would later be re-released under the titles Canto a lo humano and Sus mejores canciones, and in 2001 an reissue on CD by Warner Music Chile was released, with the original title.", "In 1966, Víctor released his first album homonymous, by the record company \"Demon\", being the only album released under this label and the Víctor Jara's first solo work, the album would later be re-released under the titles Canto a lo humano and Sus mejores canciones, and in 2001 an reissue on CD by Warner Music Chile was released, with the original title. This version on CD also included five bonus tracks, four of which are songs by Víctor Jara along with Cuncumén.", "This version on CD also included five bonus tracks, four of which are songs by Víctor Jara along with Cuncumén. The album includes some Jara's versions of some Latin American folk songs, such as; \"La flor que anda de mano en mano\", and \"Ojitos verdes\", two Chilean folk songs, \"La cocinerita\", an Argentinian folk song, or \"Ja jai\", a Bolivian traditional.", "The album includes some Jara's versions of some Latin American folk songs, such as; \"La flor que anda de mano en mano\", and \"Ojitos verdes\", two Chilean folk songs, \"La cocinerita\", an Argentinian folk song, or \"Ja jai\", a Bolivian traditional. The authorship of this album, as well as its singles, was in the hands of Camilo Fernández, owner of the Demon record company, from its launch in 1966 until 2001, when he recently transferred the rights to the widow of Víctor Jara, after years of profiting from the album (as well as with others from Patricio Manns, Isabel and Ángel Parra, among others) without ever financially rewarding its authors or family.", "The authorship of this album, as well as its singles, was in the hands of Camilo Fernández, owner of the Demon record company, from its launch in 1966 until 2001, when he recently transferred the rights to the widow of Víctor Jara, after years of profiting from the album (as well as with others from Patricio Manns, Isabel and Ángel Parra, among others) without ever financially rewarding its authors or family. In 1967 released their second album homonymous, this album apart from the controversial song \"The appeared\" includes Jara's covers of some folk songs from Chile, Argentina, Bolivia or Spain as; «Despedimiento del angelito», «Ay mi palomita», «Casi, casi», «Qué alegres son las obreras» or «Romance del enamorado y la muerte».", "In 1967 released their second album homonymous, this album apart from the controversial song \"The appeared\" includes Jara's covers of some folk songs from Chile, Argentina, Bolivia or Spain as; «Despedimiento del angelito», «Ay mi palomita», «Casi, casi», «Qué alegres son las obreras» or «Romance del enamorado y la muerte». Also, the album was subsequently released under the name of Desde longuén hasta siempre with a variation of different covers.", "Also, the album was subsequently released under the name of Desde longuén hasta siempre with a variation of different covers. In 1968, Jara released his first collaborative album entitled, \"Canciones folklóricas de América\" (Folkloric Songs of America), with Quilapayun. In 1970, he had left his theater work in favor of a career in music. His songs were inspired by a combination of traditional folk music and left-wing political activism.", "His songs were inspired by a combination of traditional folk music and left-wing political activism. From this period, some of his best-known songs are \"Plegaria a un Labrador\" (\"Prayer to a Worker\") and \"Te Recuerdo Amanda\" (\"I Remember You Amanda\"). Political activism Early in his recording career, Jara showed a knack for antagonizing conservative Chileans, releasing a traditional comic song called \"La beata\" that depicted a religious woman with a crush on the priest to whom she goes for confession.", "Political activism Early in his recording career, Jara showed a knack for antagonizing conservative Chileans, releasing a traditional comic song called \"La beata\" that depicted a religious woman with a crush on the priest to whom she goes for confession. The song was banned on radio stations and removed from record shops, but the controversy only added to Jara's reputation among young and progressive Chileans. More serious in the eyes of the Chilean right wing was Jara's growing identification with the socialist movement led by Salvador Allende.", "More serious in the eyes of the Chilean right wing was Jara's growing identification with the socialist movement led by Salvador Allende. After visits to Cuba and the Soviet Union in the early 1960s, Jara had joined the Communist Party. The personal met the political in his songs about the poverty he had experienced firsthand. Jara's songs spread outside Chile and were performed by American folk artists. His popularity was due not only to his songwriting skills but also to his exceptional power as a performer.", "His popularity was due not only to his songwriting skills but also to his exceptional power as a performer. He took a decisive turn toward political confrontation with his 1969 song \"Preguntas por Puerto Montt\" (\"Questions About Puerto Montt\"), which took direct aim at a government official (Edmundo Pérez Zujovic) who had ordered police to attack squatters in the town of Puerto Montt. The Chilean political situation deteriorated after the official was assassinated, and right-wing thugs beat up Jara on one occasion.", "The Chilean political situation deteriorated after the official was assassinated, and right-wing thugs beat up Jara on one occasion. In 1970, Jara supported Allende, the Popular Unity coalition candidate for president, volunteering for political work and playing free concerts. He composed \"Venceremos\" (\"We Will Triumph\"), the theme song of Allende's Popular Unity movement, and welcomed Allende's election to the Chilean presidency in 1970.", "He composed \"Venceremos\" (\"We Will Triumph\"), the theme song of Allende's Popular Unity movement, and welcomed Allende's election to the Chilean presidency in 1970. After the election, Jara continued to speak in support of Allende and played an important role in the new administration's efforts to reorient Chilean culture. He and his wife, Joan Jara, were key participants in a cultural renaissance that swept Chile, organizing cultural events that supported the country's new socialist government.", "He and his wife, Joan Jara, were key participants in a cultural renaissance that swept Chile, organizing cultural events that supported the country's new socialist government. He set poems by Pablo Neruda to music and performed at a ceremony honoring him after Neruda received the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1972. Throughout rumblings of a right-wing coup, Jara held on to his teaching job at Chile's Technical University. His popular success during this time, as both a musician and a Communist, earned him a concert in Moscow.", "His popular success during this time, as both a musician and a Communist, earned him a concert in Moscow. So successful was he that the Soviet Union tried to latch onto his popularity, claiming in their media that his vocal prowess was the result of surgery he had undergone while in Moscow. Backed by the United States, which opposed Allende's socialist politics, the Chilean military staged a coup d'état on 11 September 1973, resulting in the death of Allende and the installation of Augusto Pinochet as dictator.", "Backed by the United States, which opposed Allende's socialist politics, the Chilean military staged a coup d'état on 11 September 1973, resulting in the death of Allende and the installation of Augusto Pinochet as dictator. At the moment of the coup, Jara was on his way to the Technical University (today the Universidad de Santiago). That night, he slept at the university along with other teachers and students, and sang to raise morale.", "That night, he slept at the university along with other teachers and students, and sang to raise morale. Torture and murder After the coup, Pinochet's soldiers rounded up Chileans who were believed to be involved with leftist groups, including Allende's Popular Unity party. On the morning of 12 September 1973, Jara was taken prisoner, along with thousands of others, and imprisoned inside Chile Stadium. The guards there tortured him, smashing his hands and fingers, and then mocked him by asking him to play the guitar.", "The guards there tortured him, smashing his hands and fingers, and then mocked him by asking him to play the guitar. Jara instead sang the Chilean protest song Venceremos. Soon after, he was killed with a gunshot to the head, and his body was riddled with more than 40 bullets. According to the BBC \"There are many conflicting accounts of Jara’s last days but the 2019 Netflix documentary Massacre at the Stadium pieces together a convincing narrative.", "According to the BBC \"There are many conflicting accounts of Jara’s last days but the 2019 Netflix documentary Massacre at the Stadium pieces together a convincing narrative. As a famous musician and prominent supporter of Allende, Jara was swiftly recognised on his way into the stadium. An army officer threw a lit cigarette on the ground, made Jara crawl for it, then stamped on his wrists. Jara was first separated from the other detainees, then beaten and tortured in the bowels of the stadium.", "Jara was first separated from the other detainees, then beaten and tortured in the bowels of the stadium. At one point, he defiantly sang Venceremos (We Will Win), Allende’s 1970 election anthem, through split lips.", "At one point, he defiantly sang Venceremos (We Will Win), Allende’s 1970 election anthem, through split lips. On the morning of the 16th, according to a fellow detainee, Jara asked for a pen and notebook and scribbled the lyrics to Estadio Chile, which were later smuggled out of the stadium: “How hard it is to sing when I must sing of horror/ Horror which I am living, horror which I am dying.” Two hours later, he was shot dead, then his body was riddled with machine-gun bullets and dumped in the street.", "On the morning of the 16th, according to a fellow detainee, Jara asked for a pen and notebook and scribbled the lyrics to Estadio Chile, which were later smuggled out of the stadium: “How hard it is to sing when I must sing of horror/ Horror which I am living, horror which I am dying.” Two hours later, he was shot dead, then his body was riddled with machine-gun bullets and dumped in the street. He was 40.\"", "He was 40.\" He was 40.\" After his murder, Jara's body was displayed at the entrance of Chile Stadium for other prisoners to see. It was later discarded outside the stadium along with the bodies of other civilian prisoners who had been killed by the Chilean Army. His body was found by civil servants and brought to a morgue, where one of them was able to identify him and contact his wife, Joan.", "His body was found by civil servants and brought to a morgue, where one of them was able to identify him and contact his wife, Joan. She took his body and gave him a quick and clandestine burial in the general cemetery before she fled the country into exile. Forty-two years later, former Chilean military officers were charged with his murder.", "Forty-two years later, former Chilean military officers were charged with his murder. Legal actions On 16 May 2008, retired colonel Mario Manríquez Bravo, who was the chief of security at Chile Stadium as the coup was carried out, was the first to be convicted in Jara's death. Judge Juan Eduardo Fuentes, who oversaw Bravo's conviction, then decided to close the case, a decision Jara's family soon appealed.", "Judge Juan Eduardo Fuentes, who oversaw Bravo's conviction, then decided to close the case, a decision Jara's family soon appealed. In June 2008, Judge Fuentes re-opened the investigation and said he would examine 40 new pieces of evidence provided by Jara's family. On 28 May 2009, José Adolfo Paredes Márquez, a 54-year-old former Army conscript arrested the previous week in San Sebastián, Chile, was formally charged with Jara's murder.", "On 28 May 2009, José Adolfo Paredes Márquez, a 54-year-old former Army conscript arrested the previous week in San Sebastián, Chile, was formally charged with Jara's murder. Following his arrest, on 1 June 2009, the police investigation identified the officer who had shot Jara in the head. The officer played Russian roulette with Jara by placing a single round in his revolver, spinning the cylinder, placing the muzzle against Jara's head, and pulling the trigger.", "The officer played Russian roulette with Jara by placing a single round in his revolver, spinning the cylinder, placing the muzzle against Jara's head, and pulling the trigger. The officer repeated this a couple of times until a shot fired and Jara fell to the ground. The officer then ordered two conscripts (one of them Paredes) to finish the job by firing into Jara's body. A judge ordered Jara's body to be exhumed in an effort to gather more information about his death.", "A judge ordered Jara's body to be exhumed in an effort to gather more information about his death. On 3 December 2009, Jara was reburied after a massive funeral in the Galpón Víctor Jara, across from Santiago's Plaza Brasil. On 28 December 2012, a judge in Chile ordered the arrest of eight former army officers for alleged involvement in Jara's murder. He issued an international arrest warrant for one of them, Pedro Barrientos Núñez, the man accused of shooting Jara in the head during a torture session.", "He issued an international arrest warrant for one of them, Pedro Barrientos Núñez, the man accused of shooting Jara in the head during a torture session. On 4 September 2013, Chadbourne & Parke attorneys Mark D. Beckett and Christian Urrutia, with the assistance of the Center for Justice and Accountability, filed suit in a United States court against Barrientos, who lives in Florida, on behalf of Jara's widow and children.", "On 4 September 2013, Chadbourne & Parke attorneys Mark D. Beckett and Christian Urrutia, with the assistance of the Center for Justice and Accountability, filed suit in a United States court against Barrientos, who lives in Florida, on behalf of Jara's widow and children. The suit accused Barrientos of arbitrary detention; cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment or punishment; extrajudicial killing; and crimes against humanity under the Alien Tort Statute (ATS), and of torture and extrajudicial killing under the Torture Victim Protection Act (TVPA).", "The suit accused Barrientos of arbitrary detention; cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment or punishment; extrajudicial killing; and crimes against humanity under the Alien Tort Statute (ATS), and of torture and extrajudicial killing under the Torture Victim Protection Act (TVPA). It alleged that Barrientos was liable for Jara's death as a direct perpetrator and as a commander.", "It alleged that Barrientos was liable for Jara's death as a direct perpetrator and as a commander. The specific claims were that: On 11 September 1973, troops from the Arica Regiment of the Chilean Army, specifically from La Serena, attacked the university where Jara taught. The troops prohibited civilians from entering or leaving the university premises. During the afternoon of 12 September 1973, military personnel entered the university and illegally detained hundreds of professors, students, and administrators.", "During the afternoon of 12 September 1973, military personnel entered the university and illegally detained hundreds of professors, students, and administrators. Víctor Jara was among those arbitrarily detained on the campus and was subsequently transferred to Chile Stadium, where he was tortured and killed. In the course of transporting and processing the civilian prisoners, Captain Fernando Polanco Gallardo, a commanding officer in military intelligence, recognized Jara as the well-known folk singer whose songs addressed social inequality, and who had supported President Allende's government.", "In the course of transporting and processing the civilian prisoners, Captain Fernando Polanco Gallardo, a commanding officer in military intelligence, recognized Jara as the well-known folk singer whose songs addressed social inequality, and who had supported President Allende's government. Captain Polanco separated Jara from the group and beat him severely. He then transferred Jara, along with some of the other civilians, to the stadium.", "He then transferred Jara, along with some of the other civilians, to the stadium. Throughout his detention in the locker room of the stadium, Jara was in the physical custody of Lieutenant Barrientos, soldiers under his command, or other members of the Chilean Army who acted in accordance with the army's plan to commit human rights abuses against civilians.", "Throughout his detention in the locker room of the stadium, Jara was in the physical custody of Lieutenant Barrientos, soldiers under his command, or other members of the Chilean Army who acted in accordance with the army's plan to commit human rights abuses against civilians. The arbitrary detention, torture, and extrajudicial killing of Jara and other detainees were part of a widespread, systematic attack on civilians by the Chilean Army from 11 to 15 September 1973.", "The arbitrary detention, torture, and extrajudicial killing of Jara and other detainees were part of a widespread, systematic attack on civilians by the Chilean Army from 11 to 15 September 1973. Barrientos knew, or should have known, about these attacks, if for no other reason than that he was present for and participated in them. On 15 April 2015, a US judge ordered Barrientos to stand trial in Florida.", "On 15 April 2015, a US judge ordered Barrientos to stand trial in Florida. On 27 June 2016, he was found liable for Jara's killing, and the jury awarded Jara's family $28 million. On 3 July 2018, eight retired Chilean military officers were sentenced to 15 years in prison for Jara's murder and the murder of his Communist associate and former Chilean prison director Littre Quiroga Carvajal. They received three extra years for kidnapping both men.", "They received three extra years for kidnapping both men. They received three extra years for kidnapping both men. A ninth suspect was sentenced to five years in prison for covering up the murders. In November 2018, it was reported that a Chilean court ordered the extradition of Barrientos. Theater work 1959. Parecido à la Felicidad (Some Kind of Happiness), Alejandro Sieveking 1960.", "Parecido à la Felicidad (Some Kind of Happiness), Alejandro Sieveking 1960. La Viuda de Apablaza (The Widow of Apablaza), Germán Luco Cruchaga (assistant director to Pedro de la Barra, founder of ITUCH) 1960. The Mandrake, Niccolò Machiavelli 1961. La Madre de los Conejos (Mother Rabbit), Alejandro Sieveking (assistant director to Agustín Siré) 1962. Ánimas de Día Claro (Daylight Spirits), Alejandro Sieveking 1963.", "Ánimas de Día Claro (Daylight Spirits), Alejandro Sieveking 1963. The Caucasian Chalk Circle, Bertolt Brecht (assistant director to Atahualpa del Cioppo) 1963. Los Invasores (The Intruders), Egon Wolff 1963. Dúo (Duet), Raúl Ruiz 1963. Parecido à la Felicidad, Alejandro Sieveking (version for Chilean television) 1965. La Remolienda, Alejandro Sieveking 1965. The Knack, Ann Jellicoe 1966. Marat/Sade, Peter Weiss (assistant director to William Oliver) 1966.", "Marat/Sade, Peter Weiss (assistant director to William Oliver) 1966. La Casa Vieja (The Old House), Abelardo Estorino 1967. La Remolienda, Alejandro Sieveking 1967. La Viuda de Apablaza, Germán Luco Cruchaga (director) 1968. Entertaining Mr Sloane, Joe Orton 1969. Viet Rock, Megan Terry 1969. Antigone, Sophocles 1972. Directed a ballet and musical homage to Pablo Neruda, which coincided with Neruda's return to Chile after being awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature.", "Directed a ballet and musical homage to Pablo Neruda, which coincided with Neruda's return to Chile after being awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature. Discography Studio albums Víctor Jara (1966) Víctor Jara (1967) Canciones folklóricas de América (with Quilapayún) (1968) Pongo en tus manos abiertas (1969) Canto libre (1970) El derecho de vivir en paz (1971) La Población (1972) Canto por travesura (1973) Tiempos que cambian (unfinished) (Estimated release: 1974) Manifiesto (1974; reissued in 2001) Live albums Víctor Jara en Vivo (1974) El Recital (1983) Víctor Jara en México (1996) Habla y canta (1996; reissued in 2001) En Vivo en el Aula Magna de la Universidad de Valparaíso (2003) Compilations Te recuerdo, Amanda (1974) Víctor Jara.", "Discography Studio albums Víctor Jara (1966) Víctor Jara (1967) Canciones folklóricas de América (with Quilapayún) (1968) Pongo en tus manos abiertas (1969) Canto libre (1970) El derecho de vivir en paz (1971) La Población (1972) Canto por travesura (1973) Tiempos que cambian (unfinished) (Estimated release: 1974) Manifiesto (1974; reissued in 2001) Live albums Víctor Jara en Vivo (1974) El Recital (1983) Víctor Jara en México (1996) Habla y canta (1996; reissued in 2001) En Vivo en el Aula Magna de la Universidad de Valparaíso (2003) Compilations Te recuerdo, Amanda (1974) Víctor Jara. Presente (1975) Vientos del Pueblo (1976) Canto Libre (1977) An unfinished song (1984) Todo Víctor Jara (1992) 20 Años Después (1992) The Rough Guide to the Music of the Andes (1996) Víctor Jara presente, colección \"Haciendo Historia\" (1997) Te Recuerdo, Víctor (2000) Antología Musical (2001) 1959–1969 – Víctor Jara (2001) Latin Essential: Victor Jara (2003) Colección Víctor Jara (2004) Víctor Jara.", "Presente (1975) Vientos del Pueblo (1976) Canto Libre (1977) An unfinished song (1984) Todo Víctor Jara (1992) 20 Años Después (1992) The Rough Guide to the Music of the Andes (1996) Víctor Jara presente, colección \"Haciendo Historia\" (1997) Te Recuerdo, Víctor (2000) Antología Musical (2001) 1959–1969 – Víctor Jara (2001) Latin Essential: Victor Jara (2003) Colección Víctor Jara (2004) Víctor Jara. Serie de Oro.", "Serie de Oro. Serie de Oro. Grandes Exitos (2005) Tribute albums A Víctor Jara by Raímon (1974) Het Recht om in Vrede te Leven by Cornelis Vreeswijk (1978) Cornelis sjunger Victor Jara: Rätten till ett eget liv by Cornelis Vreeswijk (1979) Konzert für Víctor Jara by various artists (1998) Inti-illimani interpeta a Víctor Jara by Inti-Illimani (1999) Quilapayún Canta a Violeta Parra, Víctor Jara y Grandes Maestros Populares by Quilapayún (2000) Conosci Victor Jara?", "Grandes Exitos (2005) Tribute albums A Víctor Jara by Raímon (1974) Het Recht om in Vrede te Leven by Cornelis Vreeswijk (1978) Cornelis sjunger Victor Jara: Rätten till ett eget liv by Cornelis Vreeswijk (1979) Konzert für Víctor Jara by various artists (1998) Inti-illimani interpeta a Víctor Jara by Inti-Illimani (1999) Quilapayún Canta a Violeta Parra, Víctor Jara y Grandes Maestros Populares by Quilapayún (2000) Conosci Victor Jara? by Daniele Sepe (2000) Tributo Rock a Víctor Jara by various artists (2001) Tributo a Víctor Jara by various artists (2004) Lonquen: Tributo a Víctor Jara by Francesca Ancarola (2005) Even in Exile by James Dean Bradfield (2020) Documentaries and films The following are films or documentaries about and/or featuring Víctor Jara: 1973: El Tigre Saltó y Mató, Pero Morirá…Morirá….", "by Daniele Sepe (2000) Tributo Rock a Víctor Jara by various artists (2001) Tributo a Víctor Jara by various artists (2004) Lonquen: Tributo a Víctor Jara by Francesca Ancarola (2005) Even in Exile by James Dean Bradfield (2020) Documentaries and films The following are films or documentaries about and/or featuring Víctor Jara: 1973: El Tigre Saltó y Mató, Pero Morirá…Morirá…. Director: Santiago Álvarez – Cuba 1974: Compañero: Víctor Jara of Chile.", "Director: Santiago Álvarez – Cuba 1974: Compañero: Víctor Jara of Chile. Directors: Stanley Foreman/Martin Smith (Documentary) – UK 1976: Il Pleut sur Santiago. Director: Helvio Soto – France/Bulgaria 1978: Ein April hat 30 Tage. Director: Gunther Scholz – East Germany 1978: El Cantor. Director: Dean Reed – East Germany 1999: El Derecho de Vivir en Paz. Director: Carmen Luz Parot – Chile 2001: Freedom Highway: Songs That Shaped a Century.", "Director: Carmen Luz Parot – Chile 2001: Freedom Highway: Songs That Shaped a Century. Director: Philip King – Ireland 2005: La Tierra de las 1000 Músicas [Episode 6: La Protesta]. Directors: Luis Miguel González Cruz, – Spain 2010: Phil Ochs: There but for Fortune Director: Kenneth Bowser 2019:Masacre en el estadio.", "Directors: Luis Miguel González Cruz, – Spain 2010: Phil Ochs: There but for Fortune Director: Kenneth Bowser 2019:Masacre en el estadio. Netflix In popular culture Jara is one of many desaparecidos (people who vanished under the Pinochet government and were most likely tortured and killed) whose families are still struggling to get justice. Joan Jara currently lives in Chile and runs the Víctor Jara Foundation, which was established on 4 October 1994 with the goal of promoting and continuing Jara's work.", "Joan Jara currently lives in Chile and runs the Víctor Jara Foundation, which was established on 4 October 1994 with the goal of promoting and continuing Jara's work. She publicized a poem that Jara wrote before his death about the conditions of the prisoners in the stadium. The poem, written on a piece of paper that was hidden inside the shoe of a friend, was never named, but it is commonly known as \"Estadio Chile\" (Chile Stadium, now known as Víctor Jara Stadium).", "The poem, written on a piece of paper that was hidden inside the shoe of a friend, was never named, but it is commonly known as \"Estadio Chile\" (Chile Stadium, now known as Víctor Jara Stadium). On 22 September 1973, the Soviet astronomer Nikolai Stepanovich Chernykh found an asteroid that he initially called \"SO2\", but later he would end up calling it \"2644 Victor Jara\".", "On 22 September 1973, the Soviet astronomer Nikolai Stepanovich Chernykh found an asteroid that he initially called \"SO2\", but later he would end up calling it \"2644 Victor Jara\". The 1975 anthology For Neruda, for Chile contains a section called \"The Chilean Singer\", with poems dedicated to Jara. In 1989, Scottish rock band Simple Minds dedicated \"Street Fighting Years\" track to Victor Jara.", "In 1989, Scottish rock band Simple Minds dedicated \"Street Fighting Years\" track to Victor Jara. In the late 1990s, British actress Emma Thompson started to work on a screenplay that she planned to use as the basis for a movie about Jara. Thompson, a human rights activist and fan of Jara, saw his murder as a symbol of human rights violations in Chile, and believed a movie about his life and death would raise awareness.", "Thompson, a human rights activist and fan of Jara, saw his murder as a symbol of human rights violations in Chile, and believed a movie about his life and death would raise awareness. The movie was to feature Antonio Banderas as Jara and Thompson as his wife, Joan. However, the project was not completed. In 2007, a fishing schooner built in 1917 in Denmark was renamed after the singer-songwriter.", "In 2007, a fishing schooner built in 1917 in Denmark was renamed after the singer-songwriter. He sails at social and cultural events, and when he's not on the high seas he's at the museum in the port of Lübeck, Germany. The title song on Rory McLeod's album Angry Love is about Jara.", "The title song on Rory McLeod's album Angry Love is about Jara. In a list prepared by the renowned American magazine Rolling Stone, published on June 3, 2013, Víctor Jara is named as one of the \"15 Rock & Roll Rebels\", being the only Latin American to integrate the list. In 2020, James Dean Bradfield of Manic Street Preachers released a concept album about Victor Jara called 'Even In Exile', that album was rated 4 out of 5 stars by The Guardian.", "In 2020, James Dean Bradfield of Manic Street Preachers released a concept album about Victor Jara called 'Even In Exile', that album was rated 4 out of 5 stars by The Guardian. On September 7, 2021, the Municipality of Estación Central approved the name change of \"Avenida Ecuador\" to \"Avenida Víctor Jara\". See also Nueva Canción Chilena Estadio Victor Jara 2644 Victor Jara Brigada Victor Jara Galpón Víctor Jara References Bibliography Jara, Joan (1983). Victor: An Unfinished Song. Jonathan Cape, London.", "Victor: An Unfinished Song. Jonathan Cape, London. Jonathan Cape, London. Kósichev, Leonard. (1990). La guitarra y el poncho de Víctor Jara. Progress Publishers, Moscow External links Resources in English Three chapters from Victor: An Unfinished Song by Joan Jara Discography Victor Jara: The Martyred Musician of Nueva Cancion Chilena Background materials on the Chilean Workers' Movement in the 1970s Report of the Chilean National Commission on Truth and Reconciliation GDR Poster Art: Víctor Jara Allende’s Poet.", "Progress Publishers, Moscow External links Resources in English Three chapters from Victor: An Unfinished Song by Joan Jara Discography Victor Jara: The Martyred Musician of Nueva Cancion Chilena Background materials on the Chilean Workers' Movement in the 1970s Report of the Chilean National Commission on Truth and Reconciliation GDR Poster Art: Víctor Jara Allende’s Poet. Nick MacWilliam for Jacobin, 2 August 2016.", "Nick MacWilliam for Jacobin, 2 August 2016. Nick MacWilliam for Jacobin, 2 August 2016. Resources in Spanish Fundación Víctor Jara Lyrics of all his Songs Discography Vientos del Pueblo: Un Homenaje a Víctor Jara 1932 births 1973 deaths Anti-fascists Anti-capitalists Assassinated Chilean people Burials in Chile Chilean male actors Chilean educators Chilean folk singers Chilean male poets Chilean male singer-songwriters Chilean theatre directors Chilean Christians Chilean communists Chilean torture victims Deaths by firearm in Chile Executed writers Former Roman Catholics Latin American folk singers Marxist humanists Nueva canción musicians People from Chillán University of Chile alumni Chilean Marxists People murdered in Chile Communist Party of Chile politicians University of Santiago, Chile alumni Political music artists 20th-century Chilean poets 20th-century Chilean male writers 20th-century Chilean male singers" ]

[ "Víctor Jara", "Artistic work", "What can you tell me about Jara's artistic work?", "He was deeply influenced by the folk music of Chile and other Latin American countries, and by artists such as", "What songs is he known for?", "\"Plegaria a un Labrador\" (\"Prayer to a Worker\") and \"Te Recuerdo Amanda\" (\"I Remember You Amanda\").", "Did Jara do anything besides music?", "theater" ]

[ "Playwrite is an EPUB-based desktop publishing application developed by Wundr. It runs on Mac OS X 10.8 (Mountain Lion) or later. Playwrite can import HTML and plain text files. Playwrite is the only desktop publishing software which uses EPUB as the native file type.\n\nFeatures\nPlaywrite's has the following main features:\n\n Responsive e-books (design once, work on tablets, smartphones, and other devices)\n WYSIWYG editing\n Automatic table of contents (multi-level)\n Spelling and grammar checker (multi-language)\n Supports drag and drop of video, audio, and images\n Variety of templates in different genres (textbooks, novels, academic journals...)\n Font and color schemes to easily update the look and feel of your content\n Intuitive user-interface\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n \n\nEPUB readers\nMacOS text-related software\nTypesetting software\nDesktop publishing software\nSoftware that uses Qt", "2644 Victor Jara, provisional designation , is an asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately in diameter. It was discovered on 22 September 1973, by Soviet-Russian astronomer Nikolai Chernykh at the Crimean Astrophysical Observatory in Nauchnij, on the Crimean peninsula. It was named after Chilean singer and composer Víctor Jara.\n\nOrbit and classification \n\nVictor Jara is a non-family asteroid of the main belt's background population. It orbits the Sun in the inner main-belt at a distance of 1.8–2.5 AU once every 3 years and 2 months (1,168 days; semi-major axis of 2.17 AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.17 and an inclination of 3° with respect to the ecliptic.\n\nThe body's observation arc begins with a precovery taken at the Palomar Observatory in April 1954, or nearly 20 years prior to its official discovery observation.\n\nPhysical characteristics\n\nDiameter and albedo \n\nAccording to the survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Victor Jara measures 5.914 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.153.\n\nRotation period \n\nAs of 2018, no rotational lightcurve of Victor Jara has been obtained from photometric observations. The body's rotation period, pole and shape remain unknown.\n\nNaming \n\nThis minor planet was named by the discoverer after Chilean folk singer and activist Víctor Jara, who was assassinated on 16 September 1973, just six days prior to the planet's discovery. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 15 May 1984 ().\n\nVíctor Jara, a prominent communist political activist in Chile, toured the Soviet Union in the 1960s and praised its culture, its scientific achievements and the friendliness of its working people. He was tortured and murdered shortly after the 1973 Chilean coup d'état led by Army Commander-in-Chief Augusto Pinochet, that ended the government of the socialist Salvador Allende.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n Asteroid Lightcurve Database (LCDB), query form (info )\n Dictionary of Minor Planet Names, Google books\n Asteroids and comets rotation curves, CdR – Observatoire de Genève, Raoul Behrend\n Discovery Circumstances: Numbered Minor Planets (1)-(5000) – Minor Planet Center\n \n \n\n002644\nDiscoveries by Nikolai Chernykh\nMinor planets named for people\nNamed minor planets\n19730922\nLists of things named after Víctor Jara" ]

[ "Víctor Lidio Jara Martínez (; 28 September 1932 – 16 September 1973) was a Chilean teacher, theater director, poet, singer-songwriter and socialist political activist tortured and killed during the dictatorship of Augusto Pinochet. He developed Chilean theater by directing a broad array of works, ranging from locally produced plays to world classics, as well as the experimental work of playwrights such as Ann Jellicoe. He also played a pivotal role among neo-folkloric musicians who established the Nueva Canción Chilena (New Chilean Song) movement.", "He also played a pivotal role among neo-folkloric musicians who established the Nueva Canción Chilena (New Chilean Song) movement. This led to an uprising of new sounds in popular music during the administration of President Salvador Allende. Jara was arrested shortly after the Chilean coup of 11 September 1973, which overthrew Allende. He was tortured during interrogations and ultimately shot dead, and his body was thrown out on the street of a shantytown in Santiago.", "He was tortured during interrogations and ultimately shot dead, and his body was thrown out on the street of a shantytown in Santiago. The contrast between the themes of his songs—which focused on love, peace, and social justice—and the brutal way in which he was murdered transformed Jara into a \"potent symbol of struggle for human rights and justice\" for those killed during the Pinochet regime.", "The contrast between the themes of his songs—which focused on love, peace, and social justice—and the brutal way in which he was murdered transformed Jara into a \"potent symbol of struggle for human rights and justice\" for those killed during the Pinochet regime. His preponderant role as an open admirer and propagandist for Che Guevara and Allende's government, in which he served as a cultural ambassador through the late 1960s and until the early 1970s crisis that ended in the coup against Allende, marked him for death.", "His preponderant role as an open admirer and propagandist for Che Guevara and Allende's government, in which he served as a cultural ambassador through the late 1960s and until the early 1970s crisis that ended in the coup against Allende, marked him for death. In June 2016, a Florida jury found former Chilean Army officer Pedro Barrientos liable for Jara's murder. In July 2018, eight retired Chilean military officers were sentenced to 15 years and a day in prison for Jara's murder.", "In July 2018, eight retired Chilean military officers were sentenced to 15 years and a day in prison for Jara's murder. Early life Víctor Lidio Jara Martinez was born on September 28, 1932, his parents were working as tenants and they lived near the town of La Quiriquina, located twelve kilometers from the old Chillan, he had about five brothers. His exact place of birth is uncertain, but in any case, he was born in the Ñuble Region.", "His exact place of birth is uncertain, but in any case, he was born in the Ñuble Region. At the age of five, his family moved to Lonquén, a town near Santiago de Chile, where his father, Manuel Jara, had rented a small piece of land that he worked from sun to sun with a miserable performance. His father was illiterate and did not want him and his other siblings to go to school so that they could help him in the fields from the ages of six and seven.", "His father was illiterate and did not want him and his other siblings to go to school so that they could help him in the fields from the ages of six and seven. His mother, on the other hand, knew how to read a little and from the beginning she insisted that they at least learn the letters. Jara's mother was a mestiza with deep Araucanian roots in southern Chile, she was self-taught, and played the guitar and the piano.", "Jara's mother was a mestiza with deep Araucanian roots in southern Chile, she was self-taught, and played the guitar and the piano. She also performed as a singer, with a repertory of traditional folk songs that she used for local functions like weddings and funerals. The relationship between her parents became more tense with each passing day, her father began to drink and disappeared from the house several days in a row, leaving all the work in the hands of Amanda.", "The relationship between her parents became more tense with each passing day, her father began to drink and disappeared from the house several days in a row, leaving all the work in the hands of Amanda. Later, her mother moved to Santiago and took a job as a cook in a restaurant in Vega Poniente. Because she was so skilled she did well there and so she was able to educate three of her children, including Victor. She died when Jara was 15, leaving him to make his own way.", "She died when Jara was 15, leaving him to make his own way. He began to study to be an accountant, but soon moved into a seminary, where he studied for the priesthood. After a couple of years, however, he became disillusioned with the Catholic Church and left the seminary. Subsequently, he spent several years in army service before returning to his hometown to pursue interests in folk music and theater.", "Subsequently, he spent several years in army service before returning to his hometown to pursue interests in folk music and theater. Musical career After joining the choir at the University of Chile in Santiago, Jara was convinced by a choir-mate to pursue a career in theater. He subsequently joined the university's theater program and earned a scholarship for talent.", "He subsequently joined the university's theater program and earned a scholarship for talent. He appeared in several of the university's plays, gravitating toward those with social themes, such as Russian playwright Maxim Gorky's The Lower Depths, a depiction of the hardships of lower-class life.", "He appeared in several of the university's plays, gravitating toward those with social themes, such as Russian playwright Maxim Gorky's The Lower Depths, a depiction of the hardships of lower-class life. In 1957, he met Violeta Parra, a singer who had steered folk music in Chile away from the rote reproduction of rural materials toward modern song composition rooted in traditional forms, and who had established musical community centers called peñas to incorporate folk music into the everyday life of modern Chileans.", "In 1957, he met Violeta Parra, a singer who had steered folk music in Chile away from the rote reproduction of rural materials toward modern song composition rooted in traditional forms, and who had established musical community centers called peñas to incorporate folk music into the everyday life of modern Chileans. Jara absorbed these lessons and began singing with a group called Cuncumén, with whom he continued his explorations of Chile's traditional music (working as a guitarist and vocalist from 1957 to 1963).", "Jara absorbed these lessons and began singing with a group called Cuncumén, with whom he continued his explorations of Chile's traditional music (working as a guitarist and vocalist from 1957 to 1963). He was deeply influenced by the folk music of Chile and other Latin American countries, and by artists such as Parra, Atahualpa Yupanqui, and the poet Pablo Neruda. In the 1960s, Jara started specializing in folk music and sang at Santiago's La Peña de Los Parra, owned by Ángel Parra.", "In the 1960s, Jara started specializing in folk music and sang at Santiago's La Peña de Los Parra, owned by Ángel Parra. Through these activities, he became involved in the Nueva Canción movement of Latin American folk music.", "Through these activities, he became involved in the Nueva Canción movement of Latin American folk music. In 1966, Víctor released his first album homonymous, by the record company \"Demon\", being the only album released under this label and the Víctor Jara's first solo work, the album would later be re-released under the titles Canto a lo humano and Sus mejores canciones, and in 2001 an reissue on CD by Warner Music Chile was released, with the original title.", "In 1966, Víctor released his first album homonymous, by the record company \"Demon\", being the only album released under this label and the Víctor Jara's first solo work, the album would later be re-released under the titles Canto a lo humano and Sus mejores canciones, and in 2001 an reissue on CD by Warner Music Chile was released, with the original title. This version on CD also included five bonus tracks, four of which are songs by Víctor Jara along with Cuncumén.", "This version on CD also included five bonus tracks, four of which are songs by Víctor Jara along with Cuncumén. The album includes some Jara's versions of some Latin American folk songs, such as; \"La flor que anda de mano en mano\", and \"Ojitos verdes\", two Chilean folk songs, \"La cocinerita\", an Argentinian folk song, or \"Ja jai\", a Bolivian traditional.", "The album includes some Jara's versions of some Latin American folk songs, such as; \"La flor que anda de mano en mano\", and \"Ojitos verdes\", two Chilean folk songs, \"La cocinerita\", an Argentinian folk song, or \"Ja jai\", a Bolivian traditional. The authorship of this album, as well as its singles, was in the hands of Camilo Fernández, owner of the Demon record company, from its launch in 1966 until 2001, when he recently transferred the rights to the widow of Víctor Jara, after years of profiting from the album (as well as with others from Patricio Manns, Isabel and Ángel Parra, among others) without ever financially rewarding its authors or family.", "The authorship of this album, as well as its singles, was in the hands of Camilo Fernández, owner of the Demon record company, from its launch in 1966 until 2001, when he recently transferred the rights to the widow of Víctor Jara, after years of profiting from the album (as well as with others from Patricio Manns, Isabel and Ángel Parra, among others) without ever financially rewarding its authors or family. In 1967 released their second album homonymous, this album apart from the controversial song \"The appeared\" includes Jara's covers of some folk songs from Chile, Argentina, Bolivia or Spain as; «Despedimiento del angelito», «Ay mi palomita», «Casi, casi», «Qué alegres son las obreras» or «Romance del enamorado y la muerte».", "In 1967 released their second album homonymous, this album apart from the controversial song \"The appeared\" includes Jara's covers of some folk songs from Chile, Argentina, Bolivia or Spain as; «Despedimiento del angelito», «Ay mi palomita», «Casi, casi», «Qué alegres son las obreras» or «Romance del enamorado y la muerte». Also, the album was subsequently released under the name of Desde longuén hasta siempre with a variation of different covers.", "Also, the album was subsequently released under the name of Desde longuén hasta siempre with a variation of different covers. In 1968, Jara released his first collaborative album entitled, \"Canciones folklóricas de América\" (Folkloric Songs of America), with Quilapayun. In 1970, he had left his theater work in favor of a career in music. His songs were inspired by a combination of traditional folk music and left-wing political activism.", "His songs were inspired by a combination of traditional folk music and left-wing political activism. From this period, some of his best-known songs are \"Plegaria a un Labrador\" (\"Prayer to a Worker\") and \"Te Recuerdo Amanda\" (\"I Remember You Amanda\"). Political activism Early in his recording career, Jara showed a knack for antagonizing conservative Chileans, releasing a traditional comic song called \"La beata\" that depicted a religious woman with a crush on the priest to whom she goes for confession.", "Political activism Early in his recording career, Jara showed a knack for antagonizing conservative Chileans, releasing a traditional comic song called \"La beata\" that depicted a religious woman with a crush on the priest to whom she goes for confession. The song was banned on radio stations and removed from record shops, but the controversy only added to Jara's reputation among young and progressive Chileans. More serious in the eyes of the Chilean right wing was Jara's growing identification with the socialist movement led by Salvador Allende.", "More serious in the eyes of the Chilean right wing was Jara's growing identification with the socialist movement led by Salvador Allende. After visits to Cuba and the Soviet Union in the early 1960s, Jara had joined the Communist Party. The personal met the political in his songs about the poverty he had experienced firsthand. Jara's songs spread outside Chile and were performed by American folk artists. His popularity was due not only to his songwriting skills but also to his exceptional power as a performer.", "His popularity was due not only to his songwriting skills but also to his exceptional power as a performer. He took a decisive turn toward political confrontation with his 1969 song \"Preguntas por Puerto Montt\" (\"Questions About Puerto Montt\"), which took direct aim at a government official (Edmundo Pérez Zujovic) who had ordered police to attack squatters in the town of Puerto Montt. The Chilean political situation deteriorated after the official was assassinated, and right-wing thugs beat up Jara on one occasion.", "The Chilean political situation deteriorated after the official was assassinated, and right-wing thugs beat up Jara on one occasion. In 1970, Jara supported Allende, the Popular Unity coalition candidate for president, volunteering for political work and playing free concerts. He composed \"Venceremos\" (\"We Will Triumph\"), the theme song of Allende's Popular Unity movement, and welcomed Allende's election to the Chilean presidency in 1970.", "He composed \"Venceremos\" (\"We Will Triumph\"), the theme song of Allende's Popular Unity movement, and welcomed Allende's election to the Chilean presidency in 1970. After the election, Jara continued to speak in support of Allende and played an important role in the new administration's efforts to reorient Chilean culture. He and his wife, Joan Jara, were key participants in a cultural renaissance that swept Chile, organizing cultural events that supported the country's new socialist government.", "He and his wife, Joan Jara, were key participants in a cultural renaissance that swept Chile, organizing cultural events that supported the country's new socialist government. He set poems by Pablo Neruda to music and performed at a ceremony honoring him after Neruda received the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1972. Throughout rumblings of a right-wing coup, Jara held on to his teaching job at Chile's Technical University. His popular success during this time, as both a musician and a Communist, earned him a concert in Moscow.", "His popular success during this time, as both a musician and a Communist, earned him a concert in Moscow. So successful was he that the Soviet Union tried to latch onto his popularity, claiming in their media that his vocal prowess was the result of surgery he had undergone while in Moscow. Backed by the United States, which opposed Allende's socialist politics, the Chilean military staged a coup d'état on 11 September 1973, resulting in the death of Allende and the installation of Augusto Pinochet as dictator.", "Backed by the United States, which opposed Allende's socialist politics, the Chilean military staged a coup d'état on 11 September 1973, resulting in the death of Allende and the installation of Augusto Pinochet as dictator. At the moment of the coup, Jara was on his way to the Technical University (today the Universidad de Santiago). That night, he slept at the university along with other teachers and students, and sang to raise morale.", "That night, he slept at the university along with other teachers and students, and sang to raise morale. Torture and murder After the coup, Pinochet's soldiers rounded up Chileans who were believed to be involved with leftist groups, including Allende's Popular Unity party. On the morning of 12 September 1973, Jara was taken prisoner, along with thousands of others, and imprisoned inside Chile Stadium. The guards there tortured him, smashing his hands and fingers, and then mocked him by asking him to play the guitar.", "The guards there tortured him, smashing his hands and fingers, and then mocked him by asking him to play the guitar. Jara instead sang the Chilean protest song Venceremos. Soon after, he was killed with a gunshot to the head, and his body was riddled with more than 40 bullets. According to the BBC \"There are many conflicting accounts of Jara’s last days but the 2019 Netflix documentary Massacre at the Stadium pieces together a convincing narrative.", "According to the BBC \"There are many conflicting accounts of Jara’s last days but the 2019 Netflix documentary Massacre at the Stadium pieces together a convincing narrative. As a famous musician and prominent supporter of Allende, Jara was swiftly recognised on his way into the stadium. An army officer threw a lit cigarette on the ground, made Jara crawl for it, then stamped on his wrists. Jara was first separated from the other detainees, then beaten and tortured in the bowels of the stadium.", "Jara was first separated from the other detainees, then beaten and tortured in the bowels of the stadium. At one point, he defiantly sang Venceremos (We Will Win), Allende’s 1970 election anthem, through split lips.", "At one point, he defiantly sang Venceremos (We Will Win), Allende’s 1970 election anthem, through split lips. On the morning of the 16th, according to a fellow detainee, Jara asked for a pen and notebook and scribbled the lyrics to Estadio Chile, which were later smuggled out of the stadium: “How hard it is to sing when I must sing of horror/ Horror which I am living, horror which I am dying.” Two hours later, he was shot dead, then his body was riddled with machine-gun bullets and dumped in the street.", "On the morning of the 16th, according to a fellow detainee, Jara asked for a pen and notebook and scribbled the lyrics to Estadio Chile, which were later smuggled out of the stadium: “How hard it is to sing when I must sing of horror/ Horror which I am living, horror which I am dying.” Two hours later, he was shot dead, then his body was riddled with machine-gun bullets and dumped in the street. He was 40.\"", "He was 40.\" He was 40.\" After his murder, Jara's body was displayed at the entrance of Chile Stadium for other prisoners to see. It was later discarded outside the stadium along with the bodies of other civilian prisoners who had been killed by the Chilean Army. His body was found by civil servants and brought to a morgue, where one of them was able to identify him and contact his wife, Joan.", "His body was found by civil servants and brought to a morgue, where one of them was able to identify him and contact his wife, Joan. She took his body and gave him a quick and clandestine burial in the general cemetery before she fled the country into exile. Forty-two years later, former Chilean military officers were charged with his murder.", "Forty-two years later, former Chilean military officers were charged with his murder. Legal actions On 16 May 2008, retired colonel Mario Manríquez Bravo, who was the chief of security at Chile Stadium as the coup was carried out, was the first to be convicted in Jara's death. Judge Juan Eduardo Fuentes, who oversaw Bravo's conviction, then decided to close the case, a decision Jara's family soon appealed.", "Judge Juan Eduardo Fuentes, who oversaw Bravo's conviction, then decided to close the case, a decision Jara's family soon appealed. In June 2008, Judge Fuentes re-opened the investigation and said he would examine 40 new pieces of evidence provided by Jara's family. On 28 May 2009, José Adolfo Paredes Márquez, a 54-year-old former Army conscript arrested the previous week in San Sebastián, Chile, was formally charged with Jara's murder.", "On 28 May 2009, José Adolfo Paredes Márquez, a 54-year-old former Army conscript arrested the previous week in San Sebastián, Chile, was formally charged with Jara's murder. Following his arrest, on 1 June 2009, the police investigation identified the officer who had shot Jara in the head. The officer played Russian roulette with Jara by placing a single round in his revolver, spinning the cylinder, placing the muzzle against Jara's head, and pulling the trigger.", "The officer played Russian roulette with Jara by placing a single round in his revolver, spinning the cylinder, placing the muzzle against Jara's head, and pulling the trigger. The officer repeated this a couple of times until a shot fired and Jara fell to the ground. The officer then ordered two conscripts (one of them Paredes) to finish the job by firing into Jara's body. A judge ordered Jara's body to be exhumed in an effort to gather more information about his death.", "A judge ordered Jara's body to be exhumed in an effort to gather more information about his death. On 3 December 2009, Jara was reburied after a massive funeral in the Galpón Víctor Jara, across from Santiago's Plaza Brasil. On 28 December 2012, a judge in Chile ordered the arrest of eight former army officers for alleged involvement in Jara's murder. He issued an international arrest warrant for one of them, Pedro Barrientos Núñez, the man accused of shooting Jara in the head during a torture session.", "He issued an international arrest warrant for one of them, Pedro Barrientos Núñez, the man accused of shooting Jara in the head during a torture session. On 4 September 2013, Chadbourne & Parke attorneys Mark D. Beckett and Christian Urrutia, with the assistance of the Center for Justice and Accountability, filed suit in a United States court against Barrientos, who lives in Florida, on behalf of Jara's widow and children.", "On 4 September 2013, Chadbourne & Parke attorneys Mark D. Beckett and Christian Urrutia, with the assistance of the Center for Justice and Accountability, filed suit in a United States court against Barrientos, who lives in Florida, on behalf of Jara's widow and children. The suit accused Barrientos of arbitrary detention; cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment or punishment; extrajudicial killing; and crimes against humanity under the Alien Tort Statute (ATS), and of torture and extrajudicial killing under the Torture Victim Protection Act (TVPA).", "The suit accused Barrientos of arbitrary detention; cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment or punishment; extrajudicial killing; and crimes against humanity under the Alien Tort Statute (ATS), and of torture and extrajudicial killing under the Torture Victim Protection Act (TVPA). It alleged that Barrientos was liable for Jara's death as a direct perpetrator and as a commander.", "It alleged that Barrientos was liable for Jara's death as a direct perpetrator and as a commander. The specific claims were that: On 11 September 1973, troops from the Arica Regiment of the Chilean Army, specifically from La Serena, attacked the university where Jara taught. The troops prohibited civilians from entering or leaving the university premises. During the afternoon of 12 September 1973, military personnel entered the university and illegally detained hundreds of professors, students, and administrators.", "During the afternoon of 12 September 1973, military personnel entered the university and illegally detained hundreds of professors, students, and administrators. Víctor Jara was among those arbitrarily detained on the campus and was subsequently transferred to Chile Stadium, where he was tortured and killed. In the course of transporting and processing the civilian prisoners, Captain Fernando Polanco Gallardo, a commanding officer in military intelligence, recognized Jara as the well-known folk singer whose songs addressed social inequality, and who had supported President Allende's government.", "In the course of transporting and processing the civilian prisoners, Captain Fernando Polanco Gallardo, a commanding officer in military intelligence, recognized Jara as the well-known folk singer whose songs addressed social inequality, and who had supported President Allende's government. Captain Polanco separated Jara from the group and beat him severely. He then transferred Jara, along with some of the other civilians, to the stadium.", "He then transferred Jara, along with some of the other civilians, to the stadium. Throughout his detention in the locker room of the stadium, Jara was in the physical custody of Lieutenant Barrientos, soldiers under his command, or other members of the Chilean Army who acted in accordance with the army's plan to commit human rights abuses against civilians.", "Throughout his detention in the locker room of the stadium, Jara was in the physical custody of Lieutenant Barrientos, soldiers under his command, or other members of the Chilean Army who acted in accordance with the army's plan to commit human rights abuses against civilians. The arbitrary detention, torture, and extrajudicial killing of Jara and other detainees were part of a widespread, systematic attack on civilians by the Chilean Army from 11 to 15 September 1973.", "The arbitrary detention, torture, and extrajudicial killing of Jara and other detainees were part of a widespread, systematic attack on civilians by the Chilean Army from 11 to 15 September 1973. Barrientos knew, or should have known, about these attacks, if for no other reason than that he was present for and participated in them. On 15 April 2015, a US judge ordered Barrientos to stand trial in Florida.", "On 15 April 2015, a US judge ordered Barrientos to stand trial in Florida. On 27 June 2016, he was found liable for Jara's killing, and the jury awarded Jara's family $28 million. On 3 July 2018, eight retired Chilean military officers were sentenced to 15 years in prison for Jara's murder and the murder of his Communist associate and former Chilean prison director Littre Quiroga Carvajal. They received three extra years for kidnapping both men.", "They received three extra years for kidnapping both men. They received three extra years for kidnapping both men. A ninth suspect was sentenced to five years in prison for covering up the murders. In November 2018, it was reported that a Chilean court ordered the extradition of Barrientos. Theater work 1959. Parecido à la Felicidad (Some Kind of Happiness), Alejandro Sieveking 1960.", "Parecido à la Felicidad (Some Kind of Happiness), Alejandro Sieveking 1960. La Viuda de Apablaza (The Widow of Apablaza), Germán Luco Cruchaga (assistant director to Pedro de la Barra, founder of ITUCH) 1960. The Mandrake, Niccolò Machiavelli 1961. La Madre de los Conejos (Mother Rabbit), Alejandro Sieveking (assistant director to Agustín Siré) 1962. Ánimas de Día Claro (Daylight Spirits), Alejandro Sieveking 1963.", "Ánimas de Día Claro (Daylight Spirits), Alejandro Sieveking 1963. The Caucasian Chalk Circle, Bertolt Brecht (assistant director to Atahualpa del Cioppo) 1963. Los Invasores (The Intruders), Egon Wolff 1963. Dúo (Duet), Raúl Ruiz 1963. Parecido à la Felicidad, Alejandro Sieveking (version for Chilean television) 1965. La Remolienda, Alejandro Sieveking 1965. The Knack, Ann Jellicoe 1966. Marat/Sade, Peter Weiss (assistant director to William Oliver) 1966.", "Marat/Sade, Peter Weiss (assistant director to William Oliver) 1966. La Casa Vieja (The Old House), Abelardo Estorino 1967. La Remolienda, Alejandro Sieveking 1967. La Viuda de Apablaza, Germán Luco Cruchaga (director) 1968. Entertaining Mr Sloane, Joe Orton 1969. Viet Rock, Megan Terry 1969. Antigone, Sophocles 1972. Directed a ballet and musical homage to Pablo Neruda, which coincided with Neruda's return to Chile after being awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature.", "Directed a ballet and musical homage to Pablo Neruda, which coincided with Neruda's return to Chile after being awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature. Discography Studio albums Víctor Jara (1966) Víctor Jara (1967) Canciones folklóricas de América (with Quilapayún) (1968) Pongo en tus manos abiertas (1969) Canto libre (1970) El derecho de vivir en paz (1971) La Población (1972) Canto por travesura (1973) Tiempos que cambian (unfinished) (Estimated release: 1974) Manifiesto (1974; reissued in 2001) Live albums Víctor Jara en Vivo (1974) El Recital (1983) Víctor Jara en México (1996) Habla y canta (1996; reissued in 2001) En Vivo en el Aula Magna de la Universidad de Valparaíso (2003) Compilations Te recuerdo, Amanda (1974) Víctor Jara.", "Discography Studio albums Víctor Jara (1966) Víctor Jara (1967) Canciones folklóricas de América (with Quilapayún) (1968) Pongo en tus manos abiertas (1969) Canto libre (1970) El derecho de vivir en paz (1971) La Población (1972) Canto por travesura (1973) Tiempos que cambian (unfinished) (Estimated release: 1974) Manifiesto (1974; reissued in 2001) Live albums Víctor Jara en Vivo (1974) El Recital (1983) Víctor Jara en México (1996) Habla y canta (1996; reissued in 2001) En Vivo en el Aula Magna de la Universidad de Valparaíso (2003) Compilations Te recuerdo, Amanda (1974) Víctor Jara. Presente (1975) Vientos del Pueblo (1976) Canto Libre (1977) An unfinished song (1984) Todo Víctor Jara (1992) 20 Años Después (1992) The Rough Guide to the Music of the Andes (1996) Víctor Jara presente, colección \"Haciendo Historia\" (1997) Te Recuerdo, Víctor (2000) Antología Musical (2001) 1959–1969 – Víctor Jara (2001) Latin Essential: Victor Jara (2003) Colección Víctor Jara (2004) Víctor Jara.", "Presente (1975) Vientos del Pueblo (1976) Canto Libre (1977) An unfinished song (1984) Todo Víctor Jara (1992) 20 Años Después (1992) The Rough Guide to the Music of the Andes (1996) Víctor Jara presente, colección \"Haciendo Historia\" (1997) Te Recuerdo, Víctor (2000) Antología Musical (2001) 1959–1969 – Víctor Jara (2001) Latin Essential: Victor Jara (2003) Colección Víctor Jara (2004) Víctor Jara. Serie de Oro.", "Serie de Oro. Serie de Oro. Grandes Exitos (2005) Tribute albums A Víctor Jara by Raímon (1974) Het Recht om in Vrede te Leven by Cornelis Vreeswijk (1978) Cornelis sjunger Victor Jara: Rätten till ett eget liv by Cornelis Vreeswijk (1979) Konzert für Víctor Jara by various artists (1998) Inti-illimani interpeta a Víctor Jara by Inti-Illimani (1999) Quilapayún Canta a Violeta Parra, Víctor Jara y Grandes Maestros Populares by Quilapayún (2000) Conosci Victor Jara?", "Grandes Exitos (2005) Tribute albums A Víctor Jara by Raímon (1974) Het Recht om in Vrede te Leven by Cornelis Vreeswijk (1978) Cornelis sjunger Victor Jara: Rätten till ett eget liv by Cornelis Vreeswijk (1979) Konzert für Víctor Jara by various artists (1998) Inti-illimani interpeta a Víctor Jara by Inti-Illimani (1999) Quilapayún Canta a Violeta Parra, Víctor Jara y Grandes Maestros Populares by Quilapayún (2000) Conosci Victor Jara? by Daniele Sepe (2000) Tributo Rock a Víctor Jara by various artists (2001) Tributo a Víctor Jara by various artists (2004) Lonquen: Tributo a Víctor Jara by Francesca Ancarola (2005) Even in Exile by James Dean Bradfield (2020) Documentaries and films The following are films or documentaries about and/or featuring Víctor Jara: 1973: El Tigre Saltó y Mató, Pero Morirá…Morirá….", "by Daniele Sepe (2000) Tributo Rock a Víctor Jara by various artists (2001) Tributo a Víctor Jara by various artists (2004) Lonquen: Tributo a Víctor Jara by Francesca Ancarola (2005) Even in Exile by James Dean Bradfield (2020) Documentaries and films The following are films or documentaries about and/or featuring Víctor Jara: 1973: El Tigre Saltó y Mató, Pero Morirá…Morirá…. Director: Santiago Álvarez – Cuba 1974: Compañero: Víctor Jara of Chile.", "Director: Santiago Álvarez – Cuba 1974: Compañero: Víctor Jara of Chile. Directors: Stanley Foreman/Martin Smith (Documentary) – UK 1976: Il Pleut sur Santiago. Director: Helvio Soto – France/Bulgaria 1978: Ein April hat 30 Tage. Director: Gunther Scholz – East Germany 1978: El Cantor. Director: Dean Reed – East Germany 1999: El Derecho de Vivir en Paz. Director: Carmen Luz Parot – Chile 2001: Freedom Highway: Songs That Shaped a Century.", "Director: Carmen Luz Parot – Chile 2001: Freedom Highway: Songs That Shaped a Century. Director: Philip King – Ireland 2005: La Tierra de las 1000 Músicas [Episode 6: La Protesta]. Directors: Luis Miguel González Cruz, – Spain 2010: Phil Ochs: There but for Fortune Director: Kenneth Bowser 2019:Masacre en el estadio.", "Directors: Luis Miguel González Cruz, – Spain 2010: Phil Ochs: There but for Fortune Director: Kenneth Bowser 2019:Masacre en el estadio. Netflix In popular culture Jara is one of many desaparecidos (people who vanished under the Pinochet government and were most likely tortured and killed) whose families are still struggling to get justice. Joan Jara currently lives in Chile and runs the Víctor Jara Foundation, which was established on 4 October 1994 with the goal of promoting and continuing Jara's work.", "Joan Jara currently lives in Chile and runs the Víctor Jara Foundation, which was established on 4 October 1994 with the goal of promoting and continuing Jara's work. She publicized a poem that Jara wrote before his death about the conditions of the prisoners in the stadium. The poem, written on a piece of paper that was hidden inside the shoe of a friend, was never named, but it is commonly known as \"Estadio Chile\" (Chile Stadium, now known as Víctor Jara Stadium).", "The poem, written on a piece of paper that was hidden inside the shoe of a friend, was never named, but it is commonly known as \"Estadio Chile\" (Chile Stadium, now known as Víctor Jara Stadium). On 22 September 1973, the Soviet astronomer Nikolai Stepanovich Chernykh found an asteroid that he initially called \"SO2\", but later he would end up calling it \"2644 Victor Jara\".", "On 22 September 1973, the Soviet astronomer Nikolai Stepanovich Chernykh found an asteroid that he initially called \"SO2\", but later he would end up calling it \"2644 Victor Jara\". The 1975 anthology For Neruda, for Chile contains a section called \"The Chilean Singer\", with poems dedicated to Jara. In 1989, Scottish rock band Simple Minds dedicated \"Street Fighting Years\" track to Victor Jara.", "In 1989, Scottish rock band Simple Minds dedicated \"Street Fighting Years\" track to Victor Jara. In the late 1990s, British actress Emma Thompson started to work on a screenplay that she planned to use as the basis for a movie about Jara. Thompson, a human rights activist and fan of Jara, saw his murder as a symbol of human rights violations in Chile, and believed a movie about his life and death would raise awareness.", "Thompson, a human rights activist and fan of Jara, saw his murder as a symbol of human rights violations in Chile, and believed a movie about his life and death would raise awareness. The movie was to feature Antonio Banderas as Jara and Thompson as his wife, Joan. However, the project was not completed. In 2007, a fishing schooner built in 1917 in Denmark was renamed after the singer-songwriter.", "In 2007, a fishing schooner built in 1917 in Denmark was renamed after the singer-songwriter. He sails at social and cultural events, and when he's not on the high seas he's at the museum in the port of Lübeck, Germany. The title song on Rory McLeod's album Angry Love is about Jara.", "The title song on Rory McLeod's album Angry Love is about Jara. In a list prepared by the renowned American magazine Rolling Stone, published on June 3, 2013, Víctor Jara is named as one of the \"15 Rock & Roll Rebels\", being the only Latin American to integrate the list. In 2020, James Dean Bradfield of Manic Street Preachers released a concept album about Victor Jara called 'Even In Exile', that album was rated 4 out of 5 stars by The Guardian.", "In 2020, James Dean Bradfield of Manic Street Preachers released a concept album about Victor Jara called 'Even In Exile', that album was rated 4 out of 5 stars by The Guardian. On September 7, 2021, the Municipality of Estación Central approved the name change of \"Avenida Ecuador\" to \"Avenida Víctor Jara\". See also Nueva Canción Chilena Estadio Victor Jara 2644 Victor Jara Brigada Victor Jara Galpón Víctor Jara References Bibliography Jara, Joan (1983). Victor: An Unfinished Song. Jonathan Cape, London.", "Victor: An Unfinished Song. Jonathan Cape, London. Jonathan Cape, London. Kósichev, Leonard. (1990). La guitarra y el poncho de Víctor Jara. Progress Publishers, Moscow External links Resources in English Three chapters from Victor: An Unfinished Song by Joan Jara Discography Victor Jara: The Martyred Musician of Nueva Cancion Chilena Background materials on the Chilean Workers' Movement in the 1970s Report of the Chilean National Commission on Truth and Reconciliation GDR Poster Art: Víctor Jara Allende’s Poet.", "Progress Publishers, Moscow External links Resources in English Three chapters from Victor: An Unfinished Song by Joan Jara Discography Victor Jara: The Martyred Musician of Nueva Cancion Chilena Background materials on the Chilean Workers' Movement in the 1970s Report of the Chilean National Commission on Truth and Reconciliation GDR Poster Art: Víctor Jara Allende’s Poet. Nick MacWilliam for Jacobin, 2 August 2016.", "Nick MacWilliam for Jacobin, 2 August 2016. Nick MacWilliam for Jacobin, 2 August 2016. Resources in Spanish Fundación Víctor Jara Lyrics of all his Songs Discography Vientos del Pueblo: Un Homenaje a Víctor Jara 1932 births 1973 deaths Anti-fascists Anti-capitalists Assassinated Chilean people Burials in Chile Chilean male actors Chilean educators Chilean folk singers Chilean male poets Chilean male singer-songwriters Chilean theatre directors Chilean Christians Chilean communists Chilean torture victims Deaths by firearm in Chile Executed writers Former Roman Catholics Latin American folk singers Marxist humanists Nueva canción musicians People from Chillán University of Chile alumni Chilean Marxists People murdered in Chile Communist Party of Chile politicians University of Santiago, Chile alumni Political music artists 20th-century Chilean poets 20th-century Chilean male writers 20th-century Chilean male singers" ]

[ "Víctor Jara", "Artistic work", "What can you tell me about Jara's artistic work?", "He was deeply influenced by the folk music of Chile and other Latin American countries, and by artists such as", "What songs is he known for?", "\"Plegaria a un Labrador\" (\"Prayer to a Worker\") and \"Te Recuerdo Amanda\" (\"I Remember You Amanda\").", "Did Jara do anything besides music?", "theater", "Was Jara an actor or a playwrite?", "He appeared in several of the university's plays," ]

[ "Přírodní park Třebíčsko (before Oblast klidu Třebíčsko) is a natural park near Třebíč in the Czech Republic. There are many interesting plants. The park was founded in 1983.\n\nKobylinec and Ptáčovský kopeček\n\nKobylinec is a natural monument situated ca 0,5 km from the village of Trnava.\nThe area of this monument is 0,44 ha. Pulsatilla grandis can be found here and in the Ptáčovský kopeček park near Ptáčov near Třebíč. Both monuments are very popular for tourists.\n\nPonds\n\nIn the natural park there are some interesting ponds such as Velký Bor, Malý Bor, Buršík near Přeckov and a brook Březinka. Dams on the brook are examples of European beaver activity.\n\nSyenitové skály near Pocoucov\n\nSyenitové skály (rocks of syenit) near Pocoucov is one of famed locations. There are interesting granite boulders. The area of the reservation is 0,77 ha.\n\nExternal links\nParts of this article or all article was translated from Czech. The original article is :cs:Přírodní park Třebíčsko.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nNature near the village Trnava which is there\n\nTřebíč\nParks in the Czech Republic\nTourist attractions in the Vysočina Region", "Damn Interesting is an independent website founded by Alan Bellows in 2005. The website presents true stories from science, history, and psychology, primarily as long-form articles, often illustrated with original artwork. Works are written by various authors, and published at irregular intervals. The website openly rejects advertising, relying on reader and listener donations to cover operating costs.\n\nAs of October 2012, each article is also published as a podcast under the same name. In November 2019, a second podcast was launched under the title Damn Interesting Week, featuring unscripted commentary on an assortment of news articles featured on the website's \"Curated Links\" section that week. In mid-2020, a third podcast called Damn Interesting Curio Cabinet began highlighting the website's periodic short-form articles in the same radioplay format as the original podcast.\n\nIn July 2009, Damn Interesting published the print book Alien Hand Syndrome through Workman Publishing. It contains some favorites from the site and some exclusive content.\n\nAwards and recognition \nIn August 2007, PC Magazine named Damn Interesting one of the \"Top 100 Undiscovered Web Sites\".\nThe article \"The Zero-Armed Bandit\" by Alan Bellows won a 2015 Sidney Award from David Brooks in The New York Times.\nThe article \"Ghoulish Acts and Dastardly Deeds\" by Alan Bellows was cited as \"nonfiction journalism from 2017 that will stand the test of time\" by Conor Friedersdorf in The Atlantic.\nThe article \"Dupes and Duplicity\" by Jennifer Lee Noonan won a 2020 Sidney Award from David Brooks in the New York Times.\n\nAccusing The Dollop of plagiarism \n\nOn July 9, 2015, Bellows posted an open letter accusing The Dollop, a comedy podcast about history, of plagiarism due to their repeated use of verbatim text from Damn Interesting articles without permission or attribution. Dave Anthony, the writer of The Dollop, responded on reddit, admitting to using Damn Interesting content, but claiming that the use was protected by fair use, and that \"historical facts are not copyrightable.\" In an article about the controversy on Plagiarism Today, Jonathan Bailey concluded, \"Any way one looks at it, The Dollop failed its ethical obligations to all of the people, not just those writing for Damn Interesting, who put in the time, energy and expertise into writing the original content upon which their show is based.\"\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n Official website\n\n2005 podcast debuts" ]

[ "Víctor Lidio Jara Martínez (; 28 September 1932 – 16 September 1973) was a Chilean teacher, theater director, poet, singer-songwriter and socialist political activist tortured and killed during the dictatorship of Augusto Pinochet. He developed Chilean theater by directing a broad array of works, ranging from locally produced plays to world classics, as well as the experimental work of playwrights such as Ann Jellicoe. He also played a pivotal role among neo-folkloric musicians who established the Nueva Canción Chilena (New Chilean Song) movement.", "He also played a pivotal role among neo-folkloric musicians who established the Nueva Canción Chilena (New Chilean Song) movement. This led to an uprising of new sounds in popular music during the administration of President Salvador Allende. Jara was arrested shortly after the Chilean coup of 11 September 1973, which overthrew Allende. He was tortured during interrogations and ultimately shot dead, and his body was thrown out on the street of a shantytown in Santiago.", "He was tortured during interrogations and ultimately shot dead, and his body was thrown out on the street of a shantytown in Santiago. The contrast between the themes of his songs—which focused on love, peace, and social justice—and the brutal way in which he was murdered transformed Jara into a \"potent symbol of struggle for human rights and justice\" for those killed during the Pinochet regime.", "The contrast between the themes of his songs—which focused on love, peace, and social justice—and the brutal way in which he was murdered transformed Jara into a \"potent symbol of struggle for human rights and justice\" for those killed during the Pinochet regime. His preponderant role as an open admirer and propagandist for Che Guevara and Allende's government, in which he served as a cultural ambassador through the late 1960s and until the early 1970s crisis that ended in the coup against Allende, marked him for death.", "His preponderant role as an open admirer and propagandist for Che Guevara and Allende's government, in which he served as a cultural ambassador through the late 1960s and until the early 1970s crisis that ended in the coup against Allende, marked him for death. In June 2016, a Florida jury found former Chilean Army officer Pedro Barrientos liable for Jara's murder. In July 2018, eight retired Chilean military officers were sentenced to 15 years and a day in prison for Jara's murder.", "In July 2018, eight retired Chilean military officers were sentenced to 15 years and a day in prison for Jara's murder. Early life Víctor Lidio Jara Martinez was born on September 28, 1932, his parents were working as tenants and they lived near the town of La Quiriquina, located twelve kilometers from the old Chillan, he had about five brothers. His exact place of birth is uncertain, but in any case, he was born in the Ñuble Region.", "His exact place of birth is uncertain, but in any case, he was born in the Ñuble Region. At the age of five, his family moved to Lonquén, a town near Santiago de Chile, where his father, Manuel Jara, had rented a small piece of land that he worked from sun to sun with a miserable performance. His father was illiterate and did not want him and his other siblings to go to school so that they could help him in the fields from the ages of six and seven.", "His father was illiterate and did not want him and his other siblings to go to school so that they could help him in the fields from the ages of six and seven. His mother, on the other hand, knew how to read a little and from the beginning she insisted that they at least learn the letters. Jara's mother was a mestiza with deep Araucanian roots in southern Chile, she was self-taught, and played the guitar and the piano.", "Jara's mother was a mestiza with deep Araucanian roots in southern Chile, she was self-taught, and played the guitar and the piano. She also performed as a singer, with a repertory of traditional folk songs that she used for local functions like weddings and funerals. The relationship between her parents became more tense with each passing day, her father began to drink and disappeared from the house several days in a row, leaving all the work in the hands of Amanda.", "The relationship between her parents became more tense with each passing day, her father began to drink and disappeared from the house several days in a row, leaving all the work in the hands of Amanda. Later, her mother moved to Santiago and took a job as a cook in a restaurant in Vega Poniente. Because she was so skilled she did well there and so she was able to educate three of her children, including Victor. She died when Jara was 15, leaving him to make his own way.", "She died when Jara was 15, leaving him to make his own way. He began to study to be an accountant, but soon moved into a seminary, where he studied for the priesthood. After a couple of years, however, he became disillusioned with the Catholic Church and left the seminary. Subsequently, he spent several years in army service before returning to his hometown to pursue interests in folk music and theater.", "Subsequently, he spent several years in army service before returning to his hometown to pursue interests in folk music and theater. Musical career After joining the choir at the University of Chile in Santiago, Jara was convinced by a choir-mate to pursue a career in theater. He subsequently joined the university's theater program and earned a scholarship for talent.", "He subsequently joined the university's theater program and earned a scholarship for talent. He appeared in several of the university's plays, gravitating toward those with social themes, such as Russian playwright Maxim Gorky's The Lower Depths, a depiction of the hardships of lower-class life.", "He appeared in several of the university's plays, gravitating toward those with social themes, such as Russian playwright Maxim Gorky's The Lower Depths, a depiction of the hardships of lower-class life. In 1957, he met Violeta Parra, a singer who had steered folk music in Chile away from the rote reproduction of rural materials toward modern song composition rooted in traditional forms, and who had established musical community centers called peñas to incorporate folk music into the everyday life of modern Chileans.", "In 1957, he met Violeta Parra, a singer who had steered folk music in Chile away from the rote reproduction of rural materials toward modern song composition rooted in traditional forms, and who had established musical community centers called peñas to incorporate folk music into the everyday life of modern Chileans. Jara absorbed these lessons and began singing with a group called Cuncumén, with whom he continued his explorations of Chile's traditional music (working as a guitarist and vocalist from 1957 to 1963).", "Jara absorbed these lessons and began singing with a group called Cuncumén, with whom he continued his explorations of Chile's traditional music (working as a guitarist and vocalist from 1957 to 1963). He was deeply influenced by the folk music of Chile and other Latin American countries, and by artists such as Parra, Atahualpa Yupanqui, and the poet Pablo Neruda. In the 1960s, Jara started specializing in folk music and sang at Santiago's La Peña de Los Parra, owned by Ángel Parra.", "In the 1960s, Jara started specializing in folk music and sang at Santiago's La Peña de Los Parra, owned by Ángel Parra. Through these activities, he became involved in the Nueva Canción movement of Latin American folk music.", "Through these activities, he became involved in the Nueva Canción movement of Latin American folk music. In 1966, Víctor released his first album homonymous, by the record company \"Demon\", being the only album released under this label and the Víctor Jara's first solo work, the album would later be re-released under the titles Canto a lo humano and Sus mejores canciones, and in 2001 an reissue on CD by Warner Music Chile was released, with the original title.", "In 1966, Víctor released his first album homonymous, by the record company \"Demon\", being the only album released under this label and the Víctor Jara's first solo work, the album would later be re-released under the titles Canto a lo humano and Sus mejores canciones, and in 2001 an reissue on CD by Warner Music Chile was released, with the original title. This version on CD also included five bonus tracks, four of which are songs by Víctor Jara along with Cuncumén.", "This version on CD also included five bonus tracks, four of which are songs by Víctor Jara along with Cuncumén. The album includes some Jara's versions of some Latin American folk songs, such as; \"La flor que anda de mano en mano\", and \"Ojitos verdes\", two Chilean folk songs, \"La cocinerita\", an Argentinian folk song, or \"Ja jai\", a Bolivian traditional.", "The album includes some Jara's versions of some Latin American folk songs, such as; \"La flor que anda de mano en mano\", and \"Ojitos verdes\", two Chilean folk songs, \"La cocinerita\", an Argentinian folk song, or \"Ja jai\", a Bolivian traditional. The authorship of this album, as well as its singles, was in the hands of Camilo Fernández, owner of the Demon record company, from its launch in 1966 until 2001, when he recently transferred the rights to the widow of Víctor Jara, after years of profiting from the album (as well as with others from Patricio Manns, Isabel and Ángel Parra, among others) without ever financially rewarding its authors or family.", "The authorship of this album, as well as its singles, was in the hands of Camilo Fernández, owner of the Demon record company, from its launch in 1966 until 2001, when he recently transferred the rights to the widow of Víctor Jara, after years of profiting from the album (as well as with others from Patricio Manns, Isabel and Ángel Parra, among others) without ever financially rewarding its authors or family. In 1967 released their second album homonymous, this album apart from the controversial song \"The appeared\" includes Jara's covers of some folk songs from Chile, Argentina, Bolivia or Spain as; «Despedimiento del angelito», «Ay mi palomita», «Casi, casi», «Qué alegres son las obreras» or «Romance del enamorado y la muerte».", "In 1967 released their second album homonymous, this album apart from the controversial song \"The appeared\" includes Jara's covers of some folk songs from Chile, Argentina, Bolivia or Spain as; «Despedimiento del angelito», «Ay mi palomita», «Casi, casi», «Qué alegres son las obreras» or «Romance del enamorado y la muerte». Also, the album was subsequently released under the name of Desde longuén hasta siempre with a variation of different covers.", "Also, the album was subsequently released under the name of Desde longuén hasta siempre with a variation of different covers. In 1968, Jara released his first collaborative album entitled, \"Canciones folklóricas de América\" (Folkloric Songs of America), with Quilapayun. In 1970, he had left his theater work in favor of a career in music. His songs were inspired by a combination of traditional folk music and left-wing political activism.", "His songs were inspired by a combination of traditional folk music and left-wing political activism. From this period, some of his best-known songs are \"Plegaria a un Labrador\" (\"Prayer to a Worker\") and \"Te Recuerdo Amanda\" (\"I Remember You Amanda\"). Political activism Early in his recording career, Jara showed a knack for antagonizing conservative Chileans, releasing a traditional comic song called \"La beata\" that depicted a religious woman with a crush on the priest to whom she goes for confession.", "Political activism Early in his recording career, Jara showed a knack for antagonizing conservative Chileans, releasing a traditional comic song called \"La beata\" that depicted a religious woman with a crush on the priest to whom she goes for confession. The song was banned on radio stations and removed from record shops, but the controversy only added to Jara's reputation among young and progressive Chileans. More serious in the eyes of the Chilean right wing was Jara's growing identification with the socialist movement led by Salvador Allende.", "More serious in the eyes of the Chilean right wing was Jara's growing identification with the socialist movement led by Salvador Allende. After visits to Cuba and the Soviet Union in the early 1960s, Jara had joined the Communist Party. The personal met the political in his songs about the poverty he had experienced firsthand. Jara's songs spread outside Chile and were performed by American folk artists. His popularity was due not only to his songwriting skills but also to his exceptional power as a performer.", "His popularity was due not only to his songwriting skills but also to his exceptional power as a performer. He took a decisive turn toward political confrontation with his 1969 song \"Preguntas por Puerto Montt\" (\"Questions About Puerto Montt\"), which took direct aim at a government official (Edmundo Pérez Zujovic) who had ordered police to attack squatters in the town of Puerto Montt. The Chilean political situation deteriorated after the official was assassinated, and right-wing thugs beat up Jara on one occasion.", "The Chilean political situation deteriorated after the official was assassinated, and right-wing thugs beat up Jara on one occasion. In 1970, Jara supported Allende, the Popular Unity coalition candidate for president, volunteering for political work and playing free concerts. He composed \"Venceremos\" (\"We Will Triumph\"), the theme song of Allende's Popular Unity movement, and welcomed Allende's election to the Chilean presidency in 1970.", "He composed \"Venceremos\" (\"We Will Triumph\"), the theme song of Allende's Popular Unity movement, and welcomed Allende's election to the Chilean presidency in 1970. After the election, Jara continued to speak in support of Allende and played an important role in the new administration's efforts to reorient Chilean culture. He and his wife, Joan Jara, were key participants in a cultural renaissance that swept Chile, organizing cultural events that supported the country's new socialist government.", "He and his wife, Joan Jara, were key participants in a cultural renaissance that swept Chile, organizing cultural events that supported the country's new socialist government. He set poems by Pablo Neruda to music and performed at a ceremony honoring him after Neruda received the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1972. Throughout rumblings of a right-wing coup, Jara held on to his teaching job at Chile's Technical University. His popular success during this time, as both a musician and a Communist, earned him a concert in Moscow.", "His popular success during this time, as both a musician and a Communist, earned him a concert in Moscow. So successful was he that the Soviet Union tried to latch onto his popularity, claiming in their media that his vocal prowess was the result of surgery he had undergone while in Moscow. Backed by the United States, which opposed Allende's socialist politics, the Chilean military staged a coup d'état on 11 September 1973, resulting in the death of Allende and the installation of Augusto Pinochet as dictator.", "Backed by the United States, which opposed Allende's socialist politics, the Chilean military staged a coup d'état on 11 September 1973, resulting in the death of Allende and the installation of Augusto Pinochet as dictator. At the moment of the coup, Jara was on his way to the Technical University (today the Universidad de Santiago). That night, he slept at the university along with other teachers and students, and sang to raise morale.", "That night, he slept at the university along with other teachers and students, and sang to raise morale. Torture and murder After the coup, Pinochet's soldiers rounded up Chileans who were believed to be involved with leftist groups, including Allende's Popular Unity party. On the morning of 12 September 1973, Jara was taken prisoner, along with thousands of others, and imprisoned inside Chile Stadium. The guards there tortured him, smashing his hands and fingers, and then mocked him by asking him to play the guitar.", "The guards there tortured him, smashing his hands and fingers, and then mocked him by asking him to play the guitar. Jara instead sang the Chilean protest song Venceremos. Soon after, he was killed with a gunshot to the head, and his body was riddled with more than 40 bullets. According to the BBC \"There are many conflicting accounts of Jara’s last days but the 2019 Netflix documentary Massacre at the Stadium pieces together a convincing narrative.", "According to the BBC \"There are many conflicting accounts of Jara’s last days but the 2019 Netflix documentary Massacre at the Stadium pieces together a convincing narrative. As a famous musician and prominent supporter of Allende, Jara was swiftly recognised on his way into the stadium. An army officer threw a lit cigarette on the ground, made Jara crawl for it, then stamped on his wrists. Jara was first separated from the other detainees, then beaten and tortured in the bowels of the stadium.", "Jara was first separated from the other detainees, then beaten and tortured in the bowels of the stadium. At one point, he defiantly sang Venceremos (We Will Win), Allende’s 1970 election anthem, through split lips.", "At one point, he defiantly sang Venceremos (We Will Win), Allende’s 1970 election anthem, through split lips. On the morning of the 16th, according to a fellow detainee, Jara asked for a pen and notebook and scribbled the lyrics to Estadio Chile, which were later smuggled out of the stadium: “How hard it is to sing when I must sing of horror/ Horror which I am living, horror which I am dying.” Two hours later, he was shot dead, then his body was riddled with machine-gun bullets and dumped in the street.", "On the morning of the 16th, according to a fellow detainee, Jara asked for a pen and notebook and scribbled the lyrics to Estadio Chile, which were later smuggled out of the stadium: “How hard it is to sing when I must sing of horror/ Horror which I am living, horror which I am dying.” Two hours later, he was shot dead, then his body was riddled with machine-gun bullets and dumped in the street. He was 40.\"", "He was 40.\" He was 40.\" After his murder, Jara's body was displayed at the entrance of Chile Stadium for other prisoners to see. It was later discarded outside the stadium along with the bodies of other civilian prisoners who had been killed by the Chilean Army. His body was found by civil servants and brought to a morgue, where one of them was able to identify him and contact his wife, Joan.", "His body was found by civil servants and brought to a morgue, where one of them was able to identify him and contact his wife, Joan. She took his body and gave him a quick and clandestine burial in the general cemetery before she fled the country into exile. Forty-two years later, former Chilean military officers were charged with his murder.", "Forty-two years later, former Chilean military officers were charged with his murder. Legal actions On 16 May 2008, retired colonel Mario Manríquez Bravo, who was the chief of security at Chile Stadium as the coup was carried out, was the first to be convicted in Jara's death. Judge Juan Eduardo Fuentes, who oversaw Bravo's conviction, then decided to close the case, a decision Jara's family soon appealed.", "Judge Juan Eduardo Fuentes, who oversaw Bravo's conviction, then decided to close the case, a decision Jara's family soon appealed. In June 2008, Judge Fuentes re-opened the investigation and said he would examine 40 new pieces of evidence provided by Jara's family. On 28 May 2009, José Adolfo Paredes Márquez, a 54-year-old former Army conscript arrested the previous week in San Sebastián, Chile, was formally charged with Jara's murder.", "On 28 May 2009, José Adolfo Paredes Márquez, a 54-year-old former Army conscript arrested the previous week in San Sebastián, Chile, was formally charged with Jara's murder. Following his arrest, on 1 June 2009, the police investigation identified the officer who had shot Jara in the head. The officer played Russian roulette with Jara by placing a single round in his revolver, spinning the cylinder, placing the muzzle against Jara's head, and pulling the trigger.", "The officer played Russian roulette with Jara by placing a single round in his revolver, spinning the cylinder, placing the muzzle against Jara's head, and pulling the trigger. The officer repeated this a couple of times until a shot fired and Jara fell to the ground. The officer then ordered two conscripts (one of them Paredes) to finish the job by firing into Jara's body. A judge ordered Jara's body to be exhumed in an effort to gather more information about his death.", "A judge ordered Jara's body to be exhumed in an effort to gather more information about his death. On 3 December 2009, Jara was reburied after a massive funeral in the Galpón Víctor Jara, across from Santiago's Plaza Brasil. On 28 December 2012, a judge in Chile ordered the arrest of eight former army officers for alleged involvement in Jara's murder. He issued an international arrest warrant for one of them, Pedro Barrientos Núñez, the man accused of shooting Jara in the head during a torture session.", "He issued an international arrest warrant for one of them, Pedro Barrientos Núñez, the man accused of shooting Jara in the head during a torture session. On 4 September 2013, Chadbourne & Parke attorneys Mark D. Beckett and Christian Urrutia, with the assistance of the Center for Justice and Accountability, filed suit in a United States court against Barrientos, who lives in Florida, on behalf of Jara's widow and children.", "On 4 September 2013, Chadbourne & Parke attorneys Mark D. Beckett and Christian Urrutia, with the assistance of the Center for Justice and Accountability, filed suit in a United States court against Barrientos, who lives in Florida, on behalf of Jara's widow and children. The suit accused Barrientos of arbitrary detention; cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment or punishment; extrajudicial killing; and crimes against humanity under the Alien Tort Statute (ATS), and of torture and extrajudicial killing under the Torture Victim Protection Act (TVPA).", "The suit accused Barrientos of arbitrary detention; cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment or punishment; extrajudicial killing; and crimes against humanity under the Alien Tort Statute (ATS), and of torture and extrajudicial killing under the Torture Victim Protection Act (TVPA). It alleged that Barrientos was liable for Jara's death as a direct perpetrator and as a commander.", "It alleged that Barrientos was liable for Jara's death as a direct perpetrator and as a commander. The specific claims were that: On 11 September 1973, troops from the Arica Regiment of the Chilean Army, specifically from La Serena, attacked the university where Jara taught. The troops prohibited civilians from entering or leaving the university premises. During the afternoon of 12 September 1973, military personnel entered the university and illegally detained hundreds of professors, students, and administrators.", "During the afternoon of 12 September 1973, military personnel entered the university and illegally detained hundreds of professors, students, and administrators. Víctor Jara was among those arbitrarily detained on the campus and was subsequently transferred to Chile Stadium, where he was tortured and killed. In the course of transporting and processing the civilian prisoners, Captain Fernando Polanco Gallardo, a commanding officer in military intelligence, recognized Jara as the well-known folk singer whose songs addressed social inequality, and who had supported President Allende's government.", "In the course of transporting and processing the civilian prisoners, Captain Fernando Polanco Gallardo, a commanding officer in military intelligence, recognized Jara as the well-known folk singer whose songs addressed social inequality, and who had supported President Allende's government. Captain Polanco separated Jara from the group and beat him severely. He then transferred Jara, along with some of the other civilians, to the stadium.", "He then transferred Jara, along with some of the other civilians, to the stadium. Throughout his detention in the locker room of the stadium, Jara was in the physical custody of Lieutenant Barrientos, soldiers under his command, or other members of the Chilean Army who acted in accordance with the army's plan to commit human rights abuses against civilians.", "Throughout his detention in the locker room of the stadium, Jara was in the physical custody of Lieutenant Barrientos, soldiers under his command, or other members of the Chilean Army who acted in accordance with the army's plan to commit human rights abuses against civilians. The arbitrary detention, torture, and extrajudicial killing of Jara and other detainees were part of a widespread, systematic attack on civilians by the Chilean Army from 11 to 15 September 1973.", "The arbitrary detention, torture, and extrajudicial killing of Jara and other detainees were part of a widespread, systematic attack on civilians by the Chilean Army from 11 to 15 September 1973. Barrientos knew, or should have known, about these attacks, if for no other reason than that he was present for and participated in them. On 15 April 2015, a US judge ordered Barrientos to stand trial in Florida.", "On 15 April 2015, a US judge ordered Barrientos to stand trial in Florida. On 27 June 2016, he was found liable for Jara's killing, and the jury awarded Jara's family $28 million. On 3 July 2018, eight retired Chilean military officers were sentenced to 15 years in prison for Jara's murder and the murder of his Communist associate and former Chilean prison director Littre Quiroga Carvajal. They received three extra years for kidnapping both men.", "They received three extra years for kidnapping both men. They received three extra years for kidnapping both men. A ninth suspect was sentenced to five years in prison for covering up the murders. In November 2018, it was reported that a Chilean court ordered the extradition of Barrientos. Theater work 1959. Parecido à la Felicidad (Some Kind of Happiness), Alejandro Sieveking 1960.", "Parecido à la Felicidad (Some Kind of Happiness), Alejandro Sieveking 1960. La Viuda de Apablaza (The Widow of Apablaza), Germán Luco Cruchaga (assistant director to Pedro de la Barra, founder of ITUCH) 1960. The Mandrake, Niccolò Machiavelli 1961. La Madre de los Conejos (Mother Rabbit), Alejandro Sieveking (assistant director to Agustín Siré) 1962. Ánimas de Día Claro (Daylight Spirits), Alejandro Sieveking 1963.", "Ánimas de Día Claro (Daylight Spirits), Alejandro Sieveking 1963. The Caucasian Chalk Circle, Bertolt Brecht (assistant director to Atahualpa del Cioppo) 1963. Los Invasores (The Intruders), Egon Wolff 1963. Dúo (Duet), Raúl Ruiz 1963. Parecido à la Felicidad, Alejandro Sieveking (version for Chilean television) 1965. La Remolienda, Alejandro Sieveking 1965. The Knack, Ann Jellicoe 1966. Marat/Sade, Peter Weiss (assistant director to William Oliver) 1966.", "Marat/Sade, Peter Weiss (assistant director to William Oliver) 1966. La Casa Vieja (The Old House), Abelardo Estorino 1967. La Remolienda, Alejandro Sieveking 1967. La Viuda de Apablaza, Germán Luco Cruchaga (director) 1968. Entertaining Mr Sloane, Joe Orton 1969. Viet Rock, Megan Terry 1969. Antigone, Sophocles 1972. Directed a ballet and musical homage to Pablo Neruda, which coincided with Neruda's return to Chile after being awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature.", "Directed a ballet and musical homage to Pablo Neruda, which coincided with Neruda's return to Chile after being awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature. Discography Studio albums Víctor Jara (1966) Víctor Jara (1967) Canciones folklóricas de América (with Quilapayún) (1968) Pongo en tus manos abiertas (1969) Canto libre (1970) El derecho de vivir en paz (1971) La Población (1972) Canto por travesura (1973) Tiempos que cambian (unfinished) (Estimated release: 1974) Manifiesto (1974; reissued in 2001) Live albums Víctor Jara en Vivo (1974) El Recital (1983) Víctor Jara en México (1996) Habla y canta (1996; reissued in 2001) En Vivo en el Aula Magna de la Universidad de Valparaíso (2003) Compilations Te recuerdo, Amanda (1974) Víctor Jara.", "Discography Studio albums Víctor Jara (1966) Víctor Jara (1967) Canciones folklóricas de América (with Quilapayún) (1968) Pongo en tus manos abiertas (1969) Canto libre (1970) El derecho de vivir en paz (1971) La Población (1972) Canto por travesura (1973) Tiempos que cambian (unfinished) (Estimated release: 1974) Manifiesto (1974; reissued in 2001) Live albums Víctor Jara en Vivo (1974) El Recital (1983) Víctor Jara en México (1996) Habla y canta (1996; reissued in 2001) En Vivo en el Aula Magna de la Universidad de Valparaíso (2003) Compilations Te recuerdo, Amanda (1974) Víctor Jara. Presente (1975) Vientos del Pueblo (1976) Canto Libre (1977) An unfinished song (1984) Todo Víctor Jara (1992) 20 Años Después (1992) The Rough Guide to the Music of the Andes (1996) Víctor Jara presente, colección \"Haciendo Historia\" (1997) Te Recuerdo, Víctor (2000) Antología Musical (2001) 1959–1969 – Víctor Jara (2001) Latin Essential: Victor Jara (2003) Colección Víctor Jara (2004) Víctor Jara.", "Presente (1975) Vientos del Pueblo (1976) Canto Libre (1977) An unfinished song (1984) Todo Víctor Jara (1992) 20 Años Después (1992) The Rough Guide to the Music of the Andes (1996) Víctor Jara presente, colección \"Haciendo Historia\" (1997) Te Recuerdo, Víctor (2000) Antología Musical (2001) 1959–1969 – Víctor Jara (2001) Latin Essential: Victor Jara (2003) Colección Víctor Jara (2004) Víctor Jara. Serie de Oro.", "Serie de Oro. Serie de Oro. Grandes Exitos (2005) Tribute albums A Víctor Jara by Raímon (1974) Het Recht om in Vrede te Leven by Cornelis Vreeswijk (1978) Cornelis sjunger Victor Jara: Rätten till ett eget liv by Cornelis Vreeswijk (1979) Konzert für Víctor Jara by various artists (1998) Inti-illimani interpeta a Víctor Jara by Inti-Illimani (1999) Quilapayún Canta a Violeta Parra, Víctor Jara y Grandes Maestros Populares by Quilapayún (2000) Conosci Victor Jara?", "Grandes Exitos (2005) Tribute albums A Víctor Jara by Raímon (1974) Het Recht om in Vrede te Leven by Cornelis Vreeswijk (1978) Cornelis sjunger Victor Jara: Rätten till ett eget liv by Cornelis Vreeswijk (1979) Konzert für Víctor Jara by various artists (1998) Inti-illimani interpeta a Víctor Jara by Inti-Illimani (1999) Quilapayún Canta a Violeta Parra, Víctor Jara y Grandes Maestros Populares by Quilapayún (2000) Conosci Victor Jara? by Daniele Sepe (2000) Tributo Rock a Víctor Jara by various artists (2001) Tributo a Víctor Jara by various artists (2004) Lonquen: Tributo a Víctor Jara by Francesca Ancarola (2005) Even in Exile by James Dean Bradfield (2020) Documentaries and films The following are films or documentaries about and/or featuring Víctor Jara: 1973: El Tigre Saltó y Mató, Pero Morirá…Morirá….", "by Daniele Sepe (2000) Tributo Rock a Víctor Jara by various artists (2001) Tributo a Víctor Jara by various artists (2004) Lonquen: Tributo a Víctor Jara by Francesca Ancarola (2005) Even in Exile by James Dean Bradfield (2020) Documentaries and films The following are films or documentaries about and/or featuring Víctor Jara: 1973: El Tigre Saltó y Mató, Pero Morirá…Morirá…. Director: Santiago Álvarez – Cuba 1974: Compañero: Víctor Jara of Chile.", "Director: Santiago Álvarez – Cuba 1974: Compañero: Víctor Jara of Chile. Directors: Stanley Foreman/Martin Smith (Documentary) – UK 1976: Il Pleut sur Santiago. Director: Helvio Soto – France/Bulgaria 1978: Ein April hat 30 Tage. Director: Gunther Scholz – East Germany 1978: El Cantor. Director: Dean Reed – East Germany 1999: El Derecho de Vivir en Paz. Director: Carmen Luz Parot – Chile 2001: Freedom Highway: Songs That Shaped a Century.", "Director: Carmen Luz Parot – Chile 2001: Freedom Highway: Songs That Shaped a Century. Director: Philip King – Ireland 2005: La Tierra de las 1000 Músicas [Episode 6: La Protesta]. Directors: Luis Miguel González Cruz, – Spain 2010: Phil Ochs: There but for Fortune Director: Kenneth Bowser 2019:Masacre en el estadio.", "Directors: Luis Miguel González Cruz, – Spain 2010: Phil Ochs: There but for Fortune Director: Kenneth Bowser 2019:Masacre en el estadio. Netflix In popular culture Jara is one of many desaparecidos (people who vanished under the Pinochet government and were most likely tortured and killed) whose families are still struggling to get justice. Joan Jara currently lives in Chile and runs the Víctor Jara Foundation, which was established on 4 October 1994 with the goal of promoting and continuing Jara's work.", "Joan Jara currently lives in Chile and runs the Víctor Jara Foundation, which was established on 4 October 1994 with the goal of promoting and continuing Jara's work. She publicized a poem that Jara wrote before his death about the conditions of the prisoners in the stadium. The poem, written on a piece of paper that was hidden inside the shoe of a friend, was never named, but it is commonly known as \"Estadio Chile\" (Chile Stadium, now known as Víctor Jara Stadium).", "The poem, written on a piece of paper that was hidden inside the shoe of a friend, was never named, but it is commonly known as \"Estadio Chile\" (Chile Stadium, now known as Víctor Jara Stadium). On 22 September 1973, the Soviet astronomer Nikolai Stepanovich Chernykh found an asteroid that he initially called \"SO2\", but later he would end up calling it \"2644 Victor Jara\".", "On 22 September 1973, the Soviet astronomer Nikolai Stepanovich Chernykh found an asteroid that he initially called \"SO2\", but later he would end up calling it \"2644 Victor Jara\". The 1975 anthology For Neruda, for Chile contains a section called \"The Chilean Singer\", with poems dedicated to Jara. In 1989, Scottish rock band Simple Minds dedicated \"Street Fighting Years\" track to Victor Jara.", "In 1989, Scottish rock band Simple Minds dedicated \"Street Fighting Years\" track to Victor Jara. In the late 1990s, British actress Emma Thompson started to work on a screenplay that she planned to use as the basis for a movie about Jara. Thompson, a human rights activist and fan of Jara, saw his murder as a symbol of human rights violations in Chile, and believed a movie about his life and death would raise awareness.", "Thompson, a human rights activist and fan of Jara, saw his murder as a symbol of human rights violations in Chile, and believed a movie about his life and death would raise awareness. The movie was to feature Antonio Banderas as Jara and Thompson as his wife, Joan. However, the project was not completed. In 2007, a fishing schooner built in 1917 in Denmark was renamed after the singer-songwriter.", "In 2007, a fishing schooner built in 1917 in Denmark was renamed after the singer-songwriter. He sails at social and cultural events, and when he's not on the high seas he's at the museum in the port of Lübeck, Germany. The title song on Rory McLeod's album Angry Love is about Jara.", "The title song on Rory McLeod's album Angry Love is about Jara. In a list prepared by the renowned American magazine Rolling Stone, published on June 3, 2013, Víctor Jara is named as one of the \"15 Rock & Roll Rebels\", being the only Latin American to integrate the list. In 2020, James Dean Bradfield of Manic Street Preachers released a concept album about Victor Jara called 'Even In Exile', that album was rated 4 out of 5 stars by The Guardian.", "In 2020, James Dean Bradfield of Manic Street Preachers released a concept album about Victor Jara called 'Even In Exile', that album was rated 4 out of 5 stars by The Guardian. On September 7, 2021, the Municipality of Estación Central approved the name change of \"Avenida Ecuador\" to \"Avenida Víctor Jara\". See also Nueva Canción Chilena Estadio Victor Jara 2644 Victor Jara Brigada Victor Jara Galpón Víctor Jara References Bibliography Jara, Joan (1983). Victor: An Unfinished Song. Jonathan Cape, London.", "Victor: An Unfinished Song. Jonathan Cape, London. Jonathan Cape, London. Kósichev, Leonard. (1990). La guitarra y el poncho de Víctor Jara. Progress Publishers, Moscow External links Resources in English Three chapters from Victor: An Unfinished Song by Joan Jara Discography Victor Jara: The Martyred Musician of Nueva Cancion Chilena Background materials on the Chilean Workers' Movement in the 1970s Report of the Chilean National Commission on Truth and Reconciliation GDR Poster Art: Víctor Jara Allende’s Poet.", "Progress Publishers, Moscow External links Resources in English Three chapters from Victor: An Unfinished Song by Joan Jara Discography Victor Jara: The Martyred Musician of Nueva Cancion Chilena Background materials on the Chilean Workers' Movement in the 1970s Report of the Chilean National Commission on Truth and Reconciliation GDR Poster Art: Víctor Jara Allende’s Poet. Nick MacWilliam for Jacobin, 2 August 2016.", "Nick MacWilliam for Jacobin, 2 August 2016. Nick MacWilliam for Jacobin, 2 August 2016. Resources in Spanish Fundación Víctor Jara Lyrics of all his Songs Discography Vientos del Pueblo: Un Homenaje a Víctor Jara 1932 births 1973 deaths Anti-fascists Anti-capitalists Assassinated Chilean people Burials in Chile Chilean male actors Chilean educators Chilean folk singers Chilean male poets Chilean male singer-songwriters Chilean theatre directors Chilean Christians Chilean communists Chilean torture victims Deaths by firearm in Chile Executed writers Former Roman Catholics Latin American folk singers Marxist humanists Nueva canción musicians People from Chillán University of Chile alumni Chilean Marxists People murdered in Chile Communist Party of Chile politicians University of Santiago, Chile alumni Political music artists 20th-century Chilean poets 20th-century Chilean male writers 20th-century Chilean male singers" ]

[ "White Lion", "Return of the Pride", "When was the return of the pride?", "The new studio album entitled \"Return of the Pride\" was released on March 14, 2008", "was it successful?", "I don't know." ]

[ "Andrew Butterfield (born 7 January 1972) is an English professional golfer who plays on the Challenge Tour.\n\nCareer\nButterfield was born in London, England. He turned professional in 1993 and joined the Challenge Tour in 1996. He played on the Challenge Tour until qualifying for the European Tour through Q-School in 1999. Butterfield did not perform well enough on tour in 2000 to retain his card and had to go back to the Challenge Tour in 2001. He got his European Tour card back through Q-School again in 2001 and played on the European Tour in 2002 but did not find any success on tour. He returned to the Challenge Tour and played there until 2005 when he finished 4th on the Challenge Tour's Order of Merit which earned him his European Tour card for 2006. He did not play well enough in 2006 to retain his tour card but was able to get temporary status on tour for 2007 by finishing 129th on the Order of Merit. He played on the European Tour and the Challenge Tour in 2007 and has played only on the Challenge Tour since 2008. He picked up his first win on the Challenge Tour in Sweden at The Princess in June 2009. He also won an event on the PGA EuroPro Tour in 2004.\n\nProfessional wins (2)\n\nChallenge Tour wins (1)\n\nChallenge Tour playoff record (0–1)\n\nPGA EuroPro Tour wins (1)\n2004 Matchroom Golf Management International at Owston Hall\n\nPlayoff record\nEuropean Tour playoff record (0–1)\n\nResults in major championships\n\nNote: Butterfield only played in The Open Championship.\nCUT = missed the half-way cut\n\nSee also\n2005 Challenge Tour graduates\n2009 Challenge Tour graduates\n\nExternal links\n\nEnglish male golfers\nEuropean Tour golfers\nSportspeople from London\nPeople from the London Borough of Bromley\n1972 births\nLiving people", "The Bob Dylan England Tour 1965 was a concert tour by American singer-songwriter Bob Dylan during late April and early May 1965. The tour was widely documented by filmmaker D. A. Pennebaker, who used the footage of the tour in his documentary Dont Look Back.\n\nTour dates\n\nSet lists \nAs Dylan was still playing exclusively folk music live, much of the material performed during this tour was written pre-1965. Each show was divided into two halves, with seven songs performed during the first, and eight during the second. The set consisted of two songs from The Freewheelin' Bob Dylan, three from The Times They Are a-Changin', three from Another Side of Bob Dylan, a comic-relief concert staple; \"If You Gotta Go, Go Now\", issued as a single in Europe, and six songs off his then-recent album, Bringing It All Back Home, including the second side in its entirety.\n\n First half\n\"The Times They Are a-Changin'\"\n\"To Ramona\"\n\"Gates of Eden\"\n\"If You Gotta Go, Go Now (or Else You Got to Stay All Night)\"\n\"It's Alright, Ma (I'm Only Bleeding)\"\n\"Love Minus Zero/No Limit\"\n\"Mr. Tambourine Man\"\n\nSecond Half\n\"Talkin' World War III Blues\"\n\"Don't Think Twice, It's All Right\"\n\"With God on Our Side\"\n\"She Belongs to Me\"\n\"It Ain't Me Babe\"\n\"The Lonesome Death of Hattie Carroll\"\n\"All I Really Want to Do\"\n\"It's All Over Now, Baby Blue\"\n\nSet list per Olof Bjorner.\n\nAftermath \nJoan Baez accompanied him on the tour, but she was never invited to play with him in concert. In fact, they did not tour together again until 1975. After this tour, Dylan was hailed as a hero of folk music, but two months later, at the 1965 Newport Folk Festival, he would alienate his fans and go electric. Dylan was the only artist apart from the Beatles to sell out the De Montfort Hall in the 1960s. Even the Rolling Stones did not sell out this venue.\n\nReferences \n\nHoward Sounes: Down the Highway. The Life of Bob Dylan.. 2001.\n\nExternal links \n Bjorner's Still on the Road 1965: Tour dates & set lists\n\nBob Dylan concert tours\n1965 concert tours\nConcert tours of the United Kingdom\n1965 in England" ]

[ "White Lion was an American glam metal band that was formed in New York City in 1983 by Danish vocalist/guitarist Mike Tramp and American guitarist Vito Bratta. Mainly active in the 1980s and early 1990s, they released their debut album Fight to Survive in 1985. The band achieved success with their No. 8 hit \"Wait\" and No. 3 hit \"When the Children Cry\" from their second album, the double platinum selling Pride.", "3 hit \"When the Children Cry\" from their second album, the double platinum selling Pride. The band continued their success with their third album, Big Game which achieved Gold status and their fourth album Mane Attraction which included a supporting tour. White Lion disbanded in 1992 and not long after their first compilation album, The Best of White Lion was released. Mike Tramp reformed White Lion with all new musicians in 1999 and again in 2004, following a failed attempt to reform the original line up.", "Mike Tramp reformed White Lion with all new musicians in 1999 and again in 2004, following a failed attempt to reform the original line up. The new White Lion released a live album in 2005 and a brand new studio album Return of the Pride in 2008. Biography Fight to Survive After moving from Denmark to Spain and then New York City, vocalist Mike Tramp (formerly of the bands Mabel, Studs and Danish Lions) met Staten Island guitarist Vito Bratta (formerly of Dreamer) in 1983.", "Biography Fight to Survive After moving from Denmark to Spain and then New York City, vocalist Mike Tramp (formerly of the bands Mabel, Studs and Danish Lions) met Staten Island guitarist Vito Bratta (formerly of Dreamer) in 1983. They decided to put together a new band and recruited drummer Nicki Capozzi and bassist Felix Robinson (formerly of Angel) and named the group White Lion. White Lion was signed by Elektra Records in 1984 and recorded their debut album Fight to Survive.", "White Lion was signed by Elektra Records in 1984 and recorded their debut album Fight to Survive. Elektra was unhappy with the final recording, and after refusing to release the album, terminated the band's contract. The album Fight to Survive was eventually released by Victor Company of Japan, Ltd, (JVC Records) in Japan in 1985. Philadelphia-based Grand Slamm Records bought the album from Elektra and released it in America the following year, under licensed by Elektra/Asylum Records. A few months later, Grand Slamm Records went bankrupt.", "A few months later, Grand Slamm Records went bankrupt. Fight to Survive charted at number 151 on Billboard 200 and featured the band's debut single and music video, \"Broken Heart\". In 1985, Felix Robinson departed after they were dropped by Elektra and was replaced by bassist Dave Spitz (brother of Anthrax guitarist Dan Spitz). With the Tramp, Bratta, Capozzi, Spitz line-up, the band recorded a round of demos and continued to play shows in New York while shopping around for a new record deal.", "With the Tramp, Bratta, Capozzi, Spitz line-up, the band recorded a round of demos and continued to play shows in New York while shopping around for a new record deal. This incarnation of White Lion was hired to play a fictional band in the Tom Hanks/Shelley Long movie The Money Pit, which was released a year later. The soundtrack features the song \"Web of Desire\" (credited to \"White Lion and Robey (portrayed by Louise Robey), which was demoed that year.", "The soundtrack features the song \"Web of Desire\" (credited to \"White Lion and Robey (portrayed by Louise Robey), which was demoed that year. The film soundtrack was never officially released although the song plays in the movie during both of their scenes. Dave Spitz left at the end of 1985 to join Black Sabbath, and was replaced by James LoMenzo. Nicki Capozzi was subsequently fired and replaced by former Anthrax drummer Greg D'Angelo. Pride Early in 1987, the band was signed by Atlantic Records.", "Pride Early in 1987, the band was signed by Atlantic Records. The recording of the album took six weeks and on June 21, 1987 their album Pride was released. The first single, \"Wait\", was released on June 1, 1987, but did not reach the charts for nearly seven months. The Pride tour started in July 1987 as White Lion opened for Frehley's Comet.", "The Pride tour started in July 1987 as White Lion opened for Frehley's Comet. The next year and a half was filled with constant touring, opening for such bands as Aerosmith, Ozzy Osbourne, Stryper and Kiss. In January 1988 White Lion landed the opening slot for AC/DC on their Blow Up Your Video American tour.", "In January 1988 White Lion landed the opening slot for AC/DC on their Blow Up Your Video American tour. While touring with AC/DC, the Pride album and \"Wait\" single finally charted, due in no small part to MTV airing the \"Wait\" music video in regular rotation—nearly seven months after the single's release. \"Wait\" hit No. 8 on the singles chart, while Pride hit No. 11 on the album charts.", "11 on the album charts. 11 on the album charts. Pride would remain on the Top 200 Billboard album charts for a full year, selling two million copies in the US alone and achieving double platinum status. In August 1988, the album's second single, \"Tell Me\", reached No. 58. Around the time this single was released, White Lion played at the Ritz club in New York City. The show was filmed and later aired on MTV.", "The show was filmed and later aired on MTV. The show was filmed and later aired on MTV. The Pride album's third single, a power ballad titled \"When the Children Cry\", made it to No. 3 on the charts with heavy MTV airplay. The success of \"When the Children Cry\" would eventually push sales of Pride over the two million mark.", "The success of \"When the Children Cry\" would eventually push sales of Pride over the two million mark. In addition, Vito Bratta was recognized for his instrumental talents by racking up Best New Guitarist awards with both Guitar World magazine and Guitar for the Practicing Musician magazine. \"All You Need Is Rock 'n' Roll\" was the final single released from the album.", "\"All You Need Is Rock 'n' Roll\" was the final single released from the album. In the spring of 1989, the Pride tour finally ended, and the band released their first video albums titled \"Live at the Ritz\" and \"One Night in Tokyo\" both of which featuring full concerts on VHS. The band then immediately began work on their next album.", "The band then immediately began work on their next album. Big Game & Mane Attraction In August 1989, White Lion released their third album, Big Game, a musically eclectic follow-up to Pride that featured the single \"Little Fighter\" (which peaked at No. 52), in Memory of The Rainbow Warrior, a Greenpeace boat which was destroyed by the French. A cover of Golden Earring's \"Radar Love\" (which peaked at No.", "A cover of Golden Earring's \"Radar Love\" (which peaked at No. 59) was released as the second single and \"Cry for Freedom\", a political song about apartheid in South Africa was released as the third single. \"Going Home Tonight\" was released as the album's final single. The album quickly went gold, with a peak of No. 19 on the album charts. The band's success continued with more constant touring.", "The band's success continued with more constant touring. The band's success continued with more constant touring. After two years of writing and recording, White Lion released their fourth album Mane Attraction in the spring of 1991.", "After two years of writing and recording, White Lion released their fourth album Mane Attraction in the spring of 1991. The album featured the singles \"Love Don't Come Easy\" which peaked at number 24 on The Mainstream Rock Charts, \"Lights and Thunder\" which is a eight-minute heavy rock epic with a complex structure inspired by Led Zeppelin’s Achilles Last Stand.and a re-recorded version of the band's debut single \"Broken Heart\", all of which featured music videos.", "The album featured the singles \"Love Don't Come Easy\" which peaked at number 24 on The Mainstream Rock Charts, \"Lights and Thunder\" which is a eight-minute heavy rock epic with a complex structure inspired by Led Zeppelin’s Achilles Last Stand.and a re-recorded version of the band's debut single \"Broken Heart\", all of which featured music videos. \"Out with the Boys\" and \"You're All I Need\" were released as promo singles and \"Farewell to You\" featured a music video montage.", "\"Out with the Boys\" and \"You're All I Need\" were released as promo singles and \"Farewell to You\" featured a music video montage. The album also contained White Lion's only instrumental song, \"Blue Monday\", a tribute to Stevie Ray Vaughan, who had died while the band was writing the album. The album's two ballads \"You're All I Need\" and \"Till Death Do Us Part\" gained popular airplay in Indonesia and the Philippines.", "The album's two ballads \"You're All I Need\" and \"Till Death Do Us Part\" gained popular airplay in Indonesia and the Philippines. Greg D'Angelo and James LoMenzo left the band soon after the album's release, citing \"musical differences,\" but White Lion carried on with bassist Tommy T-Bone Caradonna and drummer Jimmy DeGrasso (Megadeth, Alice Cooper, Suicidal Tendencies, Y&T, Fiona).", "Greg D'Angelo and James LoMenzo left the band soon after the album's release, citing \"musical differences,\" but White Lion carried on with bassist Tommy T-Bone Caradonna and drummer Jimmy DeGrasso (Megadeth, Alice Cooper, Suicidal Tendencies, Y&T, Fiona). Break-up After briefly touring in support of Mane Attraction, Tramp and Bratta decided to fold the group, their last show being held in Boston at the Channel in September 1991.", "Break-up After briefly touring in support of Mane Attraction, Tramp and Bratta decided to fold the group, their last show being held in Boston at the Channel in September 1991. Exactly one year later, in September 1992, the band's first compilation album was released, titled The Best of White Lion. A Video/DVD album featuring concert footage, behind the scenes interviews and all of the band's music videos was also released, titled Escape from Brooklyn.", "A Video/DVD album featuring concert footage, behind the scenes interviews and all of the band's music videos was also released, titled Escape from Brooklyn. When asked what the album would be like if he and Vito Bratta had released another album after Mane Attraction, Tramp said it would have hinted at their growth and evolution, and taken them further away from the '80s sound.", "When asked what the album would be like if he and Vito Bratta had released another album after Mane Attraction, Tramp said it would have hinted at their growth and evolution, and taken them further away from the '80s sound. He commented: After White Lion James LoMenzo and Greg D'Angelo joined Zakk Wylde's band, Lynyrd Skynhead, in the mid 1990s which became the band Pride & Glory when Greg D'Angelo was replaced by Brian Tichy. Pride & Glory released one album, then James LoMenzo left the band.", "Pride & Glory released one album, then James LoMenzo left the band. James went on to record and tour with ex-Van Halen frontman David Lee Roth, Zakk Wylde's band Black Label Society, thrash metal pioneers Megadeth, and in 2013, joined John Fogerty's solo band. Vito Bratta stayed briefly with Atlantic Records to help produce an album for CPR, and later tried to form a new music group that never panned out.", "Vito Bratta stayed briefly with Atlantic Records to help produce an album for CPR, and later tried to form a new music group that never panned out. Despite a dedicated worldwide following of guitar aficionados, Vito disappeared from public view from 1994 until his interview by Eddie Trunk live on February 16, 2007. Vito is the sole owner of the White Lion music catalog, retaining the legal and distributive rights to all four original albums.", "Vito is the sole owner of the White Lion music catalog, retaining the legal and distributive rights to all four original albums. The material was licensed entirely to Bratta's Vavoom Music, Inc, when Tramp sold off his share in the mid 1990s. Freak of Nature Mike Tramp went on to form the hard rock / heavy metal band Freak of Nature, The follow up was significantly heavier and darker than White Lion, featuring two guitar players and more visceral songs with a strong rhythmic foundation.", "Freak of Nature Mike Tramp went on to form the hard rock / heavy metal band Freak of Nature, The follow up was significantly heavier and darker than White Lion, featuring two guitar players and more visceral songs with a strong rhythmic foundation. The band released three albums between 1992 and 1998, Freak of Nature, Gathering of Freaks, and Outcasts. The band shared stages with Helloween and Dio in Europe in 1993. Freak of Nature eventually disbanded in 1996.", "Freak of Nature eventually disbanded in 1996. Freak of Nature eventually disbanded in 1996. Tramp has often called Freak of Nature the best band he has been a part of and also said that he wanted to stray from the 80s sound and adopt a more 70s approach. Mike Tramp solo career Following Freak of Nature, Tramp began a solo career, releasing his debut album as a solo artist in 1998 titled Capricorn. The album featured former Freak of Nature bandmates, guitarist Kenny Korade and bass player Jerry Best.", "The album featured former Freak of Nature bandmates, guitarist Kenny Korade and bass player Jerry Best. Former White Lion bass guitarist James LoMenzo performed backing vocals on the album. The song \"Better Off\" was released as Tramp's debut solo single and features his first solo music video. The album also features the singles \"Already Gone\", \"If I Live Tomorrow\" and \"Take a Little Time\".", "The album also features the singles \"Already Gone\", \"If I Live Tomorrow\" and \"Take a Little Time\". It would be five years before Tramp returned to the studio to record his follow-up album, Recovering the Wasted Years, during which time he would move to Australia, with the aim of raising his son away from the rigors of big city life and to plan his next career move.", "It would be five years before Tramp returned to the studio to record his follow-up album, Recovering the Wasted Years, during which time he would move to Australia, with the aim of raising his son away from the rigors of big city life and to plan his next career move. Recovering the Wasted Years was released in 2002 and featured the singles \"Living a Lie\" and \"Endless Highway\" both featuring live music videos.", "Recovering the Wasted Years was released in 2002 and featured the singles \"Living a Lie\" and \"Endless Highway\" both featuring live music videos. In 2003, Tramp followed-up with his third album, More to Life Than This, which Tramp once again produced himself but relied on producer/engineer Flemming Rasmussen (Metallica) to engineer and mix the sessions in his very own Sweet Silence Studios.", "In 2003, Tramp followed-up with his third album, More to Life Than This, which Tramp once again produced himself but relied on producer/engineer Flemming Rasmussen (Metallica) to engineer and mix the sessions in his very own Sweet Silence Studios. The album's title track, \"More to Life Than This\", and \"Don't Want to Say Good Night\" were both released as singles. A music video made in Australia was released for the song \"Lay Down My Life For You\".", "A music video made in Australia was released for the song \"Lay Down My Life For You\". Also in 2003, Tramp released the double disc live album Rock 'N' Roll Alive, which features Tramp performing live versions of songs from White Lion, Freak of Nature, and his solo albums. In 2004, Tramp released the solo album Songs I Left Behind.", "In 2004, Tramp released the solo album Songs I Left Behind. The new White Lion and legal issues In 1999 after commencing his solo career, Mike Tramp, with all new musicians, also released Remembering White Lion, which featured new versions of some of White Lion's classic songs and started what would be a long battle to reform White Lion.", "The new White Lion and legal issues In 1999 after commencing his solo career, Mike Tramp, with all new musicians, also released Remembering White Lion, which featured new versions of some of White Lion's classic songs and started what would be a long battle to reform White Lion. In 2000, momentum for a new White Lion continued with the release of a second best of album titled White Lion Hits followed by an updated White Lion compilation titled The Essential White Lion.", "In 2000, momentum for a new White Lion continued with the release of a second best of album titled White Lion Hits followed by an updated White Lion compilation titled The Essential White Lion. In October 2003, Tramp announced a White Lion reunion with the original members. This statement was quickly denied by the other former members. Later Tramp said that Vito Bratta wanted nothing to do with a reunion.", "Later Tramp said that Vito Bratta wanted nothing to do with a reunion. With summer festivals in Europe already booked, Tramp attempted to put together a \"new White Lion\" featuring former members James LoMenzo and Jimmy DeGrasso, along with Warren DeMartini of Ratt. Vito Bratta filed suit claiming partial ownership of the name, and the tour was scrapped. Tramp later commented that despite his willingness, \"There will never be an original White Lion reunion\".", "Tramp later commented that despite his willingness, \"There will never be an original White Lion reunion\". In 2004 due to legal issues, the album Remembering White Lion was re-released under the new title Last Roar featuring the band name Tramp's White Lion. In late 2004, Mike Tramp organized another group of unknown musicians and continued with a new White Lion under the act Tramp's White Lion, this however did not stop the persistent legal issues with former members. Despite all the issues, 'TWL' (a.k.a.", "Despite all the issues, 'TWL' (a.k.a. Despite all the issues, 'TWL' (a.k.a. White Lion 2) played and re-recorded White Lion songs, touring and releasing a box set titled The Bootleg Series in 2004 and a double-live CD entitled Rocking the USA in 2005.", "White Lion 2) played and re-recorded White Lion songs, touring and releasing a box set titled The Bootleg Series in 2004 and a double-live CD entitled Rocking the USA in 2005. The band had several concerts cancelled in late 2005 as promoters backed away due to the threat of possible legal action and by the end of the year Tramp had almost completely given up on White Lion, but six months later was inspired to continue with the booking of a European tour for November and December 2006.", "The band had several concerts cancelled in late 2005 as promoters backed away due to the threat of possible legal action and by the end of the year Tramp had almost completely given up on White Lion, but six months later was inspired to continue with the booking of a European tour for November and December 2006. Tramp's White Lion played several dates in Europe including Sweden, Norway, Spain, Italy, Greece, Turkey, Germany, Netherlands, Belgium and Denmark.", "Tramp's White Lion played several dates in Europe including Sweden, Norway, Spain, Italy, Greece, Turkey, Germany, Netherlands, Belgium and Denmark. In 2005, a Concert Anthology DVD was released followed by the album Anthology in 2006 featuring never before released songs and demo versions of White Lion classic songs from previous albums.", "In 2005, a Concert Anthology DVD was released followed by the album Anthology in 2006 featuring never before released songs and demo versions of White Lion classic songs from previous albums. On February 16, 2007, Vito Bratta appeared on the Eddie Trunk radio show in New York, stating that despite what Mike Tramp said, he had never refused a White Lion reunion, stating that the only reason he was unable to participate was due to the illness of his father.", "On February 16, 2007, Vito Bratta appeared on the Eddie Trunk radio show in New York, stating that despite what Mike Tramp said, he had never refused a White Lion reunion, stating that the only reason he was unable to participate was due to the illness of his father. He added that he would still be open to the idea and has not closed the door to returning to the music industry again.", "He added that he would still be open to the idea and has not closed the door to returning to the music industry again. Trunk made it clear that Bratta's involvement in the show was something that he had wanted to happen since White Lion first broke up in 1991. Bratta took calls and answered questions from fans for almost three hours. On April 6 and 7, 2007, at the L'Amours Reunion Shows in New York, Bratta made his first public musical appearances in over 15 years.", "On April 6 and 7, 2007, at the L'Amours Reunion Shows in New York, Bratta made his first public musical appearances in over 15 years. Three weeks later Mike Tramp called the same show from Australia, speaking about Bratta and the band's new album, including the tour dates that Tramp's White Lion had recently confirmed. Tramp said that he was thankful that Bratta had finally answered fan's questions, the same questions he himself had been asked many times over the past 15 years.", "Tramp said that he was thankful that Bratta had finally answered fan's questions, the same questions he himself had been asked many times over the past 15 years. He also stated that he felt uncomfortable answering on Vito's behalf, and that he was upset that Vito had withdrawn himself from the music industry.", "He also stated that he felt uncomfortable answering on Vito's behalf, and that he was upset that Vito had withdrawn himself from the music industry. Return of the Pride A White Lion compilation The Definitive Rock Collection was released in 2007 and the band was set for a summer tour with Poison and Ratt only to be dropped by the tour promoter after ex-White Lion guitarist Vito Bratta threatened to take legal action over the band name.", "Return of the Pride A White Lion compilation The Definitive Rock Collection was released in 2007 and the band was set for a summer tour with Poison and Ratt only to be dropped by the tour promoter after ex-White Lion guitarist Vito Bratta threatened to take legal action over the band name. In response to the rumors surrounding the White Lion and the Poison/Ratt summer tour, Tramp issued a statement explaining that tour promoters Live Nation's decision was not based on any controversy over whether Mike Tramp has the legal right to perform as White Lion.", "In response to the rumors surrounding the White Lion and the Poison/Ratt summer tour, Tramp issued a statement explaining that tour promoters Live Nation's decision was not based on any controversy over whether Mike Tramp has the legal right to perform as White Lion. Live Nation's decision was based upon the threatened lawsuit by Vito Bratta. Even though Live Nation believed Bratta's lawsuit to be frivolous and had confirmed that Mike Tramp has the legal right to perform as White Lion, they did not want to spend 'one dollar' on litigation.", "Even though Live Nation believed Bratta's lawsuit to be frivolous and had confirmed that Mike Tramp has the legal right to perform as White Lion, they did not want to spend 'one dollar' on litigation. Faced with the cancellation of a tour that was to begin within weeks, the band's attorneys went the extra mile to work out a deal with Vito Bratta to drop his threatened lawsuit but even with the threat of litigation eliminated, Live Nation continued on their ill-informed course of dropping White Lion from the Poison tour.", "Faced with the cancellation of a tour that was to begin within weeks, the band's attorneys went the extra mile to work out a deal with Vito Bratta to drop his threatened lawsuit but even with the threat of litigation eliminated, Live Nation continued on their ill-informed course of dropping White Lion from the Poison tour. Extremely upset with the decision, Tramp acknowledges the many fans across the United States who were also disappointed by Live Nation's decision.", "Extremely upset with the decision, Tramp acknowledges the many fans across the United States who were also disappointed by Live Nation's decision. Despite the threatened legal action and the band's removal from the Poison/Ratt tour, White Lion continued touring and fulfilled their many headline shows in the U.S. that were scheduled between the Poison shows, including the Rocklahoma festival with Poison, Ratt, Quiet Riot, Slaughter, Y&T, Gypsy Pistoleros, Dirty Penny, Greg Leon Invasion and Zendozer.", "Despite the threatened legal action and the band's removal from the Poison/Ratt tour, White Lion continued touring and fulfilled their many headline shows in the U.S. that were scheduled between the Poison shows, including the Rocklahoma festival with Poison, Ratt, Quiet Riot, Slaughter, Y&T, Gypsy Pistoleros, Dirty Penny, Greg Leon Invasion and Zendozer. Tramp also confirmed to MelodicRock.com that the band had just finished recording its new studio album and the CD would be mixed by Dennis Ward and titled Return of the Pride.", "Tramp also confirmed to MelodicRock.com that the band had just finished recording its new studio album and the CD would be mixed by Dennis Ward and titled Return of the Pride. The new studio album entitled Return of the Pride was released on March 14, 2008 and the band was now once again simply known as White Lion. The band did a world tour to support the album. White Lion toured India and played to 42,000 at Shillong, Meghalaya, and a 30,000 plus crowd at the Dimapur stadium in Nagaland.", "White Lion toured India and played to 42,000 at Shillong, Meghalaya, and a 30,000 plus crowd at the Dimapur stadium in Nagaland. The band was invited to India by the head of the Tripura Royal Family Maharaja Kirit Pradyot Deb Burman. The album featured the singles \"Dream\" and \"Live Your Life\". A live DVD was released on December 5, 2008 entitled Bang Your Head Festival 2005.", "A live DVD was released on December 5, 2008 entitled Bang Your Head Festival 2005. White Lion: final activities Following the release of Return of the Pride, Tramp faced a tumultuous time of professional indecision as he tried to decide between continuing his solo career or pouring his energy into White Lion.", "White Lion: final activities Following the release of Return of the Pride, Tramp faced a tumultuous time of professional indecision as he tried to decide between continuing his solo career or pouring his energy into White Lion. With White Lion ultimately put on hold again Tramp continues with his solo career releasing the album Mike Tramp & The Rock 'N' Roll Circuz in 2009, which is also now the name of his solo band, a Copenhagen-based band with all Danish members.", "With White Lion ultimately put on hold again Tramp continues with his solo career releasing the album Mike Tramp & The Rock 'N' Roll Circuz in 2009, which is also now the name of his solo band, a Copenhagen-based band with all Danish members. The album was initially intended to be the next new White Lion album but a new solo band was formed instead.", "The album was initially intended to be the next new White Lion album but a new solo band was formed instead. The album hit the IFPI, Denmark's official top 40 hitlist albums' at number 16 and features the singles \"All of My Life\" and \"Come On\" which also features a music video.", "The album hit the IFPI, Denmark's official top 40 hitlist albums' at number 16 and features the singles \"All of My Life\" and \"Come On\" which also features a music video. In 2011, Tramp released the solo album Stand Your Ground featuring the singles \"Distance\" and \"Hymn to Ronnie\", a tribute song to former Heaven & Hell and Black Sabbath vocalist Ronnie James Dio, who died on May 16, 2010.", "In 2011, Tramp released the solo album Stand Your Ground featuring the singles \"Distance\" and \"Hymn to Ronnie\", a tribute song to former Heaven & Hell and Black Sabbath vocalist Ronnie James Dio, who died on May 16, 2010. On April 8, 2013, Tramp released the acoustic folk style rock album Cobblestone Street. The album charted at Denmark's official top 40 hitlist albums' at number 21 and features the singles \"New Day\" and \"Revolution\".", "The album charted at Denmark's official top 40 hitlist albums' at number 21 and features the singles \"New Day\" and \"Revolution\". While promoting his solo album, Tramp announced in several interviews that there would no longer be a White Lion of any kind, including the new White Lion or any possible reunions. In August 2014, Tramp released the acoustic folk style rock album Museum.", "In August 2014, Tramp released the acoustic folk style rock album Museum. The album charted at Denmark's official top 40 hitlist albums' at number 3 and includes the singles \"Trust in Yourself\" which features a music video directed by his son Dylan and \"Freedom\". Following this release, Tramp once again confirmed there would be no more White Lion. With White Lion officially over, the voice of the band Mike Tramp continued with his solo career releasing the album Nomad in 2015.", "With White Lion officially over, the voice of the band Mike Tramp continued with his solo career releasing the album Nomad in 2015. The album charted on Denmark's official top 40 hitlist albums at number 21 and features the singles \"High Like a Mountain\" and \"Give It All You Got\", which features a music video filmed and edited in Copenhagen.", "The album charted on Denmark's official top 40 hitlist albums at number 21 and features the singles \"High Like a Mountain\" and \"Give It All You Got\", which features a music video filmed and edited in Copenhagen. In 2016, following up on Nomads success and the award for \"Classic Rock Album of the Year\" at High Voltage Rock Awards, Tramp released the single \"Stay\" which like previous singles was played heavily on Danish national radio.", "In 2016, following up on Nomads success and the award for \"Classic Rock Album of the Year\" at High Voltage Rock Awards, Tramp released the single \"Stay\" which like previous singles was played heavily on Danish national radio. \"Stay\" came with a video that showed former White Lion frontman Mike Tramp in total isolation, living the life of a forest worker in the beautiful Scandinavian woods.", "\"Stay\" came with a video that showed former White Lion frontman Mike Tramp in total isolation, living the life of a forest worker in the beautiful Scandinavian woods. Band members Last line-up Mike Tramp – lead vocals, rhythm guitar (1983–1992,1999–2009) Jamie Law – lead guitar (2004–2009) Troy Patrick Farrell – drums (2004–2009) Claus Langeskov – bass (2004–2009) Henning Wanner – keyboards (2004–2009) Former members Vito Bratta – lead guitar, backing vocals (1983–1992) Joe Hasselvander – drums (1983) Nicki Capozzi – drums (1983–1984) Felix Robinson – bass (1983–1984) Bruno Ravel – bass (1984) Dave Spitz – bass (1985) James LoMenzo – bass, backing vocals (1985–1991) Greg D'Angelo – drums (1985–1991) Jimmy DeGrasso – drums (1991–1992) Tommy T–Bone Caradonna – bass (1991–1992) Kasper Damgaard – lead guitar (1999–2003) Nils Kroyer – bass (1999–2003) Bjarne T. Holm – drums (1999–2003) Dan Hemmer – keyboards (1999–2003) Timeline Social issues Unlike most bands of their genre, White Lion recorded occasional songs that addressed social or political issues such as apartheid (\"Cry for Freedom\"), the war in El Salvador (\"El Salvador\") and the effect of divorce on children (\"Broken Home\").", "Band members Last line-up Mike Tramp – lead vocals, rhythm guitar (1983–1992,1999–2009) Jamie Law – lead guitar (2004–2009) Troy Patrick Farrell – drums (2004–2009) Claus Langeskov – bass (2004–2009) Henning Wanner – keyboards (2004–2009) Former members Vito Bratta – lead guitar, backing vocals (1983–1992) Joe Hasselvander – drums (1983) Nicki Capozzi – drums (1983–1984) Felix Robinson – bass (1983–1984) Bruno Ravel – bass (1984) Dave Spitz – bass (1985) James LoMenzo – bass, backing vocals (1985–1991) Greg D'Angelo – drums (1985–1991) Jimmy DeGrasso – drums (1991–1992) Tommy T–Bone Caradonna – bass (1991–1992) Kasper Damgaard – lead guitar (1999–2003) Nils Kroyer – bass (1999–2003) Bjarne T. Holm – drums (1999–2003) Dan Hemmer – keyboards (1999–2003) Timeline Social issues Unlike most bands of their genre, White Lion recorded occasional songs that addressed social or political issues such as apartheid (\"Cry for Freedom\"), the war in El Salvador (\"El Salvador\") and the effect of divorce on children (\"Broken Home\"). The song \"Little Fighter\" was about the Rainbow Warrior, a ship owned by the environmental group Greenpeace that was destroyed by operatives of the French intelligence service.", "The song \"Little Fighter\" was about the Rainbow Warrior, a ship owned by the environmental group Greenpeace that was destroyed by operatives of the French intelligence service. This concern for political and social issues was also hinted at in the cover art to their album Big Game, which featured a lion's head hidden in tall grass with the White House in the background.", "This concern for political and social issues was also hinted at in the cover art to their album Big Game, which featured a lion's head hidden in tall grass with the White House in the background. Discography See also List of glam metal bands and artists References American glam metal musical groups Musical groups established in 1983 Musical groups disestablished in 1992 Musical groups reestablished in 1999 Atlantic Records artists" ]

[ "White Lion", "Return of the Pride", "When was the return of the pride?", "The new studio album entitled \"Return of the Pride\" was released on March 14, 2008", "was it successful?", "I don't know.", "did they go on tour?", "The band did a world tour to support the album." ]

[ "40 Dayz & 40 Nightz is the second studio album by American rapper Xzibit. It was released on August 25, 1998 by Loud Records and RCA Records.\n\nThe album featured four singles \"What U See Is What U Get\", \"3 Card Molly\", \"Los Angeles Times\" and \"Pussy Pop\". \"What U See Is What U Get\" earned Xzibit some his highest charting placements in his career.\n\nTrack listing\n\nChart positions\n\nSingles\n\nReferences\n\n1998 albums\nHorrorcore albums\nAlbums produced by Bud'da\nAlbums produced by Soopafly\nXzibit albums\nRCA Records albums\nLoud Records albums", "\"If I Were You\" is a 1995 single written by k.d. lang and Ben Mink and performed by k.d. lang. The single was the first single released from lang's third studio album, All You Can Eat (1995), on 18 September 1995.\n\n\"If I Were You\" reached number 24 on the Canadian RPM Top Singles chart and number four on the RPM Adult Contemporary chart. On the US Billboard charts, the single reached number 15 on the Bubbling Under Hot 100 and was lang's second and final number one on the Hot Dance Club Play chart. Overseas, \"If I Were You\" peaked at number 23 in Australia, number 50 in New Zealand, and number 53 in the United Kingdom. Billboard named it lang's sixth-best song.\n\nTrack listings\n\nUS 7-inch and CD single\n \"If I Were You\" – 3:38\n \"Get Some\" – 3:37\n\nEuropean CD single\n \"If I Were You\" – 3:58\n \"Get Some\" – 3:37\n \"What's New Pussycat\" (live) – 2:44\n\nAustralian maxi-single\n \"If I Were You\" (album version)\n \"If I Were You\" (Close to the Groove edit)\n \"If I Were You\" (Smokin' Lounge Mix)\n \"If I Were You\" (Junior's X-Beat Mix)\n \"If I Were You\" (album edit)\n \"What's New Pussycat\" (live)\n\nCharts\n\nWeekly charts\n\nYear-end charts\n\nRelease history\n\nSee also\n List of number-one dance singles of 1996 (U.S.)\n\nReferences\n\n1995 singles\n1995 songs\nK.d. lang songs\nMusic videos directed by Kevin Kerslake\nSongs written by Ben Mink\nSongs written by k.d. lang" ]

[ "White Lion was an American glam metal band that was formed in New York City in 1983 by Danish vocalist/guitarist Mike Tramp and American guitarist Vito Bratta. Mainly active in the 1980s and early 1990s, they released their debut album Fight to Survive in 1985. The band achieved success with their No. 8 hit \"Wait\" and No. 3 hit \"When the Children Cry\" from their second album, the double platinum selling Pride.", "3 hit \"When the Children Cry\" from their second album, the double platinum selling Pride. The band continued their success with their third album, Big Game which achieved Gold status and their fourth album Mane Attraction which included a supporting tour. White Lion disbanded in 1992 and not long after their first compilation album, The Best of White Lion was released. Mike Tramp reformed White Lion with all new musicians in 1999 and again in 2004, following a failed attempt to reform the original line up.", "Mike Tramp reformed White Lion with all new musicians in 1999 and again in 2004, following a failed attempt to reform the original line up. The new White Lion released a live album in 2005 and a brand new studio album Return of the Pride in 2008. Biography Fight to Survive After moving from Denmark to Spain and then New York City, vocalist Mike Tramp (formerly of the bands Mabel, Studs and Danish Lions) met Staten Island guitarist Vito Bratta (formerly of Dreamer) in 1983.", "Biography Fight to Survive After moving from Denmark to Spain and then New York City, vocalist Mike Tramp (formerly of the bands Mabel, Studs and Danish Lions) met Staten Island guitarist Vito Bratta (formerly of Dreamer) in 1983. They decided to put together a new band and recruited drummer Nicki Capozzi and bassist Felix Robinson (formerly of Angel) and named the group White Lion. White Lion was signed by Elektra Records in 1984 and recorded their debut album Fight to Survive.", "White Lion was signed by Elektra Records in 1984 and recorded their debut album Fight to Survive. Elektra was unhappy with the final recording, and after refusing to release the album, terminated the band's contract. The album Fight to Survive was eventually released by Victor Company of Japan, Ltd, (JVC Records) in Japan in 1985. Philadelphia-based Grand Slamm Records bought the album from Elektra and released it in America the following year, under licensed by Elektra/Asylum Records. A few months later, Grand Slamm Records went bankrupt.", "A few months later, Grand Slamm Records went bankrupt. Fight to Survive charted at number 151 on Billboard 200 and featured the band's debut single and music video, \"Broken Heart\". In 1985, Felix Robinson departed after they were dropped by Elektra and was replaced by bassist Dave Spitz (brother of Anthrax guitarist Dan Spitz). With the Tramp, Bratta, Capozzi, Spitz line-up, the band recorded a round of demos and continued to play shows in New York while shopping around for a new record deal.", "With the Tramp, Bratta, Capozzi, Spitz line-up, the band recorded a round of demos and continued to play shows in New York while shopping around for a new record deal. This incarnation of White Lion was hired to play a fictional band in the Tom Hanks/Shelley Long movie The Money Pit, which was released a year later. The soundtrack features the song \"Web of Desire\" (credited to \"White Lion and Robey (portrayed by Louise Robey), which was demoed that year.", "The soundtrack features the song \"Web of Desire\" (credited to \"White Lion and Robey (portrayed by Louise Robey), which was demoed that year. The film soundtrack was never officially released although the song plays in the movie during both of their scenes. Dave Spitz left at the end of 1985 to join Black Sabbath, and was replaced by James LoMenzo. Nicki Capozzi was subsequently fired and replaced by former Anthrax drummer Greg D'Angelo. Pride Early in 1987, the band was signed by Atlantic Records.", "Pride Early in 1987, the band was signed by Atlantic Records. The recording of the album took six weeks and on June 21, 1987 their album Pride was released. The first single, \"Wait\", was released on June 1, 1987, but did not reach the charts for nearly seven months. The Pride tour started in July 1987 as White Lion opened for Frehley's Comet.", "The Pride tour started in July 1987 as White Lion opened for Frehley's Comet. The next year and a half was filled with constant touring, opening for such bands as Aerosmith, Ozzy Osbourne, Stryper and Kiss. In January 1988 White Lion landed the opening slot for AC/DC on their Blow Up Your Video American tour.", "In January 1988 White Lion landed the opening slot for AC/DC on their Blow Up Your Video American tour. While touring with AC/DC, the Pride album and \"Wait\" single finally charted, due in no small part to MTV airing the \"Wait\" music video in regular rotation—nearly seven months after the single's release. \"Wait\" hit No. 8 on the singles chart, while Pride hit No. 11 on the album charts.", "11 on the album charts. 11 on the album charts. Pride would remain on the Top 200 Billboard album charts for a full year, selling two million copies in the US alone and achieving double platinum status. In August 1988, the album's second single, \"Tell Me\", reached No. 58. Around the time this single was released, White Lion played at the Ritz club in New York City. The show was filmed and later aired on MTV.", "The show was filmed and later aired on MTV. The show was filmed and later aired on MTV. The Pride album's third single, a power ballad titled \"When the Children Cry\", made it to No. 3 on the charts with heavy MTV airplay. The success of \"When the Children Cry\" would eventually push sales of Pride over the two million mark.", "The success of \"When the Children Cry\" would eventually push sales of Pride over the two million mark. In addition, Vito Bratta was recognized for his instrumental talents by racking up Best New Guitarist awards with both Guitar World magazine and Guitar for the Practicing Musician magazine. \"All You Need Is Rock 'n' Roll\" was the final single released from the album.", "\"All You Need Is Rock 'n' Roll\" was the final single released from the album. In the spring of 1989, the Pride tour finally ended, and the band released their first video albums titled \"Live at the Ritz\" and \"One Night in Tokyo\" both of which featuring full concerts on VHS. The band then immediately began work on their next album.", "The band then immediately began work on their next album. Big Game & Mane Attraction In August 1989, White Lion released their third album, Big Game, a musically eclectic follow-up to Pride that featured the single \"Little Fighter\" (which peaked at No. 52), in Memory of The Rainbow Warrior, a Greenpeace boat which was destroyed by the French. A cover of Golden Earring's \"Radar Love\" (which peaked at No.", "A cover of Golden Earring's \"Radar Love\" (which peaked at No. 59) was released as the second single and \"Cry for Freedom\", a political song about apartheid in South Africa was released as the third single. \"Going Home Tonight\" was released as the album's final single. The album quickly went gold, with a peak of No. 19 on the album charts. The band's success continued with more constant touring.", "The band's success continued with more constant touring. The band's success continued with more constant touring. After two years of writing and recording, White Lion released their fourth album Mane Attraction in the spring of 1991.", "After two years of writing and recording, White Lion released their fourth album Mane Attraction in the spring of 1991. The album featured the singles \"Love Don't Come Easy\" which peaked at number 24 on The Mainstream Rock Charts, \"Lights and Thunder\" which is a eight-minute heavy rock epic with a complex structure inspired by Led Zeppelin’s Achilles Last Stand.and a re-recorded version of the band's debut single \"Broken Heart\", all of which featured music videos.", "The album featured the singles \"Love Don't Come Easy\" which peaked at number 24 on The Mainstream Rock Charts, \"Lights and Thunder\" which is a eight-minute heavy rock epic with a complex structure inspired by Led Zeppelin’s Achilles Last Stand.and a re-recorded version of the band's debut single \"Broken Heart\", all of which featured music videos. \"Out with the Boys\" and \"You're All I Need\" were released as promo singles and \"Farewell to You\" featured a music video montage.", "\"Out with the Boys\" and \"You're All I Need\" were released as promo singles and \"Farewell to You\" featured a music video montage. The album also contained White Lion's only instrumental song, \"Blue Monday\", a tribute to Stevie Ray Vaughan, who had died while the band was writing the album. The album's two ballads \"You're All I Need\" and \"Till Death Do Us Part\" gained popular airplay in Indonesia and the Philippines.", "The album's two ballads \"You're All I Need\" and \"Till Death Do Us Part\" gained popular airplay in Indonesia and the Philippines. Greg D'Angelo and James LoMenzo left the band soon after the album's release, citing \"musical differences,\" but White Lion carried on with bassist Tommy T-Bone Caradonna and drummer Jimmy DeGrasso (Megadeth, Alice Cooper, Suicidal Tendencies, Y&T, Fiona).", "Greg D'Angelo and James LoMenzo left the band soon after the album's release, citing \"musical differences,\" but White Lion carried on with bassist Tommy T-Bone Caradonna and drummer Jimmy DeGrasso (Megadeth, Alice Cooper, Suicidal Tendencies, Y&T, Fiona). Break-up After briefly touring in support of Mane Attraction, Tramp and Bratta decided to fold the group, their last show being held in Boston at the Channel in September 1991.", "Break-up After briefly touring in support of Mane Attraction, Tramp and Bratta decided to fold the group, their last show being held in Boston at the Channel in September 1991. Exactly one year later, in September 1992, the band's first compilation album was released, titled The Best of White Lion. A Video/DVD album featuring concert footage, behind the scenes interviews and all of the band's music videos was also released, titled Escape from Brooklyn.", "A Video/DVD album featuring concert footage, behind the scenes interviews and all of the band's music videos was also released, titled Escape from Brooklyn. When asked what the album would be like if he and Vito Bratta had released another album after Mane Attraction, Tramp said it would have hinted at their growth and evolution, and taken them further away from the '80s sound.", "When asked what the album would be like if he and Vito Bratta had released another album after Mane Attraction, Tramp said it would have hinted at their growth and evolution, and taken them further away from the '80s sound. He commented: After White Lion James LoMenzo and Greg D'Angelo joined Zakk Wylde's band, Lynyrd Skynhead, in the mid 1990s which became the band Pride & Glory when Greg D'Angelo was replaced by Brian Tichy. Pride & Glory released one album, then James LoMenzo left the band.", "Pride & Glory released one album, then James LoMenzo left the band. James went on to record and tour with ex-Van Halen frontman David Lee Roth, Zakk Wylde's band Black Label Society, thrash metal pioneers Megadeth, and in 2013, joined John Fogerty's solo band. Vito Bratta stayed briefly with Atlantic Records to help produce an album for CPR, and later tried to form a new music group that never panned out.", "Vito Bratta stayed briefly with Atlantic Records to help produce an album for CPR, and later tried to form a new music group that never panned out. Despite a dedicated worldwide following of guitar aficionados, Vito disappeared from public view from 1994 until his interview by Eddie Trunk live on February 16, 2007. Vito is the sole owner of the White Lion music catalog, retaining the legal and distributive rights to all four original albums.", "Vito is the sole owner of the White Lion music catalog, retaining the legal and distributive rights to all four original albums. The material was licensed entirely to Bratta's Vavoom Music, Inc, when Tramp sold off his share in the mid 1990s. Freak of Nature Mike Tramp went on to form the hard rock / heavy metal band Freak of Nature, The follow up was significantly heavier and darker than White Lion, featuring two guitar players and more visceral songs with a strong rhythmic foundation.", "Freak of Nature Mike Tramp went on to form the hard rock / heavy metal band Freak of Nature, The follow up was significantly heavier and darker than White Lion, featuring two guitar players and more visceral songs with a strong rhythmic foundation. The band released three albums between 1992 and 1998, Freak of Nature, Gathering of Freaks, and Outcasts. The band shared stages with Helloween and Dio in Europe in 1993. Freak of Nature eventually disbanded in 1996.", "Freak of Nature eventually disbanded in 1996. Freak of Nature eventually disbanded in 1996. Tramp has often called Freak of Nature the best band he has been a part of and also said that he wanted to stray from the 80s sound and adopt a more 70s approach. Mike Tramp solo career Following Freak of Nature, Tramp began a solo career, releasing his debut album as a solo artist in 1998 titled Capricorn. The album featured former Freak of Nature bandmates, guitarist Kenny Korade and bass player Jerry Best.", "The album featured former Freak of Nature bandmates, guitarist Kenny Korade and bass player Jerry Best. Former White Lion bass guitarist James LoMenzo performed backing vocals on the album. The song \"Better Off\" was released as Tramp's debut solo single and features his first solo music video. The album also features the singles \"Already Gone\", \"If I Live Tomorrow\" and \"Take a Little Time\".", "The album also features the singles \"Already Gone\", \"If I Live Tomorrow\" and \"Take a Little Time\". It would be five years before Tramp returned to the studio to record his follow-up album, Recovering the Wasted Years, during which time he would move to Australia, with the aim of raising his son away from the rigors of big city life and to plan his next career move.", "It would be five years before Tramp returned to the studio to record his follow-up album, Recovering the Wasted Years, during which time he would move to Australia, with the aim of raising his son away from the rigors of big city life and to plan his next career move. Recovering the Wasted Years was released in 2002 and featured the singles \"Living a Lie\" and \"Endless Highway\" both featuring live music videos.", "Recovering the Wasted Years was released in 2002 and featured the singles \"Living a Lie\" and \"Endless Highway\" both featuring live music videos. In 2003, Tramp followed-up with his third album, More to Life Than This, which Tramp once again produced himself but relied on producer/engineer Flemming Rasmussen (Metallica) to engineer and mix the sessions in his very own Sweet Silence Studios.", "In 2003, Tramp followed-up with his third album, More to Life Than This, which Tramp once again produced himself but relied on producer/engineer Flemming Rasmussen (Metallica) to engineer and mix the sessions in his very own Sweet Silence Studios. The album's title track, \"More to Life Than This\", and \"Don't Want to Say Good Night\" were both released as singles. A music video made in Australia was released for the song \"Lay Down My Life For You\".", "A music video made in Australia was released for the song \"Lay Down My Life For You\". Also in 2003, Tramp released the double disc live album Rock 'N' Roll Alive, which features Tramp performing live versions of songs from White Lion, Freak of Nature, and his solo albums. In 2004, Tramp released the solo album Songs I Left Behind.", "In 2004, Tramp released the solo album Songs I Left Behind. The new White Lion and legal issues In 1999 after commencing his solo career, Mike Tramp, with all new musicians, also released Remembering White Lion, which featured new versions of some of White Lion's classic songs and started what would be a long battle to reform White Lion.", "The new White Lion and legal issues In 1999 after commencing his solo career, Mike Tramp, with all new musicians, also released Remembering White Lion, which featured new versions of some of White Lion's classic songs and started what would be a long battle to reform White Lion. In 2000, momentum for a new White Lion continued with the release of a second best of album titled White Lion Hits followed by an updated White Lion compilation titled The Essential White Lion.", "In 2000, momentum for a new White Lion continued with the release of a second best of album titled White Lion Hits followed by an updated White Lion compilation titled The Essential White Lion. In October 2003, Tramp announced a White Lion reunion with the original members. This statement was quickly denied by the other former members. Later Tramp said that Vito Bratta wanted nothing to do with a reunion.", "Later Tramp said that Vito Bratta wanted nothing to do with a reunion. With summer festivals in Europe already booked, Tramp attempted to put together a \"new White Lion\" featuring former members James LoMenzo and Jimmy DeGrasso, along with Warren DeMartini of Ratt. Vito Bratta filed suit claiming partial ownership of the name, and the tour was scrapped. Tramp later commented that despite his willingness, \"There will never be an original White Lion reunion\".", "Tramp later commented that despite his willingness, \"There will never be an original White Lion reunion\". In 2004 due to legal issues, the album Remembering White Lion was re-released under the new title Last Roar featuring the band name Tramp's White Lion. In late 2004, Mike Tramp organized another group of unknown musicians and continued with a new White Lion under the act Tramp's White Lion, this however did not stop the persistent legal issues with former members. Despite all the issues, 'TWL' (a.k.a.", "Despite all the issues, 'TWL' (a.k.a. Despite all the issues, 'TWL' (a.k.a. White Lion 2) played and re-recorded White Lion songs, touring and releasing a box set titled The Bootleg Series in 2004 and a double-live CD entitled Rocking the USA in 2005.", "White Lion 2) played and re-recorded White Lion songs, touring and releasing a box set titled The Bootleg Series in 2004 and a double-live CD entitled Rocking the USA in 2005. The band had several concerts cancelled in late 2005 as promoters backed away due to the threat of possible legal action and by the end of the year Tramp had almost completely given up on White Lion, but six months later was inspired to continue with the booking of a European tour for November and December 2006.", "The band had several concerts cancelled in late 2005 as promoters backed away due to the threat of possible legal action and by the end of the year Tramp had almost completely given up on White Lion, but six months later was inspired to continue with the booking of a European tour for November and December 2006. Tramp's White Lion played several dates in Europe including Sweden, Norway, Spain, Italy, Greece, Turkey, Germany, Netherlands, Belgium and Denmark.", "Tramp's White Lion played several dates in Europe including Sweden, Norway, Spain, Italy, Greece, Turkey, Germany, Netherlands, Belgium and Denmark. In 2005, a Concert Anthology DVD was released followed by the album Anthology in 2006 featuring never before released songs and demo versions of White Lion classic songs from previous albums.", "In 2005, a Concert Anthology DVD was released followed by the album Anthology in 2006 featuring never before released songs and demo versions of White Lion classic songs from previous albums. On February 16, 2007, Vito Bratta appeared on the Eddie Trunk radio show in New York, stating that despite what Mike Tramp said, he had never refused a White Lion reunion, stating that the only reason he was unable to participate was due to the illness of his father.", "On February 16, 2007, Vito Bratta appeared on the Eddie Trunk radio show in New York, stating that despite what Mike Tramp said, he had never refused a White Lion reunion, stating that the only reason he was unable to participate was due to the illness of his father. He added that he would still be open to the idea and has not closed the door to returning to the music industry again.", "He added that he would still be open to the idea and has not closed the door to returning to the music industry again. Trunk made it clear that Bratta's involvement in the show was something that he had wanted to happen since White Lion first broke up in 1991. Bratta took calls and answered questions from fans for almost three hours. On April 6 and 7, 2007, at the L'Amours Reunion Shows in New York, Bratta made his first public musical appearances in over 15 years.", "On April 6 and 7, 2007, at the L'Amours Reunion Shows in New York, Bratta made his first public musical appearances in over 15 years. Three weeks later Mike Tramp called the same show from Australia, speaking about Bratta and the band's new album, including the tour dates that Tramp's White Lion had recently confirmed. Tramp said that he was thankful that Bratta had finally answered fan's questions, the same questions he himself had been asked many times over the past 15 years.", "Tramp said that he was thankful that Bratta had finally answered fan's questions, the same questions he himself had been asked many times over the past 15 years. He also stated that he felt uncomfortable answering on Vito's behalf, and that he was upset that Vito had withdrawn himself from the music industry.", "He also stated that he felt uncomfortable answering on Vito's behalf, and that he was upset that Vito had withdrawn himself from the music industry. Return of the Pride A White Lion compilation The Definitive Rock Collection was released in 2007 and the band was set for a summer tour with Poison and Ratt only to be dropped by the tour promoter after ex-White Lion guitarist Vito Bratta threatened to take legal action over the band name.", "Return of the Pride A White Lion compilation The Definitive Rock Collection was released in 2007 and the band was set for a summer tour with Poison and Ratt only to be dropped by the tour promoter after ex-White Lion guitarist Vito Bratta threatened to take legal action over the band name. In response to the rumors surrounding the White Lion and the Poison/Ratt summer tour, Tramp issued a statement explaining that tour promoters Live Nation's decision was not based on any controversy over whether Mike Tramp has the legal right to perform as White Lion.", "In response to the rumors surrounding the White Lion and the Poison/Ratt summer tour, Tramp issued a statement explaining that tour promoters Live Nation's decision was not based on any controversy over whether Mike Tramp has the legal right to perform as White Lion. Live Nation's decision was based upon the threatened lawsuit by Vito Bratta. Even though Live Nation believed Bratta's lawsuit to be frivolous and had confirmed that Mike Tramp has the legal right to perform as White Lion, they did not want to spend 'one dollar' on litigation.", "Even though Live Nation believed Bratta's lawsuit to be frivolous and had confirmed that Mike Tramp has the legal right to perform as White Lion, they did not want to spend 'one dollar' on litigation. Faced with the cancellation of a tour that was to begin within weeks, the band's attorneys went the extra mile to work out a deal with Vito Bratta to drop his threatened lawsuit but even with the threat of litigation eliminated, Live Nation continued on their ill-informed course of dropping White Lion from the Poison tour.", "Faced with the cancellation of a tour that was to begin within weeks, the band's attorneys went the extra mile to work out a deal with Vito Bratta to drop his threatened lawsuit but even with the threat of litigation eliminated, Live Nation continued on their ill-informed course of dropping White Lion from the Poison tour. Extremely upset with the decision, Tramp acknowledges the many fans across the United States who were also disappointed by Live Nation's decision.", "Extremely upset with the decision, Tramp acknowledges the many fans across the United States who were also disappointed by Live Nation's decision. Despite the threatened legal action and the band's removal from the Poison/Ratt tour, White Lion continued touring and fulfilled their many headline shows in the U.S. that were scheduled between the Poison shows, including the Rocklahoma festival with Poison, Ratt, Quiet Riot, Slaughter, Y&T, Gypsy Pistoleros, Dirty Penny, Greg Leon Invasion and Zendozer.", "Despite the threatened legal action and the band's removal from the Poison/Ratt tour, White Lion continued touring and fulfilled their many headline shows in the U.S. that were scheduled between the Poison shows, including the Rocklahoma festival with Poison, Ratt, Quiet Riot, Slaughter, Y&T, Gypsy Pistoleros, Dirty Penny, Greg Leon Invasion and Zendozer. Tramp also confirmed to MelodicRock.com that the band had just finished recording its new studio album and the CD would be mixed by Dennis Ward and titled Return of the Pride.", "Tramp also confirmed to MelodicRock.com that the band had just finished recording its new studio album and the CD would be mixed by Dennis Ward and titled Return of the Pride. The new studio album entitled Return of the Pride was released on March 14, 2008 and the band was now once again simply known as White Lion. The band did a world tour to support the album. White Lion toured India and played to 42,000 at Shillong, Meghalaya, and a 30,000 plus crowd at the Dimapur stadium in Nagaland.", "White Lion toured India and played to 42,000 at Shillong, Meghalaya, and a 30,000 plus crowd at the Dimapur stadium in Nagaland. The band was invited to India by the head of the Tripura Royal Family Maharaja Kirit Pradyot Deb Burman. The album featured the singles \"Dream\" and \"Live Your Life\". A live DVD was released on December 5, 2008 entitled Bang Your Head Festival 2005.", "A live DVD was released on December 5, 2008 entitled Bang Your Head Festival 2005. White Lion: final activities Following the release of Return of the Pride, Tramp faced a tumultuous time of professional indecision as he tried to decide between continuing his solo career or pouring his energy into White Lion.", "White Lion: final activities Following the release of Return of the Pride, Tramp faced a tumultuous time of professional indecision as he tried to decide between continuing his solo career or pouring his energy into White Lion. With White Lion ultimately put on hold again Tramp continues with his solo career releasing the album Mike Tramp & The Rock 'N' Roll Circuz in 2009, which is also now the name of his solo band, a Copenhagen-based band with all Danish members.", "With White Lion ultimately put on hold again Tramp continues with his solo career releasing the album Mike Tramp & The Rock 'N' Roll Circuz in 2009, which is also now the name of his solo band, a Copenhagen-based band with all Danish members. The album was initially intended to be the next new White Lion album but a new solo band was formed instead.", "The album was initially intended to be the next new White Lion album but a new solo band was formed instead. The album hit the IFPI, Denmark's official top 40 hitlist albums' at number 16 and features the singles \"All of My Life\" and \"Come On\" which also features a music video.", "The album hit the IFPI, Denmark's official top 40 hitlist albums' at number 16 and features the singles \"All of My Life\" and \"Come On\" which also features a music video. In 2011, Tramp released the solo album Stand Your Ground featuring the singles \"Distance\" and \"Hymn to Ronnie\", a tribute song to former Heaven & Hell and Black Sabbath vocalist Ronnie James Dio, who died on May 16, 2010.", "In 2011, Tramp released the solo album Stand Your Ground featuring the singles \"Distance\" and \"Hymn to Ronnie\", a tribute song to former Heaven & Hell and Black Sabbath vocalist Ronnie James Dio, who died on May 16, 2010. On April 8, 2013, Tramp released the acoustic folk style rock album Cobblestone Street. The album charted at Denmark's official top 40 hitlist albums' at number 21 and features the singles \"New Day\" and \"Revolution\".", "The album charted at Denmark's official top 40 hitlist albums' at number 21 and features the singles \"New Day\" and \"Revolution\". While promoting his solo album, Tramp announced in several interviews that there would no longer be a White Lion of any kind, including the new White Lion or any possible reunions. In August 2014, Tramp released the acoustic folk style rock album Museum.", "In August 2014, Tramp released the acoustic folk style rock album Museum. The album charted at Denmark's official top 40 hitlist albums' at number 3 and includes the singles \"Trust in Yourself\" which features a music video directed by his son Dylan and \"Freedom\". Following this release, Tramp once again confirmed there would be no more White Lion. With White Lion officially over, the voice of the band Mike Tramp continued with his solo career releasing the album Nomad in 2015.", "With White Lion officially over, the voice of the band Mike Tramp continued with his solo career releasing the album Nomad in 2015. The album charted on Denmark's official top 40 hitlist albums at number 21 and features the singles \"High Like a Mountain\" and \"Give It All You Got\", which features a music video filmed and edited in Copenhagen.", "The album charted on Denmark's official top 40 hitlist albums at number 21 and features the singles \"High Like a Mountain\" and \"Give It All You Got\", which features a music video filmed and edited in Copenhagen. In 2016, following up on Nomads success and the award for \"Classic Rock Album of the Year\" at High Voltage Rock Awards, Tramp released the single \"Stay\" which like previous singles was played heavily on Danish national radio.", "In 2016, following up on Nomads success and the award for \"Classic Rock Album of the Year\" at High Voltage Rock Awards, Tramp released the single \"Stay\" which like previous singles was played heavily on Danish national radio. \"Stay\" came with a video that showed former White Lion frontman Mike Tramp in total isolation, living the life of a forest worker in the beautiful Scandinavian woods.", "\"Stay\" came with a video that showed former White Lion frontman Mike Tramp in total isolation, living the life of a forest worker in the beautiful Scandinavian woods. Band members Last line-up Mike Tramp – lead vocals, rhythm guitar (1983–1992,1999–2009) Jamie Law – lead guitar (2004–2009) Troy Patrick Farrell – drums (2004–2009) Claus Langeskov – bass (2004–2009) Henning Wanner – keyboards (2004–2009) Former members Vito Bratta – lead guitar, backing vocals (1983–1992) Joe Hasselvander – drums (1983) Nicki Capozzi – drums (1983–1984) Felix Robinson – bass (1983–1984) Bruno Ravel – bass (1984) Dave Spitz – bass (1985) James LoMenzo – bass, backing vocals (1985–1991) Greg D'Angelo – drums (1985–1991) Jimmy DeGrasso – drums (1991–1992) Tommy T–Bone Caradonna – bass (1991–1992) Kasper Damgaard – lead guitar (1999–2003) Nils Kroyer – bass (1999–2003) Bjarne T. Holm – drums (1999–2003) Dan Hemmer – keyboards (1999–2003) Timeline Social issues Unlike most bands of their genre, White Lion recorded occasional songs that addressed social or political issues such as apartheid (\"Cry for Freedom\"), the war in El Salvador (\"El Salvador\") and the effect of divorce on children (\"Broken Home\").", "Band members Last line-up Mike Tramp – lead vocals, rhythm guitar (1983–1992,1999–2009) Jamie Law – lead guitar (2004–2009) Troy Patrick Farrell – drums (2004–2009) Claus Langeskov – bass (2004–2009) Henning Wanner – keyboards (2004–2009) Former members Vito Bratta – lead guitar, backing vocals (1983–1992) Joe Hasselvander – drums (1983) Nicki Capozzi – drums (1983–1984) Felix Robinson – bass (1983–1984) Bruno Ravel – bass (1984) Dave Spitz – bass (1985) James LoMenzo – bass, backing vocals (1985–1991) Greg D'Angelo – drums (1985–1991) Jimmy DeGrasso – drums (1991–1992) Tommy T–Bone Caradonna – bass (1991–1992) Kasper Damgaard – lead guitar (1999–2003) Nils Kroyer – bass (1999–2003) Bjarne T. Holm – drums (1999–2003) Dan Hemmer – keyboards (1999–2003) Timeline Social issues Unlike most bands of their genre, White Lion recorded occasional songs that addressed social or political issues such as apartheid (\"Cry for Freedom\"), the war in El Salvador (\"El Salvador\") and the effect of divorce on children (\"Broken Home\"). The song \"Little Fighter\" was about the Rainbow Warrior, a ship owned by the environmental group Greenpeace that was destroyed by operatives of the French intelligence service.", "The song \"Little Fighter\" was about the Rainbow Warrior, a ship owned by the environmental group Greenpeace that was destroyed by operatives of the French intelligence service. This concern for political and social issues was also hinted at in the cover art to their album Big Game, which featured a lion's head hidden in tall grass with the White House in the background.", "This concern for political and social issues was also hinted at in the cover art to their album Big Game, which featured a lion's head hidden in tall grass with the White House in the background. Discography See also List of glam metal bands and artists References American glam metal musical groups Musical groups established in 1983 Musical groups disestablished in 1992 Musical groups reestablished in 1999 Atlantic Records artists" ]

[ "Irving Thalberg", "Early years" ]

[ "William Zeiman was a Democratic member of the Wisconsin State Assembly. Zeiman was a member during the 1877 session from the 1st District of Dodge County, Wisconsin. He was born on March 31, 1846, in what is now North Prairie, Wisconsin in what is now Waukesha County, Wisconsin.\n\nReferences\n\nPeople from North Prairie, Wisconsin\nPeople from Dodge County, Wisconsin\nWisconsin Democrats\nMembers of the Wisconsin State Assembly\n1846 births\nYear of death missing", "John R. Hofstatter was a member of the Assembly during the 1911 session. Additionally, he was a Baraboo, Wisconsin alderman (similar to city councilman). He was a Democrat. Hofstatter was born in what is now Sumpter, Wisconsin in 1858.\n\nReferences\n\nPeople from Baraboo, Wisconsin\nPeople from Sumpter, Wisconsin\nMembers of the Wisconsin State Assembly\nWisconsin city council members\nWisconsin Democrats\n1858 births\nYear of death missing" ]

[ "Irving Grant Thalberg (May 30, 1899 – September 14, 1936) was an American film producer during the early years of motion pictures. He was called \"The Boy Wonder\" for his youth and ability to select scripts, choose actors, gather production staff, and make profitable films, including Grand Hotel, China Seas, A Night at the Opera, Mutiny on the Bounty, Camille and The Good Earth.", "He was called \"The Boy Wonder\" for his youth and ability to select scripts, choose actors, gather production staff, and make profitable films, including Grand Hotel, China Seas, A Night at the Opera, Mutiny on the Bounty, Camille and The Good Earth. His films carved out an international market, \"projecting a seductive image of American life brimming with vitality and rooted in democracy and personal freedom\", states biographer Roland Flamini.", "His films carved out an international market, \"projecting a seductive image of American life brimming with vitality and rooted in democracy and personal freedom\", states biographer Roland Flamini. He was born in Brooklyn, New York, and as a child was afflicted with a congenital heart disease that doctors said would kill him before he reached the age of thirty. After graduating from high school he worked as a store clerk during the day and to gain some job skills took a night class in typing.", "After graduating from high school he worked as a store clerk during the day and to gain some job skills took a night class in typing. He then found work as a secretary with Universal Studios' New York office, and was later made studio manager for their Los Angeles facility. There, he oversaw production of a hundred films during his three years with the company. Among the films he produced was The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1923).", "Among the films he produced was The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1923). In Los Angeles, he partnered with Louis B. Mayer's new studio and, after it merged with two other studios, helped create Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (MGM). He was made head of production of MGM in 1925, at the age of twenty-six, helping MGM become the most successful studio in Hollywood.", "He was made head of production of MGM in 1925, at the age of twenty-six, helping MGM become the most successful studio in Hollywood. During his twelve years with MGM, until his premature death at the age of 37, he produced four hundred films, most of which bore his imprint and innovations, including story conferences with writers, sneak previews to gain early feedback, and extensive re-shooting of scenes to improve the film.", "During his twelve years with MGM, until his premature death at the age of 37, he produced four hundred films, most of which bore his imprint and innovations, including story conferences with writers, sneak previews to gain early feedback, and extensive re-shooting of scenes to improve the film. In addition, he introduced horror films to audiences and coauthored the \"Production Code\", guidelines for morality followed by all studios.", "In addition, he introduced horror films to audiences and coauthored the \"Production Code\", guidelines for morality followed by all studios. During the 1920s and 1930s, he synthesized and merged the world of stage drama and literary classics with Hollywood films. Thalberg created numerous new stars and groomed their screen images.", "Thalberg created numerous new stars and groomed their screen images. Among them were Lon Chaney, Ramon Novarro, Greta Garbo, John Gilbert, Lionel Barrymore, Joan Crawford, Clark Gable, Jean Harlow, Wallace Beery, Spencer Tracy, Luise Rainer, and Norma Shearer, who became his wife. He had the ability to combine quality with commercial success, and was credited with bringing his artistic aspirations in line with the demands of audiences.", "He had the ability to combine quality with commercial success, and was credited with bringing his artistic aspirations in line with the demands of audiences. After his death, Hollywood's producers said he had been the world's \"foremost figure in motion-picture history\". President Franklin D. Roosevelt wrote, \"The world of art is poorer with the passing of Irving Thalberg. His high ideals, insight and imagination went into the production of his masterpieces.\"", "His high ideals, insight and imagination went into the production of his masterpieces.\" The Irving G. Thalberg Memorial Award, given out periodically by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences since 1937, has been awarded to producers whose body of work reflected consistently high quality films. Early years Thalberg was born in Brooklyn, to German Jewish immigrant parents, William and Henrietta (Haymann).", "Early years Thalberg was born in Brooklyn, to German Jewish immigrant parents, William and Henrietta (Haymann). Shortly after birth, he was diagnosed with \"blue baby syndrome\", caused by a congenital disease that limited the oxygen supply to his heart. The prognosis from the family's doctor and specialists was that he might live to the age of twenty, or at most, to thirty. During his high school years in Brooklyn, he began having attacks of chest pains, dizziness and fatigue.", "During his high school years in Brooklyn, he began having attacks of chest pains, dizziness and fatigue. This affected his ability to study, though until that time he was a good student. When he was 17 he contracted rheumatic fever, and was confined to bed for a year. His mother, in order to prevent him falling too far behind other students, brought him homework from school, books, and tutors to teach him at home.", "His mother, in order to prevent him falling too far behind other students, brought him homework from school, books, and tutors to teach him at home. She also hoped that the schoolwork and reading would distract him from the \"tantalizing sounds\" of children playing outside his window. With little to entertain him, he read books as a main activity. He devoured popular novels, classics, plays, and biographies.", "He devoured popular novels, classics, plays, and biographies. His books, of necessity, replaced the streets of New York, and led to his interest in classical philosophy and philosophers, such as William James. When Thalberg returned to school, he finished high school but lacked the stamina for college, which he felt would have required constant late-night studying and cramming for exams.", "When Thalberg returned to school, he finished high school but lacked the stamina for college, which he felt would have required constant late-night studying and cramming for exams. Instead, he took part-time jobs as a store clerk, and in the evenings, to gain some job skills, taught himself typing, shorthand and Spanish at a night vocational school.", "Instead, he took part-time jobs as a store clerk, and in the evenings, to gain some job skills, taught himself typing, shorthand and Spanish at a night vocational school. When he turned 18, he placed an advertisement in the local newspaper hoping to find better work: Career as producer Universal Studios He found work as an office secretary at Universal Pictures' New York office, and later became personal secretary to the studio's founder and president, Carl Laemmle.", "When he turned 18, he placed an advertisement in the local newspaper hoping to find better work: Career as producer Universal Studios He found work as an office secretary at Universal Pictures' New York office, and later became personal secretary to the studio's founder and president, Carl Laemmle. Among Thalberg's duties were transcribing and editing notes that Laemmle had written during screenings of his films. He earned $25 weekly, becoming adept at making insightful observations, which impressed Laemmle.", "He earned $25 weekly, becoming adept at making insightful observations, which impressed Laemmle. Laemmle took Thalberg to see his Los Angeles production facility, where he spent a month watching how movie production worked. Before returning to New York, Laemmle told Thalberg to remain and \"keep an eye on things for me.\" Two months later, Laemmle returned to California, partly to see how well Thalberg was able to handle the responsibilities he was given.", "Two months later, Laemmle returned to California, partly to see how well Thalberg was able to handle the responsibilities he was given. Thalberg gave him suggestions, and thus impressed Laemmle by his ability to understand and explain problems. Thalberg suggested, \"The first thing you should do is establish a new job of studio manager and give him the responsibility of watching day-to-day operations.\" Laemmle immediately agreed: \"All right. You're it.\" In shock, Thalberg replied, \"I'm what?\"", "In shock, Thalberg replied, \"I'm what?\" Laemmle told him to take charge of the Los Angeles studio, which he did in early 1919. When aged 20, Thalberg became responsible for immediately overseeing the nine ongoing film productions and nearly thirty scenarios then under development. In describing the rationale for this early appointment as studio manager, film historian David Thomson writes that his new job \"owed nothing to nepotism, private wealth, or experience in the film industry.\"", "In describing the rationale for this early appointment as studio manager, film historian David Thomson writes that his new job \"owed nothing to nepotism, private wealth, or experience in the film industry.\" He reasons that despite \"Thalberg's youth, modest education, and frail appearance ... it is clear that he had the charm, insight, and ability, or the appearance of it, to captivate the film world.\"", "He reasons that despite \"Thalberg's youth, modest education, and frail appearance ... it is clear that he had the charm, insight, and ability, or the appearance of it, to captivate the film world.\" Thalberg was one among the majority of Hollywood film industry workers who migrated from the East Coast, primarily from New York. Some film actors, such as Conrad Nagel, did not like the five-day train trip or the sudden warmth of the California climate.", "Some film actors, such as Conrad Nagel, did not like the five-day train trip or the sudden warmth of the California climate. Neither did Marion Davies, who was not used to such \"big wide spaces\". Samuel Marx, a close friend of Thalberg's from New York, recalled how easily Thalberg adapted to Southern California, often standing outside his doorway during moments of contemplation to enjoy the scenery. \"We were all young\", said comedian Buster Keaton. \"The air in California was like wine.", "\"The air in California was like wine. \"The air in California was like wine. Our business was also young—and growing like nothing ever seen before.\" Confrontation with Erich von Stroheim He quickly established his tenacity as he battled with well-known director Erich von Stroheim over the length of Foolish Wives (1922). Biographer Roland Flamini notes that the film was Universal's most expensive \"jewel\" ever in production, and its director and star, von Stroheim, was taking the film way over budget.", "Biographer Roland Flamini notes that the film was Universal's most expensive \"jewel\" ever in production, and its director and star, von Stroheim, was taking the film way over budget. Thalberg, now Universal's general manager, was forced to have the director quickly finalize production before the studio's working capital was used up. Flamini describes the situation: Thalberg had von Stroheim come to his office, which he did still wearing his film costume as a Russian Imperial Guard and escorted by members of his production team.", "Flamini describes the situation: Thalberg had von Stroheim come to his office, which he did still wearing his film costume as a Russian Imperial Guard and escorted by members of his production team. Thalberg calmly told him, \"I have seen all the film and you have all you need for the picture. I want you to stop shooting\", to which von Stroheim replied, \"But I have not finished as yet.\" \"Yes, you have\", said Thalberg.", "\"Yes, you have\", said Thalberg. \"Yes, you have\", said Thalberg. \"You have spent all the money this company can afford. I cannot allow you to spend any more.\" Thalberg quietly explained that the director worked under the producer, and it was his responsibility to control costs. Von Stroheim, surrounded by his assistants, then confronted Thalberg: \"If you were not my superior, I would smash you in the face.\"", "Von Stroheim, surrounded by his assistants, then confronted Thalberg: \"If you were not my superior, I would smash you in the face.\" Thalberg, unflinching, said \"Don't let that stop you.\" The result was that Thalberg soon afterward removed the cameras from von Stroheim's studio and took over editing. The uncut footage was pared down from five-and-a-half hours to three hours, to von Stroheim's deep dissatisfaction. A similar problem developed with von Stroheim's next film, Merry-Go-Round (1923).", "A similar problem developed with von Stroheim's next film, Merry-Go-Round (1923). Although he had promised Thalberg to remain within budget this time, he continued production until it went to twice the agreed length and was not yet near completion. Flamini speculates why this happened: Thalberg again called von Stroheim to his office, handed him a long letter written and signed by himself, describing the problems, and summarily fired von Stroheim as of that moment.", "Flamini speculates why this happened: Thalberg again called von Stroheim to his office, handed him a long letter written and signed by himself, describing the problems, and summarily fired von Stroheim as of that moment. Thalberg's letter stated among the reasons, totally inexcusable and repeated acts of insubordination ... extravagant ideas which you have been unwilling to sacrifice ... unnecessary delays ... and your apparent idea that you are greater and more powerful than the organization that employs you.", "Thalberg's letter stated among the reasons, totally inexcusable and repeated acts of insubordination ... extravagant ideas which you have been unwilling to sacrifice ... unnecessary delays ... and your apparent idea that you are greater and more powerful than the organization that employs you. His dismissal of von Stroheim was considered an \"earthquake in movie circles\", notes Flamini. Producer David O. Selznick said that \"it was the first time a director had been fired. It took great guts and courage ...", "It took great guts and courage ... It took great guts and courage ... Von Stroheim was utterly indifferent over money and could have gone on and spent millions, with nobody to stop him.\". The opinion was shared by director Rouben Mamoulian, who said that the \"little fellow at Universal\", in one bold stroke, had \"asserted the primacy of the studio over the director\" and forever altered the balance of power in the movie industry.", "The opinion was shared by director Rouben Mamoulian, who said that the \"little fellow at Universal\", in one bold stroke, had \"asserted the primacy of the studio over the director\" and forever altered the balance of power in the movie industry. Effects of his young age According to Flamini, his youth was a subject of conversation within the movie community. Executives from other studios, actors, and film crew, often mistook him to be a junior employee.", "Executives from other studios, actors, and film crew, often mistook him to be a junior employee. Movie columnist Louella Parsons, upon first being introduced to him, asked, \"What's the joke? Where's the new general manager?\"", "Where's the new general manager?\" Where's the new general manager?\" After five minutes of talking to Thalberg, however, she later wrote about \"Universal's Boy Wonder\": \"He might be a boy in looks and age, but it was no child's mind that was being asked to cope with the intricate politics of Universal City.\" Novelist Edna Ferber responded the same way, writing that \"I had fancied motion-picture producers as large gentlemen smoking oversized cigars.", "Novelist Edna Ferber responded the same way, writing that \"I had fancied motion-picture producers as large gentlemen smoking oversized cigars. But this young man whose word seemed so final at Universal City ... impressed me deeply.\" The male actors in the studio had a similar reaction. Lionel Barrymore, who was nearly twice his age, recalled their meetings: Thalberg likewise gained the respect of leading playwrights, some of whom also looked down on him due to his youth.", "Lionel Barrymore, who was nearly twice his age, recalled their meetings: Thalberg likewise gained the respect of leading playwrights, some of whom also looked down on him due to his youth. George S. Kaufman, co-author of Dinner at Eight, several Marx Brothers films, and two George Gershwin plays, came from New York to meet with Thalberg. Afterward he confided to his friend, Groucho Marx: \"That man has never written a word, yet he can tell me exactly what to do with a story.", "Afterward he confided to his friend, Groucho Marx: \"That man has never written a word, yet he can tell me exactly what to do with a story. I didn't know you had people like that out here.\" Actress Norma Shearer, whom he later married, was surprised after he greeted her at the door, then walked her to his office for her first job interview: \"Then you're not the office boy?\" she asked.", "she asked. she asked. He smiled, as he sat himself behind his desk: \"No, Miss Shearer, I'm Irving Thalberg, vice-president of the Mayer Company. I'm the man who sent for you.\" His younger-than-normal age for a studio executive was usually mentioned even after he left Universal to help start up MGM.", "His younger-than-normal age for a studio executive was usually mentioned even after he left Universal to help start up MGM. Screenwriter Agnes Christine Johnson, who worked with Thalberg for years, described his contribution during meetings: The same quality was observed by director and screenwriter Hobart Henley: \"If something that read well in conference turns out not so good on the screen, I go to him and, like that—Henley snaps his fingers—he has a remedy. He's brilliant.\"", "He's brilliant.\" He's brilliant.\" Another assistant producer to Thalberg explains: His youth also contributed to his open-mindedness to the ideas of others. Conrad Nagel, who starred in numerous Thalberg films, reported that Thalberg was generally empathetic to those he worked alongside: \"Thalberg never raised his voice. He just looked into your eyes, spoke softly, and after a few minutes he cast a spell on you.\"", "He just looked into your eyes, spoke softly, and after a few minutes he cast a spell on you.\" Studio attorney Edwin Loeb, who also worked to create AMPAS, explained that \"the real foundation of Irving's success was his ability to look at life through the eyes of any given person. He had a gift of empathy, and almost complete perspective.\" Those opinions were also shared by producer Walter Wanger: \"You thought that you were talking to an Indian savant.", "Those opinions were also shared by producer Walter Wanger: \"You thought that you were talking to an Indian savant. He could cast a spell on anybody.\" His talent as a producer was enhanced by his \"near-miraculous\" powers of concentration, notes film critic J. Hoberman. As a result, he was never bored or tired, and supplemented his spare time with reading for his own amusement, recalls screenwriter Bayard Veiller, with some of his favorite authors being Francis Bacon, Epictetus, and Immanuel Kant.", "As a result, he was never bored or tired, and supplemented his spare time with reading for his own amusement, recalls screenwriter Bayard Veiller, with some of his favorite authors being Francis Bacon, Epictetus, and Immanuel Kant. Film projects at Universal Biographer Bob Thomas writes that after three years at the studio, Thalberg continually proved his value. Universal's pictures improved noticeably, primarily due to Thalberg's \"uncanny sense of story.\"", "Universal's pictures improved noticeably, primarily due to Thalberg's \"uncanny sense of story.\" He took tight control over many key aspects of production, including his requirement that from then on scripts were tightly constructed before filming began, rather than during production. Thomas adds that he also \"showed a remarkable capacity for working with actors, casting them aptly and advising them on their careers.\"", "Thomas adds that he also \"showed a remarkable capacity for working with actors, casting them aptly and advising them on their careers.\" After producing two films that were in production when he began work at Universal, he presented Laemmle with his idea for a film based on one of his favorite classic stories, The Hunchback of Notre Dame. Rather than just a horror picture, Thalberg suggested turning it into a spectacle which would include a replica of the Notre Dame Cathedral in Paris. He had Lon Chaney play the hunchback.", "He had Lon Chaney play the hunchback. He had Lon Chaney play the hunchback. The film became Universal's most profitable silent film and established Chaney's career as a top-flight star. After nearly three years with Universal, Thalberg had supervised over a hundred movies, reorganized the studio to give more control to the managers, and had \"stopped the defection\" of many of their leading stars by offering them better, higher-paying contracts. He also produced a number of Universal's prestige films, which made the company profitable.", "He also produced a number of Universal's prestige films, which made the company profitable. However, he decided it was time to find a studio in Los Angeles more suitable to his skills, and spread word that he was available. Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (MGM) Cecil B. DeMille was the first who wanted to hire him, telling his partner Jesse Lasky, \"The boy is a genius. I can see it. I know it.\" Lasky opposed the hire, stating, \"Geniuses we have all we need.\"", "Lasky opposed the hire, stating, \"Geniuses we have all we need.\" Thalberg then received an offer from Hal Roach, but the offer was withdrawn because Thalberg lacked experience with slapstick comedy films. In late 1922, Thalberg was introduced to Louis B. Mayer, president of a small but dynamic and fast-growing studio. At that first meeting, Thalberg \"made a deep, immediate impression on Mayer\", writes Flamini.", "At that first meeting, Thalberg \"made a deep, immediate impression on Mayer\", writes Flamini. After Thalberg had left, Mayer said to studio attorney Edwin Loeb: \"Tell him if he comes to work for me, I'll look after him as though he were my son.\" Although their personalities were in many ways opposite, Mayer being more outspoken and nearly twice the younger man's age, Thalberg was hired as vice president in charge of production at Louis B. Mayer Productions.", "Although their personalities were in many ways opposite, Mayer being more outspoken and nearly twice the younger man's age, Thalberg was hired as vice president in charge of production at Louis B. Mayer Productions. Years later, Mayer's daughter Irene Mayer Selznick recalled that \"it was hard to believe anyone that boyish could be so important.\"", "Years later, Mayer's daughter Irene Mayer Selznick recalled that \"it was hard to believe anyone that boyish could be so important.\" According to Flamini, Thalberg was hired because, although Mayer was an astute businessman, \"what he lacked was Thalberg's almost unerring ability to combine quality with commercial success, to bring artistic aspiration in line with the demands of the box office.\"", "According to Flamini, Thalberg was hired because, although Mayer was an astute businessman, \"what he lacked was Thalberg's almost unerring ability to combine quality with commercial success, to bring artistic aspiration in line with the demands of the box office.\" Mayer's company subsequently merged with two others to become Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (MGM), with the 24-year-old Thalberg made part-owner and accorded the same position as vice president in charge of production. Three years after the merger, MGM became the most successful studio in Hollywood.", "Three years after the merger, MGM became the most successful studio in Hollywood. During his twelve years at MGM, Thalberg supervised the production of over four hundred films. Although Thalberg and his colleagues at MGM knew he was \"doomed\" to not live much past the age of 30 due to heart disease, he loved producing films. He continued developing innovative ideas and overseeing most of MGM's pictures.", "He continued developing innovative ideas and overseeing most of MGM's pictures. Under Thalberg's management, MGM released over 40% more films yearly than Warner Brothers, and more than double Paramount's releases. From 1924 until 1936, when Thalberg died at the age of 37, \"almost every film bore Thalberg's imprint\", wrote Mark Vieira. Production innovations Thalberg's production techniques \"broke new ground in filmmaking\", adds Vieira.", "Production innovations Thalberg's production techniques \"broke new ground in filmmaking\", adds Vieira. Among his contributions at MGM was his innovation of story conferences, sneak previews and scene retakes. He introduced the first horror films and coauthored the Production Code, the set of moral guidelines that all film studios agreed to follow. Thalberg helped synthesize and merge the world of stage drama and literary classics with Hollywood films. MGM thereby became the only movie studio to consistently show a profit during the Great Depression.", "MGM thereby became the only movie studio to consistently show a profit during the Great Depression. Flamini explains that the equation for MGM's success depended on combining stars, a Broadway hit or popular classic, and high standards of production. This combination at the time was considered a \"revolutionary approach\" in the film industry, which until then assumed a star was all that was needed for success, regardless of the story or production quality. The other studios began following MGM's lead with that same formula.", "The other studios began following MGM's lead with that same formula. Production techniques Thalberg generally followed a system in managing his productions. According to one of his assistants, Lawrence Weingarten, who later became a producer, \"Thalberg directed the film on paper, and then the director directed the film on film.\" Thalberg was generally opposed to location shooting overseas where he could not oversee production and control costs, as happened with Ben Hur.", "Thalberg was generally opposed to location shooting overseas where he could not oversee production and control costs, as happened with Ben Hur. Thus, he kept hundreds of back-lot carpenters at work creating realistic sets, as he did for fifteenth-century Romeo and Juliet (1936), or with China Seas (1935), to replicate the harbors of Hong Kong. Vieira points out that Thalberg's \"fascination with Broadway plays\" often had him create and present stories visually.", "Vieira points out that Thalberg's \"fascination with Broadway plays\" often had him create and present stories visually. For China Seas, for instance, he described for the screenwriters, director and others, exactly how he wanted the film to appear on screen: To be certain of achieving the desired effects, Thalberg made sure his cinematographers were careful in their use of light and shadow.", "For China Seas, for instance, he described for the screenwriters, director and others, exactly how he wanted the film to appear on screen: To be certain of achieving the desired effects, Thalberg made sure his cinematographers were careful in their use of light and shadow. Vieira observes that \"more than any other producer or any other studio, Thalberg and MGM manipulated lenses, filters, and lighting instruments to affect the viewer.\"", "Vieira observes that \"more than any other producer or any other studio, Thalberg and MGM manipulated lenses, filters, and lighting instruments to affect the viewer.\" As a result, he notes, \"most of Thalberg's films contain moments such as these, in which cinematic technique transcends mere exposition and gives the viewer something to treasure.\" Thalberg was supported by most of the studio in these kinds of creative decisions. \"It was a big family,\" notes Weingarten.", "\"It was a big family,\" notes Weingarten. \"If we had a success, everybody—and I mean every cutter, every painter, every plasterer—was excited about it, was abuzz, was in a tizzy about the whole idea of picture making.\" Taking risks with new subjects and stars In 1929, MGM released fifty films, and all but five showed a profit. Of those that failed, Hallelujah was also a gamble by Thalberg.", "Of those that failed, Hallelujah was also a gamble by Thalberg. When King Vidor, the film's producer and director, proposed the idea to Thalberg of a major film cast, for the first time, exclusively with African Americans, he told Thalberg directly, \"I doubt that it will make a dollar at the box office.\" Thalberg replied, \"Don't worry about that. I've told you that MGM can afford an occasional experiment.\"", "I've told you that MGM can afford an occasional experiment.\" By the early 1930s, a number of stars began failing at the box office, partly due to the Great Depression that was now undermining the economy, along with the public's ability to spend on entertainment. Thalberg began using two stars in a film, rather than one, as had been the tradition at all the studios, such as pairing Greta Garbo with John Gilbert, Clark Gable with Jean Harlow, and William Powell with Myrna Loy.", "Thalberg began using two stars in a film, rather than one, as had been the tradition at all the studios, such as pairing Greta Garbo with John Gilbert, Clark Gable with Jean Harlow, and William Powell with Myrna Loy. After experimenting with a few such films, including Mata Hari (1931), which were profitable, he decided on a multi-star production of another Broadway play, Grand Hotel (1932).", "After experimenting with a few such films, including Mata Hari (1931), which were profitable, he decided on a multi-star production of another Broadway play, Grand Hotel (1932). It had five major stars, including Garbo, Joan Crawford, John Barrymore, Lionel Barrymore, and Wallace Beery. \"Before Thalberg,\" writes Vieira, \"there was no Grand Hotel in the American consciousness.\" The film won the Oscar for Best Picture in 1932.", "The film won the Oscar for Best Picture in 1932. Thalberg went against consensus and took another risk with The Great Ziegfeld (1936), costarring Luise Rainer. Although Louis B. Mayer did not want her in the role, which he felt was too minor for a new star, Thalberg felt that \"only she could play the part\", wrote biographer Charles Higham. Shortly after shooting began in late 1935, doubts of Rainer's acting ability emerged in the press.", "Shortly after shooting began in late 1935, doubts of Rainer's acting ability emerged in the press. However, despite her limited appearances in the film, Rainer \"so impressed audiences with one highly emotional scene\" that she won the Academy Award for Best Actress. After her winning role in The Great Ziegfeld, Thalberg wanted her to play a role that was the opposite of her previous character, for The Good Earth (1937).", "After her winning role in The Great Ziegfeld, Thalberg wanted her to play a role that was the opposite of her previous character, for The Good Earth (1937). For the part as a Chinese peasant, she was required to act totally subservient to her husband, being perpetually huddled in submission, and barely spoke a word of dialogue during the entire film.", "For the part as a Chinese peasant, she was required to act totally subservient to her husband, being perpetually huddled in submission, and barely spoke a word of dialogue during the entire film. Rainer recalls that Mayer did not approve of the film being produced or her part in it: \"He was horrified at Irving Thalberg's insistence for me to play O-lan, the poor uncomely little Chinese peasant.\"", "Rainer recalls that Mayer did not approve of the film being produced or her part in it: \"He was horrified at Irving Thalberg's insistence for me to play O-lan, the poor uncomely little Chinese peasant.\" However, she again won the Oscar for Best Actress, becoming the first actress to win two consecutive Oscars, a feat not matched until Katharine Hepburn's two Oscar wins thirty years later.", "However, she again won the Oscar for Best Actress, becoming the first actress to win two consecutive Oscars, a feat not matched until Katharine Hepburn's two Oscar wins thirty years later. Grooming new stars Besides bringing a distinctive high quality \"look\" to MGM films and often recreating well-known stories or plays, Thalberg's actors themselves took on a characteristic quality. Thalberg wanted his female actors to appear \"cool, classy and beautiful,\" notes Flamini.", "Thalberg wanted his female actors to appear \"cool, classy and beautiful,\" notes Flamini. And he strove to make the male actors appear \"worldly and in control.\" In general, Thalberg movies and actors came to be \"luxurious,\" \"glossy,\" and \"technically flawless.\"", "In general, Thalberg movies and actors came to be \"luxurious,\" \"glossy,\" and \"technically flawless.\" By doing so, he made stars or boosted the careers of actors such as Lon Chaney, Ramon Novarro, John Gilbert, Greta Garbo, Joan Crawford, Clark Gable, Helen Hayes, Jean Harlow, Marie Dressler, Wallace Beery, John Barrymore, Lionel Barrymore and Luise Rainer.", "By doing so, he made stars or boosted the careers of actors such as Lon Chaney, Ramon Novarro, John Gilbert, Greta Garbo, Joan Crawford, Clark Gable, Helen Hayes, Jean Harlow, Marie Dressler, Wallace Beery, John Barrymore, Lionel Barrymore and Luise Rainer. Greta Garbo In 1925, a young Greta Garbo, then twenty, and unable to speak any English, was brought over from Sweden at Mayer's request, as he saw how she looked in still photos.", "Greta Garbo In 1925, a young Greta Garbo, then twenty, and unable to speak any English, was brought over from Sweden at Mayer's request, as he saw how she looked in still photos. A Swedish friend thought he would help her by contacting Thalberg, who then agreed to give her a screen test. According to author Frederick Sands, \"the result of the test was electrifying.\"", "According to author Frederick Sands, \"the result of the test was electrifying.\" Thalberg was impressed and began grooming the new starlet the following day: \"the studio arranged to fix her teeth, made sure she lost weight, and gave her an English tutor.\" Joan Crawford Joan Crawford's first role was a Thalberg production at MGM and she became one of their leading stars for the next thirty years.", "Joan Crawford Joan Crawford's first role was a Thalberg production at MGM and she became one of their leading stars for the next thirty years. Crawford was somewhat jealous of Norma Shearer as she thought she was given the better material by her husband Thalberg out of nepotism. Nevertheless, she felt that his contribution to MGM was vital to the film industry. Not long after his early death, she recalls her concerns: \"Thalberg was dead and the concept of the quality 'big' picture pretty much went out the window.\"", "Not long after his early death, she recalls her concerns: \"Thalberg was dead and the concept of the quality 'big' picture pretty much went out the window.\" Marie Dressler Thalberg also realized that old stars few had heard of could be made into new ones.", "Marie Dressler Thalberg also realized that old stars few had heard of could be made into new ones. Marie Dressler, a fifty-nine-year-old early vaudeville and movie star, who had played the top-billed lead, above Charles Chaplin and Mabel Normand), in the first feature-length comedy, Tillie's Punctured Romance (1914), was unable to get any roles in films after leaving show business for some years, finally working as a maid.", "Marie Dressler, a fifty-nine-year-old early vaudeville and movie star, who had played the top-billed lead, above Charles Chaplin and Mabel Normand), in the first feature-length comedy, Tillie's Punctured Romance (1914), was unable to get any roles in films after leaving show business for some years, finally working as a maid. MGM screenwriter Frances Marion suggested to Thalberg that she might fit well in a starring role for a new film, and was surprised that he knew of her prior successes.", "MGM screenwriter Frances Marion suggested to Thalberg that she might fit well in a starring role for a new film, and was surprised that he knew of her prior successes. Thalberg approved of using her without a screen test and offered his rationale: By 1932, shortly before she died, Dressler was the country's number one box office star.", "Thalberg approved of using her without a screen test and offered his rationale: By 1932, shortly before she died, Dressler was the country's number one box office star. Wallace Beery Marie Dressler was paired twice, in Min and Bill (1930) and Tugboat Annie (1933), with Wallace Beery, another major silent star who had been struggling to get work in sound pictures until Thalberg cast him.", "Wallace Beery Marie Dressler was paired twice, in Min and Bill (1930) and Tugboat Annie (1933), with Wallace Beery, another major silent star who had been struggling to get work in sound pictures until Thalberg cast him. Beery had enjoyed a hugely successful silent film career dating back to 1913, but had been fired by Paramount shortly after sound pictures appeared.", "Beery had enjoyed a hugely successful silent film career dating back to 1913, but had been fired by Paramount shortly after sound pictures appeared. Thalberg cast him in the role of \"Machine Gun Butch,\" which had been meant for recently deceased Lon Chaney, in The Big House (1930), an energetic prison picture that became a huge hit.", "Thalberg cast him in the role of \"Machine Gun Butch,\" which had been meant for recently deceased Lon Chaney, in The Big House (1930), an energetic prison picture that became a huge hit. Beery was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Actor for his performance, and his burgeoning career at MGM had transformed him into the studio's highest paid actor within two more years, during which time he won the Oscar for The Champ and had become a phenomenal box office draw as a result of Thalberg's foresight.", "Beery was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Actor for his performance, and his burgeoning career at MGM had transformed him into the studio's highest paid actor within two more years, during which time he won the Oscar for The Champ and had become a phenomenal box office draw as a result of Thalberg's foresight. Getting audience feedback and reshooting According to Vieira, MGM had few failures during this period, and numerous blockbusters.", "Getting audience feedback and reshooting According to Vieira, MGM had few failures during this period, and numerous blockbusters. Among the reasons was Thalberg's unique system of developing a script during story conferences with writers before filming began, and later giving \"sneak previews\" followed by audience feedback through written questionnaires. Often, where he felt improvement was needed, he arranged for scenes to be reshot. As Thalberg once stated, \"The difference between something good and something superior is often very small.\"", "As Thalberg once stated, \"The difference between something good and something superior is often very small.\" Bad decisions and missed opportunities Thalberg felt he had his \"finger on the pulse of America. I know what people will do and what they won't do,\" he said. His judgment was not always accurate, however. Thalberg's bringing Broadway productions to the screen to develop higher picture standards sometimes resulted in \"studied\" acting or \"stagey\" sets, notes Flamini.", "Thalberg's bringing Broadway productions to the screen to develop higher picture standards sometimes resulted in \"studied\" acting or \"stagey\" sets, notes Flamini. In 1927, after the successful release of the first full-length talking picture, The Jazz Singer (1927), he nevertheless felt that talking pictures were a fad. Thalberg likewise did not think that color would replace black-and-white in movies.", "Thalberg likewise did not think that color would replace black-and-white in movies. When an assistant protested against a script that envisioned a love scene in Paris with an ocean background, Thalberg refused to make changes, saying \"We can't cater to a handful of people who know Paris.\" A more serious distraction to Thalberg's efforts was his obsession with making his wife Norma Shearer a prominent star, efforts which sometimes led to \"overblown and overglamous\" productions.", "A more serious distraction to Thalberg's efforts was his obsession with making his wife Norma Shearer a prominent star, efforts which sometimes led to \"overblown and overglamous\" productions. Thalberg himself admitted to his obsession years later when he told a fellow producer: \"You're behaving like I did with Norma. I knew positively that she could play anything. It's a kind of romantic astigmatism that attacks producers when they fall for an actress.\"", "It's a kind of romantic astigmatism that attacks producers when they fall for an actress.\" Important films at MGM Ben Hur (1925) One of the first pictures he took charge of, Ben-Hur: A Tale of the Christ, was inherited and already in production by another studio when MGM was formed. The film was turning into a disastrous expense with cost overruns already in the millions due to its lavish sets and location shooting in Rome. Most studio executives chose to terminate the film to cut their losses.", "Most studio executives chose to terminate the film to cut their losses. Thalberg, however, felt differently, and thought the film would affect movie audiences, due to its classic literary source, and would highlight MGM as a major new studio. He, therefore, discarded much of the original footage shot in Italy and recreated the set on MGM's back lots in Culver City, which added more millions to the production, yet gave him more control over production.", "He, therefore, discarded much of the original footage shot in Italy and recreated the set on MGM's back lots in Culver City, which added more millions to the production, yet gave him more control over production. The new set also included a replica of Circus Maximus for the dramatic chariot race scenes. Flamini notes that Thalberg's \"gamble paid off,\" drawing international attention to MGM, and to Thalberg within the movie industry for his bold action.", "Flamini notes that Thalberg's \"gamble paid off,\" drawing international attention to MGM, and to Thalberg within the movie industry for his bold action. Mutiny on the Bounty (1935) Mutiny on the Bounty was the studio's next most expensive film after Ben Hur, with some now calling it \"Thalberg's masterpiece.\" He initially had difficulty convincing Mayer that he could make the film without making heroes of the mutineers.", "He initially had difficulty convincing Mayer that he could make the film without making heroes of the mutineers. He achieved that by instead making a hero of the British Royal Navy, whereby the officers and shipmates would from then on display their mutual respect. Thalberg also had to convince Clark Gable to accept the role against his will. He pleaded with Gable, eventually promising him that \"If it isn't one of your greatest successes, I'll never ask you again to play a part you don't want.\"", "He pleaded with Gable, eventually promising him that \"If it isn't one of your greatest successes, I'll never ask you again to play a part you don't want.\" The film's other main stars were Charles Laughton and Franchot Tone. The film was nominated for six Academy Awards, including Best Actor, and winning it for Best Picture. Thalberg accepted the award as producer from Frank Capra.", "Thalberg accepted the award as producer from Frank Capra. Thalberg accepted the award as producer from Frank Capra. Thalberg and Mayer partnership At first, Thalberg and studio chief Louis B. Mayer got along splendidly; however, they had different production philosophies. Thalberg preferred literary works, while Mayer preferred glitzy crowd-pleasing films. A clash was inevitable, and their relationship grew decidedly frosty. When Thalberg fell ill in the final weeks of 1932, Mayer took advantage of the situation and replaced him with David O. Selznick and Walter Wanger.", "When Thalberg fell ill in the final weeks of 1932, Mayer took advantage of the situation and replaced him with David O. Selznick and Walter Wanger. Thalberg's reputation by that time for working long hours was widely known, and rumors about the related strain on his fragile health had become front-page news in entertainment trade publications.", "Thalberg's reputation by that time for working long hours was widely known, and rumors about the related strain on his fragile health had become front-page news in entertainment trade publications. The Hollywood Reporter in January 1933 updated its readership about his condition and addressed growing concerns that he might be forced, despite his young age, to quit the business: Once Thalberg recovered sufficiently from his bout with the \"flu\" and was able to return to work later in 1933, it was as one of MGM's unit producers, albeit one who had first choice on projects as well as preferential access to all the studio's resources, including over casting its stars.", "The Hollywood Reporter in January 1933 updated its readership about his condition and addressed growing concerns that he might be forced, despite his young age, to quit the business: Once Thalberg recovered sufficiently from his bout with the \"flu\" and was able to return to work later in 1933, it was as one of MGM's unit producers, albeit one who had first choice on projects as well as preferential access to all the studio's resources, including over casting its stars. Thalberg's good relationship with Nicholas Schenck, then president of Loew's Incorporated, proved to be an ongoing advantage for him.", "Thalberg's good relationship with Nicholas Schenck, then president of Loew's Incorporated, proved to be an ongoing advantage for him. Loew's was the corporate parent of MGM, so Schenck was the true power and ultimate arbiter at the studio; and he usually supported Thalberg's decisions and continued to do so whenever disagreements about projects or production needs arose.", "Loew's was the corporate parent of MGM, so Schenck was the true power and ultimate arbiter at the studio; and he usually supported Thalberg's decisions and continued to do so whenever disagreements about projects or production needs arose. As a result, Thalberg also continued to produce or coproduce some of MGM's most prestigious and critically acclaimed ventures in this period, such as The Barretts of Wimpole Street (1934) starring his wife Norma Shearer, China Seas (1935), A Night at the Opera (1935), San Francisco (1936), and Romeo and Juliet (1936).", "As a result, Thalberg also continued to produce or coproduce some of MGM's most prestigious and critically acclaimed ventures in this period, such as The Barretts of Wimpole Street (1934) starring his wife Norma Shearer, China Seas (1935), A Night at the Opera (1935), San Francisco (1936), and Romeo and Juliet (1936). Personal life During his few years with Universal while living in New York, Thalberg had become romantically involved with Carl Laemmle's daughter, Rosabelle.", "Personal life During his few years with Universal while living in New York, Thalberg had become romantically involved with Carl Laemmle's daughter, Rosabelle. Still in his early twenties and later spending most of his time in Los Angeles, his feelings toward her were no longer as strong. Flamini suspects that this may have affected his position at Universal and partly caused his decision to leave the company. \"The Laemmles prayed that Irving would marry Rosabelle\", notes Flamini.", "\"The Laemmles prayed that Irving would marry Rosabelle\", notes Flamini. \"They wanted their sons to be educated and their daughters to marry nice Jewish boys.\" Less than a year after he and Mayer took charge of the newly created MGM studios, and still only twenty-five years old, Thalberg suffered a serious heart attack due to overwork. Mayer also became aware of Thalberg's congenital heart problems and now worried about the prospect of running MGM without him.", "Mayer also became aware of Thalberg's congenital heart problems and now worried about the prospect of running MGM without him. Mayer also became concerned that one of his daughters might become romantically involved, and told them so: Thalberg, aware of Mayer's feelings, made it a point of never giving too much attention to his daughters at social events. One of Thalberg's traits was his ability to work long hours into the night with little sign of fatigue.", "One of Thalberg's traits was his ability to work long hours into the night with little sign of fatigue. According to Vieira, Thalberg believed that as long as his mind was active in his work and he was not bored, he would not feel tired. Thalberg, who often got by with only five hours of sleep, felt that most people could get by with less than they realized. To keep his mental faculties at peak, he would read philosophical books by Bacon, Epictetus, or Kant.", "To keep his mental faculties at peak, he would read philosophical books by Bacon, Epictetus, or Kant. \"They stimulate me. I'd drop out of sight in no time if I didn't read and keep up with current thought—and the philosophers are brain sharpeners.\" During the early 1930s, Thalberg was ambivalent about political events in Europe. While he feared Nazism and the rise of Hitler, he also feared Communism.", "While he feared Nazism and the rise of Hitler, he also feared Communism. At the time, notes Vieira, \"given a choice between communism and fascism, many Americans—including Thalberg—would prefer the latter.\" Thalberg stated his opinion: When others suggested that many Jews could die in Germany as a result of Nazi anti-Semitism, he replied that in his opinion \"Hitler and Hitlerism will pass.\"", "Thalberg stated his opinion: When others suggested that many Jews could die in Germany as a result of Nazi anti-Semitism, he replied that in his opinion \"Hitler and Hitlerism will pass.\" On one occasion, Catholic Prince Löwenstein of Germany, who himself had almost been captured before fleeing Germany, told him: \"Mr. Thalberg, your own people are being systematically hunted down and rooted out of Germany.\" Thalberg suggested that world Jewry should nevertheless not interfere, that the Jewish race would survive Hitler.", "Thalberg suggested that world Jewry should nevertheless not interfere, that the Jewish race would survive Hitler. Within a few years, American film distribution was \"choked off\" in Germany. Led by Warner Brothers, all American studios eventually closed their German offices. Thalberg began dating actress Norma Shearer a few years after he joined MGM. Following her conversion to Judaism, they married on Thursday, September 29, 1927, in a private ceremony in the garden of his rented house in Beverly Hills.", "Following her conversion to Judaism, they married on Thursday, September 29, 1927, in a private ceremony in the garden of his rented house in Beverly Hills. Rabbi Edgar F. Magnin officiated at the event, with Shearer's brother Douglas Shearer giving the bride away, and Louis B. Mayer serving as best man. The couple drove to Monterey for their honeymoon and then moved into their newly constructed home in Beverly Hills.", "The couple drove to Monterey for their honeymoon and then moved into their newly constructed home in Beverly Hills. After their second child was born, Shearer considered retiring from films, but Thalberg convinced her to continue acting, saying he could find her good roles. She went on to be one of MGM's biggest stars of the 1930s. Their two children were Irving Jr. (1930–1987) and Katharine (1935–2006).", "Their two children were Irving Jr. (1930–1987) and Katharine (1935–2006). Death Thalberg and Shearer took a much-needed Labor Day weekend vacation in Monterey, California, in 1936, staying at the same beachfront hotel where they spent their honeymoon. A few weeks earlier, Thalberg's leading screenwriter, Al Lewin, had proposed doing a film based on a soon-to-be published book, Gone with the Wind.", "A few weeks earlier, Thalberg's leading screenwriter, Al Lewin, had proposed doing a film based on a soon-to-be published book, Gone with the Wind. Although Thalberg said it would be a \"sensational\" role for Gable, and a \"terrific picture,\" he decided not to do it: Besides, Thalberg told Mayer, \"[n]o Civil War picture ever made a nickel\". Shortly after returning from Monterey, Thalberg was diagnosed with pneumonia.", "Shortly after returning from Monterey, Thalberg was diagnosed with pneumonia. His condition worsened steadily and he eventually required an oxygen tent at home. He died on September 14, at the age of 37. Sam Wood, while directing A Day at the Races, was given the news by phone. He returned to the set with tears in his eyes and told the others. As the news spread \"the studio was paralyzed with shock\", notes Thomas.", "As the news spread \"the studio was paralyzed with shock\", notes Thomas. \"Work stopped and hundreds of people wept\", with stars, writers, directors, and studio employees \"all sharing a sense of loss at the death of a man who had been a part of their working lives\", states Flamini. His funeral took place two days later, and when the services began the other studios throughout Hollywood observed five minutes of silence.", "His funeral took place two days later, and when the services began the other studios throughout Hollywood observed five minutes of silence. Producer Sam Goldwyn \"wept uncontrollably for two days\" and was unable to regain his composure enough to attend. The MGM studio closed for that day. Services were held at the Wilshire Boulevard Temple that Thalberg had occasionally attended.", "Services were held at the Wilshire Boulevard Temple that Thalberg had occasionally attended. The funeral attracted thousands of spectators who came to view the arrival of countless stars from MGM and other studios, including Greta Garbo, Jean Harlow, the Marx Brothers, Charlie Chaplin, Walt Disney, Howard Hughes, Al Jolson, Gary Cooper, Carole Lombard, Mary Pickford, and Douglas Fairbanks, among the screen luminaries. The ushers who led them to their seats included Clark Gable, Fredric March, and playwright Moss Hart.", "The ushers who led them to their seats included Clark Gable, Fredric March, and playwright Moss Hart. Erich von Stroheim, who had been fired by Thalberg, came to pay his respects. Producers Louis B. Mayer, the Warner brothers, Adolph Zukor, and Nicholas Schenck sat together solemnly as Rabbi Magnin gave the eulogy.", "Producers Louis B. Mayer, the Warner brothers, Adolph Zukor, and Nicholas Schenck sat together solemnly as Rabbi Magnin gave the eulogy. Thalberg is buried in a private marble tomb in the Great Mausoleum at Forest Lawn Memorial Park in Glendale, California, lying at rest beside his wife Norma Shearer Arrouge (Thalberg's crypt was engraved \"My Sweetheart Forever\" by Shearer). Over the following days, tributes were published by the national press.", "Over the following days, tributes were published by the national press. Louis B. Mayer, his co-founding partner at Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, said he had lost \"the finest friend a man could ever have\", while MGM president Nicholas Schenck stated that \"Thalberg was the most important man in the production end of the motion-picture industry. Leading producers from the other studios also expressed their feelings in published tributes to Thalberg: David O. Selznick described him as \"beyond any question the greatest individual force for fine pictures.\"", "Leading producers from the other studios also expressed their feelings in published tributes to Thalberg: David O. Selznick described him as \"beyond any question the greatest individual force for fine pictures.\" Samuel Goldwyn called him \"the foremost figure in the motion-picture industry ... and an inspiration.\" M. H. Aylesworth, Chairman of RKO, wrote that \"his integrity, vision and ability made him the spearhead of all motion-picture production throughout the world.\"", "M. H. Aylesworth, Chairman of RKO, wrote that \"his integrity, vision and ability made him the spearhead of all motion-picture production throughout the world.\" Harry Warner, president of Warner Bros., described him as \"gifted with one of the finest minds ever placed at the service of motion-picture production.\" Sidney R. Kent, president of Twentieth Century Fox, said that \"he made the whole world richer by giving it the highest type of entertainment. He was a true genius.\"", "He was a true genius.\" He was a true genius.\" Columbia president Harry Cohn said the \"motion picture industry has suffered a loss from which it will not soon recover...\". Darryl F. Zanuck noted, \"More than any other man he raised the industry to its present world prestige.\" Adolph Zukor, chairman of Paramount, stated, \"Irving Thalberg was the most brilliant young man in the motion picture business.\" Jesse Lasky said, \"It will be utterly impossible to replace him.\"", "Jesse Lasky said, \"It will be utterly impossible to replace him.\" Among the condolences that came from world political leaders, President Franklin D. Roosevelt wrote, \"The world of art is poorer with the passing of Irving Thalberg. His high ideals, insight and imagination went into the production of his masterpieces.\" Among the pictures that were unfinished or not yet released at the time of his death were A Day at the Races, The Good Earth, Camille, Maytime, and Romeo and Juliet.", "Among the pictures that were unfinished or not yet released at the time of his death were A Day at the Races, The Good Earth, Camille, Maytime, and Romeo and Juliet. Groucho Marx, star of A Day at the Races, wrote, \"After Thalberg's death, my interest in the movies waned. I continued to appear in them, but ... The fun had gone out of picture making.\" Thalberg's widow, Norma Shearer, recalled, \"Grief does very strange things to you.", "Thalberg's widow, Norma Shearer, recalled, \"Grief does very strange things to you. I didn't seem to feel the shock for two weeks afterwards. ... then, at the end of those two weeks, I collapsed.\" Legacy in the movie industry Thalberg's legacy to the movie industry is \"incalculable\", states biographer Bob Thomas.", "Legacy in the movie industry Thalberg's legacy to the movie industry is \"incalculable\", states biographer Bob Thomas. He notes that with his numerous production innovations and grand stories, often turning classic literature and Broadway stage productions into big-screen pictures, he managed to keep \"American movies supreme throughout the world for a generation\". Darryl F. Zanuck, founder of 20th Century-Fox said that during Thalberg's brief career, he had become the \"most creative producer in the history of films\".", "Darryl F. Zanuck, founder of 20th Century-Fox said that during Thalberg's brief career, he had become the \"most creative producer in the history of films\". Thomas describes some of his contributions: Most of MGM's major films in the 1930s were, according to Flamini, \"in a very real sense\", made by Thalberg. He closely supervised the making of \"more pictures than any other producer in Hollywood's history\", and was considered the \"archetype of the creative producer\", adds Flamini.", "He closely supervised the making of \"more pictures than any other producer in Hollywood's history\", and was considered the \"archetype of the creative producer\", adds Flamini. Upon his early death, aged 37, an editorial in The New York Times called him \"the most important force\" in the motion picture industry. The paper added that for the film industry, he \"set the pace and others followed ... because his way combined style, glamour, and profit.\"", "The paper added that for the film industry, he \"set the pace and others followed ... because his way combined style, glamour, and profit.\" He is described by Flamini as having been \"a revolutionary in a gray flannel suit\". Thalberg refused to take credit as producer, and as a result, his name never appeared on the screen while he was alive. Thalberg claimed that \"credit you give yourself is not worth having\".", "Thalberg claimed that \"credit you give yourself is not worth having\". He also said \"If a picture is good, they'll know who produced it. If it's bad, nobody cares.\" His final film, released after he died, was The Good Earth (1937), which won numerous Academy Awards. Its opening screen credit was dedicated to Thalberg: In 1938, the new multimillion-dollar MGM administration building in Culver City was named for Thalberg.", "Its opening screen credit was dedicated to Thalberg: In 1938, the new multimillion-dollar MGM administration building in Culver City was named for Thalberg. The Irving G. Thalberg Memorial Award, presented by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences, also named for him, awards producers for consistently high production achievements. Cultural legacy The Last Tycoon In October 1939, American novelist F. Scott Fitzgerald began writing The Last Tycoon, a fictionalized biography of Thalberg, naming the protagonist Monroe Stahr to represent Thalberg.", "Cultural legacy The Last Tycoon In October 1939, American novelist F. Scott Fitzgerald began writing The Last Tycoon, a fictionalized biography of Thalberg, naming the protagonist Monroe Stahr to represent Thalberg. \"Thalberg has always fascinated me\", he wrote to an editor. \"His peculiar charm, his extraordinary good looks, his bountiful success, the tragic end of his great adventure. The events I have built around him are fiction, but all of them are things which might very well have happened. ...", "... ... I've long chosen him for a hero (this has been in my mind for three years) because he is one of the half-dozen men I have known who were built on a grand scale.\" Thomas notes that among the reasons Fitzgerald chose to write a book about a Thalberg-like character, was that \"throughout his literary career, Fitzgerald borrowed his heroes from friends he admired, and inevitably a bit of Fitzgerald entered the characterizations.\"", "Thomas notes that among the reasons Fitzgerald chose to write a book about a Thalberg-like character, was that \"throughout his literary career, Fitzgerald borrowed his heroes from friends he admired, and inevitably a bit of Fitzgerald entered the characterizations.\" Fitzgerald himself writes that \"When I like men, I want to be like them ...\" Fitzgerald and Thalberg had real-life similarities: both were prodigies, both had heart ailments, and they both died at early ages.", "Fitzgerald himself writes that \"When I like men, I want to be like them ...\" Fitzgerald and Thalberg had real-life similarities: both were prodigies, both had heart ailments, and they both died at early ages. According to biographer Matthew J. Bruccoli, Fitzgerald believed that Thalberg, with his \"taste and courage, represented the best of Hollywood. ... [and] saw Thalberg as a model for what could be done in the movies.\" Fitzgerald died before the novel was completed, however.", "Fitzgerald died before the novel was completed, however. Fitzgerald died before the novel was completed, however. Bruccoli writes of Fitzgerald's book: Although parallels between Monroe Stahr in the novel and Thalberg were evident, many who knew Thalberg intimately stated that they did not see similarities in their personalities. Norma Shearer said that the Stahr character was not at all like her former husband. In the 1976 film version, directed by Elia Kazan, Monroe Stahr was played by Robert De Niro.", "In the 1976 film version, directed by Elia Kazan, Monroe Stahr was played by Robert De Niro. Kazan, in his pre-production notes, described the Stahr character as he saw him: In the 2016 television series based on the novel, Monroe Stahr is played by Matt Bomer. Others Fitzgerald also based his short story \"Crazy Sunday\", originally published in the October 1932 issue of American Mercury, on an incident at a party thrown by Thalberg and Shearer.", "Others Fitzgerald also based his short story \"Crazy Sunday\", originally published in the October 1932 issue of American Mercury, on an incident at a party thrown by Thalberg and Shearer. The story is included in Fitzgerald's collection Taps at Reveille (1935). Thalberg was portrayed in the movie Man of a Thousand Faces (1957) by Robert Evans, who went on to become a studio head himself.", "Thalberg was portrayed in the movie Man of a Thousand Faces (1957) by Robert Evans, who went on to become a studio head himself. Thalberg was portrayed by Bill Cusack in Young Indiana Jones and the Hollywood Follies (1994), a TV film based on The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles, in which Indiana Jones is depicted as taking part in Thalberg's conflict with Erich von Stroheim over Foolish Wives.", "Thalberg was portrayed by Bill Cusack in Young Indiana Jones and the Hollywood Follies (1994), a TV film based on The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles, in which Indiana Jones is depicted as taking part in Thalberg's conflict with Erich von Stroheim over Foolish Wives. In 2020, Thalberg was played by Ferdinand Kingsley in the David Fincher film Mank Thalberg, played by Tobey Maguire, is rumored to appear in the upcoming movie Babylon.", "In 2020, Thalberg was played by Ferdinand Kingsley in the David Fincher film Mank Thalberg, played by Tobey Maguire, is rumored to appear in the upcoming movie Babylon. Filmography Producer Reputation (1921) The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1923) Merry-Go-Round (1923) His Hour (1924) He Who Gets Slapped (1924) The Unholy Three (1925) The Merry Widow (1925) The Tower of Lies (1925) The Big Parade (1925) Ben-Hur: A Tale of the Christ (1925) Torrent (1926) La Bohème (1926) Brown of Harvard (1926) The Road to Mandalay (1926) The Temptress (1926) Valencia (1926) Flesh and the Devil (1926) Twelve Miles Out (1927) The Student Prince in Old Heidelberg (1927) London After Midnight (1927) The Crowd (1928) Laugh, Clown, Laugh (1928) White Shadows in the South Seas (1928) Show People (1928) West of Zanzibar (1928) The Broadway Melody (1929) The Trial of Mary Dugan (1929) Voice of the City (1929) Where East Is East (1929) The Last of Mrs. Cheyney (1929) The Hollywood Revue of 1929 (1929) Hallelujah (1929) His Glorious Night (1929) The Kiss (1929) Anna Christie (1930) Redemption (1930) The Divorcee (1930) The Rogue Song (1930) The Big House (1930) The Unholy Three (1930) Let Us Be Gay (1930) Billy the Kid (1930) Way for a Sailor (1930) A Lady's Morals (1930) Inspiration (1931) Trader Horn (1931) The Secret Six (1931) A Free Soul (1931) Just a Gigolo (1931) Menschen hinter Gittern (1931), German-language version of The Big House (1930) The Sin of Madelon Claudet (1931) The Guardsman (1931) The Champ (1931) Possessed (1931) Private Lives (1931) Mata Hari (1931) Freaks (1932) Tarzan the Ape Man (1932) Grand Hotel (1932) Letty Lynton (1932) As You Desire Me (1932) Red-Headed Woman (1932) Smilin' Through (1932) Red Dust (1932) Rasputin and the Empress (1932) Strange Interlude (1932) Tugboat Annie (1933) Bombshell (1933) Eskimo (1933) La Veuve Joyeuse (1934) French-language version of The Merry Widow Riptide (1934) The Barretts of Wimpole Street (1934) The Merry Widow (1934) What Every Woman Knows (1934) Biography of a Bachelor Girl (1935) No More Ladies (1935) China Seas (1935) Mutiny on the Bounty (1935) A Night at the Opera (1935) Riffraff (1936) Romeo and Juliet (1936) Camille (1936) Maytime (1937) A Day at the Races (1937) Broadway Melody of 1938 (1937) The Good Earth (1937) Marie Antoinette (1938) Writer The Trap (1922) The Dangerous Little Demon (1922) Awards Academy Awards Notes Further reading Books Flamini, Roland.", "Filmography Producer Reputation (1921) The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1923) Merry-Go-Round (1923) His Hour (1924) He Who Gets Slapped (1924) The Unholy Three (1925) The Merry Widow (1925) The Tower of Lies (1925) The Big Parade (1925) Ben-Hur: A Tale of the Christ (1925) Torrent (1926) La Bohème (1926) Brown of Harvard (1926) The Road to Mandalay (1926) The Temptress (1926) Valencia (1926) Flesh and the Devil (1926) Twelve Miles Out (1927) The Student Prince in Old Heidelberg (1927) London After Midnight (1927) The Crowd (1928) Laugh, Clown, Laugh (1928) White Shadows in the South Seas (1928) Show People (1928) West of Zanzibar (1928) The Broadway Melody (1929) The Trial of Mary Dugan (1929) Voice of the City (1929) Where East Is East (1929) The Last of Mrs. Cheyney (1929) The Hollywood Revue of 1929 (1929) Hallelujah (1929) His Glorious Night (1929) The Kiss (1929) Anna Christie (1930) Redemption (1930) The Divorcee (1930) The Rogue Song (1930) The Big House (1930) The Unholy Three (1930) Let Us Be Gay (1930) Billy the Kid (1930) Way for a Sailor (1930) A Lady's Morals (1930) Inspiration (1931) Trader Horn (1931) The Secret Six (1931) A Free Soul (1931) Just a Gigolo (1931) Menschen hinter Gittern (1931), German-language version of The Big House (1930) The Sin of Madelon Claudet (1931) The Guardsman (1931) The Champ (1931) Possessed (1931) Private Lives (1931) Mata Hari (1931) Freaks (1932) Tarzan the Ape Man (1932) Grand Hotel (1932) Letty Lynton (1932) As You Desire Me (1932) Red-Headed Woman (1932) Smilin' Through (1932) Red Dust (1932) Rasputin and the Empress (1932) Strange Interlude (1932) Tugboat Annie (1933) Bombshell (1933) Eskimo (1933) La Veuve Joyeuse (1934) French-language version of The Merry Widow Riptide (1934) The Barretts of Wimpole Street (1934) The Merry Widow (1934) What Every Woman Knows (1934) Biography of a Bachelor Girl (1935) No More Ladies (1935) China Seas (1935) Mutiny on the Bounty (1935) A Night at the Opera (1935) Riffraff (1936) Romeo and Juliet (1936) Camille (1936) Maytime (1937) A Day at the Races (1937) Broadway Melody of 1938 (1937) The Good Earth (1937) Marie Antoinette (1938) Writer The Trap (1922) The Dangerous Little Demon (1922) Awards Academy Awards Notes Further reading Books Flamini, Roland. Thalberg: The Last Tycoon and the World of M-G-M (1994) Marx, Samuel.", "Thalberg: The Last Tycoon and the World of M-G-M (1994) Marx, Samuel. Mayer and Thalberg: The Make-believe Saints (1975) Thomas, Bob. Thalberg: Life and Legend (1969) Vieira, Mark A. Irving Thalberg's M-G-M. New York: Harry N. Abrams, 2008. Vieira, Mark A. Irving Thalberg: Boy Wonder to Producer Prince. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2009. Articles Starman, Ray.", "Berkeley: University of California Press, 2009. Articles Starman, Ray. Articles Starman, Ray. \"Irving Thalberg\", Films In Review, June/July 1987, p. 347–353 External links Irving Thalberg at TCM Cinemagraphe Review of the Roland Flamini biography of Thalberg: The Last Tycoon and the World of MGM Irving Thalberg at Virtual History Irving Thalberg profiled in Collier's Magazine (1924) Videos 1899 births 1936 deaths American film producers Film producers from California Producers who won the Best Picture Academy Award American film studio executives American male screenwriters Cinema pioneers Silent film directors Silent film producers Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer executives Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences founders Businesspeople from Los Angeles Hollywood history and culture California Republicans New York (state) Republicans USC School of Cinematic Arts faculty 20th-century American businesspeople Screenwriters from California Screenwriters from New York (state) People from Brooklyn American anti-communists American people of German-Jewish descent Deaths from pneumonia in California Burials at Forest Lawn Memorial Park (Glendale) 20th-century American male writers 20th-century American writers Jewish American writers 20th-century American screenwriters" ]

[ "Irving Thalberg", "Early years", "What year was he born?", "Thalberg was born in Brooklyn, to German Jewish immigrant parents," ]

[ "The Extraordinary Tale of Nicholas Pierce is a 2011 adventure novel written by Alexander DeLuca. It follows the journey of a university teacher Nicholas Pierce, who suffers from obsessive compulsive disorder as he searches for his biological parents, traveling across states in the United States of America. He travels with a friend, who is an eccentric barista in a cafe in upstate New York, named Sergei Tarasov.\n\nPlot\nNicholas Pierce suffers from OCD. He is also missing the memory of the first five years of his life. Raised by adoptive parents, one day he receives a mysterious box from an \"Uncle Nathan\". Curious, he sets off on a journey to find his biological parents with a Russian friend, Sergei Tarasov. On the trip, they meet several people, face money problems and different challenges. They also pick up a hitchhiker, Jessica, who later turns out to be a criminal.\n\nFinally, Nicholas finds his grandparents, who direct him to his biological parents. When he meets them, he finds out that his vaguely registered biological 'parents' were actually neighbors of his real parents who had died in an accident. The mysterious box that he had received is destroyed. He finds out that it contained photographs from his early life.\n\n2011 American novels\nNovels about obsessive–compulsive disorder", "Bomba and the Jungle Girl is a 1952 adventure film directed by Ford Beebe and starring Johnny Sheffield. It is the eighth film (of 12) in the Bomba, the Jungle Boy film series.\n\nPlot\nBomba decides to find out who his parents were. He starts with Cody Casson's diary and follows the trail to a native village. An ancient blind woman tells him his parents, along the village's true ruler, were murdered by the current chieftain and his daughter. With the aid of an inspector and his daughter, Bomba battles the usurpers in the cave where his parents were buried.\n\nCast\nJohnny Sheffield\nKaren Sharpe\nWalter Sande\nSuzette Harbin\nMartin Wilkins\nMorris Buchanan\nLeonard Mudie\nDon Blackman.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\n1952 films\nAmerican films\nAmerican adventure films\nFilms directed by Ford Beebe\nFilms produced by Walter Mirisch\nMonogram Pictures films\n1952 adventure films\nAmerican black-and-white films" ]

[ "Irving Grant Thalberg (May 30, 1899 – September 14, 1936) was an American film producer during the early years of motion pictures. He was called \"The Boy Wonder\" for his youth and ability to select scripts, choose actors, gather production staff, and make profitable films, including Grand Hotel, China Seas, A Night at the Opera, Mutiny on the Bounty, Camille and The Good Earth.", "He was called \"The Boy Wonder\" for his youth and ability to select scripts, choose actors, gather production staff, and make profitable films, including Grand Hotel, China Seas, A Night at the Opera, Mutiny on the Bounty, Camille and The Good Earth. His films carved out an international market, \"projecting a seductive image of American life brimming with vitality and rooted in democracy and personal freedom\", states biographer Roland Flamini.", "His films carved out an international market, \"projecting a seductive image of American life brimming with vitality and rooted in democracy and personal freedom\", states biographer Roland Flamini. He was born in Brooklyn, New York, and as a child was afflicted with a congenital heart disease that doctors said would kill him before he reached the age of thirty. After graduating from high school he worked as a store clerk during the day and to gain some job skills took a night class in typing.", "After graduating from high school he worked as a store clerk during the day and to gain some job skills took a night class in typing. He then found work as a secretary with Universal Studios' New York office, and was later made studio manager for their Los Angeles facility. There, he oversaw production of a hundred films during his three years with the company. Among the films he produced was The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1923).", "Among the films he produced was The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1923). In Los Angeles, he partnered with Louis B. Mayer's new studio and, after it merged with two other studios, helped create Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (MGM). He was made head of production of MGM in 1925, at the age of twenty-six, helping MGM become the most successful studio in Hollywood.", "He was made head of production of MGM in 1925, at the age of twenty-six, helping MGM become the most successful studio in Hollywood. During his twelve years with MGM, until his premature death at the age of 37, he produced four hundred films, most of which bore his imprint and innovations, including story conferences with writers, sneak previews to gain early feedback, and extensive re-shooting of scenes to improve the film.", "During his twelve years with MGM, until his premature death at the age of 37, he produced four hundred films, most of which bore his imprint and innovations, including story conferences with writers, sneak previews to gain early feedback, and extensive re-shooting of scenes to improve the film. In addition, he introduced horror films to audiences and coauthored the \"Production Code\", guidelines for morality followed by all studios.", "In addition, he introduced horror films to audiences and coauthored the \"Production Code\", guidelines for morality followed by all studios. During the 1920s and 1930s, he synthesized and merged the world of stage drama and literary classics with Hollywood films. Thalberg created numerous new stars and groomed their screen images.", "Thalberg created numerous new stars and groomed their screen images. Among them were Lon Chaney, Ramon Novarro, Greta Garbo, John Gilbert, Lionel Barrymore, Joan Crawford, Clark Gable, Jean Harlow, Wallace Beery, Spencer Tracy, Luise Rainer, and Norma Shearer, who became his wife. He had the ability to combine quality with commercial success, and was credited with bringing his artistic aspirations in line with the demands of audiences.", "He had the ability to combine quality with commercial success, and was credited with bringing his artistic aspirations in line with the demands of audiences. After his death, Hollywood's producers said he had been the world's \"foremost figure in motion-picture history\". President Franklin D. Roosevelt wrote, \"The world of art is poorer with the passing of Irving Thalberg. His high ideals, insight and imagination went into the production of his masterpieces.\"", "His high ideals, insight and imagination went into the production of his masterpieces.\" The Irving G. Thalberg Memorial Award, given out periodically by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences since 1937, has been awarded to producers whose body of work reflected consistently high quality films. Early years Thalberg was born in Brooklyn, to German Jewish immigrant parents, William and Henrietta (Haymann).", "Early years Thalberg was born in Brooklyn, to German Jewish immigrant parents, William and Henrietta (Haymann). Shortly after birth, he was diagnosed with \"blue baby syndrome\", caused by a congenital disease that limited the oxygen supply to his heart. The prognosis from the family's doctor and specialists was that he might live to the age of twenty, or at most, to thirty. During his high school years in Brooklyn, he began having attacks of chest pains, dizziness and fatigue.", "During his high school years in Brooklyn, he began having attacks of chest pains, dizziness and fatigue. This affected his ability to study, though until that time he was a good student. When he was 17 he contracted rheumatic fever, and was confined to bed for a year. His mother, in order to prevent him falling too far behind other students, brought him homework from school, books, and tutors to teach him at home.", "His mother, in order to prevent him falling too far behind other students, brought him homework from school, books, and tutors to teach him at home. She also hoped that the schoolwork and reading would distract him from the \"tantalizing sounds\" of children playing outside his window. With little to entertain him, he read books as a main activity. He devoured popular novels, classics, plays, and biographies.", "He devoured popular novels, classics, plays, and biographies. His books, of necessity, replaced the streets of New York, and led to his interest in classical philosophy and philosophers, such as William James. When Thalberg returned to school, he finished high school but lacked the stamina for college, which he felt would have required constant late-night studying and cramming for exams.", "When Thalberg returned to school, he finished high school but lacked the stamina for college, which he felt would have required constant late-night studying and cramming for exams. Instead, he took part-time jobs as a store clerk, and in the evenings, to gain some job skills, taught himself typing, shorthand and Spanish at a night vocational school.", "Instead, he took part-time jobs as a store clerk, and in the evenings, to gain some job skills, taught himself typing, shorthand and Spanish at a night vocational school. When he turned 18, he placed an advertisement in the local newspaper hoping to find better work: Career as producer Universal Studios He found work as an office secretary at Universal Pictures' New York office, and later became personal secretary to the studio's founder and president, Carl Laemmle.", "When he turned 18, he placed an advertisement in the local newspaper hoping to find better work: Career as producer Universal Studios He found work as an office secretary at Universal Pictures' New York office, and later became personal secretary to the studio's founder and president, Carl Laemmle. Among Thalberg's duties were transcribing and editing notes that Laemmle had written during screenings of his films. He earned $25 weekly, becoming adept at making insightful observations, which impressed Laemmle.", "He earned $25 weekly, becoming adept at making insightful observations, which impressed Laemmle. Laemmle took Thalberg to see his Los Angeles production facility, where he spent a month watching how movie production worked. Before returning to New York, Laemmle told Thalberg to remain and \"keep an eye on things for me.\" Two months later, Laemmle returned to California, partly to see how well Thalberg was able to handle the responsibilities he was given.", "Two months later, Laemmle returned to California, partly to see how well Thalberg was able to handle the responsibilities he was given. Thalberg gave him suggestions, and thus impressed Laemmle by his ability to understand and explain problems. Thalberg suggested, \"The first thing you should do is establish a new job of studio manager and give him the responsibility of watching day-to-day operations.\" Laemmle immediately agreed: \"All right. You're it.\" In shock, Thalberg replied, \"I'm what?\"", "In shock, Thalberg replied, \"I'm what?\" Laemmle told him to take charge of the Los Angeles studio, which he did in early 1919. When aged 20, Thalberg became responsible for immediately overseeing the nine ongoing film productions and nearly thirty scenarios then under development. In describing the rationale for this early appointment as studio manager, film historian David Thomson writes that his new job \"owed nothing to nepotism, private wealth, or experience in the film industry.\"", "In describing the rationale for this early appointment as studio manager, film historian David Thomson writes that his new job \"owed nothing to nepotism, private wealth, or experience in the film industry.\" He reasons that despite \"Thalberg's youth, modest education, and frail appearance ... it is clear that he had the charm, insight, and ability, or the appearance of it, to captivate the film world.\"", "He reasons that despite \"Thalberg's youth, modest education, and frail appearance ... it is clear that he had the charm, insight, and ability, or the appearance of it, to captivate the film world.\" Thalberg was one among the majority of Hollywood film industry workers who migrated from the East Coast, primarily from New York. Some film actors, such as Conrad Nagel, did not like the five-day train trip or the sudden warmth of the California climate.", "Some film actors, such as Conrad Nagel, did not like the five-day train trip or the sudden warmth of the California climate. Neither did Marion Davies, who was not used to such \"big wide spaces\". Samuel Marx, a close friend of Thalberg's from New York, recalled how easily Thalberg adapted to Southern California, often standing outside his doorway during moments of contemplation to enjoy the scenery. \"We were all young\", said comedian Buster Keaton. \"The air in California was like wine.", "\"The air in California was like wine. \"The air in California was like wine. Our business was also young—and growing like nothing ever seen before.\" Confrontation with Erich von Stroheim He quickly established his tenacity as he battled with well-known director Erich von Stroheim over the length of Foolish Wives (1922). Biographer Roland Flamini notes that the film was Universal's most expensive \"jewel\" ever in production, and its director and star, von Stroheim, was taking the film way over budget.", "Biographer Roland Flamini notes that the film was Universal's most expensive \"jewel\" ever in production, and its director and star, von Stroheim, was taking the film way over budget. Thalberg, now Universal's general manager, was forced to have the director quickly finalize production before the studio's working capital was used up. Flamini describes the situation: Thalberg had von Stroheim come to his office, which he did still wearing his film costume as a Russian Imperial Guard and escorted by members of his production team.", "Flamini describes the situation: Thalberg had von Stroheim come to his office, which he did still wearing his film costume as a Russian Imperial Guard and escorted by members of his production team. Thalberg calmly told him, \"I have seen all the film and you have all you need for the picture. I want you to stop shooting\", to which von Stroheim replied, \"But I have not finished as yet.\" \"Yes, you have\", said Thalberg.", "\"Yes, you have\", said Thalberg. \"Yes, you have\", said Thalberg. \"You have spent all the money this company can afford. I cannot allow you to spend any more.\" Thalberg quietly explained that the director worked under the producer, and it was his responsibility to control costs. Von Stroheim, surrounded by his assistants, then confronted Thalberg: \"If you were not my superior, I would smash you in the face.\"", "Von Stroheim, surrounded by his assistants, then confronted Thalberg: \"If you were not my superior, I would smash you in the face.\" Thalberg, unflinching, said \"Don't let that stop you.\" The result was that Thalberg soon afterward removed the cameras from von Stroheim's studio and took over editing. The uncut footage was pared down from five-and-a-half hours to three hours, to von Stroheim's deep dissatisfaction. A similar problem developed with von Stroheim's next film, Merry-Go-Round (1923).", "A similar problem developed with von Stroheim's next film, Merry-Go-Round (1923). Although he had promised Thalberg to remain within budget this time, he continued production until it went to twice the agreed length and was not yet near completion. Flamini speculates why this happened: Thalberg again called von Stroheim to his office, handed him a long letter written and signed by himself, describing the problems, and summarily fired von Stroheim as of that moment.", "Flamini speculates why this happened: Thalberg again called von Stroheim to his office, handed him a long letter written and signed by himself, describing the problems, and summarily fired von Stroheim as of that moment. Thalberg's letter stated among the reasons, totally inexcusable and repeated acts of insubordination ... extravagant ideas which you have been unwilling to sacrifice ... unnecessary delays ... and your apparent idea that you are greater and more powerful than the organization that employs you.", "Thalberg's letter stated among the reasons, totally inexcusable and repeated acts of insubordination ... extravagant ideas which you have been unwilling to sacrifice ... unnecessary delays ... and your apparent idea that you are greater and more powerful than the organization that employs you. His dismissal of von Stroheim was considered an \"earthquake in movie circles\", notes Flamini. Producer David O. Selznick said that \"it was the first time a director had been fired. It took great guts and courage ...", "It took great guts and courage ... It took great guts and courage ... Von Stroheim was utterly indifferent over money and could have gone on and spent millions, with nobody to stop him.\". The opinion was shared by director Rouben Mamoulian, who said that the \"little fellow at Universal\", in one bold stroke, had \"asserted the primacy of the studio over the director\" and forever altered the balance of power in the movie industry.", "The opinion was shared by director Rouben Mamoulian, who said that the \"little fellow at Universal\", in one bold stroke, had \"asserted the primacy of the studio over the director\" and forever altered the balance of power in the movie industry. Effects of his young age According to Flamini, his youth was a subject of conversation within the movie community. Executives from other studios, actors, and film crew, often mistook him to be a junior employee.", "Executives from other studios, actors, and film crew, often mistook him to be a junior employee. Movie columnist Louella Parsons, upon first being introduced to him, asked, \"What's the joke? Where's the new general manager?\"", "Where's the new general manager?\" Where's the new general manager?\" After five minutes of talking to Thalberg, however, she later wrote about \"Universal's Boy Wonder\": \"He might be a boy in looks and age, but it was no child's mind that was being asked to cope with the intricate politics of Universal City.\" Novelist Edna Ferber responded the same way, writing that \"I had fancied motion-picture producers as large gentlemen smoking oversized cigars.", "Novelist Edna Ferber responded the same way, writing that \"I had fancied motion-picture producers as large gentlemen smoking oversized cigars. But this young man whose word seemed so final at Universal City ... impressed me deeply.\" The male actors in the studio had a similar reaction. Lionel Barrymore, who was nearly twice his age, recalled their meetings: Thalberg likewise gained the respect of leading playwrights, some of whom also looked down on him due to his youth.", "Lionel Barrymore, who was nearly twice his age, recalled their meetings: Thalberg likewise gained the respect of leading playwrights, some of whom also looked down on him due to his youth. George S. Kaufman, co-author of Dinner at Eight, several Marx Brothers films, and two George Gershwin plays, came from New York to meet with Thalberg. Afterward he confided to his friend, Groucho Marx: \"That man has never written a word, yet he can tell me exactly what to do with a story.", "Afterward he confided to his friend, Groucho Marx: \"That man has never written a word, yet he can tell me exactly what to do with a story. I didn't know you had people like that out here.\" Actress Norma Shearer, whom he later married, was surprised after he greeted her at the door, then walked her to his office for her first job interview: \"Then you're not the office boy?\" she asked.", "she asked. she asked. He smiled, as he sat himself behind his desk: \"No, Miss Shearer, I'm Irving Thalberg, vice-president of the Mayer Company. I'm the man who sent for you.\" His younger-than-normal age for a studio executive was usually mentioned even after he left Universal to help start up MGM.", "His younger-than-normal age for a studio executive was usually mentioned even after he left Universal to help start up MGM. Screenwriter Agnes Christine Johnson, who worked with Thalberg for years, described his contribution during meetings: The same quality was observed by director and screenwriter Hobart Henley: \"If something that read well in conference turns out not so good on the screen, I go to him and, like that—Henley snaps his fingers—he has a remedy. He's brilliant.\"", "He's brilliant.\" He's brilliant.\" Another assistant producer to Thalberg explains: His youth also contributed to his open-mindedness to the ideas of others. Conrad Nagel, who starred in numerous Thalberg films, reported that Thalberg was generally empathetic to those he worked alongside: \"Thalberg never raised his voice. He just looked into your eyes, spoke softly, and after a few minutes he cast a spell on you.\"", "He just looked into your eyes, spoke softly, and after a few minutes he cast a spell on you.\" Studio attorney Edwin Loeb, who also worked to create AMPAS, explained that \"the real foundation of Irving's success was his ability to look at life through the eyes of any given person. He had a gift of empathy, and almost complete perspective.\" Those opinions were also shared by producer Walter Wanger: \"You thought that you were talking to an Indian savant.", "Those opinions were also shared by producer Walter Wanger: \"You thought that you were talking to an Indian savant. He could cast a spell on anybody.\" His talent as a producer was enhanced by his \"near-miraculous\" powers of concentration, notes film critic J. Hoberman. As a result, he was never bored or tired, and supplemented his spare time with reading for his own amusement, recalls screenwriter Bayard Veiller, with some of his favorite authors being Francis Bacon, Epictetus, and Immanuel Kant.", "As a result, he was never bored or tired, and supplemented his spare time with reading for his own amusement, recalls screenwriter Bayard Veiller, with some of his favorite authors being Francis Bacon, Epictetus, and Immanuel Kant. Film projects at Universal Biographer Bob Thomas writes that after three years at the studio, Thalberg continually proved his value. Universal's pictures improved noticeably, primarily due to Thalberg's \"uncanny sense of story.\"", "Universal's pictures improved noticeably, primarily due to Thalberg's \"uncanny sense of story.\" He took tight control over many key aspects of production, including his requirement that from then on scripts were tightly constructed before filming began, rather than during production. Thomas adds that he also \"showed a remarkable capacity for working with actors, casting them aptly and advising them on their careers.\"", "Thomas adds that he also \"showed a remarkable capacity for working with actors, casting them aptly and advising them on their careers.\" After producing two films that were in production when he began work at Universal, he presented Laemmle with his idea for a film based on one of his favorite classic stories, The Hunchback of Notre Dame. Rather than just a horror picture, Thalberg suggested turning it into a spectacle which would include a replica of the Notre Dame Cathedral in Paris. He had Lon Chaney play the hunchback.", "He had Lon Chaney play the hunchback. He had Lon Chaney play the hunchback. The film became Universal's most profitable silent film and established Chaney's career as a top-flight star. After nearly three years with Universal, Thalberg had supervised over a hundred movies, reorganized the studio to give more control to the managers, and had \"stopped the defection\" of many of their leading stars by offering them better, higher-paying contracts. He also produced a number of Universal's prestige films, which made the company profitable.", "He also produced a number of Universal's prestige films, which made the company profitable. However, he decided it was time to find a studio in Los Angeles more suitable to his skills, and spread word that he was available. Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (MGM) Cecil B. DeMille was the first who wanted to hire him, telling his partner Jesse Lasky, \"The boy is a genius. I can see it. I know it.\" Lasky opposed the hire, stating, \"Geniuses we have all we need.\"", "Lasky opposed the hire, stating, \"Geniuses we have all we need.\" Thalberg then received an offer from Hal Roach, but the offer was withdrawn because Thalberg lacked experience with slapstick comedy films. In late 1922, Thalberg was introduced to Louis B. Mayer, president of a small but dynamic and fast-growing studio. At that first meeting, Thalberg \"made a deep, immediate impression on Mayer\", writes Flamini.", "At that first meeting, Thalberg \"made a deep, immediate impression on Mayer\", writes Flamini. After Thalberg had left, Mayer said to studio attorney Edwin Loeb: \"Tell him if he comes to work for me, I'll look after him as though he were my son.\" Although their personalities were in many ways opposite, Mayer being more outspoken and nearly twice the younger man's age, Thalberg was hired as vice president in charge of production at Louis B. Mayer Productions.", "Although their personalities were in many ways opposite, Mayer being more outspoken and nearly twice the younger man's age, Thalberg was hired as vice president in charge of production at Louis B. Mayer Productions. Years later, Mayer's daughter Irene Mayer Selznick recalled that \"it was hard to believe anyone that boyish could be so important.\"", "Years later, Mayer's daughter Irene Mayer Selznick recalled that \"it was hard to believe anyone that boyish could be so important.\" According to Flamini, Thalberg was hired because, although Mayer was an astute businessman, \"what he lacked was Thalberg's almost unerring ability to combine quality with commercial success, to bring artistic aspiration in line with the demands of the box office.\"", "According to Flamini, Thalberg was hired because, although Mayer was an astute businessman, \"what he lacked was Thalberg's almost unerring ability to combine quality with commercial success, to bring artistic aspiration in line with the demands of the box office.\" Mayer's company subsequently merged with two others to become Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (MGM), with the 24-year-old Thalberg made part-owner and accorded the same position as vice president in charge of production. Three years after the merger, MGM became the most successful studio in Hollywood.", "Three years after the merger, MGM became the most successful studio in Hollywood. During his twelve years at MGM, Thalberg supervised the production of over four hundred films. Although Thalberg and his colleagues at MGM knew he was \"doomed\" to not live much past the age of 30 due to heart disease, he loved producing films. He continued developing innovative ideas and overseeing most of MGM's pictures.", "He continued developing innovative ideas and overseeing most of MGM's pictures. Under Thalberg's management, MGM released over 40% more films yearly than Warner Brothers, and more than double Paramount's releases. From 1924 until 1936, when Thalberg died at the age of 37, \"almost every film bore Thalberg's imprint\", wrote Mark Vieira. Production innovations Thalberg's production techniques \"broke new ground in filmmaking\", adds Vieira.", "Production innovations Thalberg's production techniques \"broke new ground in filmmaking\", adds Vieira. Among his contributions at MGM was his innovation of story conferences, sneak previews and scene retakes. He introduced the first horror films and coauthored the Production Code, the set of moral guidelines that all film studios agreed to follow. Thalberg helped synthesize and merge the world of stage drama and literary classics with Hollywood films. MGM thereby became the only movie studio to consistently show a profit during the Great Depression.", "MGM thereby became the only movie studio to consistently show a profit during the Great Depression. Flamini explains that the equation for MGM's success depended on combining stars, a Broadway hit or popular classic, and high standards of production. This combination at the time was considered a \"revolutionary approach\" in the film industry, which until then assumed a star was all that was needed for success, regardless of the story or production quality. The other studios began following MGM's lead with that same formula.", "The other studios began following MGM's lead with that same formula. Production techniques Thalberg generally followed a system in managing his productions. According to one of his assistants, Lawrence Weingarten, who later became a producer, \"Thalberg directed the film on paper, and then the director directed the film on film.\" Thalberg was generally opposed to location shooting overseas where he could not oversee production and control costs, as happened with Ben Hur.", "Thalberg was generally opposed to location shooting overseas where he could not oversee production and control costs, as happened with Ben Hur. Thus, he kept hundreds of back-lot carpenters at work creating realistic sets, as he did for fifteenth-century Romeo and Juliet (1936), or with China Seas (1935), to replicate the harbors of Hong Kong. Vieira points out that Thalberg's \"fascination with Broadway plays\" often had him create and present stories visually.", "Vieira points out that Thalberg's \"fascination with Broadway plays\" often had him create and present stories visually. For China Seas, for instance, he described for the screenwriters, director and others, exactly how he wanted the film to appear on screen: To be certain of achieving the desired effects, Thalberg made sure his cinematographers were careful in their use of light and shadow.", "For China Seas, for instance, he described for the screenwriters, director and others, exactly how he wanted the film to appear on screen: To be certain of achieving the desired effects, Thalberg made sure his cinematographers were careful in their use of light and shadow. Vieira observes that \"more than any other producer or any other studio, Thalberg and MGM manipulated lenses, filters, and lighting instruments to affect the viewer.\"", "Vieira observes that \"more than any other producer or any other studio, Thalberg and MGM manipulated lenses, filters, and lighting instruments to affect the viewer.\" As a result, he notes, \"most of Thalberg's films contain moments such as these, in which cinematic technique transcends mere exposition and gives the viewer something to treasure.\" Thalberg was supported by most of the studio in these kinds of creative decisions. \"It was a big family,\" notes Weingarten.", "\"It was a big family,\" notes Weingarten. \"If we had a success, everybody—and I mean every cutter, every painter, every plasterer—was excited about it, was abuzz, was in a tizzy about the whole idea of picture making.\" Taking risks with new subjects and stars In 1929, MGM released fifty films, and all but five showed a profit. Of those that failed, Hallelujah was also a gamble by Thalberg.", "Of those that failed, Hallelujah was also a gamble by Thalberg. When King Vidor, the film's producer and director, proposed the idea to Thalberg of a major film cast, for the first time, exclusively with African Americans, he told Thalberg directly, \"I doubt that it will make a dollar at the box office.\" Thalberg replied, \"Don't worry about that. I've told you that MGM can afford an occasional experiment.\"", "I've told you that MGM can afford an occasional experiment.\" By the early 1930s, a number of stars began failing at the box office, partly due to the Great Depression that was now undermining the economy, along with the public's ability to spend on entertainment. Thalberg began using two stars in a film, rather than one, as had been the tradition at all the studios, such as pairing Greta Garbo with John Gilbert, Clark Gable with Jean Harlow, and William Powell with Myrna Loy.", "Thalberg began using two stars in a film, rather than one, as had been the tradition at all the studios, such as pairing Greta Garbo with John Gilbert, Clark Gable with Jean Harlow, and William Powell with Myrna Loy. After experimenting with a few such films, including Mata Hari (1931), which were profitable, he decided on a multi-star production of another Broadway play, Grand Hotel (1932).", "After experimenting with a few such films, including Mata Hari (1931), which were profitable, he decided on a multi-star production of another Broadway play, Grand Hotel (1932). It had five major stars, including Garbo, Joan Crawford, John Barrymore, Lionel Barrymore, and Wallace Beery. \"Before Thalberg,\" writes Vieira, \"there was no Grand Hotel in the American consciousness.\" The film won the Oscar for Best Picture in 1932.", "The film won the Oscar for Best Picture in 1932. Thalberg went against consensus and took another risk with The Great Ziegfeld (1936), costarring Luise Rainer. Although Louis B. Mayer did not want her in the role, which he felt was too minor for a new star, Thalberg felt that \"only she could play the part\", wrote biographer Charles Higham. Shortly after shooting began in late 1935, doubts of Rainer's acting ability emerged in the press.", "Shortly after shooting began in late 1935, doubts of Rainer's acting ability emerged in the press. However, despite her limited appearances in the film, Rainer \"so impressed audiences with one highly emotional scene\" that she won the Academy Award for Best Actress. After her winning role in The Great Ziegfeld, Thalberg wanted her to play a role that was the opposite of her previous character, for The Good Earth (1937).", "After her winning role in The Great Ziegfeld, Thalberg wanted her to play a role that was the opposite of her previous character, for The Good Earth (1937). For the part as a Chinese peasant, she was required to act totally subservient to her husband, being perpetually huddled in submission, and barely spoke a word of dialogue during the entire film.", "For the part as a Chinese peasant, she was required to act totally subservient to her husband, being perpetually huddled in submission, and barely spoke a word of dialogue during the entire film. Rainer recalls that Mayer did not approve of the film being produced or her part in it: \"He was horrified at Irving Thalberg's insistence for me to play O-lan, the poor uncomely little Chinese peasant.\"", "Rainer recalls that Mayer did not approve of the film being produced or her part in it: \"He was horrified at Irving Thalberg's insistence for me to play O-lan, the poor uncomely little Chinese peasant.\" However, she again won the Oscar for Best Actress, becoming the first actress to win two consecutive Oscars, a feat not matched until Katharine Hepburn's two Oscar wins thirty years later.", "However, she again won the Oscar for Best Actress, becoming the first actress to win two consecutive Oscars, a feat not matched until Katharine Hepburn's two Oscar wins thirty years later. Grooming new stars Besides bringing a distinctive high quality \"look\" to MGM films and often recreating well-known stories or plays, Thalberg's actors themselves took on a characteristic quality. Thalberg wanted his female actors to appear \"cool, classy and beautiful,\" notes Flamini.", "Thalberg wanted his female actors to appear \"cool, classy and beautiful,\" notes Flamini. And he strove to make the male actors appear \"worldly and in control.\" In general, Thalberg movies and actors came to be \"luxurious,\" \"glossy,\" and \"technically flawless.\"", "In general, Thalberg movies and actors came to be \"luxurious,\" \"glossy,\" and \"technically flawless.\" By doing so, he made stars or boosted the careers of actors such as Lon Chaney, Ramon Novarro, John Gilbert, Greta Garbo, Joan Crawford, Clark Gable, Helen Hayes, Jean Harlow, Marie Dressler, Wallace Beery, John Barrymore, Lionel Barrymore and Luise Rainer.", "By doing so, he made stars or boosted the careers of actors such as Lon Chaney, Ramon Novarro, John Gilbert, Greta Garbo, Joan Crawford, Clark Gable, Helen Hayes, Jean Harlow, Marie Dressler, Wallace Beery, John Barrymore, Lionel Barrymore and Luise Rainer. Greta Garbo In 1925, a young Greta Garbo, then twenty, and unable to speak any English, was brought over from Sweden at Mayer's request, as he saw how she looked in still photos.", "Greta Garbo In 1925, a young Greta Garbo, then twenty, and unable to speak any English, was brought over from Sweden at Mayer's request, as he saw how she looked in still photos. A Swedish friend thought he would help her by contacting Thalberg, who then agreed to give her a screen test. According to author Frederick Sands, \"the result of the test was electrifying.\"", "According to author Frederick Sands, \"the result of the test was electrifying.\" Thalberg was impressed and began grooming the new starlet the following day: \"the studio arranged to fix her teeth, made sure she lost weight, and gave her an English tutor.\" Joan Crawford Joan Crawford's first role was a Thalberg production at MGM and she became one of their leading stars for the next thirty years.", "Joan Crawford Joan Crawford's first role was a Thalberg production at MGM and she became one of their leading stars for the next thirty years. Crawford was somewhat jealous of Norma Shearer as she thought she was given the better material by her husband Thalberg out of nepotism. Nevertheless, she felt that his contribution to MGM was vital to the film industry. Not long after his early death, she recalls her concerns: \"Thalberg was dead and the concept of the quality 'big' picture pretty much went out the window.\"", "Not long after his early death, she recalls her concerns: \"Thalberg was dead and the concept of the quality 'big' picture pretty much went out the window.\" Marie Dressler Thalberg also realized that old stars few had heard of could be made into new ones.", "Marie Dressler Thalberg also realized that old stars few had heard of could be made into new ones. Marie Dressler, a fifty-nine-year-old early vaudeville and movie star, who had played the top-billed lead, above Charles Chaplin and Mabel Normand), in the first feature-length comedy, Tillie's Punctured Romance (1914), was unable to get any roles in films after leaving show business for some years, finally working as a maid.", "Marie Dressler, a fifty-nine-year-old early vaudeville and movie star, who had played the top-billed lead, above Charles Chaplin and Mabel Normand), in the first feature-length comedy, Tillie's Punctured Romance (1914), was unable to get any roles in films after leaving show business for some years, finally working as a maid. MGM screenwriter Frances Marion suggested to Thalberg that she might fit well in a starring role for a new film, and was surprised that he knew of her prior successes.", "MGM screenwriter Frances Marion suggested to Thalberg that she might fit well in a starring role for a new film, and was surprised that he knew of her prior successes. Thalberg approved of using her without a screen test and offered his rationale: By 1932, shortly before she died, Dressler was the country's number one box office star.", "Thalberg approved of using her without a screen test and offered his rationale: By 1932, shortly before she died, Dressler was the country's number one box office star. Wallace Beery Marie Dressler was paired twice, in Min and Bill (1930) and Tugboat Annie (1933), with Wallace Beery, another major silent star who had been struggling to get work in sound pictures until Thalberg cast him.", "Wallace Beery Marie Dressler was paired twice, in Min and Bill (1930) and Tugboat Annie (1933), with Wallace Beery, another major silent star who had been struggling to get work in sound pictures until Thalberg cast him. Beery had enjoyed a hugely successful silent film career dating back to 1913, but had been fired by Paramount shortly after sound pictures appeared.", "Beery had enjoyed a hugely successful silent film career dating back to 1913, but had been fired by Paramount shortly after sound pictures appeared. Thalberg cast him in the role of \"Machine Gun Butch,\" which had been meant for recently deceased Lon Chaney, in The Big House (1930), an energetic prison picture that became a huge hit.", "Thalberg cast him in the role of \"Machine Gun Butch,\" which had been meant for recently deceased Lon Chaney, in The Big House (1930), an energetic prison picture that became a huge hit. Beery was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Actor for his performance, and his burgeoning career at MGM had transformed him into the studio's highest paid actor within two more years, during which time he won the Oscar for The Champ and had become a phenomenal box office draw as a result of Thalberg's foresight.", "Beery was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Actor for his performance, and his burgeoning career at MGM had transformed him into the studio's highest paid actor within two more years, during which time he won the Oscar for The Champ and had become a phenomenal box office draw as a result of Thalberg's foresight. Getting audience feedback and reshooting According to Vieira, MGM had few failures during this period, and numerous blockbusters.", "Getting audience feedback and reshooting According to Vieira, MGM had few failures during this period, and numerous blockbusters. Among the reasons was Thalberg's unique system of developing a script during story conferences with writers before filming began, and later giving \"sneak previews\" followed by audience feedback through written questionnaires. Often, where he felt improvement was needed, he arranged for scenes to be reshot. As Thalberg once stated, \"The difference between something good and something superior is often very small.\"", "As Thalberg once stated, \"The difference between something good and something superior is often very small.\" Bad decisions and missed opportunities Thalberg felt he had his \"finger on the pulse of America. I know what people will do and what they won't do,\" he said. His judgment was not always accurate, however. Thalberg's bringing Broadway productions to the screen to develop higher picture standards sometimes resulted in \"studied\" acting or \"stagey\" sets, notes Flamini.", "Thalberg's bringing Broadway productions to the screen to develop higher picture standards sometimes resulted in \"studied\" acting or \"stagey\" sets, notes Flamini. In 1927, after the successful release of the first full-length talking picture, The Jazz Singer (1927), he nevertheless felt that talking pictures were a fad. Thalberg likewise did not think that color would replace black-and-white in movies.", "Thalberg likewise did not think that color would replace black-and-white in movies. When an assistant protested against a script that envisioned a love scene in Paris with an ocean background, Thalberg refused to make changes, saying \"We can't cater to a handful of people who know Paris.\" A more serious distraction to Thalberg's efforts was his obsession with making his wife Norma Shearer a prominent star, efforts which sometimes led to \"overblown and overglamous\" productions.", "A more serious distraction to Thalberg's efforts was his obsession with making his wife Norma Shearer a prominent star, efforts which sometimes led to \"overblown and overglamous\" productions. Thalberg himself admitted to his obsession years later when he told a fellow producer: \"You're behaving like I did with Norma. I knew positively that she could play anything. It's a kind of romantic astigmatism that attacks producers when they fall for an actress.\"", "It's a kind of romantic astigmatism that attacks producers when they fall for an actress.\" Important films at MGM Ben Hur (1925) One of the first pictures he took charge of, Ben-Hur: A Tale of the Christ, was inherited and already in production by another studio when MGM was formed. The film was turning into a disastrous expense with cost overruns already in the millions due to its lavish sets and location shooting in Rome. Most studio executives chose to terminate the film to cut their losses.", "Most studio executives chose to terminate the film to cut their losses. Thalberg, however, felt differently, and thought the film would affect movie audiences, due to its classic literary source, and would highlight MGM as a major new studio. He, therefore, discarded much of the original footage shot in Italy and recreated the set on MGM's back lots in Culver City, which added more millions to the production, yet gave him more control over production.", "He, therefore, discarded much of the original footage shot in Italy and recreated the set on MGM's back lots in Culver City, which added more millions to the production, yet gave him more control over production. The new set also included a replica of Circus Maximus for the dramatic chariot race scenes. Flamini notes that Thalberg's \"gamble paid off,\" drawing international attention to MGM, and to Thalberg within the movie industry for his bold action.", "Flamini notes that Thalberg's \"gamble paid off,\" drawing international attention to MGM, and to Thalberg within the movie industry for his bold action. Mutiny on the Bounty (1935) Mutiny on the Bounty was the studio's next most expensive film after Ben Hur, with some now calling it \"Thalberg's masterpiece.\" He initially had difficulty convincing Mayer that he could make the film without making heroes of the mutineers.", "He initially had difficulty convincing Mayer that he could make the film without making heroes of the mutineers. He achieved that by instead making a hero of the British Royal Navy, whereby the officers and shipmates would from then on display their mutual respect. Thalberg also had to convince Clark Gable to accept the role against his will. He pleaded with Gable, eventually promising him that \"If it isn't one of your greatest successes, I'll never ask you again to play a part you don't want.\"", "He pleaded with Gable, eventually promising him that \"If it isn't one of your greatest successes, I'll never ask you again to play a part you don't want.\" The film's other main stars were Charles Laughton and Franchot Tone. The film was nominated for six Academy Awards, including Best Actor, and winning it for Best Picture. Thalberg accepted the award as producer from Frank Capra.", "Thalberg accepted the award as producer from Frank Capra. Thalberg accepted the award as producer from Frank Capra. Thalberg and Mayer partnership At first, Thalberg and studio chief Louis B. Mayer got along splendidly; however, they had different production philosophies. Thalberg preferred literary works, while Mayer preferred glitzy crowd-pleasing films. A clash was inevitable, and their relationship grew decidedly frosty. When Thalberg fell ill in the final weeks of 1932, Mayer took advantage of the situation and replaced him with David O. Selznick and Walter Wanger.", "When Thalberg fell ill in the final weeks of 1932, Mayer took advantage of the situation and replaced him with David O. Selznick and Walter Wanger. Thalberg's reputation by that time for working long hours was widely known, and rumors about the related strain on his fragile health had become front-page news in entertainment trade publications.", "Thalberg's reputation by that time for working long hours was widely known, and rumors about the related strain on his fragile health had become front-page news in entertainment trade publications. The Hollywood Reporter in January 1933 updated its readership about his condition and addressed growing concerns that he might be forced, despite his young age, to quit the business: Once Thalberg recovered sufficiently from his bout with the \"flu\" and was able to return to work later in 1933, it was as one of MGM's unit producers, albeit one who had first choice on projects as well as preferential access to all the studio's resources, including over casting its stars.", "The Hollywood Reporter in January 1933 updated its readership about his condition and addressed growing concerns that he might be forced, despite his young age, to quit the business: Once Thalberg recovered sufficiently from his bout with the \"flu\" and was able to return to work later in 1933, it was as one of MGM's unit producers, albeit one who had first choice on projects as well as preferential access to all the studio's resources, including over casting its stars. Thalberg's good relationship with Nicholas Schenck, then president of Loew's Incorporated, proved to be an ongoing advantage for him.", "Thalberg's good relationship with Nicholas Schenck, then president of Loew's Incorporated, proved to be an ongoing advantage for him. Loew's was the corporate parent of MGM, so Schenck was the true power and ultimate arbiter at the studio; and he usually supported Thalberg's decisions and continued to do so whenever disagreements about projects or production needs arose.", "Loew's was the corporate parent of MGM, so Schenck was the true power and ultimate arbiter at the studio; and he usually supported Thalberg's decisions and continued to do so whenever disagreements about projects or production needs arose. As a result, Thalberg also continued to produce or coproduce some of MGM's most prestigious and critically acclaimed ventures in this period, such as The Barretts of Wimpole Street (1934) starring his wife Norma Shearer, China Seas (1935), A Night at the Opera (1935), San Francisco (1936), and Romeo and Juliet (1936).", "As a result, Thalberg also continued to produce or coproduce some of MGM's most prestigious and critically acclaimed ventures in this period, such as The Barretts of Wimpole Street (1934) starring his wife Norma Shearer, China Seas (1935), A Night at the Opera (1935), San Francisco (1936), and Romeo and Juliet (1936). Personal life During his few years with Universal while living in New York, Thalberg had become romantically involved with Carl Laemmle's daughter, Rosabelle.", "Personal life During his few years with Universal while living in New York, Thalberg had become romantically involved with Carl Laemmle's daughter, Rosabelle. Still in his early twenties and later spending most of his time in Los Angeles, his feelings toward her were no longer as strong. Flamini suspects that this may have affected his position at Universal and partly caused his decision to leave the company. \"The Laemmles prayed that Irving would marry Rosabelle\", notes Flamini.", "\"The Laemmles prayed that Irving would marry Rosabelle\", notes Flamini. \"They wanted their sons to be educated and their daughters to marry nice Jewish boys.\" Less than a year after he and Mayer took charge of the newly created MGM studios, and still only twenty-five years old, Thalberg suffered a serious heart attack due to overwork. Mayer also became aware of Thalberg's congenital heart problems and now worried about the prospect of running MGM without him.", "Mayer also became aware of Thalberg's congenital heart problems and now worried about the prospect of running MGM without him. Mayer also became concerned that one of his daughters might become romantically involved, and told them so: Thalberg, aware of Mayer's feelings, made it a point of never giving too much attention to his daughters at social events. One of Thalberg's traits was his ability to work long hours into the night with little sign of fatigue.", "One of Thalberg's traits was his ability to work long hours into the night with little sign of fatigue. According to Vieira, Thalberg believed that as long as his mind was active in his work and he was not bored, he would not feel tired. Thalberg, who often got by with only five hours of sleep, felt that most people could get by with less than they realized. To keep his mental faculties at peak, he would read philosophical books by Bacon, Epictetus, or Kant.", "To keep his mental faculties at peak, he would read philosophical books by Bacon, Epictetus, or Kant. \"They stimulate me. I'd drop out of sight in no time if I didn't read and keep up with current thought—and the philosophers are brain sharpeners.\" During the early 1930s, Thalberg was ambivalent about political events in Europe. While he feared Nazism and the rise of Hitler, he also feared Communism.", "While he feared Nazism and the rise of Hitler, he also feared Communism. At the time, notes Vieira, \"given a choice between communism and fascism, many Americans—including Thalberg—would prefer the latter.\" Thalberg stated his opinion: When others suggested that many Jews could die in Germany as a result of Nazi anti-Semitism, he replied that in his opinion \"Hitler and Hitlerism will pass.\"", "Thalberg stated his opinion: When others suggested that many Jews could die in Germany as a result of Nazi anti-Semitism, he replied that in his opinion \"Hitler and Hitlerism will pass.\" On one occasion, Catholic Prince Löwenstein of Germany, who himself had almost been captured before fleeing Germany, told him: \"Mr. Thalberg, your own people are being systematically hunted down and rooted out of Germany.\" Thalberg suggested that world Jewry should nevertheless not interfere, that the Jewish race would survive Hitler.", "Thalberg suggested that world Jewry should nevertheless not interfere, that the Jewish race would survive Hitler. Within a few years, American film distribution was \"choked off\" in Germany. Led by Warner Brothers, all American studios eventually closed their German offices. Thalberg began dating actress Norma Shearer a few years after he joined MGM. Following her conversion to Judaism, they married on Thursday, September 29, 1927, in a private ceremony in the garden of his rented house in Beverly Hills.", "Following her conversion to Judaism, they married on Thursday, September 29, 1927, in a private ceremony in the garden of his rented house in Beverly Hills. Rabbi Edgar F. Magnin officiated at the event, with Shearer's brother Douglas Shearer giving the bride away, and Louis B. Mayer serving as best man. The couple drove to Monterey for their honeymoon and then moved into their newly constructed home in Beverly Hills.", "The couple drove to Monterey for their honeymoon and then moved into their newly constructed home in Beverly Hills. After their second child was born, Shearer considered retiring from films, but Thalberg convinced her to continue acting, saying he could find her good roles. She went on to be one of MGM's biggest stars of the 1930s. Their two children were Irving Jr. (1930–1987) and Katharine (1935–2006).", "Their two children were Irving Jr. (1930–1987) and Katharine (1935–2006). Death Thalberg and Shearer took a much-needed Labor Day weekend vacation in Monterey, California, in 1936, staying at the same beachfront hotel where they spent their honeymoon. A few weeks earlier, Thalberg's leading screenwriter, Al Lewin, had proposed doing a film based on a soon-to-be published book, Gone with the Wind.", "A few weeks earlier, Thalberg's leading screenwriter, Al Lewin, had proposed doing a film based on a soon-to-be published book, Gone with the Wind. Although Thalberg said it would be a \"sensational\" role for Gable, and a \"terrific picture,\" he decided not to do it: Besides, Thalberg told Mayer, \"[n]o Civil War picture ever made a nickel\". Shortly after returning from Monterey, Thalberg was diagnosed with pneumonia.", "Shortly after returning from Monterey, Thalberg was diagnosed with pneumonia. His condition worsened steadily and he eventually required an oxygen tent at home. He died on September 14, at the age of 37. Sam Wood, while directing A Day at the Races, was given the news by phone. He returned to the set with tears in his eyes and told the others. As the news spread \"the studio was paralyzed with shock\", notes Thomas.", "As the news spread \"the studio was paralyzed with shock\", notes Thomas. \"Work stopped and hundreds of people wept\", with stars, writers, directors, and studio employees \"all sharing a sense of loss at the death of a man who had been a part of their working lives\", states Flamini. His funeral took place two days later, and when the services began the other studios throughout Hollywood observed five minutes of silence.", "His funeral took place two days later, and when the services began the other studios throughout Hollywood observed five minutes of silence. Producer Sam Goldwyn \"wept uncontrollably for two days\" and was unable to regain his composure enough to attend. The MGM studio closed for that day. Services were held at the Wilshire Boulevard Temple that Thalberg had occasionally attended.", "Services were held at the Wilshire Boulevard Temple that Thalberg had occasionally attended. The funeral attracted thousands of spectators who came to view the arrival of countless stars from MGM and other studios, including Greta Garbo, Jean Harlow, the Marx Brothers, Charlie Chaplin, Walt Disney, Howard Hughes, Al Jolson, Gary Cooper, Carole Lombard, Mary Pickford, and Douglas Fairbanks, among the screen luminaries. The ushers who led them to their seats included Clark Gable, Fredric March, and playwright Moss Hart.", "The ushers who led them to their seats included Clark Gable, Fredric March, and playwright Moss Hart. Erich von Stroheim, who had been fired by Thalberg, came to pay his respects. Producers Louis B. Mayer, the Warner brothers, Adolph Zukor, and Nicholas Schenck sat together solemnly as Rabbi Magnin gave the eulogy.", "Producers Louis B. Mayer, the Warner brothers, Adolph Zukor, and Nicholas Schenck sat together solemnly as Rabbi Magnin gave the eulogy. Thalberg is buried in a private marble tomb in the Great Mausoleum at Forest Lawn Memorial Park in Glendale, California, lying at rest beside his wife Norma Shearer Arrouge (Thalberg's crypt was engraved \"My Sweetheart Forever\" by Shearer). Over the following days, tributes were published by the national press.", "Over the following days, tributes were published by the national press. Louis B. Mayer, his co-founding partner at Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, said he had lost \"the finest friend a man could ever have\", while MGM president Nicholas Schenck stated that \"Thalberg was the most important man in the production end of the motion-picture industry. Leading producers from the other studios also expressed their feelings in published tributes to Thalberg: David O. Selznick described him as \"beyond any question the greatest individual force for fine pictures.\"", "Leading producers from the other studios also expressed their feelings in published tributes to Thalberg: David O. Selznick described him as \"beyond any question the greatest individual force for fine pictures.\" Samuel Goldwyn called him \"the foremost figure in the motion-picture industry ... and an inspiration.\" M. H. Aylesworth, Chairman of RKO, wrote that \"his integrity, vision and ability made him the spearhead of all motion-picture production throughout the world.\"", "M. H. Aylesworth, Chairman of RKO, wrote that \"his integrity, vision and ability made him the spearhead of all motion-picture production throughout the world.\" Harry Warner, president of Warner Bros., described him as \"gifted with one of the finest minds ever placed at the service of motion-picture production.\" Sidney R. Kent, president of Twentieth Century Fox, said that \"he made the whole world richer by giving it the highest type of entertainment. He was a true genius.\"", "He was a true genius.\" He was a true genius.\" Columbia president Harry Cohn said the \"motion picture industry has suffered a loss from which it will not soon recover...\". Darryl F. Zanuck noted, \"More than any other man he raised the industry to its present world prestige.\" Adolph Zukor, chairman of Paramount, stated, \"Irving Thalberg was the most brilliant young man in the motion picture business.\" Jesse Lasky said, \"It will be utterly impossible to replace him.\"", "Jesse Lasky said, \"It will be utterly impossible to replace him.\" Among the condolences that came from world political leaders, President Franklin D. Roosevelt wrote, \"The world of art is poorer with the passing of Irving Thalberg. His high ideals, insight and imagination went into the production of his masterpieces.\" Among the pictures that were unfinished or not yet released at the time of his death were A Day at the Races, The Good Earth, Camille, Maytime, and Romeo and Juliet.", "Among the pictures that were unfinished or not yet released at the time of his death were A Day at the Races, The Good Earth, Camille, Maytime, and Romeo and Juliet. Groucho Marx, star of A Day at the Races, wrote, \"After Thalberg's death, my interest in the movies waned. I continued to appear in them, but ... The fun had gone out of picture making.\" Thalberg's widow, Norma Shearer, recalled, \"Grief does very strange things to you.", "Thalberg's widow, Norma Shearer, recalled, \"Grief does very strange things to you. I didn't seem to feel the shock for two weeks afterwards. ... then, at the end of those two weeks, I collapsed.\" Legacy in the movie industry Thalberg's legacy to the movie industry is \"incalculable\", states biographer Bob Thomas.", "Legacy in the movie industry Thalberg's legacy to the movie industry is \"incalculable\", states biographer Bob Thomas. He notes that with his numerous production innovations and grand stories, often turning classic literature and Broadway stage productions into big-screen pictures, he managed to keep \"American movies supreme throughout the world for a generation\". Darryl F. Zanuck, founder of 20th Century-Fox said that during Thalberg's brief career, he had become the \"most creative producer in the history of films\".", "Darryl F. Zanuck, founder of 20th Century-Fox said that during Thalberg's brief career, he had become the \"most creative producer in the history of films\". Thomas describes some of his contributions: Most of MGM's major films in the 1930s were, according to Flamini, \"in a very real sense\", made by Thalberg. He closely supervised the making of \"more pictures than any other producer in Hollywood's history\", and was considered the \"archetype of the creative producer\", adds Flamini.", "He closely supervised the making of \"more pictures than any other producer in Hollywood's history\", and was considered the \"archetype of the creative producer\", adds Flamini. Upon his early death, aged 37, an editorial in The New York Times called him \"the most important force\" in the motion picture industry. The paper added that for the film industry, he \"set the pace and others followed ... because his way combined style, glamour, and profit.\"", "The paper added that for the film industry, he \"set the pace and others followed ... because his way combined style, glamour, and profit.\" He is described by Flamini as having been \"a revolutionary in a gray flannel suit\". Thalberg refused to take credit as producer, and as a result, his name never appeared on the screen while he was alive. Thalberg claimed that \"credit you give yourself is not worth having\".", "Thalberg claimed that \"credit you give yourself is not worth having\". He also said \"If a picture is good, they'll know who produced it. If it's bad, nobody cares.\" His final film, released after he died, was The Good Earth (1937), which won numerous Academy Awards. Its opening screen credit was dedicated to Thalberg: In 1938, the new multimillion-dollar MGM administration building in Culver City was named for Thalberg.", "Its opening screen credit was dedicated to Thalberg: In 1938, the new multimillion-dollar MGM administration building in Culver City was named for Thalberg. The Irving G. Thalberg Memorial Award, presented by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences, also named for him, awards producers for consistently high production achievements. Cultural legacy The Last Tycoon In October 1939, American novelist F. Scott Fitzgerald began writing The Last Tycoon, a fictionalized biography of Thalberg, naming the protagonist Monroe Stahr to represent Thalberg.", "Cultural legacy The Last Tycoon In October 1939, American novelist F. Scott Fitzgerald began writing The Last Tycoon, a fictionalized biography of Thalberg, naming the protagonist Monroe Stahr to represent Thalberg. \"Thalberg has always fascinated me\", he wrote to an editor. \"His peculiar charm, his extraordinary good looks, his bountiful success, the tragic end of his great adventure. The events I have built around him are fiction, but all of them are things which might very well have happened. ...", "... ... I've long chosen him for a hero (this has been in my mind for three years) because he is one of the half-dozen men I have known who were built on a grand scale.\" Thomas notes that among the reasons Fitzgerald chose to write a book about a Thalberg-like character, was that \"throughout his literary career, Fitzgerald borrowed his heroes from friends he admired, and inevitably a bit of Fitzgerald entered the characterizations.\"", "Thomas notes that among the reasons Fitzgerald chose to write a book about a Thalberg-like character, was that \"throughout his literary career, Fitzgerald borrowed his heroes from friends he admired, and inevitably a bit of Fitzgerald entered the characterizations.\" Fitzgerald himself writes that \"When I like men, I want to be like them ...\" Fitzgerald and Thalberg had real-life similarities: both were prodigies, both had heart ailments, and they both died at early ages.", "Fitzgerald himself writes that \"When I like men, I want to be like them ...\" Fitzgerald and Thalberg had real-life similarities: both were prodigies, both had heart ailments, and they both died at early ages. According to biographer Matthew J. Bruccoli, Fitzgerald believed that Thalberg, with his \"taste and courage, represented the best of Hollywood. ... [and] saw Thalberg as a model for what could be done in the movies.\" Fitzgerald died before the novel was completed, however.", "Fitzgerald died before the novel was completed, however. Fitzgerald died before the novel was completed, however. Bruccoli writes of Fitzgerald's book: Although parallels between Monroe Stahr in the novel and Thalberg were evident, many who knew Thalberg intimately stated that they did not see similarities in their personalities. Norma Shearer said that the Stahr character was not at all like her former husband. In the 1976 film version, directed by Elia Kazan, Monroe Stahr was played by Robert De Niro.", "In the 1976 film version, directed by Elia Kazan, Monroe Stahr was played by Robert De Niro. Kazan, in his pre-production notes, described the Stahr character as he saw him: In the 2016 television series based on the novel, Monroe Stahr is played by Matt Bomer. Others Fitzgerald also based his short story \"Crazy Sunday\", originally published in the October 1932 issue of American Mercury, on an incident at a party thrown by Thalberg and Shearer.", "Others Fitzgerald also based his short story \"Crazy Sunday\", originally published in the October 1932 issue of American Mercury, on an incident at a party thrown by Thalberg and Shearer. The story is included in Fitzgerald's collection Taps at Reveille (1935). Thalberg was portrayed in the movie Man of a Thousand Faces (1957) by Robert Evans, who went on to become a studio head himself.", "Thalberg was portrayed in the movie Man of a Thousand Faces (1957) by Robert Evans, who went on to become a studio head himself. Thalberg was portrayed by Bill Cusack in Young Indiana Jones and the Hollywood Follies (1994), a TV film based on The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles, in which Indiana Jones is depicted as taking part in Thalberg's conflict with Erich von Stroheim over Foolish Wives.", "Thalberg was portrayed by Bill Cusack in Young Indiana Jones and the Hollywood Follies (1994), a TV film based on The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles, in which Indiana Jones is depicted as taking part in Thalberg's conflict with Erich von Stroheim over Foolish Wives. In 2020, Thalberg was played by Ferdinand Kingsley in the David Fincher film Mank Thalberg, played by Tobey Maguire, is rumored to appear in the upcoming movie Babylon.", "In 2020, Thalberg was played by Ferdinand Kingsley in the David Fincher film Mank Thalberg, played by Tobey Maguire, is rumored to appear in the upcoming movie Babylon. Filmography Producer Reputation (1921) The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1923) Merry-Go-Round (1923) His Hour (1924) He Who Gets Slapped (1924) The Unholy Three (1925) The Merry Widow (1925) The Tower of Lies (1925) The Big Parade (1925) Ben-Hur: A Tale of the Christ (1925) Torrent (1926) La Bohème (1926) Brown of Harvard (1926) The Road to Mandalay (1926) The Temptress (1926) Valencia (1926) Flesh and the Devil (1926) Twelve Miles Out (1927) The Student Prince in Old Heidelberg (1927) London After Midnight (1927) The Crowd (1928) Laugh, Clown, Laugh (1928) White Shadows in the South Seas (1928) Show People (1928) West of Zanzibar (1928) The Broadway Melody (1929) The Trial of Mary Dugan (1929) Voice of the City (1929) Where East Is East (1929) The Last of Mrs. Cheyney (1929) The Hollywood Revue of 1929 (1929) Hallelujah (1929) His Glorious Night (1929) The Kiss (1929) Anna Christie (1930) Redemption (1930) The Divorcee (1930) The Rogue Song (1930) The Big House (1930) The Unholy Three (1930) Let Us Be Gay (1930) Billy the Kid (1930) Way for a Sailor (1930) A Lady's Morals (1930) Inspiration (1931) Trader Horn (1931) The Secret Six (1931) A Free Soul (1931) Just a Gigolo (1931) Menschen hinter Gittern (1931), German-language version of The Big House (1930) The Sin of Madelon Claudet (1931) The Guardsman (1931) The Champ (1931) Possessed (1931) Private Lives (1931) Mata Hari (1931) Freaks (1932) Tarzan the Ape Man (1932) Grand Hotel (1932) Letty Lynton (1932) As You Desire Me (1932) Red-Headed Woman (1932) Smilin' Through (1932) Red Dust (1932) Rasputin and the Empress (1932) Strange Interlude (1932) Tugboat Annie (1933) Bombshell (1933) Eskimo (1933) La Veuve Joyeuse (1934) French-language version of The Merry Widow Riptide (1934) The Barretts of Wimpole Street (1934) The Merry Widow (1934) What Every Woman Knows (1934) Biography of a Bachelor Girl (1935) No More Ladies (1935) China Seas (1935) Mutiny on the Bounty (1935) A Night at the Opera (1935) Riffraff (1936) Romeo and Juliet (1936) Camille (1936) Maytime (1937) A Day at the Races (1937) Broadway Melody of 1938 (1937) The Good Earth (1937) Marie Antoinette (1938) Writer The Trap (1922) The Dangerous Little Demon (1922) Awards Academy Awards Notes Further reading Books Flamini, Roland.", "Filmography Producer Reputation (1921) The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1923) Merry-Go-Round (1923) His Hour (1924) He Who Gets Slapped (1924) The Unholy Three (1925) The Merry Widow (1925) The Tower of Lies (1925) The Big Parade (1925) Ben-Hur: A Tale of the Christ (1925) Torrent (1926) La Bohème (1926) Brown of Harvard (1926) The Road to Mandalay (1926) The Temptress (1926) Valencia (1926) Flesh and the Devil (1926) Twelve Miles Out (1927) The Student Prince in Old Heidelberg (1927) London After Midnight (1927) The Crowd (1928) Laugh, Clown, Laugh (1928) White Shadows in the South Seas (1928) Show People (1928) West of Zanzibar (1928) The Broadway Melody (1929) The Trial of Mary Dugan (1929) Voice of the City (1929) Where East Is East (1929) The Last of Mrs. Cheyney (1929) The Hollywood Revue of 1929 (1929) Hallelujah (1929) His Glorious Night (1929) The Kiss (1929) Anna Christie (1930) Redemption (1930) The Divorcee (1930) The Rogue Song (1930) The Big House (1930) The Unholy Three (1930) Let Us Be Gay (1930) Billy the Kid (1930) Way for a Sailor (1930) A Lady's Morals (1930) Inspiration (1931) Trader Horn (1931) The Secret Six (1931) A Free Soul (1931) Just a Gigolo (1931) Menschen hinter Gittern (1931), German-language version of The Big House (1930) The Sin of Madelon Claudet (1931) The Guardsman (1931) The Champ (1931) Possessed (1931) Private Lives (1931) Mata Hari (1931) Freaks (1932) Tarzan the Ape Man (1932) Grand Hotel (1932) Letty Lynton (1932) As You Desire Me (1932) Red-Headed Woman (1932) Smilin' Through (1932) Red Dust (1932) Rasputin and the Empress (1932) Strange Interlude (1932) Tugboat Annie (1933) Bombshell (1933) Eskimo (1933) La Veuve Joyeuse (1934) French-language version of The Merry Widow Riptide (1934) The Barretts of Wimpole Street (1934) The Merry Widow (1934) What Every Woman Knows (1934) Biography of a Bachelor Girl (1935) No More Ladies (1935) China Seas (1935) Mutiny on the Bounty (1935) A Night at the Opera (1935) Riffraff (1936) Romeo and Juliet (1936) Camille (1936) Maytime (1937) A Day at the Races (1937) Broadway Melody of 1938 (1937) The Good Earth (1937) Marie Antoinette (1938) Writer The Trap (1922) The Dangerous Little Demon (1922) Awards Academy Awards Notes Further reading Books Flamini, Roland. Thalberg: The Last Tycoon and the World of M-G-M (1994) Marx, Samuel.", "Thalberg: The Last Tycoon and the World of M-G-M (1994) Marx, Samuel. Mayer and Thalberg: The Make-believe Saints (1975) Thomas, Bob. Thalberg: Life and Legend (1969) Vieira, Mark A. Irving Thalberg's M-G-M. New York: Harry N. Abrams, 2008. Vieira, Mark A. Irving Thalberg: Boy Wonder to Producer Prince. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2009. Articles Starman, Ray.", "Berkeley: University of California Press, 2009. Articles Starman, Ray. Articles Starman, Ray. \"Irving Thalberg\", Films In Review, June/July 1987, p. 347–353 External links Irving Thalberg at TCM Cinemagraphe Review of the Roland Flamini biography of Thalberg: The Last Tycoon and the World of MGM Irving Thalberg at Virtual History Irving Thalberg profiled in Collier's Magazine (1924) Videos 1899 births 1936 deaths American film producers Film producers from California Producers who won the Best Picture Academy Award American film studio executives American male screenwriters Cinema pioneers Silent film directors Silent film producers Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer executives Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences founders Businesspeople from Los Angeles Hollywood history and culture California Republicans New York (state) Republicans USC School of Cinematic Arts faculty 20th-century American businesspeople Screenwriters from California Screenwriters from New York (state) People from Brooklyn American anti-communists American people of German-Jewish descent Deaths from pneumonia in California Burials at Forest Lawn Memorial Park (Glendale) 20th-century American male writers 20th-century American writers Jewish American writers 20th-century American screenwriters" ]

[ "Irving Thalberg", "Early years", "What year was he born?", "Thalberg was born in Brooklyn, to German Jewish immigrant parents,", "Who were his parents?", "Jewish immigrant parents, William and Henrietta (Haymann).", "Did he have any siblings?", "Shortly after birth, he was diagnosed with \"blue baby syndrome,\" caused by a congenital disease that limited the oxygen supply to his heart.", "Did this impact him at all in life?", "The prognosis from the family's doctor and specialists was that he might live to age twenty, or at most, age thirty." ]

[ "Where Did We Go Wrong may refer to:\n \"Where Did We Go Wrong\" (Dondria song), 2010\n \"Where Did We Go Wrong\" (Toni Braxton and Babyface song), 2013\n \"Where Did We Go Wrong\", a song by Petula Clark from the album My Love\n \"Where Did We Go Wrong\", a song by Diana Ross from the album Ross\n \"Where Did We Go Wrong\", a 1980 song by Frankie Valli", "California Concordia College existed in Oakland, California, United States from 1906 until 1973.\n\nAmong the presidents of California Concordia College was Johann Theodore Gotthold Brohm Jr.\n\nCalifornia Concordia College and the Academy of California College were located at 2365 Camden Street, Oakland, California. Some of the school buildings still exist at this location, but older buildings that housed the earlier classrooms and later the dormitories are gone. The site is now the location of the Spectrum Center Camden Campus, a provider of special education services.\n\nThe \"Academy\" was the official name for the high school. California Concordia was a six-year institution patterned after the German gymnasium. This provided four years of high school, plus two years of junior college. Years in the school took their names from Latin numbers and referred to the years to go before graduation. The classes were named:\n\n Sexta - 6 years to go; high school freshman\n Qunita - 5 years to go; high school sophomore\n Quarta - 4 years to go; high school junior\n Tertia - 3 years to go; high school senior\n Secunda - 2 years to go; college freshman\n Prima - 1 year to go; college sophomore\n\nThose in Sexta were usually hazed in a mild way by upperclassmen. In addition, those in Sexta were required to do a certain amount of clean-up work around the school, such as picking up trash.\n\nMost students, even high school freshmen, lived in dormitories. High school students were supervised by \"proctors\" (selected high school seniors in Tertia). High school students were required to study for two hours each night in their study rooms from 7:00 to 9:00 pm. Students could not leave their rooms for any reason without permission. This requirement came as quite a shock to those in Sexta (freshmen) on their first night, when they were caught and scolded by a proctor when they left their study room to go to the bathroom without permission. Seniors (those in Tertia) were allowed one night off where they did not need to be in their study hall.\n\nFrom 9:00 to 9:30 pm all students gathered for a chapel service. From 9:30 to 10 pm, high school students were free to roam, and sometimes went to the local Lucky Supermarket to purchase snacks. All high school students were required to be in bed with lights out by 10:00 pm. There were generally five students in each dormitory room. The room had two sections: a bedroom area and (across the hallway) another room for studying. Four beds, including at least one bunk bed, were in the bedroom, and four or five desks were in the study room\n\nA few interesting words used by Concordia students were \"fink\" and \"rack.\" To \"fink\" meant to \"sing like a canary\" or \"squeal.\" A student who finked told everything he knew about a misbehavior committed by another student. \"Rack\" was actually an official term used by proctors and administrators who lived on campus in the dormitories with students. When students misbehaved they were racked (punished). Proctors held a meeting once a week and decided which students, if any, deserved to be racked. If a student were racked, he might be forbidden from leaving the campus grounds, even during normal free time School hours were from 7:30 am to 3:30 pm. After 3:30 pm and until 7:00 pm, students could normally explore the local area surrounding the school, for example, to go to a local store to buy a snack. However, if a student were racked for the week, he could not do so.\n\nProctors made their rounds in the morning to make sure beds were made and inspected rooms in the evening to ensure that students were in bed by 10:00 pm. Often after the proctors left a room at night, the room lights would go back on and students enjoyed studying their National Geographic magazines. Student might be racked if they failed to make their beds or did not make them neatly enough.\n\nAlthough California Concordia College no longer exists, it does receive some recognition by Concordia University Irvine. This is also the location of its old academic records.\n\nSources\n\nExternal links \n Photos of old campus\n\nEducational institutions disestablished in 1973\nDefunct private universities and colleges in California\nEducational institutions established in 1906\n1906 establishments in California\n1973 disestablishments in California\nUniversities and colleges affiliated with the Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod" ]

[ "Irving Grant Thalberg (May 30, 1899 – September 14, 1936) was an American film producer during the early years of motion pictures. He was called \"The Boy Wonder\" for his youth and ability to select scripts, choose actors, gather production staff, and make profitable films, including Grand Hotel, China Seas, A Night at the Opera, Mutiny on the Bounty, Camille and The Good Earth.", "He was called \"The Boy Wonder\" for his youth and ability to select scripts, choose actors, gather production staff, and make profitable films, including Grand Hotel, China Seas, A Night at the Opera, Mutiny on the Bounty, Camille and The Good Earth. His films carved out an international market, \"projecting a seductive image of American life brimming with vitality and rooted in democracy and personal freedom\", states biographer Roland Flamini.", "His films carved out an international market, \"projecting a seductive image of American life brimming with vitality and rooted in democracy and personal freedom\", states biographer Roland Flamini. He was born in Brooklyn, New York, and as a child was afflicted with a congenital heart disease that doctors said would kill him before he reached the age of thirty. After graduating from high school he worked as a store clerk during the day and to gain some job skills took a night class in typing.", "After graduating from high school he worked as a store clerk during the day and to gain some job skills took a night class in typing. He then found work as a secretary with Universal Studios' New York office, and was later made studio manager for their Los Angeles facility. There, he oversaw production of a hundred films during his three years with the company. Among the films he produced was The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1923).", "Among the films he produced was The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1923). In Los Angeles, he partnered with Louis B. Mayer's new studio and, after it merged with two other studios, helped create Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (MGM). He was made head of production of MGM in 1925, at the age of twenty-six, helping MGM become the most successful studio in Hollywood.", "He was made head of production of MGM in 1925, at the age of twenty-six, helping MGM become the most successful studio in Hollywood. During his twelve years with MGM, until his premature death at the age of 37, he produced four hundred films, most of which bore his imprint and innovations, including story conferences with writers, sneak previews to gain early feedback, and extensive re-shooting of scenes to improve the film.", "During his twelve years with MGM, until his premature death at the age of 37, he produced four hundred films, most of which bore his imprint and innovations, including story conferences with writers, sneak previews to gain early feedback, and extensive re-shooting of scenes to improve the film. In addition, he introduced horror films to audiences and coauthored the \"Production Code\", guidelines for morality followed by all studios.", "In addition, he introduced horror films to audiences and coauthored the \"Production Code\", guidelines for morality followed by all studios. During the 1920s and 1930s, he synthesized and merged the world of stage drama and literary classics with Hollywood films. Thalberg created numerous new stars and groomed their screen images.", "Thalberg created numerous new stars and groomed their screen images. Among them were Lon Chaney, Ramon Novarro, Greta Garbo, John Gilbert, Lionel Barrymore, Joan Crawford, Clark Gable, Jean Harlow, Wallace Beery, Spencer Tracy, Luise Rainer, and Norma Shearer, who became his wife. He had the ability to combine quality with commercial success, and was credited with bringing his artistic aspirations in line with the demands of audiences.", "He had the ability to combine quality with commercial success, and was credited with bringing his artistic aspirations in line with the demands of audiences. After his death, Hollywood's producers said he had been the world's \"foremost figure in motion-picture history\". President Franklin D. Roosevelt wrote, \"The world of art is poorer with the passing of Irving Thalberg. His high ideals, insight and imagination went into the production of his masterpieces.\"", "His high ideals, insight and imagination went into the production of his masterpieces.\" The Irving G. Thalberg Memorial Award, given out periodically by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences since 1937, has been awarded to producers whose body of work reflected consistently high quality films. Early years Thalberg was born in Brooklyn, to German Jewish immigrant parents, William and Henrietta (Haymann).", "Early years Thalberg was born in Brooklyn, to German Jewish immigrant parents, William and Henrietta (Haymann). Shortly after birth, he was diagnosed with \"blue baby syndrome\", caused by a congenital disease that limited the oxygen supply to his heart. The prognosis from the family's doctor and specialists was that he might live to the age of twenty, or at most, to thirty. During his high school years in Brooklyn, he began having attacks of chest pains, dizziness and fatigue.", "During his high school years in Brooklyn, he began having attacks of chest pains, dizziness and fatigue. This affected his ability to study, though until that time he was a good student. When he was 17 he contracted rheumatic fever, and was confined to bed for a year. His mother, in order to prevent him falling too far behind other students, brought him homework from school, books, and tutors to teach him at home.", "His mother, in order to prevent him falling too far behind other students, brought him homework from school, books, and tutors to teach him at home. She also hoped that the schoolwork and reading would distract him from the \"tantalizing sounds\" of children playing outside his window. With little to entertain him, he read books as a main activity. He devoured popular novels, classics, plays, and biographies.", "He devoured popular novels, classics, plays, and biographies. His books, of necessity, replaced the streets of New York, and led to his interest in classical philosophy and philosophers, such as William James. When Thalberg returned to school, he finished high school but lacked the stamina for college, which he felt would have required constant late-night studying and cramming for exams.", "When Thalberg returned to school, he finished high school but lacked the stamina for college, which he felt would have required constant late-night studying and cramming for exams. Instead, he took part-time jobs as a store clerk, and in the evenings, to gain some job skills, taught himself typing, shorthand and Spanish at a night vocational school.", "Instead, he took part-time jobs as a store clerk, and in the evenings, to gain some job skills, taught himself typing, shorthand and Spanish at a night vocational school. When he turned 18, he placed an advertisement in the local newspaper hoping to find better work: Career as producer Universal Studios He found work as an office secretary at Universal Pictures' New York office, and later became personal secretary to the studio's founder and president, Carl Laemmle.", "When he turned 18, he placed an advertisement in the local newspaper hoping to find better work: Career as producer Universal Studios He found work as an office secretary at Universal Pictures' New York office, and later became personal secretary to the studio's founder and president, Carl Laemmle. Among Thalberg's duties were transcribing and editing notes that Laemmle had written during screenings of his films. He earned $25 weekly, becoming adept at making insightful observations, which impressed Laemmle.", "He earned $25 weekly, becoming adept at making insightful observations, which impressed Laemmle. Laemmle took Thalberg to see his Los Angeles production facility, where he spent a month watching how movie production worked. Before returning to New York, Laemmle told Thalberg to remain and \"keep an eye on things for me.\" Two months later, Laemmle returned to California, partly to see how well Thalberg was able to handle the responsibilities he was given.", "Two months later, Laemmle returned to California, partly to see how well Thalberg was able to handle the responsibilities he was given. Thalberg gave him suggestions, and thus impressed Laemmle by his ability to understand and explain problems. Thalberg suggested, \"The first thing you should do is establish a new job of studio manager and give him the responsibility of watching day-to-day operations.\" Laemmle immediately agreed: \"All right. You're it.\" In shock, Thalberg replied, \"I'm what?\"", "In shock, Thalberg replied, \"I'm what?\" Laemmle told him to take charge of the Los Angeles studio, which he did in early 1919. When aged 20, Thalberg became responsible for immediately overseeing the nine ongoing film productions and nearly thirty scenarios then under development. In describing the rationale for this early appointment as studio manager, film historian David Thomson writes that his new job \"owed nothing to nepotism, private wealth, or experience in the film industry.\"", "In describing the rationale for this early appointment as studio manager, film historian David Thomson writes that his new job \"owed nothing to nepotism, private wealth, or experience in the film industry.\" He reasons that despite \"Thalberg's youth, modest education, and frail appearance ... it is clear that he had the charm, insight, and ability, or the appearance of it, to captivate the film world.\"", "He reasons that despite \"Thalberg's youth, modest education, and frail appearance ... it is clear that he had the charm, insight, and ability, or the appearance of it, to captivate the film world.\" Thalberg was one among the majority of Hollywood film industry workers who migrated from the East Coast, primarily from New York. Some film actors, such as Conrad Nagel, did not like the five-day train trip or the sudden warmth of the California climate.", "Some film actors, such as Conrad Nagel, did not like the five-day train trip or the sudden warmth of the California climate. Neither did Marion Davies, who was not used to such \"big wide spaces\". Samuel Marx, a close friend of Thalberg's from New York, recalled how easily Thalberg adapted to Southern California, often standing outside his doorway during moments of contemplation to enjoy the scenery. \"We were all young\", said comedian Buster Keaton. \"The air in California was like wine.", "\"The air in California was like wine. \"The air in California was like wine. Our business was also young—and growing like nothing ever seen before.\" Confrontation with Erich von Stroheim He quickly established his tenacity as he battled with well-known director Erich von Stroheim over the length of Foolish Wives (1922). Biographer Roland Flamini notes that the film was Universal's most expensive \"jewel\" ever in production, and its director and star, von Stroheim, was taking the film way over budget.", "Biographer Roland Flamini notes that the film was Universal's most expensive \"jewel\" ever in production, and its director and star, von Stroheim, was taking the film way over budget. Thalberg, now Universal's general manager, was forced to have the director quickly finalize production before the studio's working capital was used up. Flamini describes the situation: Thalberg had von Stroheim come to his office, which he did still wearing his film costume as a Russian Imperial Guard and escorted by members of his production team.", "Flamini describes the situation: Thalberg had von Stroheim come to his office, which he did still wearing his film costume as a Russian Imperial Guard and escorted by members of his production team. Thalberg calmly told him, \"I have seen all the film and you have all you need for the picture. I want you to stop shooting\", to which von Stroheim replied, \"But I have not finished as yet.\" \"Yes, you have\", said Thalberg.", "\"Yes, you have\", said Thalberg. \"Yes, you have\", said Thalberg. \"You have spent all the money this company can afford. I cannot allow you to spend any more.\" Thalberg quietly explained that the director worked under the producer, and it was his responsibility to control costs. Von Stroheim, surrounded by his assistants, then confronted Thalberg: \"If you were not my superior, I would smash you in the face.\"", "Von Stroheim, surrounded by his assistants, then confronted Thalberg: \"If you were not my superior, I would smash you in the face.\" Thalberg, unflinching, said \"Don't let that stop you.\" The result was that Thalberg soon afterward removed the cameras from von Stroheim's studio and took over editing. The uncut footage was pared down from five-and-a-half hours to three hours, to von Stroheim's deep dissatisfaction. A similar problem developed with von Stroheim's next film, Merry-Go-Round (1923).", "A similar problem developed with von Stroheim's next film, Merry-Go-Round (1923). Although he had promised Thalberg to remain within budget this time, he continued production until it went to twice the agreed length and was not yet near completion. Flamini speculates why this happened: Thalberg again called von Stroheim to his office, handed him a long letter written and signed by himself, describing the problems, and summarily fired von Stroheim as of that moment.", "Flamini speculates why this happened: Thalberg again called von Stroheim to his office, handed him a long letter written and signed by himself, describing the problems, and summarily fired von Stroheim as of that moment. Thalberg's letter stated among the reasons, totally inexcusable and repeated acts of insubordination ... extravagant ideas which you have been unwilling to sacrifice ... unnecessary delays ... and your apparent idea that you are greater and more powerful than the organization that employs you.", "Thalberg's letter stated among the reasons, totally inexcusable and repeated acts of insubordination ... extravagant ideas which you have been unwilling to sacrifice ... unnecessary delays ... and your apparent idea that you are greater and more powerful than the organization that employs you. His dismissal of von Stroheim was considered an \"earthquake in movie circles\", notes Flamini. Producer David O. Selznick said that \"it was the first time a director had been fired. It took great guts and courage ...", "It took great guts and courage ... It took great guts and courage ... Von Stroheim was utterly indifferent over money and could have gone on and spent millions, with nobody to stop him.\". The opinion was shared by director Rouben Mamoulian, who said that the \"little fellow at Universal\", in one bold stroke, had \"asserted the primacy of the studio over the director\" and forever altered the balance of power in the movie industry.", "The opinion was shared by director Rouben Mamoulian, who said that the \"little fellow at Universal\", in one bold stroke, had \"asserted the primacy of the studio over the director\" and forever altered the balance of power in the movie industry. Effects of his young age According to Flamini, his youth was a subject of conversation within the movie community. Executives from other studios, actors, and film crew, often mistook him to be a junior employee.", "Executives from other studios, actors, and film crew, often mistook him to be a junior employee. Movie columnist Louella Parsons, upon first being introduced to him, asked, \"What's the joke? Where's the new general manager?\"", "Where's the new general manager?\" Where's the new general manager?\" After five minutes of talking to Thalberg, however, she later wrote about \"Universal's Boy Wonder\": \"He might be a boy in looks and age, but it was no child's mind that was being asked to cope with the intricate politics of Universal City.\" Novelist Edna Ferber responded the same way, writing that \"I had fancied motion-picture producers as large gentlemen smoking oversized cigars.", "Novelist Edna Ferber responded the same way, writing that \"I had fancied motion-picture producers as large gentlemen smoking oversized cigars. But this young man whose word seemed so final at Universal City ... impressed me deeply.\" The male actors in the studio had a similar reaction. Lionel Barrymore, who was nearly twice his age, recalled their meetings: Thalberg likewise gained the respect of leading playwrights, some of whom also looked down on him due to his youth.", "Lionel Barrymore, who was nearly twice his age, recalled their meetings: Thalberg likewise gained the respect of leading playwrights, some of whom also looked down on him due to his youth. George S. Kaufman, co-author of Dinner at Eight, several Marx Brothers films, and two George Gershwin plays, came from New York to meet with Thalberg. Afterward he confided to his friend, Groucho Marx: \"That man has never written a word, yet he can tell me exactly what to do with a story.", "Afterward he confided to his friend, Groucho Marx: \"That man has never written a word, yet he can tell me exactly what to do with a story. I didn't know you had people like that out here.\" Actress Norma Shearer, whom he later married, was surprised after he greeted her at the door, then walked her to his office for her first job interview: \"Then you're not the office boy?\" she asked.", "she asked. she asked. He smiled, as he sat himself behind his desk: \"No, Miss Shearer, I'm Irving Thalberg, vice-president of the Mayer Company. I'm the man who sent for you.\" His younger-than-normal age for a studio executive was usually mentioned even after he left Universal to help start up MGM.", "His younger-than-normal age for a studio executive was usually mentioned even after he left Universal to help start up MGM. Screenwriter Agnes Christine Johnson, who worked with Thalberg for years, described his contribution during meetings: The same quality was observed by director and screenwriter Hobart Henley: \"If something that read well in conference turns out not so good on the screen, I go to him and, like that—Henley snaps his fingers—he has a remedy. He's brilliant.\"", "He's brilliant.\" He's brilliant.\" Another assistant producer to Thalberg explains: His youth also contributed to his open-mindedness to the ideas of others. Conrad Nagel, who starred in numerous Thalberg films, reported that Thalberg was generally empathetic to those he worked alongside: \"Thalberg never raised his voice. He just looked into your eyes, spoke softly, and after a few minutes he cast a spell on you.\"", "He just looked into your eyes, spoke softly, and after a few minutes he cast a spell on you.\" Studio attorney Edwin Loeb, who also worked to create AMPAS, explained that \"the real foundation of Irving's success was his ability to look at life through the eyes of any given person. He had a gift of empathy, and almost complete perspective.\" Those opinions were also shared by producer Walter Wanger: \"You thought that you were talking to an Indian savant.", "Those opinions were also shared by producer Walter Wanger: \"You thought that you were talking to an Indian savant. He could cast a spell on anybody.\" His talent as a producer was enhanced by his \"near-miraculous\" powers of concentration, notes film critic J. Hoberman. As a result, he was never bored or tired, and supplemented his spare time with reading for his own amusement, recalls screenwriter Bayard Veiller, with some of his favorite authors being Francis Bacon, Epictetus, and Immanuel Kant.", "As a result, he was never bored or tired, and supplemented his spare time with reading for his own amusement, recalls screenwriter Bayard Veiller, with some of his favorite authors being Francis Bacon, Epictetus, and Immanuel Kant. Film projects at Universal Biographer Bob Thomas writes that after three years at the studio, Thalberg continually proved his value. Universal's pictures improved noticeably, primarily due to Thalberg's \"uncanny sense of story.\"", "Universal's pictures improved noticeably, primarily due to Thalberg's \"uncanny sense of story.\" He took tight control over many key aspects of production, including his requirement that from then on scripts were tightly constructed before filming began, rather than during production. Thomas adds that he also \"showed a remarkable capacity for working with actors, casting them aptly and advising them on their careers.\"", "Thomas adds that he also \"showed a remarkable capacity for working with actors, casting them aptly and advising them on their careers.\" After producing two films that were in production when he began work at Universal, he presented Laemmle with his idea for a film based on one of his favorite classic stories, The Hunchback of Notre Dame. Rather than just a horror picture, Thalberg suggested turning it into a spectacle which would include a replica of the Notre Dame Cathedral in Paris. He had Lon Chaney play the hunchback.", "He had Lon Chaney play the hunchback. He had Lon Chaney play the hunchback. The film became Universal's most profitable silent film and established Chaney's career as a top-flight star. After nearly three years with Universal, Thalberg had supervised over a hundred movies, reorganized the studio to give more control to the managers, and had \"stopped the defection\" of many of their leading stars by offering them better, higher-paying contracts. He also produced a number of Universal's prestige films, which made the company profitable.", "He also produced a number of Universal's prestige films, which made the company profitable. However, he decided it was time to find a studio in Los Angeles more suitable to his skills, and spread word that he was available. Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (MGM) Cecil B. DeMille was the first who wanted to hire him, telling his partner Jesse Lasky, \"The boy is a genius. I can see it. I know it.\" Lasky opposed the hire, stating, \"Geniuses we have all we need.\"", "Lasky opposed the hire, stating, \"Geniuses we have all we need.\" Thalberg then received an offer from Hal Roach, but the offer was withdrawn because Thalberg lacked experience with slapstick comedy films. In late 1922, Thalberg was introduced to Louis B. Mayer, president of a small but dynamic and fast-growing studio. At that first meeting, Thalberg \"made a deep, immediate impression on Mayer\", writes Flamini.", "At that first meeting, Thalberg \"made a deep, immediate impression on Mayer\", writes Flamini. After Thalberg had left, Mayer said to studio attorney Edwin Loeb: \"Tell him if he comes to work for me, I'll look after him as though he were my son.\" Although their personalities were in many ways opposite, Mayer being more outspoken and nearly twice the younger man's age, Thalberg was hired as vice president in charge of production at Louis B. Mayer Productions.", "Although their personalities were in many ways opposite, Mayer being more outspoken and nearly twice the younger man's age, Thalberg was hired as vice president in charge of production at Louis B. Mayer Productions. Years later, Mayer's daughter Irene Mayer Selznick recalled that \"it was hard to believe anyone that boyish could be so important.\"", "Years later, Mayer's daughter Irene Mayer Selznick recalled that \"it was hard to believe anyone that boyish could be so important.\" According to Flamini, Thalberg was hired because, although Mayer was an astute businessman, \"what he lacked was Thalberg's almost unerring ability to combine quality with commercial success, to bring artistic aspiration in line with the demands of the box office.\"", "According to Flamini, Thalberg was hired because, although Mayer was an astute businessman, \"what he lacked was Thalberg's almost unerring ability to combine quality with commercial success, to bring artistic aspiration in line with the demands of the box office.\" Mayer's company subsequently merged with two others to become Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (MGM), with the 24-year-old Thalberg made part-owner and accorded the same position as vice president in charge of production. Three years after the merger, MGM became the most successful studio in Hollywood.", "Three years after the merger, MGM became the most successful studio in Hollywood. During his twelve years at MGM, Thalberg supervised the production of over four hundred films. Although Thalberg and his colleagues at MGM knew he was \"doomed\" to not live much past the age of 30 due to heart disease, he loved producing films. He continued developing innovative ideas and overseeing most of MGM's pictures.", "He continued developing innovative ideas and overseeing most of MGM's pictures. Under Thalberg's management, MGM released over 40% more films yearly than Warner Brothers, and more than double Paramount's releases. From 1924 until 1936, when Thalberg died at the age of 37, \"almost every film bore Thalberg's imprint\", wrote Mark Vieira. Production innovations Thalberg's production techniques \"broke new ground in filmmaking\", adds Vieira.", "Production innovations Thalberg's production techniques \"broke new ground in filmmaking\", adds Vieira. Among his contributions at MGM was his innovation of story conferences, sneak previews and scene retakes. He introduced the first horror films and coauthored the Production Code, the set of moral guidelines that all film studios agreed to follow. Thalberg helped synthesize and merge the world of stage drama and literary classics with Hollywood films. MGM thereby became the only movie studio to consistently show a profit during the Great Depression.", "MGM thereby became the only movie studio to consistently show a profit during the Great Depression. Flamini explains that the equation for MGM's success depended on combining stars, a Broadway hit or popular classic, and high standards of production. This combination at the time was considered a \"revolutionary approach\" in the film industry, which until then assumed a star was all that was needed for success, regardless of the story or production quality. The other studios began following MGM's lead with that same formula.", "The other studios began following MGM's lead with that same formula. Production techniques Thalberg generally followed a system in managing his productions. According to one of his assistants, Lawrence Weingarten, who later became a producer, \"Thalberg directed the film on paper, and then the director directed the film on film.\" Thalberg was generally opposed to location shooting overseas where he could not oversee production and control costs, as happened with Ben Hur.", "Thalberg was generally opposed to location shooting overseas where he could not oversee production and control costs, as happened with Ben Hur. Thus, he kept hundreds of back-lot carpenters at work creating realistic sets, as he did for fifteenth-century Romeo and Juliet (1936), or with China Seas (1935), to replicate the harbors of Hong Kong. Vieira points out that Thalberg's \"fascination with Broadway plays\" often had him create and present stories visually.", "Vieira points out that Thalberg's \"fascination with Broadway plays\" often had him create and present stories visually. For China Seas, for instance, he described for the screenwriters, director and others, exactly how he wanted the film to appear on screen: To be certain of achieving the desired effects, Thalberg made sure his cinematographers were careful in their use of light and shadow.", "For China Seas, for instance, he described for the screenwriters, director and others, exactly how he wanted the film to appear on screen: To be certain of achieving the desired effects, Thalberg made sure his cinematographers were careful in their use of light and shadow. Vieira observes that \"more than any other producer or any other studio, Thalberg and MGM manipulated lenses, filters, and lighting instruments to affect the viewer.\"", "Vieira observes that \"more than any other producer or any other studio, Thalberg and MGM manipulated lenses, filters, and lighting instruments to affect the viewer.\" As a result, he notes, \"most of Thalberg's films contain moments such as these, in which cinematic technique transcends mere exposition and gives the viewer something to treasure.\" Thalberg was supported by most of the studio in these kinds of creative decisions. \"It was a big family,\" notes Weingarten.", "\"It was a big family,\" notes Weingarten. \"If we had a success, everybody—and I mean every cutter, every painter, every plasterer—was excited about it, was abuzz, was in a tizzy about the whole idea of picture making.\" Taking risks with new subjects and stars In 1929, MGM released fifty films, and all but five showed a profit. Of those that failed, Hallelujah was also a gamble by Thalberg.", "Of those that failed, Hallelujah was also a gamble by Thalberg. When King Vidor, the film's producer and director, proposed the idea to Thalberg of a major film cast, for the first time, exclusively with African Americans, he told Thalberg directly, \"I doubt that it will make a dollar at the box office.\" Thalberg replied, \"Don't worry about that. I've told you that MGM can afford an occasional experiment.\"", "I've told you that MGM can afford an occasional experiment.\" By the early 1930s, a number of stars began failing at the box office, partly due to the Great Depression that was now undermining the economy, along with the public's ability to spend on entertainment. Thalberg began using two stars in a film, rather than one, as had been the tradition at all the studios, such as pairing Greta Garbo with John Gilbert, Clark Gable with Jean Harlow, and William Powell with Myrna Loy.", "Thalberg began using two stars in a film, rather than one, as had been the tradition at all the studios, such as pairing Greta Garbo with John Gilbert, Clark Gable with Jean Harlow, and William Powell with Myrna Loy. After experimenting with a few such films, including Mata Hari (1931), which were profitable, he decided on a multi-star production of another Broadway play, Grand Hotel (1932).", "After experimenting with a few such films, including Mata Hari (1931), which were profitable, he decided on a multi-star production of another Broadway play, Grand Hotel (1932). It had five major stars, including Garbo, Joan Crawford, John Barrymore, Lionel Barrymore, and Wallace Beery. \"Before Thalberg,\" writes Vieira, \"there was no Grand Hotel in the American consciousness.\" The film won the Oscar for Best Picture in 1932.", "The film won the Oscar for Best Picture in 1932. Thalberg went against consensus and took another risk with The Great Ziegfeld (1936), costarring Luise Rainer. Although Louis B. Mayer did not want her in the role, which he felt was too minor for a new star, Thalberg felt that \"only she could play the part\", wrote biographer Charles Higham. Shortly after shooting began in late 1935, doubts of Rainer's acting ability emerged in the press.", "Shortly after shooting began in late 1935, doubts of Rainer's acting ability emerged in the press. However, despite her limited appearances in the film, Rainer \"so impressed audiences with one highly emotional scene\" that she won the Academy Award for Best Actress. After her winning role in The Great Ziegfeld, Thalberg wanted her to play a role that was the opposite of her previous character, for The Good Earth (1937).", "After her winning role in The Great Ziegfeld, Thalberg wanted her to play a role that was the opposite of her previous character, for The Good Earth (1937). For the part as a Chinese peasant, she was required to act totally subservient to her husband, being perpetually huddled in submission, and barely spoke a word of dialogue during the entire film.", "For the part as a Chinese peasant, she was required to act totally subservient to her husband, being perpetually huddled in submission, and barely spoke a word of dialogue during the entire film. Rainer recalls that Mayer did not approve of the film being produced or her part in it: \"He was horrified at Irving Thalberg's insistence for me to play O-lan, the poor uncomely little Chinese peasant.\"", "Rainer recalls that Mayer did not approve of the film being produced or her part in it: \"He was horrified at Irving Thalberg's insistence for me to play O-lan, the poor uncomely little Chinese peasant.\" However, she again won the Oscar for Best Actress, becoming the first actress to win two consecutive Oscars, a feat not matched until Katharine Hepburn's two Oscar wins thirty years later.", "However, she again won the Oscar for Best Actress, becoming the first actress to win two consecutive Oscars, a feat not matched until Katharine Hepburn's two Oscar wins thirty years later. Grooming new stars Besides bringing a distinctive high quality \"look\" to MGM films and often recreating well-known stories or plays, Thalberg's actors themselves took on a characteristic quality. Thalberg wanted his female actors to appear \"cool, classy and beautiful,\" notes Flamini.", "Thalberg wanted his female actors to appear \"cool, classy and beautiful,\" notes Flamini. And he strove to make the male actors appear \"worldly and in control.\" In general, Thalberg movies and actors came to be \"luxurious,\" \"glossy,\" and \"technically flawless.\"", "In general, Thalberg movies and actors came to be \"luxurious,\" \"glossy,\" and \"technically flawless.\" By doing so, he made stars or boosted the careers of actors such as Lon Chaney, Ramon Novarro, John Gilbert, Greta Garbo, Joan Crawford, Clark Gable, Helen Hayes, Jean Harlow, Marie Dressler, Wallace Beery, John Barrymore, Lionel Barrymore and Luise Rainer.", "By doing so, he made stars or boosted the careers of actors such as Lon Chaney, Ramon Novarro, John Gilbert, Greta Garbo, Joan Crawford, Clark Gable, Helen Hayes, Jean Harlow, Marie Dressler, Wallace Beery, John Barrymore, Lionel Barrymore and Luise Rainer. Greta Garbo In 1925, a young Greta Garbo, then twenty, and unable to speak any English, was brought over from Sweden at Mayer's request, as he saw how she looked in still photos.", "Greta Garbo In 1925, a young Greta Garbo, then twenty, and unable to speak any English, was brought over from Sweden at Mayer's request, as he saw how she looked in still photos. A Swedish friend thought he would help her by contacting Thalberg, who then agreed to give her a screen test. According to author Frederick Sands, \"the result of the test was electrifying.\"", "According to author Frederick Sands, \"the result of the test was electrifying.\" Thalberg was impressed and began grooming the new starlet the following day: \"the studio arranged to fix her teeth, made sure she lost weight, and gave her an English tutor.\" Joan Crawford Joan Crawford's first role was a Thalberg production at MGM and she became one of their leading stars for the next thirty years.", "Joan Crawford Joan Crawford's first role was a Thalberg production at MGM and she became one of their leading stars for the next thirty years. Crawford was somewhat jealous of Norma Shearer as she thought she was given the better material by her husband Thalberg out of nepotism. Nevertheless, she felt that his contribution to MGM was vital to the film industry. Not long after his early death, she recalls her concerns: \"Thalberg was dead and the concept of the quality 'big' picture pretty much went out the window.\"", "Not long after his early death, she recalls her concerns: \"Thalberg was dead and the concept of the quality 'big' picture pretty much went out the window.\" Marie Dressler Thalberg also realized that old stars few had heard of could be made into new ones.", "Marie Dressler Thalberg also realized that old stars few had heard of could be made into new ones. Marie Dressler, a fifty-nine-year-old early vaudeville and movie star, who had played the top-billed lead, above Charles Chaplin and Mabel Normand), in the first feature-length comedy, Tillie's Punctured Romance (1914), was unable to get any roles in films after leaving show business for some years, finally working as a maid.", "Marie Dressler, a fifty-nine-year-old early vaudeville and movie star, who had played the top-billed lead, above Charles Chaplin and Mabel Normand), in the first feature-length comedy, Tillie's Punctured Romance (1914), was unable to get any roles in films after leaving show business for some years, finally working as a maid. MGM screenwriter Frances Marion suggested to Thalberg that she might fit well in a starring role for a new film, and was surprised that he knew of her prior successes.", "MGM screenwriter Frances Marion suggested to Thalberg that she might fit well in a starring role for a new film, and was surprised that he knew of her prior successes. Thalberg approved of using her without a screen test and offered his rationale: By 1932, shortly before she died, Dressler was the country's number one box office star.", "Thalberg approved of using her without a screen test and offered his rationale: By 1932, shortly before she died, Dressler was the country's number one box office star. Wallace Beery Marie Dressler was paired twice, in Min and Bill (1930) and Tugboat Annie (1933), with Wallace Beery, another major silent star who had been struggling to get work in sound pictures until Thalberg cast him.", "Wallace Beery Marie Dressler was paired twice, in Min and Bill (1930) and Tugboat Annie (1933), with Wallace Beery, another major silent star who had been struggling to get work in sound pictures until Thalberg cast him. Beery had enjoyed a hugely successful silent film career dating back to 1913, but had been fired by Paramount shortly after sound pictures appeared.", "Beery had enjoyed a hugely successful silent film career dating back to 1913, but had been fired by Paramount shortly after sound pictures appeared. Thalberg cast him in the role of \"Machine Gun Butch,\" which had been meant for recently deceased Lon Chaney, in The Big House (1930), an energetic prison picture that became a huge hit.", "Thalberg cast him in the role of \"Machine Gun Butch,\" which had been meant for recently deceased Lon Chaney, in The Big House (1930), an energetic prison picture that became a huge hit. Beery was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Actor for his performance, and his burgeoning career at MGM had transformed him into the studio's highest paid actor within two more years, during which time he won the Oscar for The Champ and had become a phenomenal box office draw as a result of Thalberg's foresight.", "Beery was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Actor for his performance, and his burgeoning career at MGM had transformed him into the studio's highest paid actor within two more years, during which time he won the Oscar for The Champ and had become a phenomenal box office draw as a result of Thalberg's foresight. Getting audience feedback and reshooting According to Vieira, MGM had few failures during this period, and numerous blockbusters.", "Getting audience feedback and reshooting According to Vieira, MGM had few failures during this period, and numerous blockbusters. Among the reasons was Thalberg's unique system of developing a script during story conferences with writers before filming began, and later giving \"sneak previews\" followed by audience feedback through written questionnaires. Often, where he felt improvement was needed, he arranged for scenes to be reshot. As Thalberg once stated, \"The difference between something good and something superior is often very small.\"", "As Thalberg once stated, \"The difference between something good and something superior is often very small.\" Bad decisions and missed opportunities Thalberg felt he had his \"finger on the pulse of America. I know what people will do and what they won't do,\" he said. His judgment was not always accurate, however. Thalberg's bringing Broadway productions to the screen to develop higher picture standards sometimes resulted in \"studied\" acting or \"stagey\" sets, notes Flamini.", "Thalberg's bringing Broadway productions to the screen to develop higher picture standards sometimes resulted in \"studied\" acting or \"stagey\" sets, notes Flamini. In 1927, after the successful release of the first full-length talking picture, The Jazz Singer (1927), he nevertheless felt that talking pictures were a fad. Thalberg likewise did not think that color would replace black-and-white in movies.", "Thalberg likewise did not think that color would replace black-and-white in movies. When an assistant protested against a script that envisioned a love scene in Paris with an ocean background, Thalberg refused to make changes, saying \"We can't cater to a handful of people who know Paris.\" A more serious distraction to Thalberg's efforts was his obsession with making his wife Norma Shearer a prominent star, efforts which sometimes led to \"overblown and overglamous\" productions.", "A more serious distraction to Thalberg's efforts was his obsession with making his wife Norma Shearer a prominent star, efforts which sometimes led to \"overblown and overglamous\" productions. Thalberg himself admitted to his obsession years later when he told a fellow producer: \"You're behaving like I did with Norma. I knew positively that she could play anything. It's a kind of romantic astigmatism that attacks producers when they fall for an actress.\"", "It's a kind of romantic astigmatism that attacks producers when they fall for an actress.\" Important films at MGM Ben Hur (1925) One of the first pictures he took charge of, Ben-Hur: A Tale of the Christ, was inherited and already in production by another studio when MGM was formed. The film was turning into a disastrous expense with cost overruns already in the millions due to its lavish sets and location shooting in Rome. Most studio executives chose to terminate the film to cut their losses.", "Most studio executives chose to terminate the film to cut their losses. Thalberg, however, felt differently, and thought the film would affect movie audiences, due to its classic literary source, and would highlight MGM as a major new studio. He, therefore, discarded much of the original footage shot in Italy and recreated the set on MGM's back lots in Culver City, which added more millions to the production, yet gave him more control over production.", "He, therefore, discarded much of the original footage shot in Italy and recreated the set on MGM's back lots in Culver City, which added more millions to the production, yet gave him more control over production. The new set also included a replica of Circus Maximus for the dramatic chariot race scenes. Flamini notes that Thalberg's \"gamble paid off,\" drawing international attention to MGM, and to Thalberg within the movie industry for his bold action.", "Flamini notes that Thalberg's \"gamble paid off,\" drawing international attention to MGM, and to Thalberg within the movie industry for his bold action. Mutiny on the Bounty (1935) Mutiny on the Bounty was the studio's next most expensive film after Ben Hur, with some now calling it \"Thalberg's masterpiece.\" He initially had difficulty convincing Mayer that he could make the film without making heroes of the mutineers.", "He initially had difficulty convincing Mayer that he could make the film without making heroes of the mutineers. He achieved that by instead making a hero of the British Royal Navy, whereby the officers and shipmates would from then on display their mutual respect. Thalberg also had to convince Clark Gable to accept the role against his will. He pleaded with Gable, eventually promising him that \"If it isn't one of your greatest successes, I'll never ask you again to play a part you don't want.\"", "He pleaded with Gable, eventually promising him that \"If it isn't one of your greatest successes, I'll never ask you again to play a part you don't want.\" The film's other main stars were Charles Laughton and Franchot Tone. The film was nominated for six Academy Awards, including Best Actor, and winning it for Best Picture. Thalberg accepted the award as producer from Frank Capra.", "Thalberg accepted the award as producer from Frank Capra. Thalberg accepted the award as producer from Frank Capra. Thalberg and Mayer partnership At first, Thalberg and studio chief Louis B. Mayer got along splendidly; however, they had different production philosophies. Thalberg preferred literary works, while Mayer preferred glitzy crowd-pleasing films. A clash was inevitable, and their relationship grew decidedly frosty. When Thalberg fell ill in the final weeks of 1932, Mayer took advantage of the situation and replaced him with David O. Selznick and Walter Wanger.", "When Thalberg fell ill in the final weeks of 1932, Mayer took advantage of the situation and replaced him with David O. Selznick and Walter Wanger. Thalberg's reputation by that time for working long hours was widely known, and rumors about the related strain on his fragile health had become front-page news in entertainment trade publications.", "Thalberg's reputation by that time for working long hours was widely known, and rumors about the related strain on his fragile health had become front-page news in entertainment trade publications. The Hollywood Reporter in January 1933 updated its readership about his condition and addressed growing concerns that he might be forced, despite his young age, to quit the business: Once Thalberg recovered sufficiently from his bout with the \"flu\" and was able to return to work later in 1933, it was as one of MGM's unit producers, albeit one who had first choice on projects as well as preferential access to all the studio's resources, including over casting its stars.", "The Hollywood Reporter in January 1933 updated its readership about his condition and addressed growing concerns that he might be forced, despite his young age, to quit the business: Once Thalberg recovered sufficiently from his bout with the \"flu\" and was able to return to work later in 1933, it was as one of MGM's unit producers, albeit one who had first choice on projects as well as preferential access to all the studio's resources, including over casting its stars. Thalberg's good relationship with Nicholas Schenck, then president of Loew's Incorporated, proved to be an ongoing advantage for him.", "Thalberg's good relationship with Nicholas Schenck, then president of Loew's Incorporated, proved to be an ongoing advantage for him. Loew's was the corporate parent of MGM, so Schenck was the true power and ultimate arbiter at the studio; and he usually supported Thalberg's decisions and continued to do so whenever disagreements about projects or production needs arose.", "Loew's was the corporate parent of MGM, so Schenck was the true power and ultimate arbiter at the studio; and he usually supported Thalberg's decisions and continued to do so whenever disagreements about projects or production needs arose. As a result, Thalberg also continued to produce or coproduce some of MGM's most prestigious and critically acclaimed ventures in this period, such as The Barretts of Wimpole Street (1934) starring his wife Norma Shearer, China Seas (1935), A Night at the Opera (1935), San Francisco (1936), and Romeo and Juliet (1936).", "As a result, Thalberg also continued to produce or coproduce some of MGM's most prestigious and critically acclaimed ventures in this period, such as The Barretts of Wimpole Street (1934) starring his wife Norma Shearer, China Seas (1935), A Night at the Opera (1935), San Francisco (1936), and Romeo and Juliet (1936). Personal life During his few years with Universal while living in New York, Thalberg had become romantically involved with Carl Laemmle's daughter, Rosabelle.", "Personal life During his few years with Universal while living in New York, Thalberg had become romantically involved with Carl Laemmle's daughter, Rosabelle. Still in his early twenties and later spending most of his time in Los Angeles, his feelings toward her were no longer as strong. Flamini suspects that this may have affected his position at Universal and partly caused his decision to leave the company. \"The Laemmles prayed that Irving would marry Rosabelle\", notes Flamini.", "\"The Laemmles prayed that Irving would marry Rosabelle\", notes Flamini. \"They wanted their sons to be educated and their daughters to marry nice Jewish boys.\" Less than a year after he and Mayer took charge of the newly created MGM studios, and still only twenty-five years old, Thalberg suffered a serious heart attack due to overwork. Mayer also became aware of Thalberg's congenital heart problems and now worried about the prospect of running MGM without him.", "Mayer also became aware of Thalberg's congenital heart problems and now worried about the prospect of running MGM without him. Mayer also became concerned that one of his daughters might become romantically involved, and told them so: Thalberg, aware of Mayer's feelings, made it a point of never giving too much attention to his daughters at social events. One of Thalberg's traits was his ability to work long hours into the night with little sign of fatigue.", "One of Thalberg's traits was his ability to work long hours into the night with little sign of fatigue. According to Vieira, Thalberg believed that as long as his mind was active in his work and he was not bored, he would not feel tired. Thalberg, who often got by with only five hours of sleep, felt that most people could get by with less than they realized. To keep his mental faculties at peak, he would read philosophical books by Bacon, Epictetus, or Kant.", "To keep his mental faculties at peak, he would read philosophical books by Bacon, Epictetus, or Kant. \"They stimulate me. I'd drop out of sight in no time if I didn't read and keep up with current thought—and the philosophers are brain sharpeners.\" During the early 1930s, Thalberg was ambivalent about political events in Europe. While he feared Nazism and the rise of Hitler, he also feared Communism.", "While he feared Nazism and the rise of Hitler, he also feared Communism. At the time, notes Vieira, \"given a choice between communism and fascism, many Americans—including Thalberg—would prefer the latter.\" Thalberg stated his opinion: When others suggested that many Jews could die in Germany as a result of Nazi anti-Semitism, he replied that in his opinion \"Hitler and Hitlerism will pass.\"", "Thalberg stated his opinion: When others suggested that many Jews could die in Germany as a result of Nazi anti-Semitism, he replied that in his opinion \"Hitler and Hitlerism will pass.\" On one occasion, Catholic Prince Löwenstein of Germany, who himself had almost been captured before fleeing Germany, told him: \"Mr. Thalberg, your own people are being systematically hunted down and rooted out of Germany.\" Thalberg suggested that world Jewry should nevertheless not interfere, that the Jewish race would survive Hitler.", "Thalberg suggested that world Jewry should nevertheless not interfere, that the Jewish race would survive Hitler. Within a few years, American film distribution was \"choked off\" in Germany. Led by Warner Brothers, all American studios eventually closed their German offices. Thalberg began dating actress Norma Shearer a few years after he joined MGM. Following her conversion to Judaism, they married on Thursday, September 29, 1927, in a private ceremony in the garden of his rented house in Beverly Hills.", "Following her conversion to Judaism, they married on Thursday, September 29, 1927, in a private ceremony in the garden of his rented house in Beverly Hills. Rabbi Edgar F. Magnin officiated at the event, with Shearer's brother Douglas Shearer giving the bride away, and Louis B. Mayer serving as best man. The couple drove to Monterey for their honeymoon and then moved into their newly constructed home in Beverly Hills.", "The couple drove to Monterey for their honeymoon and then moved into their newly constructed home in Beverly Hills. After their second child was born, Shearer considered retiring from films, but Thalberg convinced her to continue acting, saying he could find her good roles. She went on to be one of MGM's biggest stars of the 1930s. Their two children were Irving Jr. (1930–1987) and Katharine (1935–2006).", "Their two children were Irving Jr. (1930–1987) and Katharine (1935–2006). Death Thalberg and Shearer took a much-needed Labor Day weekend vacation in Monterey, California, in 1936, staying at the same beachfront hotel where they spent their honeymoon. A few weeks earlier, Thalberg's leading screenwriter, Al Lewin, had proposed doing a film based on a soon-to-be published book, Gone with the Wind.", "A few weeks earlier, Thalberg's leading screenwriter, Al Lewin, had proposed doing a film based on a soon-to-be published book, Gone with the Wind. Although Thalberg said it would be a \"sensational\" role for Gable, and a \"terrific picture,\" he decided not to do it: Besides, Thalberg told Mayer, \"[n]o Civil War picture ever made a nickel\". Shortly after returning from Monterey, Thalberg was diagnosed with pneumonia.", "Shortly after returning from Monterey, Thalberg was diagnosed with pneumonia. His condition worsened steadily and he eventually required an oxygen tent at home. He died on September 14, at the age of 37. Sam Wood, while directing A Day at the Races, was given the news by phone. He returned to the set with tears in his eyes and told the others. As the news spread \"the studio was paralyzed with shock\", notes Thomas.", "As the news spread \"the studio was paralyzed with shock\", notes Thomas. \"Work stopped and hundreds of people wept\", with stars, writers, directors, and studio employees \"all sharing a sense of loss at the death of a man who had been a part of their working lives\", states Flamini. His funeral took place two days later, and when the services began the other studios throughout Hollywood observed five minutes of silence.", "His funeral took place two days later, and when the services began the other studios throughout Hollywood observed five minutes of silence. Producer Sam Goldwyn \"wept uncontrollably for two days\" and was unable to regain his composure enough to attend. The MGM studio closed for that day. Services were held at the Wilshire Boulevard Temple that Thalberg had occasionally attended.", "Services were held at the Wilshire Boulevard Temple that Thalberg had occasionally attended. The funeral attracted thousands of spectators who came to view the arrival of countless stars from MGM and other studios, including Greta Garbo, Jean Harlow, the Marx Brothers, Charlie Chaplin, Walt Disney, Howard Hughes, Al Jolson, Gary Cooper, Carole Lombard, Mary Pickford, and Douglas Fairbanks, among the screen luminaries. The ushers who led them to their seats included Clark Gable, Fredric March, and playwright Moss Hart.", "The ushers who led them to their seats included Clark Gable, Fredric March, and playwright Moss Hart. Erich von Stroheim, who had been fired by Thalberg, came to pay his respects. Producers Louis B. Mayer, the Warner brothers, Adolph Zukor, and Nicholas Schenck sat together solemnly as Rabbi Magnin gave the eulogy.", "Producers Louis B. Mayer, the Warner brothers, Adolph Zukor, and Nicholas Schenck sat together solemnly as Rabbi Magnin gave the eulogy. Thalberg is buried in a private marble tomb in the Great Mausoleum at Forest Lawn Memorial Park in Glendale, California, lying at rest beside his wife Norma Shearer Arrouge (Thalberg's crypt was engraved \"My Sweetheart Forever\" by Shearer). Over the following days, tributes were published by the national press.", "Over the following days, tributes were published by the national press. Louis B. Mayer, his co-founding partner at Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, said he had lost \"the finest friend a man could ever have\", while MGM president Nicholas Schenck stated that \"Thalberg was the most important man in the production end of the motion-picture industry. Leading producers from the other studios also expressed their feelings in published tributes to Thalberg: David O. Selznick described him as \"beyond any question the greatest individual force for fine pictures.\"", "Leading producers from the other studios also expressed their feelings in published tributes to Thalberg: David O. Selznick described him as \"beyond any question the greatest individual force for fine pictures.\" Samuel Goldwyn called him \"the foremost figure in the motion-picture industry ... and an inspiration.\" M. H. Aylesworth, Chairman of RKO, wrote that \"his integrity, vision and ability made him the spearhead of all motion-picture production throughout the world.\"", "M. H. Aylesworth, Chairman of RKO, wrote that \"his integrity, vision and ability made him the spearhead of all motion-picture production throughout the world.\" Harry Warner, president of Warner Bros., described him as \"gifted with one of the finest minds ever placed at the service of motion-picture production.\" Sidney R. Kent, president of Twentieth Century Fox, said that \"he made the whole world richer by giving it the highest type of entertainment. He was a true genius.\"", "He was a true genius.\" He was a true genius.\" Columbia president Harry Cohn said the \"motion picture industry has suffered a loss from which it will not soon recover...\". Darryl F. Zanuck noted, \"More than any other man he raised the industry to its present world prestige.\" Adolph Zukor, chairman of Paramount, stated, \"Irving Thalberg was the most brilliant young man in the motion picture business.\" Jesse Lasky said, \"It will be utterly impossible to replace him.\"", "Jesse Lasky said, \"It will be utterly impossible to replace him.\" Among the condolences that came from world political leaders, President Franklin D. Roosevelt wrote, \"The world of art is poorer with the passing of Irving Thalberg. His high ideals, insight and imagination went into the production of his masterpieces.\" Among the pictures that were unfinished or not yet released at the time of his death were A Day at the Races, The Good Earth, Camille, Maytime, and Romeo and Juliet.", "Among the pictures that were unfinished or not yet released at the time of his death were A Day at the Races, The Good Earth, Camille, Maytime, and Romeo and Juliet. Groucho Marx, star of A Day at the Races, wrote, \"After Thalberg's death, my interest in the movies waned. I continued to appear in them, but ... The fun had gone out of picture making.\" Thalberg's widow, Norma Shearer, recalled, \"Grief does very strange things to you.", "Thalberg's widow, Norma Shearer, recalled, \"Grief does very strange things to you. I didn't seem to feel the shock for two weeks afterwards. ... then, at the end of those two weeks, I collapsed.\" Legacy in the movie industry Thalberg's legacy to the movie industry is \"incalculable\", states biographer Bob Thomas.", "Legacy in the movie industry Thalberg's legacy to the movie industry is \"incalculable\", states biographer Bob Thomas. He notes that with his numerous production innovations and grand stories, often turning classic literature and Broadway stage productions into big-screen pictures, he managed to keep \"American movies supreme throughout the world for a generation\". Darryl F. Zanuck, founder of 20th Century-Fox said that during Thalberg's brief career, he had become the \"most creative producer in the history of films\".", "Darryl F. Zanuck, founder of 20th Century-Fox said that during Thalberg's brief career, he had become the \"most creative producer in the history of films\". Thomas describes some of his contributions: Most of MGM's major films in the 1930s were, according to Flamini, \"in a very real sense\", made by Thalberg. He closely supervised the making of \"more pictures than any other producer in Hollywood's history\", and was considered the \"archetype of the creative producer\", adds Flamini.", "He closely supervised the making of \"more pictures than any other producer in Hollywood's history\", and was considered the \"archetype of the creative producer\", adds Flamini. Upon his early death, aged 37, an editorial in The New York Times called him \"the most important force\" in the motion picture industry. The paper added that for the film industry, he \"set the pace and others followed ... because his way combined style, glamour, and profit.\"", "The paper added that for the film industry, he \"set the pace and others followed ... because his way combined style, glamour, and profit.\" He is described by Flamini as having been \"a revolutionary in a gray flannel suit\". Thalberg refused to take credit as producer, and as a result, his name never appeared on the screen while he was alive. Thalberg claimed that \"credit you give yourself is not worth having\".", "Thalberg claimed that \"credit you give yourself is not worth having\". He also said \"If a picture is good, they'll know who produced it. If it's bad, nobody cares.\" His final film, released after he died, was The Good Earth (1937), which won numerous Academy Awards. Its opening screen credit was dedicated to Thalberg: In 1938, the new multimillion-dollar MGM administration building in Culver City was named for Thalberg.", "Its opening screen credit was dedicated to Thalberg: In 1938, the new multimillion-dollar MGM administration building in Culver City was named for Thalberg. The Irving G. Thalberg Memorial Award, presented by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences, also named for him, awards producers for consistently high production achievements. Cultural legacy The Last Tycoon In October 1939, American novelist F. Scott Fitzgerald began writing The Last Tycoon, a fictionalized biography of Thalberg, naming the protagonist Monroe Stahr to represent Thalberg.", "Cultural legacy The Last Tycoon In October 1939, American novelist F. Scott Fitzgerald began writing The Last Tycoon, a fictionalized biography of Thalberg, naming the protagonist Monroe Stahr to represent Thalberg. \"Thalberg has always fascinated me\", he wrote to an editor. \"His peculiar charm, his extraordinary good looks, his bountiful success, the tragic end of his great adventure. The events I have built around him are fiction, but all of them are things which might very well have happened. ...", "... ... I've long chosen him for a hero (this has been in my mind for three years) because he is one of the half-dozen men I have known who were built on a grand scale.\" Thomas notes that among the reasons Fitzgerald chose to write a book about a Thalberg-like character, was that \"throughout his literary career, Fitzgerald borrowed his heroes from friends he admired, and inevitably a bit of Fitzgerald entered the characterizations.\"", "Thomas notes that among the reasons Fitzgerald chose to write a book about a Thalberg-like character, was that \"throughout his literary career, Fitzgerald borrowed his heroes from friends he admired, and inevitably a bit of Fitzgerald entered the characterizations.\" Fitzgerald himself writes that \"When I like men, I want to be like them ...\" Fitzgerald and Thalberg had real-life similarities: both were prodigies, both had heart ailments, and they both died at early ages.", "Fitzgerald himself writes that \"When I like men, I want to be like them ...\" Fitzgerald and Thalberg had real-life similarities: both were prodigies, both had heart ailments, and they both died at early ages. According to biographer Matthew J. Bruccoli, Fitzgerald believed that Thalberg, with his \"taste and courage, represented the best of Hollywood. ... [and] saw Thalberg as a model for what could be done in the movies.\" Fitzgerald died before the novel was completed, however.", "Fitzgerald died before the novel was completed, however. Fitzgerald died before the novel was completed, however. Bruccoli writes of Fitzgerald's book: Although parallels between Monroe Stahr in the novel and Thalberg were evident, many who knew Thalberg intimately stated that they did not see similarities in their personalities. Norma Shearer said that the Stahr character was not at all like her former husband. In the 1976 film version, directed by Elia Kazan, Monroe Stahr was played by Robert De Niro.", "In the 1976 film version, directed by Elia Kazan, Monroe Stahr was played by Robert De Niro. Kazan, in his pre-production notes, described the Stahr character as he saw him: In the 2016 television series based on the novel, Monroe Stahr is played by Matt Bomer. Others Fitzgerald also based his short story \"Crazy Sunday\", originally published in the October 1932 issue of American Mercury, on an incident at a party thrown by Thalberg and Shearer.", "Others Fitzgerald also based his short story \"Crazy Sunday\", originally published in the October 1932 issue of American Mercury, on an incident at a party thrown by Thalberg and Shearer. The story is included in Fitzgerald's collection Taps at Reveille (1935). Thalberg was portrayed in the movie Man of a Thousand Faces (1957) by Robert Evans, who went on to become a studio head himself.", "Thalberg was portrayed in the movie Man of a Thousand Faces (1957) by Robert Evans, who went on to become a studio head himself. Thalberg was portrayed by Bill Cusack in Young Indiana Jones and the Hollywood Follies (1994), a TV film based on The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles, in which Indiana Jones is depicted as taking part in Thalberg's conflict with Erich von Stroheim over Foolish Wives.", "Thalberg was portrayed by Bill Cusack in Young Indiana Jones and the Hollywood Follies (1994), a TV film based on The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles, in which Indiana Jones is depicted as taking part in Thalberg's conflict with Erich von Stroheim over Foolish Wives. In 2020, Thalberg was played by Ferdinand Kingsley in the David Fincher film Mank Thalberg, played by Tobey Maguire, is rumored to appear in the upcoming movie Babylon.", "In 2020, Thalberg was played by Ferdinand Kingsley in the David Fincher film Mank Thalberg, played by Tobey Maguire, is rumored to appear in the upcoming movie Babylon. Filmography Producer Reputation (1921) The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1923) Merry-Go-Round (1923) His Hour (1924) He Who Gets Slapped (1924) The Unholy Three (1925) The Merry Widow (1925) The Tower of Lies (1925) The Big Parade (1925) Ben-Hur: A Tale of the Christ (1925) Torrent (1926) La Bohème (1926) Brown of Harvard (1926) The Road to Mandalay (1926) The Temptress (1926) Valencia (1926) Flesh and the Devil (1926) Twelve Miles Out (1927) The Student Prince in Old Heidelberg (1927) London After Midnight (1927) The Crowd (1928) Laugh, Clown, Laugh (1928) White Shadows in the South Seas (1928) Show People (1928) West of Zanzibar (1928) The Broadway Melody (1929) The Trial of Mary Dugan (1929) Voice of the City (1929) Where East Is East (1929) The Last of Mrs. Cheyney (1929) The Hollywood Revue of 1929 (1929) Hallelujah (1929) His Glorious Night (1929) The Kiss (1929) Anna Christie (1930) Redemption (1930) The Divorcee (1930) The Rogue Song (1930) The Big House (1930) The Unholy Three (1930) Let Us Be Gay (1930) Billy the Kid (1930) Way for a Sailor (1930) A Lady's Morals (1930) Inspiration (1931) Trader Horn (1931) The Secret Six (1931) A Free Soul (1931) Just a Gigolo (1931) Menschen hinter Gittern (1931), German-language version of The Big House (1930) The Sin of Madelon Claudet (1931) The Guardsman (1931) The Champ (1931) Possessed (1931) Private Lives (1931) Mata Hari (1931) Freaks (1932) Tarzan the Ape Man (1932) Grand Hotel (1932) Letty Lynton (1932) As You Desire Me (1932) Red-Headed Woman (1932) Smilin' Through (1932) Red Dust (1932) Rasputin and the Empress (1932) Strange Interlude (1932) Tugboat Annie (1933) Bombshell (1933) Eskimo (1933) La Veuve Joyeuse (1934) French-language version of The Merry Widow Riptide (1934) The Barretts of Wimpole Street (1934) The Merry Widow (1934) What Every Woman Knows (1934) Biography of a Bachelor Girl (1935) No More Ladies (1935) China Seas (1935) Mutiny on the Bounty (1935) A Night at the Opera (1935) Riffraff (1936) Romeo and Juliet (1936) Camille (1936) Maytime (1937) A Day at the Races (1937) Broadway Melody of 1938 (1937) The Good Earth (1937) Marie Antoinette (1938) Writer The Trap (1922) The Dangerous Little Demon (1922) Awards Academy Awards Notes Further reading Books Flamini, Roland.", "Filmography Producer Reputation (1921) The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1923) Merry-Go-Round (1923) His Hour (1924) He Who Gets Slapped (1924) The Unholy Three (1925) The Merry Widow (1925) The Tower of Lies (1925) The Big Parade (1925) Ben-Hur: A Tale of the Christ (1925) Torrent (1926) La Bohème (1926) Brown of Harvard (1926) The Road to Mandalay (1926) The Temptress (1926) Valencia (1926) Flesh and the Devil (1926) Twelve Miles Out (1927) The Student Prince in Old Heidelberg (1927) London After Midnight (1927) The Crowd (1928) Laugh, Clown, Laugh (1928) White Shadows in the South Seas (1928) Show People (1928) West of Zanzibar (1928) The Broadway Melody (1929) The Trial of Mary Dugan (1929) Voice of the City (1929) Where East Is East (1929) The Last of Mrs. Cheyney (1929) The Hollywood Revue of 1929 (1929) Hallelujah (1929) His Glorious Night (1929) The Kiss (1929) Anna Christie (1930) Redemption (1930) The Divorcee (1930) The Rogue Song (1930) The Big House (1930) The Unholy Three (1930) Let Us Be Gay (1930) Billy the Kid (1930) Way for a Sailor (1930) A Lady's Morals (1930) Inspiration (1931) Trader Horn (1931) The Secret Six (1931) A Free Soul (1931) Just a Gigolo (1931) Menschen hinter Gittern (1931), German-language version of The Big House (1930) The Sin of Madelon Claudet (1931) The Guardsman (1931) The Champ (1931) Possessed (1931) Private Lives (1931) Mata Hari (1931) Freaks (1932) Tarzan the Ape Man (1932) Grand Hotel (1932) Letty Lynton (1932) As You Desire Me (1932) Red-Headed Woman (1932) Smilin' Through (1932) Red Dust (1932) Rasputin and the Empress (1932) Strange Interlude (1932) Tugboat Annie (1933) Bombshell (1933) Eskimo (1933) La Veuve Joyeuse (1934) French-language version of The Merry Widow Riptide (1934) The Barretts of Wimpole Street (1934) The Merry Widow (1934) What Every Woman Knows (1934) Biography of a Bachelor Girl (1935) No More Ladies (1935) China Seas (1935) Mutiny on the Bounty (1935) A Night at the Opera (1935) Riffraff (1936) Romeo and Juliet (1936) Camille (1936) Maytime (1937) A Day at the Races (1937) Broadway Melody of 1938 (1937) The Good Earth (1937) Marie Antoinette (1938) Writer The Trap (1922) The Dangerous Little Demon (1922) Awards Academy Awards Notes Further reading Books Flamini, Roland. Thalberg: The Last Tycoon and the World of M-G-M (1994) Marx, Samuel.", "Thalberg: The Last Tycoon and the World of M-G-M (1994) Marx, Samuel. Mayer and Thalberg: The Make-believe Saints (1975) Thomas, Bob. Thalberg: Life and Legend (1969) Vieira, Mark A. Irving Thalberg's M-G-M. New York: Harry N. Abrams, 2008. Vieira, Mark A. Irving Thalberg: Boy Wonder to Producer Prince. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2009. Articles Starman, Ray.", "Berkeley: University of California Press, 2009. Articles Starman, Ray. Articles Starman, Ray. \"Irving Thalberg\", Films In Review, June/July 1987, p. 347–353 External links Irving Thalberg at TCM Cinemagraphe Review of the Roland Flamini biography of Thalberg: The Last Tycoon and the World of MGM Irving Thalberg at Virtual History Irving Thalberg profiled in Collier's Magazine (1924) Videos 1899 births 1936 deaths American film producers Film producers from California Producers who won the Best Picture Academy Award American film studio executives American male screenwriters Cinema pioneers Silent film directors Silent film producers Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer executives Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences founders Businesspeople from Los Angeles Hollywood history and culture California Republicans New York (state) Republicans USC School of Cinematic Arts faculty 20th-century American businesspeople Screenwriters from California Screenwriters from New York (state) People from Brooklyn American anti-communists American people of German-Jewish descent Deaths from pneumonia in California Burials at Forest Lawn Memorial Park (Glendale) 20th-century American male writers 20th-century American writers Jewish American writers 20th-century American screenwriters" ]

[ "Irving Thalberg", "Early years", "What year was he born?", "Thalberg was born in Brooklyn, to German Jewish immigrant parents,", "Who were his parents?", "Jewish immigrant parents, William and Henrietta (Haymann).", "Did he have any siblings?", "Shortly after birth, he was diagnosed with \"blue baby syndrome,\" caused by a congenital disease that limited the oxygen supply to his heart.", "Did this impact him at all in life?", "The prognosis from the family's doctor and specialists was that he might live to age twenty, or at most, age thirty.", "Where did he go to school?", "During his high school years in Brooklyn, he began having attacks of chest pains, dizziness and fatigue. This affected his ability to study,", "What caused his illness in high school?", "When he was 17, he contracted rheumatic fever, and was confined to bed for a year. His mother, Henrietta, to prevent him falling too far behind other students," ]

[ "This is a list of people associated with the New York University Graduate School of Arts and Science.\n\nNotable faculty\n\nAlumni\n(*did not graduate)\n\nNobel laureates\n\nPulitzer Prize winners\n\nOther\n\n(*did not graduate)\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nNew York University\n\nLists of people by university or college in New York City\n\nNew York University-related lists", "This is a list of notable alumni and students, from the University of Coimbra.\n\nAlumni\n\nNoted professors and lecturers\n\nNobel laureates\nEgas Moniz (1874–1955), physician and neurologist; 1949 Nobel Prize in Medicine or Physiology\n\nOthers\nJosé Bonifácio de Andrade e Silva (1763–1838), Brazilian statesman and naturalist\nFélix Avelar Brotero (1744–1828), botanist and professor\nGeorge Buchanan (1506–1582), a Scottish historian and humanist scholar, professor at the Colegio de la Artes\nLuís Wittnich Carrisso (1886-1937), botanist, professor\nAntónio Castanheira Neves (1929), legal philosopher and professor emeritus at the law faculty\nFernão Lopes de Castanheda (1500–1559), historian, bedel and archivist\nAndré de Gouveia (1497–1548), head teacher, humanist and pedagogue\nAlexandre Rodrigues Ferreira (1756–1815), naturalist\nEduardo Lourenço (born 1923), professor, essayist, critic, philosopher, and writer\nPedro Nunes (1502–1578), mathematician\nSidónio Pais (1872–1918), politician; President in 1918; military; professor of mathematics\nCarlos Mota Pinto (1936–1985), Prime Minister\nAntónio de Oliveira Salazar (1889–1970), politician; Prime Minister; Dictator of Portugal, 1932-1968\nFernando Távora (1923–2004), architect and professor\nDomenico Vandelli (1735–1816), Italian naturalist\n\nNoted attendees\nNoted persons who graduated from or otherwise attended the university include:\n\nZeca Afonso (1929–1987), singer, songwriter and poet; left-winger whose music is considered a symbol of the Carnation Revolution\nManuel Alegre (1936), poet; politician; member of the Socialist Party (did not graduate)\nAntónio José de Almeida (1866–1929), politician, President, founder of Lisbon and Porto universities\nNicolau Tolentino de Almeida (1740–1811), foremost Portuguese satirical poet of the 18th century\nJosé de Anchieta (1534–1597), jesuit missionary, apostle of Brazil, writer and poet\nJosé Alberto de Oliveira Anchieta (1832–1897), 19th century explorer and naturalist (did not graduate)\nLeão Ramos Ascensão (1903–1980), integralist politician and writer\nManuela Azevedo (1970), singer\nJoão Botelho (1949), film director (did not graduate)\nLuís de Almeida Braga, (1890–1970), integralist politician and writer\nTeófilo Braga (1843–1924), politician, President, writer and playwright\nLuís Vaz de Camões, (c. 1524–1580), considered Portugal's greatest poet (did not graduate)\nJorge Chaminé (b, 1956), baritone; Human Rights Medal from the UN; Goodwill Ambassador of Music in ME (Music in the Middle East)\nJosé Cid (1942), singer and composer (did not graduate)\nChristopher Clavius (1538–1612), German mathematician and astronomer; main architect of the modern Gregorian calendar\nNarana Coissoró (1933), lawyer and politician\nFausto Correia (1951–2007), politician; member of the Portuguese Parliament and the Government of Portugal; member of the Parliament of the European Union\nJoão de Deus (1830–1896), poet (did not graduate)\nBishop James Warren Doyle (1786–1834), Bishop of Kildare and Leighlin in Ireland, studied for his doctorate in combria\nVergílio Ferreira (1916–1996), writer and teacher\nArmindo Freitas-Magalhães (1966), psychologist and researcher, working on the psychology of the human smile\nAlmeida Garrett (1799–1854), romanticist and writer\nManuel Teixeira Gomes (1860–1941), political figure (did not graduate)\nRuy Luís Gomes (1905–1984), mathematician\nJoão Mário Grilo (1958), film director (did not graduate)\nMiguel Guedes (1972), musician, songwriter and singer\nGregório de Matos e Guerra (1636-1696), poet and lawyer\nBartolomeu de Gusmão (1685–1724), naturalist, recalled for his early work on lighter-than-air ship design\nArtur Jorge (1946), football coach and former football player (did not graduate at this university but at the University of Lisbon)\nGuerra Junqueiro (1850–1923), lawyer, politician, member of the Portuguese House of Representatives, journalist, author and poet\nValentim Loureiro (1938), military major, politician, mayor, former football club chairman (did not graduate)\nFábio Lucindo (1985-), Brazilian voice actor, best-known for his work in anime.\nBernardino Machado (1851–1944), politician, President\nMarquês de Pombal (1699–1782), Prime Minister to King Joseph I of Portugal throughout his reign\nAristides Sousa Mendes (1885–1954), diplomat, known for protecting European Jews as a consul in France during World War II against government orders\nLuís Marques Mendes, (1957), politician; former leader of the Social Democratic Party\nManoel da Nóbrega, (1517–1570), jesuit priest; first Provincial of the Society of Jesus in colonial Brazil; influential in the early history of Brazil; participated in the founding of several cities\nAntónio Nobre (1867–1900), poet (did not graduate)\nAdriano Correia de Oliveira (1942–1982), musician, famous singer and composer of politically engaged folk music in the 1960s-70s (did not graduate)\nCarlos de Oliveira (1921–1981), poet and novelist\nÁlvaro Santos Pereira (1972), economist and professor\nEça de Queiroz (1845–1900), novelist, one of the leading intellectuals of the Generation of 1870\nAntero de Quental (1842–1891), poet, philosopher, political activist\nJosé Hipólito Raposo (1885–1953), integralist politician and writer\nJosé Adriano Pequito Rebelo (1892–1983), integralist politician and writer\nMaria de Belém Roseira (1949), politician (member of the Socialist Party, former minister)\nAntónio de Almeida Santos (1926), politician and minister\nFernando Machado Soares (1930), fado singer, author, judge\nMiguel Torga, pseudonym of Adolfo Correia da Rocha (1907–1995), writer, poet and physician\nJoão Maria Tudela (1929), singer, musician and entertainer (did not graduate)\nSalgado Zenha (1923–1993), left-wing politician and lawyer\n\nReferences\n\nUniversity of Coimbra\n \nCoimbra, University of" ]

[ "Irving Grant Thalberg (May 30, 1899 – September 14, 1936) was an American film producer during the early years of motion pictures. He was called \"The Boy Wonder\" for his youth and ability to select scripts, choose actors, gather production staff, and make profitable films, including Grand Hotel, China Seas, A Night at the Opera, Mutiny on the Bounty, Camille and The Good Earth.", "He was called \"The Boy Wonder\" for his youth and ability to select scripts, choose actors, gather production staff, and make profitable films, including Grand Hotel, China Seas, A Night at the Opera, Mutiny on the Bounty, Camille and The Good Earth. His films carved out an international market, \"projecting a seductive image of American life brimming with vitality and rooted in democracy and personal freedom\", states biographer Roland Flamini.", "His films carved out an international market, \"projecting a seductive image of American life brimming with vitality and rooted in democracy and personal freedom\", states biographer Roland Flamini. He was born in Brooklyn, New York, and as a child was afflicted with a congenital heart disease that doctors said would kill him before he reached the age of thirty. After graduating from high school he worked as a store clerk during the day and to gain some job skills took a night class in typing.", "After graduating from high school he worked as a store clerk during the day and to gain some job skills took a night class in typing. He then found work as a secretary with Universal Studios' New York office, and was later made studio manager for their Los Angeles facility. There, he oversaw production of a hundred films during his three years with the company. Among the films he produced was The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1923).", "Among the films he produced was The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1923). In Los Angeles, he partnered with Louis B. Mayer's new studio and, after it merged with two other studios, helped create Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (MGM). He was made head of production of MGM in 1925, at the age of twenty-six, helping MGM become the most successful studio in Hollywood.", "He was made head of production of MGM in 1925, at the age of twenty-six, helping MGM become the most successful studio in Hollywood. During his twelve years with MGM, until his premature death at the age of 37, he produced four hundred films, most of which bore his imprint and innovations, including story conferences with writers, sneak previews to gain early feedback, and extensive re-shooting of scenes to improve the film.", "During his twelve years with MGM, until his premature death at the age of 37, he produced four hundred films, most of which bore his imprint and innovations, including story conferences with writers, sneak previews to gain early feedback, and extensive re-shooting of scenes to improve the film. In addition, he introduced horror films to audiences and coauthored the \"Production Code\", guidelines for morality followed by all studios.", "In addition, he introduced horror films to audiences and coauthored the \"Production Code\", guidelines for morality followed by all studios. During the 1920s and 1930s, he synthesized and merged the world of stage drama and literary classics with Hollywood films. Thalberg created numerous new stars and groomed their screen images.", "Thalberg created numerous new stars and groomed their screen images. Among them were Lon Chaney, Ramon Novarro, Greta Garbo, John Gilbert, Lionel Barrymore, Joan Crawford, Clark Gable, Jean Harlow, Wallace Beery, Spencer Tracy, Luise Rainer, and Norma Shearer, who became his wife. He had the ability to combine quality with commercial success, and was credited with bringing his artistic aspirations in line with the demands of audiences.", "He had the ability to combine quality with commercial success, and was credited with bringing his artistic aspirations in line with the demands of audiences. After his death, Hollywood's producers said he had been the world's \"foremost figure in motion-picture history\". President Franklin D. Roosevelt wrote, \"The world of art is poorer with the passing of Irving Thalberg. His high ideals, insight and imagination went into the production of his masterpieces.\"", "His high ideals, insight and imagination went into the production of his masterpieces.\" The Irving G. Thalberg Memorial Award, given out periodically by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences since 1937, has been awarded to producers whose body of work reflected consistently high quality films. Early years Thalberg was born in Brooklyn, to German Jewish immigrant parents, William and Henrietta (Haymann).", "Early years Thalberg was born in Brooklyn, to German Jewish immigrant parents, William and Henrietta (Haymann). Shortly after birth, he was diagnosed with \"blue baby syndrome\", caused by a congenital disease that limited the oxygen supply to his heart. The prognosis from the family's doctor and specialists was that he might live to the age of twenty, or at most, to thirty. During his high school years in Brooklyn, he began having attacks of chest pains, dizziness and fatigue.", "During his high school years in Brooklyn, he began having attacks of chest pains, dizziness and fatigue. This affected his ability to study, though until that time he was a good student. When he was 17 he contracted rheumatic fever, and was confined to bed for a year. His mother, in order to prevent him falling too far behind other students, brought him homework from school, books, and tutors to teach him at home.", "His mother, in order to prevent him falling too far behind other students, brought him homework from school, books, and tutors to teach him at home. She also hoped that the schoolwork and reading would distract him from the \"tantalizing sounds\" of children playing outside his window. With little to entertain him, he read books as a main activity. He devoured popular novels, classics, plays, and biographies.", "He devoured popular novels, classics, plays, and biographies. His books, of necessity, replaced the streets of New York, and led to his interest in classical philosophy and philosophers, such as William James. When Thalberg returned to school, he finished high school but lacked the stamina for college, which he felt would have required constant late-night studying and cramming for exams.", "When Thalberg returned to school, he finished high school but lacked the stamina for college, which he felt would have required constant late-night studying and cramming for exams. Instead, he took part-time jobs as a store clerk, and in the evenings, to gain some job skills, taught himself typing, shorthand and Spanish at a night vocational school.", "Instead, he took part-time jobs as a store clerk, and in the evenings, to gain some job skills, taught himself typing, shorthand and Spanish at a night vocational school. When he turned 18, he placed an advertisement in the local newspaper hoping to find better work: Career as producer Universal Studios He found work as an office secretary at Universal Pictures' New York office, and later became personal secretary to the studio's founder and president, Carl Laemmle.", "When he turned 18, he placed an advertisement in the local newspaper hoping to find better work: Career as producer Universal Studios He found work as an office secretary at Universal Pictures' New York office, and later became personal secretary to the studio's founder and president, Carl Laemmle. Among Thalberg's duties were transcribing and editing notes that Laemmle had written during screenings of his films. He earned $25 weekly, becoming adept at making insightful observations, which impressed Laemmle.", "He earned $25 weekly, becoming adept at making insightful observations, which impressed Laemmle. Laemmle took Thalberg to see his Los Angeles production facility, where he spent a month watching how movie production worked. Before returning to New York, Laemmle told Thalberg to remain and \"keep an eye on things for me.\" Two months later, Laemmle returned to California, partly to see how well Thalberg was able to handle the responsibilities he was given.", "Two months later, Laemmle returned to California, partly to see how well Thalberg was able to handle the responsibilities he was given. Thalberg gave him suggestions, and thus impressed Laemmle by his ability to understand and explain problems. Thalberg suggested, \"The first thing you should do is establish a new job of studio manager and give him the responsibility of watching day-to-day operations.\" Laemmle immediately agreed: \"All right. You're it.\" In shock, Thalberg replied, \"I'm what?\"", "In shock, Thalberg replied, \"I'm what?\" Laemmle told him to take charge of the Los Angeles studio, which he did in early 1919. When aged 20, Thalberg became responsible for immediately overseeing the nine ongoing film productions and nearly thirty scenarios then under development. In describing the rationale for this early appointment as studio manager, film historian David Thomson writes that his new job \"owed nothing to nepotism, private wealth, or experience in the film industry.\"", "In describing the rationale for this early appointment as studio manager, film historian David Thomson writes that his new job \"owed nothing to nepotism, private wealth, or experience in the film industry.\" He reasons that despite \"Thalberg's youth, modest education, and frail appearance ... it is clear that he had the charm, insight, and ability, or the appearance of it, to captivate the film world.\"", "He reasons that despite \"Thalberg's youth, modest education, and frail appearance ... it is clear that he had the charm, insight, and ability, or the appearance of it, to captivate the film world.\" Thalberg was one among the majority of Hollywood film industry workers who migrated from the East Coast, primarily from New York. Some film actors, such as Conrad Nagel, did not like the five-day train trip or the sudden warmth of the California climate.", "Some film actors, such as Conrad Nagel, did not like the five-day train trip or the sudden warmth of the California climate. Neither did Marion Davies, who was not used to such \"big wide spaces\". Samuel Marx, a close friend of Thalberg's from New York, recalled how easily Thalberg adapted to Southern California, often standing outside his doorway during moments of contemplation to enjoy the scenery. \"We were all young\", said comedian Buster Keaton. \"The air in California was like wine.", "\"The air in California was like wine. \"The air in California was like wine. Our business was also young—and growing like nothing ever seen before.\" Confrontation with Erich von Stroheim He quickly established his tenacity as he battled with well-known director Erich von Stroheim over the length of Foolish Wives (1922). Biographer Roland Flamini notes that the film was Universal's most expensive \"jewel\" ever in production, and its director and star, von Stroheim, was taking the film way over budget.", "Biographer Roland Flamini notes that the film was Universal's most expensive \"jewel\" ever in production, and its director and star, von Stroheim, was taking the film way over budget. Thalberg, now Universal's general manager, was forced to have the director quickly finalize production before the studio's working capital was used up. Flamini describes the situation: Thalberg had von Stroheim come to his office, which he did still wearing his film costume as a Russian Imperial Guard and escorted by members of his production team.", "Flamini describes the situation: Thalberg had von Stroheim come to his office, which he did still wearing his film costume as a Russian Imperial Guard and escorted by members of his production team. Thalberg calmly told him, \"I have seen all the film and you have all you need for the picture. I want you to stop shooting\", to which von Stroheim replied, \"But I have not finished as yet.\" \"Yes, you have\", said Thalberg.", "\"Yes, you have\", said Thalberg. \"Yes, you have\", said Thalberg. \"You have spent all the money this company can afford. I cannot allow you to spend any more.\" Thalberg quietly explained that the director worked under the producer, and it was his responsibility to control costs. Von Stroheim, surrounded by his assistants, then confronted Thalberg: \"If you were not my superior, I would smash you in the face.\"", "Von Stroheim, surrounded by his assistants, then confronted Thalberg: \"If you were not my superior, I would smash you in the face.\" Thalberg, unflinching, said \"Don't let that stop you.\" The result was that Thalberg soon afterward removed the cameras from von Stroheim's studio and took over editing. The uncut footage was pared down from five-and-a-half hours to three hours, to von Stroheim's deep dissatisfaction. A similar problem developed with von Stroheim's next film, Merry-Go-Round (1923).", "A similar problem developed with von Stroheim's next film, Merry-Go-Round (1923). Although he had promised Thalberg to remain within budget this time, he continued production until it went to twice the agreed length and was not yet near completion. Flamini speculates why this happened: Thalberg again called von Stroheim to his office, handed him a long letter written and signed by himself, describing the problems, and summarily fired von Stroheim as of that moment.", "Flamini speculates why this happened: Thalberg again called von Stroheim to his office, handed him a long letter written and signed by himself, describing the problems, and summarily fired von Stroheim as of that moment. Thalberg's letter stated among the reasons, totally inexcusable and repeated acts of insubordination ... extravagant ideas which you have been unwilling to sacrifice ... unnecessary delays ... and your apparent idea that you are greater and more powerful than the organization that employs you.", "Thalberg's letter stated among the reasons, totally inexcusable and repeated acts of insubordination ... extravagant ideas which you have been unwilling to sacrifice ... unnecessary delays ... and your apparent idea that you are greater and more powerful than the organization that employs you. His dismissal of von Stroheim was considered an \"earthquake in movie circles\", notes Flamini. Producer David O. Selznick said that \"it was the first time a director had been fired. It took great guts and courage ...", "It took great guts and courage ... It took great guts and courage ... Von Stroheim was utterly indifferent over money and could have gone on and spent millions, with nobody to stop him.\". The opinion was shared by director Rouben Mamoulian, who said that the \"little fellow at Universal\", in one bold stroke, had \"asserted the primacy of the studio over the director\" and forever altered the balance of power in the movie industry.", "The opinion was shared by director Rouben Mamoulian, who said that the \"little fellow at Universal\", in one bold stroke, had \"asserted the primacy of the studio over the director\" and forever altered the balance of power in the movie industry. Effects of his young age According to Flamini, his youth was a subject of conversation within the movie community. Executives from other studios, actors, and film crew, often mistook him to be a junior employee.", "Executives from other studios, actors, and film crew, often mistook him to be a junior employee. Movie columnist Louella Parsons, upon first being introduced to him, asked, \"What's the joke? Where's the new general manager?\"", "Where's the new general manager?\" Where's the new general manager?\" After five minutes of talking to Thalberg, however, she later wrote about \"Universal's Boy Wonder\": \"He might be a boy in looks and age, but it was no child's mind that was being asked to cope with the intricate politics of Universal City.\" Novelist Edna Ferber responded the same way, writing that \"I had fancied motion-picture producers as large gentlemen smoking oversized cigars.", "Novelist Edna Ferber responded the same way, writing that \"I had fancied motion-picture producers as large gentlemen smoking oversized cigars. But this young man whose word seemed so final at Universal City ... impressed me deeply.\" The male actors in the studio had a similar reaction. Lionel Barrymore, who was nearly twice his age, recalled their meetings: Thalberg likewise gained the respect of leading playwrights, some of whom also looked down on him due to his youth.", "Lionel Barrymore, who was nearly twice his age, recalled their meetings: Thalberg likewise gained the respect of leading playwrights, some of whom also looked down on him due to his youth. George S. Kaufman, co-author of Dinner at Eight, several Marx Brothers films, and two George Gershwin plays, came from New York to meet with Thalberg. Afterward he confided to his friend, Groucho Marx: \"That man has never written a word, yet he can tell me exactly what to do with a story.", "Afterward he confided to his friend, Groucho Marx: \"That man has never written a word, yet he can tell me exactly what to do with a story. I didn't know you had people like that out here.\" Actress Norma Shearer, whom he later married, was surprised after he greeted her at the door, then walked her to his office for her first job interview: \"Then you're not the office boy?\" she asked.", "she asked. she asked. He smiled, as he sat himself behind his desk: \"No, Miss Shearer, I'm Irving Thalberg, vice-president of the Mayer Company. I'm the man who sent for you.\" His younger-than-normal age for a studio executive was usually mentioned even after he left Universal to help start up MGM.", "His younger-than-normal age for a studio executive was usually mentioned even after he left Universal to help start up MGM. Screenwriter Agnes Christine Johnson, who worked with Thalberg for years, described his contribution during meetings: The same quality was observed by director and screenwriter Hobart Henley: \"If something that read well in conference turns out not so good on the screen, I go to him and, like that—Henley snaps his fingers—he has a remedy. He's brilliant.\"", "He's brilliant.\" He's brilliant.\" Another assistant producer to Thalberg explains: His youth also contributed to his open-mindedness to the ideas of others. Conrad Nagel, who starred in numerous Thalberg films, reported that Thalberg was generally empathetic to those he worked alongside: \"Thalberg never raised his voice. He just looked into your eyes, spoke softly, and after a few minutes he cast a spell on you.\"", "He just looked into your eyes, spoke softly, and after a few minutes he cast a spell on you.\" Studio attorney Edwin Loeb, who also worked to create AMPAS, explained that \"the real foundation of Irving's success was his ability to look at life through the eyes of any given person. He had a gift of empathy, and almost complete perspective.\" Those opinions were also shared by producer Walter Wanger: \"You thought that you were talking to an Indian savant.", "Those opinions were also shared by producer Walter Wanger: \"You thought that you were talking to an Indian savant. He could cast a spell on anybody.\" His talent as a producer was enhanced by his \"near-miraculous\" powers of concentration, notes film critic J. Hoberman. As a result, he was never bored or tired, and supplemented his spare time with reading for his own amusement, recalls screenwriter Bayard Veiller, with some of his favorite authors being Francis Bacon, Epictetus, and Immanuel Kant.", "As a result, he was never bored or tired, and supplemented his spare time with reading for his own amusement, recalls screenwriter Bayard Veiller, with some of his favorite authors being Francis Bacon, Epictetus, and Immanuel Kant. Film projects at Universal Biographer Bob Thomas writes that after three years at the studio, Thalberg continually proved his value. Universal's pictures improved noticeably, primarily due to Thalberg's \"uncanny sense of story.\"", "Universal's pictures improved noticeably, primarily due to Thalberg's \"uncanny sense of story.\" He took tight control over many key aspects of production, including his requirement that from then on scripts were tightly constructed before filming began, rather than during production. Thomas adds that he also \"showed a remarkable capacity for working with actors, casting them aptly and advising them on their careers.\"", "Thomas adds that he also \"showed a remarkable capacity for working with actors, casting them aptly and advising them on their careers.\" After producing two films that were in production when he began work at Universal, he presented Laemmle with his idea for a film based on one of his favorite classic stories, The Hunchback of Notre Dame. Rather than just a horror picture, Thalberg suggested turning it into a spectacle which would include a replica of the Notre Dame Cathedral in Paris. He had Lon Chaney play the hunchback.", "He had Lon Chaney play the hunchback. He had Lon Chaney play the hunchback. The film became Universal's most profitable silent film and established Chaney's career as a top-flight star. After nearly three years with Universal, Thalberg had supervised over a hundred movies, reorganized the studio to give more control to the managers, and had \"stopped the defection\" of many of their leading stars by offering them better, higher-paying contracts. He also produced a number of Universal's prestige films, which made the company profitable.", "He also produced a number of Universal's prestige films, which made the company profitable. However, he decided it was time to find a studio in Los Angeles more suitable to his skills, and spread word that he was available. Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (MGM) Cecil B. DeMille was the first who wanted to hire him, telling his partner Jesse Lasky, \"The boy is a genius. I can see it. I know it.\" Lasky opposed the hire, stating, \"Geniuses we have all we need.\"", "Lasky opposed the hire, stating, \"Geniuses we have all we need.\" Thalberg then received an offer from Hal Roach, but the offer was withdrawn because Thalberg lacked experience with slapstick comedy films. In late 1922, Thalberg was introduced to Louis B. Mayer, president of a small but dynamic and fast-growing studio. At that first meeting, Thalberg \"made a deep, immediate impression on Mayer\", writes Flamini.", "At that first meeting, Thalberg \"made a deep, immediate impression on Mayer\", writes Flamini. After Thalberg had left, Mayer said to studio attorney Edwin Loeb: \"Tell him if he comes to work for me, I'll look after him as though he were my son.\" Although their personalities were in many ways opposite, Mayer being more outspoken and nearly twice the younger man's age, Thalberg was hired as vice president in charge of production at Louis B. Mayer Productions.", "Although their personalities were in many ways opposite, Mayer being more outspoken and nearly twice the younger man's age, Thalberg was hired as vice president in charge of production at Louis B. Mayer Productions. Years later, Mayer's daughter Irene Mayer Selznick recalled that \"it was hard to believe anyone that boyish could be so important.\"", "Years later, Mayer's daughter Irene Mayer Selznick recalled that \"it was hard to believe anyone that boyish could be so important.\" According to Flamini, Thalberg was hired because, although Mayer was an astute businessman, \"what he lacked was Thalberg's almost unerring ability to combine quality with commercial success, to bring artistic aspiration in line with the demands of the box office.\"", "According to Flamini, Thalberg was hired because, although Mayer was an astute businessman, \"what he lacked was Thalberg's almost unerring ability to combine quality with commercial success, to bring artistic aspiration in line with the demands of the box office.\" Mayer's company subsequently merged with two others to become Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (MGM), with the 24-year-old Thalberg made part-owner and accorded the same position as vice president in charge of production. Three years after the merger, MGM became the most successful studio in Hollywood.", "Three years after the merger, MGM became the most successful studio in Hollywood. During his twelve years at MGM, Thalberg supervised the production of over four hundred films. Although Thalberg and his colleagues at MGM knew he was \"doomed\" to not live much past the age of 30 due to heart disease, he loved producing films. He continued developing innovative ideas and overseeing most of MGM's pictures.", "He continued developing innovative ideas and overseeing most of MGM's pictures. Under Thalberg's management, MGM released over 40% more films yearly than Warner Brothers, and more than double Paramount's releases. From 1924 until 1936, when Thalberg died at the age of 37, \"almost every film bore Thalberg's imprint\", wrote Mark Vieira. Production innovations Thalberg's production techniques \"broke new ground in filmmaking\", adds Vieira.", "Production innovations Thalberg's production techniques \"broke new ground in filmmaking\", adds Vieira. Among his contributions at MGM was his innovation of story conferences, sneak previews and scene retakes. He introduced the first horror films and coauthored the Production Code, the set of moral guidelines that all film studios agreed to follow. Thalberg helped synthesize and merge the world of stage drama and literary classics with Hollywood films. MGM thereby became the only movie studio to consistently show a profit during the Great Depression.", "MGM thereby became the only movie studio to consistently show a profit during the Great Depression. Flamini explains that the equation for MGM's success depended on combining stars, a Broadway hit or popular classic, and high standards of production. This combination at the time was considered a \"revolutionary approach\" in the film industry, which until then assumed a star was all that was needed for success, regardless of the story or production quality. The other studios began following MGM's lead with that same formula.", "The other studios began following MGM's lead with that same formula. Production techniques Thalberg generally followed a system in managing his productions. According to one of his assistants, Lawrence Weingarten, who later became a producer, \"Thalberg directed the film on paper, and then the director directed the film on film.\" Thalberg was generally opposed to location shooting overseas where he could not oversee production and control costs, as happened with Ben Hur.", "Thalberg was generally opposed to location shooting overseas where he could not oversee production and control costs, as happened with Ben Hur. Thus, he kept hundreds of back-lot carpenters at work creating realistic sets, as he did for fifteenth-century Romeo and Juliet (1936), or with China Seas (1935), to replicate the harbors of Hong Kong. Vieira points out that Thalberg's \"fascination with Broadway plays\" often had him create and present stories visually.", "Vieira points out that Thalberg's \"fascination with Broadway plays\" often had him create and present stories visually. For China Seas, for instance, he described for the screenwriters, director and others, exactly how he wanted the film to appear on screen: To be certain of achieving the desired effects, Thalberg made sure his cinematographers were careful in their use of light and shadow.", "For China Seas, for instance, he described for the screenwriters, director and others, exactly how he wanted the film to appear on screen: To be certain of achieving the desired effects, Thalberg made sure his cinematographers were careful in their use of light and shadow. Vieira observes that \"more than any other producer or any other studio, Thalberg and MGM manipulated lenses, filters, and lighting instruments to affect the viewer.\"", "Vieira observes that \"more than any other producer or any other studio, Thalberg and MGM manipulated lenses, filters, and lighting instruments to affect the viewer.\" As a result, he notes, \"most of Thalberg's films contain moments such as these, in which cinematic technique transcends mere exposition and gives the viewer something to treasure.\" Thalberg was supported by most of the studio in these kinds of creative decisions. \"It was a big family,\" notes Weingarten.", "\"It was a big family,\" notes Weingarten. \"If we had a success, everybody—and I mean every cutter, every painter, every plasterer—was excited about it, was abuzz, was in a tizzy about the whole idea of picture making.\" Taking risks with new subjects and stars In 1929, MGM released fifty films, and all but five showed a profit. Of those that failed, Hallelujah was also a gamble by Thalberg.", "Of those that failed, Hallelujah was also a gamble by Thalberg. When King Vidor, the film's producer and director, proposed the idea to Thalberg of a major film cast, for the first time, exclusively with African Americans, he told Thalberg directly, \"I doubt that it will make a dollar at the box office.\" Thalberg replied, \"Don't worry about that. I've told you that MGM can afford an occasional experiment.\"", "I've told you that MGM can afford an occasional experiment.\" By the early 1930s, a number of stars began failing at the box office, partly due to the Great Depression that was now undermining the economy, along with the public's ability to spend on entertainment. Thalberg began using two stars in a film, rather than one, as had been the tradition at all the studios, such as pairing Greta Garbo with John Gilbert, Clark Gable with Jean Harlow, and William Powell with Myrna Loy.", "Thalberg began using two stars in a film, rather than one, as had been the tradition at all the studios, such as pairing Greta Garbo with John Gilbert, Clark Gable with Jean Harlow, and William Powell with Myrna Loy. After experimenting with a few such films, including Mata Hari (1931), which were profitable, he decided on a multi-star production of another Broadway play, Grand Hotel (1932).", "After experimenting with a few such films, including Mata Hari (1931), which were profitable, he decided on a multi-star production of another Broadway play, Grand Hotel (1932). It had five major stars, including Garbo, Joan Crawford, John Barrymore, Lionel Barrymore, and Wallace Beery. \"Before Thalberg,\" writes Vieira, \"there was no Grand Hotel in the American consciousness.\" The film won the Oscar for Best Picture in 1932.", "The film won the Oscar for Best Picture in 1932. Thalberg went against consensus and took another risk with The Great Ziegfeld (1936), costarring Luise Rainer. Although Louis B. Mayer did not want her in the role, which he felt was too minor for a new star, Thalberg felt that \"only she could play the part\", wrote biographer Charles Higham. Shortly after shooting began in late 1935, doubts of Rainer's acting ability emerged in the press.", "Shortly after shooting began in late 1935, doubts of Rainer's acting ability emerged in the press. However, despite her limited appearances in the film, Rainer \"so impressed audiences with one highly emotional scene\" that she won the Academy Award for Best Actress. After her winning role in The Great Ziegfeld, Thalberg wanted her to play a role that was the opposite of her previous character, for The Good Earth (1937).", "After her winning role in The Great Ziegfeld, Thalberg wanted her to play a role that was the opposite of her previous character, for The Good Earth (1937). For the part as a Chinese peasant, she was required to act totally subservient to her husband, being perpetually huddled in submission, and barely spoke a word of dialogue during the entire film.", "For the part as a Chinese peasant, she was required to act totally subservient to her husband, being perpetually huddled in submission, and barely spoke a word of dialogue during the entire film. Rainer recalls that Mayer did not approve of the film being produced or her part in it: \"He was horrified at Irving Thalberg's insistence for me to play O-lan, the poor uncomely little Chinese peasant.\"", "Rainer recalls that Mayer did not approve of the film being produced or her part in it: \"He was horrified at Irving Thalberg's insistence for me to play O-lan, the poor uncomely little Chinese peasant.\" However, she again won the Oscar for Best Actress, becoming the first actress to win two consecutive Oscars, a feat not matched until Katharine Hepburn's two Oscar wins thirty years later.", "However, she again won the Oscar for Best Actress, becoming the first actress to win two consecutive Oscars, a feat not matched until Katharine Hepburn's two Oscar wins thirty years later. Grooming new stars Besides bringing a distinctive high quality \"look\" to MGM films and often recreating well-known stories or plays, Thalberg's actors themselves took on a characteristic quality. Thalberg wanted his female actors to appear \"cool, classy and beautiful,\" notes Flamini.", "Thalberg wanted his female actors to appear \"cool, classy and beautiful,\" notes Flamini. And he strove to make the male actors appear \"worldly and in control.\" In general, Thalberg movies and actors came to be \"luxurious,\" \"glossy,\" and \"technically flawless.\"", "In general, Thalberg movies and actors came to be \"luxurious,\" \"glossy,\" and \"technically flawless.\" By doing so, he made stars or boosted the careers of actors such as Lon Chaney, Ramon Novarro, John Gilbert, Greta Garbo, Joan Crawford, Clark Gable, Helen Hayes, Jean Harlow, Marie Dressler, Wallace Beery, John Barrymore, Lionel Barrymore and Luise Rainer.", "By doing so, he made stars or boosted the careers of actors such as Lon Chaney, Ramon Novarro, John Gilbert, Greta Garbo, Joan Crawford, Clark Gable, Helen Hayes, Jean Harlow, Marie Dressler, Wallace Beery, John Barrymore, Lionel Barrymore and Luise Rainer. Greta Garbo In 1925, a young Greta Garbo, then twenty, and unable to speak any English, was brought over from Sweden at Mayer's request, as he saw how she looked in still photos.", "Greta Garbo In 1925, a young Greta Garbo, then twenty, and unable to speak any English, was brought over from Sweden at Mayer's request, as he saw how she looked in still photos. A Swedish friend thought he would help her by contacting Thalberg, who then agreed to give her a screen test. According to author Frederick Sands, \"the result of the test was electrifying.\"", "According to author Frederick Sands, \"the result of the test was electrifying.\" Thalberg was impressed and began grooming the new starlet the following day: \"the studio arranged to fix her teeth, made sure she lost weight, and gave her an English tutor.\" Joan Crawford Joan Crawford's first role was a Thalberg production at MGM and she became one of their leading stars for the next thirty years.", "Joan Crawford Joan Crawford's first role was a Thalberg production at MGM and she became one of their leading stars for the next thirty years. Crawford was somewhat jealous of Norma Shearer as she thought she was given the better material by her husband Thalberg out of nepotism. Nevertheless, she felt that his contribution to MGM was vital to the film industry. Not long after his early death, she recalls her concerns: \"Thalberg was dead and the concept of the quality 'big' picture pretty much went out the window.\"", "Not long after his early death, she recalls her concerns: \"Thalberg was dead and the concept of the quality 'big' picture pretty much went out the window.\" Marie Dressler Thalberg also realized that old stars few had heard of could be made into new ones.", "Marie Dressler Thalberg also realized that old stars few had heard of could be made into new ones. Marie Dressler, a fifty-nine-year-old early vaudeville and movie star, who had played the top-billed lead, above Charles Chaplin and Mabel Normand), in the first feature-length comedy, Tillie's Punctured Romance (1914), was unable to get any roles in films after leaving show business for some years, finally working as a maid.", "Marie Dressler, a fifty-nine-year-old early vaudeville and movie star, who had played the top-billed lead, above Charles Chaplin and Mabel Normand), in the first feature-length comedy, Tillie's Punctured Romance (1914), was unable to get any roles in films after leaving show business for some years, finally working as a maid. MGM screenwriter Frances Marion suggested to Thalberg that she might fit well in a starring role for a new film, and was surprised that he knew of her prior successes.", "MGM screenwriter Frances Marion suggested to Thalberg that she might fit well in a starring role for a new film, and was surprised that he knew of her prior successes. Thalberg approved of using her without a screen test and offered his rationale: By 1932, shortly before she died, Dressler was the country's number one box office star.", "Thalberg approved of using her without a screen test and offered his rationale: By 1932, shortly before she died, Dressler was the country's number one box office star. Wallace Beery Marie Dressler was paired twice, in Min and Bill (1930) and Tugboat Annie (1933), with Wallace Beery, another major silent star who had been struggling to get work in sound pictures until Thalberg cast him.", "Wallace Beery Marie Dressler was paired twice, in Min and Bill (1930) and Tugboat Annie (1933), with Wallace Beery, another major silent star who had been struggling to get work in sound pictures until Thalberg cast him. Beery had enjoyed a hugely successful silent film career dating back to 1913, but had been fired by Paramount shortly after sound pictures appeared.", "Beery had enjoyed a hugely successful silent film career dating back to 1913, but had been fired by Paramount shortly after sound pictures appeared. Thalberg cast him in the role of \"Machine Gun Butch,\" which had been meant for recently deceased Lon Chaney, in The Big House (1930), an energetic prison picture that became a huge hit.", "Thalberg cast him in the role of \"Machine Gun Butch,\" which had been meant for recently deceased Lon Chaney, in The Big House (1930), an energetic prison picture that became a huge hit. Beery was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Actor for his performance, and his burgeoning career at MGM had transformed him into the studio's highest paid actor within two more years, during which time he won the Oscar for The Champ and had become a phenomenal box office draw as a result of Thalberg's foresight.", "Beery was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Actor for his performance, and his burgeoning career at MGM had transformed him into the studio's highest paid actor within two more years, during which time he won the Oscar for The Champ and had become a phenomenal box office draw as a result of Thalberg's foresight. Getting audience feedback and reshooting According to Vieira, MGM had few failures during this period, and numerous blockbusters.", "Getting audience feedback and reshooting According to Vieira, MGM had few failures during this period, and numerous blockbusters. Among the reasons was Thalberg's unique system of developing a script during story conferences with writers before filming began, and later giving \"sneak previews\" followed by audience feedback through written questionnaires. Often, where he felt improvement was needed, he arranged for scenes to be reshot. As Thalberg once stated, \"The difference between something good and something superior is often very small.\"", "As Thalberg once stated, \"The difference between something good and something superior is often very small.\" Bad decisions and missed opportunities Thalberg felt he had his \"finger on the pulse of America. I know what people will do and what they won't do,\" he said. His judgment was not always accurate, however. Thalberg's bringing Broadway productions to the screen to develop higher picture standards sometimes resulted in \"studied\" acting or \"stagey\" sets, notes Flamini.", "Thalberg's bringing Broadway productions to the screen to develop higher picture standards sometimes resulted in \"studied\" acting or \"stagey\" sets, notes Flamini. In 1927, after the successful release of the first full-length talking picture, The Jazz Singer (1927), he nevertheless felt that talking pictures were a fad. Thalberg likewise did not think that color would replace black-and-white in movies.", "Thalberg likewise did not think that color would replace black-and-white in movies. When an assistant protested against a script that envisioned a love scene in Paris with an ocean background, Thalberg refused to make changes, saying \"We can't cater to a handful of people who know Paris.\" A more serious distraction to Thalberg's efforts was his obsession with making his wife Norma Shearer a prominent star, efforts which sometimes led to \"overblown and overglamous\" productions.", "A more serious distraction to Thalberg's efforts was his obsession with making his wife Norma Shearer a prominent star, efforts which sometimes led to \"overblown and overglamous\" productions. Thalberg himself admitted to his obsession years later when he told a fellow producer: \"You're behaving like I did with Norma. I knew positively that she could play anything. It's a kind of romantic astigmatism that attacks producers when they fall for an actress.\"", "It's a kind of romantic astigmatism that attacks producers when they fall for an actress.\" Important films at MGM Ben Hur (1925) One of the first pictures he took charge of, Ben-Hur: A Tale of the Christ, was inherited and already in production by another studio when MGM was formed. The film was turning into a disastrous expense with cost overruns already in the millions due to its lavish sets and location shooting in Rome. Most studio executives chose to terminate the film to cut their losses.", "Most studio executives chose to terminate the film to cut their losses. Thalberg, however, felt differently, and thought the film would affect movie audiences, due to its classic literary source, and would highlight MGM as a major new studio. He, therefore, discarded much of the original footage shot in Italy and recreated the set on MGM's back lots in Culver City, which added more millions to the production, yet gave him more control over production.", "He, therefore, discarded much of the original footage shot in Italy and recreated the set on MGM's back lots in Culver City, which added more millions to the production, yet gave him more control over production. The new set also included a replica of Circus Maximus for the dramatic chariot race scenes. Flamini notes that Thalberg's \"gamble paid off,\" drawing international attention to MGM, and to Thalberg within the movie industry for his bold action.", "Flamini notes that Thalberg's \"gamble paid off,\" drawing international attention to MGM, and to Thalberg within the movie industry for his bold action. Mutiny on the Bounty (1935) Mutiny on the Bounty was the studio's next most expensive film after Ben Hur, with some now calling it \"Thalberg's masterpiece.\" He initially had difficulty convincing Mayer that he could make the film without making heroes of the mutineers.", "He initially had difficulty convincing Mayer that he could make the film without making heroes of the mutineers. He achieved that by instead making a hero of the British Royal Navy, whereby the officers and shipmates would from then on display their mutual respect. Thalberg also had to convince Clark Gable to accept the role against his will. He pleaded with Gable, eventually promising him that \"If it isn't one of your greatest successes, I'll never ask you again to play a part you don't want.\"", "He pleaded with Gable, eventually promising him that \"If it isn't one of your greatest successes, I'll never ask you again to play a part you don't want.\" The film's other main stars were Charles Laughton and Franchot Tone. The film was nominated for six Academy Awards, including Best Actor, and winning it for Best Picture. Thalberg accepted the award as producer from Frank Capra.", "Thalberg accepted the award as producer from Frank Capra. Thalberg accepted the award as producer from Frank Capra. Thalberg and Mayer partnership At first, Thalberg and studio chief Louis B. Mayer got along splendidly; however, they had different production philosophies. Thalberg preferred literary works, while Mayer preferred glitzy crowd-pleasing films. A clash was inevitable, and their relationship grew decidedly frosty. When Thalberg fell ill in the final weeks of 1932, Mayer took advantage of the situation and replaced him with David O. Selznick and Walter Wanger.", "When Thalberg fell ill in the final weeks of 1932, Mayer took advantage of the situation and replaced him with David O. Selznick and Walter Wanger. Thalberg's reputation by that time for working long hours was widely known, and rumors about the related strain on his fragile health had become front-page news in entertainment trade publications.", "Thalberg's reputation by that time for working long hours was widely known, and rumors about the related strain on his fragile health had become front-page news in entertainment trade publications. The Hollywood Reporter in January 1933 updated its readership about his condition and addressed growing concerns that he might be forced, despite his young age, to quit the business: Once Thalberg recovered sufficiently from his bout with the \"flu\" and was able to return to work later in 1933, it was as one of MGM's unit producers, albeit one who had first choice on projects as well as preferential access to all the studio's resources, including over casting its stars.", "The Hollywood Reporter in January 1933 updated its readership about his condition and addressed growing concerns that he might be forced, despite his young age, to quit the business: Once Thalberg recovered sufficiently from his bout with the \"flu\" and was able to return to work later in 1933, it was as one of MGM's unit producers, albeit one who had first choice on projects as well as preferential access to all the studio's resources, including over casting its stars. Thalberg's good relationship with Nicholas Schenck, then president of Loew's Incorporated, proved to be an ongoing advantage for him.", "Thalberg's good relationship with Nicholas Schenck, then president of Loew's Incorporated, proved to be an ongoing advantage for him. Loew's was the corporate parent of MGM, so Schenck was the true power and ultimate arbiter at the studio; and he usually supported Thalberg's decisions and continued to do so whenever disagreements about projects or production needs arose.", "Loew's was the corporate parent of MGM, so Schenck was the true power and ultimate arbiter at the studio; and he usually supported Thalberg's decisions and continued to do so whenever disagreements about projects or production needs arose. As a result, Thalberg also continued to produce or coproduce some of MGM's most prestigious and critically acclaimed ventures in this period, such as The Barretts of Wimpole Street (1934) starring his wife Norma Shearer, China Seas (1935), A Night at the Opera (1935), San Francisco (1936), and Romeo and Juliet (1936).", "As a result, Thalberg also continued to produce or coproduce some of MGM's most prestigious and critically acclaimed ventures in this period, such as The Barretts of Wimpole Street (1934) starring his wife Norma Shearer, China Seas (1935), A Night at the Opera (1935), San Francisco (1936), and Romeo and Juliet (1936). Personal life During his few years with Universal while living in New York, Thalberg had become romantically involved with Carl Laemmle's daughter, Rosabelle.", "Personal life During his few years with Universal while living in New York, Thalberg had become romantically involved with Carl Laemmle's daughter, Rosabelle. Still in his early twenties and later spending most of his time in Los Angeles, his feelings toward her were no longer as strong. Flamini suspects that this may have affected his position at Universal and partly caused his decision to leave the company. \"The Laemmles prayed that Irving would marry Rosabelle\", notes Flamini.", "\"The Laemmles prayed that Irving would marry Rosabelle\", notes Flamini. \"They wanted their sons to be educated and their daughters to marry nice Jewish boys.\" Less than a year after he and Mayer took charge of the newly created MGM studios, and still only twenty-five years old, Thalberg suffered a serious heart attack due to overwork. Mayer also became aware of Thalberg's congenital heart problems and now worried about the prospect of running MGM without him.", "Mayer also became aware of Thalberg's congenital heart problems and now worried about the prospect of running MGM without him. Mayer also became concerned that one of his daughters might become romantically involved, and told them so: Thalberg, aware of Mayer's feelings, made it a point of never giving too much attention to his daughters at social events. One of Thalberg's traits was his ability to work long hours into the night with little sign of fatigue.", "One of Thalberg's traits was his ability to work long hours into the night with little sign of fatigue. According to Vieira, Thalberg believed that as long as his mind was active in his work and he was not bored, he would not feel tired. Thalberg, who often got by with only five hours of sleep, felt that most people could get by with less than they realized. To keep his mental faculties at peak, he would read philosophical books by Bacon, Epictetus, or Kant.", "To keep his mental faculties at peak, he would read philosophical books by Bacon, Epictetus, or Kant. \"They stimulate me. I'd drop out of sight in no time if I didn't read and keep up with current thought—and the philosophers are brain sharpeners.\" During the early 1930s, Thalberg was ambivalent about political events in Europe. While he feared Nazism and the rise of Hitler, he also feared Communism.", "While he feared Nazism and the rise of Hitler, he also feared Communism. At the time, notes Vieira, \"given a choice between communism and fascism, many Americans—including Thalberg—would prefer the latter.\" Thalberg stated his opinion: When others suggested that many Jews could die in Germany as a result of Nazi anti-Semitism, he replied that in his opinion \"Hitler and Hitlerism will pass.\"", "Thalberg stated his opinion: When others suggested that many Jews could die in Germany as a result of Nazi anti-Semitism, he replied that in his opinion \"Hitler and Hitlerism will pass.\" On one occasion, Catholic Prince Löwenstein of Germany, who himself had almost been captured before fleeing Germany, told him: \"Mr. Thalberg, your own people are being systematically hunted down and rooted out of Germany.\" Thalberg suggested that world Jewry should nevertheless not interfere, that the Jewish race would survive Hitler.", "Thalberg suggested that world Jewry should nevertheless not interfere, that the Jewish race would survive Hitler. Within a few years, American film distribution was \"choked off\" in Germany. Led by Warner Brothers, all American studios eventually closed their German offices. Thalberg began dating actress Norma Shearer a few years after he joined MGM. Following her conversion to Judaism, they married on Thursday, September 29, 1927, in a private ceremony in the garden of his rented house in Beverly Hills.", "Following her conversion to Judaism, they married on Thursday, September 29, 1927, in a private ceremony in the garden of his rented house in Beverly Hills. Rabbi Edgar F. Magnin officiated at the event, with Shearer's brother Douglas Shearer giving the bride away, and Louis B. Mayer serving as best man. The couple drove to Monterey for their honeymoon and then moved into their newly constructed home in Beverly Hills.", "The couple drove to Monterey for their honeymoon and then moved into their newly constructed home in Beverly Hills. After their second child was born, Shearer considered retiring from films, but Thalberg convinced her to continue acting, saying he could find her good roles. She went on to be one of MGM's biggest stars of the 1930s. Their two children were Irving Jr. (1930–1987) and Katharine (1935–2006).", "Their two children were Irving Jr. (1930–1987) and Katharine (1935–2006). Death Thalberg and Shearer took a much-needed Labor Day weekend vacation in Monterey, California, in 1936, staying at the same beachfront hotel where they spent their honeymoon. A few weeks earlier, Thalberg's leading screenwriter, Al Lewin, had proposed doing a film based on a soon-to-be published book, Gone with the Wind.", "A few weeks earlier, Thalberg's leading screenwriter, Al Lewin, had proposed doing a film based on a soon-to-be published book, Gone with the Wind. Although Thalberg said it would be a \"sensational\" role for Gable, and a \"terrific picture,\" he decided not to do it: Besides, Thalberg told Mayer, \"[n]o Civil War picture ever made a nickel\". Shortly after returning from Monterey, Thalberg was diagnosed with pneumonia.", "Shortly after returning from Monterey, Thalberg was diagnosed with pneumonia. His condition worsened steadily and he eventually required an oxygen tent at home. He died on September 14, at the age of 37. Sam Wood, while directing A Day at the Races, was given the news by phone. He returned to the set with tears in his eyes and told the others. As the news spread \"the studio was paralyzed with shock\", notes Thomas.", "As the news spread \"the studio was paralyzed with shock\", notes Thomas. \"Work stopped and hundreds of people wept\", with stars, writers, directors, and studio employees \"all sharing a sense of loss at the death of a man who had been a part of their working lives\", states Flamini. His funeral took place two days later, and when the services began the other studios throughout Hollywood observed five minutes of silence.", "His funeral took place two days later, and when the services began the other studios throughout Hollywood observed five minutes of silence. Producer Sam Goldwyn \"wept uncontrollably for two days\" and was unable to regain his composure enough to attend. The MGM studio closed for that day. Services were held at the Wilshire Boulevard Temple that Thalberg had occasionally attended.", "Services were held at the Wilshire Boulevard Temple that Thalberg had occasionally attended. The funeral attracted thousands of spectators who came to view the arrival of countless stars from MGM and other studios, including Greta Garbo, Jean Harlow, the Marx Brothers, Charlie Chaplin, Walt Disney, Howard Hughes, Al Jolson, Gary Cooper, Carole Lombard, Mary Pickford, and Douglas Fairbanks, among the screen luminaries. The ushers who led them to their seats included Clark Gable, Fredric March, and playwright Moss Hart.", "The ushers who led them to their seats included Clark Gable, Fredric March, and playwright Moss Hart. Erich von Stroheim, who had been fired by Thalberg, came to pay his respects. Producers Louis B. Mayer, the Warner brothers, Adolph Zukor, and Nicholas Schenck sat together solemnly as Rabbi Magnin gave the eulogy.", "Producers Louis B. Mayer, the Warner brothers, Adolph Zukor, and Nicholas Schenck sat together solemnly as Rabbi Magnin gave the eulogy. Thalberg is buried in a private marble tomb in the Great Mausoleum at Forest Lawn Memorial Park in Glendale, California, lying at rest beside his wife Norma Shearer Arrouge (Thalberg's crypt was engraved \"My Sweetheart Forever\" by Shearer). Over the following days, tributes were published by the national press.", "Over the following days, tributes were published by the national press. Louis B. Mayer, his co-founding partner at Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, said he had lost \"the finest friend a man could ever have\", while MGM president Nicholas Schenck stated that \"Thalberg was the most important man in the production end of the motion-picture industry. Leading producers from the other studios also expressed their feelings in published tributes to Thalberg: David O. Selznick described him as \"beyond any question the greatest individual force for fine pictures.\"", "Leading producers from the other studios also expressed their feelings in published tributes to Thalberg: David O. Selznick described him as \"beyond any question the greatest individual force for fine pictures.\" Samuel Goldwyn called him \"the foremost figure in the motion-picture industry ... and an inspiration.\" M. H. Aylesworth, Chairman of RKO, wrote that \"his integrity, vision and ability made him the spearhead of all motion-picture production throughout the world.\"", "M. H. Aylesworth, Chairman of RKO, wrote that \"his integrity, vision and ability made him the spearhead of all motion-picture production throughout the world.\" Harry Warner, president of Warner Bros., described him as \"gifted with one of the finest minds ever placed at the service of motion-picture production.\" Sidney R. Kent, president of Twentieth Century Fox, said that \"he made the whole world richer by giving it the highest type of entertainment. He was a true genius.\"", "He was a true genius.\" He was a true genius.\" Columbia president Harry Cohn said the \"motion picture industry has suffered a loss from which it will not soon recover...\". Darryl F. Zanuck noted, \"More than any other man he raised the industry to its present world prestige.\" Adolph Zukor, chairman of Paramount, stated, \"Irving Thalberg was the most brilliant young man in the motion picture business.\" Jesse Lasky said, \"It will be utterly impossible to replace him.\"", "Jesse Lasky said, \"It will be utterly impossible to replace him.\" Among the condolences that came from world political leaders, President Franklin D. Roosevelt wrote, \"The world of art is poorer with the passing of Irving Thalberg. His high ideals, insight and imagination went into the production of his masterpieces.\" Among the pictures that were unfinished or not yet released at the time of his death were A Day at the Races, The Good Earth, Camille, Maytime, and Romeo and Juliet.", "Among the pictures that were unfinished or not yet released at the time of his death were A Day at the Races, The Good Earth, Camille, Maytime, and Romeo and Juliet. Groucho Marx, star of A Day at the Races, wrote, \"After Thalberg's death, my interest in the movies waned. I continued to appear in them, but ... The fun had gone out of picture making.\" Thalberg's widow, Norma Shearer, recalled, \"Grief does very strange things to you.", "Thalberg's widow, Norma Shearer, recalled, \"Grief does very strange things to you. I didn't seem to feel the shock for two weeks afterwards. ... then, at the end of those two weeks, I collapsed.\" Legacy in the movie industry Thalberg's legacy to the movie industry is \"incalculable\", states biographer Bob Thomas.", "Legacy in the movie industry Thalberg's legacy to the movie industry is \"incalculable\", states biographer Bob Thomas. He notes that with his numerous production innovations and grand stories, often turning classic literature and Broadway stage productions into big-screen pictures, he managed to keep \"American movies supreme throughout the world for a generation\". Darryl F. Zanuck, founder of 20th Century-Fox said that during Thalberg's brief career, he had become the \"most creative producer in the history of films\".", "Darryl F. Zanuck, founder of 20th Century-Fox said that during Thalberg's brief career, he had become the \"most creative producer in the history of films\". Thomas describes some of his contributions: Most of MGM's major films in the 1930s were, according to Flamini, \"in a very real sense\", made by Thalberg. He closely supervised the making of \"more pictures than any other producer in Hollywood's history\", and was considered the \"archetype of the creative producer\", adds Flamini.", "He closely supervised the making of \"more pictures than any other producer in Hollywood's history\", and was considered the \"archetype of the creative producer\", adds Flamini. Upon his early death, aged 37, an editorial in The New York Times called him \"the most important force\" in the motion picture industry. The paper added that for the film industry, he \"set the pace and others followed ... because his way combined style, glamour, and profit.\"", "The paper added that for the film industry, he \"set the pace and others followed ... because his way combined style, glamour, and profit.\" He is described by Flamini as having been \"a revolutionary in a gray flannel suit\". Thalberg refused to take credit as producer, and as a result, his name never appeared on the screen while he was alive. Thalberg claimed that \"credit you give yourself is not worth having\".", "Thalberg claimed that \"credit you give yourself is not worth having\". He also said \"If a picture is good, they'll know who produced it. If it's bad, nobody cares.\" His final film, released after he died, was The Good Earth (1937), which won numerous Academy Awards. Its opening screen credit was dedicated to Thalberg: In 1938, the new multimillion-dollar MGM administration building in Culver City was named for Thalberg.", "Its opening screen credit was dedicated to Thalberg: In 1938, the new multimillion-dollar MGM administration building in Culver City was named for Thalberg. The Irving G. Thalberg Memorial Award, presented by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences, also named for him, awards producers for consistently high production achievements. Cultural legacy The Last Tycoon In October 1939, American novelist F. Scott Fitzgerald began writing The Last Tycoon, a fictionalized biography of Thalberg, naming the protagonist Monroe Stahr to represent Thalberg.", "Cultural legacy The Last Tycoon In October 1939, American novelist F. Scott Fitzgerald began writing The Last Tycoon, a fictionalized biography of Thalberg, naming the protagonist Monroe Stahr to represent Thalberg. \"Thalberg has always fascinated me\", he wrote to an editor. \"His peculiar charm, his extraordinary good looks, his bountiful success, the tragic end of his great adventure. The events I have built around him are fiction, but all of them are things which might very well have happened. ...", "... ... I've long chosen him for a hero (this has been in my mind for three years) because he is one of the half-dozen men I have known who were built on a grand scale.\" Thomas notes that among the reasons Fitzgerald chose to write a book about a Thalberg-like character, was that \"throughout his literary career, Fitzgerald borrowed his heroes from friends he admired, and inevitably a bit of Fitzgerald entered the characterizations.\"", "Thomas notes that among the reasons Fitzgerald chose to write a book about a Thalberg-like character, was that \"throughout his literary career, Fitzgerald borrowed his heroes from friends he admired, and inevitably a bit of Fitzgerald entered the characterizations.\" Fitzgerald himself writes that \"When I like men, I want to be like them ...\" Fitzgerald and Thalberg had real-life similarities: both were prodigies, both had heart ailments, and they both died at early ages.", "Fitzgerald himself writes that \"When I like men, I want to be like them ...\" Fitzgerald and Thalberg had real-life similarities: both were prodigies, both had heart ailments, and they both died at early ages. According to biographer Matthew J. Bruccoli, Fitzgerald believed that Thalberg, with his \"taste and courage, represented the best of Hollywood. ... [and] saw Thalberg as a model for what could be done in the movies.\" Fitzgerald died before the novel was completed, however.", "Fitzgerald died before the novel was completed, however. Fitzgerald died before the novel was completed, however. Bruccoli writes of Fitzgerald's book: Although parallels between Monroe Stahr in the novel and Thalberg were evident, many who knew Thalberg intimately stated that they did not see similarities in their personalities. Norma Shearer said that the Stahr character was not at all like her former husband. In the 1976 film version, directed by Elia Kazan, Monroe Stahr was played by Robert De Niro.", "In the 1976 film version, directed by Elia Kazan, Monroe Stahr was played by Robert De Niro. Kazan, in his pre-production notes, described the Stahr character as he saw him: In the 2016 television series based on the novel, Monroe Stahr is played by Matt Bomer. Others Fitzgerald also based his short story \"Crazy Sunday\", originally published in the October 1932 issue of American Mercury, on an incident at a party thrown by Thalberg and Shearer.", "Others Fitzgerald also based his short story \"Crazy Sunday\", originally published in the October 1932 issue of American Mercury, on an incident at a party thrown by Thalberg and Shearer. The story is included in Fitzgerald's collection Taps at Reveille (1935). Thalberg was portrayed in the movie Man of a Thousand Faces (1957) by Robert Evans, who went on to become a studio head himself.", "Thalberg was portrayed in the movie Man of a Thousand Faces (1957) by Robert Evans, who went on to become a studio head himself. Thalberg was portrayed by Bill Cusack in Young Indiana Jones and the Hollywood Follies (1994), a TV film based on The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles, in which Indiana Jones is depicted as taking part in Thalberg's conflict with Erich von Stroheim over Foolish Wives.", "Thalberg was portrayed by Bill Cusack in Young Indiana Jones and the Hollywood Follies (1994), a TV film based on The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles, in which Indiana Jones is depicted as taking part in Thalberg's conflict with Erich von Stroheim over Foolish Wives. In 2020, Thalberg was played by Ferdinand Kingsley in the David Fincher film Mank Thalberg, played by Tobey Maguire, is rumored to appear in the upcoming movie Babylon.", "In 2020, Thalberg was played by Ferdinand Kingsley in the David Fincher film Mank Thalberg, played by Tobey Maguire, is rumored to appear in the upcoming movie Babylon. Filmography Producer Reputation (1921) The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1923) Merry-Go-Round (1923) His Hour (1924) He Who Gets Slapped (1924) The Unholy Three (1925) The Merry Widow (1925) The Tower of Lies (1925) The Big Parade (1925) Ben-Hur: A Tale of the Christ (1925) Torrent (1926) La Bohème (1926) Brown of Harvard (1926) The Road to Mandalay (1926) The Temptress (1926) Valencia (1926) Flesh and the Devil (1926) Twelve Miles Out (1927) The Student Prince in Old Heidelberg (1927) London After Midnight (1927) The Crowd (1928) Laugh, Clown, Laugh (1928) White Shadows in the South Seas (1928) Show People (1928) West of Zanzibar (1928) The Broadway Melody (1929) The Trial of Mary Dugan (1929) Voice of the City (1929) Where East Is East (1929) The Last of Mrs. Cheyney (1929) The Hollywood Revue of 1929 (1929) Hallelujah (1929) His Glorious Night (1929) The Kiss (1929) Anna Christie (1930) Redemption (1930) The Divorcee (1930) The Rogue Song (1930) The Big House (1930) The Unholy Three (1930) Let Us Be Gay (1930) Billy the Kid (1930) Way for a Sailor (1930) A Lady's Morals (1930) Inspiration (1931) Trader Horn (1931) The Secret Six (1931) A Free Soul (1931) Just a Gigolo (1931) Menschen hinter Gittern (1931), German-language version of The Big House (1930) The Sin of Madelon Claudet (1931) The Guardsman (1931) The Champ (1931) Possessed (1931) Private Lives (1931) Mata Hari (1931) Freaks (1932) Tarzan the Ape Man (1932) Grand Hotel (1932) Letty Lynton (1932) As You Desire Me (1932) Red-Headed Woman (1932) Smilin' Through (1932) Red Dust (1932) Rasputin and the Empress (1932) Strange Interlude (1932) Tugboat Annie (1933) Bombshell (1933) Eskimo (1933) La Veuve Joyeuse (1934) French-language version of The Merry Widow Riptide (1934) The Barretts of Wimpole Street (1934) The Merry Widow (1934) What Every Woman Knows (1934) Biography of a Bachelor Girl (1935) No More Ladies (1935) China Seas (1935) Mutiny on the Bounty (1935) A Night at the Opera (1935) Riffraff (1936) Romeo and Juliet (1936) Camille (1936) Maytime (1937) A Day at the Races (1937) Broadway Melody of 1938 (1937) The Good Earth (1937) Marie Antoinette (1938) Writer The Trap (1922) The Dangerous Little Demon (1922) Awards Academy Awards Notes Further reading Books Flamini, Roland.", "Filmography Producer Reputation (1921) The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1923) Merry-Go-Round (1923) His Hour (1924) He Who Gets Slapped (1924) The Unholy Three (1925) The Merry Widow (1925) The Tower of Lies (1925) The Big Parade (1925) Ben-Hur: A Tale of the Christ (1925) Torrent (1926) La Bohème (1926) Brown of Harvard (1926) The Road to Mandalay (1926) The Temptress (1926) Valencia (1926) Flesh and the Devil (1926) Twelve Miles Out (1927) The Student Prince in Old Heidelberg (1927) London After Midnight (1927) The Crowd (1928) Laugh, Clown, Laugh (1928) White Shadows in the South Seas (1928) Show People (1928) West of Zanzibar (1928) The Broadway Melody (1929) The Trial of Mary Dugan (1929) Voice of the City (1929) Where East Is East (1929) The Last of Mrs. Cheyney (1929) The Hollywood Revue of 1929 (1929) Hallelujah (1929) His Glorious Night (1929) The Kiss (1929) Anna Christie (1930) Redemption (1930) The Divorcee (1930) The Rogue Song (1930) The Big House (1930) The Unholy Three (1930) Let Us Be Gay (1930) Billy the Kid (1930) Way for a Sailor (1930) A Lady's Morals (1930) Inspiration (1931) Trader Horn (1931) The Secret Six (1931) A Free Soul (1931) Just a Gigolo (1931) Menschen hinter Gittern (1931), German-language version of The Big House (1930) The Sin of Madelon Claudet (1931) The Guardsman (1931) The Champ (1931) Possessed (1931) Private Lives (1931) Mata Hari (1931) Freaks (1932) Tarzan the Ape Man (1932) Grand Hotel (1932) Letty Lynton (1932) As You Desire Me (1932) Red-Headed Woman (1932) Smilin' Through (1932) Red Dust (1932) Rasputin and the Empress (1932) Strange Interlude (1932) Tugboat Annie (1933) Bombshell (1933) Eskimo (1933) La Veuve Joyeuse (1934) French-language version of The Merry Widow Riptide (1934) The Barretts of Wimpole Street (1934) The Merry Widow (1934) What Every Woman Knows (1934) Biography of a Bachelor Girl (1935) No More Ladies (1935) China Seas (1935) Mutiny on the Bounty (1935) A Night at the Opera (1935) Riffraff (1936) Romeo and Juliet (1936) Camille (1936) Maytime (1937) A Day at the Races (1937) Broadway Melody of 1938 (1937) The Good Earth (1937) Marie Antoinette (1938) Writer The Trap (1922) The Dangerous Little Demon (1922) Awards Academy Awards Notes Further reading Books Flamini, Roland. Thalberg: The Last Tycoon and the World of M-G-M (1994) Marx, Samuel.", "Thalberg: The Last Tycoon and the World of M-G-M (1994) Marx, Samuel. Mayer and Thalberg: The Make-believe Saints (1975) Thomas, Bob. Thalberg: Life and Legend (1969) Vieira, Mark A. Irving Thalberg's M-G-M. New York: Harry N. Abrams, 2008. Vieira, Mark A. Irving Thalberg: Boy Wonder to Producer Prince. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2009. Articles Starman, Ray.", "Berkeley: University of California Press, 2009. Articles Starman, Ray. Articles Starman, Ray. \"Irving Thalberg\", Films In Review, June/July 1987, p. 347–353 External links Irving Thalberg at TCM Cinemagraphe Review of the Roland Flamini biography of Thalberg: The Last Tycoon and the World of MGM Irving Thalberg at Virtual History Irving Thalberg profiled in Collier's Magazine (1924) Videos 1899 births 1936 deaths American film producers Film producers from California Producers who won the Best Picture Academy Award American film studio executives American male screenwriters Cinema pioneers Silent film directors Silent film producers Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer executives Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences founders Businesspeople from Los Angeles Hollywood history and culture California Republicans New York (state) Republicans USC School of Cinematic Arts faculty 20th-century American businesspeople Screenwriters from California Screenwriters from New York (state) People from Brooklyn American anti-communists American people of German-Jewish descent Deaths from pneumonia in California Burials at Forest Lawn Memorial Park (Glendale) 20th-century American male writers 20th-century American writers Jewish American writers 20th-century American screenwriters" ]

[ "Irving Thalberg", "Early years", "What year was he born?", "Thalberg was born in Brooklyn, to German Jewish immigrant parents,", "Who were his parents?", "Jewish immigrant parents, William and Henrietta (Haymann).", "Did he have any siblings?", "Shortly after birth, he was diagnosed with \"blue baby syndrome,\" caused by a congenital disease that limited the oxygen supply to his heart.", "Did this impact him at all in life?", "The prognosis from the family's doctor and specialists was that he might live to age twenty, or at most, age thirty.", "Where did he go to school?", "During his high school years in Brooklyn, he began having attacks of chest pains, dizziness and fatigue. This affected his ability to study,", "What caused his illness in high school?", "When he was 17, he contracted rheumatic fever, and was confined to bed for a year. His mother, Henrietta, to prevent him falling too far behind other students,", "Did he graduate?", "brought him homework from school, books, and tutors to teach him at home. She also hoped that the schoolwork and reading would distract him" ]

[ "\"What Did I Do to You?\" is a song recorded by British singer Lisa Stansfield for her 1989 album, Affection. It was written by Stansfield, Ian Devaney and Andy Morris, and produced by Devaney and Morris. The song was released as the fourth European single on 30 April 1990. It included three previously unreleased songs written by Stansfield, Devaney and Morris: \"My Apple Heart,\" \"Lay Me Down\" and \"Something's Happenin'.\" \"What Did I Do to You?\" was remixed by Mark Saunders and by the Grammy Award-winning American house music DJ and producer, David Morales. The single became a top forty hit in the European countries reaching number eighteen in Finland, number twenty in Ireland and number twenty-five in the United Kingdom. \"What Did I Do to You?\" was also released in Japan.\n\nIn 2014, the remixes of \"What Did I Do to You?\" were included on the deluxe 2CD + DVD re-release of Affection and on People Hold On ... The Remix Anthology. They were also featured on The Collection 1989–2003 box set (2014), including previously unreleased Red Zone Mix by David Morales.\n\nCritical reception\nThe song received positive reviews from music critics. Matthew Hocter from Albumism viewed it as a \"upbeat offering\". David Giles from Music Week said it is \"beautifully performed\" by Stansfield. A reviewer from Reading Eagle wrote that \"What Did I Do to You?\" \"would be right at home on the \"Saturday Night Fever\" soundtrack.\"\n\nMusic video\nA music video was produced to promote the single, directed by Philip Richardson, who had previously directed the videos for \"All Around the World\" and \"Live Together\". It features Stansfield with her kiss curls, dressed in a white outfit and performing with her band on a stage in front of a jumping audience. The video was later published on Stansfield's official YouTube channel in November 2009. It has amassed more than 1,6 million views as of October 2021.\n\nTrack listings\n\n European/UK 7\" single\n\"What Did I Do to You?\" (Mark Saunders Remix Edit) – 4:20\n\"Something's Happenin'\" – 3:59\n\n European/UK/Japanese CD single\n\"What Did I Do to You?\" (Mark Saunders Remix Edit) – 4:20\n\"My Apple Heart\" – 5:19\n\"Lay Me Down\" – 4:17\n\"Something's Happenin'\" – 3:59\n\n UK 10\" single\n\"What Did I Do to You?\" (Mark Saunders Remix) – 5:52\n\"My Apple Heart\" – 5:19\n\"Lay Me Down\" – 4:17\n\"Something's Happenin'\" – 3:59\n\n European/UK 12\" single\n\"What Did I Do to You?\" (Morales Mix) – 7:59\n\"My Apple Heart\" – 4:22\n\"Lay Me Down\" – 3:19\n\"Something's Happenin'\" – 3:15\n\n UK 12\" promotional single\n\"What Did I Do to You?\" (Morales Mix) – 7:59\n\"What Did I Do to You?\" (Anti Poll Tax Dub) – 6:31\n\n Other remixes\n\"What Did I Do to You?\" (Red Zone Mix) – 7:45\n\nCharts\n\nReferences\n\nLisa Stansfield songs\n1990 singles\nSongs written by Lisa Stansfield\n1989 songs\nArista Records singles\nSongs written by Ian Devaney\nSongs written by Andy Morris (musician)", "David Quilter (born 11 June 1942) is an English actor who has made numerous appearances in British television plays and series since the mid-1960s.\n\nEarly life\nHe was born in Northwood, London, and attended Bryanston School, Dorset. \"My first inkling that it was possible to be a professional actor was when a boy at school got a scholarship to RADA,\" remembered Quilter. \"I never did any acting at school, which I slightly regret, but seeing him actually go off and train to be an actor, it made me realise that it was what I wanted to do.\"\n\nQuilter trained at Webber Douglas Academy of Dramatic Art in South Kensington and then joined weekly rep at Chesterfield in 1963. \"We did seven plays in eight weeks,\" he recalled. \"I then joined the RSC in 1964 to play very small parts in the complete history cycle.\"\n\nCareer\nHis television appearances include; Softly, Softly: Taskforce (1967), Some Mothers Do 'Ave 'Em (1973), Get Some In! (1975–78),The Bill (1990–97), Grange Hill (2000) as Mr Arnold, Silent Witness (2001–03) and Doctor Who (2008). He also appeared in the film The Battle of Britain (1969) as a pilot, All Creatures Great and Small (1988), Goldeneye (1989), Charles and Diana: Unhappily Ever After (1992) as the Duke of Edinburgh, and Jinnah (1998).\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\n1942 births\nLiving people\nEnglish male film actors\nEnglish male television actors\nPeople from Northwood, London\nPeople educated at Bryanston School\nAlumni of the Webber Douglas Academy of Dramatic Art" ]

[ "Irving Grant Thalberg (May 30, 1899 – September 14, 1936) was an American film producer during the early years of motion pictures. He was called \"The Boy Wonder\" for his youth and ability to select scripts, choose actors, gather production staff, and make profitable films, including Grand Hotel, China Seas, A Night at the Opera, Mutiny on the Bounty, Camille and The Good Earth.", "He was called \"The Boy Wonder\" for his youth and ability to select scripts, choose actors, gather production staff, and make profitable films, including Grand Hotel, China Seas, A Night at the Opera, Mutiny on the Bounty, Camille and The Good Earth. His films carved out an international market, \"projecting a seductive image of American life brimming with vitality and rooted in democracy and personal freedom\", states biographer Roland Flamini.", "His films carved out an international market, \"projecting a seductive image of American life brimming with vitality and rooted in democracy and personal freedom\", states biographer Roland Flamini. He was born in Brooklyn, New York, and as a child was afflicted with a congenital heart disease that doctors said would kill him before he reached the age of thirty. After graduating from high school he worked as a store clerk during the day and to gain some job skills took a night class in typing.", "After graduating from high school he worked as a store clerk during the day and to gain some job skills took a night class in typing. He then found work as a secretary with Universal Studios' New York office, and was later made studio manager for their Los Angeles facility. There, he oversaw production of a hundred films during his three years with the company. Among the films he produced was The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1923).", "Among the films he produced was The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1923). In Los Angeles, he partnered with Louis B. Mayer's new studio and, after it merged with two other studios, helped create Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (MGM). He was made head of production of MGM in 1925, at the age of twenty-six, helping MGM become the most successful studio in Hollywood.", "He was made head of production of MGM in 1925, at the age of twenty-six, helping MGM become the most successful studio in Hollywood. During his twelve years with MGM, until his premature death at the age of 37, he produced four hundred films, most of which bore his imprint and innovations, including story conferences with writers, sneak previews to gain early feedback, and extensive re-shooting of scenes to improve the film.", "During his twelve years with MGM, until his premature death at the age of 37, he produced four hundred films, most of which bore his imprint and innovations, including story conferences with writers, sneak previews to gain early feedback, and extensive re-shooting of scenes to improve the film. In addition, he introduced horror films to audiences and coauthored the \"Production Code\", guidelines for morality followed by all studios.", "In addition, he introduced horror films to audiences and coauthored the \"Production Code\", guidelines for morality followed by all studios. During the 1920s and 1930s, he synthesized and merged the world of stage drama and literary classics with Hollywood films. Thalberg created numerous new stars and groomed their screen images.", "Thalberg created numerous new stars and groomed their screen images. Among them were Lon Chaney, Ramon Novarro, Greta Garbo, John Gilbert, Lionel Barrymore, Joan Crawford, Clark Gable, Jean Harlow, Wallace Beery, Spencer Tracy, Luise Rainer, and Norma Shearer, who became his wife. He had the ability to combine quality with commercial success, and was credited with bringing his artistic aspirations in line with the demands of audiences.", "He had the ability to combine quality with commercial success, and was credited with bringing his artistic aspirations in line with the demands of audiences. After his death, Hollywood's producers said he had been the world's \"foremost figure in motion-picture history\". President Franklin D. Roosevelt wrote, \"The world of art is poorer with the passing of Irving Thalberg. His high ideals, insight and imagination went into the production of his masterpieces.\"", "His high ideals, insight and imagination went into the production of his masterpieces.\" The Irving G. Thalberg Memorial Award, given out periodically by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences since 1937, has been awarded to producers whose body of work reflected consistently high quality films. Early years Thalberg was born in Brooklyn, to German Jewish immigrant parents, William and Henrietta (Haymann).", "Early years Thalberg was born in Brooklyn, to German Jewish immigrant parents, William and Henrietta (Haymann). Shortly after birth, he was diagnosed with \"blue baby syndrome\", caused by a congenital disease that limited the oxygen supply to his heart. The prognosis from the family's doctor and specialists was that he might live to the age of twenty, or at most, to thirty. During his high school years in Brooklyn, he began having attacks of chest pains, dizziness and fatigue.", "During his high school years in Brooklyn, he began having attacks of chest pains, dizziness and fatigue. This affected his ability to study, though until that time he was a good student. When he was 17 he contracted rheumatic fever, and was confined to bed for a year. His mother, in order to prevent him falling too far behind other students, brought him homework from school, books, and tutors to teach him at home.", "His mother, in order to prevent him falling too far behind other students, brought him homework from school, books, and tutors to teach him at home. She also hoped that the schoolwork and reading would distract him from the \"tantalizing sounds\" of children playing outside his window. With little to entertain him, he read books as a main activity. He devoured popular novels, classics, plays, and biographies.", "He devoured popular novels, classics, plays, and biographies. His books, of necessity, replaced the streets of New York, and led to his interest in classical philosophy and philosophers, such as William James. When Thalberg returned to school, he finished high school but lacked the stamina for college, which he felt would have required constant late-night studying and cramming for exams.", "When Thalberg returned to school, he finished high school but lacked the stamina for college, which he felt would have required constant late-night studying and cramming for exams. Instead, he took part-time jobs as a store clerk, and in the evenings, to gain some job skills, taught himself typing, shorthand and Spanish at a night vocational school.", "Instead, he took part-time jobs as a store clerk, and in the evenings, to gain some job skills, taught himself typing, shorthand and Spanish at a night vocational school. When he turned 18, he placed an advertisement in the local newspaper hoping to find better work: Career as producer Universal Studios He found work as an office secretary at Universal Pictures' New York office, and later became personal secretary to the studio's founder and president, Carl Laemmle.", "When he turned 18, he placed an advertisement in the local newspaper hoping to find better work: Career as producer Universal Studios He found work as an office secretary at Universal Pictures' New York office, and later became personal secretary to the studio's founder and president, Carl Laemmle. Among Thalberg's duties were transcribing and editing notes that Laemmle had written during screenings of his films. He earned $25 weekly, becoming adept at making insightful observations, which impressed Laemmle.", "He earned $25 weekly, becoming adept at making insightful observations, which impressed Laemmle. Laemmle took Thalberg to see his Los Angeles production facility, where he spent a month watching how movie production worked. Before returning to New York, Laemmle told Thalberg to remain and \"keep an eye on things for me.\" Two months later, Laemmle returned to California, partly to see how well Thalberg was able to handle the responsibilities he was given.", "Two months later, Laemmle returned to California, partly to see how well Thalberg was able to handle the responsibilities he was given. Thalberg gave him suggestions, and thus impressed Laemmle by his ability to understand and explain problems. Thalberg suggested, \"The first thing you should do is establish a new job of studio manager and give him the responsibility of watching day-to-day operations.\" Laemmle immediately agreed: \"All right. You're it.\" In shock, Thalberg replied, \"I'm what?\"", "In shock, Thalberg replied, \"I'm what?\" Laemmle told him to take charge of the Los Angeles studio, which he did in early 1919. When aged 20, Thalberg became responsible for immediately overseeing the nine ongoing film productions and nearly thirty scenarios then under development. In describing the rationale for this early appointment as studio manager, film historian David Thomson writes that his new job \"owed nothing to nepotism, private wealth, or experience in the film industry.\"", "In describing the rationale for this early appointment as studio manager, film historian David Thomson writes that his new job \"owed nothing to nepotism, private wealth, or experience in the film industry.\" He reasons that despite \"Thalberg's youth, modest education, and frail appearance ... it is clear that he had the charm, insight, and ability, or the appearance of it, to captivate the film world.\"", "He reasons that despite \"Thalberg's youth, modest education, and frail appearance ... it is clear that he had the charm, insight, and ability, or the appearance of it, to captivate the film world.\" Thalberg was one among the majority of Hollywood film industry workers who migrated from the East Coast, primarily from New York. Some film actors, such as Conrad Nagel, did not like the five-day train trip or the sudden warmth of the California climate.", "Some film actors, such as Conrad Nagel, did not like the five-day train trip or the sudden warmth of the California climate. Neither did Marion Davies, who was not used to such \"big wide spaces\". Samuel Marx, a close friend of Thalberg's from New York, recalled how easily Thalberg adapted to Southern California, often standing outside his doorway during moments of contemplation to enjoy the scenery. \"We were all young\", said comedian Buster Keaton. \"The air in California was like wine.", "\"The air in California was like wine. \"The air in California was like wine. Our business was also young—and growing like nothing ever seen before.\" Confrontation with Erich von Stroheim He quickly established his tenacity as he battled with well-known director Erich von Stroheim over the length of Foolish Wives (1922). Biographer Roland Flamini notes that the film was Universal's most expensive \"jewel\" ever in production, and its director and star, von Stroheim, was taking the film way over budget.", "Biographer Roland Flamini notes that the film was Universal's most expensive \"jewel\" ever in production, and its director and star, von Stroheim, was taking the film way over budget. Thalberg, now Universal's general manager, was forced to have the director quickly finalize production before the studio's working capital was used up. Flamini describes the situation: Thalberg had von Stroheim come to his office, which he did still wearing his film costume as a Russian Imperial Guard and escorted by members of his production team.", "Flamini describes the situation: Thalberg had von Stroheim come to his office, which he did still wearing his film costume as a Russian Imperial Guard and escorted by members of his production team. Thalberg calmly told him, \"I have seen all the film and you have all you need for the picture. I want you to stop shooting\", to which von Stroheim replied, \"But I have not finished as yet.\" \"Yes, you have\", said Thalberg.", "\"Yes, you have\", said Thalberg. \"Yes, you have\", said Thalberg. \"You have spent all the money this company can afford. I cannot allow you to spend any more.\" Thalberg quietly explained that the director worked under the producer, and it was his responsibility to control costs. Von Stroheim, surrounded by his assistants, then confronted Thalberg: \"If you were not my superior, I would smash you in the face.\"", "Von Stroheim, surrounded by his assistants, then confronted Thalberg: \"If you were not my superior, I would smash you in the face.\" Thalberg, unflinching, said \"Don't let that stop you.\" The result was that Thalberg soon afterward removed the cameras from von Stroheim's studio and took over editing. The uncut footage was pared down from five-and-a-half hours to three hours, to von Stroheim's deep dissatisfaction. A similar problem developed with von Stroheim's next film, Merry-Go-Round (1923).", "A similar problem developed with von Stroheim's next film, Merry-Go-Round (1923). Although he had promised Thalberg to remain within budget this time, he continued production until it went to twice the agreed length and was not yet near completion. Flamini speculates why this happened: Thalberg again called von Stroheim to his office, handed him a long letter written and signed by himself, describing the problems, and summarily fired von Stroheim as of that moment.", "Flamini speculates why this happened: Thalberg again called von Stroheim to his office, handed him a long letter written and signed by himself, describing the problems, and summarily fired von Stroheim as of that moment. Thalberg's letter stated among the reasons, totally inexcusable and repeated acts of insubordination ... extravagant ideas which you have been unwilling to sacrifice ... unnecessary delays ... and your apparent idea that you are greater and more powerful than the organization that employs you.", "Thalberg's letter stated among the reasons, totally inexcusable and repeated acts of insubordination ... extravagant ideas which you have been unwilling to sacrifice ... unnecessary delays ... and your apparent idea that you are greater and more powerful than the organization that employs you. His dismissal of von Stroheim was considered an \"earthquake in movie circles\", notes Flamini. Producer David O. Selznick said that \"it was the first time a director had been fired. It took great guts and courage ...", "It took great guts and courage ... It took great guts and courage ... Von Stroheim was utterly indifferent over money and could have gone on and spent millions, with nobody to stop him.\". The opinion was shared by director Rouben Mamoulian, who said that the \"little fellow at Universal\", in one bold stroke, had \"asserted the primacy of the studio over the director\" and forever altered the balance of power in the movie industry.", "The opinion was shared by director Rouben Mamoulian, who said that the \"little fellow at Universal\", in one bold stroke, had \"asserted the primacy of the studio over the director\" and forever altered the balance of power in the movie industry. Effects of his young age According to Flamini, his youth was a subject of conversation within the movie community. Executives from other studios, actors, and film crew, often mistook him to be a junior employee.", "Executives from other studios, actors, and film crew, often mistook him to be a junior employee. Movie columnist Louella Parsons, upon first being introduced to him, asked, \"What's the joke? Where's the new general manager?\"", "Where's the new general manager?\" Where's the new general manager?\" After five minutes of talking to Thalberg, however, she later wrote about \"Universal's Boy Wonder\": \"He might be a boy in looks and age, but it was no child's mind that was being asked to cope with the intricate politics of Universal City.\" Novelist Edna Ferber responded the same way, writing that \"I had fancied motion-picture producers as large gentlemen smoking oversized cigars.", "Novelist Edna Ferber responded the same way, writing that \"I had fancied motion-picture producers as large gentlemen smoking oversized cigars. But this young man whose word seemed so final at Universal City ... impressed me deeply.\" The male actors in the studio had a similar reaction. Lionel Barrymore, who was nearly twice his age, recalled their meetings: Thalberg likewise gained the respect of leading playwrights, some of whom also looked down on him due to his youth.", "Lionel Barrymore, who was nearly twice his age, recalled their meetings: Thalberg likewise gained the respect of leading playwrights, some of whom also looked down on him due to his youth. George S. Kaufman, co-author of Dinner at Eight, several Marx Brothers films, and two George Gershwin plays, came from New York to meet with Thalberg. Afterward he confided to his friend, Groucho Marx: \"That man has never written a word, yet he can tell me exactly what to do with a story.", "Afterward he confided to his friend, Groucho Marx: \"That man has never written a word, yet he can tell me exactly what to do with a story. I didn't know you had people like that out here.\" Actress Norma Shearer, whom he later married, was surprised after he greeted her at the door, then walked her to his office for her first job interview: \"Then you're not the office boy?\" she asked.", "she asked. she asked. He smiled, as he sat himself behind his desk: \"No, Miss Shearer, I'm Irving Thalberg, vice-president of the Mayer Company. I'm the man who sent for you.\" His younger-than-normal age for a studio executive was usually mentioned even after he left Universal to help start up MGM.", "His younger-than-normal age for a studio executive was usually mentioned even after he left Universal to help start up MGM. Screenwriter Agnes Christine Johnson, who worked with Thalberg for years, described his contribution during meetings: The same quality was observed by director and screenwriter Hobart Henley: \"If something that read well in conference turns out not so good on the screen, I go to him and, like that—Henley snaps his fingers—he has a remedy. He's brilliant.\"", "He's brilliant.\" He's brilliant.\" Another assistant producer to Thalberg explains: His youth also contributed to his open-mindedness to the ideas of others. Conrad Nagel, who starred in numerous Thalberg films, reported that Thalberg was generally empathetic to those he worked alongside: \"Thalberg never raised his voice. He just looked into your eyes, spoke softly, and after a few minutes he cast a spell on you.\"", "He just looked into your eyes, spoke softly, and after a few minutes he cast a spell on you.\" Studio attorney Edwin Loeb, who also worked to create AMPAS, explained that \"the real foundation of Irving's success was his ability to look at life through the eyes of any given person. He had a gift of empathy, and almost complete perspective.\" Those opinions were also shared by producer Walter Wanger: \"You thought that you were talking to an Indian savant.", "Those opinions were also shared by producer Walter Wanger: \"You thought that you were talking to an Indian savant. He could cast a spell on anybody.\" His talent as a producer was enhanced by his \"near-miraculous\" powers of concentration, notes film critic J. Hoberman. As a result, he was never bored or tired, and supplemented his spare time with reading for his own amusement, recalls screenwriter Bayard Veiller, with some of his favorite authors being Francis Bacon, Epictetus, and Immanuel Kant.", "As a result, he was never bored or tired, and supplemented his spare time with reading for his own amusement, recalls screenwriter Bayard Veiller, with some of his favorite authors being Francis Bacon, Epictetus, and Immanuel Kant. Film projects at Universal Biographer Bob Thomas writes that after three years at the studio, Thalberg continually proved his value. Universal's pictures improved noticeably, primarily due to Thalberg's \"uncanny sense of story.\"", "Universal's pictures improved noticeably, primarily due to Thalberg's \"uncanny sense of story.\" He took tight control over many key aspects of production, including his requirement that from then on scripts were tightly constructed before filming began, rather than during production. Thomas adds that he also \"showed a remarkable capacity for working with actors, casting them aptly and advising them on their careers.\"", "Thomas adds that he also \"showed a remarkable capacity for working with actors, casting them aptly and advising them on their careers.\" After producing two films that were in production when he began work at Universal, he presented Laemmle with his idea for a film based on one of his favorite classic stories, The Hunchback of Notre Dame. Rather than just a horror picture, Thalberg suggested turning it into a spectacle which would include a replica of the Notre Dame Cathedral in Paris. He had Lon Chaney play the hunchback.", "He had Lon Chaney play the hunchback. He had Lon Chaney play the hunchback. The film became Universal's most profitable silent film and established Chaney's career as a top-flight star. After nearly three years with Universal, Thalberg had supervised over a hundred movies, reorganized the studio to give more control to the managers, and had \"stopped the defection\" of many of their leading stars by offering them better, higher-paying contracts. He also produced a number of Universal's prestige films, which made the company profitable.", "He also produced a number of Universal's prestige films, which made the company profitable. However, he decided it was time to find a studio in Los Angeles more suitable to his skills, and spread word that he was available. Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (MGM) Cecil B. DeMille was the first who wanted to hire him, telling his partner Jesse Lasky, \"The boy is a genius. I can see it. I know it.\" Lasky opposed the hire, stating, \"Geniuses we have all we need.\"", "Lasky opposed the hire, stating, \"Geniuses we have all we need.\" Thalberg then received an offer from Hal Roach, but the offer was withdrawn because Thalberg lacked experience with slapstick comedy films. In late 1922, Thalberg was introduced to Louis B. Mayer, president of a small but dynamic and fast-growing studio. At that first meeting, Thalberg \"made a deep, immediate impression on Mayer\", writes Flamini.", "At that first meeting, Thalberg \"made a deep, immediate impression on Mayer\", writes Flamini. After Thalberg had left, Mayer said to studio attorney Edwin Loeb: \"Tell him if he comes to work for me, I'll look after him as though he were my son.\" Although their personalities were in many ways opposite, Mayer being more outspoken and nearly twice the younger man's age, Thalberg was hired as vice president in charge of production at Louis B. Mayer Productions.", "Although their personalities were in many ways opposite, Mayer being more outspoken and nearly twice the younger man's age, Thalberg was hired as vice president in charge of production at Louis B. Mayer Productions. Years later, Mayer's daughter Irene Mayer Selznick recalled that \"it was hard to believe anyone that boyish could be so important.\"", "Years later, Mayer's daughter Irene Mayer Selznick recalled that \"it was hard to believe anyone that boyish could be so important.\" According to Flamini, Thalberg was hired because, although Mayer was an astute businessman, \"what he lacked was Thalberg's almost unerring ability to combine quality with commercial success, to bring artistic aspiration in line with the demands of the box office.\"", "According to Flamini, Thalberg was hired because, although Mayer was an astute businessman, \"what he lacked was Thalberg's almost unerring ability to combine quality with commercial success, to bring artistic aspiration in line with the demands of the box office.\" Mayer's company subsequently merged with two others to become Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (MGM), with the 24-year-old Thalberg made part-owner and accorded the same position as vice president in charge of production. Three years after the merger, MGM became the most successful studio in Hollywood.", "Three years after the merger, MGM became the most successful studio in Hollywood. During his twelve years at MGM, Thalberg supervised the production of over four hundred films. Although Thalberg and his colleagues at MGM knew he was \"doomed\" to not live much past the age of 30 due to heart disease, he loved producing films. He continued developing innovative ideas and overseeing most of MGM's pictures.", "He continued developing innovative ideas and overseeing most of MGM's pictures. Under Thalberg's management, MGM released over 40% more films yearly than Warner Brothers, and more than double Paramount's releases. From 1924 until 1936, when Thalberg died at the age of 37, \"almost every film bore Thalberg's imprint\", wrote Mark Vieira. Production innovations Thalberg's production techniques \"broke new ground in filmmaking\", adds Vieira.", "Production innovations Thalberg's production techniques \"broke new ground in filmmaking\", adds Vieira. Among his contributions at MGM was his innovation of story conferences, sneak previews and scene retakes. He introduced the first horror films and coauthored the Production Code, the set of moral guidelines that all film studios agreed to follow. Thalberg helped synthesize and merge the world of stage drama and literary classics with Hollywood films. MGM thereby became the only movie studio to consistently show a profit during the Great Depression.", "MGM thereby became the only movie studio to consistently show a profit during the Great Depression. Flamini explains that the equation for MGM's success depended on combining stars, a Broadway hit or popular classic, and high standards of production. This combination at the time was considered a \"revolutionary approach\" in the film industry, which until then assumed a star was all that was needed for success, regardless of the story or production quality. The other studios began following MGM's lead with that same formula.", "The other studios began following MGM's lead with that same formula. Production techniques Thalberg generally followed a system in managing his productions. According to one of his assistants, Lawrence Weingarten, who later became a producer, \"Thalberg directed the film on paper, and then the director directed the film on film.\" Thalberg was generally opposed to location shooting overseas where he could not oversee production and control costs, as happened with Ben Hur.", "Thalberg was generally opposed to location shooting overseas where he could not oversee production and control costs, as happened with Ben Hur. Thus, he kept hundreds of back-lot carpenters at work creating realistic sets, as he did for fifteenth-century Romeo and Juliet (1936), or with China Seas (1935), to replicate the harbors of Hong Kong. Vieira points out that Thalberg's \"fascination with Broadway plays\" often had him create and present stories visually.", "Vieira points out that Thalberg's \"fascination with Broadway plays\" often had him create and present stories visually. For China Seas, for instance, he described for the screenwriters, director and others, exactly how he wanted the film to appear on screen: To be certain of achieving the desired effects, Thalberg made sure his cinematographers were careful in their use of light and shadow.", "For China Seas, for instance, he described for the screenwriters, director and others, exactly how he wanted the film to appear on screen: To be certain of achieving the desired effects, Thalberg made sure his cinematographers were careful in their use of light and shadow. Vieira observes that \"more than any other producer or any other studio, Thalberg and MGM manipulated lenses, filters, and lighting instruments to affect the viewer.\"", "Vieira observes that \"more than any other producer or any other studio, Thalberg and MGM manipulated lenses, filters, and lighting instruments to affect the viewer.\" As a result, he notes, \"most of Thalberg's films contain moments such as these, in which cinematic technique transcends mere exposition and gives the viewer something to treasure.\" Thalberg was supported by most of the studio in these kinds of creative decisions. \"It was a big family,\" notes Weingarten.", "\"It was a big family,\" notes Weingarten. \"If we had a success, everybody—and I mean every cutter, every painter, every plasterer—was excited about it, was abuzz, was in a tizzy about the whole idea of picture making.\" Taking risks with new subjects and stars In 1929, MGM released fifty films, and all but five showed a profit. Of those that failed, Hallelujah was also a gamble by Thalberg.", "Of those that failed, Hallelujah was also a gamble by Thalberg. When King Vidor, the film's producer and director, proposed the idea to Thalberg of a major film cast, for the first time, exclusively with African Americans, he told Thalberg directly, \"I doubt that it will make a dollar at the box office.\" Thalberg replied, \"Don't worry about that. I've told you that MGM can afford an occasional experiment.\"", "I've told you that MGM can afford an occasional experiment.\" By the early 1930s, a number of stars began failing at the box office, partly due to the Great Depression that was now undermining the economy, along with the public's ability to spend on entertainment. Thalberg began using two stars in a film, rather than one, as had been the tradition at all the studios, such as pairing Greta Garbo with John Gilbert, Clark Gable with Jean Harlow, and William Powell with Myrna Loy.", "Thalberg began using two stars in a film, rather than one, as had been the tradition at all the studios, such as pairing Greta Garbo with John Gilbert, Clark Gable with Jean Harlow, and William Powell with Myrna Loy. After experimenting with a few such films, including Mata Hari (1931), which were profitable, he decided on a multi-star production of another Broadway play, Grand Hotel (1932).", "After experimenting with a few such films, including Mata Hari (1931), which were profitable, he decided on a multi-star production of another Broadway play, Grand Hotel (1932). It had five major stars, including Garbo, Joan Crawford, John Barrymore, Lionel Barrymore, and Wallace Beery. \"Before Thalberg,\" writes Vieira, \"there was no Grand Hotel in the American consciousness.\" The film won the Oscar for Best Picture in 1932.", "The film won the Oscar for Best Picture in 1932. Thalberg went against consensus and took another risk with The Great Ziegfeld (1936), costarring Luise Rainer. Although Louis B. Mayer did not want her in the role, which he felt was too minor for a new star, Thalberg felt that \"only she could play the part\", wrote biographer Charles Higham. Shortly after shooting began in late 1935, doubts of Rainer's acting ability emerged in the press.", "Shortly after shooting began in late 1935, doubts of Rainer's acting ability emerged in the press. However, despite her limited appearances in the film, Rainer \"so impressed audiences with one highly emotional scene\" that she won the Academy Award for Best Actress. After her winning role in The Great Ziegfeld, Thalberg wanted her to play a role that was the opposite of her previous character, for The Good Earth (1937).", "After her winning role in The Great Ziegfeld, Thalberg wanted her to play a role that was the opposite of her previous character, for The Good Earth (1937). For the part as a Chinese peasant, she was required to act totally subservient to her husband, being perpetually huddled in submission, and barely spoke a word of dialogue during the entire film.", "For the part as a Chinese peasant, she was required to act totally subservient to her husband, being perpetually huddled in submission, and barely spoke a word of dialogue during the entire film. Rainer recalls that Mayer did not approve of the film being produced or her part in it: \"He was horrified at Irving Thalberg's insistence for me to play O-lan, the poor uncomely little Chinese peasant.\"", "Rainer recalls that Mayer did not approve of the film being produced or her part in it: \"He was horrified at Irving Thalberg's insistence for me to play O-lan, the poor uncomely little Chinese peasant.\" However, she again won the Oscar for Best Actress, becoming the first actress to win two consecutive Oscars, a feat not matched until Katharine Hepburn's two Oscar wins thirty years later.", "However, she again won the Oscar for Best Actress, becoming the first actress to win two consecutive Oscars, a feat not matched until Katharine Hepburn's two Oscar wins thirty years later. Grooming new stars Besides bringing a distinctive high quality \"look\" to MGM films and often recreating well-known stories or plays, Thalberg's actors themselves took on a characteristic quality. Thalberg wanted his female actors to appear \"cool, classy and beautiful,\" notes Flamini.", "Thalberg wanted his female actors to appear \"cool, classy and beautiful,\" notes Flamini. And he strove to make the male actors appear \"worldly and in control.\" In general, Thalberg movies and actors came to be \"luxurious,\" \"glossy,\" and \"technically flawless.\"", "In general, Thalberg movies and actors came to be \"luxurious,\" \"glossy,\" and \"technically flawless.\" By doing so, he made stars or boosted the careers of actors such as Lon Chaney, Ramon Novarro, John Gilbert, Greta Garbo, Joan Crawford, Clark Gable, Helen Hayes, Jean Harlow, Marie Dressler, Wallace Beery, John Barrymore, Lionel Barrymore and Luise Rainer.", "By doing so, he made stars or boosted the careers of actors such as Lon Chaney, Ramon Novarro, John Gilbert, Greta Garbo, Joan Crawford, Clark Gable, Helen Hayes, Jean Harlow, Marie Dressler, Wallace Beery, John Barrymore, Lionel Barrymore and Luise Rainer. Greta Garbo In 1925, a young Greta Garbo, then twenty, and unable to speak any English, was brought over from Sweden at Mayer's request, as he saw how she looked in still photos.", "Greta Garbo In 1925, a young Greta Garbo, then twenty, and unable to speak any English, was brought over from Sweden at Mayer's request, as he saw how she looked in still photos. A Swedish friend thought he would help her by contacting Thalberg, who then agreed to give her a screen test. According to author Frederick Sands, \"the result of the test was electrifying.\"", "According to author Frederick Sands, \"the result of the test was electrifying.\" Thalberg was impressed and began grooming the new starlet the following day: \"the studio arranged to fix her teeth, made sure she lost weight, and gave her an English tutor.\" Joan Crawford Joan Crawford's first role was a Thalberg production at MGM and she became one of their leading stars for the next thirty years.", "Joan Crawford Joan Crawford's first role was a Thalberg production at MGM and she became one of their leading stars for the next thirty years. Crawford was somewhat jealous of Norma Shearer as she thought she was given the better material by her husband Thalberg out of nepotism. Nevertheless, she felt that his contribution to MGM was vital to the film industry. Not long after his early death, she recalls her concerns: \"Thalberg was dead and the concept of the quality 'big' picture pretty much went out the window.\"", "Not long after his early death, she recalls her concerns: \"Thalberg was dead and the concept of the quality 'big' picture pretty much went out the window.\" Marie Dressler Thalberg also realized that old stars few had heard of could be made into new ones.", "Marie Dressler Thalberg also realized that old stars few had heard of could be made into new ones. Marie Dressler, a fifty-nine-year-old early vaudeville and movie star, who had played the top-billed lead, above Charles Chaplin and Mabel Normand), in the first feature-length comedy, Tillie's Punctured Romance (1914), was unable to get any roles in films after leaving show business for some years, finally working as a maid.", "Marie Dressler, a fifty-nine-year-old early vaudeville and movie star, who had played the top-billed lead, above Charles Chaplin and Mabel Normand), in the first feature-length comedy, Tillie's Punctured Romance (1914), was unable to get any roles in films after leaving show business for some years, finally working as a maid. MGM screenwriter Frances Marion suggested to Thalberg that she might fit well in a starring role for a new film, and was surprised that he knew of her prior successes.", "MGM screenwriter Frances Marion suggested to Thalberg that she might fit well in a starring role for a new film, and was surprised that he knew of her prior successes. Thalberg approved of using her without a screen test and offered his rationale: By 1932, shortly before she died, Dressler was the country's number one box office star.", "Thalberg approved of using her without a screen test and offered his rationale: By 1932, shortly before she died, Dressler was the country's number one box office star. Wallace Beery Marie Dressler was paired twice, in Min and Bill (1930) and Tugboat Annie (1933), with Wallace Beery, another major silent star who had been struggling to get work in sound pictures until Thalberg cast him.", "Wallace Beery Marie Dressler was paired twice, in Min and Bill (1930) and Tugboat Annie (1933), with Wallace Beery, another major silent star who had been struggling to get work in sound pictures until Thalberg cast him. Beery had enjoyed a hugely successful silent film career dating back to 1913, but had been fired by Paramount shortly after sound pictures appeared.", "Beery had enjoyed a hugely successful silent film career dating back to 1913, but had been fired by Paramount shortly after sound pictures appeared. Thalberg cast him in the role of \"Machine Gun Butch,\" which had been meant for recently deceased Lon Chaney, in The Big House (1930), an energetic prison picture that became a huge hit.", "Thalberg cast him in the role of \"Machine Gun Butch,\" which had been meant for recently deceased Lon Chaney, in The Big House (1930), an energetic prison picture that became a huge hit. Beery was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Actor for his performance, and his burgeoning career at MGM had transformed him into the studio's highest paid actor within two more years, during which time he won the Oscar for The Champ and had become a phenomenal box office draw as a result of Thalberg's foresight.", "Beery was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Actor for his performance, and his burgeoning career at MGM had transformed him into the studio's highest paid actor within two more years, during which time he won the Oscar for The Champ and had become a phenomenal box office draw as a result of Thalberg's foresight. Getting audience feedback and reshooting According to Vieira, MGM had few failures during this period, and numerous blockbusters.", "Getting audience feedback and reshooting According to Vieira, MGM had few failures during this period, and numerous blockbusters. Among the reasons was Thalberg's unique system of developing a script during story conferences with writers before filming began, and later giving \"sneak previews\" followed by audience feedback through written questionnaires. Often, where he felt improvement was needed, he arranged for scenes to be reshot. As Thalberg once stated, \"The difference between something good and something superior is often very small.\"", "As Thalberg once stated, \"The difference between something good and something superior is often very small.\" Bad decisions and missed opportunities Thalberg felt he had his \"finger on the pulse of America. I know what people will do and what they won't do,\" he said. His judgment was not always accurate, however. Thalberg's bringing Broadway productions to the screen to develop higher picture standards sometimes resulted in \"studied\" acting or \"stagey\" sets, notes Flamini.", "Thalberg's bringing Broadway productions to the screen to develop higher picture standards sometimes resulted in \"studied\" acting or \"stagey\" sets, notes Flamini. In 1927, after the successful release of the first full-length talking picture, The Jazz Singer (1927), he nevertheless felt that talking pictures were a fad. Thalberg likewise did not think that color would replace black-and-white in movies.", "Thalberg likewise did not think that color would replace black-and-white in movies. When an assistant protested against a script that envisioned a love scene in Paris with an ocean background, Thalberg refused to make changes, saying \"We can't cater to a handful of people who know Paris.\" A more serious distraction to Thalberg's efforts was his obsession with making his wife Norma Shearer a prominent star, efforts which sometimes led to \"overblown and overglamous\" productions.", "A more serious distraction to Thalberg's efforts was his obsession with making his wife Norma Shearer a prominent star, efforts which sometimes led to \"overblown and overglamous\" productions. Thalberg himself admitted to his obsession years later when he told a fellow producer: \"You're behaving like I did with Norma. I knew positively that she could play anything. It's a kind of romantic astigmatism that attacks producers when they fall for an actress.\"", "It's a kind of romantic astigmatism that attacks producers when they fall for an actress.\" Important films at MGM Ben Hur (1925) One of the first pictures he took charge of, Ben-Hur: A Tale of the Christ, was inherited and already in production by another studio when MGM was formed. The film was turning into a disastrous expense with cost overruns already in the millions due to its lavish sets and location shooting in Rome. Most studio executives chose to terminate the film to cut their losses.", "Most studio executives chose to terminate the film to cut their losses. Thalberg, however, felt differently, and thought the film would affect movie audiences, due to its classic literary source, and would highlight MGM as a major new studio. He, therefore, discarded much of the original footage shot in Italy and recreated the set on MGM's back lots in Culver City, which added more millions to the production, yet gave him more control over production.", "He, therefore, discarded much of the original footage shot in Italy and recreated the set on MGM's back lots in Culver City, which added more millions to the production, yet gave him more control over production. The new set also included a replica of Circus Maximus for the dramatic chariot race scenes. Flamini notes that Thalberg's \"gamble paid off,\" drawing international attention to MGM, and to Thalberg within the movie industry for his bold action.", "Flamini notes that Thalberg's \"gamble paid off,\" drawing international attention to MGM, and to Thalberg within the movie industry for his bold action. Mutiny on the Bounty (1935) Mutiny on the Bounty was the studio's next most expensive film after Ben Hur, with some now calling it \"Thalberg's masterpiece.\" He initially had difficulty convincing Mayer that he could make the film without making heroes of the mutineers.", "He initially had difficulty convincing Mayer that he could make the film without making heroes of the mutineers. He achieved that by instead making a hero of the British Royal Navy, whereby the officers and shipmates would from then on display their mutual respect. Thalberg also had to convince Clark Gable to accept the role against his will. He pleaded with Gable, eventually promising him that \"If it isn't one of your greatest successes, I'll never ask you again to play a part you don't want.\"", "He pleaded with Gable, eventually promising him that \"If it isn't one of your greatest successes, I'll never ask you again to play a part you don't want.\" The film's other main stars were Charles Laughton and Franchot Tone. The film was nominated for six Academy Awards, including Best Actor, and winning it for Best Picture. Thalberg accepted the award as producer from Frank Capra.", "Thalberg accepted the award as producer from Frank Capra. Thalberg accepted the award as producer from Frank Capra. Thalberg and Mayer partnership At first, Thalberg and studio chief Louis B. Mayer got along splendidly; however, they had different production philosophies. Thalberg preferred literary works, while Mayer preferred glitzy crowd-pleasing films. A clash was inevitable, and their relationship grew decidedly frosty. When Thalberg fell ill in the final weeks of 1932, Mayer took advantage of the situation and replaced him with David O. Selznick and Walter Wanger.", "When Thalberg fell ill in the final weeks of 1932, Mayer took advantage of the situation and replaced him with David O. Selznick and Walter Wanger. Thalberg's reputation by that time for working long hours was widely known, and rumors about the related strain on his fragile health had become front-page news in entertainment trade publications.", "Thalberg's reputation by that time for working long hours was widely known, and rumors about the related strain on his fragile health had become front-page news in entertainment trade publications. The Hollywood Reporter in January 1933 updated its readership about his condition and addressed growing concerns that he might be forced, despite his young age, to quit the business: Once Thalberg recovered sufficiently from his bout with the \"flu\" and was able to return to work later in 1933, it was as one of MGM's unit producers, albeit one who had first choice on projects as well as preferential access to all the studio's resources, including over casting its stars.", "The Hollywood Reporter in January 1933 updated its readership about his condition and addressed growing concerns that he might be forced, despite his young age, to quit the business: Once Thalberg recovered sufficiently from his bout with the \"flu\" and was able to return to work later in 1933, it was as one of MGM's unit producers, albeit one who had first choice on projects as well as preferential access to all the studio's resources, including over casting its stars. Thalberg's good relationship with Nicholas Schenck, then president of Loew's Incorporated, proved to be an ongoing advantage for him.", "Thalberg's good relationship with Nicholas Schenck, then president of Loew's Incorporated, proved to be an ongoing advantage for him. Loew's was the corporate parent of MGM, so Schenck was the true power and ultimate arbiter at the studio; and he usually supported Thalberg's decisions and continued to do so whenever disagreements about projects or production needs arose.", "Loew's was the corporate parent of MGM, so Schenck was the true power and ultimate arbiter at the studio; and he usually supported Thalberg's decisions and continued to do so whenever disagreements about projects or production needs arose. As a result, Thalberg also continued to produce or coproduce some of MGM's most prestigious and critically acclaimed ventures in this period, such as The Barretts of Wimpole Street (1934) starring his wife Norma Shearer, China Seas (1935), A Night at the Opera (1935), San Francisco (1936), and Romeo and Juliet (1936).", "As a result, Thalberg also continued to produce or coproduce some of MGM's most prestigious and critically acclaimed ventures in this period, such as The Barretts of Wimpole Street (1934) starring his wife Norma Shearer, China Seas (1935), A Night at the Opera (1935), San Francisco (1936), and Romeo and Juliet (1936). Personal life During his few years with Universal while living in New York, Thalberg had become romantically involved with Carl Laemmle's daughter, Rosabelle.", "Personal life During his few years with Universal while living in New York, Thalberg had become romantically involved with Carl Laemmle's daughter, Rosabelle. Still in his early twenties and later spending most of his time in Los Angeles, his feelings toward her were no longer as strong. Flamini suspects that this may have affected his position at Universal and partly caused his decision to leave the company. \"The Laemmles prayed that Irving would marry Rosabelle\", notes Flamini.", "\"The Laemmles prayed that Irving would marry Rosabelle\", notes Flamini. \"They wanted their sons to be educated and their daughters to marry nice Jewish boys.\" Less than a year after he and Mayer took charge of the newly created MGM studios, and still only twenty-five years old, Thalberg suffered a serious heart attack due to overwork. Mayer also became aware of Thalberg's congenital heart problems and now worried about the prospect of running MGM without him.", "Mayer also became aware of Thalberg's congenital heart problems and now worried about the prospect of running MGM without him. Mayer also became concerned that one of his daughters might become romantically involved, and told them so: Thalberg, aware of Mayer's feelings, made it a point of never giving too much attention to his daughters at social events. One of Thalberg's traits was his ability to work long hours into the night with little sign of fatigue.", "One of Thalberg's traits was his ability to work long hours into the night with little sign of fatigue. According to Vieira, Thalberg believed that as long as his mind was active in his work and he was not bored, he would not feel tired. Thalberg, who often got by with only five hours of sleep, felt that most people could get by with less than they realized. To keep his mental faculties at peak, he would read philosophical books by Bacon, Epictetus, or Kant.", "To keep his mental faculties at peak, he would read philosophical books by Bacon, Epictetus, or Kant. \"They stimulate me. I'd drop out of sight in no time if I didn't read and keep up with current thought—and the philosophers are brain sharpeners.\" During the early 1930s, Thalberg was ambivalent about political events in Europe. While he feared Nazism and the rise of Hitler, he also feared Communism.", "While he feared Nazism and the rise of Hitler, he also feared Communism. At the time, notes Vieira, \"given a choice between communism and fascism, many Americans—including Thalberg—would prefer the latter.\" Thalberg stated his opinion: When others suggested that many Jews could die in Germany as a result of Nazi anti-Semitism, he replied that in his opinion \"Hitler and Hitlerism will pass.\"", "Thalberg stated his opinion: When others suggested that many Jews could die in Germany as a result of Nazi anti-Semitism, he replied that in his opinion \"Hitler and Hitlerism will pass.\" On one occasion, Catholic Prince Löwenstein of Germany, who himself had almost been captured before fleeing Germany, told him: \"Mr. Thalberg, your own people are being systematically hunted down and rooted out of Germany.\" Thalberg suggested that world Jewry should nevertheless not interfere, that the Jewish race would survive Hitler.", "Thalberg suggested that world Jewry should nevertheless not interfere, that the Jewish race would survive Hitler. Within a few years, American film distribution was \"choked off\" in Germany. Led by Warner Brothers, all American studios eventually closed their German offices. Thalberg began dating actress Norma Shearer a few years after he joined MGM. Following her conversion to Judaism, they married on Thursday, September 29, 1927, in a private ceremony in the garden of his rented house in Beverly Hills.", "Following her conversion to Judaism, they married on Thursday, September 29, 1927, in a private ceremony in the garden of his rented house in Beverly Hills. Rabbi Edgar F. Magnin officiated at the event, with Shearer's brother Douglas Shearer giving the bride away, and Louis B. Mayer serving as best man. The couple drove to Monterey for their honeymoon and then moved into their newly constructed home in Beverly Hills.", "The couple drove to Monterey for their honeymoon and then moved into their newly constructed home in Beverly Hills. After their second child was born, Shearer considered retiring from films, but Thalberg convinced her to continue acting, saying he could find her good roles. She went on to be one of MGM's biggest stars of the 1930s. Their two children were Irving Jr. (1930–1987) and Katharine (1935–2006).", "Their two children were Irving Jr. (1930–1987) and Katharine (1935–2006). Death Thalberg and Shearer took a much-needed Labor Day weekend vacation in Monterey, California, in 1936, staying at the same beachfront hotel where they spent their honeymoon. A few weeks earlier, Thalberg's leading screenwriter, Al Lewin, had proposed doing a film based on a soon-to-be published book, Gone with the Wind.", "A few weeks earlier, Thalberg's leading screenwriter, Al Lewin, had proposed doing a film based on a soon-to-be published book, Gone with the Wind. Although Thalberg said it would be a \"sensational\" role for Gable, and a \"terrific picture,\" he decided not to do it: Besides, Thalberg told Mayer, \"[n]o Civil War picture ever made a nickel\". Shortly after returning from Monterey, Thalberg was diagnosed with pneumonia.", "Shortly after returning from Monterey, Thalberg was diagnosed with pneumonia. His condition worsened steadily and he eventually required an oxygen tent at home. He died on September 14, at the age of 37. Sam Wood, while directing A Day at the Races, was given the news by phone. He returned to the set with tears in his eyes and told the others. As the news spread \"the studio was paralyzed with shock\", notes Thomas.", "As the news spread \"the studio was paralyzed with shock\", notes Thomas. \"Work stopped and hundreds of people wept\", with stars, writers, directors, and studio employees \"all sharing a sense of loss at the death of a man who had been a part of their working lives\", states Flamini. His funeral took place two days later, and when the services began the other studios throughout Hollywood observed five minutes of silence.", "His funeral took place two days later, and when the services began the other studios throughout Hollywood observed five minutes of silence. Producer Sam Goldwyn \"wept uncontrollably for two days\" and was unable to regain his composure enough to attend. The MGM studio closed for that day. Services were held at the Wilshire Boulevard Temple that Thalberg had occasionally attended.", "Services were held at the Wilshire Boulevard Temple that Thalberg had occasionally attended. The funeral attracted thousands of spectators who came to view the arrival of countless stars from MGM and other studios, including Greta Garbo, Jean Harlow, the Marx Brothers, Charlie Chaplin, Walt Disney, Howard Hughes, Al Jolson, Gary Cooper, Carole Lombard, Mary Pickford, and Douglas Fairbanks, among the screen luminaries. The ushers who led them to their seats included Clark Gable, Fredric March, and playwright Moss Hart.", "The ushers who led them to their seats included Clark Gable, Fredric March, and playwright Moss Hart. Erich von Stroheim, who had been fired by Thalberg, came to pay his respects. Producers Louis B. Mayer, the Warner brothers, Adolph Zukor, and Nicholas Schenck sat together solemnly as Rabbi Magnin gave the eulogy.", "Producers Louis B. Mayer, the Warner brothers, Adolph Zukor, and Nicholas Schenck sat together solemnly as Rabbi Magnin gave the eulogy. Thalberg is buried in a private marble tomb in the Great Mausoleum at Forest Lawn Memorial Park in Glendale, California, lying at rest beside his wife Norma Shearer Arrouge (Thalberg's crypt was engraved \"My Sweetheart Forever\" by Shearer). Over the following days, tributes were published by the national press.", "Over the following days, tributes were published by the national press. Louis B. Mayer, his co-founding partner at Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, said he had lost \"the finest friend a man could ever have\", while MGM president Nicholas Schenck stated that \"Thalberg was the most important man in the production end of the motion-picture industry. Leading producers from the other studios also expressed their feelings in published tributes to Thalberg: David O. Selznick described him as \"beyond any question the greatest individual force for fine pictures.\"", "Leading producers from the other studios also expressed their feelings in published tributes to Thalberg: David O. Selznick described him as \"beyond any question the greatest individual force for fine pictures.\" Samuel Goldwyn called him \"the foremost figure in the motion-picture industry ... and an inspiration.\" M. H. Aylesworth, Chairman of RKO, wrote that \"his integrity, vision and ability made him the spearhead of all motion-picture production throughout the world.\"", "M. H. Aylesworth, Chairman of RKO, wrote that \"his integrity, vision and ability made him the spearhead of all motion-picture production throughout the world.\" Harry Warner, president of Warner Bros., described him as \"gifted with one of the finest minds ever placed at the service of motion-picture production.\" Sidney R. Kent, president of Twentieth Century Fox, said that \"he made the whole world richer by giving it the highest type of entertainment. He was a true genius.\"", "He was a true genius.\" He was a true genius.\" Columbia president Harry Cohn said the \"motion picture industry has suffered a loss from which it will not soon recover...\". Darryl F. Zanuck noted, \"More than any other man he raised the industry to its present world prestige.\" Adolph Zukor, chairman of Paramount, stated, \"Irving Thalberg was the most brilliant young man in the motion picture business.\" Jesse Lasky said, \"It will be utterly impossible to replace him.\"", "Jesse Lasky said, \"It will be utterly impossible to replace him.\" Among the condolences that came from world political leaders, President Franklin D. Roosevelt wrote, \"The world of art is poorer with the passing of Irving Thalberg. His high ideals, insight and imagination went into the production of his masterpieces.\" Among the pictures that were unfinished or not yet released at the time of his death were A Day at the Races, The Good Earth, Camille, Maytime, and Romeo and Juliet.", "Among the pictures that were unfinished or not yet released at the time of his death were A Day at the Races, The Good Earth, Camille, Maytime, and Romeo and Juliet. Groucho Marx, star of A Day at the Races, wrote, \"After Thalberg's death, my interest in the movies waned. I continued to appear in them, but ... The fun had gone out of picture making.\" Thalberg's widow, Norma Shearer, recalled, \"Grief does very strange things to you.", "Thalberg's widow, Norma Shearer, recalled, \"Grief does very strange things to you. I didn't seem to feel the shock for two weeks afterwards. ... then, at the end of those two weeks, I collapsed.\" Legacy in the movie industry Thalberg's legacy to the movie industry is \"incalculable\", states biographer Bob Thomas.", "Legacy in the movie industry Thalberg's legacy to the movie industry is \"incalculable\", states biographer Bob Thomas. He notes that with his numerous production innovations and grand stories, often turning classic literature and Broadway stage productions into big-screen pictures, he managed to keep \"American movies supreme throughout the world for a generation\". Darryl F. Zanuck, founder of 20th Century-Fox said that during Thalberg's brief career, he had become the \"most creative producer in the history of films\".", "Darryl F. Zanuck, founder of 20th Century-Fox said that during Thalberg's brief career, he had become the \"most creative producer in the history of films\". Thomas describes some of his contributions: Most of MGM's major films in the 1930s were, according to Flamini, \"in a very real sense\", made by Thalberg. He closely supervised the making of \"more pictures than any other producer in Hollywood's history\", and was considered the \"archetype of the creative producer\", adds Flamini.", "He closely supervised the making of \"more pictures than any other producer in Hollywood's history\", and was considered the \"archetype of the creative producer\", adds Flamini. Upon his early death, aged 37, an editorial in The New York Times called him \"the most important force\" in the motion picture industry. The paper added that for the film industry, he \"set the pace and others followed ... because his way combined style, glamour, and profit.\"", "The paper added that for the film industry, he \"set the pace and others followed ... because his way combined style, glamour, and profit.\" He is described by Flamini as having been \"a revolutionary in a gray flannel suit\". Thalberg refused to take credit as producer, and as a result, his name never appeared on the screen while he was alive. Thalberg claimed that \"credit you give yourself is not worth having\".", "Thalberg claimed that \"credit you give yourself is not worth having\". He also said \"If a picture is good, they'll know who produced it. If it's bad, nobody cares.\" His final film, released after he died, was The Good Earth (1937), which won numerous Academy Awards. Its opening screen credit was dedicated to Thalberg: In 1938, the new multimillion-dollar MGM administration building in Culver City was named for Thalberg.", "Its opening screen credit was dedicated to Thalberg: In 1938, the new multimillion-dollar MGM administration building in Culver City was named for Thalberg. The Irving G. Thalberg Memorial Award, presented by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences, also named for him, awards producers for consistently high production achievements. Cultural legacy The Last Tycoon In October 1939, American novelist F. Scott Fitzgerald began writing The Last Tycoon, a fictionalized biography of Thalberg, naming the protagonist Monroe Stahr to represent Thalberg.", "Cultural legacy The Last Tycoon In October 1939, American novelist F. Scott Fitzgerald began writing The Last Tycoon, a fictionalized biography of Thalberg, naming the protagonist Monroe Stahr to represent Thalberg. \"Thalberg has always fascinated me\", he wrote to an editor. \"His peculiar charm, his extraordinary good looks, his bountiful success, the tragic end of his great adventure. The events I have built around him are fiction, but all of them are things which might very well have happened. ...", "... ... I've long chosen him for a hero (this has been in my mind for three years) because he is one of the half-dozen men I have known who were built on a grand scale.\" Thomas notes that among the reasons Fitzgerald chose to write a book about a Thalberg-like character, was that \"throughout his literary career, Fitzgerald borrowed his heroes from friends he admired, and inevitably a bit of Fitzgerald entered the characterizations.\"", "Thomas notes that among the reasons Fitzgerald chose to write a book about a Thalberg-like character, was that \"throughout his literary career, Fitzgerald borrowed his heroes from friends he admired, and inevitably a bit of Fitzgerald entered the characterizations.\" Fitzgerald himself writes that \"When I like men, I want to be like them ...\" Fitzgerald and Thalberg had real-life similarities: both were prodigies, both had heart ailments, and they both died at early ages.", "Fitzgerald himself writes that \"When I like men, I want to be like them ...\" Fitzgerald and Thalberg had real-life similarities: both were prodigies, both had heart ailments, and they both died at early ages. According to biographer Matthew J. Bruccoli, Fitzgerald believed that Thalberg, with his \"taste and courage, represented the best of Hollywood. ... [and] saw Thalberg as a model for what could be done in the movies.\" Fitzgerald died before the novel was completed, however.", "Fitzgerald died before the novel was completed, however. Fitzgerald died before the novel was completed, however. Bruccoli writes of Fitzgerald's book: Although parallels between Monroe Stahr in the novel and Thalberg were evident, many who knew Thalberg intimately stated that they did not see similarities in their personalities. Norma Shearer said that the Stahr character was not at all like her former husband. In the 1976 film version, directed by Elia Kazan, Monroe Stahr was played by Robert De Niro.", "In the 1976 film version, directed by Elia Kazan, Monroe Stahr was played by Robert De Niro. Kazan, in his pre-production notes, described the Stahr character as he saw him: In the 2016 television series based on the novel, Monroe Stahr is played by Matt Bomer. Others Fitzgerald also based his short story \"Crazy Sunday\", originally published in the October 1932 issue of American Mercury, on an incident at a party thrown by Thalberg and Shearer.", "Others Fitzgerald also based his short story \"Crazy Sunday\", originally published in the October 1932 issue of American Mercury, on an incident at a party thrown by Thalberg and Shearer. The story is included in Fitzgerald's collection Taps at Reveille (1935). Thalberg was portrayed in the movie Man of a Thousand Faces (1957) by Robert Evans, who went on to become a studio head himself.", "Thalberg was portrayed in the movie Man of a Thousand Faces (1957) by Robert Evans, who went on to become a studio head himself. Thalberg was portrayed by Bill Cusack in Young Indiana Jones and the Hollywood Follies (1994), a TV film based on The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles, in which Indiana Jones is depicted as taking part in Thalberg's conflict with Erich von Stroheim over Foolish Wives.", "Thalberg was portrayed by Bill Cusack in Young Indiana Jones and the Hollywood Follies (1994), a TV film based on The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles, in which Indiana Jones is depicted as taking part in Thalberg's conflict with Erich von Stroheim over Foolish Wives. In 2020, Thalberg was played by Ferdinand Kingsley in the David Fincher film Mank Thalberg, played by Tobey Maguire, is rumored to appear in the upcoming movie Babylon.", "In 2020, Thalberg was played by Ferdinand Kingsley in the David Fincher film Mank Thalberg, played by Tobey Maguire, is rumored to appear in the upcoming movie Babylon. Filmography Producer Reputation (1921) The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1923) Merry-Go-Round (1923) His Hour (1924) He Who Gets Slapped (1924) The Unholy Three (1925) The Merry Widow (1925) The Tower of Lies (1925) The Big Parade (1925) Ben-Hur: A Tale of the Christ (1925) Torrent (1926) La Bohème (1926) Brown of Harvard (1926) The Road to Mandalay (1926) The Temptress (1926) Valencia (1926) Flesh and the Devil (1926) Twelve Miles Out (1927) The Student Prince in Old Heidelberg (1927) London After Midnight (1927) The Crowd (1928) Laugh, Clown, Laugh (1928) White Shadows in the South Seas (1928) Show People (1928) West of Zanzibar (1928) The Broadway Melody (1929) The Trial of Mary Dugan (1929) Voice of the City (1929) Where East Is East (1929) The Last of Mrs. Cheyney (1929) The Hollywood Revue of 1929 (1929) Hallelujah (1929) His Glorious Night (1929) The Kiss (1929) Anna Christie (1930) Redemption (1930) The Divorcee (1930) The Rogue Song (1930) The Big House (1930) The Unholy Three (1930) Let Us Be Gay (1930) Billy the Kid (1930) Way for a Sailor (1930) A Lady's Morals (1930) Inspiration (1931) Trader Horn (1931) The Secret Six (1931) A Free Soul (1931) Just a Gigolo (1931) Menschen hinter Gittern (1931), German-language version of The Big House (1930) The Sin of Madelon Claudet (1931) The Guardsman (1931) The Champ (1931) Possessed (1931) Private Lives (1931) Mata Hari (1931) Freaks (1932) Tarzan the Ape Man (1932) Grand Hotel (1932) Letty Lynton (1932) As You Desire Me (1932) Red-Headed Woman (1932) Smilin' Through (1932) Red Dust (1932) Rasputin and the Empress (1932) Strange Interlude (1932) Tugboat Annie (1933) Bombshell (1933) Eskimo (1933) La Veuve Joyeuse (1934) French-language version of The Merry Widow Riptide (1934) The Barretts of Wimpole Street (1934) The Merry Widow (1934) What Every Woman Knows (1934) Biography of a Bachelor Girl (1935) No More Ladies (1935) China Seas (1935) Mutiny on the Bounty (1935) A Night at the Opera (1935) Riffraff (1936) Romeo and Juliet (1936) Camille (1936) Maytime (1937) A Day at the Races (1937) Broadway Melody of 1938 (1937) The Good Earth (1937) Marie Antoinette (1938) Writer The Trap (1922) The Dangerous Little Demon (1922) Awards Academy Awards Notes Further reading Books Flamini, Roland.", "Filmography Producer Reputation (1921) The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1923) Merry-Go-Round (1923) His Hour (1924) He Who Gets Slapped (1924) The Unholy Three (1925) The Merry Widow (1925) The Tower of Lies (1925) The Big Parade (1925) Ben-Hur: A Tale of the Christ (1925) Torrent (1926) La Bohème (1926) Brown of Harvard (1926) The Road to Mandalay (1926) The Temptress (1926) Valencia (1926) Flesh and the Devil (1926) Twelve Miles Out (1927) The Student Prince in Old Heidelberg (1927) London After Midnight (1927) The Crowd (1928) Laugh, Clown, Laugh (1928) White Shadows in the South Seas (1928) Show People (1928) West of Zanzibar (1928) The Broadway Melody (1929) The Trial of Mary Dugan (1929) Voice of the City (1929) Where East Is East (1929) The Last of Mrs. Cheyney (1929) The Hollywood Revue of 1929 (1929) Hallelujah (1929) His Glorious Night (1929) The Kiss (1929) Anna Christie (1930) Redemption (1930) The Divorcee (1930) The Rogue Song (1930) The Big House (1930) The Unholy Three (1930) Let Us Be Gay (1930) Billy the Kid (1930) Way for a Sailor (1930) A Lady's Morals (1930) Inspiration (1931) Trader Horn (1931) The Secret Six (1931) A Free Soul (1931) Just a Gigolo (1931) Menschen hinter Gittern (1931), German-language version of The Big House (1930) The Sin of Madelon Claudet (1931) The Guardsman (1931) The Champ (1931) Possessed (1931) Private Lives (1931) Mata Hari (1931) Freaks (1932) Tarzan the Ape Man (1932) Grand Hotel (1932) Letty Lynton (1932) As You Desire Me (1932) Red-Headed Woman (1932) Smilin' Through (1932) Red Dust (1932) Rasputin and the Empress (1932) Strange Interlude (1932) Tugboat Annie (1933) Bombshell (1933) Eskimo (1933) La Veuve Joyeuse (1934) French-language version of The Merry Widow Riptide (1934) The Barretts of Wimpole Street (1934) The Merry Widow (1934) What Every Woman Knows (1934) Biography of a Bachelor Girl (1935) No More Ladies (1935) China Seas (1935) Mutiny on the Bounty (1935) A Night at the Opera (1935) Riffraff (1936) Romeo and Juliet (1936) Camille (1936) Maytime (1937) A Day at the Races (1937) Broadway Melody of 1938 (1937) The Good Earth (1937) Marie Antoinette (1938) Writer The Trap (1922) The Dangerous Little Demon (1922) Awards Academy Awards Notes Further reading Books Flamini, Roland. Thalberg: The Last Tycoon and the World of M-G-M (1994) Marx, Samuel.", "Thalberg: The Last Tycoon and the World of M-G-M (1994) Marx, Samuel. Mayer and Thalberg: The Make-believe Saints (1975) Thomas, Bob. Thalberg: Life and Legend (1969) Vieira, Mark A. Irving Thalberg's M-G-M. New York: Harry N. Abrams, 2008. Vieira, Mark A. Irving Thalberg: Boy Wonder to Producer Prince. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2009. Articles Starman, Ray.", "Berkeley: University of California Press, 2009. Articles Starman, Ray. Articles Starman, Ray. \"Irving Thalberg\", Films In Review, June/July 1987, p. 347–353 External links Irving Thalberg at TCM Cinemagraphe Review of the Roland Flamini biography of Thalberg: The Last Tycoon and the World of MGM Irving Thalberg at Virtual History Irving Thalberg profiled in Collier's Magazine (1924) Videos 1899 births 1936 deaths American film producers Film producers from California Producers who won the Best Picture Academy Award American film studio executives American male screenwriters Cinema pioneers Silent film directors Silent film producers Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer executives Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences founders Businesspeople from Los Angeles Hollywood history and culture California Republicans New York (state) Republicans USC School of Cinematic Arts faculty 20th-century American businesspeople Screenwriters from California Screenwriters from New York (state) People from Brooklyn American anti-communists American people of German-Jewish descent Deaths from pneumonia in California Burials at Forest Lawn Memorial Park (Glendale) 20th-century American male writers 20th-century American writers Jewish American writers 20th-century American screenwriters" ]

[ "Irving Thalberg", "Early years", "What year was he born?", "Thalberg was born in Brooklyn, to German Jewish immigrant parents,", "Who were his parents?", "Jewish immigrant parents, William and Henrietta (Haymann).", "Did he have any siblings?", "Shortly after birth, he was diagnosed with \"blue baby syndrome,\" caused by a congenital disease that limited the oxygen supply to his heart.", "Did this impact him at all in life?", "The prognosis from the family's doctor and specialists was that he might live to age twenty, or at most, age thirty.", "Where did he go to school?", "During his high school years in Brooklyn, he began having attacks of chest pains, dizziness and fatigue. This affected his ability to study,", "What caused his illness in high school?", "When he was 17, he contracted rheumatic fever, and was confined to bed for a year. His mother, Henrietta, to prevent him falling too far behind other students,", "Did he graduate?", "brought him homework from school, books, and tutors to teach him at home. She also hoped that the schoolwork and reading would distract him", "What did he do after school?", "When Thalberg returned to school, he finished high school but lacked the stamina for college, which he felt would have required constant late-night studying and cramming for exams." ]

[ "In ecology, a feeding frenzy occurs when predators are overwhelmed by the amount of prey available. The term is also used as an idiom in the English language.\n\nExamples in nature\nFor example, a large school of fish can cause nearby sharks, such as the lemon shark, to enter into a feeding frenzy. This can cause the sharks to go wild, biting anything that moves, including each other or anything else within biting range. Another functional explanation for feeding frenzy is competition amongst predators. This term is most often used when referring to sharks or piranhas.\n\nEnglish language uses\nIt has also been used as a term within journalism.\n\nThe term is occasionally used to describe a plethora of something. For instance, a 2016 Bloomburg News article is entitled: \"March Madness Is a Fantasy Sports Feeding Frenzy.\"\nIn economics the term can be used to describe the economics of the music industry, as large music companies acquired smaller music companies.\n\nSee also\n Bait ball\n Adage\n Comprehension of Idioms\n Idiom in English language\n Media feeding frenzy\n Phrasal verb\n Metaphor\n\nReferences\n\nEating behaviors\nIdioms\nAdages\n\nfr:Attaque de requin#La frénésie alimentaire", "In New England, a warrant is a document issued by the Board of Selectmen to call a town meeting.\n\nWarrants essentially list an agenda of items to be voted on by those present. In towns with an open town meeting, those present would consist of any and all registered voters in the town. In towns with a representative town meeting, anyone may attend, but only town meeting members (elected representatives) are allowed to vote.\n\nItems on the agenda generally vary significantly, from the annual operating budget of the town to adjustment of by-laws, and anything else that may legally come before the meeting.\n\nIn Massachusetts, residents may place articles on the warrant without approval by the Selectmen by petitioning to insert the same. Petitions to insert an article on the warrant for an Annual Town Meeting require ten signatures. Petitions to insert an article on the warrant for a Special Town Meeting require 100 signatures or the signatures of ten per cent of the registered voters in the town, whichever is less.\n\nNew England\nLocal government in Massachusetts" ]

[ "Irving Grant Thalberg (May 30, 1899 – September 14, 1936) was an American film producer during the early years of motion pictures. He was called \"The Boy Wonder\" for his youth and ability to select scripts, choose actors, gather production staff, and make profitable films, including Grand Hotel, China Seas, A Night at the Opera, Mutiny on the Bounty, Camille and The Good Earth.", "He was called \"The Boy Wonder\" for his youth and ability to select scripts, choose actors, gather production staff, and make profitable films, including Grand Hotel, China Seas, A Night at the Opera, Mutiny on the Bounty, Camille and The Good Earth. His films carved out an international market, \"projecting a seductive image of American life brimming with vitality and rooted in democracy and personal freedom\", states biographer Roland Flamini.", "His films carved out an international market, \"projecting a seductive image of American life brimming with vitality and rooted in democracy and personal freedom\", states biographer Roland Flamini. He was born in Brooklyn, New York, and as a child was afflicted with a congenital heart disease that doctors said would kill him before he reached the age of thirty. After graduating from high school he worked as a store clerk during the day and to gain some job skills took a night class in typing.", "After graduating from high school he worked as a store clerk during the day and to gain some job skills took a night class in typing. He then found work as a secretary with Universal Studios' New York office, and was later made studio manager for their Los Angeles facility. There, he oversaw production of a hundred films during his three years with the company. Among the films he produced was The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1923).", "Among the films he produced was The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1923). In Los Angeles, he partnered with Louis B. Mayer's new studio and, after it merged with two other studios, helped create Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (MGM). He was made head of production of MGM in 1925, at the age of twenty-six, helping MGM become the most successful studio in Hollywood.", "He was made head of production of MGM in 1925, at the age of twenty-six, helping MGM become the most successful studio in Hollywood. During his twelve years with MGM, until his premature death at the age of 37, he produced four hundred films, most of which bore his imprint and innovations, including story conferences with writers, sneak previews to gain early feedback, and extensive re-shooting of scenes to improve the film.", "During his twelve years with MGM, until his premature death at the age of 37, he produced four hundred films, most of which bore his imprint and innovations, including story conferences with writers, sneak previews to gain early feedback, and extensive re-shooting of scenes to improve the film. In addition, he introduced horror films to audiences and coauthored the \"Production Code\", guidelines for morality followed by all studios.", "In addition, he introduced horror films to audiences and coauthored the \"Production Code\", guidelines for morality followed by all studios. During the 1920s and 1930s, he synthesized and merged the world of stage drama and literary classics with Hollywood films. Thalberg created numerous new stars and groomed their screen images.", "Thalberg created numerous new stars and groomed their screen images. Among them were Lon Chaney, Ramon Novarro, Greta Garbo, John Gilbert, Lionel Barrymore, Joan Crawford, Clark Gable, Jean Harlow, Wallace Beery, Spencer Tracy, Luise Rainer, and Norma Shearer, who became his wife. He had the ability to combine quality with commercial success, and was credited with bringing his artistic aspirations in line with the demands of audiences.", "He had the ability to combine quality with commercial success, and was credited with bringing his artistic aspirations in line with the demands of audiences. After his death, Hollywood's producers said he had been the world's \"foremost figure in motion-picture history\". President Franklin D. Roosevelt wrote, \"The world of art is poorer with the passing of Irving Thalberg. His high ideals, insight and imagination went into the production of his masterpieces.\"", "His high ideals, insight and imagination went into the production of his masterpieces.\" The Irving G. Thalberg Memorial Award, given out periodically by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences since 1937, has been awarded to producers whose body of work reflected consistently high quality films. Early years Thalberg was born in Brooklyn, to German Jewish immigrant parents, William and Henrietta (Haymann).", "Early years Thalberg was born in Brooklyn, to German Jewish immigrant parents, William and Henrietta (Haymann). Shortly after birth, he was diagnosed with \"blue baby syndrome\", caused by a congenital disease that limited the oxygen supply to his heart. The prognosis from the family's doctor and specialists was that he might live to the age of twenty, or at most, to thirty. During his high school years in Brooklyn, he began having attacks of chest pains, dizziness and fatigue.", "During his high school years in Brooklyn, he began having attacks of chest pains, dizziness and fatigue. This affected his ability to study, though until that time he was a good student. When he was 17 he contracted rheumatic fever, and was confined to bed for a year. His mother, in order to prevent him falling too far behind other students, brought him homework from school, books, and tutors to teach him at home.", "His mother, in order to prevent him falling too far behind other students, brought him homework from school, books, and tutors to teach him at home. She also hoped that the schoolwork and reading would distract him from the \"tantalizing sounds\" of children playing outside his window. With little to entertain him, he read books as a main activity. He devoured popular novels, classics, plays, and biographies.", "He devoured popular novels, classics, plays, and biographies. His books, of necessity, replaced the streets of New York, and led to his interest in classical philosophy and philosophers, such as William James. When Thalberg returned to school, he finished high school but lacked the stamina for college, which he felt would have required constant late-night studying and cramming for exams.", "When Thalberg returned to school, he finished high school but lacked the stamina for college, which he felt would have required constant late-night studying and cramming for exams. Instead, he took part-time jobs as a store clerk, and in the evenings, to gain some job skills, taught himself typing, shorthand and Spanish at a night vocational school.", "Instead, he took part-time jobs as a store clerk, and in the evenings, to gain some job skills, taught himself typing, shorthand and Spanish at a night vocational school. When he turned 18, he placed an advertisement in the local newspaper hoping to find better work: Career as producer Universal Studios He found work as an office secretary at Universal Pictures' New York office, and later became personal secretary to the studio's founder and president, Carl Laemmle.", "When he turned 18, he placed an advertisement in the local newspaper hoping to find better work: Career as producer Universal Studios He found work as an office secretary at Universal Pictures' New York office, and later became personal secretary to the studio's founder and president, Carl Laemmle. Among Thalberg's duties were transcribing and editing notes that Laemmle had written during screenings of his films. He earned $25 weekly, becoming adept at making insightful observations, which impressed Laemmle.", "He earned $25 weekly, becoming adept at making insightful observations, which impressed Laemmle. Laemmle took Thalberg to see his Los Angeles production facility, where he spent a month watching how movie production worked. Before returning to New York, Laemmle told Thalberg to remain and \"keep an eye on things for me.\" Two months later, Laemmle returned to California, partly to see how well Thalberg was able to handle the responsibilities he was given.", "Two months later, Laemmle returned to California, partly to see how well Thalberg was able to handle the responsibilities he was given. Thalberg gave him suggestions, and thus impressed Laemmle by his ability to understand and explain problems. Thalberg suggested, \"The first thing you should do is establish a new job of studio manager and give him the responsibility of watching day-to-day operations.\" Laemmle immediately agreed: \"All right. You're it.\" In shock, Thalberg replied, \"I'm what?\"", "In shock, Thalberg replied, \"I'm what?\" Laemmle told him to take charge of the Los Angeles studio, which he did in early 1919. When aged 20, Thalberg became responsible for immediately overseeing the nine ongoing film productions and nearly thirty scenarios then under development. In describing the rationale for this early appointment as studio manager, film historian David Thomson writes that his new job \"owed nothing to nepotism, private wealth, or experience in the film industry.\"", "In describing the rationale for this early appointment as studio manager, film historian David Thomson writes that his new job \"owed nothing to nepotism, private wealth, or experience in the film industry.\" He reasons that despite \"Thalberg's youth, modest education, and frail appearance ... it is clear that he had the charm, insight, and ability, or the appearance of it, to captivate the film world.\"", "He reasons that despite \"Thalberg's youth, modest education, and frail appearance ... it is clear that he had the charm, insight, and ability, or the appearance of it, to captivate the film world.\" Thalberg was one among the majority of Hollywood film industry workers who migrated from the East Coast, primarily from New York. Some film actors, such as Conrad Nagel, did not like the five-day train trip or the sudden warmth of the California climate.", "Some film actors, such as Conrad Nagel, did not like the five-day train trip or the sudden warmth of the California climate. Neither did Marion Davies, who was not used to such \"big wide spaces\". Samuel Marx, a close friend of Thalberg's from New York, recalled how easily Thalberg adapted to Southern California, often standing outside his doorway during moments of contemplation to enjoy the scenery. \"We were all young\", said comedian Buster Keaton. \"The air in California was like wine.", "\"The air in California was like wine. \"The air in California was like wine. Our business was also young—and growing like nothing ever seen before.\" Confrontation with Erich von Stroheim He quickly established his tenacity as he battled with well-known director Erich von Stroheim over the length of Foolish Wives (1922). Biographer Roland Flamini notes that the film was Universal's most expensive \"jewel\" ever in production, and its director and star, von Stroheim, was taking the film way over budget.", "Biographer Roland Flamini notes that the film was Universal's most expensive \"jewel\" ever in production, and its director and star, von Stroheim, was taking the film way over budget. Thalberg, now Universal's general manager, was forced to have the director quickly finalize production before the studio's working capital was used up. Flamini describes the situation: Thalberg had von Stroheim come to his office, which he did still wearing his film costume as a Russian Imperial Guard and escorted by members of his production team.", "Flamini describes the situation: Thalberg had von Stroheim come to his office, which he did still wearing his film costume as a Russian Imperial Guard and escorted by members of his production team. Thalberg calmly told him, \"I have seen all the film and you have all you need for the picture. I want you to stop shooting\", to which von Stroheim replied, \"But I have not finished as yet.\" \"Yes, you have\", said Thalberg.", "\"Yes, you have\", said Thalberg. \"Yes, you have\", said Thalberg. \"You have spent all the money this company can afford. I cannot allow you to spend any more.\" Thalberg quietly explained that the director worked under the producer, and it was his responsibility to control costs. Von Stroheim, surrounded by his assistants, then confronted Thalberg: \"If you were not my superior, I would smash you in the face.\"", "Von Stroheim, surrounded by his assistants, then confronted Thalberg: \"If you were not my superior, I would smash you in the face.\" Thalberg, unflinching, said \"Don't let that stop you.\" The result was that Thalberg soon afterward removed the cameras from von Stroheim's studio and took over editing. The uncut footage was pared down from five-and-a-half hours to three hours, to von Stroheim's deep dissatisfaction. A similar problem developed with von Stroheim's next film, Merry-Go-Round (1923).", "A similar problem developed with von Stroheim's next film, Merry-Go-Round (1923). Although he had promised Thalberg to remain within budget this time, he continued production until it went to twice the agreed length and was not yet near completion. Flamini speculates why this happened: Thalberg again called von Stroheim to his office, handed him a long letter written and signed by himself, describing the problems, and summarily fired von Stroheim as of that moment.", "Flamini speculates why this happened: Thalberg again called von Stroheim to his office, handed him a long letter written and signed by himself, describing the problems, and summarily fired von Stroheim as of that moment. Thalberg's letter stated among the reasons, totally inexcusable and repeated acts of insubordination ... extravagant ideas which you have been unwilling to sacrifice ... unnecessary delays ... and your apparent idea that you are greater and more powerful than the organization that employs you.", "Thalberg's letter stated among the reasons, totally inexcusable and repeated acts of insubordination ... extravagant ideas which you have been unwilling to sacrifice ... unnecessary delays ... and your apparent idea that you are greater and more powerful than the organization that employs you. His dismissal of von Stroheim was considered an \"earthquake in movie circles\", notes Flamini. Producer David O. Selznick said that \"it was the first time a director had been fired. It took great guts and courage ...", "It took great guts and courage ... It took great guts and courage ... Von Stroheim was utterly indifferent over money and could have gone on and spent millions, with nobody to stop him.\". The opinion was shared by director Rouben Mamoulian, who said that the \"little fellow at Universal\", in one bold stroke, had \"asserted the primacy of the studio over the director\" and forever altered the balance of power in the movie industry.", "The opinion was shared by director Rouben Mamoulian, who said that the \"little fellow at Universal\", in one bold stroke, had \"asserted the primacy of the studio over the director\" and forever altered the balance of power in the movie industry. Effects of his young age According to Flamini, his youth was a subject of conversation within the movie community. Executives from other studios, actors, and film crew, often mistook him to be a junior employee.", "Executives from other studios, actors, and film crew, often mistook him to be a junior employee. Movie columnist Louella Parsons, upon first being introduced to him, asked, \"What's the joke? Where's the new general manager?\"", "Where's the new general manager?\" Where's the new general manager?\" After five minutes of talking to Thalberg, however, she later wrote about \"Universal's Boy Wonder\": \"He might be a boy in looks and age, but it was no child's mind that was being asked to cope with the intricate politics of Universal City.\" Novelist Edna Ferber responded the same way, writing that \"I had fancied motion-picture producers as large gentlemen smoking oversized cigars.", "Novelist Edna Ferber responded the same way, writing that \"I had fancied motion-picture producers as large gentlemen smoking oversized cigars. But this young man whose word seemed so final at Universal City ... impressed me deeply.\" The male actors in the studio had a similar reaction. Lionel Barrymore, who was nearly twice his age, recalled their meetings: Thalberg likewise gained the respect of leading playwrights, some of whom also looked down on him due to his youth.", "Lionel Barrymore, who was nearly twice his age, recalled their meetings: Thalberg likewise gained the respect of leading playwrights, some of whom also looked down on him due to his youth. George S. Kaufman, co-author of Dinner at Eight, several Marx Brothers films, and two George Gershwin plays, came from New York to meet with Thalberg. Afterward he confided to his friend, Groucho Marx: \"That man has never written a word, yet he can tell me exactly what to do with a story.", "Afterward he confided to his friend, Groucho Marx: \"That man has never written a word, yet he can tell me exactly what to do with a story. I didn't know you had people like that out here.\" Actress Norma Shearer, whom he later married, was surprised after he greeted her at the door, then walked her to his office for her first job interview: \"Then you're not the office boy?\" she asked.", "she asked. she asked. He smiled, as he sat himself behind his desk: \"No, Miss Shearer, I'm Irving Thalberg, vice-president of the Mayer Company. I'm the man who sent for you.\" His younger-than-normal age for a studio executive was usually mentioned even after he left Universal to help start up MGM.", "His younger-than-normal age for a studio executive was usually mentioned even after he left Universal to help start up MGM. Screenwriter Agnes Christine Johnson, who worked with Thalberg for years, described his contribution during meetings: The same quality was observed by director and screenwriter Hobart Henley: \"If something that read well in conference turns out not so good on the screen, I go to him and, like that—Henley snaps his fingers—he has a remedy. He's brilliant.\"", "He's brilliant.\" He's brilliant.\" Another assistant producer to Thalberg explains: His youth also contributed to his open-mindedness to the ideas of others. Conrad Nagel, who starred in numerous Thalberg films, reported that Thalberg was generally empathetic to those he worked alongside: \"Thalberg never raised his voice. He just looked into your eyes, spoke softly, and after a few minutes he cast a spell on you.\"", "He just looked into your eyes, spoke softly, and after a few minutes he cast a spell on you.\" Studio attorney Edwin Loeb, who also worked to create AMPAS, explained that \"the real foundation of Irving's success was his ability to look at life through the eyes of any given person. He had a gift of empathy, and almost complete perspective.\" Those opinions were also shared by producer Walter Wanger: \"You thought that you were talking to an Indian savant.", "Those opinions were also shared by producer Walter Wanger: \"You thought that you were talking to an Indian savant. He could cast a spell on anybody.\" His talent as a producer was enhanced by his \"near-miraculous\" powers of concentration, notes film critic J. Hoberman. As a result, he was never bored or tired, and supplemented his spare time with reading for his own amusement, recalls screenwriter Bayard Veiller, with some of his favorite authors being Francis Bacon, Epictetus, and Immanuel Kant.", "As a result, he was never bored or tired, and supplemented his spare time with reading for his own amusement, recalls screenwriter Bayard Veiller, with some of his favorite authors being Francis Bacon, Epictetus, and Immanuel Kant. Film projects at Universal Biographer Bob Thomas writes that after three years at the studio, Thalberg continually proved his value. Universal's pictures improved noticeably, primarily due to Thalberg's \"uncanny sense of story.\"", "Universal's pictures improved noticeably, primarily due to Thalberg's \"uncanny sense of story.\" He took tight control over many key aspects of production, including his requirement that from then on scripts were tightly constructed before filming began, rather than during production. Thomas adds that he also \"showed a remarkable capacity for working with actors, casting them aptly and advising them on their careers.\"", "Thomas adds that he also \"showed a remarkable capacity for working with actors, casting them aptly and advising them on their careers.\" After producing two films that were in production when he began work at Universal, he presented Laemmle with his idea for a film based on one of his favorite classic stories, The Hunchback of Notre Dame. Rather than just a horror picture, Thalberg suggested turning it into a spectacle which would include a replica of the Notre Dame Cathedral in Paris. He had Lon Chaney play the hunchback.", "He had Lon Chaney play the hunchback. He had Lon Chaney play the hunchback. The film became Universal's most profitable silent film and established Chaney's career as a top-flight star. After nearly three years with Universal, Thalberg had supervised over a hundred movies, reorganized the studio to give more control to the managers, and had \"stopped the defection\" of many of their leading stars by offering them better, higher-paying contracts. He also produced a number of Universal's prestige films, which made the company profitable.", "He also produced a number of Universal's prestige films, which made the company profitable. However, he decided it was time to find a studio in Los Angeles more suitable to his skills, and spread word that he was available. Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (MGM) Cecil B. DeMille was the first who wanted to hire him, telling his partner Jesse Lasky, \"The boy is a genius. I can see it. I know it.\" Lasky opposed the hire, stating, \"Geniuses we have all we need.\"", "Lasky opposed the hire, stating, \"Geniuses we have all we need.\" Thalberg then received an offer from Hal Roach, but the offer was withdrawn because Thalberg lacked experience with slapstick comedy films. In late 1922, Thalberg was introduced to Louis B. Mayer, president of a small but dynamic and fast-growing studio. At that first meeting, Thalberg \"made a deep, immediate impression on Mayer\", writes Flamini.", "At that first meeting, Thalberg \"made a deep, immediate impression on Mayer\", writes Flamini. After Thalberg had left, Mayer said to studio attorney Edwin Loeb: \"Tell him if he comes to work for me, I'll look after him as though he were my son.\" Although their personalities were in many ways opposite, Mayer being more outspoken and nearly twice the younger man's age, Thalberg was hired as vice president in charge of production at Louis B. Mayer Productions.", "Although their personalities were in many ways opposite, Mayer being more outspoken and nearly twice the younger man's age, Thalberg was hired as vice president in charge of production at Louis B. Mayer Productions. Years later, Mayer's daughter Irene Mayer Selznick recalled that \"it was hard to believe anyone that boyish could be so important.\"", "Years later, Mayer's daughter Irene Mayer Selznick recalled that \"it was hard to believe anyone that boyish could be so important.\" According to Flamini, Thalberg was hired because, although Mayer was an astute businessman, \"what he lacked was Thalberg's almost unerring ability to combine quality with commercial success, to bring artistic aspiration in line with the demands of the box office.\"", "According to Flamini, Thalberg was hired because, although Mayer was an astute businessman, \"what he lacked was Thalberg's almost unerring ability to combine quality with commercial success, to bring artistic aspiration in line with the demands of the box office.\" Mayer's company subsequently merged with two others to become Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (MGM), with the 24-year-old Thalberg made part-owner and accorded the same position as vice president in charge of production. Three years after the merger, MGM became the most successful studio in Hollywood.", "Three years after the merger, MGM became the most successful studio in Hollywood. During his twelve years at MGM, Thalberg supervised the production of over four hundred films. Although Thalberg and his colleagues at MGM knew he was \"doomed\" to not live much past the age of 30 due to heart disease, he loved producing films. He continued developing innovative ideas and overseeing most of MGM's pictures.", "He continued developing innovative ideas and overseeing most of MGM's pictures. Under Thalberg's management, MGM released over 40% more films yearly than Warner Brothers, and more than double Paramount's releases. From 1924 until 1936, when Thalberg died at the age of 37, \"almost every film bore Thalberg's imprint\", wrote Mark Vieira. Production innovations Thalberg's production techniques \"broke new ground in filmmaking\", adds Vieira.", "Production innovations Thalberg's production techniques \"broke new ground in filmmaking\", adds Vieira. Among his contributions at MGM was his innovation of story conferences, sneak previews and scene retakes. He introduced the first horror films and coauthored the Production Code, the set of moral guidelines that all film studios agreed to follow. Thalberg helped synthesize and merge the world of stage drama and literary classics with Hollywood films. MGM thereby became the only movie studio to consistently show a profit during the Great Depression.", "MGM thereby became the only movie studio to consistently show a profit during the Great Depression. Flamini explains that the equation for MGM's success depended on combining stars, a Broadway hit or popular classic, and high standards of production. This combination at the time was considered a \"revolutionary approach\" in the film industry, which until then assumed a star was all that was needed for success, regardless of the story or production quality. The other studios began following MGM's lead with that same formula.", "The other studios began following MGM's lead with that same formula. Production techniques Thalberg generally followed a system in managing his productions. According to one of his assistants, Lawrence Weingarten, who later became a producer, \"Thalberg directed the film on paper, and then the director directed the film on film.\" Thalberg was generally opposed to location shooting overseas where he could not oversee production and control costs, as happened with Ben Hur.", "Thalberg was generally opposed to location shooting overseas where he could not oversee production and control costs, as happened with Ben Hur. Thus, he kept hundreds of back-lot carpenters at work creating realistic sets, as he did for fifteenth-century Romeo and Juliet (1936), or with China Seas (1935), to replicate the harbors of Hong Kong. Vieira points out that Thalberg's \"fascination with Broadway plays\" often had him create and present stories visually.", "Vieira points out that Thalberg's \"fascination with Broadway plays\" often had him create and present stories visually. For China Seas, for instance, he described for the screenwriters, director and others, exactly how he wanted the film to appear on screen: To be certain of achieving the desired effects, Thalberg made sure his cinematographers were careful in their use of light and shadow.", "For China Seas, for instance, he described for the screenwriters, director and others, exactly how he wanted the film to appear on screen: To be certain of achieving the desired effects, Thalberg made sure his cinematographers were careful in their use of light and shadow. Vieira observes that \"more than any other producer or any other studio, Thalberg and MGM manipulated lenses, filters, and lighting instruments to affect the viewer.\"", "Vieira observes that \"more than any other producer or any other studio, Thalberg and MGM manipulated lenses, filters, and lighting instruments to affect the viewer.\" As a result, he notes, \"most of Thalberg's films contain moments such as these, in which cinematic technique transcends mere exposition and gives the viewer something to treasure.\" Thalberg was supported by most of the studio in these kinds of creative decisions. \"It was a big family,\" notes Weingarten.", "\"It was a big family,\" notes Weingarten. \"If we had a success, everybody—and I mean every cutter, every painter, every plasterer—was excited about it, was abuzz, was in a tizzy about the whole idea of picture making.\" Taking risks with new subjects and stars In 1929, MGM released fifty films, and all but five showed a profit. Of those that failed, Hallelujah was also a gamble by Thalberg.", "Of those that failed, Hallelujah was also a gamble by Thalberg. When King Vidor, the film's producer and director, proposed the idea to Thalberg of a major film cast, for the first time, exclusively with African Americans, he told Thalberg directly, \"I doubt that it will make a dollar at the box office.\" Thalberg replied, \"Don't worry about that. I've told you that MGM can afford an occasional experiment.\"", "I've told you that MGM can afford an occasional experiment.\" By the early 1930s, a number of stars began failing at the box office, partly due to the Great Depression that was now undermining the economy, along with the public's ability to spend on entertainment. Thalberg began using two stars in a film, rather than one, as had been the tradition at all the studios, such as pairing Greta Garbo with John Gilbert, Clark Gable with Jean Harlow, and William Powell with Myrna Loy.", "Thalberg began using two stars in a film, rather than one, as had been the tradition at all the studios, such as pairing Greta Garbo with John Gilbert, Clark Gable with Jean Harlow, and William Powell with Myrna Loy. After experimenting with a few such films, including Mata Hari (1931), which were profitable, he decided on a multi-star production of another Broadway play, Grand Hotel (1932).", "After experimenting with a few such films, including Mata Hari (1931), which were profitable, he decided on a multi-star production of another Broadway play, Grand Hotel (1932). It had five major stars, including Garbo, Joan Crawford, John Barrymore, Lionel Barrymore, and Wallace Beery. \"Before Thalberg,\" writes Vieira, \"there was no Grand Hotel in the American consciousness.\" The film won the Oscar for Best Picture in 1932.", "The film won the Oscar for Best Picture in 1932. Thalberg went against consensus and took another risk with The Great Ziegfeld (1936), costarring Luise Rainer. Although Louis B. Mayer did not want her in the role, which he felt was too minor for a new star, Thalberg felt that \"only she could play the part\", wrote biographer Charles Higham. Shortly after shooting began in late 1935, doubts of Rainer's acting ability emerged in the press.", "Shortly after shooting began in late 1935, doubts of Rainer's acting ability emerged in the press. However, despite her limited appearances in the film, Rainer \"so impressed audiences with one highly emotional scene\" that she won the Academy Award for Best Actress. After her winning role in The Great Ziegfeld, Thalberg wanted her to play a role that was the opposite of her previous character, for The Good Earth (1937).", "After her winning role in The Great Ziegfeld, Thalberg wanted her to play a role that was the opposite of her previous character, for The Good Earth (1937). For the part as a Chinese peasant, she was required to act totally subservient to her husband, being perpetually huddled in submission, and barely spoke a word of dialogue during the entire film.", "For the part as a Chinese peasant, she was required to act totally subservient to her husband, being perpetually huddled in submission, and barely spoke a word of dialogue during the entire film. Rainer recalls that Mayer did not approve of the film being produced or her part in it: \"He was horrified at Irving Thalberg's insistence for me to play O-lan, the poor uncomely little Chinese peasant.\"", "Rainer recalls that Mayer did not approve of the film being produced or her part in it: \"He was horrified at Irving Thalberg's insistence for me to play O-lan, the poor uncomely little Chinese peasant.\" However, she again won the Oscar for Best Actress, becoming the first actress to win two consecutive Oscars, a feat not matched until Katharine Hepburn's two Oscar wins thirty years later.", "However, she again won the Oscar for Best Actress, becoming the first actress to win two consecutive Oscars, a feat not matched until Katharine Hepburn's two Oscar wins thirty years later. Grooming new stars Besides bringing a distinctive high quality \"look\" to MGM films and often recreating well-known stories or plays, Thalberg's actors themselves took on a characteristic quality. Thalberg wanted his female actors to appear \"cool, classy and beautiful,\" notes Flamini.", "Thalberg wanted his female actors to appear \"cool, classy and beautiful,\" notes Flamini. And he strove to make the male actors appear \"worldly and in control.\" In general, Thalberg movies and actors came to be \"luxurious,\" \"glossy,\" and \"technically flawless.\"", "In general, Thalberg movies and actors came to be \"luxurious,\" \"glossy,\" and \"technically flawless.\" By doing so, he made stars or boosted the careers of actors such as Lon Chaney, Ramon Novarro, John Gilbert, Greta Garbo, Joan Crawford, Clark Gable, Helen Hayes, Jean Harlow, Marie Dressler, Wallace Beery, John Barrymore, Lionel Barrymore and Luise Rainer.", "By doing so, he made stars or boosted the careers of actors such as Lon Chaney, Ramon Novarro, John Gilbert, Greta Garbo, Joan Crawford, Clark Gable, Helen Hayes, Jean Harlow, Marie Dressler, Wallace Beery, John Barrymore, Lionel Barrymore and Luise Rainer. Greta Garbo In 1925, a young Greta Garbo, then twenty, and unable to speak any English, was brought over from Sweden at Mayer's request, as he saw how she looked in still photos.", "Greta Garbo In 1925, a young Greta Garbo, then twenty, and unable to speak any English, was brought over from Sweden at Mayer's request, as he saw how she looked in still photos. A Swedish friend thought he would help her by contacting Thalberg, who then agreed to give her a screen test. According to author Frederick Sands, \"the result of the test was electrifying.\"", "According to author Frederick Sands, \"the result of the test was electrifying.\" Thalberg was impressed and began grooming the new starlet the following day: \"the studio arranged to fix her teeth, made sure she lost weight, and gave her an English tutor.\" Joan Crawford Joan Crawford's first role was a Thalberg production at MGM and she became one of their leading stars for the next thirty years.", "Joan Crawford Joan Crawford's first role was a Thalberg production at MGM and she became one of their leading stars for the next thirty years. Crawford was somewhat jealous of Norma Shearer as she thought she was given the better material by her husband Thalberg out of nepotism. Nevertheless, she felt that his contribution to MGM was vital to the film industry. Not long after his early death, she recalls her concerns: \"Thalberg was dead and the concept of the quality 'big' picture pretty much went out the window.\"", "Not long after his early death, she recalls her concerns: \"Thalberg was dead and the concept of the quality 'big' picture pretty much went out the window.\" Marie Dressler Thalberg also realized that old stars few had heard of could be made into new ones.", "Marie Dressler Thalberg also realized that old stars few had heard of could be made into new ones. Marie Dressler, a fifty-nine-year-old early vaudeville and movie star, who had played the top-billed lead, above Charles Chaplin and Mabel Normand), in the first feature-length comedy, Tillie's Punctured Romance (1914), was unable to get any roles in films after leaving show business for some years, finally working as a maid.", "Marie Dressler, a fifty-nine-year-old early vaudeville and movie star, who had played the top-billed lead, above Charles Chaplin and Mabel Normand), in the first feature-length comedy, Tillie's Punctured Romance (1914), was unable to get any roles in films after leaving show business for some years, finally working as a maid. MGM screenwriter Frances Marion suggested to Thalberg that she might fit well in a starring role for a new film, and was surprised that he knew of her prior successes.", "MGM screenwriter Frances Marion suggested to Thalberg that she might fit well in a starring role for a new film, and was surprised that he knew of her prior successes. Thalberg approved of using her without a screen test and offered his rationale: By 1932, shortly before she died, Dressler was the country's number one box office star.", "Thalberg approved of using her without a screen test and offered his rationale: By 1932, shortly before she died, Dressler was the country's number one box office star. Wallace Beery Marie Dressler was paired twice, in Min and Bill (1930) and Tugboat Annie (1933), with Wallace Beery, another major silent star who had been struggling to get work in sound pictures until Thalberg cast him.", "Wallace Beery Marie Dressler was paired twice, in Min and Bill (1930) and Tugboat Annie (1933), with Wallace Beery, another major silent star who had been struggling to get work in sound pictures until Thalberg cast him. Beery had enjoyed a hugely successful silent film career dating back to 1913, but had been fired by Paramount shortly after sound pictures appeared.", "Beery had enjoyed a hugely successful silent film career dating back to 1913, but had been fired by Paramount shortly after sound pictures appeared. Thalberg cast him in the role of \"Machine Gun Butch,\" which had been meant for recently deceased Lon Chaney, in The Big House (1930), an energetic prison picture that became a huge hit.", "Thalberg cast him in the role of \"Machine Gun Butch,\" which had been meant for recently deceased Lon Chaney, in The Big House (1930), an energetic prison picture that became a huge hit. Beery was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Actor for his performance, and his burgeoning career at MGM had transformed him into the studio's highest paid actor within two more years, during which time he won the Oscar for The Champ and had become a phenomenal box office draw as a result of Thalberg's foresight.", "Beery was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Actor for his performance, and his burgeoning career at MGM had transformed him into the studio's highest paid actor within two more years, during which time he won the Oscar for The Champ and had become a phenomenal box office draw as a result of Thalberg's foresight. Getting audience feedback and reshooting According to Vieira, MGM had few failures during this period, and numerous blockbusters.", "Getting audience feedback and reshooting According to Vieira, MGM had few failures during this period, and numerous blockbusters. Among the reasons was Thalberg's unique system of developing a script during story conferences with writers before filming began, and later giving \"sneak previews\" followed by audience feedback through written questionnaires. Often, where he felt improvement was needed, he arranged for scenes to be reshot. As Thalberg once stated, \"The difference between something good and something superior is often very small.\"", "As Thalberg once stated, \"The difference between something good and something superior is often very small.\" Bad decisions and missed opportunities Thalberg felt he had his \"finger on the pulse of America. I know what people will do and what they won't do,\" he said. His judgment was not always accurate, however. Thalberg's bringing Broadway productions to the screen to develop higher picture standards sometimes resulted in \"studied\" acting or \"stagey\" sets, notes Flamini.", "Thalberg's bringing Broadway productions to the screen to develop higher picture standards sometimes resulted in \"studied\" acting or \"stagey\" sets, notes Flamini. In 1927, after the successful release of the first full-length talking picture, The Jazz Singer (1927), he nevertheless felt that talking pictures were a fad. Thalberg likewise did not think that color would replace black-and-white in movies.", "Thalberg likewise did not think that color would replace black-and-white in movies. When an assistant protested against a script that envisioned a love scene in Paris with an ocean background, Thalberg refused to make changes, saying \"We can't cater to a handful of people who know Paris.\" A more serious distraction to Thalberg's efforts was his obsession with making his wife Norma Shearer a prominent star, efforts which sometimes led to \"overblown and overglamous\" productions.", "A more serious distraction to Thalberg's efforts was his obsession with making his wife Norma Shearer a prominent star, efforts which sometimes led to \"overblown and overglamous\" productions. Thalberg himself admitted to his obsession years later when he told a fellow producer: \"You're behaving like I did with Norma. I knew positively that she could play anything. It's a kind of romantic astigmatism that attacks producers when they fall for an actress.\"", "It's a kind of romantic astigmatism that attacks producers when they fall for an actress.\" Important films at MGM Ben Hur (1925) One of the first pictures he took charge of, Ben-Hur: A Tale of the Christ, was inherited and already in production by another studio when MGM was formed. The film was turning into a disastrous expense with cost overruns already in the millions due to its lavish sets and location shooting in Rome. Most studio executives chose to terminate the film to cut their losses.", "Most studio executives chose to terminate the film to cut their losses. Thalberg, however, felt differently, and thought the film would affect movie audiences, due to its classic literary source, and would highlight MGM as a major new studio. He, therefore, discarded much of the original footage shot in Italy and recreated the set on MGM's back lots in Culver City, which added more millions to the production, yet gave him more control over production.", "He, therefore, discarded much of the original footage shot in Italy and recreated the set on MGM's back lots in Culver City, which added more millions to the production, yet gave him more control over production. The new set also included a replica of Circus Maximus for the dramatic chariot race scenes. Flamini notes that Thalberg's \"gamble paid off,\" drawing international attention to MGM, and to Thalberg within the movie industry for his bold action.", "Flamini notes that Thalberg's \"gamble paid off,\" drawing international attention to MGM, and to Thalberg within the movie industry for his bold action. Mutiny on the Bounty (1935) Mutiny on the Bounty was the studio's next most expensive film after Ben Hur, with some now calling it \"Thalberg's masterpiece.\" He initially had difficulty convincing Mayer that he could make the film without making heroes of the mutineers.", "He initially had difficulty convincing Mayer that he could make the film without making heroes of the mutineers. He achieved that by instead making a hero of the British Royal Navy, whereby the officers and shipmates would from then on display their mutual respect. Thalberg also had to convince Clark Gable to accept the role against his will. He pleaded with Gable, eventually promising him that \"If it isn't one of your greatest successes, I'll never ask you again to play a part you don't want.\"", "He pleaded with Gable, eventually promising him that \"If it isn't one of your greatest successes, I'll never ask you again to play a part you don't want.\" The film's other main stars were Charles Laughton and Franchot Tone. The film was nominated for six Academy Awards, including Best Actor, and winning it for Best Picture. Thalberg accepted the award as producer from Frank Capra.", "Thalberg accepted the award as producer from Frank Capra. Thalberg accepted the award as producer from Frank Capra. Thalberg and Mayer partnership At first, Thalberg and studio chief Louis B. Mayer got along splendidly; however, they had different production philosophies. Thalberg preferred literary works, while Mayer preferred glitzy crowd-pleasing films. A clash was inevitable, and their relationship grew decidedly frosty. When Thalberg fell ill in the final weeks of 1932, Mayer took advantage of the situation and replaced him with David O. Selznick and Walter Wanger.", "When Thalberg fell ill in the final weeks of 1932, Mayer took advantage of the situation and replaced him with David O. Selznick and Walter Wanger. Thalberg's reputation by that time for working long hours was widely known, and rumors about the related strain on his fragile health had become front-page news in entertainment trade publications.", "Thalberg's reputation by that time for working long hours was widely known, and rumors about the related strain on his fragile health had become front-page news in entertainment trade publications. The Hollywood Reporter in January 1933 updated its readership about his condition and addressed growing concerns that he might be forced, despite his young age, to quit the business: Once Thalberg recovered sufficiently from his bout with the \"flu\" and was able to return to work later in 1933, it was as one of MGM's unit producers, albeit one who had first choice on projects as well as preferential access to all the studio's resources, including over casting its stars.", "The Hollywood Reporter in January 1933 updated its readership about his condition and addressed growing concerns that he might be forced, despite his young age, to quit the business: Once Thalberg recovered sufficiently from his bout with the \"flu\" and was able to return to work later in 1933, it was as one of MGM's unit producers, albeit one who had first choice on projects as well as preferential access to all the studio's resources, including over casting its stars. Thalberg's good relationship with Nicholas Schenck, then president of Loew's Incorporated, proved to be an ongoing advantage for him.", "Thalberg's good relationship with Nicholas Schenck, then president of Loew's Incorporated, proved to be an ongoing advantage for him. Loew's was the corporate parent of MGM, so Schenck was the true power and ultimate arbiter at the studio; and he usually supported Thalberg's decisions and continued to do so whenever disagreements about projects or production needs arose.", "Loew's was the corporate parent of MGM, so Schenck was the true power and ultimate arbiter at the studio; and he usually supported Thalberg's decisions and continued to do so whenever disagreements about projects or production needs arose. As a result, Thalberg also continued to produce or coproduce some of MGM's most prestigious and critically acclaimed ventures in this period, such as The Barretts of Wimpole Street (1934) starring his wife Norma Shearer, China Seas (1935), A Night at the Opera (1935), San Francisco (1936), and Romeo and Juliet (1936).", "As a result, Thalberg also continued to produce or coproduce some of MGM's most prestigious and critically acclaimed ventures in this period, such as The Barretts of Wimpole Street (1934) starring his wife Norma Shearer, China Seas (1935), A Night at the Opera (1935), San Francisco (1936), and Romeo and Juliet (1936). Personal life During his few years with Universal while living in New York, Thalberg had become romantically involved with Carl Laemmle's daughter, Rosabelle.", "Personal life During his few years with Universal while living in New York, Thalberg had become romantically involved with Carl Laemmle's daughter, Rosabelle. Still in his early twenties and later spending most of his time in Los Angeles, his feelings toward her were no longer as strong. Flamini suspects that this may have affected his position at Universal and partly caused his decision to leave the company. \"The Laemmles prayed that Irving would marry Rosabelle\", notes Flamini.", "\"The Laemmles prayed that Irving would marry Rosabelle\", notes Flamini. \"They wanted their sons to be educated and their daughters to marry nice Jewish boys.\" Less than a year after he and Mayer took charge of the newly created MGM studios, and still only twenty-five years old, Thalberg suffered a serious heart attack due to overwork. Mayer also became aware of Thalberg's congenital heart problems and now worried about the prospect of running MGM without him.", "Mayer also became aware of Thalberg's congenital heart problems and now worried about the prospect of running MGM without him. Mayer also became concerned that one of his daughters might become romantically involved, and told them so: Thalberg, aware of Mayer's feelings, made it a point of never giving too much attention to his daughters at social events. One of Thalberg's traits was his ability to work long hours into the night with little sign of fatigue.", "One of Thalberg's traits was his ability to work long hours into the night with little sign of fatigue. According to Vieira, Thalberg believed that as long as his mind was active in his work and he was not bored, he would not feel tired. Thalberg, who often got by with only five hours of sleep, felt that most people could get by with less than they realized. To keep his mental faculties at peak, he would read philosophical books by Bacon, Epictetus, or Kant.", "To keep his mental faculties at peak, he would read philosophical books by Bacon, Epictetus, or Kant. \"They stimulate me. I'd drop out of sight in no time if I didn't read and keep up with current thought—and the philosophers are brain sharpeners.\" During the early 1930s, Thalberg was ambivalent about political events in Europe. While he feared Nazism and the rise of Hitler, he also feared Communism.", "While he feared Nazism and the rise of Hitler, he also feared Communism. At the time, notes Vieira, \"given a choice between communism and fascism, many Americans—including Thalberg—would prefer the latter.\" Thalberg stated his opinion: When others suggested that many Jews could die in Germany as a result of Nazi anti-Semitism, he replied that in his opinion \"Hitler and Hitlerism will pass.\"", "Thalberg stated his opinion: When others suggested that many Jews could die in Germany as a result of Nazi anti-Semitism, he replied that in his opinion \"Hitler and Hitlerism will pass.\" On one occasion, Catholic Prince Löwenstein of Germany, who himself had almost been captured before fleeing Germany, told him: \"Mr. Thalberg, your own people are being systematically hunted down and rooted out of Germany.\" Thalberg suggested that world Jewry should nevertheless not interfere, that the Jewish race would survive Hitler.", "Thalberg suggested that world Jewry should nevertheless not interfere, that the Jewish race would survive Hitler. Within a few years, American film distribution was \"choked off\" in Germany. Led by Warner Brothers, all American studios eventually closed their German offices. Thalberg began dating actress Norma Shearer a few years after he joined MGM. Following her conversion to Judaism, they married on Thursday, September 29, 1927, in a private ceremony in the garden of his rented house in Beverly Hills.", "Following her conversion to Judaism, they married on Thursday, September 29, 1927, in a private ceremony in the garden of his rented house in Beverly Hills. Rabbi Edgar F. Magnin officiated at the event, with Shearer's brother Douglas Shearer giving the bride away, and Louis B. Mayer serving as best man. The couple drove to Monterey for their honeymoon and then moved into their newly constructed home in Beverly Hills.", "The couple drove to Monterey for their honeymoon and then moved into their newly constructed home in Beverly Hills. After their second child was born, Shearer considered retiring from films, but Thalberg convinced her to continue acting, saying he could find her good roles. She went on to be one of MGM's biggest stars of the 1930s. Their two children were Irving Jr. (1930–1987) and Katharine (1935–2006).", "Their two children were Irving Jr. (1930–1987) and Katharine (1935–2006). Death Thalberg and Shearer took a much-needed Labor Day weekend vacation in Monterey, California, in 1936, staying at the same beachfront hotel where they spent their honeymoon. A few weeks earlier, Thalberg's leading screenwriter, Al Lewin, had proposed doing a film based on a soon-to-be published book, Gone with the Wind.", "A few weeks earlier, Thalberg's leading screenwriter, Al Lewin, had proposed doing a film based on a soon-to-be published book, Gone with the Wind. Although Thalberg said it would be a \"sensational\" role for Gable, and a \"terrific picture,\" he decided not to do it: Besides, Thalberg told Mayer, \"[n]o Civil War picture ever made a nickel\". Shortly after returning from Monterey, Thalberg was diagnosed with pneumonia.", "Shortly after returning from Monterey, Thalberg was diagnosed with pneumonia. His condition worsened steadily and he eventually required an oxygen tent at home. He died on September 14, at the age of 37. Sam Wood, while directing A Day at the Races, was given the news by phone. He returned to the set with tears in his eyes and told the others. As the news spread \"the studio was paralyzed with shock\", notes Thomas.", "As the news spread \"the studio was paralyzed with shock\", notes Thomas. \"Work stopped and hundreds of people wept\", with stars, writers, directors, and studio employees \"all sharing a sense of loss at the death of a man who had been a part of their working lives\", states Flamini. His funeral took place two days later, and when the services began the other studios throughout Hollywood observed five minutes of silence.", "His funeral took place two days later, and when the services began the other studios throughout Hollywood observed five minutes of silence. Producer Sam Goldwyn \"wept uncontrollably for two days\" and was unable to regain his composure enough to attend. The MGM studio closed for that day. Services were held at the Wilshire Boulevard Temple that Thalberg had occasionally attended.", "Services were held at the Wilshire Boulevard Temple that Thalberg had occasionally attended. The funeral attracted thousands of spectators who came to view the arrival of countless stars from MGM and other studios, including Greta Garbo, Jean Harlow, the Marx Brothers, Charlie Chaplin, Walt Disney, Howard Hughes, Al Jolson, Gary Cooper, Carole Lombard, Mary Pickford, and Douglas Fairbanks, among the screen luminaries. The ushers who led them to their seats included Clark Gable, Fredric March, and playwright Moss Hart.", "The ushers who led them to their seats included Clark Gable, Fredric March, and playwright Moss Hart. Erich von Stroheim, who had been fired by Thalberg, came to pay his respects. Producers Louis B. Mayer, the Warner brothers, Adolph Zukor, and Nicholas Schenck sat together solemnly as Rabbi Magnin gave the eulogy.", "Producers Louis B. Mayer, the Warner brothers, Adolph Zukor, and Nicholas Schenck sat together solemnly as Rabbi Magnin gave the eulogy. Thalberg is buried in a private marble tomb in the Great Mausoleum at Forest Lawn Memorial Park in Glendale, California, lying at rest beside his wife Norma Shearer Arrouge (Thalberg's crypt was engraved \"My Sweetheart Forever\" by Shearer). Over the following days, tributes were published by the national press.", "Over the following days, tributes were published by the national press. Louis B. Mayer, his co-founding partner at Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, said he had lost \"the finest friend a man could ever have\", while MGM president Nicholas Schenck stated that \"Thalberg was the most important man in the production end of the motion-picture industry. Leading producers from the other studios also expressed their feelings in published tributes to Thalberg: David O. Selznick described him as \"beyond any question the greatest individual force for fine pictures.\"", "Leading producers from the other studios also expressed their feelings in published tributes to Thalberg: David O. Selznick described him as \"beyond any question the greatest individual force for fine pictures.\" Samuel Goldwyn called him \"the foremost figure in the motion-picture industry ... and an inspiration.\" M. H. Aylesworth, Chairman of RKO, wrote that \"his integrity, vision and ability made him the spearhead of all motion-picture production throughout the world.\"", "M. H. Aylesworth, Chairman of RKO, wrote that \"his integrity, vision and ability made him the spearhead of all motion-picture production throughout the world.\" Harry Warner, president of Warner Bros., described him as \"gifted with one of the finest minds ever placed at the service of motion-picture production.\" Sidney R. Kent, president of Twentieth Century Fox, said that \"he made the whole world richer by giving it the highest type of entertainment. He was a true genius.\"", "He was a true genius.\" He was a true genius.\" Columbia president Harry Cohn said the \"motion picture industry has suffered a loss from which it will not soon recover...\". Darryl F. Zanuck noted, \"More than any other man he raised the industry to its present world prestige.\" Adolph Zukor, chairman of Paramount, stated, \"Irving Thalberg was the most brilliant young man in the motion picture business.\" Jesse Lasky said, \"It will be utterly impossible to replace him.\"", "Jesse Lasky said, \"It will be utterly impossible to replace him.\" Among the condolences that came from world political leaders, President Franklin D. Roosevelt wrote, \"The world of art is poorer with the passing of Irving Thalberg. His high ideals, insight and imagination went into the production of his masterpieces.\" Among the pictures that were unfinished or not yet released at the time of his death were A Day at the Races, The Good Earth, Camille, Maytime, and Romeo and Juliet.", "Among the pictures that were unfinished or not yet released at the time of his death were A Day at the Races, The Good Earth, Camille, Maytime, and Romeo and Juliet. Groucho Marx, star of A Day at the Races, wrote, \"After Thalberg's death, my interest in the movies waned. I continued to appear in them, but ... The fun had gone out of picture making.\" Thalberg's widow, Norma Shearer, recalled, \"Grief does very strange things to you.", "Thalberg's widow, Norma Shearer, recalled, \"Grief does very strange things to you. I didn't seem to feel the shock for two weeks afterwards. ... then, at the end of those two weeks, I collapsed.\" Legacy in the movie industry Thalberg's legacy to the movie industry is \"incalculable\", states biographer Bob Thomas.", "Legacy in the movie industry Thalberg's legacy to the movie industry is \"incalculable\", states biographer Bob Thomas. He notes that with his numerous production innovations and grand stories, often turning classic literature and Broadway stage productions into big-screen pictures, he managed to keep \"American movies supreme throughout the world for a generation\". Darryl F. Zanuck, founder of 20th Century-Fox said that during Thalberg's brief career, he had become the \"most creative producer in the history of films\".", "Darryl F. Zanuck, founder of 20th Century-Fox said that during Thalberg's brief career, he had become the \"most creative producer in the history of films\". Thomas describes some of his contributions: Most of MGM's major films in the 1930s were, according to Flamini, \"in a very real sense\", made by Thalberg. He closely supervised the making of \"more pictures than any other producer in Hollywood's history\", and was considered the \"archetype of the creative producer\", adds Flamini.", "He closely supervised the making of \"more pictures than any other producer in Hollywood's history\", and was considered the \"archetype of the creative producer\", adds Flamini. Upon his early death, aged 37, an editorial in The New York Times called him \"the most important force\" in the motion picture industry. The paper added that for the film industry, he \"set the pace and others followed ... because his way combined style, glamour, and profit.\"", "The paper added that for the film industry, he \"set the pace and others followed ... because his way combined style, glamour, and profit.\" He is described by Flamini as having been \"a revolutionary in a gray flannel suit\". Thalberg refused to take credit as producer, and as a result, his name never appeared on the screen while he was alive. Thalberg claimed that \"credit you give yourself is not worth having\".", "Thalberg claimed that \"credit you give yourself is not worth having\". He also said \"If a picture is good, they'll know who produced it. If it's bad, nobody cares.\" His final film, released after he died, was The Good Earth (1937), which won numerous Academy Awards. Its opening screen credit was dedicated to Thalberg: In 1938, the new multimillion-dollar MGM administration building in Culver City was named for Thalberg.", "Its opening screen credit was dedicated to Thalberg: In 1938, the new multimillion-dollar MGM administration building in Culver City was named for Thalberg. The Irving G. Thalberg Memorial Award, presented by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences, also named for him, awards producers for consistently high production achievements. Cultural legacy The Last Tycoon In October 1939, American novelist F. Scott Fitzgerald began writing The Last Tycoon, a fictionalized biography of Thalberg, naming the protagonist Monroe Stahr to represent Thalberg.", "Cultural legacy The Last Tycoon In October 1939, American novelist F. Scott Fitzgerald began writing The Last Tycoon, a fictionalized biography of Thalberg, naming the protagonist Monroe Stahr to represent Thalberg. \"Thalberg has always fascinated me\", he wrote to an editor. \"His peculiar charm, his extraordinary good looks, his bountiful success, the tragic end of his great adventure. The events I have built around him are fiction, but all of them are things which might very well have happened. ...", "... ... I've long chosen him for a hero (this has been in my mind for three years) because he is one of the half-dozen men I have known who were built on a grand scale.\" Thomas notes that among the reasons Fitzgerald chose to write a book about a Thalberg-like character, was that \"throughout his literary career, Fitzgerald borrowed his heroes from friends he admired, and inevitably a bit of Fitzgerald entered the characterizations.\"", "Thomas notes that among the reasons Fitzgerald chose to write a book about a Thalberg-like character, was that \"throughout his literary career, Fitzgerald borrowed his heroes from friends he admired, and inevitably a bit of Fitzgerald entered the characterizations.\" Fitzgerald himself writes that \"When I like men, I want to be like them ...\" Fitzgerald and Thalberg had real-life similarities: both were prodigies, both had heart ailments, and they both died at early ages.", "Fitzgerald himself writes that \"When I like men, I want to be like them ...\" Fitzgerald and Thalberg had real-life similarities: both were prodigies, both had heart ailments, and they both died at early ages. According to biographer Matthew J. Bruccoli, Fitzgerald believed that Thalberg, with his \"taste and courage, represented the best of Hollywood. ... [and] saw Thalberg as a model for what could be done in the movies.\" Fitzgerald died before the novel was completed, however.", "Fitzgerald died before the novel was completed, however. Fitzgerald died before the novel was completed, however. Bruccoli writes of Fitzgerald's book: Although parallels between Monroe Stahr in the novel and Thalberg were evident, many who knew Thalberg intimately stated that they did not see similarities in their personalities. Norma Shearer said that the Stahr character was not at all like her former husband. In the 1976 film version, directed by Elia Kazan, Monroe Stahr was played by Robert De Niro.", "In the 1976 film version, directed by Elia Kazan, Monroe Stahr was played by Robert De Niro. Kazan, in his pre-production notes, described the Stahr character as he saw him: In the 2016 television series based on the novel, Monroe Stahr is played by Matt Bomer. Others Fitzgerald also based his short story \"Crazy Sunday\", originally published in the October 1932 issue of American Mercury, on an incident at a party thrown by Thalberg and Shearer.", "Others Fitzgerald also based his short story \"Crazy Sunday\", originally published in the October 1932 issue of American Mercury, on an incident at a party thrown by Thalberg and Shearer. The story is included in Fitzgerald's collection Taps at Reveille (1935). Thalberg was portrayed in the movie Man of a Thousand Faces (1957) by Robert Evans, who went on to become a studio head himself.", "Thalberg was portrayed in the movie Man of a Thousand Faces (1957) by Robert Evans, who went on to become a studio head himself. Thalberg was portrayed by Bill Cusack in Young Indiana Jones and the Hollywood Follies (1994), a TV film based on The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles, in which Indiana Jones is depicted as taking part in Thalberg's conflict with Erich von Stroheim over Foolish Wives.", "Thalberg was portrayed by Bill Cusack in Young Indiana Jones and the Hollywood Follies (1994), a TV film based on The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles, in which Indiana Jones is depicted as taking part in Thalberg's conflict with Erich von Stroheim over Foolish Wives. In 2020, Thalberg was played by Ferdinand Kingsley in the David Fincher film Mank Thalberg, played by Tobey Maguire, is rumored to appear in the upcoming movie Babylon.", "In 2020, Thalberg was played by Ferdinand Kingsley in the David Fincher film Mank Thalberg, played by Tobey Maguire, is rumored to appear in the upcoming movie Babylon. Filmography Producer Reputation (1921) The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1923) Merry-Go-Round (1923) His Hour (1924) He Who Gets Slapped (1924) The Unholy Three (1925) The Merry Widow (1925) The Tower of Lies (1925) The Big Parade (1925) Ben-Hur: A Tale of the Christ (1925) Torrent (1926) La Bohème (1926) Brown of Harvard (1926) The Road to Mandalay (1926) The Temptress (1926) Valencia (1926) Flesh and the Devil (1926) Twelve Miles Out (1927) The Student Prince in Old Heidelberg (1927) London After Midnight (1927) The Crowd (1928) Laugh, Clown, Laugh (1928) White Shadows in the South Seas (1928) Show People (1928) West of Zanzibar (1928) The Broadway Melody (1929) The Trial of Mary Dugan (1929) Voice of the City (1929) Where East Is East (1929) The Last of Mrs. Cheyney (1929) The Hollywood Revue of 1929 (1929) Hallelujah (1929) His Glorious Night (1929) The Kiss (1929) Anna Christie (1930) Redemption (1930) The Divorcee (1930) The Rogue Song (1930) The Big House (1930) The Unholy Three (1930) Let Us Be Gay (1930) Billy the Kid (1930) Way for a Sailor (1930) A Lady's Morals (1930) Inspiration (1931) Trader Horn (1931) The Secret Six (1931) A Free Soul (1931) Just a Gigolo (1931) Menschen hinter Gittern (1931), German-language version of The Big House (1930) The Sin of Madelon Claudet (1931) The Guardsman (1931) The Champ (1931) Possessed (1931) Private Lives (1931) Mata Hari (1931) Freaks (1932) Tarzan the Ape Man (1932) Grand Hotel (1932) Letty Lynton (1932) As You Desire Me (1932) Red-Headed Woman (1932) Smilin' Through (1932) Red Dust (1932) Rasputin and the Empress (1932) Strange Interlude (1932) Tugboat Annie (1933) Bombshell (1933) Eskimo (1933) La Veuve Joyeuse (1934) French-language version of The Merry Widow Riptide (1934) The Barretts of Wimpole Street (1934) The Merry Widow (1934) What Every Woman Knows (1934) Biography of a Bachelor Girl (1935) No More Ladies (1935) China Seas (1935) Mutiny on the Bounty (1935) A Night at the Opera (1935) Riffraff (1936) Romeo and Juliet (1936) Camille (1936) Maytime (1937) A Day at the Races (1937) Broadway Melody of 1938 (1937) The Good Earth (1937) Marie Antoinette (1938) Writer The Trap (1922) The Dangerous Little Demon (1922) Awards Academy Awards Notes Further reading Books Flamini, Roland.", "Filmography Producer Reputation (1921) The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1923) Merry-Go-Round (1923) His Hour (1924) He Who Gets Slapped (1924) The Unholy Three (1925) The Merry Widow (1925) The Tower of Lies (1925) The Big Parade (1925) Ben-Hur: A Tale of the Christ (1925) Torrent (1926) La Bohème (1926) Brown of Harvard (1926) The Road to Mandalay (1926) The Temptress (1926) Valencia (1926) Flesh and the Devil (1926) Twelve Miles Out (1927) The Student Prince in Old Heidelberg (1927) London After Midnight (1927) The Crowd (1928) Laugh, Clown, Laugh (1928) White Shadows in the South Seas (1928) Show People (1928) West of Zanzibar (1928) The Broadway Melody (1929) The Trial of Mary Dugan (1929) Voice of the City (1929) Where East Is East (1929) The Last of Mrs. Cheyney (1929) The Hollywood Revue of 1929 (1929) Hallelujah (1929) His Glorious Night (1929) The Kiss (1929) Anna Christie (1930) Redemption (1930) The Divorcee (1930) The Rogue Song (1930) The Big House (1930) The Unholy Three (1930) Let Us Be Gay (1930) Billy the Kid (1930) Way for a Sailor (1930) A Lady's Morals (1930) Inspiration (1931) Trader Horn (1931) The Secret Six (1931) A Free Soul (1931) Just a Gigolo (1931) Menschen hinter Gittern (1931), German-language version of The Big House (1930) The Sin of Madelon Claudet (1931) The Guardsman (1931) The Champ (1931) Possessed (1931) Private Lives (1931) Mata Hari (1931) Freaks (1932) Tarzan the Ape Man (1932) Grand Hotel (1932) Letty Lynton (1932) As You Desire Me (1932) Red-Headed Woman (1932) Smilin' Through (1932) Red Dust (1932) Rasputin and the Empress (1932) Strange Interlude (1932) Tugboat Annie (1933) Bombshell (1933) Eskimo (1933) La Veuve Joyeuse (1934) French-language version of The Merry Widow Riptide (1934) The Barretts of Wimpole Street (1934) The Merry Widow (1934) What Every Woman Knows (1934) Biography of a Bachelor Girl (1935) No More Ladies (1935) China Seas (1935) Mutiny on the Bounty (1935) A Night at the Opera (1935) Riffraff (1936) Romeo and Juliet (1936) Camille (1936) Maytime (1937) A Day at the Races (1937) Broadway Melody of 1938 (1937) The Good Earth (1937) Marie Antoinette (1938) Writer The Trap (1922) The Dangerous Little Demon (1922) Awards Academy Awards Notes Further reading Books Flamini, Roland. Thalberg: The Last Tycoon and the World of M-G-M (1994) Marx, Samuel.", "Thalberg: The Last Tycoon and the World of M-G-M (1994) Marx, Samuel. Mayer and Thalberg: The Make-believe Saints (1975) Thomas, Bob. Thalberg: Life and Legend (1969) Vieira, Mark A. Irving Thalberg's M-G-M. New York: Harry N. Abrams, 2008. Vieira, Mark A. Irving Thalberg: Boy Wonder to Producer Prince. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2009. Articles Starman, Ray.", "Berkeley: University of California Press, 2009. Articles Starman, Ray. Articles Starman, Ray. \"Irving Thalberg\", Films In Review, June/July 1987, p. 347–353 External links Irving Thalberg at TCM Cinemagraphe Review of the Roland Flamini biography of Thalberg: The Last Tycoon and the World of MGM Irving Thalberg at Virtual History Irving Thalberg profiled in Collier's Magazine (1924) Videos 1899 births 1936 deaths American film producers Film producers from California Producers who won the Best Picture Academy Award American film studio executives American male screenwriters Cinema pioneers Silent film directors Silent film producers Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer executives Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences founders Businesspeople from Los Angeles Hollywood history and culture California Republicans New York (state) Republicans USC School of Cinematic Arts faculty 20th-century American businesspeople Screenwriters from California Screenwriters from New York (state) People from Brooklyn American anti-communists American people of German-Jewish descent Deaths from pneumonia in California Burials at Forest Lawn Memorial Park (Glendale) 20th-century American male writers 20th-century American writers Jewish American writers 20th-century American screenwriters" ]

[ "Irving Thalberg", "Early years", "What year was he born?", "Thalberg was born in Brooklyn, to German Jewish immigrant parents,", "Who were his parents?", "Jewish immigrant parents, William and Henrietta (Haymann).", "Did he have any siblings?", "Shortly after birth, he was diagnosed with \"blue baby syndrome,\" caused by a congenital disease that limited the oxygen supply to his heart.", "Did this impact him at all in life?", "The prognosis from the family's doctor and specialists was that he might live to age twenty, or at most, age thirty.", "Where did he go to school?", "During his high school years in Brooklyn, he began having attacks of chest pains, dizziness and fatigue. This affected his ability to study,", "What caused his illness in high school?", "When he was 17, he contracted rheumatic fever, and was confined to bed for a year. His mother, Henrietta, to prevent him falling too far behind other students,", "Did he graduate?", "brought him homework from school, books, and tutors to teach him at home. She also hoped that the schoolwork and reading would distract him", "What did he do after school?", "When Thalberg returned to school, he finished high school but lacked the stamina for college, which he felt would have required constant late-night studying and cramming for exams.", "anything else in this article?", "Instead, he took part-time jobs as a store clerk, and in the evenings, to gain some job skills, taught himself typing, shorthand and Spanish at a night vocational school." ]

[ "Archibald Livingstone (August 10, 1827 – October 10, 1890) was a merchant and politician in Ontario, Canada. He served as mayor of Kingston in 1871. His surname also appears as Livingston in some sources.\n\nThe son of Duncan Livingstone and Christina McPherson, both natives of Scotland, he was born in Montreal. At the age of 14, he began work as a store clerk in Montreal. In 1846, he moved to Kingston, where he worked as a clerk for John Mowat. Livingstone later bought the store, going into business on his own. He served on Kingston council for about twelve years. He also served as president of the local Board of Trade. In 1854, Livingstone married Selina Scobell.\n\nHe died in Kingston at the age of 63.\n\nReferences \n\n1827 births\n1890 deaths\nMayors of Kingston, Ontario", "The Blonde Around the Corner () is a 1984 Soviet romantic comedy directed by Vladimir Bortko. It tells the story of an astrophysicist who begins to work at a grocery store where he falls in love with a saleswoman. The film became Bortko's breakthrough.\n\nPlot\nFormer astrophysicist Nikolai Gavrilovich (Andrey Mironov) who spent fifteen years in a fruitless search for extraterrestrial life, neither aspiring or succeeding to acquire material wealth in life, by fate gets the post of a porter at a local self-service supermarket, where he falls in love with Nadezhda (Tatyana Dogileva), a cute blonde salesgirl of the gastronomic department, whom as it turned out, he saw every morning at the bus stop. She is also fond of him. It is immediately obvious that the businesslike and living below her means Nadezhda is the antithesis of Nikolai — she is practical, penetrating, knows all the \"right people\" (and she herself is such — due to her access to coveted food products). But at the same time she is a hopeless romantic and listens to Nikolai's stories about his scientific quests.\n\nCharming Nadezhda as a salesperson is a genuine authority on the \"real\" life, to which she seeks to involve Nikolai, and sincerely does not understand his stubborn opposition towards her efforts. But she has decided everything and has all planned out. However, unable to cope with his new status and in such an atmosphere, Nikolai runs away from his own wedding.\n\nAfter receiving a positive confirmation concerning his line of research, he returns to his old job and is leaving for a research trip to the Far North ... Nadezhda promises to get a radio telescope which is required for her beau's work, but is very difficult to obtain, and goes along with him.\n\nCast\n Tatyana Dogileva as Nadezhda, shopgirl\n Andrey Mironov as Nikolay Gavrilovich Poryvaev, scientist-astronomer\n Mark Prudkin as Gavrila Maksimovich, Nikolay's father\n Yevgeniya Khanayeva as Tatyana Vasilyevna, Nikolay's mother\n Yelena Solovey as Regina, Nikolay's former bride\n Anatoly Slivnikov as Gena 'Crocodile', Nadezhda's brother\n Baadur Tsuladze as Rashid Rashidovich, head of meat department store\n Anatoly Ravikovich as store clerk\n Aleksei Zharkov as store clerk (voice by Yevgeny Kindinov)\n Pavel Kadochnikov as Ogurtsov, scientist-astronomer, Nikolay's chief (voice by Igor Efimov)\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\n1984 romantic comedy films\n1984 films\nFilms directed by Vladimir Bortko\nRussian-language films\nSoviet romantic comedy films\nSoviet films\nRussian romantic comedy films\nRussian films" ]

[ "Irving Grant Thalberg (May 30, 1899 – September 14, 1936) was an American film producer during the early years of motion pictures. He was called \"The Boy Wonder\" for his youth and ability to select scripts, choose actors, gather production staff, and make profitable films, including Grand Hotel, China Seas, A Night at the Opera, Mutiny on the Bounty, Camille and The Good Earth.", "He was called \"The Boy Wonder\" for his youth and ability to select scripts, choose actors, gather production staff, and make profitable films, including Grand Hotel, China Seas, A Night at the Opera, Mutiny on the Bounty, Camille and The Good Earth. His films carved out an international market, \"projecting a seductive image of American life brimming with vitality and rooted in democracy and personal freedom\", states biographer Roland Flamini.", "His films carved out an international market, \"projecting a seductive image of American life brimming with vitality and rooted in democracy and personal freedom\", states biographer Roland Flamini. He was born in Brooklyn, New York, and as a child was afflicted with a congenital heart disease that doctors said would kill him before he reached the age of thirty. After graduating from high school he worked as a store clerk during the day and to gain some job skills took a night class in typing.", "After graduating from high school he worked as a store clerk during the day and to gain some job skills took a night class in typing. He then found work as a secretary with Universal Studios' New York office, and was later made studio manager for their Los Angeles facility. There, he oversaw production of a hundred films during his three years with the company. Among the films he produced was The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1923).", "Among the films he produced was The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1923). In Los Angeles, he partnered with Louis B. Mayer's new studio and, after it merged with two other studios, helped create Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (MGM). He was made head of production of MGM in 1925, at the age of twenty-six, helping MGM become the most successful studio in Hollywood.", "He was made head of production of MGM in 1925, at the age of twenty-six, helping MGM become the most successful studio in Hollywood. During his twelve years with MGM, until his premature death at the age of 37, he produced four hundred films, most of which bore his imprint and innovations, including story conferences with writers, sneak previews to gain early feedback, and extensive re-shooting of scenes to improve the film.", "During his twelve years with MGM, until his premature death at the age of 37, he produced four hundred films, most of which bore his imprint and innovations, including story conferences with writers, sneak previews to gain early feedback, and extensive re-shooting of scenes to improve the film. In addition, he introduced horror films to audiences and coauthored the \"Production Code\", guidelines for morality followed by all studios.", "In addition, he introduced horror films to audiences and coauthored the \"Production Code\", guidelines for morality followed by all studios. During the 1920s and 1930s, he synthesized and merged the world of stage drama and literary classics with Hollywood films. Thalberg created numerous new stars and groomed their screen images.", "Thalberg created numerous new stars and groomed their screen images. Among them were Lon Chaney, Ramon Novarro, Greta Garbo, John Gilbert, Lionel Barrymore, Joan Crawford, Clark Gable, Jean Harlow, Wallace Beery, Spencer Tracy, Luise Rainer, and Norma Shearer, who became his wife. He had the ability to combine quality with commercial success, and was credited with bringing his artistic aspirations in line with the demands of audiences.", "He had the ability to combine quality with commercial success, and was credited with bringing his artistic aspirations in line with the demands of audiences. After his death, Hollywood's producers said he had been the world's \"foremost figure in motion-picture history\". President Franklin D. Roosevelt wrote, \"The world of art is poorer with the passing of Irving Thalberg. His high ideals, insight and imagination went into the production of his masterpieces.\"", "His high ideals, insight and imagination went into the production of his masterpieces.\" The Irving G. Thalberg Memorial Award, given out periodically by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences since 1937, has been awarded to producers whose body of work reflected consistently high quality films. Early years Thalberg was born in Brooklyn, to German Jewish immigrant parents, William and Henrietta (Haymann).", "Early years Thalberg was born in Brooklyn, to German Jewish immigrant parents, William and Henrietta (Haymann). Shortly after birth, he was diagnosed with \"blue baby syndrome\", caused by a congenital disease that limited the oxygen supply to his heart. The prognosis from the family's doctor and specialists was that he might live to the age of twenty, or at most, to thirty. During his high school years in Brooklyn, he began having attacks of chest pains, dizziness and fatigue.", "During his high school years in Brooklyn, he began having attacks of chest pains, dizziness and fatigue. This affected his ability to study, though until that time he was a good student. When he was 17 he contracted rheumatic fever, and was confined to bed for a year. His mother, in order to prevent him falling too far behind other students, brought him homework from school, books, and tutors to teach him at home.", "His mother, in order to prevent him falling too far behind other students, brought him homework from school, books, and tutors to teach him at home. She also hoped that the schoolwork and reading would distract him from the \"tantalizing sounds\" of children playing outside his window. With little to entertain him, he read books as a main activity. He devoured popular novels, classics, plays, and biographies.", "He devoured popular novels, classics, plays, and biographies. His books, of necessity, replaced the streets of New York, and led to his interest in classical philosophy and philosophers, such as William James. When Thalberg returned to school, he finished high school but lacked the stamina for college, which he felt would have required constant late-night studying and cramming for exams.", "When Thalberg returned to school, he finished high school but lacked the stamina for college, which he felt would have required constant late-night studying and cramming for exams. Instead, he took part-time jobs as a store clerk, and in the evenings, to gain some job skills, taught himself typing, shorthand and Spanish at a night vocational school.", "Instead, he took part-time jobs as a store clerk, and in the evenings, to gain some job skills, taught himself typing, shorthand and Spanish at a night vocational school. When he turned 18, he placed an advertisement in the local newspaper hoping to find better work: Career as producer Universal Studios He found work as an office secretary at Universal Pictures' New York office, and later became personal secretary to the studio's founder and president, Carl Laemmle.", "When he turned 18, he placed an advertisement in the local newspaper hoping to find better work: Career as producer Universal Studios He found work as an office secretary at Universal Pictures' New York office, and later became personal secretary to the studio's founder and president, Carl Laemmle. Among Thalberg's duties were transcribing and editing notes that Laemmle had written during screenings of his films. He earned $25 weekly, becoming adept at making insightful observations, which impressed Laemmle.", "He earned $25 weekly, becoming adept at making insightful observations, which impressed Laemmle. Laemmle took Thalberg to see his Los Angeles production facility, where he spent a month watching how movie production worked. Before returning to New York, Laemmle told Thalberg to remain and \"keep an eye on things for me.\" Two months later, Laemmle returned to California, partly to see how well Thalberg was able to handle the responsibilities he was given.", "Two months later, Laemmle returned to California, partly to see how well Thalberg was able to handle the responsibilities he was given. Thalberg gave him suggestions, and thus impressed Laemmle by his ability to understand and explain problems. Thalberg suggested, \"The first thing you should do is establish a new job of studio manager and give him the responsibility of watching day-to-day operations.\" Laemmle immediately agreed: \"All right. You're it.\" In shock, Thalberg replied, \"I'm what?\"", "In shock, Thalberg replied, \"I'm what?\" Laemmle told him to take charge of the Los Angeles studio, which he did in early 1919. When aged 20, Thalberg became responsible for immediately overseeing the nine ongoing film productions and nearly thirty scenarios then under development. In describing the rationale for this early appointment as studio manager, film historian David Thomson writes that his new job \"owed nothing to nepotism, private wealth, or experience in the film industry.\"", "In describing the rationale for this early appointment as studio manager, film historian David Thomson writes that his new job \"owed nothing to nepotism, private wealth, or experience in the film industry.\" He reasons that despite \"Thalberg's youth, modest education, and frail appearance ... it is clear that he had the charm, insight, and ability, or the appearance of it, to captivate the film world.\"", "He reasons that despite \"Thalberg's youth, modest education, and frail appearance ... it is clear that he had the charm, insight, and ability, or the appearance of it, to captivate the film world.\" Thalberg was one among the majority of Hollywood film industry workers who migrated from the East Coast, primarily from New York. Some film actors, such as Conrad Nagel, did not like the five-day train trip or the sudden warmth of the California climate.", "Some film actors, such as Conrad Nagel, did not like the five-day train trip or the sudden warmth of the California climate. Neither did Marion Davies, who was not used to such \"big wide spaces\". Samuel Marx, a close friend of Thalberg's from New York, recalled how easily Thalberg adapted to Southern California, often standing outside his doorway during moments of contemplation to enjoy the scenery. \"We were all young\", said comedian Buster Keaton. \"The air in California was like wine.", "\"The air in California was like wine. \"The air in California was like wine. Our business was also young—and growing like nothing ever seen before.\" Confrontation with Erich von Stroheim He quickly established his tenacity as he battled with well-known director Erich von Stroheim over the length of Foolish Wives (1922). Biographer Roland Flamini notes that the film was Universal's most expensive \"jewel\" ever in production, and its director and star, von Stroheim, was taking the film way over budget.", "Biographer Roland Flamini notes that the film was Universal's most expensive \"jewel\" ever in production, and its director and star, von Stroheim, was taking the film way over budget. Thalberg, now Universal's general manager, was forced to have the director quickly finalize production before the studio's working capital was used up. Flamini describes the situation: Thalberg had von Stroheim come to his office, which he did still wearing his film costume as a Russian Imperial Guard and escorted by members of his production team.", "Flamini describes the situation: Thalberg had von Stroheim come to his office, which he did still wearing his film costume as a Russian Imperial Guard and escorted by members of his production team. Thalberg calmly told him, \"I have seen all the film and you have all you need for the picture. I want you to stop shooting\", to which von Stroheim replied, \"But I have not finished as yet.\" \"Yes, you have\", said Thalberg.", "\"Yes, you have\", said Thalberg. \"Yes, you have\", said Thalberg. \"You have spent all the money this company can afford. I cannot allow you to spend any more.\" Thalberg quietly explained that the director worked under the producer, and it was his responsibility to control costs. Von Stroheim, surrounded by his assistants, then confronted Thalberg: \"If you were not my superior, I would smash you in the face.\"", "Von Stroheim, surrounded by his assistants, then confronted Thalberg: \"If you were not my superior, I would smash you in the face.\" Thalberg, unflinching, said \"Don't let that stop you.\" The result was that Thalberg soon afterward removed the cameras from von Stroheim's studio and took over editing. The uncut footage was pared down from five-and-a-half hours to three hours, to von Stroheim's deep dissatisfaction. A similar problem developed with von Stroheim's next film, Merry-Go-Round (1923).", "A similar problem developed with von Stroheim's next film, Merry-Go-Round (1923). Although he had promised Thalberg to remain within budget this time, he continued production until it went to twice the agreed length and was not yet near completion. Flamini speculates why this happened: Thalberg again called von Stroheim to his office, handed him a long letter written and signed by himself, describing the problems, and summarily fired von Stroheim as of that moment.", "Flamini speculates why this happened: Thalberg again called von Stroheim to his office, handed him a long letter written and signed by himself, describing the problems, and summarily fired von Stroheim as of that moment. Thalberg's letter stated among the reasons, totally inexcusable and repeated acts of insubordination ... extravagant ideas which you have been unwilling to sacrifice ... unnecessary delays ... and your apparent idea that you are greater and more powerful than the organization that employs you.", "Thalberg's letter stated among the reasons, totally inexcusable and repeated acts of insubordination ... extravagant ideas which you have been unwilling to sacrifice ... unnecessary delays ... and your apparent idea that you are greater and more powerful than the organization that employs you. His dismissal of von Stroheim was considered an \"earthquake in movie circles\", notes Flamini. Producer David O. Selznick said that \"it was the first time a director had been fired. It took great guts and courage ...", "It took great guts and courage ... It took great guts and courage ... Von Stroheim was utterly indifferent over money and could have gone on and spent millions, with nobody to stop him.\". The opinion was shared by director Rouben Mamoulian, who said that the \"little fellow at Universal\", in one bold stroke, had \"asserted the primacy of the studio over the director\" and forever altered the balance of power in the movie industry.", "The opinion was shared by director Rouben Mamoulian, who said that the \"little fellow at Universal\", in one bold stroke, had \"asserted the primacy of the studio over the director\" and forever altered the balance of power in the movie industry. Effects of his young age According to Flamini, his youth was a subject of conversation within the movie community. Executives from other studios, actors, and film crew, often mistook him to be a junior employee.", "Executives from other studios, actors, and film crew, often mistook him to be a junior employee. Movie columnist Louella Parsons, upon first being introduced to him, asked, \"What's the joke? Where's the new general manager?\"", "Where's the new general manager?\" Where's the new general manager?\" After five minutes of talking to Thalberg, however, she later wrote about \"Universal's Boy Wonder\": \"He might be a boy in looks and age, but it was no child's mind that was being asked to cope with the intricate politics of Universal City.\" Novelist Edna Ferber responded the same way, writing that \"I had fancied motion-picture producers as large gentlemen smoking oversized cigars.", "Novelist Edna Ferber responded the same way, writing that \"I had fancied motion-picture producers as large gentlemen smoking oversized cigars. But this young man whose word seemed so final at Universal City ... impressed me deeply.\" The male actors in the studio had a similar reaction. Lionel Barrymore, who was nearly twice his age, recalled their meetings: Thalberg likewise gained the respect of leading playwrights, some of whom also looked down on him due to his youth.", "Lionel Barrymore, who was nearly twice his age, recalled their meetings: Thalberg likewise gained the respect of leading playwrights, some of whom also looked down on him due to his youth. George S. Kaufman, co-author of Dinner at Eight, several Marx Brothers films, and two George Gershwin plays, came from New York to meet with Thalberg. Afterward he confided to his friend, Groucho Marx: \"That man has never written a word, yet he can tell me exactly what to do with a story.", "Afterward he confided to his friend, Groucho Marx: \"That man has never written a word, yet he can tell me exactly what to do with a story. I didn't know you had people like that out here.\" Actress Norma Shearer, whom he later married, was surprised after he greeted her at the door, then walked her to his office for her first job interview: \"Then you're not the office boy?\" she asked.", "she asked. she asked. He smiled, as he sat himself behind his desk: \"No, Miss Shearer, I'm Irving Thalberg, vice-president of the Mayer Company. I'm the man who sent for you.\" His younger-than-normal age for a studio executive was usually mentioned even after he left Universal to help start up MGM.", "His younger-than-normal age for a studio executive was usually mentioned even after he left Universal to help start up MGM. Screenwriter Agnes Christine Johnson, who worked with Thalberg for years, described his contribution during meetings: The same quality was observed by director and screenwriter Hobart Henley: \"If something that read well in conference turns out not so good on the screen, I go to him and, like that—Henley snaps his fingers—he has a remedy. He's brilliant.\"", "He's brilliant.\" He's brilliant.\" Another assistant producer to Thalberg explains: His youth also contributed to his open-mindedness to the ideas of others. Conrad Nagel, who starred in numerous Thalberg films, reported that Thalberg was generally empathetic to those he worked alongside: \"Thalberg never raised his voice. He just looked into your eyes, spoke softly, and after a few minutes he cast a spell on you.\"", "He just looked into your eyes, spoke softly, and after a few minutes he cast a spell on you.\" Studio attorney Edwin Loeb, who also worked to create AMPAS, explained that \"the real foundation of Irving's success was his ability to look at life through the eyes of any given person. He had a gift of empathy, and almost complete perspective.\" Those opinions were also shared by producer Walter Wanger: \"You thought that you were talking to an Indian savant.", "Those opinions were also shared by producer Walter Wanger: \"You thought that you were talking to an Indian savant. He could cast a spell on anybody.\" His talent as a producer was enhanced by his \"near-miraculous\" powers of concentration, notes film critic J. Hoberman. As a result, he was never bored or tired, and supplemented his spare time with reading for his own amusement, recalls screenwriter Bayard Veiller, with some of his favorite authors being Francis Bacon, Epictetus, and Immanuel Kant.", "As a result, he was never bored or tired, and supplemented his spare time with reading for his own amusement, recalls screenwriter Bayard Veiller, with some of his favorite authors being Francis Bacon, Epictetus, and Immanuel Kant. Film projects at Universal Biographer Bob Thomas writes that after three years at the studio, Thalberg continually proved his value. Universal's pictures improved noticeably, primarily due to Thalberg's \"uncanny sense of story.\"", "Universal's pictures improved noticeably, primarily due to Thalberg's \"uncanny sense of story.\" He took tight control over many key aspects of production, including his requirement that from then on scripts were tightly constructed before filming began, rather than during production. Thomas adds that he also \"showed a remarkable capacity for working with actors, casting them aptly and advising them on their careers.\"", "Thomas adds that he also \"showed a remarkable capacity for working with actors, casting them aptly and advising them on their careers.\" After producing two films that were in production when he began work at Universal, he presented Laemmle with his idea for a film based on one of his favorite classic stories, The Hunchback of Notre Dame. Rather than just a horror picture, Thalberg suggested turning it into a spectacle which would include a replica of the Notre Dame Cathedral in Paris. He had Lon Chaney play the hunchback.", "He had Lon Chaney play the hunchback. He had Lon Chaney play the hunchback. The film became Universal's most profitable silent film and established Chaney's career as a top-flight star. After nearly three years with Universal, Thalberg had supervised over a hundred movies, reorganized the studio to give more control to the managers, and had \"stopped the defection\" of many of their leading stars by offering them better, higher-paying contracts. He also produced a number of Universal's prestige films, which made the company profitable.", "He also produced a number of Universal's prestige films, which made the company profitable. However, he decided it was time to find a studio in Los Angeles more suitable to his skills, and spread word that he was available. Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (MGM) Cecil B. DeMille was the first who wanted to hire him, telling his partner Jesse Lasky, \"The boy is a genius. I can see it. I know it.\" Lasky opposed the hire, stating, \"Geniuses we have all we need.\"", "Lasky opposed the hire, stating, \"Geniuses we have all we need.\" Thalberg then received an offer from Hal Roach, but the offer was withdrawn because Thalberg lacked experience with slapstick comedy films. In late 1922, Thalberg was introduced to Louis B. Mayer, president of a small but dynamic and fast-growing studio. At that first meeting, Thalberg \"made a deep, immediate impression on Mayer\", writes Flamini.", "At that first meeting, Thalberg \"made a deep, immediate impression on Mayer\", writes Flamini. After Thalberg had left, Mayer said to studio attorney Edwin Loeb: \"Tell him if he comes to work for me, I'll look after him as though he were my son.\" Although their personalities were in many ways opposite, Mayer being more outspoken and nearly twice the younger man's age, Thalberg was hired as vice president in charge of production at Louis B. Mayer Productions.", "Although their personalities were in many ways opposite, Mayer being more outspoken and nearly twice the younger man's age, Thalberg was hired as vice president in charge of production at Louis B. Mayer Productions. Years later, Mayer's daughter Irene Mayer Selznick recalled that \"it was hard to believe anyone that boyish could be so important.\"", "Years later, Mayer's daughter Irene Mayer Selznick recalled that \"it was hard to believe anyone that boyish could be so important.\" According to Flamini, Thalberg was hired because, although Mayer was an astute businessman, \"what he lacked was Thalberg's almost unerring ability to combine quality with commercial success, to bring artistic aspiration in line with the demands of the box office.\"", "According to Flamini, Thalberg was hired because, although Mayer was an astute businessman, \"what he lacked was Thalberg's almost unerring ability to combine quality with commercial success, to bring artistic aspiration in line with the demands of the box office.\" Mayer's company subsequently merged with two others to become Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (MGM), with the 24-year-old Thalberg made part-owner and accorded the same position as vice president in charge of production. Three years after the merger, MGM became the most successful studio in Hollywood.", "Three years after the merger, MGM became the most successful studio in Hollywood. During his twelve years at MGM, Thalberg supervised the production of over four hundred films. Although Thalberg and his colleagues at MGM knew he was \"doomed\" to not live much past the age of 30 due to heart disease, he loved producing films. He continued developing innovative ideas and overseeing most of MGM's pictures.", "He continued developing innovative ideas and overseeing most of MGM's pictures. Under Thalberg's management, MGM released over 40% more films yearly than Warner Brothers, and more than double Paramount's releases. From 1924 until 1936, when Thalberg died at the age of 37, \"almost every film bore Thalberg's imprint\", wrote Mark Vieira. Production innovations Thalberg's production techniques \"broke new ground in filmmaking\", adds Vieira.", "Production innovations Thalberg's production techniques \"broke new ground in filmmaking\", adds Vieira. Among his contributions at MGM was his innovation of story conferences, sneak previews and scene retakes. He introduced the first horror films and coauthored the Production Code, the set of moral guidelines that all film studios agreed to follow. Thalberg helped synthesize and merge the world of stage drama and literary classics with Hollywood films. MGM thereby became the only movie studio to consistently show a profit during the Great Depression.", "MGM thereby became the only movie studio to consistently show a profit during the Great Depression. Flamini explains that the equation for MGM's success depended on combining stars, a Broadway hit or popular classic, and high standards of production. This combination at the time was considered a \"revolutionary approach\" in the film industry, which until then assumed a star was all that was needed for success, regardless of the story or production quality. The other studios began following MGM's lead with that same formula.", "The other studios began following MGM's lead with that same formula. Production techniques Thalberg generally followed a system in managing his productions. According to one of his assistants, Lawrence Weingarten, who later became a producer, \"Thalberg directed the film on paper, and then the director directed the film on film.\" Thalberg was generally opposed to location shooting overseas where he could not oversee production and control costs, as happened with Ben Hur.", "Thalberg was generally opposed to location shooting overseas where he could not oversee production and control costs, as happened with Ben Hur. Thus, he kept hundreds of back-lot carpenters at work creating realistic sets, as he did for fifteenth-century Romeo and Juliet (1936), or with China Seas (1935), to replicate the harbors of Hong Kong. Vieira points out that Thalberg's \"fascination with Broadway plays\" often had him create and present stories visually.", "Vieira points out that Thalberg's \"fascination with Broadway plays\" often had him create and present stories visually. For China Seas, for instance, he described for the screenwriters, director and others, exactly how he wanted the film to appear on screen: To be certain of achieving the desired effects, Thalberg made sure his cinematographers were careful in their use of light and shadow.", "For China Seas, for instance, he described for the screenwriters, director and others, exactly how he wanted the film to appear on screen: To be certain of achieving the desired effects, Thalberg made sure his cinematographers were careful in their use of light and shadow. Vieira observes that \"more than any other producer or any other studio, Thalberg and MGM manipulated lenses, filters, and lighting instruments to affect the viewer.\"", "Vieira observes that \"more than any other producer or any other studio, Thalberg and MGM manipulated lenses, filters, and lighting instruments to affect the viewer.\" As a result, he notes, \"most of Thalberg's films contain moments such as these, in which cinematic technique transcends mere exposition and gives the viewer something to treasure.\" Thalberg was supported by most of the studio in these kinds of creative decisions. \"It was a big family,\" notes Weingarten.", "\"It was a big family,\" notes Weingarten. \"If we had a success, everybody—and I mean every cutter, every painter, every plasterer—was excited about it, was abuzz, was in a tizzy about the whole idea of picture making.\" Taking risks with new subjects and stars In 1929, MGM released fifty films, and all but five showed a profit. Of those that failed, Hallelujah was also a gamble by Thalberg.", "Of those that failed, Hallelujah was also a gamble by Thalberg. When King Vidor, the film's producer and director, proposed the idea to Thalberg of a major film cast, for the first time, exclusively with African Americans, he told Thalberg directly, \"I doubt that it will make a dollar at the box office.\" Thalberg replied, \"Don't worry about that. I've told you that MGM can afford an occasional experiment.\"", "I've told you that MGM can afford an occasional experiment.\" By the early 1930s, a number of stars began failing at the box office, partly due to the Great Depression that was now undermining the economy, along with the public's ability to spend on entertainment. Thalberg began using two stars in a film, rather than one, as had been the tradition at all the studios, such as pairing Greta Garbo with John Gilbert, Clark Gable with Jean Harlow, and William Powell with Myrna Loy.", "Thalberg began using two stars in a film, rather than one, as had been the tradition at all the studios, such as pairing Greta Garbo with John Gilbert, Clark Gable with Jean Harlow, and William Powell with Myrna Loy. After experimenting with a few such films, including Mata Hari (1931), which were profitable, he decided on a multi-star production of another Broadway play, Grand Hotel (1932).", "After experimenting with a few such films, including Mata Hari (1931), which were profitable, he decided on a multi-star production of another Broadway play, Grand Hotel (1932). It had five major stars, including Garbo, Joan Crawford, John Barrymore, Lionel Barrymore, and Wallace Beery. \"Before Thalberg,\" writes Vieira, \"there was no Grand Hotel in the American consciousness.\" The film won the Oscar for Best Picture in 1932.", "The film won the Oscar for Best Picture in 1932. Thalberg went against consensus and took another risk with The Great Ziegfeld (1936), costarring Luise Rainer. Although Louis B. Mayer did not want her in the role, which he felt was too minor for a new star, Thalberg felt that \"only she could play the part\", wrote biographer Charles Higham. Shortly after shooting began in late 1935, doubts of Rainer's acting ability emerged in the press.", "Shortly after shooting began in late 1935, doubts of Rainer's acting ability emerged in the press. However, despite her limited appearances in the film, Rainer \"so impressed audiences with one highly emotional scene\" that she won the Academy Award for Best Actress. After her winning role in The Great Ziegfeld, Thalberg wanted her to play a role that was the opposite of her previous character, for The Good Earth (1937).", "After her winning role in The Great Ziegfeld, Thalberg wanted her to play a role that was the opposite of her previous character, for The Good Earth (1937). For the part as a Chinese peasant, she was required to act totally subservient to her husband, being perpetually huddled in submission, and barely spoke a word of dialogue during the entire film.", "For the part as a Chinese peasant, she was required to act totally subservient to her husband, being perpetually huddled in submission, and barely spoke a word of dialogue during the entire film. Rainer recalls that Mayer did not approve of the film being produced or her part in it: \"He was horrified at Irving Thalberg's insistence for me to play O-lan, the poor uncomely little Chinese peasant.\"", "Rainer recalls that Mayer did not approve of the film being produced or her part in it: \"He was horrified at Irving Thalberg's insistence for me to play O-lan, the poor uncomely little Chinese peasant.\" However, she again won the Oscar for Best Actress, becoming the first actress to win two consecutive Oscars, a feat not matched until Katharine Hepburn's two Oscar wins thirty years later.", "However, she again won the Oscar for Best Actress, becoming the first actress to win two consecutive Oscars, a feat not matched until Katharine Hepburn's two Oscar wins thirty years later. Grooming new stars Besides bringing a distinctive high quality \"look\" to MGM films and often recreating well-known stories or plays, Thalberg's actors themselves took on a characteristic quality. Thalberg wanted his female actors to appear \"cool, classy and beautiful,\" notes Flamini.", "Thalberg wanted his female actors to appear \"cool, classy and beautiful,\" notes Flamini. And he strove to make the male actors appear \"worldly and in control.\" In general, Thalberg movies and actors came to be \"luxurious,\" \"glossy,\" and \"technically flawless.\"", "In general, Thalberg movies and actors came to be \"luxurious,\" \"glossy,\" and \"technically flawless.\" By doing so, he made stars or boosted the careers of actors such as Lon Chaney, Ramon Novarro, John Gilbert, Greta Garbo, Joan Crawford, Clark Gable, Helen Hayes, Jean Harlow, Marie Dressler, Wallace Beery, John Barrymore, Lionel Barrymore and Luise Rainer.", "By doing so, he made stars or boosted the careers of actors such as Lon Chaney, Ramon Novarro, John Gilbert, Greta Garbo, Joan Crawford, Clark Gable, Helen Hayes, Jean Harlow, Marie Dressler, Wallace Beery, John Barrymore, Lionel Barrymore and Luise Rainer. Greta Garbo In 1925, a young Greta Garbo, then twenty, and unable to speak any English, was brought over from Sweden at Mayer's request, as he saw how she looked in still photos.", "Greta Garbo In 1925, a young Greta Garbo, then twenty, and unable to speak any English, was brought over from Sweden at Mayer's request, as he saw how she looked in still photos. A Swedish friend thought he would help her by contacting Thalberg, who then agreed to give her a screen test. According to author Frederick Sands, \"the result of the test was electrifying.\"", "According to author Frederick Sands, \"the result of the test was electrifying.\" Thalberg was impressed and began grooming the new starlet the following day: \"the studio arranged to fix her teeth, made sure she lost weight, and gave her an English tutor.\" Joan Crawford Joan Crawford's first role was a Thalberg production at MGM and she became one of their leading stars for the next thirty years.", "Joan Crawford Joan Crawford's first role was a Thalberg production at MGM and she became one of their leading stars for the next thirty years. Crawford was somewhat jealous of Norma Shearer as she thought she was given the better material by her husband Thalberg out of nepotism. Nevertheless, she felt that his contribution to MGM was vital to the film industry. Not long after his early death, she recalls her concerns: \"Thalberg was dead and the concept of the quality 'big' picture pretty much went out the window.\"", "Not long after his early death, she recalls her concerns: \"Thalberg was dead and the concept of the quality 'big' picture pretty much went out the window.\" Marie Dressler Thalberg also realized that old stars few had heard of could be made into new ones.", "Marie Dressler Thalberg also realized that old stars few had heard of could be made into new ones. Marie Dressler, a fifty-nine-year-old early vaudeville and movie star, who had played the top-billed lead, above Charles Chaplin and Mabel Normand), in the first feature-length comedy, Tillie's Punctured Romance (1914), was unable to get any roles in films after leaving show business for some years, finally working as a maid.", "Marie Dressler, a fifty-nine-year-old early vaudeville and movie star, who had played the top-billed lead, above Charles Chaplin and Mabel Normand), in the first feature-length comedy, Tillie's Punctured Romance (1914), was unable to get any roles in films after leaving show business for some years, finally working as a maid. MGM screenwriter Frances Marion suggested to Thalberg that she might fit well in a starring role for a new film, and was surprised that he knew of her prior successes.", "MGM screenwriter Frances Marion suggested to Thalberg that she might fit well in a starring role for a new film, and was surprised that he knew of her prior successes. Thalberg approved of using her without a screen test and offered his rationale: By 1932, shortly before she died, Dressler was the country's number one box office star.", "Thalberg approved of using her without a screen test and offered his rationale: By 1932, shortly before she died, Dressler was the country's number one box office star. Wallace Beery Marie Dressler was paired twice, in Min and Bill (1930) and Tugboat Annie (1933), with Wallace Beery, another major silent star who had been struggling to get work in sound pictures until Thalberg cast him.", "Wallace Beery Marie Dressler was paired twice, in Min and Bill (1930) and Tugboat Annie (1933), with Wallace Beery, another major silent star who had been struggling to get work in sound pictures until Thalberg cast him. Beery had enjoyed a hugely successful silent film career dating back to 1913, but had been fired by Paramount shortly after sound pictures appeared.", "Beery had enjoyed a hugely successful silent film career dating back to 1913, but had been fired by Paramount shortly after sound pictures appeared. Thalberg cast him in the role of \"Machine Gun Butch,\" which had been meant for recently deceased Lon Chaney, in The Big House (1930), an energetic prison picture that became a huge hit.", "Thalberg cast him in the role of \"Machine Gun Butch,\" which had been meant for recently deceased Lon Chaney, in The Big House (1930), an energetic prison picture that became a huge hit. Beery was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Actor for his performance, and his burgeoning career at MGM had transformed him into the studio's highest paid actor within two more years, during which time he won the Oscar for The Champ and had become a phenomenal box office draw as a result of Thalberg's foresight.", "Beery was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Actor for his performance, and his burgeoning career at MGM had transformed him into the studio's highest paid actor within two more years, during which time he won the Oscar for The Champ and had become a phenomenal box office draw as a result of Thalberg's foresight. Getting audience feedback and reshooting According to Vieira, MGM had few failures during this period, and numerous blockbusters.", "Getting audience feedback and reshooting According to Vieira, MGM had few failures during this period, and numerous blockbusters. Among the reasons was Thalberg's unique system of developing a script during story conferences with writers before filming began, and later giving \"sneak previews\" followed by audience feedback through written questionnaires. Often, where he felt improvement was needed, he arranged for scenes to be reshot. As Thalberg once stated, \"The difference between something good and something superior is often very small.\"", "As Thalberg once stated, \"The difference between something good and something superior is often very small.\" Bad decisions and missed opportunities Thalberg felt he had his \"finger on the pulse of America. I know what people will do and what they won't do,\" he said. His judgment was not always accurate, however. Thalberg's bringing Broadway productions to the screen to develop higher picture standards sometimes resulted in \"studied\" acting or \"stagey\" sets, notes Flamini.", "Thalberg's bringing Broadway productions to the screen to develop higher picture standards sometimes resulted in \"studied\" acting or \"stagey\" sets, notes Flamini. In 1927, after the successful release of the first full-length talking picture, The Jazz Singer (1927), he nevertheless felt that talking pictures were a fad. Thalberg likewise did not think that color would replace black-and-white in movies.", "Thalberg likewise did not think that color would replace black-and-white in movies. When an assistant protested against a script that envisioned a love scene in Paris with an ocean background, Thalberg refused to make changes, saying \"We can't cater to a handful of people who know Paris.\" A more serious distraction to Thalberg's efforts was his obsession with making his wife Norma Shearer a prominent star, efforts which sometimes led to \"overblown and overglamous\" productions.", "A more serious distraction to Thalberg's efforts was his obsession with making his wife Norma Shearer a prominent star, efforts which sometimes led to \"overblown and overglamous\" productions. Thalberg himself admitted to his obsession years later when he told a fellow producer: \"You're behaving like I did with Norma. I knew positively that she could play anything. It's a kind of romantic astigmatism that attacks producers when they fall for an actress.\"", "It's a kind of romantic astigmatism that attacks producers when they fall for an actress.\" Important films at MGM Ben Hur (1925) One of the first pictures he took charge of, Ben-Hur: A Tale of the Christ, was inherited and already in production by another studio when MGM was formed. The film was turning into a disastrous expense with cost overruns already in the millions due to its lavish sets and location shooting in Rome. Most studio executives chose to terminate the film to cut their losses.", "Most studio executives chose to terminate the film to cut their losses. Thalberg, however, felt differently, and thought the film would affect movie audiences, due to its classic literary source, and would highlight MGM as a major new studio. He, therefore, discarded much of the original footage shot in Italy and recreated the set on MGM's back lots in Culver City, which added more millions to the production, yet gave him more control over production.", "He, therefore, discarded much of the original footage shot in Italy and recreated the set on MGM's back lots in Culver City, which added more millions to the production, yet gave him more control over production. The new set also included a replica of Circus Maximus for the dramatic chariot race scenes. Flamini notes that Thalberg's \"gamble paid off,\" drawing international attention to MGM, and to Thalberg within the movie industry for his bold action.", "Flamini notes that Thalberg's \"gamble paid off,\" drawing international attention to MGM, and to Thalberg within the movie industry for his bold action. Mutiny on the Bounty (1935) Mutiny on the Bounty was the studio's next most expensive film after Ben Hur, with some now calling it \"Thalberg's masterpiece.\" He initially had difficulty convincing Mayer that he could make the film without making heroes of the mutineers.", "He initially had difficulty convincing Mayer that he could make the film without making heroes of the mutineers. He achieved that by instead making a hero of the British Royal Navy, whereby the officers and shipmates would from then on display their mutual respect. Thalberg also had to convince Clark Gable to accept the role against his will. He pleaded with Gable, eventually promising him that \"If it isn't one of your greatest successes, I'll never ask you again to play a part you don't want.\"", "He pleaded with Gable, eventually promising him that \"If it isn't one of your greatest successes, I'll never ask you again to play a part you don't want.\" The film's other main stars were Charles Laughton and Franchot Tone. The film was nominated for six Academy Awards, including Best Actor, and winning it for Best Picture. Thalberg accepted the award as producer from Frank Capra.", "Thalberg accepted the award as producer from Frank Capra. Thalberg accepted the award as producer from Frank Capra. Thalberg and Mayer partnership At first, Thalberg and studio chief Louis B. Mayer got along splendidly; however, they had different production philosophies. Thalberg preferred literary works, while Mayer preferred glitzy crowd-pleasing films. A clash was inevitable, and their relationship grew decidedly frosty. When Thalberg fell ill in the final weeks of 1932, Mayer took advantage of the situation and replaced him with David O. Selznick and Walter Wanger.", "When Thalberg fell ill in the final weeks of 1932, Mayer took advantage of the situation and replaced him with David O. Selznick and Walter Wanger. Thalberg's reputation by that time for working long hours was widely known, and rumors about the related strain on his fragile health had become front-page news in entertainment trade publications.", "Thalberg's reputation by that time for working long hours was widely known, and rumors about the related strain on his fragile health had become front-page news in entertainment trade publications. The Hollywood Reporter in January 1933 updated its readership about his condition and addressed growing concerns that he might be forced, despite his young age, to quit the business: Once Thalberg recovered sufficiently from his bout with the \"flu\" and was able to return to work later in 1933, it was as one of MGM's unit producers, albeit one who had first choice on projects as well as preferential access to all the studio's resources, including over casting its stars.", "The Hollywood Reporter in January 1933 updated its readership about his condition and addressed growing concerns that he might be forced, despite his young age, to quit the business: Once Thalberg recovered sufficiently from his bout with the \"flu\" and was able to return to work later in 1933, it was as one of MGM's unit producers, albeit one who had first choice on projects as well as preferential access to all the studio's resources, including over casting its stars. Thalberg's good relationship with Nicholas Schenck, then president of Loew's Incorporated, proved to be an ongoing advantage for him.", "Thalberg's good relationship with Nicholas Schenck, then president of Loew's Incorporated, proved to be an ongoing advantage for him. Loew's was the corporate parent of MGM, so Schenck was the true power and ultimate arbiter at the studio; and he usually supported Thalberg's decisions and continued to do so whenever disagreements about projects or production needs arose.", "Loew's was the corporate parent of MGM, so Schenck was the true power and ultimate arbiter at the studio; and he usually supported Thalberg's decisions and continued to do so whenever disagreements about projects or production needs arose. As a result, Thalberg also continued to produce or coproduce some of MGM's most prestigious and critically acclaimed ventures in this period, such as The Barretts of Wimpole Street (1934) starring his wife Norma Shearer, China Seas (1935), A Night at the Opera (1935), San Francisco (1936), and Romeo and Juliet (1936).", "As a result, Thalberg also continued to produce or coproduce some of MGM's most prestigious and critically acclaimed ventures in this period, such as The Barretts of Wimpole Street (1934) starring his wife Norma Shearer, China Seas (1935), A Night at the Opera (1935), San Francisco (1936), and Romeo and Juliet (1936). Personal life During his few years with Universal while living in New York, Thalberg had become romantically involved with Carl Laemmle's daughter, Rosabelle.", "Personal life During his few years with Universal while living in New York, Thalberg had become romantically involved with Carl Laemmle's daughter, Rosabelle. Still in his early twenties and later spending most of his time in Los Angeles, his feelings toward her were no longer as strong. Flamini suspects that this may have affected his position at Universal and partly caused his decision to leave the company. \"The Laemmles prayed that Irving would marry Rosabelle\", notes Flamini.", "\"The Laemmles prayed that Irving would marry Rosabelle\", notes Flamini. \"They wanted their sons to be educated and their daughters to marry nice Jewish boys.\" Less than a year after he and Mayer took charge of the newly created MGM studios, and still only twenty-five years old, Thalberg suffered a serious heart attack due to overwork. Mayer also became aware of Thalberg's congenital heart problems and now worried about the prospect of running MGM without him.", "Mayer also became aware of Thalberg's congenital heart problems and now worried about the prospect of running MGM without him. Mayer also became concerned that one of his daughters might become romantically involved, and told them so: Thalberg, aware of Mayer's feelings, made it a point of never giving too much attention to his daughters at social events. One of Thalberg's traits was his ability to work long hours into the night with little sign of fatigue.", "One of Thalberg's traits was his ability to work long hours into the night with little sign of fatigue. According to Vieira, Thalberg believed that as long as his mind was active in his work and he was not bored, he would not feel tired. Thalberg, who often got by with only five hours of sleep, felt that most people could get by with less than they realized. To keep his mental faculties at peak, he would read philosophical books by Bacon, Epictetus, or Kant.", "To keep his mental faculties at peak, he would read philosophical books by Bacon, Epictetus, or Kant. \"They stimulate me. I'd drop out of sight in no time if I didn't read and keep up with current thought—and the philosophers are brain sharpeners.\" During the early 1930s, Thalberg was ambivalent about political events in Europe. While he feared Nazism and the rise of Hitler, he also feared Communism.", "While he feared Nazism and the rise of Hitler, he also feared Communism. At the time, notes Vieira, \"given a choice between communism and fascism, many Americans—including Thalberg—would prefer the latter.\" Thalberg stated his opinion: When others suggested that many Jews could die in Germany as a result of Nazi anti-Semitism, he replied that in his opinion \"Hitler and Hitlerism will pass.\"", "Thalberg stated his opinion: When others suggested that many Jews could die in Germany as a result of Nazi anti-Semitism, he replied that in his opinion \"Hitler and Hitlerism will pass.\" On one occasion, Catholic Prince Löwenstein of Germany, who himself had almost been captured before fleeing Germany, told him: \"Mr. Thalberg, your own people are being systematically hunted down and rooted out of Germany.\" Thalberg suggested that world Jewry should nevertheless not interfere, that the Jewish race would survive Hitler.", "Thalberg suggested that world Jewry should nevertheless not interfere, that the Jewish race would survive Hitler. Within a few years, American film distribution was \"choked off\" in Germany. Led by Warner Brothers, all American studios eventually closed their German offices. Thalberg began dating actress Norma Shearer a few years after he joined MGM. Following her conversion to Judaism, they married on Thursday, September 29, 1927, in a private ceremony in the garden of his rented house in Beverly Hills.", "Following her conversion to Judaism, they married on Thursday, September 29, 1927, in a private ceremony in the garden of his rented house in Beverly Hills. Rabbi Edgar F. Magnin officiated at the event, with Shearer's brother Douglas Shearer giving the bride away, and Louis B. Mayer serving as best man. The couple drove to Monterey for their honeymoon and then moved into their newly constructed home in Beverly Hills.", "The couple drove to Monterey for their honeymoon and then moved into their newly constructed home in Beverly Hills. After their second child was born, Shearer considered retiring from films, but Thalberg convinced her to continue acting, saying he could find her good roles. She went on to be one of MGM's biggest stars of the 1930s. Their two children were Irving Jr. (1930–1987) and Katharine (1935–2006).", "Their two children were Irving Jr. (1930–1987) and Katharine (1935–2006). Death Thalberg and Shearer took a much-needed Labor Day weekend vacation in Monterey, California, in 1936, staying at the same beachfront hotel where they spent their honeymoon. A few weeks earlier, Thalberg's leading screenwriter, Al Lewin, had proposed doing a film based on a soon-to-be published book, Gone with the Wind.", "A few weeks earlier, Thalberg's leading screenwriter, Al Lewin, had proposed doing a film based on a soon-to-be published book, Gone with the Wind. Although Thalberg said it would be a \"sensational\" role for Gable, and a \"terrific picture,\" he decided not to do it: Besides, Thalberg told Mayer, \"[n]o Civil War picture ever made a nickel\". Shortly after returning from Monterey, Thalberg was diagnosed with pneumonia.", "Shortly after returning from Monterey, Thalberg was diagnosed with pneumonia. His condition worsened steadily and he eventually required an oxygen tent at home. He died on September 14, at the age of 37. Sam Wood, while directing A Day at the Races, was given the news by phone. He returned to the set with tears in his eyes and told the others. As the news spread \"the studio was paralyzed with shock\", notes Thomas.", "As the news spread \"the studio was paralyzed with shock\", notes Thomas. \"Work stopped and hundreds of people wept\", with stars, writers, directors, and studio employees \"all sharing a sense of loss at the death of a man who had been a part of their working lives\", states Flamini. His funeral took place two days later, and when the services began the other studios throughout Hollywood observed five minutes of silence.", "His funeral took place two days later, and when the services began the other studios throughout Hollywood observed five minutes of silence. Producer Sam Goldwyn \"wept uncontrollably for two days\" and was unable to regain his composure enough to attend. The MGM studio closed for that day. Services were held at the Wilshire Boulevard Temple that Thalberg had occasionally attended.", "Services were held at the Wilshire Boulevard Temple that Thalberg had occasionally attended. The funeral attracted thousands of spectators who came to view the arrival of countless stars from MGM and other studios, including Greta Garbo, Jean Harlow, the Marx Brothers, Charlie Chaplin, Walt Disney, Howard Hughes, Al Jolson, Gary Cooper, Carole Lombard, Mary Pickford, and Douglas Fairbanks, among the screen luminaries. The ushers who led them to their seats included Clark Gable, Fredric March, and playwright Moss Hart.", "The ushers who led them to their seats included Clark Gable, Fredric March, and playwright Moss Hart. Erich von Stroheim, who had been fired by Thalberg, came to pay his respects. Producers Louis B. Mayer, the Warner brothers, Adolph Zukor, and Nicholas Schenck sat together solemnly as Rabbi Magnin gave the eulogy.", "Producers Louis B. Mayer, the Warner brothers, Adolph Zukor, and Nicholas Schenck sat together solemnly as Rabbi Magnin gave the eulogy. Thalberg is buried in a private marble tomb in the Great Mausoleum at Forest Lawn Memorial Park in Glendale, California, lying at rest beside his wife Norma Shearer Arrouge (Thalberg's crypt was engraved \"My Sweetheart Forever\" by Shearer). Over the following days, tributes were published by the national press.", "Over the following days, tributes were published by the national press. Louis B. Mayer, his co-founding partner at Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, said he had lost \"the finest friend a man could ever have\", while MGM president Nicholas Schenck stated that \"Thalberg was the most important man in the production end of the motion-picture industry. Leading producers from the other studios also expressed their feelings in published tributes to Thalberg: David O. Selznick described him as \"beyond any question the greatest individual force for fine pictures.\"", "Leading producers from the other studios also expressed their feelings in published tributes to Thalberg: David O. Selznick described him as \"beyond any question the greatest individual force for fine pictures.\" Samuel Goldwyn called him \"the foremost figure in the motion-picture industry ... and an inspiration.\" M. H. Aylesworth, Chairman of RKO, wrote that \"his integrity, vision and ability made him the spearhead of all motion-picture production throughout the world.\"", "M. H. Aylesworth, Chairman of RKO, wrote that \"his integrity, vision and ability made him the spearhead of all motion-picture production throughout the world.\" Harry Warner, president of Warner Bros., described him as \"gifted with one of the finest minds ever placed at the service of motion-picture production.\" Sidney R. Kent, president of Twentieth Century Fox, said that \"he made the whole world richer by giving it the highest type of entertainment. He was a true genius.\"", "He was a true genius.\" He was a true genius.\" Columbia president Harry Cohn said the \"motion picture industry has suffered a loss from which it will not soon recover...\". Darryl F. Zanuck noted, \"More than any other man he raised the industry to its present world prestige.\" Adolph Zukor, chairman of Paramount, stated, \"Irving Thalberg was the most brilliant young man in the motion picture business.\" Jesse Lasky said, \"It will be utterly impossible to replace him.\"", "Jesse Lasky said, \"It will be utterly impossible to replace him.\" Among the condolences that came from world political leaders, President Franklin D. Roosevelt wrote, \"The world of art is poorer with the passing of Irving Thalberg. His high ideals, insight and imagination went into the production of his masterpieces.\" Among the pictures that were unfinished or not yet released at the time of his death were A Day at the Races, The Good Earth, Camille, Maytime, and Romeo and Juliet.", "Among the pictures that were unfinished or not yet released at the time of his death were A Day at the Races, The Good Earth, Camille, Maytime, and Romeo and Juliet. Groucho Marx, star of A Day at the Races, wrote, \"After Thalberg's death, my interest in the movies waned. I continued to appear in them, but ... The fun had gone out of picture making.\" Thalberg's widow, Norma Shearer, recalled, \"Grief does very strange things to you.", "Thalberg's widow, Norma Shearer, recalled, \"Grief does very strange things to you. I didn't seem to feel the shock for two weeks afterwards. ... then, at the end of those two weeks, I collapsed.\" Legacy in the movie industry Thalberg's legacy to the movie industry is \"incalculable\", states biographer Bob Thomas.", "Legacy in the movie industry Thalberg's legacy to the movie industry is \"incalculable\", states biographer Bob Thomas. He notes that with his numerous production innovations and grand stories, often turning classic literature and Broadway stage productions into big-screen pictures, he managed to keep \"American movies supreme throughout the world for a generation\". Darryl F. Zanuck, founder of 20th Century-Fox said that during Thalberg's brief career, he had become the \"most creative producer in the history of films\".", "Darryl F. Zanuck, founder of 20th Century-Fox said that during Thalberg's brief career, he had become the \"most creative producer in the history of films\". Thomas describes some of his contributions: Most of MGM's major films in the 1930s were, according to Flamini, \"in a very real sense\", made by Thalberg. He closely supervised the making of \"more pictures than any other producer in Hollywood's history\", and was considered the \"archetype of the creative producer\", adds Flamini.", "He closely supervised the making of \"more pictures than any other producer in Hollywood's history\", and was considered the \"archetype of the creative producer\", adds Flamini. Upon his early death, aged 37, an editorial in The New York Times called him \"the most important force\" in the motion picture industry. The paper added that for the film industry, he \"set the pace and others followed ... because his way combined style, glamour, and profit.\"", "The paper added that for the film industry, he \"set the pace and others followed ... because his way combined style, glamour, and profit.\" He is described by Flamini as having been \"a revolutionary in a gray flannel suit\". Thalberg refused to take credit as producer, and as a result, his name never appeared on the screen while he was alive. Thalberg claimed that \"credit you give yourself is not worth having\".", "Thalberg claimed that \"credit you give yourself is not worth having\". He also said \"If a picture is good, they'll know who produced it. If it's bad, nobody cares.\" His final film, released after he died, was The Good Earth (1937), which won numerous Academy Awards. Its opening screen credit was dedicated to Thalberg: In 1938, the new multimillion-dollar MGM administration building in Culver City was named for Thalberg.", "Its opening screen credit was dedicated to Thalberg: In 1938, the new multimillion-dollar MGM administration building in Culver City was named for Thalberg. The Irving G. Thalberg Memorial Award, presented by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences, also named for him, awards producers for consistently high production achievements. Cultural legacy The Last Tycoon In October 1939, American novelist F. Scott Fitzgerald began writing The Last Tycoon, a fictionalized biography of Thalberg, naming the protagonist Monroe Stahr to represent Thalberg.", "Cultural legacy The Last Tycoon In October 1939, American novelist F. Scott Fitzgerald began writing The Last Tycoon, a fictionalized biography of Thalberg, naming the protagonist Monroe Stahr to represent Thalberg. \"Thalberg has always fascinated me\", he wrote to an editor. \"His peculiar charm, his extraordinary good looks, his bountiful success, the tragic end of his great adventure. The events I have built around him are fiction, but all of them are things which might very well have happened. ...", "... ... I've long chosen him for a hero (this has been in my mind for three years) because he is one of the half-dozen men I have known who were built on a grand scale.\" Thomas notes that among the reasons Fitzgerald chose to write a book about a Thalberg-like character, was that \"throughout his literary career, Fitzgerald borrowed his heroes from friends he admired, and inevitably a bit of Fitzgerald entered the characterizations.\"", "Thomas notes that among the reasons Fitzgerald chose to write a book about a Thalberg-like character, was that \"throughout his literary career, Fitzgerald borrowed his heroes from friends he admired, and inevitably a bit of Fitzgerald entered the characterizations.\" Fitzgerald himself writes that \"When I like men, I want to be like them ...\" Fitzgerald and Thalberg had real-life similarities: both were prodigies, both had heart ailments, and they both died at early ages.", "Fitzgerald himself writes that \"When I like men, I want to be like them ...\" Fitzgerald and Thalberg had real-life similarities: both were prodigies, both had heart ailments, and they both died at early ages. According to biographer Matthew J. Bruccoli, Fitzgerald believed that Thalberg, with his \"taste and courage, represented the best of Hollywood. ... [and] saw Thalberg as a model for what could be done in the movies.\" Fitzgerald died before the novel was completed, however.", "Fitzgerald died before the novel was completed, however. Fitzgerald died before the novel was completed, however. Bruccoli writes of Fitzgerald's book: Although parallels between Monroe Stahr in the novel and Thalberg were evident, many who knew Thalberg intimately stated that they did not see similarities in their personalities. Norma Shearer said that the Stahr character was not at all like her former husband. In the 1976 film version, directed by Elia Kazan, Monroe Stahr was played by Robert De Niro.", "In the 1976 film version, directed by Elia Kazan, Monroe Stahr was played by Robert De Niro. Kazan, in his pre-production notes, described the Stahr character as he saw him: In the 2016 television series based on the novel, Monroe Stahr is played by Matt Bomer. Others Fitzgerald also based his short story \"Crazy Sunday\", originally published in the October 1932 issue of American Mercury, on an incident at a party thrown by Thalberg and Shearer.", "Others Fitzgerald also based his short story \"Crazy Sunday\", originally published in the October 1932 issue of American Mercury, on an incident at a party thrown by Thalberg and Shearer. The story is included in Fitzgerald's collection Taps at Reveille (1935). Thalberg was portrayed in the movie Man of a Thousand Faces (1957) by Robert Evans, who went on to become a studio head himself.", "Thalberg was portrayed in the movie Man of a Thousand Faces (1957) by Robert Evans, who went on to become a studio head himself. Thalberg was portrayed by Bill Cusack in Young Indiana Jones and the Hollywood Follies (1994), a TV film based on The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles, in which Indiana Jones is depicted as taking part in Thalberg's conflict with Erich von Stroheim over Foolish Wives.", "Thalberg was portrayed by Bill Cusack in Young Indiana Jones and the Hollywood Follies (1994), a TV film based on The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles, in which Indiana Jones is depicted as taking part in Thalberg's conflict with Erich von Stroheim over Foolish Wives. In 2020, Thalberg was played by Ferdinand Kingsley in the David Fincher film Mank Thalberg, played by Tobey Maguire, is rumored to appear in the upcoming movie Babylon.", "In 2020, Thalberg was played by Ferdinand Kingsley in the David Fincher film Mank Thalberg, played by Tobey Maguire, is rumored to appear in the upcoming movie Babylon. Filmography Producer Reputation (1921) The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1923) Merry-Go-Round (1923) His Hour (1924) He Who Gets Slapped (1924) The Unholy Three (1925) The Merry Widow (1925) The Tower of Lies (1925) The Big Parade (1925) Ben-Hur: A Tale of the Christ (1925) Torrent (1926) La Bohème (1926) Brown of Harvard (1926) The Road to Mandalay (1926) The Temptress (1926) Valencia (1926) Flesh and the Devil (1926) Twelve Miles Out (1927) The Student Prince in Old Heidelberg (1927) London After Midnight (1927) The Crowd (1928) Laugh, Clown, Laugh (1928) White Shadows in the South Seas (1928) Show People (1928) West of Zanzibar (1928) The Broadway Melody (1929) The Trial of Mary Dugan (1929) Voice of the City (1929) Where East Is East (1929) The Last of Mrs. Cheyney (1929) The Hollywood Revue of 1929 (1929) Hallelujah (1929) His Glorious Night (1929) The Kiss (1929) Anna Christie (1930) Redemption (1930) The Divorcee (1930) The Rogue Song (1930) The Big House (1930) The Unholy Three (1930) Let Us Be Gay (1930) Billy the Kid (1930) Way for a Sailor (1930) A Lady's Morals (1930) Inspiration (1931) Trader Horn (1931) The Secret Six (1931) A Free Soul (1931) Just a Gigolo (1931) Menschen hinter Gittern (1931), German-language version of The Big House (1930) The Sin of Madelon Claudet (1931) The Guardsman (1931) The Champ (1931) Possessed (1931) Private Lives (1931) Mata Hari (1931) Freaks (1932) Tarzan the Ape Man (1932) Grand Hotel (1932) Letty Lynton (1932) As You Desire Me (1932) Red-Headed Woman (1932) Smilin' Through (1932) Red Dust (1932) Rasputin and the Empress (1932) Strange Interlude (1932) Tugboat Annie (1933) Bombshell (1933) Eskimo (1933) La Veuve Joyeuse (1934) French-language version of The Merry Widow Riptide (1934) The Barretts of Wimpole Street (1934) The Merry Widow (1934) What Every Woman Knows (1934) Biography of a Bachelor Girl (1935) No More Ladies (1935) China Seas (1935) Mutiny on the Bounty (1935) A Night at the Opera (1935) Riffraff (1936) Romeo and Juliet (1936) Camille (1936) Maytime (1937) A Day at the Races (1937) Broadway Melody of 1938 (1937) The Good Earth (1937) Marie Antoinette (1938) Writer The Trap (1922) The Dangerous Little Demon (1922) Awards Academy Awards Notes Further reading Books Flamini, Roland.", "Filmography Producer Reputation (1921) The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1923) Merry-Go-Round (1923) His Hour (1924) He Who Gets Slapped (1924) The Unholy Three (1925) The Merry Widow (1925) The Tower of Lies (1925) The Big Parade (1925) Ben-Hur: A Tale of the Christ (1925) Torrent (1926) La Bohème (1926) Brown of Harvard (1926) The Road to Mandalay (1926) The Temptress (1926) Valencia (1926) Flesh and the Devil (1926) Twelve Miles Out (1927) The Student Prince in Old Heidelberg (1927) London After Midnight (1927) The Crowd (1928) Laugh, Clown, Laugh (1928) White Shadows in the South Seas (1928) Show People (1928) West of Zanzibar (1928) The Broadway Melody (1929) The Trial of Mary Dugan (1929) Voice of the City (1929) Where East Is East (1929) The Last of Mrs. Cheyney (1929) The Hollywood Revue of 1929 (1929) Hallelujah (1929) His Glorious Night (1929) The Kiss (1929) Anna Christie (1930) Redemption (1930) The Divorcee (1930) The Rogue Song (1930) The Big House (1930) The Unholy Three (1930) Let Us Be Gay (1930) Billy the Kid (1930) Way for a Sailor (1930) A Lady's Morals (1930) Inspiration (1931) Trader Horn (1931) The Secret Six (1931) A Free Soul (1931) Just a Gigolo (1931) Menschen hinter Gittern (1931), German-language version of The Big House (1930) The Sin of Madelon Claudet (1931) The Guardsman (1931) The Champ (1931) Possessed (1931) Private Lives (1931) Mata Hari (1931) Freaks (1932) Tarzan the Ape Man (1932) Grand Hotel (1932) Letty Lynton (1932) As You Desire Me (1932) Red-Headed Woman (1932) Smilin' Through (1932) Red Dust (1932) Rasputin and the Empress (1932) Strange Interlude (1932) Tugboat Annie (1933) Bombshell (1933) Eskimo (1933) La Veuve Joyeuse (1934) French-language version of The Merry Widow Riptide (1934) The Barretts of Wimpole Street (1934) The Merry Widow (1934) What Every Woman Knows (1934) Biography of a Bachelor Girl (1935) No More Ladies (1935) China Seas (1935) Mutiny on the Bounty (1935) A Night at the Opera (1935) Riffraff (1936) Romeo and Juliet (1936) Camille (1936) Maytime (1937) A Day at the Races (1937) Broadway Melody of 1938 (1937) The Good Earth (1937) Marie Antoinette (1938) Writer The Trap (1922) The Dangerous Little Demon (1922) Awards Academy Awards Notes Further reading Books Flamini, Roland. Thalberg: The Last Tycoon and the World of M-G-M (1994) Marx, Samuel.", "Thalberg: The Last Tycoon and the World of M-G-M (1994) Marx, Samuel. Mayer and Thalberg: The Make-believe Saints (1975) Thomas, Bob. Thalberg: Life and Legend (1969) Vieira, Mark A. Irving Thalberg's M-G-M. New York: Harry N. Abrams, 2008. Vieira, Mark A. Irving Thalberg: Boy Wonder to Producer Prince. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2009. Articles Starman, Ray.", "Berkeley: University of California Press, 2009. Articles Starman, Ray. Articles Starman, Ray. \"Irving Thalberg\", Films In Review, June/July 1987, p. 347–353 External links Irving Thalberg at TCM Cinemagraphe Review of the Roland Flamini biography of Thalberg: The Last Tycoon and the World of MGM Irving Thalberg at Virtual History Irving Thalberg profiled in Collier's Magazine (1924) Videos 1899 births 1936 deaths American film producers Film producers from California Producers who won the Best Picture Academy Award American film studio executives American male screenwriters Cinema pioneers Silent film directors Silent film producers Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer executives Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences founders Businesspeople from Los Angeles Hollywood history and culture California Republicans New York (state) Republicans USC School of Cinematic Arts faculty 20th-century American businesspeople Screenwriters from California Screenwriters from New York (state) People from Brooklyn American anti-communists American people of German-Jewish descent Deaths from pneumonia in California Burials at Forest Lawn Memorial Park (Glendale) 20th-century American male writers 20th-century American writers Jewish American writers 20th-century American screenwriters" ]

[ "Sakis Rouvas", "Kati Apo Mena, return to prominence and 21os Akatallilos (1998-2000)" ]

[ "The 1964 Lady Wigram Trophy was a motor race held at the Wigram Airfield Circuit on 18 January 1964. It was the thirteenth Lady Wigram Trophy to be held and was won by Bruce McLaren for the second year in succession in the Cooper T70. After having started eighth after a dismal performance in the preliminary heat, McLaren came through the pack to take the win in what he described as his greatest performance. Jack Brabham took second place after a strong performance throughout the weekend whilst Denny Hulme came home third after losing second on the final lap due to engine bearing issues.\n\nClassification\n\nReferences\n\nLady Wigram Trophy\nLady\nJanuary 1964 sports events in New Zealand", "Greatest Hits 1990–1992 is a compilation album by American country music artist Tanya Tucker. It was released by Liberty Records in April 1993, containing most of the singles from Tennessee Woman, What Do I Do with Me and Can't Run from Yourself (the Top 10 hit single \"Tell Me About It\" was omitted). No new material was recorded for the project. The album peaked at number 15 on the Top Country Albums chart and number 65 on the Billboard 200 and was certified Platinum by the RIAA.\n\nTrack listing\n\nChart performance\n\nReferences\n\n1993 greatest hits albums\nTanya Tucker albums\nLiberty Records compilation albums\nAlbums produced by Jerry Crutchfield" ]

[ "Anastasios \"Sakis\" Rouvas (, ; born 5 January 1972), also known mononymously as Sakis, is a Greek recording artist; model; film and television actor; businessman and former pole vaulter. Born in Corfu, he won medals on the national athletics team during the 1980s. Rouvas began a musical career in 1991 as one of Greece's first dance-pop performers. His tenor vocals, complex choreography, costumes, and technological advancements have been credited with transforming music videos and live performances.", "His tenor vocals, complex choreography, costumes, and technological advancements have been credited with transforming music videos and live performances. Rouvas is noted for avoiding domestic music, attaining success for a non-laïko or -éntekhno artist, and for breaking cultural, social, artistic, and generational barriers in Greece and Cyprus. During the early 1990s, Rouvas signed with PolyGram Records and won the Thessaloniki Song Festival.", "During the early 1990s, Rouvas signed with PolyGram Records and won the Thessaloniki Song Festival. Despite five commercially successful albums, his personal life (including his military service and 1997 Greek-Turkish peace concert, which damaged his public image) has been publicized. Rouvas signed with Minos EMI in 1997, returning to the charts with Kati Apo Mena (1998) and 21os Akatallilos (2000) and ending his 14-year collaboration with manager Ilias Psinakis.", "Rouvas signed with Minos EMI in 1997, returning to the charts with Kati Apo Mena (1998) and 21os Akatallilos (2000) and ending his 14-year collaboration with manager Ilias Psinakis. One of the few Greek entertainers to gain recognition abroad, he has been popular in the Balkans since the 1990s. By the 2010s, Rouvas had expanded his career to film, television, theatre and fashion.", "By the 2010s, Rouvas had expanded his career to film, television, theatre and fashion. His single \"Shake It\" is one of the best-selling CD singles of all time in Greece, his songs and videos, such as \"1992\", \"Aima, Dakrya & Idrotas\", \"Ela Mou\", \"Min Antistekesai\", \"Xana\", \"Tora Arhizoun Ta Dyskola\", \"Den Ehei Sidera I Kardia Sou\", \"Ypirhes Panta\", \"Antexa\", \"Se Thelo San Trelos\", \"+ Se Thelo\" and \"Sta Kalytera Mou\" have topped the popular Greek charts.", "His single \"Shake It\" is one of the best-selling CD singles of all time in Greece, his songs and videos, such as \"1992\", \"Aima, Dakrya & Idrotas\", \"Ela Mou\", \"Min Antistekesai\", \"Xana\", \"Tora Arhizoun Ta Dyskola\", \"Den Ehei Sidera I Kardia Sou\", \"Ypirhes Panta\", \"Antexa\", \"Se Thelo San Trelos\", \"+ Se Thelo\" and \"Sta Kalytera Mou\" have topped the popular Greek charts. Since 2003 Rouvas has been in a relationship with model Katia Zygouli, with whom he has four children.", "Since 2003 Rouvas has been in a relationship with model Katia Zygouli, with whom he has four children. He is involved in social issues, and has been praised for his dedication to philanthropic organizations. Rouvas has won six Arion Music Awards, 15 Pop Corn Music Awards, 22 MAD Video Music Awards, four Status Man of the Year Awards, an MTV Europe Music Award and a World Music Award.", "Rouvas has won six Arion Music Awards, 15 Pop Corn Music Awards, 22 MAD Video Music Awards, four Status Man of the Year Awards, an MTV Europe Music Award and a World Music Award. Several number-one albums and singles which have been certified gold or higher have made him one of Greece's most popular musical artists. Known for his independence, Rouvas' musical, fashion and performance styles have influenced other artists for over two decades.", "Known for his independence, Rouvas' musical, fashion and performance styles have influenced other artists for over two decades. In 2009 Down Town named him its \"Entertainer of the Decade\"; in 2010, Forbes listed him as the third-most-influential celebrity in Greece and the country's top-ranked singer.", "In 2009 Down Town named him its \"Entertainer of the Decade\"; in 2010, Forbes listed him as the third-most-influential celebrity in Greece and the country's top-ranked singer. Early life Rouvas was born on 5 January 1972 in Mantouki, a suburb of Corfu City on the island of Corfu, the eldest of four sons of Konstantinos \"Kostas\" Rouvas (an ambulance driver) and the teenaged Anna-Maria Panaretou (a duty-free shop clerk at the local airport).", "Early life Rouvas was born on 5 January 1972 in Mantouki, a suburb of Corfu City on the island of Corfu, the eldest of four sons of Konstantinos \"Kostas\" Rouvas (an ambulance driver) and the teenaged Anna-Maria Panaretou (a duty-free shop clerk at the local airport). He has three brothers: Billy (b. Vasilios, 1975), Tolis (b. Apostolos, 1977) and Nikos (b. Nikolaos, 1991).", "He has three brothers: Billy (b. Vasilios, 1975), Tolis (b. Apostolos, 1977) and Nikos (b. Nikolaos, 1991). The family was poor, and Rouvas began taking care of his brothers at age five. At age four, he exhibited athletic ability and took ballet classes as a child. His parents had a theatrical background, and at age ten Rouvas starred in his first theatrical production (An I Karharies Itan Anthropi; If Sharks Were People).", "His parents had a theatrical background, and at age ten Rouvas starred in his first theatrical production (An I Karharies Itan Anthropi; If Sharks Were People). His older co-stars were impressed with his talent. Soon afterwards Rouvas discovered music, which he enjoyed nearly as much as athletics. He taught himself guitar, inspired by international artists such as Elvis Presley. In 1984 his parents divorced; Rouvas and his brother Tolis moved to their paternal grandparents' home in the village of Potamos when their father remarried.", "In 1984 his parents divorced; Rouvas and his brother Tolis moved to their paternal grandparents' home in the village of Potamos when their father remarried. The young Rouvas held a variety of jobs to support his family, including work in an automobile repair shop, as a construction worker and a bartender. Since his early childhood he had difficulty in school, particularly in reading and writing. Working during the day, Rouvas went to school at night with his mother (who had not finished secondary school).", "Working during the day, Rouvas went to school at night with his mother (who had not finished secondary school). At age 15, Rouvas joined the Greek national track and field team as an admirer of Ukrainian pole-vaulter Sergey Bubka. His vaults were consistently high—averaging —and he won a number of national awards. Rouvas continued in athletics until age 18, believing he had a future in music and joining the Corfu Band. At his graduation, he sang hits by Elvis and The Beatles.", "At his graduation, he sang hits by Elvis and The Beatles. Rouvas began performing at local clubs and hotels; at To Ekati, he was seen by future manager Ilias Psinakis. He left Corfu at age 18, moving to Patras in search of a better future. Career Early commercial success (1991–93) After moving to Patras, Rouvas continued to look for performance opportunities until he met Dakis (a popular Greek artist who was the first person to help him professionally).", "Career Early commercial success (1991–93) After moving to Patras, Rouvas continued to look for performance opportunities until he met Dakis (a popular Greek artist who was the first person to help him professionally). Rouvas moved to Athens, and made his first professional appearance in 1991 at the Show Centre. His showmanship attracted the attention of music executives such as Nikos Mouratidis, who encouraged songwriter Giorgos Pavrianos to produce him.", "His showmanship attracted the attention of music executives such as Nikos Mouratidis, who encouraged songwriter Giorgos Pavrianos to produce him. Rouvas, singing Michael Jackson's \"Man in the Mirror\" was discovered by PolyGram executives who signed him to his first recording contract. Several months later he debuted at the Thessaloniki Song Festival, losing Best Vocal Performance to Giorgos Alkaios but singing the Best Composition (\"Par'ta\"; \"Take Them\", with music by Nikos Terzis and lyrics by Giorgos Pavrianos).", "Several months later he debuted at the Thessaloniki Song Festival, losing Best Vocal Performance to Giorgos Alkaios but singing the Best Composition (\"Par'ta\"; \"Take Them\", with music by Nikos Terzis and lyrics by Giorgos Pavrianos). There was a brief earthquake during the festival. Rouvas released his eponymous debut album, which topped the Greek Albums Chart, the day after the festival.", "Rouvas released his eponymous debut album, which topped the Greek Albums Chart, the day after the festival. \"Par'ta\" became a radio hit, and other songs of the album such as \"1992\", \"Ego S'agapo\" (\"I Love You\") and \"Gia Fantasou\" (\"Imagine\") also became popular. In September 1992 Rouvas released his second album, Min Andistekese (Don't Resist), also composed by Nikos Terzis.", "In September 1992 Rouvas released his second album, Min Andistekese (Don't Resist), also composed by Nikos Terzis. It produced the singles \"Gyrna\" (\"Return\"), \"Min Andistekese\", \"Na Ziseis Moro Mou\" (\"Live, My Baby\") and \"Me Kommeni Tin Anasa\" (\"Breathless\"), with a music video of the title track. The album's success helped establish Rouvas at the top of the Greek music scene.", "The album's success helped establish Rouvas at the top of the Greek music scene. In October 1993 Rouvas released his third album, Gia Sena (For You), with music by Alexis Papadimitriou and lyrics by Eleni Giannatsoulia and Evi Droutsa. The single \"Kane Me\" (\"Make Me\") became a radio hit, with \"To Xero Eisai Moni\" (\"I Know You Are Alone\") and \"Xehase To\" (\"Forget It\") also receiving airplay.", "The single \"Kane Me\" (\"Make Me\") became a radio hit, with \"To Xero Eisai Moni\" (\"I Know You Are Alone\") and \"Xehase To\" (\"Forget It\") also receiving airplay. Aima, Dakrya & Idrotas, Tora Arhizoun Ta Dyskola, and move to Minos EMI (1994–97) In the winter of 1994 Rouvas collaborated with singer-songwriter and record producer Nikos Karvelas on his fourth album, Aima, Dakrya & Idrotas (Blood, tears & sweat), and its singles \"Ela Mou\" (\"Come To Me\") and \"Xana\" (\"Again\") became radio hits.", "Aima, Dakrya & Idrotas, Tora Arhizoun Ta Dyskola, and move to Minos EMI (1994–97) In the winter of 1994 Rouvas collaborated with singer-songwriter and record producer Nikos Karvelas on his fourth album, Aima, Dakrya & Idrotas (Blood, tears & sweat), and its singles \"Ela Mou\" (\"Come To Me\") and \"Xana\" (\"Again\") became radio hits. Rouvas' collaboration with Karvelas was received skeptically by the media; when asked why he had chosen to collaborate with Rouvas, Karvelas said: \"Sakis is the only star out of a generation which produces dull artists.\"", "Rouvas' collaboration with Karvelas was received skeptically by the media; when asked why he had chosen to collaborate with Rouvas, Karvelas said: \"Sakis is the only star out of a generation which produces dull artists.\" In 1996 Rouvas released his fifth studio album, Tora Arhizoun Ta Dyskola (Now the Hard Times Start), again collaborating with Nikos Karvelas and lyricist Natalia Germanou.", "In 1996 Rouvas released his fifth studio album, Tora Arhizoun Ta Dyskola (Now the Hard Times Start), again collaborating with Nikos Karvelas and lyricist Natalia Germanou. During the winter he sang with Anna Vissi at the Chaos Club in Athens, appearing in the duet \"Se Thelo, Me Theleis\" (\"I Want You, You Want Me\", also written by Karvelas) on her 1997 album Travma (Trauma).", "During the winter he sang with Anna Vissi at the Chaos Club in Athens, appearing in the duet \"Se Thelo, Me Theleis\" (\"I Want You, You Want Me\", also written by Karvelas) on her 1997 album Travma (Trauma). In 2017 Rouvas and Burak Kut had recorded a duet in Greek and Turkish the previous year entitled \"Birgün/Otan\" (\"When\"), a cover of \"Someday\" for the Greek soundtrack of The Hunchback of Notre Dame (I Panagia Ton Parision, in which Rouvas voiced the role of Quasimodo) under the label of Minos EMI.", "In 2017 Rouvas and Burak Kut had recorded a duet in Greek and Turkish the previous year entitled \"Birgün/Otan\" (\"When\"), a cover of \"Someday\" for the Greek soundtrack of The Hunchback of Notre Dame (I Panagia Ton Parision, in which Rouvas voiced the role of Quasimodo) under the label of Minos EMI. Kati Apo Mena, return to prominence and 21os Akatallilos (1998–2000) In December 1998 Rouvas released his sixth album (the first with his new label): Kati Apo Mena (Something From Me), written by Giorgos Theofanous.", "Kati Apo Mena, return to prominence and 21os Akatallilos (1998–2000) In December 1998 Rouvas released his sixth album (the first with his new label): Kati Apo Mena (Something From Me), written by Giorgos Theofanous. \"Den Ehi Sidera I Kardia Sou\" (\"Your Heart Doesn't Have Steel Rails\") was a hit, and remains one of his most-popular songs. To promote the album Rouvas performed at the Virgin Megastore in Athens, where thousands of fans created a traffic jam.", "To promote the album Rouvas performed at the Virgin Megastore in Athens, where thousands of fans created a traffic jam. The next year, Rouvas records \"Oso Exo Esena\" (\"As Long As I Have You\"), a duet with singer Stelios Rokkos. The two artists work and perform together at Bio Bio in Athens during the summer. In March 2000 Rouvas released his seventh album, 21os Akatallilos (21+ X-Rated), and performed with Katy Garbi at Pili Axiou in Thessaloniki.", "In March 2000 Rouvas released his seventh album, 21os Akatallilos (21+ X-Rated), and performed with Katy Garbi at Pili Axiou in Thessaloniki. The album and its first single, \"Andexa\" (\"I Held Out\"), reached number one on the charts. During May rehearsals for summer performances Rouvas was hospitalized with abdominal pain, which was diagnosed as peritonitis and required an appendectomy. On 25 October 2000, he began appearing with Antonis Remos and Peggy Zina at Apollonas for the winter season.", "On 25 October 2000, he began appearing with Antonis Remos and Peggy Zina at Apollonas for the winter season. That year Rouvas became the Pepsi spokesperson for the company's Greek summer campaign making a first television ad, a first for a Greek entertainer. The Pepsi Tour 2001, of seven Greek cities, followed. Ola Kala, international exposure and To Hrono Stamatao (2001–04) In 2001, Rouvas signed with Universal Licensing Music (ULM) of Universal Music France after he was recommended by singer Nana Mouskouri.", "Ola Kala, international exposure and To Hrono Stamatao (2001–04) In 2001, Rouvas signed with Universal Licensing Music (ULM) of Universal Music France after he was recommended by singer Nana Mouskouri. He collaborated with American songwriter-producer Desmond Child and Phoebus on \"Disco Girl\"; it was a hit in Greece and certified platinum, winning Rouvas the Pop Singer of the Year award at the inaugural Arion Music Awards. The single was later released in France, with an English version written by Andreas Carlsson.", "The single was later released in France, with an English version written by Andreas Carlsson. Rouvas played 20 shows across France in support of \"Disco Girl\", which received ample airplay, and was compared to Latin pop star Ricky Martin. Rouvas' eighth album, Ola Kala (a collaboration with Desmond Child, Phoebus and Greek songwriters Natalia Germanou and Vangelis Konstantinidis), was released in June 2002. The album went gold in Greece within 11 days and platinum within 4 months.", "The album went gold in Greece within 11 days and platinum within 4 months. In April 2003, Rouvas appeared with Antonis Remos and Nana Mouskouri at the Arion Awards. He released his ninth album, To Hrono Stamatao (I Stop Time), in December; it was certified gold after its release. Songs from the album received radio airplay, and that month Rouvas began appearing at Fever with Giorgos Tsalikis and ONE for the winter season.", "Songs from the album received radio airplay, and that month Rouvas began appearing at Fever with Giorgos Tsalikis and ONE for the winter season. A Greek version of \"Feelings\" from the album, \"Pes Tis\" (\"Tell Her\"), was released as a single with the same video as its French- and English-language counterparts.", "A Greek version of \"Feelings\" from the album, \"Pes Tis\" (\"Tell Her\"), was released as a single with the same video as its French- and English-language counterparts. Eurovision and S'eho Erotefthi (2004–05) In March 2004, Hellenic Radio and Television (ERT) announced that Rouvas would represent Greece in the Eurovision Song Contest 2004 after the selection process on the reality show EuroStar proved unsatisfactory.", "Eurovision and S'eho Erotefthi (2004–05) In March 2004, Hellenic Radio and Television (ERT) announced that Rouvas would represent Greece in the Eurovision Song Contest 2004 after the selection process on the reality show EuroStar proved unsatisfactory. The show's winner was expected to represent Greece, with Nikos Terzis writing the song entry; however, ERT changed its plans when the winner's ability to perform under so much pressure was questionable and Rouvas expressed an interest in representing his country.", "The show's winner was expected to represent Greece, with Nikos Terzis writing the song entry; however, ERT changed its plans when the winner's ability to perform under so much pressure was questionable and Rouvas expressed an interest in representing his country. In mid-March \"Shake It\", with music by Terzis and lyrics by Nektarios Tyrakis, premiered on Greek radio.", "In mid-March \"Shake It\", with music by Terzis and lyrics by Nektarios Tyrakis, premiered on Greek radio. Originally, the song had Latin spirit and sound but Terzis changed it, combining the Greek traditional bouzouki sound with the Latin one to make it sound different from other Latin entries of the competition. At the third Arion Music Awards, he won Best Pop Singer for To Hrono Stamatao.", "At the third Arion Music Awards, he won Best Pop Singer for To Hrono Stamatao. In mid-April \"Shake It\" was released as a CD single, and Rouvas began a promotional tour of Europe for the contest; To Hrono Stamatao was reissued with a bonus \"Shake It\" single. The song remained number one on the Greek airplay charts for several weeks, and was number one on the IFPI Greece Top 50 singles chart for nine consecutive weeks. Rouvas was favored to win the Eurovision final.", "Rouvas was favored to win the Eurovision final. Rouvas was favored to win the Eurovision final. On 12 May 2004 he performed in the semi-final (appearing 10th out of 22), and performed 16th out of 24 in the 15 May 2004 final. Rouvas had two female dancers and three backing vocalists: the EuroStar winner and runners-up. Fokas Evangelinos, Rouvas' longtime choreographer, choreographed his stage show.", "Fokas Evangelinos, Rouvas' longtime choreographer, choreographed his stage show. \"Shake It\" finished third in the final, with Rouvas attracting great interest in the contest by Greek viewers (with a rating of 86.7 percent, the highest rating in Greek TV history at the time). Rouvas' appearance in Eurovision was a turning point in his career; his public perception changed from media-produced celebrity to notable pop artist, and he became more accessible to the media.", "Rouvas' appearance in Eurovision was a turning point in his career; his public perception changed from media-produced celebrity to notable pop artist, and he became more accessible to the media. In June 2004, Rouvas performed \"Shake It\" at the first MAD Video Music Awards, where he won Sexiest Appearance for the \"Pes Tis\" (\"Tell Her\") music video.", "In June 2004, Rouvas performed \"Shake It\" at the first MAD Video Music Awards, where he won Sexiest Appearance for the \"Pes Tis\" (\"Tell Her\") music video. On 7 July, Rouvas performed in Istanbul with Turkish artist (and 2003 Eurovision Song Contest winner) Sertab Erener in another attempt to maintain peace between the two countries.", "On 7 July, Rouvas performed in Istanbul with Turkish artist (and 2003 Eurovision Song Contest winner) Sertab Erener in another attempt to maintain peace between the two countries. In August he carried the Olympic torch through Panathinaiko Stadium and performed at the closing ceremony for the 2004 Summer Olympics, in which he was lowered to the stage from the air and sang a traditional Greek song, \"Karapiperim\".", "In August he carried the Olympic torch through Panathinaiko Stadium and performed at the closing ceremony for the 2004 Summer Olympics, in which he was lowered to the stage from the air and sang a traditional Greek song, \"Karapiperim\". In fall 2004, Rouvas recorded a duet version of \"Se Thelo San Trelos\" (\"I Want You Like Crazy\", from 21os Akatallilos) with Russian pop singer Philip Kirkorov.", "In fall 2004, Rouvas recorded a duet version of \"Se Thelo San Trelos\" (\"I Want You Like Crazy\", from 21os Akatallilos) with Russian pop singer Philip Kirkorov. In December he began performing with Giorgos Mazonakis at Fever for the winter season, with Elena Paparizou as their opening act. His show was praised; Georgia Laimou of E-go, known for scathing reviews, wrote: \"I have only good things to say about Sakis and I don't want to hear 'boo' from anyone.", "His show was praised; Georgia Laimou of E-go, known for scathing reviews, wrote: \"I have only good things to say about Sakis and I don't want to hear 'boo' from anyone. I don't think that a more neat, well-supported, professional, and generally flawless performance than Sakis' exists on the Athenian clubs.\" On 6 April 2005 Rouvas released his tenth album, S'eho Erotefthi (I'm in Love With You), which went platinum in five months and was eventually certified 3× platinum.", "On 6 April 2005 Rouvas released his tenth album, S'eho Erotefthi (I'm in Love With You), which went platinum in five months and was eventually certified 3× platinum. With Vodafone Greece as their main sponsor, release parties for the CD were held in Heraklion, Corfu, Thessaloniki, and Athens on the same day and \"S'eho Erotefti\", \"Hilia Milia\" (\"A Thousand Miles\"), \"Mila Tis\" (\"Talk to Her\"), \"Na M' Agapas\" (\"You Should Love Me\") and \"Cairo\" became radio hits.", "With Vodafone Greece as their main sponsor, release parties for the CD were held in Heraklion, Corfu, Thessaloniki, and Athens on the same day and \"S'eho Erotefti\", \"Hilia Milia\" (\"A Thousand Miles\"), \"Mila Tis\" (\"Talk to Her\"), \"Na M' Agapas\" (\"You Should Love Me\") and \"Cairo\" became radio hits. That year, Rouvas won the World Music Award as Best-Selling Greek Artist of 2004.", "That year, Rouvas won the World Music Award as Best-Selling Greek Artist of 2004. In September he gave a charity concert at the Olympic Indoor Hall for an audience of 20,000 (the largest production by any Greek entertainer until Rouvas surpassed the record in 2009), followed by a concert in Patras. Live Ballads, Eurovision and Iparhi Agapi Edo (2006) On 14 February 2006, Rouvas gave a Valentine's Day concert where he sang his popular ballads and cover versions of ballads by other Greek and foreign artists.", "Live Ballads, Eurovision and Iparhi Agapi Edo (2006) On 14 February 2006, Rouvas gave a Valentine's Day concert where he sang his popular ballads and cover versions of ballads by other Greek and foreign artists. The concert was recorded, videotaped and released as Live Ballads (Rouvas' first live album and video) later in April as a CD and CD/DVD package.", "The concert was recorded, videotaped and released as Live Ballads (Rouvas' first live album and video) later in April as a CD and CD/DVD package. The CD featured three new studio tracks—\"Horis Kardia\" (\"Without a Heart\"; Greek version of Damien Rice's \"The Blower's Daughter\"), \"Eisai Oli Mou H Zoi\" and an English-language version of \"S'eho Erotefthi\" entitled \"I'm in Love With You\"—and topped the Greek album chart.", "The CD featured three new studio tracks—\"Horis Kardia\" (\"Without a Heart\"; Greek version of Damien Rice's \"The Blower's Daughter\"), \"Eisai Oli Mou H Zoi\" and an English-language version of \"S'eho Erotefthi\" entitled \"I'm in Love With You\"—and topped the Greek album chart. On 3 April, Rouvas sang \"Horis Kardia\" at the Arion Music Awards, where he won Best Pop Album and Best Pop Singer for S'eho Erotefthi.", "On 3 April, Rouvas sang \"Horis Kardia\" at the Arion Music Awards, where he won Best Pop Album and Best Pop Singer for S'eho Erotefthi. In May the Eurovision Song Contest 2006 was held in Athens, since Greece won the contest the previous year and Rouvas was asked by ERT to host the semi-final and final with Maria Menounos. At the semi-finals, Rouvas opened the show by singing the Katrina and the Waves song \"Love Shine a Light\" with Menounos.", "At the semi-finals, Rouvas opened the show by singing the Katrina and the Waves song \"Love Shine a Light\" with Menounos. During the voting intermission, he performed \"I'm in Love With You\".", "During the voting intermission, he performed \"I'm in Love With You\". On 14 June, Rouvas performed \"Agapa Me\" (\"Love Me\"; Greek version of Julio Iglesias \"Abrázame\") and \"Na M' Agapas\" at the third MAD Video Music Awards, where he won Best Video by a Male Artist (for \"Na M' Agapas\") and Best-Dressed Artist in a Video (for \"Mila Tis\").", "On 14 June, Rouvas performed \"Agapa Me\" (\"Love Me\"; Greek version of Julio Iglesias \"Abrázame\") and \"Na M' Agapas\" at the third MAD Video Music Awards, where he won Best Video by a Male Artist (for \"Na M' Agapas\") and Best-Dressed Artist in a Video (for \"Mila Tis\"). At the end of the summer (6 September), he collaborated with Vodafone on a beach-party concert at Yabanaki known as \"Sakis on the Waves\".", "At the end of the summer (6 September), he collaborated with Vodafone on a beach-party concert at Yabanaki known as \"Sakis on the Waves\". On 13 November he began filming his feature-film debut, in Alter Ego and on 6 December 2006 Rouvas released his eleventh studio album, Iparhi Agapi Edo (There Is Love Here). \"Ego Travo Zori\" (I'm Having a Hard Time\") and \"18 (Iprarhi Agapi Edo)\" received radio airplay.", "\"Ego Travo Zori\" (I'm Having a Hard Time\") and \"18 (Iprarhi Agapi Edo)\" received radio airplay. The lyrics for \"Mikros Titanikos (Se Latrevo)\" (\"Little Titanic [I Adore You]\") were written by Yiannis Parios, and his son Harry Varthakouris composed the music. The album was certified platinum (selling over 40,000 copies as of April 2007).", "The album was certified platinum (selling over 40,000 copies as of April 2007). Film and television career, This Is My Live and Irthes (2007–08) Rouvas' Academy Awards prime-time special, Sakis Oscar Songs, aired on 20 February 2007 on Nova. The special was filmed at a private concert at Athens Arena, and featured Oscar-winning songs. In March, he began performing at Boom in Thessaloniki with Despina Vandi.", "In March, he began performing at Boom in Thessaloniki with Despina Vandi. On 10 May 2007 Village Roadshow Productions' Alter Ego premiered in theatres across Greece with the avant premiere being on 7 May. With a budget of €2 million, it was one of the most expensive productions in Greece. The film received mixed reviews and sold only one-fifth of the expected number of tickets. Its 200,000 tickets made Alter Ego an average success for Greek cinema, although Rouvas was disappointed in its media coverage.", "Its 200,000 tickets made Alter Ego an average success for Greek cinema, although Rouvas was disappointed in its media coverage. The film dealt with young musicians living the rock-and-roll lifestyle (including drug abuse) facing their inner fears in the loss of a loved one. Its soundtrack was recorded by the cast of the movie and Rouvas and the theme song, \"Zise Ti Zoi\" (\"Live Life\"), reached the top 10. On 29 June 2008, Alter Ego was screened at a Los Angeles Greek festival.", "On 29 June 2008, Alter Ego was screened at a Los Angeles Greek festival. On 20 July 2007, Rouvas performed in Ptolemaida, Kozani as part of the Expedition for Environment Act Now! On 10 September 2007, his concert at the Lycabettus theater as part of an OPAP campaign encouraging blood donation was recorded and was released as a CD/DVD on 12 December 2007 entitled This Is My Live. The album also featured his last single \"Stous 31 Dromous\" (\"On 31 Roads\").", "The album also featured his last single \"Stous 31 Dromous\" (\"On 31 Roads\"). On 29 October, Rouvas received his sixth Arion (Best Pop Song for \"Ola Gyro Sou Gyrizoun\") from five nominations, although he was absent from the ceremony. In spring 2008, Rouvas and Antonis Remos toured North America, Australia and South Africa.", "In spring 2008, Rouvas and Antonis Remos toured North America, Australia and South Africa. Rouvas' song \"+ Se Thelo\" (\"And I Want You\") by Dimitris Kontopoulos, became a radio hit and a video with footage from the July 2008 MAD Video Music Awards, was released at the end of the year. \"+ Se Thelo\" became a staple of Rouvas' career.", "\"+ Se Thelo\" became a staple of Rouvas' career. It was a critical landmark, a rare case of a Greek artist breaking generational barriers and producing a hit of that magnitude nearly two decades into their career. In July 2008 Rouvas was announced as host for the first season of the Greek version of The X Factor, which premiered on 24 October. Rouvas was Greece's representative—singing \"Stous 31 Dromous\"—in the OGAE Song Contest, placing third behind Croatia and the United Kingdom.", "Rouvas was Greece's representative—singing \"Stous 31 Dromous\"—in the OGAE Song Contest, placing third behind Croatia and the United Kingdom. On 3 December, Rouvas released his 12th studio album, Irthes (You Arrived), produced by Dimitris Kontopoulos. The same titled song \"Irthes\" was released few days earlier, on 20 November, and it was dedicated to his newborn daughter. The following day, on 4 December, he premiered his winter concert series with the Maggira Sisters at STARZ.", "The following day, on 4 December, he premiered his winter concert series with the Maggira Sisters at STARZ. Eurovision, Duress, Parafora and business career (2009–2012) ERT made an early announcement confirming that Rouvas would again be Greece's entry in the Eurovision Song Contest 2009.", "Eurovision, Duress, Parafora and business career (2009–2012) ERT made an early announcement confirming that Rouvas would again be Greece's entry in the Eurovision Song Contest 2009. He performed his three songs (\"Out of Control\", \"Right on Time\" and \"This Is Our Night\", all composed by Dimitris Kontopoulos) at the Greek finals in February; the latter was the runaway winner with the jury and the viewers, winning 61 percent of the vote (the largest margin ever, and the most votes received by ERT in a national final).", "He performed his three songs (\"Out of Control\", \"Right on Time\" and \"This Is Our Night\", all composed by Dimitris Kontopoulos) at the Greek finals in February; the latter was the runaway winner with the jury and the viewers, winning 61 percent of the vote (the largest margin ever, and the most votes received by ERT in a national final). The song debuted at number one on the Greek Digital Singles chart, while Rouvas embarked on a promotional tour of Europe.", "The song debuted at number one on the Greek Digital Singles chart, while Rouvas embarked on a promotional tour of Europe. He said publicly that he hoped to return the contest to Greece the following year. A win was widely anticipated by the Greek public, with the country being one of the three favorites among the Eurovision fans. However, Rouvas finished seventh in the final. The singer and the Greek public were disappointed with the result, and he issued a public apology for his loss.", "The singer and the Greek public were disappointed with the result, and he issued a public apology for his loss. Rouvas received universal support from the public and the media, a first for a Greek Eurovision entrant regardless of result. On 27 March Rouvas was appointed by ELPIDA Charity Foundation president and UNESCO Goodwill Ambassador Marianna Vardinoyannis as a \"messenger\" for the foundation, a charity for children with cancer, publicly recognizing his longtime behind-the-scenes support.", "On 27 March Rouvas was appointed by ELPIDA Charity Foundation president and UNESCO Goodwill Ambassador Marianna Vardinoyannis as a \"messenger\" for the foundation, a charity for children with cancer, publicly recognizing his longtime behind-the-scenes support. He joined fast food chain Goody's in its ArGOODaki campaign, and donated €300,000 to the foundation in April. That month Rouvas and Zygouli introduced beauty company Mariella Nails Body and Mind Care, of which they own 25 percent.", "That month Rouvas and Zygouli introduced beauty company Mariella Nails Body and Mind Care, of which they own 25 percent. On 1 July 2009, Rouvas performed a sold-out concert in support of environmental issues at Panathenaic Stadium before an audience of 40,000. He was one of the few musicians permitted to perform at the venue; it was the largest attendance ever at the stadium for a non-sporting event, and the largest attendance for a single musical artist in Greek history.", "He was one of the few musicians permitted to perform at the venue; it was the largest attendance ever at the stadium for a non-sporting event, and the largest attendance for a single musical artist in Greek history. The concert, organized by the National Youth Council, coincided with the start of the national public smoking ban. The sold-out Sakis Live Tour visited an additional 10 cities from July to September, and he performed a sold-out concert series at Politia Live Clubbing in Thessaloniki.", "The sold-out Sakis Live Tour visited an additional 10 cities from July to September, and he performed a sold-out concert series at Politia Live Clubbing in Thessaloniki. In October, the singer returned to host the second season of the Greek version of The X Factor and dubbed the voice of Captain Charles T. Baker in the Greek version of Planet 51. He made his American film debut in the psychological thriller Duress, with Martin Donovan.", "He made his American film debut in the psychological thriller Duress, with Martin Donovan. The film was screened at festivals in Poland and Russia, and was given a wide theatrical release in December by Greek distributor Hollywood Entertainment. It was expected to be released on home video in the United States. Rouvas performed at his new S Club for the winter 2009–10 season (with Tamta, Eleftheria Eleftheriou and the American rapper Gifted) and opened sushi restaurant EDO.", "Rouvas performed at his new S Club for the winter 2009–10 season (with Tamta, Eleftheria Eleftheriou and the American rapper Gifted) and opened sushi restaurant EDO. On 2 March 2010 the successful S Club caught fire, sustaining up to €4 million in damage. The cause of the fire was unknown, but Athens police suspected arson by rival club owners since witnesses reported seeing containers of gasoline.", "The cause of the fire was unknown, but Athens police suspected arson by rival club owners since witnesses reported seeing containers of gasoline. After repairs, Rouvas' show resumed from 19 March to 9 April and moved to Thessaloniki on 7 May for a six-week engagement at Politia Live Clubbing. He appeared on Tamta's single \"Tharros I Alitheia\" for her album of the same name. The song became a major club hit, and won a MAD Video Music Award for Best Duet–Collaboration Video.", "The song became a major club hit, and won a MAD Video Music Award for Best Duet–Collaboration Video. Rouvas' 13th studio album, Parafora, was released on 14 December 2010 and topped the IFPI Top 75 Albums chart. It shipped 24,000 copies its first week, for a double-platinum certification. The album's first single (\"Spase Ton Hrono\") was Rouvas' fourth consecutive single to reach number one on all Greek charts.", "The album's first single (\"Spase Ton Hrono\") was Rouvas' fourth consecutive single to reach number one on all Greek charts. It won Best Balkan Song from Greece at the first Balkan Music Awards; its video gave Rouvas five MAD Video Music Awards nominations (more than any other video) and Best Pop Video, Artist of the Year and Fashion Icon of the Year awards.", "It won Best Balkan Song from Greece at the first Balkan Music Awards; its video gave Rouvas five MAD Video Music Awards nominations (more than any other video) and Best Pop Video, Artist of the Year and Fashion Icon of the Year awards. The song also contributed to Rouvas' MTV Europe Music Award for Best Greek Act at the MTV Europe Music Awards 2010, and he was shortlisted for the MTV Europe Music Award for Best European Act.", "The song also contributed to Rouvas' MTV Europe Music Award for Best Greek Act at the MTV Europe Music Awards 2010, and he was shortlisted for the MTV Europe Music Award for Best European Act. \"Emena Thes\", the second single, was released in May and peaked at number five on the mixed-airplay and digital sales charts. The title track was released in October; it was number one on the domestic-airplay chart for three weeks and peaked at number two on the mixed-airplay chart.", "The title track was released in October; it was number one on the domestic-airplay chart for three weeks and peaked at number two on the mixed-airplay chart. The album's fourth single, \"Oi dyo mas\" was released in late February 2011. Its video clip was released at the end of March, when the song topped the national-airplay chart. For the second consecutive year, Rouvas was Singer of the Year at the Status Men of the Year Awards.", "For the second consecutive year, Rouvas was Singer of the Year at the Status Men of the Year Awards. In June Rouvas and his brother, Vasilis, launched TV and film production company Sakis Rouvas Kinematografos EPE, and on 14 July Rouvas ended the Greek French Embassy's Bastille Day celebration with renditions of the French and Greek national anthems. His eight-city summer tour lasted from 24 July to 19 September.", "His eight-city summer tour lasted from 24 July to 19 September. At a 27 July stop in Corinth he introduced the Sakis Rouvas Collection of clothing (to which he had creative input) to Greek retailer Sprider Stores. The collection, for men and women, was launched on 16 September and available in October.", "The collection, for men and women, was launched on 16 September and available in October. Rouvas performed at the Mykonos Xlsior Festival in support of the LGBT movement on 27 August; although he was scheduled to perform at the first Εurovoice on 23 September with Enrique Iglesias, Anastacia and host Pamela Anderson, his appearance was canceled a day before the event for undisclosed reasons. For the winter season of 2010–11 Rouvas joined Anna Vissi for Face2Face, a concert series at Athens Arena beginning on 15 October.", "For the winter season of 2010–11 Rouvas joined Anna Vissi for Face2Face, a concert series at Athens Arena beginning on 15 October. ANT1 was in negotiations with Rouvas to star in a TV series after The X Factor, and he hosted the third season of the talent show from 29 October – 11 February. For his performance, Rouvas was Presenter of the Year at the 2011 Cypriot Men of the Year Awards.", "For his performance, Rouvas was Presenter of the Year at the 2011 Cypriot Men of the Year Awards. On 2 February 2011 Rouvas was one of eight acts in the first MADWalk (equivalent to the international Fashion Rocks), where he represented Celia Kritharioti Haute Couture. In the spring he made ten appearances at Thalassa.", "In the spring he made ten appearances at Thalassa. In the spring he made ten appearances at Thalassa. After a short break Rouvas continued his live appearances at Puli Axiou in Thessaloniki, announcing his upcoming winter performances at Athens Arena with Onirama and Eleni Foureira as his opening act and releasing his new single, \"Kane na mi s' agapiso\". At the 2012 Johnnie Walker Men of the Year Awards in Cyprus Rouvas was presented with the Greek of the Year award for his philanthropic contributions, particularly to the Elpida Foundation.", "At the 2012 Johnnie Walker Men of the Year Awards in Cyprus Rouvas was presented with the Greek of the Year award for his philanthropic contributions, particularly to the Elpida Foundation. In February 2012 he performed his new single (\"Bad Thing\") with American singer Nomi Ruiz of Jessica 6 at the second MADWalk, where he represented designer Apostolos Mitropoulos. The single was expected to be released worldwide after the show.", "The single was expected to be released worldwide after the show. In May 2012 Rouvas released a new single, \"Tora\" (\"Νow\") which he performed at the 2012 MAD Video Music Awards. In November, he released a rock-Zeibekiko mash-up ballad entitled \"Niose Ti Thelo\" (\"Feel What I Want\").", "In November, he released a rock-Zeibekiko mash-up ballad entitled \"Niose Ti Thelo\" (\"Feel What I Want\"). Rouvas was nominated for four Mad Video Music Awards (including Best Pop Video and Video of the Year), winning Male Artist of the Year and Artist of the Year for \"I Dyo Mas\".", "Rouvas was nominated for four Mad Video Music Awards (including Best Pop Video and Video of the Year), winning Male Artist of the Year and Artist of the Year for \"I Dyo Mas\". Theatre, Chevalier and Mia Hara Na Pernas (2013–2020) Rouvas returned to television as a presenter for ANT1's Iroes Anamesa Mas (Heroes Among Us), a ten-part documentary series focusing on stories of people who have been commended for heroic deeds which premiered on 24 May 2013.", "Theatre, Chevalier and Mia Hara Na Pernas (2013–2020) Rouvas returned to television as a presenter for ANT1's Iroes Anamesa Mas (Heroes Among Us), a ten-part documentary series focusing on stories of people who have been commended for heroic deeds which premiered on 24 May 2013. For the series, Rouvas traveled throughout Greece interviewing the featured nominees.", "For the series, Rouvas traveled throughout Greece interviewing the featured nominees. During the summer, he made his theatrical debut in Euripides' tragedy The Bacchae in the lead role of Dionysus, for which he was awarded with the best performance award by the 2014 Greek Theatre Critics Awards in the category of ancient drama. Working again with songwriter Theofanous, in May 2013 Rouvas released a ballad single (\"Mia Hara Na Pernas\"; \"Have A Good Time\").", "Working again with songwriter Theofanous, in May 2013 Rouvas released a ballad single (\"Mia Hara Na Pernas\"; \"Have A Good Time\"). At the 2013 MAD Video Music Awards, he was nominated for four awards: Best Pop Video, Video of the Year, Male Artist of the Year and Artist of the Year.", "At the 2013 MAD Video Music Awards, he was nominated for four awards: Best Pop Video, Video of the Year, Male Artist of the Year and Artist of the Year. \"Tora\" was nominated for most-played radio song of the year, and as part of the awards' tenth anniversary Rouvas' 2008 live performance of \"+ Se Thelo\" was nominated for best live performance in the show's history.", "\"Tora\" was nominated for most-played radio song of the year, and as part of the awards' tenth anniversary Rouvas' 2008 live performance of \"+ Se Thelo\" was nominated for best live performance in the show's history. On 24 November 2013 Rouvas was among a group from the Ionian Islands who were commended by the Hellenic Union of Eptanisians (Ionians) for their work and philanthropy. To honor the winners, the organization released a collectors'-edition philatelic envelope with a stamp bearing a picture of the group.", "To honor the winners, the organization released a collectors'-edition philatelic envelope with a stamp bearing a picture of the group. In January 2014, continuing his support for the Elpida Foundation in practice, Rouvas became the first volunteer bone-marrow donor at the Orama Elpidas (Vision of Hope) marrow bank, and he is appearing in a foundation campaign encouraging marrow donation. His \"Ace of Hearts Tour\" that started on 26 April 2014, was dedicated to the Elpida Foundation and the Orama Elpidas marrow bank.", "His \"Ace of Hearts Tour\" that started on 26 April 2014, was dedicated to the Elpida Foundation and the Orama Elpidas marrow bank. The final concert of the tour took place in Athens on 11 October 2014. On 13 January 2014, it was announced that Rouvas would be part of Athina Tsaggari's new feature film named \"Chevalier\", where he would be one of the protagonists of the movie. The shootings of the movie started on January and are set to be done in March 2014.", "The shootings of the movie started on January and are set to be done in March 2014. On 11 March 2014, Rouvas himself uploaded a promo video of his new single \"Se Pethimisa\" (I Missed You) on his YouTube channel that will be released later during the year. For this song, Rouvas continues his cooperation with the songwriter Theofanous, while the lyrics belong to Thanos Papanikolaou. After his success as Dionysus in The Bacchae, Rouvas' next theatrical step includes a musical.", "After his success as Dionysus in The Bacchae, Rouvas' next theatrical step includes a musical. In September 2014, it was announced that Rouvas would be part of the musical \"Hraklis; Oi dodeka athloi\" (Hercules; The twelve labours) at the role of Hercules. The premiere took place on 12 December 2014. In 2015 he performed Mikis Theodorakis's Axion Asti. In 2016 Chevalier, was selected as the Greek entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 89th Academy Awards.", "In 2016 Chevalier, was selected as the Greek entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 89th Academy Awards. Since 2016, Rouvas has been a coach on The Voice Greece. Rouvas performed in Estate Club for the 2018-2019 and 2019-2020 seasons (with Stelios Rokkos and Helena Paparizou (2019-2020)). He and Rokkos collaborated in the single \"Ta Zorikia Vradia\" in 2018. Rouvas single \"Ela Sto Horo\" was released in 2019. In September 2019 he gave a concert along with Helena Paparizou and Eleni Foureira.", "In September 2019 he gave a concert along with Helena Paparizou and Eleni Foureira. He and Paparizou later in 2020 released a single called \"Etsi einai i Fasi\". In August 2020 he performed in Odeon of Herodes Atticus along with soprano Sonia Theodoridou. Sta Kalytera Mou, Idols and current projects (2021–current) In spring 2021 Sakis Rouvas released his new 14th album, titled \"Sta Kalytera Mou\" and produced by Phoebus. Lead single was titled Yperanthropos.", "Lead single was titled Yperanthropos. Lead single was titled Yperanthropos. The album reached number one on the IFPI Greece top 75 abums sales chart for several consecutive weeks, and was the Greek best-selling album of 2021 in Greece. He also took part in the collaborative album \"O Prigkipas tis Dytikis Ochthis\", which was released in the memory of the singer-songwriter Manos Xydous, a member of the Greek rock band Pyx Lax. The album ended the third best selling greek language album of 2021.", "The album ended the third best selling greek language album of 2021. In late 2021 he presented the television documentary series \"Idols\", dedicated to personalities who stigmatized Greece's popular culture with their professional course and life. Aliki Vougiouklaki, Malvina Karali, Nikos Kourkoulos, Dimitris Mitropanos, Vlassis Bonatsos lives were featured. Artistry Influences Elvis Presley was Rouvas' musical idol; he also enjoyed The Beatles, The Rolling Stones, Kiss and Queen.", "Artistry Influences Elvis Presley was Rouvas' musical idol; he also enjoyed The Beatles, The Rolling Stones, Kiss and Queen. Although he was influenced most by 1960s music, he also likes George Michael and Michael Bolton. The singer considers Queen's \"Bohemian Rhapsody\" \"one of the ten best songs that have ever been written.\" Similarities between Presley and Rouvas have been noted; during his STARZ performances, the Maggira Sisters' opening sketch was based on Presley's concern about a popular Greek singer who imitated him.", "Similarities between Presley and Rouvas have been noted; during his STARZ performances, the Maggira Sisters' opening sketch was based on Presley's concern about a popular Greek singer who imitated him. Rouvas covered Presley's \"Suspicious Minds\" for the Alter Ego soundtrack, and has said that what impressed him most as a child about Presley was \"the way that he sang, that he danced, that he felt what he interpreted and what I believed that his audience felt when they heard him\".", "Rouvas covered Presley's \"Suspicious Minds\" for the Alter Ego soundtrack, and has said that what impressed him most as a child about Presley was \"the way that he sang, that he danced, that he felt what he interpreted and what I believed that his audience felt when they heard him\". He has also been influenced by Greek artists such as Giannis Parios, Marinella and Nana Mouskouri (his mentor), and considers Haris Alexiou and Anna Vissi as the two greatest Greek female artists.", "He has also been influenced by Greek artists such as Giannis Parios, Marinella and Nana Mouskouri (his mentor), and considers Haris Alexiou and Anna Vissi as the two greatest Greek female artists. Michael Jackson's \"Earth Song\" is a favourite of Rouvas' for its environmental message; after Jackson's death, he dedicated a song to the American singer at his Concert for the Environment and spoke about Jackson's legacy: \"[Michael Jackson was] one of the most significant singers ever on this planet and the biggest showman that has ever passed by on this planet [...] a person whose life was a 'thriller', but however complicated his life was, he dedicated it for the good of the children and of the planet.", "Michael Jackson's \"Earth Song\" is a favourite of Rouvas' for its environmental message; after Jackson's death, he dedicated a song to the American singer at his Concert for the Environment and spoke about Jackson's legacy: \"[Michael Jackson was] one of the most significant singers ever on this planet and the biggest showman that has ever passed by on this planet [...] a person whose life was a 'thriller', but however complicated his life was, he dedicated it for the good of the children and of the planet. Many people want to remember him for the complex persona that he had, I want to remember him for everything that he gave to us all of these years, and for all the reasons that he inspired us.\"", "Many people want to remember him for the complex persona that he had, I want to remember him for everything that he gave to us all of these years, and for all the reasons that he inspired us.\" Musicianship Rouvas is fluent in Greek, English and French, presenting the Eurovision Song Contest 2006 in all three languages.", "Musicianship Rouvas is fluent in Greek, English and French, presenting the Eurovision Song Contest 2006 in all three languages. He has also recorded songs in all three languages, singing phonetically in Turkish and Russian for his 1997 collaboration with Burak Kut in Cyprus and the Russian duet version of \"Se Thelo San Trelos\" (\"Kak Sumashedshij Ya\") with Philipp Kirkorov; one of three versions, it was a Russian hit. Rouvas plays guitar, bass, piano, cello and some percussion.", "Rouvas plays guitar, bass, piano, cello and some percussion. On some tours he plays his black Gibson Les Paul electric guitar, switching to acoustic guitar for unplugged performances such as Live Ballads. Rouvas has expressed disappointment with the ignorance of youthful audiences of older music. He considers himself a pop-rock artist, although he has described his musical style as \"always more rock\" than he has been credited.", "He considers himself a pop-rock artist, although he has described his musical style as \"always more rock\" than he has been credited. Rouvas has been praised for not tapping into traditional Greek music for commercial success, since pop music is a niche genre in Greece. Asked if he thought it difficult being a pop-rock artist in a folk market, he replied that there was a need for a variety of genres; while he has experimented with traditional Greek music, it is not what he feels he does best.", "Asked if he thought it difficult being a pop-rock artist in a folk market, he replied that there was a need for a variety of genres; while he has experimented with traditional Greek music, it is not what he feels he does best. Vocal style Rouvas had no vocal lessons as a boy and taught himself primarily by ear, so during the recording of his first album he had to learn music theory in a short time. His voice developed significantly since his early teenaged performances.", "His voice developed significantly since his early teenaged performances. His voice developed significantly since his early teenaged performances. Rouvas' detractors have criticized his voice as average, or limited, contending that his appeal is based on image. Whatever the assessment of his voice, it has often been overshadowed by showmanship and appearance in the media; many preferred to watch him perform than to listen to him.", "Whatever the assessment of his voice, it has often been overshadowed by showmanship and appearance in the media; many preferred to watch him perform than to listen to him. These criticisms diminished by the second decade of Rouvas' career; his technical skills (range, power and versatility in particular) and expression are better appreciated.", "These criticisms diminished by the second decade of Rouvas' career; his technical skills (range, power and versatility in particular) and expression are better appreciated. Rouvas has a tenor vocal range; although he can also sing low, in the F-clef range, he prefers to sing higher and can reach notes beyond the typical tenor high without falsetto, varying his dynamics from whispers to belts.", "Rouvas has a tenor vocal range; although he can also sing low, in the F-clef range, he prefers to sing higher and can reach notes beyond the typical tenor high without falsetto, varying his dynamics from whispers to belts. His vocal power was evident in early recordings, notably on \"Mia Fora\" from Aima, Dakrya & Idrotas (the first album to showcase his vocal ability). During his 1997–98 hiatus, Rouvas received voice lessons from American coach Raz Kennedy focusing on rock and blues techniques.", "During his 1997–98 hiatus, Rouvas received voice lessons from American coach Raz Kennedy focusing on rock and blues techniques. His subsequent sixth album, Kati Apo Mena, was a milestone in Rouvas' vocal development; he exhibited a consistent depth and dimension which previously appeared only sporadically on his first five albums.", "His subsequent sixth album, Kati Apo Mena, was a milestone in Rouvas' vocal development; he exhibited a consistent depth and dimension which previously appeared only sporadically on his first five albums. He won the Pop Corn Music Award for Best Male Vocal Performance twice in a row: for 1999's \"Den Ehei Sidera I Kardia Sou\" and 2000's \"Se Thelo San Trelos\" (the latter from 21os Akatallilos).", "He won the Pop Corn Music Award for Best Male Vocal Performance twice in a row: for 1999's \"Den Ehei Sidera I Kardia Sou\" and 2000's \"Se Thelo San Trelos\" (the latter from 21os Akatallilos). By Live Ballads in 2006, Pavlos Zervas of Music Corner considered that Rouvas' voice had reached its most-mature form. Critic Tasos P. Karantis of Orfeas conceded that Rouvas sang with competence and technical precision, and his voice was easily recognizable.", "Critic Tasos P. Karantis of Orfeas conceded that Rouvas sang with competence and technical precision, and his voice was easily recognizable. Ilias Malasidis of Athens 24 noted that Rouvas' voice was initially more intriguing than his material. His voice is best-suited to power ballads, his signature style due to his sensual tone. Reviewers have praised Rouvas' live performances, particularly his ability to execute \"especially difficult and demanding songs\", hold long, high notes and dance while singing.", "Reviewers have praised Rouvas' live performances, particularly his ability to execute \"especially difficult and demanding songs\", hold long, high notes and dance while singing. Down Town commended him for never using a playback track, common among Greek artists, but Billboard noted that an ability to sing well in English would increase his international appeal.", "Down Town commended him for never using a playback track, common among Greek artists, but Billboard noted that an ability to sing well in English would increase his international appeal. During his career, Rouvas has perform in a number of genres, contemporary and traditional; in some songs (such as \"O Iroas\" from Iparhi Agapi Edo), he delivers spoken verses which have been described as a \"light rap.\" He has also performed as a crooner styles and a classical tenor.", "He has also performed as a crooner styles and a classical tenor. Rouvas' defining characteristic as a vocalist has been his emotional expression. He maintains his voice with a strict organic food diet and avoiding alcohol and smoking, banning smoking in his dressing room. Singer-songwriter Stelios Rokkos, who collaborated with him for three seasons, described him as \"probably the most disciplined singer I have ever met—in fact, to the point of insanity.\"", "Singer-songwriter Stelios Rokkos, who collaborated with him for three seasons, described him as \"probably the most disciplined singer I have ever met—in fact, to the point of insanity.\" Live shows and music videos Film and television After his 2005 move to Los Angeles Rouvas studied acting and received some training from his friend, Tom Hanks. He was interested in film since childhood, and a year and a half later he received an offer from Village Roadshow.", "He was interested in film since childhood, and a year and a half later he received an offer from Village Roadshow. In Rouvas' first feature film, Alter Ego (of which he was also associate producer), he played a role similar to himself. Before that, he dubbed English-language animated films in Greek. When comparisons between Rouvas and the character Stefanos in Alter Ego arose (with speculation that the character was autobiographical), he replied that despite similarities Stefanos was a \"much more aggressive person.\"", "When comparisons between Rouvas and the character Stefanos in Alter Ego arose (with speculation that the character was autobiographical), he replied that despite similarities Stefanos was a \"much more aggressive person.\" Rouvas adopted a new look for the film, credited by Nitro as reflecting the emo movement emerging among Greek youth. While Rouvas was attracted some critical praise for his foray into acting, others felt that it was too early to evaluate his acting talent.", "While Rouvas was attracted some critical praise for his foray into acting, others felt that it was too early to evaluate his acting talent. Rouvas' second film (the indie Duress) was a Hollywood psychological thriller in which he played a serial killer, against type for Greek audiences, and said the film was the most difficult thing he had done in his career until that point.", "Rouvas' second film (the indie Duress) was a Hollywood psychological thriller in which he played a serial killer, against type for Greek audiences, and said the film was the most difficult thing he had done in his career until that point. Giannis Zoumboulakis of To Vima found Rouvas convincing in the film's cat-and-mouse plot: \"You accept the proposal from the first moments, forgetting completely that the 'bad' guy in the story is the host of X-Factor\", concluding that \"Going against his own image, Rouvas creates a very exceptional psycho killer.", "Giannis Zoumboulakis of To Vima found Rouvas convincing in the film's cat-and-mouse plot: \"You accept the proposal from the first moments, forgetting completely that the 'bad' guy in the story is the host of X-Factor\", concluding that \"Going against his own image, Rouvas creates a very exceptional psycho killer. With his gray-beige, old wool coat and grimy, parted hair and without his bright smile he creates from scratch a hero that is all his.\"", "With his gray-beige, old wool coat and grimy, parted hair and without his bright smile he creates from scratch a hero that is all his.\" Panagiotis Timogiannakis contended that Rouvas began showing a different side of himself in Alter Ego, noting that the lighting in both films did not flatter him. Timogiannakis wondered if Rouvas had deglamourized himself to receive serious roles: \"He needs to clear up whether he wants to have a career of a star or of a role player.", "Timogiannakis wondered if Rouvas had deglamourized himself to receive serious roles: \"He needs to clear up whether he wants to have a career of a star or of a role player. A born role player he does not seem to be. A born star he is.\" The 2006 Eurovision Song Contest was a springboard for glib host roles, such as for The X Factor.", "The 2006 Eurovision Song Contest was a springboard for glib host roles, such as for The X Factor. Producer Giannis Latsios said that Rouvas' presence contributed significantly to the show's success, calling his first-season performance \"great\" and adding: \"We had a program that had to do with music and Sakis, on a collective level, is an icon that the generation which participates in this show has as an idol.", "Producer Giannis Latsios said that Rouvas' presence contributed significantly to the show's success, calling his first-season performance \"great\" and adding: \"We had a program that had to do with music and Sakis, on a collective level, is an icon that the generation which participates in this show has as an idol. He is a glowing character with much higher capabilities of expression and, if he decides to continue this path, will improve.", "He is a glowing character with much higher capabilities of expression and, if he decides to continue this path, will improve. He has immediacy, critique and most of all he gave to a program a luster, which was not standard from the beginning.\" Personal life After moving to Athens he lived with an older English woman named Sally, with whom he had begun a relationship on Corfu. Their relationship ended when Psinakis became Rouvas' manager, and the singer became more career-oriented.", "Their relationship ended when Psinakis became Rouvas' manager, and the singer became more career-oriented. The media has speculated about Rouvas' personal life and relationships with model Zeta Logotheti, Sofi Kantarou (a Corfu bar manager) and singer Elli Kokkinou. At this time, Rouvas became more reclusive and guarded about his personal life. In 2003 he was in a relationship with the London based Taiwanese producer Rebecca Wang.", "In 2003 he was in a relationship with the London based Taiwanese producer Rebecca Wang. Rouvas met model Katia Zygouli back in 2003 during the shootings of a commercial ad for Vodafone and the two of them became a couple. They kept their relationship away from the media despite the rumors and Rouvas first confirmed their relationship during a radio interview to Natalia Germanou.", "They kept their relationship away from the media despite the rumors and Rouvas first confirmed their relationship during a radio interview to Natalia Germanou. In June 2008, Rouvas announced Zygouli's pregnancy and on 2 November 2008, Zygouli gave birth to the couple's first child, a daughter named Anastasia after her father on 18 October 2009. Her godmother was Emmanouela Pavlatou, a friend of Melina Mercouri, and the baptismal date was chosen to coincide with Mercouri's birthday. Anastasia's birth was extensively covered by the media.", "Anastasia's birth was extensively covered by the media. Anastasia's birth was extensively covered by the media. On 15 October 2011, Rouvas and Zygouli became parents for the second time to a son, named Alexandros. The couple's third child and second daughter, named Ariadni, arrived on 3 January 2013. The couple welcomed their fourth child, on 21 April 2016. On Monday 3 July 2017, Sakis Rouvas married Katia Zygouli.", "On Monday 3 July 2017, Sakis Rouvas married Katia Zygouli. Political Causes Rouvas has spoken out against LGBT discrimination, and in favor of the adoption of children by gay couples. In July 2015 Rouvas uploaded a video message titled \"Yes we are Europe\" on his personal YouTube channel, in which he supported the pro-Europe vote for the 2015 Greek bailout referendum.", "In July 2015 Rouvas uploaded a video message titled \"Yes we are Europe\" on his personal YouTube channel, in which he supported the pro-Europe vote for the 2015 Greek bailout referendum. Controversies When he was called for military service in 1994 he asked for a delay, since his service would coincide with the release of Aima, Dakrya & Idrotas; the request was denied, although other artists had been able to delay their service for career reasons.", "Controversies When he was called for military service in 1994 he asked for a delay, since his service would coincide with the release of Aima, Dakrya & Idrotas; the request was denied, although other artists had been able to delay their service for career reasons. Although it was initially thought that Rouvas did not want to leave the spotlight when his career was growing, he claimed his reluctance to serve was due to agoraphobia.", "Although it was initially thought that Rouvas did not want to leave the spotlight when his career was growing, he claimed his reluctance to serve was due to agoraphobia. His claims were met with astonishment; media outlets remarked that agoraphobia was an odd condition for an entertainer, and critics accused him of draft dodging. The singer was taken to the Penteli psychiatric hospital for an evaluation, and it was widely reported that he had attempted suicide. After his release Rouvas fulfilled his military service.", "After his release Rouvas fulfilled his military service. After his release Rouvas fulfilled his military service. During his service, he was pestered by paparazzi. Psinakis accused Rouvas' psychiatrist of pouring psychotropic drugs into Rouvas' alcoholic beverages because of a previous quarrel.", "Psinakis accused Rouvas' psychiatrist of pouring psychotropic drugs into Rouvas' alcoholic beverages because of a previous quarrel. When asked if he was suicidal Rouvas said he did not think so, but he was so drugged at the time of the emergency call that he did not recall the exact events; he confirmed that he tried to desert by climbing under a Jeep and attaching himself to its undercarriage.", "When asked if he was suicidal Rouvas said he did not think so, but he was so drugged at the time of the emergency call that he did not recall the exact events; he confirmed that he tried to desert by climbing under a Jeep and attaching himself to its undercarriage. On 19 May 1997, Rouvas performed with Turkish singer Burak Kut at a bi-national reconciliation concert on the Green Line in Cyprus before an audience of over 4,000.", "On 19 May 1997, Rouvas performed with Turkish singer Burak Kut at a bi-national reconciliation concert on the Green Line in Cyprus before an audience of over 4,000. The concert received international coverage and support, earning Rouvas an International Abdi Ipekçi Prize for global understanding and co-operation; however, the concert was controversial to Greek and Turkish protesters, and stones, eggs and tomatoes were thrown at the singer in all his next concerts.", "The concert received international coverage and support, earning Rouvas an International Abdi Ipekçi Prize for global understanding and co-operation; however, the concert was controversial to Greek and Turkish protesters, and stones, eggs and tomatoes were thrown at the singer in all his next concerts. Opposition to the concert turned the Greek and Greek-Cypriot media against Rouvas, and was fodder for tabloid talk shows in Greece. Rouvas left Greece and moved to the United States for six months for the incident to be forgotten.", "Rouvas left Greece and moved to the United States for six months for the incident to be forgotten. During summer 2000 Rouvas, Psinakis and a number of other celebrities visited Mykonos on a yacht borrowed from a local physician. They were accused of drug possession, since the yacht contained narcotics. Although the doctor admitted that the narcotics were his, his guests were questioned. However, thousands of T-shirts were printed which read: \"Imoun ki ego sto kotero!\"", "However, thousands of T-shirts were printed which read: \"Imoun ki ego sto kotero!\" (\"I was on the yacht, too!\"). He collaborated with Pepsi in 2001, the advertisement, featuring a semi-nude Rouvas holding a Pepsi bottle in front of his genitals, was controversial among women's rights and parental associations. Calling it \"unsightly, vulgar and unacceptable\", they tried to have the ad blocked as \"disgrac[ing] childhood innocence and dignity.\"", "Calling it \"unsightly, vulgar and unacceptable\", they tried to have the ad blocked as \"disgrac[ing] childhood innocence and dignity.\" In October 2020, a Syriza MP Pavlos Polakis referenced Rouvas during a speech in the Greek Parliament, suggesting that he had supported the Golden Dawn Criminal organization because he followed one of their MPs on twitter years ago when they got elected in the Hellenic Parliament.", "In October 2020, a Syriza MP Pavlos Polakis referenced Rouvas during a speech in the Greek Parliament, suggesting that he had supported the Golden Dawn Criminal organization because he followed one of their MPs on twitter years ago when they got elected in the Hellenic Parliament. Rouvas sent a Cease and desist letter to Polakis asking to retract his statement or the matter would be dealt with in court.", "Rouvas sent a Cease and desist letter to Polakis asking to retract his statement or the matter would be dealt with in court. Adding that he followed the accounts of many politicians such as Mr. Alexis Tsipras, Mr. Antonis Samaras, e.t.c to have a full picture of what they are saying and how political leaders are confronting each other.", "Adding that he followed the accounts of many politicians such as Mr. Alexis Tsipras, Mr. Antonis Samaras, e.t.c to have a full picture of what they are saying and how political leaders are confronting each other. Discography Studio albums Sakis Rouvas (1991) Min Andistekese (1992) Gia Sena (1993) Aima, Dakrya & Idrotas (1994) Tora Arhizoun Ta Dyskola (1996) Kati Apo Mena (1998) 21os Akatallilos (2000) Ola Kala (2002) To Hrono Stamatao (2003) S'eho Erotefthi (2005) Iparhi Agapi Edo (2006) Irthes (2008) Parafora (2010) Sta Kalytera Mou (2021) Live albums Live Ballads (2006) This Is My Live (2007) Filmography Tours and residencies Concert tours Tora Arhizoun Ta Dyskola Summer Tour (1997) Pepsi Tour (2001) Ola Kala World Tour (2002) Sakis Live in Town Tour (2003) Sakis on Stage Tour (2005) Fire Victims Tour (2007) Antonis Remos – Sakis Rouvas World Tour (2008) Kalokairino Randevou me ton Saki Tour (2008) Sakis Live Tour (2009) Sakis Summer Tour 2010 Concert residencies To Ekati (1990) Athens Show Center (1991) Posidonio (1992) Posidonio (1994) Chaos (1996) Pyli Axiou (1997) Chaos (1998) Vio Vio (1999–2000) Pyli Axiou (2000) Apollonas (2000–01) Rex (2001–2002) Fever (2003–04) Fever (2004–05) Boom (2007) Politia (2008) STARZ (2008–09) Politia Live Clubbing (2009) The S Club (2009–2010) Politia Live Clubbing (2010) Face2Face (2010–11) The S Club at Thalassa: People's Stage (2011) Pyli Axiou (2011) Underworld S Club (2011–2012) Underworld S Club at Politia Live Clubbing (2012) The S Club at Thalassa: People's Stage (2012) Awards Bibliography \"Afti Einai I Zoi Mou\" (2009); An article co-written with Petros Kostopoulos featured in the April 2009 issue of Nitro.", "Discography Studio albums Sakis Rouvas (1991) Min Andistekese (1992) Gia Sena (1993) Aima, Dakrya & Idrotas (1994) Tora Arhizoun Ta Dyskola (1996) Kati Apo Mena (1998) 21os Akatallilos (2000) Ola Kala (2002) To Hrono Stamatao (2003) S'eho Erotefthi (2005) Iparhi Agapi Edo (2006) Irthes (2008) Parafora (2010) Sta Kalytera Mou (2021) Live albums Live Ballads (2006) This Is My Live (2007) Filmography Tours and residencies Concert tours Tora Arhizoun Ta Dyskola Summer Tour (1997) Pepsi Tour (2001) Ola Kala World Tour (2002) Sakis Live in Town Tour (2003) Sakis on Stage Tour (2005) Fire Victims Tour (2007) Antonis Remos – Sakis Rouvas World Tour (2008) Kalokairino Randevou me ton Saki Tour (2008) Sakis Live Tour (2009) Sakis Summer Tour 2010 Concert residencies To Ekati (1990) Athens Show Center (1991) Posidonio (1992) Posidonio (1994) Chaos (1996) Pyli Axiou (1997) Chaos (1998) Vio Vio (1999–2000) Pyli Axiou (2000) Apollonas (2000–01) Rex (2001–2002) Fever (2003–04) Fever (2004–05) Boom (2007) Politia (2008) STARZ (2008–09) Politia Live Clubbing (2009) The S Club (2009–2010) Politia Live Clubbing (2010) Face2Face (2010–11) The S Club at Thalassa: People's Stage (2011) Pyli Axiou (2011) Underworld S Club (2011–2012) Underworld S Club at Politia Live Clubbing (2012) The S Club at Thalassa: People's Stage (2012) Awards Bibliography \"Afti Einai I Zoi Mou\" (2009); An article co-written with Petros Kostopoulos featured in the April 2009 issue of Nitro. \"Info-diet 370\" (2011); An article featured in the November 2011 issue of Athens Voice.", "\"Info-diet 370\" (2011); An article featured in the November 2011 issue of Athens Voice. See also Honorific nicknames in popular music List of Eurovision Song Contest presenters List of Greeks List of Pepsi spokespersons Mononymous person Notes Further reading External links SakisRouvas.com - Official website Sakis Rouvas on Spotify ! colspan=\"3\" style=\"border-top: #DAA520 5px solid;\" | Eurovision Song Contest ! colspan=\"3\" style=\"border-top: #DAA520 5px solid;\" | World Music Awards !", "colspan=\"3\" style=\"border-top: #DAA520 5px solid;\" | World Music Awards ! colspan=\"3\" style=\"border-top: #DAA520 5px solid;\" | Other 1972 births 20th-century Greek male actors 21st-century Greek male actors Actors from Corfu Arion Music Awards winners Eastern Orthodox Christians from Greece English-language singers from Greece Greek environmentalists Eurovision Song Contest entrants of 2004 Eurovision Song Contest entrants of 2009 Greek businesspeople Greek dance musicians Greek male dancers Eurovision Song Contest entrants for Greece Greek expatriates in the United States Greek fashion designers Greek male film actors Greek film producers Greek male models 20th-century Greek male singers Greek philanthropists Greek pianists Greek pop singers Greek rhythm and blues singers Greek rock guitarists Greek rock singers Greek singer-songwriters Greek television presenters Greek male voice actors Greek health activists Humanitarians Living people MAD Video Music Awards winners Minos EMI artists 21st-century Greek male singers Musicians from Corfu Nightclub owners PolyGram Records (Greece) artists Restaurateurs Rock pianists Sportspeople from Corfu Thessaloniki Song Festival winners World Music Awards winners Greek laïko singers Male pianists MTV Europe Music Award winners" ]

[ "Sakis Rouvas", "Kati Apo Mena, return to prominence and 21os Akatallilos (1998-2000)", "What was his last greatest performance", "On 25 October 2000, he began appearing with Antonis Remos and Peggy Zina at Apollonas for the winter season." ]

[ "Florin Ristei (born Traian Florin Ristei; 29 August 1987) is a Romanian singer and television presenter. He was born in the city of Galați, Romania, but he currently lives in Bucharest. He is best known for his debut single, \"Dana\" (together with his former band, Amici) and for winning the third season of the X Factor Romania in 2013.\n\nIn 2012, Universal Pictures chose Ristei to sing the main songs the animated movie The Lorax, alongside Narcisa Suciu, and Nadia Comăneci who provide the Romanian version of the film.\n\nLife and career\n\n1987–2012: Early life, Amici and Marfar\nRistei attended the General School No. 10 from Galați. His teachers say that he excelled as a student; as a child he was very ambitious, but he also worked hard.\nHe was discovered in 1999 by Lucian Pintilie at a karaoke contest in Constanţa, held by Prima TV. Pintilie wanted to make a film together with Ristei, but after a year of trying, the project did not materialize. Ristei later became the lead singer of the band Amici. It was, at that time, the youngest pop-rock band in Romania. In 2000, they released the smash hit \"Dana\", with which they entered the national music charts. Together, they released 2 EPs, an album and appeared on a compilation.\nIn 2005, he joined the band Marfar. The band's biggest hit was \"Baby Marinaru'\" ()\n\n2012–present: FreeStay, X Factor and great national success\nIn 2012, Ristei formed the musical project FreeStay, which meant Ristei's return to the national music market. The project's debut song, \"Ea a fost Dana\" (), reached Romania's radio and TV stations. They participated on Romania's national selection for the Eurovision Song Contest 2013 with the song \"Criminal Mind\", placing 9th in the final.\n\nIn 2013, Ristei auditioned for the third season of the X Factor Romania talent show. His performances were highly appreciated by both the jury and the viewers, subsequently winning the competition.\n\nHe later released the songs \"Altfel de magie\" (), \"Cerșetori de iubire\" () and \"Trebuia să fii tu\" ().\n\nIn 2016, Ristei released the hit \"Las-o...\" () together with the rapper Vescan. The song reached number one on Romanian charts. This was followed by many collaborations with top-charting Romanian artists such as: What's Up for the song \"Facem ce vrem\" (), Andra for the song \"Între noi nu mai e nimic\" () and Smiley, who wrote the music and lyrics for the song \"Îmi place prietena ei\" ().\n\nIn 2017, he won the award for the Best Romanian Male Voice at the Radio Romania Awards gala.\n\nIn 2020, Ristei became a judge on the ninth season of the X Factor Romania, this way becoming the first ever X Factor Romania winner to ever become a judge later in the show.\n\nPersonal life\nFlorin is currently in a relationship with X Factor season 9 contestant Naomi Hedman, raising suspicions about backstage business. He is the first and only X Factor Romania judge to have ever become involved in a relationship with a contestant.\n\nAccolades\n\nDiscography\n\nAs featured artist\n\nWith Amici\n 2000: Dana (EP)\n 2000: Iernatik (Compilation)\n 2001: Fata blondă () (Album)\n 2003: ASL PLS (EP)\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n Official website\n\nLiving people\n1987 births\n21st-century Romanian male singers\nPeople from Galați", "Anthony Jasmin sometimes Anthony & Jasmin is a Danish pop duo who on 28 March 2014 won season 7 of the Danish version of X Factor in 2014. After Anthony Lopez and Jasmin Dahl were eliminated as solo artists at bootcamp, the duo was formed and mentored by Thomas Blachman. They reached the final and won against Lucy, mentored by Remee, becoming the first ever duo or group formation to win the Danish title.\n\nTheir debut single \"Do Ya\" topped Tracklisten, the official Danish Singles Chart immediately following their win. They were the first duo or group formation that won the Danish title. In June 2014, the duo released their EP Stick Together through Sony with tracks including the winning song \"Do Ya\" and the new title track single \"Stick Together\".\n\nOne of the duo, Anthony, competed in the Dansk Melodi Grand Prix 2017 with the song \"Smoke In My Eyes,\" but did not advance to the superfinal.\n\nMembers\nAnthony Jasmin is a duo named after the first names of its members. They are:\nAnthony Lopez, from Valby, 19 at time of application, student at CPH West school. Before X Factor, he had appeared with several smaller groups and released materials online through his YouTube channel. \nJasmin Dahl, from Høje Gladsaxe, 15 at time of application, student, mixed Faroe Islands / Sudanese origin\n\nPerformances during X Factor\n\nDiscography\n\nEPs\n2014: Stick Together\n\nSingles\n\nReferences\n\nDanish musical duos\nThe X Factor winners\nX Factor (Danish TV series) contestants\nYear of birth missing (living people)\nLiving people" ]

[ "Anastasios \"Sakis\" Rouvas (, ; born 5 January 1972), also known mononymously as Sakis, is a Greek recording artist; model; film and television actor; businessman and former pole vaulter. Born in Corfu, he won medals on the national athletics team during the 1980s. Rouvas began a musical career in 1991 as one of Greece's first dance-pop performers. His tenor vocals, complex choreography, costumes, and technological advancements have been credited with transforming music videos and live performances.", "His tenor vocals, complex choreography, costumes, and technological advancements have been credited with transforming music videos and live performances. Rouvas is noted for avoiding domestic music, attaining success for a non-laïko or -éntekhno artist, and for breaking cultural, social, artistic, and generational barriers in Greece and Cyprus. During the early 1990s, Rouvas signed with PolyGram Records and won the Thessaloniki Song Festival.", "During the early 1990s, Rouvas signed with PolyGram Records and won the Thessaloniki Song Festival. Despite five commercially successful albums, his personal life (including his military service and 1997 Greek-Turkish peace concert, which damaged his public image) has been publicized. Rouvas signed with Minos EMI in 1997, returning to the charts with Kati Apo Mena (1998) and 21os Akatallilos (2000) and ending his 14-year collaboration with manager Ilias Psinakis.", "Rouvas signed with Minos EMI in 1997, returning to the charts with Kati Apo Mena (1998) and 21os Akatallilos (2000) and ending his 14-year collaboration with manager Ilias Psinakis. One of the few Greek entertainers to gain recognition abroad, he has been popular in the Balkans since the 1990s. By the 2010s, Rouvas had expanded his career to film, television, theatre and fashion.", "By the 2010s, Rouvas had expanded his career to film, television, theatre and fashion. His single \"Shake It\" is one of the best-selling CD singles of all time in Greece, his songs and videos, such as \"1992\", \"Aima, Dakrya & Idrotas\", \"Ela Mou\", \"Min Antistekesai\", \"Xana\", \"Tora Arhizoun Ta Dyskola\", \"Den Ehei Sidera I Kardia Sou\", \"Ypirhes Panta\", \"Antexa\", \"Se Thelo San Trelos\", \"+ Se Thelo\" and \"Sta Kalytera Mou\" have topped the popular Greek charts.", "His single \"Shake It\" is one of the best-selling CD singles of all time in Greece, his songs and videos, such as \"1992\", \"Aima, Dakrya & Idrotas\", \"Ela Mou\", \"Min Antistekesai\", \"Xana\", \"Tora Arhizoun Ta Dyskola\", \"Den Ehei Sidera I Kardia Sou\", \"Ypirhes Panta\", \"Antexa\", \"Se Thelo San Trelos\", \"+ Se Thelo\" and \"Sta Kalytera Mou\" have topped the popular Greek charts. Since 2003 Rouvas has been in a relationship with model Katia Zygouli, with whom he has four children.", "Since 2003 Rouvas has been in a relationship with model Katia Zygouli, with whom he has four children. He is involved in social issues, and has been praised for his dedication to philanthropic organizations. Rouvas has won six Arion Music Awards, 15 Pop Corn Music Awards, 22 MAD Video Music Awards, four Status Man of the Year Awards, an MTV Europe Music Award and a World Music Award.", "Rouvas has won six Arion Music Awards, 15 Pop Corn Music Awards, 22 MAD Video Music Awards, four Status Man of the Year Awards, an MTV Europe Music Award and a World Music Award. Several number-one albums and singles which have been certified gold or higher have made him one of Greece's most popular musical artists. Known for his independence, Rouvas' musical, fashion and performance styles have influenced other artists for over two decades.", "Known for his independence, Rouvas' musical, fashion and performance styles have influenced other artists for over two decades. In 2009 Down Town named him its \"Entertainer of the Decade\"; in 2010, Forbes listed him as the third-most-influential celebrity in Greece and the country's top-ranked singer.", "In 2009 Down Town named him its \"Entertainer of the Decade\"; in 2010, Forbes listed him as the third-most-influential celebrity in Greece and the country's top-ranked singer. Early life Rouvas was born on 5 January 1972 in Mantouki, a suburb of Corfu City on the island of Corfu, the eldest of four sons of Konstantinos \"Kostas\" Rouvas (an ambulance driver) and the teenaged Anna-Maria Panaretou (a duty-free shop clerk at the local airport).", "Early life Rouvas was born on 5 January 1972 in Mantouki, a suburb of Corfu City on the island of Corfu, the eldest of four sons of Konstantinos \"Kostas\" Rouvas (an ambulance driver) and the teenaged Anna-Maria Panaretou (a duty-free shop clerk at the local airport). He has three brothers: Billy (b. Vasilios, 1975), Tolis (b. Apostolos, 1977) and Nikos (b. Nikolaos, 1991).", "He has three brothers: Billy (b. Vasilios, 1975), Tolis (b. Apostolos, 1977) and Nikos (b. Nikolaos, 1991). The family was poor, and Rouvas began taking care of his brothers at age five. At age four, he exhibited athletic ability and took ballet classes as a child. His parents had a theatrical background, and at age ten Rouvas starred in his first theatrical production (An I Karharies Itan Anthropi; If Sharks Were People).", "His parents had a theatrical background, and at age ten Rouvas starred in his first theatrical production (An I Karharies Itan Anthropi; If Sharks Were People). His older co-stars were impressed with his talent. Soon afterwards Rouvas discovered music, which he enjoyed nearly as much as athletics. He taught himself guitar, inspired by international artists such as Elvis Presley. In 1984 his parents divorced; Rouvas and his brother Tolis moved to their paternal grandparents' home in the village of Potamos when their father remarried.", "In 1984 his parents divorced; Rouvas and his brother Tolis moved to their paternal grandparents' home in the village of Potamos when their father remarried. The young Rouvas held a variety of jobs to support his family, including work in an automobile repair shop, as a construction worker and a bartender. Since his early childhood he had difficulty in school, particularly in reading and writing. Working during the day, Rouvas went to school at night with his mother (who had not finished secondary school).", "Working during the day, Rouvas went to school at night with his mother (who had not finished secondary school). At age 15, Rouvas joined the Greek national track and field team as an admirer of Ukrainian pole-vaulter Sergey Bubka. His vaults were consistently high—averaging —and he won a number of national awards. Rouvas continued in athletics until age 18, believing he had a future in music and joining the Corfu Band. At his graduation, he sang hits by Elvis and The Beatles.", "At his graduation, he sang hits by Elvis and The Beatles. Rouvas began performing at local clubs and hotels; at To Ekati, he was seen by future manager Ilias Psinakis. He left Corfu at age 18, moving to Patras in search of a better future. Career Early commercial success (1991–93) After moving to Patras, Rouvas continued to look for performance opportunities until he met Dakis (a popular Greek artist who was the first person to help him professionally).", "Career Early commercial success (1991–93) After moving to Patras, Rouvas continued to look for performance opportunities until he met Dakis (a popular Greek artist who was the first person to help him professionally). Rouvas moved to Athens, and made his first professional appearance in 1991 at the Show Centre. His showmanship attracted the attention of music executives such as Nikos Mouratidis, who encouraged songwriter Giorgos Pavrianos to produce him.", "His showmanship attracted the attention of music executives such as Nikos Mouratidis, who encouraged songwriter Giorgos Pavrianos to produce him. Rouvas, singing Michael Jackson's \"Man in the Mirror\" was discovered by PolyGram executives who signed him to his first recording contract. Several months later he debuted at the Thessaloniki Song Festival, losing Best Vocal Performance to Giorgos Alkaios but singing the Best Composition (\"Par'ta\"; \"Take Them\", with music by Nikos Terzis and lyrics by Giorgos Pavrianos).", "Several months later he debuted at the Thessaloniki Song Festival, losing Best Vocal Performance to Giorgos Alkaios but singing the Best Composition (\"Par'ta\"; \"Take Them\", with music by Nikos Terzis and lyrics by Giorgos Pavrianos). There was a brief earthquake during the festival. Rouvas released his eponymous debut album, which topped the Greek Albums Chart, the day after the festival.", "Rouvas released his eponymous debut album, which topped the Greek Albums Chart, the day after the festival. \"Par'ta\" became a radio hit, and other songs of the album such as \"1992\", \"Ego S'agapo\" (\"I Love You\") and \"Gia Fantasou\" (\"Imagine\") also became popular. In September 1992 Rouvas released his second album, Min Andistekese (Don't Resist), also composed by Nikos Terzis.", "In September 1992 Rouvas released his second album, Min Andistekese (Don't Resist), also composed by Nikos Terzis. It produced the singles \"Gyrna\" (\"Return\"), \"Min Andistekese\", \"Na Ziseis Moro Mou\" (\"Live, My Baby\") and \"Me Kommeni Tin Anasa\" (\"Breathless\"), with a music video of the title track. The album's success helped establish Rouvas at the top of the Greek music scene.", "The album's success helped establish Rouvas at the top of the Greek music scene. In October 1993 Rouvas released his third album, Gia Sena (For You), with music by Alexis Papadimitriou and lyrics by Eleni Giannatsoulia and Evi Droutsa. The single \"Kane Me\" (\"Make Me\") became a radio hit, with \"To Xero Eisai Moni\" (\"I Know You Are Alone\") and \"Xehase To\" (\"Forget It\") also receiving airplay.", "The single \"Kane Me\" (\"Make Me\") became a radio hit, with \"To Xero Eisai Moni\" (\"I Know You Are Alone\") and \"Xehase To\" (\"Forget It\") also receiving airplay. Aima, Dakrya & Idrotas, Tora Arhizoun Ta Dyskola, and move to Minos EMI (1994–97) In the winter of 1994 Rouvas collaborated with singer-songwriter and record producer Nikos Karvelas on his fourth album, Aima, Dakrya & Idrotas (Blood, tears & sweat), and its singles \"Ela Mou\" (\"Come To Me\") and \"Xana\" (\"Again\") became radio hits.", "Aima, Dakrya & Idrotas, Tora Arhizoun Ta Dyskola, and move to Minos EMI (1994–97) In the winter of 1994 Rouvas collaborated with singer-songwriter and record producer Nikos Karvelas on his fourth album, Aima, Dakrya & Idrotas (Blood, tears & sweat), and its singles \"Ela Mou\" (\"Come To Me\") and \"Xana\" (\"Again\") became radio hits. Rouvas' collaboration with Karvelas was received skeptically by the media; when asked why he had chosen to collaborate with Rouvas, Karvelas said: \"Sakis is the only star out of a generation which produces dull artists.\"", "Rouvas' collaboration with Karvelas was received skeptically by the media; when asked why he had chosen to collaborate with Rouvas, Karvelas said: \"Sakis is the only star out of a generation which produces dull artists.\" In 1996 Rouvas released his fifth studio album, Tora Arhizoun Ta Dyskola (Now the Hard Times Start), again collaborating with Nikos Karvelas and lyricist Natalia Germanou.", "In 1996 Rouvas released his fifth studio album, Tora Arhizoun Ta Dyskola (Now the Hard Times Start), again collaborating with Nikos Karvelas and lyricist Natalia Germanou. During the winter he sang with Anna Vissi at the Chaos Club in Athens, appearing in the duet \"Se Thelo, Me Theleis\" (\"I Want You, You Want Me\", also written by Karvelas) on her 1997 album Travma (Trauma).", "During the winter he sang with Anna Vissi at the Chaos Club in Athens, appearing in the duet \"Se Thelo, Me Theleis\" (\"I Want You, You Want Me\", also written by Karvelas) on her 1997 album Travma (Trauma). In 2017 Rouvas and Burak Kut had recorded a duet in Greek and Turkish the previous year entitled \"Birgün/Otan\" (\"When\"), a cover of \"Someday\" for the Greek soundtrack of The Hunchback of Notre Dame (I Panagia Ton Parision, in which Rouvas voiced the role of Quasimodo) under the label of Minos EMI.", "In 2017 Rouvas and Burak Kut had recorded a duet in Greek and Turkish the previous year entitled \"Birgün/Otan\" (\"When\"), a cover of \"Someday\" for the Greek soundtrack of The Hunchback of Notre Dame (I Panagia Ton Parision, in which Rouvas voiced the role of Quasimodo) under the label of Minos EMI. Kati Apo Mena, return to prominence and 21os Akatallilos (1998–2000) In December 1998 Rouvas released his sixth album (the first with his new label): Kati Apo Mena (Something From Me), written by Giorgos Theofanous.", "Kati Apo Mena, return to prominence and 21os Akatallilos (1998–2000) In December 1998 Rouvas released his sixth album (the first with his new label): Kati Apo Mena (Something From Me), written by Giorgos Theofanous. \"Den Ehi Sidera I Kardia Sou\" (\"Your Heart Doesn't Have Steel Rails\") was a hit, and remains one of his most-popular songs. To promote the album Rouvas performed at the Virgin Megastore in Athens, where thousands of fans created a traffic jam.", "To promote the album Rouvas performed at the Virgin Megastore in Athens, where thousands of fans created a traffic jam. The next year, Rouvas records \"Oso Exo Esena\" (\"As Long As I Have You\"), a duet with singer Stelios Rokkos. The two artists work and perform together at Bio Bio in Athens during the summer. In March 2000 Rouvas released his seventh album, 21os Akatallilos (21+ X-Rated), and performed with Katy Garbi at Pili Axiou in Thessaloniki.", "In March 2000 Rouvas released his seventh album, 21os Akatallilos (21+ X-Rated), and performed with Katy Garbi at Pili Axiou in Thessaloniki. The album and its first single, \"Andexa\" (\"I Held Out\"), reached number one on the charts. During May rehearsals for summer performances Rouvas was hospitalized with abdominal pain, which was diagnosed as peritonitis and required an appendectomy. On 25 October 2000, he began appearing with Antonis Remos and Peggy Zina at Apollonas for the winter season.", "On 25 October 2000, he began appearing with Antonis Remos and Peggy Zina at Apollonas for the winter season. That year Rouvas became the Pepsi spokesperson for the company's Greek summer campaign making a first television ad, a first for a Greek entertainer. The Pepsi Tour 2001, of seven Greek cities, followed. Ola Kala, international exposure and To Hrono Stamatao (2001–04) In 2001, Rouvas signed with Universal Licensing Music (ULM) of Universal Music France after he was recommended by singer Nana Mouskouri.", "Ola Kala, international exposure and To Hrono Stamatao (2001–04) In 2001, Rouvas signed with Universal Licensing Music (ULM) of Universal Music France after he was recommended by singer Nana Mouskouri. He collaborated with American songwriter-producer Desmond Child and Phoebus on \"Disco Girl\"; it was a hit in Greece and certified platinum, winning Rouvas the Pop Singer of the Year award at the inaugural Arion Music Awards. The single was later released in France, with an English version written by Andreas Carlsson.", "The single was later released in France, with an English version written by Andreas Carlsson. Rouvas played 20 shows across France in support of \"Disco Girl\", which received ample airplay, and was compared to Latin pop star Ricky Martin. Rouvas' eighth album, Ola Kala (a collaboration with Desmond Child, Phoebus and Greek songwriters Natalia Germanou and Vangelis Konstantinidis), was released in June 2002. The album went gold in Greece within 11 days and platinum within 4 months.", "The album went gold in Greece within 11 days and platinum within 4 months. In April 2003, Rouvas appeared with Antonis Remos and Nana Mouskouri at the Arion Awards. He released his ninth album, To Hrono Stamatao (I Stop Time), in December; it was certified gold after its release. Songs from the album received radio airplay, and that month Rouvas began appearing at Fever with Giorgos Tsalikis and ONE for the winter season.", "Songs from the album received radio airplay, and that month Rouvas began appearing at Fever with Giorgos Tsalikis and ONE for the winter season. A Greek version of \"Feelings\" from the album, \"Pes Tis\" (\"Tell Her\"), was released as a single with the same video as its French- and English-language counterparts.", "A Greek version of \"Feelings\" from the album, \"Pes Tis\" (\"Tell Her\"), was released as a single with the same video as its French- and English-language counterparts. Eurovision and S'eho Erotefthi (2004–05) In March 2004, Hellenic Radio and Television (ERT) announced that Rouvas would represent Greece in the Eurovision Song Contest 2004 after the selection process on the reality show EuroStar proved unsatisfactory.", "Eurovision and S'eho Erotefthi (2004–05) In March 2004, Hellenic Radio and Television (ERT) announced that Rouvas would represent Greece in the Eurovision Song Contest 2004 after the selection process on the reality show EuroStar proved unsatisfactory. The show's winner was expected to represent Greece, with Nikos Terzis writing the song entry; however, ERT changed its plans when the winner's ability to perform under so much pressure was questionable and Rouvas expressed an interest in representing his country.", "The show's winner was expected to represent Greece, with Nikos Terzis writing the song entry; however, ERT changed its plans when the winner's ability to perform under so much pressure was questionable and Rouvas expressed an interest in representing his country. In mid-March \"Shake It\", with music by Terzis and lyrics by Nektarios Tyrakis, premiered on Greek radio.", "In mid-March \"Shake It\", with music by Terzis and lyrics by Nektarios Tyrakis, premiered on Greek radio. Originally, the song had Latin spirit and sound but Terzis changed it, combining the Greek traditional bouzouki sound with the Latin one to make it sound different from other Latin entries of the competition. At the third Arion Music Awards, he won Best Pop Singer for To Hrono Stamatao.", "At the third Arion Music Awards, he won Best Pop Singer for To Hrono Stamatao. In mid-April \"Shake It\" was released as a CD single, and Rouvas began a promotional tour of Europe for the contest; To Hrono Stamatao was reissued with a bonus \"Shake It\" single. The song remained number one on the Greek airplay charts for several weeks, and was number one on the IFPI Greece Top 50 singles chart for nine consecutive weeks. Rouvas was favored to win the Eurovision final.", "Rouvas was favored to win the Eurovision final. Rouvas was favored to win the Eurovision final. On 12 May 2004 he performed in the semi-final (appearing 10th out of 22), and performed 16th out of 24 in the 15 May 2004 final. Rouvas had two female dancers and three backing vocalists: the EuroStar winner and runners-up. Fokas Evangelinos, Rouvas' longtime choreographer, choreographed his stage show.", "Fokas Evangelinos, Rouvas' longtime choreographer, choreographed his stage show. \"Shake It\" finished third in the final, with Rouvas attracting great interest in the contest by Greek viewers (with a rating of 86.7 percent, the highest rating in Greek TV history at the time). Rouvas' appearance in Eurovision was a turning point in his career; his public perception changed from media-produced celebrity to notable pop artist, and he became more accessible to the media.", "Rouvas' appearance in Eurovision was a turning point in his career; his public perception changed from media-produced celebrity to notable pop artist, and he became more accessible to the media. In June 2004, Rouvas performed \"Shake It\" at the first MAD Video Music Awards, where he won Sexiest Appearance for the \"Pes Tis\" (\"Tell Her\") music video.", "In June 2004, Rouvas performed \"Shake It\" at the first MAD Video Music Awards, where he won Sexiest Appearance for the \"Pes Tis\" (\"Tell Her\") music video. On 7 July, Rouvas performed in Istanbul with Turkish artist (and 2003 Eurovision Song Contest winner) Sertab Erener in another attempt to maintain peace between the two countries.", "On 7 July, Rouvas performed in Istanbul with Turkish artist (and 2003 Eurovision Song Contest winner) Sertab Erener in another attempt to maintain peace between the two countries. In August he carried the Olympic torch through Panathinaiko Stadium and performed at the closing ceremony for the 2004 Summer Olympics, in which he was lowered to the stage from the air and sang a traditional Greek song, \"Karapiperim\".", "In August he carried the Olympic torch through Panathinaiko Stadium and performed at the closing ceremony for the 2004 Summer Olympics, in which he was lowered to the stage from the air and sang a traditional Greek song, \"Karapiperim\". In fall 2004, Rouvas recorded a duet version of \"Se Thelo San Trelos\" (\"I Want You Like Crazy\", from 21os Akatallilos) with Russian pop singer Philip Kirkorov.", "In fall 2004, Rouvas recorded a duet version of \"Se Thelo San Trelos\" (\"I Want You Like Crazy\", from 21os Akatallilos) with Russian pop singer Philip Kirkorov. In December he began performing with Giorgos Mazonakis at Fever for the winter season, with Elena Paparizou as their opening act. His show was praised; Georgia Laimou of E-go, known for scathing reviews, wrote: \"I have only good things to say about Sakis and I don't want to hear 'boo' from anyone.", "His show was praised; Georgia Laimou of E-go, known for scathing reviews, wrote: \"I have only good things to say about Sakis and I don't want to hear 'boo' from anyone. I don't think that a more neat, well-supported, professional, and generally flawless performance than Sakis' exists on the Athenian clubs.\" On 6 April 2005 Rouvas released his tenth album, S'eho Erotefthi (I'm in Love With You), which went platinum in five months and was eventually certified 3× platinum.", "On 6 April 2005 Rouvas released his tenth album, S'eho Erotefthi (I'm in Love With You), which went platinum in five months and was eventually certified 3× platinum. With Vodafone Greece as their main sponsor, release parties for the CD were held in Heraklion, Corfu, Thessaloniki, and Athens on the same day and \"S'eho Erotefti\", \"Hilia Milia\" (\"A Thousand Miles\"), \"Mila Tis\" (\"Talk to Her\"), \"Na M' Agapas\" (\"You Should Love Me\") and \"Cairo\" became radio hits.", "With Vodafone Greece as their main sponsor, release parties for the CD were held in Heraklion, Corfu, Thessaloniki, and Athens on the same day and \"S'eho Erotefti\", \"Hilia Milia\" (\"A Thousand Miles\"), \"Mila Tis\" (\"Talk to Her\"), \"Na M' Agapas\" (\"You Should Love Me\") and \"Cairo\" became radio hits. That year, Rouvas won the World Music Award as Best-Selling Greek Artist of 2004.", "That year, Rouvas won the World Music Award as Best-Selling Greek Artist of 2004. In September he gave a charity concert at the Olympic Indoor Hall for an audience of 20,000 (the largest production by any Greek entertainer until Rouvas surpassed the record in 2009), followed by a concert in Patras. Live Ballads, Eurovision and Iparhi Agapi Edo (2006) On 14 February 2006, Rouvas gave a Valentine's Day concert where he sang his popular ballads and cover versions of ballads by other Greek and foreign artists.", "Live Ballads, Eurovision and Iparhi Agapi Edo (2006) On 14 February 2006, Rouvas gave a Valentine's Day concert where he sang his popular ballads and cover versions of ballads by other Greek and foreign artists. The concert was recorded, videotaped and released as Live Ballads (Rouvas' first live album and video) later in April as a CD and CD/DVD package.", "The concert was recorded, videotaped and released as Live Ballads (Rouvas' first live album and video) later in April as a CD and CD/DVD package. The CD featured three new studio tracks—\"Horis Kardia\" (\"Without a Heart\"; Greek version of Damien Rice's \"The Blower's Daughter\"), \"Eisai Oli Mou H Zoi\" and an English-language version of \"S'eho Erotefthi\" entitled \"I'm in Love With You\"—and topped the Greek album chart.", "The CD featured three new studio tracks—\"Horis Kardia\" (\"Without a Heart\"; Greek version of Damien Rice's \"The Blower's Daughter\"), \"Eisai Oli Mou H Zoi\" and an English-language version of \"S'eho Erotefthi\" entitled \"I'm in Love With You\"—and topped the Greek album chart. On 3 April, Rouvas sang \"Horis Kardia\" at the Arion Music Awards, where he won Best Pop Album and Best Pop Singer for S'eho Erotefthi.", "On 3 April, Rouvas sang \"Horis Kardia\" at the Arion Music Awards, where he won Best Pop Album and Best Pop Singer for S'eho Erotefthi. In May the Eurovision Song Contest 2006 was held in Athens, since Greece won the contest the previous year and Rouvas was asked by ERT to host the semi-final and final with Maria Menounos. At the semi-finals, Rouvas opened the show by singing the Katrina and the Waves song \"Love Shine a Light\" with Menounos.", "At the semi-finals, Rouvas opened the show by singing the Katrina and the Waves song \"Love Shine a Light\" with Menounos. During the voting intermission, he performed \"I'm in Love With You\".", "During the voting intermission, he performed \"I'm in Love With You\". On 14 June, Rouvas performed \"Agapa Me\" (\"Love Me\"; Greek version of Julio Iglesias \"Abrázame\") and \"Na M' Agapas\" at the third MAD Video Music Awards, where he won Best Video by a Male Artist (for \"Na M' Agapas\") and Best-Dressed Artist in a Video (for \"Mila Tis\").", "On 14 June, Rouvas performed \"Agapa Me\" (\"Love Me\"; Greek version of Julio Iglesias \"Abrázame\") and \"Na M' Agapas\" at the third MAD Video Music Awards, where he won Best Video by a Male Artist (for \"Na M' Agapas\") and Best-Dressed Artist in a Video (for \"Mila Tis\"). At the end of the summer (6 September), he collaborated with Vodafone on a beach-party concert at Yabanaki known as \"Sakis on the Waves\".", "At the end of the summer (6 September), he collaborated with Vodafone on a beach-party concert at Yabanaki known as \"Sakis on the Waves\". On 13 November he began filming his feature-film debut, in Alter Ego and on 6 December 2006 Rouvas released his eleventh studio album, Iparhi Agapi Edo (There Is Love Here). \"Ego Travo Zori\" (I'm Having a Hard Time\") and \"18 (Iprarhi Agapi Edo)\" received radio airplay.", "\"Ego Travo Zori\" (I'm Having a Hard Time\") and \"18 (Iprarhi Agapi Edo)\" received radio airplay. The lyrics for \"Mikros Titanikos (Se Latrevo)\" (\"Little Titanic [I Adore You]\") were written by Yiannis Parios, and his son Harry Varthakouris composed the music. The album was certified platinum (selling over 40,000 copies as of April 2007).", "The album was certified platinum (selling over 40,000 copies as of April 2007). Film and television career, This Is My Live and Irthes (2007–08) Rouvas' Academy Awards prime-time special, Sakis Oscar Songs, aired on 20 February 2007 on Nova. The special was filmed at a private concert at Athens Arena, and featured Oscar-winning songs. In March, he began performing at Boom in Thessaloniki with Despina Vandi.", "In March, he began performing at Boom in Thessaloniki with Despina Vandi. On 10 May 2007 Village Roadshow Productions' Alter Ego premiered in theatres across Greece with the avant premiere being on 7 May. With a budget of €2 million, it was one of the most expensive productions in Greece. The film received mixed reviews and sold only one-fifth of the expected number of tickets. Its 200,000 tickets made Alter Ego an average success for Greek cinema, although Rouvas was disappointed in its media coverage.", "Its 200,000 tickets made Alter Ego an average success for Greek cinema, although Rouvas was disappointed in its media coverage. The film dealt with young musicians living the rock-and-roll lifestyle (including drug abuse) facing their inner fears in the loss of a loved one. Its soundtrack was recorded by the cast of the movie and Rouvas and the theme song, \"Zise Ti Zoi\" (\"Live Life\"), reached the top 10. On 29 June 2008, Alter Ego was screened at a Los Angeles Greek festival.", "On 29 June 2008, Alter Ego was screened at a Los Angeles Greek festival. On 20 July 2007, Rouvas performed in Ptolemaida, Kozani as part of the Expedition for Environment Act Now! On 10 September 2007, his concert at the Lycabettus theater as part of an OPAP campaign encouraging blood donation was recorded and was released as a CD/DVD on 12 December 2007 entitled This Is My Live. The album also featured his last single \"Stous 31 Dromous\" (\"On 31 Roads\").", "The album also featured his last single \"Stous 31 Dromous\" (\"On 31 Roads\"). On 29 October, Rouvas received his sixth Arion (Best Pop Song for \"Ola Gyro Sou Gyrizoun\") from five nominations, although he was absent from the ceremony. In spring 2008, Rouvas and Antonis Remos toured North America, Australia and South Africa.", "In spring 2008, Rouvas and Antonis Remos toured North America, Australia and South Africa. Rouvas' song \"+ Se Thelo\" (\"And I Want You\") by Dimitris Kontopoulos, became a radio hit and a video with footage from the July 2008 MAD Video Music Awards, was released at the end of the year. \"+ Se Thelo\" became a staple of Rouvas' career.", "\"+ Se Thelo\" became a staple of Rouvas' career. It was a critical landmark, a rare case of a Greek artist breaking generational barriers and producing a hit of that magnitude nearly two decades into their career. In July 2008 Rouvas was announced as host for the first season of the Greek version of The X Factor, which premiered on 24 October. Rouvas was Greece's representative—singing \"Stous 31 Dromous\"—in the OGAE Song Contest, placing third behind Croatia and the United Kingdom.", "Rouvas was Greece's representative—singing \"Stous 31 Dromous\"—in the OGAE Song Contest, placing third behind Croatia and the United Kingdom. On 3 December, Rouvas released his 12th studio album, Irthes (You Arrived), produced by Dimitris Kontopoulos. The same titled song \"Irthes\" was released few days earlier, on 20 November, and it was dedicated to his newborn daughter. The following day, on 4 December, he premiered his winter concert series with the Maggira Sisters at STARZ.", "The following day, on 4 December, he premiered his winter concert series with the Maggira Sisters at STARZ. Eurovision, Duress, Parafora and business career (2009–2012) ERT made an early announcement confirming that Rouvas would again be Greece's entry in the Eurovision Song Contest 2009.", "Eurovision, Duress, Parafora and business career (2009–2012) ERT made an early announcement confirming that Rouvas would again be Greece's entry in the Eurovision Song Contest 2009. He performed his three songs (\"Out of Control\", \"Right on Time\" and \"This Is Our Night\", all composed by Dimitris Kontopoulos) at the Greek finals in February; the latter was the runaway winner with the jury and the viewers, winning 61 percent of the vote (the largest margin ever, and the most votes received by ERT in a national final).", "He performed his three songs (\"Out of Control\", \"Right on Time\" and \"This Is Our Night\", all composed by Dimitris Kontopoulos) at the Greek finals in February; the latter was the runaway winner with the jury and the viewers, winning 61 percent of the vote (the largest margin ever, and the most votes received by ERT in a national final). The song debuted at number one on the Greek Digital Singles chart, while Rouvas embarked on a promotional tour of Europe.", "The song debuted at number one on the Greek Digital Singles chart, while Rouvas embarked on a promotional tour of Europe. He said publicly that he hoped to return the contest to Greece the following year. A win was widely anticipated by the Greek public, with the country being one of the three favorites among the Eurovision fans. However, Rouvas finished seventh in the final. The singer and the Greek public were disappointed with the result, and he issued a public apology for his loss.", "The singer and the Greek public were disappointed with the result, and he issued a public apology for his loss. Rouvas received universal support from the public and the media, a first for a Greek Eurovision entrant regardless of result. On 27 March Rouvas was appointed by ELPIDA Charity Foundation president and UNESCO Goodwill Ambassador Marianna Vardinoyannis as a \"messenger\" for the foundation, a charity for children with cancer, publicly recognizing his longtime behind-the-scenes support.", "On 27 March Rouvas was appointed by ELPIDA Charity Foundation president and UNESCO Goodwill Ambassador Marianna Vardinoyannis as a \"messenger\" for the foundation, a charity for children with cancer, publicly recognizing his longtime behind-the-scenes support. He joined fast food chain Goody's in its ArGOODaki campaign, and donated €300,000 to the foundation in April. That month Rouvas and Zygouli introduced beauty company Mariella Nails Body and Mind Care, of which they own 25 percent.", "That month Rouvas and Zygouli introduced beauty company Mariella Nails Body and Mind Care, of which they own 25 percent. On 1 July 2009, Rouvas performed a sold-out concert in support of environmental issues at Panathenaic Stadium before an audience of 40,000. He was one of the few musicians permitted to perform at the venue; it was the largest attendance ever at the stadium for a non-sporting event, and the largest attendance for a single musical artist in Greek history.", "He was one of the few musicians permitted to perform at the venue; it was the largest attendance ever at the stadium for a non-sporting event, and the largest attendance for a single musical artist in Greek history. The concert, organized by the National Youth Council, coincided with the start of the national public smoking ban. The sold-out Sakis Live Tour visited an additional 10 cities from July to September, and he performed a sold-out concert series at Politia Live Clubbing in Thessaloniki.", "The sold-out Sakis Live Tour visited an additional 10 cities from July to September, and he performed a sold-out concert series at Politia Live Clubbing in Thessaloniki. In October, the singer returned to host the second season of the Greek version of The X Factor and dubbed the voice of Captain Charles T. Baker in the Greek version of Planet 51. He made his American film debut in the psychological thriller Duress, with Martin Donovan.", "He made his American film debut in the psychological thriller Duress, with Martin Donovan. The film was screened at festivals in Poland and Russia, and was given a wide theatrical release in December by Greek distributor Hollywood Entertainment. It was expected to be released on home video in the United States. Rouvas performed at his new S Club for the winter 2009–10 season (with Tamta, Eleftheria Eleftheriou and the American rapper Gifted) and opened sushi restaurant EDO.", "Rouvas performed at his new S Club for the winter 2009–10 season (with Tamta, Eleftheria Eleftheriou and the American rapper Gifted) and opened sushi restaurant EDO. On 2 March 2010 the successful S Club caught fire, sustaining up to €4 million in damage. The cause of the fire was unknown, but Athens police suspected arson by rival club owners since witnesses reported seeing containers of gasoline.", "The cause of the fire was unknown, but Athens police suspected arson by rival club owners since witnesses reported seeing containers of gasoline. After repairs, Rouvas' show resumed from 19 March to 9 April and moved to Thessaloniki on 7 May for a six-week engagement at Politia Live Clubbing. He appeared on Tamta's single \"Tharros I Alitheia\" for her album of the same name. The song became a major club hit, and won a MAD Video Music Award for Best Duet–Collaboration Video.", "The song became a major club hit, and won a MAD Video Music Award for Best Duet–Collaboration Video. Rouvas' 13th studio album, Parafora, was released on 14 December 2010 and topped the IFPI Top 75 Albums chart. It shipped 24,000 copies its first week, for a double-platinum certification. The album's first single (\"Spase Ton Hrono\") was Rouvas' fourth consecutive single to reach number one on all Greek charts.", "The album's first single (\"Spase Ton Hrono\") was Rouvas' fourth consecutive single to reach number one on all Greek charts. It won Best Balkan Song from Greece at the first Balkan Music Awards; its video gave Rouvas five MAD Video Music Awards nominations (more than any other video) and Best Pop Video, Artist of the Year and Fashion Icon of the Year awards.", "It won Best Balkan Song from Greece at the first Balkan Music Awards; its video gave Rouvas five MAD Video Music Awards nominations (more than any other video) and Best Pop Video, Artist of the Year and Fashion Icon of the Year awards. The song also contributed to Rouvas' MTV Europe Music Award for Best Greek Act at the MTV Europe Music Awards 2010, and he was shortlisted for the MTV Europe Music Award for Best European Act.", "The song also contributed to Rouvas' MTV Europe Music Award for Best Greek Act at the MTV Europe Music Awards 2010, and he was shortlisted for the MTV Europe Music Award for Best European Act. \"Emena Thes\", the second single, was released in May and peaked at number five on the mixed-airplay and digital sales charts. The title track was released in October; it was number one on the domestic-airplay chart for three weeks and peaked at number two on the mixed-airplay chart.", "The title track was released in October; it was number one on the domestic-airplay chart for three weeks and peaked at number two on the mixed-airplay chart. The album's fourth single, \"Oi dyo mas\" was released in late February 2011. Its video clip was released at the end of March, when the song topped the national-airplay chart. For the second consecutive year, Rouvas was Singer of the Year at the Status Men of the Year Awards.", "For the second consecutive year, Rouvas was Singer of the Year at the Status Men of the Year Awards. In June Rouvas and his brother, Vasilis, launched TV and film production company Sakis Rouvas Kinematografos EPE, and on 14 July Rouvas ended the Greek French Embassy's Bastille Day celebration with renditions of the French and Greek national anthems. His eight-city summer tour lasted from 24 July to 19 September.", "His eight-city summer tour lasted from 24 July to 19 September. At a 27 July stop in Corinth he introduced the Sakis Rouvas Collection of clothing (to which he had creative input) to Greek retailer Sprider Stores. The collection, for men and women, was launched on 16 September and available in October.", "The collection, for men and women, was launched on 16 September and available in October. Rouvas performed at the Mykonos Xlsior Festival in support of the LGBT movement on 27 August; although he was scheduled to perform at the first Εurovoice on 23 September with Enrique Iglesias, Anastacia and host Pamela Anderson, his appearance was canceled a day before the event for undisclosed reasons. For the winter season of 2010–11 Rouvas joined Anna Vissi for Face2Face, a concert series at Athens Arena beginning on 15 October.", "For the winter season of 2010–11 Rouvas joined Anna Vissi for Face2Face, a concert series at Athens Arena beginning on 15 October. ANT1 was in negotiations with Rouvas to star in a TV series after The X Factor, and he hosted the third season of the talent show from 29 October – 11 February. For his performance, Rouvas was Presenter of the Year at the 2011 Cypriot Men of the Year Awards.", "For his performance, Rouvas was Presenter of the Year at the 2011 Cypriot Men of the Year Awards. On 2 February 2011 Rouvas was one of eight acts in the first MADWalk (equivalent to the international Fashion Rocks), where he represented Celia Kritharioti Haute Couture. In the spring he made ten appearances at Thalassa.", "In the spring he made ten appearances at Thalassa. In the spring he made ten appearances at Thalassa. After a short break Rouvas continued his live appearances at Puli Axiou in Thessaloniki, announcing his upcoming winter performances at Athens Arena with Onirama and Eleni Foureira as his opening act and releasing his new single, \"Kane na mi s' agapiso\". At the 2012 Johnnie Walker Men of the Year Awards in Cyprus Rouvas was presented with the Greek of the Year award for his philanthropic contributions, particularly to the Elpida Foundation.", "At the 2012 Johnnie Walker Men of the Year Awards in Cyprus Rouvas was presented with the Greek of the Year award for his philanthropic contributions, particularly to the Elpida Foundation. In February 2012 he performed his new single (\"Bad Thing\") with American singer Nomi Ruiz of Jessica 6 at the second MADWalk, where he represented designer Apostolos Mitropoulos. The single was expected to be released worldwide after the show.", "The single was expected to be released worldwide after the show. In May 2012 Rouvas released a new single, \"Tora\" (\"Νow\") which he performed at the 2012 MAD Video Music Awards. In November, he released a rock-Zeibekiko mash-up ballad entitled \"Niose Ti Thelo\" (\"Feel What I Want\").", "In November, he released a rock-Zeibekiko mash-up ballad entitled \"Niose Ti Thelo\" (\"Feel What I Want\"). Rouvas was nominated for four Mad Video Music Awards (including Best Pop Video and Video of the Year), winning Male Artist of the Year and Artist of the Year for \"I Dyo Mas\".", "Rouvas was nominated for four Mad Video Music Awards (including Best Pop Video and Video of the Year), winning Male Artist of the Year and Artist of the Year for \"I Dyo Mas\". Theatre, Chevalier and Mia Hara Na Pernas (2013–2020) Rouvas returned to television as a presenter for ANT1's Iroes Anamesa Mas (Heroes Among Us), a ten-part documentary series focusing on stories of people who have been commended for heroic deeds which premiered on 24 May 2013.", "Theatre, Chevalier and Mia Hara Na Pernas (2013–2020) Rouvas returned to television as a presenter for ANT1's Iroes Anamesa Mas (Heroes Among Us), a ten-part documentary series focusing on stories of people who have been commended for heroic deeds which premiered on 24 May 2013. For the series, Rouvas traveled throughout Greece interviewing the featured nominees.", "For the series, Rouvas traveled throughout Greece interviewing the featured nominees. During the summer, he made his theatrical debut in Euripides' tragedy The Bacchae in the lead role of Dionysus, for which he was awarded with the best performance award by the 2014 Greek Theatre Critics Awards in the category of ancient drama. Working again with songwriter Theofanous, in May 2013 Rouvas released a ballad single (\"Mia Hara Na Pernas\"; \"Have A Good Time\").", "Working again with songwriter Theofanous, in May 2013 Rouvas released a ballad single (\"Mia Hara Na Pernas\"; \"Have A Good Time\"). At the 2013 MAD Video Music Awards, he was nominated for four awards: Best Pop Video, Video of the Year, Male Artist of the Year and Artist of the Year.", "At the 2013 MAD Video Music Awards, he was nominated for four awards: Best Pop Video, Video of the Year, Male Artist of the Year and Artist of the Year. \"Tora\" was nominated for most-played radio song of the year, and as part of the awards' tenth anniversary Rouvas' 2008 live performance of \"+ Se Thelo\" was nominated for best live performance in the show's history.", "\"Tora\" was nominated for most-played radio song of the year, and as part of the awards' tenth anniversary Rouvas' 2008 live performance of \"+ Se Thelo\" was nominated for best live performance in the show's history. On 24 November 2013 Rouvas was among a group from the Ionian Islands who were commended by the Hellenic Union of Eptanisians (Ionians) for their work and philanthropy. To honor the winners, the organization released a collectors'-edition philatelic envelope with a stamp bearing a picture of the group.", "To honor the winners, the organization released a collectors'-edition philatelic envelope with a stamp bearing a picture of the group. In January 2014, continuing his support for the Elpida Foundation in practice, Rouvas became the first volunteer bone-marrow donor at the Orama Elpidas (Vision of Hope) marrow bank, and he is appearing in a foundation campaign encouraging marrow donation. His \"Ace of Hearts Tour\" that started on 26 April 2014, was dedicated to the Elpida Foundation and the Orama Elpidas marrow bank.", "His \"Ace of Hearts Tour\" that started on 26 April 2014, was dedicated to the Elpida Foundation and the Orama Elpidas marrow bank. The final concert of the tour took place in Athens on 11 October 2014. On 13 January 2014, it was announced that Rouvas would be part of Athina Tsaggari's new feature film named \"Chevalier\", where he would be one of the protagonists of the movie. The shootings of the movie started on January and are set to be done in March 2014.", "The shootings of the movie started on January and are set to be done in March 2014. On 11 March 2014, Rouvas himself uploaded a promo video of his new single \"Se Pethimisa\" (I Missed You) on his YouTube channel that will be released later during the year. For this song, Rouvas continues his cooperation with the songwriter Theofanous, while the lyrics belong to Thanos Papanikolaou. After his success as Dionysus in The Bacchae, Rouvas' next theatrical step includes a musical.", "After his success as Dionysus in The Bacchae, Rouvas' next theatrical step includes a musical. In September 2014, it was announced that Rouvas would be part of the musical \"Hraklis; Oi dodeka athloi\" (Hercules; The twelve labours) at the role of Hercules. The premiere took place on 12 December 2014. In 2015 he performed Mikis Theodorakis's Axion Asti. In 2016 Chevalier, was selected as the Greek entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 89th Academy Awards.", "In 2016 Chevalier, was selected as the Greek entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 89th Academy Awards. Since 2016, Rouvas has been a coach on The Voice Greece. Rouvas performed in Estate Club for the 2018-2019 and 2019-2020 seasons (with Stelios Rokkos and Helena Paparizou (2019-2020)). He and Rokkos collaborated in the single \"Ta Zorikia Vradia\" in 2018. Rouvas single \"Ela Sto Horo\" was released in 2019. In September 2019 he gave a concert along with Helena Paparizou and Eleni Foureira.", "In September 2019 he gave a concert along with Helena Paparizou and Eleni Foureira. He and Paparizou later in 2020 released a single called \"Etsi einai i Fasi\". In August 2020 he performed in Odeon of Herodes Atticus along with soprano Sonia Theodoridou. Sta Kalytera Mou, Idols and current projects (2021–current) In spring 2021 Sakis Rouvas released his new 14th album, titled \"Sta Kalytera Mou\" and produced by Phoebus. Lead single was titled Yperanthropos.", "Lead single was titled Yperanthropos. Lead single was titled Yperanthropos. The album reached number one on the IFPI Greece top 75 abums sales chart for several consecutive weeks, and was the Greek best-selling album of 2021 in Greece. He also took part in the collaborative album \"O Prigkipas tis Dytikis Ochthis\", which was released in the memory of the singer-songwriter Manos Xydous, a member of the Greek rock band Pyx Lax. The album ended the third best selling greek language album of 2021.", "The album ended the third best selling greek language album of 2021. In late 2021 he presented the television documentary series \"Idols\", dedicated to personalities who stigmatized Greece's popular culture with their professional course and life. Aliki Vougiouklaki, Malvina Karali, Nikos Kourkoulos, Dimitris Mitropanos, Vlassis Bonatsos lives were featured. Artistry Influences Elvis Presley was Rouvas' musical idol; he also enjoyed The Beatles, The Rolling Stones, Kiss and Queen.", "Artistry Influences Elvis Presley was Rouvas' musical idol; he also enjoyed The Beatles, The Rolling Stones, Kiss and Queen. Although he was influenced most by 1960s music, he also likes George Michael and Michael Bolton. The singer considers Queen's \"Bohemian Rhapsody\" \"one of the ten best songs that have ever been written.\" Similarities between Presley and Rouvas have been noted; during his STARZ performances, the Maggira Sisters' opening sketch was based on Presley's concern about a popular Greek singer who imitated him.", "Similarities between Presley and Rouvas have been noted; during his STARZ performances, the Maggira Sisters' opening sketch was based on Presley's concern about a popular Greek singer who imitated him. Rouvas covered Presley's \"Suspicious Minds\" for the Alter Ego soundtrack, and has said that what impressed him most as a child about Presley was \"the way that he sang, that he danced, that he felt what he interpreted and what I believed that his audience felt when they heard him\".", "Rouvas covered Presley's \"Suspicious Minds\" for the Alter Ego soundtrack, and has said that what impressed him most as a child about Presley was \"the way that he sang, that he danced, that he felt what he interpreted and what I believed that his audience felt when they heard him\". He has also been influenced by Greek artists such as Giannis Parios, Marinella and Nana Mouskouri (his mentor), and considers Haris Alexiou and Anna Vissi as the two greatest Greek female artists.", "He has also been influenced by Greek artists such as Giannis Parios, Marinella and Nana Mouskouri (his mentor), and considers Haris Alexiou and Anna Vissi as the two greatest Greek female artists. Michael Jackson's \"Earth Song\" is a favourite of Rouvas' for its environmental message; after Jackson's death, he dedicated a song to the American singer at his Concert for the Environment and spoke about Jackson's legacy: \"[Michael Jackson was] one of the most significant singers ever on this planet and the biggest showman that has ever passed by on this planet [...] a person whose life was a 'thriller', but however complicated his life was, he dedicated it for the good of the children and of the planet.", "Michael Jackson's \"Earth Song\" is a favourite of Rouvas' for its environmental message; after Jackson's death, he dedicated a song to the American singer at his Concert for the Environment and spoke about Jackson's legacy: \"[Michael Jackson was] one of the most significant singers ever on this planet and the biggest showman that has ever passed by on this planet [...] a person whose life was a 'thriller', but however complicated his life was, he dedicated it for the good of the children and of the planet. Many people want to remember him for the complex persona that he had, I want to remember him for everything that he gave to us all of these years, and for all the reasons that he inspired us.\"", "Many people want to remember him for the complex persona that he had, I want to remember him for everything that he gave to us all of these years, and for all the reasons that he inspired us.\" Musicianship Rouvas is fluent in Greek, English and French, presenting the Eurovision Song Contest 2006 in all three languages.", "Musicianship Rouvas is fluent in Greek, English and French, presenting the Eurovision Song Contest 2006 in all three languages. He has also recorded songs in all three languages, singing phonetically in Turkish and Russian for his 1997 collaboration with Burak Kut in Cyprus and the Russian duet version of \"Se Thelo San Trelos\" (\"Kak Sumashedshij Ya\") with Philipp Kirkorov; one of three versions, it was a Russian hit. Rouvas plays guitar, bass, piano, cello and some percussion.", "Rouvas plays guitar, bass, piano, cello and some percussion. On some tours he plays his black Gibson Les Paul electric guitar, switching to acoustic guitar for unplugged performances such as Live Ballads. Rouvas has expressed disappointment with the ignorance of youthful audiences of older music. He considers himself a pop-rock artist, although he has described his musical style as \"always more rock\" than he has been credited.", "He considers himself a pop-rock artist, although he has described his musical style as \"always more rock\" than he has been credited. Rouvas has been praised for not tapping into traditional Greek music for commercial success, since pop music is a niche genre in Greece. Asked if he thought it difficult being a pop-rock artist in a folk market, he replied that there was a need for a variety of genres; while he has experimented with traditional Greek music, it is not what he feels he does best.", "Asked if he thought it difficult being a pop-rock artist in a folk market, he replied that there was a need for a variety of genres; while he has experimented with traditional Greek music, it is not what he feels he does best. Vocal style Rouvas had no vocal lessons as a boy and taught himself primarily by ear, so during the recording of his first album he had to learn music theory in a short time. His voice developed significantly since his early teenaged performances.", "His voice developed significantly since his early teenaged performances. His voice developed significantly since his early teenaged performances. Rouvas' detractors have criticized his voice as average, or limited, contending that his appeal is based on image. Whatever the assessment of his voice, it has often been overshadowed by showmanship and appearance in the media; many preferred to watch him perform than to listen to him.", "Whatever the assessment of his voice, it has often been overshadowed by showmanship and appearance in the media; many preferred to watch him perform than to listen to him. These criticisms diminished by the second decade of Rouvas' career; his technical skills (range, power and versatility in particular) and expression are better appreciated.", "These criticisms diminished by the second decade of Rouvas' career; his technical skills (range, power and versatility in particular) and expression are better appreciated. Rouvas has a tenor vocal range; although he can also sing low, in the F-clef range, he prefers to sing higher and can reach notes beyond the typical tenor high without falsetto, varying his dynamics from whispers to belts.", "Rouvas has a tenor vocal range; although he can also sing low, in the F-clef range, he prefers to sing higher and can reach notes beyond the typical tenor high without falsetto, varying his dynamics from whispers to belts. His vocal power was evident in early recordings, notably on \"Mia Fora\" from Aima, Dakrya & Idrotas (the first album to showcase his vocal ability). During his 1997–98 hiatus, Rouvas received voice lessons from American coach Raz Kennedy focusing on rock and blues techniques.", "During his 1997–98 hiatus, Rouvas received voice lessons from American coach Raz Kennedy focusing on rock and blues techniques. His subsequent sixth album, Kati Apo Mena, was a milestone in Rouvas' vocal development; he exhibited a consistent depth and dimension which previously appeared only sporadically on his first five albums.", "His subsequent sixth album, Kati Apo Mena, was a milestone in Rouvas' vocal development; he exhibited a consistent depth and dimension which previously appeared only sporadically on his first five albums. He won the Pop Corn Music Award for Best Male Vocal Performance twice in a row: for 1999's \"Den Ehei Sidera I Kardia Sou\" and 2000's \"Se Thelo San Trelos\" (the latter from 21os Akatallilos).", "He won the Pop Corn Music Award for Best Male Vocal Performance twice in a row: for 1999's \"Den Ehei Sidera I Kardia Sou\" and 2000's \"Se Thelo San Trelos\" (the latter from 21os Akatallilos). By Live Ballads in 2006, Pavlos Zervas of Music Corner considered that Rouvas' voice had reached its most-mature form. Critic Tasos P. Karantis of Orfeas conceded that Rouvas sang with competence and technical precision, and his voice was easily recognizable.", "Critic Tasos P. Karantis of Orfeas conceded that Rouvas sang with competence and technical precision, and his voice was easily recognizable. Ilias Malasidis of Athens 24 noted that Rouvas' voice was initially more intriguing than his material. His voice is best-suited to power ballads, his signature style due to his sensual tone. Reviewers have praised Rouvas' live performances, particularly his ability to execute \"especially difficult and demanding songs\", hold long, high notes and dance while singing.", "Reviewers have praised Rouvas' live performances, particularly his ability to execute \"especially difficult and demanding songs\", hold long, high notes and dance while singing. Down Town commended him for never using a playback track, common among Greek artists, but Billboard noted that an ability to sing well in English would increase his international appeal.", "Down Town commended him for never using a playback track, common among Greek artists, but Billboard noted that an ability to sing well in English would increase his international appeal. During his career, Rouvas has perform in a number of genres, contemporary and traditional; in some songs (such as \"O Iroas\" from Iparhi Agapi Edo), he delivers spoken verses which have been described as a \"light rap.\" He has also performed as a crooner styles and a classical tenor.", "He has also performed as a crooner styles and a classical tenor. Rouvas' defining characteristic as a vocalist has been his emotional expression. He maintains his voice with a strict organic food diet and avoiding alcohol and smoking, banning smoking in his dressing room. Singer-songwriter Stelios Rokkos, who collaborated with him for three seasons, described him as \"probably the most disciplined singer I have ever met—in fact, to the point of insanity.\"", "Singer-songwriter Stelios Rokkos, who collaborated with him for three seasons, described him as \"probably the most disciplined singer I have ever met—in fact, to the point of insanity.\" Live shows and music videos Film and television After his 2005 move to Los Angeles Rouvas studied acting and received some training from his friend, Tom Hanks. He was interested in film since childhood, and a year and a half later he received an offer from Village Roadshow.", "He was interested in film since childhood, and a year and a half later he received an offer from Village Roadshow. In Rouvas' first feature film, Alter Ego (of which he was also associate producer), he played a role similar to himself. Before that, he dubbed English-language animated films in Greek. When comparisons between Rouvas and the character Stefanos in Alter Ego arose (with speculation that the character was autobiographical), he replied that despite similarities Stefanos was a \"much more aggressive person.\"", "When comparisons between Rouvas and the character Stefanos in Alter Ego arose (with speculation that the character was autobiographical), he replied that despite similarities Stefanos was a \"much more aggressive person.\" Rouvas adopted a new look for the film, credited by Nitro as reflecting the emo movement emerging among Greek youth. While Rouvas was attracted some critical praise for his foray into acting, others felt that it was too early to evaluate his acting talent.", "While Rouvas was attracted some critical praise for his foray into acting, others felt that it was too early to evaluate his acting talent. Rouvas' second film (the indie Duress) was a Hollywood psychological thriller in which he played a serial killer, against type for Greek audiences, and said the film was the most difficult thing he had done in his career until that point.", "Rouvas' second film (the indie Duress) was a Hollywood psychological thriller in which he played a serial killer, against type for Greek audiences, and said the film was the most difficult thing he had done in his career until that point. Giannis Zoumboulakis of To Vima found Rouvas convincing in the film's cat-and-mouse plot: \"You accept the proposal from the first moments, forgetting completely that the 'bad' guy in the story is the host of X-Factor\", concluding that \"Going against his own image, Rouvas creates a very exceptional psycho killer.", "Giannis Zoumboulakis of To Vima found Rouvas convincing in the film's cat-and-mouse plot: \"You accept the proposal from the first moments, forgetting completely that the 'bad' guy in the story is the host of X-Factor\", concluding that \"Going against his own image, Rouvas creates a very exceptional psycho killer. With his gray-beige, old wool coat and grimy, parted hair and without his bright smile he creates from scratch a hero that is all his.\"", "With his gray-beige, old wool coat and grimy, parted hair and without his bright smile he creates from scratch a hero that is all his.\" Panagiotis Timogiannakis contended that Rouvas began showing a different side of himself in Alter Ego, noting that the lighting in both films did not flatter him. Timogiannakis wondered if Rouvas had deglamourized himself to receive serious roles: \"He needs to clear up whether he wants to have a career of a star or of a role player.", "Timogiannakis wondered if Rouvas had deglamourized himself to receive serious roles: \"He needs to clear up whether he wants to have a career of a star or of a role player. A born role player he does not seem to be. A born star he is.\" The 2006 Eurovision Song Contest was a springboard for glib host roles, such as for The X Factor.", "The 2006 Eurovision Song Contest was a springboard for glib host roles, such as for The X Factor. Producer Giannis Latsios said that Rouvas' presence contributed significantly to the show's success, calling his first-season performance \"great\" and adding: \"We had a program that had to do with music and Sakis, on a collective level, is an icon that the generation which participates in this show has as an idol.", "Producer Giannis Latsios said that Rouvas' presence contributed significantly to the show's success, calling his first-season performance \"great\" and adding: \"We had a program that had to do with music and Sakis, on a collective level, is an icon that the generation which participates in this show has as an idol. He is a glowing character with much higher capabilities of expression and, if he decides to continue this path, will improve.", "He is a glowing character with much higher capabilities of expression and, if he decides to continue this path, will improve. He has immediacy, critique and most of all he gave to a program a luster, which was not standard from the beginning.\" Personal life After moving to Athens he lived with an older English woman named Sally, with whom he had begun a relationship on Corfu. Their relationship ended when Psinakis became Rouvas' manager, and the singer became more career-oriented.", "Their relationship ended when Psinakis became Rouvas' manager, and the singer became more career-oriented. The media has speculated about Rouvas' personal life and relationships with model Zeta Logotheti, Sofi Kantarou (a Corfu bar manager) and singer Elli Kokkinou. At this time, Rouvas became more reclusive and guarded about his personal life. In 2003 he was in a relationship with the London based Taiwanese producer Rebecca Wang.", "In 2003 he was in a relationship with the London based Taiwanese producer Rebecca Wang. Rouvas met model Katia Zygouli back in 2003 during the shootings of a commercial ad for Vodafone and the two of them became a couple. They kept their relationship away from the media despite the rumors and Rouvas first confirmed their relationship during a radio interview to Natalia Germanou.", "They kept their relationship away from the media despite the rumors and Rouvas first confirmed their relationship during a radio interview to Natalia Germanou. In June 2008, Rouvas announced Zygouli's pregnancy and on 2 November 2008, Zygouli gave birth to the couple's first child, a daughter named Anastasia after her father on 18 October 2009. Her godmother was Emmanouela Pavlatou, a friend of Melina Mercouri, and the baptismal date was chosen to coincide with Mercouri's birthday. Anastasia's birth was extensively covered by the media.", "Anastasia's birth was extensively covered by the media. Anastasia's birth was extensively covered by the media. On 15 October 2011, Rouvas and Zygouli became parents for the second time to a son, named Alexandros. The couple's third child and second daughter, named Ariadni, arrived on 3 January 2013. The couple welcomed their fourth child, on 21 April 2016. On Monday 3 July 2017, Sakis Rouvas married Katia Zygouli.", "On Monday 3 July 2017, Sakis Rouvas married Katia Zygouli. Political Causes Rouvas has spoken out against LGBT discrimination, and in favor of the adoption of children by gay couples. In July 2015 Rouvas uploaded a video message titled \"Yes we are Europe\" on his personal YouTube channel, in which he supported the pro-Europe vote for the 2015 Greek bailout referendum.", "In July 2015 Rouvas uploaded a video message titled \"Yes we are Europe\" on his personal YouTube channel, in which he supported the pro-Europe vote for the 2015 Greek bailout referendum. Controversies When he was called for military service in 1994 he asked for a delay, since his service would coincide with the release of Aima, Dakrya & Idrotas; the request was denied, although other artists had been able to delay their service for career reasons.", "Controversies When he was called for military service in 1994 he asked for a delay, since his service would coincide with the release of Aima, Dakrya & Idrotas; the request was denied, although other artists had been able to delay their service for career reasons. Although it was initially thought that Rouvas did not want to leave the spotlight when his career was growing, he claimed his reluctance to serve was due to agoraphobia.", "Although it was initially thought that Rouvas did not want to leave the spotlight when his career was growing, he claimed his reluctance to serve was due to agoraphobia. His claims were met with astonishment; media outlets remarked that agoraphobia was an odd condition for an entertainer, and critics accused him of draft dodging. The singer was taken to the Penteli psychiatric hospital for an evaluation, and it was widely reported that he had attempted suicide. After his release Rouvas fulfilled his military service.", "After his release Rouvas fulfilled his military service. After his release Rouvas fulfilled his military service. During his service, he was pestered by paparazzi. Psinakis accused Rouvas' psychiatrist of pouring psychotropic drugs into Rouvas' alcoholic beverages because of a previous quarrel.", "Psinakis accused Rouvas' psychiatrist of pouring psychotropic drugs into Rouvas' alcoholic beverages because of a previous quarrel. When asked if he was suicidal Rouvas said he did not think so, but he was so drugged at the time of the emergency call that he did not recall the exact events; he confirmed that he tried to desert by climbing under a Jeep and attaching himself to its undercarriage.", "When asked if he was suicidal Rouvas said he did not think so, but he was so drugged at the time of the emergency call that he did not recall the exact events; he confirmed that he tried to desert by climbing under a Jeep and attaching himself to its undercarriage. On 19 May 1997, Rouvas performed with Turkish singer Burak Kut at a bi-national reconciliation concert on the Green Line in Cyprus before an audience of over 4,000.", "On 19 May 1997, Rouvas performed with Turkish singer Burak Kut at a bi-national reconciliation concert on the Green Line in Cyprus before an audience of over 4,000. The concert received international coverage and support, earning Rouvas an International Abdi Ipekçi Prize for global understanding and co-operation; however, the concert was controversial to Greek and Turkish protesters, and stones, eggs and tomatoes were thrown at the singer in all his next concerts.", "The concert received international coverage and support, earning Rouvas an International Abdi Ipekçi Prize for global understanding and co-operation; however, the concert was controversial to Greek and Turkish protesters, and stones, eggs and tomatoes were thrown at the singer in all his next concerts. Opposition to the concert turned the Greek and Greek-Cypriot media against Rouvas, and was fodder for tabloid talk shows in Greece. Rouvas left Greece and moved to the United States for six months for the incident to be forgotten.", "Rouvas left Greece and moved to the United States for six months for the incident to be forgotten. During summer 2000 Rouvas, Psinakis and a number of other celebrities visited Mykonos on a yacht borrowed from a local physician. They were accused of drug possession, since the yacht contained narcotics. Although the doctor admitted that the narcotics were his, his guests were questioned. However, thousands of T-shirts were printed which read: \"Imoun ki ego sto kotero!\"", "However, thousands of T-shirts were printed which read: \"Imoun ki ego sto kotero!\" (\"I was on the yacht, too!\"). He collaborated with Pepsi in 2001, the advertisement, featuring a semi-nude Rouvas holding a Pepsi bottle in front of his genitals, was controversial among women's rights and parental associations. Calling it \"unsightly, vulgar and unacceptable\", they tried to have the ad blocked as \"disgrac[ing] childhood innocence and dignity.\"", "Calling it \"unsightly, vulgar and unacceptable\", they tried to have the ad blocked as \"disgrac[ing] childhood innocence and dignity.\" In October 2020, a Syriza MP Pavlos Polakis referenced Rouvas during a speech in the Greek Parliament, suggesting that he had supported the Golden Dawn Criminal organization because he followed one of their MPs on twitter years ago when they got elected in the Hellenic Parliament.", "In October 2020, a Syriza MP Pavlos Polakis referenced Rouvas during a speech in the Greek Parliament, suggesting that he had supported the Golden Dawn Criminal organization because he followed one of their MPs on twitter years ago when they got elected in the Hellenic Parliament. Rouvas sent a Cease and desist letter to Polakis asking to retract his statement or the matter would be dealt with in court.", "Rouvas sent a Cease and desist letter to Polakis asking to retract his statement or the matter would be dealt with in court. Adding that he followed the accounts of many politicians such as Mr. Alexis Tsipras, Mr. Antonis Samaras, e.t.c to have a full picture of what they are saying and how political leaders are confronting each other.", "Adding that he followed the accounts of many politicians such as Mr. Alexis Tsipras, Mr. Antonis Samaras, e.t.c to have a full picture of what they are saying and how political leaders are confronting each other. Discography Studio albums Sakis Rouvas (1991) Min Andistekese (1992) Gia Sena (1993) Aima, Dakrya & Idrotas (1994) Tora Arhizoun Ta Dyskola (1996) Kati Apo Mena (1998) 21os Akatallilos (2000) Ola Kala (2002) To Hrono Stamatao (2003) S'eho Erotefthi (2005) Iparhi Agapi Edo (2006) Irthes (2008) Parafora (2010) Sta Kalytera Mou (2021) Live albums Live Ballads (2006) This Is My Live (2007) Filmography Tours and residencies Concert tours Tora Arhizoun Ta Dyskola Summer Tour (1997) Pepsi Tour (2001) Ola Kala World Tour (2002) Sakis Live in Town Tour (2003) Sakis on Stage Tour (2005) Fire Victims Tour (2007) Antonis Remos – Sakis Rouvas World Tour (2008) Kalokairino Randevou me ton Saki Tour (2008) Sakis Live Tour (2009) Sakis Summer Tour 2010 Concert residencies To Ekati (1990) Athens Show Center (1991) Posidonio (1992) Posidonio (1994) Chaos (1996) Pyli Axiou (1997) Chaos (1998) Vio Vio (1999–2000) Pyli Axiou (2000) Apollonas (2000–01) Rex (2001–2002) Fever (2003–04) Fever (2004–05) Boom (2007) Politia (2008) STARZ (2008–09) Politia Live Clubbing (2009) The S Club (2009–2010) Politia Live Clubbing (2010) Face2Face (2010–11) The S Club at Thalassa: People's Stage (2011) Pyli Axiou (2011) Underworld S Club (2011–2012) Underworld S Club at Politia Live Clubbing (2012) The S Club at Thalassa: People's Stage (2012) Awards Bibliography \"Afti Einai I Zoi Mou\" (2009); An article co-written with Petros Kostopoulos featured in the April 2009 issue of Nitro.", "Discography Studio albums Sakis Rouvas (1991) Min Andistekese (1992) Gia Sena (1993) Aima, Dakrya & Idrotas (1994) Tora Arhizoun Ta Dyskola (1996) Kati Apo Mena (1998) 21os Akatallilos (2000) Ola Kala (2002) To Hrono Stamatao (2003) S'eho Erotefthi (2005) Iparhi Agapi Edo (2006) Irthes (2008) Parafora (2010) Sta Kalytera Mou (2021) Live albums Live Ballads (2006) This Is My Live (2007) Filmography Tours and residencies Concert tours Tora Arhizoun Ta Dyskola Summer Tour (1997) Pepsi Tour (2001) Ola Kala World Tour (2002) Sakis Live in Town Tour (2003) Sakis on Stage Tour (2005) Fire Victims Tour (2007) Antonis Remos – Sakis Rouvas World Tour (2008) Kalokairino Randevou me ton Saki Tour (2008) Sakis Live Tour (2009) Sakis Summer Tour 2010 Concert residencies To Ekati (1990) Athens Show Center (1991) Posidonio (1992) Posidonio (1994) Chaos (1996) Pyli Axiou (1997) Chaos (1998) Vio Vio (1999–2000) Pyli Axiou (2000) Apollonas (2000–01) Rex (2001–2002) Fever (2003–04) Fever (2004–05) Boom (2007) Politia (2008) STARZ (2008–09) Politia Live Clubbing (2009) The S Club (2009–2010) Politia Live Clubbing (2010) Face2Face (2010–11) The S Club at Thalassa: People's Stage (2011) Pyli Axiou (2011) Underworld S Club (2011–2012) Underworld S Club at Politia Live Clubbing (2012) The S Club at Thalassa: People's Stage (2012) Awards Bibliography \"Afti Einai I Zoi Mou\" (2009); An article co-written with Petros Kostopoulos featured in the April 2009 issue of Nitro. \"Info-diet 370\" (2011); An article featured in the November 2011 issue of Athens Voice.", "\"Info-diet 370\" (2011); An article featured in the November 2011 issue of Athens Voice. See also Honorific nicknames in popular music List of Eurovision Song Contest presenters List of Greeks List of Pepsi spokespersons Mononymous person Notes Further reading External links SakisRouvas.com - Official website Sakis Rouvas on Spotify ! colspan=\"3\" style=\"border-top: #DAA520 5px solid;\" | Eurovision Song Contest ! colspan=\"3\" style=\"border-top: #DAA520 5px solid;\" | World Music Awards !", "colspan=\"3\" style=\"border-top: #DAA520 5px solid;\" | World Music Awards ! colspan=\"3\" style=\"border-top: #DAA520 5px solid;\" | Other 1972 births 20th-century Greek male actors 21st-century Greek male actors Actors from Corfu Arion Music Awards winners Eastern Orthodox Christians from Greece English-language singers from Greece Greek environmentalists Eurovision Song Contest entrants of 2004 Eurovision Song Contest entrants of 2009 Greek businesspeople Greek dance musicians Greek male dancers Eurovision Song Contest entrants for Greece Greek expatriates in the United States Greek fashion designers Greek male film actors Greek film producers Greek male models 20th-century Greek male singers Greek philanthropists Greek pianists Greek pop singers Greek rhythm and blues singers Greek rock guitarists Greek rock singers Greek singer-songwriters Greek television presenters Greek male voice actors Greek health activists Humanitarians Living people MAD Video Music Awards winners Minos EMI artists 21st-century Greek male singers Musicians from Corfu Nightclub owners PolyGram Records (Greece) artists Restaurateurs Rock pianists Sportspeople from Corfu Thessaloniki Song Festival winners World Music Awards winners Greek laïko singers Male pianists MTV Europe Music Award winners" ]

[ "Jack London", "Socialism" ]

[ "Revolution and Other Essays is a collection of 13 Jack London essays and stories published in 1910 by The Macmillan Company. The collection includes fictional stories and essays. Most, but not all, of its contents concern socialism and injustice.\n\nContents\n\"Revolution\", the first essay in the book, extols Jack London's renunciation of Capitalism in favor of Socialism. Contents include: \"Revolution\", \"The Somnambulists\", \"The Dignity of Dollars\", \"Goliah\", \"The Golden Poppy\", \"The Shrinkage of the Planet\", \"The House Beautiful\", \"The Gold Hunters of the North\", \"Fomá Gordyéeff\", \"These Bones Shall Rise Again\", \"The Other Animals\", \"The Yellow Peril\", and \"What Life Means to Me\". It was reprinted in 1912 as part of the Macmillan Standard Library series.\n\n\"Goliah\" was originally published in 1908 in Red Magazine and was also published by Thorp Springs Press in 1974. It depicts a society transformed.\n\nReviews\nThe book was reviewed overall favorably by the Tampa Times in 1910, though the reviewer was less pleased with the namesake essay.\n\nReferences\n\nEssay anthologies\nShort story collections\nBooks by Jack London", "Third World socialism is a political philosophy and variant of socialism that has been proposed by Michel Aflaq, Salah al-Din al-Bitar, Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, Buddhadasa, Fidel Castro, Muammar Gaddafi, Saddam Hussein, Modibo Keïta, Walter Lini, Gamal Abdel Nasser, Jawaharlal Nehru, Kwame Nkrumah, Julius Nyerere, Sukarno, Ahmed Sékou Touré and other socialist leaders of the Third World who saw socialism as the answer to a strong and developed nation.\n\nThird World socialism is made up of African socialism, Arab socialism, Buddhist socialism, Islamic socialism, Melanesian socialism, Nasserism and Nehruism. Gaddafi's version was more inspired in the ideas of Arab nationalism, direct democracy, strongman politics and national liberation struggle while Bhutto's was more Western-aligned and resembled, allied and inspired itself in the ideas of Western democratic socialism/social democracy and had membership in the Socialist International.\n\nIn the 21st century, the pink tide, with its anti-Americanism, connection with the less developed Eastern Europe, a unity and sense of underdevelopment among developing countries and pro-Arabism, is a new kind of Third World socialism, of which Latin American socialism of the 21st century take part as an ideologically specific form of Third Worldism.\n\nAfrican socialism \nThe leaders of African socialism were Julius Nyerere, first president of Tanzania after the independence, who coined the concept of Ujamaa and collectivized the land; Kwame Nkrumah, first president of Ghana, who was one of the fathers of the Non-Aligned Movement, praised state planning policies like the five-year plans and an agency for the regulation of cocoa exports and in several political speeches and writings developed his theory of \nAfrican socialism; Modibo Keïta, father of Mali; and Ahmed Sékou Touré, father of Guinea.\n\nArab socialism \nThe main figures of Arab socialism are Gamal Abdel Nasser, first president of Egypt, who nationalized the Suez Canal, and the Ba'ath Party, founded in Syria by Michel Aflaq, which gained popularity in the whole Arab world and reached the government in Syria (until present) and Iraq (until 2003).\n\nMiddle Eastern socialism \nIran experienced a short Third World socialism period at the zenith of the Tudeh Party after the abdication of Reza Shah and his replacement by his son, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi (though the party never rose to power). After failing to reach power, this form of third world socialism was replaced by Mosaddegh's populist, non-aligned Iranian nationalism of the National Front party as the main anti-monarchy force in Iran, reaching power (1949–1953), and it remained with that strength even in opposition (after the overthrow of Mossadegh) until the rise of Islamism and the Iranian Revolution. The Tudehs have moved towards basic socialist communism since then.\n\nKemalism can very arguably be added to the list, as it appeared before the notion of Third World was created in post-World War II, it added populism to the equation (something not all Third World socialists did; Nasser and Nkrumah, for example, did) and Turkey is more developed than the typical notion of a Third World country, but as it was used as a model of government after the Turkish War of Independence to rebuild Turkey and recover it from the underdevelopment of the Ottoman Empire, creating a strong nation in face of the prospect of European colonialism, it can be considered as reaching the templates of a Third World socialism movement. From the 1960s onwards, Third World socialist and Third Worldist thought influenced left-Kemalism.\n\nThe Kemalist experiment, Fabian socialism and social democracy in general and the main Third World communist country, the People's Republic of China, were big influences on the movement. Despite being inspired by social democracy, most of these states were affected in one time or the other by strongmen or big man leaders or one-party systems. In any case, most Third World socialist states are followers of social democratic reformism (normally state-guided), preferring it to revolution, although some adopted a kind of permanent revolution stance on the social progress to a socialist society.\n\nLatin American socialism \nMany Latin American thinkers argued that the United States used Latin American countries as \"peripheral economies\" at the expense of Latin American social and economic development, which many saw as an extension of neo-colonialism and neo-imperialism. This shift in thinking led to a surge of dialogue related to how Latin America could assert its social and economic independence from the United States. Many scholars argued that a shift to socialism could help liberate Latin America from this conflict.\n\nThe New Left emerged in Latin America, a group which sought to go beyond existing Marxist–Leninist efforts at achieving economic equality and democracy to include social reform and address issues unique to Latin America such as racial and ethnic equality, indigenous rights and environmental issues. Notable New Left movements in Latin America include the Cuban Revolution of 1959, the victory of the Sandinista revolution in Nicaragua of 1979, the Workers' Party government in Porto Alegre of 1990, among others.\n\nBecause of its close proximity and strong historical connection to the United States, Cuba served an integral role in spreading socialism to the rest of Latin America. Che Guevara described Cuba as \"a guiding light\" to Latin American countries caught in conflict between imperialism and socialism. In Guevara's speech \"On Revolutionary Medicine\", he recounts his travels through Latin America and the misery, hunger and disease he witnessed and explained how a shift to socialism could help alleviate these struggles. As part of the New Left, Fidel Castro and Che Guevara implemented leftist politics in Cuba while incorporating policies aimed at addressing social issues. Cuban officials intended for Cuba to spur similar leftist revolutions in the rest of Latin America, what he saw as a common \"liberation struggle\", in countries like Venezuela, Bolivia and Nicaragua.\n\nIn the case of Juan Perón, elected president of Argentina on three times, the Third World socialist stance was a more radical variation of populism which aligned itself with the Third World and the Non-Aligned Movement (what Perón called \"the third position\"), with a significant state intervention for development such as five-year plans, the nationalization of railways, ports and banks, the creation of an agency to regulate grain exports (the IAPI) and the establishment of a modern welfare state. Despite his progressive policies, Perón did not define himself or his doctrine as \"socialist\" during his first presidencies (1946–1952 and 1952–1955), but he did later during his exile and during his third presidency (1973–1974) when he coined the term \"national socialism\", sort of an Argentine way to socialism, which he described as a social democracy mainly modeled after the \"Swedish model\" and also inspired by other non-aligned, Third World socialist models such as Christian socialism, Nasserism and the corporatist policies of European 1920s, 1930s and 1940s fascism.\n\nSee also \n Maoism (Third Worldism)\n Non-Aligned Movement\n Third Positionism\n Third-Worldism\n Three Worlds Theory\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n Economic Reform and Third-World Socialism: A Political Economy of Food Policy in Post-Revolutionary Societies.\n\nNon-Aligned Movement\nPolitical ideologies\nThird-Worldism\nTypes of socialism\nImperialism studies" ]

[ "John Griffith London (born John Griffith Chaney; January 12, 1876 – November 22, 1916) was an American novelist, journalist and social activist. A pioneer of commercial fiction and American magazines, he was one of the first American authors to become an international celebrity and earn a large fortune from writing. He was also an innovator in the genre that would later become known as science fiction.", "He was also an innovator in the genre that would later become known as science fiction. London was part of the radical literary group \"The Crowd\" in San Francisco and a passionate advocate of unionization, workers' rights, socialism, and eugenics. He wrote several works dealing with these topics, such as his dystopian novel The Iron Heel, his non-fiction exposé The People of the Abyss, War of the Classes, and Before Adam.", "He wrote several works dealing with these topics, such as his dystopian novel The Iron Heel, his non-fiction exposé The People of the Abyss, War of the Classes, and Before Adam. His most famous works include The Call of the Wild and White Fang, both set in the Klondike Gold Rush, as well as the short stories \"To Build a Fire\", \"An Odyssey of the North\", and \"Love of Life\".", "His most famous works include The Call of the Wild and White Fang, both set in the Klondike Gold Rush, as well as the short stories \"To Build a Fire\", \"An Odyssey of the North\", and \"Love of Life\". He also wrote about the South Pacific in stories such as \"The Pearls of Parlay\", and \"The Heathen\". Family Jack London was born January 12, 1876.", "Family Jack London was born January 12, 1876. Family Jack London was born January 12, 1876. His mother, Flora Wellman, was the fifth and youngest child of Pennsylvania Canal builder Marshall Wellman and his first wife, Eleanor Garrett Jones. Marshall Wellman was descended from Thomas Wellman, an early Puritan settler in the Massachusetts Bay Colony. Flora left Ohio and moved to the Pacific coast when her father remarried after her mother died.", "Flora left Ohio and moved to the Pacific coast when her father remarried after her mother died. In San Francisco, Flora worked as a music teacher and spiritualist, claiming to channel the spirit of a Sauk chief, Black Hawk. Biographer Clarice Stasz and others believe London's father was astrologer William Chaney. Flora Wellman was living with Chaney in San Francisco when she became pregnant. Whether Wellman and Chaney were legally married is unknown.", "Whether Wellman and Chaney were legally married is unknown. Whether Wellman and Chaney were legally married is unknown. Stasz notes that in his memoirs, Chaney refers to London's mother Flora Wellman as having been \"his wife\"; he also cites an advertisement in which Flora called herself \"Florence Wellman Chaney\". According to Flora Wellman's account, as recorded in the San Francisco Chronicle of June 4, 1875, Chaney demanded that she have an abortion. When she refused, he disclaimed responsibility for the child.", "When she refused, he disclaimed responsibility for the child. In desperation, she shot herself. She was not seriously wounded, but she was temporarily deranged. After giving birth, Flora sent the baby for wet-nursing to Virginia (Jennie) Prentiss, a formerly enslaved African-American woman and a neighbor. Prentiss was an important maternal figure throughout London's life, and he would later refer to her as his primary source of love and affection as a child.", "Prentiss was an important maternal figure throughout London's life, and he would later refer to her as his primary source of love and affection as a child. Late in 1876, Flora Wellman married John London, a partially disabled Civil War veteran, and brought her baby John, later known as Jack, to live with the newly married couple. The family moved around the San Francisco Bay Area before settling in Oakland, where London completed public grade school.", "The family moved around the San Francisco Bay Area before settling in Oakland, where London completed public grade school. The Prentiss family moved with the Londons, and remained a stable source of care for the young Jack. In 1897, when he was 21 and a student at the University of California, Berkeley, London searched for and read the newspaper accounts of his mother's suicide attempt and the name of his biological father. He wrote to William Chaney, then living in Chicago.", "He wrote to William Chaney, then living in Chicago. Chaney responded that he could not be London's father because he was impotent; he casually asserted that London's mother had relations with other men and averred that she had slandered him when she said he insisted on an abortion. Chaney concluded by saying that he was more to be pitied than London. London was devastated by his father's letter; in the months following, he quit school at Berkeley and went to the Klondike during the gold rush boom.", "London was devastated by his father's letter; in the months following, he quit school at Berkeley and went to the Klondike during the gold rush boom. Early life London was born near Third and Brannan Streets in San Francisco. The house burned down in the fire after the 1906 San Francisco earthquake; the California Historical Society placed a plaque at the site in 1953. Although the family was working class, it was not as impoverished as London's later accounts claimed. London was largely self-educated.", "London was largely self-educated. London was largely self-educated. In 1885, London found and read Ouida's long Victorian novel Signa. He credited this as the seed of his literary success. In 1886, he went to the Oakland Public Library and found a sympathetic librarian, Ina Coolbrith, who encouraged his learning. (She later became California's first poet laureate and an important figure in the San Francisco literary community). In 1889, London began working 12 to 18 hours a day at Hickmott's Cannery.", "In 1889, London began working 12 to 18 hours a day at Hickmott's Cannery. Seeking a way out, he borrowed money from his foster mother Virginia Prentiss, bought the sloop Razzle-Dazzle from an oyster pirate named French Frank, and became an oyster pirate himself. In his memoir, John Barleycorn, he claims also to have stolen French Frank's mistress Mamie. After a few months, his sloop became damaged beyond repair. London hired on as a member of the California Fish Patrol.", "London hired on as a member of the California Fish Patrol. In 1893, he signed on to the sealing schooner Sophie Sutherland, bound for the coast of Japan. When he returned, the country was in the grip of the panic of '93 and Oakland was swept by labor unrest. After grueling jobs in a jute mill and a street-railway power plant, London joined Coxey's Army and began his career as a tramp.", "After grueling jobs in a jute mill and a street-railway power plant, London joined Coxey's Army and began his career as a tramp. In 1894, he spent 30 days for vagrancy in the Erie County Penitentiary at Buffalo, New York. In The Road, he wrote: After many experiences as a hobo and a sailor, he returned to Oakland and attended Oakland High School. He contributed a number of articles to the high school's magazine, The Aegis.", "He contributed a number of articles to the high school's magazine, The Aegis. His first published work was \"Typhoon off the Coast of Japan\", an account of his sailing experiences. As a schoolboy, London often studied at Heinold's First and Last Chance Saloon, a port-side bar in Oakland. At 17, he confessed to the bar's owner, John Heinold, his desire to attend university and pursue a career as a writer. Heinold lent London tuition money to attend college.", "Heinold lent London tuition money to attend college. Heinold lent London tuition money to attend college. London desperately wanted to attend the University of California, located in Berkeley. In 1896, after a summer of intense studying to pass certification exams, he was admitted. Financial circumstances forced him to leave in 1897, and he never graduated. No evidence has surfaced that he ever wrote for student publications while studying at Berkeley.", "No evidence has surfaced that he ever wrote for student publications while studying at Berkeley. While at Berkeley, London continued to study and spend time at Heinold's saloon, where he was introduced to the sailors and adventurers who would influence his writing. In his autobiographical novel, John Barleycorn, London mentioned the pub's likeness seventeen times. Heinold's was the place where London met Alexander McLean, a captain known for his cruelty at sea. London based his protagonist Wolf Larsen, in the novel The Sea-Wolf, on McLean.", "London based his protagonist Wolf Larsen, in the novel The Sea-Wolf, on McLean. Heinold's First and Last Chance Saloon is now unofficially named Jack London's Rendezvous in his honor. Gold rush and first success On July 12, 1897, London (age 21) and his sister's husband Captain Shepard sailed to join the Klondike Gold Rush. This was the setting for some of his first successful stories. London's time in the harsh Klondike, however, was detrimental to his health.", "London's time in the harsh Klondike, however, was detrimental to his health. Like so many other men who were malnourished in the goldfields, London developed scurvy. His gums became swollen, leading to the loss of his four front teeth. A constant gnawing pain affected his hip and leg muscles, and his face was stricken with marks that always reminded him of the struggles he faced in the Klondike.", "A constant gnawing pain affected his hip and leg muscles, and his face was stricken with marks that always reminded him of the struggles he faced in the Klondike. Father William Judge, \"The Saint of Dawson\", had a facility in Dawson that provided shelter, food and any available medicine to London and others. His struggles there inspired London's short story, \"To Build a Fire\" (1902, revised in 1908), which many critics assess as his best.", "His struggles there inspired London's short story, \"To Build a Fire\" (1902, revised in 1908), which many critics assess as his best. His landlords in Dawson were mining engineers Marshall Latham Bond and Louis Whitford Bond, educated at the Bachelor's level at the Sheffield Scientific School at Yale and at the Master's level at Stanford, respectively. The brothers' father, Judge Hiram Bond, was a wealthy mining investor.", "The brothers' father, Judge Hiram Bond, was a wealthy mining investor. While the Bond brothers were at Stanford Hiram at the suggestion of his brother bought the New Park Estate at Santa Clara as well as a local bank. The Bonds, especially Hiram, were active Republicans. Marshall Bond's diary mentions friendly sparring with London on political issues as a camp pastime. London left Oakland with a social conscience and socialist leanings; he returned to become an activist for socialism.", "London left Oakland with a social conscience and socialist leanings; he returned to become an activist for socialism. He concluded that his only hope of escaping the work \"trap\" was to get an education and \"sell his brains\". He saw his writing as a business, his ticket out of poverty, and, he hoped, a means of beating the wealthy at their own game.", "He saw his writing as a business, his ticket out of poverty, and, he hoped, a means of beating the wealthy at their own game. On returning to California in 1898, London began working to get published, a struggle described in his novel, Martin Eden (serialized in 1908, published in 1909). His first published story since high school was \"To the Man On Trail\", which has frequently been collected in anthologies.", "His first published story since high school was \"To the Man On Trail\", which has frequently been collected in anthologies. When The Overland Monthly offered him only five dollars for it—and was slow paying—London came close to abandoning his writing career. In his words, \"literally and literarily I was saved\" when The Black Cat accepted his story \"A Thousand Deaths\", and paid him $40—the \"first money I ever received for a story\".", "In his words, \"literally and literarily I was saved\" when The Black Cat accepted his story \"A Thousand Deaths\", and paid him $40—the \"first money I ever received for a story\". London began his writing career just as new printing technologies enabled lower-cost production of magazines. This resulted in a boom in popular magazines aimed at a wide public audience and a strong market for short fiction. In 1900, he made $2,500 in writing, about $ in today's currency.", "In 1900, he made $2,500 in writing, about $ in today's currency. Among the works he sold to magazines was a short story known as either \"Diable\" (1902) or \"Bâtard\" (1904), two editions of the same basic story; London received $141.25 for this story on May 27, 1902. In the text, a cruel French Canadian brutalizes his dog, and the dog retaliates and kills the man.", "In the text, a cruel French Canadian brutalizes his dog, and the dog retaliates and kills the man. London told some of his critics that man's actions are the main cause of the behavior of their animals, and he would show this in another story, The Call of the Wild. In early 1903, London sold The Call of the Wild to The Saturday Evening Post for $750, and the book rights to Macmillan. Macmillan's promotional campaign propelled it to swift success.", "Macmillan's promotional campaign propelled it to swift success. Macmillan's promotional campaign propelled it to swift success. While living at his rented villa on Lake Merritt in Oakland, California, London met poet George Sterling; in time they became best friends. In 1902, Sterling helped London find a home closer to his own in nearby Piedmont. In his letters London addressed Sterling as \"Greek\", owing to Sterling's aquiline nose and classical profile, and he signed them as \"Wolf\".", "In his letters London addressed Sterling as \"Greek\", owing to Sterling's aquiline nose and classical profile, and he signed them as \"Wolf\". London was later to depict Sterling as Russ Brissenden in his autobiographical novel Martin Eden (1910) and as Mark Hall in The Valley of the Moon (1913). In later life London indulged his wide-ranging interests by accumulating a personal library of 15,000 volumes. He referred to his books as \"the tools of my trade\".", "He referred to his books as \"the tools of my trade\". First marriage (1900–1904) London married Elizabeth Mae (or May) \"Bessie\" Maddern on April 7, 1900, the same day The Son of the Wolf was published. Bess had been part of his circle of friends for a number of years. She was related to stage actresses Minnie Maddern Fiske and Emily Stevens.", "She was related to stage actresses Minnie Maddern Fiske and Emily Stevens. Stasz says, \"Both acknowledged publicly that they were not marrying out of love, but from friendship and a belief that they would produce sturdy children.\" Kingman says, \"they were comfortable together... Jack had made it clear to Bessie that he did not love her, but that he liked her enough to make a successful marriage.\" London met Bessie through his friend at Oakland High School, Fred Jacobs; she was Fred's fiancée.", "London met Bessie through his friend at Oakland High School, Fred Jacobs; she was Fred's fiancée. Bessie, who tutored at Anderson's University Academy in Alameda California, tutored Jack in preparation for his entrance exams for the University of California at Berkeley in 1896. Jacobs was killed aboard the Scandia in 1897, but Jack and Bessie continued their friendship, which included taking photos and developing the film together. This was the beginning of Jack's passion for photography.", "This was the beginning of Jack's passion for photography. During the marriage, London continued his friendship with Anna Strunsky, co-authoring The Kempton-Wace Letters, an epistolary novel contrasting two philosophies of love. Anna, writing \"Dane Kempton's\" letters, arguing for a romantic view of marriage, while London, writing \"Herbert Wace's\" letters, argued for a scientific view, based on Darwinism and eugenics. In the novel, his fictional character contrasted two women he had known.", "In the novel, his fictional character contrasted two women he had known. London's pet name for Bess was \"Mother-Girl\" and Bess's for London was \"Daddy-Boy\". Their first child, Joan, was born on January 15, 1901, and their second, Bessie \"Becky\" (also reported as Bess), on October 20, 1902. Both children were born in Piedmont, California. Here London wrote one of his most celebrated works, The Call of the Wild.", "Here London wrote one of his most celebrated works, The Call of the Wild. While London had pride in his children, the marriage was strained. Kingman says that by 1903 the couple were close to separation as they were \"extremely incompatible\". \"Jack was still so kind and gentle with Bessie that when Cloudsley Johns was a house guest in February 1903 he didn't suspect a breakup of their marriage.\"", "\"Jack was still so kind and gentle with Bessie that when Cloudsley Johns was a house guest in February 1903 he didn't suspect a breakup of their marriage.\" London reportedly complained to friends Joseph Noel and George Sterling: Stasz writes that these were \"code words for [Bess's] fear that [Jack] was consorting with prostitutes and might bring home venereal disease.\" On July 24, 1903, London told Bessie he was leaving and moved out.", "On July 24, 1903, London told Bessie he was leaving and moved out. During 1904, London and Bess negotiated the terms of a divorce, and the decree was granted on November 11, 1904. War correspondent (1904) London accepted an assignment of the San Francisco Examiner to cover the Russo-Japanese War in early 1904, arriving in Yokohama on January 25, 1904. He was arrested by Japanese authorities in Shimonoseki, but released through the intervention of American ambassador Lloyd Griscom.", "He was arrested by Japanese authorities in Shimonoseki, but released through the intervention of American ambassador Lloyd Griscom. After travelling to Korea, he was again arrested by Japanese authorities for straying too close to the border with Manchuria without official permission, and was sent back to Seoul. Released again, London was permitted to travel with the Imperial Japanese Army to the border, and to observe the Battle of the Yalu.", "Released again, London was permitted to travel with the Imperial Japanese Army to the border, and to observe the Battle of the Yalu. London asked William Randolph Hearst, the owner of the San Francisco Examiner, to be allowed to transfer to the Imperial Russian Army, where he felt that restrictions on his reporting and his movements would be less severe.", "London asked William Randolph Hearst, the owner of the San Francisco Examiner, to be allowed to transfer to the Imperial Russian Army, where he felt that restrictions on his reporting and his movements would be less severe. However, before this could be arranged, he was arrested for a third time in four months, this time for assaulting his Japanese assistants, whom he accused of stealing the fodder for his horse. Released through the personal intervention of President Theodore Roosevelt, London departed the front in June 1904.", "Released through the personal intervention of President Theodore Roosevelt, London departed the front in June 1904. Bohemian Club On August 18, 1904, London went with his close friend, the poet George Sterling, to \"Summer High Jinks\" at the Bohemian Grove. London was elected to honorary membership in the Bohemian Club and took part in many activities. Other noted members of the Bohemian Club during this time included Ambrose Bierce, Gelett Burgess, Allan Dunn, John Muir, Frank Norris, and Herman George Scheffauer.", "Other noted members of the Bohemian Club during this time included Ambrose Bierce, Gelett Burgess, Allan Dunn, John Muir, Frank Norris, and Herman George Scheffauer. Beginning in December 1914, London worked on The Acorn Planter, A California Forest Play, to be performed as one of the annual Grove Plays, but it was never selected. It was described as too difficult to set to music. London published The Acorn Planter in 1916. Second marriage After divorcing Maddern, London married Charmian Kittredge in 1905.", "Second marriage After divorcing Maddern, London married Charmian Kittredge in 1905. London had been introduced to Kittredge in 1900 by her aunt Netta Eames, who was an editor at Overland Monthly magazine in San Francisco. The two met prior to his first marriage but became lovers years later after Jack and Bessie London visited Wake Robin, Netta Eames' Sonoma County resort, in 1903. London was injured when he fell from a buggy, and Netta arranged for Charmian to care for him.", "London was injured when he fell from a buggy, and Netta arranged for Charmian to care for him. The two developed a friendship, as Charmian, Netta, her husband Roscoe, and London were politically aligned with socialist causes. At some point the relationship became romantic, and Jack divorced his wife to marry Charmian, who was five years his senior. Biographer Russ Kingman called Charmian \"Jack's soul-mate, always at his side, and a perfect match.\"", "Biographer Russ Kingman called Charmian \"Jack's soul-mate, always at his side, and a perfect match.\" Their time together included numerous trips, including a 1907 cruise on the yacht Snark to Hawaii and Australia. Many of London's stories are based on his visits to Hawaii, the last one for 10 months beginning in December 1915. The couple also visited Goldfield, Nevada, in 1907, where they were guests of the Bond brothers, London's Dawson City landlords.", "The couple also visited Goldfield, Nevada, in 1907, where they were guests of the Bond brothers, London's Dawson City landlords. The Bond brothers were working in Nevada as mining engineers. London had contrasted the concepts of the \"Mother Girl\" and the \"Mate Woman\" in The Kempton-Wace Letters. His pet name for Bess had been \"Mother-Girl;\" his pet name for Charmian was \"Mate-Woman.\" Charmian's aunt and foster mother, a disciple of Victoria Woodhull, had raised her without prudishness.", "Charmian's aunt and foster mother, a disciple of Victoria Woodhull, had raised her without prudishness. Every biographer alludes to Charmian's uninhibited sexuality. Joseph Noel calls the events from 1903 to 1905 \"a domestic drama that would have intrigued the pen of an Ibsen.... London's had comedy relief in it and a sort of easy-going romance.\"", "Joseph Noel calls the events from 1903 to 1905 \"a domestic drama that would have intrigued the pen of an Ibsen.... London's had comedy relief in it and a sort of easy-going romance.\" In broad outline, London was restless in his first marriage, sought extramarital sexual affairs, and found, in Charmian Kittredge, not only a sexually active and adventurous partner, but his future life-companion. They attempted to have children; one child died at birth, and another pregnancy ended in a miscarriage.", "They attempted to have children; one child died at birth, and another pregnancy ended in a miscarriage. In 1906, London published in Collier's magazine his eye-witness report of the San Francisco earthquake. Beauty Ranch (1905–1916) In 1905, London purchased a ranch in Glen Ellen, Sonoma County, California, on the eastern slope of Sonoma Mountain. He wrote: \"Next to my wife, the ranch is the dearest thing in the world to me.\"", "He wrote: \"Next to my wife, the ranch is the dearest thing in the world to me.\" He desperately wanted the ranch to become a successful business enterprise. Writing, always a commercial enterprise with London, now became even more a means to an end: \"I write for no other purpose than to add to the beauty that now belongs to me. I write a book for no other reason than to add three or four hundred acres to my magnificent estate.\"", "I write a book for no other reason than to add three or four hundred acres to my magnificent estate.\" Stasz writes that London \"had taken fully to heart the vision, expressed in his agrarian fiction, of the land as the closest earthly version of Eden ... he educated himself through the study of agricultural manuals and scientific tomes. He conceived of a system of ranching that today would be praised for its ecological wisdom.\" He was proud to own the first concrete silo in California.", "He was proud to own the first concrete silo in California. He hoped to adapt the wisdom of Asian sustainable agriculture to the United States. He hired both Italian and Chinese stonemasons, whose distinctly different styles are obvious. The ranch was an economic failure. Sympathetic observers such as Stasz treat his projects as potentially feasible, and ascribe their failure to bad luck or to being ahead of their time. Unsympathetic historians such as Kevin Starr suggest that he was a bad manager, distracted by other concerns and impaired by his alcoholism.", "Unsympathetic historians such as Kevin Starr suggest that he was a bad manager, distracted by other concerns and impaired by his alcoholism. Starr notes that London was absent from his ranch about six months a year between 1910 and 1916 and says, \"He liked the show of managerial power, but not grinding attention to detail .... London's workers laughed at his efforts to play big-time rancher [and considered] the operation a rich man's hobby.\"", "Starr notes that London was absent from his ranch about six months a year between 1910 and 1916 and says, \"He liked the show of managerial power, but not grinding attention to detail .... London's workers laughed at his efforts to play big-time rancher [and considered] the operation a rich man's hobby.\" London spent $80,000 ($ in current value) to build a stone mansion called Wolf House on the property.", "London spent $80,000 ($ in current value) to build a stone mansion called Wolf House on the property. Just as the mansion was nearing completion, two weeks before the Londons planned to move in, it was destroyed by fire. London's last visit to Hawaii, beginning in December 1915, lasted eight months. He met with Duke Kahanamoku, Prince Jonah Kūhiō Kalaniana'ole, Queen Lili'uokalani and many others, before returning to his ranch in July 1916.", "He met with Duke Kahanamoku, Prince Jonah Kūhiō Kalaniana'ole, Queen Lili'uokalani and many others, before returning to his ranch in July 1916. He was suffering from kidney failure, but he continued to work. The ranch (abutting stone remnants of Wolf House) is now a National Historic Landmark and is protected in Jack London State Historic Park.", "The ranch (abutting stone remnants of Wolf House) is now a National Historic Landmark and is protected in Jack London State Historic Park. Animal activism London witnessed animal cruelty in the training of circus animals, and his subsequent novels Jerry of the Islands and Michael, Brother of Jerry included a foreword entreating the public to become more informed about this practice.", "Animal activism London witnessed animal cruelty in the training of circus animals, and his subsequent novels Jerry of the Islands and Michael, Brother of Jerry included a foreword entreating the public to become more informed about this practice. In 1918, the Massachusetts Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals and the American Humane Education Society teamed up to create the Jack London Club, which sought to inform the public about cruelty to circus animals and encourage them to protest this establishment.", "In 1918, the Massachusetts Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals and the American Humane Education Society teamed up to create the Jack London Club, which sought to inform the public about cruelty to circus animals and encourage them to protest this establishment. Support from Club members led to a temporary cessation of trained animal acts at Ringling-Barnum and Bailey in 1925. Death London died November 22, 1916, in a sleeping porch in a cottage on his ranch.", "Death London died November 22, 1916, in a sleeping porch in a cottage on his ranch. London had been a robust man but had suffered several serious illnesses, including scurvy in the Klondike. Additionally, during travels on the Snark, he and Charmian picked up unspecified tropical infections and diseases, including yaws. At the time of his death, he suffered from dysentery, late-stage alcoholism, and uremia; he was in extreme pain and taking morphine.", "At the time of his death, he suffered from dysentery, late-stage alcoholism, and uremia; he was in extreme pain and taking morphine. London's ashes were buried on his property not far from the Wolf House. London's funeral took place on November 26, 1916, attended only by close friends, relatives, and workers of the property. In accordance with his wishes, he was cremated and buried next to some pioneer children, under a rock that belonged to the Wolf House.", "In accordance with his wishes, he was cremated and buried next to some pioneer children, under a rock that belonged to the Wolf House. After Charmian's death in 1955, she was also cremated and then buried with her husband in the same spot that her husband chose. The grave is marked by a mossy boulder. The buildings and property were later preserved as Jack London State Historic Park, in Glen Ellen, California.", "The buildings and property were later preserved as Jack London State Historic Park, in Glen Ellen, California. Suicide debate Because he was using morphine, many older sources describe London's death as a suicide, and some still do. This conjecture appears to be a rumor, or speculation based on incidents in his fiction writings. His death certificate gives the cause as uremia, following acute renal colic.", "His death certificate gives the cause as uremia, following acute renal colic. The biographer Stasz writes, \"Following London's death, for a number of reasons, a biographical myth developed in which he has been portrayed as an alcoholic womanizer who committed suicide. Recent scholarship based upon firsthand documents challenges this caricature.\" Most biographers, including Russ Kingman, now agree he died of uremia aggravated by an accidental morphine overdose. London's fiction featured several suicides.", "London's fiction featured several suicides. London's fiction featured several suicides. In his autobiographical memoir John Barleycorn, he claims, as a youth, to have drunkenly stumbled overboard into the San Francisco Bay, \"some maundering fancy of going out with the tide suddenly obsessed me\". He said he drifted and nearly succeeded in drowning before sobering up and being rescued by fishermen.", "He said he drifted and nearly succeeded in drowning before sobering up and being rescued by fishermen. In the dénouement of The Little Lady of the Big House, the heroine, confronted by the pain of a mortal gunshot wound, undergoes a physician-assisted suicide by morphine. Also, in Martin Eden, the principal protagonist, who shares certain characteristics with London, drowns himself.", "Also, in Martin Eden, the principal protagonist, who shares certain characteristics with London, drowns himself. Plagiarism accusations London was vulnerable to accusations of plagiarism, both because he was such a conspicuous, prolific, and successful writer and because of his methods of working. He wrote in a letter to Elwyn Hoffman, \"expression, you see—with me—is far easier than invention.\" He purchased plots and novels from the young Sinclair Lewis and used incidents from newspaper clippings as writing material.", "He purchased plots and novels from the young Sinclair Lewis and used incidents from newspaper clippings as writing material. In July 1901, two pieces of fiction appeared within the same month: London's \"Moon-Face\", in the San Francisco Argonaut, and Frank Norris' \"The Passing of Cock-eye Blacklock\", in Century Magazine. Newspapers showed the similarities between the stories, which London said were \"quite different in manner of treatment, [but] patently the same in foundation and motive.\"", "Newspapers showed the similarities between the stories, which London said were \"quite different in manner of treatment, [but] patently the same in foundation and motive.\" London explained both writers based their stories on the same newspaper account. A year later, it was discovered that Charles Forrest McLean had published a fictional story also based on the same incident. Egerton Ryerson Young claimed The Call of the Wild (1903) was taken from Young's book My Dogs in the Northland (1902).", "Egerton Ryerson Young claimed The Call of the Wild (1903) was taken from Young's book My Dogs in the Northland (1902). London acknowledged using it as a source and claimed to have written a letter to Young thanking him.", "London acknowledged using it as a source and claimed to have written a letter to Young thanking him. In 1906, the New York World published \"deadly parallel\" columns showing eighteen passages from London's short story \"Love of Life\" side by side with similar passages from a nonfiction article by Augustus Biddle and J. K. Macdonald, titled \"Lost in the Land of the Midnight Sun\".", "In 1906, the New York World published \"deadly parallel\" columns showing eighteen passages from London's short story \"Love of Life\" side by side with similar passages from a nonfiction article by Augustus Biddle and J. K. Macdonald, titled \"Lost in the Land of the Midnight Sun\". London noted the World did not accuse him of \"plagiarism\", but only of \"identity of time and situation\", to which he defiantly \"pled guilty\".", "London noted the World did not accuse him of \"plagiarism\", but only of \"identity of time and situation\", to which he defiantly \"pled guilty\". The most serious charge of plagiarism was based on London's \"The Bishop's Vision\", Chapter 7 of his novel The Iron Heel (1908). The chapter is nearly identical to an ironic essay that Frank Harris published in 1901, titled \"The Bishop of London and Public Morality\".", "The chapter is nearly identical to an ironic essay that Frank Harris published in 1901, titled \"The Bishop of London and Public Morality\". Harris was incensed and suggested he should receive 1/60th of the royalties from The Iron Heel, the disputed material constituting about that fraction of the whole novel. London insisted he had clipped a reprint of the article, which had appeared in an American newspaper, and believed it to be a genuine speech delivered by the Bishop of London. Views Atheism London was an atheist.", "Views Atheism London was an atheist. Views Atheism London was an atheist. He is quoted as saying, \"I believe that when I am dead, I am dead. I believe that with my death I am just as much obliterated as the last mosquito you and I squashed.\" Socialism London wrote from a socialist viewpoint, which is evident in his novel The Iron Heel. Neither a theorist nor an intellectual socialist, London's socialism grew out of his life experience.", "Neither a theorist nor an intellectual socialist, London's socialism grew out of his life experience. As London explained in his essay, \"How I Became a Socialist\", his views were influenced by his experience with people at the bottom of the social pit. His optimism and individualism faded, and he vowed never to do more hard physical work than necessary. He wrote that his individualism was hammered out of him, and he was politically reborn. He often closed his letters \"Yours for the Revolution.\"", "He often closed his letters \"Yours for the Revolution.\" London joined the Socialist Labor Party in April 1896. In the same year, the San Francisco Chronicle published a story about the twenty-year-old London's giving nightly speeches in Oakland's City Hall Park, an activity he was arrested for a year later. In 1901, he left the Socialist Labor Party and joined the new Socialist Party of America.", "In 1901, he left the Socialist Labor Party and joined the new Socialist Party of America. He ran unsuccessfully as the high-profile Socialist candidate for mayor of Oakland in 1901 (receiving 245 votes) and 1905 (improving to 981 votes), toured the country lecturing on socialism in 1906, and published two collections of essays about socialism: War of the Classes (1905) and Revolution, and other Essays (1906).", "He ran unsuccessfully as the high-profile Socialist candidate for mayor of Oakland in 1901 (receiving 245 votes) and 1905 (improving to 981 votes), toured the country lecturing on socialism in 1906, and published two collections of essays about socialism: War of the Classes (1905) and Revolution, and other Essays (1906). Stasz notes that \"London regarded the Wobblies as a welcome addition to the Socialist cause, although he never joined them in going so far as to recommend sabotage.\"", "Stasz notes that \"London regarded the Wobblies as a welcome addition to the Socialist cause, although he never joined them in going so far as to recommend sabotage.\" Stasz mentions a personal meeting between London and Big Bill Haywood in 1912. In his late (1913) book The Cruise of the Snark, London writes about appeals to him for membership of the Snarks crew from office workers and other \"toilers\" who longed for escape from the cities, and of being cheated by workmen.", "In his late (1913) book The Cruise of the Snark, London writes about appeals to him for membership of the Snarks crew from office workers and other \"toilers\" who longed for escape from the cities, and of being cheated by workmen. In his Glen Ellen ranch years, London felt some ambivalence toward socialism and complained about the \"inefficient Italian labourers\" in his employ.", "In his Glen Ellen ranch years, London felt some ambivalence toward socialism and complained about the \"inefficient Italian labourers\" in his employ. In 1916, he resigned from the Glen Ellen chapter of the Socialist Party, but stated emphatically he did so \"because of its lack of fire and fight, and its loss of emphasis on the class struggle.\"", "In 1916, he resigned from the Glen Ellen chapter of the Socialist Party, but stated emphatically he did so \"because of its lack of fire and fight, and its loss of emphasis on the class struggle.\" In an unflattering portrait of London's ranch days, California cultural historian Kevin Starr refers to this period as \"post-socialist\" and says \"... by 1911 ... London was more bored by the class struggle than he cared to admit.\"", "In an unflattering portrait of London's ranch days, California cultural historian Kevin Starr refers to this period as \"post-socialist\" and says \"... by 1911 ... London was more bored by the class struggle than he cared to admit.\" Race London shared common concerns among many European Americans in California about Asian immigration, described as \"the yellow peril\"; he used the latter term as the title of a 1904 essay.", "Race London shared common concerns among many European Americans in California about Asian immigration, described as \"the yellow peril\"; he used the latter term as the title of a 1904 essay. This theme was also the subject of a story he wrote in 1910 called \"The Unparalleled Invasion\".", "This theme was also the subject of a story he wrote in 1910 called \"The Unparalleled Invasion\". Presented as an historical essay set in the future, the story narrates events between 1976 and 1987, in which China, with an ever-increasing population, is taking over and colonizing its neighbors with the intention of taking over the entire Earth. The western nations respond with biological warfare and bombard China with dozens of the most infectious diseases.", "The western nations respond with biological warfare and bombard China with dozens of the most infectious diseases. On his fears about China, he admits, \"it must be taken into consideration that the above postulate is itself a product of Western race-egotism, urged by our belief in our own righteousness and fostered by a faith in ourselves which may be as erroneous as are most fond race fancies.\"", "On his fears about China, he admits, \"it must be taken into consideration that the above postulate is itself a product of Western race-egotism, urged by our belief in our own righteousness and fostered by a faith in ourselves which may be as erroneous as are most fond race fancies.\" By contrast, many of London's short stories are notable for their empathetic portrayal of Mexican (\"The Mexican\"), Asian (\"The Chinago\"), and Hawaiian (\"Koolau the Leper\") characters.", "By contrast, many of London's short stories are notable for their empathetic portrayal of Mexican (\"The Mexican\"), Asian (\"The Chinago\"), and Hawaiian (\"Koolau the Leper\") characters. London's war correspondence from the Russo-Japanese War, as well as his unfinished novel Cherry, show he admired much about Japanese customs and capabilities. London's writings have been popular among the Japanese, who believe he portrayed them positively.", "London's writings have been popular among the Japanese, who believe he portrayed them positively. In \"Koolau the Leper\", London describes Koolau, who is a Hawaiian leper—and thus a very different sort of \"superman\" than Martin Eden—and who fights off an entire cavalry troop to elude capture, as \"indomitable spiritually—a ... magnificent rebel\". This character is based on Hawaiian leper Kaluaikoolau, who in 1893 revolted and resisted capture from forces of the Provisional Government of Hawaii in the Kalalau Valley.", "This character is based on Hawaiian leper Kaluaikoolau, who in 1893 revolted and resisted capture from forces of the Provisional Government of Hawaii in the Kalalau Valley. Those who defend London against charges of racism cite the letter he wrote to the Japanese-American Commercial Weekly in 1913: In 1996, after the City of Whitehorse, Yukon, renamed a street in honor of London, protests over London's alleged racism forced the city to change the name of \"Jack London Boulevard\" back to \"Two-mile Hill\".", "Those who defend London against charges of racism cite the letter he wrote to the Japanese-American Commercial Weekly in 1913: In 1996, after the City of Whitehorse, Yukon, renamed a street in honor of London, protests over London's alleged racism forced the city to change the name of \"Jack London Boulevard\" back to \"Two-mile Hill\". Shortly after boxer Jack Johnson was crowned the first black world heavyweight champ in 1908, London pleaded for a \"great white hope\" to come forward to defeat Johnson, writing: \"Jim Jeffries must now emerge from his Alfalfa farm and remove that golden smile from Jack Johnson's face.", "Shortly after boxer Jack Johnson was crowned the first black world heavyweight champ in 1908, London pleaded for a \"great white hope\" to come forward to defeat Johnson, writing: \"Jim Jeffries must now emerge from his Alfalfa farm and remove that golden smile from Jack Johnson's face. Jeff, it's up to you. The White Man must be rescued.\" Eugenics With other modernist writers of the day, London supported eugenics.", "Eugenics With other modernist writers of the day, London supported eugenics. The notion of \"good breeding\" complimented the Progressive era scientism, the belief that humans assort along a hierarchy by race, religion, and ethnicity. The Progressive Era catalog of inferiority offered basis for threats to American Anglo-Saxon racial integrity. London wrote to Frederick H. Robinson of the periodical Medical Review of Reviews, stating, \"I believe the future belongs to eugenics, and will be determined by the practice of eugenics.\"", "London wrote to Frederick H. Robinson of the periodical Medical Review of Reviews, stating, \"I believe the future belongs to eugenics, and will be determined by the practice of eugenics.\" Although this led some to argue for forced sterilization of criminals or those deemed feeble-minded., London did not express this extreme. His short story \"Told in the Drooling Ward\" is from the viewpoint of a surprisingly astute \"feebled-minded\" person. Hensley argues that London's novel Before Adam (1906–07) reveals pro-eugenic themes.", "Hensley argues that London's novel Before Adam (1906–07) reveals pro-eugenic themes. London advised his collaborator Anna Strunsky during preparation of The Kempton-Wace Letters that he would take the role of eugenics in mating, while she would argue on behalf of romantic love. (Love won the argument.) The Valley of the Moon emphasizes the theme of \"real Americans,\" the Anglo Saxon, yet in Little Lady of the Big House, London is more nuanced.", "The Valley of the Moon emphasizes the theme of \"real Americans,\" the Anglo Saxon, yet in Little Lady of the Big House, London is more nuanced. The protagonist's argument is not that all white men are superior, but that there are more superior ones among whites than in other races. By encouraging the best in any race to mate will improve its population qualities. Living in Hawaii challenged his orthodoxy.", "Living in Hawaii challenged his orthodoxy. Living in Hawaii challenged his orthodoxy. In \"My Hawaiian Aloha,\" London noted the liberal intermarrying of races, concluding how \"little Hawaii, with its hotch potch races, is making a better demonstration than the United States.\" Works Short stories Western writer and historian Dale L. Walker writes: London's \"strength of utterance\" is at its height in his stories, and they are painstakingly well-constructed. \"To Build a Fire\" is the best known of all his stories.", "\"To Build a Fire\" is the best known of all his stories. Set in the harsh Klondike, it recounts the haphazard trek of a new arrival who has ignored an old-timer's warning about the risks of traveling alone. Falling through the ice into a creek in seventy-five-below weather, the unnamed man is keenly aware that survival depends on his untested skills at quickly building a fire to dry his clothes and warm his extremities.", "Falling through the ice into a creek in seventy-five-below weather, the unnamed man is keenly aware that survival depends on his untested skills at quickly building a fire to dry his clothes and warm his extremities. After publishing a tame version of this story—with a sunny outcome—in The Youth's Companion in 1902, London offered a second, more severe take on the man's predicament in The Century Magazine in 1908. Reading both provides an illustration of London's growth and maturation as a writer.", "Reading both provides an illustration of London's growth and maturation as a writer. As Labor (1994) observes: \"To compare the two versions is itself an instructive lesson in what distinguished a great work of literary art from a good children's story.\"", "As Labor (1994) observes: \"To compare the two versions is itself an instructive lesson in what distinguished a great work of literary art from a good children's story.\" Other stories from the Klondike period include: \"All Gold Canyon\", about a battle between a gold prospector and a claim jumper; \"The Law of Life\", about an aging American Indian man abandoned by his tribe and left to die; \"Love of Life\", about a trek by a prospector across the Canadian tundra; \"To the Man on Trail,\" which tells the story of a prospector fleeing the Mounted Police in a sled race, and raises the question of the contrast between written law and morality; and \"An Odyssey of the North,\" which raises questions of conditional morality, and paints a sympathetic portrait of a man of mixed White and Aleut ancestry.", "Other stories from the Klondike period include: \"All Gold Canyon\", about a battle between a gold prospector and a claim jumper; \"The Law of Life\", about an aging American Indian man abandoned by his tribe and left to die; \"Love of Life\", about a trek by a prospector across the Canadian tundra; \"To the Man on Trail,\" which tells the story of a prospector fleeing the Mounted Police in a sled race, and raises the question of the contrast between written law and morality; and \"An Odyssey of the North,\" which raises questions of conditional morality, and paints a sympathetic portrait of a man of mixed White and Aleut ancestry. London was a boxing fan and an avid amateur boxer.", "London was a boxing fan and an avid amateur boxer. \"A Piece of Steak\" is a tale about a match between older and younger boxers. It contrasts the differing experiences of youth and age but also raises the social question of the treatment of aging workers. \"The Mexican\" combines boxing with a social theme, as a young Mexican endures an unfair fight and ethnic prejudice to earn money with which to aid the revolution. Several of London's stories would today be classified as science fiction.", "Several of London's stories would today be classified as science fiction. \"The Unparalleled Invasion\" describes germ warfare against China; \"Goliath\" is about an irresistible energy weapon; \"The Shadow and the Flash\" is a tale about two brothers who take different routes to achieving invisibility; \"A Relic of the Pliocene\" is a tall tale about an encounter of a modern-day man with a mammoth.", "\"The Unparalleled Invasion\" describes germ warfare against China; \"Goliath\" is about an irresistible energy weapon; \"The Shadow and the Flash\" is a tale about two brothers who take different routes to achieving invisibility; \"A Relic of the Pliocene\" is a tall tale about an encounter of a modern-day man with a mammoth. \"The Red One\" is a late story from a period when London was intrigued by the theories of the psychiatrist and writer Jung.", "\"The Red One\" is a late story from a period when London was intrigued by the theories of the psychiatrist and writer Jung. It tells of an island tribe held in thrall by an extraterrestrial object. Some nineteen original collections of short stories were published during London's brief life or shortly after his death. There have been several posthumous anthologies drawn from this pool of stories. Many of these stories were located in the Klondike and the Pacific.", "Many of these stories were located in the Klondike and the Pacific. A collection of Jack London's San Francisco Stories was published in October 2010 by Sydney Samizdat Press. Novels London's most famous novels are The Call of the Wild, White Fang, The Sea-Wolf, The Iron Heel, and Martin Eden. In a letter dated December 27, 1901, London's Macmillan publisher George Platt Brett, Sr., said \"he believed Jack's fiction represented 'the very best kind of work' done in America.\"", "In a letter dated December 27, 1901, London's Macmillan publisher George Platt Brett, Sr., said \"he believed Jack's fiction represented 'the very best kind of work' done in America.\" Critic Maxwell Geismar called The Call of the Wild \"a beautiful prose poem\"; editor Franklin Walker said that it \"belongs on a shelf with Walden and Huckleberry Finn\"; and novelist E.L. Doctorow called it \"a mordant parable ... his masterpiece.\"", "Critic Maxwell Geismar called The Call of the Wild \"a beautiful prose poem\"; editor Franklin Walker said that it \"belongs on a shelf with Walden and Huckleberry Finn\"; and novelist E.L. Doctorow called it \"a mordant parable ... his masterpiece.\" The historian Dale L. Walker commented: Some critics have said that his novels are episodic and resemble linked short stories.", "The historian Dale L. Walker commented: Some critics have said that his novels are episodic and resemble linked short stories. Dale L. Walker writes: Ambrose Bierce said of The Sea-Wolf that \"the great thing—and it is among the greatest of things—is that tremendous creation, Wolf Larsen ... the hewing out and setting up of such a figure is enough for a man to do in one lifetime.\" However, he noted, \"The love element, with its absurd suppressions, and impossible proprieties, is awful.\"", "However, he noted, \"The love element, with its absurd suppressions, and impossible proprieties, is awful.\" The Iron Heel is an example of a dystopian novel that anticipates and influenced George Orwell's Nineteen Eighty-Four. London's socialist politics are explicitly on display here. The Iron Heel meets the contemporary definition of soft science fiction. The Star Rover (1915) is also science fiction.", "The Star Rover (1915) is also science fiction. Apocrypha Jack London Credo London's literary executor, Irving Shepard, quoted a Jack London Credo in an introduction to a 1956 collection of London stories: I would rather be ashes than dust! I would rather that my spark should burn out in a brilliant blaze than it should be stifled by dry-rot. I would rather be a superb meteor, every atom of me in magnificent glow, than a sleepy and permanent planet.", "I would rather be a superb meteor, every atom of me in magnificent glow, than a sleepy and permanent planet. The function of man is to live, not to exist. I shall not waste my days in trying to prolong them. I shall use my time. The biographer Stasz notes that the passage \"has many marks of London's style\" but the only line that could be safely attributed to London was the first.", "The biographer Stasz notes that the passage \"has many marks of London's style\" but the only line that could be safely attributed to London was the first. The words Shepard quoted were from a story in the San Francisco Bulletin, December 2, 1916, by journalist Ernest J. Hopkins, who visited the ranch just weeks before London's death. Stasz notes, \"Even more so than today journalists' quotes were unreliable or even sheer inventions,\" and says no direct source in London's writings has been found.", "Stasz notes, \"Even more so than today journalists' quotes were unreliable or even sheer inventions,\" and says no direct source in London's writings has been found. However, at least one line, according to Stasz, is authentic, being referenced by London and written in his own hand in the autograph book of Australian suffragette Vida Goldstein: Dear Miss Goldstein:– Seven years ago I wrote you that I'd rather be ashes than dust. I still subscribe to that sentiment.", "I still subscribe to that sentiment. I still subscribe to that sentiment. Sincerely yours, Jack London Jan. 13, 1909 In his short story \"By The Turtles of Tasman\", a character, defending her \"ne'er-do-well grasshopperish father\" to her \"antlike uncle\", says: \"... my father has been a king. He has lived .... Have you lived merely to live? Are you afraid to die?", "Are you afraid to die? Are you afraid to die? I'd rather sing one wild song and burst my heart with it, than live a thousand years watching my digestion and being afraid of the wet. When you are dust, my father will be ashes.\" \"The Scab\" A short diatribe on \"The Scab\" is often quoted within the U.S. labor movement and frequently attributed to London.", "\"The Scab\" A short diatribe on \"The Scab\" is often quoted within the U.S. labor movement and frequently attributed to London. It opens: In 1913 and 1914, a number of newspapers printed the first three sentences with varying terms used instead of \"scab\", such as \"knocker\",\"The Food for Your Think Tank\", The Macon Daily Telegraph, August 23, 1914, p. 3 \"stool pigeon\" or \"scandal monger\".", "It opens: In 1913 and 1914, a number of newspapers printed the first three sentences with varying terms used instead of \"scab\", such as \"knocker\",\"The Food for Your Think Tank\", The Macon Daily Telegraph, August 23, 1914, p. 3 \"stool pigeon\" or \"scandal monger\". This passage as given above was the subject of a 1974 Supreme Court case, Letter Carriers v. Austin, in which Justice Thurgood Marshall referred to it as \"a well-known piece of trade union literature, generally attributed to author Jack London\".", "This passage as given above was the subject of a 1974 Supreme Court case, Letter Carriers v. Austin, in which Justice Thurgood Marshall referred to it as \"a well-known piece of trade union literature, generally attributed to author Jack London\". A union newsletter had published a \"list of scabs,\" which was granted to be factual and therefore not libelous, but then went on to quote the passage as the \"definition of a scab\".", "A union newsletter had published a \"list of scabs,\" which was granted to be factual and therefore not libelous, but then went on to quote the passage as the \"definition of a scab\". The case turned on the question of whether the \"definition\" was defamatory.", "The case turned on the question of whether the \"definition\" was defamatory. The court ruled that \"Jack London's... 'definition of a scab' is merely rhetorical hyperbole, a lusty and imaginative expression of the contempt felt by union members towards those who refuse to join\", and as such was not libelous and was protected under the First Amendment. Despite being frequently attributed to London, the passage does not appear at all in the extensive collection of his writings at Sonoma State University's website.", "Despite being frequently attributed to London, the passage does not appear at all in the extensive collection of his writings at Sonoma State University's website. However, in his book War of the Classes he published a 1903 speech titled \"The Scab\", which gave a much more balanced view of the topic: Publications Source unless otherwise specified: Novels The Cruise of the Dazzler (1902) A Daughter of the Snows (1902) The Call of the Wild (1903) The Kempton-Wace Letters (1903) (published anonymously, co-authored with Anna Strunsky) The Sea-Wolf (1904) The Game (1905) White Fang (1906) Before Adam (1907) The Iron Heel (1908) Martin Eden (1909) Burning Daylight (1910) Adventure (1911) The Scarlet Plague (1912) A Son of the Sun (1912) The Abysmal Brute (1913) The Valley of the Moon (1913) The Mutiny of the Elsinore (1914) The Star Rover (1915) (published in England as The Jacket) The Little Lady of the Big House (1916) Jerry of the Islands (1917) Michael, Brother of Jerry (1917) Hearts of Three (1920) (novelization of a script by Charles Goddard) The Assassination Bureau, Ltd (1963) (left half-finished, completed by Robert L. Fish) Short story collections Son of the Wolf (1900) Chris Farrington, Able Seaman (1901) The God of His Fathers & Other Stories (1901) Children of the Frost (1902) The Faith of Men and Other Stories (1904) Tales of the Fish Patrol (1906) Moon-Face and Other Stories (1906) Love of Life and Other Stories (1907) Lost Face (1910) South Sea Tales (1911) When God Laughs and Other Stories (1911) The House of Pride & Other Tales of Hawaii (1912) Smoke Bellew (1912) A Son of the Sun (1912) The Night Born (1913) The Strength of the Strong (1914) The Turtles of Tasman (1916) The Human Drift (1917) The Red One (1918) On the Makaloa Mat (1919) Dutch Courage and Other Stories (1922) Autobiographical memoirs The Road (1907) The Cruise of the Snark (1911) John Barleycorn (1913) Non-fiction and essays Through the Rapids on the Way to the Klondike (1899) From Dawson to the Sea (1899) What Communities Lose by the Competitive System (1900) The Impossibility of War (1900) Phenomena of Literary Evolution (1900) A Letter to Houghton Mifflin Co. (1900) Husky, Wolf Dog of the North (1900) Editorial Crimes – A Protest (1901) Again the Literary Aspirant (1902) The People of the Abyss (1903) How I Became a Socialist (1903) War of the Classes (1905) The Story of an Eyewitness (1906) A Letter to Woman's Home Companion (1906) \"The Lepers of Molokai\" in Woman's Home Companion (1908) \"The Nature Man\" in Woman's Home Companion (1908) \"The High Seat of Abundance\" in Woman's Home Companion (1908) Revolution, and other Essays (1910) Mexico's Army and Ours (1914) Lawgivers (1914) Our Adventures in Tampico (1914) Stalking the Pestilence (1914) The Red Game of War (1914) The Trouble Makers of Mexico (1914) With Funston's Men (1914) Plays Theft (1910) Daughters of the Rich: A One Act Play (1915) The Acorn Planter: A California Forest Play (1916) Poetry A Heart (1899) Abalone Song (1913) And Some Night (1914) Ballade of the False Lover (1914) Cupid's Deal (1913) Daybreak (1901) Effusion (1901) George Sterling (1913) Gold (1915) He Chortled with Glee (1899) He Never Tried Again (1912) His Trip to Hades (1913) Homeland (1914) Hors de Saison (1913) If I Were God (1899) In a Year (1901) In and Out (1911) Je Vis en Espoir (1897) Memory (1913) Moods (1913) My Confession (1912) My Little Palmist (1914) Of Man of the Future (1915) Oh You Everybody's Girl (19) On the Face of the Earth You are the One (1915) Rainbows End (1914) Republican Rallying Song (1916) Sonnet (1901) The Gift of God (1905) The Klondyker's Dream (1914) The Lover's Liturgy (1913) The Mammon Worshippers (1911) The Republican Battle-Hymn (1905) The Return of Ulysses (1915) The Sea Sprite and the Shooting Star (1916) The Socialist's Dream (1912) The Song of the Flames (1903) The Way of War (1906) The Worker and the Tramp (1911) Tick!", "However, in his book War of the Classes he published a 1903 speech titled \"The Scab\", which gave a much more balanced view of the topic: Publications Source unless otherwise specified: Novels The Cruise of the Dazzler (1902) A Daughter of the Snows (1902) The Call of the Wild (1903) The Kempton-Wace Letters (1903) (published anonymously, co-authored with Anna Strunsky) The Sea-Wolf (1904) The Game (1905) White Fang (1906) Before Adam (1907) The Iron Heel (1908) Martin Eden (1909) Burning Daylight (1910) Adventure (1911) The Scarlet Plague (1912) A Son of the Sun (1912) The Abysmal Brute (1913) The Valley of the Moon (1913) The Mutiny of the Elsinore (1914) The Star Rover (1915) (published in England as The Jacket) The Little Lady of the Big House (1916) Jerry of the Islands (1917) Michael, Brother of Jerry (1917) Hearts of Three (1920) (novelization of a script by Charles Goddard) The Assassination Bureau, Ltd (1963) (left half-finished, completed by Robert L. Fish) Short story collections Son of the Wolf (1900) Chris Farrington, Able Seaman (1901) The God of His Fathers & Other Stories (1901) Children of the Frost (1902) The Faith of Men and Other Stories (1904) Tales of the Fish Patrol (1906) Moon-Face and Other Stories (1906) Love of Life and Other Stories (1907) Lost Face (1910) South Sea Tales (1911) When God Laughs and Other Stories (1911) The House of Pride & Other Tales of Hawaii (1912) Smoke Bellew (1912) A Son of the Sun (1912) The Night Born (1913) The Strength of the Strong (1914) The Turtles of Tasman (1916) The Human Drift (1917) The Red One (1918) On the Makaloa Mat (1919) Dutch Courage and Other Stories (1922) Autobiographical memoirs The Road (1907) The Cruise of the Snark (1911) John Barleycorn (1913) Non-fiction and essays Through the Rapids on the Way to the Klondike (1899) From Dawson to the Sea (1899) What Communities Lose by the Competitive System (1900) The Impossibility of War (1900) Phenomena of Literary Evolution (1900) A Letter to Houghton Mifflin Co. (1900) Husky, Wolf Dog of the North (1900) Editorial Crimes – A Protest (1901) Again the Literary Aspirant (1902) The People of the Abyss (1903) How I Became a Socialist (1903) War of the Classes (1905) The Story of an Eyewitness (1906) A Letter to Woman's Home Companion (1906) \"The Lepers of Molokai\" in Woman's Home Companion (1908) \"The Nature Man\" in Woman's Home Companion (1908) \"The High Seat of Abundance\" in Woman's Home Companion (1908) Revolution, and other Essays (1910) Mexico's Army and Ours (1914) Lawgivers (1914) Our Adventures in Tampico (1914) Stalking the Pestilence (1914) The Red Game of War (1914) The Trouble Makers of Mexico (1914) With Funston's Men (1914) Plays Theft (1910) Daughters of the Rich: A One Act Play (1915) The Acorn Planter: A California Forest Play (1916) Poetry A Heart (1899) Abalone Song (1913) And Some Night (1914) Ballade of the False Lover (1914) Cupid's Deal (1913) Daybreak (1901) Effusion (1901) George Sterling (1913) Gold (1915) He Chortled with Glee (1899) He Never Tried Again (1912) His Trip to Hades (1913) Homeland (1914) Hors de Saison (1913) If I Were God (1899) In a Year (1901) In and Out (1911) Je Vis en Espoir (1897) Memory (1913) Moods (1913) My Confession (1912) My Little Palmist (1914) Of Man of the Future (1915) Oh You Everybody's Girl (19) On the Face of the Earth You are the One (1915) Rainbows End (1914) Republican Rallying Song (1916) Sonnet (1901) The Gift of God (1905) The Klondyker's Dream (1914) The Lover's Liturgy (1913) The Mammon Worshippers (1911) The Republican Battle-Hymn (1905) The Return of Ulysses (1915) The Sea Sprite and the Shooting Star (1916) The Socialist's Dream (1912) The Song of the Flames (1903) The Way of War (1906) The Worker and the Tramp (1911) Tick! Tick!", "Tick! Tick! Tick!", "Tick! Tick! Tick! (1915) Too Late (1912) Weasel Thieves (1913) When All the World Shouted my Name (1905) Where the Rainbow Fell (1902) Your Kiss (1914) Short stories \"Typhoon off the Coast of Japan\" (November 12, 1893) \" 'Frisco Kid's' Story\" (February 15, 1895) \"Sakaicho, Hona Asi and Hakadaki\" (April 19, 1895) \"Night's Swim In Yeddo Bay\" (May 27, 1895) \"Who Believes in Ghosts!\"", "(1915) Too Late (1912) Weasel Thieves (1913) When All the World Shouted my Name (1905) Where the Rainbow Fell (1902) Your Kiss (1914) Short stories \"Typhoon off the Coast of Japan\" (November 12, 1893) \" 'Frisco Kid's' Story\" (February 15, 1895) \"Sakaicho, Hona Asi and Hakadaki\" (April 19, 1895) \"Night's Swim In Yeddo Bay\" (May 27, 1895) \"Who Believes in Ghosts!\" (October 21, 1895) \"And 'Frisco Kid Came Back\" (November 4, 1895) \"One More Unfortunate\" (December 18, 1895) \"O Haru\" (1993; written in April 1897) \"The Mahatma's Little Joke\" (1993; written in May 1897) \"The Strange Experience of a Misogynist\" (1993; written between May and September 1897), originally titled \"The Misogynist\" \"Two Gold Bricks\" (September 1897) \"The Plague Ship\" (1993; written between September and December 1897) \"The Devil’s Dice Box\" (December 1976; written in September 1898) \"The Test: A Clondyke Wooing\" (1983; written in September 1898) \"A Klondike Christmas\" (1983; written in November 1898) \"A Dream Image\" (1898) \"To the Man on Trail: A Klondike Christmas\" (January 1899) \"The White Silence\" (February 1899) \"The Son of the Wolf\" (April 1899) \"The Men of Forty-Mile\" (May 1899) \"A Thousand Deaths\" (May 1899) \"An Old Soldier's Story\" (May 20, 1899) \"In a Far Country\" (June 1899) \"The Priestly Prerogative\" (July 1899) \"The Handsome Cabin Boy\" (July 1899) \"The Wife of a King\" (August 1899) \"In the Time of Prince Charley\" (September 1899) \"Old Baldy\" (September 16, 1899) \"The Grilling of Loren Ellery\" (September 24, 1899) \"The Rejuvenation of Major Rathbone\" (November 1899) \"The King of Mazy May\" (November 30, 1899) \"The Wisdom of the Trail\" (December 1899) \"A Daughter of the Aurora\" (December 24, 1899) \"Pluck and Pertinacity\" (1899) \"An Odyssey of the North\" (January 1900) \"A Lesson in Heraldry\" (March 1900) \"The End of the Chapter\" (June 9, 1900) \"Uri Bram's God\" (June 24, 1900) \"Even unto Death\" (July 28, 1900) \"Grit of Women\" (August 1900) \"Jan the Unrepentant\" (August 1900) \"The Man with the Gash\" (September 1900) \"Their Alcove\" (September 1900) \"Housekeeping in the Klondike\" (September 16, 1900) \"The Proper 'Girlie' \" (October 1900) \"Thanksgiving on Slav Creek\" (November 24, 1900) \"Where the Trail Forks\" (December 1900) \"The Great Interrogation\" (December 1900) \"Semper Idem\" (December 1900) \"A Northland Miracle\" (November 4, 1926; written in 1900) \"Dutch Courage\" (November 29, 1900) \"A Relic of the Pliocene\" (January 12, 1901) \"The Law of Life\" (March 1901) \"Siwash\" (March 1901) \"The Lost Poacher\" (March 14, 1901) \"At the Rainbow's End\" (March 24, 1901) \"The God of His Fathers\" (May 1901) \"The Scorn of Woman\" (May 1901) \"The Minions of Midas\" (May 1901) \"Chris Farrington: Able Seaman\" (May 23, 1901) \"A Hyperborean Brew\" (July 1901) \"Bald Face\" (September 6, 1901) \"Keesh, Son of Keesh\" (January 1902) \"An Adventure in the Upper Sea\" (May 1902) \"To Build a Fire\" (May 29, 1902, revised August 1908) \"Diable --- A Dog\" (June 1902), renamed Bâtard in 1904 \"To Repel Boarders\" (June 1902) \"The ‘Fuzziness' of Hoockla-Heen\" (July 3, 1902) \"Moon-Face\" (July 21, 1902) \"Nam-Bok, the Liar\" (August 1902) \"Li Wan the Fair\" (August 1902) \"The Master of Mystery\" (September 1902) \"In the Forests of the North\" (September 1902) \"The Sunlanders\" (September 1902) \"The Death of Ligoun\" (September 1902) \"The Story of Jees Uck\" (September 1902) \"The Sickness of Lone Chief\" (October 1902) \"The League of the Old Men\" (October 4, 1902) \"Lost Face\" (1902) \"Master of Mystery\" (1902) \"In Yeddo Bay\" (February 1903) \"The One Thousand Dozen\" (March 1903) \"The Shadow and the Flash\" (June 1903) “The Faith of Men\" (June 1903) \"The Leopard Man's Story\" (August 1903) \"The Marriage of Lit-Lit\" (September 1903) \"Local Color\" (October 1903) \"Too Much Gold\" (December 1903) \"Amateur Night\" (December 1903) \"The Dominant Primordial Beast\" (1903) \"Keesh, The Bear Hunter\" (January 1904); often reprinted as \"The Story of Keesh\" \"The Banks of the Sacramento\" (March 17, 1904) \"White and Yellow\" (February 16, 1905) \"The King of the Greeks\" (March 2, 1905) \"A Raid on the Oyster Pirates\" (March 16, 1905) \"The Siege of the 'Lancashire Queen' ” (March 30, 1905) \"Charley's Coup” (April 13, 1905) \"Demetrios Contos” (April 27, 1905) \"Yellow Handkerchief” (May 11, 1905) \"All Gold Cañon\" (November 1905) \"Love of Life\" (December 1905) \"The Sun-Dog Trail\" (December 1905) \"A Nose for the King\" (March 1906) \"Planchette\" (June 1906) \"The Unexpected\" (August 1906) \"Brown Wolf\" (August 1906) \"The Apostate\" (September 1906) \"Up the Slide\" (October 25, 1906) \"A Wicked Woman\" (November 1906) \"The White Man's Way\" (November 4, 1906) \"The Wit of Porportuk\" (December 1906) \"When God Laughs\" (January 1907) \"Just Meat\" (March 1907) \"Created He Them\" (April 1907) \"Morganson's Finish\" (May 1907) \"A Day's Lodging\" (May 25, 1907) \"Negore the Coward\" (September 1907) \"Chased by the Trail\" (September 26, 1907) \"The Passing of Marcus O'Brien\" (January 1908) \"Trust\" (January 1908) \"That Spot\" (February 1908) \"Flush of Gold\" (April 1908) \"Make Westing\" (April 1908) \"The Enemy of All the World\" (October 1908) \"Aloha Oe\" (December 1908) \"A Curious Fragment\" (December 10, 1908) \"The Dream of Debs\" (January 1909) \"The House of Mapuhi\" (January 1909) \"The Seed of McCoy\" (April 1909) \"The Madness of John Harned\" (May 1909) \"South of the Slot\" (May 22, 1909) \"Good-by, Jack\" (June 1909) \"The Chinago\" (June 26, 1909) \"The Sheriff of Kona\" (August 1909) \"The Heathen\" (September 1909) \"A Piece of Steak\" (November 20, 1909) \"Koolau the Leper\" (December 1909) \"Mauki\" (December 1909) “The Mission of John Starhurst” (December 29, 1909); reprinted as \"The Whale Tooth\" \"Samuel\" (1909) \"Chun An Chun\" (Spring 1910) \"The Terrible Solomons\" (March 1910) \"The Inevitable White Man\" (May 14, 1910) \"The Unparalleled Invasion\" (July 1910) \"Winged Blackmail\" (September 1910) \"When the World was Young\" (September 10, 1910) \"The Benefit of the Doubt\" (November 12, 1910) \"Under the Deck Awnings\" (November 19, 1910) \"Yah!", "(October 21, 1895) \"And 'Frisco Kid Came Back\" (November 4, 1895) \"One More Unfortunate\" (December 18, 1895) \"O Haru\" (1993; written in April 1897) \"The Mahatma's Little Joke\" (1993; written in May 1897) \"The Strange Experience of a Misogynist\" (1993; written between May and September 1897), originally titled \"The Misogynist\" \"Two Gold Bricks\" (September 1897) \"The Plague Ship\" (1993; written between September and December 1897) \"The Devil’s Dice Box\" (December 1976; written in September 1898) \"The Test: A Clondyke Wooing\" (1983; written in September 1898) \"A Klondike Christmas\" (1983; written in November 1898) \"A Dream Image\" (1898) \"To the Man on Trail: A Klondike Christmas\" (January 1899) \"The White Silence\" (February 1899) \"The Son of the Wolf\" (April 1899) \"The Men of Forty-Mile\" (May 1899) \"A Thousand Deaths\" (May 1899) \"An Old Soldier's Story\" (May 20, 1899) \"In a Far Country\" (June 1899) \"The Priestly Prerogative\" (July 1899) \"The Handsome Cabin Boy\" (July 1899) \"The Wife of a King\" (August 1899) \"In the Time of Prince Charley\" (September 1899) \"Old Baldy\" (September 16, 1899) \"The Grilling of Loren Ellery\" (September 24, 1899) \"The Rejuvenation of Major Rathbone\" (November 1899) \"The King of Mazy May\" (November 30, 1899) \"The Wisdom of the Trail\" (December 1899) \"A Daughter of the Aurora\" (December 24, 1899) \"Pluck and Pertinacity\" (1899) \"An Odyssey of the North\" (January 1900) \"A Lesson in Heraldry\" (March 1900) \"The End of the Chapter\" (June 9, 1900) \"Uri Bram's God\" (June 24, 1900) \"Even unto Death\" (July 28, 1900) \"Grit of Women\" (August 1900) \"Jan the Unrepentant\" (August 1900) \"The Man with the Gash\" (September 1900) \"Their Alcove\" (September 1900) \"Housekeeping in the Klondike\" (September 16, 1900) \"The Proper 'Girlie' \" (October 1900) \"Thanksgiving on Slav Creek\" (November 24, 1900) \"Where the Trail Forks\" (December 1900) \"The Great Interrogation\" (December 1900) \"Semper Idem\" (December 1900) \"A Northland Miracle\" (November 4, 1926; written in 1900) \"Dutch Courage\" (November 29, 1900) \"A Relic of the Pliocene\" (January 12, 1901) \"The Law of Life\" (March 1901) \"Siwash\" (March 1901) \"The Lost Poacher\" (March 14, 1901) \"At the Rainbow's End\" (March 24, 1901) \"The God of His Fathers\" (May 1901) \"The Scorn of Woman\" (May 1901) \"The Minions of Midas\" (May 1901) \"Chris Farrington: Able Seaman\" (May 23, 1901) \"A Hyperborean Brew\" (July 1901) \"Bald Face\" (September 6, 1901) \"Keesh, Son of Keesh\" (January 1902) \"An Adventure in the Upper Sea\" (May 1902) \"To Build a Fire\" (May 29, 1902, revised August 1908) \"Diable --- A Dog\" (June 1902), renamed Bâtard in 1904 \"To Repel Boarders\" (June 1902) \"The ‘Fuzziness' of Hoockla-Heen\" (July 3, 1902) \"Moon-Face\" (July 21, 1902) \"Nam-Bok, the Liar\" (August 1902) \"Li Wan the Fair\" (August 1902) \"The Master of Mystery\" (September 1902) \"In the Forests of the North\" (September 1902) \"The Sunlanders\" (September 1902) \"The Death of Ligoun\" (September 1902) \"The Story of Jees Uck\" (September 1902) \"The Sickness of Lone Chief\" (October 1902) \"The League of the Old Men\" (October 4, 1902) \"Lost Face\" (1902) \"Master of Mystery\" (1902) \"In Yeddo Bay\" (February 1903) \"The One Thousand Dozen\" (March 1903) \"The Shadow and the Flash\" (June 1903) “The Faith of Men\" (June 1903) \"The Leopard Man's Story\" (August 1903) \"The Marriage of Lit-Lit\" (September 1903) \"Local Color\" (October 1903) \"Too Much Gold\" (December 1903) \"Amateur Night\" (December 1903) \"The Dominant Primordial Beast\" (1903) \"Keesh, The Bear Hunter\" (January 1904); often reprinted as \"The Story of Keesh\" \"The Banks of the Sacramento\" (March 17, 1904) \"White and Yellow\" (February 16, 1905) \"The King of the Greeks\" (March 2, 1905) \"A Raid on the Oyster Pirates\" (March 16, 1905) \"The Siege of the 'Lancashire Queen' ” (March 30, 1905) \"Charley's Coup” (April 13, 1905) \"Demetrios Contos” (April 27, 1905) \"Yellow Handkerchief” (May 11, 1905) \"All Gold Cañon\" (November 1905) \"Love of Life\" (December 1905) \"The Sun-Dog Trail\" (December 1905) \"A Nose for the King\" (March 1906) \"Planchette\" (June 1906) \"The Unexpected\" (August 1906) \"Brown Wolf\" (August 1906) \"The Apostate\" (September 1906) \"Up the Slide\" (October 25, 1906) \"A Wicked Woman\" (November 1906) \"The White Man's Way\" (November 4, 1906) \"The Wit of Porportuk\" (December 1906) \"When God Laughs\" (January 1907) \"Just Meat\" (March 1907) \"Created He Them\" (April 1907) \"Morganson's Finish\" (May 1907) \"A Day's Lodging\" (May 25, 1907) \"Negore the Coward\" (September 1907) \"Chased by the Trail\" (September 26, 1907) \"The Passing of Marcus O'Brien\" (January 1908) \"Trust\" (January 1908) \"That Spot\" (February 1908) \"Flush of Gold\" (April 1908) \"Make Westing\" (April 1908) \"The Enemy of All the World\" (October 1908) \"Aloha Oe\" (December 1908) \"A Curious Fragment\" (December 10, 1908) \"The Dream of Debs\" (January 1909) \"The House of Mapuhi\" (January 1909) \"The Seed of McCoy\" (April 1909) \"The Madness of John Harned\" (May 1909) \"South of the Slot\" (May 22, 1909) \"Good-by, Jack\" (June 1909) \"The Chinago\" (June 26, 1909) \"The Sheriff of Kona\" (August 1909) \"The Heathen\" (September 1909) \"A Piece of Steak\" (November 20, 1909) \"Koolau the Leper\" (December 1909) \"Mauki\" (December 1909) “The Mission of John Starhurst” (December 29, 1909); reprinted as \"The Whale Tooth\" \"Samuel\" (1909) \"Chun An Chun\" (Spring 1910) \"The Terrible Solomons\" (March 1910) \"The Inevitable White Man\" (May 14, 1910) \"The Unparalleled Invasion\" (July 1910) \"Winged Blackmail\" (September 1910) \"When the World was Young\" (September 10, 1910) \"The Benefit of the Doubt\" (November 12, 1910) \"Under the Deck Awnings\" (November 19, 1910) \"Yah! Yah!", "Yah! Yah! Yah!\"", "Yah! Yah!\" Yah!\" (December 1910) \"The House of Pride\" (December 1910) \"To Kill a Man\" (December 10, 1910) \"Bunches of Knuckles\" (December 18, 1910) \"Goliath\" (1910) \"The 'Francis Spaight' \" (January 1911) \"The Hobo and the Fairy\" (February 11, 1911) \"The Strength of the Strong\" (March 1911) \"The Eternity of Forms\" (March 1911) \"A Son of the Sun\" (May 27.", "(December 1910) \"The House of Pride\" (December 1910) \"To Kill a Man\" (December 10, 1910) \"Bunches of Knuckles\" (December 18, 1910) \"Goliath\" (1910) \"The 'Francis Spaight' \" (January 1911) \"The Hobo and the Fairy\" (February 11, 1911) \"The Strength of the Strong\" (March 1911) \"The Eternity of Forms\" (March 1911) \"A Son of the Sun\" (May 27. 1911) \"The Taste of the Meat\" (June 1911) “The Proud Goat of Aloysius Pankburn\" (June 24, 1911) \"The Meat\" (July 1911) “The Night Born\" (July 1911) \"War\" (July 29, 1911) \"The Goat Man of Fuatino\" (July 20, 1911) “The Stampede to Squaw Creek\" (August 1911) \"The Mexican\" (August 19, 1911) \"Shorty Dreams\" (September 1911) \"A Little Account with Swithin Hall\" (September 2, 1911) \"A Goboto Night\" (September 30, 1911) \"The Man on the Other Bank\" (October 1911) \"The Pears of Parlay\" (October 14, 1911) \"The Race for Number Three\" (November 1911) \"The End of the Story\" (November 1911) \" The Jokers of New Gibbon\" (November 11, 1911) \"By the Turtles of Tasman\" (November 19, 1911) \"The Little Man\" (December 1911) \"The Unmasking of the Cad\" (December 23, 1911) \"The Hanging of Cultus George\" (January 1912) \"The Mistake of Creation\" (February 1912) \"A Flutter in Eggs\" (March 1912) \"The Sea-Farmer\" (March 1912) \"The Feathers of the Sun\" (March 9, 1912) \"The Town-Site of Tra-Lee\" (April 1912) \"Wonder of Woman\" (May 1912) \"The Prodigal Father\" (May 1912) \"The Scarlet Plague\" (June 1912) \"The Captain of the Susan Drew\" (December 1, 1912) \"Samuel\" (May 1913) \"The Sea-Gangsters\" (November 1913) \"Told in the Drooling Ward\" (June 1914) \"The Hussy\" (December 1916) \"Man of Mine\" (February 1917) \"Like Argus of the Ancient Times\" (March 1917) \"Jerry of the Islands\" (1917) \"When Alice Told Her Soul\" (March 1918) \"The Princess\" (June 1918) \"The Tears of Ah Kim\" (July 1918) \"The Water Baby\" (September 1918) \"The Red One\" (October 1918) \"In the Cave of the Dead\" (November 1918) \"Shin-Bones\" (1918) \"On the Makaloa Mat\" (March 1919) \"The Bones of Kahekili\" (July 1919) \" Whose Business Is to Live\" (September 1922) \"Eyes of Asia\" (September 1924) Legacy and honors Mount London, also known as Boundary Peak 100, on the Alaska-British Columbia boundary, in the Boundary Ranges of the Coast Mountains of British Columbia, is named for him.", "1911) \"The Taste of the Meat\" (June 1911) “The Proud Goat of Aloysius Pankburn\" (June 24, 1911) \"The Meat\" (July 1911) “The Night Born\" (July 1911) \"War\" (July 29, 1911) \"The Goat Man of Fuatino\" (July 20, 1911) “The Stampede to Squaw Creek\" (August 1911) \"The Mexican\" (August 19, 1911) \"Shorty Dreams\" (September 1911) \"A Little Account with Swithin Hall\" (September 2, 1911) \"A Goboto Night\" (September 30, 1911) \"The Man on the Other Bank\" (October 1911) \"The Pears of Parlay\" (October 14, 1911) \"The Race for Number Three\" (November 1911) \"The End of the Story\" (November 1911) \" The Jokers of New Gibbon\" (November 11, 1911) \"By the Turtles of Tasman\" (November 19, 1911) \"The Little Man\" (December 1911) \"The Unmasking of the Cad\" (December 23, 1911) \"The Hanging of Cultus George\" (January 1912) \"The Mistake of Creation\" (February 1912) \"A Flutter in Eggs\" (March 1912) \"The Sea-Farmer\" (March 1912) \"The Feathers of the Sun\" (March 9, 1912) \"The Town-Site of Tra-Lee\" (April 1912) \"Wonder of Woman\" (May 1912) \"The Prodigal Father\" (May 1912) \"The Scarlet Plague\" (June 1912) \"The Captain of the Susan Drew\" (December 1, 1912) \"Samuel\" (May 1913) \"The Sea-Gangsters\" (November 1913) \"Told in the Drooling Ward\" (June 1914) \"The Hussy\" (December 1916) \"Man of Mine\" (February 1917) \"Like Argus of the Ancient Times\" (March 1917) \"Jerry of the Islands\" (1917) \"When Alice Told Her Soul\" (March 1918) \"The Princess\" (June 1918) \"The Tears of Ah Kim\" (July 1918) \"The Water Baby\" (September 1918) \"The Red One\" (October 1918) \"In the Cave of the Dead\" (November 1918) \"Shin-Bones\" (1918) \"On the Makaloa Mat\" (March 1919) \"The Bones of Kahekili\" (July 1919) \" Whose Business Is to Live\" (September 1922) \"Eyes of Asia\" (September 1924) Legacy and honors Mount London, also known as Boundary Peak 100, on the Alaska-British Columbia boundary, in the Boundary Ranges of the Coast Mountains of British Columbia, is named for him. Jack London Square on the waterfront of Oakland, California was named for him.", "Jack London Square on the waterfront of Oakland, California was named for him. He was honored by the United States Postal Service with a 25¢ Great Americans series postage stamp released on January 11, 1986. Jack London Lake (), a mountain lake located in the upper reaches of the Kolyma River in Yagodninsky district of Magadan Oblast.", "Jack London Lake (), a mountain lake located in the upper reaches of the Kolyma River in Yagodninsky district of Magadan Oblast. Fictional portrayals of London include Michael O'Shea in the 1943 film Jack London, Jeff East in the 1980 film Klondike Fever, Michael Aron in the Star Trek: The Next Generation episode Time's Arrow from 1992, Aaron Ashmore in the Murdoch Mysteries episode \"Murdoch of the Klondike\" from 2012, and Johnny Simmons in the 2014 miniseries Klondike.", "Fictional portrayals of London include Michael O'Shea in the 1943 film Jack London, Jeff East in the 1980 film Klondike Fever, Michael Aron in the Star Trek: The Next Generation episode Time's Arrow from 1992, Aaron Ashmore in the Murdoch Mysteries episode \"Murdoch of the Klondike\" from 2012, and Johnny Simmons in the 2014 miniseries Klondike. See also List of celebrities who own wineries and vineyards Notes References Bibliography The Jack London Online Collection' Further reading External links Western American Literature Journal: Jack London The Jack London Online Collection Site featuring information about Jack London's life and work, and a collection of his writings.", "See also List of celebrities who own wineries and vineyards Notes References Bibliography The Jack London Online Collection' Further reading External links Western American Literature Journal: Jack London The Jack London Online Collection Site featuring information about Jack London's life and work, and a collection of his writings. The World of Jack London Biographical information and writings Jack London State Historic Park The Huntingon Library's Jack London Archive Guide to the Jack London Papers at The Bancroft Library Jack London Collection at Sonoma State University Library Jack London Stories, scanned from original magazines, including the original artwork 5 short radio episodes from Jack London's writing at California Legacy Project Jack London Personal Manuscripts 1876 births 1916 deaths 1906 San Francisco earthquake survivors 19th-century American short story writers 19th-century sailors 20th-century American male writers 20th-century American novelists 20th-century American short story writers 20th-century sailors American atheists American democratic socialists American eugenicists American male non-fiction writers American male novelists American male short story writers American psychological fiction writers American sailors American travel writers American war correspondents Deaths from dysentery Male sailors Members of the Socialist Labor Party of America Military personnel from California People from Glen Ellen, California People from Piedmont, California People involved in plagiarism controversies People of the Klondike Gold Rush People of the Russo-Japanese War Socialist Party of America politicians from California United States Merchant Mariners University of California, Berkeley alumni War correspondents of the Russo-Japanese War Writers from Oakland, California Writers from San Francisco" ]

[ "Jack London", "Socialism", "what part did jack have in socialism?", "London joined the Socialist Labor Party in April 1896." ]

[ "Hermann Nuding (3 July 1902 in Oberurbach – 30 May 1966 in Stuttgart) was a German politician, political party official (KPD) and, after 1945, an opponent of German re-armament.\n\nLife\n\nEarly years\nNuding was born in a small town some 35 km (18 miles) to the east of Stuttgart early on in the twentieth century. His father was a factory worker. An early ambition to become a teacher was thwarted by the outbreak of war when he was twelve. After leaving school in 1916 he started an apprenticeship for work in the leather and tannery industry. In 1918 he joined the German Leather workers' Trades Union and the Spartacus League which shortly thereafter became the German Communist Party (KPD) In 1919 he joined the Young Communists and became a founding member of the regional Communist Party group in Württemberg and chairman of the KPD in his home town, Oberurbach. He joined the Regional leadership of the Württemberg Young Communists in 1920. He toi pursue an active political career in the German communist party, which included an extended period in Moscow during 1927/28 attending the International Lenin School.\n\nExile\nIn January 1933 the NSDAP (Nazi party) took power and lost no time in embarking on the creation of a one party state in Germany. Hermann Nuding was arrested in February 1933 and remained in \"protective custody\" till the start of July 1934 when he emigrated initially to Switzerland, subsequently also spending more time in Moscow. In 1935 he participated, using the pseudonym \"Claus Degeb\" in the party's Brussels conference and then in 1935/36 worked from his base in Zurich with the illegal Communist Party across the German border in Württemberg. During the second part of the 1930s he continued to work for the German Communist Party, based for some of the period in Belgium.\n\nIn 1937 Hermann Nuding and Herbert Wehner were jointly commissioned by the Comintern leadership to compose a diatribe entitled \"Trotskyism and Fascism\". Leon Trotsky had at one time been seen by many as a likely successor of Lenin and was, by the 1930s, exiled from the Soviet Union and being systematically excoriated by the Soviet leadership and its supporters internationally.\n\nLike many exiled German communists, by the time war broke out in 1939 he was based in France, and during 1939/1940 he was interned at Gurs. On his release he settled down to a life as a small farmer in the south of France using, appropriately, the pseudonym \"Jean Bauer\". During the early 1940s he worked illegally with both the French Resistance and the Soviet sponsored National Committee for a Free Germany.\n\nPeace breaks out\nAfter the war ended Nuding returned, in October 1945, to his home region in what remained of Germany. The northern part of Württemberg, including Stuttgart was now in the US occupation zone and formed a part of Württemberg-Baden, a state formed by the occupation forces to accommodate the division of south western German between the US military and the French military. Nuding set about rebuilding the Communist Party in Stuttgart and the surrounding region.\n\nIn 1946 he became a member of the provisional regional parliament for Württemberg-Baden and then for its successor assembly, established by the US Military administration. At this point he represented the newly formed SED (party) which had been set up in the Soviet occupation zone, although he would soon revert to the Communist Party when it became apparent that there was no future role for the SED outside that part of Germany controlled by the Soviet military.\n\nBy 1949 it was becoming apparent that West Germany and East Germany were developing as separate states, and in August 1949 Nuding was one of the fifteen Communist members of the national Bundestag, located provisionally in Bonn. He remained a member till resigning ostensibly on health grounds on 20 April 1951. Until July 1950 he spoke in the chamber on behalf of the Communist party, but by that time his expulsion from the Communist Party had already been proposed back in September 1949 by Walter Ulbricht, the leader of the newly emerging Soviet backed German Democratic Republic.\n\nDisgrace and Expulsion from The Party\nAt the end of April 1945 thirty German communists, grouped in three teams of ten, arrived in what was becoming the Soviet occupation zone in Germany. The men, led by Walter Ulbricht, had spent the war years in Moscow: as matters turned, out they had used their years in exile to formulate a clear nation-building program for what would become the German Democratic Republic. German communists who had spent the war somewhere other in the Soviet Union did not necessarily share the objectives or strategy of the Ulbricht Group and during the later 1940s tensions between the Communist Party's leaders in the Bundestag, based in West Germany, and the men now governing East Germany, became increasingly apparent. In June 1950, at the Communist Party's sixteenth party conference, Nuding was condemned as the party's leading opportunist and the next month, in July 1950 he was stripped of party functions. It was reported in October 1950 that despite being seriously ill he had rejected an \"urgent recommendation\" to relocate to the German Democratic Republic. His resignation from the German Bundestag on health grounds in April 1951 came as the result of an instruction received from the Berlin-based SED (party).\n\nThe underlying differences that led to his resignation were numerous. Issues that triggered his disgrace by the Communist Party included his rejection of the Communist Party's official opposition to the German Trades Union Confederation (founded in Munich in 1949) and his further rejection of the party line that in the event of a war between the Soviet Union and her (former) western allies, the German Communists should actively support the Soviet Union. More generally, while there was unanimity between Nuding and the German Communist Party in opposing German rearmament in respect of West Germany, Nuding also held that rearmament of East Germany was similarly unacceptable: this was at variance with the strategy of the Ulbricht government and their Soviet backers.\n\nDespite his exclusion from his party posts, Hermann Nuding continued to be listed as a party official till May 1955. He was excluded from party membership only on 17 August 1956, although even after this he continued to be consulted by party officials on political and trades union matters.\n\nPersonal\nHermann Nuding was married twice. His first marriage to Paula Kopp lasted from 1923 till 1947. Paula then, in 1947, married Hans Rueß, and so is frequently identified in sources as Paula Rueß. Hermann Nuding's second marriage to Helene took place in 1957. Neither marriage gave rise to surviving children.\n\nHermann Nuding himself spent his final years in poor health as a pensioner in Luginsland (Stuttgart) where he died in December 1966.\n\nReferences\n\nGerman resistance to Nazism\nPeople condemned by Nazi courts\nExiles from Nazi Germany\nMembers of the Landtag of Baden-Württemberg\nCommunist Party of Germany politicians\n1902 births\n1966 deaths", "Karl Grönsfelder (18 January 1882 – 20 February 1964) was a Bavarian political activist and politician (KPD).\n\nWhen the Communist party was briefly banned in 1923/24, his activism earned him a period in \"protective custody\" in June 1924. A longer period of detention followed the Nazi take-over in 1933. After 1945 Grönsfelder returned to political activism, despite being marginalised and expelled (not for the first time) from the Communist Party in 1949.\n\nLife\n\nProvenance and early years\nKarl Grönsfelder was born in Frankfurt am Main. His parents were in service, his father as a coachman and his mother as a cook. He was brought up by his grandparents in Bartenstein, a small town remotely located in the hills between Heidelberg and Nuremberg. He acquired what was in most respects a basic education at the village school, also receiving training as a mechanic. Between 1900 and 1903 he worked as an itinerant mechanic, taking in Frankfurt, Düsseldorf, Siegburg, Krefeld and Cologne. In 1903 Grönsfelder settled in Nuremberg, which is where he would live for the rest of his life.\n\nNuremberg and socialist politics\nNuremberg was a booming industrial city and a bastion of Germany's increasingly assertive labour movement. In 1908 Grönsfelder joined the Social Democratic Party (\"Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands\" / SPD). It was also in 1908 that he joined the Metal Workers' Union. Between 1910 and 1913 he was a member of a political circle of \"young comrades\" who studied socialist literature and backed the charismatic socialist philosopher-activist Rosa Luxemburg. During a period when the political left was buzzing with shifting thought patterns and alliances, he tended as a young man to find himself at the more extreme end of the party spectrum, and critical of what he would have identified as Bernstein revisionism. During the war years, between 1914 and 1918, his mechanical skills were much in demand.\n\nParty splits\nThe decision in 1914 of the SPD leadership to accept what amounted to a political truce for the duration of the war became progressively more contentious within the party because of the industrial scale of the slaughter on the front and the destitution inflicted on the civilian population at home. In 1917 the party split apart, primarily over whether or not to continue to back parliamentary votes to fund the war. Grönsfelder was a member of the breakaway group that became the Independent Social Democratic Party (Unabhängige Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands / USPD). Two years later, as the USPD itself broke up, he was a founder member in Nuremberg of the German Communist Party. Within the party he was an outspoken advocate, notably in respect of trades union matters. In 1920 the membership at Nuremberg's huge MAN truck plant elected him to the works council. Within the party he was a member of the regional leadership (Berzirksleitung), serving as chairman of it between 1921 and 1924. He represented the Nuremberg Communists at party conferences nationally, and, in the case of the Comintern Third World Congress held in Moscow in June 1921, internationally. In 1923, Grönsfelder was appointed to the party's Trades Union Commission and, at the same time, elected a member of the national party executive committee.\n\nParty activism and Landtag membership\nOn 19 December 1923 he succeeded as a communist member in the Bavarian Parliament (Landtag) after Eisenberger took a job in Moscow with the Comintern. Grönsfelder would continue to sit as a member till 1928. However, as economic destitution in the country spilled into violence the Communist Party was banned for several months at the end of 1923, and Grönsfelder, who continued with his party work, was arrested in June 1924 and, despite the parliamentary immunity which membership of the legislature should have conferred, briefly held in \"protective custody\". He was nevertheless released in time to participate in the regional elections of 1924 in which he was re-elected.\n\nIn 1925 he was combining his parliamentary work with work as ab party instructor for the Augsburg sub-district. In 1926 he became regional secretary and, after 1928, secretary for trades union matters in the North Bavaria regional leadership.\n\nParty split\nThe death of Lenin early in 1924 opened the way for a lengthy and wide-ranging power struggle in the Soviet Communist Party. Savage factionalism in Moscow found its direct counterpart in the German Communist Party. By 1929 most party members in Moscow who might have constituted a threat to Stalin's agenda had been removed from positions of power and influence, while the German party was under the increasingly tight control of the hardline Stalinist faction around Ernst Thälmann. Within the party there was growing apprehension at the rise of the National Socialist Workers' (Nazi) Party, and there were those who advocated collaboration with the SPD in order more effectively to resist the Nazi tide. Stalin, his strategic vision honed by the Russian Civil War, was uncompromising in opposing any collaboration with the SPD, and the German party leadership under Thälmann took the same position, rejecting the idea of any compromise with the \"Social Fascists\". In the North Bavaria region Karl Grönsfelder, representing trades union opinion within the party on the issue, was forthright in his criticism of the party line, and in 1930 he was one of a number of leading communists in the Nuremberg leadership to find himself excluded from The Party.\n\nIn 1928 Heinrich Brandler and August Thalheimer, expelled from the Communist Party two years before Grönsfelder, had founded an alternative Communist Party, known as the Communist Party of Germany (Opposition) ( Kommunistische Partei Deutschlands (Opposition) / KPD (Opposition)) Karl Grönsfelder, together with a number of his party comrades in the Franconia / North Bavaria region, now joined the KPD (Opposition). The new alternative Communist Party failed to become the mainstream Communist Party and there was therefore never any chance of a united front against Nazism from the political left, but it nevertheless remained politically vigorous, and in the Nuremberg region Karl Grönsfelder was its leader.\n\nA communist survivor in Nazi Germany\nThe political backdrop changed dramatically in January 1933 when the Nazis took power and converted Germany into a one-party dictatorship. Political activity (except in support of the Nazi party) became illegal. Grönsfelder was arrested by the Gestapo on 12 April 1933 and detained. After his arrest he was briefly held in a temporary prison in Fürth. In May 1933 he was placed for a short time in Stadelheim Prison (Munich) before being transferred to Dachau concentration camp. Grönsfelder later recalled that in the concentration camp internees from the Communist Party and those from the SPD agreed that they should never again \"march alone\", and these discussions were reflected elsewhere in Germany. However, with the party leaderships in exile in Paris and Moscow, and any communist leaders who had failed to escape now locked away, the practical impact of this belated reduction in communist hostility towards the moderate left SPD was not immediately apparent.\n\nHis wife, Emma Grönsfelder (1883–1967), had followed a political trajectory similar to his since 1918, and was arrested at the same time as her husband, and held in \"protective custody\" at the prison in Aichach between April and September 1933.\n\nMany communist leaders arrested by the Gestapo spent the twelve Nazi years locked away. Others died in concentration camps. Karl Grönsfelder was released in 1935, however, after only two years in state custody. There is a suggestion that because of his growing deafness the authorities did not see him as such a major threat as some of his comrades. However, he was unable to register with the labour exchange. He was unemployed between 1935 and 1937, and kept under close state surveillance. After 1937, still closely monitored by the authorities, he was helped by a former Communist comrade identified as \"Ludwig Sch.\" who had subsequently gone over to the Nazis (for what Grönsfelder, writing much later, described as \"legitimate reasons\" - \" aus ehelichen Gründen\") to obtain work as a mechanic in the type-writer department at the Triumph factory (better remembered for manufacturing motor cycles) in Nuremberg.\n\nWar returned in September 1939 and Karl Grönsfelder was arrested again. However, his wife invoked the intervention of the influential former communist who had arranged his job at Triumph, and five days later he was released and sent back to work. Grönsfelder later asserted that if he had stayed in detention just one more day, he would have been transported to Buchenwald concentration camp. Instead, he appears to have spent most of the war years quietly working as a mechanic with Triumph. By 1944, however, aged 62, he was on long-term sick leave: in order to escape the by now constant scourge of the air raids on the cities, he was living in the countryside location to which his daughter and grand daughter had been evacuated.\n\nPost war Bavaria\nThe war ended in May 1945 with Bavaria in the US occupation zone of what had been Germany. Communist Party membership was no longer illegal and Grönsfelder resumed his in 1946. In 1947 he joined the party's regional leadership team (Bezirksleitung) for Bavaria. However, as matters turned out the old tensions within the party had endured. Bavaria filled up with refugees displaced by the red army. Grönsfelder's continued readiness to criticise Stalin grated with members the German party leadership, for many of whom adherence to the Kremlin line was an integral part of being a good antifascist communist. Grönsfelder was denounced as a Titoist and supporter of the hated Brandler. He was expelled from the Communist Party, again, in 1949, although within Bavaria he remained an active and loquacious member of the regional leadership team (Bezirksleitung) till 1953, when he was required to retire on account of his age. By this time, the US occupation zone had been subsumed, in May 1949, into a new US sponsored West German state, and it was here, at Nuremberg, that Karl Grönsfelder died on 20 February 1964.\n\nReferences\n\nPoliticians from Nuremberg\nSocial Democratic Party of Germany politicians\nCommunist Party of Germany politicians\nMembers of the Landtag of Bavaria\nCommunist Party of Germany (Opposition) politicians\nCommunists in the German Resistance\nDachau concentration camp survivors\n1882 births\n1964 deaths" ]

[ "John Griffith London (born John Griffith Chaney; January 12, 1876 – November 22, 1916) was an American novelist, journalist and social activist. A pioneer of commercial fiction and American magazines, he was one of the first American authors to become an international celebrity and earn a large fortune from writing. He was also an innovator in the genre that would later become known as science fiction.", "He was also an innovator in the genre that would later become known as science fiction. London was part of the radical literary group \"The Crowd\" in San Francisco and a passionate advocate of unionization, workers' rights, socialism, and eugenics. He wrote several works dealing with these topics, such as his dystopian novel The Iron Heel, his non-fiction exposé The People of the Abyss, War of the Classes, and Before Adam.", "He wrote several works dealing with these topics, such as his dystopian novel The Iron Heel, his non-fiction exposé The People of the Abyss, War of the Classes, and Before Adam. His most famous works include The Call of the Wild and White Fang, both set in the Klondike Gold Rush, as well as the short stories \"To Build a Fire\", \"An Odyssey of the North\", and \"Love of Life\".", "His most famous works include The Call of the Wild and White Fang, both set in the Klondike Gold Rush, as well as the short stories \"To Build a Fire\", \"An Odyssey of the North\", and \"Love of Life\". He also wrote about the South Pacific in stories such as \"The Pearls of Parlay\", and \"The Heathen\". Family Jack London was born January 12, 1876.", "Family Jack London was born January 12, 1876. Family Jack London was born January 12, 1876. His mother, Flora Wellman, was the fifth and youngest child of Pennsylvania Canal builder Marshall Wellman and his first wife, Eleanor Garrett Jones. Marshall Wellman was descended from Thomas Wellman, an early Puritan settler in the Massachusetts Bay Colony. Flora left Ohio and moved to the Pacific coast when her father remarried after her mother died.", "Flora left Ohio and moved to the Pacific coast when her father remarried after her mother died. In San Francisco, Flora worked as a music teacher and spiritualist, claiming to channel the spirit of a Sauk chief, Black Hawk. Biographer Clarice Stasz and others believe London's father was astrologer William Chaney. Flora Wellman was living with Chaney in San Francisco when she became pregnant. Whether Wellman and Chaney were legally married is unknown.", "Whether Wellman and Chaney were legally married is unknown. Whether Wellman and Chaney were legally married is unknown. Stasz notes that in his memoirs, Chaney refers to London's mother Flora Wellman as having been \"his wife\"; he also cites an advertisement in which Flora called herself \"Florence Wellman Chaney\". According to Flora Wellman's account, as recorded in the San Francisco Chronicle of June 4, 1875, Chaney demanded that she have an abortion. When she refused, he disclaimed responsibility for the child.", "When she refused, he disclaimed responsibility for the child. In desperation, she shot herself. She was not seriously wounded, but she was temporarily deranged. After giving birth, Flora sent the baby for wet-nursing to Virginia (Jennie) Prentiss, a formerly enslaved African-American woman and a neighbor. Prentiss was an important maternal figure throughout London's life, and he would later refer to her as his primary source of love and affection as a child.", "Prentiss was an important maternal figure throughout London's life, and he would later refer to her as his primary source of love and affection as a child. Late in 1876, Flora Wellman married John London, a partially disabled Civil War veteran, and brought her baby John, later known as Jack, to live with the newly married couple. The family moved around the San Francisco Bay Area before settling in Oakland, where London completed public grade school.", "The family moved around the San Francisco Bay Area before settling in Oakland, where London completed public grade school. The Prentiss family moved with the Londons, and remained a stable source of care for the young Jack. In 1897, when he was 21 and a student at the University of California, Berkeley, London searched for and read the newspaper accounts of his mother's suicide attempt and the name of his biological father. He wrote to William Chaney, then living in Chicago.", "He wrote to William Chaney, then living in Chicago. Chaney responded that he could not be London's father because he was impotent; he casually asserted that London's mother had relations with other men and averred that she had slandered him when she said he insisted on an abortion. Chaney concluded by saying that he was more to be pitied than London. London was devastated by his father's letter; in the months following, he quit school at Berkeley and went to the Klondike during the gold rush boom.", "London was devastated by his father's letter; in the months following, he quit school at Berkeley and went to the Klondike during the gold rush boom. Early life London was born near Third and Brannan Streets in San Francisco. The house burned down in the fire after the 1906 San Francisco earthquake; the California Historical Society placed a plaque at the site in 1953. Although the family was working class, it was not as impoverished as London's later accounts claimed. London was largely self-educated.", "London was largely self-educated. London was largely self-educated. In 1885, London found and read Ouida's long Victorian novel Signa. He credited this as the seed of his literary success. In 1886, he went to the Oakland Public Library and found a sympathetic librarian, Ina Coolbrith, who encouraged his learning. (She later became California's first poet laureate and an important figure in the San Francisco literary community). In 1889, London began working 12 to 18 hours a day at Hickmott's Cannery.", "In 1889, London began working 12 to 18 hours a day at Hickmott's Cannery. Seeking a way out, he borrowed money from his foster mother Virginia Prentiss, bought the sloop Razzle-Dazzle from an oyster pirate named French Frank, and became an oyster pirate himself. In his memoir, John Barleycorn, he claims also to have stolen French Frank's mistress Mamie. After a few months, his sloop became damaged beyond repair. London hired on as a member of the California Fish Patrol.", "London hired on as a member of the California Fish Patrol. In 1893, he signed on to the sealing schooner Sophie Sutherland, bound for the coast of Japan. When he returned, the country was in the grip of the panic of '93 and Oakland was swept by labor unrest. After grueling jobs in a jute mill and a street-railway power plant, London joined Coxey's Army and began his career as a tramp.", "After grueling jobs in a jute mill and a street-railway power plant, London joined Coxey's Army and began his career as a tramp. In 1894, he spent 30 days for vagrancy in the Erie County Penitentiary at Buffalo, New York. In The Road, he wrote: After many experiences as a hobo and a sailor, he returned to Oakland and attended Oakland High School. He contributed a number of articles to the high school's magazine, The Aegis.", "He contributed a number of articles to the high school's magazine, The Aegis. His first published work was \"Typhoon off the Coast of Japan\", an account of his sailing experiences. As a schoolboy, London often studied at Heinold's First and Last Chance Saloon, a port-side bar in Oakland. At 17, he confessed to the bar's owner, John Heinold, his desire to attend university and pursue a career as a writer. Heinold lent London tuition money to attend college.", "Heinold lent London tuition money to attend college. Heinold lent London tuition money to attend college. London desperately wanted to attend the University of California, located in Berkeley. In 1896, after a summer of intense studying to pass certification exams, he was admitted. Financial circumstances forced him to leave in 1897, and he never graduated. No evidence has surfaced that he ever wrote for student publications while studying at Berkeley.", "No evidence has surfaced that he ever wrote for student publications while studying at Berkeley. While at Berkeley, London continued to study and spend time at Heinold's saloon, where he was introduced to the sailors and adventurers who would influence his writing. In his autobiographical novel, John Barleycorn, London mentioned the pub's likeness seventeen times. Heinold's was the place where London met Alexander McLean, a captain known for his cruelty at sea. London based his protagonist Wolf Larsen, in the novel The Sea-Wolf, on McLean.", "London based his protagonist Wolf Larsen, in the novel The Sea-Wolf, on McLean. Heinold's First and Last Chance Saloon is now unofficially named Jack London's Rendezvous in his honor. Gold rush and first success On July 12, 1897, London (age 21) and his sister's husband Captain Shepard sailed to join the Klondike Gold Rush. This was the setting for some of his first successful stories. London's time in the harsh Klondike, however, was detrimental to his health.", "London's time in the harsh Klondike, however, was detrimental to his health. Like so many other men who were malnourished in the goldfields, London developed scurvy. His gums became swollen, leading to the loss of his four front teeth. A constant gnawing pain affected his hip and leg muscles, and his face was stricken with marks that always reminded him of the struggles he faced in the Klondike.", "A constant gnawing pain affected his hip and leg muscles, and his face was stricken with marks that always reminded him of the struggles he faced in the Klondike. Father William Judge, \"The Saint of Dawson\", had a facility in Dawson that provided shelter, food and any available medicine to London and others. His struggles there inspired London's short story, \"To Build a Fire\" (1902, revised in 1908), which many critics assess as his best.", "His struggles there inspired London's short story, \"To Build a Fire\" (1902, revised in 1908), which many critics assess as his best. His landlords in Dawson were mining engineers Marshall Latham Bond and Louis Whitford Bond, educated at the Bachelor's level at the Sheffield Scientific School at Yale and at the Master's level at Stanford, respectively. The brothers' father, Judge Hiram Bond, was a wealthy mining investor.", "The brothers' father, Judge Hiram Bond, was a wealthy mining investor. While the Bond brothers were at Stanford Hiram at the suggestion of his brother bought the New Park Estate at Santa Clara as well as a local bank. The Bonds, especially Hiram, were active Republicans. Marshall Bond's diary mentions friendly sparring with London on political issues as a camp pastime. London left Oakland with a social conscience and socialist leanings; he returned to become an activist for socialism.", "London left Oakland with a social conscience and socialist leanings; he returned to become an activist for socialism. He concluded that his only hope of escaping the work \"trap\" was to get an education and \"sell his brains\". He saw his writing as a business, his ticket out of poverty, and, he hoped, a means of beating the wealthy at their own game.", "He saw his writing as a business, his ticket out of poverty, and, he hoped, a means of beating the wealthy at their own game. On returning to California in 1898, London began working to get published, a struggle described in his novel, Martin Eden (serialized in 1908, published in 1909). His first published story since high school was \"To the Man On Trail\", which has frequently been collected in anthologies.", "His first published story since high school was \"To the Man On Trail\", which has frequently been collected in anthologies. When The Overland Monthly offered him only five dollars for it—and was slow paying—London came close to abandoning his writing career. In his words, \"literally and literarily I was saved\" when The Black Cat accepted his story \"A Thousand Deaths\", and paid him $40—the \"first money I ever received for a story\".", "In his words, \"literally and literarily I was saved\" when The Black Cat accepted his story \"A Thousand Deaths\", and paid him $40—the \"first money I ever received for a story\". London began his writing career just as new printing technologies enabled lower-cost production of magazines. This resulted in a boom in popular magazines aimed at a wide public audience and a strong market for short fiction. In 1900, he made $2,500 in writing, about $ in today's currency.", "In 1900, he made $2,500 in writing, about $ in today's currency. Among the works he sold to magazines was a short story known as either \"Diable\" (1902) or \"Bâtard\" (1904), two editions of the same basic story; London received $141.25 for this story on May 27, 1902. In the text, a cruel French Canadian brutalizes his dog, and the dog retaliates and kills the man.", "In the text, a cruel French Canadian brutalizes his dog, and the dog retaliates and kills the man. London told some of his critics that man's actions are the main cause of the behavior of their animals, and he would show this in another story, The Call of the Wild. In early 1903, London sold The Call of the Wild to The Saturday Evening Post for $750, and the book rights to Macmillan. Macmillan's promotional campaign propelled it to swift success.", "Macmillan's promotional campaign propelled it to swift success. Macmillan's promotional campaign propelled it to swift success. While living at his rented villa on Lake Merritt in Oakland, California, London met poet George Sterling; in time they became best friends. In 1902, Sterling helped London find a home closer to his own in nearby Piedmont. In his letters London addressed Sterling as \"Greek\", owing to Sterling's aquiline nose and classical profile, and he signed them as \"Wolf\".", "In his letters London addressed Sterling as \"Greek\", owing to Sterling's aquiline nose and classical profile, and he signed them as \"Wolf\". London was later to depict Sterling as Russ Brissenden in his autobiographical novel Martin Eden (1910) and as Mark Hall in The Valley of the Moon (1913). In later life London indulged his wide-ranging interests by accumulating a personal library of 15,000 volumes. He referred to his books as \"the tools of my trade\".", "He referred to his books as \"the tools of my trade\". First marriage (1900–1904) London married Elizabeth Mae (or May) \"Bessie\" Maddern on April 7, 1900, the same day The Son of the Wolf was published. Bess had been part of his circle of friends for a number of years. She was related to stage actresses Minnie Maddern Fiske and Emily Stevens.", "She was related to stage actresses Minnie Maddern Fiske and Emily Stevens. Stasz says, \"Both acknowledged publicly that they were not marrying out of love, but from friendship and a belief that they would produce sturdy children.\" Kingman says, \"they were comfortable together... Jack had made it clear to Bessie that he did not love her, but that he liked her enough to make a successful marriage.\" London met Bessie through his friend at Oakland High School, Fred Jacobs; she was Fred's fiancée.", "London met Bessie through his friend at Oakland High School, Fred Jacobs; she was Fred's fiancée. Bessie, who tutored at Anderson's University Academy in Alameda California, tutored Jack in preparation for his entrance exams for the University of California at Berkeley in 1896. Jacobs was killed aboard the Scandia in 1897, but Jack and Bessie continued their friendship, which included taking photos and developing the film together. This was the beginning of Jack's passion for photography.", "This was the beginning of Jack's passion for photography. During the marriage, London continued his friendship with Anna Strunsky, co-authoring The Kempton-Wace Letters, an epistolary novel contrasting two philosophies of love. Anna, writing \"Dane Kempton's\" letters, arguing for a romantic view of marriage, while London, writing \"Herbert Wace's\" letters, argued for a scientific view, based on Darwinism and eugenics. In the novel, his fictional character contrasted two women he had known.", "In the novel, his fictional character contrasted two women he had known. London's pet name for Bess was \"Mother-Girl\" and Bess's for London was \"Daddy-Boy\". Their first child, Joan, was born on January 15, 1901, and their second, Bessie \"Becky\" (also reported as Bess), on October 20, 1902. Both children were born in Piedmont, California. Here London wrote one of his most celebrated works, The Call of the Wild.", "Here London wrote one of his most celebrated works, The Call of the Wild. While London had pride in his children, the marriage was strained. Kingman says that by 1903 the couple were close to separation as they were \"extremely incompatible\". \"Jack was still so kind and gentle with Bessie that when Cloudsley Johns was a house guest in February 1903 he didn't suspect a breakup of their marriage.\"", "\"Jack was still so kind and gentle with Bessie that when Cloudsley Johns was a house guest in February 1903 he didn't suspect a breakup of their marriage.\" London reportedly complained to friends Joseph Noel and George Sterling: Stasz writes that these were \"code words for [Bess's] fear that [Jack] was consorting with prostitutes and might bring home venereal disease.\" On July 24, 1903, London told Bessie he was leaving and moved out.", "On July 24, 1903, London told Bessie he was leaving and moved out. During 1904, London and Bess negotiated the terms of a divorce, and the decree was granted on November 11, 1904. War correspondent (1904) London accepted an assignment of the San Francisco Examiner to cover the Russo-Japanese War in early 1904, arriving in Yokohama on January 25, 1904. He was arrested by Japanese authorities in Shimonoseki, but released through the intervention of American ambassador Lloyd Griscom.", "He was arrested by Japanese authorities in Shimonoseki, but released through the intervention of American ambassador Lloyd Griscom. After travelling to Korea, he was again arrested by Japanese authorities for straying too close to the border with Manchuria without official permission, and was sent back to Seoul. Released again, London was permitted to travel with the Imperial Japanese Army to the border, and to observe the Battle of the Yalu.", "Released again, London was permitted to travel with the Imperial Japanese Army to the border, and to observe the Battle of the Yalu. London asked William Randolph Hearst, the owner of the San Francisco Examiner, to be allowed to transfer to the Imperial Russian Army, where he felt that restrictions on his reporting and his movements would be less severe.", "London asked William Randolph Hearst, the owner of the San Francisco Examiner, to be allowed to transfer to the Imperial Russian Army, where he felt that restrictions on his reporting and his movements would be less severe. However, before this could be arranged, he was arrested for a third time in four months, this time for assaulting his Japanese assistants, whom he accused of stealing the fodder for his horse. Released through the personal intervention of President Theodore Roosevelt, London departed the front in June 1904.", "Released through the personal intervention of President Theodore Roosevelt, London departed the front in June 1904. Bohemian Club On August 18, 1904, London went with his close friend, the poet George Sterling, to \"Summer High Jinks\" at the Bohemian Grove. London was elected to honorary membership in the Bohemian Club and took part in many activities. Other noted members of the Bohemian Club during this time included Ambrose Bierce, Gelett Burgess, Allan Dunn, John Muir, Frank Norris, and Herman George Scheffauer.", "Other noted members of the Bohemian Club during this time included Ambrose Bierce, Gelett Burgess, Allan Dunn, John Muir, Frank Norris, and Herman George Scheffauer. Beginning in December 1914, London worked on The Acorn Planter, A California Forest Play, to be performed as one of the annual Grove Plays, but it was never selected. It was described as too difficult to set to music. London published The Acorn Planter in 1916. Second marriage After divorcing Maddern, London married Charmian Kittredge in 1905.", "Second marriage After divorcing Maddern, London married Charmian Kittredge in 1905. London had been introduced to Kittredge in 1900 by her aunt Netta Eames, who was an editor at Overland Monthly magazine in San Francisco. The two met prior to his first marriage but became lovers years later after Jack and Bessie London visited Wake Robin, Netta Eames' Sonoma County resort, in 1903. London was injured when he fell from a buggy, and Netta arranged for Charmian to care for him.", "London was injured when he fell from a buggy, and Netta arranged for Charmian to care for him. The two developed a friendship, as Charmian, Netta, her husband Roscoe, and London were politically aligned with socialist causes. At some point the relationship became romantic, and Jack divorced his wife to marry Charmian, who was five years his senior. Biographer Russ Kingman called Charmian \"Jack's soul-mate, always at his side, and a perfect match.\"", "Biographer Russ Kingman called Charmian \"Jack's soul-mate, always at his side, and a perfect match.\" Their time together included numerous trips, including a 1907 cruise on the yacht Snark to Hawaii and Australia. Many of London's stories are based on his visits to Hawaii, the last one for 10 months beginning in December 1915. The couple also visited Goldfield, Nevada, in 1907, where they were guests of the Bond brothers, London's Dawson City landlords.", "The couple also visited Goldfield, Nevada, in 1907, where they were guests of the Bond brothers, London's Dawson City landlords. The Bond brothers were working in Nevada as mining engineers. London had contrasted the concepts of the \"Mother Girl\" and the \"Mate Woman\" in The Kempton-Wace Letters. His pet name for Bess had been \"Mother-Girl;\" his pet name for Charmian was \"Mate-Woman.\" Charmian's aunt and foster mother, a disciple of Victoria Woodhull, had raised her without prudishness.", "Charmian's aunt and foster mother, a disciple of Victoria Woodhull, had raised her without prudishness. Every biographer alludes to Charmian's uninhibited sexuality. Joseph Noel calls the events from 1903 to 1905 \"a domestic drama that would have intrigued the pen of an Ibsen.... London's had comedy relief in it and a sort of easy-going romance.\"", "Joseph Noel calls the events from 1903 to 1905 \"a domestic drama that would have intrigued the pen of an Ibsen.... London's had comedy relief in it and a sort of easy-going romance.\" In broad outline, London was restless in his first marriage, sought extramarital sexual affairs, and found, in Charmian Kittredge, not only a sexually active and adventurous partner, but his future life-companion. They attempted to have children; one child died at birth, and another pregnancy ended in a miscarriage.", "They attempted to have children; one child died at birth, and another pregnancy ended in a miscarriage. In 1906, London published in Collier's magazine his eye-witness report of the San Francisco earthquake. Beauty Ranch (1905–1916) In 1905, London purchased a ranch in Glen Ellen, Sonoma County, California, on the eastern slope of Sonoma Mountain. He wrote: \"Next to my wife, the ranch is the dearest thing in the world to me.\"", "He wrote: \"Next to my wife, the ranch is the dearest thing in the world to me.\" He desperately wanted the ranch to become a successful business enterprise. Writing, always a commercial enterprise with London, now became even more a means to an end: \"I write for no other purpose than to add to the beauty that now belongs to me. I write a book for no other reason than to add three or four hundred acres to my magnificent estate.\"", "I write a book for no other reason than to add three or four hundred acres to my magnificent estate.\" Stasz writes that London \"had taken fully to heart the vision, expressed in his agrarian fiction, of the land as the closest earthly version of Eden ... he educated himself through the study of agricultural manuals and scientific tomes. He conceived of a system of ranching that today would be praised for its ecological wisdom.\" He was proud to own the first concrete silo in California.", "He was proud to own the first concrete silo in California. He hoped to adapt the wisdom of Asian sustainable agriculture to the United States. He hired both Italian and Chinese stonemasons, whose distinctly different styles are obvious. The ranch was an economic failure. Sympathetic observers such as Stasz treat his projects as potentially feasible, and ascribe their failure to bad luck or to being ahead of their time. Unsympathetic historians such as Kevin Starr suggest that he was a bad manager, distracted by other concerns and impaired by his alcoholism.", "Unsympathetic historians such as Kevin Starr suggest that he was a bad manager, distracted by other concerns and impaired by his alcoholism. Starr notes that London was absent from his ranch about six months a year between 1910 and 1916 and says, \"He liked the show of managerial power, but not grinding attention to detail .... London's workers laughed at his efforts to play big-time rancher [and considered] the operation a rich man's hobby.\"", "Starr notes that London was absent from his ranch about six months a year between 1910 and 1916 and says, \"He liked the show of managerial power, but not grinding attention to detail .... London's workers laughed at his efforts to play big-time rancher [and considered] the operation a rich man's hobby.\" London spent $80,000 ($ in current value) to build a stone mansion called Wolf House on the property.", "London spent $80,000 ($ in current value) to build a stone mansion called Wolf House on the property. Just as the mansion was nearing completion, two weeks before the Londons planned to move in, it was destroyed by fire. London's last visit to Hawaii, beginning in December 1915, lasted eight months. He met with Duke Kahanamoku, Prince Jonah Kūhiō Kalaniana'ole, Queen Lili'uokalani and many others, before returning to his ranch in July 1916.", "He met with Duke Kahanamoku, Prince Jonah Kūhiō Kalaniana'ole, Queen Lili'uokalani and many others, before returning to his ranch in July 1916. He was suffering from kidney failure, but he continued to work. The ranch (abutting stone remnants of Wolf House) is now a National Historic Landmark and is protected in Jack London State Historic Park.", "The ranch (abutting stone remnants of Wolf House) is now a National Historic Landmark and is protected in Jack London State Historic Park. Animal activism London witnessed animal cruelty in the training of circus animals, and his subsequent novels Jerry of the Islands and Michael, Brother of Jerry included a foreword entreating the public to become more informed about this practice.", "Animal activism London witnessed animal cruelty in the training of circus animals, and his subsequent novels Jerry of the Islands and Michael, Brother of Jerry included a foreword entreating the public to become more informed about this practice. In 1918, the Massachusetts Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals and the American Humane Education Society teamed up to create the Jack London Club, which sought to inform the public about cruelty to circus animals and encourage them to protest this establishment.", "In 1918, the Massachusetts Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals and the American Humane Education Society teamed up to create the Jack London Club, which sought to inform the public about cruelty to circus animals and encourage them to protest this establishment. Support from Club members led to a temporary cessation of trained animal acts at Ringling-Barnum and Bailey in 1925. Death London died November 22, 1916, in a sleeping porch in a cottage on his ranch.", "Death London died November 22, 1916, in a sleeping porch in a cottage on his ranch. London had been a robust man but had suffered several serious illnesses, including scurvy in the Klondike. Additionally, during travels on the Snark, he and Charmian picked up unspecified tropical infections and diseases, including yaws. At the time of his death, he suffered from dysentery, late-stage alcoholism, and uremia; he was in extreme pain and taking morphine.", "At the time of his death, he suffered from dysentery, late-stage alcoholism, and uremia; he was in extreme pain and taking morphine. London's ashes were buried on his property not far from the Wolf House. London's funeral took place on November 26, 1916, attended only by close friends, relatives, and workers of the property. In accordance with his wishes, he was cremated and buried next to some pioneer children, under a rock that belonged to the Wolf House.", "In accordance with his wishes, he was cremated and buried next to some pioneer children, under a rock that belonged to the Wolf House. After Charmian's death in 1955, she was also cremated and then buried with her husband in the same spot that her husband chose. The grave is marked by a mossy boulder. The buildings and property were later preserved as Jack London State Historic Park, in Glen Ellen, California.", "The buildings and property were later preserved as Jack London State Historic Park, in Glen Ellen, California. Suicide debate Because he was using morphine, many older sources describe London's death as a suicide, and some still do. This conjecture appears to be a rumor, or speculation based on incidents in his fiction writings. His death certificate gives the cause as uremia, following acute renal colic.", "His death certificate gives the cause as uremia, following acute renal colic. The biographer Stasz writes, \"Following London's death, for a number of reasons, a biographical myth developed in which he has been portrayed as an alcoholic womanizer who committed suicide. Recent scholarship based upon firsthand documents challenges this caricature.\" Most biographers, including Russ Kingman, now agree he died of uremia aggravated by an accidental morphine overdose. London's fiction featured several suicides.", "London's fiction featured several suicides. London's fiction featured several suicides. In his autobiographical memoir John Barleycorn, he claims, as a youth, to have drunkenly stumbled overboard into the San Francisco Bay, \"some maundering fancy of going out with the tide suddenly obsessed me\". He said he drifted and nearly succeeded in drowning before sobering up and being rescued by fishermen.", "He said he drifted and nearly succeeded in drowning before sobering up and being rescued by fishermen. In the dénouement of The Little Lady of the Big House, the heroine, confronted by the pain of a mortal gunshot wound, undergoes a physician-assisted suicide by morphine. Also, in Martin Eden, the principal protagonist, who shares certain characteristics with London, drowns himself.", "Also, in Martin Eden, the principal protagonist, who shares certain characteristics with London, drowns himself. Plagiarism accusations London was vulnerable to accusations of plagiarism, both because he was such a conspicuous, prolific, and successful writer and because of his methods of working. He wrote in a letter to Elwyn Hoffman, \"expression, you see—with me—is far easier than invention.\" He purchased plots and novels from the young Sinclair Lewis and used incidents from newspaper clippings as writing material.", "He purchased plots and novels from the young Sinclair Lewis and used incidents from newspaper clippings as writing material. In July 1901, two pieces of fiction appeared within the same month: London's \"Moon-Face\", in the San Francisco Argonaut, and Frank Norris' \"The Passing of Cock-eye Blacklock\", in Century Magazine. Newspapers showed the similarities between the stories, which London said were \"quite different in manner of treatment, [but] patently the same in foundation and motive.\"", "Newspapers showed the similarities between the stories, which London said were \"quite different in manner of treatment, [but] patently the same in foundation and motive.\" London explained both writers based their stories on the same newspaper account. A year later, it was discovered that Charles Forrest McLean had published a fictional story also based on the same incident. Egerton Ryerson Young claimed The Call of the Wild (1903) was taken from Young's book My Dogs in the Northland (1902).", "Egerton Ryerson Young claimed The Call of the Wild (1903) was taken from Young's book My Dogs in the Northland (1902). London acknowledged using it as a source and claimed to have written a letter to Young thanking him.", "London acknowledged using it as a source and claimed to have written a letter to Young thanking him. In 1906, the New York World published \"deadly parallel\" columns showing eighteen passages from London's short story \"Love of Life\" side by side with similar passages from a nonfiction article by Augustus Biddle and J. K. Macdonald, titled \"Lost in the Land of the Midnight Sun\".", "In 1906, the New York World published \"deadly parallel\" columns showing eighteen passages from London's short story \"Love of Life\" side by side with similar passages from a nonfiction article by Augustus Biddle and J. K. Macdonald, titled \"Lost in the Land of the Midnight Sun\". London noted the World did not accuse him of \"plagiarism\", but only of \"identity of time and situation\", to which he defiantly \"pled guilty\".", "London noted the World did not accuse him of \"plagiarism\", but only of \"identity of time and situation\", to which he defiantly \"pled guilty\". The most serious charge of plagiarism was based on London's \"The Bishop's Vision\", Chapter 7 of his novel The Iron Heel (1908). The chapter is nearly identical to an ironic essay that Frank Harris published in 1901, titled \"The Bishop of London and Public Morality\".", "The chapter is nearly identical to an ironic essay that Frank Harris published in 1901, titled \"The Bishop of London and Public Morality\". Harris was incensed and suggested he should receive 1/60th of the royalties from The Iron Heel, the disputed material constituting about that fraction of the whole novel. London insisted he had clipped a reprint of the article, which had appeared in an American newspaper, and believed it to be a genuine speech delivered by the Bishop of London. Views Atheism London was an atheist.", "Views Atheism London was an atheist. Views Atheism London was an atheist. He is quoted as saying, \"I believe that when I am dead, I am dead. I believe that with my death I am just as much obliterated as the last mosquito you and I squashed.\" Socialism London wrote from a socialist viewpoint, which is evident in his novel The Iron Heel. Neither a theorist nor an intellectual socialist, London's socialism grew out of his life experience.", "Neither a theorist nor an intellectual socialist, London's socialism grew out of his life experience. As London explained in his essay, \"How I Became a Socialist\", his views were influenced by his experience with people at the bottom of the social pit. His optimism and individualism faded, and he vowed never to do more hard physical work than necessary. He wrote that his individualism was hammered out of him, and he was politically reborn. He often closed his letters \"Yours for the Revolution.\"", "He often closed his letters \"Yours for the Revolution.\" London joined the Socialist Labor Party in April 1896. In the same year, the San Francisco Chronicle published a story about the twenty-year-old London's giving nightly speeches in Oakland's City Hall Park, an activity he was arrested for a year later. In 1901, he left the Socialist Labor Party and joined the new Socialist Party of America.", "In 1901, he left the Socialist Labor Party and joined the new Socialist Party of America. He ran unsuccessfully as the high-profile Socialist candidate for mayor of Oakland in 1901 (receiving 245 votes) and 1905 (improving to 981 votes), toured the country lecturing on socialism in 1906, and published two collections of essays about socialism: War of the Classes (1905) and Revolution, and other Essays (1906).", "He ran unsuccessfully as the high-profile Socialist candidate for mayor of Oakland in 1901 (receiving 245 votes) and 1905 (improving to 981 votes), toured the country lecturing on socialism in 1906, and published two collections of essays about socialism: War of the Classes (1905) and Revolution, and other Essays (1906). Stasz notes that \"London regarded the Wobblies as a welcome addition to the Socialist cause, although he never joined them in going so far as to recommend sabotage.\"", "Stasz notes that \"London regarded the Wobblies as a welcome addition to the Socialist cause, although he never joined them in going so far as to recommend sabotage.\" Stasz mentions a personal meeting between London and Big Bill Haywood in 1912. In his late (1913) book The Cruise of the Snark, London writes about appeals to him for membership of the Snarks crew from office workers and other \"toilers\" who longed for escape from the cities, and of being cheated by workmen.", "In his late (1913) book The Cruise of the Snark, London writes about appeals to him for membership of the Snarks crew from office workers and other \"toilers\" who longed for escape from the cities, and of being cheated by workmen. In his Glen Ellen ranch years, London felt some ambivalence toward socialism and complained about the \"inefficient Italian labourers\" in his employ.", "In his Glen Ellen ranch years, London felt some ambivalence toward socialism and complained about the \"inefficient Italian labourers\" in his employ. In 1916, he resigned from the Glen Ellen chapter of the Socialist Party, but stated emphatically he did so \"because of its lack of fire and fight, and its loss of emphasis on the class struggle.\"", "In 1916, he resigned from the Glen Ellen chapter of the Socialist Party, but stated emphatically he did so \"because of its lack of fire and fight, and its loss of emphasis on the class struggle.\" In an unflattering portrait of London's ranch days, California cultural historian Kevin Starr refers to this period as \"post-socialist\" and says \"... by 1911 ... London was more bored by the class struggle than he cared to admit.\"", "In an unflattering portrait of London's ranch days, California cultural historian Kevin Starr refers to this period as \"post-socialist\" and says \"... by 1911 ... London was more bored by the class struggle than he cared to admit.\" Race London shared common concerns among many European Americans in California about Asian immigration, described as \"the yellow peril\"; he used the latter term as the title of a 1904 essay.", "Race London shared common concerns among many European Americans in California about Asian immigration, described as \"the yellow peril\"; he used the latter term as the title of a 1904 essay. This theme was also the subject of a story he wrote in 1910 called \"The Unparalleled Invasion\".", "This theme was also the subject of a story he wrote in 1910 called \"The Unparalleled Invasion\". Presented as an historical essay set in the future, the story narrates events between 1976 and 1987, in which China, with an ever-increasing population, is taking over and colonizing its neighbors with the intention of taking over the entire Earth. The western nations respond with biological warfare and bombard China with dozens of the most infectious diseases.", "The western nations respond with biological warfare and bombard China with dozens of the most infectious diseases. On his fears about China, he admits, \"it must be taken into consideration that the above postulate is itself a product of Western race-egotism, urged by our belief in our own righteousness and fostered by a faith in ourselves which may be as erroneous as are most fond race fancies.\"", "On his fears about China, he admits, \"it must be taken into consideration that the above postulate is itself a product of Western race-egotism, urged by our belief in our own righteousness and fostered by a faith in ourselves which may be as erroneous as are most fond race fancies.\" By contrast, many of London's short stories are notable for their empathetic portrayal of Mexican (\"The Mexican\"), Asian (\"The Chinago\"), and Hawaiian (\"Koolau the Leper\") characters.", "By contrast, many of London's short stories are notable for their empathetic portrayal of Mexican (\"The Mexican\"), Asian (\"The Chinago\"), and Hawaiian (\"Koolau the Leper\") characters. London's war correspondence from the Russo-Japanese War, as well as his unfinished novel Cherry, show he admired much about Japanese customs and capabilities. London's writings have been popular among the Japanese, who believe he portrayed them positively.", "London's writings have been popular among the Japanese, who believe he portrayed them positively. In \"Koolau the Leper\", London describes Koolau, who is a Hawaiian leper—and thus a very different sort of \"superman\" than Martin Eden—and who fights off an entire cavalry troop to elude capture, as \"indomitable spiritually—a ... magnificent rebel\". This character is based on Hawaiian leper Kaluaikoolau, who in 1893 revolted and resisted capture from forces of the Provisional Government of Hawaii in the Kalalau Valley.", "This character is based on Hawaiian leper Kaluaikoolau, who in 1893 revolted and resisted capture from forces of the Provisional Government of Hawaii in the Kalalau Valley. Those who defend London against charges of racism cite the letter he wrote to the Japanese-American Commercial Weekly in 1913: In 1996, after the City of Whitehorse, Yukon, renamed a street in honor of London, protests over London's alleged racism forced the city to change the name of \"Jack London Boulevard\" back to \"Two-mile Hill\".", "Those who defend London against charges of racism cite the letter he wrote to the Japanese-American Commercial Weekly in 1913: In 1996, after the City of Whitehorse, Yukon, renamed a street in honor of London, protests over London's alleged racism forced the city to change the name of \"Jack London Boulevard\" back to \"Two-mile Hill\". Shortly after boxer Jack Johnson was crowned the first black world heavyweight champ in 1908, London pleaded for a \"great white hope\" to come forward to defeat Johnson, writing: \"Jim Jeffries must now emerge from his Alfalfa farm and remove that golden smile from Jack Johnson's face.", "Shortly after boxer Jack Johnson was crowned the first black world heavyweight champ in 1908, London pleaded for a \"great white hope\" to come forward to defeat Johnson, writing: \"Jim Jeffries must now emerge from his Alfalfa farm and remove that golden smile from Jack Johnson's face. Jeff, it's up to you. The White Man must be rescued.\" Eugenics With other modernist writers of the day, London supported eugenics.", "Eugenics With other modernist writers of the day, London supported eugenics. The notion of \"good breeding\" complimented the Progressive era scientism, the belief that humans assort along a hierarchy by race, religion, and ethnicity. The Progressive Era catalog of inferiority offered basis for threats to American Anglo-Saxon racial integrity. London wrote to Frederick H. Robinson of the periodical Medical Review of Reviews, stating, \"I believe the future belongs to eugenics, and will be determined by the practice of eugenics.\"", "London wrote to Frederick H. Robinson of the periodical Medical Review of Reviews, stating, \"I believe the future belongs to eugenics, and will be determined by the practice of eugenics.\" Although this led some to argue for forced sterilization of criminals or those deemed feeble-minded., London did not express this extreme. His short story \"Told in the Drooling Ward\" is from the viewpoint of a surprisingly astute \"feebled-minded\" person. Hensley argues that London's novel Before Adam (1906–07) reveals pro-eugenic themes.", "Hensley argues that London's novel Before Adam (1906–07) reveals pro-eugenic themes. London advised his collaborator Anna Strunsky during preparation of The Kempton-Wace Letters that he would take the role of eugenics in mating, while she would argue on behalf of romantic love. (Love won the argument.) The Valley of the Moon emphasizes the theme of \"real Americans,\" the Anglo Saxon, yet in Little Lady of the Big House, London is more nuanced.", "The Valley of the Moon emphasizes the theme of \"real Americans,\" the Anglo Saxon, yet in Little Lady of the Big House, London is more nuanced. The protagonist's argument is not that all white men are superior, but that there are more superior ones among whites than in other races. By encouraging the best in any race to mate will improve its population qualities. Living in Hawaii challenged his orthodoxy.", "Living in Hawaii challenged his orthodoxy. Living in Hawaii challenged his orthodoxy. In \"My Hawaiian Aloha,\" London noted the liberal intermarrying of races, concluding how \"little Hawaii, with its hotch potch races, is making a better demonstration than the United States.\" Works Short stories Western writer and historian Dale L. Walker writes: London's \"strength of utterance\" is at its height in his stories, and they are painstakingly well-constructed. \"To Build a Fire\" is the best known of all his stories.", "\"To Build a Fire\" is the best known of all his stories. Set in the harsh Klondike, it recounts the haphazard trek of a new arrival who has ignored an old-timer's warning about the risks of traveling alone. Falling through the ice into a creek in seventy-five-below weather, the unnamed man is keenly aware that survival depends on his untested skills at quickly building a fire to dry his clothes and warm his extremities.", "Falling through the ice into a creek in seventy-five-below weather, the unnamed man is keenly aware that survival depends on his untested skills at quickly building a fire to dry his clothes and warm his extremities. After publishing a tame version of this story—with a sunny outcome—in The Youth's Companion in 1902, London offered a second, more severe take on the man's predicament in The Century Magazine in 1908. Reading both provides an illustration of London's growth and maturation as a writer.", "Reading both provides an illustration of London's growth and maturation as a writer. As Labor (1994) observes: \"To compare the two versions is itself an instructive lesson in what distinguished a great work of literary art from a good children's story.\"", "As Labor (1994) observes: \"To compare the two versions is itself an instructive lesson in what distinguished a great work of literary art from a good children's story.\" Other stories from the Klondike period include: \"All Gold Canyon\", about a battle between a gold prospector and a claim jumper; \"The Law of Life\", about an aging American Indian man abandoned by his tribe and left to die; \"Love of Life\", about a trek by a prospector across the Canadian tundra; \"To the Man on Trail,\" which tells the story of a prospector fleeing the Mounted Police in a sled race, and raises the question of the contrast between written law and morality; and \"An Odyssey of the North,\" which raises questions of conditional morality, and paints a sympathetic portrait of a man of mixed White and Aleut ancestry.", "Other stories from the Klondike period include: \"All Gold Canyon\", about a battle between a gold prospector and a claim jumper; \"The Law of Life\", about an aging American Indian man abandoned by his tribe and left to die; \"Love of Life\", about a trek by a prospector across the Canadian tundra; \"To the Man on Trail,\" which tells the story of a prospector fleeing the Mounted Police in a sled race, and raises the question of the contrast between written law and morality; and \"An Odyssey of the North,\" which raises questions of conditional morality, and paints a sympathetic portrait of a man of mixed White and Aleut ancestry. London was a boxing fan and an avid amateur boxer.", "London was a boxing fan and an avid amateur boxer. \"A Piece of Steak\" is a tale about a match between older and younger boxers. It contrasts the differing experiences of youth and age but also raises the social question of the treatment of aging workers. \"The Mexican\" combines boxing with a social theme, as a young Mexican endures an unfair fight and ethnic prejudice to earn money with which to aid the revolution. Several of London's stories would today be classified as science fiction.", "Several of London's stories would today be classified as science fiction. \"The Unparalleled Invasion\" describes germ warfare against China; \"Goliath\" is about an irresistible energy weapon; \"The Shadow and the Flash\" is a tale about two brothers who take different routes to achieving invisibility; \"A Relic of the Pliocene\" is a tall tale about an encounter of a modern-day man with a mammoth.", "\"The Unparalleled Invasion\" describes germ warfare against China; \"Goliath\" is about an irresistible energy weapon; \"The Shadow and the Flash\" is a tale about two brothers who take different routes to achieving invisibility; \"A Relic of the Pliocene\" is a tall tale about an encounter of a modern-day man with a mammoth. \"The Red One\" is a late story from a period when London was intrigued by the theories of the psychiatrist and writer Jung.", "\"The Red One\" is a late story from a period when London was intrigued by the theories of the psychiatrist and writer Jung. It tells of an island tribe held in thrall by an extraterrestrial object. Some nineteen original collections of short stories were published during London's brief life or shortly after his death. There have been several posthumous anthologies drawn from this pool of stories. Many of these stories were located in the Klondike and the Pacific.", "Many of these stories were located in the Klondike and the Pacific. A collection of Jack London's San Francisco Stories was published in October 2010 by Sydney Samizdat Press. Novels London's most famous novels are The Call of the Wild, White Fang, The Sea-Wolf, The Iron Heel, and Martin Eden. In a letter dated December 27, 1901, London's Macmillan publisher George Platt Brett, Sr., said \"he believed Jack's fiction represented 'the very best kind of work' done in America.\"", "In a letter dated December 27, 1901, London's Macmillan publisher George Platt Brett, Sr., said \"he believed Jack's fiction represented 'the very best kind of work' done in America.\" Critic Maxwell Geismar called The Call of the Wild \"a beautiful prose poem\"; editor Franklin Walker said that it \"belongs on a shelf with Walden and Huckleberry Finn\"; and novelist E.L. Doctorow called it \"a mordant parable ... his masterpiece.\"", "Critic Maxwell Geismar called The Call of the Wild \"a beautiful prose poem\"; editor Franklin Walker said that it \"belongs on a shelf with Walden and Huckleberry Finn\"; and novelist E.L. Doctorow called it \"a mordant parable ... his masterpiece.\" The historian Dale L. Walker commented: Some critics have said that his novels are episodic and resemble linked short stories.", "The historian Dale L. Walker commented: Some critics have said that his novels are episodic and resemble linked short stories. Dale L. Walker writes: Ambrose Bierce said of The Sea-Wolf that \"the great thing—and it is among the greatest of things—is that tremendous creation, Wolf Larsen ... the hewing out and setting up of such a figure is enough for a man to do in one lifetime.\" However, he noted, \"The love element, with its absurd suppressions, and impossible proprieties, is awful.\"", "However, he noted, \"The love element, with its absurd suppressions, and impossible proprieties, is awful.\" The Iron Heel is an example of a dystopian novel that anticipates and influenced George Orwell's Nineteen Eighty-Four. London's socialist politics are explicitly on display here. The Iron Heel meets the contemporary definition of soft science fiction. The Star Rover (1915) is also science fiction.", "The Star Rover (1915) is also science fiction. Apocrypha Jack London Credo London's literary executor, Irving Shepard, quoted a Jack London Credo in an introduction to a 1956 collection of London stories: I would rather be ashes than dust! I would rather that my spark should burn out in a brilliant blaze than it should be stifled by dry-rot. I would rather be a superb meteor, every atom of me in magnificent glow, than a sleepy and permanent planet.", "I would rather be a superb meteor, every atom of me in magnificent glow, than a sleepy and permanent planet. The function of man is to live, not to exist. I shall not waste my days in trying to prolong them. I shall use my time. The biographer Stasz notes that the passage \"has many marks of London's style\" but the only line that could be safely attributed to London was the first.", "The biographer Stasz notes that the passage \"has many marks of London's style\" but the only line that could be safely attributed to London was the first. The words Shepard quoted were from a story in the San Francisco Bulletin, December 2, 1916, by journalist Ernest J. Hopkins, who visited the ranch just weeks before London's death. Stasz notes, \"Even more so than today journalists' quotes were unreliable or even sheer inventions,\" and says no direct source in London's writings has been found.", "Stasz notes, \"Even more so than today journalists' quotes were unreliable or even sheer inventions,\" and says no direct source in London's writings has been found. However, at least one line, according to Stasz, is authentic, being referenced by London and written in his own hand in the autograph book of Australian suffragette Vida Goldstein: Dear Miss Goldstein:– Seven years ago I wrote you that I'd rather be ashes than dust. I still subscribe to that sentiment.", "I still subscribe to that sentiment. I still subscribe to that sentiment. Sincerely yours, Jack London Jan. 13, 1909 In his short story \"By The Turtles of Tasman\", a character, defending her \"ne'er-do-well grasshopperish father\" to her \"antlike uncle\", says: \"... my father has been a king. He has lived .... Have you lived merely to live? Are you afraid to die?", "Are you afraid to die? Are you afraid to die? I'd rather sing one wild song and burst my heart with it, than live a thousand years watching my digestion and being afraid of the wet. When you are dust, my father will be ashes.\" \"The Scab\" A short diatribe on \"The Scab\" is often quoted within the U.S. labor movement and frequently attributed to London.", "\"The Scab\" A short diatribe on \"The Scab\" is often quoted within the U.S. labor movement and frequently attributed to London. It opens: In 1913 and 1914, a number of newspapers printed the first three sentences with varying terms used instead of \"scab\", such as \"knocker\",\"The Food for Your Think Tank\", The Macon Daily Telegraph, August 23, 1914, p. 3 \"stool pigeon\" or \"scandal monger\".", "It opens: In 1913 and 1914, a number of newspapers printed the first three sentences with varying terms used instead of \"scab\", such as \"knocker\",\"The Food for Your Think Tank\", The Macon Daily Telegraph, August 23, 1914, p. 3 \"stool pigeon\" or \"scandal monger\". This passage as given above was the subject of a 1974 Supreme Court case, Letter Carriers v. Austin, in which Justice Thurgood Marshall referred to it as \"a well-known piece of trade union literature, generally attributed to author Jack London\".", "This passage as given above was the subject of a 1974 Supreme Court case, Letter Carriers v. Austin, in which Justice Thurgood Marshall referred to it as \"a well-known piece of trade union literature, generally attributed to author Jack London\". A union newsletter had published a \"list of scabs,\" which was granted to be factual and therefore not libelous, but then went on to quote the passage as the \"definition of a scab\".", "A union newsletter had published a \"list of scabs,\" which was granted to be factual and therefore not libelous, but then went on to quote the passage as the \"definition of a scab\". The case turned on the question of whether the \"definition\" was defamatory.", "The case turned on the question of whether the \"definition\" was defamatory. The court ruled that \"Jack London's... 'definition of a scab' is merely rhetorical hyperbole, a lusty and imaginative expression of the contempt felt by union members towards those who refuse to join\", and as such was not libelous and was protected under the First Amendment. Despite being frequently attributed to London, the passage does not appear at all in the extensive collection of his writings at Sonoma State University's website.", "Despite being frequently attributed to London, the passage does not appear at all in the extensive collection of his writings at Sonoma State University's website. However, in his book War of the Classes he published a 1903 speech titled \"The Scab\", which gave a much more balanced view of the topic: Publications Source unless otherwise specified: Novels The Cruise of the Dazzler (1902) A Daughter of the Snows (1902) The Call of the Wild (1903) The Kempton-Wace Letters (1903) (published anonymously, co-authored with Anna Strunsky) The Sea-Wolf (1904) The Game (1905) White Fang (1906) Before Adam (1907) The Iron Heel (1908) Martin Eden (1909) Burning Daylight (1910) Adventure (1911) The Scarlet Plague (1912) A Son of the Sun (1912) The Abysmal Brute (1913) The Valley of the Moon (1913) The Mutiny of the Elsinore (1914) The Star Rover (1915) (published in England as The Jacket) The Little Lady of the Big House (1916) Jerry of the Islands (1917) Michael, Brother of Jerry (1917) Hearts of Three (1920) (novelization of a script by Charles Goddard) The Assassination Bureau, Ltd (1963) (left half-finished, completed by Robert L. Fish) Short story collections Son of the Wolf (1900) Chris Farrington, Able Seaman (1901) The God of His Fathers & Other Stories (1901) Children of the Frost (1902) The Faith of Men and Other Stories (1904) Tales of the Fish Patrol (1906) Moon-Face and Other Stories (1906) Love of Life and Other Stories (1907) Lost Face (1910) South Sea Tales (1911) When God Laughs and Other Stories (1911) The House of Pride & Other Tales of Hawaii (1912) Smoke Bellew (1912) A Son of the Sun (1912) The Night Born (1913) The Strength of the Strong (1914) The Turtles of Tasman (1916) The Human Drift (1917) The Red One (1918) On the Makaloa Mat (1919) Dutch Courage and Other Stories (1922) Autobiographical memoirs The Road (1907) The Cruise of the Snark (1911) John Barleycorn (1913) Non-fiction and essays Through the Rapids on the Way to the Klondike (1899) From Dawson to the Sea (1899) What Communities Lose by the Competitive System (1900) The Impossibility of War (1900) Phenomena of Literary Evolution (1900) A Letter to Houghton Mifflin Co. (1900) Husky, Wolf Dog of the North (1900) Editorial Crimes – A Protest (1901) Again the Literary Aspirant (1902) The People of the Abyss (1903) How I Became a Socialist (1903) War of the Classes (1905) The Story of an Eyewitness (1906) A Letter to Woman's Home Companion (1906) \"The Lepers of Molokai\" in Woman's Home Companion (1908) \"The Nature Man\" in Woman's Home Companion (1908) \"The High Seat of Abundance\" in Woman's Home Companion (1908) Revolution, and other Essays (1910) Mexico's Army and Ours (1914) Lawgivers (1914) Our Adventures in Tampico (1914) Stalking the Pestilence (1914) The Red Game of War (1914) The Trouble Makers of Mexico (1914) With Funston's Men (1914) Plays Theft (1910) Daughters of the Rich: A One Act Play (1915) The Acorn Planter: A California Forest Play (1916) Poetry A Heart (1899) Abalone Song (1913) And Some Night (1914) Ballade of the False Lover (1914) Cupid's Deal (1913) Daybreak (1901) Effusion (1901) George Sterling (1913) Gold (1915) He Chortled with Glee (1899) He Never Tried Again (1912) His Trip to Hades (1913) Homeland (1914) Hors de Saison (1913) If I Were God (1899) In a Year (1901) In and Out (1911) Je Vis en Espoir (1897) Memory (1913) Moods (1913) My Confession (1912) My Little Palmist (1914) Of Man of the Future (1915) Oh You Everybody's Girl (19) On the Face of the Earth You are the One (1915) Rainbows End (1914) Republican Rallying Song (1916) Sonnet (1901) The Gift of God (1905) The Klondyker's Dream (1914) The Lover's Liturgy (1913) The Mammon Worshippers (1911) The Republican Battle-Hymn (1905) The Return of Ulysses (1915) The Sea Sprite and the Shooting Star (1916) The Socialist's Dream (1912) The Song of the Flames (1903) The Way of War (1906) The Worker and the Tramp (1911) Tick!", "However, in his book War of the Classes he published a 1903 speech titled \"The Scab\", which gave a much more balanced view of the topic: Publications Source unless otherwise specified: Novels The Cruise of the Dazzler (1902) A Daughter of the Snows (1902) The Call of the Wild (1903) The Kempton-Wace Letters (1903) (published anonymously, co-authored with Anna Strunsky) The Sea-Wolf (1904) The Game (1905) White Fang (1906) Before Adam (1907) The Iron Heel (1908) Martin Eden (1909) Burning Daylight (1910) Adventure (1911) The Scarlet Plague (1912) A Son of the Sun (1912) The Abysmal Brute (1913) The Valley of the Moon (1913) The Mutiny of the Elsinore (1914) The Star Rover (1915) (published in England as The Jacket) The Little Lady of the Big House (1916) Jerry of the Islands (1917) Michael, Brother of Jerry (1917) Hearts of Three (1920) (novelization of a script by Charles Goddard) The Assassination Bureau, Ltd (1963) (left half-finished, completed by Robert L. Fish) Short story collections Son of the Wolf (1900) Chris Farrington, Able Seaman (1901) The God of His Fathers & Other Stories (1901) Children of the Frost (1902) The Faith of Men and Other Stories (1904) Tales of the Fish Patrol (1906) Moon-Face and Other Stories (1906) Love of Life and Other Stories (1907) Lost Face (1910) South Sea Tales (1911) When God Laughs and Other Stories (1911) The House of Pride & Other Tales of Hawaii (1912) Smoke Bellew (1912) A Son of the Sun (1912) The Night Born (1913) The Strength of the Strong (1914) The Turtles of Tasman (1916) The Human Drift (1917) The Red One (1918) On the Makaloa Mat (1919) Dutch Courage and Other Stories (1922) Autobiographical memoirs The Road (1907) The Cruise of the Snark (1911) John Barleycorn (1913) Non-fiction and essays Through the Rapids on the Way to the Klondike (1899) From Dawson to the Sea (1899) What Communities Lose by the Competitive System (1900) The Impossibility of War (1900) Phenomena of Literary Evolution (1900) A Letter to Houghton Mifflin Co. (1900) Husky, Wolf Dog of the North (1900) Editorial Crimes – A Protest (1901) Again the Literary Aspirant (1902) The People of the Abyss (1903) How I Became a Socialist (1903) War of the Classes (1905) The Story of an Eyewitness (1906) A Letter to Woman's Home Companion (1906) \"The Lepers of Molokai\" in Woman's Home Companion (1908) \"The Nature Man\" in Woman's Home Companion (1908) \"The High Seat of Abundance\" in Woman's Home Companion (1908) Revolution, and other Essays (1910) Mexico's Army and Ours (1914) Lawgivers (1914) Our Adventures in Tampico (1914) Stalking the Pestilence (1914) The Red Game of War (1914) The Trouble Makers of Mexico (1914) With Funston's Men (1914) Plays Theft (1910) Daughters of the Rich: A One Act Play (1915) The Acorn Planter: A California Forest Play (1916) Poetry A Heart (1899) Abalone Song (1913) And Some Night (1914) Ballade of the False Lover (1914) Cupid's Deal (1913) Daybreak (1901) Effusion (1901) George Sterling (1913) Gold (1915) He Chortled with Glee (1899) He Never Tried Again (1912) His Trip to Hades (1913) Homeland (1914) Hors de Saison (1913) If I Were God (1899) In a Year (1901) In and Out (1911) Je Vis en Espoir (1897) Memory (1913) Moods (1913) My Confession (1912) My Little Palmist (1914) Of Man of the Future (1915) Oh You Everybody's Girl (19) On the Face of the Earth You are the One (1915) Rainbows End (1914) Republican Rallying Song (1916) Sonnet (1901) The Gift of God (1905) The Klondyker's Dream (1914) The Lover's Liturgy (1913) The Mammon Worshippers (1911) The Republican Battle-Hymn (1905) The Return of Ulysses (1915) The Sea Sprite and the Shooting Star (1916) The Socialist's Dream (1912) The Song of the Flames (1903) The Way of War (1906) The Worker and the Tramp (1911) Tick! Tick!", "Tick! Tick! Tick!", "Tick! Tick! Tick! (1915) Too Late (1912) Weasel Thieves (1913) When All the World Shouted my Name (1905) Where the Rainbow Fell (1902) Your Kiss (1914) Short stories \"Typhoon off the Coast of Japan\" (November 12, 1893) \" 'Frisco Kid's' Story\" (February 15, 1895) \"Sakaicho, Hona Asi and Hakadaki\" (April 19, 1895) \"Night's Swim In Yeddo Bay\" (May 27, 1895) \"Who Believes in Ghosts!\"", "(1915) Too Late (1912) Weasel Thieves (1913) When All the World Shouted my Name (1905) Where the Rainbow Fell (1902) Your Kiss (1914) Short stories \"Typhoon off the Coast of Japan\" (November 12, 1893) \" 'Frisco Kid's' Story\" (February 15, 1895) \"Sakaicho, Hona Asi and Hakadaki\" (April 19, 1895) \"Night's Swim In Yeddo Bay\" (May 27, 1895) \"Who Believes in Ghosts!\" (October 21, 1895) \"And 'Frisco Kid Came Back\" (November 4, 1895) \"One More Unfortunate\" (December 18, 1895) \"O Haru\" (1993; written in April 1897) \"The Mahatma's Little Joke\" (1993; written in May 1897) \"The Strange Experience of a Misogynist\" (1993; written between May and September 1897), originally titled \"The Misogynist\" \"Two Gold Bricks\" (September 1897) \"The Plague Ship\" (1993; written between September and December 1897) \"The Devil’s Dice Box\" (December 1976; written in September 1898) \"The Test: A Clondyke Wooing\" (1983; written in September 1898) \"A Klondike Christmas\" (1983; written in November 1898) \"A Dream Image\" (1898) \"To the Man on Trail: A Klondike Christmas\" (January 1899) \"The White Silence\" (February 1899) \"The Son of the Wolf\" (April 1899) \"The Men of Forty-Mile\" (May 1899) \"A Thousand Deaths\" (May 1899) \"An Old Soldier's Story\" (May 20, 1899) \"In a Far Country\" (June 1899) \"The Priestly Prerogative\" (July 1899) \"The Handsome Cabin Boy\" (July 1899) \"The Wife of a King\" (August 1899) \"In the Time of Prince Charley\" (September 1899) \"Old Baldy\" (September 16, 1899) \"The Grilling of Loren Ellery\" (September 24, 1899) \"The Rejuvenation of Major Rathbone\" (November 1899) \"The King of Mazy May\" (November 30, 1899) \"The Wisdom of the Trail\" (December 1899) \"A Daughter of the Aurora\" (December 24, 1899) \"Pluck and Pertinacity\" (1899) \"An Odyssey of the North\" (January 1900) \"A Lesson in Heraldry\" (March 1900) \"The End of the Chapter\" (June 9, 1900) \"Uri Bram's God\" (June 24, 1900) \"Even unto Death\" (July 28, 1900) \"Grit of Women\" (August 1900) \"Jan the Unrepentant\" (August 1900) \"The Man with the Gash\" (September 1900) \"Their Alcove\" (September 1900) \"Housekeeping in the Klondike\" (September 16, 1900) \"The Proper 'Girlie' \" (October 1900) \"Thanksgiving on Slav Creek\" (November 24, 1900) \"Where the Trail Forks\" (December 1900) \"The Great Interrogation\" (December 1900) \"Semper Idem\" (December 1900) \"A Northland Miracle\" (November 4, 1926; written in 1900) \"Dutch Courage\" (November 29, 1900) \"A Relic of the Pliocene\" (January 12, 1901) \"The Law of Life\" (March 1901) \"Siwash\" (March 1901) \"The Lost Poacher\" (March 14, 1901) \"At the Rainbow's End\" (March 24, 1901) \"The God of His Fathers\" (May 1901) \"The Scorn of Woman\" (May 1901) \"The Minions of Midas\" (May 1901) \"Chris Farrington: Able Seaman\" (May 23, 1901) \"A Hyperborean Brew\" (July 1901) \"Bald Face\" (September 6, 1901) \"Keesh, Son of Keesh\" (January 1902) \"An Adventure in the Upper Sea\" (May 1902) \"To Build a Fire\" (May 29, 1902, revised August 1908) \"Diable --- A Dog\" (June 1902), renamed Bâtard in 1904 \"To Repel Boarders\" (June 1902) \"The ‘Fuzziness' of Hoockla-Heen\" (July 3, 1902) \"Moon-Face\" (July 21, 1902) \"Nam-Bok, the Liar\" (August 1902) \"Li Wan the Fair\" (August 1902) \"The Master of Mystery\" (September 1902) \"In the Forests of the North\" (September 1902) \"The Sunlanders\" (September 1902) \"The Death of Ligoun\" (September 1902) \"The Story of Jees Uck\" (September 1902) \"The Sickness of Lone Chief\" (October 1902) \"The League of the Old Men\" (October 4, 1902) \"Lost Face\" (1902) \"Master of Mystery\" (1902) \"In Yeddo Bay\" (February 1903) \"The One Thousand Dozen\" (March 1903) \"The Shadow and the Flash\" (June 1903) “The Faith of Men\" (June 1903) \"The Leopard Man's Story\" (August 1903) \"The Marriage of Lit-Lit\" (September 1903) \"Local Color\" (October 1903) \"Too Much Gold\" (December 1903) \"Amateur Night\" (December 1903) \"The Dominant Primordial Beast\" (1903) \"Keesh, The Bear Hunter\" (January 1904); often reprinted as \"The Story of Keesh\" \"The Banks of the Sacramento\" (March 17, 1904) \"White and Yellow\" (February 16, 1905) \"The King of the Greeks\" (March 2, 1905) \"A Raid on the Oyster Pirates\" (March 16, 1905) \"The Siege of the 'Lancashire Queen' ” (March 30, 1905) \"Charley's Coup” (April 13, 1905) \"Demetrios Contos” (April 27, 1905) \"Yellow Handkerchief” (May 11, 1905) \"All Gold Cañon\" (November 1905) \"Love of Life\" (December 1905) \"The Sun-Dog Trail\" (December 1905) \"A Nose for the King\" (March 1906) \"Planchette\" (June 1906) \"The Unexpected\" (August 1906) \"Brown Wolf\" (August 1906) \"The Apostate\" (September 1906) \"Up the Slide\" (October 25, 1906) \"A Wicked Woman\" (November 1906) \"The White Man's Way\" (November 4, 1906) \"The Wit of Porportuk\" (December 1906) \"When God Laughs\" (January 1907) \"Just Meat\" (March 1907) \"Created He Them\" (April 1907) \"Morganson's Finish\" (May 1907) \"A Day's Lodging\" (May 25, 1907) \"Negore the Coward\" (September 1907) \"Chased by the Trail\" (September 26, 1907) \"The Passing of Marcus O'Brien\" (January 1908) \"Trust\" (January 1908) \"That Spot\" (February 1908) \"Flush of Gold\" (April 1908) \"Make Westing\" (April 1908) \"The Enemy of All the World\" (October 1908) \"Aloha Oe\" (December 1908) \"A Curious Fragment\" (December 10, 1908) \"The Dream of Debs\" (January 1909) \"The House of Mapuhi\" (January 1909) \"The Seed of McCoy\" (April 1909) \"The Madness of John Harned\" (May 1909) \"South of the Slot\" (May 22, 1909) \"Good-by, Jack\" (June 1909) \"The Chinago\" (June 26, 1909) \"The Sheriff of Kona\" (August 1909) \"The Heathen\" (September 1909) \"A Piece of Steak\" (November 20, 1909) \"Koolau the Leper\" (December 1909) \"Mauki\" (December 1909) “The Mission of John Starhurst” (December 29, 1909); reprinted as \"The Whale Tooth\" \"Samuel\" (1909) \"Chun An Chun\" (Spring 1910) \"The Terrible Solomons\" (March 1910) \"The Inevitable White Man\" (May 14, 1910) \"The Unparalleled Invasion\" (July 1910) \"Winged Blackmail\" (September 1910) \"When the World was Young\" (September 10, 1910) \"The Benefit of the Doubt\" (November 12, 1910) \"Under the Deck Awnings\" (November 19, 1910) \"Yah!", "(October 21, 1895) \"And 'Frisco Kid Came Back\" (November 4, 1895) \"One More Unfortunate\" (December 18, 1895) \"O Haru\" (1993; written in April 1897) \"The Mahatma's Little Joke\" (1993; written in May 1897) \"The Strange Experience of a Misogynist\" (1993; written between May and September 1897), originally titled \"The Misogynist\" \"Two Gold Bricks\" (September 1897) \"The Plague Ship\" (1993; written between September and December 1897) \"The Devil’s Dice Box\" (December 1976; written in September 1898) \"The Test: A Clondyke Wooing\" (1983; written in September 1898) \"A Klondike Christmas\" (1983; written in November 1898) \"A Dream Image\" (1898) \"To the Man on Trail: A Klondike Christmas\" (January 1899) \"The White Silence\" (February 1899) \"The Son of the Wolf\" (April 1899) \"The Men of Forty-Mile\" (May 1899) \"A Thousand Deaths\" (May 1899) \"An Old Soldier's Story\" (May 20, 1899) \"In a Far Country\" (June 1899) \"The Priestly Prerogative\" (July 1899) \"The Handsome Cabin Boy\" (July 1899) \"The Wife of a King\" (August 1899) \"In the Time of Prince Charley\" (September 1899) \"Old Baldy\" (September 16, 1899) \"The Grilling of Loren Ellery\" (September 24, 1899) \"The Rejuvenation of Major Rathbone\" (November 1899) \"The King of Mazy May\" (November 30, 1899) \"The Wisdom of the Trail\" (December 1899) \"A Daughter of the Aurora\" (December 24, 1899) \"Pluck and Pertinacity\" (1899) \"An Odyssey of the North\" (January 1900) \"A Lesson in Heraldry\" (March 1900) \"The End of the Chapter\" (June 9, 1900) \"Uri Bram's God\" (June 24, 1900) \"Even unto Death\" (July 28, 1900) \"Grit of Women\" (August 1900) \"Jan the Unrepentant\" (August 1900) \"The Man with the Gash\" (September 1900) \"Their Alcove\" (September 1900) \"Housekeeping in the Klondike\" (September 16, 1900) \"The Proper 'Girlie' \" (October 1900) \"Thanksgiving on Slav Creek\" (November 24, 1900) \"Where the Trail Forks\" (December 1900) \"The Great Interrogation\" (December 1900) \"Semper Idem\" (December 1900) \"A Northland Miracle\" (November 4, 1926; written in 1900) \"Dutch Courage\" (November 29, 1900) \"A Relic of the Pliocene\" (January 12, 1901) \"The Law of Life\" (March 1901) \"Siwash\" (March 1901) \"The Lost Poacher\" (March 14, 1901) \"At the Rainbow's End\" (March 24, 1901) \"The God of His Fathers\" (May 1901) \"The Scorn of Woman\" (May 1901) \"The Minions of Midas\" (May 1901) \"Chris Farrington: Able Seaman\" (May 23, 1901) \"A Hyperborean Brew\" (July 1901) \"Bald Face\" (September 6, 1901) \"Keesh, Son of Keesh\" (January 1902) \"An Adventure in the Upper Sea\" (May 1902) \"To Build a Fire\" (May 29, 1902, revised August 1908) \"Diable --- A Dog\" (June 1902), renamed Bâtard in 1904 \"To Repel Boarders\" (June 1902) \"The ‘Fuzziness' of Hoockla-Heen\" (July 3, 1902) \"Moon-Face\" (July 21, 1902) \"Nam-Bok, the Liar\" (August 1902) \"Li Wan the Fair\" (August 1902) \"The Master of Mystery\" (September 1902) \"In the Forests of the North\" (September 1902) \"The Sunlanders\" (September 1902) \"The Death of Ligoun\" (September 1902) \"The Story of Jees Uck\" (September 1902) \"The Sickness of Lone Chief\" (October 1902) \"The League of the Old Men\" (October 4, 1902) \"Lost Face\" (1902) \"Master of Mystery\" (1902) \"In Yeddo Bay\" (February 1903) \"The One Thousand Dozen\" (March 1903) \"The Shadow and the Flash\" (June 1903) “The Faith of Men\" (June 1903) \"The Leopard Man's Story\" (August 1903) \"The Marriage of Lit-Lit\" (September 1903) \"Local Color\" (October 1903) \"Too Much Gold\" (December 1903) \"Amateur Night\" (December 1903) \"The Dominant Primordial Beast\" (1903) \"Keesh, The Bear Hunter\" (January 1904); often reprinted as \"The Story of Keesh\" \"The Banks of the Sacramento\" (March 17, 1904) \"White and Yellow\" (February 16, 1905) \"The King of the Greeks\" (March 2, 1905) \"A Raid on the Oyster Pirates\" (March 16, 1905) \"The Siege of the 'Lancashire Queen' ” (March 30, 1905) \"Charley's Coup” (April 13, 1905) \"Demetrios Contos” (April 27, 1905) \"Yellow Handkerchief” (May 11, 1905) \"All Gold Cañon\" (November 1905) \"Love of Life\" (December 1905) \"The Sun-Dog Trail\" (December 1905) \"A Nose for the King\" (March 1906) \"Planchette\" (June 1906) \"The Unexpected\" (August 1906) \"Brown Wolf\" (August 1906) \"The Apostate\" (September 1906) \"Up the Slide\" (October 25, 1906) \"A Wicked Woman\" (November 1906) \"The White Man's Way\" (November 4, 1906) \"The Wit of Porportuk\" (December 1906) \"When God Laughs\" (January 1907) \"Just Meat\" (March 1907) \"Created He Them\" (April 1907) \"Morganson's Finish\" (May 1907) \"A Day's Lodging\" (May 25, 1907) \"Negore the Coward\" (September 1907) \"Chased by the Trail\" (September 26, 1907) \"The Passing of Marcus O'Brien\" (January 1908) \"Trust\" (January 1908) \"That Spot\" (February 1908) \"Flush of Gold\" (April 1908) \"Make Westing\" (April 1908) \"The Enemy of All the World\" (October 1908) \"Aloha Oe\" (December 1908) \"A Curious Fragment\" (December 10, 1908) \"The Dream of Debs\" (January 1909) \"The House of Mapuhi\" (January 1909) \"The Seed of McCoy\" (April 1909) \"The Madness of John Harned\" (May 1909) \"South of the Slot\" (May 22, 1909) \"Good-by, Jack\" (June 1909) \"The Chinago\" (June 26, 1909) \"The Sheriff of Kona\" (August 1909) \"The Heathen\" (September 1909) \"A Piece of Steak\" (November 20, 1909) \"Koolau the Leper\" (December 1909) \"Mauki\" (December 1909) “The Mission of John Starhurst” (December 29, 1909); reprinted as \"The Whale Tooth\" \"Samuel\" (1909) \"Chun An Chun\" (Spring 1910) \"The Terrible Solomons\" (March 1910) \"The Inevitable White Man\" (May 14, 1910) \"The Unparalleled Invasion\" (July 1910) \"Winged Blackmail\" (September 1910) \"When the World was Young\" (September 10, 1910) \"The Benefit of the Doubt\" (November 12, 1910) \"Under the Deck Awnings\" (November 19, 1910) \"Yah! Yah!", "Yah! Yah! Yah!\"", "Yah! Yah!\" Yah!\" (December 1910) \"The House of Pride\" (December 1910) \"To Kill a Man\" (December 10, 1910) \"Bunches of Knuckles\" (December 18, 1910) \"Goliath\" (1910) \"The 'Francis Spaight' \" (January 1911) \"The Hobo and the Fairy\" (February 11, 1911) \"The Strength of the Strong\" (March 1911) \"The Eternity of Forms\" (March 1911) \"A Son of the Sun\" (May 27.", "(December 1910) \"The House of Pride\" (December 1910) \"To Kill a Man\" (December 10, 1910) \"Bunches of Knuckles\" (December 18, 1910) \"Goliath\" (1910) \"The 'Francis Spaight' \" (January 1911) \"The Hobo and the Fairy\" (February 11, 1911) \"The Strength of the Strong\" (March 1911) \"The Eternity of Forms\" (March 1911) \"A Son of the Sun\" (May 27. 1911) \"The Taste of the Meat\" (June 1911) “The Proud Goat of Aloysius Pankburn\" (June 24, 1911) \"The Meat\" (July 1911) “The Night Born\" (July 1911) \"War\" (July 29, 1911) \"The Goat Man of Fuatino\" (July 20, 1911) “The Stampede to Squaw Creek\" (August 1911) \"The Mexican\" (August 19, 1911) \"Shorty Dreams\" (September 1911) \"A Little Account with Swithin Hall\" (September 2, 1911) \"A Goboto Night\" (September 30, 1911) \"The Man on the Other Bank\" (October 1911) \"The Pears of Parlay\" (October 14, 1911) \"The Race for Number Three\" (November 1911) \"The End of the Story\" (November 1911) \" The Jokers of New Gibbon\" (November 11, 1911) \"By the Turtles of Tasman\" (November 19, 1911) \"The Little Man\" (December 1911) \"The Unmasking of the Cad\" (December 23, 1911) \"The Hanging of Cultus George\" (January 1912) \"The Mistake of Creation\" (February 1912) \"A Flutter in Eggs\" (March 1912) \"The Sea-Farmer\" (March 1912) \"The Feathers of the Sun\" (March 9, 1912) \"The Town-Site of Tra-Lee\" (April 1912) \"Wonder of Woman\" (May 1912) \"The Prodigal Father\" (May 1912) \"The Scarlet Plague\" (June 1912) \"The Captain of the Susan Drew\" (December 1, 1912) \"Samuel\" (May 1913) \"The Sea-Gangsters\" (November 1913) \"Told in the Drooling Ward\" (June 1914) \"The Hussy\" (December 1916) \"Man of Mine\" (February 1917) \"Like Argus of the Ancient Times\" (March 1917) \"Jerry of the Islands\" (1917) \"When Alice Told Her Soul\" (March 1918) \"The Princess\" (June 1918) \"The Tears of Ah Kim\" (July 1918) \"The Water Baby\" (September 1918) \"The Red One\" (October 1918) \"In the Cave of the Dead\" (November 1918) \"Shin-Bones\" (1918) \"On the Makaloa Mat\" (March 1919) \"The Bones of Kahekili\" (July 1919) \" Whose Business Is to Live\" (September 1922) \"Eyes of Asia\" (September 1924) Legacy and honors Mount London, also known as Boundary Peak 100, on the Alaska-British Columbia boundary, in the Boundary Ranges of the Coast Mountains of British Columbia, is named for him.", "1911) \"The Taste of the Meat\" (June 1911) “The Proud Goat of Aloysius Pankburn\" (June 24, 1911) \"The Meat\" (July 1911) “The Night Born\" (July 1911) \"War\" (July 29, 1911) \"The Goat Man of Fuatino\" (July 20, 1911) “The Stampede to Squaw Creek\" (August 1911) \"The Mexican\" (August 19, 1911) \"Shorty Dreams\" (September 1911) \"A Little Account with Swithin Hall\" (September 2, 1911) \"A Goboto Night\" (September 30, 1911) \"The Man on the Other Bank\" (October 1911) \"The Pears of Parlay\" (October 14, 1911) \"The Race for Number Three\" (November 1911) \"The End of the Story\" (November 1911) \" The Jokers of New Gibbon\" (November 11, 1911) \"By the Turtles of Tasman\" (November 19, 1911) \"The Little Man\" (December 1911) \"The Unmasking of the Cad\" (December 23, 1911) \"The Hanging of Cultus George\" (January 1912) \"The Mistake of Creation\" (February 1912) \"A Flutter in Eggs\" (March 1912) \"The Sea-Farmer\" (March 1912) \"The Feathers of the Sun\" (March 9, 1912) \"The Town-Site of Tra-Lee\" (April 1912) \"Wonder of Woman\" (May 1912) \"The Prodigal Father\" (May 1912) \"The Scarlet Plague\" (June 1912) \"The Captain of the Susan Drew\" (December 1, 1912) \"Samuel\" (May 1913) \"The Sea-Gangsters\" (November 1913) \"Told in the Drooling Ward\" (June 1914) \"The Hussy\" (December 1916) \"Man of Mine\" (February 1917) \"Like Argus of the Ancient Times\" (March 1917) \"Jerry of the Islands\" (1917) \"When Alice Told Her Soul\" (March 1918) \"The Princess\" (June 1918) \"The Tears of Ah Kim\" (July 1918) \"The Water Baby\" (September 1918) \"The Red One\" (October 1918) \"In the Cave of the Dead\" (November 1918) \"Shin-Bones\" (1918) \"On the Makaloa Mat\" (March 1919) \"The Bones of Kahekili\" (July 1919) \" Whose Business Is to Live\" (September 1922) \"Eyes of Asia\" (September 1924) Legacy and honors Mount London, also known as Boundary Peak 100, on the Alaska-British Columbia boundary, in the Boundary Ranges of the Coast Mountains of British Columbia, is named for him. Jack London Square on the waterfront of Oakland, California was named for him.", "Jack London Square on the waterfront of Oakland, California was named for him. He was honored by the United States Postal Service with a 25¢ Great Americans series postage stamp released on January 11, 1986. Jack London Lake (), a mountain lake located in the upper reaches of the Kolyma River in Yagodninsky district of Magadan Oblast.", "Jack London Lake (), a mountain lake located in the upper reaches of the Kolyma River in Yagodninsky district of Magadan Oblast. Fictional portrayals of London include Michael O'Shea in the 1943 film Jack London, Jeff East in the 1980 film Klondike Fever, Michael Aron in the Star Trek: The Next Generation episode Time's Arrow from 1992, Aaron Ashmore in the Murdoch Mysteries episode \"Murdoch of the Klondike\" from 2012, and Johnny Simmons in the 2014 miniseries Klondike.", "Fictional portrayals of London include Michael O'Shea in the 1943 film Jack London, Jeff East in the 1980 film Klondike Fever, Michael Aron in the Star Trek: The Next Generation episode Time's Arrow from 1992, Aaron Ashmore in the Murdoch Mysteries episode \"Murdoch of the Klondike\" from 2012, and Johnny Simmons in the 2014 miniseries Klondike. See also List of celebrities who own wineries and vineyards Notes References Bibliography The Jack London Online Collection' Further reading External links Western American Literature Journal: Jack London The Jack London Online Collection Site featuring information about Jack London's life and work, and a collection of his writings.", "See also List of celebrities who own wineries and vineyards Notes References Bibliography The Jack London Online Collection' Further reading External links Western American Literature Journal: Jack London The Jack London Online Collection Site featuring information about Jack London's life and work, and a collection of his writings. The World of Jack London Biographical information and writings Jack London State Historic Park The Huntingon Library's Jack London Archive Guide to the Jack London Papers at The Bancroft Library Jack London Collection at Sonoma State University Library Jack London Stories, scanned from original magazines, including the original artwork 5 short radio episodes from Jack London's writing at California Legacy Project Jack London Personal Manuscripts 1876 births 1916 deaths 1906 San Francisco earthquake survivors 19th-century American short story writers 19th-century sailors 20th-century American male writers 20th-century American novelists 20th-century American short story writers 20th-century sailors American atheists American democratic socialists American eugenicists American male non-fiction writers American male novelists American male short story writers American psychological fiction writers American sailors American travel writers American war correspondents Deaths from dysentery Male sailors Members of the Socialist Labor Party of America Military personnel from California People from Glen Ellen, California People from Piedmont, California People involved in plagiarism controversies People of the Klondike Gold Rush People of the Russo-Japanese War Socialist Party of America politicians from California United States Merchant Mariners University of California, Berkeley alumni War correspondents of the Russo-Japanese War Writers from Oakland, California Writers from San Francisco" ]

[ "Jack London", "Socialism", "what part did jack have in socialism?", "London joined the Socialist Labor Party in April 1896.", "what was his part in the party?", "London wrote from a socialist viewpoint," ]

[ "Viewpoint is an American political talk show broadcast on Current TV in 2012 and 2013. Formerly known as Viewpoint with Eliot Spitzer, it was hosted by former New York Governor Eliot Spitzer until January 6, 2013. After that, it was hosted by John Fugelsang. Viewpoint began airing on March 30, 2012 as a replacement to Keith Olbermann, who was dismissed from his show in the same time slot. It was the second television talk show to be hosted by Spitzer, with his previous effort (Parker Spitzer, renamed In the Arena) having aired on CNN.\n\nEliot Spitzer announced on January 6, 2013 that he left the show and the network, saying that \"journalism has been more a matter of projecting a particular approach to covering policies, to covering issues. It was a continuation of what I tried to do in government. And that doesn’t fit with their vision of what [Al Jazeera is] going to do.\" However, he did say that \"I view Al Jazeera as a very serious journalistic outfit\". For the remainder of its run, the show was hosted by comedian John Fugelsang. The show aired its final episode on August 15, 2013. Most of the staff moved to the talk show, Consider This, on Al Jazeera America.\n\nBibliography\nPaterson, David \"Black, Blind, & In Charge: A Story of Visionary Leadership and Overcoming Adversity.\"Skyhorse Publishing. New York, New York, 2020\n\nReferences\n\n2012 American television series debuts\n2010s American television news shows\nEliot Spitzer\nCurrent TV original programming\n2013 American television series endings", "Jonsrud Viewpoint is a viewpoint located in the city of Sandy in the U.S. state of Oregon. The viewpoint offers telescopes and expansive views of Mount Hood and the Sandy River Valley, as well as the \"Devil's Backbone,\" a ridge named by pioneers who were traveling on the Barlow Trail. The site has been considered one of the \"best views in Oregon.\"\n\nHistory\nThe viewpoint was named after Phil Jonsrud, a local historian in the city of Sandy. Jonsrud, born in Kelso, was a war veteran who also spent time in New York City, though lived the majority of his life in Sandy. The offramp at the viewpoint was paved by the Jonsrud family.\n\nReferences\n\nClackamas County, Oregon\nObservatories in Oregon\nMountain view points\nMount Hood\nOregon Trail\nScenic viewpoints in the United States" ]

[ "John Griffith London (born John Griffith Chaney; January 12, 1876 – November 22, 1916) was an American novelist, journalist and social activist. A pioneer of commercial fiction and American magazines, he was one of the first American authors to become an international celebrity and earn a large fortune from writing. He was also an innovator in the genre that would later become known as science fiction.", "He was also an innovator in the genre that would later become known as science fiction. London was part of the radical literary group \"The Crowd\" in San Francisco and a passionate advocate of unionization, workers' rights, socialism, and eugenics. He wrote several works dealing with these topics, such as his dystopian novel The Iron Heel, his non-fiction exposé The People of the Abyss, War of the Classes, and Before Adam.", "He wrote several works dealing with these topics, such as his dystopian novel The Iron Heel, his non-fiction exposé The People of the Abyss, War of the Classes, and Before Adam. His most famous works include The Call of the Wild and White Fang, both set in the Klondike Gold Rush, as well as the short stories \"To Build a Fire\", \"An Odyssey of the North\", and \"Love of Life\".", "His most famous works include The Call of the Wild and White Fang, both set in the Klondike Gold Rush, as well as the short stories \"To Build a Fire\", \"An Odyssey of the North\", and \"Love of Life\". He also wrote about the South Pacific in stories such as \"The Pearls of Parlay\", and \"The Heathen\". Family Jack London was born January 12, 1876.", "Family Jack London was born January 12, 1876. Family Jack London was born January 12, 1876. His mother, Flora Wellman, was the fifth and youngest child of Pennsylvania Canal builder Marshall Wellman and his first wife, Eleanor Garrett Jones. Marshall Wellman was descended from Thomas Wellman, an early Puritan settler in the Massachusetts Bay Colony. Flora left Ohio and moved to the Pacific coast when her father remarried after her mother died.", "Flora left Ohio and moved to the Pacific coast when her father remarried after her mother died. In San Francisco, Flora worked as a music teacher and spiritualist, claiming to channel the spirit of a Sauk chief, Black Hawk. Biographer Clarice Stasz and others believe London's father was astrologer William Chaney. Flora Wellman was living with Chaney in San Francisco when she became pregnant. Whether Wellman and Chaney were legally married is unknown.", "Whether Wellman and Chaney were legally married is unknown. Whether Wellman and Chaney were legally married is unknown. Stasz notes that in his memoirs, Chaney refers to London's mother Flora Wellman as having been \"his wife\"; he also cites an advertisement in which Flora called herself \"Florence Wellman Chaney\". According to Flora Wellman's account, as recorded in the San Francisco Chronicle of June 4, 1875, Chaney demanded that she have an abortion. When she refused, he disclaimed responsibility for the child.", "When she refused, he disclaimed responsibility for the child. In desperation, she shot herself. She was not seriously wounded, but she was temporarily deranged. After giving birth, Flora sent the baby for wet-nursing to Virginia (Jennie) Prentiss, a formerly enslaved African-American woman and a neighbor. Prentiss was an important maternal figure throughout London's life, and he would later refer to her as his primary source of love and affection as a child.", "Prentiss was an important maternal figure throughout London's life, and he would later refer to her as his primary source of love and affection as a child. Late in 1876, Flora Wellman married John London, a partially disabled Civil War veteran, and brought her baby John, later known as Jack, to live with the newly married couple. The family moved around the San Francisco Bay Area before settling in Oakland, where London completed public grade school.", "The family moved around the San Francisco Bay Area before settling in Oakland, where London completed public grade school. The Prentiss family moved with the Londons, and remained a stable source of care for the young Jack. In 1897, when he was 21 and a student at the University of California, Berkeley, London searched for and read the newspaper accounts of his mother's suicide attempt and the name of his biological father. He wrote to William Chaney, then living in Chicago.", "He wrote to William Chaney, then living in Chicago. Chaney responded that he could not be London's father because he was impotent; he casually asserted that London's mother had relations with other men and averred that she had slandered him when she said he insisted on an abortion. Chaney concluded by saying that he was more to be pitied than London. London was devastated by his father's letter; in the months following, he quit school at Berkeley and went to the Klondike during the gold rush boom.", "London was devastated by his father's letter; in the months following, he quit school at Berkeley and went to the Klondike during the gold rush boom. Early life London was born near Third and Brannan Streets in San Francisco. The house burned down in the fire after the 1906 San Francisco earthquake; the California Historical Society placed a plaque at the site in 1953. Although the family was working class, it was not as impoverished as London's later accounts claimed. London was largely self-educated.", "London was largely self-educated. London was largely self-educated. In 1885, London found and read Ouida's long Victorian novel Signa. He credited this as the seed of his literary success. In 1886, he went to the Oakland Public Library and found a sympathetic librarian, Ina Coolbrith, who encouraged his learning. (She later became California's first poet laureate and an important figure in the San Francisco literary community). In 1889, London began working 12 to 18 hours a day at Hickmott's Cannery.", "In 1889, London began working 12 to 18 hours a day at Hickmott's Cannery. Seeking a way out, he borrowed money from his foster mother Virginia Prentiss, bought the sloop Razzle-Dazzle from an oyster pirate named French Frank, and became an oyster pirate himself. In his memoir, John Barleycorn, he claims also to have stolen French Frank's mistress Mamie. After a few months, his sloop became damaged beyond repair. London hired on as a member of the California Fish Patrol.", "London hired on as a member of the California Fish Patrol. In 1893, he signed on to the sealing schooner Sophie Sutherland, bound for the coast of Japan. When he returned, the country was in the grip of the panic of '93 and Oakland was swept by labor unrest. After grueling jobs in a jute mill and a street-railway power plant, London joined Coxey's Army and began his career as a tramp.", "After grueling jobs in a jute mill and a street-railway power plant, London joined Coxey's Army and began his career as a tramp. In 1894, he spent 30 days for vagrancy in the Erie County Penitentiary at Buffalo, New York. In The Road, he wrote: After many experiences as a hobo and a sailor, he returned to Oakland and attended Oakland High School. He contributed a number of articles to the high school's magazine, The Aegis.", "He contributed a number of articles to the high school's magazine, The Aegis. His first published work was \"Typhoon off the Coast of Japan\", an account of his sailing experiences. As a schoolboy, London often studied at Heinold's First and Last Chance Saloon, a port-side bar in Oakland. At 17, he confessed to the bar's owner, John Heinold, his desire to attend university and pursue a career as a writer. Heinold lent London tuition money to attend college.", "Heinold lent London tuition money to attend college. Heinold lent London tuition money to attend college. London desperately wanted to attend the University of California, located in Berkeley. In 1896, after a summer of intense studying to pass certification exams, he was admitted. Financial circumstances forced him to leave in 1897, and he never graduated. No evidence has surfaced that he ever wrote for student publications while studying at Berkeley.", "No evidence has surfaced that he ever wrote for student publications while studying at Berkeley. While at Berkeley, London continued to study and spend time at Heinold's saloon, where he was introduced to the sailors and adventurers who would influence his writing. In his autobiographical novel, John Barleycorn, London mentioned the pub's likeness seventeen times. Heinold's was the place where London met Alexander McLean, a captain known for his cruelty at sea. London based his protagonist Wolf Larsen, in the novel The Sea-Wolf, on McLean.", "London based his protagonist Wolf Larsen, in the novel The Sea-Wolf, on McLean. Heinold's First and Last Chance Saloon is now unofficially named Jack London's Rendezvous in his honor. Gold rush and first success On July 12, 1897, London (age 21) and his sister's husband Captain Shepard sailed to join the Klondike Gold Rush. This was the setting for some of his first successful stories. London's time in the harsh Klondike, however, was detrimental to his health.", "London's time in the harsh Klondike, however, was detrimental to his health. Like so many other men who were malnourished in the goldfields, London developed scurvy. His gums became swollen, leading to the loss of his four front teeth. A constant gnawing pain affected his hip and leg muscles, and his face was stricken with marks that always reminded him of the struggles he faced in the Klondike.", "A constant gnawing pain affected his hip and leg muscles, and his face was stricken with marks that always reminded him of the struggles he faced in the Klondike. Father William Judge, \"The Saint of Dawson\", had a facility in Dawson that provided shelter, food and any available medicine to London and others. His struggles there inspired London's short story, \"To Build a Fire\" (1902, revised in 1908), which many critics assess as his best.", "His struggles there inspired London's short story, \"To Build a Fire\" (1902, revised in 1908), which many critics assess as his best. His landlords in Dawson were mining engineers Marshall Latham Bond and Louis Whitford Bond, educated at the Bachelor's level at the Sheffield Scientific School at Yale and at the Master's level at Stanford, respectively. The brothers' father, Judge Hiram Bond, was a wealthy mining investor.", "The brothers' father, Judge Hiram Bond, was a wealthy mining investor. While the Bond brothers were at Stanford Hiram at the suggestion of his brother bought the New Park Estate at Santa Clara as well as a local bank. The Bonds, especially Hiram, were active Republicans. Marshall Bond's diary mentions friendly sparring with London on political issues as a camp pastime. London left Oakland with a social conscience and socialist leanings; he returned to become an activist for socialism.", "London left Oakland with a social conscience and socialist leanings; he returned to become an activist for socialism. He concluded that his only hope of escaping the work \"trap\" was to get an education and \"sell his brains\". He saw his writing as a business, his ticket out of poverty, and, he hoped, a means of beating the wealthy at their own game.", "He saw his writing as a business, his ticket out of poverty, and, he hoped, a means of beating the wealthy at their own game. On returning to California in 1898, London began working to get published, a struggle described in his novel, Martin Eden (serialized in 1908, published in 1909). His first published story since high school was \"To the Man On Trail\", which has frequently been collected in anthologies.", "His first published story since high school was \"To the Man On Trail\", which has frequently been collected in anthologies. When The Overland Monthly offered him only five dollars for it—and was slow paying—London came close to abandoning his writing career. In his words, \"literally and literarily I was saved\" when The Black Cat accepted his story \"A Thousand Deaths\", and paid him $40—the \"first money I ever received for a story\".", "In his words, \"literally and literarily I was saved\" when The Black Cat accepted his story \"A Thousand Deaths\", and paid him $40—the \"first money I ever received for a story\". London began his writing career just as new printing technologies enabled lower-cost production of magazines. This resulted in a boom in popular magazines aimed at a wide public audience and a strong market for short fiction. In 1900, he made $2,500 in writing, about $ in today's currency.", "In 1900, he made $2,500 in writing, about $ in today's currency. Among the works he sold to magazines was a short story known as either \"Diable\" (1902) or \"Bâtard\" (1904), two editions of the same basic story; London received $141.25 for this story on May 27, 1902. In the text, a cruel French Canadian brutalizes his dog, and the dog retaliates and kills the man.", "In the text, a cruel French Canadian brutalizes his dog, and the dog retaliates and kills the man. London told some of his critics that man's actions are the main cause of the behavior of their animals, and he would show this in another story, The Call of the Wild. In early 1903, London sold The Call of the Wild to The Saturday Evening Post for $750, and the book rights to Macmillan. Macmillan's promotional campaign propelled it to swift success.", "Macmillan's promotional campaign propelled it to swift success. Macmillan's promotional campaign propelled it to swift success. While living at his rented villa on Lake Merritt in Oakland, California, London met poet George Sterling; in time they became best friends. In 1902, Sterling helped London find a home closer to his own in nearby Piedmont. In his letters London addressed Sterling as \"Greek\", owing to Sterling's aquiline nose and classical profile, and he signed them as \"Wolf\".", "In his letters London addressed Sterling as \"Greek\", owing to Sterling's aquiline nose and classical profile, and he signed them as \"Wolf\". London was later to depict Sterling as Russ Brissenden in his autobiographical novel Martin Eden (1910) and as Mark Hall in The Valley of the Moon (1913). In later life London indulged his wide-ranging interests by accumulating a personal library of 15,000 volumes. He referred to his books as \"the tools of my trade\".", "He referred to his books as \"the tools of my trade\". First marriage (1900–1904) London married Elizabeth Mae (or May) \"Bessie\" Maddern on April 7, 1900, the same day The Son of the Wolf was published. Bess had been part of his circle of friends for a number of years. She was related to stage actresses Minnie Maddern Fiske and Emily Stevens.", "She was related to stage actresses Minnie Maddern Fiske and Emily Stevens. Stasz says, \"Both acknowledged publicly that they were not marrying out of love, but from friendship and a belief that they would produce sturdy children.\" Kingman says, \"they were comfortable together... Jack had made it clear to Bessie that he did not love her, but that he liked her enough to make a successful marriage.\" London met Bessie through his friend at Oakland High School, Fred Jacobs; she was Fred's fiancée.", "London met Bessie through his friend at Oakland High School, Fred Jacobs; she was Fred's fiancée. Bessie, who tutored at Anderson's University Academy in Alameda California, tutored Jack in preparation for his entrance exams for the University of California at Berkeley in 1896. Jacobs was killed aboard the Scandia in 1897, but Jack and Bessie continued their friendship, which included taking photos and developing the film together. This was the beginning of Jack's passion for photography.", "This was the beginning of Jack's passion for photography. During the marriage, London continued his friendship with Anna Strunsky, co-authoring The Kempton-Wace Letters, an epistolary novel contrasting two philosophies of love. Anna, writing \"Dane Kempton's\" letters, arguing for a romantic view of marriage, while London, writing \"Herbert Wace's\" letters, argued for a scientific view, based on Darwinism and eugenics. In the novel, his fictional character contrasted two women he had known.", "In the novel, his fictional character contrasted two women he had known. London's pet name for Bess was \"Mother-Girl\" and Bess's for London was \"Daddy-Boy\". Their first child, Joan, was born on January 15, 1901, and their second, Bessie \"Becky\" (also reported as Bess), on October 20, 1902. Both children were born in Piedmont, California. Here London wrote one of his most celebrated works, The Call of the Wild.", "Here London wrote one of his most celebrated works, The Call of the Wild. While London had pride in his children, the marriage was strained. Kingman says that by 1903 the couple were close to separation as they were \"extremely incompatible\". \"Jack was still so kind and gentle with Bessie that when Cloudsley Johns was a house guest in February 1903 he didn't suspect a breakup of their marriage.\"", "\"Jack was still so kind and gentle with Bessie that when Cloudsley Johns was a house guest in February 1903 he didn't suspect a breakup of their marriage.\" London reportedly complained to friends Joseph Noel and George Sterling: Stasz writes that these were \"code words for [Bess's] fear that [Jack] was consorting with prostitutes and might bring home venereal disease.\" On July 24, 1903, London told Bessie he was leaving and moved out.", "On July 24, 1903, London told Bessie he was leaving and moved out. During 1904, London and Bess negotiated the terms of a divorce, and the decree was granted on November 11, 1904. War correspondent (1904) London accepted an assignment of the San Francisco Examiner to cover the Russo-Japanese War in early 1904, arriving in Yokohama on January 25, 1904. He was arrested by Japanese authorities in Shimonoseki, but released through the intervention of American ambassador Lloyd Griscom.", "He was arrested by Japanese authorities in Shimonoseki, but released through the intervention of American ambassador Lloyd Griscom. After travelling to Korea, he was again arrested by Japanese authorities for straying too close to the border with Manchuria without official permission, and was sent back to Seoul. Released again, London was permitted to travel with the Imperial Japanese Army to the border, and to observe the Battle of the Yalu.", "Released again, London was permitted to travel with the Imperial Japanese Army to the border, and to observe the Battle of the Yalu. London asked William Randolph Hearst, the owner of the San Francisco Examiner, to be allowed to transfer to the Imperial Russian Army, where he felt that restrictions on his reporting and his movements would be less severe.", "London asked William Randolph Hearst, the owner of the San Francisco Examiner, to be allowed to transfer to the Imperial Russian Army, where he felt that restrictions on his reporting and his movements would be less severe. However, before this could be arranged, he was arrested for a third time in four months, this time for assaulting his Japanese assistants, whom he accused of stealing the fodder for his horse. Released through the personal intervention of President Theodore Roosevelt, London departed the front in June 1904.", "Released through the personal intervention of President Theodore Roosevelt, London departed the front in June 1904. Bohemian Club On August 18, 1904, London went with his close friend, the poet George Sterling, to \"Summer High Jinks\" at the Bohemian Grove. London was elected to honorary membership in the Bohemian Club and took part in many activities. Other noted members of the Bohemian Club during this time included Ambrose Bierce, Gelett Burgess, Allan Dunn, John Muir, Frank Norris, and Herman George Scheffauer.", "Other noted members of the Bohemian Club during this time included Ambrose Bierce, Gelett Burgess, Allan Dunn, John Muir, Frank Norris, and Herman George Scheffauer. Beginning in December 1914, London worked on The Acorn Planter, A California Forest Play, to be performed as one of the annual Grove Plays, but it was never selected. It was described as too difficult to set to music. London published The Acorn Planter in 1916. Second marriage After divorcing Maddern, London married Charmian Kittredge in 1905.", "Second marriage After divorcing Maddern, London married Charmian Kittredge in 1905. London had been introduced to Kittredge in 1900 by her aunt Netta Eames, who was an editor at Overland Monthly magazine in San Francisco. The two met prior to his first marriage but became lovers years later after Jack and Bessie London visited Wake Robin, Netta Eames' Sonoma County resort, in 1903. London was injured when he fell from a buggy, and Netta arranged for Charmian to care for him.", "London was injured when he fell from a buggy, and Netta arranged for Charmian to care for him. The two developed a friendship, as Charmian, Netta, her husband Roscoe, and London were politically aligned with socialist causes. At some point the relationship became romantic, and Jack divorced his wife to marry Charmian, who was five years his senior. Biographer Russ Kingman called Charmian \"Jack's soul-mate, always at his side, and a perfect match.\"", "Biographer Russ Kingman called Charmian \"Jack's soul-mate, always at his side, and a perfect match.\" Their time together included numerous trips, including a 1907 cruise on the yacht Snark to Hawaii and Australia. Many of London's stories are based on his visits to Hawaii, the last one for 10 months beginning in December 1915. The couple also visited Goldfield, Nevada, in 1907, where they were guests of the Bond brothers, London's Dawson City landlords.", "The couple also visited Goldfield, Nevada, in 1907, where they were guests of the Bond brothers, London's Dawson City landlords. The Bond brothers were working in Nevada as mining engineers. London had contrasted the concepts of the \"Mother Girl\" and the \"Mate Woman\" in The Kempton-Wace Letters. His pet name for Bess had been \"Mother-Girl;\" his pet name for Charmian was \"Mate-Woman.\" Charmian's aunt and foster mother, a disciple of Victoria Woodhull, had raised her without prudishness.", "Charmian's aunt and foster mother, a disciple of Victoria Woodhull, had raised her without prudishness. Every biographer alludes to Charmian's uninhibited sexuality. Joseph Noel calls the events from 1903 to 1905 \"a domestic drama that would have intrigued the pen of an Ibsen.... London's had comedy relief in it and a sort of easy-going romance.\"", "Joseph Noel calls the events from 1903 to 1905 \"a domestic drama that would have intrigued the pen of an Ibsen.... London's had comedy relief in it and a sort of easy-going romance.\" In broad outline, London was restless in his first marriage, sought extramarital sexual affairs, and found, in Charmian Kittredge, not only a sexually active and adventurous partner, but his future life-companion. They attempted to have children; one child died at birth, and another pregnancy ended in a miscarriage.", "They attempted to have children; one child died at birth, and another pregnancy ended in a miscarriage. In 1906, London published in Collier's magazine his eye-witness report of the San Francisco earthquake. Beauty Ranch (1905–1916) In 1905, London purchased a ranch in Glen Ellen, Sonoma County, California, on the eastern slope of Sonoma Mountain. He wrote: \"Next to my wife, the ranch is the dearest thing in the world to me.\"", "He wrote: \"Next to my wife, the ranch is the dearest thing in the world to me.\" He desperately wanted the ranch to become a successful business enterprise. Writing, always a commercial enterprise with London, now became even more a means to an end: \"I write for no other purpose than to add to the beauty that now belongs to me. I write a book for no other reason than to add three or four hundred acres to my magnificent estate.\"", "I write a book for no other reason than to add three or four hundred acres to my magnificent estate.\" Stasz writes that London \"had taken fully to heart the vision, expressed in his agrarian fiction, of the land as the closest earthly version of Eden ... he educated himself through the study of agricultural manuals and scientific tomes. He conceived of a system of ranching that today would be praised for its ecological wisdom.\" He was proud to own the first concrete silo in California.", "He was proud to own the first concrete silo in California. He hoped to adapt the wisdom of Asian sustainable agriculture to the United States. He hired both Italian and Chinese stonemasons, whose distinctly different styles are obvious. The ranch was an economic failure. Sympathetic observers such as Stasz treat his projects as potentially feasible, and ascribe their failure to bad luck or to being ahead of their time. Unsympathetic historians such as Kevin Starr suggest that he was a bad manager, distracted by other concerns and impaired by his alcoholism.", "Unsympathetic historians such as Kevin Starr suggest that he was a bad manager, distracted by other concerns and impaired by his alcoholism. Starr notes that London was absent from his ranch about six months a year between 1910 and 1916 and says, \"He liked the show of managerial power, but not grinding attention to detail .... London's workers laughed at his efforts to play big-time rancher [and considered] the operation a rich man's hobby.\"", "Starr notes that London was absent from his ranch about six months a year between 1910 and 1916 and says, \"He liked the show of managerial power, but not grinding attention to detail .... London's workers laughed at his efforts to play big-time rancher [and considered] the operation a rich man's hobby.\" London spent $80,000 ($ in current value) to build a stone mansion called Wolf House on the property.", "London spent $80,000 ($ in current value) to build a stone mansion called Wolf House on the property. Just as the mansion was nearing completion, two weeks before the Londons planned to move in, it was destroyed by fire. London's last visit to Hawaii, beginning in December 1915, lasted eight months. He met with Duke Kahanamoku, Prince Jonah Kūhiō Kalaniana'ole, Queen Lili'uokalani and many others, before returning to his ranch in July 1916.", "He met with Duke Kahanamoku, Prince Jonah Kūhiō Kalaniana'ole, Queen Lili'uokalani and many others, before returning to his ranch in July 1916. He was suffering from kidney failure, but he continued to work. The ranch (abutting stone remnants of Wolf House) is now a National Historic Landmark and is protected in Jack London State Historic Park.", "The ranch (abutting stone remnants of Wolf House) is now a National Historic Landmark and is protected in Jack London State Historic Park. Animal activism London witnessed animal cruelty in the training of circus animals, and his subsequent novels Jerry of the Islands and Michael, Brother of Jerry included a foreword entreating the public to become more informed about this practice.", "Animal activism London witnessed animal cruelty in the training of circus animals, and his subsequent novels Jerry of the Islands and Michael, Brother of Jerry included a foreword entreating the public to become more informed about this practice. In 1918, the Massachusetts Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals and the American Humane Education Society teamed up to create the Jack London Club, which sought to inform the public about cruelty to circus animals and encourage them to protest this establishment.", "In 1918, the Massachusetts Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals and the American Humane Education Society teamed up to create the Jack London Club, which sought to inform the public about cruelty to circus animals and encourage them to protest this establishment. Support from Club members led to a temporary cessation of trained animal acts at Ringling-Barnum and Bailey in 1925. Death London died November 22, 1916, in a sleeping porch in a cottage on his ranch.", "Death London died November 22, 1916, in a sleeping porch in a cottage on his ranch. London had been a robust man but had suffered several serious illnesses, including scurvy in the Klondike. Additionally, during travels on the Snark, he and Charmian picked up unspecified tropical infections and diseases, including yaws. At the time of his death, he suffered from dysentery, late-stage alcoholism, and uremia; he was in extreme pain and taking morphine.", "At the time of his death, he suffered from dysentery, late-stage alcoholism, and uremia; he was in extreme pain and taking morphine. London's ashes were buried on his property not far from the Wolf House. London's funeral took place on November 26, 1916, attended only by close friends, relatives, and workers of the property. In accordance with his wishes, he was cremated and buried next to some pioneer children, under a rock that belonged to the Wolf House.", "In accordance with his wishes, he was cremated and buried next to some pioneer children, under a rock that belonged to the Wolf House. After Charmian's death in 1955, she was also cremated and then buried with her husband in the same spot that her husband chose. The grave is marked by a mossy boulder. The buildings and property were later preserved as Jack London State Historic Park, in Glen Ellen, California.", "The buildings and property were later preserved as Jack London State Historic Park, in Glen Ellen, California. Suicide debate Because he was using morphine, many older sources describe London's death as a suicide, and some still do. This conjecture appears to be a rumor, or speculation based on incidents in his fiction writings. His death certificate gives the cause as uremia, following acute renal colic.", "His death certificate gives the cause as uremia, following acute renal colic. The biographer Stasz writes, \"Following London's death, for a number of reasons, a biographical myth developed in which he has been portrayed as an alcoholic womanizer who committed suicide. Recent scholarship based upon firsthand documents challenges this caricature.\" Most biographers, including Russ Kingman, now agree he died of uremia aggravated by an accidental morphine overdose. London's fiction featured several suicides.", "London's fiction featured several suicides. London's fiction featured several suicides. In his autobiographical memoir John Barleycorn, he claims, as a youth, to have drunkenly stumbled overboard into the San Francisco Bay, \"some maundering fancy of going out with the tide suddenly obsessed me\". He said he drifted and nearly succeeded in drowning before sobering up and being rescued by fishermen.", "He said he drifted and nearly succeeded in drowning before sobering up and being rescued by fishermen. In the dénouement of The Little Lady of the Big House, the heroine, confronted by the pain of a mortal gunshot wound, undergoes a physician-assisted suicide by morphine. Also, in Martin Eden, the principal protagonist, who shares certain characteristics with London, drowns himself.", "Also, in Martin Eden, the principal protagonist, who shares certain characteristics with London, drowns himself. Plagiarism accusations London was vulnerable to accusations of plagiarism, both because he was such a conspicuous, prolific, and successful writer and because of his methods of working. He wrote in a letter to Elwyn Hoffman, \"expression, you see—with me—is far easier than invention.\" He purchased plots and novels from the young Sinclair Lewis and used incidents from newspaper clippings as writing material.", "He purchased plots and novels from the young Sinclair Lewis and used incidents from newspaper clippings as writing material. In July 1901, two pieces of fiction appeared within the same month: London's \"Moon-Face\", in the San Francisco Argonaut, and Frank Norris' \"The Passing of Cock-eye Blacklock\", in Century Magazine. Newspapers showed the similarities between the stories, which London said were \"quite different in manner of treatment, [but] patently the same in foundation and motive.\"", "Newspapers showed the similarities between the stories, which London said were \"quite different in manner of treatment, [but] patently the same in foundation and motive.\" London explained both writers based their stories on the same newspaper account. A year later, it was discovered that Charles Forrest McLean had published a fictional story also based on the same incident. Egerton Ryerson Young claimed The Call of the Wild (1903) was taken from Young's book My Dogs in the Northland (1902).", "Egerton Ryerson Young claimed The Call of the Wild (1903) was taken from Young's book My Dogs in the Northland (1902). London acknowledged using it as a source and claimed to have written a letter to Young thanking him.", "London acknowledged using it as a source and claimed to have written a letter to Young thanking him. In 1906, the New York World published \"deadly parallel\" columns showing eighteen passages from London's short story \"Love of Life\" side by side with similar passages from a nonfiction article by Augustus Biddle and J. K. Macdonald, titled \"Lost in the Land of the Midnight Sun\".", "In 1906, the New York World published \"deadly parallel\" columns showing eighteen passages from London's short story \"Love of Life\" side by side with similar passages from a nonfiction article by Augustus Biddle and J. K. Macdonald, titled \"Lost in the Land of the Midnight Sun\". London noted the World did not accuse him of \"plagiarism\", but only of \"identity of time and situation\", to which he defiantly \"pled guilty\".", "London noted the World did not accuse him of \"plagiarism\", but only of \"identity of time and situation\", to which he defiantly \"pled guilty\". The most serious charge of plagiarism was based on London's \"The Bishop's Vision\", Chapter 7 of his novel The Iron Heel (1908). The chapter is nearly identical to an ironic essay that Frank Harris published in 1901, titled \"The Bishop of London and Public Morality\".", "The chapter is nearly identical to an ironic essay that Frank Harris published in 1901, titled \"The Bishop of London and Public Morality\". Harris was incensed and suggested he should receive 1/60th of the royalties from The Iron Heel, the disputed material constituting about that fraction of the whole novel. London insisted he had clipped a reprint of the article, which had appeared in an American newspaper, and believed it to be a genuine speech delivered by the Bishop of London. Views Atheism London was an atheist.", "Views Atheism London was an atheist. Views Atheism London was an atheist. He is quoted as saying, \"I believe that when I am dead, I am dead. I believe that with my death I am just as much obliterated as the last mosquito you and I squashed.\" Socialism London wrote from a socialist viewpoint, which is evident in his novel The Iron Heel. Neither a theorist nor an intellectual socialist, London's socialism grew out of his life experience.", "Neither a theorist nor an intellectual socialist, London's socialism grew out of his life experience. As London explained in his essay, \"How I Became a Socialist\", his views were influenced by his experience with people at the bottom of the social pit. His optimism and individualism faded, and he vowed never to do more hard physical work than necessary. He wrote that his individualism was hammered out of him, and he was politically reborn. He often closed his letters \"Yours for the Revolution.\"", "He often closed his letters \"Yours for the Revolution.\" London joined the Socialist Labor Party in April 1896. In the same year, the San Francisco Chronicle published a story about the twenty-year-old London's giving nightly speeches in Oakland's City Hall Park, an activity he was arrested for a year later. In 1901, he left the Socialist Labor Party and joined the new Socialist Party of America.", "In 1901, he left the Socialist Labor Party and joined the new Socialist Party of America. He ran unsuccessfully as the high-profile Socialist candidate for mayor of Oakland in 1901 (receiving 245 votes) and 1905 (improving to 981 votes), toured the country lecturing on socialism in 1906, and published two collections of essays about socialism: War of the Classes (1905) and Revolution, and other Essays (1906).", "He ran unsuccessfully as the high-profile Socialist candidate for mayor of Oakland in 1901 (receiving 245 votes) and 1905 (improving to 981 votes), toured the country lecturing on socialism in 1906, and published two collections of essays about socialism: War of the Classes (1905) and Revolution, and other Essays (1906). Stasz notes that \"London regarded the Wobblies as a welcome addition to the Socialist cause, although he never joined them in going so far as to recommend sabotage.\"", "Stasz notes that \"London regarded the Wobblies as a welcome addition to the Socialist cause, although he never joined them in going so far as to recommend sabotage.\" Stasz mentions a personal meeting between London and Big Bill Haywood in 1912. In his late (1913) book The Cruise of the Snark, London writes about appeals to him for membership of the Snarks crew from office workers and other \"toilers\" who longed for escape from the cities, and of being cheated by workmen.", "In his late (1913) book The Cruise of the Snark, London writes about appeals to him for membership of the Snarks crew from office workers and other \"toilers\" who longed for escape from the cities, and of being cheated by workmen. In his Glen Ellen ranch years, London felt some ambivalence toward socialism and complained about the \"inefficient Italian labourers\" in his employ.", "In his Glen Ellen ranch years, London felt some ambivalence toward socialism and complained about the \"inefficient Italian labourers\" in his employ. In 1916, he resigned from the Glen Ellen chapter of the Socialist Party, but stated emphatically he did so \"because of its lack of fire and fight, and its loss of emphasis on the class struggle.\"", "In 1916, he resigned from the Glen Ellen chapter of the Socialist Party, but stated emphatically he did so \"because of its lack of fire and fight, and its loss of emphasis on the class struggle.\" In an unflattering portrait of London's ranch days, California cultural historian Kevin Starr refers to this period as \"post-socialist\" and says \"... by 1911 ... London was more bored by the class struggle than he cared to admit.\"", "In an unflattering portrait of London's ranch days, California cultural historian Kevin Starr refers to this period as \"post-socialist\" and says \"... by 1911 ... London was more bored by the class struggle than he cared to admit.\" Race London shared common concerns among many European Americans in California about Asian immigration, described as \"the yellow peril\"; he used the latter term as the title of a 1904 essay.", "Race London shared common concerns among many European Americans in California about Asian immigration, described as \"the yellow peril\"; he used the latter term as the title of a 1904 essay. This theme was also the subject of a story he wrote in 1910 called \"The Unparalleled Invasion\".", "This theme was also the subject of a story he wrote in 1910 called \"The Unparalleled Invasion\". Presented as an historical essay set in the future, the story narrates events between 1976 and 1987, in which China, with an ever-increasing population, is taking over and colonizing its neighbors with the intention of taking over the entire Earth. The western nations respond with biological warfare and bombard China with dozens of the most infectious diseases.", "The western nations respond with biological warfare and bombard China with dozens of the most infectious diseases. On his fears about China, he admits, \"it must be taken into consideration that the above postulate is itself a product of Western race-egotism, urged by our belief in our own righteousness and fostered by a faith in ourselves which may be as erroneous as are most fond race fancies.\"", "On his fears about China, he admits, \"it must be taken into consideration that the above postulate is itself a product of Western race-egotism, urged by our belief in our own righteousness and fostered by a faith in ourselves which may be as erroneous as are most fond race fancies.\" By contrast, many of London's short stories are notable for their empathetic portrayal of Mexican (\"The Mexican\"), Asian (\"The Chinago\"), and Hawaiian (\"Koolau the Leper\") characters.", "By contrast, many of London's short stories are notable for their empathetic portrayal of Mexican (\"The Mexican\"), Asian (\"The Chinago\"), and Hawaiian (\"Koolau the Leper\") characters. London's war correspondence from the Russo-Japanese War, as well as his unfinished novel Cherry, show he admired much about Japanese customs and capabilities. London's writings have been popular among the Japanese, who believe he portrayed them positively.", "London's writings have been popular among the Japanese, who believe he portrayed them positively. In \"Koolau the Leper\", London describes Koolau, who is a Hawaiian leper—and thus a very different sort of \"superman\" than Martin Eden—and who fights off an entire cavalry troop to elude capture, as \"indomitable spiritually—a ... magnificent rebel\". This character is based on Hawaiian leper Kaluaikoolau, who in 1893 revolted and resisted capture from forces of the Provisional Government of Hawaii in the Kalalau Valley.", "This character is based on Hawaiian leper Kaluaikoolau, who in 1893 revolted and resisted capture from forces of the Provisional Government of Hawaii in the Kalalau Valley. Those who defend London against charges of racism cite the letter he wrote to the Japanese-American Commercial Weekly in 1913: In 1996, after the City of Whitehorse, Yukon, renamed a street in honor of London, protests over London's alleged racism forced the city to change the name of \"Jack London Boulevard\" back to \"Two-mile Hill\".", "Those who defend London against charges of racism cite the letter he wrote to the Japanese-American Commercial Weekly in 1913: In 1996, after the City of Whitehorse, Yukon, renamed a street in honor of London, protests over London's alleged racism forced the city to change the name of \"Jack London Boulevard\" back to \"Two-mile Hill\". Shortly after boxer Jack Johnson was crowned the first black world heavyweight champ in 1908, London pleaded for a \"great white hope\" to come forward to defeat Johnson, writing: \"Jim Jeffries must now emerge from his Alfalfa farm and remove that golden smile from Jack Johnson's face.", "Shortly after boxer Jack Johnson was crowned the first black world heavyweight champ in 1908, London pleaded for a \"great white hope\" to come forward to defeat Johnson, writing: \"Jim Jeffries must now emerge from his Alfalfa farm and remove that golden smile from Jack Johnson's face. Jeff, it's up to you. The White Man must be rescued.\" Eugenics With other modernist writers of the day, London supported eugenics.", "Eugenics With other modernist writers of the day, London supported eugenics. The notion of \"good breeding\" complimented the Progressive era scientism, the belief that humans assort along a hierarchy by race, religion, and ethnicity. The Progressive Era catalog of inferiority offered basis for threats to American Anglo-Saxon racial integrity. London wrote to Frederick H. Robinson of the periodical Medical Review of Reviews, stating, \"I believe the future belongs to eugenics, and will be determined by the practice of eugenics.\"", "London wrote to Frederick H. Robinson of the periodical Medical Review of Reviews, stating, \"I believe the future belongs to eugenics, and will be determined by the practice of eugenics.\" Although this led some to argue for forced sterilization of criminals or those deemed feeble-minded., London did not express this extreme. His short story \"Told in the Drooling Ward\" is from the viewpoint of a surprisingly astute \"feebled-minded\" person. Hensley argues that London's novel Before Adam (1906–07) reveals pro-eugenic themes.", "Hensley argues that London's novel Before Adam (1906–07) reveals pro-eugenic themes. London advised his collaborator Anna Strunsky during preparation of The Kempton-Wace Letters that he would take the role of eugenics in mating, while she would argue on behalf of romantic love. (Love won the argument.) The Valley of the Moon emphasizes the theme of \"real Americans,\" the Anglo Saxon, yet in Little Lady of the Big House, London is more nuanced.", "The Valley of the Moon emphasizes the theme of \"real Americans,\" the Anglo Saxon, yet in Little Lady of the Big House, London is more nuanced. The protagonist's argument is not that all white men are superior, but that there are more superior ones among whites than in other races. By encouraging the best in any race to mate will improve its population qualities. Living in Hawaii challenged his orthodoxy.", "Living in Hawaii challenged his orthodoxy. Living in Hawaii challenged his orthodoxy. In \"My Hawaiian Aloha,\" London noted the liberal intermarrying of races, concluding how \"little Hawaii, with its hotch potch races, is making a better demonstration than the United States.\" Works Short stories Western writer and historian Dale L. Walker writes: London's \"strength of utterance\" is at its height in his stories, and they are painstakingly well-constructed. \"To Build a Fire\" is the best known of all his stories.", "\"To Build a Fire\" is the best known of all his stories. Set in the harsh Klondike, it recounts the haphazard trek of a new arrival who has ignored an old-timer's warning about the risks of traveling alone. Falling through the ice into a creek in seventy-five-below weather, the unnamed man is keenly aware that survival depends on his untested skills at quickly building a fire to dry his clothes and warm his extremities.", "Falling through the ice into a creek in seventy-five-below weather, the unnamed man is keenly aware that survival depends on his untested skills at quickly building a fire to dry his clothes and warm his extremities. After publishing a tame version of this story—with a sunny outcome—in The Youth's Companion in 1902, London offered a second, more severe take on the man's predicament in The Century Magazine in 1908. Reading both provides an illustration of London's growth and maturation as a writer.", "Reading both provides an illustration of London's growth and maturation as a writer. As Labor (1994) observes: \"To compare the two versions is itself an instructive lesson in what distinguished a great work of literary art from a good children's story.\"", "As Labor (1994) observes: \"To compare the two versions is itself an instructive lesson in what distinguished a great work of literary art from a good children's story.\" Other stories from the Klondike period include: \"All Gold Canyon\", about a battle between a gold prospector and a claim jumper; \"The Law of Life\", about an aging American Indian man abandoned by his tribe and left to die; \"Love of Life\", about a trek by a prospector across the Canadian tundra; \"To the Man on Trail,\" which tells the story of a prospector fleeing the Mounted Police in a sled race, and raises the question of the contrast between written law and morality; and \"An Odyssey of the North,\" which raises questions of conditional morality, and paints a sympathetic portrait of a man of mixed White and Aleut ancestry.", "Other stories from the Klondike period include: \"All Gold Canyon\", about a battle between a gold prospector and a claim jumper; \"The Law of Life\", about an aging American Indian man abandoned by his tribe and left to die; \"Love of Life\", about a trek by a prospector across the Canadian tundra; \"To the Man on Trail,\" which tells the story of a prospector fleeing the Mounted Police in a sled race, and raises the question of the contrast between written law and morality; and \"An Odyssey of the North,\" which raises questions of conditional morality, and paints a sympathetic portrait of a man of mixed White and Aleut ancestry. London was a boxing fan and an avid amateur boxer.", "London was a boxing fan and an avid amateur boxer. \"A Piece of Steak\" is a tale about a match between older and younger boxers. It contrasts the differing experiences of youth and age but also raises the social question of the treatment of aging workers. \"The Mexican\" combines boxing with a social theme, as a young Mexican endures an unfair fight and ethnic prejudice to earn money with which to aid the revolution. Several of London's stories would today be classified as science fiction.", "Several of London's stories would today be classified as science fiction. \"The Unparalleled Invasion\" describes germ warfare against China; \"Goliath\" is about an irresistible energy weapon; \"The Shadow and the Flash\" is a tale about two brothers who take different routes to achieving invisibility; \"A Relic of the Pliocene\" is a tall tale about an encounter of a modern-day man with a mammoth.", "\"The Unparalleled Invasion\" describes germ warfare against China; \"Goliath\" is about an irresistible energy weapon; \"The Shadow and the Flash\" is a tale about two brothers who take different routes to achieving invisibility; \"A Relic of the Pliocene\" is a tall tale about an encounter of a modern-day man with a mammoth. \"The Red One\" is a late story from a period when London was intrigued by the theories of the psychiatrist and writer Jung.", "\"The Red One\" is a late story from a period when London was intrigued by the theories of the psychiatrist and writer Jung. It tells of an island tribe held in thrall by an extraterrestrial object. Some nineteen original collections of short stories were published during London's brief life or shortly after his death. There have been several posthumous anthologies drawn from this pool of stories. Many of these stories were located in the Klondike and the Pacific.", "Many of these stories were located in the Klondike and the Pacific. A collection of Jack London's San Francisco Stories was published in October 2010 by Sydney Samizdat Press. Novels London's most famous novels are The Call of the Wild, White Fang, The Sea-Wolf, The Iron Heel, and Martin Eden. In a letter dated December 27, 1901, London's Macmillan publisher George Platt Brett, Sr., said \"he believed Jack's fiction represented 'the very best kind of work' done in America.\"", "In a letter dated December 27, 1901, London's Macmillan publisher George Platt Brett, Sr., said \"he believed Jack's fiction represented 'the very best kind of work' done in America.\" Critic Maxwell Geismar called The Call of the Wild \"a beautiful prose poem\"; editor Franklin Walker said that it \"belongs on a shelf with Walden and Huckleberry Finn\"; and novelist E.L. Doctorow called it \"a mordant parable ... his masterpiece.\"", "Critic Maxwell Geismar called The Call of the Wild \"a beautiful prose poem\"; editor Franklin Walker said that it \"belongs on a shelf with Walden and Huckleberry Finn\"; and novelist E.L. Doctorow called it \"a mordant parable ... his masterpiece.\" The historian Dale L. Walker commented: Some critics have said that his novels are episodic and resemble linked short stories.", "The historian Dale L. Walker commented: Some critics have said that his novels are episodic and resemble linked short stories. Dale L. Walker writes: Ambrose Bierce said of The Sea-Wolf that \"the great thing—and it is among the greatest of things—is that tremendous creation, Wolf Larsen ... the hewing out and setting up of such a figure is enough for a man to do in one lifetime.\" However, he noted, \"The love element, with its absurd suppressions, and impossible proprieties, is awful.\"", "However, he noted, \"The love element, with its absurd suppressions, and impossible proprieties, is awful.\" The Iron Heel is an example of a dystopian novel that anticipates and influenced George Orwell's Nineteen Eighty-Four. London's socialist politics are explicitly on display here. The Iron Heel meets the contemporary definition of soft science fiction. The Star Rover (1915) is also science fiction.", "The Star Rover (1915) is also science fiction. Apocrypha Jack London Credo London's literary executor, Irving Shepard, quoted a Jack London Credo in an introduction to a 1956 collection of London stories: I would rather be ashes than dust! I would rather that my spark should burn out in a brilliant blaze than it should be stifled by dry-rot. I would rather be a superb meteor, every atom of me in magnificent glow, than a sleepy and permanent planet.", "I would rather be a superb meteor, every atom of me in magnificent glow, than a sleepy and permanent planet. The function of man is to live, not to exist. I shall not waste my days in trying to prolong them. I shall use my time. The biographer Stasz notes that the passage \"has many marks of London's style\" but the only line that could be safely attributed to London was the first.", "The biographer Stasz notes that the passage \"has many marks of London's style\" but the only line that could be safely attributed to London was the first. The words Shepard quoted were from a story in the San Francisco Bulletin, December 2, 1916, by journalist Ernest J. Hopkins, who visited the ranch just weeks before London's death. Stasz notes, \"Even more so than today journalists' quotes were unreliable or even sheer inventions,\" and says no direct source in London's writings has been found.", "Stasz notes, \"Even more so than today journalists' quotes were unreliable or even sheer inventions,\" and says no direct source in London's writings has been found. However, at least one line, according to Stasz, is authentic, being referenced by London and written in his own hand in the autograph book of Australian suffragette Vida Goldstein: Dear Miss Goldstein:– Seven years ago I wrote you that I'd rather be ashes than dust. I still subscribe to that sentiment.", "I still subscribe to that sentiment. I still subscribe to that sentiment. Sincerely yours, Jack London Jan. 13, 1909 In his short story \"By The Turtles of Tasman\", a character, defending her \"ne'er-do-well grasshopperish father\" to her \"antlike uncle\", says: \"... my father has been a king. He has lived .... Have you lived merely to live? Are you afraid to die?", "Are you afraid to die? Are you afraid to die? I'd rather sing one wild song and burst my heart with it, than live a thousand years watching my digestion and being afraid of the wet. When you are dust, my father will be ashes.\" \"The Scab\" A short diatribe on \"The Scab\" is often quoted within the U.S. labor movement and frequently attributed to London.", "\"The Scab\" A short diatribe on \"The Scab\" is often quoted within the U.S. labor movement and frequently attributed to London. It opens: In 1913 and 1914, a number of newspapers printed the first three sentences with varying terms used instead of \"scab\", such as \"knocker\",\"The Food for Your Think Tank\", The Macon Daily Telegraph, August 23, 1914, p. 3 \"stool pigeon\" or \"scandal monger\".", "It opens: In 1913 and 1914, a number of newspapers printed the first three sentences with varying terms used instead of \"scab\", such as \"knocker\",\"The Food for Your Think Tank\", The Macon Daily Telegraph, August 23, 1914, p. 3 \"stool pigeon\" or \"scandal monger\". This passage as given above was the subject of a 1974 Supreme Court case, Letter Carriers v. Austin, in which Justice Thurgood Marshall referred to it as \"a well-known piece of trade union literature, generally attributed to author Jack London\".", "This passage as given above was the subject of a 1974 Supreme Court case, Letter Carriers v. Austin, in which Justice Thurgood Marshall referred to it as \"a well-known piece of trade union literature, generally attributed to author Jack London\". A union newsletter had published a \"list of scabs,\" which was granted to be factual and therefore not libelous, but then went on to quote the passage as the \"definition of a scab\".", "A union newsletter had published a \"list of scabs,\" which was granted to be factual and therefore not libelous, but then went on to quote the passage as the \"definition of a scab\". The case turned on the question of whether the \"definition\" was defamatory.", "The case turned on the question of whether the \"definition\" was defamatory. The court ruled that \"Jack London's... 'definition of a scab' is merely rhetorical hyperbole, a lusty and imaginative expression of the contempt felt by union members towards those who refuse to join\", and as such was not libelous and was protected under the First Amendment. Despite being frequently attributed to London, the passage does not appear at all in the extensive collection of his writings at Sonoma State University's website.", "Despite being frequently attributed to London, the passage does not appear at all in the extensive collection of his writings at Sonoma State University's website. However, in his book War of the Classes he published a 1903 speech titled \"The Scab\", which gave a much more balanced view of the topic: Publications Source unless otherwise specified: Novels The Cruise of the Dazzler (1902) A Daughter of the Snows (1902) The Call of the Wild (1903) The Kempton-Wace Letters (1903) (published anonymously, co-authored with Anna Strunsky) The Sea-Wolf (1904) The Game (1905) White Fang (1906) Before Adam (1907) The Iron Heel (1908) Martin Eden (1909) Burning Daylight (1910) Adventure (1911) The Scarlet Plague (1912) A Son of the Sun (1912) The Abysmal Brute (1913) The Valley of the Moon (1913) The Mutiny of the Elsinore (1914) The Star Rover (1915) (published in England as The Jacket) The Little Lady of the Big House (1916) Jerry of the Islands (1917) Michael, Brother of Jerry (1917) Hearts of Three (1920) (novelization of a script by Charles Goddard) The Assassination Bureau, Ltd (1963) (left half-finished, completed by Robert L. Fish) Short story collections Son of the Wolf (1900) Chris Farrington, Able Seaman (1901) The God of His Fathers & Other Stories (1901) Children of the Frost (1902) The Faith of Men and Other Stories (1904) Tales of the Fish Patrol (1906) Moon-Face and Other Stories (1906) Love of Life and Other Stories (1907) Lost Face (1910) South Sea Tales (1911) When God Laughs and Other Stories (1911) The House of Pride & Other Tales of Hawaii (1912) Smoke Bellew (1912) A Son of the Sun (1912) The Night Born (1913) The Strength of the Strong (1914) The Turtles of Tasman (1916) The Human Drift (1917) The Red One (1918) On the Makaloa Mat (1919) Dutch Courage and Other Stories (1922) Autobiographical memoirs The Road (1907) The Cruise of the Snark (1911) John Barleycorn (1913) Non-fiction and essays Through the Rapids on the Way to the Klondike (1899) From Dawson to the Sea (1899) What Communities Lose by the Competitive System (1900) The Impossibility of War (1900) Phenomena of Literary Evolution (1900) A Letter to Houghton Mifflin Co. (1900) Husky, Wolf Dog of the North (1900) Editorial Crimes – A Protest (1901) Again the Literary Aspirant (1902) The People of the Abyss (1903) How I Became a Socialist (1903) War of the Classes (1905) The Story of an Eyewitness (1906) A Letter to Woman's Home Companion (1906) \"The Lepers of Molokai\" in Woman's Home Companion (1908) \"The Nature Man\" in Woman's Home Companion (1908) \"The High Seat of Abundance\" in Woman's Home Companion (1908) Revolution, and other Essays (1910) Mexico's Army and Ours (1914) Lawgivers (1914) Our Adventures in Tampico (1914) Stalking the Pestilence (1914) The Red Game of War (1914) The Trouble Makers of Mexico (1914) With Funston's Men (1914) Plays Theft (1910) Daughters of the Rich: A One Act Play (1915) The Acorn Planter: A California Forest Play (1916) Poetry A Heart (1899) Abalone Song (1913) And Some Night (1914) Ballade of the False Lover (1914) Cupid's Deal (1913) Daybreak (1901) Effusion (1901) George Sterling (1913) Gold (1915) He Chortled with Glee (1899) He Never Tried Again (1912) His Trip to Hades (1913) Homeland (1914) Hors de Saison (1913) If I Were God (1899) In a Year (1901) In and Out (1911) Je Vis en Espoir (1897) Memory (1913) Moods (1913) My Confession (1912) My Little Palmist (1914) Of Man of the Future (1915) Oh You Everybody's Girl (19) On the Face of the Earth You are the One (1915) Rainbows End (1914) Republican Rallying Song (1916) Sonnet (1901) The Gift of God (1905) The Klondyker's Dream (1914) The Lover's Liturgy (1913) The Mammon Worshippers (1911) The Republican Battle-Hymn (1905) The Return of Ulysses (1915) The Sea Sprite and the Shooting Star (1916) The Socialist's Dream (1912) The Song of the Flames (1903) The Way of War (1906) The Worker and the Tramp (1911) Tick!", "However, in his book War of the Classes he published a 1903 speech titled \"The Scab\", which gave a much more balanced view of the topic: Publications Source unless otherwise specified: Novels The Cruise of the Dazzler (1902) A Daughter of the Snows (1902) The Call of the Wild (1903) The Kempton-Wace Letters (1903) (published anonymously, co-authored with Anna Strunsky) The Sea-Wolf (1904) The Game (1905) White Fang (1906) Before Adam (1907) The Iron Heel (1908) Martin Eden (1909) Burning Daylight (1910) Adventure (1911) The Scarlet Plague (1912) A Son of the Sun (1912) The Abysmal Brute (1913) The Valley of the Moon (1913) The Mutiny of the Elsinore (1914) The Star Rover (1915) (published in England as The Jacket) The Little Lady of the Big House (1916) Jerry of the Islands (1917) Michael, Brother of Jerry (1917) Hearts of Three (1920) (novelization of a script by Charles Goddard) The Assassination Bureau, Ltd (1963) (left half-finished, completed by Robert L. Fish) Short story collections Son of the Wolf (1900) Chris Farrington, Able Seaman (1901) The God of His Fathers & Other Stories (1901) Children of the Frost (1902) The Faith of Men and Other Stories (1904) Tales of the Fish Patrol (1906) Moon-Face and Other Stories (1906) Love of Life and Other Stories (1907) Lost Face (1910) South Sea Tales (1911) When God Laughs and Other Stories (1911) The House of Pride & Other Tales of Hawaii (1912) Smoke Bellew (1912) A Son of the Sun (1912) The Night Born (1913) The Strength of the Strong (1914) The Turtles of Tasman (1916) The Human Drift (1917) The Red One (1918) On the Makaloa Mat (1919) Dutch Courage and Other Stories (1922) Autobiographical memoirs The Road (1907) The Cruise of the Snark (1911) John Barleycorn (1913) Non-fiction and essays Through the Rapids on the Way to the Klondike (1899) From Dawson to the Sea (1899) What Communities Lose by the Competitive System (1900) The Impossibility of War (1900) Phenomena of Literary Evolution (1900) A Letter to Houghton Mifflin Co. (1900) Husky, Wolf Dog of the North (1900) Editorial Crimes – A Protest (1901) Again the Literary Aspirant (1902) The People of the Abyss (1903) How I Became a Socialist (1903) War of the Classes (1905) The Story of an Eyewitness (1906) A Letter to Woman's Home Companion (1906) \"The Lepers of Molokai\" in Woman's Home Companion (1908) \"The Nature Man\" in Woman's Home Companion (1908) \"The High Seat of Abundance\" in Woman's Home Companion (1908) Revolution, and other Essays (1910) Mexico's Army and Ours (1914) Lawgivers (1914) Our Adventures in Tampico (1914) Stalking the Pestilence (1914) The Red Game of War (1914) The Trouble Makers of Mexico (1914) With Funston's Men (1914) Plays Theft (1910) Daughters of the Rich: A One Act Play (1915) The Acorn Planter: A California Forest Play (1916) Poetry A Heart (1899) Abalone Song (1913) And Some Night (1914) Ballade of the False Lover (1914) Cupid's Deal (1913) Daybreak (1901) Effusion (1901) George Sterling (1913) Gold (1915) He Chortled with Glee (1899) He Never Tried Again (1912) His Trip to Hades (1913) Homeland (1914) Hors de Saison (1913) If I Were God (1899) In a Year (1901) In and Out (1911) Je Vis en Espoir (1897) Memory (1913) Moods (1913) My Confession (1912) My Little Palmist (1914) Of Man of the Future (1915) Oh You Everybody's Girl (19) On the Face of the Earth You are the One (1915) Rainbows End (1914) Republican Rallying Song (1916) Sonnet (1901) The Gift of God (1905) The Klondyker's Dream (1914) The Lover's Liturgy (1913) The Mammon Worshippers (1911) The Republican Battle-Hymn (1905) The Return of Ulysses (1915) The Sea Sprite and the Shooting Star (1916) The Socialist's Dream (1912) The Song of the Flames (1903) The Way of War (1906) The Worker and the Tramp (1911) Tick! Tick!", "Tick! Tick! Tick!", "Tick! Tick! Tick! (1915) Too Late (1912) Weasel Thieves (1913) When All the World Shouted my Name (1905) Where the Rainbow Fell (1902) Your Kiss (1914) Short stories \"Typhoon off the Coast of Japan\" (November 12, 1893) \" 'Frisco Kid's' Story\" (February 15, 1895) \"Sakaicho, Hona Asi and Hakadaki\" (April 19, 1895) \"Night's Swim In Yeddo Bay\" (May 27, 1895) \"Who Believes in Ghosts!\"", "(1915) Too Late (1912) Weasel Thieves (1913) When All the World Shouted my Name (1905) Where the Rainbow Fell (1902) Your Kiss (1914) Short stories \"Typhoon off the Coast of Japan\" (November 12, 1893) \" 'Frisco Kid's' Story\" (February 15, 1895) \"Sakaicho, Hona Asi and Hakadaki\" (April 19, 1895) \"Night's Swim In Yeddo Bay\" (May 27, 1895) \"Who Believes in Ghosts!\" (October 21, 1895) \"And 'Frisco Kid Came Back\" (November 4, 1895) \"One More Unfortunate\" (December 18, 1895) \"O Haru\" (1993; written in April 1897) \"The Mahatma's Little Joke\" (1993; written in May 1897) \"The Strange Experience of a Misogynist\" (1993; written between May and September 1897), originally titled \"The Misogynist\" \"Two Gold Bricks\" (September 1897) \"The Plague Ship\" (1993; written between September and December 1897) \"The Devil’s Dice Box\" (December 1976; written in September 1898) \"The Test: A Clondyke Wooing\" (1983; written in September 1898) \"A Klondike Christmas\" (1983; written in November 1898) \"A Dream Image\" (1898) \"To the Man on Trail: A Klondike Christmas\" (January 1899) \"The White Silence\" (February 1899) \"The Son of the Wolf\" (April 1899) \"The Men of Forty-Mile\" (May 1899) \"A Thousand Deaths\" (May 1899) \"An Old Soldier's Story\" (May 20, 1899) \"In a Far Country\" (June 1899) \"The Priestly Prerogative\" (July 1899) \"The Handsome Cabin Boy\" (July 1899) \"The Wife of a King\" (August 1899) \"In the Time of Prince Charley\" (September 1899) \"Old Baldy\" (September 16, 1899) \"The Grilling of Loren Ellery\" (September 24, 1899) \"The Rejuvenation of Major Rathbone\" (November 1899) \"The King of Mazy May\" (November 30, 1899) \"The Wisdom of the Trail\" (December 1899) \"A Daughter of the Aurora\" (December 24, 1899) \"Pluck and Pertinacity\" (1899) \"An Odyssey of the North\" (January 1900) \"A Lesson in Heraldry\" (March 1900) \"The End of the Chapter\" (June 9, 1900) \"Uri Bram's God\" (June 24, 1900) \"Even unto Death\" (July 28, 1900) \"Grit of Women\" (August 1900) \"Jan the Unrepentant\" (August 1900) \"The Man with the Gash\" (September 1900) \"Their Alcove\" (September 1900) \"Housekeeping in the Klondike\" (September 16, 1900) \"The Proper 'Girlie' \" (October 1900) \"Thanksgiving on Slav Creek\" (November 24, 1900) \"Where the Trail Forks\" (December 1900) \"The Great Interrogation\" (December 1900) \"Semper Idem\" (December 1900) \"A Northland Miracle\" (November 4, 1926; written in 1900) \"Dutch Courage\" (November 29, 1900) \"A Relic of the Pliocene\" (January 12, 1901) \"The Law of Life\" (March 1901) \"Siwash\" (March 1901) \"The Lost Poacher\" (March 14, 1901) \"At the Rainbow's End\" (March 24, 1901) \"The God of His Fathers\" (May 1901) \"The Scorn of Woman\" (May 1901) \"The Minions of Midas\" (May 1901) \"Chris Farrington: Able Seaman\" (May 23, 1901) \"A Hyperborean Brew\" (July 1901) \"Bald Face\" (September 6, 1901) \"Keesh, Son of Keesh\" (January 1902) \"An Adventure in the Upper Sea\" (May 1902) \"To Build a Fire\" (May 29, 1902, revised August 1908) \"Diable --- A Dog\" (June 1902), renamed Bâtard in 1904 \"To Repel Boarders\" (June 1902) \"The ‘Fuzziness' of Hoockla-Heen\" (July 3, 1902) \"Moon-Face\" (July 21, 1902) \"Nam-Bok, the Liar\" (August 1902) \"Li Wan the Fair\" (August 1902) \"The Master of Mystery\" (September 1902) \"In the Forests of the North\" (September 1902) \"The Sunlanders\" (September 1902) \"The Death of Ligoun\" (September 1902) \"The Story of Jees Uck\" (September 1902) \"The Sickness of Lone Chief\" (October 1902) \"The League of the Old Men\" (October 4, 1902) \"Lost Face\" (1902) \"Master of Mystery\" (1902) \"In Yeddo Bay\" (February 1903) \"The One Thousand Dozen\" (March 1903) \"The Shadow and the Flash\" (June 1903) “The Faith of Men\" (June 1903) \"The Leopard Man's Story\" (August 1903) \"The Marriage of Lit-Lit\" (September 1903) \"Local Color\" (October 1903) \"Too Much Gold\" (December 1903) \"Amateur Night\" (December 1903) \"The Dominant Primordial Beast\" (1903) \"Keesh, The Bear Hunter\" (January 1904); often reprinted as \"The Story of Keesh\" \"The Banks of the Sacramento\" (March 17, 1904) \"White and Yellow\" (February 16, 1905) \"The King of the Greeks\" (March 2, 1905) \"A Raid on the Oyster Pirates\" (March 16, 1905) \"The Siege of the 'Lancashire Queen' ” (March 30, 1905) \"Charley's Coup” (April 13, 1905) \"Demetrios Contos” (April 27, 1905) \"Yellow Handkerchief” (May 11, 1905) \"All Gold Cañon\" (November 1905) \"Love of Life\" (December 1905) \"The Sun-Dog Trail\" (December 1905) \"A Nose for the King\" (March 1906) \"Planchette\" (June 1906) \"The Unexpected\" (August 1906) \"Brown Wolf\" (August 1906) \"The Apostate\" (September 1906) \"Up the Slide\" (October 25, 1906) \"A Wicked Woman\" (November 1906) \"The White Man's Way\" (November 4, 1906) \"The Wit of Porportuk\" (December 1906) \"When God Laughs\" (January 1907) \"Just Meat\" (March 1907) \"Created He Them\" (April 1907) \"Morganson's Finish\" (May 1907) \"A Day's Lodging\" (May 25, 1907) \"Negore the Coward\" (September 1907) \"Chased by the Trail\" (September 26, 1907) \"The Passing of Marcus O'Brien\" (January 1908) \"Trust\" (January 1908) \"That Spot\" (February 1908) \"Flush of Gold\" (April 1908) \"Make Westing\" (April 1908) \"The Enemy of All the World\" (October 1908) \"Aloha Oe\" (December 1908) \"A Curious Fragment\" (December 10, 1908) \"The Dream of Debs\" (January 1909) \"The House of Mapuhi\" (January 1909) \"The Seed of McCoy\" (April 1909) \"The Madness of John Harned\" (May 1909) \"South of the Slot\" (May 22, 1909) \"Good-by, Jack\" (June 1909) \"The Chinago\" (June 26, 1909) \"The Sheriff of Kona\" (August 1909) \"The Heathen\" (September 1909) \"A Piece of Steak\" (November 20, 1909) \"Koolau the Leper\" (December 1909) \"Mauki\" (December 1909) “The Mission of John Starhurst” (December 29, 1909); reprinted as \"The Whale Tooth\" \"Samuel\" (1909) \"Chun An Chun\" (Spring 1910) \"The Terrible Solomons\" (March 1910) \"The Inevitable White Man\" (May 14, 1910) \"The Unparalleled Invasion\" (July 1910) \"Winged Blackmail\" (September 1910) \"When the World was Young\" (September 10, 1910) \"The Benefit of the Doubt\" (November 12, 1910) \"Under the Deck Awnings\" (November 19, 1910) \"Yah!", "(October 21, 1895) \"And 'Frisco Kid Came Back\" (November 4, 1895) \"One More Unfortunate\" (December 18, 1895) \"O Haru\" (1993; written in April 1897) \"The Mahatma's Little Joke\" (1993; written in May 1897) \"The Strange Experience of a Misogynist\" (1993; written between May and September 1897), originally titled \"The Misogynist\" \"Two Gold Bricks\" (September 1897) \"The Plague Ship\" (1993; written between September and December 1897) \"The Devil’s Dice Box\" (December 1976; written in September 1898) \"The Test: A Clondyke Wooing\" (1983; written in September 1898) \"A Klondike Christmas\" (1983; written in November 1898) \"A Dream Image\" (1898) \"To the Man on Trail: A Klondike Christmas\" (January 1899) \"The White Silence\" (February 1899) \"The Son of the Wolf\" (April 1899) \"The Men of Forty-Mile\" (May 1899) \"A Thousand Deaths\" (May 1899) \"An Old Soldier's Story\" (May 20, 1899) \"In a Far Country\" (June 1899) \"The Priestly Prerogative\" (July 1899) \"The Handsome Cabin Boy\" (July 1899) \"The Wife of a King\" (August 1899) \"In the Time of Prince Charley\" (September 1899) \"Old Baldy\" (September 16, 1899) \"The Grilling of Loren Ellery\" (September 24, 1899) \"The Rejuvenation of Major Rathbone\" (November 1899) \"The King of Mazy May\" (November 30, 1899) \"The Wisdom of the Trail\" (December 1899) \"A Daughter of the Aurora\" (December 24, 1899) \"Pluck and Pertinacity\" (1899) \"An Odyssey of the North\" (January 1900) \"A Lesson in Heraldry\" (March 1900) \"The End of the Chapter\" (June 9, 1900) \"Uri Bram's God\" (June 24, 1900) \"Even unto Death\" (July 28, 1900) \"Grit of Women\" (August 1900) \"Jan the Unrepentant\" (August 1900) \"The Man with the Gash\" (September 1900) \"Their Alcove\" (September 1900) \"Housekeeping in the Klondike\" (September 16, 1900) \"The Proper 'Girlie' \" (October 1900) \"Thanksgiving on Slav Creek\" (November 24, 1900) \"Where the Trail Forks\" (December 1900) \"The Great Interrogation\" (December 1900) \"Semper Idem\" (December 1900) \"A Northland Miracle\" (November 4, 1926; written in 1900) \"Dutch Courage\" (November 29, 1900) \"A Relic of the Pliocene\" (January 12, 1901) \"The Law of Life\" (March 1901) \"Siwash\" (March 1901) \"The Lost Poacher\" (March 14, 1901) \"At the Rainbow's End\" (March 24, 1901) \"The God of His Fathers\" (May 1901) \"The Scorn of Woman\" (May 1901) \"The Minions of Midas\" (May 1901) \"Chris Farrington: Able Seaman\" (May 23, 1901) \"A Hyperborean Brew\" (July 1901) \"Bald Face\" (September 6, 1901) \"Keesh, Son of Keesh\" (January 1902) \"An Adventure in the Upper Sea\" (May 1902) \"To Build a Fire\" (May 29, 1902, revised August 1908) \"Diable --- A Dog\" (June 1902), renamed Bâtard in 1904 \"To Repel Boarders\" (June 1902) \"The ‘Fuzziness' of Hoockla-Heen\" (July 3, 1902) \"Moon-Face\" (July 21, 1902) \"Nam-Bok, the Liar\" (August 1902) \"Li Wan the Fair\" (August 1902) \"The Master of Mystery\" (September 1902) \"In the Forests of the North\" (September 1902) \"The Sunlanders\" (September 1902) \"The Death of Ligoun\" (September 1902) \"The Story of Jees Uck\" (September 1902) \"The Sickness of Lone Chief\" (October 1902) \"The League of the Old Men\" (October 4, 1902) \"Lost Face\" (1902) \"Master of Mystery\" (1902) \"In Yeddo Bay\" (February 1903) \"The One Thousand Dozen\" (March 1903) \"The Shadow and the Flash\" (June 1903) “The Faith of Men\" (June 1903) \"The Leopard Man's Story\" (August 1903) \"The Marriage of Lit-Lit\" (September 1903) \"Local Color\" (October 1903) \"Too Much Gold\" (December 1903) \"Amateur Night\" (December 1903) \"The Dominant Primordial Beast\" (1903) \"Keesh, The Bear Hunter\" (January 1904); often reprinted as \"The Story of Keesh\" \"The Banks of the Sacramento\" (March 17, 1904) \"White and Yellow\" (February 16, 1905) \"The King of the Greeks\" (March 2, 1905) \"A Raid on the Oyster Pirates\" (March 16, 1905) \"The Siege of the 'Lancashire Queen' ” (March 30, 1905) \"Charley's Coup” (April 13, 1905) \"Demetrios Contos” (April 27, 1905) \"Yellow Handkerchief” (May 11, 1905) \"All Gold Cañon\" (November 1905) \"Love of Life\" (December 1905) \"The Sun-Dog Trail\" (December 1905) \"A Nose for the King\" (March 1906) \"Planchette\" (June 1906) \"The Unexpected\" (August 1906) \"Brown Wolf\" (August 1906) \"The Apostate\" (September 1906) \"Up the Slide\" (October 25, 1906) \"A Wicked Woman\" (November 1906) \"The White Man's Way\" (November 4, 1906) \"The Wit of Porportuk\" (December 1906) \"When God Laughs\" (January 1907) \"Just Meat\" (March 1907) \"Created He Them\" (April 1907) \"Morganson's Finish\" (May 1907) \"A Day's Lodging\" (May 25, 1907) \"Negore the Coward\" (September 1907) \"Chased by the Trail\" (September 26, 1907) \"The Passing of Marcus O'Brien\" (January 1908) \"Trust\" (January 1908) \"That Spot\" (February 1908) \"Flush of Gold\" (April 1908) \"Make Westing\" (April 1908) \"The Enemy of All the World\" (October 1908) \"Aloha Oe\" (December 1908) \"A Curious Fragment\" (December 10, 1908) \"The Dream of Debs\" (January 1909) \"The House of Mapuhi\" (January 1909) \"The Seed of McCoy\" (April 1909) \"The Madness of John Harned\" (May 1909) \"South of the Slot\" (May 22, 1909) \"Good-by, Jack\" (June 1909) \"The Chinago\" (June 26, 1909) \"The Sheriff of Kona\" (August 1909) \"The Heathen\" (September 1909) \"A Piece of Steak\" (November 20, 1909) \"Koolau the Leper\" (December 1909) \"Mauki\" (December 1909) “The Mission of John Starhurst” (December 29, 1909); reprinted as \"The Whale Tooth\" \"Samuel\" (1909) \"Chun An Chun\" (Spring 1910) \"The Terrible Solomons\" (March 1910) \"The Inevitable White Man\" (May 14, 1910) \"The Unparalleled Invasion\" (July 1910) \"Winged Blackmail\" (September 1910) \"When the World was Young\" (September 10, 1910) \"The Benefit of the Doubt\" (November 12, 1910) \"Under the Deck Awnings\" (November 19, 1910) \"Yah! Yah!", "Yah! Yah! Yah!\"", "Yah! Yah!\" Yah!\" (December 1910) \"The House of Pride\" (December 1910) \"To Kill a Man\" (December 10, 1910) \"Bunches of Knuckles\" (December 18, 1910) \"Goliath\" (1910) \"The 'Francis Spaight' \" (January 1911) \"The Hobo and the Fairy\" (February 11, 1911) \"The Strength of the Strong\" (March 1911) \"The Eternity of Forms\" (March 1911) \"A Son of the Sun\" (May 27.", "(December 1910) \"The House of Pride\" (December 1910) \"To Kill a Man\" (December 10, 1910) \"Bunches of Knuckles\" (December 18, 1910) \"Goliath\" (1910) \"The 'Francis Spaight' \" (January 1911) \"The Hobo and the Fairy\" (February 11, 1911) \"The Strength of the Strong\" (March 1911) \"The Eternity of Forms\" (March 1911) \"A Son of the Sun\" (May 27. 1911) \"The Taste of the Meat\" (June 1911) “The Proud Goat of Aloysius Pankburn\" (June 24, 1911) \"The Meat\" (July 1911) “The Night Born\" (July 1911) \"War\" (July 29, 1911) \"The Goat Man of Fuatino\" (July 20, 1911) “The Stampede to Squaw Creek\" (August 1911) \"The Mexican\" (August 19, 1911) \"Shorty Dreams\" (September 1911) \"A Little Account with Swithin Hall\" (September 2, 1911) \"A Goboto Night\" (September 30, 1911) \"The Man on the Other Bank\" (October 1911) \"The Pears of Parlay\" (October 14, 1911) \"The Race for Number Three\" (November 1911) \"The End of the Story\" (November 1911) \" The Jokers of New Gibbon\" (November 11, 1911) \"By the Turtles of Tasman\" (November 19, 1911) \"The Little Man\" (December 1911) \"The Unmasking of the Cad\" (December 23, 1911) \"The Hanging of Cultus George\" (January 1912) \"The Mistake of Creation\" (February 1912) \"A Flutter in Eggs\" (March 1912) \"The Sea-Farmer\" (March 1912) \"The Feathers of the Sun\" (March 9, 1912) \"The Town-Site of Tra-Lee\" (April 1912) \"Wonder of Woman\" (May 1912) \"The Prodigal Father\" (May 1912) \"The Scarlet Plague\" (June 1912) \"The Captain of the Susan Drew\" (December 1, 1912) \"Samuel\" (May 1913) \"The Sea-Gangsters\" (November 1913) \"Told in the Drooling Ward\" (June 1914) \"The Hussy\" (December 1916) \"Man of Mine\" (February 1917) \"Like Argus of the Ancient Times\" (March 1917) \"Jerry of the Islands\" (1917) \"When Alice Told Her Soul\" (March 1918) \"The Princess\" (June 1918) \"The Tears of Ah Kim\" (July 1918) \"The Water Baby\" (September 1918) \"The Red One\" (October 1918) \"In the Cave of the Dead\" (November 1918) \"Shin-Bones\" (1918) \"On the Makaloa Mat\" (March 1919) \"The Bones of Kahekili\" (July 1919) \" Whose Business Is to Live\" (September 1922) \"Eyes of Asia\" (September 1924) Legacy and honors Mount London, also known as Boundary Peak 100, on the Alaska-British Columbia boundary, in the Boundary Ranges of the Coast Mountains of British Columbia, is named for him.", "1911) \"The Taste of the Meat\" (June 1911) “The Proud Goat of Aloysius Pankburn\" (June 24, 1911) \"The Meat\" (July 1911) “The Night Born\" (July 1911) \"War\" (July 29, 1911) \"The Goat Man of Fuatino\" (July 20, 1911) “The Stampede to Squaw Creek\" (August 1911) \"The Mexican\" (August 19, 1911) \"Shorty Dreams\" (September 1911) \"A Little Account with Swithin Hall\" (September 2, 1911) \"A Goboto Night\" (September 30, 1911) \"The Man on the Other Bank\" (October 1911) \"The Pears of Parlay\" (October 14, 1911) \"The Race for Number Three\" (November 1911) \"The End of the Story\" (November 1911) \" The Jokers of New Gibbon\" (November 11, 1911) \"By the Turtles of Tasman\" (November 19, 1911) \"The Little Man\" (December 1911) \"The Unmasking of the Cad\" (December 23, 1911) \"The Hanging of Cultus George\" (January 1912) \"The Mistake of Creation\" (February 1912) \"A Flutter in Eggs\" (March 1912) \"The Sea-Farmer\" (March 1912) \"The Feathers of the Sun\" (March 9, 1912) \"The Town-Site of Tra-Lee\" (April 1912) \"Wonder of Woman\" (May 1912) \"The Prodigal Father\" (May 1912) \"The Scarlet Plague\" (June 1912) \"The Captain of the Susan Drew\" (December 1, 1912) \"Samuel\" (May 1913) \"The Sea-Gangsters\" (November 1913) \"Told in the Drooling Ward\" (June 1914) \"The Hussy\" (December 1916) \"Man of Mine\" (February 1917) \"Like Argus of the Ancient Times\" (March 1917) \"Jerry of the Islands\" (1917) \"When Alice Told Her Soul\" (March 1918) \"The Princess\" (June 1918) \"The Tears of Ah Kim\" (July 1918) \"The Water Baby\" (September 1918) \"The Red One\" (October 1918) \"In the Cave of the Dead\" (November 1918) \"Shin-Bones\" (1918) \"On the Makaloa Mat\" (March 1919) \"The Bones of Kahekili\" (July 1919) \" Whose Business Is to Live\" (September 1922) \"Eyes of Asia\" (September 1924) Legacy and honors Mount London, also known as Boundary Peak 100, on the Alaska-British Columbia boundary, in the Boundary Ranges of the Coast Mountains of British Columbia, is named for him. Jack London Square on the waterfront of Oakland, California was named for him.", "Jack London Square on the waterfront of Oakland, California was named for him. He was honored by the United States Postal Service with a 25¢ Great Americans series postage stamp released on January 11, 1986. Jack London Lake (), a mountain lake located in the upper reaches of the Kolyma River in Yagodninsky district of Magadan Oblast.", "Jack London Lake (), a mountain lake located in the upper reaches of the Kolyma River in Yagodninsky district of Magadan Oblast. Fictional portrayals of London include Michael O'Shea in the 1943 film Jack London, Jeff East in the 1980 film Klondike Fever, Michael Aron in the Star Trek: The Next Generation episode Time's Arrow from 1992, Aaron Ashmore in the Murdoch Mysteries episode \"Murdoch of the Klondike\" from 2012, and Johnny Simmons in the 2014 miniseries Klondike.", "Fictional portrayals of London include Michael O'Shea in the 1943 film Jack London, Jeff East in the 1980 film Klondike Fever, Michael Aron in the Star Trek: The Next Generation episode Time's Arrow from 1992, Aaron Ashmore in the Murdoch Mysteries episode \"Murdoch of the Klondike\" from 2012, and Johnny Simmons in the 2014 miniseries Klondike. See also List of celebrities who own wineries and vineyards Notes References Bibliography The Jack London Online Collection' Further reading External links Western American Literature Journal: Jack London The Jack London Online Collection Site featuring information about Jack London's life and work, and a collection of his writings.", "See also List of celebrities who own wineries and vineyards Notes References Bibliography The Jack London Online Collection' Further reading External links Western American Literature Journal: Jack London The Jack London Online Collection Site featuring information about Jack London's life and work, and a collection of his writings. The World of Jack London Biographical information and writings Jack London State Historic Park The Huntingon Library's Jack London Archive Guide to the Jack London Papers at The Bancroft Library Jack London Collection at Sonoma State University Library Jack London Stories, scanned from original magazines, including the original artwork 5 short radio episodes from Jack London's writing at California Legacy Project Jack London Personal Manuscripts 1876 births 1916 deaths 1906 San Francisco earthquake survivors 19th-century American short story writers 19th-century sailors 20th-century American male writers 20th-century American novelists 20th-century American short story writers 20th-century sailors American atheists American democratic socialists American eugenicists American male non-fiction writers American male novelists American male short story writers American psychological fiction writers American sailors American travel writers American war correspondents Deaths from dysentery Male sailors Members of the Socialist Labor Party of America Military personnel from California People from Glen Ellen, California People from Piedmont, California People involved in plagiarism controversies People of the Klondike Gold Rush People of the Russo-Japanese War Socialist Party of America politicians from California United States Merchant Mariners University of California, Berkeley alumni War correspondents of the Russo-Japanese War Writers from Oakland, California Writers from San Francisco" ]

[ "Jack London", "Socialism", "what part did jack have in socialism?", "London joined the Socialist Labor Party in April 1896.", "what was his part in the party?", "London wrote from a socialist viewpoint,", "what was his viewpoint?", "\", his views were influenced by his experience with people at the bottom of the social pit." ]

[ "Experience is a book of memoirs by the British author Martin Amis.\n\nPublication history\nThe book was written primarily in response to the 1995 death of Amis's father, the famed author Kingsley Amis, and was first published in 2000.\n\nSerialization\nUpon publication, Experience was serialized in the UK's The Guardian in four parts.\n\nReception\nCritical response to Amis's memoir was very warm. The critic James Wood wrote in the Guardian, \"Experience is a beautiful, and beautifully strange book, and it is unlike anything one expected. One feared a trough of plaint: either a sad, Gosse-like reckoning with the father; or an angry, journalistic reckoning with those journalists who have hunted Amis from tooth to tooth. But Experience is not quite a memoir, nor is it quite a portrait of his father, nor is it really an autobiography. It is an escape from memoir; indeed, an escape into privacy. In the very book which might, at first glance, seem most exhibitionist, most shamelessly metropolitan, Amis has softly retreated to the provinces of himself. His book often reads like a letter to his family and closest friends. It is sometimes embarrassing to read; the ordinary reader feels voyeuristic, at times almost uninvited, but very moved. What seems at first just gossip and guestlists - sprays of names offered without explanation, diaristic footnotes, a refusal to universalise - soon becomes a kind of tender defiance, as if Amis wanted the book to vibrate with an atmosphere of wounded privacy.\" Terence Baker, in The Sunday Times, called it a \"careful, heartfelt tribute.\" Jackie Wullschlager, wrote in the Financial Times, \"The core here is family, and it is movingly, beautifully, evoked... The raw materials – neurotic, outrageous genius of a father; gorgeous earth-mother Hilly; sophisticated step-mother Elizabeth Jane Howard; stunning girlfriends dropped along the way like a shattering string of pearls; an unknown daughter emerging at 18 – are unbeatable, and Amis makes of them a loving, perceptive, comic portrait.\"\n\nAwards\nExperience was awarded the 2000 James Tait Black Memorial Prize for biography.\n\nSee also\nSally Amis\n\nReferences\n\n2000 non-fiction books\nBooks by Martin Amis\nBritish memoirs", "Susan Skoog (1965- ), American filmmaker, is best known for her low-budget but highly acclaimed debut film Whatever (1998). Asked why she felt the desire to make the film, Skoog explained to IndieWIRE: \"I felt like I hadn’t seen in film what I saw when I was a teenager. And especially from a female perspective. I felt like there hadn’t been a film that really nailed what it was like to be a suburban girl growing up in this country.\" Skoog has expressed repeatedly that the female experience/perspective, particularly that of girls, has historically been underrepresented in the film industry (e.g., \"Boys tend to blame their circumstances and the world outside them, whereas girls tend to blame themselves and quit. Girls quit much quicker and easier, and I think that hadn’t been dealt with in film yet.\"), but she believes that is changing by way of a \"natural progression\" toward sex equality.\n\nSkoog was raised in the town of Red Bank, New Jersey, and graduated from NYU in 1987 with a degree in theatre and film. She has cited Mike Leigh and Eric Rohmer as influences on her work.\n\nReferences\n\n1965 births\nAmerican filmmakers\nTisch School of the Arts alumni\nLiving people" ]

[ "John Griffith London (born John Griffith Chaney; January 12, 1876 – November 22, 1916) was an American novelist, journalist and social activist. A pioneer of commercial fiction and American magazines, he was one of the first American authors to become an international celebrity and earn a large fortune from writing. He was also an innovator in the genre that would later become known as science fiction.", "He was also an innovator in the genre that would later become known as science fiction. London was part of the radical literary group \"The Crowd\" in San Francisco and a passionate advocate of unionization, workers' rights, socialism, and eugenics. He wrote several works dealing with these topics, such as his dystopian novel The Iron Heel, his non-fiction exposé The People of the Abyss, War of the Classes, and Before Adam.", "He wrote several works dealing with these topics, such as his dystopian novel The Iron Heel, his non-fiction exposé The People of the Abyss, War of the Classes, and Before Adam. His most famous works include The Call of the Wild and White Fang, both set in the Klondike Gold Rush, as well as the short stories \"To Build a Fire\", \"An Odyssey of the North\", and \"Love of Life\".", "His most famous works include The Call of the Wild and White Fang, both set in the Klondike Gold Rush, as well as the short stories \"To Build a Fire\", \"An Odyssey of the North\", and \"Love of Life\". He also wrote about the South Pacific in stories such as \"The Pearls of Parlay\", and \"The Heathen\". Family Jack London was born January 12, 1876.", "Family Jack London was born January 12, 1876. Family Jack London was born January 12, 1876. His mother, Flora Wellman, was the fifth and youngest child of Pennsylvania Canal builder Marshall Wellman and his first wife, Eleanor Garrett Jones. Marshall Wellman was descended from Thomas Wellman, an early Puritan settler in the Massachusetts Bay Colony. Flora left Ohio and moved to the Pacific coast when her father remarried after her mother died.", "Flora left Ohio and moved to the Pacific coast when her father remarried after her mother died. In San Francisco, Flora worked as a music teacher and spiritualist, claiming to channel the spirit of a Sauk chief, Black Hawk. Biographer Clarice Stasz and others believe London's father was astrologer William Chaney. Flora Wellman was living with Chaney in San Francisco when she became pregnant. Whether Wellman and Chaney were legally married is unknown.", "Whether Wellman and Chaney were legally married is unknown. Whether Wellman and Chaney were legally married is unknown. Stasz notes that in his memoirs, Chaney refers to London's mother Flora Wellman as having been \"his wife\"; he also cites an advertisement in which Flora called herself \"Florence Wellman Chaney\". According to Flora Wellman's account, as recorded in the San Francisco Chronicle of June 4, 1875, Chaney demanded that she have an abortion. When she refused, he disclaimed responsibility for the child.", "When she refused, he disclaimed responsibility for the child. In desperation, she shot herself. She was not seriously wounded, but she was temporarily deranged. After giving birth, Flora sent the baby for wet-nursing to Virginia (Jennie) Prentiss, a formerly enslaved African-American woman and a neighbor. Prentiss was an important maternal figure throughout London's life, and he would later refer to her as his primary source of love and affection as a child.", "Prentiss was an important maternal figure throughout London's life, and he would later refer to her as his primary source of love and affection as a child. Late in 1876, Flora Wellman married John London, a partially disabled Civil War veteran, and brought her baby John, later known as Jack, to live with the newly married couple. The family moved around the San Francisco Bay Area before settling in Oakland, where London completed public grade school.", "The family moved around the San Francisco Bay Area before settling in Oakland, where London completed public grade school. The Prentiss family moved with the Londons, and remained a stable source of care for the young Jack. In 1897, when he was 21 and a student at the University of California, Berkeley, London searched for and read the newspaper accounts of his mother's suicide attempt and the name of his biological father. He wrote to William Chaney, then living in Chicago.", "He wrote to William Chaney, then living in Chicago. Chaney responded that he could not be London's father because he was impotent; he casually asserted that London's mother had relations with other men and averred that she had slandered him when she said he insisted on an abortion. Chaney concluded by saying that he was more to be pitied than London. London was devastated by his father's letter; in the months following, he quit school at Berkeley and went to the Klondike during the gold rush boom.", "London was devastated by his father's letter; in the months following, he quit school at Berkeley and went to the Klondike during the gold rush boom. Early life London was born near Third and Brannan Streets in San Francisco. The house burned down in the fire after the 1906 San Francisco earthquake; the California Historical Society placed a plaque at the site in 1953. Although the family was working class, it was not as impoverished as London's later accounts claimed. London was largely self-educated.", "London was largely self-educated. London was largely self-educated. In 1885, London found and read Ouida's long Victorian novel Signa. He credited this as the seed of his literary success. In 1886, he went to the Oakland Public Library and found a sympathetic librarian, Ina Coolbrith, who encouraged his learning. (She later became California's first poet laureate and an important figure in the San Francisco literary community). In 1889, London began working 12 to 18 hours a day at Hickmott's Cannery.", "In 1889, London began working 12 to 18 hours a day at Hickmott's Cannery. Seeking a way out, he borrowed money from his foster mother Virginia Prentiss, bought the sloop Razzle-Dazzle from an oyster pirate named French Frank, and became an oyster pirate himself. In his memoir, John Barleycorn, he claims also to have stolen French Frank's mistress Mamie. After a few months, his sloop became damaged beyond repair. London hired on as a member of the California Fish Patrol.", "London hired on as a member of the California Fish Patrol. In 1893, he signed on to the sealing schooner Sophie Sutherland, bound for the coast of Japan. When he returned, the country was in the grip of the panic of '93 and Oakland was swept by labor unrest. After grueling jobs in a jute mill and a street-railway power plant, London joined Coxey's Army and began his career as a tramp.", "After grueling jobs in a jute mill and a street-railway power plant, London joined Coxey's Army and began his career as a tramp. In 1894, he spent 30 days for vagrancy in the Erie County Penitentiary at Buffalo, New York. In The Road, he wrote: After many experiences as a hobo and a sailor, he returned to Oakland and attended Oakland High School. He contributed a number of articles to the high school's magazine, The Aegis.", "He contributed a number of articles to the high school's magazine, The Aegis. His first published work was \"Typhoon off the Coast of Japan\", an account of his sailing experiences. As a schoolboy, London often studied at Heinold's First and Last Chance Saloon, a port-side bar in Oakland. At 17, he confessed to the bar's owner, John Heinold, his desire to attend university and pursue a career as a writer. Heinold lent London tuition money to attend college.", "Heinold lent London tuition money to attend college. Heinold lent London tuition money to attend college. London desperately wanted to attend the University of California, located in Berkeley. In 1896, after a summer of intense studying to pass certification exams, he was admitted. Financial circumstances forced him to leave in 1897, and he never graduated. No evidence has surfaced that he ever wrote for student publications while studying at Berkeley.", "No evidence has surfaced that he ever wrote for student publications while studying at Berkeley. While at Berkeley, London continued to study and spend time at Heinold's saloon, where he was introduced to the sailors and adventurers who would influence his writing. In his autobiographical novel, John Barleycorn, London mentioned the pub's likeness seventeen times. Heinold's was the place where London met Alexander McLean, a captain known for his cruelty at sea. London based his protagonist Wolf Larsen, in the novel The Sea-Wolf, on McLean.", "London based his protagonist Wolf Larsen, in the novel The Sea-Wolf, on McLean. Heinold's First and Last Chance Saloon is now unofficially named Jack London's Rendezvous in his honor. Gold rush and first success On July 12, 1897, London (age 21) and his sister's husband Captain Shepard sailed to join the Klondike Gold Rush. This was the setting for some of his first successful stories. London's time in the harsh Klondike, however, was detrimental to his health.", "London's time in the harsh Klondike, however, was detrimental to his health. Like so many other men who were malnourished in the goldfields, London developed scurvy. His gums became swollen, leading to the loss of his four front teeth. A constant gnawing pain affected his hip and leg muscles, and his face was stricken with marks that always reminded him of the struggles he faced in the Klondike.", "A constant gnawing pain affected his hip and leg muscles, and his face was stricken with marks that always reminded him of the struggles he faced in the Klondike. Father William Judge, \"The Saint of Dawson\", had a facility in Dawson that provided shelter, food and any available medicine to London and others. His struggles there inspired London's short story, \"To Build a Fire\" (1902, revised in 1908), which many critics assess as his best.", "His struggles there inspired London's short story, \"To Build a Fire\" (1902, revised in 1908), which many critics assess as his best. His landlords in Dawson were mining engineers Marshall Latham Bond and Louis Whitford Bond, educated at the Bachelor's level at the Sheffield Scientific School at Yale and at the Master's level at Stanford, respectively. The brothers' father, Judge Hiram Bond, was a wealthy mining investor.", "The brothers' father, Judge Hiram Bond, was a wealthy mining investor. While the Bond brothers were at Stanford Hiram at the suggestion of his brother bought the New Park Estate at Santa Clara as well as a local bank. The Bonds, especially Hiram, were active Republicans. Marshall Bond's diary mentions friendly sparring with London on political issues as a camp pastime. London left Oakland with a social conscience and socialist leanings; he returned to become an activist for socialism.", "London left Oakland with a social conscience and socialist leanings; he returned to become an activist for socialism. He concluded that his only hope of escaping the work \"trap\" was to get an education and \"sell his brains\". He saw his writing as a business, his ticket out of poverty, and, he hoped, a means of beating the wealthy at their own game.", "He saw his writing as a business, his ticket out of poverty, and, he hoped, a means of beating the wealthy at their own game. On returning to California in 1898, London began working to get published, a struggle described in his novel, Martin Eden (serialized in 1908, published in 1909). His first published story since high school was \"To the Man On Trail\", which has frequently been collected in anthologies.", "His first published story since high school was \"To the Man On Trail\", which has frequently been collected in anthologies. When The Overland Monthly offered him only five dollars for it—and was slow paying—London came close to abandoning his writing career. In his words, \"literally and literarily I was saved\" when The Black Cat accepted his story \"A Thousand Deaths\", and paid him $40—the \"first money I ever received for a story\".", "In his words, \"literally and literarily I was saved\" when The Black Cat accepted his story \"A Thousand Deaths\", and paid him $40—the \"first money I ever received for a story\". London began his writing career just as new printing technologies enabled lower-cost production of magazines. This resulted in a boom in popular magazines aimed at a wide public audience and a strong market for short fiction. In 1900, he made $2,500 in writing, about $ in today's currency.", "In 1900, he made $2,500 in writing, about $ in today's currency. Among the works he sold to magazines was a short story known as either \"Diable\" (1902) or \"Bâtard\" (1904), two editions of the same basic story; London received $141.25 for this story on May 27, 1902. In the text, a cruel French Canadian brutalizes his dog, and the dog retaliates and kills the man.", "In the text, a cruel French Canadian brutalizes his dog, and the dog retaliates and kills the man. London told some of his critics that man's actions are the main cause of the behavior of their animals, and he would show this in another story, The Call of the Wild. In early 1903, London sold The Call of the Wild to The Saturday Evening Post for $750, and the book rights to Macmillan. Macmillan's promotional campaign propelled it to swift success.", "Macmillan's promotional campaign propelled it to swift success. Macmillan's promotional campaign propelled it to swift success. While living at his rented villa on Lake Merritt in Oakland, California, London met poet George Sterling; in time they became best friends. In 1902, Sterling helped London find a home closer to his own in nearby Piedmont. In his letters London addressed Sterling as \"Greek\", owing to Sterling's aquiline nose and classical profile, and he signed them as \"Wolf\".", "In his letters London addressed Sterling as \"Greek\", owing to Sterling's aquiline nose and classical profile, and he signed them as \"Wolf\". London was later to depict Sterling as Russ Brissenden in his autobiographical novel Martin Eden (1910) and as Mark Hall in The Valley of the Moon (1913). In later life London indulged his wide-ranging interests by accumulating a personal library of 15,000 volumes. He referred to his books as \"the tools of my trade\".", "He referred to his books as \"the tools of my trade\". First marriage (1900–1904) London married Elizabeth Mae (or May) \"Bessie\" Maddern on April 7, 1900, the same day The Son of the Wolf was published. Bess had been part of his circle of friends for a number of years. She was related to stage actresses Minnie Maddern Fiske and Emily Stevens.", "She was related to stage actresses Minnie Maddern Fiske and Emily Stevens. Stasz says, \"Both acknowledged publicly that they were not marrying out of love, but from friendship and a belief that they would produce sturdy children.\" Kingman says, \"they were comfortable together... Jack had made it clear to Bessie that he did not love her, but that he liked her enough to make a successful marriage.\" London met Bessie through his friend at Oakland High School, Fred Jacobs; she was Fred's fiancée.", "London met Bessie through his friend at Oakland High School, Fred Jacobs; she was Fred's fiancée. Bessie, who tutored at Anderson's University Academy in Alameda California, tutored Jack in preparation for his entrance exams for the University of California at Berkeley in 1896. Jacobs was killed aboard the Scandia in 1897, but Jack and Bessie continued their friendship, which included taking photos and developing the film together. This was the beginning of Jack's passion for photography.", "This was the beginning of Jack's passion for photography. During the marriage, London continued his friendship with Anna Strunsky, co-authoring The Kempton-Wace Letters, an epistolary novel contrasting two philosophies of love. Anna, writing \"Dane Kempton's\" letters, arguing for a romantic view of marriage, while London, writing \"Herbert Wace's\" letters, argued for a scientific view, based on Darwinism and eugenics. In the novel, his fictional character contrasted two women he had known.", "In the novel, his fictional character contrasted two women he had known. London's pet name for Bess was \"Mother-Girl\" and Bess's for London was \"Daddy-Boy\". Their first child, Joan, was born on January 15, 1901, and their second, Bessie \"Becky\" (also reported as Bess), on October 20, 1902. Both children were born in Piedmont, California. Here London wrote one of his most celebrated works, The Call of the Wild.", "Here London wrote one of his most celebrated works, The Call of the Wild. While London had pride in his children, the marriage was strained. Kingman says that by 1903 the couple were close to separation as they were \"extremely incompatible\". \"Jack was still so kind and gentle with Bessie that when Cloudsley Johns was a house guest in February 1903 he didn't suspect a breakup of their marriage.\"", "\"Jack was still so kind and gentle with Bessie that when Cloudsley Johns was a house guest in February 1903 he didn't suspect a breakup of their marriage.\" London reportedly complained to friends Joseph Noel and George Sterling: Stasz writes that these were \"code words for [Bess's] fear that [Jack] was consorting with prostitutes and might bring home venereal disease.\" On July 24, 1903, London told Bessie he was leaving and moved out.", "On July 24, 1903, London told Bessie he was leaving and moved out. During 1904, London and Bess negotiated the terms of a divorce, and the decree was granted on November 11, 1904. War correspondent (1904) London accepted an assignment of the San Francisco Examiner to cover the Russo-Japanese War in early 1904, arriving in Yokohama on January 25, 1904. He was arrested by Japanese authorities in Shimonoseki, but released through the intervention of American ambassador Lloyd Griscom.", "He was arrested by Japanese authorities in Shimonoseki, but released through the intervention of American ambassador Lloyd Griscom. After travelling to Korea, he was again arrested by Japanese authorities for straying too close to the border with Manchuria without official permission, and was sent back to Seoul. Released again, London was permitted to travel with the Imperial Japanese Army to the border, and to observe the Battle of the Yalu.", "Released again, London was permitted to travel with the Imperial Japanese Army to the border, and to observe the Battle of the Yalu. London asked William Randolph Hearst, the owner of the San Francisco Examiner, to be allowed to transfer to the Imperial Russian Army, where he felt that restrictions on his reporting and his movements would be less severe.", "London asked William Randolph Hearst, the owner of the San Francisco Examiner, to be allowed to transfer to the Imperial Russian Army, where he felt that restrictions on his reporting and his movements would be less severe. However, before this could be arranged, he was arrested for a third time in four months, this time for assaulting his Japanese assistants, whom he accused of stealing the fodder for his horse. Released through the personal intervention of President Theodore Roosevelt, London departed the front in June 1904.", "Released through the personal intervention of President Theodore Roosevelt, London departed the front in June 1904. Bohemian Club On August 18, 1904, London went with his close friend, the poet George Sterling, to \"Summer High Jinks\" at the Bohemian Grove. London was elected to honorary membership in the Bohemian Club and took part in many activities. Other noted members of the Bohemian Club during this time included Ambrose Bierce, Gelett Burgess, Allan Dunn, John Muir, Frank Norris, and Herman George Scheffauer.", "Other noted members of the Bohemian Club during this time included Ambrose Bierce, Gelett Burgess, Allan Dunn, John Muir, Frank Norris, and Herman George Scheffauer. Beginning in December 1914, London worked on The Acorn Planter, A California Forest Play, to be performed as one of the annual Grove Plays, but it was never selected. It was described as too difficult to set to music. London published The Acorn Planter in 1916. Second marriage After divorcing Maddern, London married Charmian Kittredge in 1905.", "Second marriage After divorcing Maddern, London married Charmian Kittredge in 1905. London had been introduced to Kittredge in 1900 by her aunt Netta Eames, who was an editor at Overland Monthly magazine in San Francisco. The two met prior to his first marriage but became lovers years later after Jack and Bessie London visited Wake Robin, Netta Eames' Sonoma County resort, in 1903. London was injured when he fell from a buggy, and Netta arranged for Charmian to care for him.", "London was injured when he fell from a buggy, and Netta arranged for Charmian to care for him. The two developed a friendship, as Charmian, Netta, her husband Roscoe, and London were politically aligned with socialist causes. At some point the relationship became romantic, and Jack divorced his wife to marry Charmian, who was five years his senior. Biographer Russ Kingman called Charmian \"Jack's soul-mate, always at his side, and a perfect match.\"", "Biographer Russ Kingman called Charmian \"Jack's soul-mate, always at his side, and a perfect match.\" Their time together included numerous trips, including a 1907 cruise on the yacht Snark to Hawaii and Australia. Many of London's stories are based on his visits to Hawaii, the last one for 10 months beginning in December 1915. The couple also visited Goldfield, Nevada, in 1907, where they were guests of the Bond brothers, London's Dawson City landlords.", "The couple also visited Goldfield, Nevada, in 1907, where they were guests of the Bond brothers, London's Dawson City landlords. The Bond brothers were working in Nevada as mining engineers. London had contrasted the concepts of the \"Mother Girl\" and the \"Mate Woman\" in The Kempton-Wace Letters. His pet name for Bess had been \"Mother-Girl;\" his pet name for Charmian was \"Mate-Woman.\" Charmian's aunt and foster mother, a disciple of Victoria Woodhull, had raised her without prudishness.", "Charmian's aunt and foster mother, a disciple of Victoria Woodhull, had raised her without prudishness. Every biographer alludes to Charmian's uninhibited sexuality. Joseph Noel calls the events from 1903 to 1905 \"a domestic drama that would have intrigued the pen of an Ibsen.... London's had comedy relief in it and a sort of easy-going romance.\"", "Joseph Noel calls the events from 1903 to 1905 \"a domestic drama that would have intrigued the pen of an Ibsen.... London's had comedy relief in it and a sort of easy-going romance.\" In broad outline, London was restless in his first marriage, sought extramarital sexual affairs, and found, in Charmian Kittredge, not only a sexually active and adventurous partner, but his future life-companion. They attempted to have children; one child died at birth, and another pregnancy ended in a miscarriage.", "They attempted to have children; one child died at birth, and another pregnancy ended in a miscarriage. In 1906, London published in Collier's magazine his eye-witness report of the San Francisco earthquake. Beauty Ranch (1905–1916) In 1905, London purchased a ranch in Glen Ellen, Sonoma County, California, on the eastern slope of Sonoma Mountain. He wrote: \"Next to my wife, the ranch is the dearest thing in the world to me.\"", "He wrote: \"Next to my wife, the ranch is the dearest thing in the world to me.\" He desperately wanted the ranch to become a successful business enterprise. Writing, always a commercial enterprise with London, now became even more a means to an end: \"I write for no other purpose than to add to the beauty that now belongs to me. I write a book for no other reason than to add three or four hundred acres to my magnificent estate.\"", "I write a book for no other reason than to add three or four hundred acres to my magnificent estate.\" Stasz writes that London \"had taken fully to heart the vision, expressed in his agrarian fiction, of the land as the closest earthly version of Eden ... he educated himself through the study of agricultural manuals and scientific tomes. He conceived of a system of ranching that today would be praised for its ecological wisdom.\" He was proud to own the first concrete silo in California.", "He was proud to own the first concrete silo in California. He hoped to adapt the wisdom of Asian sustainable agriculture to the United States. He hired both Italian and Chinese stonemasons, whose distinctly different styles are obvious. The ranch was an economic failure. Sympathetic observers such as Stasz treat his projects as potentially feasible, and ascribe their failure to bad luck or to being ahead of their time. Unsympathetic historians such as Kevin Starr suggest that he was a bad manager, distracted by other concerns and impaired by his alcoholism.", "Unsympathetic historians such as Kevin Starr suggest that he was a bad manager, distracted by other concerns and impaired by his alcoholism. Starr notes that London was absent from his ranch about six months a year between 1910 and 1916 and says, \"He liked the show of managerial power, but not grinding attention to detail .... London's workers laughed at his efforts to play big-time rancher [and considered] the operation a rich man's hobby.\"", "Starr notes that London was absent from his ranch about six months a year between 1910 and 1916 and says, \"He liked the show of managerial power, but not grinding attention to detail .... London's workers laughed at his efforts to play big-time rancher [and considered] the operation a rich man's hobby.\" London spent $80,000 ($ in current value) to build a stone mansion called Wolf House on the property.", "London spent $80,000 ($ in current value) to build a stone mansion called Wolf House on the property. Just as the mansion was nearing completion, two weeks before the Londons planned to move in, it was destroyed by fire. London's last visit to Hawaii, beginning in December 1915, lasted eight months. He met with Duke Kahanamoku, Prince Jonah Kūhiō Kalaniana'ole, Queen Lili'uokalani and many others, before returning to his ranch in July 1916.", "He met with Duke Kahanamoku, Prince Jonah Kūhiō Kalaniana'ole, Queen Lili'uokalani and many others, before returning to his ranch in July 1916. He was suffering from kidney failure, but he continued to work. The ranch (abutting stone remnants of Wolf House) is now a National Historic Landmark and is protected in Jack London State Historic Park.", "The ranch (abutting stone remnants of Wolf House) is now a National Historic Landmark and is protected in Jack London State Historic Park. Animal activism London witnessed animal cruelty in the training of circus animals, and his subsequent novels Jerry of the Islands and Michael, Brother of Jerry included a foreword entreating the public to become more informed about this practice.", "Animal activism London witnessed animal cruelty in the training of circus animals, and his subsequent novels Jerry of the Islands and Michael, Brother of Jerry included a foreword entreating the public to become more informed about this practice. In 1918, the Massachusetts Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals and the American Humane Education Society teamed up to create the Jack London Club, which sought to inform the public about cruelty to circus animals and encourage them to protest this establishment.", "In 1918, the Massachusetts Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals and the American Humane Education Society teamed up to create the Jack London Club, which sought to inform the public about cruelty to circus animals and encourage them to protest this establishment. Support from Club members led to a temporary cessation of trained animal acts at Ringling-Barnum and Bailey in 1925. Death London died November 22, 1916, in a sleeping porch in a cottage on his ranch.", "Death London died November 22, 1916, in a sleeping porch in a cottage on his ranch. London had been a robust man but had suffered several serious illnesses, including scurvy in the Klondike. Additionally, during travels on the Snark, he and Charmian picked up unspecified tropical infections and diseases, including yaws. At the time of his death, he suffered from dysentery, late-stage alcoholism, and uremia; he was in extreme pain and taking morphine.", "At the time of his death, he suffered from dysentery, late-stage alcoholism, and uremia; he was in extreme pain and taking morphine. London's ashes were buried on his property not far from the Wolf House. London's funeral took place on November 26, 1916, attended only by close friends, relatives, and workers of the property. In accordance with his wishes, he was cremated and buried next to some pioneer children, under a rock that belonged to the Wolf House.", "In accordance with his wishes, he was cremated and buried next to some pioneer children, under a rock that belonged to the Wolf House. After Charmian's death in 1955, she was also cremated and then buried with her husband in the same spot that her husband chose. The grave is marked by a mossy boulder. The buildings and property were later preserved as Jack London State Historic Park, in Glen Ellen, California.", "The buildings and property were later preserved as Jack London State Historic Park, in Glen Ellen, California. Suicide debate Because he was using morphine, many older sources describe London's death as a suicide, and some still do. This conjecture appears to be a rumor, or speculation based on incidents in his fiction writings. His death certificate gives the cause as uremia, following acute renal colic.", "His death certificate gives the cause as uremia, following acute renal colic. The biographer Stasz writes, \"Following London's death, for a number of reasons, a biographical myth developed in which he has been portrayed as an alcoholic womanizer who committed suicide. Recent scholarship based upon firsthand documents challenges this caricature.\" Most biographers, including Russ Kingman, now agree he died of uremia aggravated by an accidental morphine overdose. London's fiction featured several suicides.", "London's fiction featured several suicides. London's fiction featured several suicides. In his autobiographical memoir John Barleycorn, he claims, as a youth, to have drunkenly stumbled overboard into the San Francisco Bay, \"some maundering fancy of going out with the tide suddenly obsessed me\". He said he drifted and nearly succeeded in drowning before sobering up and being rescued by fishermen.", "He said he drifted and nearly succeeded in drowning before sobering up and being rescued by fishermen. In the dénouement of The Little Lady of the Big House, the heroine, confronted by the pain of a mortal gunshot wound, undergoes a physician-assisted suicide by morphine. Also, in Martin Eden, the principal protagonist, who shares certain characteristics with London, drowns himself.", "Also, in Martin Eden, the principal protagonist, who shares certain characteristics with London, drowns himself. Plagiarism accusations London was vulnerable to accusations of plagiarism, both because he was such a conspicuous, prolific, and successful writer and because of his methods of working. He wrote in a letter to Elwyn Hoffman, \"expression, you see—with me—is far easier than invention.\" He purchased plots and novels from the young Sinclair Lewis and used incidents from newspaper clippings as writing material.", "He purchased plots and novels from the young Sinclair Lewis and used incidents from newspaper clippings as writing material. In July 1901, two pieces of fiction appeared within the same month: London's \"Moon-Face\", in the San Francisco Argonaut, and Frank Norris' \"The Passing of Cock-eye Blacklock\", in Century Magazine. Newspapers showed the similarities between the stories, which London said were \"quite different in manner of treatment, [but] patently the same in foundation and motive.\"", "Newspapers showed the similarities between the stories, which London said were \"quite different in manner of treatment, [but] patently the same in foundation and motive.\" London explained both writers based their stories on the same newspaper account. A year later, it was discovered that Charles Forrest McLean had published a fictional story also based on the same incident. Egerton Ryerson Young claimed The Call of the Wild (1903) was taken from Young's book My Dogs in the Northland (1902).", "Egerton Ryerson Young claimed The Call of the Wild (1903) was taken from Young's book My Dogs in the Northland (1902). London acknowledged using it as a source and claimed to have written a letter to Young thanking him.", "London acknowledged using it as a source and claimed to have written a letter to Young thanking him. In 1906, the New York World published \"deadly parallel\" columns showing eighteen passages from London's short story \"Love of Life\" side by side with similar passages from a nonfiction article by Augustus Biddle and J. K. Macdonald, titled \"Lost in the Land of the Midnight Sun\".", "In 1906, the New York World published \"deadly parallel\" columns showing eighteen passages from London's short story \"Love of Life\" side by side with similar passages from a nonfiction article by Augustus Biddle and J. K. Macdonald, titled \"Lost in the Land of the Midnight Sun\". London noted the World did not accuse him of \"plagiarism\", but only of \"identity of time and situation\", to which he defiantly \"pled guilty\".", "London noted the World did not accuse him of \"plagiarism\", but only of \"identity of time and situation\", to which he defiantly \"pled guilty\". The most serious charge of plagiarism was based on London's \"The Bishop's Vision\", Chapter 7 of his novel The Iron Heel (1908). The chapter is nearly identical to an ironic essay that Frank Harris published in 1901, titled \"The Bishop of London and Public Morality\".", "The chapter is nearly identical to an ironic essay that Frank Harris published in 1901, titled \"The Bishop of London and Public Morality\". Harris was incensed and suggested he should receive 1/60th of the royalties from The Iron Heel, the disputed material constituting about that fraction of the whole novel. London insisted he had clipped a reprint of the article, which had appeared in an American newspaper, and believed it to be a genuine speech delivered by the Bishop of London. Views Atheism London was an atheist.", "Views Atheism London was an atheist. Views Atheism London was an atheist. He is quoted as saying, \"I believe that when I am dead, I am dead. I believe that with my death I am just as much obliterated as the last mosquito you and I squashed.\" Socialism London wrote from a socialist viewpoint, which is evident in his novel The Iron Heel. Neither a theorist nor an intellectual socialist, London's socialism grew out of his life experience.", "Neither a theorist nor an intellectual socialist, London's socialism grew out of his life experience. As London explained in his essay, \"How I Became a Socialist\", his views were influenced by his experience with people at the bottom of the social pit. His optimism and individualism faded, and he vowed never to do more hard physical work than necessary. He wrote that his individualism was hammered out of him, and he was politically reborn. He often closed his letters \"Yours for the Revolution.\"", "He often closed his letters \"Yours for the Revolution.\" London joined the Socialist Labor Party in April 1896. In the same year, the San Francisco Chronicle published a story about the twenty-year-old London's giving nightly speeches in Oakland's City Hall Park, an activity he was arrested for a year later. In 1901, he left the Socialist Labor Party and joined the new Socialist Party of America.", "In 1901, he left the Socialist Labor Party and joined the new Socialist Party of America. He ran unsuccessfully as the high-profile Socialist candidate for mayor of Oakland in 1901 (receiving 245 votes) and 1905 (improving to 981 votes), toured the country lecturing on socialism in 1906, and published two collections of essays about socialism: War of the Classes (1905) and Revolution, and other Essays (1906).", "He ran unsuccessfully as the high-profile Socialist candidate for mayor of Oakland in 1901 (receiving 245 votes) and 1905 (improving to 981 votes), toured the country lecturing on socialism in 1906, and published two collections of essays about socialism: War of the Classes (1905) and Revolution, and other Essays (1906). Stasz notes that \"London regarded the Wobblies as a welcome addition to the Socialist cause, although he never joined them in going so far as to recommend sabotage.\"", "Stasz notes that \"London regarded the Wobblies as a welcome addition to the Socialist cause, although he never joined them in going so far as to recommend sabotage.\" Stasz mentions a personal meeting between London and Big Bill Haywood in 1912. In his late (1913) book The Cruise of the Snark, London writes about appeals to him for membership of the Snarks crew from office workers and other \"toilers\" who longed for escape from the cities, and of being cheated by workmen.", "In his late (1913) book The Cruise of the Snark, London writes about appeals to him for membership of the Snarks crew from office workers and other \"toilers\" who longed for escape from the cities, and of being cheated by workmen. In his Glen Ellen ranch years, London felt some ambivalence toward socialism and complained about the \"inefficient Italian labourers\" in his employ.", "In his Glen Ellen ranch years, London felt some ambivalence toward socialism and complained about the \"inefficient Italian labourers\" in his employ. In 1916, he resigned from the Glen Ellen chapter of the Socialist Party, but stated emphatically he did so \"because of its lack of fire and fight, and its loss of emphasis on the class struggle.\"", "In 1916, he resigned from the Glen Ellen chapter of the Socialist Party, but stated emphatically he did so \"because of its lack of fire and fight, and its loss of emphasis on the class struggle.\" In an unflattering portrait of London's ranch days, California cultural historian Kevin Starr refers to this period as \"post-socialist\" and says \"... by 1911 ... London was more bored by the class struggle than he cared to admit.\"", "In an unflattering portrait of London's ranch days, California cultural historian Kevin Starr refers to this period as \"post-socialist\" and says \"... by 1911 ... London was more bored by the class struggle than he cared to admit.\" Race London shared common concerns among many European Americans in California about Asian immigration, described as \"the yellow peril\"; he used the latter term as the title of a 1904 essay.", "Race London shared common concerns among many European Americans in California about Asian immigration, described as \"the yellow peril\"; he used the latter term as the title of a 1904 essay. This theme was also the subject of a story he wrote in 1910 called \"The Unparalleled Invasion\".", "This theme was also the subject of a story he wrote in 1910 called \"The Unparalleled Invasion\". Presented as an historical essay set in the future, the story narrates events between 1976 and 1987, in which China, with an ever-increasing population, is taking over and colonizing its neighbors with the intention of taking over the entire Earth. The western nations respond with biological warfare and bombard China with dozens of the most infectious diseases.", "The western nations respond with biological warfare and bombard China with dozens of the most infectious diseases. On his fears about China, he admits, \"it must be taken into consideration that the above postulate is itself a product of Western race-egotism, urged by our belief in our own righteousness and fostered by a faith in ourselves which may be as erroneous as are most fond race fancies.\"", "On his fears about China, he admits, \"it must be taken into consideration that the above postulate is itself a product of Western race-egotism, urged by our belief in our own righteousness and fostered by a faith in ourselves which may be as erroneous as are most fond race fancies.\" By contrast, many of London's short stories are notable for their empathetic portrayal of Mexican (\"The Mexican\"), Asian (\"The Chinago\"), and Hawaiian (\"Koolau the Leper\") characters.", "By contrast, many of London's short stories are notable for their empathetic portrayal of Mexican (\"The Mexican\"), Asian (\"The Chinago\"), and Hawaiian (\"Koolau the Leper\") characters. London's war correspondence from the Russo-Japanese War, as well as his unfinished novel Cherry, show he admired much about Japanese customs and capabilities. London's writings have been popular among the Japanese, who believe he portrayed them positively.", "London's writings have been popular among the Japanese, who believe he portrayed them positively. In \"Koolau the Leper\", London describes Koolau, who is a Hawaiian leper—and thus a very different sort of \"superman\" than Martin Eden—and who fights off an entire cavalry troop to elude capture, as \"indomitable spiritually—a ... magnificent rebel\". This character is based on Hawaiian leper Kaluaikoolau, who in 1893 revolted and resisted capture from forces of the Provisional Government of Hawaii in the Kalalau Valley.", "This character is based on Hawaiian leper Kaluaikoolau, who in 1893 revolted and resisted capture from forces of the Provisional Government of Hawaii in the Kalalau Valley. Those who defend London against charges of racism cite the letter he wrote to the Japanese-American Commercial Weekly in 1913: In 1996, after the City of Whitehorse, Yukon, renamed a street in honor of London, protests over London's alleged racism forced the city to change the name of \"Jack London Boulevard\" back to \"Two-mile Hill\".", "Those who defend London against charges of racism cite the letter he wrote to the Japanese-American Commercial Weekly in 1913: In 1996, after the City of Whitehorse, Yukon, renamed a street in honor of London, protests over London's alleged racism forced the city to change the name of \"Jack London Boulevard\" back to \"Two-mile Hill\". Shortly after boxer Jack Johnson was crowned the first black world heavyweight champ in 1908, London pleaded for a \"great white hope\" to come forward to defeat Johnson, writing: \"Jim Jeffries must now emerge from his Alfalfa farm and remove that golden smile from Jack Johnson's face.", "Shortly after boxer Jack Johnson was crowned the first black world heavyweight champ in 1908, London pleaded for a \"great white hope\" to come forward to defeat Johnson, writing: \"Jim Jeffries must now emerge from his Alfalfa farm and remove that golden smile from Jack Johnson's face. Jeff, it's up to you. The White Man must be rescued.\" Eugenics With other modernist writers of the day, London supported eugenics.", "Eugenics With other modernist writers of the day, London supported eugenics. The notion of \"good breeding\" complimented the Progressive era scientism, the belief that humans assort along a hierarchy by race, religion, and ethnicity. The Progressive Era catalog of inferiority offered basis for threats to American Anglo-Saxon racial integrity. London wrote to Frederick H. Robinson of the periodical Medical Review of Reviews, stating, \"I believe the future belongs to eugenics, and will be determined by the practice of eugenics.\"", "London wrote to Frederick H. Robinson of the periodical Medical Review of Reviews, stating, \"I believe the future belongs to eugenics, and will be determined by the practice of eugenics.\" Although this led some to argue for forced sterilization of criminals or those deemed feeble-minded., London did not express this extreme. His short story \"Told in the Drooling Ward\" is from the viewpoint of a surprisingly astute \"feebled-minded\" person. Hensley argues that London's novel Before Adam (1906–07) reveals pro-eugenic themes.", "Hensley argues that London's novel Before Adam (1906–07) reveals pro-eugenic themes. London advised his collaborator Anna Strunsky during preparation of The Kempton-Wace Letters that he would take the role of eugenics in mating, while she would argue on behalf of romantic love. (Love won the argument.) The Valley of the Moon emphasizes the theme of \"real Americans,\" the Anglo Saxon, yet in Little Lady of the Big House, London is more nuanced.", "The Valley of the Moon emphasizes the theme of \"real Americans,\" the Anglo Saxon, yet in Little Lady of the Big House, London is more nuanced. The protagonist's argument is not that all white men are superior, but that there are more superior ones among whites than in other races. By encouraging the best in any race to mate will improve its population qualities. Living in Hawaii challenged his orthodoxy.", "Living in Hawaii challenged his orthodoxy. Living in Hawaii challenged his orthodoxy. In \"My Hawaiian Aloha,\" London noted the liberal intermarrying of races, concluding how \"little Hawaii, with its hotch potch races, is making a better demonstration than the United States.\" Works Short stories Western writer and historian Dale L. Walker writes: London's \"strength of utterance\" is at its height in his stories, and they are painstakingly well-constructed. \"To Build a Fire\" is the best known of all his stories.", "\"To Build a Fire\" is the best known of all his stories. Set in the harsh Klondike, it recounts the haphazard trek of a new arrival who has ignored an old-timer's warning about the risks of traveling alone. Falling through the ice into a creek in seventy-five-below weather, the unnamed man is keenly aware that survival depends on his untested skills at quickly building a fire to dry his clothes and warm his extremities.", "Falling through the ice into a creek in seventy-five-below weather, the unnamed man is keenly aware that survival depends on his untested skills at quickly building a fire to dry his clothes and warm his extremities. After publishing a tame version of this story—with a sunny outcome—in The Youth's Companion in 1902, London offered a second, more severe take on the man's predicament in The Century Magazine in 1908. Reading both provides an illustration of London's growth and maturation as a writer.", "Reading both provides an illustration of London's growth and maturation as a writer. As Labor (1994) observes: \"To compare the two versions is itself an instructive lesson in what distinguished a great work of literary art from a good children's story.\"", "As Labor (1994) observes: \"To compare the two versions is itself an instructive lesson in what distinguished a great work of literary art from a good children's story.\" Other stories from the Klondike period include: \"All Gold Canyon\", about a battle between a gold prospector and a claim jumper; \"The Law of Life\", about an aging American Indian man abandoned by his tribe and left to die; \"Love of Life\", about a trek by a prospector across the Canadian tundra; \"To the Man on Trail,\" which tells the story of a prospector fleeing the Mounted Police in a sled race, and raises the question of the contrast between written law and morality; and \"An Odyssey of the North,\" which raises questions of conditional morality, and paints a sympathetic portrait of a man of mixed White and Aleut ancestry.", "Other stories from the Klondike period include: \"All Gold Canyon\", about a battle between a gold prospector and a claim jumper; \"The Law of Life\", about an aging American Indian man abandoned by his tribe and left to die; \"Love of Life\", about a trek by a prospector across the Canadian tundra; \"To the Man on Trail,\" which tells the story of a prospector fleeing the Mounted Police in a sled race, and raises the question of the contrast between written law and morality; and \"An Odyssey of the North,\" which raises questions of conditional morality, and paints a sympathetic portrait of a man of mixed White and Aleut ancestry. London was a boxing fan and an avid amateur boxer.", "London was a boxing fan and an avid amateur boxer. \"A Piece of Steak\" is a tale about a match between older and younger boxers. It contrasts the differing experiences of youth and age but also raises the social question of the treatment of aging workers. \"The Mexican\" combines boxing with a social theme, as a young Mexican endures an unfair fight and ethnic prejudice to earn money with which to aid the revolution. Several of London's stories would today be classified as science fiction.", "Several of London's stories would today be classified as science fiction. \"The Unparalleled Invasion\" describes germ warfare against China; \"Goliath\" is about an irresistible energy weapon; \"The Shadow and the Flash\" is a tale about two brothers who take different routes to achieving invisibility; \"A Relic of the Pliocene\" is a tall tale about an encounter of a modern-day man with a mammoth.", "\"The Unparalleled Invasion\" describes germ warfare against China; \"Goliath\" is about an irresistible energy weapon; \"The Shadow and the Flash\" is a tale about two brothers who take different routes to achieving invisibility; \"A Relic of the Pliocene\" is a tall tale about an encounter of a modern-day man with a mammoth. \"The Red One\" is a late story from a period when London was intrigued by the theories of the psychiatrist and writer Jung.", "\"The Red One\" is a late story from a period when London was intrigued by the theories of the psychiatrist and writer Jung. It tells of an island tribe held in thrall by an extraterrestrial object. Some nineteen original collections of short stories were published during London's brief life or shortly after his death. There have been several posthumous anthologies drawn from this pool of stories. Many of these stories were located in the Klondike and the Pacific.", "Many of these stories were located in the Klondike and the Pacific. A collection of Jack London's San Francisco Stories was published in October 2010 by Sydney Samizdat Press. Novels London's most famous novels are The Call of the Wild, White Fang, The Sea-Wolf, The Iron Heel, and Martin Eden. In a letter dated December 27, 1901, London's Macmillan publisher George Platt Brett, Sr., said \"he believed Jack's fiction represented 'the very best kind of work' done in America.\"", "In a letter dated December 27, 1901, London's Macmillan publisher George Platt Brett, Sr., said \"he believed Jack's fiction represented 'the very best kind of work' done in America.\" Critic Maxwell Geismar called The Call of the Wild \"a beautiful prose poem\"; editor Franklin Walker said that it \"belongs on a shelf with Walden and Huckleberry Finn\"; and novelist E.L. Doctorow called it \"a mordant parable ... his masterpiece.\"", "Critic Maxwell Geismar called The Call of the Wild \"a beautiful prose poem\"; editor Franklin Walker said that it \"belongs on a shelf with Walden and Huckleberry Finn\"; and novelist E.L. Doctorow called it \"a mordant parable ... his masterpiece.\" The historian Dale L. Walker commented: Some critics have said that his novels are episodic and resemble linked short stories.", "The historian Dale L. Walker commented: Some critics have said that his novels are episodic and resemble linked short stories. Dale L. Walker writes: Ambrose Bierce said of The Sea-Wolf that \"the great thing—and it is among the greatest of things—is that tremendous creation, Wolf Larsen ... the hewing out and setting up of such a figure is enough for a man to do in one lifetime.\" However, he noted, \"The love element, with its absurd suppressions, and impossible proprieties, is awful.\"", "However, he noted, \"The love element, with its absurd suppressions, and impossible proprieties, is awful.\" The Iron Heel is an example of a dystopian novel that anticipates and influenced George Orwell's Nineteen Eighty-Four. London's socialist politics are explicitly on display here. The Iron Heel meets the contemporary definition of soft science fiction. The Star Rover (1915) is also science fiction.", "The Star Rover (1915) is also science fiction. Apocrypha Jack London Credo London's literary executor, Irving Shepard, quoted a Jack London Credo in an introduction to a 1956 collection of London stories: I would rather be ashes than dust! I would rather that my spark should burn out in a brilliant blaze than it should be stifled by dry-rot. I would rather be a superb meteor, every atom of me in magnificent glow, than a sleepy and permanent planet.", "I would rather be a superb meteor, every atom of me in magnificent glow, than a sleepy and permanent planet. The function of man is to live, not to exist. I shall not waste my days in trying to prolong them. I shall use my time. The biographer Stasz notes that the passage \"has many marks of London's style\" but the only line that could be safely attributed to London was the first.", "The biographer Stasz notes that the passage \"has many marks of London's style\" but the only line that could be safely attributed to London was the first. The words Shepard quoted were from a story in the San Francisco Bulletin, December 2, 1916, by journalist Ernest J. Hopkins, who visited the ranch just weeks before London's death. Stasz notes, \"Even more so than today journalists' quotes were unreliable or even sheer inventions,\" and says no direct source in London's writings has been found.", "Stasz notes, \"Even more so than today journalists' quotes were unreliable or even sheer inventions,\" and says no direct source in London's writings has been found. However, at least one line, according to Stasz, is authentic, being referenced by London and written in his own hand in the autograph book of Australian suffragette Vida Goldstein: Dear Miss Goldstein:– Seven years ago I wrote you that I'd rather be ashes than dust. I still subscribe to that sentiment.", "I still subscribe to that sentiment. I still subscribe to that sentiment. Sincerely yours, Jack London Jan. 13, 1909 In his short story \"By The Turtles of Tasman\", a character, defending her \"ne'er-do-well grasshopperish father\" to her \"antlike uncle\", says: \"... my father has been a king. He has lived .... Have you lived merely to live? Are you afraid to die?", "Are you afraid to die? Are you afraid to die? I'd rather sing one wild song and burst my heart with it, than live a thousand years watching my digestion and being afraid of the wet. When you are dust, my father will be ashes.\" \"The Scab\" A short diatribe on \"The Scab\" is often quoted within the U.S. labor movement and frequently attributed to London.", "\"The Scab\" A short diatribe on \"The Scab\" is often quoted within the U.S. labor movement and frequently attributed to London. It opens: In 1913 and 1914, a number of newspapers printed the first three sentences with varying terms used instead of \"scab\", such as \"knocker\",\"The Food for Your Think Tank\", The Macon Daily Telegraph, August 23, 1914, p. 3 \"stool pigeon\" or \"scandal monger\".", "It opens: In 1913 and 1914, a number of newspapers printed the first three sentences with varying terms used instead of \"scab\", such as \"knocker\",\"The Food for Your Think Tank\", The Macon Daily Telegraph, August 23, 1914, p. 3 \"stool pigeon\" or \"scandal monger\". This passage as given above was the subject of a 1974 Supreme Court case, Letter Carriers v. Austin, in which Justice Thurgood Marshall referred to it as \"a well-known piece of trade union literature, generally attributed to author Jack London\".", "This passage as given above was the subject of a 1974 Supreme Court case, Letter Carriers v. Austin, in which Justice Thurgood Marshall referred to it as \"a well-known piece of trade union literature, generally attributed to author Jack London\". A union newsletter had published a \"list of scabs,\" which was granted to be factual and therefore not libelous, but then went on to quote the passage as the \"definition of a scab\".", "A union newsletter had published a \"list of scabs,\" which was granted to be factual and therefore not libelous, but then went on to quote the passage as the \"definition of a scab\". The case turned on the question of whether the \"definition\" was defamatory.", "The case turned on the question of whether the \"definition\" was defamatory. The court ruled that \"Jack London's... 'definition of a scab' is merely rhetorical hyperbole, a lusty and imaginative expression of the contempt felt by union members towards those who refuse to join\", and as such was not libelous and was protected under the First Amendment. Despite being frequently attributed to London, the passage does not appear at all in the extensive collection of his writings at Sonoma State University's website.", "Despite being frequently attributed to London, the passage does not appear at all in the extensive collection of his writings at Sonoma State University's website. However, in his book War of the Classes he published a 1903 speech titled \"The Scab\", which gave a much more balanced view of the topic: Publications Source unless otherwise specified: Novels The Cruise of the Dazzler (1902) A Daughter of the Snows (1902) The Call of the Wild (1903) The Kempton-Wace Letters (1903) (published anonymously, co-authored with Anna Strunsky) The Sea-Wolf (1904) The Game (1905) White Fang (1906) Before Adam (1907) The Iron Heel (1908) Martin Eden (1909) Burning Daylight (1910) Adventure (1911) The Scarlet Plague (1912) A Son of the Sun (1912) The Abysmal Brute (1913) The Valley of the Moon (1913) The Mutiny of the Elsinore (1914) The Star Rover (1915) (published in England as The Jacket) The Little Lady of the Big House (1916) Jerry of the Islands (1917) Michael, Brother of Jerry (1917) Hearts of Three (1920) (novelization of a script by Charles Goddard) The Assassination Bureau, Ltd (1963) (left half-finished, completed by Robert L. Fish) Short story collections Son of the Wolf (1900) Chris Farrington, Able Seaman (1901) The God of His Fathers & Other Stories (1901) Children of the Frost (1902) The Faith of Men and Other Stories (1904) Tales of the Fish Patrol (1906) Moon-Face and Other Stories (1906) Love of Life and Other Stories (1907) Lost Face (1910) South Sea Tales (1911) When God Laughs and Other Stories (1911) The House of Pride & Other Tales of Hawaii (1912) Smoke Bellew (1912) A Son of the Sun (1912) The Night Born (1913) The Strength of the Strong (1914) The Turtles of Tasman (1916) The Human Drift (1917) The Red One (1918) On the Makaloa Mat (1919) Dutch Courage and Other Stories (1922) Autobiographical memoirs The Road (1907) The Cruise of the Snark (1911) John Barleycorn (1913) Non-fiction and essays Through the Rapids on the Way to the Klondike (1899) From Dawson to the Sea (1899) What Communities Lose by the Competitive System (1900) The Impossibility of War (1900) Phenomena of Literary Evolution (1900) A Letter to Houghton Mifflin Co. (1900) Husky, Wolf Dog of the North (1900) Editorial Crimes – A Protest (1901) Again the Literary Aspirant (1902) The People of the Abyss (1903) How I Became a Socialist (1903) War of the Classes (1905) The Story of an Eyewitness (1906) A Letter to Woman's Home Companion (1906) \"The Lepers of Molokai\" in Woman's Home Companion (1908) \"The Nature Man\" in Woman's Home Companion (1908) \"The High Seat of Abundance\" in Woman's Home Companion (1908) Revolution, and other Essays (1910) Mexico's Army and Ours (1914) Lawgivers (1914) Our Adventures in Tampico (1914) Stalking the Pestilence (1914) The Red Game of War (1914) The Trouble Makers of Mexico (1914) With Funston's Men (1914) Plays Theft (1910) Daughters of the Rich: A One Act Play (1915) The Acorn Planter: A California Forest Play (1916) Poetry A Heart (1899) Abalone Song (1913) And Some Night (1914) Ballade of the False Lover (1914) Cupid's Deal (1913) Daybreak (1901) Effusion (1901) George Sterling (1913) Gold (1915) He Chortled with Glee (1899) He Never Tried Again (1912) His Trip to Hades (1913) Homeland (1914) Hors de Saison (1913) If I Were God (1899) In a Year (1901) In and Out (1911) Je Vis en Espoir (1897) Memory (1913) Moods (1913) My Confession (1912) My Little Palmist (1914) Of Man of the Future (1915) Oh You Everybody's Girl (19) On the Face of the Earth You are the One (1915) Rainbows End (1914) Republican Rallying Song (1916) Sonnet (1901) The Gift of God (1905) The Klondyker's Dream (1914) The Lover's Liturgy (1913) The Mammon Worshippers (1911) The Republican Battle-Hymn (1905) The Return of Ulysses (1915) The Sea Sprite and the Shooting Star (1916) The Socialist's Dream (1912) The Song of the Flames (1903) The Way of War (1906) The Worker and the Tramp (1911) Tick!", "However, in his book War of the Classes he published a 1903 speech titled \"The Scab\", which gave a much more balanced view of the topic: Publications Source unless otherwise specified: Novels The Cruise of the Dazzler (1902) A Daughter of the Snows (1902) The Call of the Wild (1903) The Kempton-Wace Letters (1903) (published anonymously, co-authored with Anna Strunsky) The Sea-Wolf (1904) The Game (1905) White Fang (1906) Before Adam (1907) The Iron Heel (1908) Martin Eden (1909) Burning Daylight (1910) Adventure (1911) The Scarlet Plague (1912) A Son of the Sun (1912) The Abysmal Brute (1913) The Valley of the Moon (1913) The Mutiny of the Elsinore (1914) The Star Rover (1915) (published in England as The Jacket) The Little Lady of the Big House (1916) Jerry of the Islands (1917) Michael, Brother of Jerry (1917) Hearts of Three (1920) (novelization of a script by Charles Goddard) The Assassination Bureau, Ltd (1963) (left half-finished, completed by Robert L. Fish) Short story collections Son of the Wolf (1900) Chris Farrington, Able Seaman (1901) The God of His Fathers & Other Stories (1901) Children of the Frost (1902) The Faith of Men and Other Stories (1904) Tales of the Fish Patrol (1906) Moon-Face and Other Stories (1906) Love of Life and Other Stories (1907) Lost Face (1910) South Sea Tales (1911) When God Laughs and Other Stories (1911) The House of Pride & Other Tales of Hawaii (1912) Smoke Bellew (1912) A Son of the Sun (1912) The Night Born (1913) The Strength of the Strong (1914) The Turtles of Tasman (1916) The Human Drift (1917) The Red One (1918) On the Makaloa Mat (1919) Dutch Courage and Other Stories (1922) Autobiographical memoirs The Road (1907) The Cruise of the Snark (1911) John Barleycorn (1913) Non-fiction and essays Through the Rapids on the Way to the Klondike (1899) From Dawson to the Sea (1899) What Communities Lose by the Competitive System (1900) The Impossibility of War (1900) Phenomena of Literary Evolution (1900) A Letter to Houghton Mifflin Co. (1900) Husky, Wolf Dog of the North (1900) Editorial Crimes – A Protest (1901) Again the Literary Aspirant (1902) The People of the Abyss (1903) How I Became a Socialist (1903) War of the Classes (1905) The Story of an Eyewitness (1906) A Letter to Woman's Home Companion (1906) \"The Lepers of Molokai\" in Woman's Home Companion (1908) \"The Nature Man\" in Woman's Home Companion (1908) \"The High Seat of Abundance\" in Woman's Home Companion (1908) Revolution, and other Essays (1910) Mexico's Army and Ours (1914) Lawgivers (1914) Our Adventures in Tampico (1914) Stalking the Pestilence (1914) The Red Game of War (1914) The Trouble Makers of Mexico (1914) With Funston's Men (1914) Plays Theft (1910) Daughters of the Rich: A One Act Play (1915) The Acorn Planter: A California Forest Play (1916) Poetry A Heart (1899) Abalone Song (1913) And Some Night (1914) Ballade of the False Lover (1914) Cupid's Deal (1913) Daybreak (1901) Effusion (1901) George Sterling (1913) Gold (1915) He Chortled with Glee (1899) He Never Tried Again (1912) His Trip to Hades (1913) Homeland (1914) Hors de Saison (1913) If I Were God (1899) In a Year (1901) In and Out (1911) Je Vis en Espoir (1897) Memory (1913) Moods (1913) My Confession (1912) My Little Palmist (1914) Of Man of the Future (1915) Oh You Everybody's Girl (19) On the Face of the Earth You are the One (1915) Rainbows End (1914) Republican Rallying Song (1916) Sonnet (1901) The Gift of God (1905) The Klondyker's Dream (1914) The Lover's Liturgy (1913) The Mammon Worshippers (1911) The Republican Battle-Hymn (1905) The Return of Ulysses (1915) The Sea Sprite and the Shooting Star (1916) The Socialist's Dream (1912) The Song of the Flames (1903) The Way of War (1906) The Worker and the Tramp (1911) Tick! Tick!", "Tick! Tick! Tick!", "Tick! Tick! Tick! (1915) Too Late (1912) Weasel Thieves (1913) When All the World Shouted my Name (1905) Where the Rainbow Fell (1902) Your Kiss (1914) Short stories \"Typhoon off the Coast of Japan\" (November 12, 1893) \" 'Frisco Kid's' Story\" (February 15, 1895) \"Sakaicho, Hona Asi and Hakadaki\" (April 19, 1895) \"Night's Swim In Yeddo Bay\" (May 27, 1895) \"Who Believes in Ghosts!\"", "(1915) Too Late (1912) Weasel Thieves (1913) When All the World Shouted my Name (1905) Where the Rainbow Fell (1902) Your Kiss (1914) Short stories \"Typhoon off the Coast of Japan\" (November 12, 1893) \" 'Frisco Kid's' Story\" (February 15, 1895) \"Sakaicho, Hona Asi and Hakadaki\" (April 19, 1895) \"Night's Swim In Yeddo Bay\" (May 27, 1895) \"Who Believes in Ghosts!\" (October 21, 1895) \"And 'Frisco Kid Came Back\" (November 4, 1895) \"One More Unfortunate\" (December 18, 1895) \"O Haru\" (1993; written in April 1897) \"The Mahatma's Little Joke\" (1993; written in May 1897) \"The Strange Experience of a Misogynist\" (1993; written between May and September 1897), originally titled \"The Misogynist\" \"Two Gold Bricks\" (September 1897) \"The Plague Ship\" (1993; written between September and December 1897) \"The Devil’s Dice Box\" (December 1976; written in September 1898) \"The Test: A Clondyke Wooing\" (1983; written in September 1898) \"A Klondike Christmas\" (1983; written in November 1898) \"A Dream Image\" (1898) \"To the Man on Trail: A Klondike Christmas\" (January 1899) \"The White Silence\" (February 1899) \"The Son of the Wolf\" (April 1899) \"The Men of Forty-Mile\" (May 1899) \"A Thousand Deaths\" (May 1899) \"An Old Soldier's Story\" (May 20, 1899) \"In a Far Country\" (June 1899) \"The Priestly Prerogative\" (July 1899) \"The Handsome Cabin Boy\" (July 1899) \"The Wife of a King\" (August 1899) \"In the Time of Prince Charley\" (September 1899) \"Old Baldy\" (September 16, 1899) \"The Grilling of Loren Ellery\" (September 24, 1899) \"The Rejuvenation of Major Rathbone\" (November 1899) \"The King of Mazy May\" (November 30, 1899) \"The Wisdom of the Trail\" (December 1899) \"A Daughter of the Aurora\" (December 24, 1899) \"Pluck and Pertinacity\" (1899) \"An Odyssey of the North\" (January 1900) \"A Lesson in Heraldry\" (March 1900) \"The End of the Chapter\" (June 9, 1900) \"Uri Bram's God\" (June 24, 1900) \"Even unto Death\" (July 28, 1900) \"Grit of Women\" (August 1900) \"Jan the Unrepentant\" (August 1900) \"The Man with the Gash\" (September 1900) \"Their Alcove\" (September 1900) \"Housekeeping in the Klondike\" (September 16, 1900) \"The Proper 'Girlie' \" (October 1900) \"Thanksgiving on Slav Creek\" (November 24, 1900) \"Where the Trail Forks\" (December 1900) \"The Great Interrogation\" (December 1900) \"Semper Idem\" (December 1900) \"A Northland Miracle\" (November 4, 1926; written in 1900) \"Dutch Courage\" (November 29, 1900) \"A Relic of the Pliocene\" (January 12, 1901) \"The Law of Life\" (March 1901) \"Siwash\" (March 1901) \"The Lost Poacher\" (March 14, 1901) \"At the Rainbow's End\" (March 24, 1901) \"The God of His Fathers\" (May 1901) \"The Scorn of Woman\" (May 1901) \"The Minions of Midas\" (May 1901) \"Chris Farrington: Able Seaman\" (May 23, 1901) \"A Hyperborean Brew\" (July 1901) \"Bald Face\" (September 6, 1901) \"Keesh, Son of Keesh\" (January 1902) \"An Adventure in the Upper Sea\" (May 1902) \"To Build a Fire\" (May 29, 1902, revised August 1908) \"Diable --- A Dog\" (June 1902), renamed Bâtard in 1904 \"To Repel Boarders\" (June 1902) \"The ‘Fuzziness' of Hoockla-Heen\" (July 3, 1902) \"Moon-Face\" (July 21, 1902) \"Nam-Bok, the Liar\" (August 1902) \"Li Wan the Fair\" (August 1902) \"The Master of Mystery\" (September 1902) \"In the Forests of the North\" (September 1902) \"The Sunlanders\" (September 1902) \"The Death of Ligoun\" (September 1902) \"The Story of Jees Uck\" (September 1902) \"The Sickness of Lone Chief\" (October 1902) \"The League of the Old Men\" (October 4, 1902) \"Lost Face\" (1902) \"Master of Mystery\" (1902) \"In Yeddo Bay\" (February 1903) \"The One Thousand Dozen\" (March 1903) \"The Shadow and the Flash\" (June 1903) “The Faith of Men\" (June 1903) \"The Leopard Man's Story\" (August 1903) \"The Marriage of Lit-Lit\" (September 1903) \"Local Color\" (October 1903) \"Too Much Gold\" (December 1903) \"Amateur Night\" (December 1903) \"The Dominant Primordial Beast\" (1903) \"Keesh, The Bear Hunter\" (January 1904); often reprinted as \"The Story of Keesh\" \"The Banks of the Sacramento\" (March 17, 1904) \"White and Yellow\" (February 16, 1905) \"The King of the Greeks\" (March 2, 1905) \"A Raid on the Oyster Pirates\" (March 16, 1905) \"The Siege of the 'Lancashire Queen' ” (March 30, 1905) \"Charley's Coup” (April 13, 1905) \"Demetrios Contos” (April 27, 1905) \"Yellow Handkerchief” (May 11, 1905) \"All Gold Cañon\" (November 1905) \"Love of Life\" (December 1905) \"The Sun-Dog Trail\" (December 1905) \"A Nose for the King\" (March 1906) \"Planchette\" (June 1906) \"The Unexpected\" (August 1906) \"Brown Wolf\" (August 1906) \"The Apostate\" (September 1906) \"Up the Slide\" (October 25, 1906) \"A Wicked Woman\" (November 1906) \"The White Man's Way\" (November 4, 1906) \"The Wit of Porportuk\" (December 1906) \"When God Laughs\" (January 1907) \"Just Meat\" (March 1907) \"Created He Them\" (April 1907) \"Morganson's Finish\" (May 1907) \"A Day's Lodging\" (May 25, 1907) \"Negore the Coward\" (September 1907) \"Chased by the Trail\" (September 26, 1907) \"The Passing of Marcus O'Brien\" (January 1908) \"Trust\" (January 1908) \"That Spot\" (February 1908) \"Flush of Gold\" (April 1908) \"Make Westing\" (April 1908) \"The Enemy of All the World\" (October 1908) \"Aloha Oe\" (December 1908) \"A Curious Fragment\" (December 10, 1908) \"The Dream of Debs\" (January 1909) \"The House of Mapuhi\" (January 1909) \"The Seed of McCoy\" (April 1909) \"The Madness of John Harned\" (May 1909) \"South of the Slot\" (May 22, 1909) \"Good-by, Jack\" (June 1909) \"The Chinago\" (June 26, 1909) \"The Sheriff of Kona\" (August 1909) \"The Heathen\" (September 1909) \"A Piece of Steak\" (November 20, 1909) \"Koolau the Leper\" (December 1909) \"Mauki\" (December 1909) “The Mission of John Starhurst” (December 29, 1909); reprinted as \"The Whale Tooth\" \"Samuel\" (1909) \"Chun An Chun\" (Spring 1910) \"The Terrible Solomons\" (March 1910) \"The Inevitable White Man\" (May 14, 1910) \"The Unparalleled Invasion\" (July 1910) \"Winged Blackmail\" (September 1910) \"When the World was Young\" (September 10, 1910) \"The Benefit of the Doubt\" (November 12, 1910) \"Under the Deck Awnings\" (November 19, 1910) \"Yah!", "(October 21, 1895) \"And 'Frisco Kid Came Back\" (November 4, 1895) \"One More Unfortunate\" (December 18, 1895) \"O Haru\" (1993; written in April 1897) \"The Mahatma's Little Joke\" (1993; written in May 1897) \"The Strange Experience of a Misogynist\" (1993; written between May and September 1897), originally titled \"The Misogynist\" \"Two Gold Bricks\" (September 1897) \"The Plague Ship\" (1993; written between September and December 1897) \"The Devil’s Dice Box\" (December 1976; written in September 1898) \"The Test: A Clondyke Wooing\" (1983; written in September 1898) \"A Klondike Christmas\" (1983; written in November 1898) \"A Dream Image\" (1898) \"To the Man on Trail: A Klondike Christmas\" (January 1899) \"The White Silence\" (February 1899) \"The Son of the Wolf\" (April 1899) \"The Men of Forty-Mile\" (May 1899) \"A Thousand Deaths\" (May 1899) \"An Old Soldier's Story\" (May 20, 1899) \"In a Far Country\" (June 1899) \"The Priestly Prerogative\" (July 1899) \"The Handsome Cabin Boy\" (July 1899) \"The Wife of a King\" (August 1899) \"In the Time of Prince Charley\" (September 1899) \"Old Baldy\" (September 16, 1899) \"The Grilling of Loren Ellery\" (September 24, 1899) \"The Rejuvenation of Major Rathbone\" (November 1899) \"The King of Mazy May\" (November 30, 1899) \"The Wisdom of the Trail\" (December 1899) \"A Daughter of the Aurora\" (December 24, 1899) \"Pluck and Pertinacity\" (1899) \"An Odyssey of the North\" (January 1900) \"A Lesson in Heraldry\" (March 1900) \"The End of the Chapter\" (June 9, 1900) \"Uri Bram's God\" (June 24, 1900) \"Even unto Death\" (July 28, 1900) \"Grit of Women\" (August 1900) \"Jan the Unrepentant\" (August 1900) \"The Man with the Gash\" (September 1900) \"Their Alcove\" (September 1900) \"Housekeeping in the Klondike\" (September 16, 1900) \"The Proper 'Girlie' \" (October 1900) \"Thanksgiving on Slav Creek\" (November 24, 1900) \"Where the Trail Forks\" (December 1900) \"The Great Interrogation\" (December 1900) \"Semper Idem\" (December 1900) \"A Northland Miracle\" (November 4, 1926; written in 1900) \"Dutch Courage\" (November 29, 1900) \"A Relic of the Pliocene\" (January 12, 1901) \"The Law of Life\" (March 1901) \"Siwash\" (March 1901) \"The Lost Poacher\" (March 14, 1901) \"At the Rainbow's End\" (March 24, 1901) \"The God of His Fathers\" (May 1901) \"The Scorn of Woman\" (May 1901) \"The Minions of Midas\" (May 1901) \"Chris Farrington: Able Seaman\" (May 23, 1901) \"A Hyperborean Brew\" (July 1901) \"Bald Face\" (September 6, 1901) \"Keesh, Son of Keesh\" (January 1902) \"An Adventure in the Upper Sea\" (May 1902) \"To Build a Fire\" (May 29, 1902, revised August 1908) \"Diable --- A Dog\" (June 1902), renamed Bâtard in 1904 \"To Repel Boarders\" (June 1902) \"The ‘Fuzziness' of Hoockla-Heen\" (July 3, 1902) \"Moon-Face\" (July 21, 1902) \"Nam-Bok, the Liar\" (August 1902) \"Li Wan the Fair\" (August 1902) \"The Master of Mystery\" (September 1902) \"In the Forests of the North\" (September 1902) \"The Sunlanders\" (September 1902) \"The Death of Ligoun\" (September 1902) \"The Story of Jees Uck\" (September 1902) \"The Sickness of Lone Chief\" (October 1902) \"The League of the Old Men\" (October 4, 1902) \"Lost Face\" (1902) \"Master of Mystery\" (1902) \"In Yeddo Bay\" (February 1903) \"The One Thousand Dozen\" (March 1903) \"The Shadow and the Flash\" (June 1903) “The Faith of Men\" (June 1903) \"The Leopard Man's Story\" (August 1903) \"The Marriage of Lit-Lit\" (September 1903) \"Local Color\" (October 1903) \"Too Much Gold\" (December 1903) \"Amateur Night\" (December 1903) \"The Dominant Primordial Beast\" (1903) \"Keesh, The Bear Hunter\" (January 1904); often reprinted as \"The Story of Keesh\" \"The Banks of the Sacramento\" (March 17, 1904) \"White and Yellow\" (February 16, 1905) \"The King of the Greeks\" (March 2, 1905) \"A Raid on the Oyster Pirates\" (March 16, 1905) \"The Siege of the 'Lancashire Queen' ” (March 30, 1905) \"Charley's Coup” (April 13, 1905) \"Demetrios Contos” (April 27, 1905) \"Yellow Handkerchief” (May 11, 1905) \"All Gold Cañon\" (November 1905) \"Love of Life\" (December 1905) \"The Sun-Dog Trail\" (December 1905) \"A Nose for the King\" (March 1906) \"Planchette\" (June 1906) \"The Unexpected\" (August 1906) \"Brown Wolf\" (August 1906) \"The Apostate\" (September 1906) \"Up the Slide\" (October 25, 1906) \"A Wicked Woman\" (November 1906) \"The White Man's Way\" (November 4, 1906) \"The Wit of Porportuk\" (December 1906) \"When God Laughs\" (January 1907) \"Just Meat\" (March 1907) \"Created He Them\" (April 1907) \"Morganson's Finish\" (May 1907) \"A Day's Lodging\" (May 25, 1907) \"Negore the Coward\" (September 1907) \"Chased by the Trail\" (September 26, 1907) \"The Passing of Marcus O'Brien\" (January 1908) \"Trust\" (January 1908) \"That Spot\" (February 1908) \"Flush of Gold\" (April 1908) \"Make Westing\" (April 1908) \"The Enemy of All the World\" (October 1908) \"Aloha Oe\" (December 1908) \"A Curious Fragment\" (December 10, 1908) \"The Dream of Debs\" (January 1909) \"The House of Mapuhi\" (January 1909) \"The Seed of McCoy\" (April 1909) \"The Madness of John Harned\" (May 1909) \"South of the Slot\" (May 22, 1909) \"Good-by, Jack\" (June 1909) \"The Chinago\" (June 26, 1909) \"The Sheriff of Kona\" (August 1909) \"The Heathen\" (September 1909) \"A Piece of Steak\" (November 20, 1909) \"Koolau the Leper\" (December 1909) \"Mauki\" (December 1909) “The Mission of John Starhurst” (December 29, 1909); reprinted as \"The Whale Tooth\" \"Samuel\" (1909) \"Chun An Chun\" (Spring 1910) \"The Terrible Solomons\" (March 1910) \"The Inevitable White Man\" (May 14, 1910) \"The Unparalleled Invasion\" (July 1910) \"Winged Blackmail\" (September 1910) \"When the World was Young\" (September 10, 1910) \"The Benefit of the Doubt\" (November 12, 1910) \"Under the Deck Awnings\" (November 19, 1910) \"Yah! Yah!", "Yah! Yah! Yah!\"", "Yah! Yah!\" Yah!\" (December 1910) \"The House of Pride\" (December 1910) \"To Kill a Man\" (December 10, 1910) \"Bunches of Knuckles\" (December 18, 1910) \"Goliath\" (1910) \"The 'Francis Spaight' \" (January 1911) \"The Hobo and the Fairy\" (February 11, 1911) \"The Strength of the Strong\" (March 1911) \"The Eternity of Forms\" (March 1911) \"A Son of the Sun\" (May 27.", "(December 1910) \"The House of Pride\" (December 1910) \"To Kill a Man\" (December 10, 1910) \"Bunches of Knuckles\" (December 18, 1910) \"Goliath\" (1910) \"The 'Francis Spaight' \" (January 1911) \"The Hobo and the Fairy\" (February 11, 1911) \"The Strength of the Strong\" (March 1911) \"The Eternity of Forms\" (March 1911) \"A Son of the Sun\" (May 27. 1911) \"The Taste of the Meat\" (June 1911) “The Proud Goat of Aloysius Pankburn\" (June 24, 1911) \"The Meat\" (July 1911) “The Night Born\" (July 1911) \"War\" (July 29, 1911) \"The Goat Man of Fuatino\" (July 20, 1911) “The Stampede to Squaw Creek\" (August 1911) \"The Mexican\" (August 19, 1911) \"Shorty Dreams\" (September 1911) \"A Little Account with Swithin Hall\" (September 2, 1911) \"A Goboto Night\" (September 30, 1911) \"The Man on the Other Bank\" (October 1911) \"The Pears of Parlay\" (October 14, 1911) \"The Race for Number Three\" (November 1911) \"The End of the Story\" (November 1911) \" The Jokers of New Gibbon\" (November 11, 1911) \"By the Turtles of Tasman\" (November 19, 1911) \"The Little Man\" (December 1911) \"The Unmasking of the Cad\" (December 23, 1911) \"The Hanging of Cultus George\" (January 1912) \"The Mistake of Creation\" (February 1912) \"A Flutter in Eggs\" (March 1912) \"The Sea-Farmer\" (March 1912) \"The Feathers of the Sun\" (March 9, 1912) \"The Town-Site of Tra-Lee\" (April 1912) \"Wonder of Woman\" (May 1912) \"The Prodigal Father\" (May 1912) \"The Scarlet Plague\" (June 1912) \"The Captain of the Susan Drew\" (December 1, 1912) \"Samuel\" (May 1913) \"The Sea-Gangsters\" (November 1913) \"Told in the Drooling Ward\" (June 1914) \"The Hussy\" (December 1916) \"Man of Mine\" (February 1917) \"Like Argus of the Ancient Times\" (March 1917) \"Jerry of the Islands\" (1917) \"When Alice Told Her Soul\" (March 1918) \"The Princess\" (June 1918) \"The Tears of Ah Kim\" (July 1918) \"The Water Baby\" (September 1918) \"The Red One\" (October 1918) \"In the Cave of the Dead\" (November 1918) \"Shin-Bones\" (1918) \"On the Makaloa Mat\" (March 1919) \"The Bones of Kahekili\" (July 1919) \" Whose Business Is to Live\" (September 1922) \"Eyes of Asia\" (September 1924) Legacy and honors Mount London, also known as Boundary Peak 100, on the Alaska-British Columbia boundary, in the Boundary Ranges of the Coast Mountains of British Columbia, is named for him.", "1911) \"The Taste of the Meat\" (June 1911) “The Proud Goat of Aloysius Pankburn\" (June 24, 1911) \"The Meat\" (July 1911) “The Night Born\" (July 1911) \"War\" (July 29, 1911) \"The Goat Man of Fuatino\" (July 20, 1911) “The Stampede to Squaw Creek\" (August 1911) \"The Mexican\" (August 19, 1911) \"Shorty Dreams\" (September 1911) \"A Little Account with Swithin Hall\" (September 2, 1911) \"A Goboto Night\" (September 30, 1911) \"The Man on the Other Bank\" (October 1911) \"The Pears of Parlay\" (October 14, 1911) \"The Race for Number Three\" (November 1911) \"The End of the Story\" (November 1911) \" The Jokers of New Gibbon\" (November 11, 1911) \"By the Turtles of Tasman\" (November 19, 1911) \"The Little Man\" (December 1911) \"The Unmasking of the Cad\" (December 23, 1911) \"The Hanging of Cultus George\" (January 1912) \"The Mistake of Creation\" (February 1912) \"A Flutter in Eggs\" (March 1912) \"The Sea-Farmer\" (March 1912) \"The Feathers of the Sun\" (March 9, 1912) \"The Town-Site of Tra-Lee\" (April 1912) \"Wonder of Woman\" (May 1912) \"The Prodigal Father\" (May 1912) \"The Scarlet Plague\" (June 1912) \"The Captain of the Susan Drew\" (December 1, 1912) \"Samuel\" (May 1913) \"The Sea-Gangsters\" (November 1913) \"Told in the Drooling Ward\" (June 1914) \"The Hussy\" (December 1916) \"Man of Mine\" (February 1917) \"Like Argus of the Ancient Times\" (March 1917) \"Jerry of the Islands\" (1917) \"When Alice Told Her Soul\" (March 1918) \"The Princess\" (June 1918) \"The Tears of Ah Kim\" (July 1918) \"The Water Baby\" (September 1918) \"The Red One\" (October 1918) \"In the Cave of the Dead\" (November 1918) \"Shin-Bones\" (1918) \"On the Makaloa Mat\" (March 1919) \"The Bones of Kahekili\" (July 1919) \" Whose Business Is to Live\" (September 1922) \"Eyes of Asia\" (September 1924) Legacy and honors Mount London, also known as Boundary Peak 100, on the Alaska-British Columbia boundary, in the Boundary Ranges of the Coast Mountains of British Columbia, is named for him. Jack London Square on the waterfront of Oakland, California was named for him.", "Jack London Square on the waterfront of Oakland, California was named for him. He was honored by the United States Postal Service with a 25¢ Great Americans series postage stamp released on January 11, 1986. Jack London Lake (), a mountain lake located in the upper reaches of the Kolyma River in Yagodninsky district of Magadan Oblast.", "Jack London Lake (), a mountain lake located in the upper reaches of the Kolyma River in Yagodninsky district of Magadan Oblast. Fictional portrayals of London include Michael O'Shea in the 1943 film Jack London, Jeff East in the 1980 film Klondike Fever, Michael Aron in the Star Trek: The Next Generation episode Time's Arrow from 1992, Aaron Ashmore in the Murdoch Mysteries episode \"Murdoch of the Klondike\" from 2012, and Johnny Simmons in the 2014 miniseries Klondike.", "Fictional portrayals of London include Michael O'Shea in the 1943 film Jack London, Jeff East in the 1980 film Klondike Fever, Michael Aron in the Star Trek: The Next Generation episode Time's Arrow from 1992, Aaron Ashmore in the Murdoch Mysteries episode \"Murdoch of the Klondike\" from 2012, and Johnny Simmons in the 2014 miniseries Klondike. See also List of celebrities who own wineries and vineyards Notes References Bibliography The Jack London Online Collection' Further reading External links Western American Literature Journal: Jack London The Jack London Online Collection Site featuring information about Jack London's life and work, and a collection of his writings.", "See also List of celebrities who own wineries and vineyards Notes References Bibliography The Jack London Online Collection' Further reading External links Western American Literature Journal: Jack London The Jack London Online Collection Site featuring information about Jack London's life and work, and a collection of his writings. The World of Jack London Biographical information and writings Jack London State Historic Park The Huntingon Library's Jack London Archive Guide to the Jack London Papers at The Bancroft Library Jack London Collection at Sonoma State University Library Jack London Stories, scanned from original magazines, including the original artwork 5 short radio episodes from Jack London's writing at California Legacy Project Jack London Personal Manuscripts 1876 births 1916 deaths 1906 San Francisco earthquake survivors 19th-century American short story writers 19th-century sailors 20th-century American male writers 20th-century American novelists 20th-century American short story writers 20th-century sailors American atheists American democratic socialists American eugenicists American male non-fiction writers American male novelists American male short story writers American psychological fiction writers American sailors American travel writers American war correspondents Deaths from dysentery Male sailors Members of the Socialist Labor Party of America Military personnel from California People from Glen Ellen, California People from Piedmont, California People involved in plagiarism controversies People of the Klondike Gold Rush People of the Russo-Japanese War Socialist Party of America politicians from California United States Merchant Mariners University of California, Berkeley alumni War correspondents of the Russo-Japanese War Writers from Oakland, California Writers from San Francisco" ]

[ "Jack London", "Socialism", "what part did jack have in socialism?", "London joined the Socialist Labor Party in April 1896.", "what was his part in the party?", "London wrote from a socialist viewpoint,", "what was his viewpoint?", "\", his views were influenced by his experience with people at the bottom of the social pit.", "what was his experience with them like?", "His optimism and individualism faded, and he vowed never to do more hard physical work than necessary.", "what changes did he make with the party?", "I don't know.", "Who did he work with?", "I don't know." ]

[ "Přírodní park Třebíčsko (before Oblast klidu Třebíčsko) is a natural park near Třebíč in the Czech Republic. There are many interesting plants. The park was founded in 1983.\n\nKobylinec and Ptáčovský kopeček\n\nKobylinec is a natural monument situated ca 0,5 km from the village of Trnava.\nThe area of this monument is 0,44 ha. Pulsatilla grandis can be found here and in the Ptáčovský kopeček park near Ptáčov near Třebíč. Both monuments are very popular for tourists.\n\nPonds\n\nIn the natural park there are some interesting ponds such as Velký Bor, Malý Bor, Buršík near Přeckov and a brook Březinka. Dams on the brook are examples of European beaver activity.\n\nSyenitové skály near Pocoucov\n\nSyenitové skály (rocks of syenit) near Pocoucov is one of famed locations. There are interesting granite boulders. The area of the reservation is 0,77 ha.\n\nExternal links\nParts of this article or all article was translated from Czech. The original article is :cs:Přírodní park Třebíčsko.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nNature near the village Trnava which is there\n\nTřebíč\nParks in the Czech Republic\nTourist attractions in the Vysočina Region", "Damn Interesting is an independent website founded by Alan Bellows in 2005. The website presents true stories from science, history, and psychology, primarily as long-form articles, often illustrated with original artwork. Works are written by various authors, and published at irregular intervals. The website openly rejects advertising, relying on reader and listener donations to cover operating costs.\n\nAs of October 2012, each article is also published as a podcast under the same name. In November 2019, a second podcast was launched under the title Damn Interesting Week, featuring unscripted commentary on an assortment of news articles featured on the website's \"Curated Links\" section that week. In mid-2020, a third podcast called Damn Interesting Curio Cabinet began highlighting the website's periodic short-form articles in the same radioplay format as the original podcast.\n\nIn July 2009, Damn Interesting published the print book Alien Hand Syndrome through Workman Publishing. It contains some favorites from the site and some exclusive content.\n\nAwards and recognition \nIn August 2007, PC Magazine named Damn Interesting one of the \"Top 100 Undiscovered Web Sites\".\nThe article \"The Zero-Armed Bandit\" by Alan Bellows won a 2015 Sidney Award from David Brooks in The New York Times.\nThe article \"Ghoulish Acts and Dastardly Deeds\" by Alan Bellows was cited as \"nonfiction journalism from 2017 that will stand the test of time\" by Conor Friedersdorf in The Atlantic.\nThe article \"Dupes and Duplicity\" by Jennifer Lee Noonan won a 2020 Sidney Award from David Brooks in the New York Times.\n\nAccusing The Dollop of plagiarism \n\nOn July 9, 2015, Bellows posted an open letter accusing The Dollop, a comedy podcast about history, of plagiarism due to their repeated use of verbatim text from Damn Interesting articles without permission or attribution. Dave Anthony, the writer of The Dollop, responded on reddit, admitting to using Damn Interesting content, but claiming that the use was protected by fair use, and that \"historical facts are not copyrightable.\" In an article about the controversy on Plagiarism Today, Jonathan Bailey concluded, \"Any way one looks at it, The Dollop failed its ethical obligations to all of the people, not just those writing for Damn Interesting, who put in the time, energy and expertise into writing the original content upon which their show is based.\"\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n Official website\n\n2005 podcast debuts" ]

[ "John Griffith London (born John Griffith Chaney; January 12, 1876 – November 22, 1916) was an American novelist, journalist and social activist. A pioneer of commercial fiction and American magazines, he was one of the first American authors to become an international celebrity and earn a large fortune from writing. He was also an innovator in the genre that would later become known as science fiction.", "He was also an innovator in the genre that would later become known as science fiction. London was part of the radical literary group \"The Crowd\" in San Francisco and a passionate advocate of unionization, workers' rights, socialism, and eugenics. He wrote several works dealing with these topics, such as his dystopian novel The Iron Heel, his non-fiction exposé The People of the Abyss, War of the Classes, and Before Adam.", "He wrote several works dealing with these topics, such as his dystopian novel The Iron Heel, his non-fiction exposé The People of the Abyss, War of the Classes, and Before Adam. His most famous works include The Call of the Wild and White Fang, both set in the Klondike Gold Rush, as well as the short stories \"To Build a Fire\", \"An Odyssey of the North\", and \"Love of Life\".", "His most famous works include The Call of the Wild and White Fang, both set in the Klondike Gold Rush, as well as the short stories \"To Build a Fire\", \"An Odyssey of the North\", and \"Love of Life\". He also wrote about the South Pacific in stories such as \"The Pearls of Parlay\", and \"The Heathen\". Family Jack London was born January 12, 1876.", "Family Jack London was born January 12, 1876. Family Jack London was born January 12, 1876. His mother, Flora Wellman, was the fifth and youngest child of Pennsylvania Canal builder Marshall Wellman and his first wife, Eleanor Garrett Jones. Marshall Wellman was descended from Thomas Wellman, an early Puritan settler in the Massachusetts Bay Colony. Flora left Ohio and moved to the Pacific coast when her father remarried after her mother died.", "Flora left Ohio and moved to the Pacific coast when her father remarried after her mother died. In San Francisco, Flora worked as a music teacher and spiritualist, claiming to channel the spirit of a Sauk chief, Black Hawk. Biographer Clarice Stasz and others believe London's father was astrologer William Chaney. Flora Wellman was living with Chaney in San Francisco when she became pregnant. Whether Wellman and Chaney were legally married is unknown.", "Whether Wellman and Chaney were legally married is unknown. Whether Wellman and Chaney were legally married is unknown. Stasz notes that in his memoirs, Chaney refers to London's mother Flora Wellman as having been \"his wife\"; he also cites an advertisement in which Flora called herself \"Florence Wellman Chaney\". According to Flora Wellman's account, as recorded in the San Francisco Chronicle of June 4, 1875, Chaney demanded that she have an abortion. When she refused, he disclaimed responsibility for the child.", "When she refused, he disclaimed responsibility for the child. In desperation, she shot herself. She was not seriously wounded, but she was temporarily deranged. After giving birth, Flora sent the baby for wet-nursing to Virginia (Jennie) Prentiss, a formerly enslaved African-American woman and a neighbor. Prentiss was an important maternal figure throughout London's life, and he would later refer to her as his primary source of love and affection as a child.", "Prentiss was an important maternal figure throughout London's life, and he would later refer to her as his primary source of love and affection as a child. Late in 1876, Flora Wellman married John London, a partially disabled Civil War veteran, and brought her baby John, later known as Jack, to live with the newly married couple. The family moved around the San Francisco Bay Area before settling in Oakland, where London completed public grade school.", "The family moved around the San Francisco Bay Area before settling in Oakland, where London completed public grade school. The Prentiss family moved with the Londons, and remained a stable source of care for the young Jack. In 1897, when he was 21 and a student at the University of California, Berkeley, London searched for and read the newspaper accounts of his mother's suicide attempt and the name of his biological father. He wrote to William Chaney, then living in Chicago.", "He wrote to William Chaney, then living in Chicago. Chaney responded that he could not be London's father because he was impotent; he casually asserted that London's mother had relations with other men and averred that she had slandered him when she said he insisted on an abortion. Chaney concluded by saying that he was more to be pitied than London. London was devastated by his father's letter; in the months following, he quit school at Berkeley and went to the Klondike during the gold rush boom.", "London was devastated by his father's letter; in the months following, he quit school at Berkeley and went to the Klondike during the gold rush boom. Early life London was born near Third and Brannan Streets in San Francisco. The house burned down in the fire after the 1906 San Francisco earthquake; the California Historical Society placed a plaque at the site in 1953. Although the family was working class, it was not as impoverished as London's later accounts claimed. London was largely self-educated.", "London was largely self-educated. London was largely self-educated. In 1885, London found and read Ouida's long Victorian novel Signa. He credited this as the seed of his literary success. In 1886, he went to the Oakland Public Library and found a sympathetic librarian, Ina Coolbrith, who encouraged his learning. (She later became California's first poet laureate and an important figure in the San Francisco literary community). In 1889, London began working 12 to 18 hours a day at Hickmott's Cannery.", "In 1889, London began working 12 to 18 hours a day at Hickmott's Cannery. Seeking a way out, he borrowed money from his foster mother Virginia Prentiss, bought the sloop Razzle-Dazzle from an oyster pirate named French Frank, and became an oyster pirate himself. In his memoir, John Barleycorn, he claims also to have stolen French Frank's mistress Mamie. After a few months, his sloop became damaged beyond repair. London hired on as a member of the California Fish Patrol.", "London hired on as a member of the California Fish Patrol. In 1893, he signed on to the sealing schooner Sophie Sutherland, bound for the coast of Japan. When he returned, the country was in the grip of the panic of '93 and Oakland was swept by labor unrest. After grueling jobs in a jute mill and a street-railway power plant, London joined Coxey's Army and began his career as a tramp.", "After grueling jobs in a jute mill and a street-railway power plant, London joined Coxey's Army and began his career as a tramp. In 1894, he spent 30 days for vagrancy in the Erie County Penitentiary at Buffalo, New York. In The Road, he wrote: After many experiences as a hobo and a sailor, he returned to Oakland and attended Oakland High School. He contributed a number of articles to the high school's magazine, The Aegis.", "He contributed a number of articles to the high school's magazine, The Aegis. His first published work was \"Typhoon off the Coast of Japan\", an account of his sailing experiences. As a schoolboy, London often studied at Heinold's First and Last Chance Saloon, a port-side bar in Oakland. At 17, he confessed to the bar's owner, John Heinold, his desire to attend university and pursue a career as a writer. Heinold lent London tuition money to attend college.", "Heinold lent London tuition money to attend college. Heinold lent London tuition money to attend college. London desperately wanted to attend the University of California, located in Berkeley. In 1896, after a summer of intense studying to pass certification exams, he was admitted. Financial circumstances forced him to leave in 1897, and he never graduated. No evidence has surfaced that he ever wrote for student publications while studying at Berkeley.", "No evidence has surfaced that he ever wrote for student publications while studying at Berkeley. While at Berkeley, London continued to study and spend time at Heinold's saloon, where he was introduced to the sailors and adventurers who would influence his writing. In his autobiographical novel, John Barleycorn, London mentioned the pub's likeness seventeen times. Heinold's was the place where London met Alexander McLean, a captain known for his cruelty at sea. London based his protagonist Wolf Larsen, in the novel The Sea-Wolf, on McLean.", "London based his protagonist Wolf Larsen, in the novel The Sea-Wolf, on McLean. Heinold's First and Last Chance Saloon is now unofficially named Jack London's Rendezvous in his honor. Gold rush and first success On July 12, 1897, London (age 21) and his sister's husband Captain Shepard sailed to join the Klondike Gold Rush. This was the setting for some of his first successful stories. London's time in the harsh Klondike, however, was detrimental to his health.", "London's time in the harsh Klondike, however, was detrimental to his health. Like so many other men who were malnourished in the goldfields, London developed scurvy. His gums became swollen, leading to the loss of his four front teeth. A constant gnawing pain affected his hip and leg muscles, and his face was stricken with marks that always reminded him of the struggles he faced in the Klondike.", "A constant gnawing pain affected his hip and leg muscles, and his face was stricken with marks that always reminded him of the struggles he faced in the Klondike. Father William Judge, \"The Saint of Dawson\", had a facility in Dawson that provided shelter, food and any available medicine to London and others. His struggles there inspired London's short story, \"To Build a Fire\" (1902, revised in 1908), which many critics assess as his best.", "His struggles there inspired London's short story, \"To Build a Fire\" (1902, revised in 1908), which many critics assess as his best. His landlords in Dawson were mining engineers Marshall Latham Bond and Louis Whitford Bond, educated at the Bachelor's level at the Sheffield Scientific School at Yale and at the Master's level at Stanford, respectively. The brothers' father, Judge Hiram Bond, was a wealthy mining investor.", "The brothers' father, Judge Hiram Bond, was a wealthy mining investor. While the Bond brothers were at Stanford Hiram at the suggestion of his brother bought the New Park Estate at Santa Clara as well as a local bank. The Bonds, especially Hiram, were active Republicans. Marshall Bond's diary mentions friendly sparring with London on political issues as a camp pastime. London left Oakland with a social conscience and socialist leanings; he returned to become an activist for socialism.", "London left Oakland with a social conscience and socialist leanings; he returned to become an activist for socialism. He concluded that his only hope of escaping the work \"trap\" was to get an education and \"sell his brains\". He saw his writing as a business, his ticket out of poverty, and, he hoped, a means of beating the wealthy at their own game.", "He saw his writing as a business, his ticket out of poverty, and, he hoped, a means of beating the wealthy at their own game. On returning to California in 1898, London began working to get published, a struggle described in his novel, Martin Eden (serialized in 1908, published in 1909). His first published story since high school was \"To the Man On Trail\", which has frequently been collected in anthologies.", "His first published story since high school was \"To the Man On Trail\", which has frequently been collected in anthologies. When The Overland Monthly offered him only five dollars for it—and was slow paying—London came close to abandoning his writing career. In his words, \"literally and literarily I was saved\" when The Black Cat accepted his story \"A Thousand Deaths\", and paid him $40—the \"first money I ever received for a story\".", "In his words, \"literally and literarily I was saved\" when The Black Cat accepted his story \"A Thousand Deaths\", and paid him $40—the \"first money I ever received for a story\". London began his writing career just as new printing technologies enabled lower-cost production of magazines. This resulted in a boom in popular magazines aimed at a wide public audience and a strong market for short fiction. In 1900, he made $2,500 in writing, about $ in today's currency.", "In 1900, he made $2,500 in writing, about $ in today's currency. Among the works he sold to magazines was a short story known as either \"Diable\" (1902) or \"Bâtard\" (1904), two editions of the same basic story; London received $141.25 for this story on May 27, 1902. In the text, a cruel French Canadian brutalizes his dog, and the dog retaliates and kills the man.", "In the text, a cruel French Canadian brutalizes his dog, and the dog retaliates and kills the man. London told some of his critics that man's actions are the main cause of the behavior of their animals, and he would show this in another story, The Call of the Wild. In early 1903, London sold The Call of the Wild to The Saturday Evening Post for $750, and the book rights to Macmillan. Macmillan's promotional campaign propelled it to swift success.", "Macmillan's promotional campaign propelled it to swift success. Macmillan's promotional campaign propelled it to swift success. While living at his rented villa on Lake Merritt in Oakland, California, London met poet George Sterling; in time they became best friends. In 1902, Sterling helped London find a home closer to his own in nearby Piedmont. In his letters London addressed Sterling as \"Greek\", owing to Sterling's aquiline nose and classical profile, and he signed them as \"Wolf\".", "In his letters London addressed Sterling as \"Greek\", owing to Sterling's aquiline nose and classical profile, and he signed them as \"Wolf\". London was later to depict Sterling as Russ Brissenden in his autobiographical novel Martin Eden (1910) and as Mark Hall in The Valley of the Moon (1913). In later life London indulged his wide-ranging interests by accumulating a personal library of 15,000 volumes. He referred to his books as \"the tools of my trade\".", "He referred to his books as \"the tools of my trade\". First marriage (1900–1904) London married Elizabeth Mae (or May) \"Bessie\" Maddern on April 7, 1900, the same day The Son of the Wolf was published. Bess had been part of his circle of friends for a number of years. She was related to stage actresses Minnie Maddern Fiske and Emily Stevens.", "She was related to stage actresses Minnie Maddern Fiske and Emily Stevens. Stasz says, \"Both acknowledged publicly that they were not marrying out of love, but from friendship and a belief that they would produce sturdy children.\" Kingman says, \"they were comfortable together... Jack had made it clear to Bessie that he did not love her, but that he liked her enough to make a successful marriage.\" London met Bessie through his friend at Oakland High School, Fred Jacobs; she was Fred's fiancée.", "London met Bessie through his friend at Oakland High School, Fred Jacobs; she was Fred's fiancée. Bessie, who tutored at Anderson's University Academy in Alameda California, tutored Jack in preparation for his entrance exams for the University of California at Berkeley in 1896. Jacobs was killed aboard the Scandia in 1897, but Jack and Bessie continued their friendship, which included taking photos and developing the film together. This was the beginning of Jack's passion for photography.", "This was the beginning of Jack's passion for photography. During the marriage, London continued his friendship with Anna Strunsky, co-authoring The Kempton-Wace Letters, an epistolary novel contrasting two philosophies of love. Anna, writing \"Dane Kempton's\" letters, arguing for a romantic view of marriage, while London, writing \"Herbert Wace's\" letters, argued for a scientific view, based on Darwinism and eugenics. In the novel, his fictional character contrasted two women he had known.", "In the novel, his fictional character contrasted two women he had known. London's pet name for Bess was \"Mother-Girl\" and Bess's for London was \"Daddy-Boy\". Their first child, Joan, was born on January 15, 1901, and their second, Bessie \"Becky\" (also reported as Bess), on October 20, 1902. Both children were born in Piedmont, California. Here London wrote one of his most celebrated works, The Call of the Wild.", "Here London wrote one of his most celebrated works, The Call of the Wild. While London had pride in his children, the marriage was strained. Kingman says that by 1903 the couple were close to separation as they were \"extremely incompatible\". \"Jack was still so kind and gentle with Bessie that when Cloudsley Johns was a house guest in February 1903 he didn't suspect a breakup of their marriage.\"", "\"Jack was still so kind and gentle with Bessie that when Cloudsley Johns was a house guest in February 1903 he didn't suspect a breakup of their marriage.\" London reportedly complained to friends Joseph Noel and George Sterling: Stasz writes that these were \"code words for [Bess's] fear that [Jack] was consorting with prostitutes and might bring home venereal disease.\" On July 24, 1903, London told Bessie he was leaving and moved out.", "On July 24, 1903, London told Bessie he was leaving and moved out. During 1904, London and Bess negotiated the terms of a divorce, and the decree was granted on November 11, 1904. War correspondent (1904) London accepted an assignment of the San Francisco Examiner to cover the Russo-Japanese War in early 1904, arriving in Yokohama on January 25, 1904. He was arrested by Japanese authorities in Shimonoseki, but released through the intervention of American ambassador Lloyd Griscom.", "He was arrested by Japanese authorities in Shimonoseki, but released through the intervention of American ambassador Lloyd Griscom. After travelling to Korea, he was again arrested by Japanese authorities for straying too close to the border with Manchuria without official permission, and was sent back to Seoul. Released again, London was permitted to travel with the Imperial Japanese Army to the border, and to observe the Battle of the Yalu.", "Released again, London was permitted to travel with the Imperial Japanese Army to the border, and to observe the Battle of the Yalu. London asked William Randolph Hearst, the owner of the San Francisco Examiner, to be allowed to transfer to the Imperial Russian Army, where he felt that restrictions on his reporting and his movements would be less severe.", "London asked William Randolph Hearst, the owner of the San Francisco Examiner, to be allowed to transfer to the Imperial Russian Army, where he felt that restrictions on his reporting and his movements would be less severe. However, before this could be arranged, he was arrested for a third time in four months, this time for assaulting his Japanese assistants, whom he accused of stealing the fodder for his horse. Released through the personal intervention of President Theodore Roosevelt, London departed the front in June 1904.", "Released through the personal intervention of President Theodore Roosevelt, London departed the front in June 1904. Bohemian Club On August 18, 1904, London went with his close friend, the poet George Sterling, to \"Summer High Jinks\" at the Bohemian Grove. London was elected to honorary membership in the Bohemian Club and took part in many activities. Other noted members of the Bohemian Club during this time included Ambrose Bierce, Gelett Burgess, Allan Dunn, John Muir, Frank Norris, and Herman George Scheffauer.", "Other noted members of the Bohemian Club during this time included Ambrose Bierce, Gelett Burgess, Allan Dunn, John Muir, Frank Norris, and Herman George Scheffauer. Beginning in December 1914, London worked on The Acorn Planter, A California Forest Play, to be performed as one of the annual Grove Plays, but it was never selected. It was described as too difficult to set to music. London published The Acorn Planter in 1916. Second marriage After divorcing Maddern, London married Charmian Kittredge in 1905.", "Second marriage After divorcing Maddern, London married Charmian Kittredge in 1905. London had been introduced to Kittredge in 1900 by her aunt Netta Eames, who was an editor at Overland Monthly magazine in San Francisco. The two met prior to his first marriage but became lovers years later after Jack and Bessie London visited Wake Robin, Netta Eames' Sonoma County resort, in 1903. London was injured when he fell from a buggy, and Netta arranged for Charmian to care for him.", "London was injured when he fell from a buggy, and Netta arranged for Charmian to care for him. The two developed a friendship, as Charmian, Netta, her husband Roscoe, and London were politically aligned with socialist causes. At some point the relationship became romantic, and Jack divorced his wife to marry Charmian, who was five years his senior. Biographer Russ Kingman called Charmian \"Jack's soul-mate, always at his side, and a perfect match.\"", "Biographer Russ Kingman called Charmian \"Jack's soul-mate, always at his side, and a perfect match.\" Their time together included numerous trips, including a 1907 cruise on the yacht Snark to Hawaii and Australia. Many of London's stories are based on his visits to Hawaii, the last one for 10 months beginning in December 1915. The couple also visited Goldfield, Nevada, in 1907, where they were guests of the Bond brothers, London's Dawson City landlords.", "The couple also visited Goldfield, Nevada, in 1907, where they were guests of the Bond brothers, London's Dawson City landlords. The Bond brothers were working in Nevada as mining engineers. London had contrasted the concepts of the \"Mother Girl\" and the \"Mate Woman\" in The Kempton-Wace Letters. His pet name for Bess had been \"Mother-Girl;\" his pet name for Charmian was \"Mate-Woman.\" Charmian's aunt and foster mother, a disciple of Victoria Woodhull, had raised her without prudishness.", "Charmian's aunt and foster mother, a disciple of Victoria Woodhull, had raised her without prudishness. Every biographer alludes to Charmian's uninhibited sexuality. Joseph Noel calls the events from 1903 to 1905 \"a domestic drama that would have intrigued the pen of an Ibsen.... London's had comedy relief in it and a sort of easy-going romance.\"", "Joseph Noel calls the events from 1903 to 1905 \"a domestic drama that would have intrigued the pen of an Ibsen.... London's had comedy relief in it and a sort of easy-going romance.\" In broad outline, London was restless in his first marriage, sought extramarital sexual affairs, and found, in Charmian Kittredge, not only a sexually active and adventurous partner, but his future life-companion. They attempted to have children; one child died at birth, and another pregnancy ended in a miscarriage.", "They attempted to have children; one child died at birth, and another pregnancy ended in a miscarriage. In 1906, London published in Collier's magazine his eye-witness report of the San Francisco earthquake. Beauty Ranch (1905–1916) In 1905, London purchased a ranch in Glen Ellen, Sonoma County, California, on the eastern slope of Sonoma Mountain. He wrote: \"Next to my wife, the ranch is the dearest thing in the world to me.\"", "He wrote: \"Next to my wife, the ranch is the dearest thing in the world to me.\" He desperately wanted the ranch to become a successful business enterprise. Writing, always a commercial enterprise with London, now became even more a means to an end: \"I write for no other purpose than to add to the beauty that now belongs to me. I write a book for no other reason than to add three or four hundred acres to my magnificent estate.\"", "I write a book for no other reason than to add three or four hundred acres to my magnificent estate.\" Stasz writes that London \"had taken fully to heart the vision, expressed in his agrarian fiction, of the land as the closest earthly version of Eden ... he educated himself through the study of agricultural manuals and scientific tomes. He conceived of a system of ranching that today would be praised for its ecological wisdom.\" He was proud to own the first concrete silo in California.", "He was proud to own the first concrete silo in California. He hoped to adapt the wisdom of Asian sustainable agriculture to the United States. He hired both Italian and Chinese stonemasons, whose distinctly different styles are obvious. The ranch was an economic failure. Sympathetic observers such as Stasz treat his projects as potentially feasible, and ascribe their failure to bad luck or to being ahead of their time. Unsympathetic historians such as Kevin Starr suggest that he was a bad manager, distracted by other concerns and impaired by his alcoholism.", "Unsympathetic historians such as Kevin Starr suggest that he was a bad manager, distracted by other concerns and impaired by his alcoholism. Starr notes that London was absent from his ranch about six months a year between 1910 and 1916 and says, \"He liked the show of managerial power, but not grinding attention to detail .... London's workers laughed at his efforts to play big-time rancher [and considered] the operation a rich man's hobby.\"", "Starr notes that London was absent from his ranch about six months a year between 1910 and 1916 and says, \"He liked the show of managerial power, but not grinding attention to detail .... London's workers laughed at his efforts to play big-time rancher [and considered] the operation a rich man's hobby.\" London spent $80,000 ($ in current value) to build a stone mansion called Wolf House on the property.", "London spent $80,000 ($ in current value) to build a stone mansion called Wolf House on the property. Just as the mansion was nearing completion, two weeks before the Londons planned to move in, it was destroyed by fire. London's last visit to Hawaii, beginning in December 1915, lasted eight months. He met with Duke Kahanamoku, Prince Jonah Kūhiō Kalaniana'ole, Queen Lili'uokalani and many others, before returning to his ranch in July 1916.", "He met with Duke Kahanamoku, Prince Jonah Kūhiō Kalaniana'ole, Queen Lili'uokalani and many others, before returning to his ranch in July 1916. He was suffering from kidney failure, but he continued to work. The ranch (abutting stone remnants of Wolf House) is now a National Historic Landmark and is protected in Jack London State Historic Park.", "The ranch (abutting stone remnants of Wolf House) is now a National Historic Landmark and is protected in Jack London State Historic Park. Animal activism London witnessed animal cruelty in the training of circus animals, and his subsequent novels Jerry of the Islands and Michael, Brother of Jerry included a foreword entreating the public to become more informed about this practice.", "Animal activism London witnessed animal cruelty in the training of circus animals, and his subsequent novels Jerry of the Islands and Michael, Brother of Jerry included a foreword entreating the public to become more informed about this practice. In 1918, the Massachusetts Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals and the American Humane Education Society teamed up to create the Jack London Club, which sought to inform the public about cruelty to circus animals and encourage them to protest this establishment.", "In 1918, the Massachusetts Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals and the American Humane Education Society teamed up to create the Jack London Club, which sought to inform the public about cruelty to circus animals and encourage them to protest this establishment. Support from Club members led to a temporary cessation of trained animal acts at Ringling-Barnum and Bailey in 1925. Death London died November 22, 1916, in a sleeping porch in a cottage on his ranch.", "Death London died November 22, 1916, in a sleeping porch in a cottage on his ranch. London had been a robust man but had suffered several serious illnesses, including scurvy in the Klondike. Additionally, during travels on the Snark, he and Charmian picked up unspecified tropical infections and diseases, including yaws. At the time of his death, he suffered from dysentery, late-stage alcoholism, and uremia; he was in extreme pain and taking morphine.", "At the time of his death, he suffered from dysentery, late-stage alcoholism, and uremia; he was in extreme pain and taking morphine. London's ashes were buried on his property not far from the Wolf House. London's funeral took place on November 26, 1916, attended only by close friends, relatives, and workers of the property. In accordance with his wishes, he was cremated and buried next to some pioneer children, under a rock that belonged to the Wolf House.", "In accordance with his wishes, he was cremated and buried next to some pioneer children, under a rock that belonged to the Wolf House. After Charmian's death in 1955, she was also cremated and then buried with her husband in the same spot that her husband chose. The grave is marked by a mossy boulder. The buildings and property were later preserved as Jack London State Historic Park, in Glen Ellen, California.", "The buildings and property were later preserved as Jack London State Historic Park, in Glen Ellen, California. Suicide debate Because he was using morphine, many older sources describe London's death as a suicide, and some still do. This conjecture appears to be a rumor, or speculation based on incidents in his fiction writings. His death certificate gives the cause as uremia, following acute renal colic.", "His death certificate gives the cause as uremia, following acute renal colic. The biographer Stasz writes, \"Following London's death, for a number of reasons, a biographical myth developed in which he has been portrayed as an alcoholic womanizer who committed suicide. Recent scholarship based upon firsthand documents challenges this caricature.\" Most biographers, including Russ Kingman, now agree he died of uremia aggravated by an accidental morphine overdose. London's fiction featured several suicides.", "London's fiction featured several suicides. London's fiction featured several suicides. In his autobiographical memoir John Barleycorn, he claims, as a youth, to have drunkenly stumbled overboard into the San Francisco Bay, \"some maundering fancy of going out with the tide suddenly obsessed me\". He said he drifted and nearly succeeded in drowning before sobering up and being rescued by fishermen.", "He said he drifted and nearly succeeded in drowning before sobering up and being rescued by fishermen. In the dénouement of The Little Lady of the Big House, the heroine, confronted by the pain of a mortal gunshot wound, undergoes a physician-assisted suicide by morphine. Also, in Martin Eden, the principal protagonist, who shares certain characteristics with London, drowns himself.", "Also, in Martin Eden, the principal protagonist, who shares certain characteristics with London, drowns himself. Plagiarism accusations London was vulnerable to accusations of plagiarism, both because he was such a conspicuous, prolific, and successful writer and because of his methods of working. He wrote in a letter to Elwyn Hoffman, \"expression, you see—with me—is far easier than invention.\" He purchased plots and novels from the young Sinclair Lewis and used incidents from newspaper clippings as writing material.", "He purchased plots and novels from the young Sinclair Lewis and used incidents from newspaper clippings as writing material. In July 1901, two pieces of fiction appeared within the same month: London's \"Moon-Face\", in the San Francisco Argonaut, and Frank Norris' \"The Passing of Cock-eye Blacklock\", in Century Magazine. Newspapers showed the similarities between the stories, which London said were \"quite different in manner of treatment, [but] patently the same in foundation and motive.\"", "Newspapers showed the similarities between the stories, which London said were \"quite different in manner of treatment, [but] patently the same in foundation and motive.\" London explained both writers based their stories on the same newspaper account. A year later, it was discovered that Charles Forrest McLean had published a fictional story also based on the same incident. Egerton Ryerson Young claimed The Call of the Wild (1903) was taken from Young's book My Dogs in the Northland (1902).", "Egerton Ryerson Young claimed The Call of the Wild (1903) was taken from Young's book My Dogs in the Northland (1902). London acknowledged using it as a source and claimed to have written a letter to Young thanking him.", "London acknowledged using it as a source and claimed to have written a letter to Young thanking him. In 1906, the New York World published \"deadly parallel\" columns showing eighteen passages from London's short story \"Love of Life\" side by side with similar passages from a nonfiction article by Augustus Biddle and J. K. Macdonald, titled \"Lost in the Land of the Midnight Sun\".", "In 1906, the New York World published \"deadly parallel\" columns showing eighteen passages from London's short story \"Love of Life\" side by side with similar passages from a nonfiction article by Augustus Biddle and J. K. Macdonald, titled \"Lost in the Land of the Midnight Sun\". London noted the World did not accuse him of \"plagiarism\", but only of \"identity of time and situation\", to which he defiantly \"pled guilty\".", "London noted the World did not accuse him of \"plagiarism\", but only of \"identity of time and situation\", to which he defiantly \"pled guilty\". The most serious charge of plagiarism was based on London's \"The Bishop's Vision\", Chapter 7 of his novel The Iron Heel (1908). The chapter is nearly identical to an ironic essay that Frank Harris published in 1901, titled \"The Bishop of London and Public Morality\".", "The chapter is nearly identical to an ironic essay that Frank Harris published in 1901, titled \"The Bishop of London and Public Morality\". Harris was incensed and suggested he should receive 1/60th of the royalties from The Iron Heel, the disputed material constituting about that fraction of the whole novel. London insisted he had clipped a reprint of the article, which had appeared in an American newspaper, and believed it to be a genuine speech delivered by the Bishop of London. Views Atheism London was an atheist.", "Views Atheism London was an atheist. Views Atheism London was an atheist. He is quoted as saying, \"I believe that when I am dead, I am dead. I believe that with my death I am just as much obliterated as the last mosquito you and I squashed.\" Socialism London wrote from a socialist viewpoint, which is evident in his novel The Iron Heel. Neither a theorist nor an intellectual socialist, London's socialism grew out of his life experience.", "Neither a theorist nor an intellectual socialist, London's socialism grew out of his life experience. As London explained in his essay, \"How I Became a Socialist\", his views were influenced by his experience with people at the bottom of the social pit. His optimism and individualism faded, and he vowed never to do more hard physical work than necessary. He wrote that his individualism was hammered out of him, and he was politically reborn. He often closed his letters \"Yours for the Revolution.\"", "He often closed his letters \"Yours for the Revolution.\" London joined the Socialist Labor Party in April 1896. In the same year, the San Francisco Chronicle published a story about the twenty-year-old London's giving nightly speeches in Oakland's City Hall Park, an activity he was arrested for a year later. In 1901, he left the Socialist Labor Party and joined the new Socialist Party of America.", "In 1901, he left the Socialist Labor Party and joined the new Socialist Party of America. He ran unsuccessfully as the high-profile Socialist candidate for mayor of Oakland in 1901 (receiving 245 votes) and 1905 (improving to 981 votes), toured the country lecturing on socialism in 1906, and published two collections of essays about socialism: War of the Classes (1905) and Revolution, and other Essays (1906).", "He ran unsuccessfully as the high-profile Socialist candidate for mayor of Oakland in 1901 (receiving 245 votes) and 1905 (improving to 981 votes), toured the country lecturing on socialism in 1906, and published two collections of essays about socialism: War of the Classes (1905) and Revolution, and other Essays (1906). Stasz notes that \"London regarded the Wobblies as a welcome addition to the Socialist cause, although he never joined them in going so far as to recommend sabotage.\"", "Stasz notes that \"London regarded the Wobblies as a welcome addition to the Socialist cause, although he never joined them in going so far as to recommend sabotage.\" Stasz mentions a personal meeting between London and Big Bill Haywood in 1912. In his late (1913) book The Cruise of the Snark, London writes about appeals to him for membership of the Snarks crew from office workers and other \"toilers\" who longed for escape from the cities, and of being cheated by workmen.", "In his late (1913) book The Cruise of the Snark, London writes about appeals to him for membership of the Snarks crew from office workers and other \"toilers\" who longed for escape from the cities, and of being cheated by workmen. In his Glen Ellen ranch years, London felt some ambivalence toward socialism and complained about the \"inefficient Italian labourers\" in his employ.", "In his Glen Ellen ranch years, London felt some ambivalence toward socialism and complained about the \"inefficient Italian labourers\" in his employ. In 1916, he resigned from the Glen Ellen chapter of the Socialist Party, but stated emphatically he did so \"because of its lack of fire and fight, and its loss of emphasis on the class struggle.\"", "In 1916, he resigned from the Glen Ellen chapter of the Socialist Party, but stated emphatically he did so \"because of its lack of fire and fight, and its loss of emphasis on the class struggle.\" In an unflattering portrait of London's ranch days, California cultural historian Kevin Starr refers to this period as \"post-socialist\" and says \"... by 1911 ... London was more bored by the class struggle than he cared to admit.\"", "In an unflattering portrait of London's ranch days, California cultural historian Kevin Starr refers to this period as \"post-socialist\" and says \"... by 1911 ... London was more bored by the class struggle than he cared to admit.\" Race London shared common concerns among many European Americans in California about Asian immigration, described as \"the yellow peril\"; he used the latter term as the title of a 1904 essay.", "Race London shared common concerns among many European Americans in California about Asian immigration, described as \"the yellow peril\"; he used the latter term as the title of a 1904 essay. This theme was also the subject of a story he wrote in 1910 called \"The Unparalleled Invasion\".", "This theme was also the subject of a story he wrote in 1910 called \"The Unparalleled Invasion\". Presented as an historical essay set in the future, the story narrates events between 1976 and 1987, in which China, with an ever-increasing population, is taking over and colonizing its neighbors with the intention of taking over the entire Earth. The western nations respond with biological warfare and bombard China with dozens of the most infectious diseases.", "The western nations respond with biological warfare and bombard China with dozens of the most infectious diseases. On his fears about China, he admits, \"it must be taken into consideration that the above postulate is itself a product of Western race-egotism, urged by our belief in our own righteousness and fostered by a faith in ourselves which may be as erroneous as are most fond race fancies.\"", "On his fears about China, he admits, \"it must be taken into consideration that the above postulate is itself a product of Western race-egotism, urged by our belief in our own righteousness and fostered by a faith in ourselves which may be as erroneous as are most fond race fancies.\" By contrast, many of London's short stories are notable for their empathetic portrayal of Mexican (\"The Mexican\"), Asian (\"The Chinago\"), and Hawaiian (\"Koolau the Leper\") characters.", "By contrast, many of London's short stories are notable for their empathetic portrayal of Mexican (\"The Mexican\"), Asian (\"The Chinago\"), and Hawaiian (\"Koolau the Leper\") characters. London's war correspondence from the Russo-Japanese War, as well as his unfinished novel Cherry, show he admired much about Japanese customs and capabilities. London's writings have been popular among the Japanese, who believe he portrayed them positively.", "London's writings have been popular among the Japanese, who believe he portrayed them positively. In \"Koolau the Leper\", London describes Koolau, who is a Hawaiian leper—and thus a very different sort of \"superman\" than Martin Eden—and who fights off an entire cavalry troop to elude capture, as \"indomitable spiritually—a ... magnificent rebel\". This character is based on Hawaiian leper Kaluaikoolau, who in 1893 revolted and resisted capture from forces of the Provisional Government of Hawaii in the Kalalau Valley.", "This character is based on Hawaiian leper Kaluaikoolau, who in 1893 revolted and resisted capture from forces of the Provisional Government of Hawaii in the Kalalau Valley. Those who defend London against charges of racism cite the letter he wrote to the Japanese-American Commercial Weekly in 1913: In 1996, after the City of Whitehorse, Yukon, renamed a street in honor of London, protests over London's alleged racism forced the city to change the name of \"Jack London Boulevard\" back to \"Two-mile Hill\".", "Those who defend London against charges of racism cite the letter he wrote to the Japanese-American Commercial Weekly in 1913: In 1996, after the City of Whitehorse, Yukon, renamed a street in honor of London, protests over London's alleged racism forced the city to change the name of \"Jack London Boulevard\" back to \"Two-mile Hill\". Shortly after boxer Jack Johnson was crowned the first black world heavyweight champ in 1908, London pleaded for a \"great white hope\" to come forward to defeat Johnson, writing: \"Jim Jeffries must now emerge from his Alfalfa farm and remove that golden smile from Jack Johnson's face.", "Shortly after boxer Jack Johnson was crowned the first black world heavyweight champ in 1908, London pleaded for a \"great white hope\" to come forward to defeat Johnson, writing: \"Jim Jeffries must now emerge from his Alfalfa farm and remove that golden smile from Jack Johnson's face. Jeff, it's up to you. The White Man must be rescued.\" Eugenics With other modernist writers of the day, London supported eugenics.", "Eugenics With other modernist writers of the day, London supported eugenics. The notion of \"good breeding\" complimented the Progressive era scientism, the belief that humans assort along a hierarchy by race, religion, and ethnicity. The Progressive Era catalog of inferiority offered basis for threats to American Anglo-Saxon racial integrity. London wrote to Frederick H. Robinson of the periodical Medical Review of Reviews, stating, \"I believe the future belongs to eugenics, and will be determined by the practice of eugenics.\"", "London wrote to Frederick H. Robinson of the periodical Medical Review of Reviews, stating, \"I believe the future belongs to eugenics, and will be determined by the practice of eugenics.\" Although this led some to argue for forced sterilization of criminals or those deemed feeble-minded., London did not express this extreme. His short story \"Told in the Drooling Ward\" is from the viewpoint of a surprisingly astute \"feebled-minded\" person. Hensley argues that London's novel Before Adam (1906–07) reveals pro-eugenic themes.", "Hensley argues that London's novel Before Adam (1906–07) reveals pro-eugenic themes. London advised his collaborator Anna Strunsky during preparation of The Kempton-Wace Letters that he would take the role of eugenics in mating, while she would argue on behalf of romantic love. (Love won the argument.) The Valley of the Moon emphasizes the theme of \"real Americans,\" the Anglo Saxon, yet in Little Lady of the Big House, London is more nuanced.", "The Valley of the Moon emphasizes the theme of \"real Americans,\" the Anglo Saxon, yet in Little Lady of the Big House, London is more nuanced. The protagonist's argument is not that all white men are superior, but that there are more superior ones among whites than in other races. By encouraging the best in any race to mate will improve its population qualities. Living in Hawaii challenged his orthodoxy.", "Living in Hawaii challenged his orthodoxy. Living in Hawaii challenged his orthodoxy. In \"My Hawaiian Aloha,\" London noted the liberal intermarrying of races, concluding how \"little Hawaii, with its hotch potch races, is making a better demonstration than the United States.\" Works Short stories Western writer and historian Dale L. Walker writes: London's \"strength of utterance\" is at its height in his stories, and they are painstakingly well-constructed. \"To Build a Fire\" is the best known of all his stories.", "\"To Build a Fire\" is the best known of all his stories. Set in the harsh Klondike, it recounts the haphazard trek of a new arrival who has ignored an old-timer's warning about the risks of traveling alone. Falling through the ice into a creek in seventy-five-below weather, the unnamed man is keenly aware that survival depends on his untested skills at quickly building a fire to dry his clothes and warm his extremities.", "Falling through the ice into a creek in seventy-five-below weather, the unnamed man is keenly aware that survival depends on his untested skills at quickly building a fire to dry his clothes and warm his extremities. After publishing a tame version of this story—with a sunny outcome—in The Youth's Companion in 1902, London offered a second, more severe take on the man's predicament in The Century Magazine in 1908. Reading both provides an illustration of London's growth and maturation as a writer.", "Reading both provides an illustration of London's growth and maturation as a writer. As Labor (1994) observes: \"To compare the two versions is itself an instructive lesson in what distinguished a great work of literary art from a good children's story.\"", "As Labor (1994) observes: \"To compare the two versions is itself an instructive lesson in what distinguished a great work of literary art from a good children's story.\" Other stories from the Klondike period include: \"All Gold Canyon\", about a battle between a gold prospector and a claim jumper; \"The Law of Life\", about an aging American Indian man abandoned by his tribe and left to die; \"Love of Life\", about a trek by a prospector across the Canadian tundra; \"To the Man on Trail,\" which tells the story of a prospector fleeing the Mounted Police in a sled race, and raises the question of the contrast between written law and morality; and \"An Odyssey of the North,\" which raises questions of conditional morality, and paints a sympathetic portrait of a man of mixed White and Aleut ancestry.", "Other stories from the Klondike period include: \"All Gold Canyon\", about a battle between a gold prospector and a claim jumper; \"The Law of Life\", about an aging American Indian man abandoned by his tribe and left to die; \"Love of Life\", about a trek by a prospector across the Canadian tundra; \"To the Man on Trail,\" which tells the story of a prospector fleeing the Mounted Police in a sled race, and raises the question of the contrast between written law and morality; and \"An Odyssey of the North,\" which raises questions of conditional morality, and paints a sympathetic portrait of a man of mixed White and Aleut ancestry. London was a boxing fan and an avid amateur boxer.", "London was a boxing fan and an avid amateur boxer. \"A Piece of Steak\" is a tale about a match between older and younger boxers. It contrasts the differing experiences of youth and age but also raises the social question of the treatment of aging workers. \"The Mexican\" combines boxing with a social theme, as a young Mexican endures an unfair fight and ethnic prejudice to earn money with which to aid the revolution. Several of London's stories would today be classified as science fiction.", "Several of London's stories would today be classified as science fiction. \"The Unparalleled Invasion\" describes germ warfare against China; \"Goliath\" is about an irresistible energy weapon; \"The Shadow and the Flash\" is a tale about two brothers who take different routes to achieving invisibility; \"A Relic of the Pliocene\" is a tall tale about an encounter of a modern-day man with a mammoth.", "\"The Unparalleled Invasion\" describes germ warfare against China; \"Goliath\" is about an irresistible energy weapon; \"The Shadow and the Flash\" is a tale about two brothers who take different routes to achieving invisibility; \"A Relic of the Pliocene\" is a tall tale about an encounter of a modern-day man with a mammoth. \"The Red One\" is a late story from a period when London was intrigued by the theories of the psychiatrist and writer Jung.", "\"The Red One\" is a late story from a period when London was intrigued by the theories of the psychiatrist and writer Jung. It tells of an island tribe held in thrall by an extraterrestrial object. Some nineteen original collections of short stories were published during London's brief life or shortly after his death. There have been several posthumous anthologies drawn from this pool of stories. Many of these stories were located in the Klondike and the Pacific.", "Many of these stories were located in the Klondike and the Pacific. A collection of Jack London's San Francisco Stories was published in October 2010 by Sydney Samizdat Press. Novels London's most famous novels are The Call of the Wild, White Fang, The Sea-Wolf, The Iron Heel, and Martin Eden. In a letter dated December 27, 1901, London's Macmillan publisher George Platt Brett, Sr., said \"he believed Jack's fiction represented 'the very best kind of work' done in America.\"", "In a letter dated December 27, 1901, London's Macmillan publisher George Platt Brett, Sr., said \"he believed Jack's fiction represented 'the very best kind of work' done in America.\" Critic Maxwell Geismar called The Call of the Wild \"a beautiful prose poem\"; editor Franklin Walker said that it \"belongs on a shelf with Walden and Huckleberry Finn\"; and novelist E.L. Doctorow called it \"a mordant parable ... his masterpiece.\"", "Critic Maxwell Geismar called The Call of the Wild \"a beautiful prose poem\"; editor Franklin Walker said that it \"belongs on a shelf with Walden and Huckleberry Finn\"; and novelist E.L. Doctorow called it \"a mordant parable ... his masterpiece.\" The historian Dale L. Walker commented: Some critics have said that his novels are episodic and resemble linked short stories.", "The historian Dale L. Walker commented: Some critics have said that his novels are episodic and resemble linked short stories. Dale L. Walker writes: Ambrose Bierce said of The Sea-Wolf that \"the great thing—and it is among the greatest of things—is that tremendous creation, Wolf Larsen ... the hewing out and setting up of such a figure is enough for a man to do in one lifetime.\" However, he noted, \"The love element, with its absurd suppressions, and impossible proprieties, is awful.\"", "However, he noted, \"The love element, with its absurd suppressions, and impossible proprieties, is awful.\" The Iron Heel is an example of a dystopian novel that anticipates and influenced George Orwell's Nineteen Eighty-Four. London's socialist politics are explicitly on display here. The Iron Heel meets the contemporary definition of soft science fiction. The Star Rover (1915) is also science fiction.", "The Star Rover (1915) is also science fiction. Apocrypha Jack London Credo London's literary executor, Irving Shepard, quoted a Jack London Credo in an introduction to a 1956 collection of London stories: I would rather be ashes than dust! I would rather that my spark should burn out in a brilliant blaze than it should be stifled by dry-rot. I would rather be a superb meteor, every atom of me in magnificent glow, than a sleepy and permanent planet.", "I would rather be a superb meteor, every atom of me in magnificent glow, than a sleepy and permanent planet. The function of man is to live, not to exist. I shall not waste my days in trying to prolong them. I shall use my time. The biographer Stasz notes that the passage \"has many marks of London's style\" but the only line that could be safely attributed to London was the first.", "The biographer Stasz notes that the passage \"has many marks of London's style\" but the only line that could be safely attributed to London was the first. The words Shepard quoted were from a story in the San Francisco Bulletin, December 2, 1916, by journalist Ernest J. Hopkins, who visited the ranch just weeks before London's death. Stasz notes, \"Even more so than today journalists' quotes were unreliable or even sheer inventions,\" and says no direct source in London's writings has been found.", "Stasz notes, \"Even more so than today journalists' quotes were unreliable or even sheer inventions,\" and says no direct source in London's writings has been found. However, at least one line, according to Stasz, is authentic, being referenced by London and written in his own hand in the autograph book of Australian suffragette Vida Goldstein: Dear Miss Goldstein:– Seven years ago I wrote you that I'd rather be ashes than dust. I still subscribe to that sentiment.", "I still subscribe to that sentiment. I still subscribe to that sentiment. Sincerely yours, Jack London Jan. 13, 1909 In his short story \"By The Turtles of Tasman\", a character, defending her \"ne'er-do-well grasshopperish father\" to her \"antlike uncle\", says: \"... my father has been a king. He has lived .... Have you lived merely to live? Are you afraid to die?", "Are you afraid to die? Are you afraid to die? I'd rather sing one wild song and burst my heart with it, than live a thousand years watching my digestion and being afraid of the wet. When you are dust, my father will be ashes.\" \"The Scab\" A short diatribe on \"The Scab\" is often quoted within the U.S. labor movement and frequently attributed to London.", "\"The Scab\" A short diatribe on \"The Scab\" is often quoted within the U.S. labor movement and frequently attributed to London. It opens: In 1913 and 1914, a number of newspapers printed the first three sentences with varying terms used instead of \"scab\", such as \"knocker\",\"The Food for Your Think Tank\", The Macon Daily Telegraph, August 23, 1914, p. 3 \"stool pigeon\" or \"scandal monger\".", "It opens: In 1913 and 1914, a number of newspapers printed the first three sentences with varying terms used instead of \"scab\", such as \"knocker\",\"The Food for Your Think Tank\", The Macon Daily Telegraph, August 23, 1914, p. 3 \"stool pigeon\" or \"scandal monger\". This passage as given above was the subject of a 1974 Supreme Court case, Letter Carriers v. Austin, in which Justice Thurgood Marshall referred to it as \"a well-known piece of trade union literature, generally attributed to author Jack London\".", "This passage as given above was the subject of a 1974 Supreme Court case, Letter Carriers v. Austin, in which Justice Thurgood Marshall referred to it as \"a well-known piece of trade union literature, generally attributed to author Jack London\". A union newsletter had published a \"list of scabs,\" which was granted to be factual and therefore not libelous, but then went on to quote the passage as the \"definition of a scab\".", "A union newsletter had published a \"list of scabs,\" which was granted to be factual and therefore not libelous, but then went on to quote the passage as the \"definition of a scab\". The case turned on the question of whether the \"definition\" was defamatory.", "The case turned on the question of whether the \"definition\" was defamatory. The court ruled that \"Jack London's... 'definition of a scab' is merely rhetorical hyperbole, a lusty and imaginative expression of the contempt felt by union members towards those who refuse to join\", and as such was not libelous and was protected under the First Amendment. Despite being frequently attributed to London, the passage does not appear at all in the extensive collection of his writings at Sonoma State University's website.", "Despite being frequently attributed to London, the passage does not appear at all in the extensive collection of his writings at Sonoma State University's website. However, in his book War of the Classes he published a 1903 speech titled \"The Scab\", which gave a much more balanced view of the topic: Publications Source unless otherwise specified: Novels The Cruise of the Dazzler (1902) A Daughter of the Snows (1902) The Call of the Wild (1903) The Kempton-Wace Letters (1903) (published anonymously, co-authored with Anna Strunsky) The Sea-Wolf (1904) The Game (1905) White Fang (1906) Before Adam (1907) The Iron Heel (1908) Martin Eden (1909) Burning Daylight (1910) Adventure (1911) The Scarlet Plague (1912) A Son of the Sun (1912) The Abysmal Brute (1913) The Valley of the Moon (1913) The Mutiny of the Elsinore (1914) The Star Rover (1915) (published in England as The Jacket) The Little Lady of the Big House (1916) Jerry of the Islands (1917) Michael, Brother of Jerry (1917) Hearts of Three (1920) (novelization of a script by Charles Goddard) The Assassination Bureau, Ltd (1963) (left half-finished, completed by Robert L. Fish) Short story collections Son of the Wolf (1900) Chris Farrington, Able Seaman (1901) The God of His Fathers & Other Stories (1901) Children of the Frost (1902) The Faith of Men and Other Stories (1904) Tales of the Fish Patrol (1906) Moon-Face and Other Stories (1906) Love of Life and Other Stories (1907) Lost Face (1910) South Sea Tales (1911) When God Laughs and Other Stories (1911) The House of Pride & Other Tales of Hawaii (1912) Smoke Bellew (1912) A Son of the Sun (1912) The Night Born (1913) The Strength of the Strong (1914) The Turtles of Tasman (1916) The Human Drift (1917) The Red One (1918) On the Makaloa Mat (1919) Dutch Courage and Other Stories (1922) Autobiographical memoirs The Road (1907) The Cruise of the Snark (1911) John Barleycorn (1913) Non-fiction and essays Through the Rapids on the Way to the Klondike (1899) From Dawson to the Sea (1899) What Communities Lose by the Competitive System (1900) The Impossibility of War (1900) Phenomena of Literary Evolution (1900) A Letter to Houghton Mifflin Co. (1900) Husky, Wolf Dog of the North (1900) Editorial Crimes – A Protest (1901) Again the Literary Aspirant (1902) The People of the Abyss (1903) How I Became a Socialist (1903) War of the Classes (1905) The Story of an Eyewitness (1906) A Letter to Woman's Home Companion (1906) \"The Lepers of Molokai\" in Woman's Home Companion (1908) \"The Nature Man\" in Woman's Home Companion (1908) \"The High Seat of Abundance\" in Woman's Home Companion (1908) Revolution, and other Essays (1910) Mexico's Army and Ours (1914) Lawgivers (1914) Our Adventures in Tampico (1914) Stalking the Pestilence (1914) The Red Game of War (1914) The Trouble Makers of Mexico (1914) With Funston's Men (1914) Plays Theft (1910) Daughters of the Rich: A One Act Play (1915) The Acorn Planter: A California Forest Play (1916) Poetry A Heart (1899) Abalone Song (1913) And Some Night (1914) Ballade of the False Lover (1914) Cupid's Deal (1913) Daybreak (1901) Effusion (1901) George Sterling (1913) Gold (1915) He Chortled with Glee (1899) He Never Tried Again (1912) His Trip to Hades (1913) Homeland (1914) Hors de Saison (1913) If I Were God (1899) In a Year (1901) In and Out (1911) Je Vis en Espoir (1897) Memory (1913) Moods (1913) My Confession (1912) My Little Palmist (1914) Of Man of the Future (1915) Oh You Everybody's Girl (19) On the Face of the Earth You are the One (1915) Rainbows End (1914) Republican Rallying Song (1916) Sonnet (1901) The Gift of God (1905) The Klondyker's Dream (1914) The Lover's Liturgy (1913) The Mammon Worshippers (1911) The Republican Battle-Hymn (1905) The Return of Ulysses (1915) The Sea Sprite and the Shooting Star (1916) The Socialist's Dream (1912) The Song of the Flames (1903) The Way of War (1906) The Worker and the Tramp (1911) Tick!", "However, in his book War of the Classes he published a 1903 speech titled \"The Scab\", which gave a much more balanced view of the topic: Publications Source unless otherwise specified: Novels The Cruise of the Dazzler (1902) A Daughter of the Snows (1902) The Call of the Wild (1903) The Kempton-Wace Letters (1903) (published anonymously, co-authored with Anna Strunsky) The Sea-Wolf (1904) The Game (1905) White Fang (1906) Before Adam (1907) The Iron Heel (1908) Martin Eden (1909) Burning Daylight (1910) Adventure (1911) The Scarlet Plague (1912) A Son of the Sun (1912) The Abysmal Brute (1913) The Valley of the Moon (1913) The Mutiny of the Elsinore (1914) The Star Rover (1915) (published in England as The Jacket) The Little Lady of the Big House (1916) Jerry of the Islands (1917) Michael, Brother of Jerry (1917) Hearts of Three (1920) (novelization of a script by Charles Goddard) The Assassination Bureau, Ltd (1963) (left half-finished, completed by Robert L. Fish) Short story collections Son of the Wolf (1900) Chris Farrington, Able Seaman (1901) The God of His Fathers & Other Stories (1901) Children of the Frost (1902) The Faith of Men and Other Stories (1904) Tales of the Fish Patrol (1906) Moon-Face and Other Stories (1906) Love of Life and Other Stories (1907) Lost Face (1910) South Sea Tales (1911) When God Laughs and Other Stories (1911) The House of Pride & Other Tales of Hawaii (1912) Smoke Bellew (1912) A Son of the Sun (1912) The Night Born (1913) The Strength of the Strong (1914) The Turtles of Tasman (1916) The Human Drift (1917) The Red One (1918) On the Makaloa Mat (1919) Dutch Courage and Other Stories (1922) Autobiographical memoirs The Road (1907) The Cruise of the Snark (1911) John Barleycorn (1913) Non-fiction and essays Through the Rapids on the Way to the Klondike (1899) From Dawson to the Sea (1899) What Communities Lose by the Competitive System (1900) The Impossibility of War (1900) Phenomena of Literary Evolution (1900) A Letter to Houghton Mifflin Co. (1900) Husky, Wolf Dog of the North (1900) Editorial Crimes – A Protest (1901) Again the Literary Aspirant (1902) The People of the Abyss (1903) How I Became a Socialist (1903) War of the Classes (1905) The Story of an Eyewitness (1906) A Letter to Woman's Home Companion (1906) \"The Lepers of Molokai\" in Woman's Home Companion (1908) \"The Nature Man\" in Woman's Home Companion (1908) \"The High Seat of Abundance\" in Woman's Home Companion (1908) Revolution, and other Essays (1910) Mexico's Army and Ours (1914) Lawgivers (1914) Our Adventures in Tampico (1914) Stalking the Pestilence (1914) The Red Game of War (1914) The Trouble Makers of Mexico (1914) With Funston's Men (1914) Plays Theft (1910) Daughters of the Rich: A One Act Play (1915) The Acorn Planter: A California Forest Play (1916) Poetry A Heart (1899) Abalone Song (1913) And Some Night (1914) Ballade of the False Lover (1914) Cupid's Deal (1913) Daybreak (1901) Effusion (1901) George Sterling (1913) Gold (1915) He Chortled with Glee (1899) He Never Tried Again (1912) His Trip to Hades (1913) Homeland (1914) Hors de Saison (1913) If I Were God (1899) In a Year (1901) In and Out (1911) Je Vis en Espoir (1897) Memory (1913) Moods (1913) My Confession (1912) My Little Palmist (1914) Of Man of the Future (1915) Oh You Everybody's Girl (19) On the Face of the Earth You are the One (1915) Rainbows End (1914) Republican Rallying Song (1916) Sonnet (1901) The Gift of God (1905) The Klondyker's Dream (1914) The Lover's Liturgy (1913) The Mammon Worshippers (1911) The Republican Battle-Hymn (1905) The Return of Ulysses (1915) The Sea Sprite and the Shooting Star (1916) The Socialist's Dream (1912) The Song of the Flames (1903) The Way of War (1906) The Worker and the Tramp (1911) Tick! Tick!", "Tick! Tick! Tick!", "Tick! Tick! Tick! (1915) Too Late (1912) Weasel Thieves (1913) When All the World Shouted my Name (1905) Where the Rainbow Fell (1902) Your Kiss (1914) Short stories \"Typhoon off the Coast of Japan\" (November 12, 1893) \" 'Frisco Kid's' Story\" (February 15, 1895) \"Sakaicho, Hona Asi and Hakadaki\" (April 19, 1895) \"Night's Swim In Yeddo Bay\" (May 27, 1895) \"Who Believes in Ghosts!\"", "(1915) Too Late (1912) Weasel Thieves (1913) When All the World Shouted my Name (1905) Where the Rainbow Fell (1902) Your Kiss (1914) Short stories \"Typhoon off the Coast of Japan\" (November 12, 1893) \" 'Frisco Kid's' Story\" (February 15, 1895) \"Sakaicho, Hona Asi and Hakadaki\" (April 19, 1895) \"Night's Swim In Yeddo Bay\" (May 27, 1895) \"Who Believes in Ghosts!\" (October 21, 1895) \"And 'Frisco Kid Came Back\" (November 4, 1895) \"One More Unfortunate\" (December 18, 1895) \"O Haru\" (1993; written in April 1897) \"The Mahatma's Little Joke\" (1993; written in May 1897) \"The Strange Experience of a Misogynist\" (1993; written between May and September 1897), originally titled \"The Misogynist\" \"Two Gold Bricks\" (September 1897) \"The Plague Ship\" (1993; written between September and December 1897) \"The Devil’s Dice Box\" (December 1976; written in September 1898) \"The Test: A Clondyke Wooing\" (1983; written in September 1898) \"A Klondike Christmas\" (1983; written in November 1898) \"A Dream Image\" (1898) \"To the Man on Trail: A Klondike Christmas\" (January 1899) \"The White Silence\" (February 1899) \"The Son of the Wolf\" (April 1899) \"The Men of Forty-Mile\" (May 1899) \"A Thousand Deaths\" (May 1899) \"An Old Soldier's Story\" (May 20, 1899) \"In a Far Country\" (June 1899) \"The Priestly Prerogative\" (July 1899) \"The Handsome Cabin Boy\" (July 1899) \"The Wife of a King\" (August 1899) \"In the Time of Prince Charley\" (September 1899) \"Old Baldy\" (September 16, 1899) \"The Grilling of Loren Ellery\" (September 24, 1899) \"The Rejuvenation of Major Rathbone\" (November 1899) \"The King of Mazy May\" (November 30, 1899) \"The Wisdom of the Trail\" (December 1899) \"A Daughter of the Aurora\" (December 24, 1899) \"Pluck and Pertinacity\" (1899) \"An Odyssey of the North\" (January 1900) \"A Lesson in Heraldry\" (March 1900) \"The End of the Chapter\" (June 9, 1900) \"Uri Bram's God\" (June 24, 1900) \"Even unto Death\" (July 28, 1900) \"Grit of Women\" (August 1900) \"Jan the Unrepentant\" (August 1900) \"The Man with the Gash\" (September 1900) \"Their Alcove\" (September 1900) \"Housekeeping in the Klondike\" (September 16, 1900) \"The Proper 'Girlie' \" (October 1900) \"Thanksgiving on Slav Creek\" (November 24, 1900) \"Where the Trail Forks\" (December 1900) \"The Great Interrogation\" (December 1900) \"Semper Idem\" (December 1900) \"A Northland Miracle\" (November 4, 1926; written in 1900) \"Dutch Courage\" (November 29, 1900) \"A Relic of the Pliocene\" (January 12, 1901) \"The Law of Life\" (March 1901) \"Siwash\" (March 1901) \"The Lost Poacher\" (March 14, 1901) \"At the Rainbow's End\" (March 24, 1901) \"The God of His Fathers\" (May 1901) \"The Scorn of Woman\" (May 1901) \"The Minions of Midas\" (May 1901) \"Chris Farrington: Able Seaman\" (May 23, 1901) \"A Hyperborean Brew\" (July 1901) \"Bald Face\" (September 6, 1901) \"Keesh, Son of Keesh\" (January 1902) \"An Adventure in the Upper Sea\" (May 1902) \"To Build a Fire\" (May 29, 1902, revised August 1908) \"Diable --- A Dog\" (June 1902), renamed Bâtard in 1904 \"To Repel Boarders\" (June 1902) \"The ‘Fuzziness' of Hoockla-Heen\" (July 3, 1902) \"Moon-Face\" (July 21, 1902) \"Nam-Bok, the Liar\" (August 1902) \"Li Wan the Fair\" (August 1902) \"The Master of Mystery\" (September 1902) \"In the Forests of the North\" (September 1902) \"The Sunlanders\" (September 1902) \"The Death of Ligoun\" (September 1902) \"The Story of Jees Uck\" (September 1902) \"The Sickness of Lone Chief\" (October 1902) \"The League of the Old Men\" (October 4, 1902) \"Lost Face\" (1902) \"Master of Mystery\" (1902) \"In Yeddo Bay\" (February 1903) \"The One Thousand Dozen\" (March 1903) \"The Shadow and the Flash\" (June 1903) “The Faith of Men\" (June 1903) \"The Leopard Man's Story\" (August 1903) \"The Marriage of Lit-Lit\" (September 1903) \"Local Color\" (October 1903) \"Too Much Gold\" (December 1903) \"Amateur Night\" (December 1903) \"The Dominant Primordial Beast\" (1903) \"Keesh, The Bear Hunter\" (January 1904); often reprinted as \"The Story of Keesh\" \"The Banks of the Sacramento\" (March 17, 1904) \"White and Yellow\" (February 16, 1905) \"The King of the Greeks\" (March 2, 1905) \"A Raid on the Oyster Pirates\" (March 16, 1905) \"The Siege of the 'Lancashire Queen' ” (March 30, 1905) \"Charley's Coup” (April 13, 1905) \"Demetrios Contos” (April 27, 1905) \"Yellow Handkerchief” (May 11, 1905) \"All Gold Cañon\" (November 1905) \"Love of Life\" (December 1905) \"The Sun-Dog Trail\" (December 1905) \"A Nose for the King\" (March 1906) \"Planchette\" (June 1906) \"The Unexpected\" (August 1906) \"Brown Wolf\" (August 1906) \"The Apostate\" (September 1906) \"Up the Slide\" (October 25, 1906) \"A Wicked Woman\" (November 1906) \"The White Man's Way\" (November 4, 1906) \"The Wit of Porportuk\" (December 1906) \"When God Laughs\" (January 1907) \"Just Meat\" (March 1907) \"Created He Them\" (April 1907) \"Morganson's Finish\" (May 1907) \"A Day's Lodging\" (May 25, 1907) \"Negore the Coward\" (September 1907) \"Chased by the Trail\" (September 26, 1907) \"The Passing of Marcus O'Brien\" (January 1908) \"Trust\" (January 1908) \"That Spot\" (February 1908) \"Flush of Gold\" (April 1908) \"Make Westing\" (April 1908) \"The Enemy of All the World\" (October 1908) \"Aloha Oe\" (December 1908) \"A Curious Fragment\" (December 10, 1908) \"The Dream of Debs\" (January 1909) \"The House of Mapuhi\" (January 1909) \"The Seed of McCoy\" (April 1909) \"The Madness of John Harned\" (May 1909) \"South of the Slot\" (May 22, 1909) \"Good-by, Jack\" (June 1909) \"The Chinago\" (June 26, 1909) \"The Sheriff of Kona\" (August 1909) \"The Heathen\" (September 1909) \"A Piece of Steak\" (November 20, 1909) \"Koolau the Leper\" (December 1909) \"Mauki\" (December 1909) “The Mission of John Starhurst” (December 29, 1909); reprinted as \"The Whale Tooth\" \"Samuel\" (1909) \"Chun An Chun\" (Spring 1910) \"The Terrible Solomons\" (March 1910) \"The Inevitable White Man\" (May 14, 1910) \"The Unparalleled Invasion\" (July 1910) \"Winged Blackmail\" (September 1910) \"When the World was Young\" (September 10, 1910) \"The Benefit of the Doubt\" (November 12, 1910) \"Under the Deck Awnings\" (November 19, 1910) \"Yah!", "(October 21, 1895) \"And 'Frisco Kid Came Back\" (November 4, 1895) \"One More Unfortunate\" (December 18, 1895) \"O Haru\" (1993; written in April 1897) \"The Mahatma's Little Joke\" (1993; written in May 1897) \"The Strange Experience of a Misogynist\" (1993; written between May and September 1897), originally titled \"The Misogynist\" \"Two Gold Bricks\" (September 1897) \"The Plague Ship\" (1993; written between September and December 1897) \"The Devil’s Dice Box\" (December 1976; written in September 1898) \"The Test: A Clondyke Wooing\" (1983; written in September 1898) \"A Klondike Christmas\" (1983; written in November 1898) \"A Dream Image\" (1898) \"To the Man on Trail: A Klondike Christmas\" (January 1899) \"The White Silence\" (February 1899) \"The Son of the Wolf\" (April 1899) \"The Men of Forty-Mile\" (May 1899) \"A Thousand Deaths\" (May 1899) \"An Old Soldier's Story\" (May 20, 1899) \"In a Far Country\" (June 1899) \"The Priestly Prerogative\" (July 1899) \"The Handsome Cabin Boy\" (July 1899) \"The Wife of a King\" (August 1899) \"In the Time of Prince Charley\" (September 1899) \"Old Baldy\" (September 16, 1899) \"The Grilling of Loren Ellery\" (September 24, 1899) \"The Rejuvenation of Major Rathbone\" (November 1899) \"The King of Mazy May\" (November 30, 1899) \"The Wisdom of the Trail\" (December 1899) \"A Daughter of the Aurora\" (December 24, 1899) \"Pluck and Pertinacity\" (1899) \"An Odyssey of the North\" (January 1900) \"A Lesson in Heraldry\" (March 1900) \"The End of the Chapter\" (June 9, 1900) \"Uri Bram's God\" (June 24, 1900) \"Even unto Death\" (July 28, 1900) \"Grit of Women\" (August 1900) \"Jan the Unrepentant\" (August 1900) \"The Man with the Gash\" (September 1900) \"Their Alcove\" (September 1900) \"Housekeeping in the Klondike\" (September 16, 1900) \"The Proper 'Girlie' \" (October 1900) \"Thanksgiving on Slav Creek\" (November 24, 1900) \"Where the Trail Forks\" (December 1900) \"The Great Interrogation\" (December 1900) \"Semper Idem\" (December 1900) \"A Northland Miracle\" (November 4, 1926; written in 1900) \"Dutch Courage\" (November 29, 1900) \"A Relic of the Pliocene\" (January 12, 1901) \"The Law of Life\" (March 1901) \"Siwash\" (March 1901) \"The Lost Poacher\" (March 14, 1901) \"At the Rainbow's End\" (March 24, 1901) \"The God of His Fathers\" (May 1901) \"The Scorn of Woman\" (May 1901) \"The Minions of Midas\" (May 1901) \"Chris Farrington: Able Seaman\" (May 23, 1901) \"A Hyperborean Brew\" (July 1901) \"Bald Face\" (September 6, 1901) \"Keesh, Son of Keesh\" (January 1902) \"An Adventure in the Upper Sea\" (May 1902) \"To Build a Fire\" (May 29, 1902, revised August 1908) \"Diable --- A Dog\" (June 1902), renamed Bâtard in 1904 \"To Repel Boarders\" (June 1902) \"The ‘Fuzziness' of Hoockla-Heen\" (July 3, 1902) \"Moon-Face\" (July 21, 1902) \"Nam-Bok, the Liar\" (August 1902) \"Li Wan the Fair\" (August 1902) \"The Master of Mystery\" (September 1902) \"In the Forests of the North\" (September 1902) \"The Sunlanders\" (September 1902) \"The Death of Ligoun\" (September 1902) \"The Story of Jees Uck\" (September 1902) \"The Sickness of Lone Chief\" (October 1902) \"The League of the Old Men\" (October 4, 1902) \"Lost Face\" (1902) \"Master of Mystery\" (1902) \"In Yeddo Bay\" (February 1903) \"The One Thousand Dozen\" (March 1903) \"The Shadow and the Flash\" (June 1903) “The Faith of Men\" (June 1903) \"The Leopard Man's Story\" (August 1903) \"The Marriage of Lit-Lit\" (September 1903) \"Local Color\" (October 1903) \"Too Much Gold\" (December 1903) \"Amateur Night\" (December 1903) \"The Dominant Primordial Beast\" (1903) \"Keesh, The Bear Hunter\" (January 1904); often reprinted as \"The Story of Keesh\" \"The Banks of the Sacramento\" (March 17, 1904) \"White and Yellow\" (February 16, 1905) \"The King of the Greeks\" (March 2, 1905) \"A Raid on the Oyster Pirates\" (March 16, 1905) \"The Siege of the 'Lancashire Queen' ” (March 30, 1905) \"Charley's Coup” (April 13, 1905) \"Demetrios Contos” (April 27, 1905) \"Yellow Handkerchief” (May 11, 1905) \"All Gold Cañon\" (November 1905) \"Love of Life\" (December 1905) \"The Sun-Dog Trail\" (December 1905) \"A Nose for the King\" (March 1906) \"Planchette\" (June 1906) \"The Unexpected\" (August 1906) \"Brown Wolf\" (August 1906) \"The Apostate\" (September 1906) \"Up the Slide\" (October 25, 1906) \"A Wicked Woman\" (November 1906) \"The White Man's Way\" (November 4, 1906) \"The Wit of Porportuk\" (December 1906) \"When God Laughs\" (January 1907) \"Just Meat\" (March 1907) \"Created He Them\" (April 1907) \"Morganson's Finish\" (May 1907) \"A Day's Lodging\" (May 25, 1907) \"Negore the Coward\" (September 1907) \"Chased by the Trail\" (September 26, 1907) \"The Passing of Marcus O'Brien\" (January 1908) \"Trust\" (January 1908) \"That Spot\" (February 1908) \"Flush of Gold\" (April 1908) \"Make Westing\" (April 1908) \"The Enemy of All the World\" (October 1908) \"Aloha Oe\" (December 1908) \"A Curious Fragment\" (December 10, 1908) \"The Dream of Debs\" (January 1909) \"The House of Mapuhi\" (January 1909) \"The Seed of McCoy\" (April 1909) \"The Madness of John Harned\" (May 1909) \"South of the Slot\" (May 22, 1909) \"Good-by, Jack\" (June 1909) \"The Chinago\" (June 26, 1909) \"The Sheriff of Kona\" (August 1909) \"The Heathen\" (September 1909) \"A Piece of Steak\" (November 20, 1909) \"Koolau the Leper\" (December 1909) \"Mauki\" (December 1909) “The Mission of John Starhurst” (December 29, 1909); reprinted as \"The Whale Tooth\" \"Samuel\" (1909) \"Chun An Chun\" (Spring 1910) \"The Terrible Solomons\" (March 1910) \"The Inevitable White Man\" (May 14, 1910) \"The Unparalleled Invasion\" (July 1910) \"Winged Blackmail\" (September 1910) \"When the World was Young\" (September 10, 1910) \"The Benefit of the Doubt\" (November 12, 1910) \"Under the Deck Awnings\" (November 19, 1910) \"Yah! Yah!", "Yah! Yah! Yah!\"", "Yah! Yah!\" Yah!\" (December 1910) \"The House of Pride\" (December 1910) \"To Kill a Man\" (December 10, 1910) \"Bunches of Knuckles\" (December 18, 1910) \"Goliath\" (1910) \"The 'Francis Spaight' \" (January 1911) \"The Hobo and the Fairy\" (February 11, 1911) \"The Strength of the Strong\" (March 1911) \"The Eternity of Forms\" (March 1911) \"A Son of the Sun\" (May 27.", "(December 1910) \"The House of Pride\" (December 1910) \"To Kill a Man\" (December 10, 1910) \"Bunches of Knuckles\" (December 18, 1910) \"Goliath\" (1910) \"The 'Francis Spaight' \" (January 1911) \"The Hobo and the Fairy\" (February 11, 1911) \"The Strength of the Strong\" (March 1911) \"The Eternity of Forms\" (March 1911) \"A Son of the Sun\" (May 27. 1911) \"The Taste of the Meat\" (June 1911) “The Proud Goat of Aloysius Pankburn\" (June 24, 1911) \"The Meat\" (July 1911) “The Night Born\" (July 1911) \"War\" (July 29, 1911) \"The Goat Man of Fuatino\" (July 20, 1911) “The Stampede to Squaw Creek\" (August 1911) \"The Mexican\" (August 19, 1911) \"Shorty Dreams\" (September 1911) \"A Little Account with Swithin Hall\" (September 2, 1911) \"A Goboto Night\" (September 30, 1911) \"The Man on the Other Bank\" (October 1911) \"The Pears of Parlay\" (October 14, 1911) \"The Race for Number Three\" (November 1911) \"The End of the Story\" (November 1911) \" The Jokers of New Gibbon\" (November 11, 1911) \"By the Turtles of Tasman\" (November 19, 1911) \"The Little Man\" (December 1911) \"The Unmasking of the Cad\" (December 23, 1911) \"The Hanging of Cultus George\" (January 1912) \"The Mistake of Creation\" (February 1912) \"A Flutter in Eggs\" (March 1912) \"The Sea-Farmer\" (March 1912) \"The Feathers of the Sun\" (March 9, 1912) \"The Town-Site of Tra-Lee\" (April 1912) \"Wonder of Woman\" (May 1912) \"The Prodigal Father\" (May 1912) \"The Scarlet Plague\" (June 1912) \"The Captain of the Susan Drew\" (December 1, 1912) \"Samuel\" (May 1913) \"The Sea-Gangsters\" (November 1913) \"Told in the Drooling Ward\" (June 1914) \"The Hussy\" (December 1916) \"Man of Mine\" (February 1917) \"Like Argus of the Ancient Times\" (March 1917) \"Jerry of the Islands\" (1917) \"When Alice Told Her Soul\" (March 1918) \"The Princess\" (June 1918) \"The Tears of Ah Kim\" (July 1918) \"The Water Baby\" (September 1918) \"The Red One\" (October 1918) \"In the Cave of the Dead\" (November 1918) \"Shin-Bones\" (1918) \"On the Makaloa Mat\" (March 1919) \"The Bones of Kahekili\" (July 1919) \" Whose Business Is to Live\" (September 1922) \"Eyes of Asia\" (September 1924) Legacy and honors Mount London, also known as Boundary Peak 100, on the Alaska-British Columbia boundary, in the Boundary Ranges of the Coast Mountains of British Columbia, is named for him.", "1911) \"The Taste of the Meat\" (June 1911) “The Proud Goat of Aloysius Pankburn\" (June 24, 1911) \"The Meat\" (July 1911) “The Night Born\" (July 1911) \"War\" (July 29, 1911) \"The Goat Man of Fuatino\" (July 20, 1911) “The Stampede to Squaw Creek\" (August 1911) \"The Mexican\" (August 19, 1911) \"Shorty Dreams\" (September 1911) \"A Little Account with Swithin Hall\" (September 2, 1911) \"A Goboto Night\" (September 30, 1911) \"The Man on the Other Bank\" (October 1911) \"The Pears of Parlay\" (October 14, 1911) \"The Race for Number Three\" (November 1911) \"The End of the Story\" (November 1911) \" The Jokers of New Gibbon\" (November 11, 1911) \"By the Turtles of Tasman\" (November 19, 1911) \"The Little Man\" (December 1911) \"The Unmasking of the Cad\" (December 23, 1911) \"The Hanging of Cultus George\" (January 1912) \"The Mistake of Creation\" (February 1912) \"A Flutter in Eggs\" (March 1912) \"The Sea-Farmer\" (March 1912) \"The Feathers of the Sun\" (March 9, 1912) \"The Town-Site of Tra-Lee\" (April 1912) \"Wonder of Woman\" (May 1912) \"The Prodigal Father\" (May 1912) \"The Scarlet Plague\" (June 1912) \"The Captain of the Susan Drew\" (December 1, 1912) \"Samuel\" (May 1913) \"The Sea-Gangsters\" (November 1913) \"Told in the Drooling Ward\" (June 1914) \"The Hussy\" (December 1916) \"Man of Mine\" (February 1917) \"Like Argus of the Ancient Times\" (March 1917) \"Jerry of the Islands\" (1917) \"When Alice Told Her Soul\" (March 1918) \"The Princess\" (June 1918) \"The Tears of Ah Kim\" (July 1918) \"The Water Baby\" (September 1918) \"The Red One\" (October 1918) \"In the Cave of the Dead\" (November 1918) \"Shin-Bones\" (1918) \"On the Makaloa Mat\" (March 1919) \"The Bones of Kahekili\" (July 1919) \" Whose Business Is to Live\" (September 1922) \"Eyes of Asia\" (September 1924) Legacy and honors Mount London, also known as Boundary Peak 100, on the Alaska-British Columbia boundary, in the Boundary Ranges of the Coast Mountains of British Columbia, is named for him. Jack London Square on the waterfront of Oakland, California was named for him.", "Jack London Square on the waterfront of Oakland, California was named for him. He was honored by the United States Postal Service with a 25¢ Great Americans series postage stamp released on January 11, 1986. Jack London Lake (), a mountain lake located in the upper reaches of the Kolyma River in Yagodninsky district of Magadan Oblast.", "Jack London Lake (), a mountain lake located in the upper reaches of the Kolyma River in Yagodninsky district of Magadan Oblast. Fictional portrayals of London include Michael O'Shea in the 1943 film Jack London, Jeff East in the 1980 film Klondike Fever, Michael Aron in the Star Trek: The Next Generation episode Time's Arrow from 1992, Aaron Ashmore in the Murdoch Mysteries episode \"Murdoch of the Klondike\" from 2012, and Johnny Simmons in the 2014 miniseries Klondike.", "Fictional portrayals of London include Michael O'Shea in the 1943 film Jack London, Jeff East in the 1980 film Klondike Fever, Michael Aron in the Star Trek: The Next Generation episode Time's Arrow from 1992, Aaron Ashmore in the Murdoch Mysteries episode \"Murdoch of the Klondike\" from 2012, and Johnny Simmons in the 2014 miniseries Klondike. See also List of celebrities who own wineries and vineyards Notes References Bibliography The Jack London Online Collection' Further reading External links Western American Literature Journal: Jack London The Jack London Online Collection Site featuring information about Jack London's life and work, and a collection of his writings.", "See also List of celebrities who own wineries and vineyards Notes References Bibliography The Jack London Online Collection' Further reading External links Western American Literature Journal: Jack London The Jack London Online Collection Site featuring information about Jack London's life and work, and a collection of his writings. The World of Jack London Biographical information and writings Jack London State Historic Park The Huntingon Library's Jack London Archive Guide to the Jack London Papers at The Bancroft Library Jack London Collection at Sonoma State University Library Jack London Stories, scanned from original magazines, including the original artwork 5 short radio episodes from Jack London's writing at California Legacy Project Jack London Personal Manuscripts 1876 births 1916 deaths 1906 San Francisco earthquake survivors 19th-century American short story writers 19th-century sailors 20th-century American male writers 20th-century American novelists 20th-century American short story writers 20th-century sailors American atheists American democratic socialists American eugenicists American male non-fiction writers American male novelists American male short story writers American psychological fiction writers American sailors American travel writers American war correspondents Deaths from dysentery Male sailors Members of the Socialist Labor Party of America Military personnel from California People from Glen Ellen, California People from Piedmont, California People involved in plagiarism controversies People of the Klondike Gold Rush People of the Russo-Japanese War Socialist Party of America politicians from California United States Merchant Mariners University of California, Berkeley alumni War correspondents of the Russo-Japanese War Writers from Oakland, California Writers from San Francisco" ]

[ "Jack London", "Socialism", "what part did jack have in socialism?", "London joined the Socialist Labor Party in April 1896.", "what was his part in the party?", "London wrote from a socialist viewpoint,", "what was his viewpoint?", "\", his views were influenced by his experience with people at the bottom of the social pit.", "what was his experience with them like?", "His optimism and individualism faded, and he vowed never to do more hard physical work than necessary.", "what changes did he make with the party?", "I don't know.", "Who did he work with?", "I don't know.", "Are there any other interesting aspects about this article?", "In 1916, he resigned from the Glen Ellen chapter of the Socialist Party," ]

[ "Follow Me! is a series of television programmes produced by Bayerischer Rundfunk and the BBC in the late 1970s to provide a crash course in the English language. It became popular in many overseas countries as a first introduction to English; in 1983, one hundred million people watched the show in China alone, featuring Kathy Flower.\n\nThe British actor Francis Matthews hosted and narrated the series.\n\nThe course consists of sixty lessons. Each lesson lasts from 12 to 15 minutes and covers a specific lexis. The lessons follow a consistent group of actors, with the relationships between their characters developing during the course.\n\nFollow Me! actors\n Francis Matthews\n Raymond Mason\n David Savile\n Ian Bamforth\n Keith Alexander\n Diane Mercer\n Jane Argyle\n Diana King\n Veronica Leigh\n Elaine Wells\n Danielle Cohn\n Lashawnda Bell\n\nEpisodes \n \"What's your name\"\n \"How are you\"\n \"Can you help me\"\n \"Left, right, straight ahead\"\n \"Where are they\"\n \"What's the time\"\n \"What's this What's that\"\n \"I like it very much\"\n \"Have you got any wine\"\n \"What are they doing\"\n \"Can I have your name, please\"\n \"What does she look like\"\n \"No smoking\"\n \"It's on the first floor\"\n \"Where's he gone\"\n \"Going away\"\n \"Buying things\"\n \"Why do you like it\"\n \"What do you need\"\n \"I sometimes work late\"\n \"Welcome to Britain\"\n \"Who's that\"\n \"What would you like to do\"\n \"How can I get there?\"\n \"Where is it\"\n \"What's the date\"\n \"Whose is it\"\n \"I enjoy it\"\n \"How many and how much\"\n \"What have you done\"\n \"Haven't we met before\"\n \"What did you say\"\n \"Please stop\"\n \"How can I get to Brightly\"\n \"Where can I get it\"\n \"There's a concert on Wednesday\"\n \"What's it like\"\n \"What do you think of him\"\n \"I need someone\"\n \"What were you doing\"\n \"What do you do\"\n \"What do you know about him\"\n \"You shouldn't do that\"\n \"I hope you enjoy your holiday\"\n \"Where can I see a football match\"\n \"When will it be ready\"\n \"Where did you go\"\n \"I think it's awful\"\n \"A room with a view\"\n \"You'll be ill\"\n \"I don't believe in strikes\"\n \"They look tired\"\n \"Would you like to\"\n \"Holiday plans\"\n \"The second shelf on the left\"\n \"When you are ready\"\n \"Tell them about Britain\"\n \"I liked everything\"\n \"Classical or modern\"\n \"Finale\"\n\nReferences \n\n BBC article about the series in China\n\nExternal links \n Follow Me – Beginner level \n Follow Me – Elementary level\n Follow Me – Intermediate level\n Follow Me – Advanced level\n\nAdult education television series\nEnglish-language education television programming", "\"What Did I Do to You?\" is a song recorded by British singer Lisa Stansfield for her 1989 album, Affection. It was written by Stansfield, Ian Devaney and Andy Morris, and produced by Devaney and Morris. The song was released as the fourth European single on 30 April 1990. It included three previously unreleased songs written by Stansfield, Devaney and Morris: \"My Apple Heart,\" \"Lay Me Down\" and \"Something's Happenin'.\" \"What Did I Do to You?\" was remixed by Mark Saunders and by the Grammy Award-winning American house music DJ and producer, David Morales. The single became a top forty hit in the European countries reaching number eighteen in Finland, number twenty in Ireland and number twenty-five in the United Kingdom. \"What Did I Do to You?\" was also released in Japan.\n\nIn 2014, the remixes of \"What Did I Do to You?\" were included on the deluxe 2CD + DVD re-release of Affection and on People Hold On ... The Remix Anthology. They were also featured on The Collection 1989–2003 box set (2014), including previously unreleased Red Zone Mix by David Morales.\n\nCritical reception\nThe song received positive reviews from music critics. Matthew Hocter from Albumism viewed it as a \"upbeat offering\". David Giles from Music Week said it is \"beautifully performed\" by Stansfield. A reviewer from Reading Eagle wrote that \"What Did I Do to You?\" \"would be right at home on the \"Saturday Night Fever\" soundtrack.\"\n\nMusic video\nA music video was produced to promote the single, directed by Philip Richardson, who had previously directed the videos for \"All Around the World\" and \"Live Together\". It features Stansfield with her kiss curls, dressed in a white outfit and performing with her band on a stage in front of a jumping audience. The video was later published on Stansfield's official YouTube channel in November 2009. It has amassed more than 1,6 million views as of October 2021.\n\nTrack listings\n\n European/UK 7\" single\n\"What Did I Do to You?\" (Mark Saunders Remix Edit) – 4:20\n\"Something's Happenin'\" – 3:59\n\n European/UK/Japanese CD single\n\"What Did I Do to You?\" (Mark Saunders Remix Edit) – 4:20\n\"My Apple Heart\" – 5:19\n\"Lay Me Down\" – 4:17\n\"Something's Happenin'\" – 3:59\n\n UK 10\" single\n\"What Did I Do to You?\" (Mark Saunders Remix) – 5:52\n\"My Apple Heart\" – 5:19\n\"Lay Me Down\" – 4:17\n\"Something's Happenin'\" – 3:59\n\n European/UK 12\" single\n\"What Did I Do to You?\" (Morales Mix) – 7:59\n\"My Apple Heart\" – 4:22\n\"Lay Me Down\" – 3:19\n\"Something's Happenin'\" – 3:15\n\n UK 12\" promotional single\n\"What Did I Do to You?\" (Morales Mix) – 7:59\n\"What Did I Do to You?\" (Anti Poll Tax Dub) – 6:31\n\n Other remixes\n\"What Did I Do to You?\" (Red Zone Mix) – 7:45\n\nCharts\n\nReferences\n\nLisa Stansfield songs\n1990 singles\nSongs written by Lisa Stansfield\n1989 songs\nArista Records singles\nSongs written by Ian Devaney\nSongs written by Andy Morris (musician)" ]

[ "John Griffith London (born John Griffith Chaney; January 12, 1876 – November 22, 1916) was an American novelist, journalist and social activist. A pioneer of commercial fiction and American magazines, he was one of the first American authors to become an international celebrity and earn a large fortune from writing. He was also an innovator in the genre that would later become known as science fiction.", "He was also an innovator in the genre that would later become known as science fiction. London was part of the radical literary group \"The Crowd\" in San Francisco and a passionate advocate of unionization, workers' rights, socialism, and eugenics. He wrote several works dealing with these topics, such as his dystopian novel The Iron Heel, his non-fiction exposé The People of the Abyss, War of the Classes, and Before Adam.", "He wrote several works dealing with these topics, such as his dystopian novel The Iron Heel, his non-fiction exposé The People of the Abyss, War of the Classes, and Before Adam. His most famous works include The Call of the Wild and White Fang, both set in the Klondike Gold Rush, as well as the short stories \"To Build a Fire\", \"An Odyssey of the North\", and \"Love of Life\".", "His most famous works include The Call of the Wild and White Fang, both set in the Klondike Gold Rush, as well as the short stories \"To Build a Fire\", \"An Odyssey of the North\", and \"Love of Life\". He also wrote about the South Pacific in stories such as \"The Pearls of Parlay\", and \"The Heathen\". Family Jack London was born January 12, 1876.", "Family Jack London was born January 12, 1876. Family Jack London was born January 12, 1876. His mother, Flora Wellman, was the fifth and youngest child of Pennsylvania Canal builder Marshall Wellman and his first wife, Eleanor Garrett Jones. Marshall Wellman was descended from Thomas Wellman, an early Puritan settler in the Massachusetts Bay Colony. Flora left Ohio and moved to the Pacific coast when her father remarried after her mother died.", "Flora left Ohio and moved to the Pacific coast when her father remarried after her mother died. In San Francisco, Flora worked as a music teacher and spiritualist, claiming to channel the spirit of a Sauk chief, Black Hawk. Biographer Clarice Stasz and others believe London's father was astrologer William Chaney. Flora Wellman was living with Chaney in San Francisco when she became pregnant. Whether Wellman and Chaney were legally married is unknown.", "Whether Wellman and Chaney were legally married is unknown. Whether Wellman and Chaney were legally married is unknown. Stasz notes that in his memoirs, Chaney refers to London's mother Flora Wellman as having been \"his wife\"; he also cites an advertisement in which Flora called herself \"Florence Wellman Chaney\". According to Flora Wellman's account, as recorded in the San Francisco Chronicle of June 4, 1875, Chaney demanded that she have an abortion. When she refused, he disclaimed responsibility for the child.", "When she refused, he disclaimed responsibility for the child. In desperation, she shot herself. She was not seriously wounded, but she was temporarily deranged. After giving birth, Flora sent the baby for wet-nursing to Virginia (Jennie) Prentiss, a formerly enslaved African-American woman and a neighbor. Prentiss was an important maternal figure throughout London's life, and he would later refer to her as his primary source of love and affection as a child.", "Prentiss was an important maternal figure throughout London's life, and he would later refer to her as his primary source of love and affection as a child. Late in 1876, Flora Wellman married John London, a partially disabled Civil War veteran, and brought her baby John, later known as Jack, to live with the newly married couple. The family moved around the San Francisco Bay Area before settling in Oakland, where London completed public grade school.", "The family moved around the San Francisco Bay Area before settling in Oakland, where London completed public grade school. The Prentiss family moved with the Londons, and remained a stable source of care for the young Jack. In 1897, when he was 21 and a student at the University of California, Berkeley, London searched for and read the newspaper accounts of his mother's suicide attempt and the name of his biological father. He wrote to William Chaney, then living in Chicago.", "He wrote to William Chaney, then living in Chicago. Chaney responded that he could not be London's father because he was impotent; he casually asserted that London's mother had relations with other men and averred that she had slandered him when she said he insisted on an abortion. Chaney concluded by saying that he was more to be pitied than London. London was devastated by his father's letter; in the months following, he quit school at Berkeley and went to the Klondike during the gold rush boom.", "London was devastated by his father's letter; in the months following, he quit school at Berkeley and went to the Klondike during the gold rush boom. Early life London was born near Third and Brannan Streets in San Francisco. The house burned down in the fire after the 1906 San Francisco earthquake; the California Historical Society placed a plaque at the site in 1953. Although the family was working class, it was not as impoverished as London's later accounts claimed. London was largely self-educated.", "London was largely self-educated. London was largely self-educated. In 1885, London found and read Ouida's long Victorian novel Signa. He credited this as the seed of his literary success. In 1886, he went to the Oakland Public Library and found a sympathetic librarian, Ina Coolbrith, who encouraged his learning. (She later became California's first poet laureate and an important figure in the San Francisco literary community). In 1889, London began working 12 to 18 hours a day at Hickmott's Cannery.", "In 1889, London began working 12 to 18 hours a day at Hickmott's Cannery. Seeking a way out, he borrowed money from his foster mother Virginia Prentiss, bought the sloop Razzle-Dazzle from an oyster pirate named French Frank, and became an oyster pirate himself. In his memoir, John Barleycorn, he claims also to have stolen French Frank's mistress Mamie. After a few months, his sloop became damaged beyond repair. London hired on as a member of the California Fish Patrol.", "London hired on as a member of the California Fish Patrol. In 1893, he signed on to the sealing schooner Sophie Sutherland, bound for the coast of Japan. When he returned, the country was in the grip of the panic of '93 and Oakland was swept by labor unrest. After grueling jobs in a jute mill and a street-railway power plant, London joined Coxey's Army and began his career as a tramp.", "After grueling jobs in a jute mill and a street-railway power plant, London joined Coxey's Army and began his career as a tramp. In 1894, he spent 30 days for vagrancy in the Erie County Penitentiary at Buffalo, New York. In The Road, he wrote: After many experiences as a hobo and a sailor, he returned to Oakland and attended Oakland High School. He contributed a number of articles to the high school's magazine, The Aegis.", "He contributed a number of articles to the high school's magazine, The Aegis. His first published work was \"Typhoon off the Coast of Japan\", an account of his sailing experiences. As a schoolboy, London often studied at Heinold's First and Last Chance Saloon, a port-side bar in Oakland. At 17, he confessed to the bar's owner, John Heinold, his desire to attend university and pursue a career as a writer. Heinold lent London tuition money to attend college.", "Heinold lent London tuition money to attend college. Heinold lent London tuition money to attend college. London desperately wanted to attend the University of California, located in Berkeley. In 1896, after a summer of intense studying to pass certification exams, he was admitted. Financial circumstances forced him to leave in 1897, and he never graduated. No evidence has surfaced that he ever wrote for student publications while studying at Berkeley.", "No evidence has surfaced that he ever wrote for student publications while studying at Berkeley. While at Berkeley, London continued to study and spend time at Heinold's saloon, where he was introduced to the sailors and adventurers who would influence his writing. In his autobiographical novel, John Barleycorn, London mentioned the pub's likeness seventeen times. Heinold's was the place where London met Alexander McLean, a captain known for his cruelty at sea. London based his protagonist Wolf Larsen, in the novel The Sea-Wolf, on McLean.", "London based his protagonist Wolf Larsen, in the novel The Sea-Wolf, on McLean. Heinold's First and Last Chance Saloon is now unofficially named Jack London's Rendezvous in his honor. Gold rush and first success On July 12, 1897, London (age 21) and his sister's husband Captain Shepard sailed to join the Klondike Gold Rush. This was the setting for some of his first successful stories. London's time in the harsh Klondike, however, was detrimental to his health.", "London's time in the harsh Klondike, however, was detrimental to his health. Like so many other men who were malnourished in the goldfields, London developed scurvy. His gums became swollen, leading to the loss of his four front teeth. A constant gnawing pain affected his hip and leg muscles, and his face was stricken with marks that always reminded him of the struggles he faced in the Klondike.", "A constant gnawing pain affected his hip and leg muscles, and his face was stricken with marks that always reminded him of the struggles he faced in the Klondike. Father William Judge, \"The Saint of Dawson\", had a facility in Dawson that provided shelter, food and any available medicine to London and others. His struggles there inspired London's short story, \"To Build a Fire\" (1902, revised in 1908), which many critics assess as his best.", "His struggles there inspired London's short story, \"To Build a Fire\" (1902, revised in 1908), which many critics assess as his best. His landlords in Dawson were mining engineers Marshall Latham Bond and Louis Whitford Bond, educated at the Bachelor's level at the Sheffield Scientific School at Yale and at the Master's level at Stanford, respectively. The brothers' father, Judge Hiram Bond, was a wealthy mining investor.", "The brothers' father, Judge Hiram Bond, was a wealthy mining investor. While the Bond brothers were at Stanford Hiram at the suggestion of his brother bought the New Park Estate at Santa Clara as well as a local bank. The Bonds, especially Hiram, were active Republicans. Marshall Bond's diary mentions friendly sparring with London on political issues as a camp pastime. London left Oakland with a social conscience and socialist leanings; he returned to become an activist for socialism.", "London left Oakland with a social conscience and socialist leanings; he returned to become an activist for socialism. He concluded that his only hope of escaping the work \"trap\" was to get an education and \"sell his brains\". He saw his writing as a business, his ticket out of poverty, and, he hoped, a means of beating the wealthy at their own game.", "He saw his writing as a business, his ticket out of poverty, and, he hoped, a means of beating the wealthy at their own game. On returning to California in 1898, London began working to get published, a struggle described in his novel, Martin Eden (serialized in 1908, published in 1909). His first published story since high school was \"To the Man On Trail\", which has frequently been collected in anthologies.", "His first published story since high school was \"To the Man On Trail\", which has frequently been collected in anthologies. When The Overland Monthly offered him only five dollars for it—and was slow paying—London came close to abandoning his writing career. In his words, \"literally and literarily I was saved\" when The Black Cat accepted his story \"A Thousand Deaths\", and paid him $40—the \"first money I ever received for a story\".", "In his words, \"literally and literarily I was saved\" when The Black Cat accepted his story \"A Thousand Deaths\", and paid him $40—the \"first money I ever received for a story\". London began his writing career just as new printing technologies enabled lower-cost production of magazines. This resulted in a boom in popular magazines aimed at a wide public audience and a strong market for short fiction. In 1900, he made $2,500 in writing, about $ in today's currency.", "In 1900, he made $2,500 in writing, about $ in today's currency. Among the works he sold to magazines was a short story known as either \"Diable\" (1902) or \"Bâtard\" (1904), two editions of the same basic story; London received $141.25 for this story on May 27, 1902. In the text, a cruel French Canadian brutalizes his dog, and the dog retaliates and kills the man.", "In the text, a cruel French Canadian brutalizes his dog, and the dog retaliates and kills the man. London told some of his critics that man's actions are the main cause of the behavior of their animals, and he would show this in another story, The Call of the Wild. In early 1903, London sold The Call of the Wild to The Saturday Evening Post for $750, and the book rights to Macmillan. Macmillan's promotional campaign propelled it to swift success.", "Macmillan's promotional campaign propelled it to swift success. Macmillan's promotional campaign propelled it to swift success. While living at his rented villa on Lake Merritt in Oakland, California, London met poet George Sterling; in time they became best friends. In 1902, Sterling helped London find a home closer to his own in nearby Piedmont. In his letters London addressed Sterling as \"Greek\", owing to Sterling's aquiline nose and classical profile, and he signed them as \"Wolf\".", "In his letters London addressed Sterling as \"Greek\", owing to Sterling's aquiline nose and classical profile, and he signed them as \"Wolf\". London was later to depict Sterling as Russ Brissenden in his autobiographical novel Martin Eden (1910) and as Mark Hall in The Valley of the Moon (1913). In later life London indulged his wide-ranging interests by accumulating a personal library of 15,000 volumes. He referred to his books as \"the tools of my trade\".", "He referred to his books as \"the tools of my trade\". First marriage (1900–1904) London married Elizabeth Mae (or May) \"Bessie\" Maddern on April 7, 1900, the same day The Son of the Wolf was published. Bess had been part of his circle of friends for a number of years. She was related to stage actresses Minnie Maddern Fiske and Emily Stevens.", "She was related to stage actresses Minnie Maddern Fiske and Emily Stevens. Stasz says, \"Both acknowledged publicly that they were not marrying out of love, but from friendship and a belief that they would produce sturdy children.\" Kingman says, \"they were comfortable together... Jack had made it clear to Bessie that he did not love her, but that he liked her enough to make a successful marriage.\" London met Bessie through his friend at Oakland High School, Fred Jacobs; she was Fred's fiancée.", "London met Bessie through his friend at Oakland High School, Fred Jacobs; she was Fred's fiancée. Bessie, who tutored at Anderson's University Academy in Alameda California, tutored Jack in preparation for his entrance exams for the University of California at Berkeley in 1896. Jacobs was killed aboard the Scandia in 1897, but Jack and Bessie continued their friendship, which included taking photos and developing the film together. This was the beginning of Jack's passion for photography.", "This was the beginning of Jack's passion for photography. During the marriage, London continued his friendship with Anna Strunsky, co-authoring The Kempton-Wace Letters, an epistolary novel contrasting two philosophies of love. Anna, writing \"Dane Kempton's\" letters, arguing for a romantic view of marriage, while London, writing \"Herbert Wace's\" letters, argued for a scientific view, based on Darwinism and eugenics. In the novel, his fictional character contrasted two women he had known.", "In the novel, his fictional character contrasted two women he had known. London's pet name for Bess was \"Mother-Girl\" and Bess's for London was \"Daddy-Boy\". Their first child, Joan, was born on January 15, 1901, and their second, Bessie \"Becky\" (also reported as Bess), on October 20, 1902. Both children were born in Piedmont, California. Here London wrote one of his most celebrated works, The Call of the Wild.", "Here London wrote one of his most celebrated works, The Call of the Wild. While London had pride in his children, the marriage was strained. Kingman says that by 1903 the couple were close to separation as they were \"extremely incompatible\". \"Jack was still so kind and gentle with Bessie that when Cloudsley Johns was a house guest in February 1903 he didn't suspect a breakup of their marriage.\"", "\"Jack was still so kind and gentle with Bessie that when Cloudsley Johns was a house guest in February 1903 he didn't suspect a breakup of their marriage.\" London reportedly complained to friends Joseph Noel and George Sterling: Stasz writes that these were \"code words for [Bess's] fear that [Jack] was consorting with prostitutes and might bring home venereal disease.\" On July 24, 1903, London told Bessie he was leaving and moved out.", "On July 24, 1903, London told Bessie he was leaving and moved out. During 1904, London and Bess negotiated the terms of a divorce, and the decree was granted on November 11, 1904. War correspondent (1904) London accepted an assignment of the San Francisco Examiner to cover the Russo-Japanese War in early 1904, arriving in Yokohama on January 25, 1904. He was arrested by Japanese authorities in Shimonoseki, but released through the intervention of American ambassador Lloyd Griscom.", "He was arrested by Japanese authorities in Shimonoseki, but released through the intervention of American ambassador Lloyd Griscom. After travelling to Korea, he was again arrested by Japanese authorities for straying too close to the border with Manchuria without official permission, and was sent back to Seoul. Released again, London was permitted to travel with the Imperial Japanese Army to the border, and to observe the Battle of the Yalu.", "Released again, London was permitted to travel with the Imperial Japanese Army to the border, and to observe the Battle of the Yalu. London asked William Randolph Hearst, the owner of the San Francisco Examiner, to be allowed to transfer to the Imperial Russian Army, where he felt that restrictions on his reporting and his movements would be less severe.", "London asked William Randolph Hearst, the owner of the San Francisco Examiner, to be allowed to transfer to the Imperial Russian Army, where he felt that restrictions on his reporting and his movements would be less severe. However, before this could be arranged, he was arrested for a third time in four months, this time for assaulting his Japanese assistants, whom he accused of stealing the fodder for his horse. Released through the personal intervention of President Theodore Roosevelt, London departed the front in June 1904.", "Released through the personal intervention of President Theodore Roosevelt, London departed the front in June 1904. Bohemian Club On August 18, 1904, London went with his close friend, the poet George Sterling, to \"Summer High Jinks\" at the Bohemian Grove. London was elected to honorary membership in the Bohemian Club and took part in many activities. Other noted members of the Bohemian Club during this time included Ambrose Bierce, Gelett Burgess, Allan Dunn, John Muir, Frank Norris, and Herman George Scheffauer.", "Other noted members of the Bohemian Club during this time included Ambrose Bierce, Gelett Burgess, Allan Dunn, John Muir, Frank Norris, and Herman George Scheffauer. Beginning in December 1914, London worked on The Acorn Planter, A California Forest Play, to be performed as one of the annual Grove Plays, but it was never selected. It was described as too difficult to set to music. London published The Acorn Planter in 1916. Second marriage After divorcing Maddern, London married Charmian Kittredge in 1905.", "Second marriage After divorcing Maddern, London married Charmian Kittredge in 1905. London had been introduced to Kittredge in 1900 by her aunt Netta Eames, who was an editor at Overland Monthly magazine in San Francisco. The two met prior to his first marriage but became lovers years later after Jack and Bessie London visited Wake Robin, Netta Eames' Sonoma County resort, in 1903. London was injured when he fell from a buggy, and Netta arranged for Charmian to care for him.", "London was injured when he fell from a buggy, and Netta arranged for Charmian to care for him. The two developed a friendship, as Charmian, Netta, her husband Roscoe, and London were politically aligned with socialist causes. At some point the relationship became romantic, and Jack divorced his wife to marry Charmian, who was five years his senior. Biographer Russ Kingman called Charmian \"Jack's soul-mate, always at his side, and a perfect match.\"", "Biographer Russ Kingman called Charmian \"Jack's soul-mate, always at his side, and a perfect match.\" Their time together included numerous trips, including a 1907 cruise on the yacht Snark to Hawaii and Australia. Many of London's stories are based on his visits to Hawaii, the last one for 10 months beginning in December 1915. The couple also visited Goldfield, Nevada, in 1907, where they were guests of the Bond brothers, London's Dawson City landlords.", "The couple also visited Goldfield, Nevada, in 1907, where they were guests of the Bond brothers, London's Dawson City landlords. The Bond brothers were working in Nevada as mining engineers. London had contrasted the concepts of the \"Mother Girl\" and the \"Mate Woman\" in The Kempton-Wace Letters. His pet name for Bess had been \"Mother-Girl;\" his pet name for Charmian was \"Mate-Woman.\" Charmian's aunt and foster mother, a disciple of Victoria Woodhull, had raised her without prudishness.", "Charmian's aunt and foster mother, a disciple of Victoria Woodhull, had raised her without prudishness. Every biographer alludes to Charmian's uninhibited sexuality. Joseph Noel calls the events from 1903 to 1905 \"a domestic drama that would have intrigued the pen of an Ibsen.... London's had comedy relief in it and a sort of easy-going romance.\"", "Joseph Noel calls the events from 1903 to 1905 \"a domestic drama that would have intrigued the pen of an Ibsen.... London's had comedy relief in it and a sort of easy-going romance.\" In broad outline, London was restless in his first marriage, sought extramarital sexual affairs, and found, in Charmian Kittredge, not only a sexually active and adventurous partner, but his future life-companion. They attempted to have children; one child died at birth, and another pregnancy ended in a miscarriage.", "They attempted to have children; one child died at birth, and another pregnancy ended in a miscarriage. In 1906, London published in Collier's magazine his eye-witness report of the San Francisco earthquake. Beauty Ranch (1905–1916) In 1905, London purchased a ranch in Glen Ellen, Sonoma County, California, on the eastern slope of Sonoma Mountain. He wrote: \"Next to my wife, the ranch is the dearest thing in the world to me.\"", "He wrote: \"Next to my wife, the ranch is the dearest thing in the world to me.\" He desperately wanted the ranch to become a successful business enterprise. Writing, always a commercial enterprise with London, now became even more a means to an end: \"I write for no other purpose than to add to the beauty that now belongs to me. I write a book for no other reason than to add three or four hundred acres to my magnificent estate.\"", "I write a book for no other reason than to add three or four hundred acres to my magnificent estate.\" Stasz writes that London \"had taken fully to heart the vision, expressed in his agrarian fiction, of the land as the closest earthly version of Eden ... he educated himself through the study of agricultural manuals and scientific tomes. He conceived of a system of ranching that today would be praised for its ecological wisdom.\" He was proud to own the first concrete silo in California.", "He was proud to own the first concrete silo in California. He hoped to adapt the wisdom of Asian sustainable agriculture to the United States. He hired both Italian and Chinese stonemasons, whose distinctly different styles are obvious. The ranch was an economic failure. Sympathetic observers such as Stasz treat his projects as potentially feasible, and ascribe their failure to bad luck or to being ahead of their time. Unsympathetic historians such as Kevin Starr suggest that he was a bad manager, distracted by other concerns and impaired by his alcoholism.", "Unsympathetic historians such as Kevin Starr suggest that he was a bad manager, distracted by other concerns and impaired by his alcoholism. Starr notes that London was absent from his ranch about six months a year between 1910 and 1916 and says, \"He liked the show of managerial power, but not grinding attention to detail .... London's workers laughed at his efforts to play big-time rancher [and considered] the operation a rich man's hobby.\"", "Starr notes that London was absent from his ranch about six months a year between 1910 and 1916 and says, \"He liked the show of managerial power, but not grinding attention to detail .... London's workers laughed at his efforts to play big-time rancher [and considered] the operation a rich man's hobby.\" London spent $80,000 ($ in current value) to build a stone mansion called Wolf House on the property.", "London spent $80,000 ($ in current value) to build a stone mansion called Wolf House on the property. Just as the mansion was nearing completion, two weeks before the Londons planned to move in, it was destroyed by fire. London's last visit to Hawaii, beginning in December 1915, lasted eight months. He met with Duke Kahanamoku, Prince Jonah Kūhiō Kalaniana'ole, Queen Lili'uokalani and many others, before returning to his ranch in July 1916.", "He met with Duke Kahanamoku, Prince Jonah Kūhiō Kalaniana'ole, Queen Lili'uokalani and many others, before returning to his ranch in July 1916. He was suffering from kidney failure, but he continued to work. The ranch (abutting stone remnants of Wolf House) is now a National Historic Landmark and is protected in Jack London State Historic Park.", "The ranch (abutting stone remnants of Wolf House) is now a National Historic Landmark and is protected in Jack London State Historic Park. Animal activism London witnessed animal cruelty in the training of circus animals, and his subsequent novels Jerry of the Islands and Michael, Brother of Jerry included a foreword entreating the public to become more informed about this practice.", "Animal activism London witnessed animal cruelty in the training of circus animals, and his subsequent novels Jerry of the Islands and Michael, Brother of Jerry included a foreword entreating the public to become more informed about this practice. In 1918, the Massachusetts Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals and the American Humane Education Society teamed up to create the Jack London Club, which sought to inform the public about cruelty to circus animals and encourage them to protest this establishment.", "In 1918, the Massachusetts Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals and the American Humane Education Society teamed up to create the Jack London Club, which sought to inform the public about cruelty to circus animals and encourage them to protest this establishment. Support from Club members led to a temporary cessation of trained animal acts at Ringling-Barnum and Bailey in 1925. Death London died November 22, 1916, in a sleeping porch in a cottage on his ranch.", "Death London died November 22, 1916, in a sleeping porch in a cottage on his ranch. London had been a robust man but had suffered several serious illnesses, including scurvy in the Klondike. Additionally, during travels on the Snark, he and Charmian picked up unspecified tropical infections and diseases, including yaws. At the time of his death, he suffered from dysentery, late-stage alcoholism, and uremia; he was in extreme pain and taking morphine.", "At the time of his death, he suffered from dysentery, late-stage alcoholism, and uremia; he was in extreme pain and taking morphine. London's ashes were buried on his property not far from the Wolf House. London's funeral took place on November 26, 1916, attended only by close friends, relatives, and workers of the property. In accordance with his wishes, he was cremated and buried next to some pioneer children, under a rock that belonged to the Wolf House.", "In accordance with his wishes, he was cremated and buried next to some pioneer children, under a rock that belonged to the Wolf House. After Charmian's death in 1955, she was also cremated and then buried with her husband in the same spot that her husband chose. The grave is marked by a mossy boulder. The buildings and property were later preserved as Jack London State Historic Park, in Glen Ellen, California.", "The buildings and property were later preserved as Jack London State Historic Park, in Glen Ellen, California. Suicide debate Because he was using morphine, many older sources describe London's death as a suicide, and some still do. This conjecture appears to be a rumor, or speculation based on incidents in his fiction writings. His death certificate gives the cause as uremia, following acute renal colic.", "His death certificate gives the cause as uremia, following acute renal colic. The biographer Stasz writes, \"Following London's death, for a number of reasons, a biographical myth developed in which he has been portrayed as an alcoholic womanizer who committed suicide. Recent scholarship based upon firsthand documents challenges this caricature.\" Most biographers, including Russ Kingman, now agree he died of uremia aggravated by an accidental morphine overdose. London's fiction featured several suicides.", "London's fiction featured several suicides. London's fiction featured several suicides. In his autobiographical memoir John Barleycorn, he claims, as a youth, to have drunkenly stumbled overboard into the San Francisco Bay, \"some maundering fancy of going out with the tide suddenly obsessed me\". He said he drifted and nearly succeeded in drowning before sobering up and being rescued by fishermen.", "He said he drifted and nearly succeeded in drowning before sobering up and being rescued by fishermen. In the dénouement of The Little Lady of the Big House, the heroine, confronted by the pain of a mortal gunshot wound, undergoes a physician-assisted suicide by morphine. Also, in Martin Eden, the principal protagonist, who shares certain characteristics with London, drowns himself.", "Also, in Martin Eden, the principal protagonist, who shares certain characteristics with London, drowns himself. Plagiarism accusations London was vulnerable to accusations of plagiarism, both because he was such a conspicuous, prolific, and successful writer and because of his methods of working. He wrote in a letter to Elwyn Hoffman, \"expression, you see—with me—is far easier than invention.\" He purchased plots and novels from the young Sinclair Lewis and used incidents from newspaper clippings as writing material.", "He purchased plots and novels from the young Sinclair Lewis and used incidents from newspaper clippings as writing material. In July 1901, two pieces of fiction appeared within the same month: London's \"Moon-Face\", in the San Francisco Argonaut, and Frank Norris' \"The Passing of Cock-eye Blacklock\", in Century Magazine. Newspapers showed the similarities between the stories, which London said were \"quite different in manner of treatment, [but] patently the same in foundation and motive.\"", "Newspapers showed the similarities between the stories, which London said were \"quite different in manner of treatment, [but] patently the same in foundation and motive.\" London explained both writers based their stories on the same newspaper account. A year later, it was discovered that Charles Forrest McLean had published a fictional story also based on the same incident. Egerton Ryerson Young claimed The Call of the Wild (1903) was taken from Young's book My Dogs in the Northland (1902).", "Egerton Ryerson Young claimed The Call of the Wild (1903) was taken from Young's book My Dogs in the Northland (1902). London acknowledged using it as a source and claimed to have written a letter to Young thanking him.", "London acknowledged using it as a source and claimed to have written a letter to Young thanking him. In 1906, the New York World published \"deadly parallel\" columns showing eighteen passages from London's short story \"Love of Life\" side by side with similar passages from a nonfiction article by Augustus Biddle and J. K. Macdonald, titled \"Lost in the Land of the Midnight Sun\".", "In 1906, the New York World published \"deadly parallel\" columns showing eighteen passages from London's short story \"Love of Life\" side by side with similar passages from a nonfiction article by Augustus Biddle and J. K. Macdonald, titled \"Lost in the Land of the Midnight Sun\". London noted the World did not accuse him of \"plagiarism\", but only of \"identity of time and situation\", to which he defiantly \"pled guilty\".", "London noted the World did not accuse him of \"plagiarism\", but only of \"identity of time and situation\", to which he defiantly \"pled guilty\". The most serious charge of plagiarism was based on London's \"The Bishop's Vision\", Chapter 7 of his novel The Iron Heel (1908). The chapter is nearly identical to an ironic essay that Frank Harris published in 1901, titled \"The Bishop of London and Public Morality\".", "The chapter is nearly identical to an ironic essay that Frank Harris published in 1901, titled \"The Bishop of London and Public Morality\". Harris was incensed and suggested he should receive 1/60th of the royalties from The Iron Heel, the disputed material constituting about that fraction of the whole novel. London insisted he had clipped a reprint of the article, which had appeared in an American newspaper, and believed it to be a genuine speech delivered by the Bishop of London. Views Atheism London was an atheist.", "Views Atheism London was an atheist. Views Atheism London was an atheist. He is quoted as saying, \"I believe that when I am dead, I am dead. I believe that with my death I am just as much obliterated as the last mosquito you and I squashed.\" Socialism London wrote from a socialist viewpoint, which is evident in his novel The Iron Heel. Neither a theorist nor an intellectual socialist, London's socialism grew out of his life experience.", "Neither a theorist nor an intellectual socialist, London's socialism grew out of his life experience. As London explained in his essay, \"How I Became a Socialist\", his views were influenced by his experience with people at the bottom of the social pit. His optimism and individualism faded, and he vowed never to do more hard physical work than necessary. He wrote that his individualism was hammered out of him, and he was politically reborn. He often closed his letters \"Yours for the Revolution.\"", "He often closed his letters \"Yours for the Revolution.\" London joined the Socialist Labor Party in April 1896. In the same year, the San Francisco Chronicle published a story about the twenty-year-old London's giving nightly speeches in Oakland's City Hall Park, an activity he was arrested for a year later. In 1901, he left the Socialist Labor Party and joined the new Socialist Party of America.", "In 1901, he left the Socialist Labor Party and joined the new Socialist Party of America. He ran unsuccessfully as the high-profile Socialist candidate for mayor of Oakland in 1901 (receiving 245 votes) and 1905 (improving to 981 votes), toured the country lecturing on socialism in 1906, and published two collections of essays about socialism: War of the Classes (1905) and Revolution, and other Essays (1906).", "He ran unsuccessfully as the high-profile Socialist candidate for mayor of Oakland in 1901 (receiving 245 votes) and 1905 (improving to 981 votes), toured the country lecturing on socialism in 1906, and published two collections of essays about socialism: War of the Classes (1905) and Revolution, and other Essays (1906). Stasz notes that \"London regarded the Wobblies as a welcome addition to the Socialist cause, although he never joined them in going so far as to recommend sabotage.\"", "Stasz notes that \"London regarded the Wobblies as a welcome addition to the Socialist cause, although he never joined them in going so far as to recommend sabotage.\" Stasz mentions a personal meeting between London and Big Bill Haywood in 1912. In his late (1913) book The Cruise of the Snark, London writes about appeals to him for membership of the Snarks crew from office workers and other \"toilers\" who longed for escape from the cities, and of being cheated by workmen.", "In his late (1913) book The Cruise of the Snark, London writes about appeals to him for membership of the Snarks crew from office workers and other \"toilers\" who longed for escape from the cities, and of being cheated by workmen. In his Glen Ellen ranch years, London felt some ambivalence toward socialism and complained about the \"inefficient Italian labourers\" in his employ.", "In his Glen Ellen ranch years, London felt some ambivalence toward socialism and complained about the \"inefficient Italian labourers\" in his employ. In 1916, he resigned from the Glen Ellen chapter of the Socialist Party, but stated emphatically he did so \"because of its lack of fire and fight, and its loss of emphasis on the class struggle.\"", "In 1916, he resigned from the Glen Ellen chapter of the Socialist Party, but stated emphatically he did so \"because of its lack of fire and fight, and its loss of emphasis on the class struggle.\" In an unflattering portrait of London's ranch days, California cultural historian Kevin Starr refers to this period as \"post-socialist\" and says \"... by 1911 ... London was more bored by the class struggle than he cared to admit.\"", "In an unflattering portrait of London's ranch days, California cultural historian Kevin Starr refers to this period as \"post-socialist\" and says \"... by 1911 ... London was more bored by the class struggle than he cared to admit.\" Race London shared common concerns among many European Americans in California about Asian immigration, described as \"the yellow peril\"; he used the latter term as the title of a 1904 essay.", "Race London shared common concerns among many European Americans in California about Asian immigration, described as \"the yellow peril\"; he used the latter term as the title of a 1904 essay. This theme was also the subject of a story he wrote in 1910 called \"The Unparalleled Invasion\".", "This theme was also the subject of a story he wrote in 1910 called \"The Unparalleled Invasion\". Presented as an historical essay set in the future, the story narrates events between 1976 and 1987, in which China, with an ever-increasing population, is taking over and colonizing its neighbors with the intention of taking over the entire Earth. The western nations respond with biological warfare and bombard China with dozens of the most infectious diseases.", "The western nations respond with biological warfare and bombard China with dozens of the most infectious diseases. On his fears about China, he admits, \"it must be taken into consideration that the above postulate is itself a product of Western race-egotism, urged by our belief in our own righteousness and fostered by a faith in ourselves which may be as erroneous as are most fond race fancies.\"", "On his fears about China, he admits, \"it must be taken into consideration that the above postulate is itself a product of Western race-egotism, urged by our belief in our own righteousness and fostered by a faith in ourselves which may be as erroneous as are most fond race fancies.\" By contrast, many of London's short stories are notable for their empathetic portrayal of Mexican (\"The Mexican\"), Asian (\"The Chinago\"), and Hawaiian (\"Koolau the Leper\") characters.", "By contrast, many of London's short stories are notable for their empathetic portrayal of Mexican (\"The Mexican\"), Asian (\"The Chinago\"), and Hawaiian (\"Koolau the Leper\") characters. London's war correspondence from the Russo-Japanese War, as well as his unfinished novel Cherry, show he admired much about Japanese customs and capabilities. London's writings have been popular among the Japanese, who believe he portrayed them positively.", "London's writings have been popular among the Japanese, who believe he portrayed them positively. In \"Koolau the Leper\", London describes Koolau, who is a Hawaiian leper—and thus a very different sort of \"superman\" than Martin Eden—and who fights off an entire cavalry troop to elude capture, as \"indomitable spiritually—a ... magnificent rebel\". This character is based on Hawaiian leper Kaluaikoolau, who in 1893 revolted and resisted capture from forces of the Provisional Government of Hawaii in the Kalalau Valley.", "This character is based on Hawaiian leper Kaluaikoolau, who in 1893 revolted and resisted capture from forces of the Provisional Government of Hawaii in the Kalalau Valley. Those who defend London against charges of racism cite the letter he wrote to the Japanese-American Commercial Weekly in 1913: In 1996, after the City of Whitehorse, Yukon, renamed a street in honor of London, protests over London's alleged racism forced the city to change the name of \"Jack London Boulevard\" back to \"Two-mile Hill\".", "Those who defend London against charges of racism cite the letter he wrote to the Japanese-American Commercial Weekly in 1913: In 1996, after the City of Whitehorse, Yukon, renamed a street in honor of London, protests over London's alleged racism forced the city to change the name of \"Jack London Boulevard\" back to \"Two-mile Hill\". Shortly after boxer Jack Johnson was crowned the first black world heavyweight champ in 1908, London pleaded for a \"great white hope\" to come forward to defeat Johnson, writing: \"Jim Jeffries must now emerge from his Alfalfa farm and remove that golden smile from Jack Johnson's face.", "Shortly after boxer Jack Johnson was crowned the first black world heavyweight champ in 1908, London pleaded for a \"great white hope\" to come forward to defeat Johnson, writing: \"Jim Jeffries must now emerge from his Alfalfa farm and remove that golden smile from Jack Johnson's face. Jeff, it's up to you. The White Man must be rescued.\" Eugenics With other modernist writers of the day, London supported eugenics.", "Eugenics With other modernist writers of the day, London supported eugenics. The notion of \"good breeding\" complimented the Progressive era scientism, the belief that humans assort along a hierarchy by race, religion, and ethnicity. The Progressive Era catalog of inferiority offered basis for threats to American Anglo-Saxon racial integrity. London wrote to Frederick H. Robinson of the periodical Medical Review of Reviews, stating, \"I believe the future belongs to eugenics, and will be determined by the practice of eugenics.\"", "London wrote to Frederick H. Robinson of the periodical Medical Review of Reviews, stating, \"I believe the future belongs to eugenics, and will be determined by the practice of eugenics.\" Although this led some to argue for forced sterilization of criminals or those deemed feeble-minded., London did not express this extreme. His short story \"Told in the Drooling Ward\" is from the viewpoint of a surprisingly astute \"feebled-minded\" person. Hensley argues that London's novel Before Adam (1906–07) reveals pro-eugenic themes.", "Hensley argues that London's novel Before Adam (1906–07) reveals pro-eugenic themes. London advised his collaborator Anna Strunsky during preparation of The Kempton-Wace Letters that he would take the role of eugenics in mating, while she would argue on behalf of romantic love. (Love won the argument.) The Valley of the Moon emphasizes the theme of \"real Americans,\" the Anglo Saxon, yet in Little Lady of the Big House, London is more nuanced.", "The Valley of the Moon emphasizes the theme of \"real Americans,\" the Anglo Saxon, yet in Little Lady of the Big House, London is more nuanced. The protagonist's argument is not that all white men are superior, but that there are more superior ones among whites than in other races. By encouraging the best in any race to mate will improve its population qualities. Living in Hawaii challenged his orthodoxy.", "Living in Hawaii challenged his orthodoxy. Living in Hawaii challenged his orthodoxy. In \"My Hawaiian Aloha,\" London noted the liberal intermarrying of races, concluding how \"little Hawaii, with its hotch potch races, is making a better demonstration than the United States.\" Works Short stories Western writer and historian Dale L. Walker writes: London's \"strength of utterance\" is at its height in his stories, and they are painstakingly well-constructed. \"To Build a Fire\" is the best known of all his stories.", "\"To Build a Fire\" is the best known of all his stories. Set in the harsh Klondike, it recounts the haphazard trek of a new arrival who has ignored an old-timer's warning about the risks of traveling alone. Falling through the ice into a creek in seventy-five-below weather, the unnamed man is keenly aware that survival depends on his untested skills at quickly building a fire to dry his clothes and warm his extremities.", "Falling through the ice into a creek in seventy-five-below weather, the unnamed man is keenly aware that survival depends on his untested skills at quickly building a fire to dry his clothes and warm his extremities. After publishing a tame version of this story—with a sunny outcome—in The Youth's Companion in 1902, London offered a second, more severe take on the man's predicament in The Century Magazine in 1908. Reading both provides an illustration of London's growth and maturation as a writer.", "Reading both provides an illustration of London's growth and maturation as a writer. As Labor (1994) observes: \"To compare the two versions is itself an instructive lesson in what distinguished a great work of literary art from a good children's story.\"", "As Labor (1994) observes: \"To compare the two versions is itself an instructive lesson in what distinguished a great work of literary art from a good children's story.\" Other stories from the Klondike period include: \"All Gold Canyon\", about a battle between a gold prospector and a claim jumper; \"The Law of Life\", about an aging American Indian man abandoned by his tribe and left to die; \"Love of Life\", about a trek by a prospector across the Canadian tundra; \"To the Man on Trail,\" which tells the story of a prospector fleeing the Mounted Police in a sled race, and raises the question of the contrast between written law and morality; and \"An Odyssey of the North,\" which raises questions of conditional morality, and paints a sympathetic portrait of a man of mixed White and Aleut ancestry.", "Other stories from the Klondike period include: \"All Gold Canyon\", about a battle between a gold prospector and a claim jumper; \"The Law of Life\", about an aging American Indian man abandoned by his tribe and left to die; \"Love of Life\", about a trek by a prospector across the Canadian tundra; \"To the Man on Trail,\" which tells the story of a prospector fleeing the Mounted Police in a sled race, and raises the question of the contrast between written law and morality; and \"An Odyssey of the North,\" which raises questions of conditional morality, and paints a sympathetic portrait of a man of mixed White and Aleut ancestry. London was a boxing fan and an avid amateur boxer.", "London was a boxing fan and an avid amateur boxer. \"A Piece of Steak\" is a tale about a match between older and younger boxers. It contrasts the differing experiences of youth and age but also raises the social question of the treatment of aging workers. \"The Mexican\" combines boxing with a social theme, as a young Mexican endures an unfair fight and ethnic prejudice to earn money with which to aid the revolution. Several of London's stories would today be classified as science fiction.", "Several of London's stories would today be classified as science fiction. \"The Unparalleled Invasion\" describes germ warfare against China; \"Goliath\" is about an irresistible energy weapon; \"The Shadow and the Flash\" is a tale about two brothers who take different routes to achieving invisibility; \"A Relic of the Pliocene\" is a tall tale about an encounter of a modern-day man with a mammoth.", "\"The Unparalleled Invasion\" describes germ warfare against China; \"Goliath\" is about an irresistible energy weapon; \"The Shadow and the Flash\" is a tale about two brothers who take different routes to achieving invisibility; \"A Relic of the Pliocene\" is a tall tale about an encounter of a modern-day man with a mammoth. \"The Red One\" is a late story from a period when London was intrigued by the theories of the psychiatrist and writer Jung.", "\"The Red One\" is a late story from a period when London was intrigued by the theories of the psychiatrist and writer Jung. It tells of an island tribe held in thrall by an extraterrestrial object. Some nineteen original collections of short stories were published during London's brief life or shortly after his death. There have been several posthumous anthologies drawn from this pool of stories. Many of these stories were located in the Klondike and the Pacific.", "Many of these stories were located in the Klondike and the Pacific. A collection of Jack London's San Francisco Stories was published in October 2010 by Sydney Samizdat Press. Novels London's most famous novels are The Call of the Wild, White Fang, The Sea-Wolf, The Iron Heel, and Martin Eden. In a letter dated December 27, 1901, London's Macmillan publisher George Platt Brett, Sr., said \"he believed Jack's fiction represented 'the very best kind of work' done in America.\"", "In a letter dated December 27, 1901, London's Macmillan publisher George Platt Brett, Sr., said \"he believed Jack's fiction represented 'the very best kind of work' done in America.\" Critic Maxwell Geismar called The Call of the Wild \"a beautiful prose poem\"; editor Franklin Walker said that it \"belongs on a shelf with Walden and Huckleberry Finn\"; and novelist E.L. Doctorow called it \"a mordant parable ... his masterpiece.\"", "Critic Maxwell Geismar called The Call of the Wild \"a beautiful prose poem\"; editor Franklin Walker said that it \"belongs on a shelf with Walden and Huckleberry Finn\"; and novelist E.L. Doctorow called it \"a mordant parable ... his masterpiece.\" The historian Dale L. Walker commented: Some critics have said that his novels are episodic and resemble linked short stories.", "The historian Dale L. Walker commented: Some critics have said that his novels are episodic and resemble linked short stories. Dale L. Walker writes: Ambrose Bierce said of The Sea-Wolf that \"the great thing—and it is among the greatest of things—is that tremendous creation, Wolf Larsen ... the hewing out and setting up of such a figure is enough for a man to do in one lifetime.\" However, he noted, \"The love element, with its absurd suppressions, and impossible proprieties, is awful.\"", "However, he noted, \"The love element, with its absurd suppressions, and impossible proprieties, is awful.\" The Iron Heel is an example of a dystopian novel that anticipates and influenced George Orwell's Nineteen Eighty-Four. London's socialist politics are explicitly on display here. The Iron Heel meets the contemporary definition of soft science fiction. The Star Rover (1915) is also science fiction.", "The Star Rover (1915) is also science fiction. Apocrypha Jack London Credo London's literary executor, Irving Shepard, quoted a Jack London Credo in an introduction to a 1956 collection of London stories: I would rather be ashes than dust! I would rather that my spark should burn out in a brilliant blaze than it should be stifled by dry-rot. I would rather be a superb meteor, every atom of me in magnificent glow, than a sleepy and permanent planet.", "I would rather be a superb meteor, every atom of me in magnificent glow, than a sleepy and permanent planet. The function of man is to live, not to exist. I shall not waste my days in trying to prolong them. I shall use my time. The biographer Stasz notes that the passage \"has many marks of London's style\" but the only line that could be safely attributed to London was the first.", "The biographer Stasz notes that the passage \"has many marks of London's style\" but the only line that could be safely attributed to London was the first. The words Shepard quoted were from a story in the San Francisco Bulletin, December 2, 1916, by journalist Ernest J. Hopkins, who visited the ranch just weeks before London's death. Stasz notes, \"Even more so than today journalists' quotes were unreliable or even sheer inventions,\" and says no direct source in London's writings has been found.", "Stasz notes, \"Even more so than today journalists' quotes were unreliable or even sheer inventions,\" and says no direct source in London's writings has been found. However, at least one line, according to Stasz, is authentic, being referenced by London and written in his own hand in the autograph book of Australian suffragette Vida Goldstein: Dear Miss Goldstein:– Seven years ago I wrote you that I'd rather be ashes than dust. I still subscribe to that sentiment.", "I still subscribe to that sentiment. I still subscribe to that sentiment. Sincerely yours, Jack London Jan. 13, 1909 In his short story \"By The Turtles of Tasman\", a character, defending her \"ne'er-do-well grasshopperish father\" to her \"antlike uncle\", says: \"... my father has been a king. He has lived .... Have you lived merely to live? Are you afraid to die?", "Are you afraid to die? Are you afraid to die? I'd rather sing one wild song and burst my heart with it, than live a thousand years watching my digestion and being afraid of the wet. When you are dust, my father will be ashes.\" \"The Scab\" A short diatribe on \"The Scab\" is often quoted within the U.S. labor movement and frequently attributed to London.", "\"The Scab\" A short diatribe on \"The Scab\" is often quoted within the U.S. labor movement and frequently attributed to London. It opens: In 1913 and 1914, a number of newspapers printed the first three sentences with varying terms used instead of \"scab\", such as \"knocker\",\"The Food for Your Think Tank\", The Macon Daily Telegraph, August 23, 1914, p. 3 \"stool pigeon\" or \"scandal monger\".", "It opens: In 1913 and 1914, a number of newspapers printed the first three sentences with varying terms used instead of \"scab\", such as \"knocker\",\"The Food for Your Think Tank\", The Macon Daily Telegraph, August 23, 1914, p. 3 \"stool pigeon\" or \"scandal monger\". This passage as given above was the subject of a 1974 Supreme Court case, Letter Carriers v. Austin, in which Justice Thurgood Marshall referred to it as \"a well-known piece of trade union literature, generally attributed to author Jack London\".", "This passage as given above was the subject of a 1974 Supreme Court case, Letter Carriers v. Austin, in which Justice Thurgood Marshall referred to it as \"a well-known piece of trade union literature, generally attributed to author Jack London\". A union newsletter had published a \"list of scabs,\" which was granted to be factual and therefore not libelous, but then went on to quote the passage as the \"definition of a scab\".", "A union newsletter had published a \"list of scabs,\" which was granted to be factual and therefore not libelous, but then went on to quote the passage as the \"definition of a scab\". The case turned on the question of whether the \"definition\" was defamatory.", "The case turned on the question of whether the \"definition\" was defamatory. The court ruled that \"Jack London's... 'definition of a scab' is merely rhetorical hyperbole, a lusty and imaginative expression of the contempt felt by union members towards those who refuse to join\", and as such was not libelous and was protected under the First Amendment. Despite being frequently attributed to London, the passage does not appear at all in the extensive collection of his writings at Sonoma State University's website.", "Despite being frequently attributed to London, the passage does not appear at all in the extensive collection of his writings at Sonoma State University's website. However, in his book War of the Classes he published a 1903 speech titled \"The Scab\", which gave a much more balanced view of the topic: Publications Source unless otherwise specified: Novels The Cruise of the Dazzler (1902) A Daughter of the Snows (1902) The Call of the Wild (1903) The Kempton-Wace Letters (1903) (published anonymously, co-authored with Anna Strunsky) The Sea-Wolf (1904) The Game (1905) White Fang (1906) Before Adam (1907) The Iron Heel (1908) Martin Eden (1909) Burning Daylight (1910) Adventure (1911) The Scarlet Plague (1912) A Son of the Sun (1912) The Abysmal Brute (1913) The Valley of the Moon (1913) The Mutiny of the Elsinore (1914) The Star Rover (1915) (published in England as The Jacket) The Little Lady of the Big House (1916) Jerry of the Islands (1917) Michael, Brother of Jerry (1917) Hearts of Three (1920) (novelization of a script by Charles Goddard) The Assassination Bureau, Ltd (1963) (left half-finished, completed by Robert L. Fish) Short story collections Son of the Wolf (1900) Chris Farrington, Able Seaman (1901) The God of His Fathers & Other Stories (1901) Children of the Frost (1902) The Faith of Men and Other Stories (1904) Tales of the Fish Patrol (1906) Moon-Face and Other Stories (1906) Love of Life and Other Stories (1907) Lost Face (1910) South Sea Tales (1911) When God Laughs and Other Stories (1911) The House of Pride & Other Tales of Hawaii (1912) Smoke Bellew (1912) A Son of the Sun (1912) The Night Born (1913) The Strength of the Strong (1914) The Turtles of Tasman (1916) The Human Drift (1917) The Red One (1918) On the Makaloa Mat (1919) Dutch Courage and Other Stories (1922) Autobiographical memoirs The Road (1907) The Cruise of the Snark (1911) John Barleycorn (1913) Non-fiction and essays Through the Rapids on the Way to the Klondike (1899) From Dawson to the Sea (1899) What Communities Lose by the Competitive System (1900) The Impossibility of War (1900) Phenomena of Literary Evolution (1900) A Letter to Houghton Mifflin Co. (1900) Husky, Wolf Dog of the North (1900) Editorial Crimes – A Protest (1901) Again the Literary Aspirant (1902) The People of the Abyss (1903) How I Became a Socialist (1903) War of the Classes (1905) The Story of an Eyewitness (1906) A Letter to Woman's Home Companion (1906) \"The Lepers of Molokai\" in Woman's Home Companion (1908) \"The Nature Man\" in Woman's Home Companion (1908) \"The High Seat of Abundance\" in Woman's Home Companion (1908) Revolution, and other Essays (1910) Mexico's Army and Ours (1914) Lawgivers (1914) Our Adventures in Tampico (1914) Stalking the Pestilence (1914) The Red Game of War (1914) The Trouble Makers of Mexico (1914) With Funston's Men (1914) Plays Theft (1910) Daughters of the Rich: A One Act Play (1915) The Acorn Planter: A California Forest Play (1916) Poetry A Heart (1899) Abalone Song (1913) And Some Night (1914) Ballade of the False Lover (1914) Cupid's Deal (1913) Daybreak (1901) Effusion (1901) George Sterling (1913) Gold (1915) He Chortled with Glee (1899) He Never Tried Again (1912) His Trip to Hades (1913) Homeland (1914) Hors de Saison (1913) If I Were God (1899) In a Year (1901) In and Out (1911) Je Vis en Espoir (1897) Memory (1913) Moods (1913) My Confession (1912) My Little Palmist (1914) Of Man of the Future (1915) Oh You Everybody's Girl (19) On the Face of the Earth You are the One (1915) Rainbows End (1914) Republican Rallying Song (1916) Sonnet (1901) The Gift of God (1905) The Klondyker's Dream (1914) The Lover's Liturgy (1913) The Mammon Worshippers (1911) The Republican Battle-Hymn (1905) The Return of Ulysses (1915) The Sea Sprite and the Shooting Star (1916) The Socialist's Dream (1912) The Song of the Flames (1903) The Way of War (1906) The Worker and the Tramp (1911) Tick!", "However, in his book War of the Classes he published a 1903 speech titled \"The Scab\", which gave a much more balanced view of the topic: Publications Source unless otherwise specified: Novels The Cruise of the Dazzler (1902) A Daughter of the Snows (1902) The Call of the Wild (1903) The Kempton-Wace Letters (1903) (published anonymously, co-authored with Anna Strunsky) The Sea-Wolf (1904) The Game (1905) White Fang (1906) Before Adam (1907) The Iron Heel (1908) Martin Eden (1909) Burning Daylight (1910) Adventure (1911) The Scarlet Plague (1912) A Son of the Sun (1912) The Abysmal Brute (1913) The Valley of the Moon (1913) The Mutiny of the Elsinore (1914) The Star Rover (1915) (published in England as The Jacket) The Little Lady of the Big House (1916) Jerry of the Islands (1917) Michael, Brother of Jerry (1917) Hearts of Three (1920) (novelization of a script by Charles Goddard) The Assassination Bureau, Ltd (1963) (left half-finished, completed by Robert L. Fish) Short story collections Son of the Wolf (1900) Chris Farrington, Able Seaman (1901) The God of His Fathers & Other Stories (1901) Children of the Frost (1902) The Faith of Men and Other Stories (1904) Tales of the Fish Patrol (1906) Moon-Face and Other Stories (1906) Love of Life and Other Stories (1907) Lost Face (1910) South Sea Tales (1911) When God Laughs and Other Stories (1911) The House of Pride & Other Tales of Hawaii (1912) Smoke Bellew (1912) A Son of the Sun (1912) The Night Born (1913) The Strength of the Strong (1914) The Turtles of Tasman (1916) The Human Drift (1917) The Red One (1918) On the Makaloa Mat (1919) Dutch Courage and Other Stories (1922) Autobiographical memoirs The Road (1907) The Cruise of the Snark (1911) John Barleycorn (1913) Non-fiction and essays Through the Rapids on the Way to the Klondike (1899) From Dawson to the Sea (1899) What Communities Lose by the Competitive System (1900) The Impossibility of War (1900) Phenomena of Literary Evolution (1900) A Letter to Houghton Mifflin Co. (1900) Husky, Wolf Dog of the North (1900) Editorial Crimes – A Protest (1901) Again the Literary Aspirant (1902) The People of the Abyss (1903) How I Became a Socialist (1903) War of the Classes (1905) The Story of an Eyewitness (1906) A Letter to Woman's Home Companion (1906) \"The Lepers of Molokai\" in Woman's Home Companion (1908) \"The Nature Man\" in Woman's Home Companion (1908) \"The High Seat of Abundance\" in Woman's Home Companion (1908) Revolution, and other Essays (1910) Mexico's Army and Ours (1914) Lawgivers (1914) Our Adventures in Tampico (1914) Stalking the Pestilence (1914) The Red Game of War (1914) The Trouble Makers of Mexico (1914) With Funston's Men (1914) Plays Theft (1910) Daughters of the Rich: A One Act Play (1915) The Acorn Planter: A California Forest Play (1916) Poetry A Heart (1899) Abalone Song (1913) And Some Night (1914) Ballade of the False Lover (1914) Cupid's Deal (1913) Daybreak (1901) Effusion (1901) George Sterling (1913) Gold (1915) He Chortled with Glee (1899) He Never Tried Again (1912) His Trip to Hades (1913) Homeland (1914) Hors de Saison (1913) If I Were God (1899) In a Year (1901) In and Out (1911) Je Vis en Espoir (1897) Memory (1913) Moods (1913) My Confession (1912) My Little Palmist (1914) Of Man of the Future (1915) Oh You Everybody's Girl (19) On the Face of the Earth You are the One (1915) Rainbows End (1914) Republican Rallying Song (1916) Sonnet (1901) The Gift of God (1905) The Klondyker's Dream (1914) The Lover's Liturgy (1913) The Mammon Worshippers (1911) The Republican Battle-Hymn (1905) The Return of Ulysses (1915) The Sea Sprite and the Shooting Star (1916) The Socialist's Dream (1912) The Song of the Flames (1903) The Way of War (1906) The Worker and the Tramp (1911) Tick! Tick!", "Tick! Tick! Tick!", "Tick! Tick! Tick! (1915) Too Late (1912) Weasel Thieves (1913) When All the World Shouted my Name (1905) Where the Rainbow Fell (1902) Your Kiss (1914) Short stories \"Typhoon off the Coast of Japan\" (November 12, 1893) \" 'Frisco Kid's' Story\" (February 15, 1895) \"Sakaicho, Hona Asi and Hakadaki\" (April 19, 1895) \"Night's Swim In Yeddo Bay\" (May 27, 1895) \"Who Believes in Ghosts!\"", "(1915) Too Late (1912) Weasel Thieves (1913) When All the World Shouted my Name (1905) Where the Rainbow Fell (1902) Your Kiss (1914) Short stories \"Typhoon off the Coast of Japan\" (November 12, 1893) \" 'Frisco Kid's' Story\" (February 15, 1895) \"Sakaicho, Hona Asi and Hakadaki\" (April 19, 1895) \"Night's Swim In Yeddo Bay\" (May 27, 1895) \"Who Believes in Ghosts!\" (October 21, 1895) \"And 'Frisco Kid Came Back\" (November 4, 1895) \"One More Unfortunate\" (December 18, 1895) \"O Haru\" (1993; written in April 1897) \"The Mahatma's Little Joke\" (1993; written in May 1897) \"The Strange Experience of a Misogynist\" (1993; written between May and September 1897), originally titled \"The Misogynist\" \"Two Gold Bricks\" (September 1897) \"The Plague Ship\" (1993; written between September and December 1897) \"The Devil’s Dice Box\" (December 1976; written in September 1898) \"The Test: A Clondyke Wooing\" (1983; written in September 1898) \"A Klondike Christmas\" (1983; written in November 1898) \"A Dream Image\" (1898) \"To the Man on Trail: A Klondike Christmas\" (January 1899) \"The White Silence\" (February 1899) \"The Son of the Wolf\" (April 1899) \"The Men of Forty-Mile\" (May 1899) \"A Thousand Deaths\" (May 1899) \"An Old Soldier's Story\" (May 20, 1899) \"In a Far Country\" (June 1899) \"The Priestly Prerogative\" (July 1899) \"The Handsome Cabin Boy\" (July 1899) \"The Wife of a King\" (August 1899) \"In the Time of Prince Charley\" (September 1899) \"Old Baldy\" (September 16, 1899) \"The Grilling of Loren Ellery\" (September 24, 1899) \"The Rejuvenation of Major Rathbone\" (November 1899) \"The King of Mazy May\" (November 30, 1899) \"The Wisdom of the Trail\" (December 1899) \"A Daughter of the Aurora\" (December 24, 1899) \"Pluck and Pertinacity\" (1899) \"An Odyssey of the North\" (January 1900) \"A Lesson in Heraldry\" (March 1900) \"The End of the Chapter\" (June 9, 1900) \"Uri Bram's God\" (June 24, 1900) \"Even unto Death\" (July 28, 1900) \"Grit of Women\" (August 1900) \"Jan the Unrepentant\" (August 1900) \"The Man with the Gash\" (September 1900) \"Their Alcove\" (September 1900) \"Housekeeping in the Klondike\" (September 16, 1900) \"The Proper 'Girlie' \" (October 1900) \"Thanksgiving on Slav Creek\" (November 24, 1900) \"Where the Trail Forks\" (December 1900) \"The Great Interrogation\" (December 1900) \"Semper Idem\" (December 1900) \"A Northland Miracle\" (November 4, 1926; written in 1900) \"Dutch Courage\" (November 29, 1900) \"A Relic of the Pliocene\" (January 12, 1901) \"The Law of Life\" (March 1901) \"Siwash\" (March 1901) \"The Lost Poacher\" (March 14, 1901) \"At the Rainbow's End\" (March 24, 1901) \"The God of His Fathers\" (May 1901) \"The Scorn of Woman\" (May 1901) \"The Minions of Midas\" (May 1901) \"Chris Farrington: Able Seaman\" (May 23, 1901) \"A Hyperborean Brew\" (July 1901) \"Bald Face\" (September 6, 1901) \"Keesh, Son of Keesh\" (January 1902) \"An Adventure in the Upper Sea\" (May 1902) \"To Build a Fire\" (May 29, 1902, revised August 1908) \"Diable --- A Dog\" (June 1902), renamed Bâtard in 1904 \"To Repel Boarders\" (June 1902) \"The ‘Fuzziness' of Hoockla-Heen\" (July 3, 1902) \"Moon-Face\" (July 21, 1902) \"Nam-Bok, the Liar\" (August 1902) \"Li Wan the Fair\" (August 1902) \"The Master of Mystery\" (September 1902) \"In the Forests of the North\" (September 1902) \"The Sunlanders\" (September 1902) \"The Death of Ligoun\" (September 1902) \"The Story of Jees Uck\" (September 1902) \"The Sickness of Lone Chief\" (October 1902) \"The League of the Old Men\" (October 4, 1902) \"Lost Face\" (1902) \"Master of Mystery\" (1902) \"In Yeddo Bay\" (February 1903) \"The One Thousand Dozen\" (March 1903) \"The Shadow and the Flash\" (June 1903) “The Faith of Men\" (June 1903) \"The Leopard Man's Story\" (August 1903) \"The Marriage of Lit-Lit\" (September 1903) \"Local Color\" (October 1903) \"Too Much Gold\" (December 1903) \"Amateur Night\" (December 1903) \"The Dominant Primordial Beast\" (1903) \"Keesh, The Bear Hunter\" (January 1904); often reprinted as \"The Story of Keesh\" \"The Banks of the Sacramento\" (March 17, 1904) \"White and Yellow\" (February 16, 1905) \"The King of the Greeks\" (March 2, 1905) \"A Raid on the Oyster Pirates\" (March 16, 1905) \"The Siege of the 'Lancashire Queen' ” (March 30, 1905) \"Charley's Coup” (April 13, 1905) \"Demetrios Contos” (April 27, 1905) \"Yellow Handkerchief” (May 11, 1905) \"All Gold Cañon\" (November 1905) \"Love of Life\" (December 1905) \"The Sun-Dog Trail\" (December 1905) \"A Nose for the King\" (March 1906) \"Planchette\" (June 1906) \"The Unexpected\" (August 1906) \"Brown Wolf\" (August 1906) \"The Apostate\" (September 1906) \"Up the Slide\" (October 25, 1906) \"A Wicked Woman\" (November 1906) \"The White Man's Way\" (November 4, 1906) \"The Wit of Porportuk\" (December 1906) \"When God Laughs\" (January 1907) \"Just Meat\" (March 1907) \"Created He Them\" (April 1907) \"Morganson's Finish\" (May 1907) \"A Day's Lodging\" (May 25, 1907) \"Negore the Coward\" (September 1907) \"Chased by the Trail\" (September 26, 1907) \"The Passing of Marcus O'Brien\" (January 1908) \"Trust\" (January 1908) \"That Spot\" (February 1908) \"Flush of Gold\" (April 1908) \"Make Westing\" (April 1908) \"The Enemy of All the World\" (October 1908) \"Aloha Oe\" (December 1908) \"A Curious Fragment\" (December 10, 1908) \"The Dream of Debs\" (January 1909) \"The House of Mapuhi\" (January 1909) \"The Seed of McCoy\" (April 1909) \"The Madness of John Harned\" (May 1909) \"South of the Slot\" (May 22, 1909) \"Good-by, Jack\" (June 1909) \"The Chinago\" (June 26, 1909) \"The Sheriff of Kona\" (August 1909) \"The Heathen\" (September 1909) \"A Piece of Steak\" (November 20, 1909) \"Koolau the Leper\" (December 1909) \"Mauki\" (December 1909) “The Mission of John Starhurst” (December 29, 1909); reprinted as \"The Whale Tooth\" \"Samuel\" (1909) \"Chun An Chun\" (Spring 1910) \"The Terrible Solomons\" (March 1910) \"The Inevitable White Man\" (May 14, 1910) \"The Unparalleled Invasion\" (July 1910) \"Winged Blackmail\" (September 1910) \"When the World was Young\" (September 10, 1910) \"The Benefit of the Doubt\" (November 12, 1910) \"Under the Deck Awnings\" (November 19, 1910) \"Yah!", "(October 21, 1895) \"And 'Frisco Kid Came Back\" (November 4, 1895) \"One More Unfortunate\" (December 18, 1895) \"O Haru\" (1993; written in April 1897) \"The Mahatma's Little Joke\" (1993; written in May 1897) \"The Strange Experience of a Misogynist\" (1993; written between May and September 1897), originally titled \"The Misogynist\" \"Two Gold Bricks\" (September 1897) \"The Plague Ship\" (1993; written between September and December 1897) \"The Devil’s Dice Box\" (December 1976; written in September 1898) \"The Test: A Clondyke Wooing\" (1983; written in September 1898) \"A Klondike Christmas\" (1983; written in November 1898) \"A Dream Image\" (1898) \"To the Man on Trail: A Klondike Christmas\" (January 1899) \"The White Silence\" (February 1899) \"The Son of the Wolf\" (April 1899) \"The Men of Forty-Mile\" (May 1899) \"A Thousand Deaths\" (May 1899) \"An Old Soldier's Story\" (May 20, 1899) \"In a Far Country\" (June 1899) \"The Priestly Prerogative\" (July 1899) \"The Handsome Cabin Boy\" (July 1899) \"The Wife of a King\" (August 1899) \"In the Time of Prince Charley\" (September 1899) \"Old Baldy\" (September 16, 1899) \"The Grilling of Loren Ellery\" (September 24, 1899) \"The Rejuvenation of Major Rathbone\" (November 1899) \"The King of Mazy May\" (November 30, 1899) \"The Wisdom of the Trail\" (December 1899) \"A Daughter of the Aurora\" (December 24, 1899) \"Pluck and Pertinacity\" (1899) \"An Odyssey of the North\" (January 1900) \"A Lesson in Heraldry\" (March 1900) \"The End of the Chapter\" (June 9, 1900) \"Uri Bram's God\" (June 24, 1900) \"Even unto Death\" (July 28, 1900) \"Grit of Women\" (August 1900) \"Jan the Unrepentant\" (August 1900) \"The Man with the Gash\" (September 1900) \"Their Alcove\" (September 1900) \"Housekeeping in the Klondike\" (September 16, 1900) \"The Proper 'Girlie' \" (October 1900) \"Thanksgiving on Slav Creek\" (November 24, 1900) \"Where the Trail Forks\" (December 1900) \"The Great Interrogation\" (December 1900) \"Semper Idem\" (December 1900) \"A Northland Miracle\" (November 4, 1926; written in 1900) \"Dutch Courage\" (November 29, 1900) \"A Relic of the Pliocene\" (January 12, 1901) \"The Law of Life\" (March 1901) \"Siwash\" (March 1901) \"The Lost Poacher\" (March 14, 1901) \"At the Rainbow's End\" (March 24, 1901) \"The God of His Fathers\" (May 1901) \"The Scorn of Woman\" (May 1901) \"The Minions of Midas\" (May 1901) \"Chris Farrington: Able Seaman\" (May 23, 1901) \"A Hyperborean Brew\" (July 1901) \"Bald Face\" (September 6, 1901) \"Keesh, Son of Keesh\" (January 1902) \"An Adventure in the Upper Sea\" (May 1902) \"To Build a Fire\" (May 29, 1902, revised August 1908) \"Diable --- A Dog\" (June 1902), renamed Bâtard in 1904 \"To Repel Boarders\" (June 1902) \"The ‘Fuzziness' of Hoockla-Heen\" (July 3, 1902) \"Moon-Face\" (July 21, 1902) \"Nam-Bok, the Liar\" (August 1902) \"Li Wan the Fair\" (August 1902) \"The Master of Mystery\" (September 1902) \"In the Forests of the North\" (September 1902) \"The Sunlanders\" (September 1902) \"The Death of Ligoun\" (September 1902) \"The Story of Jees Uck\" (September 1902) \"The Sickness of Lone Chief\" (October 1902) \"The League of the Old Men\" (October 4, 1902) \"Lost Face\" (1902) \"Master of Mystery\" (1902) \"In Yeddo Bay\" (February 1903) \"The One Thousand Dozen\" (March 1903) \"The Shadow and the Flash\" (June 1903) “The Faith of Men\" (June 1903) \"The Leopard Man's Story\" (August 1903) \"The Marriage of Lit-Lit\" (September 1903) \"Local Color\" (October 1903) \"Too Much Gold\" (December 1903) \"Amateur Night\" (December 1903) \"The Dominant Primordial Beast\" (1903) \"Keesh, The Bear Hunter\" (January 1904); often reprinted as \"The Story of Keesh\" \"The Banks of the Sacramento\" (March 17, 1904) \"White and Yellow\" (February 16, 1905) \"The King of the Greeks\" (March 2, 1905) \"A Raid on the Oyster Pirates\" (March 16, 1905) \"The Siege of the 'Lancashire Queen' ” (March 30, 1905) \"Charley's Coup” (April 13, 1905) \"Demetrios Contos” (April 27, 1905) \"Yellow Handkerchief” (May 11, 1905) \"All Gold Cañon\" (November 1905) \"Love of Life\" (December 1905) \"The Sun-Dog Trail\" (December 1905) \"A Nose for the King\" (March 1906) \"Planchette\" (June 1906) \"The Unexpected\" (August 1906) \"Brown Wolf\" (August 1906) \"The Apostate\" (September 1906) \"Up the Slide\" (October 25, 1906) \"A Wicked Woman\" (November 1906) \"The White Man's Way\" (November 4, 1906) \"The Wit of Porportuk\" (December 1906) \"When God Laughs\" (January 1907) \"Just Meat\" (March 1907) \"Created He Them\" (April 1907) \"Morganson's Finish\" (May 1907) \"A Day's Lodging\" (May 25, 1907) \"Negore the Coward\" (September 1907) \"Chased by the Trail\" (September 26, 1907) \"The Passing of Marcus O'Brien\" (January 1908) \"Trust\" (January 1908) \"That Spot\" (February 1908) \"Flush of Gold\" (April 1908) \"Make Westing\" (April 1908) \"The Enemy of All the World\" (October 1908) \"Aloha Oe\" (December 1908) \"A Curious Fragment\" (December 10, 1908) \"The Dream of Debs\" (January 1909) \"The House of Mapuhi\" (January 1909) \"The Seed of McCoy\" (April 1909) \"The Madness of John Harned\" (May 1909) \"South of the Slot\" (May 22, 1909) \"Good-by, Jack\" (June 1909) \"The Chinago\" (June 26, 1909) \"The Sheriff of Kona\" (August 1909) \"The Heathen\" (September 1909) \"A Piece of Steak\" (November 20, 1909) \"Koolau the Leper\" (December 1909) \"Mauki\" (December 1909) “The Mission of John Starhurst” (December 29, 1909); reprinted as \"The Whale Tooth\" \"Samuel\" (1909) \"Chun An Chun\" (Spring 1910) \"The Terrible Solomons\" (March 1910) \"The Inevitable White Man\" (May 14, 1910) \"The Unparalleled Invasion\" (July 1910) \"Winged Blackmail\" (September 1910) \"When the World was Young\" (September 10, 1910) \"The Benefit of the Doubt\" (November 12, 1910) \"Under the Deck Awnings\" (November 19, 1910) \"Yah! Yah!", "Yah! Yah! Yah!\"", "Yah! Yah!\" Yah!\" (December 1910) \"The House of Pride\" (December 1910) \"To Kill a Man\" (December 10, 1910) \"Bunches of Knuckles\" (December 18, 1910) \"Goliath\" (1910) \"The 'Francis Spaight' \" (January 1911) \"The Hobo and the Fairy\" (February 11, 1911) \"The Strength of the Strong\" (March 1911) \"The Eternity of Forms\" (March 1911) \"A Son of the Sun\" (May 27.", "(December 1910) \"The House of Pride\" (December 1910) \"To Kill a Man\" (December 10, 1910) \"Bunches of Knuckles\" (December 18, 1910) \"Goliath\" (1910) \"The 'Francis Spaight' \" (January 1911) \"The Hobo and the Fairy\" (February 11, 1911) \"The Strength of the Strong\" (March 1911) \"The Eternity of Forms\" (March 1911) \"A Son of the Sun\" (May 27. 1911) \"The Taste of the Meat\" (June 1911) “The Proud Goat of Aloysius Pankburn\" (June 24, 1911) \"The Meat\" (July 1911) “The Night Born\" (July 1911) \"War\" (July 29, 1911) \"The Goat Man of Fuatino\" (July 20, 1911) “The Stampede to Squaw Creek\" (August 1911) \"The Mexican\" (August 19, 1911) \"Shorty Dreams\" (September 1911) \"A Little Account with Swithin Hall\" (September 2, 1911) \"A Goboto Night\" (September 30, 1911) \"The Man on the Other Bank\" (October 1911) \"The Pears of Parlay\" (October 14, 1911) \"The Race for Number Three\" (November 1911) \"The End of the Story\" (November 1911) \" The Jokers of New Gibbon\" (November 11, 1911) \"By the Turtles of Tasman\" (November 19, 1911) \"The Little Man\" (December 1911) \"The Unmasking of the Cad\" (December 23, 1911) \"The Hanging of Cultus George\" (January 1912) \"The Mistake of Creation\" (February 1912) \"A Flutter in Eggs\" (March 1912) \"The Sea-Farmer\" (March 1912) \"The Feathers of the Sun\" (March 9, 1912) \"The Town-Site of Tra-Lee\" (April 1912) \"Wonder of Woman\" (May 1912) \"The Prodigal Father\" (May 1912) \"The Scarlet Plague\" (June 1912) \"The Captain of the Susan Drew\" (December 1, 1912) \"Samuel\" (May 1913) \"The Sea-Gangsters\" (November 1913) \"Told in the Drooling Ward\" (June 1914) \"The Hussy\" (December 1916) \"Man of Mine\" (February 1917) \"Like Argus of the Ancient Times\" (March 1917) \"Jerry of the Islands\" (1917) \"When Alice Told Her Soul\" (March 1918) \"The Princess\" (June 1918) \"The Tears of Ah Kim\" (July 1918) \"The Water Baby\" (September 1918) \"The Red One\" (October 1918) \"In the Cave of the Dead\" (November 1918) \"Shin-Bones\" (1918) \"On the Makaloa Mat\" (March 1919) \"The Bones of Kahekili\" (July 1919) \" Whose Business Is to Live\" (September 1922) \"Eyes of Asia\" (September 1924) Legacy and honors Mount London, also known as Boundary Peak 100, on the Alaska-British Columbia boundary, in the Boundary Ranges of the Coast Mountains of British Columbia, is named for him.", "1911) \"The Taste of the Meat\" (June 1911) “The Proud Goat of Aloysius Pankburn\" (June 24, 1911) \"The Meat\" (July 1911) “The Night Born\" (July 1911) \"War\" (July 29, 1911) \"The Goat Man of Fuatino\" (July 20, 1911) “The Stampede to Squaw Creek\" (August 1911) \"The Mexican\" (August 19, 1911) \"Shorty Dreams\" (September 1911) \"A Little Account with Swithin Hall\" (September 2, 1911) \"A Goboto Night\" (September 30, 1911) \"The Man on the Other Bank\" (October 1911) \"The Pears of Parlay\" (October 14, 1911) \"The Race for Number Three\" (November 1911) \"The End of the Story\" (November 1911) \" The Jokers of New Gibbon\" (November 11, 1911) \"By the Turtles of Tasman\" (November 19, 1911) \"The Little Man\" (December 1911) \"The Unmasking of the Cad\" (December 23, 1911) \"The Hanging of Cultus George\" (January 1912) \"The Mistake of Creation\" (February 1912) \"A Flutter in Eggs\" (March 1912) \"The Sea-Farmer\" (March 1912) \"The Feathers of the Sun\" (March 9, 1912) \"The Town-Site of Tra-Lee\" (April 1912) \"Wonder of Woman\" (May 1912) \"The Prodigal Father\" (May 1912) \"The Scarlet Plague\" (June 1912) \"The Captain of the Susan Drew\" (December 1, 1912) \"Samuel\" (May 1913) \"The Sea-Gangsters\" (November 1913) \"Told in the Drooling Ward\" (June 1914) \"The Hussy\" (December 1916) \"Man of Mine\" (February 1917) \"Like Argus of the Ancient Times\" (March 1917) \"Jerry of the Islands\" (1917) \"When Alice Told Her Soul\" (March 1918) \"The Princess\" (June 1918) \"The Tears of Ah Kim\" (July 1918) \"The Water Baby\" (September 1918) \"The Red One\" (October 1918) \"In the Cave of the Dead\" (November 1918) \"Shin-Bones\" (1918) \"On the Makaloa Mat\" (March 1919) \"The Bones of Kahekili\" (July 1919) \" Whose Business Is to Live\" (September 1922) \"Eyes of Asia\" (September 1924) Legacy and honors Mount London, also known as Boundary Peak 100, on the Alaska-British Columbia boundary, in the Boundary Ranges of the Coast Mountains of British Columbia, is named for him. Jack London Square on the waterfront of Oakland, California was named for him.", "Jack London Square on the waterfront of Oakland, California was named for him. He was honored by the United States Postal Service with a 25¢ Great Americans series postage stamp released on January 11, 1986. Jack London Lake (), a mountain lake located in the upper reaches of the Kolyma River in Yagodninsky district of Magadan Oblast.", "Jack London Lake (), a mountain lake located in the upper reaches of the Kolyma River in Yagodninsky district of Magadan Oblast. Fictional portrayals of London include Michael O'Shea in the 1943 film Jack London, Jeff East in the 1980 film Klondike Fever, Michael Aron in the Star Trek: The Next Generation episode Time's Arrow from 1992, Aaron Ashmore in the Murdoch Mysteries episode \"Murdoch of the Klondike\" from 2012, and Johnny Simmons in the 2014 miniseries Klondike.", "Fictional portrayals of London include Michael O'Shea in the 1943 film Jack London, Jeff East in the 1980 film Klondike Fever, Michael Aron in the Star Trek: The Next Generation episode Time's Arrow from 1992, Aaron Ashmore in the Murdoch Mysteries episode \"Murdoch of the Klondike\" from 2012, and Johnny Simmons in the 2014 miniseries Klondike. See also List of celebrities who own wineries and vineyards Notes References Bibliography The Jack London Online Collection' Further reading External links Western American Literature Journal: Jack London The Jack London Online Collection Site featuring information about Jack London's life and work, and a collection of his writings.", "See also List of celebrities who own wineries and vineyards Notes References Bibliography The Jack London Online Collection' Further reading External links Western American Literature Journal: Jack London The Jack London Online Collection Site featuring information about Jack London's life and work, and a collection of his writings. The World of Jack London Biographical information and writings Jack London State Historic Park The Huntingon Library's Jack London Archive Guide to the Jack London Papers at The Bancroft Library Jack London Collection at Sonoma State University Library Jack London Stories, scanned from original magazines, including the original artwork 5 short radio episodes from Jack London's writing at California Legacy Project Jack London Personal Manuscripts 1876 births 1916 deaths 1906 San Francisco earthquake survivors 19th-century American short story writers 19th-century sailors 20th-century American male writers 20th-century American novelists 20th-century American short story writers 20th-century sailors American atheists American democratic socialists American eugenicists American male non-fiction writers American male novelists American male short story writers American psychological fiction writers American sailors American travel writers American war correspondents Deaths from dysentery Male sailors Members of the Socialist Labor Party of America Military personnel from California People from Glen Ellen, California People from Piedmont, California People involved in plagiarism controversies People of the Klondike Gold Rush People of the Russo-Japanese War Socialist Party of America politicians from California United States Merchant Mariners University of California, Berkeley alumni War correspondents of the Russo-Japanese War Writers from Oakland, California Writers from San Francisco" ]

[ "Stan Kenton", "Career" ]

[ "Rendezvous with Kenton is an album by bandleader and pianist Stan Kenton featuring performances recorded at the Rendezvous Ballroom in 1957 and released on the Capitol label.\n\nReception\n\nThe Allmusic review by Scott Yanow noted \"The music is pleasant but not up to the fiery level one would expect of the Stan Kenton Orchestra\".\n\nTrack listing\n \"With the Wind and the Rain in Your Hair\"(Jack Lawrence, Clara Edwards) - 2:02 \n \"Memories of You\" (Eubie Blake, Andy Razaf) - 2:34 \n \"These Things You Left Me\" (Harold Dickinson, Sidney Lippman) - 2:05 \n \"Two Shades of Autumn\" (Joe Coccia) - 3:53\n \"They Didn't Believe Me\" (Jerome Kern, Herbert Reynolds) - 1:53 \n \"Walkin' by the River\" (Robert Sour, Una Mae Carlisle) - 2:53\n \"High on a Windy Hill\" (Alex Kramer, Joan Whitney) - 2:07 \n \"Love Letters\" (Victor Young, Edward Heyman) - 2:24 \n \"I Get Along Without You Very Well\" (Hoagy Carmichael) - 1:55 \n \"Desiderata\" (Coccia) - 3:09 \n \"This is No Laughing Matter\" (Al Frisch, Buddy Kaye) - 3:29 \n \"I See Your Face Before Me\" (Arthur Schwartz, Howard Dietz) - 2:02 \nRecorded at the Rendezvous Ballroom in Balboa, CA on October 7, 1957 (tracks 2, 3 & 12), October 8, 1957 (tracks 1, 4, 6 & 8-10), October 9, 1957 (tracks 7 & 11) and October 10, 1957 (track 5).\n\nPersonnel\nStan Kenton - piano, conductor\nBilly Catalano, Phil Gilbert, Lee Katzman, Ed Leddy, Sam Noto - trumpet\nJim Amlotte, Kent Larsen, Archie Le Coque, Don Reed, - trombone\nKen Shroyer - bass trombone \nLennie Niehaus, Bill Robinson - alto saxophone \nWayne Dunstan, Bill Perkins - tenor saxophone \nSteve Perlow - baritone saxophone, alto saxophone\nRed Kelly - bass \nJerry McKenzie - drums \nJoe Coccia - arranger\n\nReferences\n\nStan Kenton albums\n1957 albums\nCapitol Records albums\nAlbums conducted by Stan Kenton", "Jerri Winters is an American jazz singer. She worked with Stan Kenton's orchestra from 15 February until 15 June 1952, recording several titles for Capitol Records, including \"Adios,\" \"All Because of You,\" and \"She's a Comely Wench.\" Winters released several solo records, including 1955's Winter's Here on Fraternity Records (the first recording to be released by that label), 1957's Somebody Loves Me on Bethlehem Records, and 1962's Winters Again released on Charlie Parker Records.\n\nDiscography\nWinter's Here (1955, Fraternity)\nSomebody Loves Me (1957, Bethlehem)\nWinters Again (1962, Charlie Parker)\n\nWith Stan Kenton \n\nAdios (arr. Bill Russo) 24 February 1952\nAll About Ronnie (arr. Johnny Richards) 20 March 1952\nAll Because of You (arr. Johnny Richards) 24 February 1952\nCinderella (arr. Johnny Richards) 24 February 1952\nDon't Worry 'Bout Me (arr. Pete Rugolo) 24 February 1952\nShe's A Comely Wench (arr. Johnny Richards) 18 March 1952\nSoftly (arr. Johnny Richards) 19 March 1952\nYes (arr. Johnny Richards) 24 February 1952\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n \n Blog Post Discussing Jerri Winters\n\nAmerican jazz singers\nPossibly living people\nYear of birth missing\nBethlehem Records artists" ]

[ "Stanley Newcomb Kenton (December 15, 1911 – August 25, 1979) was an American popular music and jazz artist. As a pianist, composer, arranger and band leader, he led an innovative and influential jazz orchestra for almost four decades. Though Kenton had several pop hits from the early 1940s into the 1960s, his music was always forward-looking. Kenton was also a pioneer in the field of jazz education, creating the Stan Kenton Jazz Camp in 1959 at Indiana University.", "Kenton was also a pioneer in the field of jazz education, creating the Stan Kenton Jazz Camp in 1959 at Indiana University. Early life Stan Kenton was born on December 15, 1911, in Wichita, Kansas; he had two sisters (Beulah and Erma Mae) born three and eight years after him. His parents, Floyd and Stella Kenton, moved the family to Colorado, and in 1924, to the Greater Los Angeles Area, settling in suburban Bell, California.", "His parents, Floyd and Stella Kenton, moved the family to Colorado, and in 1924, to the Greater Los Angeles Area, settling in suburban Bell, California. Kenton attended Bell High School; his high-school yearbook picture has the prophetic notation \"Old Man Jazz\". Kenton started learning piano as a teen from a local pianist and organist. When he was around 15 and in high school, pianist and arranger Ralph Yaw introduced him to the music of Louis Armstong and Earl Hines.", "When he was around 15 and in high school, pianist and arranger Ralph Yaw introduced him to the music of Louis Armstong and Earl Hines. He graduated from high school in 1930. By the age of 16, Kenton was already playing a regular solo piano gig at a local hamburger eatery for 50 cents a night plus tips; during that time he had his own performing group named \"The Bell-Tones\". His first arrangement was written during this time for a local eight-piece band that played in nearby Long Beach.", "His first arrangement was written during this time for a local eight-piece band that played in nearby Long Beach. Career 1930s With very little money, Kenton traveled to speakeasys in San Diego and Las Vegas playing piano. By 1932 he was playing with the Francis Gilbert Territory band and would tour through Arizona; he would go on to working with the Everett Hoagland Orchestra in 1933, which would be his first time playing at the Rendezvous Ballroom.", "By 1932 he was playing with the Francis Gilbert Territory band and would tour through Arizona; he would go on to working with the Everett Hoagland Orchestra in 1933, which would be his first time playing at the Rendezvous Ballroom. He would then play with Russ Plummer, Hal Grayson and eventually got a big break with Gus Arnheim. In April 1936 Arnheim was reorganizing his band into the style of Benny Goodman's groups and Kenton was to take the piano chair.", "In April 1936 Arnheim was reorganizing his band into the style of Benny Goodman's groups and Kenton was to take the piano chair. This is where Kenton would make his first recordings when Arnheim made 14 sides for the Brunswick label in summer of 1937. Once he departed from Gus Arnheim's group, Kenton went back to study with private teachers on both the piano and in composition. In 1938 Kenton would join Vido Musso in a short-lived band but a very educational experience for him.", "In 1938 Kenton would join Vido Musso in a short-lived band but a very educational experience for him. From the core of this group came the line up of the first Stan Kenton groups of the 1940s. Kenton would also go on to working with the NBC House Band and in various Hollywood studios and clubs. Producer George Avakian took notice of Kenton during this time while he worked as the pianist and Assistant Musical Director at the Earl Carroll Theatre Restaurant in Hollywood.", "Producer George Avakian took notice of Kenton during this time while he worked as the pianist and Assistant Musical Director at the Earl Carroll Theatre Restaurant in Hollywood. Kenton started to get the idea of running his own band from this experience; he created a rehearsal band of his own which eventually become his group in the 1940s. 1940s In 1940, Kenton formed his first orchestra. Kenton worked in the early days with his own groups as much more of an arranger than a featured pianist.", "Kenton worked in the early days with his own groups as much more of an arranger than a featured pianist. Although there were no \"name\" musicians in his first band (with the possible exception of bassist Howard Rumsey and trumpeter Chico Alvarez), Kenton spent the summer of 1941 playing regularly before an audience at the Rendezvous Ballroom in Balboa Beach, CA. Influenced by Benny Carter and Jimmie Lunceford, the Stan Kenton Orchestra struggled for a time after its initial success.", "Influenced by Benny Carter and Jimmie Lunceford, the Stan Kenton Orchestra struggled for a time after its initial success. Its Decca recordings were not big sellers and a stint as Bob Hope's backup radio band during the 1943–44 season was an unhappy experience; Les Brown permanently took Kenton's place. Kenton's first appearance in New York was in February 1942 at the Roseland Ballroom, with the marquee featuring an endorsement by Fred Astaire.", "Kenton's first appearance in New York was in February 1942 at the Roseland Ballroom, with the marquee featuring an endorsement by Fred Astaire. By late 1943, with a contract with the newly formed Capitol Records, a popular record in \"Eager Beaver\", and growing recognition, the Stan Kenton Orchestra was gradually catching on; it developed into one of the best-known West Coast ensembles of the 1940s. Its soloists during the war years included Art Pepper, briefly Stan Getz, altoist Boots Mussulli, and singer Anita O'Day.", "Its soloists during the war years included Art Pepper, briefly Stan Getz, altoist Boots Mussulli, and singer Anita O'Day. By 1945, the band had evolved. The songwriter Joe Greene provided the lyrics for hit songs like \"And Her Tears Flowed Like Wine\" and \"Don't Let the Sun Catch You Cryin'\".", "The songwriter Joe Greene provided the lyrics for hit songs like \"And Her Tears Flowed Like Wine\" and \"Don't Let the Sun Catch You Cryin'\". Pete Rugolo became the chief arranger (extending Kenton's ideas), Bob Cooper and Vido Musso offered very different tenor styles, and June Christy was Kenton's new singer; her hits (including \"Tampico\" and Greene's \"Across the Alley from the Alamo\") made it possible for Kenton to finance his more ambitious projects.", "Pete Rugolo became the chief arranger (extending Kenton's ideas), Bob Cooper and Vido Musso offered very different tenor styles, and June Christy was Kenton's new singer; her hits (including \"Tampico\" and Greene's \"Across the Alley from the Alamo\") made it possible for Kenton to finance his more ambitious projects. Artistry in Rhythm When composer/arranger Pete Rugolo joined the Stan Kenton Orchestra as staff arranger in late 1945 he brought with him his love of jazz, Stravinsky and Bartók.", "Artistry in Rhythm When composer/arranger Pete Rugolo joined the Stan Kenton Orchestra as staff arranger in late 1945 he brought with him his love of jazz, Stravinsky and Bartók. Given free rein by Kenton, Rugolo experimented. Although Kenton himself was already trying experimental scores prior to Rugolo's tenure, it was Rugolo who brought extra jazz and classical influences much needed to move the band forward artistically.", "Although Kenton himself was already trying experimental scores prior to Rugolo's tenure, it was Rugolo who brought extra jazz and classical influences much needed to move the band forward artistically. During his first six months on the staff, Rugolo tried to copy Kenton's sound; on encouragement from the leader he explored his own voice. By incorporating compositional techniques borrowed from the modern classical music he studied, Rugolo was a key part of one of Kenton's most fertile and creative periods.", "By incorporating compositional techniques borrowed from the modern classical music he studied, Rugolo was a key part of one of Kenton's most fertile and creative periods. After a string of mostly arrangements, Rugolo turned out three originals that Kenton featured on the band's first album in 1946: (Artistry in Rhythm): \"Artistry in Percussion\", \"Safranski\" and \"Artistry in Bolero\".", "After a string of mostly arrangements, Rugolo turned out three originals that Kenton featured on the band's first album in 1946: (Artistry in Rhythm): \"Artistry in Percussion\", \"Safranski\" and \"Artistry in Bolero\". Added to this mix came \"Machito\", \"Rhythm Incorporated\", \"Monotony\" and \"Interlude\" in early 1947 (though some were not recorded until later in the year).", "Added to this mix came \"Machito\", \"Rhythm Incorporated\", \"Monotony\" and \"Interlude\" in early 1947 (though some were not recorded until later in the year). These compositions, along with June Christy's voice, came to define the Artistry in Rhythm band. Afro-Cuban writing was added to the Kenton book with compositions like Rugolo's \"Machito.\"", "Afro-Cuban writing was added to the Kenton book with compositions like Rugolo's \"Machito.\" The resulting instrumentation, utilizing significant amounts of brass, was described as a \"wall of sound\" (a term later re-coined independently by Andrew Loog Oldham for Phil Spector's production methods). The Artistry in Rhythm ensemble was a formative band, with outstanding soloists. By early 1947, the Stan Kenton Orchestra had reached a high point of financial and popular success.", "By early 1947, the Stan Kenton Orchestra had reached a high point of financial and popular success. They played in the best theaters and ballrooms in America and numerous hit records. Dances at the many ballrooms were typically four hours a night and theater dates generally involved playing mini-concerts between each showing of the movie. This was sometimes five or six a day, stretching from morning to late night. Most days not actually playing were spent in buses or cars. Days off from performing were rare.", "Days off from performing were rare. Days off from performing were rare. For Stan Kenton they just allowed for more record signing, radio station interviews, and advertising for Capitol Records. Due to the financial and personal demands, following an April performance in Tuscaloosa, he broke up the Artistry in Rhythm incarnation of Kenton ensembles. Progressive Jazz After a hiatus of five months, Kenton formed a new, larger ensemble to present Concerts in Progressive Jazz.", "Progressive Jazz After a hiatus of five months, Kenton formed a new, larger ensemble to present Concerts in Progressive Jazz. Sustaining the ensemble on its own proved mostly attainable but the band still had to fill in its schedule by booking dances and movie theater jobs, especially over the summer. Pete Rugolo composed and arranged the great bulk of the new music; Kenton declared these works to be Progressive Jazz.", "Pete Rugolo composed and arranged the great bulk of the new music; Kenton declared these works to be Progressive Jazz. A student of famed composer and educator Russ Garcia, Bob Graettinger wrote numerous works for the band, starting with his composition Thermopylae. His ground-breaking composition City of Glass was premiered by the band in Chicago in April 1948, but not recorded for another two and a half years, in a reworked version for the Innovations Orchestra.", "His ground-breaking composition City of Glass was premiered by the band in Chicago in April 1948, but not recorded for another two and a half years, in a reworked version for the Innovations Orchestra. Ken Hanna, who began the tour as a trumpet player, contributed a few compositions to the new band, including Somnambulism.", "Ken Hanna, who began the tour as a trumpet player, contributed a few compositions to the new band, including Somnambulism. Kenton contributed no new scores to the Progressive Jazz band, although several of his older works were performed on concerts, including Concerto to End All Concertos, Eager Beaver, Opus in Pastels, and Artistry in Rhythm.", "Kenton contributed no new scores to the Progressive Jazz band, although several of his older works were performed on concerts, including Concerto to End All Concertos, Eager Beaver, Opus in Pastels, and Artistry in Rhythm. Cuban inflected titles from the Progressive Jazz period include Rugolo's Introduction to a Latin Rhythm, Cuban Carnival, The Peanut Vendor, and Journey to Brazil, and Bob Graettinger's Cuban Pastorale.", "Cuban inflected titles from the Progressive Jazz period include Rugolo's Introduction to a Latin Rhythm, Cuban Carnival, The Peanut Vendor, and Journey to Brazil, and Bob Graettinger's Cuban Pastorale. The addition of a full-time bongo player and a Brazilian guitarist in the band enabled Kenton's cadre of composers to explore Afro-Latin rhythms to far greater possibilities. The Progressive Jazz period lasted 14 months, beginning on September 24, 1947, when the Stan Kenton Orchestra played a concert at the Rendezvous Ballroom.", "The Progressive Jazz period lasted 14 months, beginning on September 24, 1947, when the Stan Kenton Orchestra played a concert at the Rendezvous Ballroom. And it ended after the last show at the Paramount Theatre in New York City on December 14, 1948. The band produced only one album and a handful of singles, due to a recording ban by the American Federation of Musicians that lasted the entirety of 1948.", "The band produced only one album and a handful of singles, due to a recording ban by the American Federation of Musicians that lasted the entirety of 1948. The lone record, \"A Presentation of Progressive Jazz,\" received a 3 out of 4 rating from Tom Herrick in DownBeat. Metronome rated it \"C\" calling it a \"jerry-built jumble of effects and counter-effects\" and \"this album presents very little that can justifiably be called either jazz or progressive.\"", "Metronome rated it \"C\" calling it a \"jerry-built jumble of effects and counter-effects\" and \"this album presents very little that can justifiably be called either jazz or progressive.\" Billboard scored it 80 out of 100, but declared it \"as mumbo-jumbo a collection of cacophony as has ever been loosed on an unsuspecting public. Many sidemen from the Artistry band returned, but there were significant changes. Laurindo Almeida on classical guitar, and Jack Costanzo on bongos dramatically changed the band's timbre.", "Laurindo Almeida on classical guitar, and Jack Costanzo on bongos dramatically changed the band's timbre. Both were firsts for the Kenton band, or any jazz band for that matter. The rhythm section included returnees Eddie Safranski (bass) and Shelly Manne (drums), both destined to win first place Down Beat awards. Four of the five trumpet players returned: Buddy Childers, Ray Wetzel, Chico Alvarez, and Ken Hanna. Al Porcino was added to the already powerhouse section.", "Al Porcino was added to the already powerhouse section. Al Porcino was added to the already powerhouse section. Conte Candoli joined the band, replacing Porcino, in February 1948. Kai Winding, star trombonist of the Artistry in Rhythm band, would not be a part of the Progressive Jazz era, except for a few dates on which he subbed. Milt Bernhart came in on lead trombone. And Bart Varsalona returned on bass trombone.", "And Bart Varsalona returned on bass trombone. And Bart Varsalona returned on bass trombone. Bernhart's first big solo with the Kenton band proved to be a major hit, The Peanut Vendor. The saxophone section was much improved and modernized. Returning saxophonists included baritone Bob Gioga, holding down his chair since the very start, and Bob Cooper on tenor. With Vido Musso's departure, Cooper and his modernist sound became the featured tenor soloist. Art Pepper came on as second alto, the \"jazz\" chair.", "Art Pepper came on as second alto, the \"jazz\" chair. And the new lead alto was George Weidler. This was genuinely a band of all-stars. They received five first place awards in the Down Beat poll at the end of 1947, and similar awards from the other magazines. The arrangers continued to push the limits of these superb instrumentalists in their compositions.", "The arrangers continued to push the limits of these superb instrumentalists in their compositions. Works from this period are more sophisticated than those written for the Artistry band, and are some of the first and most successful \"third stream\" compositions. The band criss-crossed the country, appearing in the nation's top concert venues, including Carnegie Hall, Boston Symphony Hall, Chicago Civic Opera House, Academy of Music (Philadelphia), and the Hollywood Bowl.", "The band criss-crossed the country, appearing in the nation's top concert venues, including Carnegie Hall, Boston Symphony Hall, Chicago Civic Opera House, Academy of Music (Philadelphia), and the Hollywood Bowl. They had extended stays at New York's Paramount Theatre and Hotel Commodore, Philadelphia's Click, Detroit's Eastwood Gardens, Radio City Theater in Minneapolis, and the Rendezvous Ballroom, a special place in Kenton's musical life.", "They had extended stays at New York's Paramount Theatre and Hotel Commodore, Philadelphia's Click, Detroit's Eastwood Gardens, Radio City Theater in Minneapolis, and the Rendezvous Ballroom, a special place in Kenton's musical life. Kenton's band was the first to present a concert in the famous outdoor arena, the Hollywood Bowl. His concert there on June 12, 1948, drew more than 15,000 people, and was both an artistic and commercial success.", "His concert there on June 12, 1948, drew more than 15,000 people, and was both an artistic and commercial success. Kenton pocketed half of the box office, walking away with $13,000 for the evening's concert. The band broke attendance records all across the country. Thanks to Kenton's public relations acumen, he was able to convince concert goers and record buyers of the importance of his music. Comedy numbers and June Christy vocals helped break up the seriousness of the new music.", "Comedy numbers and June Christy vocals helped break up the seriousness of the new music. Kenton's successes did not sit well with everyone. In an essay entitled Economics and Race in Jazz, Leslie B. Rout Jr. wrote that \"the real scourge of the 1946–1949 period was the all-white Stan Kenton band. Dubbing his musical repertoire 'progressive jazz,' Kenton saw his orchestra become the first in jazz history to reach an annual gross of $1,000,000 in 1948.\"", "Dubbing his musical repertoire 'progressive jazz,' Kenton saw his orchestra become the first in jazz history to reach an annual gross of $1,000,000 in 1948.\" He contrasted this with a situation in which critical and public recognition of \"Dizzy Gillespie as the premiere bopper could not be transformed into coin of the realm.\"", "He contrasted this with a situation in which critical and public recognition of \"Dizzy Gillespie as the premiere bopper could not be transformed into coin of the realm.\" At the end of 1948, as the band was fulfilling an extended engagement at the Paramount Theater in New York City, the leader notified his sidemen, his bookers, and the press, that he would be disbanding once more. Kenton's most artistically and commercially successful band ceased to be at the top of their game.", "Kenton's most artistically and commercially successful band ceased to be at the top of their game. On December 14, the Stan Kenton Orchestra played their last notes for more than a year. When they returned, there would be new faces, new music and a string section. 1950s After a year's hiatus, in 1950 Kenton assembled the large 39-piece Innovations in Modern Music Orchestra that included 16 strings, a woodwind section, and two French horns.", "1950s After a year's hiatus, in 1950 Kenton assembled the large 39-piece Innovations in Modern Music Orchestra that included 16 strings, a woodwind section, and two French horns. The music was an extension of the works composed and recorded since 1947 by Bob Graettinger, Manny Albam, Franklyn Marks and others. Name jazz musicians such as Maynard Ferguson, Shorty Rogers, Milt Bernhart, John Graas, Art Pepper, Bud Shank, Bob Cooper, Laurindo Almeida, Shelly Manne, and June Christy were part of these musical ensembles.", "Name jazz musicians such as Maynard Ferguson, Shorty Rogers, Milt Bernhart, John Graas, Art Pepper, Bud Shank, Bob Cooper, Laurindo Almeida, Shelly Manne, and June Christy were part of these musical ensembles. The groups managed two tours during 1950–51, from a commercial standpoint it would be Stan Kenton's first major failure. Kenton soon reverted to a more standard 19-piece lineup.", "Kenton soon reverted to a more standard 19-piece lineup. Kenton soon reverted to a more standard 19-piece lineup. In order to be more commercially viable, Kenton reformed the band in 1951 to a much more standard instrumentation: five saxes, five trombones, five trumpets, piano, guitar, bass, drums. The charts of such arrangers as Gerry Mulligan, Johnny Richards, and particularly Bill Holman and Bill Russo began to dominate the repertoire.", "The charts of such arrangers as Gerry Mulligan, Johnny Richards, and particularly Bill Holman and Bill Russo began to dominate the repertoire. The music was written to better reflect the style of cutting edge, be-bop oriented big bands, such as those of Dizzy Gillespie or Woody Herman. Young, talented players and outstanding jazz soloists such as Maynard Ferguson, Lee Konitz, Conte Candoli, Sal Salvador, and Frank Rosolino made strong contributions to the level of the 1952–53 band.", "Young, talented players and outstanding jazz soloists such as Maynard Ferguson, Lee Konitz, Conte Candoli, Sal Salvador, and Frank Rosolino made strong contributions to the level of the 1952–53 band. The music composed and arranged during this time was far more tailor-made to contemporary jazz tastes; the 1953 album New Concepts of Artistry in Rhythm is noted as one of the high points in Kenton's career as band leader.", "The music composed and arranged during this time was far more tailor-made to contemporary jazz tastes; the 1953 album New Concepts of Artistry in Rhythm is noted as one of the high points in Kenton's career as band leader. Though the band was to have a very strong \"concert book\", Kenton also made sure the dance book was made new, fresh and contemporary.", "Though the band was to have a very strong \"concert book\", Kenton also made sure the dance book was made new, fresh and contemporary. The album Sketches on Standards from 1953 is an excellent example of Kenton appealing to a wider audience while using the band and Bill Russo's arranging skills to their fullest potential. Even though the personnel changed rather rapidly, Kenton's focus was very clear on where he would lead things musically.", "Even though the personnel changed rather rapidly, Kenton's focus was very clear on where he would lead things musically. By this time producer Lee Gillette worked well in concert with Kenton to create a balanced set of recordings that were both commercially viable and cutting edge musically. Arguably the most \"swinging\" band Kenton was to field came when legendary drummer Mel Lewis joined the orchestra in 1954.", "Arguably the most \"swinging\" band Kenton was to field came when legendary drummer Mel Lewis joined the orchestra in 1954. Kenton's Contemporary Concepts (1955) and Kenton in Hi-Fi (1956) albums during this time are very impressive as a be-bop recording and then a standard dance recording (respectively). Kenton in Hi-Fis wide popularity and sales benefited from the fact it was his greatest hits of ten years earlier re-recorded in stereo with a contemporary, much higher level band.", "Kenton in Hi-Fis wide popularity and sales benefited from the fact it was his greatest hits of ten years earlier re-recorded in stereo with a contemporary, much higher level band. The album climbed all the way up to #22 on the Billboard album charts and provided much needed revenue at a time when Rock n Roll had started to become the dominant pop music in the United States. It would become more and more difficult for Kenton to alternate between 'dance' and serious 'jazz' albums while staying financially solvent.", "It would become more and more difficult for Kenton to alternate between 'dance' and serious 'jazz' albums while staying financially solvent. During the summer of the summer of 1955 (July–September), Kenton was to become the host of the CBS television series Music 55. While it offered 10 weeks of great exposure to a rapidly expanding television audience, the show failed. It was plagued by poor production techniques and a strange combination of guests that did not work well with what Kenton had envisioned.", "It was plagued by poor production techniques and a strange combination of guests that did not work well with what Kenton had envisioned. He ended up being stiff and out of place with what the producers tried to achieve. Kenton had to burn the candle at both ends flying in to do the show then flying back out to meet his band out on the road. The New York production team was limited by using an American Federation of Musicians roster of local players; Kenton wanted his own band to do the show.", "The New York production team was limited by using an American Federation of Musicians roster of local players; Kenton wanted his own band to do the show. There would be another attempt for the Kenton organization to place the band on regularly scheduled television programming in 1958. After six Kenton financed episodes on KTTV in Los Angeles, there would be no sponsors to step up and back the show. One of the standout projects and recordings for the mid-1950s band is the Cuban Fire! album released in 1956.", "album released in 1956. album released in 1956. Though Stan Kenton had recorded earlier hits such as The Peanut Vendor in 1947 with Latin percussionist Machito, as well as many other Latin flavored singles, the Cuban Fire! suite and LP stands as a watershed set of compositions for Johnny Richards' career and an outstanding commercial/artistic achievement for the Kenton orchestra, and a singular landmark in large ensemble Latin jazz recordings. \"CUBAN FIRE is completely authentic, the way it combines big-band jazz with genuine Latin-American rhythms.\"", "\"CUBAN FIRE is completely authentic, the way it combines big-band jazz with genuine Latin-American rhythms.\" The success of the Cuban Fire! album can be gauged in part by the immediate ascent of Johnny Richards' star after its release; he was suddenly offered a contract by Bethlehem Records to record what would be the first of several recordings with his own groups. At one point, Kenton faced a controversy in 1956 with comments he made when the band returned from a European tour.", "At one point, Kenton faced a controversy in 1956 with comments he made when the band returned from a European tour. The current Critics Poll in Down Beat was now dominated by African-American musicians in virtually every category. The Kenton band was playing in Ontario, Canada, at the time, and Kenton dispatched a telegram which lamented \"a new minority, white jazz musicians,\" and stated his \"disgust [with the so-called] literary geniuses of jazz.\"", "The Kenton band was playing in Ontario, Canada, at the time, and Kenton dispatched a telegram which lamented \"a new minority, white jazz musicians,\" and stated his \"disgust [with the so-called] literary geniuses of jazz.\" Jazz critic Leonard Feather responded in the October 3, 1956, issue of Down Beat with an open letter that questioned Kenton's racial views.", "Jazz critic Leonard Feather responded in the October 3, 1956, issue of Down Beat with an open letter that questioned Kenton's racial views. Feather implied that Kenton's failure to win the Critics Poll was probably the real reason for the complaint, and wondered if racial prejudice was involved. In hindsight the record shows Kenton's biggest sin is to have hastily fired off the comments. However, less than 2% of the more than 600 sidemen with the Kenton band were African American.", "However, less than 2% of the more than 600 sidemen with the Kenton band were African American. By the end of the decade Kenton was with the last incarnation of a 19-piece, 1950s-style Kenton orchestra. Many bands have been called a leader's \"best\"; this last Kenton 1959 incarnation of the 1950s bands may very well be the best. The group would pull off one of Kenton's most artistic, subtle and introspective recordings, Standards in Silhouette.", "The group would pull off one of Kenton's most artistic, subtle and introspective recordings, Standards in Silhouette. As trombonist Archie LeCoque recalled of this album of very slow ballads, \"...it was hard, but at the time we were all young and straight-ahead, we got through it and (two) albums came out well.\" By 1959 Stereophonic sound recording was now being fully utilized with all major labels.", "By 1959 Stereophonic sound recording was now being fully utilized with all major labels. One of the great triumphs of the Standards in Silhouette album is the mature writing, the combination of the room used, a live group with very few overdubs, and the recording being in full stereo fidelity (and later remastered to digital). Bill Mathieu was highly skeptical of the decision to record his music like Cuban Fire! in a cavernous ballroom.", "in a cavernous ballroom. in a cavernous ballroom. Mathieu adds: \"Stan and producer Lee Gillette were absolutely right: the band sounds alive and awake (which is not easy when recording many hours of slow-tempo music in a studio), and most importantly, the players could hear themselves well in the live room. The end result is the band sounds strong and cohesive, and the album is well recorded.\" This is the last set of studio dates before Kenton would retool the entire orchestra in 1960.", "This is the last set of studio dates before Kenton would retool the entire orchestra in 1960. 1960s The Kenton orchestra had been on a slow decline in sales and popularity in the late 1950s with having to compete with newer, popular music artists such as Elvis Presley, Bobby Darin, and The Platters. The nadir of this decline was around 1958 and coincided with a recession that was affecting the entire country. There were far fewer big bands on the road and live music venues were hard to book for the Kenton orchestra.", "There were far fewer big bands on the road and live music venues were hard to book for the Kenton orchestra. The band would end 1959 beaten up by poor attendance at concerts and having to rely far more on dance halls than real jazz concerts. The band would reform in 1960 with a new look, a new sound, a larger group with a 'mellophonium' section added and an upsurge in Kenton's popularity.Sparke, Michael; Peter Venudor (1998). Stan Kenton, The Studio Sessions. Balboa Books. .", "Stan Kenton, The Studio Sessions. Balboa Books. . . The new instrument was used by Kenton to \"bridge the gap\" in range, color, and tonality between his trumpet and trombone sections. Essentially it creates a conical, midrange sound that is common in a symphonic setting with a horn (French horn) but the bell of the instrument faces forward. Kenton's 1961 recording The Romantic Approach for Capitol is the first of 11 LPs that would feature the \"mellophonium band\".", "Kenton's 1961 recording The Romantic Approach for Capitol is the first of 11 LPs that would feature the \"mellophonium band\". Kenton arranged the whole first mellophonium album himself and it was very well received in a September 1961 review in Down Beat. The Kenton Orchestra from 1960 to 1963 had numerous successes; the band had a relentless recording schedule. The albums Kenton's West Side Story (arrangements by Johnny Richards) and Adventures In Jazz, each won Grammy awards in 1962 and 1963 respectively.", "The albums Kenton's West Side Story (arrangements by Johnny Richards) and Adventures In Jazz, each won Grammy awards in 1962 and 1963 respectively. Ralph Carmichael wrote a superb set of Christmas charts for Kenton which translated into one of the most popular recordings from the band leader to date: A Merry Christmas!.", "Ralph Carmichael wrote a superb set of Christmas charts for Kenton which translated into one of the most popular recordings from the band leader to date: A Merry Christmas!. Also, Johnny Richards' Adventures in Time suite (recorded in 1962) was the culmination of all things the mellophonium band was capable of.NPR: Stan Kenton At 100: Artistry In Rhythm , Reference to Adventures in Time in article as important milestone of Kenton's music. February 17, 2012. After the Fall 1963 U.S./U.K.", "February 17, 2012. After the Fall 1963 U.S./U.K. After the Fall 1963 U.S./U.K. tour ended in November, the mellophonium incarnation of Kenton bands was done. The conditions of Stan's divorce from jazz singer Ann Richards was that a judge ordered Stan to take a year off the road to help raise their two children or lose custody altogether. Kenton would not reform another road band for tour until 1965.", "Kenton would not reform another road band for tour until 1965. Kenton had ties from earlier writing of country/western songs that were a success with Capitol and again he tried his hand in that genre during the early 1960s. In a music market that was becoming increasingly tight, in 1962 he cut the hit single \"Mama Sang a Song\"; his last Top-40 ( 32 Billboard, No. 22 Music Vendor). The song was a narration written by country singer Bill Anderson and spoken by Kenton.", "The song was a narration written by country singer Bill Anderson and spoken by Kenton. The single also received a Grammy nomination the following year in the Best Documentary or Spoken Word Recording category. The other attempt he made into that market was the far less successful Stan Kenton! Tex Ritter!, released in 1962 as a full LP. After the breakup of the mellophonium band, Kenton / Wagner (1964) was an important recording project that Kenton himself arranged, again moving towards \"progressive jazz\" or third stream music.", "After the breakup of the mellophonium band, Kenton / Wagner (1964) was an important recording project that Kenton himself arranged, again moving towards \"progressive jazz\" or third stream music. This album was not a financial success but kept Kenton at the forefront of 'art music' interpretation in the commercial music world. Stan Kenton Conducts the Los Angeles Neophonic Orchestra (1965) was an artistic success that garnered another Grammy nomination for the band leader.", "Stan Kenton Conducts the Los Angeles Neophonic Orchestra (1965) was an artistic success that garnered another Grammy nomination for the band leader. During this time Kenton also co-wrote the theme music for the short lived NBC television series Mister Roberts (1965–66). The 1966–1969 Capitol releases for Stan Kenton were a severe low point for his recording career. Capitol producer Lee Gillette was trying to exploit the money making possibilities of numerous popular hits to include the 1968 musical Hair featuring contemporary rock music.", "Capitol producer Lee Gillette was trying to exploit the money making possibilities of numerous popular hits to include the 1968 musical Hair featuring contemporary rock music. Due to lack of promotion by Capitol, four LPs were financial failures; this would be the last releases for Kenton under the aegis of long time Kenton producer Lee Gillette and Capitol.", "Due to lack of promotion by Capitol, four LPs were financial failures; this would be the last releases for Kenton under the aegis of long time Kenton producer Lee Gillette and Capitol. In fact, by the time it was recorded Kenton had no involvement in the Hair LP except for Kenton's name placed on the jacket cover; Ralph Carmichael and Lennie Niehaus were placed in charge of the project.", "In fact, by the time it was recorded Kenton had no involvement in the Hair LP except for Kenton's name placed on the jacket cover; Ralph Carmichael and Lennie Niehaus were placed in charge of the project. Two exceptions to this late 1960s period are the Billboard charted single the band cut of the Dragnet theme (1967) and another Kenton presents release featuring the music of composer and ex-bandsman Dee Barton: The Jazz Compositions of Dee Barton (1967).", "Two exceptions to this late 1960s period are the Billboard charted single the band cut of the Dragnet theme (1967) and another Kenton presents release featuring the music of composer and ex-bandsman Dee Barton: The Jazz Compositions of Dee Barton (1967). The album featuring Barton's music was another unsung artistic success for the Kenton band though widely unseen commercially by the a music listening public. 1970s The transition from Capitol to Creative World Records in 1970 was fraught with difficulties during a time when the music business was changing rapidly.", "1970s The transition from Capitol to Creative World Records in 1970 was fraught with difficulties during a time when the music business was changing rapidly. As a viable jazz artist who was trying to keep a loyal but dwindling following, Kenton turned to arrangers such as Hank Levy and Bob Curnow to write material that appealed to a younger audience.", "As a viable jazz artist who was trying to keep a loyal but dwindling following, Kenton turned to arrangers such as Hank Levy and Bob Curnow to write material that appealed to a younger audience. The first releases for the Creative World label were live concerts and Kenton had the control he wanted over content but lacked substantial resources to engineer, mix, and promote what Capitol underwrote in the past.", "The first releases for the Creative World label were live concerts and Kenton had the control he wanted over content but lacked substantial resources to engineer, mix, and promote what Capitol underwrote in the past. Kenton would take a big gamble to bypass the current record industry and rely far more on the direct mail lists of jazz fans which the newly formed Creative World label would need to sell records. Kenton also made his print music available to college and high-school stage bands with several publishers.", "Kenton also made his print music available to college and high-school stage bands with several publishers. Kenton continued leading and touring with his big band up to his final performance on August 20, 1978; he disbanded the group due to his failing health. In June 1973 Bob Curnow had started as the new artists and repertoire manager overseeing the whole operation of the Creative World Records.", "In June 1973 Bob Curnow had started as the new artists and repertoire manager overseeing the whole operation of the Creative World Records. It was just the year before (in 1972) the Kenton orchestra recorded the National Anthems of the World double LP with 40 arrangements all done by Curnow. As per Curnow himself, \"That was a remarkable and very difficult time for me.", "As per Curnow himself, \"That was a remarkable and very difficult time for me. I was managing (Stan's) record company with NO experience in business, writing music like mad, living in a new place and culture (Los Angeles was another world), traveling a LOT (out with the band at least 1 week a month) and trying to keep it together at home.\"", "I was managing (Stan's) record company with NO experience in business, writing music like mad, living in a new place and culture (Los Angeles was another world), traveling a LOT (out with the band at least 1 week a month) and trying to keep it together at home.\" When Kenton took to the road during the early 1970s and up to his last tour, he took with him seasoned veteran musicians (John Worster, Willie Maiden, Warren Gale, Graham Ellis and others) teaming them with relatively unknown young artists, and new arrangements (including those by Hank Levy, Bill Holman, Bob Curnow, Willie Maiden and Ken Hanna) were used.", "When Kenton took to the road during the early 1970s and up to his last tour, he took with him seasoned veteran musicians (John Worster, Willie Maiden, Warren Gale, Graham Ellis and others) teaming them with relatively unknown young artists, and new arrangements (including those by Hank Levy, Bill Holman, Bob Curnow, Willie Maiden and Ken Hanna) were used. Many alumni associated with Kenton from this era became educators (Mike Vax, John Von Ohlen, Chuck Carter, Lisa Hittle and Richard Torres), and a few went on to take their musical careers to the next level, such as Peter Erskine, Douglas Purviance and Tim Hagans.", "Many alumni associated with Kenton from this era became educators (Mike Vax, John Von Ohlen, Chuck Carter, Lisa Hittle and Richard Torres), and a few went on to take their musical careers to the next level, such as Peter Erskine, Douglas Purviance and Tim Hagans. Timeline of Stan Kenton Orchestras Legacy Kenton was a salient figure on the American musical scene and made an indelible mark on the arranged type of big band jazz. Kenton's music evolved with the times from 1940 through the 1970s.", "Kenton's music evolved with the times from 1940 through the 1970s. He was at the vanguard of promoting jazz and jazz improvisation through his service as an educator through his Stan Kenton Band Clinics. The \"Kenton Style\" continues to permeate big bands at the high school and collegiate level, and the framework he designed for the \"jazz clinic\" is still widely in use today. Starting in the waning days of the big band era, Kenton found a multitude of ways in which to progress his art form.", "Starting in the waning days of the big band era, Kenton found a multitude of ways in which to progress his art form. In his hands the size of the jazz orchestra expanded greatly, at times exceeding forty musicians. The frequency range (high and low notes) was also increased with the use of bass trombones and tuba, and baritone and bass saxophones. The dynamic range was pushed on both ends; the band could play softer and louder than any other big band.", "The dynamic range was pushed on both ends; the band could play softer and louder than any other big band. Kenton was the primary band leader responsible for moving the big band from the dance hall to the concert hall; one of the most important and successful players in the Third Stream movement. Interest in his music has experienced somewhat of a resurgence, with critical \"rediscovery\" of his music and many reissues of his recordings.", "Interest in his music has experienced somewhat of a resurgence, with critical \"rediscovery\" of his music and many reissues of his recordings. An alumni band named for him tours, led by lead trumpeter Mike Vax, which performs not only classic Kenton arrangements, but also new music written and performed by the band members (much like Kenton's own groups).", "An alumni band named for him tours, led by lead trumpeter Mike Vax, which performs not only classic Kenton arrangements, but also new music written and performed by the band members (much like Kenton's own groups). Kenton donated his entire library to the music library of North Texas State University (now the University of North Texas), and the Stan Kenton Jazz Recital Hall was named in his honor, although has recently been changed due to concerns over his history of sexual misconduct.", "Kenton donated his entire library to the music library of North Texas State University (now the University of North Texas), and the Stan Kenton Jazz Recital Hall was named in his honor, although has recently been changed due to concerns over his history of sexual misconduct. His arrangements are now published by Sierra Music Publications. When comparing the four longest running touring jazz orchestras (Stan Kenton, Woody Herman, Count Basie, and Duke Ellington), Kenton's band had a higher turnover of personnel.", "When comparing the four longest running touring jazz orchestras (Stan Kenton, Woody Herman, Count Basie, and Duke Ellington), Kenton's band had a higher turnover of personnel. Bob Gioga, Buddy Childers, and Dick Shearer are among only a very few who played for Kenton for over a decade. Other important soloists such as Lennie Niehaus, Bill Perkins and Chico Alvarez had lengthy stays on the band as well.", "Other important soloists such as Lennie Niehaus, Bill Perkins and Chico Alvarez had lengthy stays on the band as well. The list of noted jazz players, studio musicians is impressive and the consistency of the group from 1941 to Kenton's passing in 1979 is notable. Stan Kenton's leadership and music vision was clear to marshal the forces of such a diverse set of players and arrangers over this long period of time; Kenton stands alone in the respect.", "Stan Kenton's leadership and music vision was clear to marshal the forces of such a diverse set of players and arrangers over this long period of time; Kenton stands alone in the respect. Personal life Kenton was born on December 15, 1911, according to his birth certificate, according to British biographer Michael Sparke. Kenton was conceived out of wedlock, and his parents told him that he was born two months later than the actual date, February 19, 1912, to obscure this fact.", "Kenton was conceived out of wedlock, and his parents told him that he was born two months later than the actual date, February 19, 1912, to obscure this fact. Kenton believed well into adulthood that the February date was his birthday, and recorded the Birthday In Britain concert album on February 19, 1973. The true date remained a closely held secret, and his grave marker shows the incorrect February birthdate. Kenton was married three times. Three children were produced from the first two marriages.", "Three children were produced from the first two marriages. Three children were produced from the first two marriages. His first marriage was to Violet Rhoda Peters in 1935 and lasted for 15 years. The couple had a daughter in 1941, Leslie. In her 2010 memoir Love Affair, Leslie Kenton wrote that, from 1952 to 1954, when she was between the ages of 11 and 13, her father sexually molested and raped her.", "In her 2010 memoir Love Affair, Leslie Kenton wrote that, from 1952 to 1954, when she was between the ages of 11 and 13, her father sexually molested and raped her. She nonetheless maintained a close relationship with him during his lifetime, though she states that she was emotionally scarred by the experience. She stated that the rapes always occurred under the influence of alcohol, that he was not fully aware of his actions, and that 20 years later he apologized profusely.", "She stated that the rapes always occurred under the influence of alcohol, that he was not fully aware of his actions, and that 20 years later he apologized profusely. Leslie was an author of several books about health, spirituality and beauty. In 1955, Stan Kenton married San Diego-born singer Ann Richards, who was 23 years his junior. The relationship produced two children: daughter Dana Lynn and son Lance. In 1961, Richards posed for a nude layout in Playboy magazine's June 1961 issue.", "In 1961, Richards posed for a nude layout in Playboy magazine's June 1961 issue. She signed a contract to record with Atco Records, without her husband's knowledge. The Playboy shoot was done without Kenton's knowledge; he found out about it while playing at the Aragon Ballroom in Chicago when handed the magazine by Charles Suter, who was the editor of Down Beat magazine at the time. Richards was not typically on the road with the band, though she had recorded the album Two Much!", "Richards was not typically on the road with the band, though she had recorded the album Two Much! with Kenton in 1960. Kenton filed for divorce in August 1961; it was finalized in 1962. He would retain custody of their two children. Kenton's third marriage was to KABC production assistant Jo Ann Hill, in 1967. This also ended in a separation in 1969 with the divorce following in 1970.", "This also ended in a separation in 1969 with the divorce following in 1970. In his later years he lived with his public relations secretary and last business manager, Audree Coke Kenton, though they never formally married. Kenton's heavy consumption of alcohol contributed to ongoing accidents and the physical difficulties he encountered during the last 10 years of his life.", "Kenton's heavy consumption of alcohol contributed to ongoing accidents and the physical difficulties he encountered during the last 10 years of his life. Kenton's son Lance became a member of the controversial Synanon new-age community in California, and served as one of its \"Imperial Marines,\" a group entrusted with committing violence against former members and others considered enemies of the community. In 1978 he was arrested for helping to put a rattlesnake in the mailbox of an anti-Synanon lawyer, and was sentenced to a year in prison.Zacchino, Narda.", "In 1978 he was arrested for helping to put a rattlesnake in the mailbox of an anti-Synanon lawyer, and was sentenced to a year in prison.Zacchino, Narda. \"Band Leader's Son Suspect in Assault\" Los Angeles Times. October 12, 1978. pp. 7 Kenton had two serious accidental falls, one in the early 1970s and one in May of 1977 while on tour in Reading, Pennsylvania. The second fall was very serious as he fractured his skull.", "The second fall was very serious as he fractured his skull. The last two years of his life became far more physically challenging for Kenton from the effects of the two accidents. On August 17, 1979, he was admitted to Midway Hospital near his home in Los Angeles after a stroke; he died eight days later, on August 25. At the time of his death he had three grandchildren. Kenton was interred in the Westwood Village Memorial Park Cemetery, Los Angeles.Jones, Jack.", "Kenton was interred in the Westwood Village Memorial Park Cemetery, Los Angeles.Jones, Jack. \"Stan Kenton, Innovative Band Leader, Dies At 67\". Los Angeles Times. August 26, 1979. pp.", "Los Angeles Times. August 26, 1979. pp. August 26, 1979. pp. 1 Gold records and charts (singles and albums)Gold Records1944 Artistry in Rhythm (Capitol Records) instrumental 1945 Tampico (Capitol Records) vocal by June Christy and band 1945 Shoo-Fly Pie and Apple Pan Dowdy (Capitol Records) vocal by June Christy and band Hits as charted singles (Songs that reached the top of the US or UK charts) Between 1944 and 1967, Stan Kenton had numerous hits on Billboard's charts.", "1 Gold records and charts (singles and albums)Gold Records1944 Artistry in Rhythm (Capitol Records) instrumental 1945 Tampico (Capitol Records) vocal by June Christy and band 1945 Shoo-Fly Pie and Apple Pan Dowdy (Capitol Records) vocal by June Christy and band Hits as charted singles (Songs that reached the top of the US or UK charts) Between 1944 and 1967, Stan Kenton had numerous hits on Billboard's charts. Hits as charted albums (Albums charting history with Billboard Magazine) Awards and honors Wins and honors from major publications Grammy Awards |- |rowspan=\"2\"| |rowspan=\"2\"|West Side Story (album) |Best Performance by an orchestra - for other than dancing | |- |rowspan=\"2\"|Best Jazz Performance - Large Group (Instrumental) | |- |rowspan=\"2\"| |rowspan=\"2\"|Adventures In Jazz (album) | |- |Best Engineered recording (other than classical and novelty) | |- |style=\"text-align:center;\"| |Mama Sang a Song (single) |Best Documentary or Spoken Word Recording (other than comedy) | |- |style=\"text-align:center;\"| |Artistry in Voices and Brass (album) |Best Performance by a Chorus | |- |style=\"text-align:center;\"| |Stan Kenton Conducts the Los Angeles Neophonic Orchestra (album) |Best Instrumental Jazz Performance, Individual or Group | |-Grammy Hall of Fame|- |rowspan=\"1\"| 1943 ||rowspan=\"1\"| Artistry in Rhythm (with the Stan Kenton Orchestra) || Grammy Hall of Fame (1985) || International Music Awards Other awards and honors 1978 – Honorary Doctorate of Music: University of Redlands 1974 – Honorary Doctorate of Humane Letters: Drury College 1968 – Honorary Doctorate of Music: Villanova University 1967 – Intercollegiate Music Festival Hall of Fame Award Named to the International Association for Jazz Education Hall of Fame (1980) Honored on the Hollywood Walk of Fame (Recording – 6340 Hollywood Blvd.)", "Hits as charted albums (Albums charting history with Billboard Magazine) Awards and honors Wins and honors from major publications Grammy Awards |- |rowspan=\"2\"| |rowspan=\"2\"|West Side Story (album) |Best Performance by an orchestra - for other than dancing | |- |rowspan=\"2\"|Best Jazz Performance - Large Group (Instrumental) | |- |rowspan=\"2\"| |rowspan=\"2\"|Adventures In Jazz (album) | |- |Best Engineered recording (other than classical and novelty) | |- |style=\"text-align:center;\"| |Mama Sang a Song (single) |Best Documentary or Spoken Word Recording (other than comedy) | |- |style=\"text-align:center;\"| |Artistry in Voices and Brass (album) |Best Performance by a Chorus | |- |style=\"text-align:center;\"| |Stan Kenton Conducts the Los Angeles Neophonic Orchestra (album) |Best Instrumental Jazz Performance, Individual or Group | |-Grammy Hall of Fame|- |rowspan=\"1\"| 1943 ||rowspan=\"1\"| Artistry in Rhythm (with the Stan Kenton Orchestra) || Grammy Hall of Fame (1985) || International Music Awards Other awards and honors 1978 – Honorary Doctorate of Music: University of Redlands 1974 – Honorary Doctorate of Humane Letters: Drury College 1968 – Honorary Doctorate of Music: Villanova University 1967 – Intercollegiate Music Festival Hall of Fame Award Named to the International Association for Jazz Education Hall of Fame (1980) Honored on the Hollywood Walk of Fame (Recording – 6340 Hollywood Blvd.) \"City of Glass\" is honored in The Wire's \"100 Records That Set The World on Fire\" (While No One Was Listening).\"", "\"City of Glass\" is honored in The Wire's \"100 Records That Set The World on Fire\" (While No One Was Listening).\" Posthumously honored 2011 – \"Stan Kenton: Artistry In Rhythm- Portrait Of A Jazz Legend\" (DVD) EMPixx Awards – Platinum Award in the Documentary Category/Platinum Award in the Use of Music Category.United States Library of Congress National Recording Registry'''Artistry in Rhythm (single) – Stan Kenton – Released:1943 – Inducted: 2011 -\tCategory: Jazz Noted band personnel Instrumentalists Pepper Adams Bob Ahern Sam Aleccia Ashley Alexander Laurindo Almeida Alfred \"Chico\" Alvarez Jim Amlotte John Anderson Buddy Arnold Don Bagley Gabe Baltazar Michael Bard Dave Barduhn Gary Barone Dee Barton Tim Bell Max Bennett Milt Bernhart Bill Briggs Bud Brisbois Ray Brown Bob Burgess Bart Caldarell Tony Campise Frank Capp Conte Candoli Pete Candoli Fred Carter Billy Catalano Bill Chase Buddy Childers Rich Condit Bob Cooper Jack Costanzo Curtis Counce Bob Curnow Quinn Davis Vinnie Dean Jay Daversa Don Dennis Sam Donahue Red Dorris Peter Erskine Don Fagerquist Maynard Ferguson Mary Fettig Bob Fitzpatrick Dr. William \"Bill\" Fritz Carl Fontana Chris Galuman Stan Getz Bob Gioga John Graas Benny Green Tim Hagans Ken Hanna Bill Hanna John Harner Dennis Hayslett Gary Henson Phil Herring Skeets Herfurt Lisa Hittle Gary Hobbs Bill Holman Marvin \"Doc\" Holladay Clay Jenkins Richie Kamuca Joel Kaye Red Kelly Jimmy Knepper Bobby Knight Lee Konitz Tom Lacy Scott LaFaro Jack Lake Keith LaMotte Kent Larsen Terry Layne Skip Layton Gary LeFebvre Archie LeCoque Stan Levey Mel Lewis Ramon Lopez Bob Lymperis John Madrid Willie Maiden Shelly Manne Charlie Mariano Al Mattaliano Dave Matthews Jerry McKenzie Dick Meldonian Don Menza Greg Metcalf Eddie Meyers Frank Minear Vido Musso Boots Mussulli Lennie Niehaus Dennis Noday Sam Noto Lloyd Otto Don Paladino John Park Kim Park Art Pepper Bill Perkins Oscar Pettiford Al Porcino Mike Price Douglas Purviance Ray Reed Clyde Reasinger Roy Reynolds Kim Richmond George Roberts Gene Roland Billy Root Frank Rosolino Shorty Rogers Ernie Royal Howard Rumsey Bill Russo Eddie Safranski Sal Salvador Carl Saunders Jay Saunders Dave Schildkraut Bud Shank Dick Shearer Jack Sheldon Kenny Shroyer Gene Siegel Zoot Sims Tom Slaney Dalton Smith Greg Smith Mike Snustead Ed Soph Lloyd Spoon Mike Suter Marvin Stamm Ray Starling Vinnie Tano Lucky Thompson Richard Torres Bill Trujillo Jeff Uusitalo Mike Vaccaro David van Kriedt Bart Varsalona Mike Vax John Von Ohlen George Weidler Ray Wetzel Rick Weathersby Jiggs Whigham Stu Williamson Kai Winding John Worster Alan Yankee Composers and Arrangers Manny Albam Buddy Baker Dave Barduhn Dee Barton Ralph Carmichael Joe Coccia Frank Comstock Bob Curnow Dale Devoe Sam Donahue Wayne Dunston Dennis Farnon Bob Florence Bill Fritz Bob Graettinger Ken Hanna Neal Hefti Bill Holman Gene Howard Hank Levy Willie Maiden Franklyn Marks Bill Mathieu Gerry Mulligan Lennie Niehaus Boots Mussulli Chico O'Farrill Marty Paich Johnny Richards Shorty Rogers Gene Roland Pete Rugolo Bill Russo Charlie Shirley Steve Spiegl Ray Starling Mark Taylor Al Yankee Ralph Yaw Vocalists Ernie Bernhardt Cindy Bradley Kay Brown Helen Carr June Christy Chris Connor Red Dorris Kay Gregory Gene Howard Jay Johnson Eve Knight Kent Larsen Dolly Mitchell The Modern Men Anita O'Day The Pastels Ann Richards Frank Rosolino Gail Sherwood Jan Tober Jean Turner Jerri Winters Ray Wetzel Discography and on film and television Studio albumsStan Kenton and His Orchestra – McGregor No.", "Posthumously honored 2011 – \"Stan Kenton: Artistry In Rhythm- Portrait Of A Jazz Legend\" (DVD) EMPixx Awards – Platinum Award in the Documentary Category/Platinum Award in the Use of Music Category.United States Library of Congress National Recording Registry'''Artistry in Rhythm (single) – Stan Kenton – Released:1943 – Inducted: 2011 -\tCategory: Jazz Noted band personnel Instrumentalists Pepper Adams Bob Ahern Sam Aleccia Ashley Alexander Laurindo Almeida Alfred \"Chico\" Alvarez Jim Amlotte John Anderson Buddy Arnold Don Bagley Gabe Baltazar Michael Bard Dave Barduhn Gary Barone Dee Barton Tim Bell Max Bennett Milt Bernhart Bill Briggs Bud Brisbois Ray Brown Bob Burgess Bart Caldarell Tony Campise Frank Capp Conte Candoli Pete Candoli Fred Carter Billy Catalano Bill Chase Buddy Childers Rich Condit Bob Cooper Jack Costanzo Curtis Counce Bob Curnow Quinn Davis Vinnie Dean Jay Daversa Don Dennis Sam Donahue Red Dorris Peter Erskine Don Fagerquist Maynard Ferguson Mary Fettig Bob Fitzpatrick Dr. William \"Bill\" Fritz Carl Fontana Chris Galuman Stan Getz Bob Gioga John Graas Benny Green Tim Hagans Ken Hanna Bill Hanna John Harner Dennis Hayslett Gary Henson Phil Herring Skeets Herfurt Lisa Hittle Gary Hobbs Bill Holman Marvin \"Doc\" Holladay Clay Jenkins Richie Kamuca Joel Kaye Red Kelly Jimmy Knepper Bobby Knight Lee Konitz Tom Lacy Scott LaFaro Jack Lake Keith LaMotte Kent Larsen Terry Layne Skip Layton Gary LeFebvre Archie LeCoque Stan Levey Mel Lewis Ramon Lopez Bob Lymperis John Madrid Willie Maiden Shelly Manne Charlie Mariano Al Mattaliano Dave Matthews Jerry McKenzie Dick Meldonian Don Menza Greg Metcalf Eddie Meyers Frank Minear Vido Musso Boots Mussulli Lennie Niehaus Dennis Noday Sam Noto Lloyd Otto Don Paladino John Park Kim Park Art Pepper Bill Perkins Oscar Pettiford Al Porcino Mike Price Douglas Purviance Ray Reed Clyde Reasinger Roy Reynolds Kim Richmond George Roberts Gene Roland Billy Root Frank Rosolino Shorty Rogers Ernie Royal Howard Rumsey Bill Russo Eddie Safranski Sal Salvador Carl Saunders Jay Saunders Dave Schildkraut Bud Shank Dick Shearer Jack Sheldon Kenny Shroyer Gene Siegel Zoot Sims Tom Slaney Dalton Smith Greg Smith Mike Snustead Ed Soph Lloyd Spoon Mike Suter Marvin Stamm Ray Starling Vinnie Tano Lucky Thompson Richard Torres Bill Trujillo Jeff Uusitalo Mike Vaccaro David van Kriedt Bart Varsalona Mike Vax John Von Ohlen George Weidler Ray Wetzel Rick Weathersby Jiggs Whigham Stu Williamson Kai Winding John Worster Alan Yankee Composers and Arrangers Manny Albam Buddy Baker Dave Barduhn Dee Barton Ralph Carmichael Joe Coccia Frank Comstock Bob Curnow Dale Devoe Sam Donahue Wayne Dunston Dennis Farnon Bob Florence Bill Fritz Bob Graettinger Ken Hanna Neal Hefti Bill Holman Gene Howard Hank Levy Willie Maiden Franklyn Marks Bill Mathieu Gerry Mulligan Lennie Niehaus Boots Mussulli Chico O'Farrill Marty Paich Johnny Richards Shorty Rogers Gene Roland Pete Rugolo Bill Russo Charlie Shirley Steve Spiegl Ray Starling Mark Taylor Al Yankee Ralph Yaw Vocalists Ernie Bernhardt Cindy Bradley Kay Brown Helen Carr June Christy Chris Connor Red Dorris Kay Gregory Gene Howard Jay Johnson Eve Knight Kent Larsen Dolly Mitchell The Modern Men Anita O'Day The Pastels Ann Richards Frank Rosolino Gail Sherwood Jan Tober Jean Turner Jerri Winters Ray Wetzel Discography and on film and television Studio albumsStan Kenton and His Orchestra – McGregor No. LP201 (1941)The Formative Years – Decca No.", "LP201 (1941)The Formative Years – Decca No. 589 489-2 (1941–1942)Artistry in Rhythm – Capitol No. BD39 (1946)Encores – Capitol No. 155 (1947)A Presentation of Progressive Jazz – Capitol No. T172 (1947)Metronome Riff (single) – Capitol special pressing (1947)Innovations in Modern Music – Capitol No. 189 (1950)Stan Kenton's Milestones – Capitol No. T190 (through 1950)Stan Kenton Presents – Capitol No.", "T190 (through 1950)Stan Kenton Presents – Capitol No. 248 (1950)City of Glass – Capitol No. H353 (1951)New Concepts of Artistry in Rhythm – Capitol 383 (1952)Popular Favorites by Stan Kenton – Capitol No. 421 (1953)Sketches on Standards – Capitol No. 426 (1953)This Modern World – Capitol No. 460 (1953)Portraits on Standards – Capitol No. 462 (1953)Kenton Showcase: The Music of Bill Russo – Capitol No.", "462 (1953)Kenton Showcase: The Music of Bill Russo – Capitol No. H525 (1954)Kenton Showcase : The Music of Bill Holman – Capitol No. H526 (1954)Duet (with June Christy) – Capitol No. 656 (1955)Contemporary Concepts – Capitol No. 666 (1955)Kenton in Hi-Fi – Capitol No. 724 (1956)Cuban Fire! – Capitol No. 731 (1956)Kenton with Voices – Capitol No. 810 (1957)Rendezvous with Kenton – Capitol No.", "810 (1957)Rendezvous with Kenton – Capitol No. 932 (1957)Back to Balboa – Capitol No. 995 (1958)The Ballad Style of Stan Kenton – Capitol No. 1068 (1958)Lush Interlude – Capitol No. 1130 (1958)The Stage Door Swings – Capitol No. 1166 (1958)The Kenton Touch – Capitol No. 1276 (1958)Viva Kenton! – Capitol No. 1305 (1959)Standards in Silhouette – Capitol No. 1394 (1959)Two Much!", "1394 (1959)Two Much! 1394 (1959)Two Much! (with Ann Richards) – Capitol No. 1495 (1960)The Romantic Approach – Capitol No. 1533 (1961)Kenton's West Side Story – Capitol No. 1609 (1961)A Merry Christmas! – Capitol No. 1621 (1961)Sophisticated Approach – Capitol No. 1674 (1961)Adventures in Standards – Creative World No. 1025 (1961 – released 1975)Adventures In Jazz – Capitol No.", "1025 (1961 – released 1975)Adventures In Jazz – Capitol No. 1796 (1961)Adventures in Blues – Capitol No. 1985 (1961)Stan Kenton! Tex Ritter! (with Tex Ritter) – Capitol No. 1757 (1962)Adventures in Time – Capitol No. 1844 (1962)Artistry in Bossa Nova – Capitol No. 1931 (1963)Artistry in Voices and Brass – Capitol No. 2132 (1963)Stan Kenton / Jean Turner (with Jean Turner) – Capitol No.", "2132 (1963)Stan Kenton / Jean Turner (with Jean Turner) – Capitol No. 2051 (1963)Kenton / Wagner – Capitol No. 2217 (1964)Stan Kenton Conducts the Los Angeles Neophonic Orchestra – Capitol No. 2424 (1965–1966)Stan Kenton Plays for Today – Capitol No. 2655 (1966–1967)The World We Know – Capitol No. 2810The Jazz Compositions of Dee Barton – Capitol No. 2932 (1967)Finian's Rainbow – Capitol No. 2971 (1968)Hair – Capitol No.", "2971 (1968)Hair – Capitol No. 2971 (1968)Hair – Capitol No. ST305 (1969)National Anthems of the World – Creative World No. 1060 (1972)7.5 on the Richter Scale – Creative World No. 1070 (1973)Stan Kenton Without His Orchestra (solo) – Creative World No. 1071 (1973)Stan Kenton Plays Chicago – Creative World No. 1072 (1974)Fire, Fury and Fun – Creative World No.", "1072 (1974)Fire, Fury and Fun – Creative World No. 1073 (1974)Kenton '76 – Creative World No. 1076 (1976)Journey Into Capricorn – Creative World No.", "1076 (1976)Journey Into Capricorn – Creative World No. 1077 (1976) Live albumsStan Kenton Live at Cornell University (1951)Stan Kenton Stompin' at Newport – Pablo #PACD-5312-2 (1957)On the Road with Stan Kenton – Artistry Records #AR-101 (Recorded Nov. 6, 1958 at the Municipal Auditorium, Sarasota, Florida)Kenton Live from the Las Vegas Tropicana – Capitol No.", "1077 (1976) Live albumsStan Kenton Live at Cornell University (1951)Stan Kenton Stompin' at Newport – Pablo #PACD-5312-2 (1957)On the Road with Stan Kenton – Artistry Records #AR-101 (Recorded Nov. 6, 1958 at the Municipal Auditorium, Sarasota, Florida)Kenton Live from the Las Vegas Tropicana – Capitol No. 1460 (1959)Road Show (with June Christy and The Four Freshmen) – Capitol #TBO1327 (1959)Stan Kenton at Ukiah – Status #STCD109 (1959)Stan Kenton in New Jersey – Status #USCD104 (1959)Mellophonium Magic – Status No.", "1460 (1959)Road Show (with June Christy and The Four Freshmen) – Capitol #TBO1327 (1959)Stan Kenton at Ukiah – Status #STCD109 (1959)Stan Kenton in New Jersey – Status #USCD104 (1959)Mellophonium Magic – Status No. CD103 (1962)Mellophonium Moods – Status No.", "CD103 (1962)Mellophonium Moods – Status No. CD103 (1962)Mellophonium Moods – Status No. STCD106 (1962)Stan Kenton and His Orchestra at Fountain Street Church Part 1 – Status #DSTS1014 (1968)Stan Kenton and His Orchestra at Fountain Street Church Part 2– Status #DSTS1016 (1968) Private Party – Creative World No. 1014 (1970)Live At Redlands University – Creative World No. 1015 (1970)Live at Brigham Young University – Creative World No.", "1015 (1970)Live at Brigham Young University – Creative World No. 1039 (1971)Live at Butler University – Creative World No.", "1039 (1971)Live at Butler University – Creative World No. 1058 (1972)The Stuttgart Experience – Live In Stuttgart – Jazzhaus #JAH-457 (1972)Stan Kenton Today – Live In London – London/Creative World #BP 44179-80 (1972)Birthday in Britain – Creative World #ST 1065 (1973)Flying High in Florida (1972)Live at the London Hilton – Part I & II (1973)Live in Europe (1976)The Lost Concert Vol.", "1058 (1972)The Stuttgart Experience – Live In Stuttgart – Jazzhaus #JAH-457 (1972)Stan Kenton Today – Live In London – London/Creative World #BP 44179-80 (1972)Birthday in Britain – Creative World #ST 1065 (1973)Flying High in Florida (1972)Live at the London Hilton – Part I & II (1973)Live in Europe (1976)The Lost Concert Vol. 1–2 Recorded at The Cocoanut Grove in Los Angeles, CA on March 18, 1978, posthumous release in 2002 – Jazz Heritage CompilationsStan Kenton's Milestones (Capitol, 1943–47 [1950])Stan Kenton Classics (Capitol, 1944–47 [1952])The Kenton Era (Capitol, 1940–53 [1955])City of Glass and This Modern World – Capitol No.", "1–2 Recorded at The Cocoanut Grove in Los Angeles, CA on March 18, 1978, posthumous release in 2002 – Jazz Heritage CompilationsStan Kenton's Milestones (Capitol, 1943–47 [1950])Stan Kenton Classics (Capitol, 1944–47 [1952])The Kenton Era (Capitol, 1940–53 [1955])City of Glass and This Modern World – Capitol No. 736 (1951–1953 [1957])Stan Kenton's Greatest Hits (Capitol, 1943–47 [1965])Stan Kenton On AFRS – Status DSTS1019 (1944–1945)One Night Stand – Magic #DAWE66 (1961–1962)Some Women I've Known – Creative World No.", "736 (1951–1953 [1957])Stan Kenton's Greatest Hits (Capitol, 1943–47 [1965])Stan Kenton On AFRS – Status DSTS1019 (1944–1945)One Night Stand – Magic #DAWE66 (1961–1962)Some Women I've Known – Creative World No. 1029The Fabulous Alumni of Stan Kenton – Capitol No. T 20244 (1970) The Complete Capitol Recordings Of The Holman And Russo Charts – Mosaic MD4-136The Complete Capitol Recordings – Mosaic MD7-163The Peanut VendorThe Jazz Compositions Of Stan Kenton – Creative World No.", "T 20244 (1970) The Complete Capitol Recordings Of The Holman And Russo Charts – Mosaic MD4-136The Complete Capitol Recordings – Mosaic MD7-163The Peanut VendorThe Jazz Compositions Of Stan Kenton – Creative World No. ST1078 (1945–1973)Street of Dreams – Creative World No.", "ST1078 (1945–1973)Street of Dreams – Creative World No. 1079 (1979 vinyl; 1992 CD)The Innovations Orchestra (Capitol, 1950–51 [1997]) On film or television 1941 Zig Me, Baby, With a Gentle Zag (short) 1942 Jammin' in the Panoram (short) 1942 Jealous (short) 1942 Reed Rapture (short) 1944 This Love of Mine (short) 1945 Eager Beaver (short) 1945 I'm Homesick, That's All (short) 1945 It's Been a Long Long Time (short) 1945 Southern Scandal (short) 1945 Tampico (short) 1946 Talk About A Lady (feature film) 1946 Southern Scandal (short) 1947 Let's Make Rhythm (short) 1947 Stan Kenton and His Orchestra (biographical short) 1950 The Ed Sullivan Show (television) 1953 Schlagerparade (movie) Stan Kenton at the Sporthalle in Berlin 1954 Spotlight No.", "1079 (1979 vinyl; 1992 CD)The Innovations Orchestra (Capitol, 1950–51 [1997]) On film or television 1941 Zig Me, Baby, With a Gentle Zag (short) 1942 Jammin' in the Panoram (short) 1942 Jealous (short) 1942 Reed Rapture (short) 1944 This Love of Mine (short) 1945 Eager Beaver (short) 1945 I'm Homesick, That's All (short) 1945 It's Been a Long Long Time (short) 1945 Southern Scandal (short) 1945 Tampico (short) 1946 Talk About A Lady (feature film) 1946 Southern Scandal (short) 1947 Let's Make Rhythm (short) 1947 Stan Kenton and His Orchestra (biographical short) 1950 The Ed Sullivan Show (television) 1953 Schlagerparade (movie) Stan Kenton at the Sporthalle in Berlin 1954 Spotlight No. 5 (CBC television, documentary) 1955 Music '55 (television, musical variety) 1956 Happy New Year: A Sunday Spectacular (television) 1956 Juke Box Jury (television, gameshow) 1957 Alan Melville Takes You from A-Z (BBC television) 1957 The Big Record (television) 1958 The Gisele MacKenzie Show (television) 1960 General Electric Theater (television) 1960 Startime (television) 1960 Dixieland Small-Fry (television) 1962 Jazz Scene USA (television) 1962 Music of the 60s (television) 1962 The Lively Ones (television) 1963 The Ed Sullivan Show (television) 1964 The Les Crane Show (television) 1965 Big Bands (WGN-TV television) 1965 Jamboree (television) 1966 The Linkletter Show (television) 1967 The Woody Woodbury Show (television) 1967 The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson (television) 1968 Something Special with Mel Torme (television) 1968 The Crusade for Jazz aka Bound To Be Heard (television documentary) 1969 The Substance of Jazz (educational/documentary) 1969 and 1970 The David Frost Show (television) 1968 and 1970 The Mike Douglas Show (television) 1971 The Merv Griffin Show (television) 1972 Sounds of Saturday (BBC television) 1976 Soundstage (television) 1977 Omnibus (BBC television) 2011 Stan Kenton: Artistry In Rhythm- Portrait Of A Jazz Legend'' (documentary) Compositions Stan Kenton's compositions include \"Artistry in Rhythm\", released as V-Disc No.", "5 (CBC television, documentary) 1955 Music '55 (television, musical variety) 1956 Happy New Year: A Sunday Spectacular (television) 1956 Juke Box Jury (television, gameshow) 1957 Alan Melville Takes You from A-Z (BBC television) 1957 The Big Record (television) 1958 The Gisele MacKenzie Show (television) 1960 General Electric Theater (television) 1960 Startime (television) 1960 Dixieland Small-Fry (television) 1962 Jazz Scene USA (television) 1962 Music of the 60s (television) 1962 The Lively Ones (television) 1963 The Ed Sullivan Show (television) 1964 The Les Crane Show (television) 1965 Big Bands (WGN-TV television) 1965 Jamboree (television) 1966 The Linkletter Show (television) 1967 The Woody Woodbury Show (television) 1967 The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson (television) 1968 Something Special with Mel Torme (television) 1968 The Crusade for Jazz aka Bound To Be Heard (television documentary) 1969 The Substance of Jazz (educational/documentary) 1969 and 1970 The David Frost Show (television) 1968 and 1970 The Mike Douglas Show (television) 1971 The Merv Griffin Show (television) 1972 Sounds of Saturday (BBC television) 1976 Soundstage (television) 1977 Omnibus (BBC television) 2011 Stan Kenton: Artistry In Rhythm- Portrait Of A Jazz Legend'' (documentary) Compositions Stan Kenton's compositions include \"Artistry in Rhythm\", released as V-Disc No. 285B, \"Opus in Pastels\", \"Artistry Jumps\", \"Reed Rapture\", \"Eager Beaver\", released on V-Disc 285B, \"Fantasy\", \"Southern Scandal\", which was released as V-Disc No.", "285B, \"Opus in Pastels\", \"Artistry Jumps\", \"Reed Rapture\", \"Eager Beaver\", released on V-Disc 285B, \"Fantasy\", \"Southern Scandal\", which was released as V-Disc No. 573B, \"Monotony\", released as V-Disc No.", "573B, \"Monotony\", released as V-Disc No. 854B, in 1948, with a spoken introduction by Kenton, \"Harlem Folk Dance\", \"Painted Rhythm\", \"Concerto to End All Concertos\", \"Easy Go\", \"Concerto for Doghouse\", \"Shelly Manne\", \"Balboa Bash\", \"Flamenco\", and \"Sunset Tower\".", "854B, in 1948, with a spoken introduction by Kenton, \"Harlem Folk Dance\", \"Painted Rhythm\", \"Concerto to End All Concertos\", \"Easy Go\", \"Concerto for Doghouse\", \"Shelly Manne\", \"Balboa Bash\", \"Flamenco\", and \"Sunset Tower\". Many compositions are collaborations between Stan Kenton and Pete Rugolo, such as \"Artistry in Boogie,\" \"Collaboration,\" and \"Theme to the West.\"", "Many compositions are collaborations between Stan Kenton and Pete Rugolo, such as \"Artistry in Boogie,\" \"Collaboration,\" and \"Theme to the West.\" Kenton was credited as a co-writer of the 1944 jazz classic \"And Her Tears Flowed Like Wine\".", "Kenton was credited as a co-writer of the 1944 jazz classic \"And Her Tears Flowed Like Wine\". Notes References External links Bell High School Alumni Page for Stan Kenton Stan Kenton Research Center*Article on Stan Kenton's Mellophonium Band An Interview with Jo Lea Starling, wife of Ray Starling An Interview with Tony Scodwell, Stan Kenton Mellophoniumist The Stan Kenton Collection at the University of North Texas Stan Kenton's music published by Sierra Music Publications Terry Vosbein's All Things Kenton site - discography, radio shows, rare images and audio.", "Notes References External links Bell High School Alumni Page for Stan Kenton Stan Kenton Research Center*Article on Stan Kenton's Mellophonium Band An Interview with Jo Lea Starling, wife of Ray Starling An Interview with Tony Scodwell, Stan Kenton Mellophoniumist The Stan Kenton Collection at the University of North Texas Stan Kenton's music published by Sierra Music Publications Terry Vosbein's All Things Kenton site - discography, radio shows, rare images and audio. GNP Crescendo Records 1911 births 1979 deaths Age controversies Cool jazz musicians Swing bandleaders Big band bandleaders Jazz arrangers Progressive big band bandleaders American jazz bandleaders Musicians from California American music arrangers Grammy Award winners Capitol Records artists American jazz educators Burials at Westwood Village Memorial Park Cemetery 20th-century American musicians Summit Records artists" ]

[ "Stan Kenton", "Career", "Tell me about Kenton's career?", "Kenton would make his first recordings when Arnheim made 14 sides for the Brunswick label in summer of 1937." ]

[ "Gus Arnheim (September 4, 1897 – January 19, 1955) was an American pianist and an early popular band leader. He is noted for writing several songs with his first hit being \"I Cried for You\" from 1923. He was most popular in the 1920s and 1930s. He also had a few small acting roles.\n\nCareer\nArnheim was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States.\n\nIn 1919, three men who all would become famous band leaders played together at the Sunset Inn in Santa Monica, California. Arnheim played piano, Abe Lyman played the drums, and Henry Halstead played violin. Arnheim grew up in Chicago and at one point was accompanist to vaudevillian Sophie Tucker. When Lyman organized a full dance orchestra, Arnheim came along as pianist, leaving to start his own group in 1927. Arnheim's orchestra made at least three film short subjects for Warner Brothers' Vitaphone Corporation in 1928–29.\n\nArnheim first recorded for OKeh in 1928–1929, when he signed with Victor in 1929 and stayed through 1933. He signed with Brunswick and recorded through 1937. In 1928–31, Arnheim had an extended engagement at the Cocoanut Grove in Los Angeles. In 1930, when Paul Whiteman finished filming The King of Jazz for Universal, The Rhythm Boys vocal trio, consisting of Bing Crosby, Harry Barris and Al Rinker decided to stay in California and they signed up with Arnheim's band. While the Rhythm Boys only recorded one song with Arnheim, \"Them There Eyes\" (which also happened to be The Rhythm Boys final recording), Arnheim's Orchestra backed Crosby on a number of songs released by Victor Records in 1931. These popular records, coupled with Arnheim's radio broadcasts featuring Crosby's solo vocals, were a key element to the beginning of Crosby's popularity as a crooner.\n\nBetween 1930 and 1933, some notable people worked in or with Arnheim's band: \n Fred MacMurray played clarinet and tenor sax in 1930-31 and sang on one recording (\"All I Want Is Just One\".\n Russ Columbo played violin in 1930 and sang on \"A Peach of a Pair\".\n Future popular bandleader Jimmie Grier was staff arranger during this time. Grier had played lead alto saxophone and clarinet in Arnheim's band from its founding in 1928.\n Eddie Cantor and Joan Crawford each recorded a song for Arnheim on July 23, 1931, although the Crawford side (\"How Long Will It Last?\") was not issued. Cantor's side, \"There's Nothing Too Good for My Baby,\" was issued but without vocalist credit.\n Future popular singer Buddy Clark sang with Arnheim in 1932.\n Shirley Ross sang with Arnheim in 1933\n Stan Kenton played piano with Arnheim starting in 1937.\n\nBetween 1939 and 1941, Mexican American crooner Andy Russell played the drums and sang with Arnheim. Arnheim was the one who suggested that Russell sing bilingually in English and Spanish and change his last name from Rábago to Russell leading to his first million-selling record \"Bésame Mucho\".\n\nGus Arnheim died of a heart attack in Los Angeles on January 19, 1955.\n\nRadio\nIn the early 1930s, Arnheim \"was heard on the Lucky Strike Dance Hour, which was broadcast weekly on NBC.\"\n\nCompositions\nArnheim's musical compositions included \"Sweet and Lovely\".\n\nBibliography\nRust, Brian The American Dance Band Discography 1975, Arlington House Publishers.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n Gus Arnheim recordings at the Discography of American Historical Recordings.\n\nAmerican bandleaders\nBig band bandleaders\n1897 births\n1955 deaths\nBurials at Hollywood Forever Cemetery\n20th-century American conductors (music)\nOkeh Records artists\nVictor Records artists\nBrunswick Records artists", "Arnheim is an unincorporated community in Brown County, in the U.S. state of Ohio.\n\nHistory\nArnheim was laid out in 1837, and named for Jacob Arn, the original owner of the town site (Arnheim meaning \"Arn's home\" in German). A post office was established at Arnheim in 1839, and remained in operation until 1910.\n\nReferences\n\nUnincorporated communities in Brown County, Ohio\n1837 establishments in Ohio\nPopulated places established in 1837\nUnincorporated communities in Ohio" ]

[ "Stanley Newcomb Kenton (December 15, 1911 – August 25, 1979) was an American popular music and jazz artist. As a pianist, composer, arranger and band leader, he led an innovative and influential jazz orchestra for almost four decades. Though Kenton had several pop hits from the early 1940s into the 1960s, his music was always forward-looking. Kenton was also a pioneer in the field of jazz education, creating the Stan Kenton Jazz Camp in 1959 at Indiana University.", "Kenton was also a pioneer in the field of jazz education, creating the Stan Kenton Jazz Camp in 1959 at Indiana University. Early life Stan Kenton was born on December 15, 1911, in Wichita, Kansas; he had two sisters (Beulah and Erma Mae) born three and eight years after him. His parents, Floyd and Stella Kenton, moved the family to Colorado, and in 1924, to the Greater Los Angeles Area, settling in suburban Bell, California.", "His parents, Floyd and Stella Kenton, moved the family to Colorado, and in 1924, to the Greater Los Angeles Area, settling in suburban Bell, California. Kenton attended Bell High School; his high-school yearbook picture has the prophetic notation \"Old Man Jazz\". Kenton started learning piano as a teen from a local pianist and organist. When he was around 15 and in high school, pianist and arranger Ralph Yaw introduced him to the music of Louis Armstong and Earl Hines.", "When he was around 15 and in high school, pianist and arranger Ralph Yaw introduced him to the music of Louis Armstong and Earl Hines. He graduated from high school in 1930. By the age of 16, Kenton was already playing a regular solo piano gig at a local hamburger eatery for 50 cents a night plus tips; during that time he had his own performing group named \"The Bell-Tones\". His first arrangement was written during this time for a local eight-piece band that played in nearby Long Beach.", "His first arrangement was written during this time for a local eight-piece band that played in nearby Long Beach. Career 1930s With very little money, Kenton traveled to speakeasys in San Diego and Las Vegas playing piano. By 1932 he was playing with the Francis Gilbert Territory band and would tour through Arizona; he would go on to working with the Everett Hoagland Orchestra in 1933, which would be his first time playing at the Rendezvous Ballroom.", "By 1932 he was playing with the Francis Gilbert Territory band and would tour through Arizona; he would go on to working with the Everett Hoagland Orchestra in 1933, which would be his first time playing at the Rendezvous Ballroom. He would then play with Russ Plummer, Hal Grayson and eventually got a big break with Gus Arnheim. In April 1936 Arnheim was reorganizing his band into the style of Benny Goodman's groups and Kenton was to take the piano chair.", "In April 1936 Arnheim was reorganizing his band into the style of Benny Goodman's groups and Kenton was to take the piano chair. This is where Kenton would make his first recordings when Arnheim made 14 sides for the Brunswick label in summer of 1937. Once he departed from Gus Arnheim's group, Kenton went back to study with private teachers on both the piano and in composition. In 1938 Kenton would join Vido Musso in a short-lived band but a very educational experience for him.", "In 1938 Kenton would join Vido Musso in a short-lived band but a very educational experience for him. From the core of this group came the line up of the first Stan Kenton groups of the 1940s. Kenton would also go on to working with the NBC House Band and in various Hollywood studios and clubs. Producer George Avakian took notice of Kenton during this time while he worked as the pianist and Assistant Musical Director at the Earl Carroll Theatre Restaurant in Hollywood.", "Producer George Avakian took notice of Kenton during this time while he worked as the pianist and Assistant Musical Director at the Earl Carroll Theatre Restaurant in Hollywood. Kenton started to get the idea of running his own band from this experience; he created a rehearsal band of his own which eventually become his group in the 1940s. 1940s In 1940, Kenton formed his first orchestra. Kenton worked in the early days with his own groups as much more of an arranger than a featured pianist.", "Kenton worked in the early days with his own groups as much more of an arranger than a featured pianist. Although there were no \"name\" musicians in his first band (with the possible exception of bassist Howard Rumsey and trumpeter Chico Alvarez), Kenton spent the summer of 1941 playing regularly before an audience at the Rendezvous Ballroom in Balboa Beach, CA. Influenced by Benny Carter and Jimmie Lunceford, the Stan Kenton Orchestra struggled for a time after its initial success.", "Influenced by Benny Carter and Jimmie Lunceford, the Stan Kenton Orchestra struggled for a time after its initial success. Its Decca recordings were not big sellers and a stint as Bob Hope's backup radio band during the 1943–44 season was an unhappy experience; Les Brown permanently took Kenton's place. Kenton's first appearance in New York was in February 1942 at the Roseland Ballroom, with the marquee featuring an endorsement by Fred Astaire.", "Kenton's first appearance in New York was in February 1942 at the Roseland Ballroom, with the marquee featuring an endorsement by Fred Astaire. By late 1943, with a contract with the newly formed Capitol Records, a popular record in \"Eager Beaver\", and growing recognition, the Stan Kenton Orchestra was gradually catching on; it developed into one of the best-known West Coast ensembles of the 1940s. Its soloists during the war years included Art Pepper, briefly Stan Getz, altoist Boots Mussulli, and singer Anita O'Day.", "Its soloists during the war years included Art Pepper, briefly Stan Getz, altoist Boots Mussulli, and singer Anita O'Day. By 1945, the band had evolved. The songwriter Joe Greene provided the lyrics for hit songs like \"And Her Tears Flowed Like Wine\" and \"Don't Let the Sun Catch You Cryin'\".", "The songwriter Joe Greene provided the lyrics for hit songs like \"And Her Tears Flowed Like Wine\" and \"Don't Let the Sun Catch You Cryin'\". Pete Rugolo became the chief arranger (extending Kenton's ideas), Bob Cooper and Vido Musso offered very different tenor styles, and June Christy was Kenton's new singer; her hits (including \"Tampico\" and Greene's \"Across the Alley from the Alamo\") made it possible for Kenton to finance his more ambitious projects.", "Pete Rugolo became the chief arranger (extending Kenton's ideas), Bob Cooper and Vido Musso offered very different tenor styles, and June Christy was Kenton's new singer; her hits (including \"Tampico\" and Greene's \"Across the Alley from the Alamo\") made it possible for Kenton to finance his more ambitious projects. Artistry in Rhythm When composer/arranger Pete Rugolo joined the Stan Kenton Orchestra as staff arranger in late 1945 he brought with him his love of jazz, Stravinsky and Bartók.", "Artistry in Rhythm When composer/arranger Pete Rugolo joined the Stan Kenton Orchestra as staff arranger in late 1945 he brought with him his love of jazz, Stravinsky and Bartók. Given free rein by Kenton, Rugolo experimented. Although Kenton himself was already trying experimental scores prior to Rugolo's tenure, it was Rugolo who brought extra jazz and classical influences much needed to move the band forward artistically.", "Although Kenton himself was already trying experimental scores prior to Rugolo's tenure, it was Rugolo who brought extra jazz and classical influences much needed to move the band forward artistically. During his first six months on the staff, Rugolo tried to copy Kenton's sound; on encouragement from the leader he explored his own voice. By incorporating compositional techniques borrowed from the modern classical music he studied, Rugolo was a key part of one of Kenton's most fertile and creative periods.", "By incorporating compositional techniques borrowed from the modern classical music he studied, Rugolo was a key part of one of Kenton's most fertile and creative periods. After a string of mostly arrangements, Rugolo turned out three originals that Kenton featured on the band's first album in 1946: (Artistry in Rhythm): \"Artistry in Percussion\", \"Safranski\" and \"Artistry in Bolero\".", "After a string of mostly arrangements, Rugolo turned out three originals that Kenton featured on the band's first album in 1946: (Artistry in Rhythm): \"Artistry in Percussion\", \"Safranski\" and \"Artistry in Bolero\". Added to this mix came \"Machito\", \"Rhythm Incorporated\", \"Monotony\" and \"Interlude\" in early 1947 (though some were not recorded until later in the year).", "Added to this mix came \"Machito\", \"Rhythm Incorporated\", \"Monotony\" and \"Interlude\" in early 1947 (though some were not recorded until later in the year). These compositions, along with June Christy's voice, came to define the Artistry in Rhythm band. Afro-Cuban writing was added to the Kenton book with compositions like Rugolo's \"Machito.\"", "Afro-Cuban writing was added to the Kenton book with compositions like Rugolo's \"Machito.\" The resulting instrumentation, utilizing significant amounts of brass, was described as a \"wall of sound\" (a term later re-coined independently by Andrew Loog Oldham for Phil Spector's production methods). The Artistry in Rhythm ensemble was a formative band, with outstanding soloists. By early 1947, the Stan Kenton Orchestra had reached a high point of financial and popular success.", "By early 1947, the Stan Kenton Orchestra had reached a high point of financial and popular success. They played in the best theaters and ballrooms in America and numerous hit records. Dances at the many ballrooms were typically four hours a night and theater dates generally involved playing mini-concerts between each showing of the movie. This was sometimes five or six a day, stretching from morning to late night. Most days not actually playing were spent in buses or cars. Days off from performing were rare.", "Days off from performing were rare. Days off from performing were rare. For Stan Kenton they just allowed for more record signing, radio station interviews, and advertising for Capitol Records. Due to the financial and personal demands, following an April performance in Tuscaloosa, he broke up the Artistry in Rhythm incarnation of Kenton ensembles. Progressive Jazz After a hiatus of five months, Kenton formed a new, larger ensemble to present Concerts in Progressive Jazz.", "Progressive Jazz After a hiatus of five months, Kenton formed a new, larger ensemble to present Concerts in Progressive Jazz. Sustaining the ensemble on its own proved mostly attainable but the band still had to fill in its schedule by booking dances and movie theater jobs, especially over the summer. Pete Rugolo composed and arranged the great bulk of the new music; Kenton declared these works to be Progressive Jazz.", "Pete Rugolo composed and arranged the great bulk of the new music; Kenton declared these works to be Progressive Jazz. A student of famed composer and educator Russ Garcia, Bob Graettinger wrote numerous works for the band, starting with his composition Thermopylae. His ground-breaking composition City of Glass was premiered by the band in Chicago in April 1948, but not recorded for another two and a half years, in a reworked version for the Innovations Orchestra.", "His ground-breaking composition City of Glass was premiered by the band in Chicago in April 1948, but not recorded for another two and a half years, in a reworked version for the Innovations Orchestra. Ken Hanna, who began the tour as a trumpet player, contributed a few compositions to the new band, including Somnambulism.", "Ken Hanna, who began the tour as a trumpet player, contributed a few compositions to the new band, including Somnambulism. Kenton contributed no new scores to the Progressive Jazz band, although several of his older works were performed on concerts, including Concerto to End All Concertos, Eager Beaver, Opus in Pastels, and Artistry in Rhythm.", "Kenton contributed no new scores to the Progressive Jazz band, although several of his older works were performed on concerts, including Concerto to End All Concertos, Eager Beaver, Opus in Pastels, and Artistry in Rhythm. Cuban inflected titles from the Progressive Jazz period include Rugolo's Introduction to a Latin Rhythm, Cuban Carnival, The Peanut Vendor, and Journey to Brazil, and Bob Graettinger's Cuban Pastorale.", "Cuban inflected titles from the Progressive Jazz period include Rugolo's Introduction to a Latin Rhythm, Cuban Carnival, The Peanut Vendor, and Journey to Brazil, and Bob Graettinger's Cuban Pastorale. The addition of a full-time bongo player and a Brazilian guitarist in the band enabled Kenton's cadre of composers to explore Afro-Latin rhythms to far greater possibilities. The Progressive Jazz period lasted 14 months, beginning on September 24, 1947, when the Stan Kenton Orchestra played a concert at the Rendezvous Ballroom.", "The Progressive Jazz period lasted 14 months, beginning on September 24, 1947, when the Stan Kenton Orchestra played a concert at the Rendezvous Ballroom. And it ended after the last show at the Paramount Theatre in New York City on December 14, 1948. The band produced only one album and a handful of singles, due to a recording ban by the American Federation of Musicians that lasted the entirety of 1948.", "The band produced only one album and a handful of singles, due to a recording ban by the American Federation of Musicians that lasted the entirety of 1948. The lone record, \"A Presentation of Progressive Jazz,\" received a 3 out of 4 rating from Tom Herrick in DownBeat. Metronome rated it \"C\" calling it a \"jerry-built jumble of effects and counter-effects\" and \"this album presents very little that can justifiably be called either jazz or progressive.\"", "Metronome rated it \"C\" calling it a \"jerry-built jumble of effects and counter-effects\" and \"this album presents very little that can justifiably be called either jazz or progressive.\" Billboard scored it 80 out of 100, but declared it \"as mumbo-jumbo a collection of cacophony as has ever been loosed on an unsuspecting public. Many sidemen from the Artistry band returned, but there were significant changes. Laurindo Almeida on classical guitar, and Jack Costanzo on bongos dramatically changed the band's timbre.", "Laurindo Almeida on classical guitar, and Jack Costanzo on bongos dramatically changed the band's timbre. Both were firsts for the Kenton band, or any jazz band for that matter. The rhythm section included returnees Eddie Safranski (bass) and Shelly Manne (drums), both destined to win first place Down Beat awards. Four of the five trumpet players returned: Buddy Childers, Ray Wetzel, Chico Alvarez, and Ken Hanna. Al Porcino was added to the already powerhouse section.", "Al Porcino was added to the already powerhouse section. Al Porcino was added to the already powerhouse section. Conte Candoli joined the band, replacing Porcino, in February 1948. Kai Winding, star trombonist of the Artistry in Rhythm band, would not be a part of the Progressive Jazz era, except for a few dates on which he subbed. Milt Bernhart came in on lead trombone. And Bart Varsalona returned on bass trombone.", "And Bart Varsalona returned on bass trombone. And Bart Varsalona returned on bass trombone. Bernhart's first big solo with the Kenton band proved to be a major hit, The Peanut Vendor. The saxophone section was much improved and modernized. Returning saxophonists included baritone Bob Gioga, holding down his chair since the very start, and Bob Cooper on tenor. With Vido Musso's departure, Cooper and his modernist sound became the featured tenor soloist. Art Pepper came on as second alto, the \"jazz\" chair.", "Art Pepper came on as second alto, the \"jazz\" chair. And the new lead alto was George Weidler. This was genuinely a band of all-stars. They received five first place awards in the Down Beat poll at the end of 1947, and similar awards from the other magazines. The arrangers continued to push the limits of these superb instrumentalists in their compositions.", "The arrangers continued to push the limits of these superb instrumentalists in their compositions. Works from this period are more sophisticated than those written for the Artistry band, and are some of the first and most successful \"third stream\" compositions. The band criss-crossed the country, appearing in the nation's top concert venues, including Carnegie Hall, Boston Symphony Hall, Chicago Civic Opera House, Academy of Music (Philadelphia), and the Hollywood Bowl.", "The band criss-crossed the country, appearing in the nation's top concert venues, including Carnegie Hall, Boston Symphony Hall, Chicago Civic Opera House, Academy of Music (Philadelphia), and the Hollywood Bowl. They had extended stays at New York's Paramount Theatre and Hotel Commodore, Philadelphia's Click, Detroit's Eastwood Gardens, Radio City Theater in Minneapolis, and the Rendezvous Ballroom, a special place in Kenton's musical life.", "They had extended stays at New York's Paramount Theatre and Hotel Commodore, Philadelphia's Click, Detroit's Eastwood Gardens, Radio City Theater in Minneapolis, and the Rendezvous Ballroom, a special place in Kenton's musical life. Kenton's band was the first to present a concert in the famous outdoor arena, the Hollywood Bowl. His concert there on June 12, 1948, drew more than 15,000 people, and was both an artistic and commercial success.", "His concert there on June 12, 1948, drew more than 15,000 people, and was both an artistic and commercial success. Kenton pocketed half of the box office, walking away with $13,000 for the evening's concert. The band broke attendance records all across the country. Thanks to Kenton's public relations acumen, he was able to convince concert goers and record buyers of the importance of his music. Comedy numbers and June Christy vocals helped break up the seriousness of the new music.", "Comedy numbers and June Christy vocals helped break up the seriousness of the new music. Kenton's successes did not sit well with everyone. In an essay entitled Economics and Race in Jazz, Leslie B. Rout Jr. wrote that \"the real scourge of the 1946–1949 period was the all-white Stan Kenton band. Dubbing his musical repertoire 'progressive jazz,' Kenton saw his orchestra become the first in jazz history to reach an annual gross of $1,000,000 in 1948.\"", "Dubbing his musical repertoire 'progressive jazz,' Kenton saw his orchestra become the first in jazz history to reach an annual gross of $1,000,000 in 1948.\" He contrasted this with a situation in which critical and public recognition of \"Dizzy Gillespie as the premiere bopper could not be transformed into coin of the realm.\"", "He contrasted this with a situation in which critical and public recognition of \"Dizzy Gillespie as the premiere bopper could not be transformed into coin of the realm.\" At the end of 1948, as the band was fulfilling an extended engagement at the Paramount Theater in New York City, the leader notified his sidemen, his bookers, and the press, that he would be disbanding once more. Kenton's most artistically and commercially successful band ceased to be at the top of their game.", "Kenton's most artistically and commercially successful band ceased to be at the top of their game. On December 14, the Stan Kenton Orchestra played their last notes for more than a year. When they returned, there would be new faces, new music and a string section. 1950s After a year's hiatus, in 1950 Kenton assembled the large 39-piece Innovations in Modern Music Orchestra that included 16 strings, a woodwind section, and two French horns.", "1950s After a year's hiatus, in 1950 Kenton assembled the large 39-piece Innovations in Modern Music Orchestra that included 16 strings, a woodwind section, and two French horns. The music was an extension of the works composed and recorded since 1947 by Bob Graettinger, Manny Albam, Franklyn Marks and others. Name jazz musicians such as Maynard Ferguson, Shorty Rogers, Milt Bernhart, John Graas, Art Pepper, Bud Shank, Bob Cooper, Laurindo Almeida, Shelly Manne, and June Christy were part of these musical ensembles.", "Name jazz musicians such as Maynard Ferguson, Shorty Rogers, Milt Bernhart, John Graas, Art Pepper, Bud Shank, Bob Cooper, Laurindo Almeida, Shelly Manne, and June Christy were part of these musical ensembles. The groups managed two tours during 1950–51, from a commercial standpoint it would be Stan Kenton's first major failure. Kenton soon reverted to a more standard 19-piece lineup.", "Kenton soon reverted to a more standard 19-piece lineup. Kenton soon reverted to a more standard 19-piece lineup. In order to be more commercially viable, Kenton reformed the band in 1951 to a much more standard instrumentation: five saxes, five trombones, five trumpets, piano, guitar, bass, drums. The charts of such arrangers as Gerry Mulligan, Johnny Richards, and particularly Bill Holman and Bill Russo began to dominate the repertoire.", "The charts of such arrangers as Gerry Mulligan, Johnny Richards, and particularly Bill Holman and Bill Russo began to dominate the repertoire. The music was written to better reflect the style of cutting edge, be-bop oriented big bands, such as those of Dizzy Gillespie or Woody Herman. Young, talented players and outstanding jazz soloists such as Maynard Ferguson, Lee Konitz, Conte Candoli, Sal Salvador, and Frank Rosolino made strong contributions to the level of the 1952–53 band.", "Young, talented players and outstanding jazz soloists such as Maynard Ferguson, Lee Konitz, Conte Candoli, Sal Salvador, and Frank Rosolino made strong contributions to the level of the 1952–53 band. The music composed and arranged during this time was far more tailor-made to contemporary jazz tastes; the 1953 album New Concepts of Artistry in Rhythm is noted as one of the high points in Kenton's career as band leader.", "The music composed and arranged during this time was far more tailor-made to contemporary jazz tastes; the 1953 album New Concepts of Artistry in Rhythm is noted as one of the high points in Kenton's career as band leader. Though the band was to have a very strong \"concert book\", Kenton also made sure the dance book was made new, fresh and contemporary.", "Though the band was to have a very strong \"concert book\", Kenton also made sure the dance book was made new, fresh and contemporary. The album Sketches on Standards from 1953 is an excellent example of Kenton appealing to a wider audience while using the band and Bill Russo's arranging skills to their fullest potential. Even though the personnel changed rather rapidly, Kenton's focus was very clear on where he would lead things musically.", "Even though the personnel changed rather rapidly, Kenton's focus was very clear on where he would lead things musically. By this time producer Lee Gillette worked well in concert with Kenton to create a balanced set of recordings that were both commercially viable and cutting edge musically. Arguably the most \"swinging\" band Kenton was to field came when legendary drummer Mel Lewis joined the orchestra in 1954.", "Arguably the most \"swinging\" band Kenton was to field came when legendary drummer Mel Lewis joined the orchestra in 1954. Kenton's Contemporary Concepts (1955) and Kenton in Hi-Fi (1956) albums during this time are very impressive as a be-bop recording and then a standard dance recording (respectively). Kenton in Hi-Fis wide popularity and sales benefited from the fact it was his greatest hits of ten years earlier re-recorded in stereo with a contemporary, much higher level band.", "Kenton in Hi-Fis wide popularity and sales benefited from the fact it was his greatest hits of ten years earlier re-recorded in stereo with a contemporary, much higher level band. The album climbed all the way up to #22 on the Billboard album charts and provided much needed revenue at a time when Rock n Roll had started to become the dominant pop music in the United States. It would become more and more difficult for Kenton to alternate between 'dance' and serious 'jazz' albums while staying financially solvent.", "It would become more and more difficult for Kenton to alternate between 'dance' and serious 'jazz' albums while staying financially solvent. During the summer of the summer of 1955 (July–September), Kenton was to become the host of the CBS television series Music 55. While it offered 10 weeks of great exposure to a rapidly expanding television audience, the show failed. It was plagued by poor production techniques and a strange combination of guests that did not work well with what Kenton had envisioned.", "It was plagued by poor production techniques and a strange combination of guests that did not work well with what Kenton had envisioned. He ended up being stiff and out of place with what the producers tried to achieve. Kenton had to burn the candle at both ends flying in to do the show then flying back out to meet his band out on the road. The New York production team was limited by using an American Federation of Musicians roster of local players; Kenton wanted his own band to do the show.", "The New York production team was limited by using an American Federation of Musicians roster of local players; Kenton wanted his own band to do the show. There would be another attempt for the Kenton organization to place the band on regularly scheduled television programming in 1958. After six Kenton financed episodes on KTTV in Los Angeles, there would be no sponsors to step up and back the show. One of the standout projects and recordings for the mid-1950s band is the Cuban Fire! album released in 1956.", "album released in 1956. album released in 1956. Though Stan Kenton had recorded earlier hits such as The Peanut Vendor in 1947 with Latin percussionist Machito, as well as many other Latin flavored singles, the Cuban Fire! suite and LP stands as a watershed set of compositions for Johnny Richards' career and an outstanding commercial/artistic achievement for the Kenton orchestra, and a singular landmark in large ensemble Latin jazz recordings. \"CUBAN FIRE is completely authentic, the way it combines big-band jazz with genuine Latin-American rhythms.\"", "\"CUBAN FIRE is completely authentic, the way it combines big-band jazz with genuine Latin-American rhythms.\" The success of the Cuban Fire! album can be gauged in part by the immediate ascent of Johnny Richards' star after its release; he was suddenly offered a contract by Bethlehem Records to record what would be the first of several recordings with his own groups. At one point, Kenton faced a controversy in 1956 with comments he made when the band returned from a European tour.", "At one point, Kenton faced a controversy in 1956 with comments he made when the band returned from a European tour. The current Critics Poll in Down Beat was now dominated by African-American musicians in virtually every category. The Kenton band was playing in Ontario, Canada, at the time, and Kenton dispatched a telegram which lamented \"a new minority, white jazz musicians,\" and stated his \"disgust [with the so-called] literary geniuses of jazz.\"", "The Kenton band was playing in Ontario, Canada, at the time, and Kenton dispatched a telegram which lamented \"a new minority, white jazz musicians,\" and stated his \"disgust [with the so-called] literary geniuses of jazz.\" Jazz critic Leonard Feather responded in the October 3, 1956, issue of Down Beat with an open letter that questioned Kenton's racial views.", "Jazz critic Leonard Feather responded in the October 3, 1956, issue of Down Beat with an open letter that questioned Kenton's racial views. Feather implied that Kenton's failure to win the Critics Poll was probably the real reason for the complaint, and wondered if racial prejudice was involved. In hindsight the record shows Kenton's biggest sin is to have hastily fired off the comments. However, less than 2% of the more than 600 sidemen with the Kenton band were African American.", "However, less than 2% of the more than 600 sidemen with the Kenton band were African American. By the end of the decade Kenton was with the last incarnation of a 19-piece, 1950s-style Kenton orchestra. Many bands have been called a leader's \"best\"; this last Kenton 1959 incarnation of the 1950s bands may very well be the best. The group would pull off one of Kenton's most artistic, subtle and introspective recordings, Standards in Silhouette.", "The group would pull off one of Kenton's most artistic, subtle and introspective recordings, Standards in Silhouette. As trombonist Archie LeCoque recalled of this album of very slow ballads, \"...it was hard, but at the time we were all young and straight-ahead, we got through it and (two) albums came out well.\" By 1959 Stereophonic sound recording was now being fully utilized with all major labels.", "By 1959 Stereophonic sound recording was now being fully utilized with all major labels. One of the great triumphs of the Standards in Silhouette album is the mature writing, the combination of the room used, a live group with very few overdubs, and the recording being in full stereo fidelity (and later remastered to digital). Bill Mathieu was highly skeptical of the decision to record his music like Cuban Fire! in a cavernous ballroom.", "in a cavernous ballroom. in a cavernous ballroom. Mathieu adds: \"Stan and producer Lee Gillette were absolutely right: the band sounds alive and awake (which is not easy when recording many hours of slow-tempo music in a studio), and most importantly, the players could hear themselves well in the live room. The end result is the band sounds strong and cohesive, and the album is well recorded.\" This is the last set of studio dates before Kenton would retool the entire orchestra in 1960.", "This is the last set of studio dates before Kenton would retool the entire orchestra in 1960. 1960s The Kenton orchestra had been on a slow decline in sales and popularity in the late 1950s with having to compete with newer, popular music artists such as Elvis Presley, Bobby Darin, and The Platters. The nadir of this decline was around 1958 and coincided with a recession that was affecting the entire country. There were far fewer big bands on the road and live music venues were hard to book for the Kenton orchestra.", "There were far fewer big bands on the road and live music venues were hard to book for the Kenton orchestra. The band would end 1959 beaten up by poor attendance at concerts and having to rely far more on dance halls than real jazz concerts. The band would reform in 1960 with a new look, a new sound, a larger group with a 'mellophonium' section added and an upsurge in Kenton's popularity.Sparke, Michael; Peter Venudor (1998). Stan Kenton, The Studio Sessions. Balboa Books. .", "Stan Kenton, The Studio Sessions. Balboa Books. . . The new instrument was used by Kenton to \"bridge the gap\" in range, color, and tonality between his trumpet and trombone sections. Essentially it creates a conical, midrange sound that is common in a symphonic setting with a horn (French horn) but the bell of the instrument faces forward. Kenton's 1961 recording The Romantic Approach for Capitol is the first of 11 LPs that would feature the \"mellophonium band\".", "Kenton's 1961 recording The Romantic Approach for Capitol is the first of 11 LPs that would feature the \"mellophonium band\". Kenton arranged the whole first mellophonium album himself and it was very well received in a September 1961 review in Down Beat. The Kenton Orchestra from 1960 to 1963 had numerous successes; the band had a relentless recording schedule. The albums Kenton's West Side Story (arrangements by Johnny Richards) and Adventures In Jazz, each won Grammy awards in 1962 and 1963 respectively.", "The albums Kenton's West Side Story (arrangements by Johnny Richards) and Adventures In Jazz, each won Grammy awards in 1962 and 1963 respectively. Ralph Carmichael wrote a superb set of Christmas charts for Kenton which translated into one of the most popular recordings from the band leader to date: A Merry Christmas!.", "Ralph Carmichael wrote a superb set of Christmas charts for Kenton which translated into one of the most popular recordings from the band leader to date: A Merry Christmas!. Also, Johnny Richards' Adventures in Time suite (recorded in 1962) was the culmination of all things the mellophonium band was capable of.NPR: Stan Kenton At 100: Artistry In Rhythm , Reference to Adventures in Time in article as important milestone of Kenton's music. February 17, 2012. After the Fall 1963 U.S./U.K.", "February 17, 2012. After the Fall 1963 U.S./U.K. After the Fall 1963 U.S./U.K. tour ended in November, the mellophonium incarnation of Kenton bands was done. The conditions of Stan's divorce from jazz singer Ann Richards was that a judge ordered Stan to take a year off the road to help raise their two children or lose custody altogether. Kenton would not reform another road band for tour until 1965.", "Kenton would not reform another road band for tour until 1965. Kenton had ties from earlier writing of country/western songs that were a success with Capitol and again he tried his hand in that genre during the early 1960s. In a music market that was becoming increasingly tight, in 1962 he cut the hit single \"Mama Sang a Song\"; his last Top-40 ( 32 Billboard, No. 22 Music Vendor). The song was a narration written by country singer Bill Anderson and spoken by Kenton.", "The song was a narration written by country singer Bill Anderson and spoken by Kenton. The single also received a Grammy nomination the following year in the Best Documentary or Spoken Word Recording category. The other attempt he made into that market was the far less successful Stan Kenton! Tex Ritter!, released in 1962 as a full LP. After the breakup of the mellophonium band, Kenton / Wagner (1964) was an important recording project that Kenton himself arranged, again moving towards \"progressive jazz\" or third stream music.", "After the breakup of the mellophonium band, Kenton / Wagner (1964) was an important recording project that Kenton himself arranged, again moving towards \"progressive jazz\" or third stream music. This album was not a financial success but kept Kenton at the forefront of 'art music' interpretation in the commercial music world. Stan Kenton Conducts the Los Angeles Neophonic Orchestra (1965) was an artistic success that garnered another Grammy nomination for the band leader.", "Stan Kenton Conducts the Los Angeles Neophonic Orchestra (1965) was an artistic success that garnered another Grammy nomination for the band leader. During this time Kenton also co-wrote the theme music for the short lived NBC television series Mister Roberts (1965–66). The 1966–1969 Capitol releases for Stan Kenton were a severe low point for his recording career. Capitol producer Lee Gillette was trying to exploit the money making possibilities of numerous popular hits to include the 1968 musical Hair featuring contemporary rock music.", "Capitol producer Lee Gillette was trying to exploit the money making possibilities of numerous popular hits to include the 1968 musical Hair featuring contemporary rock music. Due to lack of promotion by Capitol, four LPs were financial failures; this would be the last releases for Kenton under the aegis of long time Kenton producer Lee Gillette and Capitol.", "Due to lack of promotion by Capitol, four LPs were financial failures; this would be the last releases for Kenton under the aegis of long time Kenton producer Lee Gillette and Capitol. In fact, by the time it was recorded Kenton had no involvement in the Hair LP except for Kenton's name placed on the jacket cover; Ralph Carmichael and Lennie Niehaus were placed in charge of the project.", "In fact, by the time it was recorded Kenton had no involvement in the Hair LP except for Kenton's name placed on the jacket cover; Ralph Carmichael and Lennie Niehaus were placed in charge of the project. Two exceptions to this late 1960s period are the Billboard charted single the band cut of the Dragnet theme (1967) and another Kenton presents release featuring the music of composer and ex-bandsman Dee Barton: The Jazz Compositions of Dee Barton (1967).", "Two exceptions to this late 1960s period are the Billboard charted single the band cut of the Dragnet theme (1967) and another Kenton presents release featuring the music of composer and ex-bandsman Dee Barton: The Jazz Compositions of Dee Barton (1967). The album featuring Barton's music was another unsung artistic success for the Kenton band though widely unseen commercially by the a music listening public. 1970s The transition from Capitol to Creative World Records in 1970 was fraught with difficulties during a time when the music business was changing rapidly.", "1970s The transition from Capitol to Creative World Records in 1970 was fraught with difficulties during a time when the music business was changing rapidly. As a viable jazz artist who was trying to keep a loyal but dwindling following, Kenton turned to arrangers such as Hank Levy and Bob Curnow to write material that appealed to a younger audience.", "As a viable jazz artist who was trying to keep a loyal but dwindling following, Kenton turned to arrangers such as Hank Levy and Bob Curnow to write material that appealed to a younger audience. The first releases for the Creative World label were live concerts and Kenton had the control he wanted over content but lacked substantial resources to engineer, mix, and promote what Capitol underwrote in the past.", "The first releases for the Creative World label were live concerts and Kenton had the control he wanted over content but lacked substantial resources to engineer, mix, and promote what Capitol underwrote in the past. Kenton would take a big gamble to bypass the current record industry and rely far more on the direct mail lists of jazz fans which the newly formed Creative World label would need to sell records. Kenton also made his print music available to college and high-school stage bands with several publishers.", "Kenton also made his print music available to college and high-school stage bands with several publishers. Kenton continued leading and touring with his big band up to his final performance on August 20, 1978; he disbanded the group due to his failing health. In June 1973 Bob Curnow had started as the new artists and repertoire manager overseeing the whole operation of the Creative World Records.", "In June 1973 Bob Curnow had started as the new artists and repertoire manager overseeing the whole operation of the Creative World Records. It was just the year before (in 1972) the Kenton orchestra recorded the National Anthems of the World double LP with 40 arrangements all done by Curnow. As per Curnow himself, \"That was a remarkable and very difficult time for me.", "As per Curnow himself, \"That was a remarkable and very difficult time for me. I was managing (Stan's) record company with NO experience in business, writing music like mad, living in a new place and culture (Los Angeles was another world), traveling a LOT (out with the band at least 1 week a month) and trying to keep it together at home.\"", "I was managing (Stan's) record company with NO experience in business, writing music like mad, living in a new place and culture (Los Angeles was another world), traveling a LOT (out with the band at least 1 week a month) and trying to keep it together at home.\" When Kenton took to the road during the early 1970s and up to his last tour, he took with him seasoned veteran musicians (John Worster, Willie Maiden, Warren Gale, Graham Ellis and others) teaming them with relatively unknown young artists, and new arrangements (including those by Hank Levy, Bill Holman, Bob Curnow, Willie Maiden and Ken Hanna) were used.", "When Kenton took to the road during the early 1970s and up to his last tour, he took with him seasoned veteran musicians (John Worster, Willie Maiden, Warren Gale, Graham Ellis and others) teaming them with relatively unknown young artists, and new arrangements (including those by Hank Levy, Bill Holman, Bob Curnow, Willie Maiden and Ken Hanna) were used. Many alumni associated with Kenton from this era became educators (Mike Vax, John Von Ohlen, Chuck Carter, Lisa Hittle and Richard Torres), and a few went on to take their musical careers to the next level, such as Peter Erskine, Douglas Purviance and Tim Hagans.", "Many alumni associated with Kenton from this era became educators (Mike Vax, John Von Ohlen, Chuck Carter, Lisa Hittle and Richard Torres), and a few went on to take their musical careers to the next level, such as Peter Erskine, Douglas Purviance and Tim Hagans. Timeline of Stan Kenton Orchestras Legacy Kenton was a salient figure on the American musical scene and made an indelible mark on the arranged type of big band jazz. Kenton's music evolved with the times from 1940 through the 1970s.", "Kenton's music evolved with the times from 1940 through the 1970s. He was at the vanguard of promoting jazz and jazz improvisation through his service as an educator through his Stan Kenton Band Clinics. The \"Kenton Style\" continues to permeate big bands at the high school and collegiate level, and the framework he designed for the \"jazz clinic\" is still widely in use today. Starting in the waning days of the big band era, Kenton found a multitude of ways in which to progress his art form.", "Starting in the waning days of the big band era, Kenton found a multitude of ways in which to progress his art form. In his hands the size of the jazz orchestra expanded greatly, at times exceeding forty musicians. The frequency range (high and low notes) was also increased with the use of bass trombones and tuba, and baritone and bass saxophones. The dynamic range was pushed on both ends; the band could play softer and louder than any other big band.", "The dynamic range was pushed on both ends; the band could play softer and louder than any other big band. Kenton was the primary band leader responsible for moving the big band from the dance hall to the concert hall; one of the most important and successful players in the Third Stream movement. Interest in his music has experienced somewhat of a resurgence, with critical \"rediscovery\" of his music and many reissues of his recordings.", "Interest in his music has experienced somewhat of a resurgence, with critical \"rediscovery\" of his music and many reissues of his recordings. An alumni band named for him tours, led by lead trumpeter Mike Vax, which performs not only classic Kenton arrangements, but also new music written and performed by the band members (much like Kenton's own groups).", "An alumni band named for him tours, led by lead trumpeter Mike Vax, which performs not only classic Kenton arrangements, but also new music written and performed by the band members (much like Kenton's own groups). Kenton donated his entire library to the music library of North Texas State University (now the University of North Texas), and the Stan Kenton Jazz Recital Hall was named in his honor, although has recently been changed due to concerns over his history of sexual misconduct.", "Kenton donated his entire library to the music library of North Texas State University (now the University of North Texas), and the Stan Kenton Jazz Recital Hall was named in his honor, although has recently been changed due to concerns over his history of sexual misconduct. His arrangements are now published by Sierra Music Publications. When comparing the four longest running touring jazz orchestras (Stan Kenton, Woody Herman, Count Basie, and Duke Ellington), Kenton's band had a higher turnover of personnel.", "When comparing the four longest running touring jazz orchestras (Stan Kenton, Woody Herman, Count Basie, and Duke Ellington), Kenton's band had a higher turnover of personnel. Bob Gioga, Buddy Childers, and Dick Shearer are among only a very few who played for Kenton for over a decade. Other important soloists such as Lennie Niehaus, Bill Perkins and Chico Alvarez had lengthy stays on the band as well.", "Other important soloists such as Lennie Niehaus, Bill Perkins and Chico Alvarez had lengthy stays on the band as well. The list of noted jazz players, studio musicians is impressive and the consistency of the group from 1941 to Kenton's passing in 1979 is notable. Stan Kenton's leadership and music vision was clear to marshal the forces of such a diverse set of players and arrangers over this long period of time; Kenton stands alone in the respect.", "Stan Kenton's leadership and music vision was clear to marshal the forces of such a diverse set of players and arrangers over this long period of time; Kenton stands alone in the respect. Personal life Kenton was born on December 15, 1911, according to his birth certificate, according to British biographer Michael Sparke. Kenton was conceived out of wedlock, and his parents told him that he was born two months later than the actual date, February 19, 1912, to obscure this fact.", "Kenton was conceived out of wedlock, and his parents told him that he was born two months later than the actual date, February 19, 1912, to obscure this fact. Kenton believed well into adulthood that the February date was his birthday, and recorded the Birthday In Britain concert album on February 19, 1973. The true date remained a closely held secret, and his grave marker shows the incorrect February birthdate. Kenton was married three times. Three children were produced from the first two marriages.", "Three children were produced from the first two marriages. Three children were produced from the first two marriages. His first marriage was to Violet Rhoda Peters in 1935 and lasted for 15 years. The couple had a daughter in 1941, Leslie. In her 2010 memoir Love Affair, Leslie Kenton wrote that, from 1952 to 1954, when she was between the ages of 11 and 13, her father sexually molested and raped her.", "In her 2010 memoir Love Affair, Leslie Kenton wrote that, from 1952 to 1954, when she was between the ages of 11 and 13, her father sexually molested and raped her. She nonetheless maintained a close relationship with him during his lifetime, though she states that she was emotionally scarred by the experience. She stated that the rapes always occurred under the influence of alcohol, that he was not fully aware of his actions, and that 20 years later he apologized profusely.", "She stated that the rapes always occurred under the influence of alcohol, that he was not fully aware of his actions, and that 20 years later he apologized profusely. Leslie was an author of several books about health, spirituality and beauty. In 1955, Stan Kenton married San Diego-born singer Ann Richards, who was 23 years his junior. The relationship produced two children: daughter Dana Lynn and son Lance. In 1961, Richards posed for a nude layout in Playboy magazine's June 1961 issue.", "In 1961, Richards posed for a nude layout in Playboy magazine's June 1961 issue. She signed a contract to record with Atco Records, without her husband's knowledge. The Playboy shoot was done without Kenton's knowledge; he found out about it while playing at the Aragon Ballroom in Chicago when handed the magazine by Charles Suter, who was the editor of Down Beat magazine at the time. Richards was not typically on the road with the band, though she had recorded the album Two Much!", "Richards was not typically on the road with the band, though she had recorded the album Two Much! with Kenton in 1960. Kenton filed for divorce in August 1961; it was finalized in 1962. He would retain custody of their two children. Kenton's third marriage was to KABC production assistant Jo Ann Hill, in 1967. This also ended in a separation in 1969 with the divorce following in 1970.", "This also ended in a separation in 1969 with the divorce following in 1970. In his later years he lived with his public relations secretary and last business manager, Audree Coke Kenton, though they never formally married. Kenton's heavy consumption of alcohol contributed to ongoing accidents and the physical difficulties he encountered during the last 10 years of his life.", "Kenton's heavy consumption of alcohol contributed to ongoing accidents and the physical difficulties he encountered during the last 10 years of his life. Kenton's son Lance became a member of the controversial Synanon new-age community in California, and served as one of its \"Imperial Marines,\" a group entrusted with committing violence against former members and others considered enemies of the community. In 1978 he was arrested for helping to put a rattlesnake in the mailbox of an anti-Synanon lawyer, and was sentenced to a year in prison.Zacchino, Narda.", "In 1978 he was arrested for helping to put a rattlesnake in the mailbox of an anti-Synanon lawyer, and was sentenced to a year in prison.Zacchino, Narda. \"Band Leader's Son Suspect in Assault\" Los Angeles Times. October 12, 1978. pp. 7 Kenton had two serious accidental falls, one in the early 1970s and one in May of 1977 while on tour in Reading, Pennsylvania. The second fall was very serious as he fractured his skull.", "The second fall was very serious as he fractured his skull. The last two years of his life became far more physically challenging for Kenton from the effects of the two accidents. On August 17, 1979, he was admitted to Midway Hospital near his home in Los Angeles after a stroke; he died eight days later, on August 25. At the time of his death he had three grandchildren. Kenton was interred in the Westwood Village Memorial Park Cemetery, Los Angeles.Jones, Jack.", "Kenton was interred in the Westwood Village Memorial Park Cemetery, Los Angeles.Jones, Jack. \"Stan Kenton, Innovative Band Leader, Dies At 67\". Los Angeles Times. August 26, 1979. pp.", "Los Angeles Times. August 26, 1979. pp. August 26, 1979. pp. 1 Gold records and charts (singles and albums)Gold Records1944 Artistry in Rhythm (Capitol Records) instrumental 1945 Tampico (Capitol Records) vocal by June Christy and band 1945 Shoo-Fly Pie and Apple Pan Dowdy (Capitol Records) vocal by June Christy and band Hits as charted singles (Songs that reached the top of the US or UK charts) Between 1944 and 1967, Stan Kenton had numerous hits on Billboard's charts.", "1 Gold records and charts (singles and albums)Gold Records1944 Artistry in Rhythm (Capitol Records) instrumental 1945 Tampico (Capitol Records) vocal by June Christy and band 1945 Shoo-Fly Pie and Apple Pan Dowdy (Capitol Records) vocal by June Christy and band Hits as charted singles (Songs that reached the top of the US or UK charts) Between 1944 and 1967, Stan Kenton had numerous hits on Billboard's charts. Hits as charted albums (Albums charting history with Billboard Magazine) Awards and honors Wins and honors from major publications Grammy Awards |- |rowspan=\"2\"| |rowspan=\"2\"|West Side Story (album) |Best Performance by an orchestra - for other than dancing | |- |rowspan=\"2\"|Best Jazz Performance - Large Group (Instrumental) | |- |rowspan=\"2\"| |rowspan=\"2\"|Adventures In Jazz (album) | |- |Best Engineered recording (other than classical and novelty) | |- |style=\"text-align:center;\"| |Mama Sang a Song (single) |Best Documentary or Spoken Word Recording (other than comedy) | |- |style=\"text-align:center;\"| |Artistry in Voices and Brass (album) |Best Performance by a Chorus | |- |style=\"text-align:center;\"| |Stan Kenton Conducts the Los Angeles Neophonic Orchestra (album) |Best Instrumental Jazz Performance, Individual or Group | |-Grammy Hall of Fame|- |rowspan=\"1\"| 1943 ||rowspan=\"1\"| Artistry in Rhythm (with the Stan Kenton Orchestra) || Grammy Hall of Fame (1985) || International Music Awards Other awards and honors 1978 – Honorary Doctorate of Music: University of Redlands 1974 – Honorary Doctorate of Humane Letters: Drury College 1968 – Honorary Doctorate of Music: Villanova University 1967 – Intercollegiate Music Festival Hall of Fame Award Named to the International Association for Jazz Education Hall of Fame (1980) Honored on the Hollywood Walk of Fame (Recording – 6340 Hollywood Blvd.)", "Hits as charted albums (Albums charting history with Billboard Magazine) Awards and honors Wins and honors from major publications Grammy Awards |- |rowspan=\"2\"| |rowspan=\"2\"|West Side Story (album) |Best Performance by an orchestra - for other than dancing | |- |rowspan=\"2\"|Best Jazz Performance - Large Group (Instrumental) | |- |rowspan=\"2\"| |rowspan=\"2\"|Adventures In Jazz (album) | |- |Best Engineered recording (other than classical and novelty) | |- |style=\"text-align:center;\"| |Mama Sang a Song (single) |Best Documentary or Spoken Word Recording (other than comedy) | |- |style=\"text-align:center;\"| |Artistry in Voices and Brass (album) |Best Performance by a Chorus | |- |style=\"text-align:center;\"| |Stan Kenton Conducts the Los Angeles Neophonic Orchestra (album) |Best Instrumental Jazz Performance, Individual or Group | |-Grammy Hall of Fame|- |rowspan=\"1\"| 1943 ||rowspan=\"1\"| Artistry in Rhythm (with the Stan Kenton Orchestra) || Grammy Hall of Fame (1985) || International Music Awards Other awards and honors 1978 – Honorary Doctorate of Music: University of Redlands 1974 – Honorary Doctorate of Humane Letters: Drury College 1968 – Honorary Doctorate of Music: Villanova University 1967 – Intercollegiate Music Festival Hall of Fame Award Named to the International Association for Jazz Education Hall of Fame (1980) Honored on the Hollywood Walk of Fame (Recording – 6340 Hollywood Blvd.) \"City of Glass\" is honored in The Wire's \"100 Records That Set The World on Fire\" (While No One Was Listening).\"", "\"City of Glass\" is honored in The Wire's \"100 Records That Set The World on Fire\" (While No One Was Listening).\" Posthumously honored 2011 – \"Stan Kenton: Artistry In Rhythm- Portrait Of A Jazz Legend\" (DVD) EMPixx Awards – Platinum Award in the Documentary Category/Platinum Award in the Use of Music Category.United States Library of Congress National Recording Registry'''Artistry in Rhythm (single) – Stan Kenton – Released:1943 – Inducted: 2011 -\tCategory: Jazz Noted band personnel Instrumentalists Pepper Adams Bob Ahern Sam Aleccia Ashley Alexander Laurindo Almeida Alfred \"Chico\" Alvarez Jim Amlotte John Anderson Buddy Arnold Don Bagley Gabe Baltazar Michael Bard Dave Barduhn Gary Barone Dee Barton Tim Bell Max Bennett Milt Bernhart Bill Briggs Bud Brisbois Ray Brown Bob Burgess Bart Caldarell Tony Campise Frank Capp Conte Candoli Pete Candoli Fred Carter Billy Catalano Bill Chase Buddy Childers Rich Condit Bob Cooper Jack Costanzo Curtis Counce Bob Curnow Quinn Davis Vinnie Dean Jay Daversa Don Dennis Sam Donahue Red Dorris Peter Erskine Don Fagerquist Maynard Ferguson Mary Fettig Bob Fitzpatrick Dr. William \"Bill\" Fritz Carl Fontana Chris Galuman Stan Getz Bob Gioga John Graas Benny Green Tim Hagans Ken Hanna Bill Hanna John Harner Dennis Hayslett Gary Henson Phil Herring Skeets Herfurt Lisa Hittle Gary Hobbs Bill Holman Marvin \"Doc\" Holladay Clay Jenkins Richie Kamuca Joel Kaye Red Kelly Jimmy Knepper Bobby Knight Lee Konitz Tom Lacy Scott LaFaro Jack Lake Keith LaMotte Kent Larsen Terry Layne Skip Layton Gary LeFebvre Archie LeCoque Stan Levey Mel Lewis Ramon Lopez Bob Lymperis John Madrid Willie Maiden Shelly Manne Charlie Mariano Al Mattaliano Dave Matthews Jerry McKenzie Dick Meldonian Don Menza Greg Metcalf Eddie Meyers Frank Minear Vido Musso Boots Mussulli Lennie Niehaus Dennis Noday Sam Noto Lloyd Otto Don Paladino John Park Kim Park Art Pepper Bill Perkins Oscar Pettiford Al Porcino Mike Price Douglas Purviance Ray Reed Clyde Reasinger Roy Reynolds Kim Richmond George Roberts Gene Roland Billy Root Frank Rosolino Shorty Rogers Ernie Royal Howard Rumsey Bill Russo Eddie Safranski Sal Salvador Carl Saunders Jay Saunders Dave Schildkraut Bud Shank Dick Shearer Jack Sheldon Kenny Shroyer Gene Siegel Zoot Sims Tom Slaney Dalton Smith Greg Smith Mike Snustead Ed Soph Lloyd Spoon Mike Suter Marvin Stamm Ray Starling Vinnie Tano Lucky Thompson Richard Torres Bill Trujillo Jeff Uusitalo Mike Vaccaro David van Kriedt Bart Varsalona Mike Vax John Von Ohlen George Weidler Ray Wetzel Rick Weathersby Jiggs Whigham Stu Williamson Kai Winding John Worster Alan Yankee Composers and Arrangers Manny Albam Buddy Baker Dave Barduhn Dee Barton Ralph Carmichael Joe Coccia Frank Comstock Bob Curnow Dale Devoe Sam Donahue Wayne Dunston Dennis Farnon Bob Florence Bill Fritz Bob Graettinger Ken Hanna Neal Hefti Bill Holman Gene Howard Hank Levy Willie Maiden Franklyn Marks Bill Mathieu Gerry Mulligan Lennie Niehaus Boots Mussulli Chico O'Farrill Marty Paich Johnny Richards Shorty Rogers Gene Roland Pete Rugolo Bill Russo Charlie Shirley Steve Spiegl Ray Starling Mark Taylor Al Yankee Ralph Yaw Vocalists Ernie Bernhardt Cindy Bradley Kay Brown Helen Carr June Christy Chris Connor Red Dorris Kay Gregory Gene Howard Jay Johnson Eve Knight Kent Larsen Dolly Mitchell The Modern Men Anita O'Day The Pastels Ann Richards Frank Rosolino Gail Sherwood Jan Tober Jean Turner Jerri Winters Ray Wetzel Discography and on film and television Studio albumsStan Kenton and His Orchestra – McGregor No.", "Posthumously honored 2011 – \"Stan Kenton: Artistry In Rhythm- Portrait Of A Jazz Legend\" (DVD) EMPixx Awards – Platinum Award in the Documentary Category/Platinum Award in the Use of Music Category.United States Library of Congress National Recording Registry'''Artistry in Rhythm (single) – Stan Kenton – Released:1943 – Inducted: 2011 -\tCategory: Jazz Noted band personnel Instrumentalists Pepper Adams Bob Ahern Sam Aleccia Ashley Alexander Laurindo Almeida Alfred \"Chico\" Alvarez Jim Amlotte John Anderson Buddy Arnold Don Bagley Gabe Baltazar Michael Bard Dave Barduhn Gary Barone Dee Barton Tim Bell Max Bennett Milt Bernhart Bill Briggs Bud Brisbois Ray Brown Bob Burgess Bart Caldarell Tony Campise Frank Capp Conte Candoli Pete Candoli Fred Carter Billy Catalano Bill Chase Buddy Childers Rich Condit Bob Cooper Jack Costanzo Curtis Counce Bob Curnow Quinn Davis Vinnie Dean Jay Daversa Don Dennis Sam Donahue Red Dorris Peter Erskine Don Fagerquist Maynard Ferguson Mary Fettig Bob Fitzpatrick Dr. William \"Bill\" Fritz Carl Fontana Chris Galuman Stan Getz Bob Gioga John Graas Benny Green Tim Hagans Ken Hanna Bill Hanna John Harner Dennis Hayslett Gary Henson Phil Herring Skeets Herfurt Lisa Hittle Gary Hobbs Bill Holman Marvin \"Doc\" Holladay Clay Jenkins Richie Kamuca Joel Kaye Red Kelly Jimmy Knepper Bobby Knight Lee Konitz Tom Lacy Scott LaFaro Jack Lake Keith LaMotte Kent Larsen Terry Layne Skip Layton Gary LeFebvre Archie LeCoque Stan Levey Mel Lewis Ramon Lopez Bob Lymperis John Madrid Willie Maiden Shelly Manne Charlie Mariano Al Mattaliano Dave Matthews Jerry McKenzie Dick Meldonian Don Menza Greg Metcalf Eddie Meyers Frank Minear Vido Musso Boots Mussulli Lennie Niehaus Dennis Noday Sam Noto Lloyd Otto Don Paladino John Park Kim Park Art Pepper Bill Perkins Oscar Pettiford Al Porcino Mike Price Douglas Purviance Ray Reed Clyde Reasinger Roy Reynolds Kim Richmond George Roberts Gene Roland Billy Root Frank Rosolino Shorty Rogers Ernie Royal Howard Rumsey Bill Russo Eddie Safranski Sal Salvador Carl Saunders Jay Saunders Dave Schildkraut Bud Shank Dick Shearer Jack Sheldon Kenny Shroyer Gene Siegel Zoot Sims Tom Slaney Dalton Smith Greg Smith Mike Snustead Ed Soph Lloyd Spoon Mike Suter Marvin Stamm Ray Starling Vinnie Tano Lucky Thompson Richard Torres Bill Trujillo Jeff Uusitalo Mike Vaccaro David van Kriedt Bart Varsalona Mike Vax John Von Ohlen George Weidler Ray Wetzel Rick Weathersby Jiggs Whigham Stu Williamson Kai Winding John Worster Alan Yankee Composers and Arrangers Manny Albam Buddy Baker Dave Barduhn Dee Barton Ralph Carmichael Joe Coccia Frank Comstock Bob Curnow Dale Devoe Sam Donahue Wayne Dunston Dennis Farnon Bob Florence Bill Fritz Bob Graettinger Ken Hanna Neal Hefti Bill Holman Gene Howard Hank Levy Willie Maiden Franklyn Marks Bill Mathieu Gerry Mulligan Lennie Niehaus Boots Mussulli Chico O'Farrill Marty Paich Johnny Richards Shorty Rogers Gene Roland Pete Rugolo Bill Russo Charlie Shirley Steve Spiegl Ray Starling Mark Taylor Al Yankee Ralph Yaw Vocalists Ernie Bernhardt Cindy Bradley Kay Brown Helen Carr June Christy Chris Connor Red Dorris Kay Gregory Gene Howard Jay Johnson Eve Knight Kent Larsen Dolly Mitchell The Modern Men Anita O'Day The Pastels Ann Richards Frank Rosolino Gail Sherwood Jan Tober Jean Turner Jerri Winters Ray Wetzel Discography and on film and television Studio albumsStan Kenton and His Orchestra – McGregor No. LP201 (1941)The Formative Years – Decca No.", "LP201 (1941)The Formative Years – Decca No. 589 489-2 (1941–1942)Artistry in Rhythm – Capitol No. BD39 (1946)Encores – Capitol No. 155 (1947)A Presentation of Progressive Jazz – Capitol No. T172 (1947)Metronome Riff (single) – Capitol special pressing (1947)Innovations in Modern Music – Capitol No. 189 (1950)Stan Kenton's Milestones – Capitol No. T190 (through 1950)Stan Kenton Presents – Capitol No.", "T190 (through 1950)Stan Kenton Presents – Capitol No. 248 (1950)City of Glass – Capitol No. H353 (1951)New Concepts of Artistry in Rhythm – Capitol 383 (1952)Popular Favorites by Stan Kenton – Capitol No. 421 (1953)Sketches on Standards – Capitol No. 426 (1953)This Modern World – Capitol No. 460 (1953)Portraits on Standards – Capitol No. 462 (1953)Kenton Showcase: The Music of Bill Russo – Capitol No.", "462 (1953)Kenton Showcase: The Music of Bill Russo – Capitol No. H525 (1954)Kenton Showcase : The Music of Bill Holman – Capitol No. H526 (1954)Duet (with June Christy) – Capitol No. 656 (1955)Contemporary Concepts – Capitol No. 666 (1955)Kenton in Hi-Fi – Capitol No. 724 (1956)Cuban Fire! – Capitol No. 731 (1956)Kenton with Voices – Capitol No. 810 (1957)Rendezvous with Kenton – Capitol No.", "810 (1957)Rendezvous with Kenton – Capitol No. 932 (1957)Back to Balboa – Capitol No. 995 (1958)The Ballad Style of Stan Kenton – Capitol No. 1068 (1958)Lush Interlude – Capitol No. 1130 (1958)The Stage Door Swings – Capitol No. 1166 (1958)The Kenton Touch – Capitol No. 1276 (1958)Viva Kenton! – Capitol No. 1305 (1959)Standards in Silhouette – Capitol No. 1394 (1959)Two Much!", "1394 (1959)Two Much! 1394 (1959)Two Much! (with Ann Richards) – Capitol No. 1495 (1960)The Romantic Approach – Capitol No. 1533 (1961)Kenton's West Side Story – Capitol No. 1609 (1961)A Merry Christmas! – Capitol No. 1621 (1961)Sophisticated Approach – Capitol No. 1674 (1961)Adventures in Standards – Creative World No. 1025 (1961 – released 1975)Adventures In Jazz – Capitol No.", "1025 (1961 – released 1975)Adventures In Jazz – Capitol No. 1796 (1961)Adventures in Blues – Capitol No. 1985 (1961)Stan Kenton! Tex Ritter! (with Tex Ritter) – Capitol No. 1757 (1962)Adventures in Time – Capitol No. 1844 (1962)Artistry in Bossa Nova – Capitol No. 1931 (1963)Artistry in Voices and Brass – Capitol No. 2132 (1963)Stan Kenton / Jean Turner (with Jean Turner) – Capitol No.", "2132 (1963)Stan Kenton / Jean Turner (with Jean Turner) – Capitol No. 2051 (1963)Kenton / Wagner – Capitol No. 2217 (1964)Stan Kenton Conducts the Los Angeles Neophonic Orchestra – Capitol No. 2424 (1965–1966)Stan Kenton Plays for Today – Capitol No. 2655 (1966–1967)The World We Know – Capitol No. 2810The Jazz Compositions of Dee Barton – Capitol No. 2932 (1967)Finian's Rainbow – Capitol No. 2971 (1968)Hair – Capitol No.", "2971 (1968)Hair – Capitol No. 2971 (1968)Hair – Capitol No. ST305 (1969)National Anthems of the World – Creative World No. 1060 (1972)7.5 on the Richter Scale – Creative World No. 1070 (1973)Stan Kenton Without His Orchestra (solo) – Creative World No. 1071 (1973)Stan Kenton Plays Chicago – Creative World No. 1072 (1974)Fire, Fury and Fun – Creative World No.", "1072 (1974)Fire, Fury and Fun – Creative World No. 1073 (1974)Kenton '76 – Creative World No. 1076 (1976)Journey Into Capricorn – Creative World No.", "1076 (1976)Journey Into Capricorn – Creative World No. 1077 (1976) Live albumsStan Kenton Live at Cornell University (1951)Stan Kenton Stompin' at Newport – Pablo #PACD-5312-2 (1957)On the Road with Stan Kenton – Artistry Records #AR-101 (Recorded Nov. 6, 1958 at the Municipal Auditorium, Sarasota, Florida)Kenton Live from the Las Vegas Tropicana – Capitol No.", "1077 (1976) Live albumsStan Kenton Live at Cornell University (1951)Stan Kenton Stompin' at Newport – Pablo #PACD-5312-2 (1957)On the Road with Stan Kenton – Artistry Records #AR-101 (Recorded Nov. 6, 1958 at the Municipal Auditorium, Sarasota, Florida)Kenton Live from the Las Vegas Tropicana – Capitol No. 1460 (1959)Road Show (with June Christy and The Four Freshmen) – Capitol #TBO1327 (1959)Stan Kenton at Ukiah – Status #STCD109 (1959)Stan Kenton in New Jersey – Status #USCD104 (1959)Mellophonium Magic – Status No.", "1460 (1959)Road Show (with June Christy and The Four Freshmen) – Capitol #TBO1327 (1959)Stan Kenton at Ukiah – Status #STCD109 (1959)Stan Kenton in New Jersey – Status #USCD104 (1959)Mellophonium Magic – Status No. CD103 (1962)Mellophonium Moods – Status No.", "CD103 (1962)Mellophonium Moods – Status No. CD103 (1962)Mellophonium Moods – Status No. STCD106 (1962)Stan Kenton and His Orchestra at Fountain Street Church Part 1 – Status #DSTS1014 (1968)Stan Kenton and His Orchestra at Fountain Street Church Part 2– Status #DSTS1016 (1968) Private Party – Creative World No. 1014 (1970)Live At Redlands University – Creative World No. 1015 (1970)Live at Brigham Young University – Creative World No.", "1015 (1970)Live at Brigham Young University – Creative World No. 1039 (1971)Live at Butler University – Creative World No.", "1039 (1971)Live at Butler University – Creative World No. 1058 (1972)The Stuttgart Experience – Live In Stuttgart – Jazzhaus #JAH-457 (1972)Stan Kenton Today – Live In London – London/Creative World #BP 44179-80 (1972)Birthday in Britain – Creative World #ST 1065 (1973)Flying High in Florida (1972)Live at the London Hilton – Part I & II (1973)Live in Europe (1976)The Lost Concert Vol.", "1058 (1972)The Stuttgart Experience – Live In Stuttgart – Jazzhaus #JAH-457 (1972)Stan Kenton Today – Live In London – London/Creative World #BP 44179-80 (1972)Birthday in Britain – Creative World #ST 1065 (1973)Flying High in Florida (1972)Live at the London Hilton – Part I & II (1973)Live in Europe (1976)The Lost Concert Vol. 1–2 Recorded at The Cocoanut Grove in Los Angeles, CA on March 18, 1978, posthumous release in 2002 – Jazz Heritage CompilationsStan Kenton's Milestones (Capitol, 1943–47 [1950])Stan Kenton Classics (Capitol, 1944–47 [1952])The Kenton Era (Capitol, 1940–53 [1955])City of Glass and This Modern World – Capitol No.", "1–2 Recorded at The Cocoanut Grove in Los Angeles, CA on March 18, 1978, posthumous release in 2002 – Jazz Heritage CompilationsStan Kenton's Milestones (Capitol, 1943–47 [1950])Stan Kenton Classics (Capitol, 1944–47 [1952])The Kenton Era (Capitol, 1940–53 [1955])City of Glass and This Modern World – Capitol No. 736 (1951–1953 [1957])Stan Kenton's Greatest Hits (Capitol, 1943–47 [1965])Stan Kenton On AFRS – Status DSTS1019 (1944–1945)One Night Stand – Magic #DAWE66 (1961–1962)Some Women I've Known – Creative World No.", "736 (1951–1953 [1957])Stan Kenton's Greatest Hits (Capitol, 1943–47 [1965])Stan Kenton On AFRS – Status DSTS1019 (1944–1945)One Night Stand – Magic #DAWE66 (1961–1962)Some Women I've Known – Creative World No. 1029The Fabulous Alumni of Stan Kenton – Capitol No. T 20244 (1970) The Complete Capitol Recordings Of The Holman And Russo Charts – Mosaic MD4-136The Complete Capitol Recordings – Mosaic MD7-163The Peanut VendorThe Jazz Compositions Of Stan Kenton – Creative World No.", "T 20244 (1970) The Complete Capitol Recordings Of The Holman And Russo Charts – Mosaic MD4-136The Complete Capitol Recordings – Mosaic MD7-163The Peanut VendorThe Jazz Compositions Of Stan Kenton – Creative World No. ST1078 (1945–1973)Street of Dreams – Creative World No.", "ST1078 (1945–1973)Street of Dreams – Creative World No. 1079 (1979 vinyl; 1992 CD)The Innovations Orchestra (Capitol, 1950–51 [1997]) On film or television 1941 Zig Me, Baby, With a Gentle Zag (short) 1942 Jammin' in the Panoram (short) 1942 Jealous (short) 1942 Reed Rapture (short) 1944 This Love of Mine (short) 1945 Eager Beaver (short) 1945 I'm Homesick, That's All (short) 1945 It's Been a Long Long Time (short) 1945 Southern Scandal (short) 1945 Tampico (short) 1946 Talk About A Lady (feature film) 1946 Southern Scandal (short) 1947 Let's Make Rhythm (short) 1947 Stan Kenton and His Orchestra (biographical short) 1950 The Ed Sullivan Show (television) 1953 Schlagerparade (movie) Stan Kenton at the Sporthalle in Berlin 1954 Spotlight No.", "1079 (1979 vinyl; 1992 CD)The Innovations Orchestra (Capitol, 1950–51 [1997]) On film or television 1941 Zig Me, Baby, With a Gentle Zag (short) 1942 Jammin' in the Panoram (short) 1942 Jealous (short) 1942 Reed Rapture (short) 1944 This Love of Mine (short) 1945 Eager Beaver (short) 1945 I'm Homesick, That's All (short) 1945 It's Been a Long Long Time (short) 1945 Southern Scandal (short) 1945 Tampico (short) 1946 Talk About A Lady (feature film) 1946 Southern Scandal (short) 1947 Let's Make Rhythm (short) 1947 Stan Kenton and His Orchestra (biographical short) 1950 The Ed Sullivan Show (television) 1953 Schlagerparade (movie) Stan Kenton at the Sporthalle in Berlin 1954 Spotlight No. 5 (CBC television, documentary) 1955 Music '55 (television, musical variety) 1956 Happy New Year: A Sunday Spectacular (television) 1956 Juke Box Jury (television, gameshow) 1957 Alan Melville Takes You from A-Z (BBC television) 1957 The Big Record (television) 1958 The Gisele MacKenzie Show (television) 1960 General Electric Theater (television) 1960 Startime (television) 1960 Dixieland Small-Fry (television) 1962 Jazz Scene USA (television) 1962 Music of the 60s (television) 1962 The Lively Ones (television) 1963 The Ed Sullivan Show (television) 1964 The Les Crane Show (television) 1965 Big Bands (WGN-TV television) 1965 Jamboree (television) 1966 The Linkletter Show (television) 1967 The Woody Woodbury Show (television) 1967 The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson (television) 1968 Something Special with Mel Torme (television) 1968 The Crusade for Jazz aka Bound To Be Heard (television documentary) 1969 The Substance of Jazz (educational/documentary) 1969 and 1970 The David Frost Show (television) 1968 and 1970 The Mike Douglas Show (television) 1971 The Merv Griffin Show (television) 1972 Sounds of Saturday (BBC television) 1976 Soundstage (television) 1977 Omnibus (BBC television) 2011 Stan Kenton: Artistry In Rhythm- Portrait Of A Jazz Legend'' (documentary) Compositions Stan Kenton's compositions include \"Artistry in Rhythm\", released as V-Disc No.", "5 (CBC television, documentary) 1955 Music '55 (television, musical variety) 1956 Happy New Year: A Sunday Spectacular (television) 1956 Juke Box Jury (television, gameshow) 1957 Alan Melville Takes You from A-Z (BBC television) 1957 The Big Record (television) 1958 The Gisele MacKenzie Show (television) 1960 General Electric Theater (television) 1960 Startime (television) 1960 Dixieland Small-Fry (television) 1962 Jazz Scene USA (television) 1962 Music of the 60s (television) 1962 The Lively Ones (television) 1963 The Ed Sullivan Show (television) 1964 The Les Crane Show (television) 1965 Big Bands (WGN-TV television) 1965 Jamboree (television) 1966 The Linkletter Show (television) 1967 The Woody Woodbury Show (television) 1967 The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson (television) 1968 Something Special with Mel Torme (television) 1968 The Crusade for Jazz aka Bound To Be Heard (television documentary) 1969 The Substance of Jazz (educational/documentary) 1969 and 1970 The David Frost Show (television) 1968 and 1970 The Mike Douglas Show (television) 1971 The Merv Griffin Show (television) 1972 Sounds of Saturday (BBC television) 1976 Soundstage (television) 1977 Omnibus (BBC television) 2011 Stan Kenton: Artistry In Rhythm- Portrait Of A Jazz Legend'' (documentary) Compositions Stan Kenton's compositions include \"Artistry in Rhythm\", released as V-Disc No. 285B, \"Opus in Pastels\", \"Artistry Jumps\", \"Reed Rapture\", \"Eager Beaver\", released on V-Disc 285B, \"Fantasy\", \"Southern Scandal\", which was released as V-Disc No.", "285B, \"Opus in Pastels\", \"Artistry Jumps\", \"Reed Rapture\", \"Eager Beaver\", released on V-Disc 285B, \"Fantasy\", \"Southern Scandal\", which was released as V-Disc No. 573B, \"Monotony\", released as V-Disc No.", "573B, \"Monotony\", released as V-Disc No. 854B, in 1948, with a spoken introduction by Kenton, \"Harlem Folk Dance\", \"Painted Rhythm\", \"Concerto to End All Concertos\", \"Easy Go\", \"Concerto for Doghouse\", \"Shelly Manne\", \"Balboa Bash\", \"Flamenco\", and \"Sunset Tower\".", "854B, in 1948, with a spoken introduction by Kenton, \"Harlem Folk Dance\", \"Painted Rhythm\", \"Concerto to End All Concertos\", \"Easy Go\", \"Concerto for Doghouse\", \"Shelly Manne\", \"Balboa Bash\", \"Flamenco\", and \"Sunset Tower\". Many compositions are collaborations between Stan Kenton and Pete Rugolo, such as \"Artistry in Boogie,\" \"Collaboration,\" and \"Theme to the West.\"", "Many compositions are collaborations between Stan Kenton and Pete Rugolo, such as \"Artistry in Boogie,\" \"Collaboration,\" and \"Theme to the West.\" Kenton was credited as a co-writer of the 1944 jazz classic \"And Her Tears Flowed Like Wine\".", "Kenton was credited as a co-writer of the 1944 jazz classic \"And Her Tears Flowed Like Wine\". Notes References External links Bell High School Alumni Page for Stan Kenton Stan Kenton Research Center*Article on Stan Kenton's Mellophonium Band An Interview with Jo Lea Starling, wife of Ray Starling An Interview with Tony Scodwell, Stan Kenton Mellophoniumist The Stan Kenton Collection at the University of North Texas Stan Kenton's music published by Sierra Music Publications Terry Vosbein's All Things Kenton site - discography, radio shows, rare images and audio.", "Notes References External links Bell High School Alumni Page for Stan Kenton Stan Kenton Research Center*Article on Stan Kenton's Mellophonium Band An Interview with Jo Lea Starling, wife of Ray Starling An Interview with Tony Scodwell, Stan Kenton Mellophoniumist The Stan Kenton Collection at the University of North Texas Stan Kenton's music published by Sierra Music Publications Terry Vosbein's All Things Kenton site - discography, radio shows, rare images and audio. GNP Crescendo Records 1911 births 1979 deaths Age controversies Cool jazz musicians Swing bandleaders Big band bandleaders Jazz arrangers Progressive big band bandleaders American jazz bandleaders Musicians from California American music arrangers Grammy Award winners Capitol Records artists American jazz educators Burials at Westwood Village Memorial Park Cemetery 20th-century American musicians Summit Records artists" ]

[ "Stan Kenton", "Career", "Tell me about Kenton's career?", "Kenton would make his first recordings when Arnheim made 14 sides for the Brunswick label in summer of 1937.", "What was Arnheim?", "Gus Arnheim's group," ]

[ "Kenton '76 is one of the last two studio albums by American jazz musician Stan Kenton and his orchestra, released in 1976, by Creative World Records. Recording sessions for the album took place in Chicago on December 3–5, 1975. The album was recorded after the longest hiatus the band would have from the studio due to financial difficulties and Kenton's growing health problems.\n\nBackground\n\nThe take of Decoupage on the album is third try taken Dec 4; 10 takes of this Levy masterpiece are done over 2 days. Though the piece is one of the highlights for the band during that era, the solo by Terry Lane is weak and pointed out in later notes by Bob Curnow, \"Stan did not hire most of the guys, Dick (Shearer) did. With some obvious exceptions, I don't believe the soloists in the 70's bands were the equal of the earlier bands.\" Samba De Haps is the first of several works written by Mark Taylor the Kenton band record for the last two studio albums, he would create a distinctive signature and a name that is well known in the publishing world.\n\nBob Curnow gives great credit to Hank Levy, \"Time For A Change was a fantastic chart, the way it's put together, and the way the band swings within the meter. I don't mean swings necessarily in the traditional sense, but the way they play rhythmically, I think it's a hell of a chart. And if listen to the end of a Pat Metheny pieces called \"Every Summer Night\", it closes literally with the first four measures of 'Decoupage'.\" Curnow also comments on Kenton's health issues during that time, \"Stan conducted the band through Holman's 'Tiburon'...Stan was wasn't so quick to come to grips musically with what was happening. I was in the booth, and he was conducting, and it was a real struggle.\"\n\nReception\n\nTrack listing\n\nSend In The Clowns and My Funny Valentine arranged by Dave Barduhn.\n\nPersonnel\n\nMusicians\npiano and leader: Stan Kenton\nsaxophones and flutes: Alan Yankee, Dan Salmasian, Greg Smith, Roy Reynolds, Terry Layne\ntrumpets: John Harner, Jay Sollenberger, Jim Oatts, Steve Campos, Tim Hagans\ntrombones: Dick Shearer, Dave Keim, Mike Egan, Alan Morrisey (bass trombone), Douglas Purviance (bass trombone, tuba)\nacoustic and electric bass: Dave Stone\ndrum set: Gary Hobbs\npercussion: Ramon Lopez\n\nProduction\nBob Curnow – production\nMurray Allen – recording engineering\nJordana Von Spiro – art direction\nSerge Seymour, Audree Coke, Jurgen Wiechmann – cover art/photography\n\nReferences\n\nBibliography\n\nExternal links\n \n Kenton '76 at Allmusic\n Kenton '76 at All Things Kenton\n\nInstrumental albums\n1976 albums\nStan Kenton albums\nGNP Crescendo Records albums", "Simon Kenton(aka \"Simon Butler\") (April 3, 1755 – April 29, 1836) was a United States frontiersman and soldier in West Virginia, Kentucky and Ohio. He was a friend of Daniel Boone,Simon GirtySpencer Records, Thomas S. Hinde, Thomas Hinde, and Isaac Shelby. He served the United States in the Revolution, the Northwest Indian War and the War of 1812. Surviving the gauntlet and ritual torture, in 1778 he was adopted into the Shawnee people. He married twice and had a total of ten children.\n\nFamily and early life\nSimon Kenton was born at the headwaters of Mill Run in the Bull Run Mountains on April 3, 1755, in Prince William County, Virginia to Mark Kenton, Sr. (an immigrant from Ireland) and Mary Miller Kenton (whose family was Scots-Welsh in ancestry). In 1771, at the age of 16, thinking he had killed William Leachman in a jealous rage (the fight began over the love of a girl named Ellen Cummins), Kenton fled into the wilderness of West Virginia, Kentucky, and Ohio, where for years he went by the name \"Simon Butler.\" After learning that his victim had lived, Kenton took back his original surname.\n\nNoted activities\n\nIn 1774, in a conflict later labeled Dunmore's War, Kenton served as a scout for the European settlers against the Shawnee Indians in what is now West Virginia and Kentucky. In 1777, he saved the life of his friend and fellow frontiersman, Daniel Boone, at Boonesborough, Kentucky.\n\nThe following year, Kenton was rescued from the Shawnee in Ohio by Simon Girty. He had survived many days of running the gauntlet and various other ritual tortures that usually caused death. He was later taken about 50 miles for more torture at Upper Sandusky. There he was saved by Pierre Drouillard, an interpreter for the British Indian department and father of explorer George Drouillard. The Shawnee respected Kenton for his endurance; they named him Cut-ta-ho-tha (the condemned man). He was \"adopted into the tribe by a motherly squaw whose own son had been slain.\"\n\nKenton served as scout on the 1778 George Rogers Clark expedition to capture Fort Sackville during the American Revolution. Independence did not mean an end to warfare; in 1793-94 Kenton fought in the Northwest Indian War with \"Mad\" Anthony Wayne.\n\nKenton started exploring the area of the Mad River Valley of Ohio and making claims as early as 1788. Kenton first saw the area a decade before while he was held as a prisoner with the Shawnee and vowed that if he survived he would return. In April 1799, Kenton and his associate, Colonel William Ward, led a group of families from Mason County, Kentucky to an area between present-day Springfield and Urbana, Ohio.\n\nIn 1810 Kenton moved to Urbana, Ohio, where he achieved the rank of brigadier general of the state militia. He served in the War of 1812 as both a scout and as leader of a militia group in the Battle of the Thames in 1813. This was the battle in which the Indian chief Tecumseh was killed. Kenton was chosen to identify Tecumseh's body but, recognizing both Tecumseh and another fallen warrior named Roundhead, and seeing soldiers gleefully eager to carve up Tecumseh's body into souvenirs, he identified Roundhead as the chief.\n\nA large boulder located on the west side of the Ritter Public Library in Vermilion, Ohio, discovered in 1937 on a farm a few miles to the south, is inscribed \"1784 S. KENTON,\" and tradition has it that it was carved by Kenton himself while in Indian custody. Documentary evidence, however, shows that Kenton was not in Indian custody in 1784, was not near Vermilion in 1784 and did not learn to write until 1785.\n\nMarriage and family\nKenton married Martha Dowden and they had four children together. After she died in a house fire, the widower married Elizabeth Jarboe as his second wife. He had six children with her.\n\nPrevious to his first marriage, Simon's first son (Simon Ruth Kenton) was born to Christina Ruth in 1773.\n\nKenton died in (and was initially buried at) New Jerusalem in Logan County, Ohio. His body was later moved to Urbana.\n\nLater his widow Elizabeth Jarboe Kenton and a number of their children moved to northwestern Indiana, to an area straddling Jasper, White, and Pulaski counties. It was heavily settled by families who migrated from Champaign County, Ohio, where Kenton is buried.\n\nNamesakes\n\nSimon Kenton is the namesake of Kenton, the county seat of northwestern Ohio's Hardin County.\n\nKenton County, Kentucky is named for him, as is Simon Kenton High School in Independence, the county seat. A statue honoring him was erected in Covington, Kentucky's Riverside Drive Historic District, overlooking the Ohio River.\n\nSimon Kenton Elementary Schools were named in Xenia and Springfield, Ohio.\n\nSinger/songwriter Tyler Childers wrote the song Middle Ground in reference to Kenton and his expeditions. \n\nSimon Kenton Post #20 in Elsmere, Kentucky of the Kentucky Department of the American Legion is named in his honor.\n\nSimon Kenton Road is a residential street at the base of Bull Run Mountain in Prince William County, Virginia.\n\nThe Boy Scouts of America have the Simon Kenton Council, a division covering Central Ohio to northern Kentucky.\n\nIn the Frontiersman Camping Fellowship of the Royal Rangers, Indiana is designated the Simon Kenton Chapter.\n\nThe Simon Kenton Memorial Bridge is a suspension bridge built in 1931 that crosses the Ohio River and connects Maysville, Kentucky and Aberdeen, Ohio.\n\nOhio's Simon Kenton Trail is a 32-mile multi-use path that stretches from Springfield to Bellefontaine.\n\nThe Simon Kenton Pub is a small bar located in the Water Wheel Restaurant at The Inn at Gristmill Square in Warm Springs, Virginia. \n\nThe Simon Kenton Inn is an 1828 Historic House with five guest rooms and The Pub restaurant, located near Springfield, Ohio, on land deeded to Simon Kenton by the U.S. Government circa 1800.\n\nReferences\n\nClark, Thomas D. Simon Kenton: Kentucky Scout; Originally published 1943; 1971 paperback reprint edition, Jesse Stuart Foundation; .\n \nCrain, Ray. Simon Kenton: The Great Frontiersman. Available in either hardback or paper back; Published June 1, 1992; \nEckert, Allan W. The Frontiersmen: A Narrative; Originally published 1967; 2001 paperback reprint edition, Jesse Stuart Foundation; . Popular history in narrative form.\nKenton, Edna. Simon Kenton: His Life and Period, 1755-1836. Originally published 1930; reprinted Salem, NH: Ayer, 1993.\n\nExternal links\n\nThe Official Simon Kenton page\nSimon Kenton at Ohio History Central.\n\nReferences\n\n1755 births\n1836 deaths\nAmerican explorers\nAmerican folklore\nAmerican militiamen in the War of 1812\nKentucky pioneers\nIndiana in the American Revolution\nKentucky militiamen in the American Revolution\nAmerican people of the Northwest Indian War\nPeople from Urbana, Ohio" ]

[ "Stanley Newcomb Kenton (December 15, 1911 – August 25, 1979) was an American popular music and jazz artist. As a pianist, composer, arranger and band leader, he led an innovative and influential jazz orchestra for almost four decades. Though Kenton had several pop hits from the early 1940s into the 1960s, his music was always forward-looking. Kenton was also a pioneer in the field of jazz education, creating the Stan Kenton Jazz Camp in 1959 at Indiana University.", "Kenton was also a pioneer in the field of jazz education, creating the Stan Kenton Jazz Camp in 1959 at Indiana University. Early life Stan Kenton was born on December 15, 1911, in Wichita, Kansas; he had two sisters (Beulah and Erma Mae) born three and eight years after him. His parents, Floyd and Stella Kenton, moved the family to Colorado, and in 1924, to the Greater Los Angeles Area, settling in suburban Bell, California.", "His parents, Floyd and Stella Kenton, moved the family to Colorado, and in 1924, to the Greater Los Angeles Area, settling in suburban Bell, California. Kenton attended Bell High School; his high-school yearbook picture has the prophetic notation \"Old Man Jazz\". Kenton started learning piano as a teen from a local pianist and organist. When he was around 15 and in high school, pianist and arranger Ralph Yaw introduced him to the music of Louis Armstong and Earl Hines.", "When he was around 15 and in high school, pianist and arranger Ralph Yaw introduced him to the music of Louis Armstong and Earl Hines. He graduated from high school in 1930. By the age of 16, Kenton was already playing a regular solo piano gig at a local hamburger eatery for 50 cents a night plus tips; during that time he had his own performing group named \"The Bell-Tones\". His first arrangement was written during this time for a local eight-piece band that played in nearby Long Beach.", "His first arrangement was written during this time for a local eight-piece band that played in nearby Long Beach. Career 1930s With very little money, Kenton traveled to speakeasys in San Diego and Las Vegas playing piano. By 1932 he was playing with the Francis Gilbert Territory band and would tour through Arizona; he would go on to working with the Everett Hoagland Orchestra in 1933, which would be his first time playing at the Rendezvous Ballroom.", "By 1932 he was playing with the Francis Gilbert Territory band and would tour through Arizona; he would go on to working with the Everett Hoagland Orchestra in 1933, which would be his first time playing at the Rendezvous Ballroom. He would then play with Russ Plummer, Hal Grayson and eventually got a big break with Gus Arnheim. In April 1936 Arnheim was reorganizing his band into the style of Benny Goodman's groups and Kenton was to take the piano chair.", "In April 1936 Arnheim was reorganizing his band into the style of Benny Goodman's groups and Kenton was to take the piano chair. This is where Kenton would make his first recordings when Arnheim made 14 sides for the Brunswick label in summer of 1937. Once he departed from Gus Arnheim's group, Kenton went back to study with private teachers on both the piano and in composition. In 1938 Kenton would join Vido Musso in a short-lived band but a very educational experience for him.", "In 1938 Kenton would join Vido Musso in a short-lived band but a very educational experience for him. From the core of this group came the line up of the first Stan Kenton groups of the 1940s. Kenton would also go on to working with the NBC House Band and in various Hollywood studios and clubs. Producer George Avakian took notice of Kenton during this time while he worked as the pianist and Assistant Musical Director at the Earl Carroll Theatre Restaurant in Hollywood.", "Producer George Avakian took notice of Kenton during this time while he worked as the pianist and Assistant Musical Director at the Earl Carroll Theatre Restaurant in Hollywood. Kenton started to get the idea of running his own band from this experience; he created a rehearsal band of his own which eventually become his group in the 1940s. 1940s In 1940, Kenton formed his first orchestra. Kenton worked in the early days with his own groups as much more of an arranger than a featured pianist.", "Kenton worked in the early days with his own groups as much more of an arranger than a featured pianist. Although there were no \"name\" musicians in his first band (with the possible exception of bassist Howard Rumsey and trumpeter Chico Alvarez), Kenton spent the summer of 1941 playing regularly before an audience at the Rendezvous Ballroom in Balboa Beach, CA. Influenced by Benny Carter and Jimmie Lunceford, the Stan Kenton Orchestra struggled for a time after its initial success.", "Influenced by Benny Carter and Jimmie Lunceford, the Stan Kenton Orchestra struggled for a time after its initial success. Its Decca recordings were not big sellers and a stint as Bob Hope's backup radio band during the 1943–44 season was an unhappy experience; Les Brown permanently took Kenton's place. Kenton's first appearance in New York was in February 1942 at the Roseland Ballroom, with the marquee featuring an endorsement by Fred Astaire.", "Kenton's first appearance in New York was in February 1942 at the Roseland Ballroom, with the marquee featuring an endorsement by Fred Astaire. By late 1943, with a contract with the newly formed Capitol Records, a popular record in \"Eager Beaver\", and growing recognition, the Stan Kenton Orchestra was gradually catching on; it developed into one of the best-known West Coast ensembles of the 1940s. Its soloists during the war years included Art Pepper, briefly Stan Getz, altoist Boots Mussulli, and singer Anita O'Day.", "Its soloists during the war years included Art Pepper, briefly Stan Getz, altoist Boots Mussulli, and singer Anita O'Day. By 1945, the band had evolved. The songwriter Joe Greene provided the lyrics for hit songs like \"And Her Tears Flowed Like Wine\" and \"Don't Let the Sun Catch You Cryin'\".", "The songwriter Joe Greene provided the lyrics for hit songs like \"And Her Tears Flowed Like Wine\" and \"Don't Let the Sun Catch You Cryin'\". Pete Rugolo became the chief arranger (extending Kenton's ideas), Bob Cooper and Vido Musso offered very different tenor styles, and June Christy was Kenton's new singer; her hits (including \"Tampico\" and Greene's \"Across the Alley from the Alamo\") made it possible for Kenton to finance his more ambitious projects.", "Pete Rugolo became the chief arranger (extending Kenton's ideas), Bob Cooper and Vido Musso offered very different tenor styles, and June Christy was Kenton's new singer; her hits (including \"Tampico\" and Greene's \"Across the Alley from the Alamo\") made it possible for Kenton to finance his more ambitious projects. Artistry in Rhythm When composer/arranger Pete Rugolo joined the Stan Kenton Orchestra as staff arranger in late 1945 he brought with him his love of jazz, Stravinsky and Bartók.", "Artistry in Rhythm When composer/arranger Pete Rugolo joined the Stan Kenton Orchestra as staff arranger in late 1945 he brought with him his love of jazz, Stravinsky and Bartók. Given free rein by Kenton, Rugolo experimented. Although Kenton himself was already trying experimental scores prior to Rugolo's tenure, it was Rugolo who brought extra jazz and classical influences much needed to move the band forward artistically.", "Although Kenton himself was already trying experimental scores prior to Rugolo's tenure, it was Rugolo who brought extra jazz and classical influences much needed to move the band forward artistically. During his first six months on the staff, Rugolo tried to copy Kenton's sound; on encouragement from the leader he explored his own voice. By incorporating compositional techniques borrowed from the modern classical music he studied, Rugolo was a key part of one of Kenton's most fertile and creative periods.", "By incorporating compositional techniques borrowed from the modern classical music he studied, Rugolo was a key part of one of Kenton's most fertile and creative periods. After a string of mostly arrangements, Rugolo turned out three originals that Kenton featured on the band's first album in 1946: (Artistry in Rhythm): \"Artistry in Percussion\", \"Safranski\" and \"Artistry in Bolero\".", "After a string of mostly arrangements, Rugolo turned out three originals that Kenton featured on the band's first album in 1946: (Artistry in Rhythm): \"Artistry in Percussion\", \"Safranski\" and \"Artistry in Bolero\". Added to this mix came \"Machito\", \"Rhythm Incorporated\", \"Monotony\" and \"Interlude\" in early 1947 (though some were not recorded until later in the year).", "Added to this mix came \"Machito\", \"Rhythm Incorporated\", \"Monotony\" and \"Interlude\" in early 1947 (though some were not recorded until later in the year). These compositions, along with June Christy's voice, came to define the Artistry in Rhythm band. Afro-Cuban writing was added to the Kenton book with compositions like Rugolo's \"Machito.\"", "Afro-Cuban writing was added to the Kenton book with compositions like Rugolo's \"Machito.\" The resulting instrumentation, utilizing significant amounts of brass, was described as a \"wall of sound\" (a term later re-coined independently by Andrew Loog Oldham for Phil Spector's production methods). The Artistry in Rhythm ensemble was a formative band, with outstanding soloists. By early 1947, the Stan Kenton Orchestra had reached a high point of financial and popular success.", "By early 1947, the Stan Kenton Orchestra had reached a high point of financial and popular success. They played in the best theaters and ballrooms in America and numerous hit records. Dances at the many ballrooms were typically four hours a night and theater dates generally involved playing mini-concerts between each showing of the movie. This was sometimes five or six a day, stretching from morning to late night. Most days not actually playing were spent in buses or cars. Days off from performing were rare.", "Days off from performing were rare. Days off from performing were rare. For Stan Kenton they just allowed for more record signing, radio station interviews, and advertising for Capitol Records. Due to the financial and personal demands, following an April performance in Tuscaloosa, he broke up the Artistry in Rhythm incarnation of Kenton ensembles. Progressive Jazz After a hiatus of five months, Kenton formed a new, larger ensemble to present Concerts in Progressive Jazz.", "Progressive Jazz After a hiatus of five months, Kenton formed a new, larger ensemble to present Concerts in Progressive Jazz. Sustaining the ensemble on its own proved mostly attainable but the band still had to fill in its schedule by booking dances and movie theater jobs, especially over the summer. Pete Rugolo composed and arranged the great bulk of the new music; Kenton declared these works to be Progressive Jazz.", "Pete Rugolo composed and arranged the great bulk of the new music; Kenton declared these works to be Progressive Jazz. A student of famed composer and educator Russ Garcia, Bob Graettinger wrote numerous works for the band, starting with his composition Thermopylae. His ground-breaking composition City of Glass was premiered by the band in Chicago in April 1948, but not recorded for another two and a half years, in a reworked version for the Innovations Orchestra.", "His ground-breaking composition City of Glass was premiered by the band in Chicago in April 1948, but not recorded for another two and a half years, in a reworked version for the Innovations Orchestra. Ken Hanna, who began the tour as a trumpet player, contributed a few compositions to the new band, including Somnambulism.", "Ken Hanna, who began the tour as a trumpet player, contributed a few compositions to the new band, including Somnambulism. Kenton contributed no new scores to the Progressive Jazz band, although several of his older works were performed on concerts, including Concerto to End All Concertos, Eager Beaver, Opus in Pastels, and Artistry in Rhythm.", "Kenton contributed no new scores to the Progressive Jazz band, although several of his older works were performed on concerts, including Concerto to End All Concertos, Eager Beaver, Opus in Pastels, and Artistry in Rhythm. Cuban inflected titles from the Progressive Jazz period include Rugolo's Introduction to a Latin Rhythm, Cuban Carnival, The Peanut Vendor, and Journey to Brazil, and Bob Graettinger's Cuban Pastorale.", "Cuban inflected titles from the Progressive Jazz period include Rugolo's Introduction to a Latin Rhythm, Cuban Carnival, The Peanut Vendor, and Journey to Brazil, and Bob Graettinger's Cuban Pastorale. The addition of a full-time bongo player and a Brazilian guitarist in the band enabled Kenton's cadre of composers to explore Afro-Latin rhythms to far greater possibilities. The Progressive Jazz period lasted 14 months, beginning on September 24, 1947, when the Stan Kenton Orchestra played a concert at the Rendezvous Ballroom.", "The Progressive Jazz period lasted 14 months, beginning on September 24, 1947, when the Stan Kenton Orchestra played a concert at the Rendezvous Ballroom. And it ended after the last show at the Paramount Theatre in New York City on December 14, 1948. The band produced only one album and a handful of singles, due to a recording ban by the American Federation of Musicians that lasted the entirety of 1948.", "The band produced only one album and a handful of singles, due to a recording ban by the American Federation of Musicians that lasted the entirety of 1948. The lone record, \"A Presentation of Progressive Jazz,\" received a 3 out of 4 rating from Tom Herrick in DownBeat. Metronome rated it \"C\" calling it a \"jerry-built jumble of effects and counter-effects\" and \"this album presents very little that can justifiably be called either jazz or progressive.\"", "Metronome rated it \"C\" calling it a \"jerry-built jumble of effects and counter-effects\" and \"this album presents very little that can justifiably be called either jazz or progressive.\" Billboard scored it 80 out of 100, but declared it \"as mumbo-jumbo a collection of cacophony as has ever been loosed on an unsuspecting public. Many sidemen from the Artistry band returned, but there were significant changes. Laurindo Almeida on classical guitar, and Jack Costanzo on bongos dramatically changed the band's timbre.", "Laurindo Almeida on classical guitar, and Jack Costanzo on bongos dramatically changed the band's timbre. Both were firsts for the Kenton band, or any jazz band for that matter. The rhythm section included returnees Eddie Safranski (bass) and Shelly Manne (drums), both destined to win first place Down Beat awards. Four of the five trumpet players returned: Buddy Childers, Ray Wetzel, Chico Alvarez, and Ken Hanna. Al Porcino was added to the already powerhouse section.", "Al Porcino was added to the already powerhouse section. Al Porcino was added to the already powerhouse section. Conte Candoli joined the band, replacing Porcino, in February 1948. Kai Winding, star trombonist of the Artistry in Rhythm band, would not be a part of the Progressive Jazz era, except for a few dates on which he subbed. Milt Bernhart came in on lead trombone. And Bart Varsalona returned on bass trombone.", "And Bart Varsalona returned on bass trombone. And Bart Varsalona returned on bass trombone. Bernhart's first big solo with the Kenton band proved to be a major hit, The Peanut Vendor. The saxophone section was much improved and modernized. Returning saxophonists included baritone Bob Gioga, holding down his chair since the very start, and Bob Cooper on tenor. With Vido Musso's departure, Cooper and his modernist sound became the featured tenor soloist. Art Pepper came on as second alto, the \"jazz\" chair.", "Art Pepper came on as second alto, the \"jazz\" chair. And the new lead alto was George Weidler. This was genuinely a band of all-stars. They received five first place awards in the Down Beat poll at the end of 1947, and similar awards from the other magazines. The arrangers continued to push the limits of these superb instrumentalists in their compositions.", "The arrangers continued to push the limits of these superb instrumentalists in their compositions. Works from this period are more sophisticated than those written for the Artistry band, and are some of the first and most successful \"third stream\" compositions. The band criss-crossed the country, appearing in the nation's top concert venues, including Carnegie Hall, Boston Symphony Hall, Chicago Civic Opera House, Academy of Music (Philadelphia), and the Hollywood Bowl.", "The band criss-crossed the country, appearing in the nation's top concert venues, including Carnegie Hall, Boston Symphony Hall, Chicago Civic Opera House, Academy of Music (Philadelphia), and the Hollywood Bowl. They had extended stays at New York's Paramount Theatre and Hotel Commodore, Philadelphia's Click, Detroit's Eastwood Gardens, Radio City Theater in Minneapolis, and the Rendezvous Ballroom, a special place in Kenton's musical life.", "They had extended stays at New York's Paramount Theatre and Hotel Commodore, Philadelphia's Click, Detroit's Eastwood Gardens, Radio City Theater in Minneapolis, and the Rendezvous Ballroom, a special place in Kenton's musical life. Kenton's band was the first to present a concert in the famous outdoor arena, the Hollywood Bowl. His concert there on June 12, 1948, drew more than 15,000 people, and was both an artistic and commercial success.", "His concert there on June 12, 1948, drew more than 15,000 people, and was both an artistic and commercial success. Kenton pocketed half of the box office, walking away with $13,000 for the evening's concert. The band broke attendance records all across the country. Thanks to Kenton's public relations acumen, he was able to convince concert goers and record buyers of the importance of his music. Comedy numbers and June Christy vocals helped break up the seriousness of the new music.", "Comedy numbers and June Christy vocals helped break up the seriousness of the new music. Kenton's successes did not sit well with everyone. In an essay entitled Economics and Race in Jazz, Leslie B. Rout Jr. wrote that \"the real scourge of the 1946–1949 period was the all-white Stan Kenton band. Dubbing his musical repertoire 'progressive jazz,' Kenton saw his orchestra become the first in jazz history to reach an annual gross of $1,000,000 in 1948.\"", "Dubbing his musical repertoire 'progressive jazz,' Kenton saw his orchestra become the first in jazz history to reach an annual gross of $1,000,000 in 1948.\" He contrasted this with a situation in which critical and public recognition of \"Dizzy Gillespie as the premiere bopper could not be transformed into coin of the realm.\"", "He contrasted this with a situation in which critical and public recognition of \"Dizzy Gillespie as the premiere bopper could not be transformed into coin of the realm.\" At the end of 1948, as the band was fulfilling an extended engagement at the Paramount Theater in New York City, the leader notified his sidemen, his bookers, and the press, that he would be disbanding once more. Kenton's most artistically and commercially successful band ceased to be at the top of their game.", "Kenton's most artistically and commercially successful band ceased to be at the top of their game. On December 14, the Stan Kenton Orchestra played their last notes for more than a year. When they returned, there would be new faces, new music and a string section. 1950s After a year's hiatus, in 1950 Kenton assembled the large 39-piece Innovations in Modern Music Orchestra that included 16 strings, a woodwind section, and two French horns.", "1950s After a year's hiatus, in 1950 Kenton assembled the large 39-piece Innovations in Modern Music Orchestra that included 16 strings, a woodwind section, and two French horns. The music was an extension of the works composed and recorded since 1947 by Bob Graettinger, Manny Albam, Franklyn Marks and others. Name jazz musicians such as Maynard Ferguson, Shorty Rogers, Milt Bernhart, John Graas, Art Pepper, Bud Shank, Bob Cooper, Laurindo Almeida, Shelly Manne, and June Christy were part of these musical ensembles.", "Name jazz musicians such as Maynard Ferguson, Shorty Rogers, Milt Bernhart, John Graas, Art Pepper, Bud Shank, Bob Cooper, Laurindo Almeida, Shelly Manne, and June Christy were part of these musical ensembles. The groups managed two tours during 1950–51, from a commercial standpoint it would be Stan Kenton's first major failure. Kenton soon reverted to a more standard 19-piece lineup.", "Kenton soon reverted to a more standard 19-piece lineup. Kenton soon reverted to a more standard 19-piece lineup. In order to be more commercially viable, Kenton reformed the band in 1951 to a much more standard instrumentation: five saxes, five trombones, five trumpets, piano, guitar, bass, drums. The charts of such arrangers as Gerry Mulligan, Johnny Richards, and particularly Bill Holman and Bill Russo began to dominate the repertoire.", "The charts of such arrangers as Gerry Mulligan, Johnny Richards, and particularly Bill Holman and Bill Russo began to dominate the repertoire. The music was written to better reflect the style of cutting edge, be-bop oriented big bands, such as those of Dizzy Gillespie or Woody Herman. Young, talented players and outstanding jazz soloists such as Maynard Ferguson, Lee Konitz, Conte Candoli, Sal Salvador, and Frank Rosolino made strong contributions to the level of the 1952–53 band.", "Young, talented players and outstanding jazz soloists such as Maynard Ferguson, Lee Konitz, Conte Candoli, Sal Salvador, and Frank Rosolino made strong contributions to the level of the 1952–53 band. The music composed and arranged during this time was far more tailor-made to contemporary jazz tastes; the 1953 album New Concepts of Artistry in Rhythm is noted as one of the high points in Kenton's career as band leader.", "The music composed and arranged during this time was far more tailor-made to contemporary jazz tastes; the 1953 album New Concepts of Artistry in Rhythm is noted as one of the high points in Kenton's career as band leader. Though the band was to have a very strong \"concert book\", Kenton also made sure the dance book was made new, fresh and contemporary.", "Though the band was to have a very strong \"concert book\", Kenton also made sure the dance book was made new, fresh and contemporary. The album Sketches on Standards from 1953 is an excellent example of Kenton appealing to a wider audience while using the band and Bill Russo's arranging skills to their fullest potential. Even though the personnel changed rather rapidly, Kenton's focus was very clear on where he would lead things musically.", "Even though the personnel changed rather rapidly, Kenton's focus was very clear on where he would lead things musically. By this time producer Lee Gillette worked well in concert with Kenton to create a balanced set of recordings that were both commercially viable and cutting edge musically. Arguably the most \"swinging\" band Kenton was to field came when legendary drummer Mel Lewis joined the orchestra in 1954.", "Arguably the most \"swinging\" band Kenton was to field came when legendary drummer Mel Lewis joined the orchestra in 1954. Kenton's Contemporary Concepts (1955) and Kenton in Hi-Fi (1956) albums during this time are very impressive as a be-bop recording and then a standard dance recording (respectively). Kenton in Hi-Fis wide popularity and sales benefited from the fact it was his greatest hits of ten years earlier re-recorded in stereo with a contemporary, much higher level band.", "Kenton in Hi-Fis wide popularity and sales benefited from the fact it was his greatest hits of ten years earlier re-recorded in stereo with a contemporary, much higher level band. The album climbed all the way up to #22 on the Billboard album charts and provided much needed revenue at a time when Rock n Roll had started to become the dominant pop music in the United States. It would become more and more difficult for Kenton to alternate between 'dance' and serious 'jazz' albums while staying financially solvent.", "It would become more and more difficult for Kenton to alternate between 'dance' and serious 'jazz' albums while staying financially solvent. During the summer of the summer of 1955 (July–September), Kenton was to become the host of the CBS television series Music 55. While it offered 10 weeks of great exposure to a rapidly expanding television audience, the show failed. It was plagued by poor production techniques and a strange combination of guests that did not work well with what Kenton had envisioned.", "It was plagued by poor production techniques and a strange combination of guests that did not work well with what Kenton had envisioned. He ended up being stiff and out of place with what the producers tried to achieve. Kenton had to burn the candle at both ends flying in to do the show then flying back out to meet his band out on the road. The New York production team was limited by using an American Federation of Musicians roster of local players; Kenton wanted his own band to do the show.", "The New York production team was limited by using an American Federation of Musicians roster of local players; Kenton wanted his own band to do the show. There would be another attempt for the Kenton organization to place the band on regularly scheduled television programming in 1958. After six Kenton financed episodes on KTTV in Los Angeles, there would be no sponsors to step up and back the show. One of the standout projects and recordings for the mid-1950s band is the Cuban Fire! album released in 1956.", "album released in 1956. album released in 1956. Though Stan Kenton had recorded earlier hits such as The Peanut Vendor in 1947 with Latin percussionist Machito, as well as many other Latin flavored singles, the Cuban Fire! suite and LP stands as a watershed set of compositions for Johnny Richards' career and an outstanding commercial/artistic achievement for the Kenton orchestra, and a singular landmark in large ensemble Latin jazz recordings. \"CUBAN FIRE is completely authentic, the way it combines big-band jazz with genuine Latin-American rhythms.\"", "\"CUBAN FIRE is completely authentic, the way it combines big-band jazz with genuine Latin-American rhythms.\" The success of the Cuban Fire! album can be gauged in part by the immediate ascent of Johnny Richards' star after its release; he was suddenly offered a contract by Bethlehem Records to record what would be the first of several recordings with his own groups. At one point, Kenton faced a controversy in 1956 with comments he made when the band returned from a European tour.", "At one point, Kenton faced a controversy in 1956 with comments he made when the band returned from a European tour. The current Critics Poll in Down Beat was now dominated by African-American musicians in virtually every category. The Kenton band was playing in Ontario, Canada, at the time, and Kenton dispatched a telegram which lamented \"a new minority, white jazz musicians,\" and stated his \"disgust [with the so-called] literary geniuses of jazz.\"", "The Kenton band was playing in Ontario, Canada, at the time, and Kenton dispatched a telegram which lamented \"a new minority, white jazz musicians,\" and stated his \"disgust [with the so-called] literary geniuses of jazz.\" Jazz critic Leonard Feather responded in the October 3, 1956, issue of Down Beat with an open letter that questioned Kenton's racial views.", "Jazz critic Leonard Feather responded in the October 3, 1956, issue of Down Beat with an open letter that questioned Kenton's racial views. Feather implied that Kenton's failure to win the Critics Poll was probably the real reason for the complaint, and wondered if racial prejudice was involved. In hindsight the record shows Kenton's biggest sin is to have hastily fired off the comments. However, less than 2% of the more than 600 sidemen with the Kenton band were African American.", "However, less than 2% of the more than 600 sidemen with the Kenton band were African American. By the end of the decade Kenton was with the last incarnation of a 19-piece, 1950s-style Kenton orchestra. Many bands have been called a leader's \"best\"; this last Kenton 1959 incarnation of the 1950s bands may very well be the best. The group would pull off one of Kenton's most artistic, subtle and introspective recordings, Standards in Silhouette.", "The group would pull off one of Kenton's most artistic, subtle and introspective recordings, Standards in Silhouette. As trombonist Archie LeCoque recalled of this album of very slow ballads, \"...it was hard, but at the time we were all young and straight-ahead, we got through it and (two) albums came out well.\" By 1959 Stereophonic sound recording was now being fully utilized with all major labels.", "By 1959 Stereophonic sound recording was now being fully utilized with all major labels. One of the great triumphs of the Standards in Silhouette album is the mature writing, the combination of the room used, a live group with very few overdubs, and the recording being in full stereo fidelity (and later remastered to digital). Bill Mathieu was highly skeptical of the decision to record his music like Cuban Fire! in a cavernous ballroom.", "in a cavernous ballroom. in a cavernous ballroom. Mathieu adds: \"Stan and producer Lee Gillette were absolutely right: the band sounds alive and awake (which is not easy when recording many hours of slow-tempo music in a studio), and most importantly, the players could hear themselves well in the live room. The end result is the band sounds strong and cohesive, and the album is well recorded.\" This is the last set of studio dates before Kenton would retool the entire orchestra in 1960.", "This is the last set of studio dates before Kenton would retool the entire orchestra in 1960. 1960s The Kenton orchestra had been on a slow decline in sales and popularity in the late 1950s with having to compete with newer, popular music artists such as Elvis Presley, Bobby Darin, and The Platters. The nadir of this decline was around 1958 and coincided with a recession that was affecting the entire country. There were far fewer big bands on the road and live music venues were hard to book for the Kenton orchestra.", "There were far fewer big bands on the road and live music venues were hard to book for the Kenton orchestra. The band would end 1959 beaten up by poor attendance at concerts and having to rely far more on dance halls than real jazz concerts. The band would reform in 1960 with a new look, a new sound, a larger group with a 'mellophonium' section added and an upsurge in Kenton's popularity.Sparke, Michael; Peter Venudor (1998). Stan Kenton, The Studio Sessions. Balboa Books. .", "Stan Kenton, The Studio Sessions. Balboa Books. . . The new instrument was used by Kenton to \"bridge the gap\" in range, color, and tonality between his trumpet and trombone sections. Essentially it creates a conical, midrange sound that is common in a symphonic setting with a horn (French horn) but the bell of the instrument faces forward. Kenton's 1961 recording The Romantic Approach for Capitol is the first of 11 LPs that would feature the \"mellophonium band\".", "Kenton's 1961 recording The Romantic Approach for Capitol is the first of 11 LPs that would feature the \"mellophonium band\". Kenton arranged the whole first mellophonium album himself and it was very well received in a September 1961 review in Down Beat. The Kenton Orchestra from 1960 to 1963 had numerous successes; the band had a relentless recording schedule. The albums Kenton's West Side Story (arrangements by Johnny Richards) and Adventures In Jazz, each won Grammy awards in 1962 and 1963 respectively.", "The albums Kenton's West Side Story (arrangements by Johnny Richards) and Adventures In Jazz, each won Grammy awards in 1962 and 1963 respectively. Ralph Carmichael wrote a superb set of Christmas charts for Kenton which translated into one of the most popular recordings from the band leader to date: A Merry Christmas!.", "Ralph Carmichael wrote a superb set of Christmas charts for Kenton which translated into one of the most popular recordings from the band leader to date: A Merry Christmas!. Also, Johnny Richards' Adventures in Time suite (recorded in 1962) was the culmination of all things the mellophonium band was capable of.NPR: Stan Kenton At 100: Artistry In Rhythm , Reference to Adventures in Time in article as important milestone of Kenton's music. February 17, 2012. After the Fall 1963 U.S./U.K.", "February 17, 2012. After the Fall 1963 U.S./U.K. After the Fall 1963 U.S./U.K. tour ended in November, the mellophonium incarnation of Kenton bands was done. The conditions of Stan's divorce from jazz singer Ann Richards was that a judge ordered Stan to take a year off the road to help raise their two children or lose custody altogether. Kenton would not reform another road band for tour until 1965.", "Kenton would not reform another road band for tour until 1965. Kenton had ties from earlier writing of country/western songs that were a success with Capitol and again he tried his hand in that genre during the early 1960s. In a music market that was becoming increasingly tight, in 1962 he cut the hit single \"Mama Sang a Song\"; his last Top-40 ( 32 Billboard, No. 22 Music Vendor). The song was a narration written by country singer Bill Anderson and spoken by Kenton.", "The song was a narration written by country singer Bill Anderson and spoken by Kenton. The single also received a Grammy nomination the following year in the Best Documentary or Spoken Word Recording category. The other attempt he made into that market was the far less successful Stan Kenton! Tex Ritter!, released in 1962 as a full LP. After the breakup of the mellophonium band, Kenton / Wagner (1964) was an important recording project that Kenton himself arranged, again moving towards \"progressive jazz\" or third stream music.", "After the breakup of the mellophonium band, Kenton / Wagner (1964) was an important recording project that Kenton himself arranged, again moving towards \"progressive jazz\" or third stream music. This album was not a financial success but kept Kenton at the forefront of 'art music' interpretation in the commercial music world. Stan Kenton Conducts the Los Angeles Neophonic Orchestra (1965) was an artistic success that garnered another Grammy nomination for the band leader.", "Stan Kenton Conducts the Los Angeles Neophonic Orchestra (1965) was an artistic success that garnered another Grammy nomination for the band leader. During this time Kenton also co-wrote the theme music for the short lived NBC television series Mister Roberts (1965–66). The 1966–1969 Capitol releases for Stan Kenton were a severe low point for his recording career. Capitol producer Lee Gillette was trying to exploit the money making possibilities of numerous popular hits to include the 1968 musical Hair featuring contemporary rock music.", "Capitol producer Lee Gillette was trying to exploit the money making possibilities of numerous popular hits to include the 1968 musical Hair featuring contemporary rock music. Due to lack of promotion by Capitol, four LPs were financial failures; this would be the last releases for Kenton under the aegis of long time Kenton producer Lee Gillette and Capitol.", "Due to lack of promotion by Capitol, four LPs were financial failures; this would be the last releases for Kenton under the aegis of long time Kenton producer Lee Gillette and Capitol. In fact, by the time it was recorded Kenton had no involvement in the Hair LP except for Kenton's name placed on the jacket cover; Ralph Carmichael and Lennie Niehaus were placed in charge of the project.", "In fact, by the time it was recorded Kenton had no involvement in the Hair LP except for Kenton's name placed on the jacket cover; Ralph Carmichael and Lennie Niehaus were placed in charge of the project. Two exceptions to this late 1960s period are the Billboard charted single the band cut of the Dragnet theme (1967) and another Kenton presents release featuring the music of composer and ex-bandsman Dee Barton: The Jazz Compositions of Dee Barton (1967).", "Two exceptions to this late 1960s period are the Billboard charted single the band cut of the Dragnet theme (1967) and another Kenton presents release featuring the music of composer and ex-bandsman Dee Barton: The Jazz Compositions of Dee Barton (1967). The album featuring Barton's music was another unsung artistic success for the Kenton band though widely unseen commercially by the a music listening public. 1970s The transition from Capitol to Creative World Records in 1970 was fraught with difficulties during a time when the music business was changing rapidly.", "1970s The transition from Capitol to Creative World Records in 1970 was fraught with difficulties during a time when the music business was changing rapidly. As a viable jazz artist who was trying to keep a loyal but dwindling following, Kenton turned to arrangers such as Hank Levy and Bob Curnow to write material that appealed to a younger audience.", "As a viable jazz artist who was trying to keep a loyal but dwindling following, Kenton turned to arrangers such as Hank Levy and Bob Curnow to write material that appealed to a younger audience. The first releases for the Creative World label were live concerts and Kenton had the control he wanted over content but lacked substantial resources to engineer, mix, and promote what Capitol underwrote in the past.", "The first releases for the Creative World label were live concerts and Kenton had the control he wanted over content but lacked substantial resources to engineer, mix, and promote what Capitol underwrote in the past. Kenton would take a big gamble to bypass the current record industry and rely far more on the direct mail lists of jazz fans which the newly formed Creative World label would need to sell records. Kenton also made his print music available to college and high-school stage bands with several publishers.", "Kenton also made his print music available to college and high-school stage bands with several publishers. Kenton continued leading and touring with his big band up to his final performance on August 20, 1978; he disbanded the group due to his failing health. In June 1973 Bob Curnow had started as the new artists and repertoire manager overseeing the whole operation of the Creative World Records.", "In June 1973 Bob Curnow had started as the new artists and repertoire manager overseeing the whole operation of the Creative World Records. It was just the year before (in 1972) the Kenton orchestra recorded the National Anthems of the World double LP with 40 arrangements all done by Curnow. As per Curnow himself, \"That was a remarkable and very difficult time for me.", "As per Curnow himself, \"That was a remarkable and very difficult time for me. I was managing (Stan's) record company with NO experience in business, writing music like mad, living in a new place and culture (Los Angeles was another world), traveling a LOT (out with the band at least 1 week a month) and trying to keep it together at home.\"", "I was managing (Stan's) record company with NO experience in business, writing music like mad, living in a new place and culture (Los Angeles was another world), traveling a LOT (out with the band at least 1 week a month) and trying to keep it together at home.\" When Kenton took to the road during the early 1970s and up to his last tour, he took with him seasoned veteran musicians (John Worster, Willie Maiden, Warren Gale, Graham Ellis and others) teaming them with relatively unknown young artists, and new arrangements (including those by Hank Levy, Bill Holman, Bob Curnow, Willie Maiden and Ken Hanna) were used.", "When Kenton took to the road during the early 1970s and up to his last tour, he took with him seasoned veteran musicians (John Worster, Willie Maiden, Warren Gale, Graham Ellis and others) teaming them with relatively unknown young artists, and new arrangements (including those by Hank Levy, Bill Holman, Bob Curnow, Willie Maiden and Ken Hanna) were used. Many alumni associated with Kenton from this era became educators (Mike Vax, John Von Ohlen, Chuck Carter, Lisa Hittle and Richard Torres), and a few went on to take their musical careers to the next level, such as Peter Erskine, Douglas Purviance and Tim Hagans.", "Many alumni associated with Kenton from this era became educators (Mike Vax, John Von Ohlen, Chuck Carter, Lisa Hittle and Richard Torres), and a few went on to take their musical careers to the next level, such as Peter Erskine, Douglas Purviance and Tim Hagans. Timeline of Stan Kenton Orchestras Legacy Kenton was a salient figure on the American musical scene and made an indelible mark on the arranged type of big band jazz. Kenton's music evolved with the times from 1940 through the 1970s.", "Kenton's music evolved with the times from 1940 through the 1970s. He was at the vanguard of promoting jazz and jazz improvisation through his service as an educator through his Stan Kenton Band Clinics. The \"Kenton Style\" continues to permeate big bands at the high school and collegiate level, and the framework he designed for the \"jazz clinic\" is still widely in use today. Starting in the waning days of the big band era, Kenton found a multitude of ways in which to progress his art form.", "Starting in the waning days of the big band era, Kenton found a multitude of ways in which to progress his art form. In his hands the size of the jazz orchestra expanded greatly, at times exceeding forty musicians. The frequency range (high and low notes) was also increased with the use of bass trombones and tuba, and baritone and bass saxophones. The dynamic range was pushed on both ends; the band could play softer and louder than any other big band.", "The dynamic range was pushed on both ends; the band could play softer and louder than any other big band. Kenton was the primary band leader responsible for moving the big band from the dance hall to the concert hall; one of the most important and successful players in the Third Stream movement. Interest in his music has experienced somewhat of a resurgence, with critical \"rediscovery\" of his music and many reissues of his recordings.", "Interest in his music has experienced somewhat of a resurgence, with critical \"rediscovery\" of his music and many reissues of his recordings. An alumni band named for him tours, led by lead trumpeter Mike Vax, which performs not only classic Kenton arrangements, but also new music written and performed by the band members (much like Kenton's own groups).", "An alumni band named for him tours, led by lead trumpeter Mike Vax, which performs not only classic Kenton arrangements, but also new music written and performed by the band members (much like Kenton's own groups). Kenton donated his entire library to the music library of North Texas State University (now the University of North Texas), and the Stan Kenton Jazz Recital Hall was named in his honor, although has recently been changed due to concerns over his history of sexual misconduct.", "Kenton donated his entire library to the music library of North Texas State University (now the University of North Texas), and the Stan Kenton Jazz Recital Hall was named in his honor, although has recently been changed due to concerns over his history of sexual misconduct. His arrangements are now published by Sierra Music Publications. When comparing the four longest running touring jazz orchestras (Stan Kenton, Woody Herman, Count Basie, and Duke Ellington), Kenton's band had a higher turnover of personnel.", "When comparing the four longest running touring jazz orchestras (Stan Kenton, Woody Herman, Count Basie, and Duke Ellington), Kenton's band had a higher turnover of personnel. Bob Gioga, Buddy Childers, and Dick Shearer are among only a very few who played for Kenton for over a decade. Other important soloists such as Lennie Niehaus, Bill Perkins and Chico Alvarez had lengthy stays on the band as well.", "Other important soloists such as Lennie Niehaus, Bill Perkins and Chico Alvarez had lengthy stays on the band as well. The list of noted jazz players, studio musicians is impressive and the consistency of the group from 1941 to Kenton's passing in 1979 is notable. Stan Kenton's leadership and music vision was clear to marshal the forces of such a diverse set of players and arrangers over this long period of time; Kenton stands alone in the respect.", "Stan Kenton's leadership and music vision was clear to marshal the forces of such a diverse set of players and arrangers over this long period of time; Kenton stands alone in the respect. Personal life Kenton was born on December 15, 1911, according to his birth certificate, according to British biographer Michael Sparke. Kenton was conceived out of wedlock, and his parents told him that he was born two months later than the actual date, February 19, 1912, to obscure this fact.", "Kenton was conceived out of wedlock, and his parents told him that he was born two months later than the actual date, February 19, 1912, to obscure this fact. Kenton believed well into adulthood that the February date was his birthday, and recorded the Birthday In Britain concert album on February 19, 1973. The true date remained a closely held secret, and his grave marker shows the incorrect February birthdate. Kenton was married three times. Three children were produced from the first two marriages.", "Three children were produced from the first two marriages. Three children were produced from the first two marriages. His first marriage was to Violet Rhoda Peters in 1935 and lasted for 15 years. The couple had a daughter in 1941, Leslie. In her 2010 memoir Love Affair, Leslie Kenton wrote that, from 1952 to 1954, when she was between the ages of 11 and 13, her father sexually molested and raped her.", "In her 2010 memoir Love Affair, Leslie Kenton wrote that, from 1952 to 1954, when she was between the ages of 11 and 13, her father sexually molested and raped her. She nonetheless maintained a close relationship with him during his lifetime, though she states that she was emotionally scarred by the experience. She stated that the rapes always occurred under the influence of alcohol, that he was not fully aware of his actions, and that 20 years later he apologized profusely.", "She stated that the rapes always occurred under the influence of alcohol, that he was not fully aware of his actions, and that 20 years later he apologized profusely. Leslie was an author of several books about health, spirituality and beauty. In 1955, Stan Kenton married San Diego-born singer Ann Richards, who was 23 years his junior. The relationship produced two children: daughter Dana Lynn and son Lance. In 1961, Richards posed for a nude layout in Playboy magazine's June 1961 issue.", "In 1961, Richards posed for a nude layout in Playboy magazine's June 1961 issue. She signed a contract to record with Atco Records, without her husband's knowledge. The Playboy shoot was done without Kenton's knowledge; he found out about it while playing at the Aragon Ballroom in Chicago when handed the magazine by Charles Suter, who was the editor of Down Beat magazine at the time. Richards was not typically on the road with the band, though she had recorded the album Two Much!", "Richards was not typically on the road with the band, though she had recorded the album Two Much! with Kenton in 1960. Kenton filed for divorce in August 1961; it was finalized in 1962. He would retain custody of their two children. Kenton's third marriage was to KABC production assistant Jo Ann Hill, in 1967. This also ended in a separation in 1969 with the divorce following in 1970.", "This also ended in a separation in 1969 with the divorce following in 1970. In his later years he lived with his public relations secretary and last business manager, Audree Coke Kenton, though they never formally married. Kenton's heavy consumption of alcohol contributed to ongoing accidents and the physical difficulties he encountered during the last 10 years of his life.", "Kenton's heavy consumption of alcohol contributed to ongoing accidents and the physical difficulties he encountered during the last 10 years of his life. Kenton's son Lance became a member of the controversial Synanon new-age community in California, and served as one of its \"Imperial Marines,\" a group entrusted with committing violence against former members and others considered enemies of the community. In 1978 he was arrested for helping to put a rattlesnake in the mailbox of an anti-Synanon lawyer, and was sentenced to a year in prison.Zacchino, Narda.", "In 1978 he was arrested for helping to put a rattlesnake in the mailbox of an anti-Synanon lawyer, and was sentenced to a year in prison.Zacchino, Narda. \"Band Leader's Son Suspect in Assault\" Los Angeles Times. October 12, 1978. pp. 7 Kenton had two serious accidental falls, one in the early 1970s and one in May of 1977 while on tour in Reading, Pennsylvania. The second fall was very serious as he fractured his skull.", "The second fall was very serious as he fractured his skull. The last two years of his life became far more physically challenging for Kenton from the effects of the two accidents. On August 17, 1979, he was admitted to Midway Hospital near his home in Los Angeles after a stroke; he died eight days later, on August 25. At the time of his death he had three grandchildren. Kenton was interred in the Westwood Village Memorial Park Cemetery, Los Angeles.Jones, Jack.", "Kenton was interred in the Westwood Village Memorial Park Cemetery, Los Angeles.Jones, Jack. \"Stan Kenton, Innovative Band Leader, Dies At 67\". Los Angeles Times. August 26, 1979. pp.", "Los Angeles Times. August 26, 1979. pp. August 26, 1979. pp. 1 Gold records and charts (singles and albums)Gold Records1944 Artistry in Rhythm (Capitol Records) instrumental 1945 Tampico (Capitol Records) vocal by June Christy and band 1945 Shoo-Fly Pie and Apple Pan Dowdy (Capitol Records) vocal by June Christy and band Hits as charted singles (Songs that reached the top of the US or UK charts) Between 1944 and 1967, Stan Kenton had numerous hits on Billboard's charts.", "1 Gold records and charts (singles and albums)Gold Records1944 Artistry in Rhythm (Capitol Records) instrumental 1945 Tampico (Capitol Records) vocal by June Christy and band 1945 Shoo-Fly Pie and Apple Pan Dowdy (Capitol Records) vocal by June Christy and band Hits as charted singles (Songs that reached the top of the US or UK charts) Between 1944 and 1967, Stan Kenton had numerous hits on Billboard's charts. Hits as charted albums (Albums charting history with Billboard Magazine) Awards and honors Wins and honors from major publications Grammy Awards |- |rowspan=\"2\"| |rowspan=\"2\"|West Side Story (album) |Best Performance by an orchestra - for other than dancing | |- |rowspan=\"2\"|Best Jazz Performance - Large Group (Instrumental) | |- |rowspan=\"2\"| |rowspan=\"2\"|Adventures In Jazz (album) | |- |Best Engineered recording (other than classical and novelty) | |- |style=\"text-align:center;\"| |Mama Sang a Song (single) |Best Documentary or Spoken Word Recording (other than comedy) | |- |style=\"text-align:center;\"| |Artistry in Voices and Brass (album) |Best Performance by a Chorus | |- |style=\"text-align:center;\"| |Stan Kenton Conducts the Los Angeles Neophonic Orchestra (album) |Best Instrumental Jazz Performance, Individual or Group | |-Grammy Hall of Fame|- |rowspan=\"1\"| 1943 ||rowspan=\"1\"| Artistry in Rhythm (with the Stan Kenton Orchestra) || Grammy Hall of Fame (1985) || International Music Awards Other awards and honors 1978 – Honorary Doctorate of Music: University of Redlands 1974 – Honorary Doctorate of Humane Letters: Drury College 1968 – Honorary Doctorate of Music: Villanova University 1967 – Intercollegiate Music Festival Hall of Fame Award Named to the International Association for Jazz Education Hall of Fame (1980) Honored on the Hollywood Walk of Fame (Recording – 6340 Hollywood Blvd.)", "Hits as charted albums (Albums charting history with Billboard Magazine) Awards and honors Wins and honors from major publications Grammy Awards |- |rowspan=\"2\"| |rowspan=\"2\"|West Side Story (album) |Best Performance by an orchestra - for other than dancing | |- |rowspan=\"2\"|Best Jazz Performance - Large Group (Instrumental) | |- |rowspan=\"2\"| |rowspan=\"2\"|Adventures In Jazz (album) | |- |Best Engineered recording (other than classical and novelty) | |- |style=\"text-align:center;\"| |Mama Sang a Song (single) |Best Documentary or Spoken Word Recording (other than comedy) | |- |style=\"text-align:center;\"| |Artistry in Voices and Brass (album) |Best Performance by a Chorus | |- |style=\"text-align:center;\"| |Stan Kenton Conducts the Los Angeles Neophonic Orchestra (album) |Best Instrumental Jazz Performance, Individual or Group | |-Grammy Hall of Fame|- |rowspan=\"1\"| 1943 ||rowspan=\"1\"| Artistry in Rhythm (with the Stan Kenton Orchestra) || Grammy Hall of Fame (1985) || International Music Awards Other awards and honors 1978 – Honorary Doctorate of Music: University of Redlands 1974 – Honorary Doctorate of Humane Letters: Drury College 1968 – Honorary Doctorate of Music: Villanova University 1967 – Intercollegiate Music Festival Hall of Fame Award Named to the International Association for Jazz Education Hall of Fame (1980) Honored on the Hollywood Walk of Fame (Recording – 6340 Hollywood Blvd.) \"City of Glass\" is honored in The Wire's \"100 Records That Set The World on Fire\" (While No One Was Listening).\"", "\"City of Glass\" is honored in The Wire's \"100 Records That Set The World on Fire\" (While No One Was Listening).\" Posthumously honored 2011 – \"Stan Kenton: Artistry In Rhythm- Portrait Of A Jazz Legend\" (DVD) EMPixx Awards – Platinum Award in the Documentary Category/Platinum Award in the Use of Music Category.United States Library of Congress National Recording Registry'''Artistry in Rhythm (single) – Stan Kenton – Released:1943 – Inducted: 2011 -\tCategory: Jazz Noted band personnel Instrumentalists Pepper Adams Bob Ahern Sam Aleccia Ashley Alexander Laurindo Almeida Alfred \"Chico\" Alvarez Jim Amlotte John Anderson Buddy Arnold Don Bagley Gabe Baltazar Michael Bard Dave Barduhn Gary Barone Dee Barton Tim Bell Max Bennett Milt Bernhart Bill Briggs Bud Brisbois Ray Brown Bob Burgess Bart Caldarell Tony Campise Frank Capp Conte Candoli Pete Candoli Fred Carter Billy Catalano Bill Chase Buddy Childers Rich Condit Bob Cooper Jack Costanzo Curtis Counce Bob Curnow Quinn Davis Vinnie Dean Jay Daversa Don Dennis Sam Donahue Red Dorris Peter Erskine Don Fagerquist Maynard Ferguson Mary Fettig Bob Fitzpatrick Dr. William \"Bill\" Fritz Carl Fontana Chris Galuman Stan Getz Bob Gioga John Graas Benny Green Tim Hagans Ken Hanna Bill Hanna John Harner Dennis Hayslett Gary Henson Phil Herring Skeets Herfurt Lisa Hittle Gary Hobbs Bill Holman Marvin \"Doc\" Holladay Clay Jenkins Richie Kamuca Joel Kaye Red Kelly Jimmy Knepper Bobby Knight Lee Konitz Tom Lacy Scott LaFaro Jack Lake Keith LaMotte Kent Larsen Terry Layne Skip Layton Gary LeFebvre Archie LeCoque Stan Levey Mel Lewis Ramon Lopez Bob Lymperis John Madrid Willie Maiden Shelly Manne Charlie Mariano Al Mattaliano Dave Matthews Jerry McKenzie Dick Meldonian Don Menza Greg Metcalf Eddie Meyers Frank Minear Vido Musso Boots Mussulli Lennie Niehaus Dennis Noday Sam Noto Lloyd Otto Don Paladino John Park Kim Park Art Pepper Bill Perkins Oscar Pettiford Al Porcino Mike Price Douglas Purviance Ray Reed Clyde Reasinger Roy Reynolds Kim Richmond George Roberts Gene Roland Billy Root Frank Rosolino Shorty Rogers Ernie Royal Howard Rumsey Bill Russo Eddie Safranski Sal Salvador Carl Saunders Jay Saunders Dave Schildkraut Bud Shank Dick Shearer Jack Sheldon Kenny Shroyer Gene Siegel Zoot Sims Tom Slaney Dalton Smith Greg Smith Mike Snustead Ed Soph Lloyd Spoon Mike Suter Marvin Stamm Ray Starling Vinnie Tano Lucky Thompson Richard Torres Bill Trujillo Jeff Uusitalo Mike Vaccaro David van Kriedt Bart Varsalona Mike Vax John Von Ohlen George Weidler Ray Wetzel Rick Weathersby Jiggs Whigham Stu Williamson Kai Winding John Worster Alan Yankee Composers and Arrangers Manny Albam Buddy Baker Dave Barduhn Dee Barton Ralph Carmichael Joe Coccia Frank Comstock Bob Curnow Dale Devoe Sam Donahue Wayne Dunston Dennis Farnon Bob Florence Bill Fritz Bob Graettinger Ken Hanna Neal Hefti Bill Holman Gene Howard Hank Levy Willie Maiden Franklyn Marks Bill Mathieu Gerry Mulligan Lennie Niehaus Boots Mussulli Chico O'Farrill Marty Paich Johnny Richards Shorty Rogers Gene Roland Pete Rugolo Bill Russo Charlie Shirley Steve Spiegl Ray Starling Mark Taylor Al Yankee Ralph Yaw Vocalists Ernie Bernhardt Cindy Bradley Kay Brown Helen Carr June Christy Chris Connor Red Dorris Kay Gregory Gene Howard Jay Johnson Eve Knight Kent Larsen Dolly Mitchell The Modern Men Anita O'Day The Pastels Ann Richards Frank Rosolino Gail Sherwood Jan Tober Jean Turner Jerri Winters Ray Wetzel Discography and on film and television Studio albumsStan Kenton and His Orchestra – McGregor No.", "Posthumously honored 2011 – \"Stan Kenton: Artistry In Rhythm- Portrait Of A Jazz Legend\" (DVD) EMPixx Awards – Platinum Award in the Documentary Category/Platinum Award in the Use of Music Category.United States Library of Congress National Recording Registry'''Artistry in Rhythm (single) – Stan Kenton – Released:1943 – Inducted: 2011 -\tCategory: Jazz Noted band personnel Instrumentalists Pepper Adams Bob Ahern Sam Aleccia Ashley Alexander Laurindo Almeida Alfred \"Chico\" Alvarez Jim Amlotte John Anderson Buddy Arnold Don Bagley Gabe Baltazar Michael Bard Dave Barduhn Gary Barone Dee Barton Tim Bell Max Bennett Milt Bernhart Bill Briggs Bud Brisbois Ray Brown Bob Burgess Bart Caldarell Tony Campise Frank Capp Conte Candoli Pete Candoli Fred Carter Billy Catalano Bill Chase Buddy Childers Rich Condit Bob Cooper Jack Costanzo Curtis Counce Bob Curnow Quinn Davis Vinnie Dean Jay Daversa Don Dennis Sam Donahue Red Dorris Peter Erskine Don Fagerquist Maynard Ferguson Mary Fettig Bob Fitzpatrick Dr. William \"Bill\" Fritz Carl Fontana Chris Galuman Stan Getz Bob Gioga John Graas Benny Green Tim Hagans Ken Hanna Bill Hanna John Harner Dennis Hayslett Gary Henson Phil Herring Skeets Herfurt Lisa Hittle Gary Hobbs Bill Holman Marvin \"Doc\" Holladay Clay Jenkins Richie Kamuca Joel Kaye Red Kelly Jimmy Knepper Bobby Knight Lee Konitz Tom Lacy Scott LaFaro Jack Lake Keith LaMotte Kent Larsen Terry Layne Skip Layton Gary LeFebvre Archie LeCoque Stan Levey Mel Lewis Ramon Lopez Bob Lymperis John Madrid Willie Maiden Shelly Manne Charlie Mariano Al Mattaliano Dave Matthews Jerry McKenzie Dick Meldonian Don Menza Greg Metcalf Eddie Meyers Frank Minear Vido Musso Boots Mussulli Lennie Niehaus Dennis Noday Sam Noto Lloyd Otto Don Paladino John Park Kim Park Art Pepper Bill Perkins Oscar Pettiford Al Porcino Mike Price Douglas Purviance Ray Reed Clyde Reasinger Roy Reynolds Kim Richmond George Roberts Gene Roland Billy Root Frank Rosolino Shorty Rogers Ernie Royal Howard Rumsey Bill Russo Eddie Safranski Sal Salvador Carl Saunders Jay Saunders Dave Schildkraut Bud Shank Dick Shearer Jack Sheldon Kenny Shroyer Gene Siegel Zoot Sims Tom Slaney Dalton Smith Greg Smith Mike Snustead Ed Soph Lloyd Spoon Mike Suter Marvin Stamm Ray Starling Vinnie Tano Lucky Thompson Richard Torres Bill Trujillo Jeff Uusitalo Mike Vaccaro David van Kriedt Bart Varsalona Mike Vax John Von Ohlen George Weidler Ray Wetzel Rick Weathersby Jiggs Whigham Stu Williamson Kai Winding John Worster Alan Yankee Composers and Arrangers Manny Albam Buddy Baker Dave Barduhn Dee Barton Ralph Carmichael Joe Coccia Frank Comstock Bob Curnow Dale Devoe Sam Donahue Wayne Dunston Dennis Farnon Bob Florence Bill Fritz Bob Graettinger Ken Hanna Neal Hefti Bill Holman Gene Howard Hank Levy Willie Maiden Franklyn Marks Bill Mathieu Gerry Mulligan Lennie Niehaus Boots Mussulli Chico O'Farrill Marty Paich Johnny Richards Shorty Rogers Gene Roland Pete Rugolo Bill Russo Charlie Shirley Steve Spiegl Ray Starling Mark Taylor Al Yankee Ralph Yaw Vocalists Ernie Bernhardt Cindy Bradley Kay Brown Helen Carr June Christy Chris Connor Red Dorris Kay Gregory Gene Howard Jay Johnson Eve Knight Kent Larsen Dolly Mitchell The Modern Men Anita O'Day The Pastels Ann Richards Frank Rosolino Gail Sherwood Jan Tober Jean Turner Jerri Winters Ray Wetzel Discography and on film and television Studio albumsStan Kenton and His Orchestra – McGregor No. LP201 (1941)The Formative Years – Decca No.", "LP201 (1941)The Formative Years – Decca No. 589 489-2 (1941–1942)Artistry in Rhythm – Capitol No. BD39 (1946)Encores – Capitol No. 155 (1947)A Presentation of Progressive Jazz – Capitol No. T172 (1947)Metronome Riff (single) – Capitol special pressing (1947)Innovations in Modern Music – Capitol No. 189 (1950)Stan Kenton's Milestones – Capitol No. T190 (through 1950)Stan Kenton Presents – Capitol No.", "T190 (through 1950)Stan Kenton Presents – Capitol No. 248 (1950)City of Glass – Capitol No. H353 (1951)New Concepts of Artistry in Rhythm – Capitol 383 (1952)Popular Favorites by Stan Kenton – Capitol No. 421 (1953)Sketches on Standards – Capitol No. 426 (1953)This Modern World – Capitol No. 460 (1953)Portraits on Standards – Capitol No. 462 (1953)Kenton Showcase: The Music of Bill Russo – Capitol No.", "462 (1953)Kenton Showcase: The Music of Bill Russo – Capitol No. H525 (1954)Kenton Showcase : The Music of Bill Holman – Capitol No. H526 (1954)Duet (with June Christy) – Capitol No. 656 (1955)Contemporary Concepts – Capitol No. 666 (1955)Kenton in Hi-Fi – Capitol No. 724 (1956)Cuban Fire! – Capitol No. 731 (1956)Kenton with Voices – Capitol No. 810 (1957)Rendezvous with Kenton – Capitol No.", "810 (1957)Rendezvous with Kenton – Capitol No. 932 (1957)Back to Balboa – Capitol No. 995 (1958)The Ballad Style of Stan Kenton – Capitol No. 1068 (1958)Lush Interlude – Capitol No. 1130 (1958)The Stage Door Swings – Capitol No. 1166 (1958)The Kenton Touch – Capitol No. 1276 (1958)Viva Kenton! – Capitol No. 1305 (1959)Standards in Silhouette – Capitol No. 1394 (1959)Two Much!", "1394 (1959)Two Much! 1394 (1959)Two Much! (with Ann Richards) – Capitol No. 1495 (1960)The Romantic Approach – Capitol No. 1533 (1961)Kenton's West Side Story – Capitol No. 1609 (1961)A Merry Christmas! – Capitol No. 1621 (1961)Sophisticated Approach – Capitol No. 1674 (1961)Adventures in Standards – Creative World No. 1025 (1961 – released 1975)Adventures In Jazz – Capitol No.", "1025 (1961 – released 1975)Adventures In Jazz – Capitol No. 1796 (1961)Adventures in Blues – Capitol No. 1985 (1961)Stan Kenton! Tex Ritter! (with Tex Ritter) – Capitol No. 1757 (1962)Adventures in Time – Capitol No. 1844 (1962)Artistry in Bossa Nova – Capitol No. 1931 (1963)Artistry in Voices and Brass – Capitol No. 2132 (1963)Stan Kenton / Jean Turner (with Jean Turner) – Capitol No.", "2132 (1963)Stan Kenton / Jean Turner (with Jean Turner) – Capitol No. 2051 (1963)Kenton / Wagner – Capitol No. 2217 (1964)Stan Kenton Conducts the Los Angeles Neophonic Orchestra – Capitol No. 2424 (1965–1966)Stan Kenton Plays for Today – Capitol No. 2655 (1966–1967)The World We Know – Capitol No. 2810The Jazz Compositions of Dee Barton – Capitol No. 2932 (1967)Finian's Rainbow – Capitol No. 2971 (1968)Hair – Capitol No.", "2971 (1968)Hair – Capitol No. 2971 (1968)Hair – Capitol No. ST305 (1969)National Anthems of the World – Creative World No. 1060 (1972)7.5 on the Richter Scale – Creative World No. 1070 (1973)Stan Kenton Without His Orchestra (solo) – Creative World No. 1071 (1973)Stan Kenton Plays Chicago – Creative World No. 1072 (1974)Fire, Fury and Fun – Creative World No.", "1072 (1974)Fire, Fury and Fun – Creative World No. 1073 (1974)Kenton '76 – Creative World No. 1076 (1976)Journey Into Capricorn – Creative World No.", "1076 (1976)Journey Into Capricorn – Creative World No. 1077 (1976) Live albumsStan Kenton Live at Cornell University (1951)Stan Kenton Stompin' at Newport – Pablo #PACD-5312-2 (1957)On the Road with Stan Kenton – Artistry Records #AR-101 (Recorded Nov. 6, 1958 at the Municipal Auditorium, Sarasota, Florida)Kenton Live from the Las Vegas Tropicana – Capitol No.", "1077 (1976) Live albumsStan Kenton Live at Cornell University (1951)Stan Kenton Stompin' at Newport – Pablo #PACD-5312-2 (1957)On the Road with Stan Kenton – Artistry Records #AR-101 (Recorded Nov. 6, 1958 at the Municipal Auditorium, Sarasota, Florida)Kenton Live from the Las Vegas Tropicana – Capitol No. 1460 (1959)Road Show (with June Christy and The Four Freshmen) – Capitol #TBO1327 (1959)Stan Kenton at Ukiah – Status #STCD109 (1959)Stan Kenton in New Jersey – Status #USCD104 (1959)Mellophonium Magic – Status No.", "1460 (1959)Road Show (with June Christy and The Four Freshmen) – Capitol #TBO1327 (1959)Stan Kenton at Ukiah – Status #STCD109 (1959)Stan Kenton in New Jersey – Status #USCD104 (1959)Mellophonium Magic – Status No. CD103 (1962)Mellophonium Moods – Status No.", "CD103 (1962)Mellophonium Moods – Status No. CD103 (1962)Mellophonium Moods – Status No. STCD106 (1962)Stan Kenton and His Orchestra at Fountain Street Church Part 1 – Status #DSTS1014 (1968)Stan Kenton and His Orchestra at Fountain Street Church Part 2– Status #DSTS1016 (1968) Private Party – Creative World No. 1014 (1970)Live At Redlands University – Creative World No. 1015 (1970)Live at Brigham Young University – Creative World No.", "1015 (1970)Live at Brigham Young University – Creative World No. 1039 (1971)Live at Butler University – Creative World No.", "1039 (1971)Live at Butler University – Creative World No. 1058 (1972)The Stuttgart Experience – Live In Stuttgart – Jazzhaus #JAH-457 (1972)Stan Kenton Today – Live In London – London/Creative World #BP 44179-80 (1972)Birthday in Britain – Creative World #ST 1065 (1973)Flying High in Florida (1972)Live at the London Hilton – Part I & II (1973)Live in Europe (1976)The Lost Concert Vol.", "1058 (1972)The Stuttgart Experience – Live In Stuttgart – Jazzhaus #JAH-457 (1972)Stan Kenton Today – Live In London – London/Creative World #BP 44179-80 (1972)Birthday in Britain – Creative World #ST 1065 (1973)Flying High in Florida (1972)Live at the London Hilton – Part I & II (1973)Live in Europe (1976)The Lost Concert Vol. 1–2 Recorded at The Cocoanut Grove in Los Angeles, CA on March 18, 1978, posthumous release in 2002 – Jazz Heritage CompilationsStan Kenton's Milestones (Capitol, 1943–47 [1950])Stan Kenton Classics (Capitol, 1944–47 [1952])The Kenton Era (Capitol, 1940–53 [1955])City of Glass and This Modern World – Capitol No.", "1–2 Recorded at The Cocoanut Grove in Los Angeles, CA on March 18, 1978, posthumous release in 2002 – Jazz Heritage CompilationsStan Kenton's Milestones (Capitol, 1943–47 [1950])Stan Kenton Classics (Capitol, 1944–47 [1952])The Kenton Era (Capitol, 1940–53 [1955])City of Glass and This Modern World – Capitol No. 736 (1951–1953 [1957])Stan Kenton's Greatest Hits (Capitol, 1943–47 [1965])Stan Kenton On AFRS – Status DSTS1019 (1944–1945)One Night Stand – Magic #DAWE66 (1961–1962)Some Women I've Known – Creative World No.", "736 (1951–1953 [1957])Stan Kenton's Greatest Hits (Capitol, 1943–47 [1965])Stan Kenton On AFRS – Status DSTS1019 (1944–1945)One Night Stand – Magic #DAWE66 (1961–1962)Some Women I've Known – Creative World No. 1029The Fabulous Alumni of Stan Kenton – Capitol No. T 20244 (1970) The Complete Capitol Recordings Of The Holman And Russo Charts – Mosaic MD4-136The Complete Capitol Recordings – Mosaic MD7-163The Peanut VendorThe Jazz Compositions Of Stan Kenton – Creative World No.", "T 20244 (1970) The Complete Capitol Recordings Of The Holman And Russo Charts – Mosaic MD4-136The Complete Capitol Recordings – Mosaic MD7-163The Peanut VendorThe Jazz Compositions Of Stan Kenton – Creative World No. ST1078 (1945–1973)Street of Dreams – Creative World No.", "ST1078 (1945–1973)Street of Dreams – Creative World No. 1079 (1979 vinyl; 1992 CD)The Innovations Orchestra (Capitol, 1950–51 [1997]) On film or television 1941 Zig Me, Baby, With a Gentle Zag (short) 1942 Jammin' in the Panoram (short) 1942 Jealous (short) 1942 Reed Rapture (short) 1944 This Love of Mine (short) 1945 Eager Beaver (short) 1945 I'm Homesick, That's All (short) 1945 It's Been a Long Long Time (short) 1945 Southern Scandal (short) 1945 Tampico (short) 1946 Talk About A Lady (feature film) 1946 Southern Scandal (short) 1947 Let's Make Rhythm (short) 1947 Stan Kenton and His Orchestra (biographical short) 1950 The Ed Sullivan Show (television) 1953 Schlagerparade (movie) Stan Kenton at the Sporthalle in Berlin 1954 Spotlight No.", "1079 (1979 vinyl; 1992 CD)The Innovations Orchestra (Capitol, 1950–51 [1997]) On film or television 1941 Zig Me, Baby, With a Gentle Zag (short) 1942 Jammin' in the Panoram (short) 1942 Jealous (short) 1942 Reed Rapture (short) 1944 This Love of Mine (short) 1945 Eager Beaver (short) 1945 I'm Homesick, That's All (short) 1945 It's Been a Long Long Time (short) 1945 Southern Scandal (short) 1945 Tampico (short) 1946 Talk About A Lady (feature film) 1946 Southern Scandal (short) 1947 Let's Make Rhythm (short) 1947 Stan Kenton and His Orchestra (biographical short) 1950 The Ed Sullivan Show (television) 1953 Schlagerparade (movie) Stan Kenton at the Sporthalle in Berlin 1954 Spotlight No. 5 (CBC television, documentary) 1955 Music '55 (television, musical variety) 1956 Happy New Year: A Sunday Spectacular (television) 1956 Juke Box Jury (television, gameshow) 1957 Alan Melville Takes You from A-Z (BBC television) 1957 The Big Record (television) 1958 The Gisele MacKenzie Show (television) 1960 General Electric Theater (television) 1960 Startime (television) 1960 Dixieland Small-Fry (television) 1962 Jazz Scene USA (television) 1962 Music of the 60s (television) 1962 The Lively Ones (television) 1963 The Ed Sullivan Show (television) 1964 The Les Crane Show (television) 1965 Big Bands (WGN-TV television) 1965 Jamboree (television) 1966 The Linkletter Show (television) 1967 The Woody Woodbury Show (television) 1967 The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson (television) 1968 Something Special with Mel Torme (television) 1968 The Crusade for Jazz aka Bound To Be Heard (television documentary) 1969 The Substance of Jazz (educational/documentary) 1969 and 1970 The David Frost Show (television) 1968 and 1970 The Mike Douglas Show (television) 1971 The Merv Griffin Show (television) 1972 Sounds of Saturday (BBC television) 1976 Soundstage (television) 1977 Omnibus (BBC television) 2011 Stan Kenton: Artistry In Rhythm- Portrait Of A Jazz Legend'' (documentary) Compositions Stan Kenton's compositions include \"Artistry in Rhythm\", released as V-Disc No.", "5 (CBC television, documentary) 1955 Music '55 (television, musical variety) 1956 Happy New Year: A Sunday Spectacular (television) 1956 Juke Box Jury (television, gameshow) 1957 Alan Melville Takes You from A-Z (BBC television) 1957 The Big Record (television) 1958 The Gisele MacKenzie Show (television) 1960 General Electric Theater (television) 1960 Startime (television) 1960 Dixieland Small-Fry (television) 1962 Jazz Scene USA (television) 1962 Music of the 60s (television) 1962 The Lively Ones (television) 1963 The Ed Sullivan Show (television) 1964 The Les Crane Show (television) 1965 Big Bands (WGN-TV television) 1965 Jamboree (television) 1966 The Linkletter Show (television) 1967 The Woody Woodbury Show (television) 1967 The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson (television) 1968 Something Special with Mel Torme (television) 1968 The Crusade for Jazz aka Bound To Be Heard (television documentary) 1969 The Substance of Jazz (educational/documentary) 1969 and 1970 The David Frost Show (television) 1968 and 1970 The Mike Douglas Show (television) 1971 The Merv Griffin Show (television) 1972 Sounds of Saturday (BBC television) 1976 Soundstage (television) 1977 Omnibus (BBC television) 2011 Stan Kenton: Artistry In Rhythm- Portrait Of A Jazz Legend'' (documentary) Compositions Stan Kenton's compositions include \"Artistry in Rhythm\", released as V-Disc No. 285B, \"Opus in Pastels\", \"Artistry Jumps\", \"Reed Rapture\", \"Eager Beaver\", released on V-Disc 285B, \"Fantasy\", \"Southern Scandal\", which was released as V-Disc No.", "285B, \"Opus in Pastels\", \"Artistry Jumps\", \"Reed Rapture\", \"Eager Beaver\", released on V-Disc 285B, \"Fantasy\", \"Southern Scandal\", which was released as V-Disc No. 573B, \"Monotony\", released as V-Disc No.", "573B, \"Monotony\", released as V-Disc No. 854B, in 1948, with a spoken introduction by Kenton, \"Harlem Folk Dance\", \"Painted Rhythm\", \"Concerto to End All Concertos\", \"Easy Go\", \"Concerto for Doghouse\", \"Shelly Manne\", \"Balboa Bash\", \"Flamenco\", and \"Sunset Tower\".", "854B, in 1948, with a spoken introduction by Kenton, \"Harlem Folk Dance\", \"Painted Rhythm\", \"Concerto to End All Concertos\", \"Easy Go\", \"Concerto for Doghouse\", \"Shelly Manne\", \"Balboa Bash\", \"Flamenco\", and \"Sunset Tower\". Many compositions are collaborations between Stan Kenton and Pete Rugolo, such as \"Artistry in Boogie,\" \"Collaboration,\" and \"Theme to the West.\"", "Many compositions are collaborations between Stan Kenton and Pete Rugolo, such as \"Artistry in Boogie,\" \"Collaboration,\" and \"Theme to the West.\" Kenton was credited as a co-writer of the 1944 jazz classic \"And Her Tears Flowed Like Wine\".", "Kenton was credited as a co-writer of the 1944 jazz classic \"And Her Tears Flowed Like Wine\". Notes References External links Bell High School Alumni Page for Stan Kenton Stan Kenton Research Center*Article on Stan Kenton's Mellophonium Band An Interview with Jo Lea Starling, wife of Ray Starling An Interview with Tony Scodwell, Stan Kenton Mellophoniumist The Stan Kenton Collection at the University of North Texas Stan Kenton's music published by Sierra Music Publications Terry Vosbein's All Things Kenton site - discography, radio shows, rare images and audio.", "Notes References External links Bell High School Alumni Page for Stan Kenton Stan Kenton Research Center*Article on Stan Kenton's Mellophonium Band An Interview with Jo Lea Starling, wife of Ray Starling An Interview with Tony Scodwell, Stan Kenton Mellophoniumist The Stan Kenton Collection at the University of North Texas Stan Kenton's music published by Sierra Music Publications Terry Vosbein's All Things Kenton site - discography, radio shows, rare images and audio. GNP Crescendo Records 1911 births 1979 deaths Age controversies Cool jazz musicians Swing bandleaders Big band bandleaders Jazz arrangers Progressive big band bandleaders American jazz bandleaders Musicians from California American music arrangers Grammy Award winners Capitol Records artists American jazz educators Burials at Westwood Village Memorial Park Cemetery 20th-century American musicians Summit Records artists" ]

[ "Stan Kenton", "Career", "Tell me about Kenton's career?", "Kenton would make his first recordings when Arnheim made 14 sides for the Brunswick label in summer of 1937.", "What was Arnheim?", "Gus Arnheim's group,", "What did Kenton do after that?", "Kenton went back to study with private teachers on both the piano and in composition." ]

[ "Albert Salomon (1883–1976) was a Jewish-German surgeon at the Royal Surgical University Clinic in Berlin. He is best known for his study of early mastectomies that is considered the beginning of mammography. He was the father of the artist Charlotte Salomon, who was murdered in Auschwitz concentration camp during the Holocaust.\n\nBreast pathology\nIn 1913, Salomon performed a study on 3,000 mastectomies. In the study, Salomon compared X-rays of the breasts to the actual removed tissue, observing specifically microcalcifications. By doing so, he was able to establish the difference as seen on an X-ray image between cancerous and non-cancerous tumors in the breast. Salomon's mammographs provided substantial information about the spread of tumors and their borders. In the midst of the study, Salomon also discovered that there are multiple types of breast cancer. Salomon was unable to use this technique in practice because he did not work with breast cancer patients, and although he published his findings in 1913, mammography did not become a common practice until years later.\n\nLater life\nSalomon was dismissed from the University of Berlin in 1933 after Adolf Hitler came to power. He was later imprisoned in Sachsenhausen concentration camp. He was released in 1939 and left for the Netherlands. From there he was deported to the Westerbork transit camp in (Drente) Holland, from where he escaped in 1943 and went into hiding in the Netherlands until 1945. After World War II ended, he moved to Amsterdam, where he worked as a professor.\n\nReferences\n\nGerman surgeons\nJewish emigrants from Nazi Germany to the Netherlands\n1883 births\n1976 deaths\n20th-century surgeons", "Emil Karl Alexander Flaminius (1807, Küstrin - 7 October 1893, Berlin) was a Prussian architect and master builder.\n\nHistory\n\nFlaminius grew up in Küstrin during the Napoleonic Wars and the period of reconstruction after the departure of the Napoleonic occupying forces in 1814. For twenty years he worked on the Oder and Warthe dykes in his home town. In 1828 he moved to Berlin to study architecture at the Bauakademie, where he came into contact with Karl Friedrich Schinkel. He frequently collaborated with Schinkel in the following years and even began to implement some of Schinkel's projects whilst still studying. For example, aged only 21, he worked with Schinkel on repairing the Frankfurter Marienkirche after the collapse of its south tower - the project did not replace the south tower, but did produce one of the largest works of Brick Gothic.\n\nFlaminius graduated from the Bauakademie in 1830, after only two years' study. Between 1832 and 1836 he worked to erect a new home for the Bauakademie, using designs by Schinkel.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n \n\n1807 births\n1893 deaths\n19th-century German architects\n19th-century Prussian people\nPeople from Kostrzyn nad Odrą" ]

[ "Stanley Newcomb Kenton (December 15, 1911 – August 25, 1979) was an American popular music and jazz artist. As a pianist, composer, arranger and band leader, he led an innovative and influential jazz orchestra for almost four decades. Though Kenton had several pop hits from the early 1940s into the 1960s, his music was always forward-looking. Kenton was also a pioneer in the field of jazz education, creating the Stan Kenton Jazz Camp in 1959 at Indiana University.", "Kenton was also a pioneer in the field of jazz education, creating the Stan Kenton Jazz Camp in 1959 at Indiana University. Early life Stan Kenton was born on December 15, 1911, in Wichita, Kansas; he had two sisters (Beulah and Erma Mae) born three and eight years after him. His parents, Floyd and Stella Kenton, moved the family to Colorado, and in 1924, to the Greater Los Angeles Area, settling in suburban Bell, California.", "His parents, Floyd and Stella Kenton, moved the family to Colorado, and in 1924, to the Greater Los Angeles Area, settling in suburban Bell, California. Kenton attended Bell High School; his high-school yearbook picture has the prophetic notation \"Old Man Jazz\". Kenton started learning piano as a teen from a local pianist and organist. When he was around 15 and in high school, pianist and arranger Ralph Yaw introduced him to the music of Louis Armstong and Earl Hines.", "When he was around 15 and in high school, pianist and arranger Ralph Yaw introduced him to the music of Louis Armstong and Earl Hines. He graduated from high school in 1930. By the age of 16, Kenton was already playing a regular solo piano gig at a local hamburger eatery for 50 cents a night plus tips; during that time he had his own performing group named \"The Bell-Tones\". His first arrangement was written during this time for a local eight-piece band that played in nearby Long Beach.", "His first arrangement was written during this time for a local eight-piece band that played in nearby Long Beach. Career 1930s With very little money, Kenton traveled to speakeasys in San Diego and Las Vegas playing piano. By 1932 he was playing with the Francis Gilbert Territory band and would tour through Arizona; he would go on to working with the Everett Hoagland Orchestra in 1933, which would be his first time playing at the Rendezvous Ballroom.", "By 1932 he was playing with the Francis Gilbert Territory band and would tour through Arizona; he would go on to working with the Everett Hoagland Orchestra in 1933, which would be his first time playing at the Rendezvous Ballroom. He would then play with Russ Plummer, Hal Grayson and eventually got a big break with Gus Arnheim. In April 1936 Arnheim was reorganizing his band into the style of Benny Goodman's groups and Kenton was to take the piano chair.", "In April 1936 Arnheim was reorganizing his band into the style of Benny Goodman's groups and Kenton was to take the piano chair. This is where Kenton would make his first recordings when Arnheim made 14 sides for the Brunswick label in summer of 1937. Once he departed from Gus Arnheim's group, Kenton went back to study with private teachers on both the piano and in composition. In 1938 Kenton would join Vido Musso in a short-lived band but a very educational experience for him.", "In 1938 Kenton would join Vido Musso in a short-lived band but a very educational experience for him. From the core of this group came the line up of the first Stan Kenton groups of the 1940s. Kenton would also go on to working with the NBC House Band and in various Hollywood studios and clubs. Producer George Avakian took notice of Kenton during this time while he worked as the pianist and Assistant Musical Director at the Earl Carroll Theatre Restaurant in Hollywood.", "Producer George Avakian took notice of Kenton during this time while he worked as the pianist and Assistant Musical Director at the Earl Carroll Theatre Restaurant in Hollywood. Kenton started to get the idea of running his own band from this experience; he created a rehearsal band of his own which eventually become his group in the 1940s. 1940s In 1940, Kenton formed his first orchestra. Kenton worked in the early days with his own groups as much more of an arranger than a featured pianist.", "Kenton worked in the early days with his own groups as much more of an arranger than a featured pianist. Although there were no \"name\" musicians in his first band (with the possible exception of bassist Howard Rumsey and trumpeter Chico Alvarez), Kenton spent the summer of 1941 playing regularly before an audience at the Rendezvous Ballroom in Balboa Beach, CA. Influenced by Benny Carter and Jimmie Lunceford, the Stan Kenton Orchestra struggled for a time after its initial success.", "Influenced by Benny Carter and Jimmie Lunceford, the Stan Kenton Orchestra struggled for a time after its initial success. Its Decca recordings were not big sellers and a stint as Bob Hope's backup radio band during the 1943–44 season was an unhappy experience; Les Brown permanently took Kenton's place. Kenton's first appearance in New York was in February 1942 at the Roseland Ballroom, with the marquee featuring an endorsement by Fred Astaire.", "Kenton's first appearance in New York was in February 1942 at the Roseland Ballroom, with the marquee featuring an endorsement by Fred Astaire. By late 1943, with a contract with the newly formed Capitol Records, a popular record in \"Eager Beaver\", and growing recognition, the Stan Kenton Orchestra was gradually catching on; it developed into one of the best-known West Coast ensembles of the 1940s. Its soloists during the war years included Art Pepper, briefly Stan Getz, altoist Boots Mussulli, and singer Anita O'Day.", "Its soloists during the war years included Art Pepper, briefly Stan Getz, altoist Boots Mussulli, and singer Anita O'Day. By 1945, the band had evolved. The songwriter Joe Greene provided the lyrics for hit songs like \"And Her Tears Flowed Like Wine\" and \"Don't Let the Sun Catch You Cryin'\".", "The songwriter Joe Greene provided the lyrics for hit songs like \"And Her Tears Flowed Like Wine\" and \"Don't Let the Sun Catch You Cryin'\". Pete Rugolo became the chief arranger (extending Kenton's ideas), Bob Cooper and Vido Musso offered very different tenor styles, and June Christy was Kenton's new singer; her hits (including \"Tampico\" and Greene's \"Across the Alley from the Alamo\") made it possible for Kenton to finance his more ambitious projects.", "Pete Rugolo became the chief arranger (extending Kenton's ideas), Bob Cooper and Vido Musso offered very different tenor styles, and June Christy was Kenton's new singer; her hits (including \"Tampico\" and Greene's \"Across the Alley from the Alamo\") made it possible for Kenton to finance his more ambitious projects. Artistry in Rhythm When composer/arranger Pete Rugolo joined the Stan Kenton Orchestra as staff arranger in late 1945 he brought with him his love of jazz, Stravinsky and Bartók.", "Artistry in Rhythm When composer/arranger Pete Rugolo joined the Stan Kenton Orchestra as staff arranger in late 1945 he brought with him his love of jazz, Stravinsky and Bartók. Given free rein by Kenton, Rugolo experimented. Although Kenton himself was already trying experimental scores prior to Rugolo's tenure, it was Rugolo who brought extra jazz and classical influences much needed to move the band forward artistically.", "Although Kenton himself was already trying experimental scores prior to Rugolo's tenure, it was Rugolo who brought extra jazz and classical influences much needed to move the band forward artistically. During his first six months on the staff, Rugolo tried to copy Kenton's sound; on encouragement from the leader he explored his own voice. By incorporating compositional techniques borrowed from the modern classical music he studied, Rugolo was a key part of one of Kenton's most fertile and creative periods.", "By incorporating compositional techniques borrowed from the modern classical music he studied, Rugolo was a key part of one of Kenton's most fertile and creative periods. After a string of mostly arrangements, Rugolo turned out three originals that Kenton featured on the band's first album in 1946: (Artistry in Rhythm): \"Artistry in Percussion\", \"Safranski\" and \"Artistry in Bolero\".", "After a string of mostly arrangements, Rugolo turned out three originals that Kenton featured on the band's first album in 1946: (Artistry in Rhythm): \"Artistry in Percussion\", \"Safranski\" and \"Artistry in Bolero\". Added to this mix came \"Machito\", \"Rhythm Incorporated\", \"Monotony\" and \"Interlude\" in early 1947 (though some were not recorded until later in the year).", "Added to this mix came \"Machito\", \"Rhythm Incorporated\", \"Monotony\" and \"Interlude\" in early 1947 (though some were not recorded until later in the year). These compositions, along with June Christy's voice, came to define the Artistry in Rhythm band. Afro-Cuban writing was added to the Kenton book with compositions like Rugolo's \"Machito.\"", "Afro-Cuban writing was added to the Kenton book with compositions like Rugolo's \"Machito.\" The resulting instrumentation, utilizing significant amounts of brass, was described as a \"wall of sound\" (a term later re-coined independently by Andrew Loog Oldham for Phil Spector's production methods). The Artistry in Rhythm ensemble was a formative band, with outstanding soloists. By early 1947, the Stan Kenton Orchestra had reached a high point of financial and popular success.", "By early 1947, the Stan Kenton Orchestra had reached a high point of financial and popular success. They played in the best theaters and ballrooms in America and numerous hit records. Dances at the many ballrooms were typically four hours a night and theater dates generally involved playing mini-concerts between each showing of the movie. This was sometimes five or six a day, stretching from morning to late night. Most days not actually playing were spent in buses or cars. Days off from performing were rare.", "Days off from performing were rare. Days off from performing were rare. For Stan Kenton they just allowed for more record signing, radio station interviews, and advertising for Capitol Records. Due to the financial and personal demands, following an April performance in Tuscaloosa, he broke up the Artistry in Rhythm incarnation of Kenton ensembles. Progressive Jazz After a hiatus of five months, Kenton formed a new, larger ensemble to present Concerts in Progressive Jazz.", "Progressive Jazz After a hiatus of five months, Kenton formed a new, larger ensemble to present Concerts in Progressive Jazz. Sustaining the ensemble on its own proved mostly attainable but the band still had to fill in its schedule by booking dances and movie theater jobs, especially over the summer. Pete Rugolo composed and arranged the great bulk of the new music; Kenton declared these works to be Progressive Jazz.", "Pete Rugolo composed and arranged the great bulk of the new music; Kenton declared these works to be Progressive Jazz. A student of famed composer and educator Russ Garcia, Bob Graettinger wrote numerous works for the band, starting with his composition Thermopylae. His ground-breaking composition City of Glass was premiered by the band in Chicago in April 1948, but not recorded for another two and a half years, in a reworked version for the Innovations Orchestra.", "His ground-breaking composition City of Glass was premiered by the band in Chicago in April 1948, but not recorded for another two and a half years, in a reworked version for the Innovations Orchestra. Ken Hanna, who began the tour as a trumpet player, contributed a few compositions to the new band, including Somnambulism.", "Ken Hanna, who began the tour as a trumpet player, contributed a few compositions to the new band, including Somnambulism. Kenton contributed no new scores to the Progressive Jazz band, although several of his older works were performed on concerts, including Concerto to End All Concertos, Eager Beaver, Opus in Pastels, and Artistry in Rhythm.", "Kenton contributed no new scores to the Progressive Jazz band, although several of his older works were performed on concerts, including Concerto to End All Concertos, Eager Beaver, Opus in Pastels, and Artistry in Rhythm. Cuban inflected titles from the Progressive Jazz period include Rugolo's Introduction to a Latin Rhythm, Cuban Carnival, The Peanut Vendor, and Journey to Brazil, and Bob Graettinger's Cuban Pastorale.", "Cuban inflected titles from the Progressive Jazz period include Rugolo's Introduction to a Latin Rhythm, Cuban Carnival, The Peanut Vendor, and Journey to Brazil, and Bob Graettinger's Cuban Pastorale. The addition of a full-time bongo player and a Brazilian guitarist in the band enabled Kenton's cadre of composers to explore Afro-Latin rhythms to far greater possibilities. The Progressive Jazz period lasted 14 months, beginning on September 24, 1947, when the Stan Kenton Orchestra played a concert at the Rendezvous Ballroom.", "The Progressive Jazz period lasted 14 months, beginning on September 24, 1947, when the Stan Kenton Orchestra played a concert at the Rendezvous Ballroom. And it ended after the last show at the Paramount Theatre in New York City on December 14, 1948. The band produced only one album and a handful of singles, due to a recording ban by the American Federation of Musicians that lasted the entirety of 1948.", "The band produced only one album and a handful of singles, due to a recording ban by the American Federation of Musicians that lasted the entirety of 1948. The lone record, \"A Presentation of Progressive Jazz,\" received a 3 out of 4 rating from Tom Herrick in DownBeat. Metronome rated it \"C\" calling it a \"jerry-built jumble of effects and counter-effects\" and \"this album presents very little that can justifiably be called either jazz or progressive.\"", "Metronome rated it \"C\" calling it a \"jerry-built jumble of effects and counter-effects\" and \"this album presents very little that can justifiably be called either jazz or progressive.\" Billboard scored it 80 out of 100, but declared it \"as mumbo-jumbo a collection of cacophony as has ever been loosed on an unsuspecting public. Many sidemen from the Artistry band returned, but there were significant changes. Laurindo Almeida on classical guitar, and Jack Costanzo on bongos dramatically changed the band's timbre.", "Laurindo Almeida on classical guitar, and Jack Costanzo on bongos dramatically changed the band's timbre. Both were firsts for the Kenton band, or any jazz band for that matter. The rhythm section included returnees Eddie Safranski (bass) and Shelly Manne (drums), both destined to win first place Down Beat awards. Four of the five trumpet players returned: Buddy Childers, Ray Wetzel, Chico Alvarez, and Ken Hanna. Al Porcino was added to the already powerhouse section.", "Al Porcino was added to the already powerhouse section. Al Porcino was added to the already powerhouse section. Conte Candoli joined the band, replacing Porcino, in February 1948. Kai Winding, star trombonist of the Artistry in Rhythm band, would not be a part of the Progressive Jazz era, except for a few dates on which he subbed. Milt Bernhart came in on lead trombone. And Bart Varsalona returned on bass trombone.", "And Bart Varsalona returned on bass trombone. And Bart Varsalona returned on bass trombone. Bernhart's first big solo with the Kenton band proved to be a major hit, The Peanut Vendor. The saxophone section was much improved and modernized. Returning saxophonists included baritone Bob Gioga, holding down his chair since the very start, and Bob Cooper on tenor. With Vido Musso's departure, Cooper and his modernist sound became the featured tenor soloist. Art Pepper came on as second alto, the \"jazz\" chair.", "Art Pepper came on as second alto, the \"jazz\" chair. And the new lead alto was George Weidler. This was genuinely a band of all-stars. They received five first place awards in the Down Beat poll at the end of 1947, and similar awards from the other magazines. The arrangers continued to push the limits of these superb instrumentalists in their compositions.", "The arrangers continued to push the limits of these superb instrumentalists in their compositions. Works from this period are more sophisticated than those written for the Artistry band, and are some of the first and most successful \"third stream\" compositions. The band criss-crossed the country, appearing in the nation's top concert venues, including Carnegie Hall, Boston Symphony Hall, Chicago Civic Opera House, Academy of Music (Philadelphia), and the Hollywood Bowl.", "The band criss-crossed the country, appearing in the nation's top concert venues, including Carnegie Hall, Boston Symphony Hall, Chicago Civic Opera House, Academy of Music (Philadelphia), and the Hollywood Bowl. They had extended stays at New York's Paramount Theatre and Hotel Commodore, Philadelphia's Click, Detroit's Eastwood Gardens, Radio City Theater in Minneapolis, and the Rendezvous Ballroom, a special place in Kenton's musical life.", "They had extended stays at New York's Paramount Theatre and Hotel Commodore, Philadelphia's Click, Detroit's Eastwood Gardens, Radio City Theater in Minneapolis, and the Rendezvous Ballroom, a special place in Kenton's musical life. Kenton's band was the first to present a concert in the famous outdoor arena, the Hollywood Bowl. His concert there on June 12, 1948, drew more than 15,000 people, and was both an artistic and commercial success.", "His concert there on June 12, 1948, drew more than 15,000 people, and was both an artistic and commercial success. Kenton pocketed half of the box office, walking away with $13,000 for the evening's concert. The band broke attendance records all across the country. Thanks to Kenton's public relations acumen, he was able to convince concert goers and record buyers of the importance of his music. Comedy numbers and June Christy vocals helped break up the seriousness of the new music.", "Comedy numbers and June Christy vocals helped break up the seriousness of the new music. Kenton's successes did not sit well with everyone. In an essay entitled Economics and Race in Jazz, Leslie B. Rout Jr. wrote that \"the real scourge of the 1946–1949 period was the all-white Stan Kenton band. Dubbing his musical repertoire 'progressive jazz,' Kenton saw his orchestra become the first in jazz history to reach an annual gross of $1,000,000 in 1948.\"", "Dubbing his musical repertoire 'progressive jazz,' Kenton saw his orchestra become the first in jazz history to reach an annual gross of $1,000,000 in 1948.\" He contrasted this with a situation in which critical and public recognition of \"Dizzy Gillespie as the premiere bopper could not be transformed into coin of the realm.\"", "He contrasted this with a situation in which critical and public recognition of \"Dizzy Gillespie as the premiere bopper could not be transformed into coin of the realm.\" At the end of 1948, as the band was fulfilling an extended engagement at the Paramount Theater in New York City, the leader notified his sidemen, his bookers, and the press, that he would be disbanding once more. Kenton's most artistically and commercially successful band ceased to be at the top of their game.", "Kenton's most artistically and commercially successful band ceased to be at the top of their game. On December 14, the Stan Kenton Orchestra played their last notes for more than a year. When they returned, there would be new faces, new music and a string section. 1950s After a year's hiatus, in 1950 Kenton assembled the large 39-piece Innovations in Modern Music Orchestra that included 16 strings, a woodwind section, and two French horns.", "1950s After a year's hiatus, in 1950 Kenton assembled the large 39-piece Innovations in Modern Music Orchestra that included 16 strings, a woodwind section, and two French horns. The music was an extension of the works composed and recorded since 1947 by Bob Graettinger, Manny Albam, Franklyn Marks and others. Name jazz musicians such as Maynard Ferguson, Shorty Rogers, Milt Bernhart, John Graas, Art Pepper, Bud Shank, Bob Cooper, Laurindo Almeida, Shelly Manne, and June Christy were part of these musical ensembles.", "Name jazz musicians such as Maynard Ferguson, Shorty Rogers, Milt Bernhart, John Graas, Art Pepper, Bud Shank, Bob Cooper, Laurindo Almeida, Shelly Manne, and June Christy were part of these musical ensembles. The groups managed two tours during 1950–51, from a commercial standpoint it would be Stan Kenton's first major failure. Kenton soon reverted to a more standard 19-piece lineup.", "Kenton soon reverted to a more standard 19-piece lineup. Kenton soon reverted to a more standard 19-piece lineup. In order to be more commercially viable, Kenton reformed the band in 1951 to a much more standard instrumentation: five saxes, five trombones, five trumpets, piano, guitar, bass, drums. The charts of such arrangers as Gerry Mulligan, Johnny Richards, and particularly Bill Holman and Bill Russo began to dominate the repertoire.", "The charts of such arrangers as Gerry Mulligan, Johnny Richards, and particularly Bill Holman and Bill Russo began to dominate the repertoire. The music was written to better reflect the style of cutting edge, be-bop oriented big bands, such as those of Dizzy Gillespie or Woody Herman. Young, talented players and outstanding jazz soloists such as Maynard Ferguson, Lee Konitz, Conte Candoli, Sal Salvador, and Frank Rosolino made strong contributions to the level of the 1952–53 band.", "Young, talented players and outstanding jazz soloists such as Maynard Ferguson, Lee Konitz, Conte Candoli, Sal Salvador, and Frank Rosolino made strong contributions to the level of the 1952–53 band. The music composed and arranged during this time was far more tailor-made to contemporary jazz tastes; the 1953 album New Concepts of Artistry in Rhythm is noted as one of the high points in Kenton's career as band leader.", "The music composed and arranged during this time was far more tailor-made to contemporary jazz tastes; the 1953 album New Concepts of Artistry in Rhythm is noted as one of the high points in Kenton's career as band leader. Though the band was to have a very strong \"concert book\", Kenton also made sure the dance book was made new, fresh and contemporary.", "Though the band was to have a very strong \"concert book\", Kenton also made sure the dance book was made new, fresh and contemporary. The album Sketches on Standards from 1953 is an excellent example of Kenton appealing to a wider audience while using the band and Bill Russo's arranging skills to their fullest potential. Even though the personnel changed rather rapidly, Kenton's focus was very clear on where he would lead things musically.", "Even though the personnel changed rather rapidly, Kenton's focus was very clear on where he would lead things musically. By this time producer Lee Gillette worked well in concert with Kenton to create a balanced set of recordings that were both commercially viable and cutting edge musically. Arguably the most \"swinging\" band Kenton was to field came when legendary drummer Mel Lewis joined the orchestra in 1954.", "Arguably the most \"swinging\" band Kenton was to field came when legendary drummer Mel Lewis joined the orchestra in 1954. Kenton's Contemporary Concepts (1955) and Kenton in Hi-Fi (1956) albums during this time are very impressive as a be-bop recording and then a standard dance recording (respectively). Kenton in Hi-Fis wide popularity and sales benefited from the fact it was his greatest hits of ten years earlier re-recorded in stereo with a contemporary, much higher level band.", "Kenton in Hi-Fis wide popularity and sales benefited from the fact it was his greatest hits of ten years earlier re-recorded in stereo with a contemporary, much higher level band. The album climbed all the way up to #22 on the Billboard album charts and provided much needed revenue at a time when Rock n Roll had started to become the dominant pop music in the United States. It would become more and more difficult for Kenton to alternate between 'dance' and serious 'jazz' albums while staying financially solvent.", "It would become more and more difficult for Kenton to alternate between 'dance' and serious 'jazz' albums while staying financially solvent. During the summer of the summer of 1955 (July–September), Kenton was to become the host of the CBS television series Music 55. While it offered 10 weeks of great exposure to a rapidly expanding television audience, the show failed. It was plagued by poor production techniques and a strange combination of guests that did not work well with what Kenton had envisioned.", "It was plagued by poor production techniques and a strange combination of guests that did not work well with what Kenton had envisioned. He ended up being stiff and out of place with what the producers tried to achieve. Kenton had to burn the candle at both ends flying in to do the show then flying back out to meet his band out on the road. The New York production team was limited by using an American Federation of Musicians roster of local players; Kenton wanted his own band to do the show.", "The New York production team was limited by using an American Federation of Musicians roster of local players; Kenton wanted his own band to do the show. There would be another attempt for the Kenton organization to place the band on regularly scheduled television programming in 1958. After six Kenton financed episodes on KTTV in Los Angeles, there would be no sponsors to step up and back the show. One of the standout projects and recordings for the mid-1950s band is the Cuban Fire! album released in 1956.", "album released in 1956. album released in 1956. Though Stan Kenton had recorded earlier hits such as The Peanut Vendor in 1947 with Latin percussionist Machito, as well as many other Latin flavored singles, the Cuban Fire! suite and LP stands as a watershed set of compositions for Johnny Richards' career and an outstanding commercial/artistic achievement for the Kenton orchestra, and a singular landmark in large ensemble Latin jazz recordings. \"CUBAN FIRE is completely authentic, the way it combines big-band jazz with genuine Latin-American rhythms.\"", "\"CUBAN FIRE is completely authentic, the way it combines big-band jazz with genuine Latin-American rhythms.\" The success of the Cuban Fire! album can be gauged in part by the immediate ascent of Johnny Richards' star after its release; he was suddenly offered a contract by Bethlehem Records to record what would be the first of several recordings with his own groups. At one point, Kenton faced a controversy in 1956 with comments he made when the band returned from a European tour.", "At one point, Kenton faced a controversy in 1956 with comments he made when the band returned from a European tour. The current Critics Poll in Down Beat was now dominated by African-American musicians in virtually every category. The Kenton band was playing in Ontario, Canada, at the time, and Kenton dispatched a telegram which lamented \"a new minority, white jazz musicians,\" and stated his \"disgust [with the so-called] literary geniuses of jazz.\"", "The Kenton band was playing in Ontario, Canada, at the time, and Kenton dispatched a telegram which lamented \"a new minority, white jazz musicians,\" and stated his \"disgust [with the so-called] literary geniuses of jazz.\" Jazz critic Leonard Feather responded in the October 3, 1956, issue of Down Beat with an open letter that questioned Kenton's racial views.", "Jazz critic Leonard Feather responded in the October 3, 1956, issue of Down Beat with an open letter that questioned Kenton's racial views. Feather implied that Kenton's failure to win the Critics Poll was probably the real reason for the complaint, and wondered if racial prejudice was involved. In hindsight the record shows Kenton's biggest sin is to have hastily fired off the comments. However, less than 2% of the more than 600 sidemen with the Kenton band were African American.", "However, less than 2% of the more than 600 sidemen with the Kenton band were African American. By the end of the decade Kenton was with the last incarnation of a 19-piece, 1950s-style Kenton orchestra. Many bands have been called a leader's \"best\"; this last Kenton 1959 incarnation of the 1950s bands may very well be the best. The group would pull off one of Kenton's most artistic, subtle and introspective recordings, Standards in Silhouette.", "The group would pull off one of Kenton's most artistic, subtle and introspective recordings, Standards in Silhouette. As trombonist Archie LeCoque recalled of this album of very slow ballads, \"...it was hard, but at the time we were all young and straight-ahead, we got through it and (two) albums came out well.\" By 1959 Stereophonic sound recording was now being fully utilized with all major labels.", "By 1959 Stereophonic sound recording was now being fully utilized with all major labels. One of the great triumphs of the Standards in Silhouette album is the mature writing, the combination of the room used, a live group with very few overdubs, and the recording being in full stereo fidelity (and later remastered to digital). Bill Mathieu was highly skeptical of the decision to record his music like Cuban Fire! in a cavernous ballroom.", "in a cavernous ballroom. in a cavernous ballroom. Mathieu adds: \"Stan and producer Lee Gillette were absolutely right: the band sounds alive and awake (which is not easy when recording many hours of slow-tempo music in a studio), and most importantly, the players could hear themselves well in the live room. The end result is the band sounds strong and cohesive, and the album is well recorded.\" This is the last set of studio dates before Kenton would retool the entire orchestra in 1960.", "This is the last set of studio dates before Kenton would retool the entire orchestra in 1960. 1960s The Kenton orchestra had been on a slow decline in sales and popularity in the late 1950s with having to compete with newer, popular music artists such as Elvis Presley, Bobby Darin, and The Platters. The nadir of this decline was around 1958 and coincided with a recession that was affecting the entire country. There were far fewer big bands on the road and live music venues were hard to book for the Kenton orchestra.", "There were far fewer big bands on the road and live music venues were hard to book for the Kenton orchestra. The band would end 1959 beaten up by poor attendance at concerts and having to rely far more on dance halls than real jazz concerts. The band would reform in 1960 with a new look, a new sound, a larger group with a 'mellophonium' section added and an upsurge in Kenton's popularity.Sparke, Michael; Peter Venudor (1998). Stan Kenton, The Studio Sessions. Balboa Books. .", "Stan Kenton, The Studio Sessions. Balboa Books. . . The new instrument was used by Kenton to \"bridge the gap\" in range, color, and tonality between his trumpet and trombone sections. Essentially it creates a conical, midrange sound that is common in a symphonic setting with a horn (French horn) but the bell of the instrument faces forward. Kenton's 1961 recording The Romantic Approach for Capitol is the first of 11 LPs that would feature the \"mellophonium band\".", "Kenton's 1961 recording The Romantic Approach for Capitol is the first of 11 LPs that would feature the \"mellophonium band\". Kenton arranged the whole first mellophonium album himself and it was very well received in a September 1961 review in Down Beat. The Kenton Orchestra from 1960 to 1963 had numerous successes; the band had a relentless recording schedule. The albums Kenton's West Side Story (arrangements by Johnny Richards) and Adventures In Jazz, each won Grammy awards in 1962 and 1963 respectively.", "The albums Kenton's West Side Story (arrangements by Johnny Richards) and Adventures In Jazz, each won Grammy awards in 1962 and 1963 respectively. Ralph Carmichael wrote a superb set of Christmas charts for Kenton which translated into one of the most popular recordings from the band leader to date: A Merry Christmas!.", "Ralph Carmichael wrote a superb set of Christmas charts for Kenton which translated into one of the most popular recordings from the band leader to date: A Merry Christmas!. Also, Johnny Richards' Adventures in Time suite (recorded in 1962) was the culmination of all things the mellophonium band was capable of.NPR: Stan Kenton At 100: Artistry In Rhythm , Reference to Adventures in Time in article as important milestone of Kenton's music. February 17, 2012. After the Fall 1963 U.S./U.K.", "February 17, 2012. After the Fall 1963 U.S./U.K. After the Fall 1963 U.S./U.K. tour ended in November, the mellophonium incarnation of Kenton bands was done. The conditions of Stan's divorce from jazz singer Ann Richards was that a judge ordered Stan to take a year off the road to help raise their two children or lose custody altogether. Kenton would not reform another road band for tour until 1965.", "Kenton would not reform another road band for tour until 1965. Kenton had ties from earlier writing of country/western songs that were a success with Capitol and again he tried his hand in that genre during the early 1960s. In a music market that was becoming increasingly tight, in 1962 he cut the hit single \"Mama Sang a Song\"; his last Top-40 ( 32 Billboard, No. 22 Music Vendor). The song was a narration written by country singer Bill Anderson and spoken by Kenton.", "The song was a narration written by country singer Bill Anderson and spoken by Kenton. The single also received a Grammy nomination the following year in the Best Documentary or Spoken Word Recording category. The other attempt he made into that market was the far less successful Stan Kenton! Tex Ritter!, released in 1962 as a full LP. After the breakup of the mellophonium band, Kenton / Wagner (1964) was an important recording project that Kenton himself arranged, again moving towards \"progressive jazz\" or third stream music.", "After the breakup of the mellophonium band, Kenton / Wagner (1964) was an important recording project that Kenton himself arranged, again moving towards \"progressive jazz\" or third stream music. This album was not a financial success but kept Kenton at the forefront of 'art music' interpretation in the commercial music world. Stan Kenton Conducts the Los Angeles Neophonic Orchestra (1965) was an artistic success that garnered another Grammy nomination for the band leader.", "Stan Kenton Conducts the Los Angeles Neophonic Orchestra (1965) was an artistic success that garnered another Grammy nomination for the band leader. During this time Kenton also co-wrote the theme music for the short lived NBC television series Mister Roberts (1965–66). The 1966–1969 Capitol releases for Stan Kenton were a severe low point for his recording career. Capitol producer Lee Gillette was trying to exploit the money making possibilities of numerous popular hits to include the 1968 musical Hair featuring contemporary rock music.", "Capitol producer Lee Gillette was trying to exploit the money making possibilities of numerous popular hits to include the 1968 musical Hair featuring contemporary rock music. Due to lack of promotion by Capitol, four LPs were financial failures; this would be the last releases for Kenton under the aegis of long time Kenton producer Lee Gillette and Capitol.", "Due to lack of promotion by Capitol, four LPs were financial failures; this would be the last releases for Kenton under the aegis of long time Kenton producer Lee Gillette and Capitol. In fact, by the time it was recorded Kenton had no involvement in the Hair LP except for Kenton's name placed on the jacket cover; Ralph Carmichael and Lennie Niehaus were placed in charge of the project.", "In fact, by the time it was recorded Kenton had no involvement in the Hair LP except for Kenton's name placed on the jacket cover; Ralph Carmichael and Lennie Niehaus were placed in charge of the project. Two exceptions to this late 1960s period are the Billboard charted single the band cut of the Dragnet theme (1967) and another Kenton presents release featuring the music of composer and ex-bandsman Dee Barton: The Jazz Compositions of Dee Barton (1967).", "Two exceptions to this late 1960s period are the Billboard charted single the band cut of the Dragnet theme (1967) and another Kenton presents release featuring the music of composer and ex-bandsman Dee Barton: The Jazz Compositions of Dee Barton (1967). The album featuring Barton's music was another unsung artistic success for the Kenton band though widely unseen commercially by the a music listening public. 1970s The transition from Capitol to Creative World Records in 1970 was fraught with difficulties during a time when the music business was changing rapidly.", "1970s The transition from Capitol to Creative World Records in 1970 was fraught with difficulties during a time when the music business was changing rapidly. As a viable jazz artist who was trying to keep a loyal but dwindling following, Kenton turned to arrangers such as Hank Levy and Bob Curnow to write material that appealed to a younger audience.", "As a viable jazz artist who was trying to keep a loyal but dwindling following, Kenton turned to arrangers such as Hank Levy and Bob Curnow to write material that appealed to a younger audience. The first releases for the Creative World label were live concerts and Kenton had the control he wanted over content but lacked substantial resources to engineer, mix, and promote what Capitol underwrote in the past.", "The first releases for the Creative World label were live concerts and Kenton had the control he wanted over content but lacked substantial resources to engineer, mix, and promote what Capitol underwrote in the past. Kenton would take a big gamble to bypass the current record industry and rely far more on the direct mail lists of jazz fans which the newly formed Creative World label would need to sell records. Kenton also made his print music available to college and high-school stage bands with several publishers.", "Kenton also made his print music available to college and high-school stage bands with several publishers. Kenton continued leading and touring with his big band up to his final performance on August 20, 1978; he disbanded the group due to his failing health. In June 1973 Bob Curnow had started as the new artists and repertoire manager overseeing the whole operation of the Creative World Records.", "In June 1973 Bob Curnow had started as the new artists and repertoire manager overseeing the whole operation of the Creative World Records. It was just the year before (in 1972) the Kenton orchestra recorded the National Anthems of the World double LP with 40 arrangements all done by Curnow. As per Curnow himself, \"That was a remarkable and very difficult time for me.", "As per Curnow himself, \"That was a remarkable and very difficult time for me. I was managing (Stan's) record company with NO experience in business, writing music like mad, living in a new place and culture (Los Angeles was another world), traveling a LOT (out with the band at least 1 week a month) and trying to keep it together at home.\"", "I was managing (Stan's) record company with NO experience in business, writing music like mad, living in a new place and culture (Los Angeles was another world), traveling a LOT (out with the band at least 1 week a month) and trying to keep it together at home.\" When Kenton took to the road during the early 1970s and up to his last tour, he took with him seasoned veteran musicians (John Worster, Willie Maiden, Warren Gale, Graham Ellis and others) teaming them with relatively unknown young artists, and new arrangements (including those by Hank Levy, Bill Holman, Bob Curnow, Willie Maiden and Ken Hanna) were used.", "When Kenton took to the road during the early 1970s and up to his last tour, he took with him seasoned veteran musicians (John Worster, Willie Maiden, Warren Gale, Graham Ellis and others) teaming them with relatively unknown young artists, and new arrangements (including those by Hank Levy, Bill Holman, Bob Curnow, Willie Maiden and Ken Hanna) were used. Many alumni associated with Kenton from this era became educators (Mike Vax, John Von Ohlen, Chuck Carter, Lisa Hittle and Richard Torres), and a few went on to take their musical careers to the next level, such as Peter Erskine, Douglas Purviance and Tim Hagans.", "Many alumni associated with Kenton from this era became educators (Mike Vax, John Von Ohlen, Chuck Carter, Lisa Hittle and Richard Torres), and a few went on to take their musical careers to the next level, such as Peter Erskine, Douglas Purviance and Tim Hagans. Timeline of Stan Kenton Orchestras Legacy Kenton was a salient figure on the American musical scene and made an indelible mark on the arranged type of big band jazz. Kenton's music evolved with the times from 1940 through the 1970s.", "Kenton's music evolved with the times from 1940 through the 1970s. He was at the vanguard of promoting jazz and jazz improvisation through his service as an educator through his Stan Kenton Band Clinics. The \"Kenton Style\" continues to permeate big bands at the high school and collegiate level, and the framework he designed for the \"jazz clinic\" is still widely in use today. Starting in the waning days of the big band era, Kenton found a multitude of ways in which to progress his art form.", "Starting in the waning days of the big band era, Kenton found a multitude of ways in which to progress his art form. In his hands the size of the jazz orchestra expanded greatly, at times exceeding forty musicians. The frequency range (high and low notes) was also increased with the use of bass trombones and tuba, and baritone and bass saxophones. The dynamic range was pushed on both ends; the band could play softer and louder than any other big band.", "The dynamic range was pushed on both ends; the band could play softer and louder than any other big band. Kenton was the primary band leader responsible for moving the big band from the dance hall to the concert hall; one of the most important and successful players in the Third Stream movement. Interest in his music has experienced somewhat of a resurgence, with critical \"rediscovery\" of his music and many reissues of his recordings.", "Interest in his music has experienced somewhat of a resurgence, with critical \"rediscovery\" of his music and many reissues of his recordings. An alumni band named for him tours, led by lead trumpeter Mike Vax, which performs not only classic Kenton arrangements, but also new music written and performed by the band members (much like Kenton's own groups).", "An alumni band named for him tours, led by lead trumpeter Mike Vax, which performs not only classic Kenton arrangements, but also new music written and performed by the band members (much like Kenton's own groups). Kenton donated his entire library to the music library of North Texas State University (now the University of North Texas), and the Stan Kenton Jazz Recital Hall was named in his honor, although has recently been changed due to concerns over his history of sexual misconduct.", "Kenton donated his entire library to the music library of North Texas State University (now the University of North Texas), and the Stan Kenton Jazz Recital Hall was named in his honor, although has recently been changed due to concerns over his history of sexual misconduct. His arrangements are now published by Sierra Music Publications. When comparing the four longest running touring jazz orchestras (Stan Kenton, Woody Herman, Count Basie, and Duke Ellington), Kenton's band had a higher turnover of personnel.", "When comparing the four longest running touring jazz orchestras (Stan Kenton, Woody Herman, Count Basie, and Duke Ellington), Kenton's band had a higher turnover of personnel. Bob Gioga, Buddy Childers, and Dick Shearer are among only a very few who played for Kenton for over a decade. Other important soloists such as Lennie Niehaus, Bill Perkins and Chico Alvarez had lengthy stays on the band as well.", "Other important soloists such as Lennie Niehaus, Bill Perkins and Chico Alvarez had lengthy stays on the band as well. The list of noted jazz players, studio musicians is impressive and the consistency of the group from 1941 to Kenton's passing in 1979 is notable. Stan Kenton's leadership and music vision was clear to marshal the forces of such a diverse set of players and arrangers over this long period of time; Kenton stands alone in the respect.", "Stan Kenton's leadership and music vision was clear to marshal the forces of such a diverse set of players and arrangers over this long period of time; Kenton stands alone in the respect. Personal life Kenton was born on December 15, 1911, according to his birth certificate, according to British biographer Michael Sparke. Kenton was conceived out of wedlock, and his parents told him that he was born two months later than the actual date, February 19, 1912, to obscure this fact.", "Kenton was conceived out of wedlock, and his parents told him that he was born two months later than the actual date, February 19, 1912, to obscure this fact. Kenton believed well into adulthood that the February date was his birthday, and recorded the Birthday In Britain concert album on February 19, 1973. The true date remained a closely held secret, and his grave marker shows the incorrect February birthdate. Kenton was married three times. Three children were produced from the first two marriages.", "Three children were produced from the first two marriages. Three children were produced from the first two marriages. His first marriage was to Violet Rhoda Peters in 1935 and lasted for 15 years. The couple had a daughter in 1941, Leslie. In her 2010 memoir Love Affair, Leslie Kenton wrote that, from 1952 to 1954, when she was between the ages of 11 and 13, her father sexually molested and raped her.", "In her 2010 memoir Love Affair, Leslie Kenton wrote that, from 1952 to 1954, when she was between the ages of 11 and 13, her father sexually molested and raped her. She nonetheless maintained a close relationship with him during his lifetime, though she states that she was emotionally scarred by the experience. She stated that the rapes always occurred under the influence of alcohol, that he was not fully aware of his actions, and that 20 years later he apologized profusely.", "She stated that the rapes always occurred under the influence of alcohol, that he was not fully aware of his actions, and that 20 years later he apologized profusely. Leslie was an author of several books about health, spirituality and beauty. In 1955, Stan Kenton married San Diego-born singer Ann Richards, who was 23 years his junior. The relationship produced two children: daughter Dana Lynn and son Lance. In 1961, Richards posed for a nude layout in Playboy magazine's June 1961 issue.", "In 1961, Richards posed for a nude layout in Playboy magazine's June 1961 issue. She signed a contract to record with Atco Records, without her husband's knowledge. The Playboy shoot was done without Kenton's knowledge; he found out about it while playing at the Aragon Ballroom in Chicago when handed the magazine by Charles Suter, who was the editor of Down Beat magazine at the time. Richards was not typically on the road with the band, though she had recorded the album Two Much!", "Richards was not typically on the road with the band, though she had recorded the album Two Much! with Kenton in 1960. Kenton filed for divorce in August 1961; it was finalized in 1962. He would retain custody of their two children. Kenton's third marriage was to KABC production assistant Jo Ann Hill, in 1967. This also ended in a separation in 1969 with the divorce following in 1970.", "This also ended in a separation in 1969 with the divorce following in 1970. In his later years he lived with his public relations secretary and last business manager, Audree Coke Kenton, though they never formally married. Kenton's heavy consumption of alcohol contributed to ongoing accidents and the physical difficulties he encountered during the last 10 years of his life.", "Kenton's heavy consumption of alcohol contributed to ongoing accidents and the physical difficulties he encountered during the last 10 years of his life. Kenton's son Lance became a member of the controversial Synanon new-age community in California, and served as one of its \"Imperial Marines,\" a group entrusted with committing violence against former members and others considered enemies of the community. In 1978 he was arrested for helping to put a rattlesnake in the mailbox of an anti-Synanon lawyer, and was sentenced to a year in prison.Zacchino, Narda.", "In 1978 he was arrested for helping to put a rattlesnake in the mailbox of an anti-Synanon lawyer, and was sentenced to a year in prison.Zacchino, Narda. \"Band Leader's Son Suspect in Assault\" Los Angeles Times. October 12, 1978. pp. 7 Kenton had two serious accidental falls, one in the early 1970s and one in May of 1977 while on tour in Reading, Pennsylvania. The second fall was very serious as he fractured his skull.", "The second fall was very serious as he fractured his skull. The last two years of his life became far more physically challenging for Kenton from the effects of the two accidents. On August 17, 1979, he was admitted to Midway Hospital near his home in Los Angeles after a stroke; he died eight days later, on August 25. At the time of his death he had three grandchildren. Kenton was interred in the Westwood Village Memorial Park Cemetery, Los Angeles.Jones, Jack.", "Kenton was interred in the Westwood Village Memorial Park Cemetery, Los Angeles.Jones, Jack. \"Stan Kenton, Innovative Band Leader, Dies At 67\". Los Angeles Times. August 26, 1979. pp.", "Los Angeles Times. August 26, 1979. pp. August 26, 1979. pp. 1 Gold records and charts (singles and albums)Gold Records1944 Artistry in Rhythm (Capitol Records) instrumental 1945 Tampico (Capitol Records) vocal by June Christy and band 1945 Shoo-Fly Pie and Apple Pan Dowdy (Capitol Records) vocal by June Christy and band Hits as charted singles (Songs that reached the top of the US or UK charts) Between 1944 and 1967, Stan Kenton had numerous hits on Billboard's charts.", "1 Gold records and charts (singles and albums)Gold Records1944 Artistry in Rhythm (Capitol Records) instrumental 1945 Tampico (Capitol Records) vocal by June Christy and band 1945 Shoo-Fly Pie and Apple Pan Dowdy (Capitol Records) vocal by June Christy and band Hits as charted singles (Songs that reached the top of the US or UK charts) Between 1944 and 1967, Stan Kenton had numerous hits on Billboard's charts. Hits as charted albums (Albums charting history with Billboard Magazine) Awards and honors Wins and honors from major publications Grammy Awards |- |rowspan=\"2\"| |rowspan=\"2\"|West Side Story (album) |Best Performance by an orchestra - for other than dancing | |- |rowspan=\"2\"|Best Jazz Performance - Large Group (Instrumental) | |- |rowspan=\"2\"| |rowspan=\"2\"|Adventures In Jazz (album) | |- |Best Engineered recording (other than classical and novelty) | |- |style=\"text-align:center;\"| |Mama Sang a Song (single) |Best Documentary or Spoken Word Recording (other than comedy) | |- |style=\"text-align:center;\"| |Artistry in Voices and Brass (album) |Best Performance by a Chorus | |- |style=\"text-align:center;\"| |Stan Kenton Conducts the Los Angeles Neophonic Orchestra (album) |Best Instrumental Jazz Performance, Individual or Group | |-Grammy Hall of Fame|- |rowspan=\"1\"| 1943 ||rowspan=\"1\"| Artistry in Rhythm (with the Stan Kenton Orchestra) || Grammy Hall of Fame (1985) || International Music Awards Other awards and honors 1978 – Honorary Doctorate of Music: University of Redlands 1974 – Honorary Doctorate of Humane Letters: Drury College 1968 – Honorary Doctorate of Music: Villanova University 1967 – Intercollegiate Music Festival Hall of Fame Award Named to the International Association for Jazz Education Hall of Fame (1980) Honored on the Hollywood Walk of Fame (Recording – 6340 Hollywood Blvd.)", "Hits as charted albums (Albums charting history with Billboard Magazine) Awards and honors Wins and honors from major publications Grammy Awards |- |rowspan=\"2\"| |rowspan=\"2\"|West Side Story (album) |Best Performance by an orchestra - for other than dancing | |- |rowspan=\"2\"|Best Jazz Performance - Large Group (Instrumental) | |- |rowspan=\"2\"| |rowspan=\"2\"|Adventures In Jazz (album) | |- |Best Engineered recording (other than classical and novelty) | |- |style=\"text-align:center;\"| |Mama Sang a Song (single) |Best Documentary or Spoken Word Recording (other than comedy) | |- |style=\"text-align:center;\"| |Artistry in Voices and Brass (album) |Best Performance by a Chorus | |- |style=\"text-align:center;\"| |Stan Kenton Conducts the Los Angeles Neophonic Orchestra (album) |Best Instrumental Jazz Performance, Individual or Group | |-Grammy Hall of Fame|- |rowspan=\"1\"| 1943 ||rowspan=\"1\"| Artistry in Rhythm (with the Stan Kenton Orchestra) || Grammy Hall of Fame (1985) || International Music Awards Other awards and honors 1978 – Honorary Doctorate of Music: University of Redlands 1974 – Honorary Doctorate of Humane Letters: Drury College 1968 – Honorary Doctorate of Music: Villanova University 1967 – Intercollegiate Music Festival Hall of Fame Award Named to the International Association for Jazz Education Hall of Fame (1980) Honored on the Hollywood Walk of Fame (Recording – 6340 Hollywood Blvd.) \"City of Glass\" is honored in The Wire's \"100 Records That Set The World on Fire\" (While No One Was Listening).\"", "\"City of Glass\" is honored in The Wire's \"100 Records That Set The World on Fire\" (While No One Was Listening).\" Posthumously honored 2011 – \"Stan Kenton: Artistry In Rhythm- Portrait Of A Jazz Legend\" (DVD) EMPixx Awards – Platinum Award in the Documentary Category/Platinum Award in the Use of Music Category.United States Library of Congress National Recording Registry'''Artistry in Rhythm (single) – Stan Kenton – Released:1943 – Inducted: 2011 -\tCategory: Jazz Noted band personnel Instrumentalists Pepper Adams Bob Ahern Sam Aleccia Ashley Alexander Laurindo Almeida Alfred \"Chico\" Alvarez Jim Amlotte John Anderson Buddy Arnold Don Bagley Gabe Baltazar Michael Bard Dave Barduhn Gary Barone Dee Barton Tim Bell Max Bennett Milt Bernhart Bill Briggs Bud Brisbois Ray Brown Bob Burgess Bart Caldarell Tony Campise Frank Capp Conte Candoli Pete Candoli Fred Carter Billy Catalano Bill Chase Buddy Childers Rich Condit Bob Cooper Jack Costanzo Curtis Counce Bob Curnow Quinn Davis Vinnie Dean Jay Daversa Don Dennis Sam Donahue Red Dorris Peter Erskine Don Fagerquist Maynard Ferguson Mary Fettig Bob Fitzpatrick Dr. William \"Bill\" Fritz Carl Fontana Chris Galuman Stan Getz Bob Gioga John Graas Benny Green Tim Hagans Ken Hanna Bill Hanna John Harner Dennis Hayslett Gary Henson Phil Herring Skeets Herfurt Lisa Hittle Gary Hobbs Bill Holman Marvin \"Doc\" Holladay Clay Jenkins Richie Kamuca Joel Kaye Red Kelly Jimmy Knepper Bobby Knight Lee Konitz Tom Lacy Scott LaFaro Jack Lake Keith LaMotte Kent Larsen Terry Layne Skip Layton Gary LeFebvre Archie LeCoque Stan Levey Mel Lewis Ramon Lopez Bob Lymperis John Madrid Willie Maiden Shelly Manne Charlie Mariano Al Mattaliano Dave Matthews Jerry McKenzie Dick Meldonian Don Menza Greg Metcalf Eddie Meyers Frank Minear Vido Musso Boots Mussulli Lennie Niehaus Dennis Noday Sam Noto Lloyd Otto Don Paladino John Park Kim Park Art Pepper Bill Perkins Oscar Pettiford Al Porcino Mike Price Douglas Purviance Ray Reed Clyde Reasinger Roy Reynolds Kim Richmond George Roberts Gene Roland Billy Root Frank Rosolino Shorty Rogers Ernie Royal Howard Rumsey Bill Russo Eddie Safranski Sal Salvador Carl Saunders Jay Saunders Dave Schildkraut Bud Shank Dick Shearer Jack Sheldon Kenny Shroyer Gene Siegel Zoot Sims Tom Slaney Dalton Smith Greg Smith Mike Snustead Ed Soph Lloyd Spoon Mike Suter Marvin Stamm Ray Starling Vinnie Tano Lucky Thompson Richard Torres Bill Trujillo Jeff Uusitalo Mike Vaccaro David van Kriedt Bart Varsalona Mike Vax John Von Ohlen George Weidler Ray Wetzel Rick Weathersby Jiggs Whigham Stu Williamson Kai Winding John Worster Alan Yankee Composers and Arrangers Manny Albam Buddy Baker Dave Barduhn Dee Barton Ralph Carmichael Joe Coccia Frank Comstock Bob Curnow Dale Devoe Sam Donahue Wayne Dunston Dennis Farnon Bob Florence Bill Fritz Bob Graettinger Ken Hanna Neal Hefti Bill Holman Gene Howard Hank Levy Willie Maiden Franklyn Marks Bill Mathieu Gerry Mulligan Lennie Niehaus Boots Mussulli Chico O'Farrill Marty Paich Johnny Richards Shorty Rogers Gene Roland Pete Rugolo Bill Russo Charlie Shirley Steve Spiegl Ray Starling Mark Taylor Al Yankee Ralph Yaw Vocalists Ernie Bernhardt Cindy Bradley Kay Brown Helen Carr June Christy Chris Connor Red Dorris Kay Gregory Gene Howard Jay Johnson Eve Knight Kent Larsen Dolly Mitchell The Modern Men Anita O'Day The Pastels Ann Richards Frank Rosolino Gail Sherwood Jan Tober Jean Turner Jerri Winters Ray Wetzel Discography and on film and television Studio albumsStan Kenton and His Orchestra – McGregor No.", "Posthumously honored 2011 – \"Stan Kenton: Artistry In Rhythm- Portrait Of A Jazz Legend\" (DVD) EMPixx Awards – Platinum Award in the Documentary Category/Platinum Award in the Use of Music Category.United States Library of Congress National Recording Registry'''Artistry in Rhythm (single) – Stan Kenton – Released:1943 – Inducted: 2011 -\tCategory: Jazz Noted band personnel Instrumentalists Pepper Adams Bob Ahern Sam Aleccia Ashley Alexander Laurindo Almeida Alfred \"Chico\" Alvarez Jim Amlotte John Anderson Buddy Arnold Don Bagley Gabe Baltazar Michael Bard Dave Barduhn Gary Barone Dee Barton Tim Bell Max Bennett Milt Bernhart Bill Briggs Bud Brisbois Ray Brown Bob Burgess Bart Caldarell Tony Campise Frank Capp Conte Candoli Pete Candoli Fred Carter Billy Catalano Bill Chase Buddy Childers Rich Condit Bob Cooper Jack Costanzo Curtis Counce Bob Curnow Quinn Davis Vinnie Dean Jay Daversa Don Dennis Sam Donahue Red Dorris Peter Erskine Don Fagerquist Maynard Ferguson Mary Fettig Bob Fitzpatrick Dr. William \"Bill\" Fritz Carl Fontana Chris Galuman Stan Getz Bob Gioga John Graas Benny Green Tim Hagans Ken Hanna Bill Hanna John Harner Dennis Hayslett Gary Henson Phil Herring Skeets Herfurt Lisa Hittle Gary Hobbs Bill Holman Marvin \"Doc\" Holladay Clay Jenkins Richie Kamuca Joel Kaye Red Kelly Jimmy Knepper Bobby Knight Lee Konitz Tom Lacy Scott LaFaro Jack Lake Keith LaMotte Kent Larsen Terry Layne Skip Layton Gary LeFebvre Archie LeCoque Stan Levey Mel Lewis Ramon Lopez Bob Lymperis John Madrid Willie Maiden Shelly Manne Charlie Mariano Al Mattaliano Dave Matthews Jerry McKenzie Dick Meldonian Don Menza Greg Metcalf Eddie Meyers Frank Minear Vido Musso Boots Mussulli Lennie Niehaus Dennis Noday Sam Noto Lloyd Otto Don Paladino John Park Kim Park Art Pepper Bill Perkins Oscar Pettiford Al Porcino Mike Price Douglas Purviance Ray Reed Clyde Reasinger Roy Reynolds Kim Richmond George Roberts Gene Roland Billy Root Frank Rosolino Shorty Rogers Ernie Royal Howard Rumsey Bill Russo Eddie Safranski Sal Salvador Carl Saunders Jay Saunders Dave Schildkraut Bud Shank Dick Shearer Jack Sheldon Kenny Shroyer Gene Siegel Zoot Sims Tom Slaney Dalton Smith Greg Smith Mike Snustead Ed Soph Lloyd Spoon Mike Suter Marvin Stamm Ray Starling Vinnie Tano Lucky Thompson Richard Torres Bill Trujillo Jeff Uusitalo Mike Vaccaro David van Kriedt Bart Varsalona Mike Vax John Von Ohlen George Weidler Ray Wetzel Rick Weathersby Jiggs Whigham Stu Williamson Kai Winding John Worster Alan Yankee Composers and Arrangers Manny Albam Buddy Baker Dave Barduhn Dee Barton Ralph Carmichael Joe Coccia Frank Comstock Bob Curnow Dale Devoe Sam Donahue Wayne Dunston Dennis Farnon Bob Florence Bill Fritz Bob Graettinger Ken Hanna Neal Hefti Bill Holman Gene Howard Hank Levy Willie Maiden Franklyn Marks Bill Mathieu Gerry Mulligan Lennie Niehaus Boots Mussulli Chico O'Farrill Marty Paich Johnny Richards Shorty Rogers Gene Roland Pete Rugolo Bill Russo Charlie Shirley Steve Spiegl Ray Starling Mark Taylor Al Yankee Ralph Yaw Vocalists Ernie Bernhardt Cindy Bradley Kay Brown Helen Carr June Christy Chris Connor Red Dorris Kay Gregory Gene Howard Jay Johnson Eve Knight Kent Larsen Dolly Mitchell The Modern Men Anita O'Day The Pastels Ann Richards Frank Rosolino Gail Sherwood Jan Tober Jean Turner Jerri Winters Ray Wetzel Discography and on film and television Studio albumsStan Kenton and His Orchestra – McGregor No. LP201 (1941)The Formative Years – Decca No.", "LP201 (1941)The Formative Years – Decca No. 589 489-2 (1941–1942)Artistry in Rhythm – Capitol No. BD39 (1946)Encores – Capitol No. 155 (1947)A Presentation of Progressive Jazz – Capitol No. T172 (1947)Metronome Riff (single) – Capitol special pressing (1947)Innovations in Modern Music – Capitol No. 189 (1950)Stan Kenton's Milestones – Capitol No. T190 (through 1950)Stan Kenton Presents – Capitol No.", "T190 (through 1950)Stan Kenton Presents – Capitol No. 248 (1950)City of Glass – Capitol No. H353 (1951)New Concepts of Artistry in Rhythm – Capitol 383 (1952)Popular Favorites by Stan Kenton – Capitol No. 421 (1953)Sketches on Standards – Capitol No. 426 (1953)This Modern World – Capitol No. 460 (1953)Portraits on Standards – Capitol No. 462 (1953)Kenton Showcase: The Music of Bill Russo – Capitol No.", "462 (1953)Kenton Showcase: The Music of Bill Russo – Capitol No. H525 (1954)Kenton Showcase : The Music of Bill Holman – Capitol No. H526 (1954)Duet (with June Christy) – Capitol No. 656 (1955)Contemporary Concepts – Capitol No. 666 (1955)Kenton in Hi-Fi – Capitol No. 724 (1956)Cuban Fire! – Capitol No. 731 (1956)Kenton with Voices – Capitol No. 810 (1957)Rendezvous with Kenton – Capitol No.", "810 (1957)Rendezvous with Kenton – Capitol No. 932 (1957)Back to Balboa – Capitol No. 995 (1958)The Ballad Style of Stan Kenton – Capitol No. 1068 (1958)Lush Interlude – Capitol No. 1130 (1958)The Stage Door Swings – Capitol No. 1166 (1958)The Kenton Touch – Capitol No. 1276 (1958)Viva Kenton! – Capitol No. 1305 (1959)Standards in Silhouette – Capitol No. 1394 (1959)Two Much!", "1394 (1959)Two Much! 1394 (1959)Two Much! (with Ann Richards) – Capitol No. 1495 (1960)The Romantic Approach – Capitol No. 1533 (1961)Kenton's West Side Story – Capitol No. 1609 (1961)A Merry Christmas! – Capitol No. 1621 (1961)Sophisticated Approach – Capitol No. 1674 (1961)Adventures in Standards – Creative World No. 1025 (1961 – released 1975)Adventures In Jazz – Capitol No.", "1025 (1961 – released 1975)Adventures In Jazz – Capitol No. 1796 (1961)Adventures in Blues – Capitol No. 1985 (1961)Stan Kenton! Tex Ritter! (with Tex Ritter) – Capitol No. 1757 (1962)Adventures in Time – Capitol No. 1844 (1962)Artistry in Bossa Nova – Capitol No. 1931 (1963)Artistry in Voices and Brass – Capitol No. 2132 (1963)Stan Kenton / Jean Turner (with Jean Turner) – Capitol No.", "2132 (1963)Stan Kenton / Jean Turner (with Jean Turner) – Capitol No. 2051 (1963)Kenton / Wagner – Capitol No. 2217 (1964)Stan Kenton Conducts the Los Angeles Neophonic Orchestra – Capitol No. 2424 (1965–1966)Stan Kenton Plays for Today – Capitol No. 2655 (1966–1967)The World We Know – Capitol No. 2810The Jazz Compositions of Dee Barton – Capitol No. 2932 (1967)Finian's Rainbow – Capitol No. 2971 (1968)Hair – Capitol No.", "2971 (1968)Hair – Capitol No. 2971 (1968)Hair – Capitol No. ST305 (1969)National Anthems of the World – Creative World No. 1060 (1972)7.5 on the Richter Scale – Creative World No. 1070 (1973)Stan Kenton Without His Orchestra (solo) – Creative World No. 1071 (1973)Stan Kenton Plays Chicago – Creative World No. 1072 (1974)Fire, Fury and Fun – Creative World No.", "1072 (1974)Fire, Fury and Fun – Creative World No. 1073 (1974)Kenton '76 – Creative World No. 1076 (1976)Journey Into Capricorn – Creative World No.", "1076 (1976)Journey Into Capricorn – Creative World No. 1077 (1976) Live albumsStan Kenton Live at Cornell University (1951)Stan Kenton Stompin' at Newport – Pablo #PACD-5312-2 (1957)On the Road with Stan Kenton – Artistry Records #AR-101 (Recorded Nov. 6, 1958 at the Municipal Auditorium, Sarasota, Florida)Kenton Live from the Las Vegas Tropicana – Capitol No.", "1077 (1976) Live albumsStan Kenton Live at Cornell University (1951)Stan Kenton Stompin' at Newport – Pablo #PACD-5312-2 (1957)On the Road with Stan Kenton – Artistry Records #AR-101 (Recorded Nov. 6, 1958 at the Municipal Auditorium, Sarasota, Florida)Kenton Live from the Las Vegas Tropicana – Capitol No. 1460 (1959)Road Show (with June Christy and The Four Freshmen) – Capitol #TBO1327 (1959)Stan Kenton at Ukiah – Status #STCD109 (1959)Stan Kenton in New Jersey – Status #USCD104 (1959)Mellophonium Magic – Status No.", "1460 (1959)Road Show (with June Christy and The Four Freshmen) – Capitol #TBO1327 (1959)Stan Kenton at Ukiah – Status #STCD109 (1959)Stan Kenton in New Jersey – Status #USCD104 (1959)Mellophonium Magic – Status No. CD103 (1962)Mellophonium Moods – Status No.", "CD103 (1962)Mellophonium Moods – Status No. CD103 (1962)Mellophonium Moods – Status No. STCD106 (1962)Stan Kenton and His Orchestra at Fountain Street Church Part 1 – Status #DSTS1014 (1968)Stan Kenton and His Orchestra at Fountain Street Church Part 2– Status #DSTS1016 (1968) Private Party – Creative World No. 1014 (1970)Live At Redlands University – Creative World No. 1015 (1970)Live at Brigham Young University – Creative World No.", "1015 (1970)Live at Brigham Young University – Creative World No. 1039 (1971)Live at Butler University – Creative World No.", "1039 (1971)Live at Butler University – Creative World No. 1058 (1972)The Stuttgart Experience – Live In Stuttgart – Jazzhaus #JAH-457 (1972)Stan Kenton Today – Live In London – London/Creative World #BP 44179-80 (1972)Birthday in Britain – Creative World #ST 1065 (1973)Flying High in Florida (1972)Live at the London Hilton – Part I & II (1973)Live in Europe (1976)The Lost Concert Vol.", "1058 (1972)The Stuttgart Experience – Live In Stuttgart – Jazzhaus #JAH-457 (1972)Stan Kenton Today – Live In London – London/Creative World #BP 44179-80 (1972)Birthday in Britain – Creative World #ST 1065 (1973)Flying High in Florida (1972)Live at the London Hilton – Part I & II (1973)Live in Europe (1976)The Lost Concert Vol. 1–2 Recorded at The Cocoanut Grove in Los Angeles, CA on March 18, 1978, posthumous release in 2002 – Jazz Heritage CompilationsStan Kenton's Milestones (Capitol, 1943–47 [1950])Stan Kenton Classics (Capitol, 1944–47 [1952])The Kenton Era (Capitol, 1940–53 [1955])City of Glass and This Modern World – Capitol No.", "1–2 Recorded at The Cocoanut Grove in Los Angeles, CA on March 18, 1978, posthumous release in 2002 – Jazz Heritage CompilationsStan Kenton's Milestones (Capitol, 1943–47 [1950])Stan Kenton Classics (Capitol, 1944–47 [1952])The Kenton Era (Capitol, 1940–53 [1955])City of Glass and This Modern World – Capitol No. 736 (1951–1953 [1957])Stan Kenton's Greatest Hits (Capitol, 1943–47 [1965])Stan Kenton On AFRS – Status DSTS1019 (1944–1945)One Night Stand – Magic #DAWE66 (1961–1962)Some Women I've Known – Creative World No.", "736 (1951–1953 [1957])Stan Kenton's Greatest Hits (Capitol, 1943–47 [1965])Stan Kenton On AFRS – Status DSTS1019 (1944–1945)One Night Stand – Magic #DAWE66 (1961–1962)Some Women I've Known – Creative World No. 1029The Fabulous Alumni of Stan Kenton – Capitol No. T 20244 (1970) The Complete Capitol Recordings Of The Holman And Russo Charts – Mosaic MD4-136The Complete Capitol Recordings – Mosaic MD7-163The Peanut VendorThe Jazz Compositions Of Stan Kenton – Creative World No.", "T 20244 (1970) The Complete Capitol Recordings Of The Holman And Russo Charts – Mosaic MD4-136The Complete Capitol Recordings – Mosaic MD7-163The Peanut VendorThe Jazz Compositions Of Stan Kenton – Creative World No. ST1078 (1945–1973)Street of Dreams – Creative World No.", "ST1078 (1945–1973)Street of Dreams – Creative World No. 1079 (1979 vinyl; 1992 CD)The Innovations Orchestra (Capitol, 1950–51 [1997]) On film or television 1941 Zig Me, Baby, With a Gentle Zag (short) 1942 Jammin' in the Panoram (short) 1942 Jealous (short) 1942 Reed Rapture (short) 1944 This Love of Mine (short) 1945 Eager Beaver (short) 1945 I'm Homesick, That's All (short) 1945 It's Been a Long Long Time (short) 1945 Southern Scandal (short) 1945 Tampico (short) 1946 Talk About A Lady (feature film) 1946 Southern Scandal (short) 1947 Let's Make Rhythm (short) 1947 Stan Kenton and His Orchestra (biographical short) 1950 The Ed Sullivan Show (television) 1953 Schlagerparade (movie) Stan Kenton at the Sporthalle in Berlin 1954 Spotlight No.", "1079 (1979 vinyl; 1992 CD)The Innovations Orchestra (Capitol, 1950–51 [1997]) On film or television 1941 Zig Me, Baby, With a Gentle Zag (short) 1942 Jammin' in the Panoram (short) 1942 Jealous (short) 1942 Reed Rapture (short) 1944 This Love of Mine (short) 1945 Eager Beaver (short) 1945 I'm Homesick, That's All (short) 1945 It's Been a Long Long Time (short) 1945 Southern Scandal (short) 1945 Tampico (short) 1946 Talk About A Lady (feature film) 1946 Southern Scandal (short) 1947 Let's Make Rhythm (short) 1947 Stan Kenton and His Orchestra (biographical short) 1950 The Ed Sullivan Show (television) 1953 Schlagerparade (movie) Stan Kenton at the Sporthalle in Berlin 1954 Spotlight No. 5 (CBC television, documentary) 1955 Music '55 (television, musical variety) 1956 Happy New Year: A Sunday Spectacular (television) 1956 Juke Box Jury (television, gameshow) 1957 Alan Melville Takes You from A-Z (BBC television) 1957 The Big Record (television) 1958 The Gisele MacKenzie Show (television) 1960 General Electric Theater (television) 1960 Startime (television) 1960 Dixieland Small-Fry (television) 1962 Jazz Scene USA (television) 1962 Music of the 60s (television) 1962 The Lively Ones (television) 1963 The Ed Sullivan Show (television) 1964 The Les Crane Show (television) 1965 Big Bands (WGN-TV television) 1965 Jamboree (television) 1966 The Linkletter Show (television) 1967 The Woody Woodbury Show (television) 1967 The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson (television) 1968 Something Special with Mel Torme (television) 1968 The Crusade for Jazz aka Bound To Be Heard (television documentary) 1969 The Substance of Jazz (educational/documentary) 1969 and 1970 The David Frost Show (television) 1968 and 1970 The Mike Douglas Show (television) 1971 The Merv Griffin Show (television) 1972 Sounds of Saturday (BBC television) 1976 Soundstage (television) 1977 Omnibus (BBC television) 2011 Stan Kenton: Artistry In Rhythm- Portrait Of A Jazz Legend'' (documentary) Compositions Stan Kenton's compositions include \"Artistry in Rhythm\", released as V-Disc No.", "5 (CBC television, documentary) 1955 Music '55 (television, musical variety) 1956 Happy New Year: A Sunday Spectacular (television) 1956 Juke Box Jury (television, gameshow) 1957 Alan Melville Takes You from A-Z (BBC television) 1957 The Big Record (television) 1958 The Gisele MacKenzie Show (television) 1960 General Electric Theater (television) 1960 Startime (television) 1960 Dixieland Small-Fry (television) 1962 Jazz Scene USA (television) 1962 Music of the 60s (television) 1962 The Lively Ones (television) 1963 The Ed Sullivan Show (television) 1964 The Les Crane Show (television) 1965 Big Bands (WGN-TV television) 1965 Jamboree (television) 1966 The Linkletter Show (television) 1967 The Woody Woodbury Show (television) 1967 The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson (television) 1968 Something Special with Mel Torme (television) 1968 The Crusade for Jazz aka Bound To Be Heard (television documentary) 1969 The Substance of Jazz (educational/documentary) 1969 and 1970 The David Frost Show (television) 1968 and 1970 The Mike Douglas Show (television) 1971 The Merv Griffin Show (television) 1972 Sounds of Saturday (BBC television) 1976 Soundstage (television) 1977 Omnibus (BBC television) 2011 Stan Kenton: Artistry In Rhythm- Portrait Of A Jazz Legend'' (documentary) Compositions Stan Kenton's compositions include \"Artistry in Rhythm\", released as V-Disc No. 285B, \"Opus in Pastels\", \"Artistry Jumps\", \"Reed Rapture\", \"Eager Beaver\", released on V-Disc 285B, \"Fantasy\", \"Southern Scandal\", which was released as V-Disc No.", "285B, \"Opus in Pastels\", \"Artistry Jumps\", \"Reed Rapture\", \"Eager Beaver\", released on V-Disc 285B, \"Fantasy\", \"Southern Scandal\", which was released as V-Disc No. 573B, \"Monotony\", released as V-Disc No.", "573B, \"Monotony\", released as V-Disc No. 854B, in 1948, with a spoken introduction by Kenton, \"Harlem Folk Dance\", \"Painted Rhythm\", \"Concerto to End All Concertos\", \"Easy Go\", \"Concerto for Doghouse\", \"Shelly Manne\", \"Balboa Bash\", \"Flamenco\", and \"Sunset Tower\".", "854B, in 1948, with a spoken introduction by Kenton, \"Harlem Folk Dance\", \"Painted Rhythm\", \"Concerto to End All Concertos\", \"Easy Go\", \"Concerto for Doghouse\", \"Shelly Manne\", \"Balboa Bash\", \"Flamenco\", and \"Sunset Tower\". Many compositions are collaborations between Stan Kenton and Pete Rugolo, such as \"Artistry in Boogie,\" \"Collaboration,\" and \"Theme to the West.\"", "Many compositions are collaborations between Stan Kenton and Pete Rugolo, such as \"Artistry in Boogie,\" \"Collaboration,\" and \"Theme to the West.\" Kenton was credited as a co-writer of the 1944 jazz classic \"And Her Tears Flowed Like Wine\".", "Kenton was credited as a co-writer of the 1944 jazz classic \"And Her Tears Flowed Like Wine\". Notes References External links Bell High School Alumni Page for Stan Kenton Stan Kenton Research Center*Article on Stan Kenton's Mellophonium Band An Interview with Jo Lea Starling, wife of Ray Starling An Interview with Tony Scodwell, Stan Kenton Mellophoniumist The Stan Kenton Collection at the University of North Texas Stan Kenton's music published by Sierra Music Publications Terry Vosbein's All Things Kenton site - discography, radio shows, rare images and audio.", "Notes References External links Bell High School Alumni Page for Stan Kenton Stan Kenton Research Center*Article on Stan Kenton's Mellophonium Band An Interview with Jo Lea Starling, wife of Ray Starling An Interview with Tony Scodwell, Stan Kenton Mellophoniumist The Stan Kenton Collection at the University of North Texas Stan Kenton's music published by Sierra Music Publications Terry Vosbein's All Things Kenton site - discography, radio shows, rare images and audio. GNP Crescendo Records 1911 births 1979 deaths Age controversies Cool jazz musicians Swing bandleaders Big band bandleaders Jazz arrangers Progressive big band bandleaders American jazz bandleaders Musicians from California American music arrangers Grammy Award winners Capitol Records artists American jazz educators Burials at Westwood Village Memorial Park Cemetery 20th-century American musicians Summit Records artists" ]

[ "Elliott Smith", "1991-96: Heatmiser" ]

[ "The Republicans of the Centre and the Independents of Popular Action were the names given to a parliamentary group in the French Chamber of Deputies of the French Third Republic, composed mainly of Catholic regionalists from Alsatian and Lorraine. \n\nIt was mainly a religious conservative but democratic formation, descended from two political parties of the German Empire: the Catholic democratic Zentrum party, and the Alsace-Lorraine Regional Party. \n\nIn ideological terms, it was considered to be more conservative than the social-Catholic Popular Democratic Party, but more moderate than the main French Catholic party, the Republican Federation. During the 1920s its members had largely sat in parliament among the Republican Federation deputies, but found it to have become too right-wing, French-nationalist and centralist for their tastes.\n\n1932 to 1936: the Republicans of the Centre group \nThe Republicans of the Centre (, RDC) existed during the 15th legislature (1932 to 1936). It was set up by the UPR deputy for Colmar, Joseph Rossé. \n\nIt contained between six and ten deputies, and was essentially the parliamentary expression of the Christian democratic deputies from the former German provinces: the Alsatian Popular Republican Union and its Lorrain counterpart, the Lorraine Republican Union. There were also a handful of Alsatian Catholic independents who occasionally sat with the group. \n\nThis Alsatian heritage was reflected in the group's label of 'Centre': although situated firmly on the right rather than the centre, it carried over the label of the German Zentrum party, to which some UPR deputies had previously belonged.\n\n1936 to 1940: the Independents of Popular Action group \nThe Independents of Popular Action (, IAP) was the successor to the Republicans of the Centre in the 16th legislature of the Third Republic (1936 to 1940).\n\nThe group was again predominantly made up of the deputies of the Alsatian Popular Republican Union and Lorrain Republican Union, but they were now joined by other Alsatian regionalists from other ideological traditions, such as the federalist Radical, Camille Dahlet . formed a new group named . a French parliamentary group in the 16th during the French Third Republic between 1936 and 1940. The IAP was a centrist and Christian democratic group composed of the Christian democratic.\n\nAfter the Second World War, the successors of the group merged with the more centrist Popular Democratic Party to form the Fourth Republic's major centre-right party, the Christian-democratic Popular Republican Movement.\n\nSee also \n:Category:Republicans of the Centre politicians\nPopular Democratic Party (France)\nSinistrisme\n\nDefunct political parties in France\nPolitical parties of the French Third Republic\nParliamentary groups in France\nCatholic political parties\nRegionalist parties in France", "Diário Popular was a Portuguese language daily newspaper published in Lisbon, Portugal, between 1942 and 1990.\n\nHistory and profile\nDiário Popular was first published on 22 September 1942. Its headquarters was in Lisbon. The paper was one of two Portuguese newspapers published in Angola during the colonial rule. The other was Jornal de Notícias. In the 1960s Diário Popular was acquired by the Balsemão family.\n\nDiário Popular was the organizer of the first journalism program in Portugal which was held in 1966. In the late 1960s the paper was acquired by the Quina group, a family company. In 1971 it was one of two Portuguese best-selling newspapers.\n\nDiário Popular belonged to the Banco Borges and Irmão, a bank, before the Carnation revolution. The paper was nationalized following the revolution in 1974 along with other private dailies and publications. It was controlled by the communists and adopted a communist stance in October 1975. In May 1978 the paper had a left-wing political stance.\n\nDiário Popular sold 73,000 copies in October 1975 and 66,000 copies in May 1978.\n\nDiário Popular was privatized in 1989 and was acquired by a company, Projectos e Estudos de Imprensa (PEI), which also became the owner of the sports paper Record. The company was headed by Pedro Santana Lopes, a member of the Social Democratic Party. The paper ceased publication in 1990.\n\nSee also\n List of newspapers in Portugal\n\nReferences\n\n1942 establishments in Portugal\n1990 disestablishments in Portugal\nPopular\nNewspapers published in Lisbon\nNewspapers established in 1942\nPopular\nPublications disestablished in 1990" ]

[ "Steven Paul Smith (August 6, 1969 – October 21, 2003), known professionally as Elliott Smith, was an American singer-songwriter and multi-instrumentalist. Smith was born in Omaha, Nebraska, raised primarily in Texas, and lived much of his life in Portland, Oregon, where he first gained popularity. Smith's primary instrument was the guitar, though he also played piano, clarinet, bass guitar, drums, and harmonica.", "Smith's primary instrument was the guitar, though he also played piano, clarinet, bass guitar, drums, and harmonica. Smith had a distinctive vocal style, characterized by his \"whispery, spiderweb-thin delivery\", and often used multi-tracking to create vocal layers, textures, and harmonies. After playing in the rock band Heatmiser for several years, Smith began his solo career in 1994, with releases on the independent record labels Cavity Search and Kill Rock Stars (KRS).", "After playing in the rock band Heatmiser for several years, Smith began his solo career in 1994, with releases on the independent record labels Cavity Search and Kill Rock Stars (KRS). In 1997, he signed a contract with DreamWorks Records, for which he recorded two albums. Smith rose to mainstream prominence when his song \"Miss Misery\"—included in the soundtrack for the film Good Will Hunting (1997)—was nominated for an Oscar in the Best Original Song category in 1998.", "Smith rose to mainstream prominence when his song \"Miss Misery\"—included in the soundtrack for the film Good Will Hunting (1997)—was nominated for an Oscar in the Best Original Song category in 1998. Smith was a heavy drinker and drug user at times throughout his life, and was diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and depression. His struggles with drugs and mental illness affected his life and work, and often appeared in his lyrics.", "His struggles with drugs and mental illness affected his life and work, and often appeared in his lyrics. In 2003, aged 34, he died in Los Angeles, California, from two stab wounds to the chest. The autopsy evidence was inconclusive as to whether the wounds were self-inflicted or the result of homicide. At the time of his death, Smith was working on his sixth studio album, From a Basement on the Hill, which was posthumously produced and released in 2004.", "At the time of his death, Smith was working on his sixth studio album, From a Basement on the Hill, which was posthumously produced and released in 2004. Early life Steven Paul Smith was born at the Methodist Hospital in Omaha, Nebraska, the only child of Gary Smith, a student at the University of Nebraska Medical Center, and Bunny Kay Berryman, an elementary school music teacher. His parents divorced when he was six months old, and Smith moved with his mother to Duncanville, Texas.", "His parents divorced when he was six months old, and Smith moved with his mother to Duncanville, Texas. Smith later had a tattoo of a map of Texas drawn on his upper arm and said: \"I didn't get it because I like Texas, kind of the opposite. But I won't forget about it, although I'm tempted to because I don't like it there.\" Smith endured a difficult childhood and a troubled relationship with his stepfather Charlie Welch.", "Smith endured a difficult childhood and a troubled relationship with his stepfather Charlie Welch. Smith stated he may have been sexually abused by Welch at a young age, an allegation that Welch has denied. He wrote about this part of his life in \"Some Song\". The name \"Charlie\" also appears in songs \"Flowers for Charlie\" and \"No Confidence Man.\"", "The name \"Charlie\" also appears in songs \"Flowers for Charlie\" and \"No Confidence Man.\" In a 2004 interview, Jennifer Chiba, Smith's partner at the time of his death, said that Smith's difficult childhood was partly why he needed to sedate himself with drugs as an adult: \"He was remembering traumatic things from his childhood – parts of things. It's not my place to say what.\"", "It's not my place to say what.\" It's not my place to say what.\" For much of his childhood, Smith's family was a part of the Community of Christ but began attending services at a local Methodist church. Smith felt that going to church did little for him, except make him \"really scared of Hell\". In 2001, he said: \"I don't necessarily buy into any officially structured version of spirituality. But I have my own version of it.\"", "But I have my own version of it.\" But I have my own version of it.\" Smith began playing piano at age nine, and at ten began learning guitar on a small acoustic guitar bought for him by his father. At this age he composed an original piano piece, \"Fantasy\", which won him a prize at an arts festival.", "At this age he composed an original piano piece, \"Fantasy\", which won him a prize at an arts festival. Many of the people on his mother's side of the family were non-professional musicians; his grandfather was a Dixieland drummer, and his grandmother sang in a glee club. At fourteen, Smith left his mother's home in Texas and moved to Portland, Oregon, to live with his father, who was then working as a psychiatrist.", "At fourteen, Smith left his mother's home in Texas and moved to Portland, Oregon, to live with his father, who was then working as a psychiatrist. It was around this time that Smith began using drugs, including alcohol, with friends. He also began experimenting with recording for the first time after borrowing a four-track recorder.", "He also began experimenting with recording for the first time after borrowing a four-track recorder. At high school, Smith played clarinet in the school band and played guitar and piano; he also sang in the bands Stranger Than Fiction and A Murder of Crows, billed as either Steven Smith or \"Johnny Panic\". He graduated from Lincoln High School as a National Merit Scholar.", "He graduated from Lincoln High School as a National Merit Scholar. After graduation, Smith began calling himself \"Elliott\", saying that he thought \"Steve\" sounded too much like a \"jock\" name, and that \"Steven\" sounded \"too bookish\". According to friends, he had also used the pseudonym \"Elliott Stillwater-Rotter\" during his time in the band A Murder of Crows.", "According to friends, he had also used the pseudonym \"Elliott Stillwater-Rotter\" during his time in the band A Murder of Crows. Biographer S. R. Shutt speculates that the name was either inspired by Elliott Avenue, a street that Smith had lived on in Portland, or that it was suggested by his then-girlfriend. A junior high acquaintance of Smith speculates Smith changed his name so as not to be confused with Steve Smith, the drummer of Journey.", "A junior high acquaintance of Smith speculates Smith changed his name so as not to be confused with Steve Smith, the drummer of Journey. Career 1991–1996: Heatmiser In 1991 Smith graduated from Hampshire College in Amherst, Massachusetts with a degree in philosophy and political science. \"Went straight through in four years\", he explained to Under the Radar in 2003. \"I guess it proved to myself that I could do something I really didn't want to for four years. Except I did like what I was studying.", "Except I did like what I was studying. Except I did like what I was studying. At the time it seemed like, 'This is your one and only chance to go to college and you had just better do it because some day you might wish that you did.' Plus, the whole reason I applied in the first place was because of my girlfriend, and I had gotten accepted already even though we had broken up before the first day.\"", "Plus, the whole reason I applied in the first place was because of my girlfriend, and I had gotten accepted already even though we had broken up before the first day.\" After he graduated, he \"worked in a bakery back in Portland with a bachelor's degree in philosophy and legal theory\". While at Hampshire, Smith formed the band Heatmiser with classmate Neil Gust. After Smith graduated from Hampshire, the band added drummer Tony Lash and bassist Brandt Peterson and began performing around Portland in 1992.", "After Smith graduated from Hampshire, the band added drummer Tony Lash and bassist Brandt Peterson and began performing around Portland in 1992. The group released the albums Dead Air (1993) and Cop and Speeder (1994) as well as the Yellow No. 5 EP (1994) on Frontier Records. They were then signed to Virgin Records to release what became their final album, Mic City Sons (1996).", "They were then signed to Virgin Records to release what became their final album, Mic City Sons (1996). Around this time, Smith and Gust worked a number of odd jobs around Portland, including installing drywall, spreading gravel, transplanting bamboo trees, and painting the roof of a warehouse with heat reflective paint. The pair were also on unemployment benefits for some time, which they considered an \"artist grant\".", "The pair were also on unemployment benefits for some time, which they considered an \"artist grant\". Smith had begun his solo career while still in Heatmiser, and the success of his first two releases created distance and tension with his band. Heatmiser disbanded prior to the release of Mic City Sons, prompting Virgin to put the album out inauspiciously through its independent arm, Caroline Records. A clause in Heatmiser's record contract with Virgin meant that Smith was still bound to it as an individual.", "A clause in Heatmiser's record contract with Virgin meant that Smith was still bound to it as an individual. The contract was later bought out by DreamWorks prior to the recording of his fourth album, XO. 1994: Roman Candle In the early 1990s, Smith's girlfriend at the time convinced him to send a tape of songs he had recently recorded on a borrowed four-track to Cavity Search Records.", "1994: Roman Candle In the early 1990s, Smith's girlfriend at the time convinced him to send a tape of songs he had recently recorded on a borrowed four-track to Cavity Search Records. Cavity owner Christopher Cooper asked to release the entire album of songs, which surprised Smith, as he was expecting only a deal for a seven-inch record. The album became Smith's release, Roman Candle (1994).", "The album became Smith's release, Roman Candle (1994). Smith said: \"I thought my head would be chopped off immediately when it came out because at the time it was so opposite to the grunge thing that was popular ... The thing is that album was really well received, which was a total shock, and it immediately eclipsed [Heatmiser], unfortunately.\"", "The thing is that album was really well received, which was a total shock, and it immediately eclipsed [Heatmiser], unfortunately.\" Smith felt his solo songs were not representative of the music Heatmiser was making: \"The idea of playing [my music] for people didn't occur to me... because at the time it was the Northwest—Mudhoney and Nirvana—and going out to play an acoustic show was like crawling out on a limb and begging for it to be sawed off.\"", "Smith felt his solo songs were not representative of the music Heatmiser was making: \"The idea of playing [my music] for people didn't occur to me... because at the time it was the Northwest—Mudhoney and Nirvana—and going out to play an acoustic show was like crawling out on a limb and begging for it to be sawed off.\" One of Smith's first solo performances was at the now-defunct Umbra Penumbra on September 17, 1994.", "One of Smith's first solo performances was at the now-defunct Umbra Penumbra on September 17, 1994. Only three songs from Roman Candle were performed, with the majority of the ten-song set being B-sides, Heatmiser tunes and unreleased tracks. The same year, Smith released a split 7-inch record with Pete Krebs via Slo-Mo Records, contributing the track \"No Confidence Man\".", "The same year, Smith released a split 7-inch record with Pete Krebs via Slo-Mo Records, contributing the track \"No Confidence Man\". 1995–1997: Elliott Smith and Either/Or In 1995, Smith's self-titled album was released on Kill Rock Stars; the record featured a style of recording similar to Roman Candle, but with hints of growth and experimentation.", "1995–1997: Elliott Smith and Either/Or In 1995, Smith's self-titled album was released on Kill Rock Stars; the record featured a style of recording similar to Roman Candle, but with hints of growth and experimentation. Though the majority of the album was recorded by Smith alone, friend and The Spinanes vocalist Rebecca Gates sang harmony vocals on \"St. Ides Heaven\", and Heatmiser guitarist Neil Gust played guitar on \"Single File\".", "Though the majority of the album was recorded by Smith alone, friend and The Spinanes vocalist Rebecca Gates sang harmony vocals on \"St. Ides Heaven\", and Heatmiser guitarist Neil Gust played guitar on \"Single File\". Several songs made reference to drugs, but Smith explained that he used the theme of drugs as a vehicle for conveying dependence rather than the songs being about drugs specifically.", "Several songs made reference to drugs, but Smith explained that he used the theme of drugs as a vehicle for conveying dependence rather than the songs being about drugs specifically. Looking back, Smith felt that the album's pervasive mood gave him \"a reputation for being a really dark, depressed person\" and said that he later made a conscious move toward more diverse moods in his music. In 1996, filmmaker Jem Cohen recorded Smith playing acoustic songs for the short film Lucky Three: An Elliott Smith Portrait.", "In 1996, filmmaker Jem Cohen recorded Smith playing acoustic songs for the short film Lucky Three: An Elliott Smith Portrait. Two of these songs would appear on his next album, Either/Or, which was another Kill Rock Stars release. Either/Or came out in 1997 to favorable reviews. The album found Smith venturing further into full instrumentation, with several songs containing bass guitar, drums, keyboards, and electric guitars, all played by Smith.", "The album found Smith venturing further into full instrumentation, with several songs containing bass guitar, drums, keyboards, and electric guitars, all played by Smith. The album title was derived from the two-volume book of the same name by Danish philosopher Søren Kierkegaard, whose works generally deal with themes such as existential despair, angst, death, and God. By this time, Smith's already-heavy drinking was being compounded with use of antidepressants.", "By this time, Smith's already-heavy drinking was being compounded with use of antidepressants. At the end of the Either/Or tour, some of his close friends staged an intervention in Chicago, but it proved ineffective. Shortly after, Smith relocated from Portland to Jersey City, New Jersey, and later Brooklyn, New York. 1997–98: \"Miss Misery\" and the Oscars In 1997, Smith was selected by director and fellow Portland resident Gus Van Sant to be a part of the soundtrack to his film, Good Will Hunting.", "1997–98: \"Miss Misery\" and the Oscars In 1997, Smith was selected by director and fellow Portland resident Gus Van Sant to be a part of the soundtrack to his film, Good Will Hunting. Smith recorded an orchestral version of \"Between the Bars\" with composer Danny Elfman for the movie.", "Smith recorded an orchestral version of \"Between the Bars\" with composer Danny Elfman for the movie. Smith also contributed a new song, \"Miss Misery\", and three previously released tracks (\"No Name #3\", from Roman Candle, and \"Angeles\" and \"Say Yes\", from Either/Or). The film was a commercial and critical success, and Smith was nominated for an Academy Award for \"Miss Misery\".", "The film was a commercial and critical success, and Smith was nominated for an Academy Award for \"Miss Misery\". Not eager to step into the limelight, he agreed to perform the song at the ceremony only after the producers informed him that if he was unwilling to perform, they would choose someone else to play it. On March 5, 1998, Smith made his network television debut on Late Night with Conan O'Brien performing \"Miss Misery\" solo on acoustic guitar.", "On March 5, 1998, Smith made his network television debut on Late Night with Conan O'Brien performing \"Miss Misery\" solo on acoustic guitar. A few days later, wearing a white suit, he played an abridged version of the song at the Oscars, accompanied by the house orchestra. James Horner and Will Jennings won the award that night for best song with \"My Heart Will Go On\" (sung by Celine Dion) from the film Titanic. Smith did not voice disappointment about not winning the award.", "Smith did not voice disappointment about not winning the award. Smith commented on the surrealism of the Oscars experience: \"That's exactly what it was, surreal... I enjoy performing almost as much as I enjoy making up songs in the first place. But the Oscars was a very strange show, where the set was only one song cut down to less than two minutes, and the audience was a lot of people who didn't come to hear me play.", "But the Oscars was a very strange show, where the set was only one song cut down to less than two minutes, and the audience was a lot of people who didn't come to hear me play. I wouldn't want to live in that world, but it was fun to walk around on the moon for a day.\" 1998–2000: XO and Figure 8 In 1998, after the success of Either/Or and \"Miss Misery\", Smith signed to a bigger record label, DreamWorks Records.", "1998–2000: XO and Figure 8 In 1998, after the success of Either/Or and \"Miss Misery\", Smith signed to a bigger record label, DreamWorks Records. Around the same time, Smith fell into depression, speaking openly of considering suicide, and on at least one occasion made a serious attempt at ending his own life. While in North Carolina, he became severely intoxicated and ran off a cliff. He landed on a tree, which badly impaled him but broke his fall.", "He landed on a tree, which badly impaled him but broke his fall. When questioned about his suicide attempt, he told an interviewer, \"Yeah, I jumped off a cliff, but let's talk about something else.\" Christopher Cooper, head of Cavity Search Records (which released Roman Candle), said about this time in Smith's life, \"I talked him out of thinking that he wanted to kill himself numerous times when he was in Portland.", "Christopher Cooper, head of Cavity Search Records (which released Roman Candle), said about this time in Smith's life, \"I talked him out of thinking that he wanted to kill himself numerous times when he was in Portland. I kept telling him that he was a brilliant man, and that life was worth living, and that people loved him.\"", "I kept telling him that he was a brilliant man, and that life was worth living, and that people loved him.\" Pete Krebs also agreed: \"In Portland we got the brunt of Elliott's initial depression... Lots of people have stories of their own experiences of staying up with Elliott 'til five in the morning, holding his hand, telling him not to kill himself.\" Smith's first release for DreamWorks was later that year.", "Smith's first release for DreamWorks was later that year. Titled XO, it was conceived and developed while Smith wrote it out over the winter of 1997/1998, night after night seated at the bar in Luna Lounge. It was produced by the team of Rob Schnapf and Tom Rothrock. XO also contained some instrumentation from Los Angeles musicians Joey Waronker and Jon Brion.", "XO also contained some instrumentation from Los Angeles musicians Joey Waronker and Jon Brion. It contained a more full-sounding, baroque pop sound than any of his previous efforts, with songs featuring a horn section, Chamberlins, elaborate string arrangements, and even a drum loop on the song \"Independence Day\". His familiar double-tracked vocal and acoustic guitar style were still apparent while his somewhat personal lyrical style survived.", "His familiar double-tracked vocal and acoustic guitar style were still apparent while his somewhat personal lyrical style survived. The album went on to peak at number 104 on the Billboard 200 and number 123 on the UK Album Charts, while selling 400,000 copies (more than double that of each of his two Kill Rock Stars releases), becoming the best-selling release of his career.", "The album went on to peak at number 104 on the Billboard 200 and number 123 on the UK Album Charts, while selling 400,000 copies (more than double that of each of his two Kill Rock Stars releases), becoming the best-selling release of his career. Smith's backing band during most of this period was the Portland-based group Quasi, consisting of former bandmate Sam Coomes on bass guitar and Coomes's ex-wife Janet Weiss on drums.", "Smith's backing band during most of this period was the Portland-based group Quasi, consisting of former bandmate Sam Coomes on bass guitar and Coomes's ex-wife Janet Weiss on drums. Quasi also performed as the opening act at many shows on the tour, with Smith sometimes contributing bass guitar, guitar, or backing vocals. On October 17, 1998, Smith appeared on Saturday Night Live and performed \"Waltz No. 2 (XO)\".", "2 (XO)\". 2 (XO)\". His backing band for this appearance was John Moen, Jon Brion, Rob Schnapf, and Sam Coomes.", "His backing band for this appearance was John Moen, Jon Brion, Rob Schnapf, and Sam Coomes. In response to whether the change to a bigger record label would influence his creative control, Smith said, \"I think despite the fact that sometimes people look at major labels as simply money-making machines, they're actually composed of individuals who are real people, and there's a part of them that needs to feel that part of their job is to put out good music.\"", "In response to whether the change to a bigger record label would influence his creative control, Smith said, \"I think despite the fact that sometimes people look at major labels as simply money-making machines, they're actually composed of individuals who are real people, and there's a part of them that needs to feel that part of their job is to put out good music.\" Smith also claimed in another interview that he never read his reviews for fear that they would interfere with his songwriting.", "Smith also claimed in another interview that he never read his reviews for fear that they would interfere with his songwriting. It was during this period that Smith appeared on Dutch television in 1998 and provided a candid interview in which he spoke of his assessment of his music career until that point: Yeah, I don't know. I mean, I mostly only know things are different because people ask me different questions, but I don't feel like things are very changed.", "I mean, I mostly only know things are different because people ask me different questions, but I don't feel like things are very changed. I mean, I still, I do the same things that I did before … I think about the same things, so … I'm the wrong kind of person to be really big and famous. As part of the Dutch television special, Smith played live versions of \"Waltz No.", "As part of the Dutch television special, Smith played live versions of \"Waltz No. 2 (XO)\", \"Miss Misery\", and \"I Didn't Understand\"—the latter two songs were performed solely on piano, while the first song was cut short by Smith, as he explained: \"I had to stop it because it's… you know, what's the point of playing a song badly? It'd be better to play it and mean it, than to just walk through it.\"", "It'd be better to play it and mean it, than to just walk through it.\" Smith relocated from Brooklyn to Los Angeles in 1999, taking up residence at a cabin in the Silver Lake section of town, where he would regularly play intimate, acoustic shows at local venues like Silverlake Lounge. He also performed in Toronto in April that year.", "He also performed in Toronto in April that year. He also performed in Toronto in April that year. In the fall, his cover of the Beatles' \"Because\" was featured in the end credits of DreamWorks' Oscar-winning drama American Beauty, and appeared on the film's soundtrack album. The final album Smith completed, Figure 8, was released on April 18, 2000.", "The final album Smith completed, Figure 8, was released on April 18, 2000. It featured the return of Rothrock, Schnapf, Brion, and Waronker and was partially recorded at Abbey Road Studios in England, with an obvious Beatles influence in the songwriting and production. The album garnered favorable reviews, and peaked at number 99 on the Billboard 200 and 37 on the UK Album Charts.", "The album garnered favorable reviews, and peaked at number 99 on the Billboard 200 and 37 on the UK Album Charts. The album received praise for its power pop style and complex arrangements, described as creating a \"sweeping kaleidoscope of layered instruments and sonic textures\". However, some reviewers felt that Smith's trademark dark and melancholy songwriting had lost some of its subtlety, with one reviewer likening some of the lyrics to \"the self-pitying complaints of an adolescent venting in his diary\".", "However, some reviewers felt that Smith's trademark dark and melancholy songwriting had lost some of its subtlety, with one reviewer likening some of the lyrics to \"the self-pitying complaints of an adolescent venting in his diary\". Album art and promotional pictures from the period showed Smith looking cleaned-up and put-together. An extensive tour in promotion of the record ensued, book-ended by television appearances on Late Night with Conan O'Brien and the Late Show with David Letterman.", "An extensive tour in promotion of the record ensued, book-ended by television appearances on Late Night with Conan O'Brien and the Late Show with David Letterman. However, Smith's condition began to deteriorate as he had become addicted to heroin either towards the end of or just after the Figure 8 tour. 2001–2002: Addiction and scrapped recordings Around the time he began recording his final album, Smith began to display signs of paranoia, often believing that a white van followed him wherever he went.", "2001–2002: Addiction and scrapped recordings Around the time he began recording his final album, Smith began to display signs of paranoia, often believing that a white van followed him wherever he went. He would have friends drop him off for recording sessions almost a mile away from the studio, and to reach the location, he would trudge through hundreds of yards of brush and cliffs.", "He would have friends drop him off for recording sessions almost a mile away from the studio, and to reach the location, he would trudge through hundreds of yards of brush and cliffs. He started telling people that DreamWorks was out to get him: \"Not long ago my house was broken into, and songs were stolen off my computer which have wound up in the hands of certain people who work at a certain label. I've also been followed around for months at a time.", "I've also been followed around for months at a time. I wouldn't even want to necessarily say it's the people from that label who are following me around, but it was probably them who broke into my house.\" During this period, Smith hardly ate, subsisting primarily on ice cream. He would go without sleeping for several days and then sleep for an entire day. A follow-up to Smith's 2000 album was originally planned to happen with Rob Schnapf, but their sessions were abandoned.", "A follow-up to Smith's 2000 album was originally planned to happen with Rob Schnapf, but their sessions were abandoned. Smith also began distancing himself from manager Margaret Mittleman, who had handled him since the Roman Candle days. He finally began recording a new album with only himself and Jon Brion as producers sometime during 2001. The pair had recorded a substantial amount of music for the album when Brion stopped the sessions because of Smith's struggle with substance use disorder.", "The pair had recorded a substantial amount of music for the album when Brion stopped the sessions because of Smith's struggle with substance use disorder. Their friendship promptly ended, and Smith scrapped all of their work until that point. He later said \"There was even a little more than half of a record done before this new one that I just scrapped because of a blown friendship with someone that made me so depressed I didn't want to hear any of those songs.", "He later said \"There was even a little more than half of a record done before this new one that I just scrapped because of a blown friendship with someone that made me so depressed I didn't want to hear any of those songs. He was just helping me record the songs and stuff, and then the friendship kind of fell apart all of a sudden one day. It just made it kind of awkward being alone in the car listening to the songs.\"", "It just made it kind of awkward being alone in the car listening to the songs.\" When Brion sent a bill for the abandoned sessions to DreamWorks, executives Lenny Waronker and Luke Wood scheduled a meeting with Smith to determine what went wrong with the sessions. Smith complained of intrusion upon his personal life from the label, as well as poor promotion for the Figure 8 album.", "Smith complained of intrusion upon his personal life from the label, as well as poor promotion for the Figure 8 album. The talks proved fruitless, and soon after, Smith sent a message to the executives, stating that if they did not release him from his contract, he would take his own life. In May 2001, Smith set out to re-record the album, mostly on his own, but with some help from David McConnell of Goldenboy.", "In May 2001, Smith set out to re-record the album, mostly on his own, but with some help from David McConnell of Goldenboy. McConnell told Spin that, during this time, Smith would smoke over $1,500 worth of heroin and crack per day, would often talk about suicide, and on numerous occasions tried to give himself an overdose.", "McConnell told Spin that, during this time, Smith would smoke over $1,500 worth of heroin and crack per day, would often talk about suicide, and on numerous occasions tried to give himself an overdose. Steven Drozd of The Flaming Lips and Scott McPherson of Sense Field played a few drum tracks, Sam Coomes contributed some bass guitar and backing vocals, but almost every other instrument was recorded by Smith.", "Steven Drozd of The Flaming Lips and Scott McPherson of Sense Field played a few drum tracks, Sam Coomes contributed some bass guitar and backing vocals, but almost every other instrument was recorded by Smith. Smith's song \"Needle in the Hay\" was included in Wes Anderson's 2001 dark comedy film The Royal Tenenbaums during a suicide attempt scene.", "Smith's song \"Needle in the Hay\" was included in Wes Anderson's 2001 dark comedy film The Royal Tenenbaums during a suicide attempt scene. Smith was originally supposed to contribute a cover of The Beatles' \"Hey Jude\" for the film, but when he failed to do so in time, Anderson had to use The Mutato Muzika Orchestra's version of the track instead. Anderson would later say that Smith \"was in a bad state\" at the time.", "Anderson would later say that Smith \"was in a bad state\" at the time. Smith's live performances during 2001 and 2002 were infrequent, typically in the Pacific Northwest or Los Angeles. A review of his December 20, 2001, show at Portland's Crystal Ballroom expressed concern over his appearance and performance: his hair was uncharacteristically greasy and long, his face was bearded and gaunt, and during his songs he exhibited alarming signs of \"memory-loss and butterfingers\".", "A review of his December 20, 2001, show at Portland's Crystal Ballroom expressed concern over his appearance and performance: his hair was uncharacteristically greasy and long, his face was bearded and gaunt, and during his songs he exhibited alarming signs of \"memory-loss and butterfingers\". At another performance in San Francisco that month, the audience began shouting out lyrics when Smith could not remember them.", "At another performance in San Francisco that month, the audience began shouting out lyrics when Smith could not remember them. In the first of only three concerts performed in 2002, Smith co-headlined Northwestern University's A&O Ball with Wilco on May 2 in Chicago. He was onstage for nearly an hour but failed to complete half of the songs.", "He was onstage for nearly an hour but failed to complete half of the songs. He claimed that his poor performance was due to his left hand having fallen asleep and told the audience it felt \"like having stuff on your hand and you can't get it off\". Smith's performance was reviewed as \"undoubtedly one of the worst performances ever by a musician\" and an \"excruciating […] nightmare\".", "Smith's performance was reviewed as \"undoubtedly one of the worst performances ever by a musician\" and an \"excruciating […] nightmare\". A reporter for the online magazine Glorious Noise wrote, \"It would not surprise me at all if Elliott Smith ends up dead within a year.\" On November 25, 2002, Smith was involved in a brawl with the Los Angeles Police Department at a concert where The Flaming Lips and Beck were performing.", "On November 25, 2002, Smith was involved in a brawl with the Los Angeles Police Department at a concert where The Flaming Lips and Beck were performing. Smith later said he was defending a man he thought the police were harassing. The officers allegedly beat and arrested him and girlfriend Jennifer Chiba. The two spent the night in jail. Smith's back was injured in the incident, causing him to cancel a number of shows.", "Smith's back was injured in the incident, causing him to cancel a number of shows. Wayne Coyne, lead singer of The Flaming Lips and a friend of Smith's, stated concern over Smith's appearance and actions, saying that he \"saw a guy who had lost control of himself. He was needy, he was grumpy, he was everything you wouldn't want in a person. It's not like when you think of Keith Richards being pleasantly blissed out in the corner.\"", "It's not like when you think of Keith Richards being pleasantly blissed out in the corner.\" 2003: Reemergence and From a Basement on the Hill Smith had attempted to go to rehab several times, but found that he was unable to relate to the popular treatments for people with substance use disorder that used a twelve-step program basis for treatment. \"I couldn't do the first step […] I couldn't say what you were supposed to say and mean it.\"", "\"I couldn't do the first step […] I couldn't say what you were supposed to say and mean it.\" In 2002, Smith went to the Neurotransmitter Restoration Center in Beverly Hills to start a course of treatment for substance use disorder.", "In 2002, Smith went to the Neurotransmitter Restoration Center in Beverly Hills to start a course of treatment for substance use disorder. In one of his final interviews, he spoke about the center, \"What they do is an IV treatment where they put a needle in your arm, and you're on a drip bag, but the only thing that's in the drip bag is amino acids and saline solution. I was coming off of a lot of psych meds and other things.", "I was coming off of a lot of psych meds and other things. I was even on an antipsychotic, although I'm not psychotic.\" Two sold-out solo acoustic concerts at Hollywood's Henry Fonda Theater, on January 31 and February 1, 2003, saw Smith attempting to reestablish his credibility as a live performer.", "Two sold-out solo acoustic concerts at Hollywood's Henry Fonda Theater, on January 31 and February 1, 2003, saw Smith attempting to reestablish his credibility as a live performer. Before the show, Smith scrawled \"Kali – The Destroyer\" (the Hindu goddess associated with time and change) in large block letters with permanent ink on his left arm, which was visible to the crowd during the performance.", "Before the show, Smith scrawled \"Kali – The Destroyer\" (the Hindu goddess associated with time and change) in large block letters with permanent ink on his left arm, which was visible to the crowd during the performance. On several songs, he was backed by a stripped-down drum kit played by Robin Peringer (of the band 764-HERO), and members of opening band Rilo Kiley contributed backing vocals to one song.", "On several songs, he was backed by a stripped-down drum kit played by Robin Peringer (of the band 764-HERO), and members of opening band Rilo Kiley contributed backing vocals to one song. Near the end of the first show, the musician responded for several minutes after a heckler (later identified as Smith's ex-girlfriend Valerie Deerin) yelled \"Get a backbone.\" Smith played two more Los Angeles concerts during 2003, including The Derby in May and the L.A. Weekly Music Awards in June.", "Smith played two more Los Angeles concerts during 2003, including The Derby in May and the L.A. Weekly Music Awards in June. After his 34th birthday on August 6, 2003, he gave up alcohol.", "After his 34th birthday on August 6, 2003, he gave up alcohol. Director Mike Mills had been working with Smith during his final years and described Smith's troubles and apparent recovery: \"I gave the script to him, then he dropped off the face of the earth […] he went through his whole crazy time, but by the time I was done with the film, he was making From a Basement on the Hill and I was shocked that he was actually making music.\"", "Director Mike Mills had been working with Smith during his final years and described Smith's troubles and apparent recovery: \"I gave the script to him, then he dropped off the face of the earth […] he went through his whole crazy time, but by the time I was done with the film, he was making From a Basement on the Hill and I was shocked that he was actually making music.\" With things improving for Smith after several troubled years, he began experimenting with noise music and worked on his girlfriend Jennifer Chiba's iMac with the intent of learning how to record with computers, noting that it was the only method with which he was still unfamiliar.", "With things improving for Smith after several troubled years, he began experimenting with noise music and worked on his girlfriend Jennifer Chiba's iMac with the intent of learning how to record with computers, noting that it was the only method with which he was still unfamiliar. Smith jokingly labeled his experimental way of recording \"The California Frown\" (a play on the Beach Boys' \"California Sound\"). He said of the songs, \"They're kind of more noisy with the pitch all distorted.", "He said of the songs, \"They're kind of more noisy with the pitch all distorted. Some are more acoustic, but there aren't too many like that. Lately I've just been making up a lot of noise.\" He was also in the process of recording songs for the Thumbsucker soundtrack, including Big Star's \"Thirteen\" and Cat Stevens's \"Trouble\".", "He was also in the process of recording songs for the Thumbsucker soundtrack, including Big Star's \"Thirteen\" and Cat Stevens's \"Trouble\". In August 2003, Suicide Squeeze Records put out a limited-edition vinyl single for \"Pretty (Ugly Before)\", a song that Smith had been playing since the Figure 8 tour. Smith's final show was at Redfest at the University of Utah in Salt Lake City on September 19, 2003.", "Smith's final show was at Redfest at the University of Utah in Salt Lake City on September 19, 2003. The final song he played live was \"Long, Long, Long\" by The Beatles. 2004–present: Posthumous releases From a Basement on the Hill, almost four years in production, was released on October 19, 2004, by ANTI- Records (a part of Epitaph Records).", "2004–present: Posthumous releases From a Basement on the Hill, almost four years in production, was released on October 19, 2004, by ANTI- Records (a part of Epitaph Records). With Smith's family in control of his estate, they chose to bring in Rob Schnapf and Smith's ex-girlfriend Joanna Bolme to sort through the recordings and mix the album.", "With Smith's family in control of his estate, they chose to bring in Rob Schnapf and Smith's ex-girlfriend Joanna Bolme to sort through the recordings and mix the album. Although Smith had voiced his desire for it to be a double album or a regular album with a bonus disc, it was not clear whether it would have been possible for him to release it that way had he completed it. As completed by Schnapf and Bolme, it was released as a 15-track single album.", "As completed by Schnapf and Bolme, it was released as a 15-track single album. Many songs from the sessions (later leaked onto the Internet) were not included, such as \"True Love\", \"Everything's OK\", \"Stickman\", and \"Suicide Machine\" (a reworking of the Figure 8-era unreleased instrumental \"Tiny Time Machine\").", "Many songs from the sessions (later leaked onto the Internet) were not included, such as \"True Love\", \"Everything's OK\", \"Stickman\", and \"Suicide Machine\" (a reworking of the Figure 8-era unreleased instrumental \"Tiny Time Machine\"). There has been unconfirmed speculation that Smith's family made the decision not to include some songs on the record due to their lyrical content, although songs such as \"King's Crossing\" that deal with darker subjects did make the album.", "There has been unconfirmed speculation that Smith's family made the decision not to include some songs on the record due to their lyrical content, although songs such as \"King's Crossing\" that deal with darker subjects did make the album. Elliott Smith and the Big Nothing, a biography by Benjamin Nugent, was rushed to publication shortly after From a Basement on the Hill, shortly after the first anniversary of his death.", "Elliott Smith and the Big Nothing, a biography by Benjamin Nugent, was rushed to publication shortly after From a Basement on the Hill, shortly after the first anniversary of his death. Smith's family, as well as Joanna Bolme, Jennifer Chiba, Neil Gust, Sam Coomes, and Janet Weiss, all declined to be interviewed. It contained interviews with Rob Schnapf, David McConnell, and Pete Krebs.", "It contained interviews with Rob Schnapf, David McConnell, and Pete Krebs. The book received mixed reviews, with Publishers Weekly remarking that while \"Nugent manages to patch together the major beats of Smith's life, he can offer little meaningful insight\". In 2005, a tribute album, A Tribute to Elliott Smith, was released. It featured various bands performing tributes to Smith. On May 8, 2007, a posthumous two-disc compilation album entitled New Moon was released by Kill Rock Stars.", "On May 8, 2007, a posthumous two-disc compilation album entitled New Moon was released by Kill Rock Stars. The album contained 24 songs recorded by Smith between 1994 and 1997 during his tenure with the label, songs that were not included on albums, as well as a few early versions and previously released B-sides. In the United States, the album debuted at number 24 on the Billboard 200, selling about 24,000 copies in its first week. The record received favorable reviews and was Metacritic's 15th best-reviewed album of 2007.", "The record received favorable reviews and was Metacritic's 15th best-reviewed album of 2007. A portion of the proceeds from album sales were to go to Outside In, a social service agency for low-income adults and homeless youth in Portland, Oregon. On October 25, 2007, a book titled Elliott Smith was released by Autumn de Wilde, which consists of photographs, handwritten lyrics, and \"revealing talks with Smith's inner circle\".", "On October 25, 2007, a book titled Elliott Smith was released by Autumn de Wilde, which consists of photographs, handwritten lyrics, and \"revealing talks with Smith's inner circle\". De Wilde was responsible for the Figure 8 sleeve art, making a landmark and de facto Smith memorial of the Solutions Audio mural. A five-song CD featuring previously unreleased live recordings of Smith performing acoustically at Largo in Los Angeles was included in the release.", "A five-song CD featuring previously unreleased live recordings of Smith performing acoustically at Largo in Los Angeles was included in the release. Following Smith's death, his estate licensed his songs for use in film and television projects such as One Tree Hill, The Girl Next Door, Georgia Rule, and Paranoid Park. In a March 2009 interview, Larry Crane said that Smith's estate was defunct and all rights previously held by Smith are now in the control of his parents.", "In a March 2009 interview, Larry Crane said that Smith's estate was defunct and all rights previously held by Smith are now in the control of his parents. Crane went on to say that his parents own the rights to Smith's high school recordings, some of the Heatmiser material, all solo songs recorded until his 1998 record deal with DreamWorks Records, and From a Basement on the Hill.", "Crane went on to say that his parents own the rights to Smith's high school recordings, some of the Heatmiser material, all solo songs recorded until his 1998 record deal with DreamWorks Records, and From a Basement on the Hill. DreamWorks Records was acquired by Universal Music Group in 2003, and Interscope Records currently \"owns all studio and live recording from Jan 1998 to his passing, except for the songs on From a Basement on the Hill.\"", "DreamWorks Records was acquired by Universal Music Group in 2003, and Interscope Records currently \"owns all studio and live recording from Jan 1998 to his passing, except for the songs on From a Basement on the Hill.\" In December 2009, Kill Rock Stars announced that it had obtained the rights to re-release Roman Candle and From a Basement on the Hill, originally released by Cavity Search and ANTI-, respectively. Roman Candle would be remastered by Larry Crane.", "Roman Candle would be remastered by Larry Crane. Roman Candle would be remastered by Larry Crane. Along with the press release, Kill Rock Stars posted a previously unreleased track of Smith's, titled \"Cecilia/Amanda\", as a free download. Roman Candle and From a Basement on the Hill were re-released on April 6, 2010, in the US. A greatest hits compilation titled An Introduction to... Elliott Smith was released in November 2010 by Domino Records (UK) and Kill Rock Stars (US).", "A greatest hits compilation titled An Introduction to... Elliott Smith was released in November 2010 by Domino Records (UK) and Kill Rock Stars (US). In August 2013, there was a memorial concert in Portland, Oregon and three other cities. Attending the Portland show were several musicians Smith had performed with, friends, and an appearance by film director Gus Van Sant.", "Attending the Portland show were several musicians Smith had performed with, friends, and an appearance by film director Gus Van Sant. In 2014, director Paul Thomas Anderson posted a video of the pilot episode for a show called The Jon Brion Show, featuring an acoustic set by Smith including accompaniment by Brion and pianist Brad Mehldau. On July 17, 2015, a documentary about Smith's life titled Heaven Adores You saw a limited theatrical release.", "On July 17, 2015, a documentary about Smith's life titled Heaven Adores You saw a limited theatrical release. The documentary enlisted a number of close friends and family members, as well as hours of audio interviews throughout Smith's short career. The film was directed by Nickolas Rossi and released through Eagle Rock Entertainment. Heaven Adores You received positive reviews from Consequence of Sound, The Guardian, and The Hollywood Reporter.", "Heaven Adores You received positive reviews from Consequence of Sound, The Guardian, and The Hollywood Reporter. On August 6, 2019 (what would have been Smith's 50th birthday), UMe released digital deluxe editions of the two albums XO and Figure 8. The new edition of XO has nine added tracks, including Smith's Oscar-nominated Good Will Hunting song \"Miss Misery.\" Seven tracks have been added to Figure 8. The digital deluxe edition includes \"Figure 8\"—Smith's cover of the \"Schoolhouse Rock!\"", "The digital deluxe edition includes \"Figure 8\"—Smith's cover of the \"Schoolhouse Rock!\" song—which was originally released only on the Japanese edition of the album. The final track on the new Figure 8 edition is Smith's cover of the Beatles’ \"Because\", originally featured on the 1999 American Beauty soundtrack. In May 2021, Smith's life and work were the subject of BBC Radio 4's Great Lives.", "In May 2021, Smith's life and work were the subject of BBC Radio 4's Great Lives. Death Smith died on October 21, 2003, at the age of 34 from two stab wounds to the chest. At the time of the stabbing, he was at his Lemoyne Street home in Echo Park, California, where he lived with his girlfriend, Jennifer Chiba. According to Chiba, the two were arguing, and she locked herself in the bathroom to take a shower.", "According to Chiba, the two were arguing, and she locked herself in the bathroom to take a shower. Chiba heard him scream and upon opening the door saw Smith standing with a knife in his chest. She pulled the knife out, after which he collapsed and she called 9-1-1 at 12:18 pm. Smith died in the hospital, with the time of death listed as 1:36 p.m. A possible suicide note, written on a sticky note, read: \"I'm so sorry—love, Elliott. God forgive me.\"", "God forgive me.\" God forgive me.\" In the coroner's report of the note, the name \"Elliott\" is misspelled as \"Elliot\". While Smith's death was reported as a suicide, the official autopsy report released in December 2003 left open the question of homicide. Smith's remains were cremated, and his ashes were divided between his mother, father, and half-sister Ashley.", "Smith's remains were cremated, and his ashes were divided between his mother, father, and half-sister Ashley. A small memorial service for family and friends was held at his father's home in Portland, although Smith's \"ashes weren't on hand because the coroner wouldn't release them.\" The status or location of Smith's ashes has not been made public. According to Pitchfork, record producer Larry Crane reported on his Tape Op message board that he had planned to help Smith mix his album in mid-November.", "According to Pitchfork, record producer Larry Crane reported on his Tape Op message board that he had planned to help Smith mix his album in mid-November. Crane wrote, \"I hadn't talked to Elliott in over a year. His girlfriend, Jennifer, called me [last week] and asked if I'd like to come to L.A. and help mix and finish [Smith's album]. I said 'yes, of course', and chatted with Elliott for the first time in ages.", "I said 'yes, of course', and chatted with Elliott for the first time in ages. It seems surreal that he would call me to finish an album and then a week later kill himself. I talked to Jennifer this morning, who was obviously shattered and in tears, and she said, 'I don't understand, he was so healthy.", "I talked to Jennifer this morning, who was obviously shattered and in tears, and she said, 'I don't understand, he was so healthy. The coroner reported that no traces of illegal substances or alcohol were found in Smith's system at the time of his death but did find prescribed levels of antidepressant, anxiolytic, and ADHD medications, including clonazepam, mirtazapine, atomoxetine, and amphetamine. There were no hesitation wounds, which are typically found on a victim of suicide by self-infliction.", "There were no hesitation wounds, which are typically found on a victim of suicide by self-infliction. Due to the inconclusive autopsy ruling, the Los Angeles Police Department's investigation remains open. Reaction Shortly after Smith's death, a fan memorial was initiated outside Solutions Audio (4334 Sunset Boulevard, Los Angeles, California), the site at which the cover of the Figure 8 album was shot.", "Reaction Shortly after Smith's death, a fan memorial was initiated outside Solutions Audio (4334 Sunset Boulevard, Los Angeles, California), the site at which the cover of the Figure 8 album was shot. Farewell messages to Smith were written on the wall, and flowers, photos, candles, and empty bottles of alcohol mentioned in Smith's songs were left. Since then, the wall has been a regular target for graffiti but is regularly restored by fans.", "Since then, the wall has been a regular target for graffiti but is regularly restored by fans. Memorial concerts were held in several cities in the United States and the United Kingdom. A petition was soon put forth with intent to make part of the Silver Lake area a memorial park in Smith's honor. It received over 10,000 signatures, but no plans to establish the park have been announced. A memorial plaque located inside Smith's former high school, Lincoln High, was hung in July 2006.", "A memorial plaque located inside Smith's former high school, Lincoln High, was hung in July 2006. The plaque reads: \"I'm never going to know you now, but I'm going to love you anyhow\" referencing Smith's song \"Waltz No. 2 (XO)\". Since Smith's death, many musical acts have paid him tribute.", "Since Smith's death, many musical acts have paid him tribute. Songs in tribute to, or about, Smith have been released by Pearl Jam (\"Can't Keep\" on the Live at Benaroya Hall concert album); Sparta (\"Bombs and Us\"); Third Eye Blind (\"There's No Hurry to Eternity\", originally titled \"Elliott Smith\", on the Live from Nowhere Near You, Volume Two: Pacific Northwest compilation); 9 Horses (“listening to the Elliott Smith discography in reverse order”, on the album Perfectest Herald); Ben Folds (\"Late\" on Songs for Silverman); Brad Mehldau (\"Sky Turning Grey (for Elliott Smith)\" on Highway Rider); Rilo Kiley (\"It Just Is\", and \"Ripchord\" from the album More Adventurous); Lil B's 'The Worlds Ending'; Rhett Miller (\"The Believer\" on The Believer); Earlimart (\"Heaven Adores You\" on Treble and Tremble); Joan As Police Woman (\"We Don't Own It\" on Real Life); and Pete Yorn (\"Bandstand in the Sky\" on Nightcrawler, a song jointly dedicated to Jeff Buckley).", "Songs in tribute to, or about, Smith have been released by Pearl Jam (\"Can't Keep\" on the Live at Benaroya Hall concert album); Sparta (\"Bombs and Us\"); Third Eye Blind (\"There's No Hurry to Eternity\", originally titled \"Elliott Smith\", on the Live from Nowhere Near You, Volume Two: Pacific Northwest compilation); 9 Horses (“listening to the Elliott Smith discography in reverse order”, on the album Perfectest Herald); Ben Folds (\"Late\" on Songs for Silverman); Brad Mehldau (\"Sky Turning Grey (for Elliott Smith)\" on Highway Rider); Rilo Kiley (\"It Just Is\", and \"Ripchord\" from the album More Adventurous); Lil B's 'The Worlds Ending'; Rhett Miller (\"The Believer\" on The Believer); Earlimart (\"Heaven Adores You\" on Treble and Tremble); Joan As Police Woman (\"We Don't Own It\" on Real Life); and Pete Yorn (\"Bandstand in the Sky\" on Nightcrawler, a song jointly dedicated to Jeff Buckley). Several tribute albums have also been released since his death, including Christopher O'Riley's 2006 Home to Oblivion: An Elliott Smith Tribute, with 18 instrumental covers, The Portland Cello Project's 2014 to e.s., covering six of his songs and To Elliott, from Portland containing covers by a number of Portland bands.", "Several tribute albums have also been released since his death, including Christopher O'Riley's 2006 Home to Oblivion: An Elliott Smith Tribute, with 18 instrumental covers, The Portland Cello Project's 2014 to e.s., covering six of his songs and To Elliott, from Portland containing covers by a number of Portland bands. On July 30, 2004, Chiba filed a lawsuit against the Smith family for 15% of his earnings (over $1 million), claiming that she and Smith lived as \"husband and wife\", that Smith had pledged to take care of her financially for the rest of her life, and that she worked as his manager and agent from around 2000 until his death.", "On July 30, 2004, Chiba filed a lawsuit against the Smith family for 15% of his earnings (over $1 million), claiming that she and Smith lived as \"husband and wife\", that Smith had pledged to take care of her financially for the rest of her life, and that she worked as his manager and agent from around 2000 until his death. A state labor commissioner ruled her claim as manager to be invalid, as she had worked as an \"unlicensed talent agent\" under California's Talent Agencies Act.", "A state labor commissioner ruled her claim as manager to be invalid, as she had worked as an \"unlicensed talent agent\" under California's Talent Agencies Act. The case made it to the California appellate court in October 2007, but the decision was affirmed 2–1.", "The case made it to the California appellate court in October 2007, but the decision was affirmed 2–1. In an October 2013 Spin magazine article—a reflection at the ten-year anniversary of Smith's death—drummer McPherson stated that Smith was \"a sick man without his medicine\" during the last 31 days of his life, when he was not only sober, but had also given up red meat and sugar. In the same article, Chiba recalls thinking, \"Okay, you're asking a lot of yourself.", "In the same article, Chiba recalls thinking, \"Okay, you're asking a lot of yourself. You're giving up a lot at once.\" Chiba further explained that \"anyone who understands drug abuse knows that you use drugs to hide from your past or sedate yourself from strong, overwhelming feelings. So when you're newly clean and coming off the medications that have been masking all those feelings, that's when you're the most vulnerable.\"", "So when you're newly clean and coming off the medications that have been masking all those feelings, that's when you're the most vulnerable.\" Writing for Spin, Liam Gowing also encountered a local musician who claimed Smith had said to him: \"The people who try to intervene, they're good people who genuinely care about you. But they don't know what you're going through. Do what you need to do.\" According to the musician, Smith had adamantly dissuaded him from suicide.", "According to the musician, Smith had adamantly dissuaded him from suicide. Musical style and influences Smith respected and was inspired by many artists and styles, including the Beatles, Neil Young, Simon & Garfunkel, Big Star, the Clash, the Who, Led Zeppelin, the Kinks, Pink Floyd, Nick Drake, Rush, Bauhaus, Elvis Costello, Oasis, Television, Motown and flamenco records, AC/DC, Hank Williams, and Scorpions, Smith claimed to listen exclusively to selected albums (such as The Marble Index by Nico) for months.", "Musical style and influences Smith respected and was inspired by many artists and styles, including the Beatles, Neil Young, Simon & Garfunkel, Big Star, the Clash, the Who, Led Zeppelin, the Kinks, Pink Floyd, Nick Drake, Rush, Bauhaus, Elvis Costello, Oasis, Television, Motown and flamenco records, AC/DC, Hank Williams, and Scorpions, Smith claimed to listen exclusively to selected albums (such as The Marble Index by Nico) for months. Sean Croghan, a former roommate of Smith's, said that Smith \"listened almost exclusively to slow jams\" in his senior year at college.", "Sean Croghan, a former roommate of Smith's, said that Smith \"listened almost exclusively to slow jams\" in his senior year at college. Smith also took inspiration from novels, religion, and philosophy. He liked classic literature, especially Samuel Beckett, T. S. Eliot, and Russian novelists such as Fyodor Dostoyevsky. Smith mentioned his admiration for Bob Dylan in several interviews, citing him as an early influence.", "Smith mentioned his admiration for Bob Dylan in several interviews, citing him as an early influence. He once commented: \"My father taught me how to play 'Don't Think Twice, It's All Right'. I love Dylan's words, but even more than that, I love the fact that he loves words.\" Smith covered Dylan's \"When I Paint My Masterpiece\" several times in concert. Smith has also been compared to folk singer Nick Drake, due to his fingerpicking style and vocals.", "Smith has also been compared to folk singer Nick Drake, due to his fingerpicking style and vocals. Darryl Cater of AllMusic called references to \"the definitive folk loner\" Drake \"inevitable\", and Smith's lyrics have been compared to those in Drake's minimalist and haunting final album.", "Darryl Cater of AllMusic called references to \"the definitive folk loner\" Drake \"inevitable\", and Smith's lyrics have been compared to those in Drake's minimalist and haunting final album. Smith was a dedicated fan of the Beatles (as well as their solo projects), once noting that he had been listening to them frequently since he was about \"four years old\" and also claimed that hearing The White Album was his original inspiration to become a musician.", "Smith was a dedicated fan of the Beatles (as well as their solo projects), once noting that he had been listening to them frequently since he was about \"four years old\" and also claimed that hearing The White Album was his original inspiration to become a musician. In 1998, Smith contributed a cover of the Beatles song \"Because\" to the closing credits and soundtrack of the film American Beauty.", "In 1998, Smith contributed a cover of the Beatles song \"Because\" to the closing credits and soundtrack of the film American Beauty. Although this was the only Beatles song that Smith ever officially released, he is known to have recorded many others, (\"Revolution\", \"I'll Be Back\" and \"I'm So Tired\") and played many songs by both the band and the members' solo projects at live concerts.", "Although this was the only Beatles song that Smith ever officially released, he is known to have recorded many others, (\"Revolution\", \"I'll Be Back\" and \"I'm So Tired\") and played many songs by both the band and the members' solo projects at live concerts. Smith said that transitions were his favorite part of songs and that he preferred to write broader, more impressionistic music closer to pop rather than folk music.", "Smith said that transitions were his favorite part of songs and that he preferred to write broader, more impressionistic music closer to pop rather than folk music. Smith compared his songs to stories or dreams, not purely confessional pieces that people could relate to. When asked about the dark nature of his songwriting and the cult following he was gaining, Smith said he felt it was merely a product of his writing songs that were strongly meaningful to him rather than anything contrived.", "When asked about the dark nature of his songwriting and the cult following he was gaining, Smith said he felt it was merely a product of his writing songs that were strongly meaningful to him rather than anything contrived. Larry Crane, Smith's posthumous archivist, has said that he was surprised at the amount of \"recycling of musical ideas\" he encountered while cataloging Smith's private tapes: \"I found songs recorded in high school reworked 15 years on.", "Larry Crane, Smith's posthumous archivist, has said that he was surprised at the amount of \"recycling of musical ideas\" he encountered while cataloging Smith's private tapes: \"I found songs recorded in high school reworked 15 years on. Lyrics became more important to him as he became older, and more time was spent working on them.\" Legacy Since his death, Smith has been regarded as one of the most influential artists in indie music.", "Legacy Since his death, Smith has been regarded as one of the most influential artists in indie music. Many artists have mentioned Smith as their influence, such as Frank Ocean, Beck, Phoebe Bridgers, Julien Baker, and Haim's lead vocalist Danielle Haim.", "Many artists have mentioned Smith as their influence, such as Frank Ocean, Beck, Phoebe Bridgers, Julien Baker, and Haim's lead vocalist Danielle Haim. See also List of unsolved deaths Discography Studio albums Roman Candle (1994) Elliott Smith (1995) Either/Or (1997) XO (1998) Figure 8 (2000) Posthumous studio albums From a Basement on the Hill (2004) Compilation albums New Moon (2007) References Bibliography External links Official website Official Cavity Search Records website Official Kill Rock Stars website Elliott Smith collection at the Internet Archive's live music archive Keep the Things You Forgot: An Elliott Smith Oral History 1969 births 2003 deaths Unsolved deaths 20th-century American guitarists 20th-century American singers 20th-century American writers 21st-century American singers 21st-century American writers Alternative rock guitarists Alternative rock singers American feminists American indie rock musicians American male guitarists American male singer-songwriters American rock guitarists American tenors Anti- (record label) artists Caroline Records artists Cavity Search Records artists Deaths by stabbing in California Domino Recording Company artists DreamWorks Records artists Feminist musicians Fingerstyle guitarists Guitarists from Los Angeles Guitarists from Nebraska Guitarists from New York City Guitarists from Oklahoma Guitarists from Oregon Guitarists from Texas Hampshire College alumni Indie folk musicians Kill Rock Stars artists Lincoln High School (Portland, Oregon) alumni Male feminists Musicians from Brooklyn Musicians from Omaha, Nebraska Musicians from Portland, Oregon People from Duncanville, Texas People from Echo Park, Los Angeles People with mood disorders Singers from Los Angeles Singers from New York City Singer-songwriters from Texas Suicide Squeeze Records artists Virgin Records artists 20th-century American male singers Singer-songwriters from California Singer-songwriters from New York (state) Singer-songwriters from Oklahoma Singer-songwriters from Nebraska" ]

[ "Elliott Smith", "1991-96: Heatmiser", "Was the group popular ?", "The pair were also on unemployment benefits for some time,", "What type of music did they play?", "I don't know.", "Most famous songs ?", "I don't know." ]

[ "Quite Interesting Limited is a British research company, most notable for providing the research for the British television panel game QI (itself an abbreviation of Quite Interesting) and the Swedish version Intresseklubben, as well as other QI–related programmes and products. The company founder and chairman is John Lloyd, the creator and producer of QI, and host of the radio panel game The Museum of Curiosity, which also uses Quite Interesting Limited for its research. John Mitchinson is the company's director and also works as head of research for QI.\n\nAbout\nLloyd founded Quite Interesting Limited in 1999. It is claimed that the idea of founding the company came on Christmas Eve 1993. According to his profile on QI.com, \"he came to the sudden and alarming realisation that he didn't really know anything. Changing gear again, he started reading books for the first time since he was 17. To his horror, he discovered that he hadn't been paying attention and, with painful slowness, unearthed the closely guarded secret that the universe is astoundingly quite interesting.\"\n\nThe philosophy of the company is that it claims that there are four primal drives: food, sex, shelter and curiosity. Out of these, curiosity is supposedly the most important because, \"unlike the other three drives, it is what makes us uniquely human.\" The company claims that, \"Whatever is interesting we are interested in. Whatever is not interesting, we are even more interested in. Everything is interesting if looked at in the right way.\"\n\nThose who carry out research are known as the \"QI Elves\". Notable elves include Justin Pollard and Vitali Vitaliev. They are also responsible for helping to write the questions used on QI. People wishing to become elves are recommended to start by commenting on the forums of the QI website.\n\nProducts\n\nDVDs\n\nBooks\n\nReferences\n\nQI\nCompanies based in Oxford\nBritish companies established in 1999\nPrivately held companies of the United Kingdom", "DiscoveryBox is a children's magazine by Bayard Presse. It is targeted at children from 9 to 12 years old. Inside there are topics about science, animals, current events, nature, history and the world. It also includes games and quizzes. It is designed for the completely independent reader and is the 3rd and final instalment of the Box series (after StoryBox and AdventureBox).\n\nDiscoveryBox is mostly non fictional and is designed to answer questions and expand the knowledge of its readers in the subjects that it covers each month.\n\nThere is a current shortage in this type of information rich magazine for this age group at the moment and children find the magazine very interesting. It is designed to build on what they have learned in School and it takes many of its subjects from the British Curriculum so reinforces what they have learned as well as adding additional interesting facts that they may not have previously known about.\n\nBecause there is a shortage of information magazines for children this age, both ESL and English speaking students like to read this book as the information is specially presented for them. As it is specifically designed for the ages 9 to 12 the magazine takes subjects that they would find interesting such as The Olympic Games, Space Exploration and Avalanches being just a few of the previous topics covered.\n\nIn July 2009 DiscoveryBox collaborated with the movie Ice Age: Dawn of the Dinosaurs with a behind-the-scenes look at 3D animation.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n DiscoveryBox Website\n DiscoveryBox Information Page\n Bayard English magazine Website\n\nChildren's magazines published in France\nFrench-language magazines\nMonthly magazines published in France\nMagazines established in 1995" ]

[ "Steven Paul Smith (August 6, 1969 – October 21, 2003), known professionally as Elliott Smith, was an American singer-songwriter and multi-instrumentalist. Smith was born in Omaha, Nebraska, raised primarily in Texas, and lived much of his life in Portland, Oregon, where he first gained popularity. Smith's primary instrument was the guitar, though he also played piano, clarinet, bass guitar, drums, and harmonica.", "Smith's primary instrument was the guitar, though he also played piano, clarinet, bass guitar, drums, and harmonica. Smith had a distinctive vocal style, characterized by his \"whispery, spiderweb-thin delivery\", and often used multi-tracking to create vocal layers, textures, and harmonies. After playing in the rock band Heatmiser for several years, Smith began his solo career in 1994, with releases on the independent record labels Cavity Search and Kill Rock Stars (KRS).", "After playing in the rock band Heatmiser for several years, Smith began his solo career in 1994, with releases on the independent record labels Cavity Search and Kill Rock Stars (KRS). In 1997, he signed a contract with DreamWorks Records, for which he recorded two albums. Smith rose to mainstream prominence when his song \"Miss Misery\"—included in the soundtrack for the film Good Will Hunting (1997)—was nominated for an Oscar in the Best Original Song category in 1998.", "Smith rose to mainstream prominence when his song \"Miss Misery\"—included in the soundtrack for the film Good Will Hunting (1997)—was nominated for an Oscar in the Best Original Song category in 1998. Smith was a heavy drinker and drug user at times throughout his life, and was diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and depression. His struggles with drugs and mental illness affected his life and work, and often appeared in his lyrics.", "His struggles with drugs and mental illness affected his life and work, and often appeared in his lyrics. In 2003, aged 34, he died in Los Angeles, California, from two stab wounds to the chest. The autopsy evidence was inconclusive as to whether the wounds were self-inflicted or the result of homicide. At the time of his death, Smith was working on his sixth studio album, From a Basement on the Hill, which was posthumously produced and released in 2004.", "At the time of his death, Smith was working on his sixth studio album, From a Basement on the Hill, which was posthumously produced and released in 2004. Early life Steven Paul Smith was born at the Methodist Hospital in Omaha, Nebraska, the only child of Gary Smith, a student at the University of Nebraska Medical Center, and Bunny Kay Berryman, an elementary school music teacher. His parents divorced when he was six months old, and Smith moved with his mother to Duncanville, Texas.", "His parents divorced when he was six months old, and Smith moved with his mother to Duncanville, Texas. Smith later had a tattoo of a map of Texas drawn on his upper arm and said: \"I didn't get it because I like Texas, kind of the opposite. But I won't forget about it, although I'm tempted to because I don't like it there.\" Smith endured a difficult childhood and a troubled relationship with his stepfather Charlie Welch.", "Smith endured a difficult childhood and a troubled relationship with his stepfather Charlie Welch. Smith stated he may have been sexually abused by Welch at a young age, an allegation that Welch has denied. He wrote about this part of his life in \"Some Song\". The name \"Charlie\" also appears in songs \"Flowers for Charlie\" and \"No Confidence Man.\"", "The name \"Charlie\" also appears in songs \"Flowers for Charlie\" and \"No Confidence Man.\" In a 2004 interview, Jennifer Chiba, Smith's partner at the time of his death, said that Smith's difficult childhood was partly why he needed to sedate himself with drugs as an adult: \"He was remembering traumatic things from his childhood – parts of things. It's not my place to say what.\"", "It's not my place to say what.\" It's not my place to say what.\" For much of his childhood, Smith's family was a part of the Community of Christ but began attending services at a local Methodist church. Smith felt that going to church did little for him, except make him \"really scared of Hell\". In 2001, he said: \"I don't necessarily buy into any officially structured version of spirituality. But I have my own version of it.\"", "But I have my own version of it.\" But I have my own version of it.\" Smith began playing piano at age nine, and at ten began learning guitar on a small acoustic guitar bought for him by his father. At this age he composed an original piano piece, \"Fantasy\", which won him a prize at an arts festival.", "At this age he composed an original piano piece, \"Fantasy\", which won him a prize at an arts festival. Many of the people on his mother's side of the family were non-professional musicians; his grandfather was a Dixieland drummer, and his grandmother sang in a glee club. At fourteen, Smith left his mother's home in Texas and moved to Portland, Oregon, to live with his father, who was then working as a psychiatrist.", "At fourteen, Smith left his mother's home in Texas and moved to Portland, Oregon, to live with his father, who was then working as a psychiatrist. It was around this time that Smith began using drugs, including alcohol, with friends. He also began experimenting with recording for the first time after borrowing a four-track recorder.", "He also began experimenting with recording for the first time after borrowing a four-track recorder. At high school, Smith played clarinet in the school band and played guitar and piano; he also sang in the bands Stranger Than Fiction and A Murder of Crows, billed as either Steven Smith or \"Johnny Panic\". He graduated from Lincoln High School as a National Merit Scholar.", "He graduated from Lincoln High School as a National Merit Scholar. After graduation, Smith began calling himself \"Elliott\", saying that he thought \"Steve\" sounded too much like a \"jock\" name, and that \"Steven\" sounded \"too bookish\". According to friends, he had also used the pseudonym \"Elliott Stillwater-Rotter\" during his time in the band A Murder of Crows.", "According to friends, he had also used the pseudonym \"Elliott Stillwater-Rotter\" during his time in the band A Murder of Crows. Biographer S. R. Shutt speculates that the name was either inspired by Elliott Avenue, a street that Smith had lived on in Portland, or that it was suggested by his then-girlfriend. A junior high acquaintance of Smith speculates Smith changed his name so as not to be confused with Steve Smith, the drummer of Journey.", "A junior high acquaintance of Smith speculates Smith changed his name so as not to be confused with Steve Smith, the drummer of Journey. Career 1991–1996: Heatmiser In 1991 Smith graduated from Hampshire College in Amherst, Massachusetts with a degree in philosophy and political science. \"Went straight through in four years\", he explained to Under the Radar in 2003. \"I guess it proved to myself that I could do something I really didn't want to for four years. Except I did like what I was studying.", "Except I did like what I was studying. Except I did like what I was studying. At the time it seemed like, 'This is your one and only chance to go to college and you had just better do it because some day you might wish that you did.' Plus, the whole reason I applied in the first place was because of my girlfriend, and I had gotten accepted already even though we had broken up before the first day.\"", "Plus, the whole reason I applied in the first place was because of my girlfriend, and I had gotten accepted already even though we had broken up before the first day.\" After he graduated, he \"worked in a bakery back in Portland with a bachelor's degree in philosophy and legal theory\". While at Hampshire, Smith formed the band Heatmiser with classmate Neil Gust. After Smith graduated from Hampshire, the band added drummer Tony Lash and bassist Brandt Peterson and began performing around Portland in 1992.", "After Smith graduated from Hampshire, the band added drummer Tony Lash and bassist Brandt Peterson and began performing around Portland in 1992. The group released the albums Dead Air (1993) and Cop and Speeder (1994) as well as the Yellow No. 5 EP (1994) on Frontier Records. They were then signed to Virgin Records to release what became their final album, Mic City Sons (1996).", "They were then signed to Virgin Records to release what became their final album, Mic City Sons (1996). Around this time, Smith and Gust worked a number of odd jobs around Portland, including installing drywall, spreading gravel, transplanting bamboo trees, and painting the roof of a warehouse with heat reflective paint. The pair were also on unemployment benefits for some time, which they considered an \"artist grant\".", "The pair were also on unemployment benefits for some time, which they considered an \"artist grant\". Smith had begun his solo career while still in Heatmiser, and the success of his first two releases created distance and tension with his band. Heatmiser disbanded prior to the release of Mic City Sons, prompting Virgin to put the album out inauspiciously through its independent arm, Caroline Records. A clause in Heatmiser's record contract with Virgin meant that Smith was still bound to it as an individual.", "A clause in Heatmiser's record contract with Virgin meant that Smith was still bound to it as an individual. The contract was later bought out by DreamWorks prior to the recording of his fourth album, XO. 1994: Roman Candle In the early 1990s, Smith's girlfriend at the time convinced him to send a tape of songs he had recently recorded on a borrowed four-track to Cavity Search Records.", "1994: Roman Candle In the early 1990s, Smith's girlfriend at the time convinced him to send a tape of songs he had recently recorded on a borrowed four-track to Cavity Search Records. Cavity owner Christopher Cooper asked to release the entire album of songs, which surprised Smith, as he was expecting only a deal for a seven-inch record. The album became Smith's release, Roman Candle (1994).", "The album became Smith's release, Roman Candle (1994). Smith said: \"I thought my head would be chopped off immediately when it came out because at the time it was so opposite to the grunge thing that was popular ... The thing is that album was really well received, which was a total shock, and it immediately eclipsed [Heatmiser], unfortunately.\"", "The thing is that album was really well received, which was a total shock, and it immediately eclipsed [Heatmiser], unfortunately.\" Smith felt his solo songs were not representative of the music Heatmiser was making: \"The idea of playing [my music] for people didn't occur to me... because at the time it was the Northwest—Mudhoney and Nirvana—and going out to play an acoustic show was like crawling out on a limb and begging for it to be sawed off.\"", "Smith felt his solo songs were not representative of the music Heatmiser was making: \"The idea of playing [my music] for people didn't occur to me... because at the time it was the Northwest—Mudhoney and Nirvana—and going out to play an acoustic show was like crawling out on a limb and begging for it to be sawed off.\" One of Smith's first solo performances was at the now-defunct Umbra Penumbra on September 17, 1994.", "One of Smith's first solo performances was at the now-defunct Umbra Penumbra on September 17, 1994. Only three songs from Roman Candle were performed, with the majority of the ten-song set being B-sides, Heatmiser tunes and unreleased tracks. The same year, Smith released a split 7-inch record with Pete Krebs via Slo-Mo Records, contributing the track \"No Confidence Man\".", "The same year, Smith released a split 7-inch record with Pete Krebs via Slo-Mo Records, contributing the track \"No Confidence Man\". 1995–1997: Elliott Smith and Either/Or In 1995, Smith's self-titled album was released on Kill Rock Stars; the record featured a style of recording similar to Roman Candle, but with hints of growth and experimentation.", "1995–1997: Elliott Smith and Either/Or In 1995, Smith's self-titled album was released on Kill Rock Stars; the record featured a style of recording similar to Roman Candle, but with hints of growth and experimentation. Though the majority of the album was recorded by Smith alone, friend and The Spinanes vocalist Rebecca Gates sang harmony vocals on \"St. Ides Heaven\", and Heatmiser guitarist Neil Gust played guitar on \"Single File\".", "Though the majority of the album was recorded by Smith alone, friend and The Spinanes vocalist Rebecca Gates sang harmony vocals on \"St. Ides Heaven\", and Heatmiser guitarist Neil Gust played guitar on \"Single File\". Several songs made reference to drugs, but Smith explained that he used the theme of drugs as a vehicle for conveying dependence rather than the songs being about drugs specifically.", "Several songs made reference to drugs, but Smith explained that he used the theme of drugs as a vehicle for conveying dependence rather than the songs being about drugs specifically. Looking back, Smith felt that the album's pervasive mood gave him \"a reputation for being a really dark, depressed person\" and said that he later made a conscious move toward more diverse moods in his music. In 1996, filmmaker Jem Cohen recorded Smith playing acoustic songs for the short film Lucky Three: An Elliott Smith Portrait.", "In 1996, filmmaker Jem Cohen recorded Smith playing acoustic songs for the short film Lucky Three: An Elliott Smith Portrait. Two of these songs would appear on his next album, Either/Or, which was another Kill Rock Stars release. Either/Or came out in 1997 to favorable reviews. The album found Smith venturing further into full instrumentation, with several songs containing bass guitar, drums, keyboards, and electric guitars, all played by Smith.", "The album found Smith venturing further into full instrumentation, with several songs containing bass guitar, drums, keyboards, and electric guitars, all played by Smith. The album title was derived from the two-volume book of the same name by Danish philosopher Søren Kierkegaard, whose works generally deal with themes such as existential despair, angst, death, and God. By this time, Smith's already-heavy drinking was being compounded with use of antidepressants.", "By this time, Smith's already-heavy drinking was being compounded with use of antidepressants. At the end of the Either/Or tour, some of his close friends staged an intervention in Chicago, but it proved ineffective. Shortly after, Smith relocated from Portland to Jersey City, New Jersey, and later Brooklyn, New York. 1997–98: \"Miss Misery\" and the Oscars In 1997, Smith was selected by director and fellow Portland resident Gus Van Sant to be a part of the soundtrack to his film, Good Will Hunting.", "1997–98: \"Miss Misery\" and the Oscars In 1997, Smith was selected by director and fellow Portland resident Gus Van Sant to be a part of the soundtrack to his film, Good Will Hunting. Smith recorded an orchestral version of \"Between the Bars\" with composer Danny Elfman for the movie.", "Smith recorded an orchestral version of \"Between the Bars\" with composer Danny Elfman for the movie. Smith also contributed a new song, \"Miss Misery\", and three previously released tracks (\"No Name #3\", from Roman Candle, and \"Angeles\" and \"Say Yes\", from Either/Or). The film was a commercial and critical success, and Smith was nominated for an Academy Award for \"Miss Misery\".", "The film was a commercial and critical success, and Smith was nominated for an Academy Award for \"Miss Misery\". Not eager to step into the limelight, he agreed to perform the song at the ceremony only after the producers informed him that if he was unwilling to perform, they would choose someone else to play it. On March 5, 1998, Smith made his network television debut on Late Night with Conan O'Brien performing \"Miss Misery\" solo on acoustic guitar.", "On March 5, 1998, Smith made his network television debut on Late Night with Conan O'Brien performing \"Miss Misery\" solo on acoustic guitar. A few days later, wearing a white suit, he played an abridged version of the song at the Oscars, accompanied by the house orchestra. James Horner and Will Jennings won the award that night for best song with \"My Heart Will Go On\" (sung by Celine Dion) from the film Titanic. Smith did not voice disappointment about not winning the award.", "Smith did not voice disappointment about not winning the award. Smith commented on the surrealism of the Oscars experience: \"That's exactly what it was, surreal... I enjoy performing almost as much as I enjoy making up songs in the first place. But the Oscars was a very strange show, where the set was only one song cut down to less than two minutes, and the audience was a lot of people who didn't come to hear me play.", "But the Oscars was a very strange show, where the set was only one song cut down to less than two minutes, and the audience was a lot of people who didn't come to hear me play. I wouldn't want to live in that world, but it was fun to walk around on the moon for a day.\" 1998–2000: XO and Figure 8 In 1998, after the success of Either/Or and \"Miss Misery\", Smith signed to a bigger record label, DreamWorks Records.", "1998–2000: XO and Figure 8 In 1998, after the success of Either/Or and \"Miss Misery\", Smith signed to a bigger record label, DreamWorks Records. Around the same time, Smith fell into depression, speaking openly of considering suicide, and on at least one occasion made a serious attempt at ending his own life. While in North Carolina, he became severely intoxicated and ran off a cliff. He landed on a tree, which badly impaled him but broke his fall.", "He landed on a tree, which badly impaled him but broke his fall. When questioned about his suicide attempt, he told an interviewer, \"Yeah, I jumped off a cliff, but let's talk about something else.\" Christopher Cooper, head of Cavity Search Records (which released Roman Candle), said about this time in Smith's life, \"I talked him out of thinking that he wanted to kill himself numerous times when he was in Portland.", "Christopher Cooper, head of Cavity Search Records (which released Roman Candle), said about this time in Smith's life, \"I talked him out of thinking that he wanted to kill himself numerous times when he was in Portland. I kept telling him that he was a brilliant man, and that life was worth living, and that people loved him.\"", "I kept telling him that he was a brilliant man, and that life was worth living, and that people loved him.\" Pete Krebs also agreed: \"In Portland we got the brunt of Elliott's initial depression... Lots of people have stories of their own experiences of staying up with Elliott 'til five in the morning, holding his hand, telling him not to kill himself.\" Smith's first release for DreamWorks was later that year.", "Smith's first release for DreamWorks was later that year. Titled XO, it was conceived and developed while Smith wrote it out over the winter of 1997/1998, night after night seated at the bar in Luna Lounge. It was produced by the team of Rob Schnapf and Tom Rothrock. XO also contained some instrumentation from Los Angeles musicians Joey Waronker and Jon Brion.", "XO also contained some instrumentation from Los Angeles musicians Joey Waronker and Jon Brion. It contained a more full-sounding, baroque pop sound than any of his previous efforts, with songs featuring a horn section, Chamberlins, elaborate string arrangements, and even a drum loop on the song \"Independence Day\". His familiar double-tracked vocal and acoustic guitar style were still apparent while his somewhat personal lyrical style survived.", "His familiar double-tracked vocal and acoustic guitar style were still apparent while his somewhat personal lyrical style survived. The album went on to peak at number 104 on the Billboard 200 and number 123 on the UK Album Charts, while selling 400,000 copies (more than double that of each of his two Kill Rock Stars releases), becoming the best-selling release of his career.", "The album went on to peak at number 104 on the Billboard 200 and number 123 on the UK Album Charts, while selling 400,000 copies (more than double that of each of his two Kill Rock Stars releases), becoming the best-selling release of his career. Smith's backing band during most of this period was the Portland-based group Quasi, consisting of former bandmate Sam Coomes on bass guitar and Coomes's ex-wife Janet Weiss on drums.", "Smith's backing band during most of this period was the Portland-based group Quasi, consisting of former bandmate Sam Coomes on bass guitar and Coomes's ex-wife Janet Weiss on drums. Quasi also performed as the opening act at many shows on the tour, with Smith sometimes contributing bass guitar, guitar, or backing vocals. On October 17, 1998, Smith appeared on Saturday Night Live and performed \"Waltz No. 2 (XO)\".", "2 (XO)\". 2 (XO)\". His backing band for this appearance was John Moen, Jon Brion, Rob Schnapf, and Sam Coomes.", "His backing band for this appearance was John Moen, Jon Brion, Rob Schnapf, and Sam Coomes. In response to whether the change to a bigger record label would influence his creative control, Smith said, \"I think despite the fact that sometimes people look at major labels as simply money-making machines, they're actually composed of individuals who are real people, and there's a part of them that needs to feel that part of their job is to put out good music.\"", "In response to whether the change to a bigger record label would influence his creative control, Smith said, \"I think despite the fact that sometimes people look at major labels as simply money-making machines, they're actually composed of individuals who are real people, and there's a part of them that needs to feel that part of their job is to put out good music.\" Smith also claimed in another interview that he never read his reviews for fear that they would interfere with his songwriting.", "Smith also claimed in another interview that he never read his reviews for fear that they would interfere with his songwriting. It was during this period that Smith appeared on Dutch television in 1998 and provided a candid interview in which he spoke of his assessment of his music career until that point: Yeah, I don't know. I mean, I mostly only know things are different because people ask me different questions, but I don't feel like things are very changed.", "I mean, I mostly only know things are different because people ask me different questions, but I don't feel like things are very changed. I mean, I still, I do the same things that I did before … I think about the same things, so … I'm the wrong kind of person to be really big and famous. As part of the Dutch television special, Smith played live versions of \"Waltz No.", "As part of the Dutch television special, Smith played live versions of \"Waltz No. 2 (XO)\", \"Miss Misery\", and \"I Didn't Understand\"—the latter two songs were performed solely on piano, while the first song was cut short by Smith, as he explained: \"I had to stop it because it's… you know, what's the point of playing a song badly? It'd be better to play it and mean it, than to just walk through it.\"", "It'd be better to play it and mean it, than to just walk through it.\" Smith relocated from Brooklyn to Los Angeles in 1999, taking up residence at a cabin in the Silver Lake section of town, where he would regularly play intimate, acoustic shows at local venues like Silverlake Lounge. He also performed in Toronto in April that year.", "He also performed in Toronto in April that year. He also performed in Toronto in April that year. In the fall, his cover of the Beatles' \"Because\" was featured in the end credits of DreamWorks' Oscar-winning drama American Beauty, and appeared on the film's soundtrack album. The final album Smith completed, Figure 8, was released on April 18, 2000.", "The final album Smith completed, Figure 8, was released on April 18, 2000. It featured the return of Rothrock, Schnapf, Brion, and Waronker and was partially recorded at Abbey Road Studios in England, with an obvious Beatles influence in the songwriting and production. The album garnered favorable reviews, and peaked at number 99 on the Billboard 200 and 37 on the UK Album Charts.", "The album garnered favorable reviews, and peaked at number 99 on the Billboard 200 and 37 on the UK Album Charts. The album received praise for its power pop style and complex arrangements, described as creating a \"sweeping kaleidoscope of layered instruments and sonic textures\". However, some reviewers felt that Smith's trademark dark and melancholy songwriting had lost some of its subtlety, with one reviewer likening some of the lyrics to \"the self-pitying complaints of an adolescent venting in his diary\".", "However, some reviewers felt that Smith's trademark dark and melancholy songwriting had lost some of its subtlety, with one reviewer likening some of the lyrics to \"the self-pitying complaints of an adolescent venting in his diary\". Album art and promotional pictures from the period showed Smith looking cleaned-up and put-together. An extensive tour in promotion of the record ensued, book-ended by television appearances on Late Night with Conan O'Brien and the Late Show with David Letterman.", "An extensive tour in promotion of the record ensued, book-ended by television appearances on Late Night with Conan O'Brien and the Late Show with David Letterman. However, Smith's condition began to deteriorate as he had become addicted to heroin either towards the end of or just after the Figure 8 tour. 2001–2002: Addiction and scrapped recordings Around the time he began recording his final album, Smith began to display signs of paranoia, often believing that a white van followed him wherever he went.", "2001–2002: Addiction and scrapped recordings Around the time he began recording his final album, Smith began to display signs of paranoia, often believing that a white van followed him wherever he went. He would have friends drop him off for recording sessions almost a mile away from the studio, and to reach the location, he would trudge through hundreds of yards of brush and cliffs.", "He would have friends drop him off for recording sessions almost a mile away from the studio, and to reach the location, he would trudge through hundreds of yards of brush and cliffs. He started telling people that DreamWorks was out to get him: \"Not long ago my house was broken into, and songs were stolen off my computer which have wound up in the hands of certain people who work at a certain label. I've also been followed around for months at a time.", "I've also been followed around for months at a time. I wouldn't even want to necessarily say it's the people from that label who are following me around, but it was probably them who broke into my house.\" During this period, Smith hardly ate, subsisting primarily on ice cream. He would go without sleeping for several days and then sleep for an entire day. A follow-up to Smith's 2000 album was originally planned to happen with Rob Schnapf, but their sessions were abandoned.", "A follow-up to Smith's 2000 album was originally planned to happen with Rob Schnapf, but their sessions were abandoned. Smith also began distancing himself from manager Margaret Mittleman, who had handled him since the Roman Candle days. He finally began recording a new album with only himself and Jon Brion as producers sometime during 2001. The pair had recorded a substantial amount of music for the album when Brion stopped the sessions because of Smith's struggle with substance use disorder.", "The pair had recorded a substantial amount of music for the album when Brion stopped the sessions because of Smith's struggle with substance use disorder. Their friendship promptly ended, and Smith scrapped all of their work until that point. He later said \"There was even a little more than half of a record done before this new one that I just scrapped because of a blown friendship with someone that made me so depressed I didn't want to hear any of those songs.", "He later said \"There was even a little more than half of a record done before this new one that I just scrapped because of a blown friendship with someone that made me so depressed I didn't want to hear any of those songs. He was just helping me record the songs and stuff, and then the friendship kind of fell apart all of a sudden one day. It just made it kind of awkward being alone in the car listening to the songs.\"", "It just made it kind of awkward being alone in the car listening to the songs.\" When Brion sent a bill for the abandoned sessions to DreamWorks, executives Lenny Waronker and Luke Wood scheduled a meeting with Smith to determine what went wrong with the sessions. Smith complained of intrusion upon his personal life from the label, as well as poor promotion for the Figure 8 album.", "Smith complained of intrusion upon his personal life from the label, as well as poor promotion for the Figure 8 album. The talks proved fruitless, and soon after, Smith sent a message to the executives, stating that if they did not release him from his contract, he would take his own life. In May 2001, Smith set out to re-record the album, mostly on his own, but with some help from David McConnell of Goldenboy.", "In May 2001, Smith set out to re-record the album, mostly on his own, but with some help from David McConnell of Goldenboy. McConnell told Spin that, during this time, Smith would smoke over $1,500 worth of heroin and crack per day, would often talk about suicide, and on numerous occasions tried to give himself an overdose.", "McConnell told Spin that, during this time, Smith would smoke over $1,500 worth of heroin and crack per day, would often talk about suicide, and on numerous occasions tried to give himself an overdose. Steven Drozd of The Flaming Lips and Scott McPherson of Sense Field played a few drum tracks, Sam Coomes contributed some bass guitar and backing vocals, but almost every other instrument was recorded by Smith.", "Steven Drozd of The Flaming Lips and Scott McPherson of Sense Field played a few drum tracks, Sam Coomes contributed some bass guitar and backing vocals, but almost every other instrument was recorded by Smith. Smith's song \"Needle in the Hay\" was included in Wes Anderson's 2001 dark comedy film The Royal Tenenbaums during a suicide attempt scene.", "Smith's song \"Needle in the Hay\" was included in Wes Anderson's 2001 dark comedy film The Royal Tenenbaums during a suicide attempt scene. Smith was originally supposed to contribute a cover of The Beatles' \"Hey Jude\" for the film, but when he failed to do so in time, Anderson had to use The Mutato Muzika Orchestra's version of the track instead. Anderson would later say that Smith \"was in a bad state\" at the time.", "Anderson would later say that Smith \"was in a bad state\" at the time. Smith's live performances during 2001 and 2002 were infrequent, typically in the Pacific Northwest or Los Angeles. A review of his December 20, 2001, show at Portland's Crystal Ballroom expressed concern over his appearance and performance: his hair was uncharacteristically greasy and long, his face was bearded and gaunt, and during his songs he exhibited alarming signs of \"memory-loss and butterfingers\".", "A review of his December 20, 2001, show at Portland's Crystal Ballroom expressed concern over his appearance and performance: his hair was uncharacteristically greasy and long, his face was bearded and gaunt, and during his songs he exhibited alarming signs of \"memory-loss and butterfingers\". At another performance in San Francisco that month, the audience began shouting out lyrics when Smith could not remember them.", "At another performance in San Francisco that month, the audience began shouting out lyrics when Smith could not remember them. In the first of only three concerts performed in 2002, Smith co-headlined Northwestern University's A&O Ball with Wilco on May 2 in Chicago. He was onstage for nearly an hour but failed to complete half of the songs.", "He was onstage for nearly an hour but failed to complete half of the songs. He claimed that his poor performance was due to his left hand having fallen asleep and told the audience it felt \"like having stuff on your hand and you can't get it off\". Smith's performance was reviewed as \"undoubtedly one of the worst performances ever by a musician\" and an \"excruciating […] nightmare\".", "Smith's performance was reviewed as \"undoubtedly one of the worst performances ever by a musician\" and an \"excruciating […] nightmare\". A reporter for the online magazine Glorious Noise wrote, \"It would not surprise me at all if Elliott Smith ends up dead within a year.\" On November 25, 2002, Smith was involved in a brawl with the Los Angeles Police Department at a concert where The Flaming Lips and Beck were performing.", "On November 25, 2002, Smith was involved in a brawl with the Los Angeles Police Department at a concert where The Flaming Lips and Beck were performing. Smith later said he was defending a man he thought the police were harassing. The officers allegedly beat and arrested him and girlfriend Jennifer Chiba. The two spent the night in jail. Smith's back was injured in the incident, causing him to cancel a number of shows.", "Smith's back was injured in the incident, causing him to cancel a number of shows. Wayne Coyne, lead singer of The Flaming Lips and a friend of Smith's, stated concern over Smith's appearance and actions, saying that he \"saw a guy who had lost control of himself. He was needy, he was grumpy, he was everything you wouldn't want in a person. It's not like when you think of Keith Richards being pleasantly blissed out in the corner.\"", "It's not like when you think of Keith Richards being pleasantly blissed out in the corner.\" 2003: Reemergence and From a Basement on the Hill Smith had attempted to go to rehab several times, but found that he was unable to relate to the popular treatments for people with substance use disorder that used a twelve-step program basis for treatment. \"I couldn't do the first step […] I couldn't say what you were supposed to say and mean it.\"", "\"I couldn't do the first step […] I couldn't say what you were supposed to say and mean it.\" In 2002, Smith went to the Neurotransmitter Restoration Center in Beverly Hills to start a course of treatment for substance use disorder.", "In 2002, Smith went to the Neurotransmitter Restoration Center in Beverly Hills to start a course of treatment for substance use disorder. In one of his final interviews, he spoke about the center, \"What they do is an IV treatment where they put a needle in your arm, and you're on a drip bag, but the only thing that's in the drip bag is amino acids and saline solution. I was coming off of a lot of psych meds and other things.", "I was coming off of a lot of psych meds and other things. I was even on an antipsychotic, although I'm not psychotic.\" Two sold-out solo acoustic concerts at Hollywood's Henry Fonda Theater, on January 31 and February 1, 2003, saw Smith attempting to reestablish his credibility as a live performer.", "Two sold-out solo acoustic concerts at Hollywood's Henry Fonda Theater, on January 31 and February 1, 2003, saw Smith attempting to reestablish his credibility as a live performer. Before the show, Smith scrawled \"Kali – The Destroyer\" (the Hindu goddess associated with time and change) in large block letters with permanent ink on his left arm, which was visible to the crowd during the performance.", "Before the show, Smith scrawled \"Kali – The Destroyer\" (the Hindu goddess associated with time and change) in large block letters with permanent ink on his left arm, which was visible to the crowd during the performance. On several songs, he was backed by a stripped-down drum kit played by Robin Peringer (of the band 764-HERO), and members of opening band Rilo Kiley contributed backing vocals to one song.", "On several songs, he was backed by a stripped-down drum kit played by Robin Peringer (of the band 764-HERO), and members of opening band Rilo Kiley contributed backing vocals to one song. Near the end of the first show, the musician responded for several minutes after a heckler (later identified as Smith's ex-girlfriend Valerie Deerin) yelled \"Get a backbone.\" Smith played two more Los Angeles concerts during 2003, including The Derby in May and the L.A. Weekly Music Awards in June.", "Smith played two more Los Angeles concerts during 2003, including The Derby in May and the L.A. Weekly Music Awards in June. After his 34th birthday on August 6, 2003, he gave up alcohol.", "After his 34th birthday on August 6, 2003, he gave up alcohol. Director Mike Mills had been working with Smith during his final years and described Smith's troubles and apparent recovery: \"I gave the script to him, then he dropped off the face of the earth […] he went through his whole crazy time, but by the time I was done with the film, he was making From a Basement on the Hill and I was shocked that he was actually making music.\"", "Director Mike Mills had been working with Smith during his final years and described Smith's troubles and apparent recovery: \"I gave the script to him, then he dropped off the face of the earth […] he went through his whole crazy time, but by the time I was done with the film, he was making From a Basement on the Hill and I was shocked that he was actually making music.\" With things improving for Smith after several troubled years, he began experimenting with noise music and worked on his girlfriend Jennifer Chiba's iMac with the intent of learning how to record with computers, noting that it was the only method with which he was still unfamiliar.", "With things improving for Smith after several troubled years, he began experimenting with noise music and worked on his girlfriend Jennifer Chiba's iMac with the intent of learning how to record with computers, noting that it was the only method with which he was still unfamiliar. Smith jokingly labeled his experimental way of recording \"The California Frown\" (a play on the Beach Boys' \"California Sound\"). He said of the songs, \"They're kind of more noisy with the pitch all distorted.", "He said of the songs, \"They're kind of more noisy with the pitch all distorted. Some are more acoustic, but there aren't too many like that. Lately I've just been making up a lot of noise.\" He was also in the process of recording songs for the Thumbsucker soundtrack, including Big Star's \"Thirteen\" and Cat Stevens's \"Trouble\".", "He was also in the process of recording songs for the Thumbsucker soundtrack, including Big Star's \"Thirteen\" and Cat Stevens's \"Trouble\". In August 2003, Suicide Squeeze Records put out a limited-edition vinyl single for \"Pretty (Ugly Before)\", a song that Smith had been playing since the Figure 8 tour. Smith's final show was at Redfest at the University of Utah in Salt Lake City on September 19, 2003.", "Smith's final show was at Redfest at the University of Utah in Salt Lake City on September 19, 2003. The final song he played live was \"Long, Long, Long\" by The Beatles. 2004–present: Posthumous releases From a Basement on the Hill, almost four years in production, was released on October 19, 2004, by ANTI- Records (a part of Epitaph Records).", "2004–present: Posthumous releases From a Basement on the Hill, almost four years in production, was released on October 19, 2004, by ANTI- Records (a part of Epitaph Records). With Smith's family in control of his estate, they chose to bring in Rob Schnapf and Smith's ex-girlfriend Joanna Bolme to sort through the recordings and mix the album.", "With Smith's family in control of his estate, they chose to bring in Rob Schnapf and Smith's ex-girlfriend Joanna Bolme to sort through the recordings and mix the album. Although Smith had voiced his desire for it to be a double album or a regular album with a bonus disc, it was not clear whether it would have been possible for him to release it that way had he completed it. As completed by Schnapf and Bolme, it was released as a 15-track single album.", "As completed by Schnapf and Bolme, it was released as a 15-track single album. Many songs from the sessions (later leaked onto the Internet) were not included, such as \"True Love\", \"Everything's OK\", \"Stickman\", and \"Suicide Machine\" (a reworking of the Figure 8-era unreleased instrumental \"Tiny Time Machine\").", "Many songs from the sessions (later leaked onto the Internet) were not included, such as \"True Love\", \"Everything's OK\", \"Stickman\", and \"Suicide Machine\" (a reworking of the Figure 8-era unreleased instrumental \"Tiny Time Machine\"). There has been unconfirmed speculation that Smith's family made the decision not to include some songs on the record due to their lyrical content, although songs such as \"King's Crossing\" that deal with darker subjects did make the album.", "There has been unconfirmed speculation that Smith's family made the decision not to include some songs on the record due to their lyrical content, although songs such as \"King's Crossing\" that deal with darker subjects did make the album. Elliott Smith and the Big Nothing, a biography by Benjamin Nugent, was rushed to publication shortly after From a Basement on the Hill, shortly after the first anniversary of his death.", "Elliott Smith and the Big Nothing, a biography by Benjamin Nugent, was rushed to publication shortly after From a Basement on the Hill, shortly after the first anniversary of his death. Smith's family, as well as Joanna Bolme, Jennifer Chiba, Neil Gust, Sam Coomes, and Janet Weiss, all declined to be interviewed. It contained interviews with Rob Schnapf, David McConnell, and Pete Krebs.", "It contained interviews with Rob Schnapf, David McConnell, and Pete Krebs. The book received mixed reviews, with Publishers Weekly remarking that while \"Nugent manages to patch together the major beats of Smith's life, he can offer little meaningful insight\". In 2005, a tribute album, A Tribute to Elliott Smith, was released. It featured various bands performing tributes to Smith. On May 8, 2007, a posthumous two-disc compilation album entitled New Moon was released by Kill Rock Stars.", "On May 8, 2007, a posthumous two-disc compilation album entitled New Moon was released by Kill Rock Stars. The album contained 24 songs recorded by Smith between 1994 and 1997 during his tenure with the label, songs that were not included on albums, as well as a few early versions and previously released B-sides. In the United States, the album debuted at number 24 on the Billboard 200, selling about 24,000 copies in its first week. The record received favorable reviews and was Metacritic's 15th best-reviewed album of 2007.", "The record received favorable reviews and was Metacritic's 15th best-reviewed album of 2007. A portion of the proceeds from album sales were to go to Outside In, a social service agency for low-income adults and homeless youth in Portland, Oregon. On October 25, 2007, a book titled Elliott Smith was released by Autumn de Wilde, which consists of photographs, handwritten lyrics, and \"revealing talks with Smith's inner circle\".", "On October 25, 2007, a book titled Elliott Smith was released by Autumn de Wilde, which consists of photographs, handwritten lyrics, and \"revealing talks with Smith's inner circle\". De Wilde was responsible for the Figure 8 sleeve art, making a landmark and de facto Smith memorial of the Solutions Audio mural. A five-song CD featuring previously unreleased live recordings of Smith performing acoustically at Largo in Los Angeles was included in the release.", "A five-song CD featuring previously unreleased live recordings of Smith performing acoustically at Largo in Los Angeles was included in the release. Following Smith's death, his estate licensed his songs for use in film and television projects such as One Tree Hill, The Girl Next Door, Georgia Rule, and Paranoid Park. In a March 2009 interview, Larry Crane said that Smith's estate was defunct and all rights previously held by Smith are now in the control of his parents.", "In a March 2009 interview, Larry Crane said that Smith's estate was defunct and all rights previously held by Smith are now in the control of his parents. Crane went on to say that his parents own the rights to Smith's high school recordings, some of the Heatmiser material, all solo songs recorded until his 1998 record deal with DreamWorks Records, and From a Basement on the Hill.", "Crane went on to say that his parents own the rights to Smith's high school recordings, some of the Heatmiser material, all solo songs recorded until his 1998 record deal with DreamWorks Records, and From a Basement on the Hill. DreamWorks Records was acquired by Universal Music Group in 2003, and Interscope Records currently \"owns all studio and live recording from Jan 1998 to his passing, except for the songs on From a Basement on the Hill.\"", "DreamWorks Records was acquired by Universal Music Group in 2003, and Interscope Records currently \"owns all studio and live recording from Jan 1998 to his passing, except for the songs on From a Basement on the Hill.\" In December 2009, Kill Rock Stars announced that it had obtained the rights to re-release Roman Candle and From a Basement on the Hill, originally released by Cavity Search and ANTI-, respectively. Roman Candle would be remastered by Larry Crane.", "Roman Candle would be remastered by Larry Crane. Roman Candle would be remastered by Larry Crane. Along with the press release, Kill Rock Stars posted a previously unreleased track of Smith's, titled \"Cecilia/Amanda\", as a free download. Roman Candle and From a Basement on the Hill were re-released on April 6, 2010, in the US. A greatest hits compilation titled An Introduction to... Elliott Smith was released in November 2010 by Domino Records (UK) and Kill Rock Stars (US).", "A greatest hits compilation titled An Introduction to... Elliott Smith was released in November 2010 by Domino Records (UK) and Kill Rock Stars (US). In August 2013, there was a memorial concert in Portland, Oregon and three other cities. Attending the Portland show were several musicians Smith had performed with, friends, and an appearance by film director Gus Van Sant.", "Attending the Portland show were several musicians Smith had performed with, friends, and an appearance by film director Gus Van Sant. In 2014, director Paul Thomas Anderson posted a video of the pilot episode for a show called The Jon Brion Show, featuring an acoustic set by Smith including accompaniment by Brion and pianist Brad Mehldau. On July 17, 2015, a documentary about Smith's life titled Heaven Adores You saw a limited theatrical release.", "On July 17, 2015, a documentary about Smith's life titled Heaven Adores You saw a limited theatrical release. The documentary enlisted a number of close friends and family members, as well as hours of audio interviews throughout Smith's short career. The film was directed by Nickolas Rossi and released through Eagle Rock Entertainment. Heaven Adores You received positive reviews from Consequence of Sound, The Guardian, and The Hollywood Reporter.", "Heaven Adores You received positive reviews from Consequence of Sound, The Guardian, and The Hollywood Reporter. On August 6, 2019 (what would have been Smith's 50th birthday), UMe released digital deluxe editions of the two albums XO and Figure 8. The new edition of XO has nine added tracks, including Smith's Oscar-nominated Good Will Hunting song \"Miss Misery.\" Seven tracks have been added to Figure 8. The digital deluxe edition includes \"Figure 8\"—Smith's cover of the \"Schoolhouse Rock!\"", "The digital deluxe edition includes \"Figure 8\"—Smith's cover of the \"Schoolhouse Rock!\" song—which was originally released only on the Japanese edition of the album. The final track on the new Figure 8 edition is Smith's cover of the Beatles’ \"Because\", originally featured on the 1999 American Beauty soundtrack. In May 2021, Smith's life and work were the subject of BBC Radio 4's Great Lives.", "In May 2021, Smith's life and work were the subject of BBC Radio 4's Great Lives. Death Smith died on October 21, 2003, at the age of 34 from two stab wounds to the chest. At the time of the stabbing, he was at his Lemoyne Street home in Echo Park, California, where he lived with his girlfriend, Jennifer Chiba. According to Chiba, the two were arguing, and she locked herself in the bathroom to take a shower.", "According to Chiba, the two were arguing, and she locked herself in the bathroom to take a shower. Chiba heard him scream and upon opening the door saw Smith standing with a knife in his chest. She pulled the knife out, after which he collapsed and she called 9-1-1 at 12:18 pm. Smith died in the hospital, with the time of death listed as 1:36 p.m. A possible suicide note, written on a sticky note, read: \"I'm so sorry—love, Elliott. God forgive me.\"", "God forgive me.\" God forgive me.\" In the coroner's report of the note, the name \"Elliott\" is misspelled as \"Elliot\". While Smith's death was reported as a suicide, the official autopsy report released in December 2003 left open the question of homicide. Smith's remains were cremated, and his ashes were divided between his mother, father, and half-sister Ashley.", "Smith's remains were cremated, and his ashes were divided between his mother, father, and half-sister Ashley. A small memorial service for family and friends was held at his father's home in Portland, although Smith's \"ashes weren't on hand because the coroner wouldn't release them.\" The status or location of Smith's ashes has not been made public. According to Pitchfork, record producer Larry Crane reported on his Tape Op message board that he had planned to help Smith mix his album in mid-November.", "According to Pitchfork, record producer Larry Crane reported on his Tape Op message board that he had planned to help Smith mix his album in mid-November. Crane wrote, \"I hadn't talked to Elliott in over a year. His girlfriend, Jennifer, called me [last week] and asked if I'd like to come to L.A. and help mix and finish [Smith's album]. I said 'yes, of course', and chatted with Elliott for the first time in ages.", "I said 'yes, of course', and chatted with Elliott for the first time in ages. It seems surreal that he would call me to finish an album and then a week later kill himself. I talked to Jennifer this morning, who was obviously shattered and in tears, and she said, 'I don't understand, he was so healthy.", "I talked to Jennifer this morning, who was obviously shattered and in tears, and she said, 'I don't understand, he was so healthy. The coroner reported that no traces of illegal substances or alcohol were found in Smith's system at the time of his death but did find prescribed levels of antidepressant, anxiolytic, and ADHD medications, including clonazepam, mirtazapine, atomoxetine, and amphetamine. There were no hesitation wounds, which are typically found on a victim of suicide by self-infliction.", "There were no hesitation wounds, which are typically found on a victim of suicide by self-infliction. Due to the inconclusive autopsy ruling, the Los Angeles Police Department's investigation remains open. Reaction Shortly after Smith's death, a fan memorial was initiated outside Solutions Audio (4334 Sunset Boulevard, Los Angeles, California), the site at which the cover of the Figure 8 album was shot.", "Reaction Shortly after Smith's death, a fan memorial was initiated outside Solutions Audio (4334 Sunset Boulevard, Los Angeles, California), the site at which the cover of the Figure 8 album was shot. Farewell messages to Smith were written on the wall, and flowers, photos, candles, and empty bottles of alcohol mentioned in Smith's songs were left. Since then, the wall has been a regular target for graffiti but is regularly restored by fans.", "Since then, the wall has been a regular target for graffiti but is regularly restored by fans. Memorial concerts were held in several cities in the United States and the United Kingdom. A petition was soon put forth with intent to make part of the Silver Lake area a memorial park in Smith's honor. It received over 10,000 signatures, but no plans to establish the park have been announced. A memorial plaque located inside Smith's former high school, Lincoln High, was hung in July 2006.", "A memorial plaque located inside Smith's former high school, Lincoln High, was hung in July 2006. The plaque reads: \"I'm never going to know you now, but I'm going to love you anyhow\" referencing Smith's song \"Waltz No. 2 (XO)\". Since Smith's death, many musical acts have paid him tribute.", "Since Smith's death, many musical acts have paid him tribute. Songs in tribute to, or about, Smith have been released by Pearl Jam (\"Can't Keep\" on the Live at Benaroya Hall concert album); Sparta (\"Bombs and Us\"); Third Eye Blind (\"There's No Hurry to Eternity\", originally titled \"Elliott Smith\", on the Live from Nowhere Near You, Volume Two: Pacific Northwest compilation); 9 Horses (“listening to the Elliott Smith discography in reverse order”, on the album Perfectest Herald); Ben Folds (\"Late\" on Songs for Silverman); Brad Mehldau (\"Sky Turning Grey (for Elliott Smith)\" on Highway Rider); Rilo Kiley (\"It Just Is\", and \"Ripchord\" from the album More Adventurous); Lil B's 'The Worlds Ending'; Rhett Miller (\"The Believer\" on The Believer); Earlimart (\"Heaven Adores You\" on Treble and Tremble); Joan As Police Woman (\"We Don't Own It\" on Real Life); and Pete Yorn (\"Bandstand in the Sky\" on Nightcrawler, a song jointly dedicated to Jeff Buckley).", "Songs in tribute to, or about, Smith have been released by Pearl Jam (\"Can't Keep\" on the Live at Benaroya Hall concert album); Sparta (\"Bombs and Us\"); Third Eye Blind (\"There's No Hurry to Eternity\", originally titled \"Elliott Smith\", on the Live from Nowhere Near You, Volume Two: Pacific Northwest compilation); 9 Horses (“listening to the Elliott Smith discography in reverse order”, on the album Perfectest Herald); Ben Folds (\"Late\" on Songs for Silverman); Brad Mehldau (\"Sky Turning Grey (for Elliott Smith)\" on Highway Rider); Rilo Kiley (\"It Just Is\", and \"Ripchord\" from the album More Adventurous); Lil B's 'The Worlds Ending'; Rhett Miller (\"The Believer\" on The Believer); Earlimart (\"Heaven Adores You\" on Treble and Tremble); Joan As Police Woman (\"We Don't Own It\" on Real Life); and Pete Yorn (\"Bandstand in the Sky\" on Nightcrawler, a song jointly dedicated to Jeff Buckley). Several tribute albums have also been released since his death, including Christopher O'Riley's 2006 Home to Oblivion: An Elliott Smith Tribute, with 18 instrumental covers, The Portland Cello Project's 2014 to e.s., covering six of his songs and To Elliott, from Portland containing covers by a number of Portland bands.", "Several tribute albums have also been released since his death, including Christopher O'Riley's 2006 Home to Oblivion: An Elliott Smith Tribute, with 18 instrumental covers, The Portland Cello Project's 2014 to e.s., covering six of his songs and To Elliott, from Portland containing covers by a number of Portland bands. On July 30, 2004, Chiba filed a lawsuit against the Smith family for 15% of his earnings (over $1 million), claiming that she and Smith lived as \"husband and wife\", that Smith had pledged to take care of her financially for the rest of her life, and that she worked as his manager and agent from around 2000 until his death.", "On July 30, 2004, Chiba filed a lawsuit against the Smith family for 15% of his earnings (over $1 million), claiming that she and Smith lived as \"husband and wife\", that Smith had pledged to take care of her financially for the rest of her life, and that she worked as his manager and agent from around 2000 until his death. A state labor commissioner ruled her claim as manager to be invalid, as she had worked as an \"unlicensed talent agent\" under California's Talent Agencies Act.", "A state labor commissioner ruled her claim as manager to be invalid, as she had worked as an \"unlicensed talent agent\" under California's Talent Agencies Act. The case made it to the California appellate court in October 2007, but the decision was affirmed 2–1.", "The case made it to the California appellate court in October 2007, but the decision was affirmed 2–1. In an October 2013 Spin magazine article—a reflection at the ten-year anniversary of Smith's death—drummer McPherson stated that Smith was \"a sick man without his medicine\" during the last 31 days of his life, when he was not only sober, but had also given up red meat and sugar. In the same article, Chiba recalls thinking, \"Okay, you're asking a lot of yourself.", "In the same article, Chiba recalls thinking, \"Okay, you're asking a lot of yourself. You're giving up a lot at once.\" Chiba further explained that \"anyone who understands drug abuse knows that you use drugs to hide from your past or sedate yourself from strong, overwhelming feelings. So when you're newly clean and coming off the medications that have been masking all those feelings, that's when you're the most vulnerable.\"", "So when you're newly clean and coming off the medications that have been masking all those feelings, that's when you're the most vulnerable.\" Writing for Spin, Liam Gowing also encountered a local musician who claimed Smith had said to him: \"The people who try to intervene, they're good people who genuinely care about you. But they don't know what you're going through. Do what you need to do.\" According to the musician, Smith had adamantly dissuaded him from suicide.", "According to the musician, Smith had adamantly dissuaded him from suicide. Musical style and influences Smith respected and was inspired by many artists and styles, including the Beatles, Neil Young, Simon & Garfunkel, Big Star, the Clash, the Who, Led Zeppelin, the Kinks, Pink Floyd, Nick Drake, Rush, Bauhaus, Elvis Costello, Oasis, Television, Motown and flamenco records, AC/DC, Hank Williams, and Scorpions, Smith claimed to listen exclusively to selected albums (such as The Marble Index by Nico) for months.", "Musical style and influences Smith respected and was inspired by many artists and styles, including the Beatles, Neil Young, Simon & Garfunkel, Big Star, the Clash, the Who, Led Zeppelin, the Kinks, Pink Floyd, Nick Drake, Rush, Bauhaus, Elvis Costello, Oasis, Television, Motown and flamenco records, AC/DC, Hank Williams, and Scorpions, Smith claimed to listen exclusively to selected albums (such as The Marble Index by Nico) for months. Sean Croghan, a former roommate of Smith's, said that Smith \"listened almost exclusively to slow jams\" in his senior year at college.", "Sean Croghan, a former roommate of Smith's, said that Smith \"listened almost exclusively to slow jams\" in his senior year at college. Smith also took inspiration from novels, religion, and philosophy. He liked classic literature, especially Samuel Beckett, T. S. Eliot, and Russian novelists such as Fyodor Dostoyevsky. Smith mentioned his admiration for Bob Dylan in several interviews, citing him as an early influence.", "Smith mentioned his admiration for Bob Dylan in several interviews, citing him as an early influence. He once commented: \"My father taught me how to play 'Don't Think Twice, It's All Right'. I love Dylan's words, but even more than that, I love the fact that he loves words.\" Smith covered Dylan's \"When I Paint My Masterpiece\" several times in concert. Smith has also been compared to folk singer Nick Drake, due to his fingerpicking style and vocals.", "Smith has also been compared to folk singer Nick Drake, due to his fingerpicking style and vocals. Darryl Cater of AllMusic called references to \"the definitive folk loner\" Drake \"inevitable\", and Smith's lyrics have been compared to those in Drake's minimalist and haunting final album.", "Darryl Cater of AllMusic called references to \"the definitive folk loner\" Drake \"inevitable\", and Smith's lyrics have been compared to those in Drake's minimalist and haunting final album. Smith was a dedicated fan of the Beatles (as well as their solo projects), once noting that he had been listening to them frequently since he was about \"four years old\" and also claimed that hearing The White Album was his original inspiration to become a musician.", "Smith was a dedicated fan of the Beatles (as well as their solo projects), once noting that he had been listening to them frequently since he was about \"four years old\" and also claimed that hearing The White Album was his original inspiration to become a musician. In 1998, Smith contributed a cover of the Beatles song \"Because\" to the closing credits and soundtrack of the film American Beauty.", "In 1998, Smith contributed a cover of the Beatles song \"Because\" to the closing credits and soundtrack of the film American Beauty. Although this was the only Beatles song that Smith ever officially released, he is known to have recorded many others, (\"Revolution\", \"I'll Be Back\" and \"I'm So Tired\") and played many songs by both the band and the members' solo projects at live concerts.", "Although this was the only Beatles song that Smith ever officially released, he is known to have recorded many others, (\"Revolution\", \"I'll Be Back\" and \"I'm So Tired\") and played many songs by both the band and the members' solo projects at live concerts. Smith said that transitions were his favorite part of songs and that he preferred to write broader, more impressionistic music closer to pop rather than folk music.", "Smith said that transitions were his favorite part of songs and that he preferred to write broader, more impressionistic music closer to pop rather than folk music. Smith compared his songs to stories or dreams, not purely confessional pieces that people could relate to. When asked about the dark nature of his songwriting and the cult following he was gaining, Smith said he felt it was merely a product of his writing songs that were strongly meaningful to him rather than anything contrived.", "When asked about the dark nature of his songwriting and the cult following he was gaining, Smith said he felt it was merely a product of his writing songs that were strongly meaningful to him rather than anything contrived. Larry Crane, Smith's posthumous archivist, has said that he was surprised at the amount of \"recycling of musical ideas\" he encountered while cataloging Smith's private tapes: \"I found songs recorded in high school reworked 15 years on.", "Larry Crane, Smith's posthumous archivist, has said that he was surprised at the amount of \"recycling of musical ideas\" he encountered while cataloging Smith's private tapes: \"I found songs recorded in high school reworked 15 years on. Lyrics became more important to him as he became older, and more time was spent working on them.\" Legacy Since his death, Smith has been regarded as one of the most influential artists in indie music.", "Legacy Since his death, Smith has been regarded as one of the most influential artists in indie music. Many artists have mentioned Smith as their influence, such as Frank Ocean, Beck, Phoebe Bridgers, Julien Baker, and Haim's lead vocalist Danielle Haim.", "Many artists have mentioned Smith as their influence, such as Frank Ocean, Beck, Phoebe Bridgers, Julien Baker, and Haim's lead vocalist Danielle Haim. See also List of unsolved deaths Discography Studio albums Roman Candle (1994) Elliott Smith (1995) Either/Or (1997) XO (1998) Figure 8 (2000) Posthumous studio albums From a Basement on the Hill (2004) Compilation albums New Moon (2007) References Bibliography External links Official website Official Cavity Search Records website Official Kill Rock Stars website Elliott Smith collection at the Internet Archive's live music archive Keep the Things You Forgot: An Elliott Smith Oral History 1969 births 2003 deaths Unsolved deaths 20th-century American guitarists 20th-century American singers 20th-century American writers 21st-century American singers 21st-century American writers Alternative rock guitarists Alternative rock singers American feminists American indie rock musicians American male guitarists American male singer-songwriters American rock guitarists American tenors Anti- (record label) artists Caroline Records artists Cavity Search Records artists Deaths by stabbing in California Domino Recording Company artists DreamWorks Records artists Feminist musicians Fingerstyle guitarists Guitarists from Los Angeles Guitarists from Nebraska Guitarists from New York City Guitarists from Oklahoma Guitarists from Oregon Guitarists from Texas Hampshire College alumni Indie folk musicians Kill Rock Stars artists Lincoln High School (Portland, Oregon) alumni Male feminists Musicians from Brooklyn Musicians from Omaha, Nebraska Musicians from Portland, Oregon People from Duncanville, Texas People from Echo Park, Los Angeles People with mood disorders Singers from Los Angeles Singers from New York City Singer-songwriters from Texas Suicide Squeeze Records artists Virgin Records artists 20th-century American male singers Singer-songwriters from California Singer-songwriters from New York (state) Singer-songwriters from Oklahoma Singer-songwriters from Nebraska" ]

[ "Elliott Smith", "1991-96: Heatmiser", "Was the group popular ?", "The pair were also on unemployment benefits for some time,", "What type of music did they play?", "I don't know.", "Most famous songs ?", "I don't know.", "What is interesting or notable about the group?", "Smith had begun his solo career while still in Heatmiser," ]

[ "Do You Know What I'm Going To Do Next Saturday? is a 1963 children's book published by Beginner Books and written by Helen Palmer Geisel, the first wife of Theodor Seuss Geisel (Dr. Seuss). Unlike most of the Beginner Books, Do You Know What I'm Going To Do Next Saturday? did not follow the format of text with inline drawings, being illustrated with black-and-white photographs by Lynn Fayman, featuring a boy named Rawli Davis. It is sometimes misattributed to Dr. Seuss himself. The book's cover features a photograph of a young boy sitting at a breakfast table with a huge pile of pancakes.\n\nActivities mentioned in the book include bowling, water skiing, marching, boxing, and shooting guns with the United States Marines, and eating more spaghetti \"than anyone else has eaten before.\n\nHelen Palmer's photograph-based children's books did not prove to be as popular as the more traditional text-and-illustrations format; however, Do You Know What I'm Going To Do Next Saturday received positive reviews and was listed by The New York Times as one of the best children's books of 1963. The book is currently out of print.\n\nReferences\n\n1963 children's books\nAmerican picture books", "Daniel S. Burt is an American author and literary critic.\n\nCareer\n\nDaniel S. Burt, Ph.D. received his doctorate in English and American Literature with a specialization in Victorian fiction from New York University. He taught undergraduate- and graduate-level courses in writing and literature at New York University, Wesleyan University, Trinity College, Northeastern University, Wentworth Institute of Technology, and Cape Cod Community College. At Wentworth Institute of Technology, he served as a dean for almost a decade. During his time at New York University, he was director of the NYU in London program, wherein he traveled with students to Russia, Spain, Britain and Ireland. \n\nSince 2003, Burt has served as the Academic Director for the Irish Academic Enrichment Workshops, which are held in Ireland every summer.\n\nBibliography\n\nThe Literary 100: A Ranking Of The Most Influential Novelists, Playwrights, And Poets Of All Time. Checkmark Books. October 1, 1999.\nThe Biography Book: A Reader's Guide To Nonfiction, Fictional, And Film Biographies Of More Than 500 Of The Most Fascinating Individuals Of All Time. Oryx Press. February 1, 2001.\nThe Novel 100: A Ranking Of The Greatest Novels Of All Time. Checkmark Books. November 1, 2003.\nThe Chronology of American Literature: America's Literary Achievements from the Colonial Era to Modern Times. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. February 10, 2004.\nThe Drama 100: A Ranking of the Greatest Plays of All Time. Checkmark Books. December 1, 2007.\nThe Handy Literature Answer Book: An Engaging Guide to Unraveling Symbols, Signs and Meanings in Great Works with Deborah G. Felder. Visible Ink Press. July 1, 2018.\n\nWhat Do I Read Next? Series \n\n What Historical Novel Do I Read Next? Gale Cengage.1997.\nWhat Do I Read Next? 2000, Volume 1 with Neil Barron. Gale Cengage. June 1, 2000.\nWhat Fantastic Fiction Do I Read Next? 2001, Volume 1 with Neil Barron and Tom Barton. Gale Cengage. June 1, 2001. \nWhat Do I Read Next? 2003, Volume 2 with Neil Barron and Tom Barton. Gale Cengage. October 17, 20013.\nWhat Do I Read Next? 2005, Volume 1 with Neil Barron and Tom Barton. Thomson Gale. May 27, 2005.\nWhat Do I Read Next? 2005, Volume 2 with Neil Barron. Gale. October 21, 2005. \nWhat Do I Read Next? 2006, Volume 1 with Neil Barron and Tom Barton. Thomson Gale. May 25, 2006.\n What Do I Read Next? 2007, Volume 1 with Natalie Danford and Don D'Ammassa. Gale Cengage. June 8, 2007.\nWhat Do I Read Next? 2007, Volume 2: A Reader's Guide to Current Genre Fiction with Don D'Ammassa, Natalie Danford, Stefan R. Dziemianowicz, Jim Huang, and Melissa Hudak. Gale Cengage. October 19, 2007. \nWhat Do I Read Next? 2008, Volume 1 with Natalie Danford and Don D'Ammassa. Gale. May 23, 2008. \n What Do I Read Next? 2009. Volume 1 with Michelle Kazensky, Marie Toft, and Hazel Rumney. Gale Cengage. June 12, 2009.\nWhat Do I Read Next? 2010, Volume 1 with Neil Barron. Gale. 2010.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \nBibliography on GoodReads\n\nYear of birth missing (living people)\nLiving people\nAmerican male non-fiction writers\nAmerican literary critics\nNew York University alumni\nWesleyan University faculty" ]

[ "Steven Paul Smith (August 6, 1969 – October 21, 2003), known professionally as Elliott Smith, was an American singer-songwriter and multi-instrumentalist. Smith was born in Omaha, Nebraska, raised primarily in Texas, and lived much of his life in Portland, Oregon, where he first gained popularity. Smith's primary instrument was the guitar, though he also played piano, clarinet, bass guitar, drums, and harmonica.", "Smith's primary instrument was the guitar, though he also played piano, clarinet, bass guitar, drums, and harmonica. Smith had a distinctive vocal style, characterized by his \"whispery, spiderweb-thin delivery\", and often used multi-tracking to create vocal layers, textures, and harmonies. After playing in the rock band Heatmiser for several years, Smith began his solo career in 1994, with releases on the independent record labels Cavity Search and Kill Rock Stars (KRS).", "After playing in the rock band Heatmiser for several years, Smith began his solo career in 1994, with releases on the independent record labels Cavity Search and Kill Rock Stars (KRS). In 1997, he signed a contract with DreamWorks Records, for which he recorded two albums. Smith rose to mainstream prominence when his song \"Miss Misery\"—included in the soundtrack for the film Good Will Hunting (1997)—was nominated for an Oscar in the Best Original Song category in 1998.", "Smith rose to mainstream prominence when his song \"Miss Misery\"—included in the soundtrack for the film Good Will Hunting (1997)—was nominated for an Oscar in the Best Original Song category in 1998. Smith was a heavy drinker and drug user at times throughout his life, and was diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and depression. His struggles with drugs and mental illness affected his life and work, and often appeared in his lyrics.", "His struggles with drugs and mental illness affected his life and work, and often appeared in his lyrics. In 2003, aged 34, he died in Los Angeles, California, from two stab wounds to the chest. The autopsy evidence was inconclusive as to whether the wounds were self-inflicted or the result of homicide. At the time of his death, Smith was working on his sixth studio album, From a Basement on the Hill, which was posthumously produced and released in 2004.", "At the time of his death, Smith was working on his sixth studio album, From a Basement on the Hill, which was posthumously produced and released in 2004. Early life Steven Paul Smith was born at the Methodist Hospital in Omaha, Nebraska, the only child of Gary Smith, a student at the University of Nebraska Medical Center, and Bunny Kay Berryman, an elementary school music teacher. His parents divorced when he was six months old, and Smith moved with his mother to Duncanville, Texas.", "His parents divorced when he was six months old, and Smith moved with his mother to Duncanville, Texas. Smith later had a tattoo of a map of Texas drawn on his upper arm and said: \"I didn't get it because I like Texas, kind of the opposite. But I won't forget about it, although I'm tempted to because I don't like it there.\" Smith endured a difficult childhood and a troubled relationship with his stepfather Charlie Welch.", "Smith endured a difficult childhood and a troubled relationship with his stepfather Charlie Welch. Smith stated he may have been sexually abused by Welch at a young age, an allegation that Welch has denied. He wrote about this part of his life in \"Some Song\". The name \"Charlie\" also appears in songs \"Flowers for Charlie\" and \"No Confidence Man.\"", "The name \"Charlie\" also appears in songs \"Flowers for Charlie\" and \"No Confidence Man.\" In a 2004 interview, Jennifer Chiba, Smith's partner at the time of his death, said that Smith's difficult childhood was partly why he needed to sedate himself with drugs as an adult: \"He was remembering traumatic things from his childhood – parts of things. It's not my place to say what.\"", "It's not my place to say what.\" It's not my place to say what.\" For much of his childhood, Smith's family was a part of the Community of Christ but began attending services at a local Methodist church. Smith felt that going to church did little for him, except make him \"really scared of Hell\". In 2001, he said: \"I don't necessarily buy into any officially structured version of spirituality. But I have my own version of it.\"", "But I have my own version of it.\" But I have my own version of it.\" Smith began playing piano at age nine, and at ten began learning guitar on a small acoustic guitar bought for him by his father. At this age he composed an original piano piece, \"Fantasy\", which won him a prize at an arts festival.", "At this age he composed an original piano piece, \"Fantasy\", which won him a prize at an arts festival. Many of the people on his mother's side of the family were non-professional musicians; his grandfather was a Dixieland drummer, and his grandmother sang in a glee club. At fourteen, Smith left his mother's home in Texas and moved to Portland, Oregon, to live with his father, who was then working as a psychiatrist.", "At fourteen, Smith left his mother's home in Texas and moved to Portland, Oregon, to live with his father, who was then working as a psychiatrist. It was around this time that Smith began using drugs, including alcohol, with friends. He also began experimenting with recording for the first time after borrowing a four-track recorder.", "He also began experimenting with recording for the first time after borrowing a four-track recorder. At high school, Smith played clarinet in the school band and played guitar and piano; he also sang in the bands Stranger Than Fiction and A Murder of Crows, billed as either Steven Smith or \"Johnny Panic\". He graduated from Lincoln High School as a National Merit Scholar.", "He graduated from Lincoln High School as a National Merit Scholar. After graduation, Smith began calling himself \"Elliott\", saying that he thought \"Steve\" sounded too much like a \"jock\" name, and that \"Steven\" sounded \"too bookish\". According to friends, he had also used the pseudonym \"Elliott Stillwater-Rotter\" during his time in the band A Murder of Crows.", "According to friends, he had also used the pseudonym \"Elliott Stillwater-Rotter\" during his time in the band A Murder of Crows. Biographer S. R. Shutt speculates that the name was either inspired by Elliott Avenue, a street that Smith had lived on in Portland, or that it was suggested by his then-girlfriend. A junior high acquaintance of Smith speculates Smith changed his name so as not to be confused with Steve Smith, the drummer of Journey.", "A junior high acquaintance of Smith speculates Smith changed his name so as not to be confused with Steve Smith, the drummer of Journey. Career 1991–1996: Heatmiser In 1991 Smith graduated from Hampshire College in Amherst, Massachusetts with a degree in philosophy and political science. \"Went straight through in four years\", he explained to Under the Radar in 2003. \"I guess it proved to myself that I could do something I really didn't want to for four years. Except I did like what I was studying.", "Except I did like what I was studying. Except I did like what I was studying. At the time it seemed like, 'This is your one and only chance to go to college and you had just better do it because some day you might wish that you did.' Plus, the whole reason I applied in the first place was because of my girlfriend, and I had gotten accepted already even though we had broken up before the first day.\"", "Plus, the whole reason I applied in the first place was because of my girlfriend, and I had gotten accepted already even though we had broken up before the first day.\" After he graduated, he \"worked in a bakery back in Portland with a bachelor's degree in philosophy and legal theory\". While at Hampshire, Smith formed the band Heatmiser with classmate Neil Gust. After Smith graduated from Hampshire, the band added drummer Tony Lash and bassist Brandt Peterson and began performing around Portland in 1992.", "After Smith graduated from Hampshire, the band added drummer Tony Lash and bassist Brandt Peterson and began performing around Portland in 1992. The group released the albums Dead Air (1993) and Cop and Speeder (1994) as well as the Yellow No. 5 EP (1994) on Frontier Records. They were then signed to Virgin Records to release what became their final album, Mic City Sons (1996).", "They were then signed to Virgin Records to release what became their final album, Mic City Sons (1996). Around this time, Smith and Gust worked a number of odd jobs around Portland, including installing drywall, spreading gravel, transplanting bamboo trees, and painting the roof of a warehouse with heat reflective paint. The pair were also on unemployment benefits for some time, which they considered an \"artist grant\".", "The pair were also on unemployment benefits for some time, which they considered an \"artist grant\". Smith had begun his solo career while still in Heatmiser, and the success of his first two releases created distance and tension with his band. Heatmiser disbanded prior to the release of Mic City Sons, prompting Virgin to put the album out inauspiciously through its independent arm, Caroline Records. A clause in Heatmiser's record contract with Virgin meant that Smith was still bound to it as an individual.", "A clause in Heatmiser's record contract with Virgin meant that Smith was still bound to it as an individual. The contract was later bought out by DreamWorks prior to the recording of his fourth album, XO. 1994: Roman Candle In the early 1990s, Smith's girlfriend at the time convinced him to send a tape of songs he had recently recorded on a borrowed four-track to Cavity Search Records.", "1994: Roman Candle In the early 1990s, Smith's girlfriend at the time convinced him to send a tape of songs he had recently recorded on a borrowed four-track to Cavity Search Records. Cavity owner Christopher Cooper asked to release the entire album of songs, which surprised Smith, as he was expecting only a deal for a seven-inch record. The album became Smith's release, Roman Candle (1994).", "The album became Smith's release, Roman Candle (1994). Smith said: \"I thought my head would be chopped off immediately when it came out because at the time it was so opposite to the grunge thing that was popular ... The thing is that album was really well received, which was a total shock, and it immediately eclipsed [Heatmiser], unfortunately.\"", "The thing is that album was really well received, which was a total shock, and it immediately eclipsed [Heatmiser], unfortunately.\" Smith felt his solo songs were not representative of the music Heatmiser was making: \"The idea of playing [my music] for people didn't occur to me... because at the time it was the Northwest—Mudhoney and Nirvana—and going out to play an acoustic show was like crawling out on a limb and begging for it to be sawed off.\"", "Smith felt his solo songs were not representative of the music Heatmiser was making: \"The idea of playing [my music] for people didn't occur to me... because at the time it was the Northwest—Mudhoney and Nirvana—and going out to play an acoustic show was like crawling out on a limb and begging for it to be sawed off.\" One of Smith's first solo performances was at the now-defunct Umbra Penumbra on September 17, 1994.", "One of Smith's first solo performances was at the now-defunct Umbra Penumbra on September 17, 1994. Only three songs from Roman Candle were performed, with the majority of the ten-song set being B-sides, Heatmiser tunes and unreleased tracks. The same year, Smith released a split 7-inch record with Pete Krebs via Slo-Mo Records, contributing the track \"No Confidence Man\".", "The same year, Smith released a split 7-inch record with Pete Krebs via Slo-Mo Records, contributing the track \"No Confidence Man\". 1995–1997: Elliott Smith and Either/Or In 1995, Smith's self-titled album was released on Kill Rock Stars; the record featured a style of recording similar to Roman Candle, but with hints of growth and experimentation.", "1995–1997: Elliott Smith and Either/Or In 1995, Smith's self-titled album was released on Kill Rock Stars; the record featured a style of recording similar to Roman Candle, but with hints of growth and experimentation. Though the majority of the album was recorded by Smith alone, friend and The Spinanes vocalist Rebecca Gates sang harmony vocals on \"St. Ides Heaven\", and Heatmiser guitarist Neil Gust played guitar on \"Single File\".", "Though the majority of the album was recorded by Smith alone, friend and The Spinanes vocalist Rebecca Gates sang harmony vocals on \"St. Ides Heaven\", and Heatmiser guitarist Neil Gust played guitar on \"Single File\". Several songs made reference to drugs, but Smith explained that he used the theme of drugs as a vehicle for conveying dependence rather than the songs being about drugs specifically.", "Several songs made reference to drugs, but Smith explained that he used the theme of drugs as a vehicle for conveying dependence rather than the songs being about drugs specifically. Looking back, Smith felt that the album's pervasive mood gave him \"a reputation for being a really dark, depressed person\" and said that he later made a conscious move toward more diverse moods in his music. In 1996, filmmaker Jem Cohen recorded Smith playing acoustic songs for the short film Lucky Three: An Elliott Smith Portrait.", "In 1996, filmmaker Jem Cohen recorded Smith playing acoustic songs for the short film Lucky Three: An Elliott Smith Portrait. Two of these songs would appear on his next album, Either/Or, which was another Kill Rock Stars release. Either/Or came out in 1997 to favorable reviews. The album found Smith venturing further into full instrumentation, with several songs containing bass guitar, drums, keyboards, and electric guitars, all played by Smith.", "The album found Smith venturing further into full instrumentation, with several songs containing bass guitar, drums, keyboards, and electric guitars, all played by Smith. The album title was derived from the two-volume book of the same name by Danish philosopher Søren Kierkegaard, whose works generally deal with themes such as existential despair, angst, death, and God. By this time, Smith's already-heavy drinking was being compounded with use of antidepressants.", "By this time, Smith's already-heavy drinking was being compounded with use of antidepressants. At the end of the Either/Or tour, some of his close friends staged an intervention in Chicago, but it proved ineffective. Shortly after, Smith relocated from Portland to Jersey City, New Jersey, and later Brooklyn, New York. 1997–98: \"Miss Misery\" and the Oscars In 1997, Smith was selected by director and fellow Portland resident Gus Van Sant to be a part of the soundtrack to his film, Good Will Hunting.", "1997–98: \"Miss Misery\" and the Oscars In 1997, Smith was selected by director and fellow Portland resident Gus Van Sant to be a part of the soundtrack to his film, Good Will Hunting. Smith recorded an orchestral version of \"Between the Bars\" with composer Danny Elfman for the movie.", "Smith recorded an orchestral version of \"Between the Bars\" with composer Danny Elfman for the movie. Smith also contributed a new song, \"Miss Misery\", and three previously released tracks (\"No Name #3\", from Roman Candle, and \"Angeles\" and \"Say Yes\", from Either/Or). The film was a commercial and critical success, and Smith was nominated for an Academy Award for \"Miss Misery\".", "The film was a commercial and critical success, and Smith was nominated for an Academy Award for \"Miss Misery\". Not eager to step into the limelight, he agreed to perform the song at the ceremony only after the producers informed him that if he was unwilling to perform, they would choose someone else to play it. On March 5, 1998, Smith made his network television debut on Late Night with Conan O'Brien performing \"Miss Misery\" solo on acoustic guitar.", "On March 5, 1998, Smith made his network television debut on Late Night with Conan O'Brien performing \"Miss Misery\" solo on acoustic guitar. A few days later, wearing a white suit, he played an abridged version of the song at the Oscars, accompanied by the house orchestra. James Horner and Will Jennings won the award that night for best song with \"My Heart Will Go On\" (sung by Celine Dion) from the film Titanic. Smith did not voice disappointment about not winning the award.", "Smith did not voice disappointment about not winning the award. Smith commented on the surrealism of the Oscars experience: \"That's exactly what it was, surreal... I enjoy performing almost as much as I enjoy making up songs in the first place. But the Oscars was a very strange show, where the set was only one song cut down to less than two minutes, and the audience was a lot of people who didn't come to hear me play.", "But the Oscars was a very strange show, where the set was only one song cut down to less than two minutes, and the audience was a lot of people who didn't come to hear me play. I wouldn't want to live in that world, but it was fun to walk around on the moon for a day.\" 1998–2000: XO and Figure 8 In 1998, after the success of Either/Or and \"Miss Misery\", Smith signed to a bigger record label, DreamWorks Records.", "1998–2000: XO and Figure 8 In 1998, after the success of Either/Or and \"Miss Misery\", Smith signed to a bigger record label, DreamWorks Records. Around the same time, Smith fell into depression, speaking openly of considering suicide, and on at least one occasion made a serious attempt at ending his own life. While in North Carolina, he became severely intoxicated and ran off a cliff. He landed on a tree, which badly impaled him but broke his fall.", "He landed on a tree, which badly impaled him but broke his fall. When questioned about his suicide attempt, he told an interviewer, \"Yeah, I jumped off a cliff, but let's talk about something else.\" Christopher Cooper, head of Cavity Search Records (which released Roman Candle), said about this time in Smith's life, \"I talked him out of thinking that he wanted to kill himself numerous times when he was in Portland.", "Christopher Cooper, head of Cavity Search Records (which released Roman Candle), said about this time in Smith's life, \"I talked him out of thinking that he wanted to kill himself numerous times when he was in Portland. I kept telling him that he was a brilliant man, and that life was worth living, and that people loved him.\"", "I kept telling him that he was a brilliant man, and that life was worth living, and that people loved him.\" Pete Krebs also agreed: \"In Portland we got the brunt of Elliott's initial depression... Lots of people have stories of their own experiences of staying up with Elliott 'til five in the morning, holding his hand, telling him not to kill himself.\" Smith's first release for DreamWorks was later that year.", "Smith's first release for DreamWorks was later that year. Titled XO, it was conceived and developed while Smith wrote it out over the winter of 1997/1998, night after night seated at the bar in Luna Lounge. It was produced by the team of Rob Schnapf and Tom Rothrock. XO also contained some instrumentation from Los Angeles musicians Joey Waronker and Jon Brion.", "XO also contained some instrumentation from Los Angeles musicians Joey Waronker and Jon Brion. It contained a more full-sounding, baroque pop sound than any of his previous efforts, with songs featuring a horn section, Chamberlins, elaborate string arrangements, and even a drum loop on the song \"Independence Day\". His familiar double-tracked vocal and acoustic guitar style were still apparent while his somewhat personal lyrical style survived.", "His familiar double-tracked vocal and acoustic guitar style were still apparent while his somewhat personal lyrical style survived. The album went on to peak at number 104 on the Billboard 200 and number 123 on the UK Album Charts, while selling 400,000 copies (more than double that of each of his two Kill Rock Stars releases), becoming the best-selling release of his career.", "The album went on to peak at number 104 on the Billboard 200 and number 123 on the UK Album Charts, while selling 400,000 copies (more than double that of each of his two Kill Rock Stars releases), becoming the best-selling release of his career. Smith's backing band during most of this period was the Portland-based group Quasi, consisting of former bandmate Sam Coomes on bass guitar and Coomes's ex-wife Janet Weiss on drums.", "Smith's backing band during most of this period was the Portland-based group Quasi, consisting of former bandmate Sam Coomes on bass guitar and Coomes's ex-wife Janet Weiss on drums. Quasi also performed as the opening act at many shows on the tour, with Smith sometimes contributing bass guitar, guitar, or backing vocals. On October 17, 1998, Smith appeared on Saturday Night Live and performed \"Waltz No. 2 (XO)\".", "2 (XO)\". 2 (XO)\". His backing band for this appearance was John Moen, Jon Brion, Rob Schnapf, and Sam Coomes.", "His backing band for this appearance was John Moen, Jon Brion, Rob Schnapf, and Sam Coomes. In response to whether the change to a bigger record label would influence his creative control, Smith said, \"I think despite the fact that sometimes people look at major labels as simply money-making machines, they're actually composed of individuals who are real people, and there's a part of them that needs to feel that part of their job is to put out good music.\"", "In response to whether the change to a bigger record label would influence his creative control, Smith said, \"I think despite the fact that sometimes people look at major labels as simply money-making machines, they're actually composed of individuals who are real people, and there's a part of them that needs to feel that part of their job is to put out good music.\" Smith also claimed in another interview that he never read his reviews for fear that they would interfere with his songwriting.", "Smith also claimed in another interview that he never read his reviews for fear that they would interfere with his songwriting. It was during this period that Smith appeared on Dutch television in 1998 and provided a candid interview in which he spoke of his assessment of his music career until that point: Yeah, I don't know. I mean, I mostly only know things are different because people ask me different questions, but I don't feel like things are very changed.", "I mean, I mostly only know things are different because people ask me different questions, but I don't feel like things are very changed. I mean, I still, I do the same things that I did before … I think about the same things, so … I'm the wrong kind of person to be really big and famous. As part of the Dutch television special, Smith played live versions of \"Waltz No.", "As part of the Dutch television special, Smith played live versions of \"Waltz No. 2 (XO)\", \"Miss Misery\", and \"I Didn't Understand\"—the latter two songs were performed solely on piano, while the first song was cut short by Smith, as he explained: \"I had to stop it because it's… you know, what's the point of playing a song badly? It'd be better to play it and mean it, than to just walk through it.\"", "It'd be better to play it and mean it, than to just walk through it.\" Smith relocated from Brooklyn to Los Angeles in 1999, taking up residence at a cabin in the Silver Lake section of town, where he would regularly play intimate, acoustic shows at local venues like Silverlake Lounge. He also performed in Toronto in April that year.", "He also performed in Toronto in April that year. He also performed in Toronto in April that year. In the fall, his cover of the Beatles' \"Because\" was featured in the end credits of DreamWorks' Oscar-winning drama American Beauty, and appeared on the film's soundtrack album. The final album Smith completed, Figure 8, was released on April 18, 2000.", "The final album Smith completed, Figure 8, was released on April 18, 2000. It featured the return of Rothrock, Schnapf, Brion, and Waronker and was partially recorded at Abbey Road Studios in England, with an obvious Beatles influence in the songwriting and production. The album garnered favorable reviews, and peaked at number 99 on the Billboard 200 and 37 on the UK Album Charts.", "The album garnered favorable reviews, and peaked at number 99 on the Billboard 200 and 37 on the UK Album Charts. The album received praise for its power pop style and complex arrangements, described as creating a \"sweeping kaleidoscope of layered instruments and sonic textures\". However, some reviewers felt that Smith's trademark dark and melancholy songwriting had lost some of its subtlety, with one reviewer likening some of the lyrics to \"the self-pitying complaints of an adolescent venting in his diary\".", "However, some reviewers felt that Smith's trademark dark and melancholy songwriting had lost some of its subtlety, with one reviewer likening some of the lyrics to \"the self-pitying complaints of an adolescent venting in his diary\". Album art and promotional pictures from the period showed Smith looking cleaned-up and put-together. An extensive tour in promotion of the record ensued, book-ended by television appearances on Late Night with Conan O'Brien and the Late Show with David Letterman.", "An extensive tour in promotion of the record ensued, book-ended by television appearances on Late Night with Conan O'Brien and the Late Show with David Letterman. However, Smith's condition began to deteriorate as he had become addicted to heroin either towards the end of or just after the Figure 8 tour. 2001–2002: Addiction and scrapped recordings Around the time he began recording his final album, Smith began to display signs of paranoia, often believing that a white van followed him wherever he went.", "2001–2002: Addiction and scrapped recordings Around the time he began recording his final album, Smith began to display signs of paranoia, often believing that a white van followed him wherever he went. He would have friends drop him off for recording sessions almost a mile away from the studio, and to reach the location, he would trudge through hundreds of yards of brush and cliffs.", "He would have friends drop him off for recording sessions almost a mile away from the studio, and to reach the location, he would trudge through hundreds of yards of brush and cliffs. He started telling people that DreamWorks was out to get him: \"Not long ago my house was broken into, and songs were stolen off my computer which have wound up in the hands of certain people who work at a certain label. I've also been followed around for months at a time.", "I've also been followed around for months at a time. I wouldn't even want to necessarily say it's the people from that label who are following me around, but it was probably them who broke into my house.\" During this period, Smith hardly ate, subsisting primarily on ice cream. He would go without sleeping for several days and then sleep for an entire day. A follow-up to Smith's 2000 album was originally planned to happen with Rob Schnapf, but their sessions were abandoned.", "A follow-up to Smith's 2000 album was originally planned to happen with Rob Schnapf, but their sessions were abandoned. Smith also began distancing himself from manager Margaret Mittleman, who had handled him since the Roman Candle days. He finally began recording a new album with only himself and Jon Brion as producers sometime during 2001. The pair had recorded a substantial amount of music for the album when Brion stopped the sessions because of Smith's struggle with substance use disorder.", "The pair had recorded a substantial amount of music for the album when Brion stopped the sessions because of Smith's struggle with substance use disorder. Their friendship promptly ended, and Smith scrapped all of their work until that point. He later said \"There was even a little more than half of a record done before this new one that I just scrapped because of a blown friendship with someone that made me so depressed I didn't want to hear any of those songs.", "He later said \"There was even a little more than half of a record done before this new one that I just scrapped because of a blown friendship with someone that made me so depressed I didn't want to hear any of those songs. He was just helping me record the songs and stuff, and then the friendship kind of fell apart all of a sudden one day. It just made it kind of awkward being alone in the car listening to the songs.\"", "It just made it kind of awkward being alone in the car listening to the songs.\" When Brion sent a bill for the abandoned sessions to DreamWorks, executives Lenny Waronker and Luke Wood scheduled a meeting with Smith to determine what went wrong with the sessions. Smith complained of intrusion upon his personal life from the label, as well as poor promotion for the Figure 8 album.", "Smith complained of intrusion upon his personal life from the label, as well as poor promotion for the Figure 8 album. The talks proved fruitless, and soon after, Smith sent a message to the executives, stating that if they did not release him from his contract, he would take his own life. In May 2001, Smith set out to re-record the album, mostly on his own, but with some help from David McConnell of Goldenboy.", "In May 2001, Smith set out to re-record the album, mostly on his own, but with some help from David McConnell of Goldenboy. McConnell told Spin that, during this time, Smith would smoke over $1,500 worth of heroin and crack per day, would often talk about suicide, and on numerous occasions tried to give himself an overdose.", "McConnell told Spin that, during this time, Smith would smoke over $1,500 worth of heroin and crack per day, would often talk about suicide, and on numerous occasions tried to give himself an overdose. Steven Drozd of The Flaming Lips and Scott McPherson of Sense Field played a few drum tracks, Sam Coomes contributed some bass guitar and backing vocals, but almost every other instrument was recorded by Smith.", "Steven Drozd of The Flaming Lips and Scott McPherson of Sense Field played a few drum tracks, Sam Coomes contributed some bass guitar and backing vocals, but almost every other instrument was recorded by Smith. Smith's song \"Needle in the Hay\" was included in Wes Anderson's 2001 dark comedy film The Royal Tenenbaums during a suicide attempt scene.", "Smith's song \"Needle in the Hay\" was included in Wes Anderson's 2001 dark comedy film The Royal Tenenbaums during a suicide attempt scene. Smith was originally supposed to contribute a cover of The Beatles' \"Hey Jude\" for the film, but when he failed to do so in time, Anderson had to use The Mutato Muzika Orchestra's version of the track instead. Anderson would later say that Smith \"was in a bad state\" at the time.", "Anderson would later say that Smith \"was in a bad state\" at the time. Smith's live performances during 2001 and 2002 were infrequent, typically in the Pacific Northwest or Los Angeles. A review of his December 20, 2001, show at Portland's Crystal Ballroom expressed concern over his appearance and performance: his hair was uncharacteristically greasy and long, his face was bearded and gaunt, and during his songs he exhibited alarming signs of \"memory-loss and butterfingers\".", "A review of his December 20, 2001, show at Portland's Crystal Ballroom expressed concern over his appearance and performance: his hair was uncharacteristically greasy and long, his face was bearded and gaunt, and during his songs he exhibited alarming signs of \"memory-loss and butterfingers\". At another performance in San Francisco that month, the audience began shouting out lyrics when Smith could not remember them.", "At another performance in San Francisco that month, the audience began shouting out lyrics when Smith could not remember them. In the first of only three concerts performed in 2002, Smith co-headlined Northwestern University's A&O Ball with Wilco on May 2 in Chicago. He was onstage for nearly an hour but failed to complete half of the songs.", "He was onstage for nearly an hour but failed to complete half of the songs. He claimed that his poor performance was due to his left hand having fallen asleep and told the audience it felt \"like having stuff on your hand and you can't get it off\". Smith's performance was reviewed as \"undoubtedly one of the worst performances ever by a musician\" and an \"excruciating […] nightmare\".", "Smith's performance was reviewed as \"undoubtedly one of the worst performances ever by a musician\" and an \"excruciating […] nightmare\". A reporter for the online magazine Glorious Noise wrote, \"It would not surprise me at all if Elliott Smith ends up dead within a year.\" On November 25, 2002, Smith was involved in a brawl with the Los Angeles Police Department at a concert where The Flaming Lips and Beck were performing.", "On November 25, 2002, Smith was involved in a brawl with the Los Angeles Police Department at a concert where The Flaming Lips and Beck were performing. Smith later said he was defending a man he thought the police were harassing. The officers allegedly beat and arrested him and girlfriend Jennifer Chiba. The two spent the night in jail. Smith's back was injured in the incident, causing him to cancel a number of shows.", "Smith's back was injured in the incident, causing him to cancel a number of shows. Wayne Coyne, lead singer of The Flaming Lips and a friend of Smith's, stated concern over Smith's appearance and actions, saying that he \"saw a guy who had lost control of himself. He was needy, he was grumpy, he was everything you wouldn't want in a person. It's not like when you think of Keith Richards being pleasantly blissed out in the corner.\"", "It's not like when you think of Keith Richards being pleasantly blissed out in the corner.\" 2003: Reemergence and From a Basement on the Hill Smith had attempted to go to rehab several times, but found that he was unable to relate to the popular treatments for people with substance use disorder that used a twelve-step program basis for treatment. \"I couldn't do the first step […] I couldn't say what you were supposed to say and mean it.\"", "\"I couldn't do the first step […] I couldn't say what you were supposed to say and mean it.\" In 2002, Smith went to the Neurotransmitter Restoration Center in Beverly Hills to start a course of treatment for substance use disorder.", "In 2002, Smith went to the Neurotransmitter Restoration Center in Beverly Hills to start a course of treatment for substance use disorder. In one of his final interviews, he spoke about the center, \"What they do is an IV treatment where they put a needle in your arm, and you're on a drip bag, but the only thing that's in the drip bag is amino acids and saline solution. I was coming off of a lot of psych meds and other things.", "I was coming off of a lot of psych meds and other things. I was even on an antipsychotic, although I'm not psychotic.\" Two sold-out solo acoustic concerts at Hollywood's Henry Fonda Theater, on January 31 and February 1, 2003, saw Smith attempting to reestablish his credibility as a live performer.", "Two sold-out solo acoustic concerts at Hollywood's Henry Fonda Theater, on January 31 and February 1, 2003, saw Smith attempting to reestablish his credibility as a live performer. Before the show, Smith scrawled \"Kali – The Destroyer\" (the Hindu goddess associated with time and change) in large block letters with permanent ink on his left arm, which was visible to the crowd during the performance.", "Before the show, Smith scrawled \"Kali – The Destroyer\" (the Hindu goddess associated with time and change) in large block letters with permanent ink on his left arm, which was visible to the crowd during the performance. On several songs, he was backed by a stripped-down drum kit played by Robin Peringer (of the band 764-HERO), and members of opening band Rilo Kiley contributed backing vocals to one song.", "On several songs, he was backed by a stripped-down drum kit played by Robin Peringer (of the band 764-HERO), and members of opening band Rilo Kiley contributed backing vocals to one song. Near the end of the first show, the musician responded for several minutes after a heckler (later identified as Smith's ex-girlfriend Valerie Deerin) yelled \"Get a backbone.\" Smith played two more Los Angeles concerts during 2003, including The Derby in May and the L.A. Weekly Music Awards in June.", "Smith played two more Los Angeles concerts during 2003, including The Derby in May and the L.A. Weekly Music Awards in June. After his 34th birthday on August 6, 2003, he gave up alcohol.", "After his 34th birthday on August 6, 2003, he gave up alcohol. Director Mike Mills had been working with Smith during his final years and described Smith's troubles and apparent recovery: \"I gave the script to him, then he dropped off the face of the earth […] he went through his whole crazy time, but by the time I was done with the film, he was making From a Basement on the Hill and I was shocked that he was actually making music.\"", "Director Mike Mills had been working with Smith during his final years and described Smith's troubles and apparent recovery: \"I gave the script to him, then he dropped off the face of the earth […] he went through his whole crazy time, but by the time I was done with the film, he was making From a Basement on the Hill and I was shocked that he was actually making music.\" With things improving for Smith after several troubled years, he began experimenting with noise music and worked on his girlfriend Jennifer Chiba's iMac with the intent of learning how to record with computers, noting that it was the only method with which he was still unfamiliar.", "With things improving for Smith after several troubled years, he began experimenting with noise music and worked on his girlfriend Jennifer Chiba's iMac with the intent of learning how to record with computers, noting that it was the only method with which he was still unfamiliar. Smith jokingly labeled his experimental way of recording \"The California Frown\" (a play on the Beach Boys' \"California Sound\"). He said of the songs, \"They're kind of more noisy with the pitch all distorted.", "He said of the songs, \"They're kind of more noisy with the pitch all distorted. Some are more acoustic, but there aren't too many like that. Lately I've just been making up a lot of noise.\" He was also in the process of recording songs for the Thumbsucker soundtrack, including Big Star's \"Thirteen\" and Cat Stevens's \"Trouble\".", "He was also in the process of recording songs for the Thumbsucker soundtrack, including Big Star's \"Thirteen\" and Cat Stevens's \"Trouble\". In August 2003, Suicide Squeeze Records put out a limited-edition vinyl single for \"Pretty (Ugly Before)\", a song that Smith had been playing since the Figure 8 tour. Smith's final show was at Redfest at the University of Utah in Salt Lake City on September 19, 2003.", "Smith's final show was at Redfest at the University of Utah in Salt Lake City on September 19, 2003. The final song he played live was \"Long, Long, Long\" by The Beatles. 2004–present: Posthumous releases From a Basement on the Hill, almost four years in production, was released on October 19, 2004, by ANTI- Records (a part of Epitaph Records).", "2004–present: Posthumous releases From a Basement on the Hill, almost four years in production, was released on October 19, 2004, by ANTI- Records (a part of Epitaph Records). With Smith's family in control of his estate, they chose to bring in Rob Schnapf and Smith's ex-girlfriend Joanna Bolme to sort through the recordings and mix the album.", "With Smith's family in control of his estate, they chose to bring in Rob Schnapf and Smith's ex-girlfriend Joanna Bolme to sort through the recordings and mix the album. Although Smith had voiced his desire for it to be a double album or a regular album with a bonus disc, it was not clear whether it would have been possible for him to release it that way had he completed it. As completed by Schnapf and Bolme, it was released as a 15-track single album.", "As completed by Schnapf and Bolme, it was released as a 15-track single album. Many songs from the sessions (later leaked onto the Internet) were not included, such as \"True Love\", \"Everything's OK\", \"Stickman\", and \"Suicide Machine\" (a reworking of the Figure 8-era unreleased instrumental \"Tiny Time Machine\").", "Many songs from the sessions (later leaked onto the Internet) were not included, such as \"True Love\", \"Everything's OK\", \"Stickman\", and \"Suicide Machine\" (a reworking of the Figure 8-era unreleased instrumental \"Tiny Time Machine\"). There has been unconfirmed speculation that Smith's family made the decision not to include some songs on the record due to their lyrical content, although songs such as \"King's Crossing\" that deal with darker subjects did make the album.", "There has been unconfirmed speculation that Smith's family made the decision not to include some songs on the record due to their lyrical content, although songs such as \"King's Crossing\" that deal with darker subjects did make the album. Elliott Smith and the Big Nothing, a biography by Benjamin Nugent, was rushed to publication shortly after From a Basement on the Hill, shortly after the first anniversary of his death.", "Elliott Smith and the Big Nothing, a biography by Benjamin Nugent, was rushed to publication shortly after From a Basement on the Hill, shortly after the first anniversary of his death. Smith's family, as well as Joanna Bolme, Jennifer Chiba, Neil Gust, Sam Coomes, and Janet Weiss, all declined to be interviewed. It contained interviews with Rob Schnapf, David McConnell, and Pete Krebs.", "It contained interviews with Rob Schnapf, David McConnell, and Pete Krebs. The book received mixed reviews, with Publishers Weekly remarking that while \"Nugent manages to patch together the major beats of Smith's life, he can offer little meaningful insight\". In 2005, a tribute album, A Tribute to Elliott Smith, was released. It featured various bands performing tributes to Smith. On May 8, 2007, a posthumous two-disc compilation album entitled New Moon was released by Kill Rock Stars.", "On May 8, 2007, a posthumous two-disc compilation album entitled New Moon was released by Kill Rock Stars. The album contained 24 songs recorded by Smith between 1994 and 1997 during his tenure with the label, songs that were not included on albums, as well as a few early versions and previously released B-sides. In the United States, the album debuted at number 24 on the Billboard 200, selling about 24,000 copies in its first week. The record received favorable reviews and was Metacritic's 15th best-reviewed album of 2007.", "The record received favorable reviews and was Metacritic's 15th best-reviewed album of 2007. A portion of the proceeds from album sales were to go to Outside In, a social service agency for low-income adults and homeless youth in Portland, Oregon. On October 25, 2007, a book titled Elliott Smith was released by Autumn de Wilde, which consists of photographs, handwritten lyrics, and \"revealing talks with Smith's inner circle\".", "On October 25, 2007, a book titled Elliott Smith was released by Autumn de Wilde, which consists of photographs, handwritten lyrics, and \"revealing talks with Smith's inner circle\". De Wilde was responsible for the Figure 8 sleeve art, making a landmark and de facto Smith memorial of the Solutions Audio mural. A five-song CD featuring previously unreleased live recordings of Smith performing acoustically at Largo in Los Angeles was included in the release.", "A five-song CD featuring previously unreleased live recordings of Smith performing acoustically at Largo in Los Angeles was included in the release. Following Smith's death, his estate licensed his songs for use in film and television projects such as One Tree Hill, The Girl Next Door, Georgia Rule, and Paranoid Park. In a March 2009 interview, Larry Crane said that Smith's estate was defunct and all rights previously held by Smith are now in the control of his parents.", "In a March 2009 interview, Larry Crane said that Smith's estate was defunct and all rights previously held by Smith are now in the control of his parents. Crane went on to say that his parents own the rights to Smith's high school recordings, some of the Heatmiser material, all solo songs recorded until his 1998 record deal with DreamWorks Records, and From a Basement on the Hill.", "Crane went on to say that his parents own the rights to Smith's high school recordings, some of the Heatmiser material, all solo songs recorded until his 1998 record deal with DreamWorks Records, and From a Basement on the Hill. DreamWorks Records was acquired by Universal Music Group in 2003, and Interscope Records currently \"owns all studio and live recording from Jan 1998 to his passing, except for the songs on From a Basement on the Hill.\"", "DreamWorks Records was acquired by Universal Music Group in 2003, and Interscope Records currently \"owns all studio and live recording from Jan 1998 to his passing, except for the songs on From a Basement on the Hill.\" In December 2009, Kill Rock Stars announced that it had obtained the rights to re-release Roman Candle and From a Basement on the Hill, originally released by Cavity Search and ANTI-, respectively. Roman Candle would be remastered by Larry Crane.", "Roman Candle would be remastered by Larry Crane. Roman Candle would be remastered by Larry Crane. Along with the press release, Kill Rock Stars posted a previously unreleased track of Smith's, titled \"Cecilia/Amanda\", as a free download. Roman Candle and From a Basement on the Hill were re-released on April 6, 2010, in the US. A greatest hits compilation titled An Introduction to... Elliott Smith was released in November 2010 by Domino Records (UK) and Kill Rock Stars (US).", "A greatest hits compilation titled An Introduction to... Elliott Smith was released in November 2010 by Domino Records (UK) and Kill Rock Stars (US). In August 2013, there was a memorial concert in Portland, Oregon and three other cities. Attending the Portland show were several musicians Smith had performed with, friends, and an appearance by film director Gus Van Sant.", "Attending the Portland show were several musicians Smith had performed with, friends, and an appearance by film director Gus Van Sant. In 2014, director Paul Thomas Anderson posted a video of the pilot episode for a show called The Jon Brion Show, featuring an acoustic set by Smith including accompaniment by Brion and pianist Brad Mehldau. On July 17, 2015, a documentary about Smith's life titled Heaven Adores You saw a limited theatrical release.", "On July 17, 2015, a documentary about Smith's life titled Heaven Adores You saw a limited theatrical release. The documentary enlisted a number of close friends and family members, as well as hours of audio interviews throughout Smith's short career. The film was directed by Nickolas Rossi and released through Eagle Rock Entertainment. Heaven Adores You received positive reviews from Consequence of Sound, The Guardian, and The Hollywood Reporter.", "Heaven Adores You received positive reviews from Consequence of Sound, The Guardian, and The Hollywood Reporter. On August 6, 2019 (what would have been Smith's 50th birthday), UMe released digital deluxe editions of the two albums XO and Figure 8. The new edition of XO has nine added tracks, including Smith's Oscar-nominated Good Will Hunting song \"Miss Misery.\" Seven tracks have been added to Figure 8. The digital deluxe edition includes \"Figure 8\"—Smith's cover of the \"Schoolhouse Rock!\"", "The digital deluxe edition includes \"Figure 8\"—Smith's cover of the \"Schoolhouse Rock!\" song—which was originally released only on the Japanese edition of the album. The final track on the new Figure 8 edition is Smith's cover of the Beatles’ \"Because\", originally featured on the 1999 American Beauty soundtrack. In May 2021, Smith's life and work were the subject of BBC Radio 4's Great Lives.", "In May 2021, Smith's life and work were the subject of BBC Radio 4's Great Lives. Death Smith died on October 21, 2003, at the age of 34 from two stab wounds to the chest. At the time of the stabbing, he was at his Lemoyne Street home in Echo Park, California, where he lived with his girlfriend, Jennifer Chiba. According to Chiba, the two were arguing, and she locked herself in the bathroom to take a shower.", "According to Chiba, the two were arguing, and she locked herself in the bathroom to take a shower. Chiba heard him scream and upon opening the door saw Smith standing with a knife in his chest. She pulled the knife out, after which he collapsed and she called 9-1-1 at 12:18 pm. Smith died in the hospital, with the time of death listed as 1:36 p.m. A possible suicide note, written on a sticky note, read: \"I'm so sorry—love, Elliott. God forgive me.\"", "God forgive me.\" God forgive me.\" In the coroner's report of the note, the name \"Elliott\" is misspelled as \"Elliot\". While Smith's death was reported as a suicide, the official autopsy report released in December 2003 left open the question of homicide. Smith's remains were cremated, and his ashes were divided between his mother, father, and half-sister Ashley.", "Smith's remains were cremated, and his ashes were divided between his mother, father, and half-sister Ashley. A small memorial service for family and friends was held at his father's home in Portland, although Smith's \"ashes weren't on hand because the coroner wouldn't release them.\" The status or location of Smith's ashes has not been made public. According to Pitchfork, record producer Larry Crane reported on his Tape Op message board that he had planned to help Smith mix his album in mid-November.", "According to Pitchfork, record producer Larry Crane reported on his Tape Op message board that he had planned to help Smith mix his album in mid-November. Crane wrote, \"I hadn't talked to Elliott in over a year. His girlfriend, Jennifer, called me [last week] and asked if I'd like to come to L.A. and help mix and finish [Smith's album]. I said 'yes, of course', and chatted with Elliott for the first time in ages.", "I said 'yes, of course', and chatted with Elliott for the first time in ages. It seems surreal that he would call me to finish an album and then a week later kill himself. I talked to Jennifer this morning, who was obviously shattered and in tears, and she said, 'I don't understand, he was so healthy.", "I talked to Jennifer this morning, who was obviously shattered and in tears, and she said, 'I don't understand, he was so healthy. The coroner reported that no traces of illegal substances or alcohol were found in Smith's system at the time of his death but did find prescribed levels of antidepressant, anxiolytic, and ADHD medications, including clonazepam, mirtazapine, atomoxetine, and amphetamine. There were no hesitation wounds, which are typically found on a victim of suicide by self-infliction.", "There were no hesitation wounds, which are typically found on a victim of suicide by self-infliction. Due to the inconclusive autopsy ruling, the Los Angeles Police Department's investigation remains open. Reaction Shortly after Smith's death, a fan memorial was initiated outside Solutions Audio (4334 Sunset Boulevard, Los Angeles, California), the site at which the cover of the Figure 8 album was shot.", "Reaction Shortly after Smith's death, a fan memorial was initiated outside Solutions Audio (4334 Sunset Boulevard, Los Angeles, California), the site at which the cover of the Figure 8 album was shot. Farewell messages to Smith were written on the wall, and flowers, photos, candles, and empty bottles of alcohol mentioned in Smith's songs were left. Since then, the wall has been a regular target for graffiti but is regularly restored by fans.", "Since then, the wall has been a regular target for graffiti but is regularly restored by fans. Memorial concerts were held in several cities in the United States and the United Kingdom. A petition was soon put forth with intent to make part of the Silver Lake area a memorial park in Smith's honor. It received over 10,000 signatures, but no plans to establish the park have been announced. A memorial plaque located inside Smith's former high school, Lincoln High, was hung in July 2006.", "A memorial plaque located inside Smith's former high school, Lincoln High, was hung in July 2006. The plaque reads: \"I'm never going to know you now, but I'm going to love you anyhow\" referencing Smith's song \"Waltz No. 2 (XO)\". Since Smith's death, many musical acts have paid him tribute.", "Since Smith's death, many musical acts have paid him tribute. Songs in tribute to, or about, Smith have been released by Pearl Jam (\"Can't Keep\" on the Live at Benaroya Hall concert album); Sparta (\"Bombs and Us\"); Third Eye Blind (\"There's No Hurry to Eternity\", originally titled \"Elliott Smith\", on the Live from Nowhere Near You, Volume Two: Pacific Northwest compilation); 9 Horses (“listening to the Elliott Smith discography in reverse order”, on the album Perfectest Herald); Ben Folds (\"Late\" on Songs for Silverman); Brad Mehldau (\"Sky Turning Grey (for Elliott Smith)\" on Highway Rider); Rilo Kiley (\"It Just Is\", and \"Ripchord\" from the album More Adventurous); Lil B's 'The Worlds Ending'; Rhett Miller (\"The Believer\" on The Believer); Earlimart (\"Heaven Adores You\" on Treble and Tremble); Joan As Police Woman (\"We Don't Own It\" on Real Life); and Pete Yorn (\"Bandstand in the Sky\" on Nightcrawler, a song jointly dedicated to Jeff Buckley).", "Songs in tribute to, or about, Smith have been released by Pearl Jam (\"Can't Keep\" on the Live at Benaroya Hall concert album); Sparta (\"Bombs and Us\"); Third Eye Blind (\"There's No Hurry to Eternity\", originally titled \"Elliott Smith\", on the Live from Nowhere Near You, Volume Two: Pacific Northwest compilation); 9 Horses (“listening to the Elliott Smith discography in reverse order”, on the album Perfectest Herald); Ben Folds (\"Late\" on Songs for Silverman); Brad Mehldau (\"Sky Turning Grey (for Elliott Smith)\" on Highway Rider); Rilo Kiley (\"It Just Is\", and \"Ripchord\" from the album More Adventurous); Lil B's 'The Worlds Ending'; Rhett Miller (\"The Believer\" on The Believer); Earlimart (\"Heaven Adores You\" on Treble and Tremble); Joan As Police Woman (\"We Don't Own It\" on Real Life); and Pete Yorn (\"Bandstand in the Sky\" on Nightcrawler, a song jointly dedicated to Jeff Buckley). Several tribute albums have also been released since his death, including Christopher O'Riley's 2006 Home to Oblivion: An Elliott Smith Tribute, with 18 instrumental covers, The Portland Cello Project's 2014 to e.s., covering six of his songs and To Elliott, from Portland containing covers by a number of Portland bands.", "Several tribute albums have also been released since his death, including Christopher O'Riley's 2006 Home to Oblivion: An Elliott Smith Tribute, with 18 instrumental covers, The Portland Cello Project's 2014 to e.s., covering six of his songs and To Elliott, from Portland containing covers by a number of Portland bands. On July 30, 2004, Chiba filed a lawsuit against the Smith family for 15% of his earnings (over $1 million), claiming that she and Smith lived as \"husband and wife\", that Smith had pledged to take care of her financially for the rest of her life, and that she worked as his manager and agent from around 2000 until his death.", "On July 30, 2004, Chiba filed a lawsuit against the Smith family for 15% of his earnings (over $1 million), claiming that she and Smith lived as \"husband and wife\", that Smith had pledged to take care of her financially for the rest of her life, and that she worked as his manager and agent from around 2000 until his death. A state labor commissioner ruled her claim as manager to be invalid, as she had worked as an \"unlicensed talent agent\" under California's Talent Agencies Act.", "A state labor commissioner ruled her claim as manager to be invalid, as she had worked as an \"unlicensed talent agent\" under California's Talent Agencies Act. The case made it to the California appellate court in October 2007, but the decision was affirmed 2–1.", "The case made it to the California appellate court in October 2007, but the decision was affirmed 2–1. In an October 2013 Spin magazine article—a reflection at the ten-year anniversary of Smith's death—drummer McPherson stated that Smith was \"a sick man without his medicine\" during the last 31 days of his life, when he was not only sober, but had also given up red meat and sugar. In the same article, Chiba recalls thinking, \"Okay, you're asking a lot of yourself.", "In the same article, Chiba recalls thinking, \"Okay, you're asking a lot of yourself. You're giving up a lot at once.\" Chiba further explained that \"anyone who understands drug abuse knows that you use drugs to hide from your past or sedate yourself from strong, overwhelming feelings. So when you're newly clean and coming off the medications that have been masking all those feelings, that's when you're the most vulnerable.\"", "So when you're newly clean and coming off the medications that have been masking all those feelings, that's when you're the most vulnerable.\" Writing for Spin, Liam Gowing also encountered a local musician who claimed Smith had said to him: \"The people who try to intervene, they're good people who genuinely care about you. But they don't know what you're going through. Do what you need to do.\" According to the musician, Smith had adamantly dissuaded him from suicide.", "According to the musician, Smith had adamantly dissuaded him from suicide. Musical style and influences Smith respected and was inspired by many artists and styles, including the Beatles, Neil Young, Simon & Garfunkel, Big Star, the Clash, the Who, Led Zeppelin, the Kinks, Pink Floyd, Nick Drake, Rush, Bauhaus, Elvis Costello, Oasis, Television, Motown and flamenco records, AC/DC, Hank Williams, and Scorpions, Smith claimed to listen exclusively to selected albums (such as The Marble Index by Nico) for months.", "Musical style and influences Smith respected and was inspired by many artists and styles, including the Beatles, Neil Young, Simon & Garfunkel, Big Star, the Clash, the Who, Led Zeppelin, the Kinks, Pink Floyd, Nick Drake, Rush, Bauhaus, Elvis Costello, Oasis, Television, Motown and flamenco records, AC/DC, Hank Williams, and Scorpions, Smith claimed to listen exclusively to selected albums (such as The Marble Index by Nico) for months. Sean Croghan, a former roommate of Smith's, said that Smith \"listened almost exclusively to slow jams\" in his senior year at college.", "Sean Croghan, a former roommate of Smith's, said that Smith \"listened almost exclusively to slow jams\" in his senior year at college. Smith also took inspiration from novels, religion, and philosophy. He liked classic literature, especially Samuel Beckett, T. S. Eliot, and Russian novelists such as Fyodor Dostoyevsky. Smith mentioned his admiration for Bob Dylan in several interviews, citing him as an early influence.", "Smith mentioned his admiration for Bob Dylan in several interviews, citing him as an early influence. He once commented: \"My father taught me how to play 'Don't Think Twice, It's All Right'. I love Dylan's words, but even more than that, I love the fact that he loves words.\" Smith covered Dylan's \"When I Paint My Masterpiece\" several times in concert. Smith has also been compared to folk singer Nick Drake, due to his fingerpicking style and vocals.", "Smith has also been compared to folk singer Nick Drake, due to his fingerpicking style and vocals. Darryl Cater of AllMusic called references to \"the definitive folk loner\" Drake \"inevitable\", and Smith's lyrics have been compared to those in Drake's minimalist and haunting final album.", "Darryl Cater of AllMusic called references to \"the definitive folk loner\" Drake \"inevitable\", and Smith's lyrics have been compared to those in Drake's minimalist and haunting final album. Smith was a dedicated fan of the Beatles (as well as their solo projects), once noting that he had been listening to them frequently since he was about \"four years old\" and also claimed that hearing The White Album was his original inspiration to become a musician.", "Smith was a dedicated fan of the Beatles (as well as their solo projects), once noting that he had been listening to them frequently since he was about \"four years old\" and also claimed that hearing The White Album was his original inspiration to become a musician. In 1998, Smith contributed a cover of the Beatles song \"Because\" to the closing credits and soundtrack of the film American Beauty.", "In 1998, Smith contributed a cover of the Beatles song \"Because\" to the closing credits and soundtrack of the film American Beauty. Although this was the only Beatles song that Smith ever officially released, he is known to have recorded many others, (\"Revolution\", \"I'll Be Back\" and \"I'm So Tired\") and played many songs by both the band and the members' solo projects at live concerts.", "Although this was the only Beatles song that Smith ever officially released, he is known to have recorded many others, (\"Revolution\", \"I'll Be Back\" and \"I'm So Tired\") and played many songs by both the band and the members' solo projects at live concerts. Smith said that transitions were his favorite part of songs and that he preferred to write broader, more impressionistic music closer to pop rather than folk music.", "Smith said that transitions were his favorite part of songs and that he preferred to write broader, more impressionistic music closer to pop rather than folk music. Smith compared his songs to stories or dreams, not purely confessional pieces that people could relate to. When asked about the dark nature of his songwriting and the cult following he was gaining, Smith said he felt it was merely a product of his writing songs that were strongly meaningful to him rather than anything contrived.", "When asked about the dark nature of his songwriting and the cult following he was gaining, Smith said he felt it was merely a product of his writing songs that were strongly meaningful to him rather than anything contrived. Larry Crane, Smith's posthumous archivist, has said that he was surprised at the amount of \"recycling of musical ideas\" he encountered while cataloging Smith's private tapes: \"I found songs recorded in high school reworked 15 years on.", "Larry Crane, Smith's posthumous archivist, has said that he was surprised at the amount of \"recycling of musical ideas\" he encountered while cataloging Smith's private tapes: \"I found songs recorded in high school reworked 15 years on. Lyrics became more important to him as he became older, and more time was spent working on them.\" Legacy Since his death, Smith has been regarded as one of the most influential artists in indie music.", "Legacy Since his death, Smith has been regarded as one of the most influential artists in indie music. Many artists have mentioned Smith as their influence, such as Frank Ocean, Beck, Phoebe Bridgers, Julien Baker, and Haim's lead vocalist Danielle Haim.", "Many artists have mentioned Smith as their influence, such as Frank Ocean, Beck, Phoebe Bridgers, Julien Baker, and Haim's lead vocalist Danielle Haim. See also List of unsolved deaths Discography Studio albums Roman Candle (1994) Elliott Smith (1995) Either/Or (1997) XO (1998) Figure 8 (2000) Posthumous studio albums From a Basement on the Hill (2004) Compilation albums New Moon (2007) References Bibliography External links Official website Official Cavity Search Records website Official Kill Rock Stars website Elliott Smith collection at the Internet Archive's live music archive Keep the Things You Forgot: An Elliott Smith Oral History 1969 births 2003 deaths Unsolved deaths 20th-century American guitarists 20th-century American singers 20th-century American writers 21st-century American singers 21st-century American writers Alternative rock guitarists Alternative rock singers American feminists American indie rock musicians American male guitarists American male singer-songwriters American rock guitarists American tenors Anti- (record label) artists Caroline Records artists Cavity Search Records artists Deaths by stabbing in California Domino Recording Company artists DreamWorks Records artists Feminist musicians Fingerstyle guitarists Guitarists from Los Angeles Guitarists from Nebraska Guitarists from New York City Guitarists from Oklahoma Guitarists from Oregon Guitarists from Texas Hampshire College alumni Indie folk musicians Kill Rock Stars artists Lincoln High School (Portland, Oregon) alumni Male feminists Musicians from Brooklyn Musicians from Omaha, Nebraska Musicians from Portland, Oregon People from Duncanville, Texas People from Echo Park, Los Angeles People with mood disorders Singers from Los Angeles Singers from New York City Singer-songwriters from Texas Suicide Squeeze Records artists Virgin Records artists 20th-century American male singers Singer-songwriters from California Singer-songwriters from New York (state) Singer-songwriters from Oklahoma Singer-songwriters from Nebraska" ]

[ "Merzbow", "Current era (2009-present)" ]

[ "2R0I2P0 is the eighth collaborative release by the Japanese experimental band Boris and noise musician Merzbow. It features several rerecorded tracks that first appeared on Boris' album Love & Evol, and a cover of the Melvins song \"Boris\", which the band is named after. It was released in December 2020.\n\nA video was released for the track \"Away from You\" on October 19, 2020.\n\nBackground\nThe title stands for \"2020 rest in peace\", with Boris noting that \"This year was a period of trial for everyone in the world\". At the time of 2R0I2P0'''s release, the last time Boris performed before an audience was with Merzbow in Melbourne, Australia on February 29, 2020. The recording was finished in mid-March and submitted to the label in May. The album was completed before No''.\n\nTrack listing\n\nPersonnel\nAll personnel credits adapted from the album notes.\n\nBoris\nTakeshi – vocals, guitar, bass\nWata – vocals, guitar, echo\nAtsuo – vocals, percussion, electronics\n\nMerzbow\nMasami Akita – computer, percussion, noise electronics\n\nTechnical personnel\nAmak Golden – Boris tracks recording\nFangsanalsatan – Boris tracks recording, total mix, design\nSoichiro Nakamura – basic mix, mastering\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n2R0I2P0 at Bandcamp\n\"Away From You\" (Official Music Video) at YouTube\n\"Boris\" (Official Music Video) at YouTube\n\n2020 albums\nCollaborative albums\nBoris (band) albums\nMerzbow albums", "Full of Hell is an American grindcore band from Ocean City, Maryland and Central Pennsylvania, formed in 2009. They are currently signed to Relapse Records. They have released five studio albums – Roots of Earth Are Consuming My Home (2011), Rudiments of Mutilation (2013), Trumpeting Ecstasy (2017), Weeping Choir (2019), and Garden of Burning Apparitions (2021) – as well as three collaborations – Full of Hell & Merzbow (2014) with Japanese noise artist Merzbow and One Day You Will Ache Like I Ache (2016) and Ascending a Mountain of Heavy Light (2017) with sludge metal band The Body – aside from numerous EPs and splits.\n\nHistory\nThe band formed in 2009. Since then, they have signed to A389 Recordings and Profound Lore Records, releasing three full-length albums. Their first album, titled Roots of Earth Are Consuming My Home, was released in 2011. Their second album, titled Rudiments of Mutilation was released in 2013. Their third album, a collaboration with Japanese noise artist Merzbow, was released in 2014.\n\nIn 2015, original bassist Brandon Brown left the band. He was replaced by Sam DiGristine of Jarhead Fertilizer—an associated act that also features Brown, as well as drummer Dave Bland. Dylan Walker and Spencer Hazard follow a straight edge lifestyle, while Bland is the only vegan.\n\nOn January 8, 2016, Full of Hell released a four-song EP titled Amber Mote in the Black Vault through Bad Teeth Recordings. The release featured three original tracks and a cover of Melvins' track \"Oven,\" originally released on their 1989 album Ozma. Describing their reasoning for selecting this track, the band explained: \"We had been wanting to cover a Melvins song for years, and 'Oven' had always been one of our top choices. We've always been very inspired by the Melvins on every level—a totally unique and uncompromising band that has always worked their asses off. They are a band that's undefinable but always recognizable. Totally brilliant. With past covers that we've done, we've always deviated from the source material, but this time we chose to stick close to the original sound and tempo.\"\n\nFull of Hell began plotting to follow up Full of Hell & Merzbow with another collaborative album with avant-garde metal band The Body after a successful 2015 tour together. The two acts expected to head into the studio together to record an album without previously writing any material. Titled One Day You Will Ache Like I Ache, the collaboration album was released on March 25, 2016 through Neurot Recordings—a label founded by members of Neurosis and Tribes of Neurot.\n\nFull of Hell's fifth studio album, Trumpeting Ecstasy was released on May 5, 2017. The album was ranked number 4 on Exclaim!'s Top 10 Metal and Hardcore Albums of 2017.\n\nOn February 13, 2018, the band announced that they had signed to Relapse Records.\n\nMembers\n\nCurrent\n Dylan Walker – lead vocals, electronics, noise (2009–present)\n Spencer Hazard – guitars, noise (2009–present)\n Dave Bland – drums (2009–present)\n Sam DiGristine – bass, backing vocals (2015–present)\n\nFormer\n Brandon Brown – bass, backing vocals (2009–2015)\n\nDiscography\n\nStudio albums\n Roots of Earth Are Consuming My Home (2011)\n Rudiments of Mutilation (2013)\n Trumpeting Ecstasy (2017)\n Weeping Choir (2019)\n Garden of Burning Apparitions (2021)\n\nCollaborative albums \n\nFull of Hell & Merzbow (collaboration with Merzbow) (2014)\nOne Day You Will Ache Like I Ache (collaboration with The Body) (2016)\nAscending a Mountain of Heavy Light (collaboration with The Body) (2017)\n\nEPs\n Savage (2009)\n The Inevitable Fear of Existence (2010)\n F.O.H. Noise (2011)\n F.O.H. Noise: Vol. 2 (2011)\n F.O.H. Noise: Vol. 3 (2012)\n F.O.H. Noise: Vol. 4 (2013)\n Amber Mote in the Black Vault (2015)\n Live at Roadburn (2016)\n\nSplits\n Full of Hell / Goldust (2011)\n Full of Hell / Code Orange Kids (2012)\n Full of Hell / Calm the Fire (2012)\n Full of Hell / The Guilt Of... (2012)\n Full of Hell / Psywarfare (2014)\n Nails / Full of Hell (2016)\n Full of Hell / Intensive Care (2018)\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n \n\nMusical groups established in 2009\n2009 establishments in Maryland\n2009 establishments in Pennsylvania\nAmerican grindcore musical groups\nPowerviolence groups\nAmerican sludge metal musical groups\nAmerican doom metal musical groups\nNoise musical groups\nAmerican experimental musical groups\nAmerican experimental rock groups\nHardcore punk groups from Maryland\nHardcore punk groups from Pennsylvania\nHeavy metal musical groups from Maryland\nHeavy metal musical groups from Pennsylvania\nMusical quintets\nProfound Lore Records artists\nRelapse Records artists" ]

[ "is a Japanese noise project started in 1979 by , best known for a style of harsh, confrontational noise. Since 1980, Akita has released over 400 recordings and has collaborated with various artists. The name Merzbow comes from the German dada artist Kurt Schwitters' artwork Merzbau, in which Schwitters transformed the interior of his house using found objects. The name was chosen to reflect Akita's dada influence and junk art aesthetic.", "The name was chosen to reflect Akita's dada influence and junk art aesthetic. In addition to this, Akita has cited a wide range of musical influences from progressive rock, heavy metal, free jazz, and early electronic music to non-musical influences like dadaism, surrealism and fetish culture. Since the early 2000s, he has been inspired by animal rights and environmentalism, and began to follow a vegan, straight edge lifestyle.", "Since the early 2000s, he has been inspired by animal rights and environmentalism, and began to follow a vegan, straight edge lifestyle. In addition to being a prolific musician, he has been a writer and editor for several books and magazines in Japan, and has written several books of his own. He has written about a variety of subjects, mostly about music, modern art, and underground culture. His more renowned works were on the topics of BDSM and Japanese bondage.", "His more renowned works were on the topics of BDSM and Japanese bondage. Other art forms Akita has been interested in include painting, photography, filmmaking, and Butoh dance. In 2000, Extreme Records released the 50 CD box set Merzbox. Akita's work has been the subject of several remix albums and at least one tribute album. This, among other achievements, has helped Merzbow to be regarded by some as the \"most important artist in noise\".", "This, among other achievements, has helped Merzbow to be regarded by some as the \"most important artist in noise\". Life and career Early life Masami Akita was born in Tokyo, Japan on December 19, 1956. He listened to psychedelic music, progressive rock and later free jazz in his youth, all of which have influenced his noise. In high school, he became the drummer of various high school bands, which he left due to the other members being \"grass-smoking Zappa freaks\".", "In high school, he became the drummer of various high school bands, which he left due to the other members being \"grass-smoking Zappa freaks\". By this time, he and high school friend Kiyoshi Mizutani had started playing improvised studio sessions that he described as \"long jam sessions along the lines of Ash Ra Tempel or Can but we didn't have any psychedelic taste\". He later attended Tamagawa University to study fine art, at which he majored in painting and art theory.", "He later attended Tamagawa University to study fine art, at which he majored in painting and art theory. While at university, he became interested in the ideas of dada and surrealism and also studied Butoh dance. At Tamagawa, he learned of Kurt Schwitters' Merz, or art made from rubbish, including Schwitters' Merzbau (meaning Merz building, ), which is the source of the name Merzbow. Beginning (1979–1989) Merzbow began as the duo of Masami Akita and Kiyoshi Mizutani, who met Akita in high school.", "Beginning (1979–1989) Merzbow began as the duo of Masami Akita and Kiyoshi Mizutani, who met Akita in high school. Akita started releasing noise recordings on cassettes through his own record label, Lowest Music & Arts, which was founded in order to trade cassette tapes with other underground artists. The earliest recording he made was Metal Acoustic Music. Various other early releases included Remblandt Assemblage and Solonoise 1.", "Various other early releases included Remblandt Assemblage and Solonoise 1. The Collection series consisted of ten cassettes, the first five were recorded in a studio for an independent label called Ylem, which went defunct before they could be released. So, Akita released them himself, and recorded five more at home. Akita's earliest music was made with tape loops and creatively recorded percussion and metal.", "Akita's earliest music was made with tape loops and creatively recorded percussion and metal. Early methods included what he referred to as \"material action\", in which he would closely amplify small sounds so as to distort them through the microphone. This method was used on Material Action for 2 Microphones and Material Action 2 N.A.M.. Among early releases like the box set Pornoise/1kg, Merzbow created artwork using photocopies of collages made out of manga and porn magazines he found in trash cans in the Tokyo subway.", "Among early releases like the box set Pornoise/1kg, Merzbow created artwork using photocopies of collages made out of manga and porn magazines he found in trash cans in the Tokyo subway. Akita explained this as trying to \"create the same feeling as the secret porn customer for the people buying my cassettes in the early 80s\".", "Akita explained this as trying to \"create the same feeling as the secret porn customer for the people buying my cassettes in the early 80s\". ZSF Produkt (pronounced Zusufu, from an ancient Japanese word meaning \"magnetic\") was founded in 1984 to release music by similar artists within the industrial movement but eventually became the successor to Lowest Music & Arts. Numerous Merzbow releases were recorded at ZSF Produkt Studio, Masami Akita's home studio.", "Numerous Merzbow releases were recorded at ZSF Produkt Studio, Masami Akita's home studio. During this era, Merzbow found much wider recognition and began making recordings for various international labels. Batztoutai with Memorial Gadgets was his first LP released outside of Japan. He also started touring abroad with the help of various collaborators. First, Merzbow performed in the USSR in 1988, then, toured the US in 1990, Korea in 1991, and Europe in 1989 and 1992.", "First, Merzbow performed in the USSR in 1988, then, toured the US in 1990, Korea in 1991, and Europe in 1989 and 1992. Kiyoshi Mizutani left Merzbow after the 1989 European tour and continues to pursue a solo career. Noise electronics era (1989–1999) During a European tour in September–October 1989, Merzbow could only bring simple and portable gear; this led to the harsh noise style Merzbow became known for in the 1990s.", "Noise electronics era (1989–1999) During a European tour in September–October 1989, Merzbow could only bring simple and portable gear; this led to the harsh noise style Merzbow became known for in the 1990s. Cloud Cock OO Grand (1990) was the first example of this new style, Merzbow's first digital recording (on DAT), and the first recording made for the CD format. It also includes live material recorded during the tour. Beginning in the mid-1990s, Merzbow began to be influenced by death metal and grindcore.", "Beginning in the mid-1990s, Merzbow began to be influenced by death metal and grindcore. Recordings from this time are mostly recorded at extreme volume, some mastered at levels far beyond standard (Noisembryo, Pulse Demon). In 1994, Akita acquired a vintage EMS synthesizer. From 1996, plans were made to release a \"10 (or maybe 12)\" CD box set on Extreme Records. In 2000, Extreme Records released the Merzbox, a fifty CD set of Merzbow records, twenty of them not previously released.", "In 2000, Extreme Records released the Merzbox, a fifty CD set of Merzbow records, twenty of them not previously released. Throughout most of the 1990s, Merzbow live was a trio with Reiko A. on electronics and Tetsuo Sakaibara (aka Bara) on voice and dance. Masami Akita occasionally played drums for Hijokaidan during the early–mid 1990s. In the early 1990s, Masami Akita composed the soundtracks to numerous kinbaku videos by and seppuku-themed videos by their sub-label Right Brain. Akita also directed for Right Brain.", "Akita also directed for Right Brain. Akita also directed for Right Brain. Some of this music was included on Music for Bondage Performance and Music for Bondage Performance 2, co-credited to Right Brain Audile. Director Ian Kerkhof would use a Merzbow track for his 1992 film La séquence des barres parallèles, and Akita composed original music for Kerhof's 1994 film The Dead Man 2: Return of the Dead Man. Kerkhof made the documentary Beyond Ultra Violence: Uneasy Listening by Merzbow in 1998.", "Kerkhof made the documentary Beyond Ultra Violence: Uneasy Listening by Merzbow in 1998. Akita also created music for Ilppo Pohjola's Asphalto (1998) and Routemaster (2000). Laptop era (1999–2009) Since 1999, Akita has used computers in his recordings, having first acquired a Macintosh to work on art for the Merzbox. Also at this time he began referring to his home studio as \"Bedroom, Tokyo\".", "Also at this time he began referring to his home studio as \"Bedroom, Tokyo\". At live performances, Akita has produced noise music from either two laptop computers or combination of a laptop and analog synthesizers/guitar pedals. Reiko A. and Bara left Merzbow during this time; Reiko Azuma now has a solo career. Since 2001, Jenny Akita (née Kawabata) started being credited for artwork on various releases. Since 2001, Akita started utilising samples of animal sounds in various releases starting with Frog.", "Since 2001, Akita started utilising samples of animal sounds in various releases starting with Frog. Around 2002, Akita became a vegan. He later stated: During this period, Akita also became a supporter of PETA, which is reflected in his animal-themed releases. An example of this is Minazo Vol. 1 and Vol. 2, dedicated to an elephant seal he visited often at the zoo and Bloody Sea, a protest against Japanese whaling.", "2, dedicated to an elephant seal he visited often at the zoo and Bloody Sea, a protest against Japanese whaling. He has also produced several works centered around recordings of his pet chickens (notably Animal Magnetism and Turmeric). Also in 2002, Akita released Merzbeat, which was seen as a significant departure from his trademark abstract style in that it contains beat-oriented pieces.", "Also in 2002, Akita released Merzbeat, which was seen as a significant departure from his trademark abstract style in that it contains beat-oriented pieces. This has sparked some controversy among fans, though some reviewers pointed out that it sounded very similar to Aqua Necromancer (1998), which features samples of progressive rock drumming. Merzbird (2004) and Merzbuddha (2005) followed in a similar vein with sampled beats combined with Merzbow's signature harsh noise.", "Merzbird (2004) and Merzbuddha (2005) followed in a similar vein with sampled beats combined with Merzbow's signature harsh noise. Current era (2009–present) Starting in the mid-2000s, Masami Akita began to reintroduce junk metal and effects pedals back into his setup. In 2008, Akita reintroduced the drum kit, his first instrument. This can be heard on the 13 Japanese Birds series. At this time he changed the name of his home studio to Munemihouse.", "At this time he changed the name of his home studio to Munemihouse. By the early 2010s, he was using a large number of pedals, oscillators and tone generators, and reduced to a single laptop running granular synthesis software. In 2014, he toured without a laptop. Beginning in November 2009, Merzbow started releasing archival material from the 1980s and 1990s, both reissues and previously unreleased material, several of which were released on cassette.", "Beginning in November 2009, Merzbow started releasing archival material from the 1980s and 1990s, both reissues and previously unreleased material, several of which were released on cassette. The Blossoming Noise label reissued the 1980s cassettes E-Study, Collection 004, Collection 005, Normal Music, and Flesh Metal Orgasm. The Kibbutz cassette was reissued on vinyl by Urashima. Other cassettes of unreleased material include Untitled Nov 1989, 9888A, April 1992, and Variations for Electric Fan.", "Other cassettes of unreleased material include Untitled Nov 1989, 9888A, April 1992, and Variations for Electric Fan. 2010–2013 saw the release several archival box sets; Merzbient, Merzphysics, Merzmorphosis, Lowest Music & Arts 1980–1983, and Duo. Akita began collaborating with the Hungarian drummer Balázs Pándi in 2009, initially Pándi served as a live drummer for Merzbow. This resulted in the live albums Live at Fluc Wanne, Vienna 2010/05/18, Ducks: Live in NYC, and Katowice.", "This resulted in the live albums Live at Fluc Wanne, Vienna 2010/05/18, Ducks: Live in NYC, and Katowice. Akita and Pándi then began to record studio albums collaborating with additional musicians, Cuts (2013) with the Swedish saxophone player Mats Gustafsson, Cuts of Guilt, Cuts Deeper (2015) with Gustafsson and Thurston Moore, and An Untroublesome Defencelessness with Keiji Haino (2016), all released by RareNoiseRecords. Akita, Pándi, and Gustafsson also toured together and released the live LP Live in Tabačka 13/04/12.", "Akita, Pándi, and Gustafsson also toured together and released the live LP Live in Tabačka 13/04/12. Merzbow also released several collaborations with industrial/noise musicians he had known since the 1980s: Spiral Right / Spiral Left with Z'EV, The Black Album with John Duncan, and a trio of releases with Maurizio Bianchi, Amniocentesi / Envoise 30 05 82 (a split with two tracks from 1982), Merzbow Meets M.B., and Amalgamelody. Gensho, the seventh collaborative releases with Boris, was released in 2016.", "Gensho, the seventh collaborative releases with Boris, was released in 2016. It is a double album, one disc is by Boris and one by Merzbow, that are meant to be played at the same time. In April 2018, the Japanese label Slowdown Records began releasing a series of sixty archival recordings spanning Merzbow's career on a semimonthly basis, starting with Hyper Music 1 Vol. 1 and 23 November 1979 (B). These recordings were collected in a box set named 10×6=60 in 2021.", "These recordings were collected in a box set named 10×6=60 in 2021. Slowdown has also released several new recordings in addition to the archival releases, and has continued releasing other archival recordings on a monthly basis alongside those featured in 10×6=60. Musical style Merzbow's sounds employ the use of distortion, feedback, and noises from synthesizers, machinery, and home-made noisemakers. While much of Merzbow's output is intensely harsh in character, Akita does occasionally make forays into ambient music.", "While much of Merzbow's output is intensely harsh in character, Akita does occasionally make forays into ambient music. Vocals are employed sometimes, but never in a lyrical sense. Contrary to most harsh noise music, Akita also occasionally uses elements of melody and rhythm. Akita's early work consisted of industrial noise music made from tape loops and conventional instruments. Similar to his present albums, he produced lengthy, disorienting pieces. He also became famous for the sheer volume of his releases.", "He also became famous for the sheer volume of his releases. The avant-garde nature of Akita's work made acceptance by mainstream and unprepared audiences difficult. When he performed with Kiyoshi Mizutani in 1988 at the Jazz-on-Amur festival in Khabarovsk in the Far East of the USSR, his improvised, experimental electroacoustic set was praised by fellow musicians as well as the festival's producer.", "When he performed with Kiyoshi Mizutani in 1988 at the Jazz-on-Amur festival in Khabarovsk in the Far East of the USSR, his improvised, experimental electroacoustic set was praised by fellow musicians as well as the festival's producer. The number of the - jazz-oriented (and - even just curious) - crowd, however, had been expecting a more traditional (and much-much more quiet) performance, and started walking out.", "The number of the - jazz-oriented (and - even just curious) - crowd, however, had been expecting a more traditional (and much-much more quiet) performance, and started walking out. Prior to his second performance at the festival — which was to be made to an even more conservative audience— Akita was asked to play \"more musically.\"", "Prior to his second performance at the festival — which was to be made to an even more conservative audience— Akita was asked to play \"more musically.\" On that first stage, Merzbow used the finest example of \"classical analogue live noisemaking technologies\" to display: untuned guitar, a drumset, various micro-objects, small springs centered in its shell baffles, large aluminium boxes with strings inside to be attacked with a fiddlestick, etc.", "On that first stage, Merzbow used the finest example of \"classical analogue live noisemaking technologies\" to display: untuned guitar, a drumset, various micro-objects, small springs centered in its shell baffles, large aluminium boxes with strings inside to be attacked with a fiddlestick, etc. along with multi- piezo-pickuping and close-miking techniques, live processing through vintage US fuzz, ring modulator etc. boxes, and quite vivid and spontaneous approach, backed by domestically supplied slide and light shows.", "boxes, and quite vivid and spontaneous approach, backed by domestically supplied slide and light shows. These live recordings were post-processed/re-mixed and released as Live in Khabarovsk, CCCP (I'm Proud by Rank of the Workers) LP – and as the (once more re-mixed comparing to the LP) CD 26 of the Merzbox later on. During the 1990s Akita's work became much harsher and was generally mastered at a louder volume than usual.", "During the 1990s Akita's work became much harsher and was generally mastered at a louder volume than usual. These were heavily influenced by death metal and grindcore bands of the time (a prime example is the Venereology album). The mid-1990s saw Akita being heavily influenced by psychedelic bands and this was reflected in various albums. Side projects In addition to Merzbow, Masami Akita has been involved in a number of side projects and groups.", "Side projects In addition to Merzbow, Masami Akita has been involved in a number of side projects and groups. Aliases Abtechtonics (or variations of this) was used by Akita for his artwork on Merzbow releases and his books. House Hunt Hussies is credited for a track on the Sexorama 1 compilation. ZSF Produkt is listed as the contact address. Lotus Club was used for the tape Le Sang et la Rose in 1983 because of the difference in musical style.", "Lotus Club was used for the tape Le Sang et la Rose in 1983 because of the difference in musical style. Pornoise was a mail art project Akita had in the 1980s where he made collages using discarded magazines – in particular pornographic magazines – taken from the trash. These were then sent along with his cassettes, the idea being that his art was like cheap mail order pornography. Pornoise/1kg was released as part of these activities.", "Pornoise/1kg was released as part of these activities. Pornoise/1kg was released as part of these activities. Pornoise was credit as the artist for a track on the Sexorama 2 compilation and co-credited for artwork on Scissors for Cutting Merzbow. Right Brain Audile is co-credited on the two Music for Bondage Performance albums, as they're soundtracks he did for several S&M and faux-Seppuku films produced by Kinbiken/Right Brain. The abbreviation RBA appears in track titles on Merzbient, which features recordings from this era.", "The abbreviation RBA appears in track titles on Merzbient, which features recordings from this era. SCUM was a project where Akita made new releases out of previous Merzbow sessions using cut-ups, effects, and mixing. SCUM is an acronym, standing for something different on each release, including \"Society for Cutting Up Merzbow\" (a reference to the SCUM Manifesto), \"Scissors for CUtting Merzbow\", \"Steel CUM\", etc. Zecken was used for two solo synthesizer performances in 1996.", "Zecken was used for two solo synthesizer performances in 1996. Groups Bustmonster was a \"conceptual death metal\" group (because they couldn't play death metal) with Tetsuo Sakaibara, Fumio Kosakai, Masahiko Ohno, Shohei Iwasaki, Maso Yamazaki and Zev Asher. Flying Testicle was a trio with Yamazaki and Asher. Merzbow Null was a collaboration between the groups of Merzbow and Null.", "Merzbow Null was a collaboration between the groups of Merzbow and Null. In addition to Masami Akita and Kazuyuki Kishino, it featured several other members of both groups such as Reiko Azuma, Asami Hayashi, Kiyoshi Mizutani, Yushi Okano, Ikuo Taketani, etc. They did many improv performances during 1983–84 and released over a dozen cassettes. Tibeta Ubik was a duo of Akita and Kishino active at the same time as Merzbow Null.", "Tibeta Ubik was a duo of Akita and Kishino active at the same time as Merzbow Null. True Romance was a performance art project in the early 1990s with Tetsuo Sakaibara (who became a live member of Merzbow) and Toshiyuki Seido. The performances included fetish equipment, simulated gore (including autopsy), mechanical devices, nude models, etc. It was inspired by Viennese Actionism. Masami Akita was a performer in addition to composing the backing music.", "Masami Akita was a performer in addition to composing the backing music. Other groups include: 3RENSA with Duenn and Koji Nakamura, Abe Sada with S.M.U.T., Commando Bruno Sanmartino with Fumio Kosakai and Masaya Nakahara, Kikuri with Keiji Haino, Maldoror with Mike Patton, MAZK with Zbigniew Karkowski, Melting Lips with Hanayo, Muscats with Hanayo and Masaya Nakahara, Metalik Zeit with Aube, Merz-Banana with Melt-Banana, Satanstornade with Russell Haswell (they later released an album entitled Satanstornade under their real names), Secrets with Tetsuya Mugishima (aka Seven), and Shalon Kelly King with Fumio Kosakai.", "Other groups include: 3RENSA with Duenn and Koji Nakamura, Abe Sada with S.M.U.T., Commando Bruno Sanmartino with Fumio Kosakai and Masaya Nakahara, Kikuri with Keiji Haino, Maldoror with Mike Patton, MAZK with Zbigniew Karkowski, Melting Lips with Hanayo, Muscats with Hanayo and Masaya Nakahara, Metalik Zeit with Aube, Merz-Banana with Melt-Banana, Satanstornade with Russell Haswell (they later released an album entitled Satanstornade under their real names), Secrets with Tetsuya Mugishima (aka Seven), and Shalon Kelly King with Fumio Kosakai. Discography Bibliography After completing his degree, Akita became a freelance writer and editor for various magazines in Japan.", "Discography Bibliography After completing his degree, Akita became a freelance writer and editor for various magazines in Japan. He frequently wrote on a variety of topics such as sexuality (including pornography, S&M, and Japanese bondage), underground and extreme culture (including music and art), architecture, and animal rights. None have been published in English. Note: English title refers to English writing on the cover, sometimes it's a translation of the Japanese title, or a completely different phrase.", "Note: English title refers to English writing on the cover, sometimes it's a translation of the Japanese title, or a completely different phrase. References Further reading External links Japanese electronic music groups Japanese experimental musical groups Japanese noise rock groups Japanese industrial music groups Musical groups established in 1979 Musical groups from Tokyo Noise musical groups Alien8 Recordings artists Drag City (record label) artists Important Records artists Relapse Records artists Tzadik Records artists Third Mind Records artists Cuneiform Records artists RareNoiseRecords artists Smalltown Supersound artists Soleilmoon artists" ]

[ "Merzbow", "Current era (2009-present)", "Can you name an album that Merzbow released in that period from 2009 to present ?", "Gensho, the seventh collaborative releases with Boris, was released in 2016." ]

[ "is the fourth collaborative studio album and seventh release by the Japanese experimental band Boris and noise musician Merzbow. It is presented in two parts; the first disc features re-recordings of several Boris songs and a cover of the My Bloody Valentine song \"Sometimes\" in drone-based, drumless style, while the second disc consists of new compositions by Merzbow. They are intended to be played at the same time, much like the previous Boris double album Dronevil, or as separate works.\n\nInitial teasers were posted at the start of the year, most prominently a live clip of \"Huge\" from the Fever performance on January 21. Rolling Stone announced YouTube streams of \"Heavy Rain\" and its accompanying section of \"Goloka pt. 1\" on February 5, 2016. Later in February, The Wire debuted a live video of Boris alone playing the song \"More\" from Leave Them All Behind 2015.\n\nBackground\n\nThe album was inspired by their June 2014 Boiler Room set, during which Boris played a drumless set, followed by Merzbow, and then a joint set by Boris with Merzbow. In support of Gensho, they played a one-off show at Fever in Tokyo on November 27, 2015; a recording of the concert called Gensho at Fever 11272015 is included as a bonus with the Japanese release of Gensho by Daymare Recordings. It includes the recorded debut of a new Boris song \"More\", as well as a performance of rare song \"Kilmister,\" created for the web anime series Ninja Slayer, and a cover of the Man song \"Many Are Called, but Few Get Up\". Because the Boris tracks are primarily drone-based, both presented versions of the song \"Akuma no Uta\" are actually more similar to \"Introduction\" from the same album; regardless, the song is credited as \"Akuma no Uta\" on all versions.\n\nThe vinyl version of the album is released as two separate double LPs; one LP with half of the Boris material and one LP with half of the Merzbow material. Thus, no matter which form is purchased, it is possible to play both contributors simultaneously. These are also available bundled together as a single deluxe edition. The deluxe LP was featured as Record of the Week by Pirates Press.\n\nCritical reception\n\nAllMusic critic Thom Jurek wrote: \"When taken together, these records offer ever-varying degrees of light, dark, power, and emotion that wash over the listener. Creatively, Gensho is so rich and expansive, fans of both acts should find it indispensable.\"\n\nTrack listing\n\nGensho\n\nGensho at Fever 11272015\n\nPersonnel\nAll personnel credits adapted from the album notes.\n\nBoris\n\nTakeshi – vocals, guitar, bass\nWata – vocals, guitar, echo\nAtsuo – vocals, percussion, electronics\n\nMerzbow\n\nMasami Akita – electronics\n\nTechnical personnel\n\nShinobu Narita – sound production (Boris)\nFangsanalsatan – recording (Boris), artwork\nSoichiro Nakamura – mixing (Boris), mastering\nTadashi Hamada – A&R\n\nRelease history\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nGensho at Relapse Records\nGensho at Bandcamp\n\"Huge\" (Official Live Music Video) at YouTube\n\"Vomitself\" (Official Live Music Video) at YouTube\n現象 -Gensho- Expanded Edition at Disk Union\n\n2016 albums\nCollaborative albums\nBoris (band) albums\nMerzbow albums", "Rainbow is a collaborative album between Japanese rock band Boris and guitarist Michio Kurihara. Wata contributed vocals to the title song, which has a music video made for it by Foodunited.\n\nThe album's initial release was done by Pedal Records, with liner notes in Portuguese. Drag City released this album in the United States on May 15, 2007 with a different 9th track, on CD format only.\n\nIn 2007, the album was also released on vinyl in two forms by Inoxia Records: an unlimited LP which contains the album (same as Pedal CD version), and a double LP box set with a 50-page photo book in a special cover, the album on clear vinyl, a second LP containing two bonus ambient tracks (also on clear vinyl), and a DVD featuring the music video for \"Rainbow\".\n\nThe title track on the 2xLP version features an alternate mix with a different guitar solo, and re-recorded studio takes were used on Boris / Variations + Live in Japan and Gensho. Additionally, live versions of the song are found on Rock Dream, Smile -Live at Wolf Creek-, the Live in Japan DVD included with Variations, and the bonus live album on the deluxe CD pressing of Gensho.\n\nTrack listing\n\nPedal release\n\nDrag City release\n\nInoxia 2-LP release\n\nPersonnel\n Michio Kurihara - guitars\n Takeshi - bass, vocals (tracks 1, 3, 5, 6, 8)\n Wata - keyboards, glockenspiel, vocals (track 2)\n Atsuo - drums, percussion\n\nReleases history\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n \n\n2006 albums\nBoris (band) albums\nDrag City (record label) albums\nCollaborative albums" ]

[ "is a Japanese noise project started in 1979 by , best known for a style of harsh, confrontational noise. Since 1980, Akita has released over 400 recordings and has collaborated with various artists. The name Merzbow comes from the German dada artist Kurt Schwitters' artwork Merzbau, in which Schwitters transformed the interior of his house using found objects. The name was chosen to reflect Akita's dada influence and junk art aesthetic.", "The name was chosen to reflect Akita's dada influence and junk art aesthetic. In addition to this, Akita has cited a wide range of musical influences from progressive rock, heavy metal, free jazz, and early electronic music to non-musical influences like dadaism, surrealism and fetish culture. Since the early 2000s, he has been inspired by animal rights and environmentalism, and began to follow a vegan, straight edge lifestyle.", "Since the early 2000s, he has been inspired by animal rights and environmentalism, and began to follow a vegan, straight edge lifestyle. In addition to being a prolific musician, he has been a writer and editor for several books and magazines in Japan, and has written several books of his own. He has written about a variety of subjects, mostly about music, modern art, and underground culture. His more renowned works were on the topics of BDSM and Japanese bondage.", "His more renowned works were on the topics of BDSM and Japanese bondage. Other art forms Akita has been interested in include painting, photography, filmmaking, and Butoh dance. In 2000, Extreme Records released the 50 CD box set Merzbox. Akita's work has been the subject of several remix albums and at least one tribute album. This, among other achievements, has helped Merzbow to be regarded by some as the \"most important artist in noise\".", "This, among other achievements, has helped Merzbow to be regarded by some as the \"most important artist in noise\". Life and career Early life Masami Akita was born in Tokyo, Japan on December 19, 1956. He listened to psychedelic music, progressive rock and later free jazz in his youth, all of which have influenced his noise. In high school, he became the drummer of various high school bands, which he left due to the other members being \"grass-smoking Zappa freaks\".", "In high school, he became the drummer of various high school bands, which he left due to the other members being \"grass-smoking Zappa freaks\". By this time, he and high school friend Kiyoshi Mizutani had started playing improvised studio sessions that he described as \"long jam sessions along the lines of Ash Ra Tempel or Can but we didn't have any psychedelic taste\". He later attended Tamagawa University to study fine art, at which he majored in painting and art theory.", "He later attended Tamagawa University to study fine art, at which he majored in painting and art theory. While at university, he became interested in the ideas of dada and surrealism and also studied Butoh dance. At Tamagawa, he learned of Kurt Schwitters' Merz, or art made from rubbish, including Schwitters' Merzbau (meaning Merz building, ), which is the source of the name Merzbow. Beginning (1979–1989) Merzbow began as the duo of Masami Akita and Kiyoshi Mizutani, who met Akita in high school.", "Beginning (1979–1989) Merzbow began as the duo of Masami Akita and Kiyoshi Mizutani, who met Akita in high school. Akita started releasing noise recordings on cassettes through his own record label, Lowest Music & Arts, which was founded in order to trade cassette tapes with other underground artists. The earliest recording he made was Metal Acoustic Music. Various other early releases included Remblandt Assemblage and Solonoise 1.", "Various other early releases included Remblandt Assemblage and Solonoise 1. The Collection series consisted of ten cassettes, the first five were recorded in a studio for an independent label called Ylem, which went defunct before they could be released. So, Akita released them himself, and recorded five more at home. Akita's earliest music was made with tape loops and creatively recorded percussion and metal.", "Akita's earliest music was made with tape loops and creatively recorded percussion and metal. Early methods included what he referred to as \"material action\", in which he would closely amplify small sounds so as to distort them through the microphone. This method was used on Material Action for 2 Microphones and Material Action 2 N.A.M.. Among early releases like the box set Pornoise/1kg, Merzbow created artwork using photocopies of collages made out of manga and porn magazines he found in trash cans in the Tokyo subway.", "Among early releases like the box set Pornoise/1kg, Merzbow created artwork using photocopies of collages made out of manga and porn magazines he found in trash cans in the Tokyo subway. Akita explained this as trying to \"create the same feeling as the secret porn customer for the people buying my cassettes in the early 80s\".", "Akita explained this as trying to \"create the same feeling as the secret porn customer for the people buying my cassettes in the early 80s\". ZSF Produkt (pronounced Zusufu, from an ancient Japanese word meaning \"magnetic\") was founded in 1984 to release music by similar artists within the industrial movement but eventually became the successor to Lowest Music & Arts. Numerous Merzbow releases were recorded at ZSF Produkt Studio, Masami Akita's home studio.", "Numerous Merzbow releases were recorded at ZSF Produkt Studio, Masami Akita's home studio. During this era, Merzbow found much wider recognition and began making recordings for various international labels. Batztoutai with Memorial Gadgets was his first LP released outside of Japan. He also started touring abroad with the help of various collaborators. First, Merzbow performed in the USSR in 1988, then, toured the US in 1990, Korea in 1991, and Europe in 1989 and 1992.", "First, Merzbow performed in the USSR in 1988, then, toured the US in 1990, Korea in 1991, and Europe in 1989 and 1992. Kiyoshi Mizutani left Merzbow after the 1989 European tour and continues to pursue a solo career. Noise electronics era (1989–1999) During a European tour in September–October 1989, Merzbow could only bring simple and portable gear; this led to the harsh noise style Merzbow became known for in the 1990s.", "Noise electronics era (1989–1999) During a European tour in September–October 1989, Merzbow could only bring simple and portable gear; this led to the harsh noise style Merzbow became known for in the 1990s. Cloud Cock OO Grand (1990) was the first example of this new style, Merzbow's first digital recording (on DAT), and the first recording made for the CD format. It also includes live material recorded during the tour. Beginning in the mid-1990s, Merzbow began to be influenced by death metal and grindcore.", "Beginning in the mid-1990s, Merzbow began to be influenced by death metal and grindcore. Recordings from this time are mostly recorded at extreme volume, some mastered at levels far beyond standard (Noisembryo, Pulse Demon). In 1994, Akita acquired a vintage EMS synthesizer. From 1996, plans were made to release a \"10 (or maybe 12)\" CD box set on Extreme Records. In 2000, Extreme Records released the Merzbox, a fifty CD set of Merzbow records, twenty of them not previously released.", "In 2000, Extreme Records released the Merzbox, a fifty CD set of Merzbow records, twenty of them not previously released. Throughout most of the 1990s, Merzbow live was a trio with Reiko A. on electronics and Tetsuo Sakaibara (aka Bara) on voice and dance. Masami Akita occasionally played drums for Hijokaidan during the early–mid 1990s. In the early 1990s, Masami Akita composed the soundtracks to numerous kinbaku videos by and seppuku-themed videos by their sub-label Right Brain. Akita also directed for Right Brain.", "Akita also directed for Right Brain. Akita also directed for Right Brain. Some of this music was included on Music for Bondage Performance and Music for Bondage Performance 2, co-credited to Right Brain Audile. Director Ian Kerkhof would use a Merzbow track for his 1992 film La séquence des barres parallèles, and Akita composed original music for Kerhof's 1994 film The Dead Man 2: Return of the Dead Man. Kerkhof made the documentary Beyond Ultra Violence: Uneasy Listening by Merzbow in 1998.", "Kerkhof made the documentary Beyond Ultra Violence: Uneasy Listening by Merzbow in 1998. Akita also created music for Ilppo Pohjola's Asphalto (1998) and Routemaster (2000). Laptop era (1999–2009) Since 1999, Akita has used computers in his recordings, having first acquired a Macintosh to work on art for the Merzbox. Also at this time he began referring to his home studio as \"Bedroom, Tokyo\".", "Also at this time he began referring to his home studio as \"Bedroom, Tokyo\". At live performances, Akita has produced noise music from either two laptop computers or combination of a laptop and analog synthesizers/guitar pedals. Reiko A. and Bara left Merzbow during this time; Reiko Azuma now has a solo career. Since 2001, Jenny Akita (née Kawabata) started being credited for artwork on various releases. Since 2001, Akita started utilising samples of animal sounds in various releases starting with Frog.", "Since 2001, Akita started utilising samples of animal sounds in various releases starting with Frog. Around 2002, Akita became a vegan. He later stated: During this period, Akita also became a supporter of PETA, which is reflected in his animal-themed releases. An example of this is Minazo Vol. 1 and Vol. 2, dedicated to an elephant seal he visited often at the zoo and Bloody Sea, a protest against Japanese whaling.", "2, dedicated to an elephant seal he visited often at the zoo and Bloody Sea, a protest against Japanese whaling. He has also produced several works centered around recordings of his pet chickens (notably Animal Magnetism and Turmeric). Also in 2002, Akita released Merzbeat, which was seen as a significant departure from his trademark abstract style in that it contains beat-oriented pieces.", "Also in 2002, Akita released Merzbeat, which was seen as a significant departure from his trademark abstract style in that it contains beat-oriented pieces. This has sparked some controversy among fans, though some reviewers pointed out that it sounded very similar to Aqua Necromancer (1998), which features samples of progressive rock drumming. Merzbird (2004) and Merzbuddha (2005) followed in a similar vein with sampled beats combined with Merzbow's signature harsh noise.", "Merzbird (2004) and Merzbuddha (2005) followed in a similar vein with sampled beats combined with Merzbow's signature harsh noise. Current era (2009–present) Starting in the mid-2000s, Masami Akita began to reintroduce junk metal and effects pedals back into his setup. In 2008, Akita reintroduced the drum kit, his first instrument. This can be heard on the 13 Japanese Birds series. At this time he changed the name of his home studio to Munemihouse.", "At this time he changed the name of his home studio to Munemihouse. By the early 2010s, he was using a large number of pedals, oscillators and tone generators, and reduced to a single laptop running granular synthesis software. In 2014, he toured without a laptop. Beginning in November 2009, Merzbow started releasing archival material from the 1980s and 1990s, both reissues and previously unreleased material, several of which were released on cassette.", "Beginning in November 2009, Merzbow started releasing archival material from the 1980s and 1990s, both reissues and previously unreleased material, several of which were released on cassette. The Blossoming Noise label reissued the 1980s cassettes E-Study, Collection 004, Collection 005, Normal Music, and Flesh Metal Orgasm. The Kibbutz cassette was reissued on vinyl by Urashima. Other cassettes of unreleased material include Untitled Nov 1989, 9888A, April 1992, and Variations for Electric Fan.", "Other cassettes of unreleased material include Untitled Nov 1989, 9888A, April 1992, and Variations for Electric Fan. 2010–2013 saw the release several archival box sets; Merzbient, Merzphysics, Merzmorphosis, Lowest Music & Arts 1980–1983, and Duo. Akita began collaborating with the Hungarian drummer Balázs Pándi in 2009, initially Pándi served as a live drummer for Merzbow. This resulted in the live albums Live at Fluc Wanne, Vienna 2010/05/18, Ducks: Live in NYC, and Katowice.", "This resulted in the live albums Live at Fluc Wanne, Vienna 2010/05/18, Ducks: Live in NYC, and Katowice. Akita and Pándi then began to record studio albums collaborating with additional musicians, Cuts (2013) with the Swedish saxophone player Mats Gustafsson, Cuts of Guilt, Cuts Deeper (2015) with Gustafsson and Thurston Moore, and An Untroublesome Defencelessness with Keiji Haino (2016), all released by RareNoiseRecords. Akita, Pándi, and Gustafsson also toured together and released the live LP Live in Tabačka 13/04/12.", "Akita, Pándi, and Gustafsson also toured together and released the live LP Live in Tabačka 13/04/12. Merzbow also released several collaborations with industrial/noise musicians he had known since the 1980s: Spiral Right / Spiral Left with Z'EV, The Black Album with John Duncan, and a trio of releases with Maurizio Bianchi, Amniocentesi / Envoise 30 05 82 (a split with two tracks from 1982), Merzbow Meets M.B., and Amalgamelody. Gensho, the seventh collaborative releases with Boris, was released in 2016.", "Gensho, the seventh collaborative releases with Boris, was released in 2016. It is a double album, one disc is by Boris and one by Merzbow, that are meant to be played at the same time. In April 2018, the Japanese label Slowdown Records began releasing a series of sixty archival recordings spanning Merzbow's career on a semimonthly basis, starting with Hyper Music 1 Vol. 1 and 23 November 1979 (B). These recordings were collected in a box set named 10×6=60 in 2021.", "These recordings were collected in a box set named 10×6=60 in 2021. Slowdown has also released several new recordings in addition to the archival releases, and has continued releasing other archival recordings on a monthly basis alongside those featured in 10×6=60. Musical style Merzbow's sounds employ the use of distortion, feedback, and noises from synthesizers, machinery, and home-made noisemakers. While much of Merzbow's output is intensely harsh in character, Akita does occasionally make forays into ambient music.", "While much of Merzbow's output is intensely harsh in character, Akita does occasionally make forays into ambient music. Vocals are employed sometimes, but never in a lyrical sense. Contrary to most harsh noise music, Akita also occasionally uses elements of melody and rhythm. Akita's early work consisted of industrial noise music made from tape loops and conventional instruments. Similar to his present albums, he produced lengthy, disorienting pieces. He also became famous for the sheer volume of his releases.", "He also became famous for the sheer volume of his releases. The avant-garde nature of Akita's work made acceptance by mainstream and unprepared audiences difficult. When he performed with Kiyoshi Mizutani in 1988 at the Jazz-on-Amur festival in Khabarovsk in the Far East of the USSR, his improvised, experimental electroacoustic set was praised by fellow musicians as well as the festival's producer.", "When he performed with Kiyoshi Mizutani in 1988 at the Jazz-on-Amur festival in Khabarovsk in the Far East of the USSR, his improvised, experimental electroacoustic set was praised by fellow musicians as well as the festival's producer. The number of the - jazz-oriented (and - even just curious) - crowd, however, had been expecting a more traditional (and much-much more quiet) performance, and started walking out.", "The number of the - jazz-oriented (and - even just curious) - crowd, however, had been expecting a more traditional (and much-much more quiet) performance, and started walking out. Prior to his second performance at the festival — which was to be made to an even more conservative audience— Akita was asked to play \"more musically.\"", "Prior to his second performance at the festival — which was to be made to an even more conservative audience— Akita was asked to play \"more musically.\" On that first stage, Merzbow used the finest example of \"classical analogue live noisemaking technologies\" to display: untuned guitar, a drumset, various micro-objects, small springs centered in its shell baffles, large aluminium boxes with strings inside to be attacked with a fiddlestick, etc.", "On that first stage, Merzbow used the finest example of \"classical analogue live noisemaking technologies\" to display: untuned guitar, a drumset, various micro-objects, small springs centered in its shell baffles, large aluminium boxes with strings inside to be attacked with a fiddlestick, etc. along with multi- piezo-pickuping and close-miking techniques, live processing through vintage US fuzz, ring modulator etc. boxes, and quite vivid and spontaneous approach, backed by domestically supplied slide and light shows.", "boxes, and quite vivid and spontaneous approach, backed by domestically supplied slide and light shows. These live recordings were post-processed/re-mixed and released as Live in Khabarovsk, CCCP (I'm Proud by Rank of the Workers) LP – and as the (once more re-mixed comparing to the LP) CD 26 of the Merzbox later on. During the 1990s Akita's work became much harsher and was generally mastered at a louder volume than usual.", "During the 1990s Akita's work became much harsher and was generally mastered at a louder volume than usual. These were heavily influenced by death metal and grindcore bands of the time (a prime example is the Venereology album). The mid-1990s saw Akita being heavily influenced by psychedelic bands and this was reflected in various albums. Side projects In addition to Merzbow, Masami Akita has been involved in a number of side projects and groups.", "Side projects In addition to Merzbow, Masami Akita has been involved in a number of side projects and groups. Aliases Abtechtonics (or variations of this) was used by Akita for his artwork on Merzbow releases and his books. House Hunt Hussies is credited for a track on the Sexorama 1 compilation. ZSF Produkt is listed as the contact address. Lotus Club was used for the tape Le Sang et la Rose in 1983 because of the difference in musical style.", "Lotus Club was used for the tape Le Sang et la Rose in 1983 because of the difference in musical style. Pornoise was a mail art project Akita had in the 1980s where he made collages using discarded magazines – in particular pornographic magazines – taken from the trash. These were then sent along with his cassettes, the idea being that his art was like cheap mail order pornography. Pornoise/1kg was released as part of these activities.", "Pornoise/1kg was released as part of these activities. Pornoise/1kg was released as part of these activities. Pornoise was credit as the artist for a track on the Sexorama 2 compilation and co-credited for artwork on Scissors for Cutting Merzbow. Right Brain Audile is co-credited on the two Music for Bondage Performance albums, as they're soundtracks he did for several S&M and faux-Seppuku films produced by Kinbiken/Right Brain. The abbreviation RBA appears in track titles on Merzbient, which features recordings from this era.", "The abbreviation RBA appears in track titles on Merzbient, which features recordings from this era. SCUM was a project where Akita made new releases out of previous Merzbow sessions using cut-ups, effects, and mixing. SCUM is an acronym, standing for something different on each release, including \"Society for Cutting Up Merzbow\" (a reference to the SCUM Manifesto), \"Scissors for CUtting Merzbow\", \"Steel CUM\", etc. Zecken was used for two solo synthesizer performances in 1996.", "Zecken was used for two solo synthesizer performances in 1996. Groups Bustmonster was a \"conceptual death metal\" group (because they couldn't play death metal) with Tetsuo Sakaibara, Fumio Kosakai, Masahiko Ohno, Shohei Iwasaki, Maso Yamazaki and Zev Asher. Flying Testicle was a trio with Yamazaki and Asher. Merzbow Null was a collaboration between the groups of Merzbow and Null.", "Merzbow Null was a collaboration between the groups of Merzbow and Null. In addition to Masami Akita and Kazuyuki Kishino, it featured several other members of both groups such as Reiko Azuma, Asami Hayashi, Kiyoshi Mizutani, Yushi Okano, Ikuo Taketani, etc. They did many improv performances during 1983–84 and released over a dozen cassettes. Tibeta Ubik was a duo of Akita and Kishino active at the same time as Merzbow Null.", "Tibeta Ubik was a duo of Akita and Kishino active at the same time as Merzbow Null. True Romance was a performance art project in the early 1990s with Tetsuo Sakaibara (who became a live member of Merzbow) and Toshiyuki Seido. The performances included fetish equipment, simulated gore (including autopsy), mechanical devices, nude models, etc. It was inspired by Viennese Actionism. Masami Akita was a performer in addition to composing the backing music.", "Masami Akita was a performer in addition to composing the backing music. Other groups include: 3RENSA with Duenn and Koji Nakamura, Abe Sada with S.M.U.T., Commando Bruno Sanmartino with Fumio Kosakai and Masaya Nakahara, Kikuri with Keiji Haino, Maldoror with Mike Patton, MAZK with Zbigniew Karkowski, Melting Lips with Hanayo, Muscats with Hanayo and Masaya Nakahara, Metalik Zeit with Aube, Merz-Banana with Melt-Banana, Satanstornade with Russell Haswell (they later released an album entitled Satanstornade under their real names), Secrets with Tetsuya Mugishima (aka Seven), and Shalon Kelly King with Fumio Kosakai.", "Other groups include: 3RENSA with Duenn and Koji Nakamura, Abe Sada with S.M.U.T., Commando Bruno Sanmartino with Fumio Kosakai and Masaya Nakahara, Kikuri with Keiji Haino, Maldoror with Mike Patton, MAZK with Zbigniew Karkowski, Melting Lips with Hanayo, Muscats with Hanayo and Masaya Nakahara, Metalik Zeit with Aube, Merz-Banana with Melt-Banana, Satanstornade with Russell Haswell (they later released an album entitled Satanstornade under their real names), Secrets with Tetsuya Mugishima (aka Seven), and Shalon Kelly King with Fumio Kosakai. Discography Bibliography After completing his degree, Akita became a freelance writer and editor for various magazines in Japan.", "Discography Bibliography After completing his degree, Akita became a freelance writer and editor for various magazines in Japan. He frequently wrote on a variety of topics such as sexuality (including pornography, S&M, and Japanese bondage), underground and extreme culture (including music and art), architecture, and animal rights. None have been published in English. Note: English title refers to English writing on the cover, sometimes it's a translation of the Japanese title, or a completely different phrase.", "Note: English title refers to English writing on the cover, sometimes it's a translation of the Japanese title, or a completely different phrase. References Further reading External links Japanese electronic music groups Japanese experimental musical groups Japanese noise rock groups Japanese industrial music groups Musical groups established in 1979 Musical groups from Tokyo Noise musical groups Alien8 Recordings artists Drag City (record label) artists Important Records artists Relapse Records artists Tzadik Records artists Third Mind Records artists Cuneiform Records artists RareNoiseRecords artists Smalltown Supersound artists Soleilmoon artists" ]

[ "Merzbow", "Current era (2009-present)", "Can you name an album that Merzbow released in that period from 2009 to present ?", "Gensho, the seventh collaborative releases with Boris, was released in 2016.", "How was the album Gensho received by critics ?", "It is a double album, one disc is by Boris and one by Merzbow, that are meant to be played at the same time.", "How did the double albums do in the charts ?", "I don't know.", "did he collaborate with anyone else during that period ?", "Merzbow also released several collaborations with industrial/noise musicians he had know since the 1980s: Spiral Right / Spiral Left with Z'EV,", "What happened for Merzbow in the year 2009 ?", "Akita began collaborating with the Hungarian drummer Balazs Pandi in 2009," ]

[ "LaShell Renee Griffin (born January 14, 1968 as LaShell Renee Thomas) is an American gospel musician. Her first album, Free, was released by Epic Records in 2004. This was a Billboard magazine breakthrough release upon four charts, The Billboard 200, Gospel Albums, R&B Albums, and Heatseekers Albums. She released two more subsequent albums, but they have not placed on any charts.\n\nEarly life\nGriffin was born on January 14, 1968, as LaShell Renee Thomas, to mother Geraldine, whose maiden name was Mundy, and she won Oprah Winfrey's singing competition, Pop Star Challenge. This got her a record deal with Epic Records.\n\nMusic career\nHer music recording career commenced in 2004, with the album, Free, and it was released by Epic Records on May 25, 2004. The album was her breakthrough release upon four Billboard magazine charts, and it placed on The Billboard 200 at No. 166, Gospel Albums at No. 2, R&B Albums at No. 43, and Heatseekers Albums at No. 5. While she has released two more albums, they have failed to gain any commercial traction or achieve any national exposure.\n\nPersonal life\nGriffin and her now deceased former husband, LeVoties Griffin, has five children together, and she still resides with them in Detroit, Michigan.\n\nDiscography\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n Cross Rhythms artist profile\n\n1968 births\nLiving people\nAfrican-American songwriters\nAfrican-American Christians\nMusicians from Detroit\nSongwriters from Michigan\nEpic Records artists\n21st-century African-American people\n20th-century African-American people", "Cake and Pie is an album by Lisa Loeb. It was released in 2002 through A&M Records.\n\nPromotion\nThe first single \"The Way It Really Is\" was a moderate hit among college radio. \"We Could Still Belong Together\" was also included on the soundtrack to Legally Blonde. The album's single \"Someone You Should Know\" was released in November 2001, and the song became a hit in Japan. In the US, it received moderate airplay on Triple A, Adult Top 40 and Pop radio formats, though never officially charted.\n\nThe music video for \"Someone You Should Know\" was played heavily on VH1 upon its release in early 2002. \"Underdog\" peaked at #39 on Billboards Adult Top 40 chart in the fall of 2002.\n\nRelease and reception\nThe album was released on A&M, at that time the sister label of Geffen Records, which had released Loeb's previous two records (Tails and Firecracker). Loeb was moved to A&M after Geffen became part of Universal Music Group in 1999. The singer began working on Cake and Pie in 1999. It was originally scheduled to debut in 2000, but the album wasn't released until 2002.\n\nCake and Pie did not receive any major backing or promotion from Loeb's record label which led to the album's commercial failure. A&M and Loeb clashed over the music video concept for \"Underdog\", so the record label did not fund the shooting of the video. Loeb subsequently negotiated a release from A&M and joined Artemis Records.\n\nLoeb bought the rights to the masters of the songs, and the album was reissued and renamed Hello Lisa. The songs \"We Could Still Belong Together\", \"She's Falling Apart\", and \"Too Fast Driving\" were cut from Hello Lisa and replaced with \"Did That\", \"What Am I Supposed to Say\" and \"Take Me Back\".\n\nTrack listing\n\nCharts\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n \n \n\n2002 albums\nLisa Loeb albums\nAlbums produced by Peter Collins (record producer)\nA&M Records albums" ]

[ "is a Japanese noise project started in 1979 by , best known for a style of harsh, confrontational noise. Since 1980, Akita has released over 400 recordings and has collaborated with various artists. The name Merzbow comes from the German dada artist Kurt Schwitters' artwork Merzbau, in which Schwitters transformed the interior of his house using found objects. The name was chosen to reflect Akita's dada influence and junk art aesthetic.", "The name was chosen to reflect Akita's dada influence and junk art aesthetic. In addition to this, Akita has cited a wide range of musical influences from progressive rock, heavy metal, free jazz, and early electronic music to non-musical influences like dadaism, surrealism and fetish culture. Since the early 2000s, he has been inspired by animal rights and environmentalism, and began to follow a vegan, straight edge lifestyle.", "Since the early 2000s, he has been inspired by animal rights and environmentalism, and began to follow a vegan, straight edge lifestyle. In addition to being a prolific musician, he has been a writer and editor for several books and magazines in Japan, and has written several books of his own. He has written about a variety of subjects, mostly about music, modern art, and underground culture. His more renowned works were on the topics of BDSM and Japanese bondage.", "His more renowned works were on the topics of BDSM and Japanese bondage. Other art forms Akita has been interested in include painting, photography, filmmaking, and Butoh dance. In 2000, Extreme Records released the 50 CD box set Merzbox. Akita's work has been the subject of several remix albums and at least one tribute album. This, among other achievements, has helped Merzbow to be regarded by some as the \"most important artist in noise\".", "This, among other achievements, has helped Merzbow to be regarded by some as the \"most important artist in noise\". Life and career Early life Masami Akita was born in Tokyo, Japan on December 19, 1956. He listened to psychedelic music, progressive rock and later free jazz in his youth, all of which have influenced his noise. In high school, he became the drummer of various high school bands, which he left due to the other members being \"grass-smoking Zappa freaks\".", "In high school, he became the drummer of various high school bands, which he left due to the other members being \"grass-smoking Zappa freaks\". By this time, he and high school friend Kiyoshi Mizutani had started playing improvised studio sessions that he described as \"long jam sessions along the lines of Ash Ra Tempel or Can but we didn't have any psychedelic taste\". He later attended Tamagawa University to study fine art, at which he majored in painting and art theory.", "He later attended Tamagawa University to study fine art, at which he majored in painting and art theory. While at university, he became interested in the ideas of dada and surrealism and also studied Butoh dance. At Tamagawa, he learned of Kurt Schwitters' Merz, or art made from rubbish, including Schwitters' Merzbau (meaning Merz building, ), which is the source of the name Merzbow. Beginning (1979–1989) Merzbow began as the duo of Masami Akita and Kiyoshi Mizutani, who met Akita in high school.", "Beginning (1979–1989) Merzbow began as the duo of Masami Akita and Kiyoshi Mizutani, who met Akita in high school. Akita started releasing noise recordings on cassettes through his own record label, Lowest Music & Arts, which was founded in order to trade cassette tapes with other underground artists. The earliest recording he made was Metal Acoustic Music. Various other early releases included Remblandt Assemblage and Solonoise 1.", "Various other early releases included Remblandt Assemblage and Solonoise 1. The Collection series consisted of ten cassettes, the first five were recorded in a studio for an independent label called Ylem, which went defunct before they could be released. So, Akita released them himself, and recorded five more at home. Akita's earliest music was made with tape loops and creatively recorded percussion and metal.", "Akita's earliest music was made with tape loops and creatively recorded percussion and metal. Early methods included what he referred to as \"material action\", in which he would closely amplify small sounds so as to distort them through the microphone. This method was used on Material Action for 2 Microphones and Material Action 2 N.A.M.. Among early releases like the box set Pornoise/1kg, Merzbow created artwork using photocopies of collages made out of manga and porn magazines he found in trash cans in the Tokyo subway.", "Among early releases like the box set Pornoise/1kg, Merzbow created artwork using photocopies of collages made out of manga and porn magazines he found in trash cans in the Tokyo subway. Akita explained this as trying to \"create the same feeling as the secret porn customer for the people buying my cassettes in the early 80s\".", "Akita explained this as trying to \"create the same feeling as the secret porn customer for the people buying my cassettes in the early 80s\". ZSF Produkt (pronounced Zusufu, from an ancient Japanese word meaning \"magnetic\") was founded in 1984 to release music by similar artists within the industrial movement but eventually became the successor to Lowest Music & Arts. Numerous Merzbow releases were recorded at ZSF Produkt Studio, Masami Akita's home studio.", "Numerous Merzbow releases were recorded at ZSF Produkt Studio, Masami Akita's home studio. During this era, Merzbow found much wider recognition and began making recordings for various international labels. Batztoutai with Memorial Gadgets was his first LP released outside of Japan. He also started touring abroad with the help of various collaborators. First, Merzbow performed in the USSR in 1988, then, toured the US in 1990, Korea in 1991, and Europe in 1989 and 1992.", "First, Merzbow performed in the USSR in 1988, then, toured the US in 1990, Korea in 1991, and Europe in 1989 and 1992. Kiyoshi Mizutani left Merzbow after the 1989 European tour and continues to pursue a solo career. Noise electronics era (1989–1999) During a European tour in September–October 1989, Merzbow could only bring simple and portable gear; this led to the harsh noise style Merzbow became known for in the 1990s.", "Noise electronics era (1989–1999) During a European tour in September–October 1989, Merzbow could only bring simple and portable gear; this led to the harsh noise style Merzbow became known for in the 1990s. Cloud Cock OO Grand (1990) was the first example of this new style, Merzbow's first digital recording (on DAT), and the first recording made for the CD format. It also includes live material recorded during the tour. Beginning in the mid-1990s, Merzbow began to be influenced by death metal and grindcore.", "Beginning in the mid-1990s, Merzbow began to be influenced by death metal and grindcore. Recordings from this time are mostly recorded at extreme volume, some mastered at levels far beyond standard (Noisembryo, Pulse Demon). In 1994, Akita acquired a vintage EMS synthesizer. From 1996, plans were made to release a \"10 (or maybe 12)\" CD box set on Extreme Records. In 2000, Extreme Records released the Merzbox, a fifty CD set of Merzbow records, twenty of them not previously released.", "In 2000, Extreme Records released the Merzbox, a fifty CD set of Merzbow records, twenty of them not previously released. Throughout most of the 1990s, Merzbow live was a trio with Reiko A. on electronics and Tetsuo Sakaibara (aka Bara) on voice and dance. Masami Akita occasionally played drums for Hijokaidan during the early–mid 1990s. In the early 1990s, Masami Akita composed the soundtracks to numerous kinbaku videos by and seppuku-themed videos by their sub-label Right Brain. Akita also directed for Right Brain.", "Akita also directed for Right Brain. Akita also directed for Right Brain. Some of this music was included on Music for Bondage Performance and Music for Bondage Performance 2, co-credited to Right Brain Audile. Director Ian Kerkhof would use a Merzbow track for his 1992 film La séquence des barres parallèles, and Akita composed original music for Kerhof's 1994 film The Dead Man 2: Return of the Dead Man. Kerkhof made the documentary Beyond Ultra Violence: Uneasy Listening by Merzbow in 1998.", "Kerkhof made the documentary Beyond Ultra Violence: Uneasy Listening by Merzbow in 1998. Akita also created music for Ilppo Pohjola's Asphalto (1998) and Routemaster (2000). Laptop era (1999–2009) Since 1999, Akita has used computers in his recordings, having first acquired a Macintosh to work on art for the Merzbox. Also at this time he began referring to his home studio as \"Bedroom, Tokyo\".", "Also at this time he began referring to his home studio as \"Bedroom, Tokyo\". At live performances, Akita has produced noise music from either two laptop computers or combination of a laptop and analog synthesizers/guitar pedals. Reiko A. and Bara left Merzbow during this time; Reiko Azuma now has a solo career. Since 2001, Jenny Akita (née Kawabata) started being credited for artwork on various releases. Since 2001, Akita started utilising samples of animal sounds in various releases starting with Frog.", "Since 2001, Akita started utilising samples of animal sounds in various releases starting with Frog. Around 2002, Akita became a vegan. He later stated: During this period, Akita also became a supporter of PETA, which is reflected in his animal-themed releases. An example of this is Minazo Vol. 1 and Vol. 2, dedicated to an elephant seal he visited often at the zoo and Bloody Sea, a protest against Japanese whaling.", "2, dedicated to an elephant seal he visited often at the zoo and Bloody Sea, a protest against Japanese whaling. He has also produced several works centered around recordings of his pet chickens (notably Animal Magnetism and Turmeric). Also in 2002, Akita released Merzbeat, which was seen as a significant departure from his trademark abstract style in that it contains beat-oriented pieces.", "Also in 2002, Akita released Merzbeat, which was seen as a significant departure from his trademark abstract style in that it contains beat-oriented pieces. This has sparked some controversy among fans, though some reviewers pointed out that it sounded very similar to Aqua Necromancer (1998), which features samples of progressive rock drumming. Merzbird (2004) and Merzbuddha (2005) followed in a similar vein with sampled beats combined with Merzbow's signature harsh noise.", "Merzbird (2004) and Merzbuddha (2005) followed in a similar vein with sampled beats combined with Merzbow's signature harsh noise. Current era (2009–present) Starting in the mid-2000s, Masami Akita began to reintroduce junk metal and effects pedals back into his setup. In 2008, Akita reintroduced the drum kit, his first instrument. This can be heard on the 13 Japanese Birds series. At this time he changed the name of his home studio to Munemihouse.", "At this time he changed the name of his home studio to Munemihouse. By the early 2010s, he was using a large number of pedals, oscillators and tone generators, and reduced to a single laptop running granular synthesis software. In 2014, he toured without a laptop. Beginning in November 2009, Merzbow started releasing archival material from the 1980s and 1990s, both reissues and previously unreleased material, several of which were released on cassette.", "Beginning in November 2009, Merzbow started releasing archival material from the 1980s and 1990s, both reissues and previously unreleased material, several of which were released on cassette. The Blossoming Noise label reissued the 1980s cassettes E-Study, Collection 004, Collection 005, Normal Music, and Flesh Metal Orgasm. The Kibbutz cassette was reissued on vinyl by Urashima. Other cassettes of unreleased material include Untitled Nov 1989, 9888A, April 1992, and Variations for Electric Fan.", "Other cassettes of unreleased material include Untitled Nov 1989, 9888A, April 1992, and Variations for Electric Fan. 2010–2013 saw the release several archival box sets; Merzbient, Merzphysics, Merzmorphosis, Lowest Music & Arts 1980–1983, and Duo. Akita began collaborating with the Hungarian drummer Balázs Pándi in 2009, initially Pándi served as a live drummer for Merzbow. This resulted in the live albums Live at Fluc Wanne, Vienna 2010/05/18, Ducks: Live in NYC, and Katowice.", "This resulted in the live albums Live at Fluc Wanne, Vienna 2010/05/18, Ducks: Live in NYC, and Katowice. Akita and Pándi then began to record studio albums collaborating with additional musicians, Cuts (2013) with the Swedish saxophone player Mats Gustafsson, Cuts of Guilt, Cuts Deeper (2015) with Gustafsson and Thurston Moore, and An Untroublesome Defencelessness with Keiji Haino (2016), all released by RareNoiseRecords. Akita, Pándi, and Gustafsson also toured together and released the live LP Live in Tabačka 13/04/12.", "Akita, Pándi, and Gustafsson also toured together and released the live LP Live in Tabačka 13/04/12. Merzbow also released several collaborations with industrial/noise musicians he had known since the 1980s: Spiral Right / Spiral Left with Z'EV, The Black Album with John Duncan, and a trio of releases with Maurizio Bianchi, Amniocentesi / Envoise 30 05 82 (a split with two tracks from 1982), Merzbow Meets M.B., and Amalgamelody. Gensho, the seventh collaborative releases with Boris, was released in 2016.", "Gensho, the seventh collaborative releases with Boris, was released in 2016. It is a double album, one disc is by Boris and one by Merzbow, that are meant to be played at the same time. In April 2018, the Japanese label Slowdown Records began releasing a series of sixty archival recordings spanning Merzbow's career on a semimonthly basis, starting with Hyper Music 1 Vol. 1 and 23 November 1979 (B). These recordings were collected in a box set named 10×6=60 in 2021.", "These recordings were collected in a box set named 10×6=60 in 2021. Slowdown has also released several new recordings in addition to the archival releases, and has continued releasing other archival recordings on a monthly basis alongside those featured in 10×6=60. Musical style Merzbow's sounds employ the use of distortion, feedback, and noises from synthesizers, machinery, and home-made noisemakers. While much of Merzbow's output is intensely harsh in character, Akita does occasionally make forays into ambient music.", "While much of Merzbow's output is intensely harsh in character, Akita does occasionally make forays into ambient music. Vocals are employed sometimes, but never in a lyrical sense. Contrary to most harsh noise music, Akita also occasionally uses elements of melody and rhythm. Akita's early work consisted of industrial noise music made from tape loops and conventional instruments. Similar to his present albums, he produced lengthy, disorienting pieces. He also became famous for the sheer volume of his releases.", "He also became famous for the sheer volume of his releases. The avant-garde nature of Akita's work made acceptance by mainstream and unprepared audiences difficult. When he performed with Kiyoshi Mizutani in 1988 at the Jazz-on-Amur festival in Khabarovsk in the Far East of the USSR, his improvised, experimental electroacoustic set was praised by fellow musicians as well as the festival's producer.", "When he performed with Kiyoshi Mizutani in 1988 at the Jazz-on-Amur festival in Khabarovsk in the Far East of the USSR, his improvised, experimental electroacoustic set was praised by fellow musicians as well as the festival's producer. The number of the - jazz-oriented (and - even just curious) - crowd, however, had been expecting a more traditional (and much-much more quiet) performance, and started walking out.", "The number of the - jazz-oriented (and - even just curious) - crowd, however, had been expecting a more traditional (and much-much more quiet) performance, and started walking out. Prior to his second performance at the festival — which was to be made to an even more conservative audience— Akita was asked to play \"more musically.\"", "Prior to his second performance at the festival — which was to be made to an even more conservative audience— Akita was asked to play \"more musically.\" On that first stage, Merzbow used the finest example of \"classical analogue live noisemaking technologies\" to display: untuned guitar, a drumset, various micro-objects, small springs centered in its shell baffles, large aluminium boxes with strings inside to be attacked with a fiddlestick, etc.", "On that first stage, Merzbow used the finest example of \"classical analogue live noisemaking technologies\" to display: untuned guitar, a drumset, various micro-objects, small springs centered in its shell baffles, large aluminium boxes with strings inside to be attacked with a fiddlestick, etc. along with multi- piezo-pickuping and close-miking techniques, live processing through vintage US fuzz, ring modulator etc. boxes, and quite vivid and spontaneous approach, backed by domestically supplied slide and light shows.", "boxes, and quite vivid and spontaneous approach, backed by domestically supplied slide and light shows. These live recordings were post-processed/re-mixed and released as Live in Khabarovsk, CCCP (I'm Proud by Rank of the Workers) LP – and as the (once more re-mixed comparing to the LP) CD 26 of the Merzbox later on. During the 1990s Akita's work became much harsher and was generally mastered at a louder volume than usual.", "During the 1990s Akita's work became much harsher and was generally mastered at a louder volume than usual. These were heavily influenced by death metal and grindcore bands of the time (a prime example is the Venereology album). The mid-1990s saw Akita being heavily influenced by psychedelic bands and this was reflected in various albums. Side projects In addition to Merzbow, Masami Akita has been involved in a number of side projects and groups.", "Side projects In addition to Merzbow, Masami Akita has been involved in a number of side projects and groups. Aliases Abtechtonics (or variations of this) was used by Akita for his artwork on Merzbow releases and his books. House Hunt Hussies is credited for a track on the Sexorama 1 compilation. ZSF Produkt is listed as the contact address. Lotus Club was used for the tape Le Sang et la Rose in 1983 because of the difference in musical style.", "Lotus Club was used for the tape Le Sang et la Rose in 1983 because of the difference in musical style. Pornoise was a mail art project Akita had in the 1980s where he made collages using discarded magazines – in particular pornographic magazines – taken from the trash. These were then sent along with his cassettes, the idea being that his art was like cheap mail order pornography. Pornoise/1kg was released as part of these activities.", "Pornoise/1kg was released as part of these activities. Pornoise/1kg was released as part of these activities. Pornoise was credit as the artist for a track on the Sexorama 2 compilation and co-credited for artwork on Scissors for Cutting Merzbow. Right Brain Audile is co-credited on the two Music for Bondage Performance albums, as they're soundtracks he did for several S&M and faux-Seppuku films produced by Kinbiken/Right Brain. The abbreviation RBA appears in track titles on Merzbient, which features recordings from this era.", "The abbreviation RBA appears in track titles on Merzbient, which features recordings from this era. SCUM was a project where Akita made new releases out of previous Merzbow sessions using cut-ups, effects, and mixing. SCUM is an acronym, standing for something different on each release, including \"Society for Cutting Up Merzbow\" (a reference to the SCUM Manifesto), \"Scissors for CUtting Merzbow\", \"Steel CUM\", etc. Zecken was used for two solo synthesizer performances in 1996.", "Zecken was used for two solo synthesizer performances in 1996. Groups Bustmonster was a \"conceptual death metal\" group (because they couldn't play death metal) with Tetsuo Sakaibara, Fumio Kosakai, Masahiko Ohno, Shohei Iwasaki, Maso Yamazaki and Zev Asher. Flying Testicle was a trio with Yamazaki and Asher. Merzbow Null was a collaboration between the groups of Merzbow and Null.", "Merzbow Null was a collaboration between the groups of Merzbow and Null. In addition to Masami Akita and Kazuyuki Kishino, it featured several other members of both groups such as Reiko Azuma, Asami Hayashi, Kiyoshi Mizutani, Yushi Okano, Ikuo Taketani, etc. They did many improv performances during 1983–84 and released over a dozen cassettes. Tibeta Ubik was a duo of Akita and Kishino active at the same time as Merzbow Null.", "Tibeta Ubik was a duo of Akita and Kishino active at the same time as Merzbow Null. True Romance was a performance art project in the early 1990s with Tetsuo Sakaibara (who became a live member of Merzbow) and Toshiyuki Seido. The performances included fetish equipment, simulated gore (including autopsy), mechanical devices, nude models, etc. It was inspired by Viennese Actionism. Masami Akita was a performer in addition to composing the backing music.", "Masami Akita was a performer in addition to composing the backing music. Other groups include: 3RENSA with Duenn and Koji Nakamura, Abe Sada with S.M.U.T., Commando Bruno Sanmartino with Fumio Kosakai and Masaya Nakahara, Kikuri with Keiji Haino, Maldoror with Mike Patton, MAZK with Zbigniew Karkowski, Melting Lips with Hanayo, Muscats with Hanayo and Masaya Nakahara, Metalik Zeit with Aube, Merz-Banana with Melt-Banana, Satanstornade with Russell Haswell (they later released an album entitled Satanstornade under their real names), Secrets with Tetsuya Mugishima (aka Seven), and Shalon Kelly King with Fumio Kosakai.", "Other groups include: 3RENSA with Duenn and Koji Nakamura, Abe Sada with S.M.U.T., Commando Bruno Sanmartino with Fumio Kosakai and Masaya Nakahara, Kikuri with Keiji Haino, Maldoror with Mike Patton, MAZK with Zbigniew Karkowski, Melting Lips with Hanayo, Muscats with Hanayo and Masaya Nakahara, Metalik Zeit with Aube, Merz-Banana with Melt-Banana, Satanstornade with Russell Haswell (they later released an album entitled Satanstornade under their real names), Secrets with Tetsuya Mugishima (aka Seven), and Shalon Kelly King with Fumio Kosakai. Discography Bibliography After completing his degree, Akita became a freelance writer and editor for various magazines in Japan.", "Discography Bibliography After completing his degree, Akita became a freelance writer and editor for various magazines in Japan. He frequently wrote on a variety of topics such as sexuality (including pornography, S&M, and Japanese bondage), underground and extreme culture (including music and art), architecture, and animal rights. None have been published in English. Note: English title refers to English writing on the cover, sometimes it's a translation of the Japanese title, or a completely different phrase.", "Note: English title refers to English writing on the cover, sometimes it's a translation of the Japanese title, or a completely different phrase. References Further reading External links Japanese electronic music groups Japanese experimental musical groups Japanese noise rock groups Japanese industrial music groups Musical groups established in 1979 Musical groups from Tokyo Noise musical groups Alien8 Recordings artists Drag City (record label) artists Important Records artists Relapse Records artists Tzadik Records artists Third Mind Records artists Cuneiform Records artists RareNoiseRecords artists Smalltown Supersound artists Soleilmoon artists" ]

[ "Gwen Stefani", "Achievements and legacy" ]

[ "Nena Danevic is a film editor who was nominated at the 57th Academy Awards for Best Film Editing. She was nominated for Amadeus. She shared her nomination with Michael Chandler.\n\nShe did win at the 39th British Academy Film Awards for Best Editing. Also for Amadeus with Michael Chandler.\n\nShe also won at the American Cinema Editors awards.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n \n\nBest Editing BAFTA Award winners\nFilm editors\nPossibly living people\nYear of birth missing (living people)", "Sheena Napier is a British costume designer who was nominated at the 65th Academy Awards for her work on the film Enchanted April, for which she was nominated for Best Costumes.\n\nIn addition she did win at the BAFTA Television Awards for the TV film Parade's End, which she was also nominated for an Emmy for.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\nBritish costume designers\nLiving people\nBAFTA winners (people)\nWomen costume designers\nYear of birth missing (living people)" ]

[ "Gwen Renée Stefani (; born October 3, 1969) is an American singer and songwriter. She is a co-founder, lead vocalist, and the primary songwriter of the band No Doubt, whose singles include \"Just a Girl\", \"Spiderwebs\", and \"Don't Speak\", from their 1995 breakthrough studio album Tragic Kingdom, as well as \"Hey Baby\" and \"It's My Life\" from later albums.", "She is a co-founder, lead vocalist, and the primary songwriter of the band No Doubt, whose singles include \"Just a Girl\", \"Spiderwebs\", and \"Don't Speak\", from their 1995 breakthrough studio album Tragic Kingdom, as well as \"Hey Baby\" and \"It's My Life\" from later albums. During the band's hiatus, Stefani embarked on a solo pop career in 2004 by releasing her debut studio album Love. Angel. Music. Baby.", "Angel. Music. Baby. Baby. Inspired by pop music from the 1980s, the album was a critical and commercial success. It spawned six singles, including \"What You Waiting For? \", \"Rich Girl\", \"Hollaback Girl\", and \"Cool\". \"Hollaback Girl\" reached number one on the Billboard Hot 100 chart while also becoming the first US download to sell one million copies. In 2006, Stefani released her second studio album, The Sweet Escape.", "In 2006, Stefani released her second studio album, The Sweet Escape. Among the singles were \"Wind It Up\" and \"The Sweet Escape\", the latter of which was number three on the Billboard Hot 100 year-end chart of 2007. Her third solo album, This Is What the Truth Feels Like (2016), was her first solo album to reach number one on the Billboard 200 chart.", "Her third solo album, This Is What the Truth Feels Like (2016), was her first solo album to reach number one on the Billboard 200 chart. Her fourth solo album and first full-length Christmas album, You Make It Feel Like Christmas, was released in 2017 and charted 19 tracks on Billboards Holiday Digital Song Sales component chart in the United States. Stefani has released several singles with Blake Shelton, including \"Nobody but You\" (2020), which reached number 18 in the US.", "Stefani has released several singles with Blake Shelton, including \"Nobody but You\" (2020), which reached number 18 in the US. Stefani has won three Grammy Awards. As a solo artist, she has received an American Music Award, Brit Award, World Music Award, and two Billboard Music Awards. In 2003, she debuted her clothing line L.A.M.B. and expanded her collection with the 2005 Harajuku Lovers line, inspired by Japanese culture and fashion.", "and expanded her collection with the 2005 Harajuku Lovers line, inspired by Japanese culture and fashion. Billboard magazine ranked Stefani the 54th most successful artist and 37th most successful Hot 100 artist of the 2000–2009 decade. VH1 ranked her 13th on their \"100 Greatest Women in Music\" list in 2012. Including her work with No Doubt, Stefani has sold more than 30 million albums worldwide. Early life Gwen Renée Stefani was born on October 3, 1969, in Fullerton, California, and raised Catholic in nearby Anaheim, California.", "Early life Gwen Renée Stefani was born on October 3, 1969, in Fullerton, California, and raised Catholic in nearby Anaheim, California. She was named after a stewardess in the 1968 novel Airport, and her middle name, Renée, comes from the Four Tops' 1968 version of the Left Banke's 1966 song \"Walk Away Renée\". Her father Dennis Stefani is Italian-American and worked as a Yamaha marketing executive. Her mother Patti (née Flynn) is Irish-American and worked as an accountant before becoming a housewife.", "Her mother Patti (née Flynn) is Irish-American and worked as an accountant before becoming a housewife. Stefani's parents were fans of folk music and exposed her to music by artists like Bob Dylan and Emmylou Harris. Stefani has two younger siblings, Jill and Todd, and an older brother, Eric. Eric was the keyboardist for No Doubt before leaving the band to pursue a career in animation on The Simpsons.", "Eric was the keyboardist for No Doubt before leaving the band to pursue a career in animation on The Simpsons. Career 1986–2004: Career beginnings and No Doubt Her brother Eric introduced Gwen to 2 Tone music by Madness and the Selecter and, in 1986, he invited her to provide vocals for No Doubt, a ska band he was forming. In 1991 the band was signed to Interscope Records. The band released its self-titled debut album in 1992, but its ska-pop sound was unsuccessful due to the popularity of grunge.", "The band released its self-titled debut album in 1992, but its ska-pop sound was unsuccessful due to the popularity of grunge. Before the mainstream success of both No Doubt and Sublime, Stefani contributed guest vocals to \"Saw Red\" on Sublime's 1994 album Robbin' the Hood. Stefani rejected the aggressiveness of female grunge artists and cited Blondie singer Debbie Harry's combination of power and sex appeal as a major influence.", "Stefani rejected the aggressiveness of female grunge artists and cited Blondie singer Debbie Harry's combination of power and sex appeal as a major influence. No Doubt's third album, Tragic Kingdom (1995), which followed the self-released The Beacon Street Collection (1995), took more than three years to make. Five singles were released from Tragic Kingdom, including \"Don't Speak\", which led the Hot 100 Airplay year-end chart of 1997.", "Five singles were released from Tragic Kingdom, including \"Don't Speak\", which led the Hot 100 Airplay year-end chart of 1997. Stefani left college for one semester to tour for Tragic Kingdom but did not return when touring lasted two and a half years. The album was nominated for a Grammy and sold more than 16 million copies worldwide by 2004. In late 2000, Rolling Stone magazine named her \"the Queen of Confessional Pop\".", "In late 2000, Rolling Stone magazine named her \"the Queen of Confessional Pop\". During the time when No Doubt was receiving mainstream success, Stefani collaborated on the singles \"You're the Boss\" with the Brian Setzer Orchestra, \"South Side\" with Moby, and \"Let Me Blow Ya Mind\" with Eve. No Doubt released the less popular Return of Saturn in 2000, which expanded upon the new wave influences of Tragic Kingdom.", "No Doubt released the less popular Return of Saturn in 2000, which expanded upon the new wave influences of Tragic Kingdom. Most of the lyrical content focused on Stefani's often rocky relationship with then-Bush frontman Gavin Rossdale and her insecurities, including indecision on settling down and having a child. The band's 2001 album, Rock Steady, explored more reggae and dancehall sounds, while maintaining the band's new wave influences.", "The band's 2001 album, Rock Steady, explored more reggae and dancehall sounds, while maintaining the band's new wave influences. The album generated career-highest singles chart positions in the United States, and \"Hey Baby\" and \"Underneath It All\" received Grammy Awards. A greatest hits collection, The Singles 1992–2003, which includes a cover of Talk Talk's \"It's My Life\", was released in 2003.", "A greatest hits collection, The Singles 1992–2003, which includes a cover of Talk Talk's \"It's My Life\", was released in 2003. In 2002, Eve and Stefani won a Grammy Award for Best Rap/Sung Collaboration for \"Let Me Blow Ya Mind\". 2004–2006: Solo debut and other ventures Stefani's debut solo album Love. Angel. Music. Baby. was released on November 12, 2004.", "Music. Baby. was released on November 12, 2004. was released on November 12, 2004. The album features several collaborations with producers and other artists, including Tony Kanal, Tom Rothrock, Linda Perry, André 3000, Nellee Hooper, the Neptunes and New Order. Stefani created the album to modernize the music to which she listened when in high school, and L.A.M.B. takes influence from a variety of music styles of the 1980s and early 1990s such as new wave, synthpop, and electro.", "takes influence from a variety of music styles of the 1980s and early 1990s such as new wave, synthpop, and electro. Stefani's decision to use her solo career as an opportunity to delve further into pop music instead of trying \"to convince the world of [her] talent, depth and artistic worth\" was considered unusual. The album was described as \"fun as hell but... not exactly rife with subversive social commentary\".", "The album was described as \"fun as hell but... not exactly rife with subversive social commentary\". The album debuted on the US Billboard 200 albums chart at number seven, selling 309,000 copies in its first week. L.A.M.B. reached multi-platinum status in the United States, the United Kingdom, Australia, and Canada. The first single from the album was \"What You Waiting For?", "The first single from the album was \"What You Waiting For? \", which debuted atop the ARIA Singles Chart, charted at number 47 on the US Billboard Hot 100 and reached the top ten on most other charts. The song served to explain why Stefani produced a solo album and discusses her fears in leaving No Doubt for a solo career as well as her desire to have a baby. \"Rich Girl\" was released as the album's second single.", "\"Rich Girl\" was released as the album's second single. A duet with rapper Eve, and produced by Dr. Dre, it is an adaptation of a 1990s pop song by British musicians Louchie Lou & Michie One, which itself is a very loose cover lyrically but closer melodically of \"If I Were a Rich Man\", from the musical Fiddler on the Roof. \"Rich Girl\" reached the US and UK top ten.", "\"Rich Girl\" reached the US and UK top ten. The album's third single \"Hollaback Girl\" became Stefani's first US and second Australian number-one single; it reached top ten elsewhere. The song was the first US music download to sell more than one million copies, and its brass-driven composition remained popular throughout 2005. The fourth single \"Cool\" was released shortly following the popularity of its predecessor, reaching the top 20 in US and UK.", "The fourth single \"Cool\" was released shortly following the popularity of its predecessor, reaching the top 20 in US and UK. The song's lyrics and its accompanying music video, filmed on Lake Como, depict Stefani's former relationship with Kanal. \"Luxurious\" was released as the album's fifth single, but did not perform as well as its predecessors. \"Crash\" was released in January 2006 as the album's sixth single in lieu of Love. Angel. Music.", "Angel. Music. Music. Baby.s sequel, which Stefani postponed because of her pregnancy. In 2004, Stefani showed interest in making film appearances and began auditioning for films such as Mr. & Mrs. Smith. She made her film debut playing Jean Harlow in Martin Scorsese's The Aviator in 2004. Scorsese, whose daughter was a No Doubt fan, showed reciprocal interest in casting Stefani after seeing her picture from a Marilyn Monroe-inspired photo shoot for Teen Vogue in 2003.", "Scorsese, whose daughter was a No Doubt fan, showed reciprocal interest in casting Stefani after seeing her picture from a Marilyn Monroe-inspired photo shoot for Teen Vogue in 2003. To prepare for the role, Stefani read two biographies and watched 18 of Harlow's films. Shooting her part took four to five days, and Stefani had few lines. Stefani lent her voice to the title character of the 2004 video game Malice, but the company opted not to use No Doubt band members' voices.", "Stefani lent her voice to the title character of the 2004 video game Malice, but the company opted not to use No Doubt band members' voices. 2006–2013: The Sweet Escape and return to No Doubt Stefani's second studio album, The Sweet Escape, was released on December 1, 2006. Stefani continued working with Kanal, Perry, and the Neptunes, along with Akon and Tim Rice-Oxley from English rock band Keane. The album focuses more heavily on electronic and dance music for clubs than its predecessor.", "The album focuses more heavily on electronic and dance music for clubs than its predecessor. Its release coincided with the DVD release of Stefani's first tour, entitled Harajuku Lovers Live. Sia Michel wrote that it \"has a surprisingly moody, lightly autobiographical feel ... but Stefani isn't convincing as a dissatisfied diva\" and Rob Sheffield called the album a \"hasty return\" that repeats Love. Angel. Music. Baby. with less energy.", "Angel. Music. Baby. with less energy. with less energy. \"Wind It Up\", the album's lead single, used yodeling and an interpolation of The Sound of Music, and peaked in the top 10 in the US and the UK. The title track reached the top 10 in over 15 nations, including number two peaks in the US, Australia and the UK. To promote The Sweet Escape, Stefani was a mentor on the sixth season of American Idol and performed the song with Akon.", "To promote The Sweet Escape, Stefani was a mentor on the sixth season of American Idol and performed the song with Akon. The song earned her a Grammy Award nomination for Best Pop Collaboration with Vocals. Three more singles were released from the album; \"4 in the Morning\", \"Now That You Got It\" which featured Damian Marley and \"Early Winter\".", "Three more singles were released from the album; \"4 in the Morning\", \"Now That You Got It\" which featured Damian Marley and \"Early Winter\". To promote the album, Stefani embarked on a worldwide tour, The Sweet Escape Tour, which covered North America, Europe, Asia and the Pacific and part of Latin America. In an interview with Entertainment Weekly on June 6, 2011, Stefani stated that she had no plans to continue work as a solo artist.", "In an interview with Entertainment Weekly on June 6, 2011, Stefani stated that she had no plans to continue work as a solo artist. With Stefani promoting The Sweet Escape, No Doubt began work on a new album without her and planned to complete it after Stefani's Sweet Escape Tour was finished. In March 2008, the band started making posts concerning the progression of the album on their official fan forum.", "In March 2008, the band started making posts concerning the progression of the album on their official fan forum. Stefani made a post on March 28, 2008, stating that songwriting had commenced but was slow on her end because she was pregnant with her second child. The Singles 1992–2003 became available on December 9, 2008, for the video game Rock Band 2. Adrian Young played drums on Scott Weiland's album \"Happy\" in Galoshes.", "Adrian Young played drums on Scott Weiland's album \"Happy\" in Galoshes. No Doubt headlined the Bamboozle 2009 festival in May 2009, along with Fall Out Boy. The band completed a national tour in mid-2009. The new album Push and Shove was released on September 25, preceded by the first single, \"Settle Down\", on July 16. The music video for \"Settle Down\" was directed by Sophie Muller (who has previously directed numerous music videos for No Doubt).", "The music video for \"Settle Down\" was directed by Sophie Muller (who has previously directed numerous music videos for No Doubt). Also around this time No Doubt were guest mentors for the UK version of The X-Factor. \"Settle Down\" peaked at 34 on the Billboard Hot 100 with the album peaking at number three on the US Billboard 200. On November 3, 2012, the band pulled its music video \"Looking Hot\" from the Internet after receiving complaints that it was insensitive towards Native Americans.", "On November 3, 2012, the band pulled its music video \"Looking Hot\" from the Internet after receiving complaints that it was insensitive towards Native Americans. In January 2013, No Doubt make a cameo appearance in a hot air ballon for the third season of Portlandia.", "In January 2013, No Doubt make a cameo appearance in a hot air ballon for the third season of Portlandia. 2014–2017: The Voice, This Is What the Truth Feels Like and You Make It Feel Like Christmas On April 12, 2014, Stefani made a surprise appearance at the Coachella festival, where she joined Pharrell Williams onstage during his set to perform \"Hollaback Girl\". On April 29, it was officially confirmed that Stefani would join the seventh season of The Voice as a coach, replacing Christina Aguilera.", "On April 29, it was officially confirmed that Stefani would join the seventh season of The Voice as a coach, replacing Christina Aguilera. Nine years after the previous time, she attended the 2014 MTV Video Music Awards. Stefani appears as a featured artist on Maroon 5's song \"My Heart Is Open\", co-written by Sia Furler, from the band's album V, which was performed for the first time with Adam Levine and an orchestra at the 2015 Grammy Awards.", "Stefani appears as a featured artist on Maroon 5's song \"My Heart Is Open\", co-written by Sia Furler, from the band's album V, which was performed for the first time with Adam Levine and an orchestra at the 2015 Grammy Awards. Stefani also collaborated with Calvin Harris on the track \"Together\" from his album Motion.", "Stefani also collaborated with Calvin Harris on the track \"Together\" from his album Motion. On September 8, 2014, Stefani told MTV News during New York Fashion Week that she was working on both a No Doubt album and a solo album, and that she was working with Williams. Stefani released her comeback single \"Baby Don't Lie\" on October 20, 2014, co-written with producers Ryan Tedder, Benny Blanco, and Noel Zancanella.", "Stefani released her comeback single \"Baby Don't Lie\" on October 20, 2014, co-written with producers Ryan Tedder, Benny Blanco, and Noel Zancanella. Billboard announced that her third studio album was set to be released in December with Benny Blanco serving as executive producer. In late October, \"Spark the Fire\", a new track from Stefani's third album, was released. The song was produced by Pharrell Williams. On November 23, the full song premiered online.", "On November 23, the full song premiered online. On November 23, the full song premiered online. Both \"Baby Don't Lie\" and \"Spark the Fire\" were later scrapped from Stefani's third album. On January 13, 2015, Stefani and Williams also recorded a song titled \"Shine\", for the Paddington soundtrack.", "On January 13, 2015, Stefani and Williams also recorded a song titled \"Shine\", for the Paddington soundtrack. Stefani and Sia Furler worked together on a ballad, called \"Start a War\" which was expected to be released on Stefani's third studio album as well, but it was not included on the final cut. On July 10, 2015, American rapper Eminem featured Stefani on his single \"Kings Never Die\", from the Southpaw film soundtrack.", "On July 10, 2015, American rapper Eminem featured Stefani on his single \"Kings Never Die\", from the Southpaw film soundtrack. The track debuted and peaked at number 80 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart, and matched first-week digital download sales of 35,000 copies.", "The track debuted and peaked at number 80 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart, and matched first-week digital download sales of 35,000 copies. On October 17, 2015, Stefani performed a concert as part of her MasterCard Priceless Surprises tour series at the Hammerstein Ballroom in New York City, where she performed a new song about her breakup with ex-husband Gavin Rossdale, titled \"Used to Love You\". It was released as a download on October 20, 2015. The video was released the same day.", "The video was released the same day. The video was released the same day. The song was released to contemporary hit radio in the United States on October 27, 2015. The track is the first official single off her third solo album This Is What the Truth Feels Like, which she began working on in mid-2015. Stefani said much of the previous material she worked on in 2014 felt forced and inauthentic, the opposite of what she had originally wanted.", "Stefani said much of the previous material she worked on in 2014 felt forced and inauthentic, the opposite of what she had originally wanted. The album's second single, \"Make Me Like You\", was released on February 12, 2016. This Is What the Truth Feels Like was released on March 18, 2016, and debuted at number one on the Billboard 200 with 84,000 album-equivalent units sold in its first week, earning Stefani her first number-one album on the U.S. chart as a solo artist.", "This Is What the Truth Feels Like was released on March 18, 2016, and debuted at number one on the Billboard 200 with 84,000 album-equivalent units sold in its first week, earning Stefani her first number-one album on the U.S. chart as a solo artist. To further promote the album, Stefani embarked on her This Is What the Truth Feels Like Tour with rapper Eve in the United States. Stefani voiced DJ Suki in the animated film Trolls, which was released on November 4, 2016.", "Stefani voiced DJ Suki in the animated film Trolls, which was released on November 4, 2016. She is also included on five songs from the film's official soundtrack. Stefani twice performed as part of the \"Final Shows\" at Irvine Meadows Amphitheatre on October 29–30, before the venue's closure due to The Irvine Company not renewing the venue's land lease. Stefani was interviewed for the documentary series The Defiant Ones, which was released in July 2017.", "Stefani was interviewed for the documentary series The Defiant Ones, which was released in July 2017. The same month, she announced plans to release new music by the end of the year. In August, several song titles from the singer's sessions were published on GEMA's official website, suggesting that she may be recording a holiday album. The songwriting credits from the leaked tracks had Stefani collaborating with busbee, Blake Shelton, and Justin Tranter.", "The songwriting credits from the leaked tracks had Stefani collaborating with busbee, Blake Shelton, and Justin Tranter. The album, titled You Make It Feel Like Christmas, was released on October 6, 2017. Its title track, featuring guest vocals from Shelton, was digitally distributed on September 22, 2017, as the lead single. To promote the record, Stefani hosted Gwen Stefani's You Make It Feel Like Christmas, an NBC Christmas television special that aired on December 12, 2017.", "To promote the record, Stefani hosted Gwen Stefani's You Make It Feel Like Christmas, an NBC Christmas television special that aired on December 12, 2017. 2018–present: Upcoming fifth studio album Stefani's first concert residency, titled Just a Girl: Las Vegas, began on June 27, 2018, at the Zappos Theater in Las Vegas. It concluded on May 16, 2020. It was named after No Doubt's song \"Just a Girl\".", "It was named after No Doubt's song \"Just a Girl\". Proceeds from the show ($1 per ticket) were donated to the organization Cure4Kids. A deluxe edition of You Make It Feel Like Christmas was released in October 2018, and was promoted through the single \"Secret Santa\". On June 22, 2019, Stefani performed at the Machaca Fest in Fundidora Park. In the same month, The New York Times Magazine listed Stefani among hundreds of artists whose material was destroyed in the 2008 Universal fire.", "In the same month, The New York Times Magazine listed Stefani among hundreds of artists whose material was destroyed in the 2008 Universal fire. In June 2019, Stefani replaced Adam Levine as a coach for The Voices 17th season after Levine left the show after 16 seasons as a coach. Stefani was replaced by first-time coach Nick Jonas for the 18th season. She returned for her fifth season of The Voice'''s 19th season as a replacement for Jonas.", "She returned for her fifth season of The Voice'''s 19th season as a replacement for Jonas. her finalist Carter Rubin was named the winner, giving her the first victory as a coach after her fifth attempt, and the ninth coach (and fourth female after Christina Aguilera, Alicia Keys, and Kelly Clarkson) to do so. In November 2020, while the 19th season was still airing, it was announced Jonas would once again replace Stefani as a judge for season 20.", "In November 2020, while the 19th season was still airing, it was announced Jonas would once again replace Stefani as a judge for season 20. On December 13, 2019, Stefani featured on Shelton's single \"Nobody but You\" from his compilation album Fully Loaded: God's Country. The song peaked at number 18 on the Billboard Hot 100 and 49 on the Canadian Hot 100. On July 24, 2020, Stefani and Shelton released another single titled \"Happy Anywhere\" inspired by the COVID-19 pandemic.", "On July 24, 2020, Stefani and Shelton released another single titled \"Happy Anywhere\" inspired by the COVID-19 pandemic. Stefani was initially scheduled to perform at Lollapalooza's 2020 festival, but it was postponed due to the pandemic. Lollapalooza was held as a four-day livestream in July and August 2020, but Stefani did not participate in it. Stefani was featured on a Mark Ronson remix of Dua Lipa's \"Physical\", which is included on Lipa's remix album Club Future Nostalgia (2020).", "Stefani was featured on a Mark Ronson remix of Dua Lipa's \"Physical\", which is included on Lipa's remix album Club Future Nostalgia (2020). Stefani was initially approached to clear a \"Hollaback Girl\" sample for the Mr Fingers' remix of Lipa's \"Hallucinate\", and then asked to be a part of the \"Physical\" remix. To promote 2020 reissued edition of You Make It Feel Like Christmas, Stefani released a cover of \"Sleigh Ride\" as a single.", "To promote 2020 reissued edition of You Make It Feel Like Christmas, Stefani released a cover of \"Sleigh Ride\" as a single. On December 7, 2020, Stefani released \"Let Me Reintroduce Myself\" as the lead single from upcoming fifth studio album. She followed this with a second single \"Slow Clap\" on March 11, 2021, which received a remix featuring Saweetie the following month.", "She followed this with a second single \"Slow Clap\" on March 11, 2021, which received a remix featuring Saweetie the following month. Stefani also teased other new music through her Instagram account, announcing she recorded two new tracks titled \"When Loving Gets Old\" and \"Cry Happy\". Other ventures Stefani made most of the clothing that she wore on stage with No Doubt, resulting in increasingly eclectic combinations.", "Other ventures Stefani made most of the clothing that she wore on stage with No Doubt, resulting in increasingly eclectic combinations. Stylist Andrea Lieberman introduced her to haute couture clothing, which led to Stefani launching a fashion line named L.A.M.B. in 2004. The line takes influence from a variety of fashions, including Guatemalan, Japanese, and Jamaican styles. The line achieved popularity among celebrities and is worn by stars such as Teri Hatcher, Nicole Kidman, and Stefani herself.", "The line achieved popularity among celebrities and is worn by stars such as Teri Hatcher, Nicole Kidman, and Stefani herself. In June 2005, she expanded her collection with the less expensive Harajuku Lovers line, which she referred to as \"a glorified merchandise line\", with varied products including a camera, mobile phone charms, and undergarments. Alt URL In late 2006, Stefani released a limited edition line of dolls called \"Love. Angel. Music. Baby. Fashion dolls\".", "Angel. Music. Baby. Fashion dolls\". Fashion dolls\". The dolls are inspired by the clothes Stefani and the Harajuku Girls wore while touring for the album. In late 2007, Stefani launched a perfume, L, as a part of her L.A.M.B. collection of clothing and accessories. The perfume has high notes of sweet pea and rose. In September 2008, Stefani released a fragrance line as a part of her Harajuku Lovers product line.", "In September 2008, Stefani released a fragrance line as a part of her Harajuku Lovers product line. There are five different fragrances based on the four Harajuku Girls and Stefani herself called Love, Lil' Angel, Music, Baby and G (Gwen). , Stefani has become the spokesperson for L'Oréal Paris. In 2016, Urban Decay released a limited edition cosmetic collection in collaboration with Stefani. After needing to wear glasses, she began designing eyewear. In 2016, Gwen began releasing eyewear under her fashion label L.A.M.B.", "In 2016, Gwen began releasing eyewear under her fashion label L.A.M.B. She also began releasing affordable eyewear under the label GX, with Tura Inc. In 2014, Stefani announced the production of an animated series about her and the Harajuku Girls. Along with Vision Animation and Moody Street Kids, Stefani has helped create the show which features herself, Love, Angel, Music, and Baby as the band, HJ5, who fight evil whilst trying to pursue their music career.", "Along with Vision Animation and Moody Street Kids, Stefani has helped create the show which features herself, Love, Angel, Music, and Baby as the band, HJ5, who fight evil whilst trying to pursue their music career. Mattel was the global toy licensee and the series itself, Kuu Kuu Harajuku was distributed worldwide by DHX Media. Personal life Stefani began dating her bandmate Tony Kanal, soon after he joined the band.", "Personal life Stefani began dating her bandmate Tony Kanal, soon after he joined the band. She stated that she was heavily invested in that relationship, and commented that \"...all I ever did was look at Tony and pray that God would let me have a baby with him.\" The band almost split up when Kanal ended the relationship.Born to Be. MuchMusic programming. Original airdate: March 2006. Retrieved November 13, 2006.", "Original airdate: March 2006. Retrieved November 13, 2006. Retrieved November 13, 2006. Their break-up inspired Stefani lyrically, and many of Tragic Kingdoms songs, such as \"Don't Speak\", \"Sunday Morning\", and \"Hey You! \", chronicle the ups and downs of their relationship. Many years later, Stefani co-wrote her song \"Cool\" about their relationship as friends for her 2004 debut solo album Love. Angel. Music.", "Angel. Music. Music. Baby.Stefani met Bush lead singer and guitarist Gavin Rossdale in 1995, when No Doubt and headlining band Bush performed at a holiday concert for radio station KROQ. They married on September 14, 2002, with a wedding in St Paul's, Covent Garden, London. A second wedding was held in Los Angeles two weeks later. Stefani has three sons with Rossdale, born in May 2006, August 2008, and February 2014.", "Stefani has three sons with Rossdale, born in May 2006, August 2008, and February 2014. On August 3, 2015, Stefani filed for divorce from Rossdale, citing \"irreconcilable differences\". Their divorce was finalized on April 8, 2016, in which Rossdale agreed to the \"unequal split\" of their assets. Stefani announced her relationship with Blake Shelton, country music artist and The Voice co-star, in November 2015.", "Stefani announced her relationship with Blake Shelton, country music artist and The Voice co-star, in November 2015. The couple announced their engagement on October 27, 2020, and married on July 3, 2021, at Shelton's Oklahoma ranch. Artistry AXS called Stefani a \"powerhouse\" vocalist with an \"incredible\" range. The New York Times considered Stefani's vocals \"mannered\" and commended her for \"kick[ing] her vibrato addiction\". IGN described Stefani as having a \"unique vocal prowess\".", "IGN described Stefani as having a \"unique vocal prowess\". The Chicago Tribune stated that Stefani had a \"brash alto\". Stefani's debut album Love. Angel. Music. Baby. took influence from a variety of 1980s genres, which included electropop, new wave, dance-rock, hip hop, R&B, soul, and disco music. Stefani cited early Madonna, Lisa Lisa, Club Nouveau, Prince, New Order and the Cure as major influences for the album.", "Stefani cited early Madonna, Lisa Lisa, Club Nouveau, Prince, New Order and the Cure as major influences for the album. Several of the album's tracks were designed for clubs, and contained electro beats meant for dancing. Referencing fashion and wealth in the album, the singer name-drops several designers who she considered inspirations in her personal career, such as John Galliano and Vivienne Westwood.", "Referencing fashion and wealth in the album, the singer name-drops several designers who she considered inspirations in her personal career, such as John Galliano and Vivienne Westwood. Her second studio album The Sweet Escape resembles musically its predecessor while exploring more modern pop sounds, dabbling heavily into genres such as dance-pop and rap. It carried on the same themes developed in Love. Angel. Music.", "It carried on the same themes developed in Love. Angel. Music. Music. Baby., and was criticized for doing so.This Is What the Truth Feels Like, the singer's third album, continued Stefani's endeavors with the pop genre, while incorporating music from a variety of other genres including reggae, disco, and dancehall, as well as the use of guitars. Stefani's lyrics shifted towards events that had recently occurred in her personal life, such as her divorce from Rossdale, and new relationship with Shelton.", "Stefani's lyrics shifted towards events that had recently occurred in her personal life, such as her divorce from Rossdale, and new relationship with Shelton. The singer stated her album was more about forgiveness than revenge. Public image Stefani began wearing a bindi in the mid-1990s after attending several family gatherings with Tony Kanal, who is of Indian heritage. During No Doubt's breakthrough, Stefani wore the forehead decoration in several of the band's music videos and briefly popularized the accessory in 1997.", "During No Doubt's breakthrough, Stefani wore the forehead decoration in several of the band's music videos and briefly popularized the accessory in 1997. Since the 1995 music video for \"Just a Girl\", Stefani has been known for her midriff and frequently wears tops that expose it.", "Since the 1995 music video for \"Just a Girl\", Stefani has been known for her midriff and frequently wears tops that expose it. Stefani's makeup design generally includes light face powder, bright red lipstick, and arched eyebrows; she wrote about the subject in a song titled \"Magic's in the Makeup\" for No Doubt's Return of Saturn, asking \"If the magic's in the makeup/Then who am I?\".", "Stefani's makeup design generally includes light face powder, bright red lipstick, and arched eyebrows; she wrote about the subject in a song titled \"Magic's in the Makeup\" for No Doubt's Return of Saturn, asking \"If the magic's in the makeup/Then who am I?\". Stefani is a natural brunette, but her hair has not been its natural color since she was in ninth grade. Since late 1994, she has usually had platinum blonde hair.", "Since late 1994, she has usually had platinum blonde hair. Stefani discussed this in the song \"Platinum Blonde Life\" on Rock Steady and played original blonde bombshell Jean Harlow in the 2004 biopic The Aviator. She dyed her hair blue in 1998 and pink in 1999, when she appeared on the cover of Return of Saturn with pink hair. In 2006, Stefani modified her image, inspired by that of Michelle Pfeiffer's character Elvira Hancock in the 1983 film Scarface.", "In 2006, Stefani modified her image, inspired by that of Michelle Pfeiffer's character Elvira Hancock in the 1983 film Scarface. The reinvented image included a symbol consisting of two back-to-back 'G's, which appears on a diamond-encrusted key she wears on a necklace and which became a motif in the promotion of The Sweet Escape. Stefani raised concerns in January 2007 about her rapid weight loss following her pregnancy. She later stated that she had been on a diet since the sixth grade to fit in size 4 clothing.", "She later stated that she had been on a diet since the sixth grade to fit in size 4 clothing. A wax figure of Stefani was unveiled at Madame Tussauds Las Vegas at The Venetian on September 22, 2010. The release of Stefani's first solo album brought attention to her entourage of four Harajuku Girls, who appear in outfits influenced by Gothic Lolita fashion, and are named for the area around the Harajuku Station of Tokyo.", "The release of Stefani's first solo album brought attention to her entourage of four Harajuku Girls, who appear in outfits influenced by Gothic Lolita fashion, and are named for the area around the Harajuku Station of Tokyo. Stefani's clothing also took influence from Japanese fashion, in a style described as a combination between Christian Dior and Japan. The dancers are featured in her music videos, press coverage, and on the album cover for Love. Angel. Music.", "Angel. Music. Music. Baby., with a song named for and dedicated to them on the album. They were also featured in, and the namesake for, Stefani's Harajuku Lovers Tour. Forbes magazine reported that Stefani earned $27 million between June 2007 to June 2008 for her tour, fashion line and commercials, making her the world's 10th highest paid music personality at the time.", "Forbes magazine reported that Stefani earned $27 million between June 2007 to June 2008 for her tour, fashion line and commercials, making her the world's 10th highest paid music personality at the time. Achievements and legacy Throughout her career as a solo artist, Stefani has won several music awards, including one Grammy Award, four MTV Video Music Awards, one American Music Award, one Brit Award, and two Billboard Music Awards. With No Doubt, she has won two Grammy Awards.", "With No Doubt, she has won two Grammy Awards. In 2005, Rolling Stone called her \"the only true female rock star left on radio or MTV\" and featured her on the magazine's cover. Stefani received the Style Icon Award at the first People Magazine Awards in 2014. In 2016, the singer was honored at the Radio Disney Music Awards with a Hero Award, which is given to artists based on their personal contributions to various charitable works.", "In 2016, the singer was honored at the Radio Disney Music Awards with a Hero Award, which is given to artists based on their personal contributions to various charitable works. Stefani has been referred to as a \"Pop Princess\" by several contemporary music critics. In 2012, VH1 listed the singer at the number thirteen on their list of \"100 Greatest Women in Music\".", "In 2012, VH1 listed the singer at the number thirteen on their list of \"100 Greatest Women in Music\". Stefani's work has influenced artists and musicians including Hayley Williams of Paramore, Best Coast, Kim Petras, Teddy Sinclair, Katy Perry, Charli XCX, Kesha, Ava Max, Marina Diamandis, Rita Ora, Keke Palmer, Bebe Rexha, Dua Lipa, the Stunners, Kelly Clarkson, Sky Ferreira, Kirstin Maldonado of Pentatonix, Olivia Rodrigo, and Cover Drive.", "Stefani's work has influenced artists and musicians including Hayley Williams of Paramore, Best Coast, Kim Petras, Teddy Sinclair, Katy Perry, Charli XCX, Kesha, Ava Max, Marina Diamandis, Rita Ora, Keke Palmer, Bebe Rexha, Dua Lipa, the Stunners, Kelly Clarkson, Sky Ferreira, Kirstin Maldonado of Pentatonix, Olivia Rodrigo, and Cover Drive. The latter group, a quartet of Barbados musicians, claimed that both Stefani and No Doubt had helped influence their music, to which the lead singer of the group, Amanda Reifer, said that she would \"pass out\" if she ever met Stefani.", "The latter group, a quartet of Barbados musicians, claimed that both Stefani and No Doubt had helped influence their music, to which the lead singer of the group, Amanda Reifer, said that she would \"pass out\" if she ever met Stefani. The lead single from Love. Angel. Music. Baby., \"What You Waiting For?", "Angel. Music. Baby., \"What You Waiting For? Baby., \"What You Waiting For? \", was considered by Pitchfork to be one of Stefani's best singles, and would later place it at number sixteen on their \"Top 50 Singles of 2004\" list. \"Hollaback Girl\" from Love. Angel. Music. Baby.", "\"Hollaback Girl\" from Love. Angel. Music. Baby. Baby. would go on to be the first song to digitally sell an excess of one million copies in the United States; it was certified platinum in both the United States and Australia, and peaked at number forty-one on Billboards decade-end charts for 2000–09. Since its release in 2005, \"Hollaback Girl\" has been called Stefani's \"signature song\" by Rolling Stone.", "Since its release in 2005, \"Hollaback Girl\" has been called Stefani's \"signature song\" by Rolling Stone. Philanthropy Following the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami, Stefani donated $1 million to Save the Children's Japan Earthquake–Tsunami Children in Emergency Fund.", "Philanthropy Following the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami, Stefani donated $1 million to Save the Children's Japan Earthquake–Tsunami Children in Emergency Fund. Stefani also ran an auction on eBay from April 11 to 25, 2011, allowing participants to bid on vintage clothing items from her personal wardrobe and custom T-shirts designed and signed by her, as well as an admission to a private Harajuku-themed tea party hosted by her on June 7, 2011, at Los Angeles' first-ever Japanese-style maid café and pop art space, Royal/T, with proceeds from the auction going to Save the Children's relief effort.", "Stefani also ran an auction on eBay from April 11 to 25, 2011, allowing participants to bid on vintage clothing items from her personal wardrobe and custom T-shirts designed and signed by her, as well as an admission to a private Harajuku-themed tea party hosted by her on June 7, 2011, at Los Angeles' first-ever Japanese-style maid café and pop art space, Royal/T, with proceeds from the auction going to Save the Children's relief effort. At the amfAR gala during the 2011 Cannes Film Festival, Stefani auctioned off the lacy black dress she wore at the event for charity, raising over $125,000.", "At the amfAR gala during the 2011 Cannes Film Festival, Stefani auctioned off the lacy black dress she wore at the event for charity, raising over $125,000. A representative for designer Michael Angel, who helped Stefani with the design and worked as a stylist, said that Angel created the gown, not Stefani. In response, Angel released a statement confirming that the dress was designed by Stefani for L.A.M.B. to wear and be auctioned off at the amfAR gala.", "to wear and be auctioned off at the amfAR gala. Stefani hosted a fundraiser with First Lady Michelle Obama in August 2012 at the singer's Beverly Hills home. The singer-songwriter supports the LGBT community, stating in a 2019 Pride Source interview, \"I would like to be blessed with a gay son; [...] I just want my boys to be healthy and happy. And I just ask God to guide me to be a good mother, which is not an easy thing at all.\"", "And I just ask God to guide me to be a good mother, which is not an easy thing at all.\" Discography Solo discography Love. Angel. Music. Baby.", "Discography Solo discography Love. Angel. Music. Baby. Baby. (2004) The Sweet Escape (2006) This Is What the Truth Feels Like (2016) You Make It Feel Like Christmas (2017) No Doubt discography No Doubt (1992) The Beacon Street Collection (1995) Tragic Kingdom (1995) Return of Saturn (2000) Rock Steady (2001) Push and Shove'' (2012) Tours Headlining Harajuku Lovers Tour (2005) The Sweet Escape Tour (2007) This Is What the Truth Feels Like Tour (2016) Residency Gwen Stefani – Just a Girl (2018–2021) Promotional MasterCard Priceless Surprises Presents Gwen Stefani (2015–2016) Irvine Meadows Amphitheatre Final Shows (2016) Festivals Machaca Fest (2019) Filmography References External links 1969 births Living people 20th-century American singers 20th-century American women singers 21st-century American actresses 21st-century American singers 21st-century American women singers Actresses from Fullerton, California American contemporary R&B singers American dance musicians American expatriates in the United Kingdom American fashion designers American women pop singers American women rock singers American film actresses American new wave musicians American people of Italian descent American people of Irish descent American pop rock singers American rock songwriters American ska singers American television actresses American video game actresses American voice actresses American women in electronic music Brit Award winners Electronica musicians Women new wave singers Grammy Award winners Interscope Records artists Musicians from Anaheim, California Musicians from Fullerton, California No Doubt members Participants in American reality television series Singers from California Songwriters from California World Music Awards winners Las Vegas shows California State University, Fullerton people Women hip hop record producers American female hip hop singers American female hip hop musicians American women fashion designers" ]

[ "Gwen Stefani", "Achievements and legacy", "Did she win any awardS?", "one Grammy Award, four MTV Video Music Awards, one American Music Award, one Brit Award, and two Billboard Music Awards.", "What other achievements did she have?", "Stefani's work has influenced a number of artists and musicians", "What are some examples?", "Hayley Williams of Paramore, Best Coast, Katy Perry, Kesha, Marina and the Diamonds, Stefy, Rita Ora, Sky Ferreira, and Cover Drive." ]

[ "What the World Needs Now is...Jackie DeShannon is a compilation CD by Jackie DeShannon, released by Capitol Records as catalog number 829786 in 1994. It serves as a great introduction to the legacy of recordings by one of the most remarkable forces in the female singer/songwriter genre. These tracks are culled from the vaults of her tenure at Liberty Records.\n\nTrack listing\n\nJackie DeShannon albums\n1994 compilation albums\nCapitol Records compilation albums", "Legacy is a South African television drama telenovela series created by executive producers Phatutshedzo Makwarela and Gwidyon Benyon. It is an M-Net original production for premium subscription television channel M-Net produced by Tshedza Pictures. The series focuses on the Price family and the struggle for power over the Price empire after the death of the family's patriarch Sebastian Price. This is the channel's very first telenovela.\n\nOn 22 May 2021/15th Annual SAFTA, it won its first award for Best Telenovela category.\n\nPlot \nSebastian Price, the patriarch of the family is expected to retire from his position as CEO of Legacy Investments, an investment company he has built and operated for thirty years. He is also expected to announce his successor to the position he held. However, tragedy strikes which leads to his death. This leads to a power struggle within the family, as Sebastian bitter ex wife Angelique and his ruthless daughter Felicity do whatever it takes to make sure that Sebastian's second wife Dineo doesn't push her playboy son SJ into the ceo position at legacy investment.\n\nCast and Characters \n Dineo Price (Kgomotso Christopher) Sebastian's current wife. She is a kind-hearted woman caught up in the ensuing drama. She is initially disinterested in her husband's wealth and CEO succession, but has a change of heart later in the series.\nFelicity Price (Mary-Ann Barlow) Sebastian and Angèlique's first born daughter. She is the main antagonist in the series who plots with her mother to get the CEO position at Legacy Investments.\nSebastian Price (Deon Lotz)\n\nThe patriarch of the family and well established businessman. He is the founder and CEO of Legacy Investments.\n\n Angélique Price (Michelle Botes)\n\nSebastian's ex-wife and lawyer. She is determined to get Sebastian's wealth. She plots and schemes with her daughter Felicity.\n\n SJ Price (Anton David Jefta)\n\nSebastian and Dineo's handsome and charming son. Petra Potgieter’s love interest.\n\n Petra Potgieter (Trix Vivier) \n\nFirst jobless when we meet her, Petra Potgieter finds a job and love interest at Legacy Investments due to her brother Stefan's personal ties to one of the Price sisters\n\n Msizi Zulu (Siyabonga Thwala) \n\nA power-hungry, cunning man who would do anything to become the CEO of legacy investments and be seen as the man on top.\n\n Stefan Potgieter (Sean-Marco Vorster)\n\nPetra’s older brother who works as a driver for the Price family . Dangerous and ambitious, he is Felicity's lover and right-hand man.\n\n Williem Potgieter (Dawid Minnaar)\n\nStefan and Petra’s dad who is a recovering alcoholic. He tries to protect his children from the powerful Price family.\n\nReferences \n\nSouth African television series" ]

[ "Gwen Renée Stefani (; born October 3, 1969) is an American singer and songwriter. She is a co-founder, lead vocalist, and the primary songwriter of the band No Doubt, whose singles include \"Just a Girl\", \"Spiderwebs\", and \"Don't Speak\", from their 1995 breakthrough studio album Tragic Kingdom, as well as \"Hey Baby\" and \"It's My Life\" from later albums.", "She is a co-founder, lead vocalist, and the primary songwriter of the band No Doubt, whose singles include \"Just a Girl\", \"Spiderwebs\", and \"Don't Speak\", from their 1995 breakthrough studio album Tragic Kingdom, as well as \"Hey Baby\" and \"It's My Life\" from later albums. During the band's hiatus, Stefani embarked on a solo pop career in 2004 by releasing her debut studio album Love. Angel. Music. Baby.", "Angel. Music. Baby. Baby. Inspired by pop music from the 1980s, the album was a critical and commercial success. It spawned six singles, including \"What You Waiting For? \", \"Rich Girl\", \"Hollaback Girl\", and \"Cool\". \"Hollaback Girl\" reached number one on the Billboard Hot 100 chart while also becoming the first US download to sell one million copies. In 2006, Stefani released her second studio album, The Sweet Escape.", "In 2006, Stefani released her second studio album, The Sweet Escape. Among the singles were \"Wind It Up\" and \"The Sweet Escape\", the latter of which was number three on the Billboard Hot 100 year-end chart of 2007. Her third solo album, This Is What the Truth Feels Like (2016), was her first solo album to reach number one on the Billboard 200 chart.", "Her third solo album, This Is What the Truth Feels Like (2016), was her first solo album to reach number one on the Billboard 200 chart. Her fourth solo album and first full-length Christmas album, You Make It Feel Like Christmas, was released in 2017 and charted 19 tracks on Billboards Holiday Digital Song Sales component chart in the United States. Stefani has released several singles with Blake Shelton, including \"Nobody but You\" (2020), which reached number 18 in the US.", "Stefani has released several singles with Blake Shelton, including \"Nobody but You\" (2020), which reached number 18 in the US. Stefani has won three Grammy Awards. As a solo artist, she has received an American Music Award, Brit Award, World Music Award, and two Billboard Music Awards. In 2003, she debuted her clothing line L.A.M.B. and expanded her collection with the 2005 Harajuku Lovers line, inspired by Japanese culture and fashion.", "and expanded her collection with the 2005 Harajuku Lovers line, inspired by Japanese culture and fashion. Billboard magazine ranked Stefani the 54th most successful artist and 37th most successful Hot 100 artist of the 2000–2009 decade. VH1 ranked her 13th on their \"100 Greatest Women in Music\" list in 2012. Including her work with No Doubt, Stefani has sold more than 30 million albums worldwide. Early life Gwen Renée Stefani was born on October 3, 1969, in Fullerton, California, and raised Catholic in nearby Anaheim, California.", "Early life Gwen Renée Stefani was born on October 3, 1969, in Fullerton, California, and raised Catholic in nearby Anaheim, California. She was named after a stewardess in the 1968 novel Airport, and her middle name, Renée, comes from the Four Tops' 1968 version of the Left Banke's 1966 song \"Walk Away Renée\". Her father Dennis Stefani is Italian-American and worked as a Yamaha marketing executive. Her mother Patti (née Flynn) is Irish-American and worked as an accountant before becoming a housewife.", "Her mother Patti (née Flynn) is Irish-American and worked as an accountant before becoming a housewife. Stefani's parents were fans of folk music and exposed her to music by artists like Bob Dylan and Emmylou Harris. Stefani has two younger siblings, Jill and Todd, and an older brother, Eric. Eric was the keyboardist for No Doubt before leaving the band to pursue a career in animation on The Simpsons.", "Eric was the keyboardist for No Doubt before leaving the band to pursue a career in animation on The Simpsons. Career 1986–2004: Career beginnings and No Doubt Her brother Eric introduced Gwen to 2 Tone music by Madness and the Selecter and, in 1986, he invited her to provide vocals for No Doubt, a ska band he was forming. In 1991 the band was signed to Interscope Records. The band released its self-titled debut album in 1992, but its ska-pop sound was unsuccessful due to the popularity of grunge.", "The band released its self-titled debut album in 1992, but its ska-pop sound was unsuccessful due to the popularity of grunge. Before the mainstream success of both No Doubt and Sublime, Stefani contributed guest vocals to \"Saw Red\" on Sublime's 1994 album Robbin' the Hood. Stefani rejected the aggressiveness of female grunge artists and cited Blondie singer Debbie Harry's combination of power and sex appeal as a major influence.", "Stefani rejected the aggressiveness of female grunge artists and cited Blondie singer Debbie Harry's combination of power and sex appeal as a major influence. No Doubt's third album, Tragic Kingdom (1995), which followed the self-released The Beacon Street Collection (1995), took more than three years to make. Five singles were released from Tragic Kingdom, including \"Don't Speak\", which led the Hot 100 Airplay year-end chart of 1997.", "Five singles were released from Tragic Kingdom, including \"Don't Speak\", which led the Hot 100 Airplay year-end chart of 1997. Stefani left college for one semester to tour for Tragic Kingdom but did not return when touring lasted two and a half years. The album was nominated for a Grammy and sold more than 16 million copies worldwide by 2004. In late 2000, Rolling Stone magazine named her \"the Queen of Confessional Pop\".", "In late 2000, Rolling Stone magazine named her \"the Queen of Confessional Pop\". During the time when No Doubt was receiving mainstream success, Stefani collaborated on the singles \"You're the Boss\" with the Brian Setzer Orchestra, \"South Side\" with Moby, and \"Let Me Blow Ya Mind\" with Eve. No Doubt released the less popular Return of Saturn in 2000, which expanded upon the new wave influences of Tragic Kingdom.", "No Doubt released the less popular Return of Saturn in 2000, which expanded upon the new wave influences of Tragic Kingdom. Most of the lyrical content focused on Stefani's often rocky relationship with then-Bush frontman Gavin Rossdale and her insecurities, including indecision on settling down and having a child. The band's 2001 album, Rock Steady, explored more reggae and dancehall sounds, while maintaining the band's new wave influences.", "The band's 2001 album, Rock Steady, explored more reggae and dancehall sounds, while maintaining the band's new wave influences. The album generated career-highest singles chart positions in the United States, and \"Hey Baby\" and \"Underneath It All\" received Grammy Awards. A greatest hits collection, The Singles 1992–2003, which includes a cover of Talk Talk's \"It's My Life\", was released in 2003.", "A greatest hits collection, The Singles 1992–2003, which includes a cover of Talk Talk's \"It's My Life\", was released in 2003. In 2002, Eve and Stefani won a Grammy Award for Best Rap/Sung Collaboration for \"Let Me Blow Ya Mind\". 2004–2006: Solo debut and other ventures Stefani's debut solo album Love. Angel. Music. Baby. was released on November 12, 2004.", "Music. Baby. was released on November 12, 2004. was released on November 12, 2004. The album features several collaborations with producers and other artists, including Tony Kanal, Tom Rothrock, Linda Perry, André 3000, Nellee Hooper, the Neptunes and New Order. Stefani created the album to modernize the music to which she listened when in high school, and L.A.M.B. takes influence from a variety of music styles of the 1980s and early 1990s such as new wave, synthpop, and electro.", "takes influence from a variety of music styles of the 1980s and early 1990s such as new wave, synthpop, and electro. Stefani's decision to use her solo career as an opportunity to delve further into pop music instead of trying \"to convince the world of [her] talent, depth and artistic worth\" was considered unusual. The album was described as \"fun as hell but... not exactly rife with subversive social commentary\".", "The album was described as \"fun as hell but... not exactly rife with subversive social commentary\". The album debuted on the US Billboard 200 albums chart at number seven, selling 309,000 copies in its first week. L.A.M.B. reached multi-platinum status in the United States, the United Kingdom, Australia, and Canada. The first single from the album was \"What You Waiting For?", "The first single from the album was \"What You Waiting For? \", which debuted atop the ARIA Singles Chart, charted at number 47 on the US Billboard Hot 100 and reached the top ten on most other charts. The song served to explain why Stefani produced a solo album and discusses her fears in leaving No Doubt for a solo career as well as her desire to have a baby. \"Rich Girl\" was released as the album's second single.", "\"Rich Girl\" was released as the album's second single. A duet with rapper Eve, and produced by Dr. Dre, it is an adaptation of a 1990s pop song by British musicians Louchie Lou & Michie One, which itself is a very loose cover lyrically but closer melodically of \"If I Were a Rich Man\", from the musical Fiddler on the Roof. \"Rich Girl\" reached the US and UK top ten.", "\"Rich Girl\" reached the US and UK top ten. The album's third single \"Hollaback Girl\" became Stefani's first US and second Australian number-one single; it reached top ten elsewhere. The song was the first US music download to sell more than one million copies, and its brass-driven composition remained popular throughout 2005. The fourth single \"Cool\" was released shortly following the popularity of its predecessor, reaching the top 20 in US and UK.", "The fourth single \"Cool\" was released shortly following the popularity of its predecessor, reaching the top 20 in US and UK. The song's lyrics and its accompanying music video, filmed on Lake Como, depict Stefani's former relationship with Kanal. \"Luxurious\" was released as the album's fifth single, but did not perform as well as its predecessors. \"Crash\" was released in January 2006 as the album's sixth single in lieu of Love. Angel. Music.", "Angel. Music. Music. Baby.s sequel, which Stefani postponed because of her pregnancy. In 2004, Stefani showed interest in making film appearances and began auditioning for films such as Mr. & Mrs. Smith. She made her film debut playing Jean Harlow in Martin Scorsese's The Aviator in 2004. Scorsese, whose daughter was a No Doubt fan, showed reciprocal interest in casting Stefani after seeing her picture from a Marilyn Monroe-inspired photo shoot for Teen Vogue in 2003.", "Scorsese, whose daughter was a No Doubt fan, showed reciprocal interest in casting Stefani after seeing her picture from a Marilyn Monroe-inspired photo shoot for Teen Vogue in 2003. To prepare for the role, Stefani read two biographies and watched 18 of Harlow's films. Shooting her part took four to five days, and Stefani had few lines. Stefani lent her voice to the title character of the 2004 video game Malice, but the company opted not to use No Doubt band members' voices.", "Stefani lent her voice to the title character of the 2004 video game Malice, but the company opted not to use No Doubt band members' voices. 2006–2013: The Sweet Escape and return to No Doubt Stefani's second studio album, The Sweet Escape, was released on December 1, 2006. Stefani continued working with Kanal, Perry, and the Neptunes, along with Akon and Tim Rice-Oxley from English rock band Keane. The album focuses more heavily on electronic and dance music for clubs than its predecessor.", "The album focuses more heavily on electronic and dance music for clubs than its predecessor. Its release coincided with the DVD release of Stefani's first tour, entitled Harajuku Lovers Live. Sia Michel wrote that it \"has a surprisingly moody, lightly autobiographical feel ... but Stefani isn't convincing as a dissatisfied diva\" and Rob Sheffield called the album a \"hasty return\" that repeats Love. Angel. Music. Baby. with less energy.", "Angel. Music. Baby. with less energy. with less energy. \"Wind It Up\", the album's lead single, used yodeling and an interpolation of The Sound of Music, and peaked in the top 10 in the US and the UK. The title track reached the top 10 in over 15 nations, including number two peaks in the US, Australia and the UK. To promote The Sweet Escape, Stefani was a mentor on the sixth season of American Idol and performed the song with Akon.", "To promote The Sweet Escape, Stefani was a mentor on the sixth season of American Idol and performed the song with Akon. The song earned her a Grammy Award nomination for Best Pop Collaboration with Vocals. Three more singles were released from the album; \"4 in the Morning\", \"Now That You Got It\" which featured Damian Marley and \"Early Winter\".", "Three more singles were released from the album; \"4 in the Morning\", \"Now That You Got It\" which featured Damian Marley and \"Early Winter\". To promote the album, Stefani embarked on a worldwide tour, The Sweet Escape Tour, which covered North America, Europe, Asia and the Pacific and part of Latin America. In an interview with Entertainment Weekly on June 6, 2011, Stefani stated that she had no plans to continue work as a solo artist.", "In an interview with Entertainment Weekly on June 6, 2011, Stefani stated that she had no plans to continue work as a solo artist. With Stefani promoting The Sweet Escape, No Doubt began work on a new album without her and planned to complete it after Stefani's Sweet Escape Tour was finished. In March 2008, the band started making posts concerning the progression of the album on their official fan forum.", "In March 2008, the band started making posts concerning the progression of the album on their official fan forum. Stefani made a post on March 28, 2008, stating that songwriting had commenced but was slow on her end because she was pregnant with her second child. The Singles 1992–2003 became available on December 9, 2008, for the video game Rock Band 2. Adrian Young played drums on Scott Weiland's album \"Happy\" in Galoshes.", "Adrian Young played drums on Scott Weiland's album \"Happy\" in Galoshes. No Doubt headlined the Bamboozle 2009 festival in May 2009, along with Fall Out Boy. The band completed a national tour in mid-2009. The new album Push and Shove was released on September 25, preceded by the first single, \"Settle Down\", on July 16. The music video for \"Settle Down\" was directed by Sophie Muller (who has previously directed numerous music videos for No Doubt).", "The music video for \"Settle Down\" was directed by Sophie Muller (who has previously directed numerous music videos for No Doubt). Also around this time No Doubt were guest mentors for the UK version of The X-Factor. \"Settle Down\" peaked at 34 on the Billboard Hot 100 with the album peaking at number three on the US Billboard 200. On November 3, 2012, the band pulled its music video \"Looking Hot\" from the Internet after receiving complaints that it was insensitive towards Native Americans.", "On November 3, 2012, the band pulled its music video \"Looking Hot\" from the Internet after receiving complaints that it was insensitive towards Native Americans. In January 2013, No Doubt make a cameo appearance in a hot air ballon for the third season of Portlandia.", "In January 2013, No Doubt make a cameo appearance in a hot air ballon for the third season of Portlandia. 2014–2017: The Voice, This Is What the Truth Feels Like and You Make It Feel Like Christmas On April 12, 2014, Stefani made a surprise appearance at the Coachella festival, where she joined Pharrell Williams onstage during his set to perform \"Hollaback Girl\". On April 29, it was officially confirmed that Stefani would join the seventh season of The Voice as a coach, replacing Christina Aguilera.", "On April 29, it was officially confirmed that Stefani would join the seventh season of The Voice as a coach, replacing Christina Aguilera. Nine years after the previous time, she attended the 2014 MTV Video Music Awards. Stefani appears as a featured artist on Maroon 5's song \"My Heart Is Open\", co-written by Sia Furler, from the band's album V, which was performed for the first time with Adam Levine and an orchestra at the 2015 Grammy Awards.", "Stefani appears as a featured artist on Maroon 5's song \"My Heart Is Open\", co-written by Sia Furler, from the band's album V, which was performed for the first time with Adam Levine and an orchestra at the 2015 Grammy Awards. Stefani also collaborated with Calvin Harris on the track \"Together\" from his album Motion.", "Stefani also collaborated with Calvin Harris on the track \"Together\" from his album Motion. On September 8, 2014, Stefani told MTV News during New York Fashion Week that she was working on both a No Doubt album and a solo album, and that she was working with Williams. Stefani released her comeback single \"Baby Don't Lie\" on October 20, 2014, co-written with producers Ryan Tedder, Benny Blanco, and Noel Zancanella.", "Stefani released her comeback single \"Baby Don't Lie\" on October 20, 2014, co-written with producers Ryan Tedder, Benny Blanco, and Noel Zancanella. Billboard announced that her third studio album was set to be released in December with Benny Blanco serving as executive producer. In late October, \"Spark the Fire\", a new track from Stefani's third album, was released. The song was produced by Pharrell Williams. On November 23, the full song premiered online.", "On November 23, the full song premiered online. On November 23, the full song premiered online. Both \"Baby Don't Lie\" and \"Spark the Fire\" were later scrapped from Stefani's third album. On January 13, 2015, Stefani and Williams also recorded a song titled \"Shine\", for the Paddington soundtrack.", "On January 13, 2015, Stefani and Williams also recorded a song titled \"Shine\", for the Paddington soundtrack. Stefani and Sia Furler worked together on a ballad, called \"Start a War\" which was expected to be released on Stefani's third studio album as well, but it was not included on the final cut. On July 10, 2015, American rapper Eminem featured Stefani on his single \"Kings Never Die\", from the Southpaw film soundtrack.", "On July 10, 2015, American rapper Eminem featured Stefani on his single \"Kings Never Die\", from the Southpaw film soundtrack. The track debuted and peaked at number 80 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart, and matched first-week digital download sales of 35,000 copies.", "The track debuted and peaked at number 80 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart, and matched first-week digital download sales of 35,000 copies. On October 17, 2015, Stefani performed a concert as part of her MasterCard Priceless Surprises tour series at the Hammerstein Ballroom in New York City, where she performed a new song about her breakup with ex-husband Gavin Rossdale, titled \"Used to Love You\". It was released as a download on October 20, 2015. The video was released the same day.", "The video was released the same day. The video was released the same day. The song was released to contemporary hit radio in the United States on October 27, 2015. The track is the first official single off her third solo album This Is What the Truth Feels Like, which she began working on in mid-2015. Stefani said much of the previous material she worked on in 2014 felt forced and inauthentic, the opposite of what she had originally wanted.", "Stefani said much of the previous material she worked on in 2014 felt forced and inauthentic, the opposite of what she had originally wanted. The album's second single, \"Make Me Like You\", was released on February 12, 2016. This Is What the Truth Feels Like was released on March 18, 2016, and debuted at number one on the Billboard 200 with 84,000 album-equivalent units sold in its first week, earning Stefani her first number-one album on the U.S. chart as a solo artist.", "This Is What the Truth Feels Like was released on March 18, 2016, and debuted at number one on the Billboard 200 with 84,000 album-equivalent units sold in its first week, earning Stefani her first number-one album on the U.S. chart as a solo artist. To further promote the album, Stefani embarked on her This Is What the Truth Feels Like Tour with rapper Eve in the United States. Stefani voiced DJ Suki in the animated film Trolls, which was released on November 4, 2016.", "Stefani voiced DJ Suki in the animated film Trolls, which was released on November 4, 2016. She is also included on five songs from the film's official soundtrack. Stefani twice performed as part of the \"Final Shows\" at Irvine Meadows Amphitheatre on October 29–30, before the venue's closure due to The Irvine Company not renewing the venue's land lease. Stefani was interviewed for the documentary series The Defiant Ones, which was released in July 2017.", "Stefani was interviewed for the documentary series The Defiant Ones, which was released in July 2017. The same month, she announced plans to release new music by the end of the year. In August, several song titles from the singer's sessions were published on GEMA's official website, suggesting that she may be recording a holiday album. The songwriting credits from the leaked tracks had Stefani collaborating with busbee, Blake Shelton, and Justin Tranter.", "The songwriting credits from the leaked tracks had Stefani collaborating with busbee, Blake Shelton, and Justin Tranter. The album, titled You Make It Feel Like Christmas, was released on October 6, 2017. Its title track, featuring guest vocals from Shelton, was digitally distributed on September 22, 2017, as the lead single. To promote the record, Stefani hosted Gwen Stefani's You Make It Feel Like Christmas, an NBC Christmas television special that aired on December 12, 2017.", "To promote the record, Stefani hosted Gwen Stefani's You Make It Feel Like Christmas, an NBC Christmas television special that aired on December 12, 2017. 2018–present: Upcoming fifth studio album Stefani's first concert residency, titled Just a Girl: Las Vegas, began on June 27, 2018, at the Zappos Theater in Las Vegas. It concluded on May 16, 2020. It was named after No Doubt's song \"Just a Girl\".", "It was named after No Doubt's song \"Just a Girl\". Proceeds from the show ($1 per ticket) were donated to the organization Cure4Kids. A deluxe edition of You Make It Feel Like Christmas was released in October 2018, and was promoted through the single \"Secret Santa\". On June 22, 2019, Stefani performed at the Machaca Fest in Fundidora Park. In the same month, The New York Times Magazine listed Stefani among hundreds of artists whose material was destroyed in the 2008 Universal fire.", "In the same month, The New York Times Magazine listed Stefani among hundreds of artists whose material was destroyed in the 2008 Universal fire. In June 2019, Stefani replaced Adam Levine as a coach for The Voices 17th season after Levine left the show after 16 seasons as a coach. Stefani was replaced by first-time coach Nick Jonas for the 18th season. She returned for her fifth season of The Voice'''s 19th season as a replacement for Jonas.", "She returned for her fifth season of The Voice'''s 19th season as a replacement for Jonas. her finalist Carter Rubin was named the winner, giving her the first victory as a coach after her fifth attempt, and the ninth coach (and fourth female after Christina Aguilera, Alicia Keys, and Kelly Clarkson) to do so. In November 2020, while the 19th season was still airing, it was announced Jonas would once again replace Stefani as a judge for season 20.", "In November 2020, while the 19th season was still airing, it was announced Jonas would once again replace Stefani as a judge for season 20. On December 13, 2019, Stefani featured on Shelton's single \"Nobody but You\" from his compilation album Fully Loaded: God's Country. The song peaked at number 18 on the Billboard Hot 100 and 49 on the Canadian Hot 100. On July 24, 2020, Stefani and Shelton released another single titled \"Happy Anywhere\" inspired by the COVID-19 pandemic.", "On July 24, 2020, Stefani and Shelton released another single titled \"Happy Anywhere\" inspired by the COVID-19 pandemic. Stefani was initially scheduled to perform at Lollapalooza's 2020 festival, but it was postponed due to the pandemic. Lollapalooza was held as a four-day livestream in July and August 2020, but Stefani did not participate in it. Stefani was featured on a Mark Ronson remix of Dua Lipa's \"Physical\", which is included on Lipa's remix album Club Future Nostalgia (2020).", "Stefani was featured on a Mark Ronson remix of Dua Lipa's \"Physical\", which is included on Lipa's remix album Club Future Nostalgia (2020). Stefani was initially approached to clear a \"Hollaback Girl\" sample for the Mr Fingers' remix of Lipa's \"Hallucinate\", and then asked to be a part of the \"Physical\" remix. To promote 2020 reissued edition of You Make It Feel Like Christmas, Stefani released a cover of \"Sleigh Ride\" as a single.", "To promote 2020 reissued edition of You Make It Feel Like Christmas, Stefani released a cover of \"Sleigh Ride\" as a single. On December 7, 2020, Stefani released \"Let Me Reintroduce Myself\" as the lead single from upcoming fifth studio album. She followed this with a second single \"Slow Clap\" on March 11, 2021, which received a remix featuring Saweetie the following month.", "She followed this with a second single \"Slow Clap\" on March 11, 2021, which received a remix featuring Saweetie the following month. Stefani also teased other new music through her Instagram account, announcing she recorded two new tracks titled \"When Loving Gets Old\" and \"Cry Happy\". Other ventures Stefani made most of the clothing that she wore on stage with No Doubt, resulting in increasingly eclectic combinations.", "Other ventures Stefani made most of the clothing that she wore on stage with No Doubt, resulting in increasingly eclectic combinations. Stylist Andrea Lieberman introduced her to haute couture clothing, which led to Stefani launching a fashion line named L.A.M.B. in 2004. The line takes influence from a variety of fashions, including Guatemalan, Japanese, and Jamaican styles. The line achieved popularity among celebrities and is worn by stars such as Teri Hatcher, Nicole Kidman, and Stefani herself.", "The line achieved popularity among celebrities and is worn by stars such as Teri Hatcher, Nicole Kidman, and Stefani herself. In June 2005, she expanded her collection with the less expensive Harajuku Lovers line, which she referred to as \"a glorified merchandise line\", with varied products including a camera, mobile phone charms, and undergarments. Alt URL In late 2006, Stefani released a limited edition line of dolls called \"Love. Angel. Music. Baby. Fashion dolls\".", "Angel. Music. Baby. Fashion dolls\". Fashion dolls\". The dolls are inspired by the clothes Stefani and the Harajuku Girls wore while touring for the album. In late 2007, Stefani launched a perfume, L, as a part of her L.A.M.B. collection of clothing and accessories. The perfume has high notes of sweet pea and rose. In September 2008, Stefani released a fragrance line as a part of her Harajuku Lovers product line.", "In September 2008, Stefani released a fragrance line as a part of her Harajuku Lovers product line. There are five different fragrances based on the four Harajuku Girls and Stefani herself called Love, Lil' Angel, Music, Baby and G (Gwen). , Stefani has become the spokesperson for L'Oréal Paris. In 2016, Urban Decay released a limited edition cosmetic collection in collaboration with Stefani. After needing to wear glasses, she began designing eyewear. In 2016, Gwen began releasing eyewear under her fashion label L.A.M.B.", "In 2016, Gwen began releasing eyewear under her fashion label L.A.M.B. She also began releasing affordable eyewear under the label GX, with Tura Inc. In 2014, Stefani announced the production of an animated series about her and the Harajuku Girls. Along with Vision Animation and Moody Street Kids, Stefani has helped create the show which features herself, Love, Angel, Music, and Baby as the band, HJ5, who fight evil whilst trying to pursue their music career.", "Along with Vision Animation and Moody Street Kids, Stefani has helped create the show which features herself, Love, Angel, Music, and Baby as the band, HJ5, who fight evil whilst trying to pursue their music career. Mattel was the global toy licensee and the series itself, Kuu Kuu Harajuku was distributed worldwide by DHX Media. Personal life Stefani began dating her bandmate Tony Kanal, soon after he joined the band.", "Personal life Stefani began dating her bandmate Tony Kanal, soon after he joined the band. She stated that she was heavily invested in that relationship, and commented that \"...all I ever did was look at Tony and pray that God would let me have a baby with him.\" The band almost split up when Kanal ended the relationship.Born to Be. MuchMusic programming. Original airdate: March 2006. Retrieved November 13, 2006.", "Original airdate: March 2006. Retrieved November 13, 2006. Retrieved November 13, 2006. Their break-up inspired Stefani lyrically, and many of Tragic Kingdoms songs, such as \"Don't Speak\", \"Sunday Morning\", and \"Hey You! \", chronicle the ups and downs of their relationship. Many years later, Stefani co-wrote her song \"Cool\" about their relationship as friends for her 2004 debut solo album Love. Angel. Music.", "Angel. Music. Music. Baby.Stefani met Bush lead singer and guitarist Gavin Rossdale in 1995, when No Doubt and headlining band Bush performed at a holiday concert for radio station KROQ. They married on September 14, 2002, with a wedding in St Paul's, Covent Garden, London. A second wedding was held in Los Angeles two weeks later. Stefani has three sons with Rossdale, born in May 2006, August 2008, and February 2014.", "Stefani has three sons with Rossdale, born in May 2006, August 2008, and February 2014. On August 3, 2015, Stefani filed for divorce from Rossdale, citing \"irreconcilable differences\". Their divorce was finalized on April 8, 2016, in which Rossdale agreed to the \"unequal split\" of their assets. Stefani announced her relationship with Blake Shelton, country music artist and The Voice co-star, in November 2015.", "Stefani announced her relationship with Blake Shelton, country music artist and The Voice co-star, in November 2015. The couple announced their engagement on October 27, 2020, and married on July 3, 2021, at Shelton's Oklahoma ranch. Artistry AXS called Stefani a \"powerhouse\" vocalist with an \"incredible\" range. The New York Times considered Stefani's vocals \"mannered\" and commended her for \"kick[ing] her vibrato addiction\". IGN described Stefani as having a \"unique vocal prowess\".", "IGN described Stefani as having a \"unique vocal prowess\". The Chicago Tribune stated that Stefani had a \"brash alto\". Stefani's debut album Love. Angel. Music. Baby. took influence from a variety of 1980s genres, which included electropop, new wave, dance-rock, hip hop, R&B, soul, and disco music. Stefani cited early Madonna, Lisa Lisa, Club Nouveau, Prince, New Order and the Cure as major influences for the album.", "Stefani cited early Madonna, Lisa Lisa, Club Nouveau, Prince, New Order and the Cure as major influences for the album. Several of the album's tracks were designed for clubs, and contained electro beats meant for dancing. Referencing fashion and wealth in the album, the singer name-drops several designers who she considered inspirations in her personal career, such as John Galliano and Vivienne Westwood.", "Referencing fashion and wealth in the album, the singer name-drops several designers who she considered inspirations in her personal career, such as John Galliano and Vivienne Westwood. Her second studio album The Sweet Escape resembles musically its predecessor while exploring more modern pop sounds, dabbling heavily into genres such as dance-pop and rap. It carried on the same themes developed in Love. Angel. Music.", "It carried on the same themes developed in Love. Angel. Music. Music. Baby., and was criticized for doing so.This Is What the Truth Feels Like, the singer's third album, continued Stefani's endeavors with the pop genre, while incorporating music from a variety of other genres including reggae, disco, and dancehall, as well as the use of guitars. Stefani's lyrics shifted towards events that had recently occurred in her personal life, such as her divorce from Rossdale, and new relationship with Shelton.", "Stefani's lyrics shifted towards events that had recently occurred in her personal life, such as her divorce from Rossdale, and new relationship with Shelton. The singer stated her album was more about forgiveness than revenge. Public image Stefani began wearing a bindi in the mid-1990s after attending several family gatherings with Tony Kanal, who is of Indian heritage. During No Doubt's breakthrough, Stefani wore the forehead decoration in several of the band's music videos and briefly popularized the accessory in 1997.", "During No Doubt's breakthrough, Stefani wore the forehead decoration in several of the band's music videos and briefly popularized the accessory in 1997. Since the 1995 music video for \"Just a Girl\", Stefani has been known for her midriff and frequently wears tops that expose it.", "Since the 1995 music video for \"Just a Girl\", Stefani has been known for her midriff and frequently wears tops that expose it. Stefani's makeup design generally includes light face powder, bright red lipstick, and arched eyebrows; she wrote about the subject in a song titled \"Magic's in the Makeup\" for No Doubt's Return of Saturn, asking \"If the magic's in the makeup/Then who am I?\".", "Stefani's makeup design generally includes light face powder, bright red lipstick, and arched eyebrows; she wrote about the subject in a song titled \"Magic's in the Makeup\" for No Doubt's Return of Saturn, asking \"If the magic's in the makeup/Then who am I?\". Stefani is a natural brunette, but her hair has not been its natural color since she was in ninth grade. Since late 1994, she has usually had platinum blonde hair.", "Since late 1994, she has usually had platinum blonde hair. Stefani discussed this in the song \"Platinum Blonde Life\" on Rock Steady and played original blonde bombshell Jean Harlow in the 2004 biopic The Aviator. She dyed her hair blue in 1998 and pink in 1999, when she appeared on the cover of Return of Saturn with pink hair. In 2006, Stefani modified her image, inspired by that of Michelle Pfeiffer's character Elvira Hancock in the 1983 film Scarface.", "In 2006, Stefani modified her image, inspired by that of Michelle Pfeiffer's character Elvira Hancock in the 1983 film Scarface. The reinvented image included a symbol consisting of two back-to-back 'G's, which appears on a diamond-encrusted key she wears on a necklace and which became a motif in the promotion of The Sweet Escape. Stefani raised concerns in January 2007 about her rapid weight loss following her pregnancy. She later stated that she had been on a diet since the sixth grade to fit in size 4 clothing.", "She later stated that she had been on a diet since the sixth grade to fit in size 4 clothing. A wax figure of Stefani was unveiled at Madame Tussauds Las Vegas at The Venetian on September 22, 2010. The release of Stefani's first solo album brought attention to her entourage of four Harajuku Girls, who appear in outfits influenced by Gothic Lolita fashion, and are named for the area around the Harajuku Station of Tokyo.", "The release of Stefani's first solo album brought attention to her entourage of four Harajuku Girls, who appear in outfits influenced by Gothic Lolita fashion, and are named for the area around the Harajuku Station of Tokyo. Stefani's clothing also took influence from Japanese fashion, in a style described as a combination between Christian Dior and Japan. The dancers are featured in her music videos, press coverage, and on the album cover for Love. Angel. Music.", "Angel. Music. Music. Baby., with a song named for and dedicated to them on the album. They were also featured in, and the namesake for, Stefani's Harajuku Lovers Tour. Forbes magazine reported that Stefani earned $27 million between June 2007 to June 2008 for her tour, fashion line and commercials, making her the world's 10th highest paid music personality at the time.", "Forbes magazine reported that Stefani earned $27 million between June 2007 to June 2008 for her tour, fashion line and commercials, making her the world's 10th highest paid music personality at the time. Achievements and legacy Throughout her career as a solo artist, Stefani has won several music awards, including one Grammy Award, four MTV Video Music Awards, one American Music Award, one Brit Award, and two Billboard Music Awards. With No Doubt, she has won two Grammy Awards.", "With No Doubt, she has won two Grammy Awards. In 2005, Rolling Stone called her \"the only true female rock star left on radio or MTV\" and featured her on the magazine's cover. Stefani received the Style Icon Award at the first People Magazine Awards in 2014. In 2016, the singer was honored at the Radio Disney Music Awards with a Hero Award, which is given to artists based on their personal contributions to various charitable works.", "In 2016, the singer was honored at the Radio Disney Music Awards with a Hero Award, which is given to artists based on their personal contributions to various charitable works. Stefani has been referred to as a \"Pop Princess\" by several contemporary music critics. In 2012, VH1 listed the singer at the number thirteen on their list of \"100 Greatest Women in Music\".", "In 2012, VH1 listed the singer at the number thirteen on their list of \"100 Greatest Women in Music\". Stefani's work has influenced artists and musicians including Hayley Williams of Paramore, Best Coast, Kim Petras, Teddy Sinclair, Katy Perry, Charli XCX, Kesha, Ava Max, Marina Diamandis, Rita Ora, Keke Palmer, Bebe Rexha, Dua Lipa, the Stunners, Kelly Clarkson, Sky Ferreira, Kirstin Maldonado of Pentatonix, Olivia Rodrigo, and Cover Drive.", "Stefani's work has influenced artists and musicians including Hayley Williams of Paramore, Best Coast, Kim Petras, Teddy Sinclair, Katy Perry, Charli XCX, Kesha, Ava Max, Marina Diamandis, Rita Ora, Keke Palmer, Bebe Rexha, Dua Lipa, the Stunners, Kelly Clarkson, Sky Ferreira, Kirstin Maldonado of Pentatonix, Olivia Rodrigo, and Cover Drive. The latter group, a quartet of Barbados musicians, claimed that both Stefani and No Doubt had helped influence their music, to which the lead singer of the group, Amanda Reifer, said that she would \"pass out\" if she ever met Stefani.", "The latter group, a quartet of Barbados musicians, claimed that both Stefani and No Doubt had helped influence their music, to which the lead singer of the group, Amanda Reifer, said that she would \"pass out\" if she ever met Stefani. The lead single from Love. Angel. Music. Baby., \"What You Waiting For?", "Angel. Music. Baby., \"What You Waiting For? Baby., \"What You Waiting For? \", was considered by Pitchfork to be one of Stefani's best singles, and would later place it at number sixteen on their \"Top 50 Singles of 2004\" list. \"Hollaback Girl\" from Love. Angel. Music. Baby.", "\"Hollaback Girl\" from Love. Angel. Music. Baby. Baby. would go on to be the first song to digitally sell an excess of one million copies in the United States; it was certified platinum in both the United States and Australia, and peaked at number forty-one on Billboards decade-end charts for 2000–09. Since its release in 2005, \"Hollaback Girl\" has been called Stefani's \"signature song\" by Rolling Stone.", "Since its release in 2005, \"Hollaback Girl\" has been called Stefani's \"signature song\" by Rolling Stone. Philanthropy Following the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami, Stefani donated $1 million to Save the Children's Japan Earthquake–Tsunami Children in Emergency Fund.", "Philanthropy Following the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami, Stefani donated $1 million to Save the Children's Japan Earthquake–Tsunami Children in Emergency Fund. Stefani also ran an auction on eBay from April 11 to 25, 2011, allowing participants to bid on vintage clothing items from her personal wardrobe and custom T-shirts designed and signed by her, as well as an admission to a private Harajuku-themed tea party hosted by her on June 7, 2011, at Los Angeles' first-ever Japanese-style maid café and pop art space, Royal/T, with proceeds from the auction going to Save the Children's relief effort.", "Stefani also ran an auction on eBay from April 11 to 25, 2011, allowing participants to bid on vintage clothing items from her personal wardrobe and custom T-shirts designed and signed by her, as well as an admission to a private Harajuku-themed tea party hosted by her on June 7, 2011, at Los Angeles' first-ever Japanese-style maid café and pop art space, Royal/T, with proceeds from the auction going to Save the Children's relief effort. At the amfAR gala during the 2011 Cannes Film Festival, Stefani auctioned off the lacy black dress she wore at the event for charity, raising over $125,000.", "At the amfAR gala during the 2011 Cannes Film Festival, Stefani auctioned off the lacy black dress she wore at the event for charity, raising over $125,000. A representative for designer Michael Angel, who helped Stefani with the design and worked as a stylist, said that Angel created the gown, not Stefani. In response, Angel released a statement confirming that the dress was designed by Stefani for L.A.M.B. to wear and be auctioned off at the amfAR gala.", "to wear and be auctioned off at the amfAR gala. Stefani hosted a fundraiser with First Lady Michelle Obama in August 2012 at the singer's Beverly Hills home. The singer-songwriter supports the LGBT community, stating in a 2019 Pride Source interview, \"I would like to be blessed with a gay son; [...] I just want my boys to be healthy and happy. And I just ask God to guide me to be a good mother, which is not an easy thing at all.\"", "And I just ask God to guide me to be a good mother, which is not an easy thing at all.\" Discography Solo discography Love. Angel. Music. Baby.", "Discography Solo discography Love. Angel. Music. Baby. Baby. (2004) The Sweet Escape (2006) This Is What the Truth Feels Like (2016) You Make It Feel Like Christmas (2017) No Doubt discography No Doubt (1992) The Beacon Street Collection (1995) Tragic Kingdom (1995) Return of Saturn (2000) Rock Steady (2001) Push and Shove'' (2012) Tours Headlining Harajuku Lovers Tour (2005) The Sweet Escape Tour (2007) This Is What the Truth Feels Like Tour (2016) Residency Gwen Stefani – Just a Girl (2018–2021) Promotional MasterCard Priceless Surprises Presents Gwen Stefani (2015–2016) Irvine Meadows Amphitheatre Final Shows (2016) Festivals Machaca Fest (2019) Filmography References External links 1969 births Living people 20th-century American singers 20th-century American women singers 21st-century American actresses 21st-century American singers 21st-century American women singers Actresses from Fullerton, California American contemporary R&B singers American dance musicians American expatriates in the United Kingdom American fashion designers American women pop singers American women rock singers American film actresses American new wave musicians American people of Italian descent American people of Irish descent American pop rock singers American rock songwriters American ska singers American television actresses American video game actresses American voice actresses American women in electronic music Brit Award winners Electronica musicians Women new wave singers Grammy Award winners Interscope Records artists Musicians from Anaheim, California Musicians from Fullerton, California No Doubt members Participants in American reality television series Singers from California Songwriters from California World Music Awards winners Las Vegas shows California State University, Fullerton people Women hip hop record producers American female hip hop singers American female hip hop musicians American women fashion designers" ]

[ "Billy Gunn", "The New Age Outlaws and D-Generation X (1997-1998)", "What were The New Age Outlaws?", "James and Rockabilly were quickly rebranded as \"Road Dogg\" Jesse James and \"Badd Ass\" Billy Gunn, respectively, and their tag team formed was soon dubbed the New Age Outlaws." ]

[ "The Chevrolet Step-Van, and its badge-engineered counterpart the GMC Value-Van, is a multi-stop truck made by General Motors from 1941 to 1999.\n\nHistory\nThe Chevrolet Step-Van was a parcel van that was based on the chassis of a Chevrolet truck until 1973. From 1973, they were built on a unibody chassis instead of a truck-based one.\n\nFirst Generation\nThe first generation was a parcel van version of the AK Series truck built from 1941 to 1949, it was a tougher version than the normal pickup truck it was based on and could haul more things than its pickup counterpart. \n\nDespite the Chevrolet Advance Design being released in 1947/1948, the AK Series parcel van continued production until 1949. The parcel vans can be confused with the Cab-Over Chevrolet trucks and vans. The reason the parcel vans continued production until 1949 is because of their popularity as it could haul more things than the normal pickup truck counterpart it was based on.\n\nSecond Generation\nFrom 1950 to 1953 Chevrolet started continuing the parcel vans versions of their pickup trucks billed as stronger and more capable versions of their pickup trucks, the parcel van was usually made in the chassis of a 3800 version of the Advance-Design.\n\nChevrolet didn't make many versions of the Advance-Design parcel van. as the parcel van body was very tall and caused aerodynamic failures. The parcel van used the same engine as its pickup truck counterpart, unlike the AK Series parcel van.\n\nThird Generation\nThe third generation was made in the chassis of the Volkswagen Type 1 van with the grille and body that was reminiscent of the Chevrolet Task Force series, the back doors were almost the same as the previous but the aerodynamic issues were fixed. \nThe third generation improved the sales of the Chevrolet Step-Van. It was somewhat shorter than the previous generations but had more cargo space in its back than the AK Series and Advance Design parcel vans. This generation introduced a cab-over style to the parcel van style.\n\nFourth Generation\nThe fourth-generation was almost just a facelifted version of the third generation with some upgraded components and this time it was made in a unibody chassis than a previous used one, that generation was not as long as the previous ones but was taller. \n\nIt also featured a somewhat redesigned style and grille, the back doors remained the same for the most part, the headlights remained the same. It was not a cab-over truck and featured a somewhat longer bonnet than the previous generation.\n\nFifth Generation\nThat was the last generation Chevrolet Step-Van made in a unibody chassis like the previous generation, that generation was also made in some European countries, unlike the previous generations.\n\nExternal links\n Chevrolet » Step-Van King '68\n I just bought this former USPS Chevy P30 step van, planning to convert it to a short term camper. What do you think?\n Chevy Forward Control Chassis\n Chevrolet Walk-In Vans And Trucks\n GMC P10 Van\n\nCommercial vehicles\nChevrolet trucks", "The Generation 3 refers to the generation of stock cars used in NASCAR from 1981 to 1991, and it was used in the Busch Series until 1993. In this generation, NASCAR downsized the cars to better resemble cars on the showroom floor (with wheelbase at 110 inches), and body panels were still purchased through the manufacturers.\n\nHistory \nThe Generation 3 era began in 1981 and featured bigger spoilers, and streamlined designs that barely resembled their showroom counterparts. The wheelbase was reduced to 110 inches in response to the demand of the production car market that the time, making the cars smaller than the previous 2 generations.\n\nThese were the cars that necessitated restrictor plates at Daytona and Talladega. In 1987 at Talladega, Bill Elliott set what remains the NASCAR qualifying record of . But soon into the race, Bobby Allison's car went airborne and nearly went into the main grandstands, and that was the last unrestricted race on either of the two giant tracks. NASCAR mandated smaller carburetors for the rest of that season, and in 1988 required the restrictor plates.\n\nThe Generation 3 cars were used until 1991. It was the last generation without roof flaps (mandated in 1994). It was succeeded by the Generation 4 cars in 1992. In that same year, the Gen 3 car was still used in the Busch Series, until the series adopted their Generation 4 car in 1994.\n\nModels\n\nGeneral Motors \n\n Buick Regal: 1981–1985, 1988–1991\n Buick LeSabre: 1986–1987\n Chevrolet Lumina: 1989–1991\n Chevrolet Monte Carlo: 1981–1989\n Oldsmobile Cutlass: 1981–1991\n Oldsmobile Delta 88: 1986–1987\n Pontiac Grand Prix: 1981-1991\n Pontiac LeMans: 1982-1983\n\nFord Motor Company \n Ford Thunderbird: 1981–1991\n\nChrysler Corporation \n Imperial coupe (sixth generation): 1981-1986\n Chrysler Cordoba: 1980-?\n Dodge Mirada: 1981-1986\n\nSee also \n Cup Series cars\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n\nNASCAR Cup Series\n1980s in NASCAR" ]

[ "Monty \"Kip\" Sopp (born November 1, 1963), better known by his ring name Billy Gunn, is an American professional wrestler. He is currently signed to All Elite Wrestling (AEW) as a wrestler and coach. Gunn is best known for his appearances in the World Wrestling Federation/Entertainment (WWF/E) from 1993 to 2004 and from 2012 to 2015. He also served as a coach on WWE's Tough Enough and was a trainer in NXT.", "He also served as a coach on WWE's Tough Enough and was a trainer in NXT. He is also known for his appearances with Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA) from 2005 to 2009. Primarily a tag team wrestler, Gunn is an overall 13-time tag team champion in WWE with three different partners (with Bart Gunn as The Smoking Gunns, with Road Dogg as The New Age Outlaws, and with Chuck Palumbo as Billy and Chuck).", "Primarily a tag team wrestler, Gunn is an overall 13-time tag team champion in WWE with three different partners (with Bart Gunn as The Smoking Gunns, with Road Dogg as The New Age Outlaws, and with Chuck Palumbo as Billy and Chuck). He is also a one time WWF Intercontinental Champion and a two time WWF Hardcore Champion, giving him 14 total championships in WWE.", "He is also a one time WWF Intercontinental Champion and a two time WWF Hardcore Champion, giving him 14 total championships in WWE. He is the 1999 King of the Ring tournament winner, and was inducted into the WWE Hall of Fame in 2019 as a member of D-Generation X. Professional wrestling career Early career (1985–1993) After a stint as a professional bull rider in Professional Rodeo Cowboys Association, Sopp left the profession in his early-20s in order to pursue a career as a professional wrestler.", "Professional wrestling career Early career (1985–1993) After a stint as a professional bull rider in Professional Rodeo Cowboys Association, Sopp left the profession in his early-20s in order to pursue a career as a professional wrestler. Trained by Jerry Grey, Sopp wrestled on the independent circuit for eight years (including a brief stint as enhancement talent for World Championship Wrestling (WCW) before signing a contract with the World Wrestling Federation (WWF) in 1993.", "Trained by Jerry Grey, Sopp wrestled on the independent circuit for eight years (including a brief stint as enhancement talent for World Championship Wrestling (WCW) before signing a contract with the World Wrestling Federation (WWF) in 1993. World Wrestling Federation/Entertainment (1993–2004) The Smoking Gunns (1993–1996) After weeks of vignettes, Sopp, under the name Billy Gunn, made his WWF debut on the May 17, 1993 episode of Raw, teaming with his on-screen brother, Bart Gunn to defeat Tony Vadja and Glenn Ruth.", "World Wrestling Federation/Entertainment (1993–2004) The Smoking Gunns (1993–1996) After weeks of vignettes, Sopp, under the name Billy Gunn, made his WWF debut on the May 17, 1993 episode of Raw, teaming with his on-screen brother, Bart Gunn to defeat Tony Vadja and Glenn Ruth. The duo, now known as The Smoking Gunns, made their pay-per-view debut at King of the Ring, teaming with The Steiner Brothers to defeat Money Inc. and The Headshrinkers in an eight-man tag team match.", "The duo, now known as The Smoking Gunns, made their pay-per-view debut at King of the Ring, teaming with The Steiner Brothers to defeat Money Inc. and The Headshrinkers in an eight-man tag team match. At SummerSlam, the duo teamed with Tatanka to pick up a win against Bam Bam Bigelow and the Headshrinkers. On January 22, 1994, Gunn entered his first Royal Rumble match at the namesake event, but was eliminated by Diesel.", "On January 22, 1994, Gunn entered his first Royal Rumble match at the namesake event, but was eliminated by Diesel. In early 1995, the Gunns won their first Tag Team Championship by defeating the makeshift team of Bob Holly and 1-2-3 Kid. They held the title until WrestleMania XI, where they were defeated by the team of Owen Hart and Yokozuna. They won the titles again in September 1995. On February 15, 1996, the Gunns vacated the title because Billy was in need of neck surgery.", "On February 15, 1996, the Gunns vacated the title because Billy was in need of neck surgery. After Billy returned from hiatus, The Smoking Gunns won the Tag Team Title for the third time by defeating The Godwinns in May. After the match, The Godwinns' manager Sunny turned on her team in favor of the Gunns. On September 22 at In Your House: Mind Games, the Gunns lost the Tag Team Title to Owen Hart and The British Bulldog.", "On September 22 at In Your House: Mind Games, the Gunns lost the Tag Team Title to Owen Hart and The British Bulldog. After the match, Sunny abandoned The Gunns, saying that she would only manage title holders. Billy, frustrated with losing both the championship and Sunny, walked out on Bart, breaking up The Smoking Gunns. Rockabilly, The New Age Outlaws and D-Generation X (1997–1998) After The Smoking Gunns disbanded, Gunn took some time off to nurse an injury.", "Rockabilly, The New Age Outlaws and D-Generation X (1997–1998) After The Smoking Gunns disbanded, Gunn took some time off to nurse an injury. At WrestleMania 13, he defeated Flash Funk catching the attention of The Honky Tonk Man, who made Gunn his protégé. During this time, he adopted a new gimmick, Rockabilly, He would use this gimmick throughout much of 1997 and eventually had a short-lived feud with \"The Real Double J\" Jesse James.", "During this time, he adopted a new gimmick, Rockabilly, He would use this gimmick throughout much of 1997 and eventually had a short-lived feud with \"The Real Double J\" Jesse James. On the October 4, 1997 episode of Shotgun Saturday Night, James realized both of their careers were going nowhere and suggested that they become a tag team. Gunn agreed and smashed a guitar over the Honky Tonk Man's head to solidify their new alliance.", "Gunn agreed and smashed a guitar over the Honky Tonk Man's head to solidify their new alliance. James and Rockabilly were quickly rebranded as \"Road Dogg\" Jesse James and \"Badd Ass\" Billy Gunn, respectively, and their tag team was dubbed the New Age Outlaws. They quickly rose to the top of the tag team ranks and won the Tag Team Championship from the Legion of Doom on November 24. They also defeated the LOD in a rematch at In Your House: D-Generation X.", "They also defeated the LOD in a rematch at In Your House: D-Generation X. The Outlaws slowly began to align themselves with D-Generation X. At the Royal Rumble, the New Age Outlaws interfered in a Casket match to help Shawn Michaels defeat The Undertaker. At No Way Out Of Texas, the Outlaws teamed up with Triple H and Savio Vega (who replaced the injured Shawn Michaels) to face Chainsaw Charlie, Cactus Jack, Owen Hart, and Steve Austin. They were, however, defeated.", "They were, however, defeated. They were, however, defeated. On February 2, The Outlaws locked Cactus and Chainsaw in a dumpster and pushed it off the stage. This led to a Dumpster match at WrestleMania XIV where Cactus and Chainsaw defeated the Outlaws for the Tag Titles. The next night on Raw, the New Age Outlaws won the Tag Team Championship for a second time by defeating Chainsaw and Cactus in a Steel cage match, but only after interference from Triple H, Chyna, and X-Pac.", "The next night on Raw, the New Age Outlaws won the Tag Team Championship for a second time by defeating Chainsaw and Cactus in a Steel cage match, but only after interference from Triple H, Chyna, and X-Pac. After the match, the Outlaws officially became members of D-Generation X (DX). After joining DX, the Outlaws successfully defended their Tag Team Title against the Legion of Doom 2000 at Unforgiven. DX began to feud with Owen Hart and his new stablemates, The Nation.", "DX began to feud with Owen Hart and his new stablemates, The Nation. At Over The Edge, the Outlaws and Triple H were defeated by Nation members Owen, Kama Mustafa, and D'Lo Brown in a Six Man Tag Match. During this time, the Outlaws began a feud with Kane and Mankind. At SummerSlam, Mankind faced the Outlaws in a Handicap match after Kane no-showed the title defense. The Outlaws defeated Mankind to win the titles for the third time.", "The Outlaws defeated Mankind to win the titles for the third time. In December, the Outlaws lost the title to The Big Boss Man and Ken Shamrock from The Corporation. Mr. Ass and reformation of the Outlaws and DX (1999–2000) The Outlaws then began to focus more on singles competition. The Road Dogg won the Hardcore Championship in December 1998, and Gunn set his sights on the Intercontinental Championship. At the 1999 Royal Rumble, Gunn unsuccessfully challenged Ken Shamrock for the Intercontinental Title.", "At the 1999 Royal Rumble, Gunn unsuccessfully challenged Ken Shamrock for the Intercontinental Title. The next month at St. Valentine's Day Massacre, Gunn was the special guest referee for the Intercontinental Championship match between Val Venis and champion Ken Shamrock, where Gunn made a fast count and declared Venis the new champion before attacking both men. In March, Gunn won the Hardcore Championship from Hardcore Holly. At WrestleMania XV, Gunn lost the title to Holly in a Triple Threat match which also included Al Snow.", "At WrestleMania XV, Gunn lost the title to Holly in a Triple Threat match which also included Al Snow. The New Age Outlaws then reunited to defeat Jeff Jarrett and Owen Hart at Backlash. After Backlash, Gunn left D-Generation X and aligned himself with Triple H and Chyna. Gunn defeated his former partner, Road Dogg, in a match at Over the Edge. Gunn then won the King of the Ring tournament by defeating Ken Shamrock, Kane, and his former ally, X-Pac.", "Gunn then won the King of the Ring tournament by defeating Ken Shamrock, Kane, and his former ally, X-Pac. After King of the Ring, Gunn, Triple H, and Chyna went on to feud with X-Pac and Road Dogg over the rights to the D-Generation X name. This feud culminated at Fully Loaded when X-Pac and Road Dogg defeated Gunn and Chyna. Gunn then began a brief feud with The Rock. At SummerSlam, The Rock defeated Gunn in a Kiss My Ass Match.", "At SummerSlam, The Rock defeated Gunn in a Kiss My Ass Match. Following this, Gunn then briefly feuded with Jeff Jarrett for the Intercontinental Title before reuniting with Road Dogg to reform The New Age Outlaws. The Outlaws won their fourth tag team championship by defeating The Rock 'n' Sock Connection in September 1999. The Outlaws later reunited with X-Pac and Triple H to reform D-Generation X. During this time, The Outlaws won their fifth Tag Team Championship after defeating Mankind and Al Snow.", "During this time, The Outlaws won their fifth Tag Team Championship after defeating Mankind and Al Snow. At the 2000 Royal Rumble, The New Age Outlaws retained their title against The Acolytes after interference from X-Pac. The Outlaws then had a feud with The Dudley Boyz, who won the Tag Team Championship from The Outlaws at No Way Out.", "The Outlaws then had a feud with The Dudley Boyz, who won the Tag Team Championship from The Outlaws at No Way Out. After suffering a torn rotator cuff in the match with The Dudley Boyz, Gunn was kicked out of D-Generation X for \"losing his cool\" to explain his impending absence to recover from his injury. The One (2000–2001) Gunn made his return in October and immediately teamed with Chyna to feud with Right to Censor, who wanted to \"censor\" his Mr. Ass gimmick.", "The One (2000–2001) Gunn made his return in October and immediately teamed with Chyna to feud with Right to Censor, who wanted to \"censor\" his Mr. Ass gimmick. At No Mercy, Right to Censor members Steven Richards and Val Venis defeated Chyna and Gunn. Due to a stipulation, Gunn could no longer use the Mr. Ass gimmick, so he renamed himself Billy G. for a few weeks before settling on \"The One\" Billy Gunn. Gunn then feuded with Eddie Guerrero and the rest of The Radicalz.", "Gunn then feuded with Eddie Guerrero and the rest of The Radicalz. At Survivor Series, Gunn teamed with Road Dogg, Chyna, and K-Kwik in a losing effort against The Radicalz. A few weeks later on SmackDown!, Gunn won the Intercontinental Championship from Guerrero. However, the title reign was short-lived, as Chris Benoit defeated him for the title two weeks later at Armageddon.", "However, the title reign was short-lived, as Chris Benoit defeated him for the title two weeks later at Armageddon. After feuding with Benoit, Gunn participated in the 2001 Royal Rumble where he made it to the final four, Gunn interfered in the Hardcore Championship Match at No Way Out, and taking advantage of the 24/7 Rule, pinning Raven for the title. The reign was short-lived, as Raven won it back a few minutes later.", "The reign was short-lived, as Raven won it back a few minutes later. Billy and Chuck (2001–2002) In a 2001 match on Sunday Night Heat, Gunn was defeated by Chuck Palumbo, who recently left The Alliance to join the WWF. After the match, Gunn suggested that they form a tag team. Palumbo agreed, and Billy and Chuck quickly rose to the top of the tag team division.", "Palumbo agreed, and Billy and Chuck quickly rose to the top of the tag team division. Initially they were a generic tandem, but they were given a gimmick where they grew increasingly affectionate toward each other, showing evidence of a storyline homosexual relationship. In February 2002, Billy and Chuck defeated Spike Dudley and Tazz to win the WWF Tag Team Championship for the first time as a team. After winning the titles, Billy and Chuck found a \"Personal Stylist\" in the ambiguously flamboyant Rico.", "After winning the titles, Billy and Chuck found a \"Personal Stylist\" in the ambiguously flamboyant Rico. After retaining the title against the Acolytes Protection Agency, the Dudley Boyz, and the Hardy Boyz in a Four Corners Elimination Match at WrestleMania X8 and against Al Snow and Maven at Backlash, Billy and Chuck began a feud with Rikishi.", "After retaining the title against the Acolytes Protection Agency, the Dudley Boyz, and the Hardy Boyz in a Four Corners Elimination Match at WrestleMania X8 and against Al Snow and Maven at Backlash, Billy and Chuck began a feud with Rikishi. At Judgment Day, Rikishi and Rico (Rikishi's mystery partner of Mr. McMahon's choosing) defeated Billy and Chuck for the WWE Tag Team Championship after Rico accidentally hit Chuck with a roundhouse kick. Billy and Chuck quickly won the title back two weeks later on SmackDown!", "Billy and Chuck quickly won the title back two weeks later on SmackDown! with Rico's help. They held the championship for almost a month before losing it to the team of Edge and Hollywood Hulk Hogan on the July 4 episode of SmackDown!. On the September 5 edition of SmackDown!, after Billy lost a match to Rey Mysterio, Chuck proposed to Billy, asking him to be his \"partner for life\" and gave him a wedding ring.", "On the September 5 edition of SmackDown!, after Billy lost a match to Rey Mysterio, Chuck proposed to Billy, asking him to be his \"partner for life\" and gave him a wedding ring. Billy agreed, and one week later, on the September 12 episode of SmackDown!, Billy and Chuck had their wedding ceremony. However, just before they tied the knot, they revealed that the entire ordeal was a publicity stunt and disavowed their on-screen homosexuality, admitting that they were just friends.", "However, just before they tied the knot, they revealed that the entire ordeal was a publicity stunt and disavowed their on-screen homosexuality, admitting that they were just friends. The \"preacher\" revealed himself to be Raw General Manager Eric Bischoff (who was wearing a skin mask), who then summoned 3-Minute Warning to beat up Billy and Chuck. Rico, furious that Billy and Chuck gave up their gimmick, became the manager of Three Minute Warning and defected to Raw.", "Rico, furious that Billy and Chuck gave up their gimmick, became the manager of Three Minute Warning and defected to Raw. At Unforgiven, Three Minute Warning defeated Billy and Chuck. Their final match together occurred on the October 3 episode of SmackDown! in the first round of a tournament for the newly created WWE Tag Team Championship. They lost the match to the team of Ron Simmons and Reverend D-Von.", "They lost the match to the team of Ron Simmons and Reverend D-Von. Afterwards, Gunn took a few months off because of a shoulder injury and the team of Billy and Chuck quietly disbanded. SmackDown! and return to singles competition (2003–2004) After returning in the summer of 2003, Gunn reverted to the \"Mr. Ass\" gimmick, defeating A-Train, and Torrie Wilson became his new manager.", "and return to singles competition (2003–2004) After returning in the summer of 2003, Gunn reverted to the \"Mr. Ass\" gimmick, defeating A-Train, and Torrie Wilson became his new manager. He started a feud with Jamie Noble, which led to an \"Indecent Proposal\" Match at Vengeance, which Noble won and due to the match's stipulation, won a night with Torrie.", "He started a feud with Jamie Noble, which led to an \"Indecent Proposal\" Match at Vengeance, which Noble won and due to the match's stipulation, won a night with Torrie. After taking time off again due to a shoulder injury, Gunn returned to action at the 2004 Royal Rumble, but was eliminated by Goldberg. Afterward, he wrestled mainly on Velocity, forming an occasional tag team with Hardcore Holly.", "Afterward, he wrestled mainly on Velocity, forming an occasional tag team with Hardcore Holly. At Judgment Day, Gunn and Holly challenged Charlie Haas and Rico for the WWE Tag Team Championship, but were unsuccessful. At The Great American Bash, Gunn lost to Kenzo Suzuki. On November 1, 2004, Sopp was released from his WWE contract. In June 2005, Sopp gave an interview in which he was heavily critical of WWE and the events that led to his release.", "In June 2005, Sopp gave an interview in which he was heavily critical of WWE and the events that led to his release. Many of the negative comments were directed towards Triple H, who Sopp claimed \"runs the show up there\".", "Many of the negative comments were directed towards Triple H, who Sopp claimed \"runs the show up there\". Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (2005–2009) Planet Jarrett (2005) On February 13, 2005, Sopp debuted in Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA) without a name (as Billy Gunn is a WWE trademark, although announcers recognized him as such) at Against All Odds with the same gimmick, helping Jeff Jarrett retain the NWA World Heavyweight Championship in a match with Kevin Nash.", "Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (2005–2009) Planet Jarrett (2005) On February 13, 2005, Sopp debuted in Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA) without a name (as Billy Gunn is a WWE trademark, although announcers recognized him as such) at Against All Odds with the same gimmick, helping Jeff Jarrett retain the NWA World Heavyweight Championship in a match with Kevin Nash. Sopp, using the name The New Age Outlaw, then formed a stable with Jarrett and Monty Brown known as Planet Jarrett.", "Sopp, using the name The New Age Outlaw, then formed a stable with Jarrett and Monty Brown known as Planet Jarrett. However, WWE threatened TNA with legal action if Sopp continued the use of the name \"The New Age Outlaw\", so he shortened his name to The Outlaw.", "However, WWE threatened TNA with legal action if Sopp continued the use of the name \"The New Age Outlaw\", so he shortened his name to The Outlaw. Due to the legal issues with WWE, all TNA -DVD releases featuring footage with Sopp as \"The Outlaw\" (and presumably also as \"The New Age Outlaw\") have had the name on on-screen graphics blurred, the name silenced out of the audio, and match commentary completely replaced to reflect a retroactive name change to \"Kip James\".", "Due to the legal issues with WWE, all TNA -DVD releases featuring footage with Sopp as \"The Outlaw\" (and presumably also as \"The New Age Outlaw\") have had the name on on-screen graphics blurred, the name silenced out of the audio, and match commentary completely replaced to reflect a retroactive name change to \"Kip James\". One such DVD is the pay-per-view Lockdown, included in the \"TNA Anthology: The Epic Set\" box set, in which the silencing of the name during a segment where Dusty Rhodes picks his name from a lottery leaves DVD viewers in the dark as to who just got picked.", "One such DVD is the pay-per-view Lockdown, included in the \"TNA Anthology: The Epic Set\" box set, in which the silencing of the name during a segment where Dusty Rhodes picks his name from a lottery leaves DVD viewers in the dark as to who just got picked. The Outlaw began a campaign to make former ally B.G. James leave the 3Live Kru and defect to Planet Jarrett, reforming the old tag team with Outlaw.", "James leave the 3Live Kru and defect to Planet Jarrett, reforming the old tag team with Outlaw. At No Surrender, he renamed himself Kip James and was announced as \"wrestling out of Marietta, Georgia\" (the family seat of the Armstrong family) as a psychological ploy.", "At No Surrender, he renamed himself Kip James and was announced as \"wrestling out of Marietta, Georgia\" (the family seat of the Armstrong family) as a psychological ploy. As a result of his campaign, Kip attracted the ire of 3Live Kru members Ron Killings and Konnan, leading to a series of tag team matches pitting Kip and Monty Brown against Killings and Konnan, with a conflicted James unwilling to take sides.", "As a result of his campaign, Kip attracted the ire of 3Live Kru members Ron Killings and Konnan, leading to a series of tag team matches pitting Kip and Monty Brown against Killings and Konnan, with a conflicted James unwilling to take sides. Kip's efforts ultimately proved futile; James, the guest referee in a final match between Brown and Kip versus Konnan and Killings at Sacrifice, attacked Kip enabling a 3Live Kru victory.", "Kip's efforts ultimately proved futile; James, the guest referee in a final match between Brown and Kip versus Konnan and Killings at Sacrifice, attacked Kip enabling a 3Live Kru victory. In September at Unbreakable, Kip teamed with Brown to defeat the team of Apolo and Lance Hoyt. There was clear tension between the partners because Brown was unhappy at the series of losses at the hands of the 3Live Kru, and Kip was irked by Brown's decision to leave Planet Jarrett.", "There was clear tension between the partners because Brown was unhappy at the series of losses at the hands of the 3Live Kru, and Kip was irked by Brown's decision to leave Planet Jarrett. Despite the victory, the partners argued after the match. On the October 8, 2005 episode of Impact!, Kip rekindled his feud with the 3Live Kru, running to the ring after a bout between the 3LK and Team Canada in order to prevent Team Canada captain Petey Williams from beating down B.G. James.", "James. James. He saved James, and then engaged in a staredown with Konnan and Killings. Kip saved James from Team Canada once again at Bound for Glory. Though Killings showed signs of gratitude, Konnan remained skeptical as to his true intentions. Later that night, Kip took part in an over-the-top-rope gauntlet match for the number one contendership to the NWA World Heavyweight Championship. After he was eliminated, he tried in vain to prevent Killings from being eliminated as well, before being sent away from ringside by the referees.", "After he was eliminated, he tried in vain to prevent Killings from being eliminated as well, before being sent away from ringside by the referees. The James Gang/Voodoo Kin Mafia (2005–2008) On the November 26 episode of Impact!, B.G. brought Kip and the 3Live Kru to ringside and asked Killings and Konnan whether Kip could join the stable. Following a heated argument between Konnan and B.G., both Killings and Konnan gave their approval, and the 4Live Kru was born.", "Following a heated argument between Konnan and B.G., both Killings and Konnan gave their approval, and the 4Live Kru was born. However, at Turning Point, Konnan attacked both B.G. and Kip, costing them their match against Team Canada and initiating a feud between himself and the remainder of the Kru. Shortly thereafter, B.G. James's father, Bob Armstrong, attempted to reconcile the group, but was instead attacked by Konnan and his new stablemates, Apolo and Homicide.", "James's father, Bob Armstrong, attempted to reconcile the group, but was instead attacked by Konnan and his new stablemates, Apolo and Homicide. Killings later stated that he had severed his ties with the Kru. With Konnan and Killings no longer members of the Kru, Kip and B.G.", "With Konnan and Killings no longer members of the Kru, Kip and B.G. began referring to themselves as The James Gang and continued to feud with the Konnan-managed Latin American Exchange, whose third man position as Homicide's partner would switch from Apolo to Machete, and then from him to Hernandez, who finally stuck, during the course of this feud. At Final Resolution, The James Gang defeated The Diamonds in the Rough (David Young and Elix Skipper).", "At Final Resolution, The James Gang defeated The Diamonds in the Rough (David Young and Elix Skipper). At Against All Odds, The James Gang defeated LAX (Homicide and Machete). At Destination X, The James Gang and Bob Armstrong defeated Latin American Exchange in a six-man tag team match. At Sacrifice, The James Gang defeated Team 3D which led to a rematch at Slammiversary where Team 3D defeated The James Gang in a Bingo Hall Brawl.", "At Sacrifice, The James Gang defeated Team 3D which led to a rematch at Slammiversary where Team 3D defeated The James Gang in a Bingo Hall Brawl. At Victory Road, The James Gang and Abyss defeated Team 3D and their newest member Brother Runt. At No Surrender, The James Gang competed in a Triple Chance tag team battle royal but failed to win the match. At Bound for Glory, The James Gang competed in a Four-way tag team match which was won by Team 3D.", "At Bound for Glory, The James Gang competed in a Four-way tag team match which was won by Team 3D. By November 2006, Kip and B.G. began to show displeasure in TNA and threatened to go find work elsewhere if they did not receive gold soon. They began performing the crotch chop, a reference to the WWE's DX. On the November 2 edition of Impact!, Kip and B.G. threatened to quit.", "threatened to quit. threatened to quit. Kip grabbed the mic and tried to say something to the TNA administration and Spike TV, but each time his mic was cut off. Kip then tried to use the announcer's headset, but it was cut off as well. Frustrated, he started yelling loudly to the crowd, but he was cut off again as the show went to a commercial break.", "Frustrated, he started yelling loudly to the crowd, but he was cut off again as the show went to a commercial break. When the show returned, the announcers speculated that they may have been frustrated due to the influx of new talent entering TNA. It was reported that the segment was a worked shoot that Vince Russo had written in order to renew interest upon their eventual return. Kip and BG appeared in an internet video on TNA's website where they addressed the owner of WWE Vince McMahon.", "Kip and BG appeared in an internet video on TNA's website where they addressed the owner of WWE Vince McMahon. A few weeks later on Impact!, The James Gang re-emerged under a new name Voodoo Kin Mafia (VKM for short, a play on Vincent Kennedy McMahon's initials). They mentioned their new right of 'creative control', meaning they could do whatever they wanted.", "They mentioned their new right of 'creative control', meaning they could do whatever they wanted. They also declared 'war' on Paul Levesque, Michael Hickenbottom, and Vincent K. McMahon (Triple H, Shawn Michaels, and Vince McMahon, respectively). Kip then declared that 'Triple Hollywood' and 'Shawn Kiss-my-bottom' were failing as the group they (Kip and BG) used to be a part of: D-Generation X.", "Kip then declared that 'Triple Hollywood' and 'Shawn Kiss-my-bottom' were failing as the group they (Kip and BG) used to be a part of: D-Generation X. After the initial shock value of this incident wore off, at Genesis, The Voodoo Kin Mafia defeated Kazarian, Maverick Matt and Johnny Devine in a handicap match. VKM began a feud with the villainous Christy Hemme. Hemme then searched for a tag team to square-off against VKM.", "Hemme then searched for a tag team to square-off against VKM. At Destination X, The Voodoo Kin Mafia defeated Hemme's handpicked team of The Heartbreakers (Antonio Thomas & Romeo Roselli). On the Lockdown preshow The Voodoo Kin Mafia defeated another one of Hemme's handpicked team Serotonin (Kaz & Havok) in a Six Sides of Steel match. The final tag team was Damaja and Basham, who appeared on an episode of Impact! and beat down VKM. They also held up Kip James so Hemme could slap him.", "They also held up Kip James so Hemme could slap him. B.G James was taken out by Basham and Damaja which led to Kip James competed against Basham and Damaja in a handicap match at Sacrifice where he lost. However, they beat Hemme's team at Slammiversary. After the match, VKM were betrayed by their associate Lance Hoyt. At Victory Road, they introduced their new manager, the Voodoo Queen, Roxxi Laveaux, to embarrass Christy Hemme.", "At Victory Road, they introduced their new manager, the Voodoo Queen, Roxxi Laveaux, to embarrass Christy Hemme. At Hard Justice, The Voodoo Kin Mafia lost to The Latin American Exchange. At No Surrender, The Voodoo Kin Mafia competed in a Ten-team tag team gauntlet match which was won by A.J. Styles and Tomko. At Bound for Glory, Kip James competed in the Fight for the Right Reverse Battle Royal which was won by Eric Young.", "At Bound for Glory, Kip James competed in the Fight for the Right Reverse Battle Royal which was won by Eric Young. On the October 25 edition of Impact!, VKM teamed with A.J. Styles and Tomko in a losing effort to the Latin American Xchange and the Steiner Brothers. At Genesis, B.G. was present along with Kip in the corner of Roxxi Laveaux at ringside for the Fatal Four Way knockout match for the TNA Women's Championship in which Gail Kim retained the title.", "was present along with Kip in the corner of Roxxi Laveaux at ringside for the Fatal Four Way knockout match for the TNA Women's Championship in which Gail Kim retained the title. At Turning Point, James competed in the Feast or Fired where he grabbed a case but threw it to BG James.", "At Turning Point, James competed in the Feast or Fired where he grabbed a case but threw it to BG James. It was revealed that the case was for a shot at the TNA World Tag Team Championship and BG James picked his dad to be his partner at Against All Odds, James and Bob Armstrong failed to win the titles and on February 21, 2008 episode of Impact! he turned on B.G. and B.G's father \"Bullet\" Bob Armstrong by hitting them both with a crutch.", "and B.G's father \"Bullet\" Bob Armstrong by hitting them both with a crutch. The Beautiful People (2008–2009) On April 13, 2008, he faced former partner B.G. James at Lockdown and lost. After the match, he appeared to want to make amends as he raised B.G. 's hand after the match, only to clothesline him down to the mat and taunt him with a DX crotch chop.", "'s hand after the match, only to clothesline him down to the mat and taunt him with a DX crotch chop. Kip went on to declare himself \"The Megastar\", an arrogant gimmick similar to \"The One\" gimmick from his WWF tenure. Kip later stopped making appearances on Impact! until April 24 when he was attacked backstage by Matt Morgan for no reason. The next week on Impact!, Kip got back at Morgan by attacking him backstage in Jim Cornette's office.", "The next week on Impact!, Kip got back at Morgan by attacking him backstage in Jim Cornette's office. On May 8, 2008, Cornette forced Morgan into being Kip's tag team partner for the Deuces Wild tournament at Sacrifice, though both were unable to win. Kip went on another brief disappearance from television until the June 5 edition of Impact!, where he partnered with Lance Hoyt and James Storm in a losing effort against Morgan and The Latin American Xchange.", "Kip went on another brief disappearance from television until the June 5 edition of Impact!, where he partnered with Lance Hoyt and James Storm in a losing effort against Morgan and The Latin American Xchange. On the August 14 episode of Impact!, Kip was revealed to be the new image consultant and member of The Beautiful People, dubbed Cute Kip and was using his Mr.Ass Attire, after they brought him out during their interview on Karen Angle's show Karen's Angle.", "On the August 14 episode of Impact!, Kip was revealed to be the new image consultant and member of The Beautiful People, dubbed Cute Kip and was using his Mr.Ass Attire, after they brought him out during their interview on Karen Angle's show Karen's Angle. at Bound for Glory IV, Kip, Love and Sky lost to Rhino, ODB and Rhaka Khan in a Bimbo Brawl. at Final Resolution (December 2008), Kip competed in the Feast or Fired match but failed to get a case.", "at Final Resolution (December 2008), Kip competed in the Feast or Fired match but failed to get a case. At Genesis 2009, Kip became the one-night-only replacement for the injured Kevin Nash in the Main Event Mafia. As of March 19, 2009, Sopp was taken off of TNA Impact! along with Jacqueline Moore to become road agents. Sopp returned as Cute Kip and lost to Awesome Kong in an intergender stretcher match on May 14, 2009.", "Sopp returned as Cute Kip and lost to Awesome Kong in an intergender stretcher match on May 14, 2009. On the May 28 edition of Impact!, Kip was fired by The Beautiful People. On the June 18 edition of Impact!, Mick Foley hired him as his handyman, turning Kip into a face. he made another appearance on the August 6 edition of Impact where Kip had to clean up the IMPACT Zone after a chaotic fifteen minute \"riot\".", "he made another appearance on the August 6 edition of Impact where Kip had to clean up the IMPACT Zone after a chaotic fifteen minute \"riot\". On October 9 edition of Xplosion, Kip was defeated by Rhino. On October 30 edition of Xplosion, Kip defeated Sheik Abdul Bashir. on the November 13 edition of Xplosion, Kip lost to Rob Terry and on December 3, 2009 edition of Xplosion, Kip competed in his final TNA match where he lost to Kiyoshi.", "on the November 13 edition of Xplosion, Kip lost to Rob Terry and on December 3, 2009 edition of Xplosion, Kip competed in his final TNA match where he lost to Kiyoshi. Sopp's profile was removed from the TNA website on December 29, 2009, confirming his departure from the promotion. Independent circuit (2009–2012) After leaving TNA, Sopp reunited with B.G. James to reform The New Age Outlaws, with both men resuming their Billy Gunn and Road Dogg ring names.", "James to reform The New Age Outlaws, with both men resuming their Billy Gunn and Road Dogg ring names. After joining TWA Powerhouse in 2010, the Outlaws defeated Canadian Extreme to win the promotion's Tag Team Championship on July 25. They re-lost the title to Canadian Extreme on June 5, 2011. On July 30, 2011, Sopp, working under the ring name Kip Gunn, made his debut for Lucha Libre USA as a member of the heel stable The Right.", "On July 30, 2011, Sopp, working under the ring name Kip Gunn, made his debut for Lucha Libre USA as a member of the heel stable The Right. Later that night, Gunn lost in his debut match against Marco Corleone. On June 26, 2012, Sopp won the American Pro Wrestling Alliance American Championship. However, he lost the title due to travel issues. On September 8 and 9, 2012, he wrestled in a Bad Boys of Wrestling Federation tournament.", "On September 8 and 9, 2012, he wrestled in a Bad Boys of Wrestling Federation tournament. He defeated Rhino in the semi-finals and Scott Steiner in the final, winning the BBWF Aruba Championship. Return to WWE (2012–2015) On July 23, Sopp, under his Billy Gunn name, made his first WWE appearance in nearly eight years as he reunited with Road Dogg, X-Pac, Shawn Michaels and Triple H to reform D-Generation X for one night only on the 1000th episode of Raw.", "Return to WWE (2012–2015) On July 23, Sopp, under his Billy Gunn name, made his first WWE appearance in nearly eight years as he reunited with Road Dogg, X-Pac, Shawn Michaels and Triple H to reform D-Generation X for one night only on the 1000th episode of Raw. In December 2012, he was hired by WWE as a trainer for the NXT Wrestling territory in Tampa, Florida.", "In December 2012, he was hired by WWE as a trainer for the NXT Wrestling territory in Tampa, Florida. On March 4, 2013, Gunn and Road Dogg made a return at Old School Raw, defeating Primo and Epico.", "On March 4, 2013, Gunn and Road Dogg made a return at Old School Raw, defeating Primo and Epico. On March 11, 2013, they accepted a challenge from Team Rhodes Scholars and faced them in a match, which was interrupted by Brock Lesnar, who hit both Outlaws with an F-5 as part of his ongoing feud with Triple H. He then appeared alongside Road Dogg to help CM Punk clear out The Shield in aid of Roddy Piper on Old School Raw on January 6, 2014.", "On March 11, 2013, they accepted a challenge from Team Rhodes Scholars and faced them in a match, which was interrupted by Brock Lesnar, who hit both Outlaws with an F-5 as part of his ongoing feud with Triple H. He then appeared alongside Road Dogg to help CM Punk clear out The Shield in aid of Roddy Piper on Old School Raw on January 6, 2014. On the January 10 episode of SmackDown, the Outlaws teamed with CM Punk in a six-man tag match against The Shield in a losing effort.", "On the January 10 episode of SmackDown, the Outlaws teamed with CM Punk in a six-man tag match against The Shield in a losing effort. On the January 13 episode of Raw, the Outlaws again teamed with Punk in a rematch against The Shield, only to abandon Punk and lose the match. On January 26 during the Royal Rumble Kickoff Show, Gunn and Road Dogg beat Cody Rhodes and Goldust to win the WWE Tag Team Championship.", "On January 26 during the Royal Rumble Kickoff Show, Gunn and Road Dogg beat Cody Rhodes and Goldust to win the WWE Tag Team Championship. The next night on Raw the New Age Outlaws retained the championship against Rhodes and Goldust via disqualification when Brock Lesnar attacked the brothers. The next week on Raw the New Age Outlaws retained the championship against Rhodes and Goldust in a steel cage match. On March 3, the Outlaws lost the Tag Team Championship to The Usos.", "On March 3, the Outlaws lost the Tag Team Championship to The Usos. Gunn sustained hemoptysis after he and his New Age Outlaws partner, Road Dogg, suffered a double-Triple Powerbomb by The Shield at WrestleMania XXX. Gunn returned to Raw with Road Dogg in January 2015, attacking The Ascension along with the nWo and the APA. At the Royal Rumble, the Outlaws faced The Ascension in a losing effort.", "At the Royal Rumble, the Outlaws faced The Ascension in a losing effort. At WrestleMania 31, Gunn, with Road Dogg, X-Pac and Shawn Michaels, reunited as D-Generation X to help Triple H in his match against Sting. In May, Gunn was announced as a coach along with WWE Hall of Famers Booker T and Lita for the sixth season of Tough Enough. On November 13, 2015, WWE officially announced that Sopp was released from his WWE contract after failing a test for performance-enhancing drugs.", "On November 13, 2015, WWE officially announced that Sopp was released from his WWE contract after failing a test for performance-enhancing drugs. He had tested positive for elevated levels of testosterone at a powerlifting event on July 25, 2015, and was suspended from powerlifting for four years. Independent circuit (2015–2020) On December 26, 2015, Gunn teamed up with Kevin Thorn to defeat Brian Klass and Rob Street. One month later, Gunn defeated Ken Dixon for the MCW Pro Wrestling MCW Rage Television Championship.", "One month later, Gunn defeated Ken Dixon for the MCW Pro Wrestling MCW Rage Television Championship. On February 5, 2016, Gunn defeated Joey Hayes in the Preston City Wrestling PCW Road to Glory tournament, on February 6 he lost to T-Bone in the quarter-finals that same night Gunn teamed up with Mr. Anderson and Tajiri to defeat Dave Raynes, Joey Hayes, and Martin Kirby. On February 7, 2016 Gunn challenged for the Pro Wrestling Pride Heavyweight championship losing to Steve Griffiths.", "On February 7, 2016 Gunn challenged for the Pro Wrestling Pride Heavyweight championship losing to Steve Griffiths. On March 19, 2016, Gunn lost the title to Ken Dixon. On June 12, 2016, Gunn won the Smashmouth Pro Wrestling championship from KC Huber but lost it on the same night, Gunn teamed again with Anderson in a losing effort against the UK Hooligans at PCW Tribute to the Troops on June 25, 2016. He defeated Hardcore Holly in a singles match at PCW Top Gunn on July 2, 2016.", "He defeated Hardcore Holly in a singles match at PCW Top Gunn on July 2, 2016. On September 4, 2016, Gunn made his debut for Chikara, representing DX alongside X-Pac in a tag team gauntlet match. The two entered the match as the final team and scored the win over Prakash Sabar and The Proletariat Boar of Moldova.", "The two entered the match as the final team and scored the win over Prakash Sabar and The Proletariat Boar of Moldova. New Japan Pro-Wrestling (2016–2017) On November 5, 2016, at the New Japan Pro-Wrestling (NJPW) event Power Struggle, Yoshitatsu announced Gunn as the newest member of his Hunter Club stable and his partner for the upcoming 2016 World Tag League. Gunn and Yoshitatsu finished the tournament on December 8 with a record of three wins and four losses, failing to advance from their block.", "Gunn and Yoshitatsu finished the tournament on December 8 with a record of three wins and four losses, failing to advance from their block. Gunn returned to NJPW on January 4, 2017, taking part in the pre-show New Japan Rumble at Wrestle Kingdom 11 in Tokyo Dome, from which he was eliminated by the eventual winner Michael Elgin. While Gunn did not appear for NJPW for the next six months, he was brought up in May by Yoshitatsu, who told Hiroshi Tanahashi that Gunn had requested a match against him.", "While Gunn did not appear for NJPW for the next six months, he was brought up in May by Yoshitatsu, who told Hiroshi Tanahashi that Gunn had requested a match against him. When Tanahashi captured the IWGP Intercontinental Championship the following month, he immediately nominated Gunn as his first challenger. Gunn was defeated in the title match on July 2 at G1 Special in USA, and it was his final match in NJPW.", "Gunn was defeated in the title match on July 2 at G1 Special in USA, and it was his final match in NJPW. WWE appearances (2018–2019) Gunn and numerous other WWE legends appeared on the January 22, 2018 episode of Raw 25 Years as part of the D-Generation X reunion. He was inducted into the WWE Hall of Fame Class of 2019 as a member of D-Generation X. All Elite Wrestling (2019–present) In January 2019, Gunn was hired by All Elite Wrestling as a coach.", "All Elite Wrestling (2019–present) In January 2019, Gunn was hired by All Elite Wrestling as a coach. At May 25 at the AEW Double or Nothing event he competed in the pre-show battle royal. Gunn made his first televised appearance for AEW on the November 20, 2019 episode of AEW Dynamite, competing in a battle royal. He also appeared during the January 1, 2020 episode of Dynamite, wrestling in a dark match with his son Austin that aired on January 7, 2020.", "He also appeared during the January 1, 2020 episode of Dynamite, wrestling in a dark match with his son Austin that aired on January 7, 2020. They wrestled again together on another dark match during the January 8, 2020 episode of Dynamite, airing on January 17, 2020, with the tag team name \"The Gunn Club\", defeating the team of Peter Avalon and Shawn Spears.", "They wrestled again together on another dark match during the January 8, 2020 episode of Dynamite, airing on January 17, 2020, with the tag team name \"The Gunn Club\", defeating the team of Peter Avalon and Shawn Spears. Gunn has also appeared in the crowd (made up of AEW wrestlers and other employees) on numerous episodes of Dynamite during the COVID-19 pandemic.", "Gunn has also appeared in the crowd (made up of AEW wrestlers and other employees) on numerous episodes of Dynamite during the COVID-19 pandemic. On the May 27, 2020 episode of Dynamite, Gunn now under the shortened ring name of Billy participated in a battle royal match to determine the number one contender for the TNT Championship. He also would wrestle MJF in a singles match on the June 17, 2020 episode of Dynamite as well.", "He also would wrestle MJF in a singles match on the June 17, 2020 episode of Dynamite as well. The Gunn Club would wrestle in more tag team matches on more episodes of AEW Dark. On the November 4, 2020 episode of Dynamite, The Gunn Club teamed with Cody Rhodes to successfully defeat The Dark Order (John Silver, 10 and Colt Cabana).", "On the November 4, 2020 episode of Dynamite, The Gunn Club teamed with Cody Rhodes to successfully defeat The Dark Order (John Silver, 10 and Colt Cabana). On the November 17, 2020 episode of Dark, The Gunn Club, which now added Austin's brother and Gunn's other son Colten to the stable, defeated Bshp King, Joey O'Riley and Sean Maluta by pinfall in a six-man tag team match.", "On the November 17, 2020 episode of Dark, The Gunn Club, which now added Austin's brother and Gunn's other son Colten to the stable, defeated Bshp King, Joey O'Riley and Sean Maluta by pinfall in a six-man tag team match. On the same day the AEW website's roster page got updated and his name was once again changed to its long form, Billy Gunn.", "On the same day the AEW website's roster page got updated and his name was once again changed to its long form, Billy Gunn. The three man Gunn Club would then defeat Cezar Bononi, KTB, and Seth Gargis in another six man tag team match on the November 24, 2020 episode of Dark.", "The three man Gunn Club would then defeat Cezar Bononi, KTB, and Seth Gargis in another six man tag team match on the November 24, 2020 episode of Dark. On the December 8, 2020 episode of Dark The three man Gunn Club-which entered the ring on a golf cart with the words \"Taz Taxi\" on the side, defeated Shawn Dean, Sean Maluta & RYZIN.", "On the December 8, 2020 episode of Dark The three man Gunn Club-which entered the ring on a golf cart with the words \"Taz Taxi\" on the side, defeated Shawn Dean, Sean Maluta & RYZIN. On the December 1, 2021 episode of Dynamite, The Gunn Club stable's undefeated streak in AEW ended when Billy and Colten Gunn lost to the team of Sting and Darby Allin.", "On the December 1, 2021 episode of Dynamite, The Gunn Club stable's undefeated streak in AEW ended when Billy and Colten Gunn lost to the team of Sting and Darby Allin. Professional wrestling style, persona and reception Gunn has had several gimmicks throughout his career, ranging from his cowboy-themed gimmick with the Smoking Gunns to his The Ambiguously Gay Duo-esque tag team with Chuck Palumbo.", "Professional wrestling style, persona and reception Gunn has had several gimmicks throughout his career, ranging from his cowboy-themed gimmick with the Smoking Gunns to his The Ambiguously Gay Duo-esque tag team with Chuck Palumbo. Gunn has stated on multiple shoot interviews that he has no regrets with his gimmicks as he was performing a job and doing what was asked of him to do. By far, Gunn's most infamous gimmick was his \"Mr. Ass\" persona based around his ass.", "By far, Gunn's most infamous gimmick was his \"Mr. Ass\" persona based around his ass. The gimmick started during his New Age Outlaws days when Road Dogg would refer to themselves as \"Mr. Dogg\" and \"Mr. Ass\" in promos, though the \"Bad Ass\" name wasn't referring to his backside at that time.", "The gimmick started during his New Age Outlaws days when Road Dogg would refer to themselves as \"Mr. Dogg\" and \"Mr. Ass\" in promos, though the \"Bad Ass\" name wasn't referring to his backside at that time. What was originally a throwaway joke turned into Gunn mooning his opponents and the live crowd, though as the original incarnation of DX also did this, it could originally be argued that it was an extension of the Outlaws joining DX.", "What was originally a throwaway joke turned into Gunn mooning his opponents and the live crowd, though as the original incarnation of DX also did this, it could originally be argued that it was an extension of the Outlaws joining DX. Upon leaving DX, Gunn fully embraced the \"Mr. Ass\" gimmick by placing emphasis on his \"moneymaker\".", "Upon leaving DX, Gunn fully embraced the \"Mr. Ass\" gimmick by placing emphasis on his \"moneymaker\". While Road Dogg kept the New Age Outlaws entrance music for his own, Gunn adopted the song \"Ass Man\" as part of the gimmick, and for a time even changed his ring tights to be see-through, wearing only a thong underneath his tights, although he would eventually revert back to the DX-era tights. The \"Mr. Ass\" gimmick has mixed reviews.", "The \"Mr. Ass\" gimmick has mixed reviews. The \"Mr. Ass\" gimmick has mixed reviews. One web site ranked it near the middle of Gunn's various gimmicks, while a writer for Bleacher Report thought it was the worst gimmick ever even though Gunn was at his peak popularity with the persona. Gunn himself told Chris Van Vliet in 2021 that he never paid attention to the \"Ass Man\" lyrics until a college professor broke down each expression.", "Gunn himself told Chris Van Vliet in 2021 that he never paid attention to the \"Ass Man\" lyrics until a college professor broke down each expression. Due to the enduring legacy of the \"Mr. Ass\" gimmick, in November 2021 Ring of Honor wrestler Danhausen began a Twitter feud with the Gunn Club, referring to Billy as \"Billy Ass,\" and Colten and Austin as The \"Ass Boys,\" in reference to Gunn's infamous \"Mr. Ass\" gimmick in the Attitude Era.", "Due to the enduring legacy of the \"Mr. Ass\" gimmick, in November 2021 Ring of Honor wrestler Danhausen began a Twitter feud with the Gunn Club, referring to Billy as \"Billy Ass,\" and Colten and Austin as The \"Ass Boys,\" in reference to Gunn's infamous \"Mr. Ass\" gimmick in the Attitude Era. While Gunn himself initially had no comment, the rest of Gunn Club despised the nickname after fans began chanting \"Ass Boys\" during their matches, notably during an AEW event at Chartway Arena in Norfolk, Virginia.", "While Gunn himself initially had no comment, the rest of Gunn Club despised the nickname after fans began chanting \"Ass Boys\" during their matches, notably during an AEW event at Chartway Arena in Norfolk, Virginia. Gunn finally commented when he surprised his sons by wearing an \"Ass Boys\" shirt, encouraging them to \"embrace the assness\" and even started teasing mooning the crowd again. Gunn also thanked Danhausen publicly for getting his sons over in a way that he couldn't.", "Gunn also thanked Danhausen publicly for getting his sons over in a way that he couldn't. Other media Filmography Video Games WWF Attitude WWF WrestleMania 2000 WWF SmackDown! WWF No Mercy WWF SmackDown! 2: Know Your Role WWF Road To WrestleMania WWF SmackDown! Just Bring It WWF Raw WWE SmackDown! Shut Your Mouth WWE Raw 2 WWE '13 WWE 2K16 WWE 2K17 Personal life Sopp was born on November 1, 1963 in Orlando, Florida and claims Austin, Texas as his hometown.", "Shut Your Mouth WWE Raw 2 WWE '13 WWE 2K16 WWE 2K17 Personal life Sopp was born on November 1, 1963 in Orlando, Florida and claims Austin, Texas as his hometown. In November 1990, Sopp was arrested in Florida for disorderly conduct. Sopp married his first wife Tina Tinnell on March 3, 1990. Together, they have two sons: Colten (born May 18, 1991) and Austin (born August 26, 1994) who are also professional wrestlers.", "Together, they have two sons: Colten (born May 18, 1991) and Austin (born August 26, 1994) who are also professional wrestlers. The couple separated in January 2000 and their divorce was finalized on December 11, 2002. Sopp has since married his long-time girlfriend Paula on January 24, 2009.", "Sopp has since married his long-time girlfriend Paula on January 24, 2009. Sopp's sons Austin and Colten, better known by the ring names Austin Gunn and Colten Gunn, are currently signed to All Elite Wrestling (AEW) where alongside their father they form a stable known as \"Gunn Club\". Sopp attended Sam Houston State University.", "Sopp attended Sam Houston State University. Sopp attended Sam Houston State University. Championships and accomplishments American Pro Wrestling Alliance APWA American Championship (1 time) Bad Boys of Wrestling Federation BBFW Aruba Championship (1 time) BBFW Aruba Championship Tournament (2012) International Wrestling Federation IWF Tag Team Championship (2 times) – with Brett Colt Freedom Pro Wrestling FPW Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Road Dogg Maryland Championship Wrestling MCW Rage Television Championship (1 time) MCW Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with B.G.", "Championships and accomplishments American Pro Wrestling Alliance APWA American Championship (1 time) Bad Boys of Wrestling Federation BBFW Aruba Championship (1 time) BBFW Aruba Championship Tournament (2012) International Wrestling Federation IWF Tag Team Championship (2 times) – with Brett Colt Freedom Pro Wrestling FPW Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Road Dogg Maryland Championship Wrestling MCW Rage Television Championship (1 time) MCW Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with B.G. James Pro Wrestling Illustrated Tag Team of the Year (1998) with Road Dogg Tag Team of the Year (2002) with Chuck Ranked #39 of the top 500 singles wrestlers in the PWI 500 in 1999 Ranked #231 of the top 500 singles wrestlers of the \"PWI Years\" in 2003 Ranked #43 of the top 100 tag teams of the \"PWI Years\" with Road Dogg in 2003 SmashMouth Pro Wrestling SPW World Heavyweight Championship (1 time) TWA Powerhouse TWA Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with B.G.", "James Pro Wrestling Illustrated Tag Team of the Year (1998) with Road Dogg Tag Team of the Year (2002) with Chuck Ranked #39 of the top 500 singles wrestlers in the PWI 500 in 1999 Ranked #231 of the top 500 singles wrestlers of the \"PWI Years\" in 2003 Ranked #43 of the top 100 tag teams of the \"PWI Years\" with Road Dogg in 2003 SmashMouth Pro Wrestling SPW World Heavyweight Championship (1 time) TWA Powerhouse TWA Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with B.G. James Vanguard Championship Wrestling VCW Heavyweight Championship (1 time) World Pro Wrestling WPW World Heavyweight Championship (1 time) Wrestling Observer Newsletter Worst Worked Match of the Year (2006) TNA Reverse Battle Royal on TNA Impact!", "James Vanguard Championship Wrestling VCW Heavyweight Championship (1 time) World Pro Wrestling WPW World Heavyweight Championship (1 time) Wrestling Observer Newsletter Worst Worked Match of the Year (2006) TNA Reverse Battle Royal on TNA Impact! WWE/World Wrestling Federation/Entertainment WWF Hardcore Championship (2 times) WWF Intercontinental Championship (1 time) WWE Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Road Dogg WWF World Tag Team Championship (10 times) – with Bart Gunn (3), Road Dogg (5) and Chuck (2) King of the Ring (1999) Raw Bowl – with Bart Gunn WWE Hall of Fame (Class of 2019) - as a member of D-Generation X References External links 1963 births All Elite Wrestling personnel American male professional wrestlers American powerlifters Bull riders D-Generation X members Expatriate professional wrestlers in Japan LGBT characters in professional wrestling Living people Professional wrestlers from Florida Professional wrestling trainers Sam Houston State University alumni Sportspeople from Orlando, Florida The Authority (professional wrestling) members WWE Hall of Fame inductees WWF/WWE Hardcore Champions WWF/WWE Intercontinental Champions WWF/WWE King Crown's Champions/King of the Ring winners American expatriate sportspeople in Japan" ]

[ "Billy Gunn", "The New Age Outlaws and D-Generation X (1997-1998)", "What were The New Age Outlaws?", "James and Rockabilly were quickly rebranded as \"Road Dogg\" Jesse James and \"Badd Ass\" Billy Gunn, respectively, and their tag team formed was soon dubbed the New Age Outlaws.", "What was the D generation X?", "They also defeated the LOD in a rematch at In Your House: D-Generation X.", "How strong were Jesse and Billy?", "This new team was in the spirit of the new Attitude Era: brash, vulgar, egotistical, and loud-mouthed. They quickly rose to the top of the tag team ranks" ]

[ "Bury Me Alive is the third studio album by American metalcore band Inhale Exhale.\n\nTrack listing\n \"Rooms\" - 3:23 \n \"Did You Ever Have A Touch To Lose?\" - 3:12\n \"Condemned\" - 3:50\n \"Over And Out\" - 3:52 \n \"A Dark Place For Your Mind To Be\" - 4:12\n \"Intentions\" - 3:52\n \"Explosions\" - 3:56 \n \"Fiction\" - 3:54\n \"Better Her Than Me\" - 3:31\n \"Thin Black Lines\" - 2:02 \n \"An Era\" - 3:08\n\nPersonnel \n Ryland Raus - Lead Vocals\n John LaRussa - Lead Guitar \n Chris Carroll - Drums, Percussion \n Greg Smith - Bass\n\nReferences\n\n2009 albums\nInhale Exhale albums\nSolid State Records albums\nAlbums produced by Travis Wyrick", "FC Zhashtyk-Ak-Altyn Kara-Suu is a Kyrgyz football club based in Kara-Suu, Kyrgyzstan. They are the only club in football history to appear in six straight cup finals and lose all of them. They are also one of two clubs in the world to lose all 7 national cup finals that they attended without winning a cup ever.\nTheir name means white-gold youth of Kara-Suu, Kara-Suu meaning black water.\n\nHistory \n1993: Founded as FC Aka-Atyn Kara-Suu.\n1994: Renamed FC Ak-Altyn Kara-Suu.\n1998: Renamed to FC Zhashtyk-Ak-Altyn Kara-Suu after merger with FC Zhashtyk Osh.\n\nCurrent squad\n\nAchievements\nKyrgyzstan League\nWinners: 2003\nKyrgyzstan Cup\nRunners-up (7): 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2008\nFC Zhastyk hold the world record for the most consecutive losing appearances in a national football cup final. The first five of these losses were all by 0–1 (the sixth by 0–4); the first three against SKA-PVO Bishkek and the last three against Dordoi-Dinamo Naryn. Prior to their 'feat', this record was shared by USM Alger, who appeared in five consecutive Algerian cup finals from 1969 to 1973 and lost all of them, and Al-Ramtha, who did the same in Jordan from 1993 to 1997.\n\nPerformance in AFC competitions\nAFC Champions League: 1 appearance\n2002–03: Qualifying West – 2nd Round\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \nCareer stats by KLISF\n\nFootball clubs in Kyrgyzstan\n1993 establishments in Kyrgyzstan" ]

[ "Monty \"Kip\" Sopp (born November 1, 1963), better known by his ring name Billy Gunn, is an American professional wrestler. He is currently signed to All Elite Wrestling (AEW) as a wrestler and coach. Gunn is best known for his appearances in the World Wrestling Federation/Entertainment (WWF/E) from 1993 to 2004 and from 2012 to 2015. He also served as a coach on WWE's Tough Enough and was a trainer in NXT.", "He also served as a coach on WWE's Tough Enough and was a trainer in NXT. He is also known for his appearances with Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA) from 2005 to 2009. Primarily a tag team wrestler, Gunn is an overall 13-time tag team champion in WWE with three different partners (with Bart Gunn as The Smoking Gunns, with Road Dogg as The New Age Outlaws, and with Chuck Palumbo as Billy and Chuck).", "Primarily a tag team wrestler, Gunn is an overall 13-time tag team champion in WWE with three different partners (with Bart Gunn as The Smoking Gunns, with Road Dogg as The New Age Outlaws, and with Chuck Palumbo as Billy and Chuck). He is also a one time WWF Intercontinental Champion and a two time WWF Hardcore Champion, giving him 14 total championships in WWE.", "He is also a one time WWF Intercontinental Champion and a two time WWF Hardcore Champion, giving him 14 total championships in WWE. He is the 1999 King of the Ring tournament winner, and was inducted into the WWE Hall of Fame in 2019 as a member of D-Generation X. Professional wrestling career Early career (1985–1993) After a stint as a professional bull rider in Professional Rodeo Cowboys Association, Sopp left the profession in his early-20s in order to pursue a career as a professional wrestler.", "Professional wrestling career Early career (1985–1993) After a stint as a professional bull rider in Professional Rodeo Cowboys Association, Sopp left the profession in his early-20s in order to pursue a career as a professional wrestler. Trained by Jerry Grey, Sopp wrestled on the independent circuit for eight years (including a brief stint as enhancement talent for World Championship Wrestling (WCW) before signing a contract with the World Wrestling Federation (WWF) in 1993.", "Trained by Jerry Grey, Sopp wrestled on the independent circuit for eight years (including a brief stint as enhancement talent for World Championship Wrestling (WCW) before signing a contract with the World Wrestling Federation (WWF) in 1993. World Wrestling Federation/Entertainment (1993–2004) The Smoking Gunns (1993–1996) After weeks of vignettes, Sopp, under the name Billy Gunn, made his WWF debut on the May 17, 1993 episode of Raw, teaming with his on-screen brother, Bart Gunn to defeat Tony Vadja and Glenn Ruth.", "World Wrestling Federation/Entertainment (1993–2004) The Smoking Gunns (1993–1996) After weeks of vignettes, Sopp, under the name Billy Gunn, made his WWF debut on the May 17, 1993 episode of Raw, teaming with his on-screen brother, Bart Gunn to defeat Tony Vadja and Glenn Ruth. The duo, now known as The Smoking Gunns, made their pay-per-view debut at King of the Ring, teaming with The Steiner Brothers to defeat Money Inc. and The Headshrinkers in an eight-man tag team match.", "The duo, now known as The Smoking Gunns, made their pay-per-view debut at King of the Ring, teaming with The Steiner Brothers to defeat Money Inc. and The Headshrinkers in an eight-man tag team match. At SummerSlam, the duo teamed with Tatanka to pick up a win against Bam Bam Bigelow and the Headshrinkers. On January 22, 1994, Gunn entered his first Royal Rumble match at the namesake event, but was eliminated by Diesel.", "On January 22, 1994, Gunn entered his first Royal Rumble match at the namesake event, but was eliminated by Diesel. In early 1995, the Gunns won their first Tag Team Championship by defeating the makeshift team of Bob Holly and 1-2-3 Kid. They held the title until WrestleMania XI, where they were defeated by the team of Owen Hart and Yokozuna. They won the titles again in September 1995. On February 15, 1996, the Gunns vacated the title because Billy was in need of neck surgery.", "On February 15, 1996, the Gunns vacated the title because Billy was in need of neck surgery. After Billy returned from hiatus, The Smoking Gunns won the Tag Team Title for the third time by defeating The Godwinns in May. After the match, The Godwinns' manager Sunny turned on her team in favor of the Gunns. On September 22 at In Your House: Mind Games, the Gunns lost the Tag Team Title to Owen Hart and The British Bulldog.", "On September 22 at In Your House: Mind Games, the Gunns lost the Tag Team Title to Owen Hart and The British Bulldog. After the match, Sunny abandoned The Gunns, saying that she would only manage title holders. Billy, frustrated with losing both the championship and Sunny, walked out on Bart, breaking up The Smoking Gunns. Rockabilly, The New Age Outlaws and D-Generation X (1997–1998) After The Smoking Gunns disbanded, Gunn took some time off to nurse an injury.", "Rockabilly, The New Age Outlaws and D-Generation X (1997–1998) After The Smoking Gunns disbanded, Gunn took some time off to nurse an injury. At WrestleMania 13, he defeated Flash Funk catching the attention of The Honky Tonk Man, who made Gunn his protégé. During this time, he adopted a new gimmick, Rockabilly, He would use this gimmick throughout much of 1997 and eventually had a short-lived feud with \"The Real Double J\" Jesse James.", "During this time, he adopted a new gimmick, Rockabilly, He would use this gimmick throughout much of 1997 and eventually had a short-lived feud with \"The Real Double J\" Jesse James. On the October 4, 1997 episode of Shotgun Saturday Night, James realized both of their careers were going nowhere and suggested that they become a tag team. Gunn agreed and smashed a guitar over the Honky Tonk Man's head to solidify their new alliance.", "Gunn agreed and smashed a guitar over the Honky Tonk Man's head to solidify their new alliance. James and Rockabilly were quickly rebranded as \"Road Dogg\" Jesse James and \"Badd Ass\" Billy Gunn, respectively, and their tag team was dubbed the New Age Outlaws. They quickly rose to the top of the tag team ranks and won the Tag Team Championship from the Legion of Doom on November 24. They also defeated the LOD in a rematch at In Your House: D-Generation X.", "They also defeated the LOD in a rematch at In Your House: D-Generation X. The Outlaws slowly began to align themselves with D-Generation X. At the Royal Rumble, the New Age Outlaws interfered in a Casket match to help Shawn Michaels defeat The Undertaker. At No Way Out Of Texas, the Outlaws teamed up with Triple H and Savio Vega (who replaced the injured Shawn Michaels) to face Chainsaw Charlie, Cactus Jack, Owen Hart, and Steve Austin. They were, however, defeated.", "They were, however, defeated. They were, however, defeated. On February 2, The Outlaws locked Cactus and Chainsaw in a dumpster and pushed it off the stage. This led to a Dumpster match at WrestleMania XIV where Cactus and Chainsaw defeated the Outlaws for the Tag Titles. The next night on Raw, the New Age Outlaws won the Tag Team Championship for a second time by defeating Chainsaw and Cactus in a Steel cage match, but only after interference from Triple H, Chyna, and X-Pac.", "The next night on Raw, the New Age Outlaws won the Tag Team Championship for a second time by defeating Chainsaw and Cactus in a Steel cage match, but only after interference from Triple H, Chyna, and X-Pac. After the match, the Outlaws officially became members of D-Generation X (DX). After joining DX, the Outlaws successfully defended their Tag Team Title against the Legion of Doom 2000 at Unforgiven. DX began to feud with Owen Hart and his new stablemates, The Nation.", "DX began to feud with Owen Hart and his new stablemates, The Nation. At Over The Edge, the Outlaws and Triple H were defeated by Nation members Owen, Kama Mustafa, and D'Lo Brown in a Six Man Tag Match. During this time, the Outlaws began a feud with Kane and Mankind. At SummerSlam, Mankind faced the Outlaws in a Handicap match after Kane no-showed the title defense. The Outlaws defeated Mankind to win the titles for the third time.", "The Outlaws defeated Mankind to win the titles for the third time. In December, the Outlaws lost the title to The Big Boss Man and Ken Shamrock from The Corporation. Mr. Ass and reformation of the Outlaws and DX (1999–2000) The Outlaws then began to focus more on singles competition. The Road Dogg won the Hardcore Championship in December 1998, and Gunn set his sights on the Intercontinental Championship. At the 1999 Royal Rumble, Gunn unsuccessfully challenged Ken Shamrock for the Intercontinental Title.", "At the 1999 Royal Rumble, Gunn unsuccessfully challenged Ken Shamrock for the Intercontinental Title. The next month at St. Valentine's Day Massacre, Gunn was the special guest referee for the Intercontinental Championship match between Val Venis and champion Ken Shamrock, where Gunn made a fast count and declared Venis the new champion before attacking both men. In March, Gunn won the Hardcore Championship from Hardcore Holly. At WrestleMania XV, Gunn lost the title to Holly in a Triple Threat match which also included Al Snow.", "At WrestleMania XV, Gunn lost the title to Holly in a Triple Threat match which also included Al Snow. The New Age Outlaws then reunited to defeat Jeff Jarrett and Owen Hart at Backlash. After Backlash, Gunn left D-Generation X and aligned himself with Triple H and Chyna. Gunn defeated his former partner, Road Dogg, in a match at Over the Edge. Gunn then won the King of the Ring tournament by defeating Ken Shamrock, Kane, and his former ally, X-Pac.", "Gunn then won the King of the Ring tournament by defeating Ken Shamrock, Kane, and his former ally, X-Pac. After King of the Ring, Gunn, Triple H, and Chyna went on to feud with X-Pac and Road Dogg over the rights to the D-Generation X name. This feud culminated at Fully Loaded when X-Pac and Road Dogg defeated Gunn and Chyna. Gunn then began a brief feud with The Rock. At SummerSlam, The Rock defeated Gunn in a Kiss My Ass Match.", "At SummerSlam, The Rock defeated Gunn in a Kiss My Ass Match. Following this, Gunn then briefly feuded with Jeff Jarrett for the Intercontinental Title before reuniting with Road Dogg to reform The New Age Outlaws. The Outlaws won their fourth tag team championship by defeating The Rock 'n' Sock Connection in September 1999. The Outlaws later reunited with X-Pac and Triple H to reform D-Generation X. During this time, The Outlaws won their fifth Tag Team Championship after defeating Mankind and Al Snow.", "During this time, The Outlaws won their fifth Tag Team Championship after defeating Mankind and Al Snow. At the 2000 Royal Rumble, The New Age Outlaws retained their title against The Acolytes after interference from X-Pac. The Outlaws then had a feud with The Dudley Boyz, who won the Tag Team Championship from The Outlaws at No Way Out.", "The Outlaws then had a feud with The Dudley Boyz, who won the Tag Team Championship from The Outlaws at No Way Out. After suffering a torn rotator cuff in the match with The Dudley Boyz, Gunn was kicked out of D-Generation X for \"losing his cool\" to explain his impending absence to recover from his injury. The One (2000–2001) Gunn made his return in October and immediately teamed with Chyna to feud with Right to Censor, who wanted to \"censor\" his Mr. Ass gimmick.", "The One (2000–2001) Gunn made his return in October and immediately teamed with Chyna to feud with Right to Censor, who wanted to \"censor\" his Mr. Ass gimmick. At No Mercy, Right to Censor members Steven Richards and Val Venis defeated Chyna and Gunn. Due to a stipulation, Gunn could no longer use the Mr. Ass gimmick, so he renamed himself Billy G. for a few weeks before settling on \"The One\" Billy Gunn. Gunn then feuded with Eddie Guerrero and the rest of The Radicalz.", "Gunn then feuded with Eddie Guerrero and the rest of The Radicalz. At Survivor Series, Gunn teamed with Road Dogg, Chyna, and K-Kwik in a losing effort against The Radicalz. A few weeks later on SmackDown!, Gunn won the Intercontinental Championship from Guerrero. However, the title reign was short-lived, as Chris Benoit defeated him for the title two weeks later at Armageddon.", "However, the title reign was short-lived, as Chris Benoit defeated him for the title two weeks later at Armageddon. After feuding with Benoit, Gunn participated in the 2001 Royal Rumble where he made it to the final four, Gunn interfered in the Hardcore Championship Match at No Way Out, and taking advantage of the 24/7 Rule, pinning Raven for the title. The reign was short-lived, as Raven won it back a few minutes later.", "The reign was short-lived, as Raven won it back a few minutes later. Billy and Chuck (2001–2002) In a 2001 match on Sunday Night Heat, Gunn was defeated by Chuck Palumbo, who recently left The Alliance to join the WWF. After the match, Gunn suggested that they form a tag team. Palumbo agreed, and Billy and Chuck quickly rose to the top of the tag team division.", "Palumbo agreed, and Billy and Chuck quickly rose to the top of the tag team division. Initially they were a generic tandem, but they were given a gimmick where they grew increasingly affectionate toward each other, showing evidence of a storyline homosexual relationship. In February 2002, Billy and Chuck defeated Spike Dudley and Tazz to win the WWF Tag Team Championship for the first time as a team. After winning the titles, Billy and Chuck found a \"Personal Stylist\" in the ambiguously flamboyant Rico.", "After winning the titles, Billy and Chuck found a \"Personal Stylist\" in the ambiguously flamboyant Rico. After retaining the title against the Acolytes Protection Agency, the Dudley Boyz, and the Hardy Boyz in a Four Corners Elimination Match at WrestleMania X8 and against Al Snow and Maven at Backlash, Billy and Chuck began a feud with Rikishi.", "After retaining the title against the Acolytes Protection Agency, the Dudley Boyz, and the Hardy Boyz in a Four Corners Elimination Match at WrestleMania X8 and against Al Snow and Maven at Backlash, Billy and Chuck began a feud with Rikishi. At Judgment Day, Rikishi and Rico (Rikishi's mystery partner of Mr. McMahon's choosing) defeated Billy and Chuck for the WWE Tag Team Championship after Rico accidentally hit Chuck with a roundhouse kick. Billy and Chuck quickly won the title back two weeks later on SmackDown!", "Billy and Chuck quickly won the title back two weeks later on SmackDown! with Rico's help. They held the championship for almost a month before losing it to the team of Edge and Hollywood Hulk Hogan on the July 4 episode of SmackDown!. On the September 5 edition of SmackDown!, after Billy lost a match to Rey Mysterio, Chuck proposed to Billy, asking him to be his \"partner for life\" and gave him a wedding ring.", "On the September 5 edition of SmackDown!, after Billy lost a match to Rey Mysterio, Chuck proposed to Billy, asking him to be his \"partner for life\" and gave him a wedding ring. Billy agreed, and one week later, on the September 12 episode of SmackDown!, Billy and Chuck had their wedding ceremony. However, just before they tied the knot, they revealed that the entire ordeal was a publicity stunt and disavowed their on-screen homosexuality, admitting that they were just friends.", "However, just before they tied the knot, they revealed that the entire ordeal was a publicity stunt and disavowed their on-screen homosexuality, admitting that they were just friends. The \"preacher\" revealed himself to be Raw General Manager Eric Bischoff (who was wearing a skin mask), who then summoned 3-Minute Warning to beat up Billy and Chuck. Rico, furious that Billy and Chuck gave up their gimmick, became the manager of Three Minute Warning and defected to Raw.", "Rico, furious that Billy and Chuck gave up their gimmick, became the manager of Three Minute Warning and defected to Raw. At Unforgiven, Three Minute Warning defeated Billy and Chuck. Their final match together occurred on the October 3 episode of SmackDown! in the first round of a tournament for the newly created WWE Tag Team Championship. They lost the match to the team of Ron Simmons and Reverend D-Von.", "They lost the match to the team of Ron Simmons and Reverend D-Von. Afterwards, Gunn took a few months off because of a shoulder injury and the team of Billy and Chuck quietly disbanded. SmackDown! and return to singles competition (2003–2004) After returning in the summer of 2003, Gunn reverted to the \"Mr. Ass\" gimmick, defeating A-Train, and Torrie Wilson became his new manager.", "and return to singles competition (2003–2004) After returning in the summer of 2003, Gunn reverted to the \"Mr. Ass\" gimmick, defeating A-Train, and Torrie Wilson became his new manager. He started a feud with Jamie Noble, which led to an \"Indecent Proposal\" Match at Vengeance, which Noble won and due to the match's stipulation, won a night with Torrie.", "He started a feud with Jamie Noble, which led to an \"Indecent Proposal\" Match at Vengeance, which Noble won and due to the match's stipulation, won a night with Torrie. After taking time off again due to a shoulder injury, Gunn returned to action at the 2004 Royal Rumble, but was eliminated by Goldberg. Afterward, he wrestled mainly on Velocity, forming an occasional tag team with Hardcore Holly.", "Afterward, he wrestled mainly on Velocity, forming an occasional tag team with Hardcore Holly. At Judgment Day, Gunn and Holly challenged Charlie Haas and Rico for the WWE Tag Team Championship, but were unsuccessful. At The Great American Bash, Gunn lost to Kenzo Suzuki. On November 1, 2004, Sopp was released from his WWE contract. In June 2005, Sopp gave an interview in which he was heavily critical of WWE and the events that led to his release.", "In June 2005, Sopp gave an interview in which he was heavily critical of WWE and the events that led to his release. Many of the negative comments were directed towards Triple H, who Sopp claimed \"runs the show up there\".", "Many of the negative comments were directed towards Triple H, who Sopp claimed \"runs the show up there\". Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (2005–2009) Planet Jarrett (2005) On February 13, 2005, Sopp debuted in Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA) without a name (as Billy Gunn is a WWE trademark, although announcers recognized him as such) at Against All Odds with the same gimmick, helping Jeff Jarrett retain the NWA World Heavyweight Championship in a match with Kevin Nash.", "Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (2005–2009) Planet Jarrett (2005) On February 13, 2005, Sopp debuted in Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA) without a name (as Billy Gunn is a WWE trademark, although announcers recognized him as such) at Against All Odds with the same gimmick, helping Jeff Jarrett retain the NWA World Heavyweight Championship in a match with Kevin Nash. Sopp, using the name The New Age Outlaw, then formed a stable with Jarrett and Monty Brown known as Planet Jarrett.", "Sopp, using the name The New Age Outlaw, then formed a stable with Jarrett and Monty Brown known as Planet Jarrett. However, WWE threatened TNA with legal action if Sopp continued the use of the name \"The New Age Outlaw\", so he shortened his name to The Outlaw.", "However, WWE threatened TNA with legal action if Sopp continued the use of the name \"The New Age Outlaw\", so he shortened his name to The Outlaw. Due to the legal issues with WWE, all TNA -DVD releases featuring footage with Sopp as \"The Outlaw\" (and presumably also as \"The New Age Outlaw\") have had the name on on-screen graphics blurred, the name silenced out of the audio, and match commentary completely replaced to reflect a retroactive name change to \"Kip James\".", "Due to the legal issues with WWE, all TNA -DVD releases featuring footage with Sopp as \"The Outlaw\" (and presumably also as \"The New Age Outlaw\") have had the name on on-screen graphics blurred, the name silenced out of the audio, and match commentary completely replaced to reflect a retroactive name change to \"Kip James\". One such DVD is the pay-per-view Lockdown, included in the \"TNA Anthology: The Epic Set\" box set, in which the silencing of the name during a segment where Dusty Rhodes picks his name from a lottery leaves DVD viewers in the dark as to who just got picked.", "One such DVD is the pay-per-view Lockdown, included in the \"TNA Anthology: The Epic Set\" box set, in which the silencing of the name during a segment where Dusty Rhodes picks his name from a lottery leaves DVD viewers in the dark as to who just got picked. The Outlaw began a campaign to make former ally B.G. James leave the 3Live Kru and defect to Planet Jarrett, reforming the old tag team with Outlaw.", "James leave the 3Live Kru and defect to Planet Jarrett, reforming the old tag team with Outlaw. At No Surrender, he renamed himself Kip James and was announced as \"wrestling out of Marietta, Georgia\" (the family seat of the Armstrong family) as a psychological ploy.", "At No Surrender, he renamed himself Kip James and was announced as \"wrestling out of Marietta, Georgia\" (the family seat of the Armstrong family) as a psychological ploy. As a result of his campaign, Kip attracted the ire of 3Live Kru members Ron Killings and Konnan, leading to a series of tag team matches pitting Kip and Monty Brown against Killings and Konnan, with a conflicted James unwilling to take sides.", "As a result of his campaign, Kip attracted the ire of 3Live Kru members Ron Killings and Konnan, leading to a series of tag team matches pitting Kip and Monty Brown against Killings and Konnan, with a conflicted James unwilling to take sides. Kip's efforts ultimately proved futile; James, the guest referee in a final match between Brown and Kip versus Konnan and Killings at Sacrifice, attacked Kip enabling a 3Live Kru victory.", "Kip's efforts ultimately proved futile; James, the guest referee in a final match between Brown and Kip versus Konnan and Killings at Sacrifice, attacked Kip enabling a 3Live Kru victory. In September at Unbreakable, Kip teamed with Brown to defeat the team of Apolo and Lance Hoyt. There was clear tension between the partners because Brown was unhappy at the series of losses at the hands of the 3Live Kru, and Kip was irked by Brown's decision to leave Planet Jarrett.", "There was clear tension between the partners because Brown was unhappy at the series of losses at the hands of the 3Live Kru, and Kip was irked by Brown's decision to leave Planet Jarrett. Despite the victory, the partners argued after the match. On the October 8, 2005 episode of Impact!, Kip rekindled his feud with the 3Live Kru, running to the ring after a bout between the 3LK and Team Canada in order to prevent Team Canada captain Petey Williams from beating down B.G. James.", "James. James. He saved James, and then engaged in a staredown with Konnan and Killings. Kip saved James from Team Canada once again at Bound for Glory. Though Killings showed signs of gratitude, Konnan remained skeptical as to his true intentions. Later that night, Kip took part in an over-the-top-rope gauntlet match for the number one contendership to the NWA World Heavyweight Championship. After he was eliminated, he tried in vain to prevent Killings from being eliminated as well, before being sent away from ringside by the referees.", "After he was eliminated, he tried in vain to prevent Killings from being eliminated as well, before being sent away from ringside by the referees. The James Gang/Voodoo Kin Mafia (2005–2008) On the November 26 episode of Impact!, B.G. brought Kip and the 3Live Kru to ringside and asked Killings and Konnan whether Kip could join the stable. Following a heated argument between Konnan and B.G., both Killings and Konnan gave their approval, and the 4Live Kru was born.", "Following a heated argument between Konnan and B.G., both Killings and Konnan gave their approval, and the 4Live Kru was born. However, at Turning Point, Konnan attacked both B.G. and Kip, costing them their match against Team Canada and initiating a feud between himself and the remainder of the Kru. Shortly thereafter, B.G. James's father, Bob Armstrong, attempted to reconcile the group, but was instead attacked by Konnan and his new stablemates, Apolo and Homicide.", "James's father, Bob Armstrong, attempted to reconcile the group, but was instead attacked by Konnan and his new stablemates, Apolo and Homicide. Killings later stated that he had severed his ties with the Kru. With Konnan and Killings no longer members of the Kru, Kip and B.G.", "With Konnan and Killings no longer members of the Kru, Kip and B.G. began referring to themselves as The James Gang and continued to feud with the Konnan-managed Latin American Exchange, whose third man position as Homicide's partner would switch from Apolo to Machete, and then from him to Hernandez, who finally stuck, during the course of this feud. At Final Resolution, The James Gang defeated The Diamonds in the Rough (David Young and Elix Skipper).", "At Final Resolution, The James Gang defeated The Diamonds in the Rough (David Young and Elix Skipper). At Against All Odds, The James Gang defeated LAX (Homicide and Machete). At Destination X, The James Gang and Bob Armstrong defeated Latin American Exchange in a six-man tag team match. At Sacrifice, The James Gang defeated Team 3D which led to a rematch at Slammiversary where Team 3D defeated The James Gang in a Bingo Hall Brawl.", "At Sacrifice, The James Gang defeated Team 3D which led to a rematch at Slammiversary where Team 3D defeated The James Gang in a Bingo Hall Brawl. At Victory Road, The James Gang and Abyss defeated Team 3D and their newest member Brother Runt. At No Surrender, The James Gang competed in a Triple Chance tag team battle royal but failed to win the match. At Bound for Glory, The James Gang competed in a Four-way tag team match which was won by Team 3D.", "At Bound for Glory, The James Gang competed in a Four-way tag team match which was won by Team 3D. By November 2006, Kip and B.G. began to show displeasure in TNA and threatened to go find work elsewhere if they did not receive gold soon. They began performing the crotch chop, a reference to the WWE's DX. On the November 2 edition of Impact!, Kip and B.G. threatened to quit.", "threatened to quit. threatened to quit. Kip grabbed the mic and tried to say something to the TNA administration and Spike TV, but each time his mic was cut off. Kip then tried to use the announcer's headset, but it was cut off as well. Frustrated, he started yelling loudly to the crowd, but he was cut off again as the show went to a commercial break.", "Frustrated, he started yelling loudly to the crowd, but he was cut off again as the show went to a commercial break. When the show returned, the announcers speculated that they may have been frustrated due to the influx of new talent entering TNA. It was reported that the segment was a worked shoot that Vince Russo had written in order to renew interest upon their eventual return. Kip and BG appeared in an internet video on TNA's website where they addressed the owner of WWE Vince McMahon.", "Kip and BG appeared in an internet video on TNA's website where they addressed the owner of WWE Vince McMahon. A few weeks later on Impact!, The James Gang re-emerged under a new name Voodoo Kin Mafia (VKM for short, a play on Vincent Kennedy McMahon's initials). They mentioned their new right of 'creative control', meaning they could do whatever they wanted.", "They mentioned their new right of 'creative control', meaning they could do whatever they wanted. They also declared 'war' on Paul Levesque, Michael Hickenbottom, and Vincent K. McMahon (Triple H, Shawn Michaels, and Vince McMahon, respectively). Kip then declared that 'Triple Hollywood' and 'Shawn Kiss-my-bottom' were failing as the group they (Kip and BG) used to be a part of: D-Generation X.", "Kip then declared that 'Triple Hollywood' and 'Shawn Kiss-my-bottom' were failing as the group they (Kip and BG) used to be a part of: D-Generation X. After the initial shock value of this incident wore off, at Genesis, The Voodoo Kin Mafia defeated Kazarian, Maverick Matt and Johnny Devine in a handicap match. VKM began a feud with the villainous Christy Hemme. Hemme then searched for a tag team to square-off against VKM.", "Hemme then searched for a tag team to square-off against VKM. At Destination X, The Voodoo Kin Mafia defeated Hemme's handpicked team of The Heartbreakers (Antonio Thomas & Romeo Roselli). On the Lockdown preshow The Voodoo Kin Mafia defeated another one of Hemme's handpicked team Serotonin (Kaz & Havok) in a Six Sides of Steel match. The final tag team was Damaja and Basham, who appeared on an episode of Impact! and beat down VKM. They also held up Kip James so Hemme could slap him.", "They also held up Kip James so Hemme could slap him. B.G James was taken out by Basham and Damaja which led to Kip James competed against Basham and Damaja in a handicap match at Sacrifice where he lost. However, they beat Hemme's team at Slammiversary. After the match, VKM were betrayed by their associate Lance Hoyt. At Victory Road, they introduced their new manager, the Voodoo Queen, Roxxi Laveaux, to embarrass Christy Hemme.", "At Victory Road, they introduced their new manager, the Voodoo Queen, Roxxi Laveaux, to embarrass Christy Hemme. At Hard Justice, The Voodoo Kin Mafia lost to The Latin American Exchange. At No Surrender, The Voodoo Kin Mafia competed in a Ten-team tag team gauntlet match which was won by A.J. Styles and Tomko. At Bound for Glory, Kip James competed in the Fight for the Right Reverse Battle Royal which was won by Eric Young.", "At Bound for Glory, Kip James competed in the Fight for the Right Reverse Battle Royal which was won by Eric Young. On the October 25 edition of Impact!, VKM teamed with A.J. Styles and Tomko in a losing effort to the Latin American Xchange and the Steiner Brothers. At Genesis, B.G. was present along with Kip in the corner of Roxxi Laveaux at ringside for the Fatal Four Way knockout match for the TNA Women's Championship in which Gail Kim retained the title.", "was present along with Kip in the corner of Roxxi Laveaux at ringside for the Fatal Four Way knockout match for the TNA Women's Championship in which Gail Kim retained the title. At Turning Point, James competed in the Feast or Fired where he grabbed a case but threw it to BG James.", "At Turning Point, James competed in the Feast or Fired where he grabbed a case but threw it to BG James. It was revealed that the case was for a shot at the TNA World Tag Team Championship and BG James picked his dad to be his partner at Against All Odds, James and Bob Armstrong failed to win the titles and on February 21, 2008 episode of Impact! he turned on B.G. and B.G's father \"Bullet\" Bob Armstrong by hitting them both with a crutch.", "and B.G's father \"Bullet\" Bob Armstrong by hitting them both with a crutch. The Beautiful People (2008–2009) On April 13, 2008, he faced former partner B.G. James at Lockdown and lost. After the match, he appeared to want to make amends as he raised B.G. 's hand after the match, only to clothesline him down to the mat and taunt him with a DX crotch chop.", "'s hand after the match, only to clothesline him down to the mat and taunt him with a DX crotch chop. Kip went on to declare himself \"The Megastar\", an arrogant gimmick similar to \"The One\" gimmick from his WWF tenure. Kip later stopped making appearances on Impact! until April 24 when he was attacked backstage by Matt Morgan for no reason. The next week on Impact!, Kip got back at Morgan by attacking him backstage in Jim Cornette's office.", "The next week on Impact!, Kip got back at Morgan by attacking him backstage in Jim Cornette's office. On May 8, 2008, Cornette forced Morgan into being Kip's tag team partner for the Deuces Wild tournament at Sacrifice, though both were unable to win. Kip went on another brief disappearance from television until the June 5 edition of Impact!, where he partnered with Lance Hoyt and James Storm in a losing effort against Morgan and The Latin American Xchange.", "Kip went on another brief disappearance from television until the June 5 edition of Impact!, where he partnered with Lance Hoyt and James Storm in a losing effort against Morgan and The Latin American Xchange. On the August 14 episode of Impact!, Kip was revealed to be the new image consultant and member of The Beautiful People, dubbed Cute Kip and was using his Mr.Ass Attire, after they brought him out during their interview on Karen Angle's show Karen's Angle.", "On the August 14 episode of Impact!, Kip was revealed to be the new image consultant and member of The Beautiful People, dubbed Cute Kip and was using his Mr.Ass Attire, after they brought him out during their interview on Karen Angle's show Karen's Angle. at Bound for Glory IV, Kip, Love and Sky lost to Rhino, ODB and Rhaka Khan in a Bimbo Brawl. at Final Resolution (December 2008), Kip competed in the Feast or Fired match but failed to get a case.", "at Final Resolution (December 2008), Kip competed in the Feast or Fired match but failed to get a case. At Genesis 2009, Kip became the one-night-only replacement for the injured Kevin Nash in the Main Event Mafia. As of March 19, 2009, Sopp was taken off of TNA Impact! along with Jacqueline Moore to become road agents. Sopp returned as Cute Kip and lost to Awesome Kong in an intergender stretcher match on May 14, 2009.", "Sopp returned as Cute Kip and lost to Awesome Kong in an intergender stretcher match on May 14, 2009. On the May 28 edition of Impact!, Kip was fired by The Beautiful People. On the June 18 edition of Impact!, Mick Foley hired him as his handyman, turning Kip into a face. he made another appearance on the August 6 edition of Impact where Kip had to clean up the IMPACT Zone after a chaotic fifteen minute \"riot\".", "he made another appearance on the August 6 edition of Impact where Kip had to clean up the IMPACT Zone after a chaotic fifteen minute \"riot\". On October 9 edition of Xplosion, Kip was defeated by Rhino. On October 30 edition of Xplosion, Kip defeated Sheik Abdul Bashir. on the November 13 edition of Xplosion, Kip lost to Rob Terry and on December 3, 2009 edition of Xplosion, Kip competed in his final TNA match where he lost to Kiyoshi.", "on the November 13 edition of Xplosion, Kip lost to Rob Terry and on December 3, 2009 edition of Xplosion, Kip competed in his final TNA match where he lost to Kiyoshi. Sopp's profile was removed from the TNA website on December 29, 2009, confirming his departure from the promotion. Independent circuit (2009–2012) After leaving TNA, Sopp reunited with B.G. James to reform The New Age Outlaws, with both men resuming their Billy Gunn and Road Dogg ring names.", "James to reform The New Age Outlaws, with both men resuming their Billy Gunn and Road Dogg ring names. After joining TWA Powerhouse in 2010, the Outlaws defeated Canadian Extreme to win the promotion's Tag Team Championship on July 25. They re-lost the title to Canadian Extreme on June 5, 2011. On July 30, 2011, Sopp, working under the ring name Kip Gunn, made his debut for Lucha Libre USA as a member of the heel stable The Right.", "On July 30, 2011, Sopp, working under the ring name Kip Gunn, made his debut for Lucha Libre USA as a member of the heel stable The Right. Later that night, Gunn lost in his debut match against Marco Corleone. On June 26, 2012, Sopp won the American Pro Wrestling Alliance American Championship. However, he lost the title due to travel issues. On September 8 and 9, 2012, he wrestled in a Bad Boys of Wrestling Federation tournament.", "On September 8 and 9, 2012, he wrestled in a Bad Boys of Wrestling Federation tournament. He defeated Rhino in the semi-finals and Scott Steiner in the final, winning the BBWF Aruba Championship. Return to WWE (2012–2015) On July 23, Sopp, under his Billy Gunn name, made his first WWE appearance in nearly eight years as he reunited with Road Dogg, X-Pac, Shawn Michaels and Triple H to reform D-Generation X for one night only on the 1000th episode of Raw.", "Return to WWE (2012–2015) On July 23, Sopp, under his Billy Gunn name, made his first WWE appearance in nearly eight years as he reunited with Road Dogg, X-Pac, Shawn Michaels and Triple H to reform D-Generation X for one night only on the 1000th episode of Raw. In December 2012, he was hired by WWE as a trainer for the NXT Wrestling territory in Tampa, Florida.", "In December 2012, he was hired by WWE as a trainer for the NXT Wrestling territory in Tampa, Florida. On March 4, 2013, Gunn and Road Dogg made a return at Old School Raw, defeating Primo and Epico.", "On March 4, 2013, Gunn and Road Dogg made a return at Old School Raw, defeating Primo and Epico. On March 11, 2013, they accepted a challenge from Team Rhodes Scholars and faced them in a match, which was interrupted by Brock Lesnar, who hit both Outlaws with an F-5 as part of his ongoing feud with Triple H. He then appeared alongside Road Dogg to help CM Punk clear out The Shield in aid of Roddy Piper on Old School Raw on January 6, 2014.", "On March 11, 2013, they accepted a challenge from Team Rhodes Scholars and faced them in a match, which was interrupted by Brock Lesnar, who hit both Outlaws with an F-5 as part of his ongoing feud with Triple H. He then appeared alongside Road Dogg to help CM Punk clear out The Shield in aid of Roddy Piper on Old School Raw on January 6, 2014. On the January 10 episode of SmackDown, the Outlaws teamed with CM Punk in a six-man tag match against The Shield in a losing effort.", "On the January 10 episode of SmackDown, the Outlaws teamed with CM Punk in a six-man tag match against The Shield in a losing effort. On the January 13 episode of Raw, the Outlaws again teamed with Punk in a rematch against The Shield, only to abandon Punk and lose the match. On January 26 during the Royal Rumble Kickoff Show, Gunn and Road Dogg beat Cody Rhodes and Goldust to win the WWE Tag Team Championship.", "On January 26 during the Royal Rumble Kickoff Show, Gunn and Road Dogg beat Cody Rhodes and Goldust to win the WWE Tag Team Championship. The next night on Raw the New Age Outlaws retained the championship against Rhodes and Goldust via disqualification when Brock Lesnar attacked the brothers. The next week on Raw the New Age Outlaws retained the championship against Rhodes and Goldust in a steel cage match. On March 3, the Outlaws lost the Tag Team Championship to The Usos.", "On March 3, the Outlaws lost the Tag Team Championship to The Usos. Gunn sustained hemoptysis after he and his New Age Outlaws partner, Road Dogg, suffered a double-Triple Powerbomb by The Shield at WrestleMania XXX. Gunn returned to Raw with Road Dogg in January 2015, attacking The Ascension along with the nWo and the APA. At the Royal Rumble, the Outlaws faced The Ascension in a losing effort.", "At the Royal Rumble, the Outlaws faced The Ascension in a losing effort. At WrestleMania 31, Gunn, with Road Dogg, X-Pac and Shawn Michaels, reunited as D-Generation X to help Triple H in his match against Sting. In May, Gunn was announced as a coach along with WWE Hall of Famers Booker T and Lita for the sixth season of Tough Enough. On November 13, 2015, WWE officially announced that Sopp was released from his WWE contract after failing a test for performance-enhancing drugs.", "On November 13, 2015, WWE officially announced that Sopp was released from his WWE contract after failing a test for performance-enhancing drugs. He had tested positive for elevated levels of testosterone at a powerlifting event on July 25, 2015, and was suspended from powerlifting for four years. Independent circuit (2015–2020) On December 26, 2015, Gunn teamed up with Kevin Thorn to defeat Brian Klass and Rob Street. One month later, Gunn defeated Ken Dixon for the MCW Pro Wrestling MCW Rage Television Championship.", "One month later, Gunn defeated Ken Dixon for the MCW Pro Wrestling MCW Rage Television Championship. On February 5, 2016, Gunn defeated Joey Hayes in the Preston City Wrestling PCW Road to Glory tournament, on February 6 he lost to T-Bone in the quarter-finals that same night Gunn teamed up with Mr. Anderson and Tajiri to defeat Dave Raynes, Joey Hayes, and Martin Kirby. On February 7, 2016 Gunn challenged for the Pro Wrestling Pride Heavyweight championship losing to Steve Griffiths.", "On February 7, 2016 Gunn challenged for the Pro Wrestling Pride Heavyweight championship losing to Steve Griffiths. On March 19, 2016, Gunn lost the title to Ken Dixon. On June 12, 2016, Gunn won the Smashmouth Pro Wrestling championship from KC Huber but lost it on the same night, Gunn teamed again with Anderson in a losing effort against the UK Hooligans at PCW Tribute to the Troops on June 25, 2016. He defeated Hardcore Holly in a singles match at PCW Top Gunn on July 2, 2016.", "He defeated Hardcore Holly in a singles match at PCW Top Gunn on July 2, 2016. On September 4, 2016, Gunn made his debut for Chikara, representing DX alongside X-Pac in a tag team gauntlet match. The two entered the match as the final team and scored the win over Prakash Sabar and The Proletariat Boar of Moldova.", "The two entered the match as the final team and scored the win over Prakash Sabar and The Proletariat Boar of Moldova. New Japan Pro-Wrestling (2016–2017) On November 5, 2016, at the New Japan Pro-Wrestling (NJPW) event Power Struggle, Yoshitatsu announced Gunn as the newest member of his Hunter Club stable and his partner for the upcoming 2016 World Tag League. Gunn and Yoshitatsu finished the tournament on December 8 with a record of three wins and four losses, failing to advance from their block.", "Gunn and Yoshitatsu finished the tournament on December 8 with a record of three wins and four losses, failing to advance from their block. Gunn returned to NJPW on January 4, 2017, taking part in the pre-show New Japan Rumble at Wrestle Kingdom 11 in Tokyo Dome, from which he was eliminated by the eventual winner Michael Elgin. While Gunn did not appear for NJPW for the next six months, he was brought up in May by Yoshitatsu, who told Hiroshi Tanahashi that Gunn had requested a match against him.", "While Gunn did not appear for NJPW for the next six months, he was brought up in May by Yoshitatsu, who told Hiroshi Tanahashi that Gunn had requested a match against him. When Tanahashi captured the IWGP Intercontinental Championship the following month, he immediately nominated Gunn as his first challenger. Gunn was defeated in the title match on July 2 at G1 Special in USA, and it was his final match in NJPW.", "Gunn was defeated in the title match on July 2 at G1 Special in USA, and it was his final match in NJPW. WWE appearances (2018–2019) Gunn and numerous other WWE legends appeared on the January 22, 2018 episode of Raw 25 Years as part of the D-Generation X reunion. He was inducted into the WWE Hall of Fame Class of 2019 as a member of D-Generation X. All Elite Wrestling (2019–present) In January 2019, Gunn was hired by All Elite Wrestling as a coach.", "All Elite Wrestling (2019–present) In January 2019, Gunn was hired by All Elite Wrestling as a coach. At May 25 at the AEW Double or Nothing event he competed in the pre-show battle royal. Gunn made his first televised appearance for AEW on the November 20, 2019 episode of AEW Dynamite, competing in a battle royal. He also appeared during the January 1, 2020 episode of Dynamite, wrestling in a dark match with his son Austin that aired on January 7, 2020.", "He also appeared during the January 1, 2020 episode of Dynamite, wrestling in a dark match with his son Austin that aired on January 7, 2020. They wrestled again together on another dark match during the January 8, 2020 episode of Dynamite, airing on January 17, 2020, with the tag team name \"The Gunn Club\", defeating the team of Peter Avalon and Shawn Spears.", "They wrestled again together on another dark match during the January 8, 2020 episode of Dynamite, airing on January 17, 2020, with the tag team name \"The Gunn Club\", defeating the team of Peter Avalon and Shawn Spears. Gunn has also appeared in the crowd (made up of AEW wrestlers and other employees) on numerous episodes of Dynamite during the COVID-19 pandemic.", "Gunn has also appeared in the crowd (made up of AEW wrestlers and other employees) on numerous episodes of Dynamite during the COVID-19 pandemic. On the May 27, 2020 episode of Dynamite, Gunn now under the shortened ring name of Billy participated in a battle royal match to determine the number one contender for the TNT Championship. He also would wrestle MJF in a singles match on the June 17, 2020 episode of Dynamite as well.", "He also would wrestle MJF in a singles match on the June 17, 2020 episode of Dynamite as well. The Gunn Club would wrestle in more tag team matches on more episodes of AEW Dark. On the November 4, 2020 episode of Dynamite, The Gunn Club teamed with Cody Rhodes to successfully defeat The Dark Order (John Silver, 10 and Colt Cabana).", "On the November 4, 2020 episode of Dynamite, The Gunn Club teamed with Cody Rhodes to successfully defeat The Dark Order (John Silver, 10 and Colt Cabana). On the November 17, 2020 episode of Dark, The Gunn Club, which now added Austin's brother and Gunn's other son Colten to the stable, defeated Bshp King, Joey O'Riley and Sean Maluta by pinfall in a six-man tag team match.", "On the November 17, 2020 episode of Dark, The Gunn Club, which now added Austin's brother and Gunn's other son Colten to the stable, defeated Bshp King, Joey O'Riley and Sean Maluta by pinfall in a six-man tag team match. On the same day the AEW website's roster page got updated and his name was once again changed to its long form, Billy Gunn.", "On the same day the AEW website's roster page got updated and his name was once again changed to its long form, Billy Gunn. The three man Gunn Club would then defeat Cezar Bononi, KTB, and Seth Gargis in another six man tag team match on the November 24, 2020 episode of Dark.", "The three man Gunn Club would then defeat Cezar Bononi, KTB, and Seth Gargis in another six man tag team match on the November 24, 2020 episode of Dark. On the December 8, 2020 episode of Dark The three man Gunn Club-which entered the ring on a golf cart with the words \"Taz Taxi\" on the side, defeated Shawn Dean, Sean Maluta & RYZIN.", "On the December 8, 2020 episode of Dark The three man Gunn Club-which entered the ring on a golf cart with the words \"Taz Taxi\" on the side, defeated Shawn Dean, Sean Maluta & RYZIN. On the December 1, 2021 episode of Dynamite, The Gunn Club stable's undefeated streak in AEW ended when Billy and Colten Gunn lost to the team of Sting and Darby Allin.", "On the December 1, 2021 episode of Dynamite, The Gunn Club stable's undefeated streak in AEW ended when Billy and Colten Gunn lost to the team of Sting and Darby Allin. Professional wrestling style, persona and reception Gunn has had several gimmicks throughout his career, ranging from his cowboy-themed gimmick with the Smoking Gunns to his The Ambiguously Gay Duo-esque tag team with Chuck Palumbo.", "Professional wrestling style, persona and reception Gunn has had several gimmicks throughout his career, ranging from his cowboy-themed gimmick with the Smoking Gunns to his The Ambiguously Gay Duo-esque tag team with Chuck Palumbo. Gunn has stated on multiple shoot interviews that he has no regrets with his gimmicks as he was performing a job and doing what was asked of him to do. By far, Gunn's most infamous gimmick was his \"Mr. Ass\" persona based around his ass.", "By far, Gunn's most infamous gimmick was his \"Mr. Ass\" persona based around his ass. The gimmick started during his New Age Outlaws days when Road Dogg would refer to themselves as \"Mr. Dogg\" and \"Mr. Ass\" in promos, though the \"Bad Ass\" name wasn't referring to his backside at that time.", "The gimmick started during his New Age Outlaws days when Road Dogg would refer to themselves as \"Mr. Dogg\" and \"Mr. Ass\" in promos, though the \"Bad Ass\" name wasn't referring to his backside at that time. What was originally a throwaway joke turned into Gunn mooning his opponents and the live crowd, though as the original incarnation of DX also did this, it could originally be argued that it was an extension of the Outlaws joining DX.", "What was originally a throwaway joke turned into Gunn mooning his opponents and the live crowd, though as the original incarnation of DX also did this, it could originally be argued that it was an extension of the Outlaws joining DX. Upon leaving DX, Gunn fully embraced the \"Mr. Ass\" gimmick by placing emphasis on his \"moneymaker\".", "Upon leaving DX, Gunn fully embraced the \"Mr. Ass\" gimmick by placing emphasis on his \"moneymaker\". While Road Dogg kept the New Age Outlaws entrance music for his own, Gunn adopted the song \"Ass Man\" as part of the gimmick, and for a time even changed his ring tights to be see-through, wearing only a thong underneath his tights, although he would eventually revert back to the DX-era tights. The \"Mr. Ass\" gimmick has mixed reviews.", "The \"Mr. Ass\" gimmick has mixed reviews. The \"Mr. Ass\" gimmick has mixed reviews. One web site ranked it near the middle of Gunn's various gimmicks, while a writer for Bleacher Report thought it was the worst gimmick ever even though Gunn was at his peak popularity with the persona. Gunn himself told Chris Van Vliet in 2021 that he never paid attention to the \"Ass Man\" lyrics until a college professor broke down each expression.", "Gunn himself told Chris Van Vliet in 2021 that he never paid attention to the \"Ass Man\" lyrics until a college professor broke down each expression. Due to the enduring legacy of the \"Mr. Ass\" gimmick, in November 2021 Ring of Honor wrestler Danhausen began a Twitter feud with the Gunn Club, referring to Billy as \"Billy Ass,\" and Colten and Austin as The \"Ass Boys,\" in reference to Gunn's infamous \"Mr. Ass\" gimmick in the Attitude Era.", "Due to the enduring legacy of the \"Mr. Ass\" gimmick, in November 2021 Ring of Honor wrestler Danhausen began a Twitter feud with the Gunn Club, referring to Billy as \"Billy Ass,\" and Colten and Austin as The \"Ass Boys,\" in reference to Gunn's infamous \"Mr. Ass\" gimmick in the Attitude Era. While Gunn himself initially had no comment, the rest of Gunn Club despised the nickname after fans began chanting \"Ass Boys\" during their matches, notably during an AEW event at Chartway Arena in Norfolk, Virginia.", "While Gunn himself initially had no comment, the rest of Gunn Club despised the nickname after fans began chanting \"Ass Boys\" during their matches, notably during an AEW event at Chartway Arena in Norfolk, Virginia. Gunn finally commented when he surprised his sons by wearing an \"Ass Boys\" shirt, encouraging them to \"embrace the assness\" and even started teasing mooning the crowd again. Gunn also thanked Danhausen publicly for getting his sons over in a way that he couldn't.", "Gunn also thanked Danhausen publicly for getting his sons over in a way that he couldn't. Other media Filmography Video Games WWF Attitude WWF WrestleMania 2000 WWF SmackDown! WWF No Mercy WWF SmackDown! 2: Know Your Role WWF Road To WrestleMania WWF SmackDown! Just Bring It WWF Raw WWE SmackDown! Shut Your Mouth WWE Raw 2 WWE '13 WWE 2K16 WWE 2K17 Personal life Sopp was born on November 1, 1963 in Orlando, Florida and claims Austin, Texas as his hometown.", "Shut Your Mouth WWE Raw 2 WWE '13 WWE 2K16 WWE 2K17 Personal life Sopp was born on November 1, 1963 in Orlando, Florida and claims Austin, Texas as his hometown. In November 1990, Sopp was arrested in Florida for disorderly conduct. Sopp married his first wife Tina Tinnell on March 3, 1990. Together, they have two sons: Colten (born May 18, 1991) and Austin (born August 26, 1994) who are also professional wrestlers.", "Together, they have two sons: Colten (born May 18, 1991) and Austin (born August 26, 1994) who are also professional wrestlers. The couple separated in January 2000 and their divorce was finalized on December 11, 2002. Sopp has since married his long-time girlfriend Paula on January 24, 2009.", "Sopp has since married his long-time girlfriend Paula on January 24, 2009. Sopp's sons Austin and Colten, better known by the ring names Austin Gunn and Colten Gunn, are currently signed to All Elite Wrestling (AEW) where alongside their father they form a stable known as \"Gunn Club\". Sopp attended Sam Houston State University.", "Sopp attended Sam Houston State University. Sopp attended Sam Houston State University. Championships and accomplishments American Pro Wrestling Alliance APWA American Championship (1 time) Bad Boys of Wrestling Federation BBFW Aruba Championship (1 time) BBFW Aruba Championship Tournament (2012) International Wrestling Federation IWF Tag Team Championship (2 times) – with Brett Colt Freedom Pro Wrestling FPW Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Road Dogg Maryland Championship Wrestling MCW Rage Television Championship (1 time) MCW Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with B.G.", "Championships and accomplishments American Pro Wrestling Alliance APWA American Championship (1 time) Bad Boys of Wrestling Federation BBFW Aruba Championship (1 time) BBFW Aruba Championship Tournament (2012) International Wrestling Federation IWF Tag Team Championship (2 times) – with Brett Colt Freedom Pro Wrestling FPW Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Road Dogg Maryland Championship Wrestling MCW Rage Television Championship (1 time) MCW Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with B.G. James Pro Wrestling Illustrated Tag Team of the Year (1998) with Road Dogg Tag Team of the Year (2002) with Chuck Ranked #39 of the top 500 singles wrestlers in the PWI 500 in 1999 Ranked #231 of the top 500 singles wrestlers of the \"PWI Years\" in 2003 Ranked #43 of the top 100 tag teams of the \"PWI Years\" with Road Dogg in 2003 SmashMouth Pro Wrestling SPW World Heavyweight Championship (1 time) TWA Powerhouse TWA Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with B.G.", "James Pro Wrestling Illustrated Tag Team of the Year (1998) with Road Dogg Tag Team of the Year (2002) with Chuck Ranked #39 of the top 500 singles wrestlers in the PWI 500 in 1999 Ranked #231 of the top 500 singles wrestlers of the \"PWI Years\" in 2003 Ranked #43 of the top 100 tag teams of the \"PWI Years\" with Road Dogg in 2003 SmashMouth Pro Wrestling SPW World Heavyweight Championship (1 time) TWA Powerhouse TWA Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with B.G. James Vanguard Championship Wrestling VCW Heavyweight Championship (1 time) World Pro Wrestling WPW World Heavyweight Championship (1 time) Wrestling Observer Newsletter Worst Worked Match of the Year (2006) TNA Reverse Battle Royal on TNA Impact!", "James Vanguard Championship Wrestling VCW Heavyweight Championship (1 time) World Pro Wrestling WPW World Heavyweight Championship (1 time) Wrestling Observer Newsletter Worst Worked Match of the Year (2006) TNA Reverse Battle Royal on TNA Impact! WWE/World Wrestling Federation/Entertainment WWF Hardcore Championship (2 times) WWF Intercontinental Championship (1 time) WWE Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Road Dogg WWF World Tag Team Championship (10 times) – with Bart Gunn (3), Road Dogg (5) and Chuck (2) King of the Ring (1999) Raw Bowl – with Bart Gunn WWE Hall of Fame (Class of 2019) - as a member of D-Generation X References External links 1963 births All Elite Wrestling personnel American male professional wrestlers American powerlifters Bull riders D-Generation X members Expatriate professional wrestlers in Japan LGBT characters in professional wrestling Living people Professional wrestlers from Florida Professional wrestling trainers Sam Houston State University alumni Sportspeople from Orlando, Florida The Authority (professional wrestling) members WWE Hall of Fame inductees WWF/WWE Hardcore Champions WWF/WWE Intercontinental Champions WWF/WWE King Crown's Champions/King of the Ring winners American expatriate sportspeople in Japan" ]

[ "Billy Gunn", "The New Age Outlaws and D-Generation X (1997-1998)", "What were The New Age Outlaws?", "James and Rockabilly were quickly rebranded as \"Road Dogg\" Jesse James and \"Badd Ass\" Billy Gunn, respectively, and their tag team formed was soon dubbed the New Age Outlaws.", "What was the D generation X?", "They also defeated the LOD in a rematch at In Your House: D-Generation X.", "How strong were Jesse and Billy?", "This new team was in the spirit of the new Attitude Era: brash, vulgar, egotistical, and loud-mouthed. They quickly rose to the top of the tag team ranks", "Did they ever lose?", "teamed up with Triple H and Savio Vega (who replaced the injured Shawn Michaels) to face Chainsaw Charlie, Cactus Jack, Owen Hart, and Steve Austin. They were, however, defeated.", "Any other losses?", "During this time, the Outlaws began a feud with Kane and Mankind. Although Kane and Mankind won the Tag Team Championship, they could not get along." ]

[ "The NXT Women's Tag Team Championship is a professional wrestling women's tag team championship created and promoted by the American promotion WWE, defended on their NXT brand division. The current champions are Toxic Attraction (Gigi Dolin and Jacy Jayne), who are in their first reign.\n\nThe championship was established on the March 10, 2021, episode of NXT. The team of Dakota Kai and Raquel González were crowned the inaugural champions due to winning the first-ever Women's Dusty Rhodes Tag Team Classic, after the WWE Women's Tag Team Championship match they had originally received for their win ended in a controversial finish. At the time the title was introduced, NXT was regarded as WWE's \"third brand\"; however, in September that same year, NXT was rebranded and reverted to its original function as WWE's developmental territory.\n\nHistory\nIn December 2018, the WWE Women's Tag Team Championship was established as the sole women's tag team championship for WWE, shared across the Raw, SmackDown, and NXT brands. On the March 3, 2021 episode of NXT, Dakota Kai and Raquel González, who had earned a title opportunity for winning the first-ever Women's Dusty Rhodes Tag Team Classic, faced WWE Women's Tag Team Champions Nia Jax and Shayna Baszler (whose home brand was Raw). After the referee had been knocked out during the match, WWE official Adam Pearce, who officiates for Raw and SmackDown, sent down a second referee to declare Kai had submitted to Baszler, although Kai was not the legal woman. This led to a backstage argument between Pearce and NXT General Manager William Regal.\n\nThe following week on the March 10 episode, Regal introduced the NXT Women's Tag Team Championship to not have to deal with Raw and SmackDown's politics any longer. Kai and González have named the inaugural champions due to their Women's Dusty Classic win. Their reign would not last long, however, as that same night, they defended the titles against the runner ups of the tournament, Ember Moon and Shotzi Blackheart, who defeated Kai and González to win the championship.\n\nBelt design\nThe belt design of the NXT Women's Tag Team Championship is nearly identical to the men's NXT Tag Team Championship, with a few exceptions. The straps are smaller for the women and they are white instead of black. Above the vertical NXT logo on the center plate says \"Women's Tag Team\" instead of just \"Tag Team.\" For the customizable side plates, the default side plates have the vertical NXT logo instead of the WWE logo, which makes it only one of two NXT championships to have the NXT logo instead of the WWE logo for the default side plates, the other being the NXT North American Championship. The WWE logo is also missing from the very center of the NXT logo on the center plate.\n\nReigns\n\nAs of , , there have been five reigns between five teams composed of 10 individual champions. The inaugural championship team was Dakota Kai and Raquel González. Toxic Attraction (Gigi Dolin and Jacy Jayne) have the longest reign at + days, while the team of Kai and González have the shortest reign at 56 minutes (being named as first champions then losing the title later the same night). Candice LeRae is the oldest champion at 35 years old, while Gigi Dolin is the youngest, winning the title at 24.\n\nThe current champions are Toxic Attraction (Gigi Dolin and Jacy Jayne), who are in their first reign, both as a team and individually. They defeated previous champions Io Shirai and Zoey Stark and the team of Indi Hartwell and Persia Pirotta in a Three-way Scareway to Hell Ladder match at the special Halloween Havoc episode of NXT 2.0 on October 26, 2021, in Orlando, Florida\n\nSee also\n Tag team championships in WWE\n Women's championships in WWE\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n Official NXT Women's Tag Team Championship Title History\n\nWWE NXT championships\nWWE women's championships\nWomen's professional wrestling tag team championships", "The NWA World Tag Team Championship is a professional wrestling World Tag Team championship contested in various National Wrestling Alliance (NWA) affiliates. The NWA did not officially recognize any tag team champions until 1992 while various affiliates had previously had their own Tag Team championships.\n\nTitle history\n\nCombined reigns\nAs of , . \n\nKey\n\nBy team\n\nBy wrestler\n\nSee also\nNWA World Tag Team Championship\nNational Wrestling Alliance (NWA)\nJim Crockett Promotions\nImpact Wrestling\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nOfficial NWA World Tag Team Title History\nWrestling-Titles.com - NWA World Tag Team Title History\n\nNational Wrestling Alliance championships\nProfessional wrestling tag team champion lists\nImpact Wrestling champions lists" ]

[ "Monty \"Kip\" Sopp (born November 1, 1963), better known by his ring name Billy Gunn, is an American professional wrestler. He is currently signed to All Elite Wrestling (AEW) as a wrestler and coach. Gunn is best known for his appearances in the World Wrestling Federation/Entertainment (WWF/E) from 1993 to 2004 and from 2012 to 2015. He also served as a coach on WWE's Tough Enough and was a trainer in NXT.", "He also served as a coach on WWE's Tough Enough and was a trainer in NXT. He is also known for his appearances with Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA) from 2005 to 2009. Primarily a tag team wrestler, Gunn is an overall 13-time tag team champion in WWE with three different partners (with Bart Gunn as The Smoking Gunns, with Road Dogg as The New Age Outlaws, and with Chuck Palumbo as Billy and Chuck).", "Primarily a tag team wrestler, Gunn is an overall 13-time tag team champion in WWE with three different partners (with Bart Gunn as The Smoking Gunns, with Road Dogg as The New Age Outlaws, and with Chuck Palumbo as Billy and Chuck). He is also a one time WWF Intercontinental Champion and a two time WWF Hardcore Champion, giving him 14 total championships in WWE.", "He is also a one time WWF Intercontinental Champion and a two time WWF Hardcore Champion, giving him 14 total championships in WWE. He is the 1999 King of the Ring tournament winner, and was inducted into the WWE Hall of Fame in 2019 as a member of D-Generation X. Professional wrestling career Early career (1985–1993) After a stint as a professional bull rider in Professional Rodeo Cowboys Association, Sopp left the profession in his early-20s in order to pursue a career as a professional wrestler.", "Professional wrestling career Early career (1985–1993) After a stint as a professional bull rider in Professional Rodeo Cowboys Association, Sopp left the profession in his early-20s in order to pursue a career as a professional wrestler. Trained by Jerry Grey, Sopp wrestled on the independent circuit for eight years (including a brief stint as enhancement talent for World Championship Wrestling (WCW) before signing a contract with the World Wrestling Federation (WWF) in 1993.", "Trained by Jerry Grey, Sopp wrestled on the independent circuit for eight years (including a brief stint as enhancement talent for World Championship Wrestling (WCW) before signing a contract with the World Wrestling Federation (WWF) in 1993. World Wrestling Federation/Entertainment (1993–2004) The Smoking Gunns (1993–1996) After weeks of vignettes, Sopp, under the name Billy Gunn, made his WWF debut on the May 17, 1993 episode of Raw, teaming with his on-screen brother, Bart Gunn to defeat Tony Vadja and Glenn Ruth.", "World Wrestling Federation/Entertainment (1993–2004) The Smoking Gunns (1993–1996) After weeks of vignettes, Sopp, under the name Billy Gunn, made his WWF debut on the May 17, 1993 episode of Raw, teaming with his on-screen brother, Bart Gunn to defeat Tony Vadja and Glenn Ruth. The duo, now known as The Smoking Gunns, made their pay-per-view debut at King of the Ring, teaming with The Steiner Brothers to defeat Money Inc. and The Headshrinkers in an eight-man tag team match.", "The duo, now known as The Smoking Gunns, made their pay-per-view debut at King of the Ring, teaming with The Steiner Brothers to defeat Money Inc. and The Headshrinkers in an eight-man tag team match. At SummerSlam, the duo teamed with Tatanka to pick up a win against Bam Bam Bigelow and the Headshrinkers. On January 22, 1994, Gunn entered his first Royal Rumble match at the namesake event, but was eliminated by Diesel.", "On January 22, 1994, Gunn entered his first Royal Rumble match at the namesake event, but was eliminated by Diesel. In early 1995, the Gunns won their first Tag Team Championship by defeating the makeshift team of Bob Holly and 1-2-3 Kid. They held the title until WrestleMania XI, where they were defeated by the team of Owen Hart and Yokozuna. They won the titles again in September 1995. On February 15, 1996, the Gunns vacated the title because Billy was in need of neck surgery.", "On February 15, 1996, the Gunns vacated the title because Billy was in need of neck surgery. After Billy returned from hiatus, The Smoking Gunns won the Tag Team Title for the third time by defeating The Godwinns in May. After the match, The Godwinns' manager Sunny turned on her team in favor of the Gunns. On September 22 at In Your House: Mind Games, the Gunns lost the Tag Team Title to Owen Hart and The British Bulldog.", "On September 22 at In Your House: Mind Games, the Gunns lost the Tag Team Title to Owen Hart and The British Bulldog. After the match, Sunny abandoned The Gunns, saying that she would only manage title holders. Billy, frustrated with losing both the championship and Sunny, walked out on Bart, breaking up The Smoking Gunns. Rockabilly, The New Age Outlaws and D-Generation X (1997–1998) After The Smoking Gunns disbanded, Gunn took some time off to nurse an injury.", "Rockabilly, The New Age Outlaws and D-Generation X (1997–1998) After The Smoking Gunns disbanded, Gunn took some time off to nurse an injury. At WrestleMania 13, he defeated Flash Funk catching the attention of The Honky Tonk Man, who made Gunn his protégé. During this time, he adopted a new gimmick, Rockabilly, He would use this gimmick throughout much of 1997 and eventually had a short-lived feud with \"The Real Double J\" Jesse James.", "During this time, he adopted a new gimmick, Rockabilly, He would use this gimmick throughout much of 1997 and eventually had a short-lived feud with \"The Real Double J\" Jesse James. On the October 4, 1997 episode of Shotgun Saturday Night, James realized both of their careers were going nowhere and suggested that they become a tag team. Gunn agreed and smashed a guitar over the Honky Tonk Man's head to solidify their new alliance.", "Gunn agreed and smashed a guitar over the Honky Tonk Man's head to solidify their new alliance. James and Rockabilly were quickly rebranded as \"Road Dogg\" Jesse James and \"Badd Ass\" Billy Gunn, respectively, and their tag team was dubbed the New Age Outlaws. They quickly rose to the top of the tag team ranks and won the Tag Team Championship from the Legion of Doom on November 24. They also defeated the LOD in a rematch at In Your House: D-Generation X.", "They also defeated the LOD in a rematch at In Your House: D-Generation X. The Outlaws slowly began to align themselves with D-Generation X. At the Royal Rumble, the New Age Outlaws interfered in a Casket match to help Shawn Michaels defeat The Undertaker. At No Way Out Of Texas, the Outlaws teamed up with Triple H and Savio Vega (who replaced the injured Shawn Michaels) to face Chainsaw Charlie, Cactus Jack, Owen Hart, and Steve Austin. They were, however, defeated.", "They were, however, defeated. They were, however, defeated. On February 2, The Outlaws locked Cactus and Chainsaw in a dumpster and pushed it off the stage. This led to a Dumpster match at WrestleMania XIV where Cactus and Chainsaw defeated the Outlaws for the Tag Titles. The next night on Raw, the New Age Outlaws won the Tag Team Championship for a second time by defeating Chainsaw and Cactus in a Steel cage match, but only after interference from Triple H, Chyna, and X-Pac.", "The next night on Raw, the New Age Outlaws won the Tag Team Championship for a second time by defeating Chainsaw and Cactus in a Steel cage match, but only after interference from Triple H, Chyna, and X-Pac. After the match, the Outlaws officially became members of D-Generation X (DX). After joining DX, the Outlaws successfully defended their Tag Team Title against the Legion of Doom 2000 at Unforgiven. DX began to feud with Owen Hart and his new stablemates, The Nation.", "DX began to feud with Owen Hart and his new stablemates, The Nation. At Over The Edge, the Outlaws and Triple H were defeated by Nation members Owen, Kama Mustafa, and D'Lo Brown in a Six Man Tag Match. During this time, the Outlaws began a feud with Kane and Mankind. At SummerSlam, Mankind faced the Outlaws in a Handicap match after Kane no-showed the title defense. The Outlaws defeated Mankind to win the titles for the third time.", "The Outlaws defeated Mankind to win the titles for the third time. In December, the Outlaws lost the title to The Big Boss Man and Ken Shamrock from The Corporation. Mr. Ass and reformation of the Outlaws and DX (1999–2000) The Outlaws then began to focus more on singles competition. The Road Dogg won the Hardcore Championship in December 1998, and Gunn set his sights on the Intercontinental Championship. At the 1999 Royal Rumble, Gunn unsuccessfully challenged Ken Shamrock for the Intercontinental Title.", "At the 1999 Royal Rumble, Gunn unsuccessfully challenged Ken Shamrock for the Intercontinental Title. The next month at St. Valentine's Day Massacre, Gunn was the special guest referee for the Intercontinental Championship match between Val Venis and champion Ken Shamrock, where Gunn made a fast count and declared Venis the new champion before attacking both men. In March, Gunn won the Hardcore Championship from Hardcore Holly. At WrestleMania XV, Gunn lost the title to Holly in a Triple Threat match which also included Al Snow.", "At WrestleMania XV, Gunn lost the title to Holly in a Triple Threat match which also included Al Snow. The New Age Outlaws then reunited to defeat Jeff Jarrett and Owen Hart at Backlash. After Backlash, Gunn left D-Generation X and aligned himself with Triple H and Chyna. Gunn defeated his former partner, Road Dogg, in a match at Over the Edge. Gunn then won the King of the Ring tournament by defeating Ken Shamrock, Kane, and his former ally, X-Pac.", "Gunn then won the King of the Ring tournament by defeating Ken Shamrock, Kane, and his former ally, X-Pac. After King of the Ring, Gunn, Triple H, and Chyna went on to feud with X-Pac and Road Dogg over the rights to the D-Generation X name. This feud culminated at Fully Loaded when X-Pac and Road Dogg defeated Gunn and Chyna. Gunn then began a brief feud with The Rock. At SummerSlam, The Rock defeated Gunn in a Kiss My Ass Match.", "At SummerSlam, The Rock defeated Gunn in a Kiss My Ass Match. Following this, Gunn then briefly feuded with Jeff Jarrett for the Intercontinental Title before reuniting with Road Dogg to reform The New Age Outlaws. The Outlaws won their fourth tag team championship by defeating The Rock 'n' Sock Connection in September 1999. The Outlaws later reunited with X-Pac and Triple H to reform D-Generation X. During this time, The Outlaws won their fifth Tag Team Championship after defeating Mankind and Al Snow.", "During this time, The Outlaws won their fifth Tag Team Championship after defeating Mankind and Al Snow. At the 2000 Royal Rumble, The New Age Outlaws retained their title against The Acolytes after interference from X-Pac. The Outlaws then had a feud with The Dudley Boyz, who won the Tag Team Championship from The Outlaws at No Way Out.", "The Outlaws then had a feud with The Dudley Boyz, who won the Tag Team Championship from The Outlaws at No Way Out. After suffering a torn rotator cuff in the match with The Dudley Boyz, Gunn was kicked out of D-Generation X for \"losing his cool\" to explain his impending absence to recover from his injury. The One (2000–2001) Gunn made his return in October and immediately teamed with Chyna to feud with Right to Censor, who wanted to \"censor\" his Mr. Ass gimmick.", "The One (2000–2001) Gunn made his return in October and immediately teamed with Chyna to feud with Right to Censor, who wanted to \"censor\" his Mr. Ass gimmick. At No Mercy, Right to Censor members Steven Richards and Val Venis defeated Chyna and Gunn. Due to a stipulation, Gunn could no longer use the Mr. Ass gimmick, so he renamed himself Billy G. for a few weeks before settling on \"The One\" Billy Gunn. Gunn then feuded with Eddie Guerrero and the rest of The Radicalz.", "Gunn then feuded with Eddie Guerrero and the rest of The Radicalz. At Survivor Series, Gunn teamed with Road Dogg, Chyna, and K-Kwik in a losing effort against The Radicalz. A few weeks later on SmackDown!, Gunn won the Intercontinental Championship from Guerrero. However, the title reign was short-lived, as Chris Benoit defeated him for the title two weeks later at Armageddon.", "However, the title reign was short-lived, as Chris Benoit defeated him for the title two weeks later at Armageddon. After feuding with Benoit, Gunn participated in the 2001 Royal Rumble where he made it to the final four, Gunn interfered in the Hardcore Championship Match at No Way Out, and taking advantage of the 24/7 Rule, pinning Raven for the title. The reign was short-lived, as Raven won it back a few minutes later.", "The reign was short-lived, as Raven won it back a few minutes later. Billy and Chuck (2001–2002) In a 2001 match on Sunday Night Heat, Gunn was defeated by Chuck Palumbo, who recently left The Alliance to join the WWF. After the match, Gunn suggested that they form a tag team. Palumbo agreed, and Billy and Chuck quickly rose to the top of the tag team division.", "Palumbo agreed, and Billy and Chuck quickly rose to the top of the tag team division. Initially they were a generic tandem, but they were given a gimmick where they grew increasingly affectionate toward each other, showing evidence of a storyline homosexual relationship. In February 2002, Billy and Chuck defeated Spike Dudley and Tazz to win the WWF Tag Team Championship for the first time as a team. After winning the titles, Billy and Chuck found a \"Personal Stylist\" in the ambiguously flamboyant Rico.", "After winning the titles, Billy and Chuck found a \"Personal Stylist\" in the ambiguously flamboyant Rico. After retaining the title against the Acolytes Protection Agency, the Dudley Boyz, and the Hardy Boyz in a Four Corners Elimination Match at WrestleMania X8 and against Al Snow and Maven at Backlash, Billy and Chuck began a feud with Rikishi.", "After retaining the title against the Acolytes Protection Agency, the Dudley Boyz, and the Hardy Boyz in a Four Corners Elimination Match at WrestleMania X8 and against Al Snow and Maven at Backlash, Billy and Chuck began a feud with Rikishi. At Judgment Day, Rikishi and Rico (Rikishi's mystery partner of Mr. McMahon's choosing) defeated Billy and Chuck for the WWE Tag Team Championship after Rico accidentally hit Chuck with a roundhouse kick. Billy and Chuck quickly won the title back two weeks later on SmackDown!", "Billy and Chuck quickly won the title back two weeks later on SmackDown! with Rico's help. They held the championship for almost a month before losing it to the team of Edge and Hollywood Hulk Hogan on the July 4 episode of SmackDown!. On the September 5 edition of SmackDown!, after Billy lost a match to Rey Mysterio, Chuck proposed to Billy, asking him to be his \"partner for life\" and gave him a wedding ring.", "On the September 5 edition of SmackDown!, after Billy lost a match to Rey Mysterio, Chuck proposed to Billy, asking him to be his \"partner for life\" and gave him a wedding ring. Billy agreed, and one week later, on the September 12 episode of SmackDown!, Billy and Chuck had their wedding ceremony. However, just before they tied the knot, they revealed that the entire ordeal was a publicity stunt and disavowed their on-screen homosexuality, admitting that they were just friends.", "However, just before they tied the knot, they revealed that the entire ordeal was a publicity stunt and disavowed their on-screen homosexuality, admitting that they were just friends. The \"preacher\" revealed himself to be Raw General Manager Eric Bischoff (who was wearing a skin mask), who then summoned 3-Minute Warning to beat up Billy and Chuck. Rico, furious that Billy and Chuck gave up their gimmick, became the manager of Three Minute Warning and defected to Raw.", "Rico, furious that Billy and Chuck gave up their gimmick, became the manager of Three Minute Warning and defected to Raw. At Unforgiven, Three Minute Warning defeated Billy and Chuck. Their final match together occurred on the October 3 episode of SmackDown! in the first round of a tournament for the newly created WWE Tag Team Championship. They lost the match to the team of Ron Simmons and Reverend D-Von.", "They lost the match to the team of Ron Simmons and Reverend D-Von. Afterwards, Gunn took a few months off because of a shoulder injury and the team of Billy and Chuck quietly disbanded. SmackDown! and return to singles competition (2003–2004) After returning in the summer of 2003, Gunn reverted to the \"Mr. Ass\" gimmick, defeating A-Train, and Torrie Wilson became his new manager.", "and return to singles competition (2003–2004) After returning in the summer of 2003, Gunn reverted to the \"Mr. Ass\" gimmick, defeating A-Train, and Torrie Wilson became his new manager. He started a feud with Jamie Noble, which led to an \"Indecent Proposal\" Match at Vengeance, which Noble won and due to the match's stipulation, won a night with Torrie.", "He started a feud with Jamie Noble, which led to an \"Indecent Proposal\" Match at Vengeance, which Noble won and due to the match's stipulation, won a night with Torrie. After taking time off again due to a shoulder injury, Gunn returned to action at the 2004 Royal Rumble, but was eliminated by Goldberg. Afterward, he wrestled mainly on Velocity, forming an occasional tag team with Hardcore Holly.", "Afterward, he wrestled mainly on Velocity, forming an occasional tag team with Hardcore Holly. At Judgment Day, Gunn and Holly challenged Charlie Haas and Rico for the WWE Tag Team Championship, but were unsuccessful. At The Great American Bash, Gunn lost to Kenzo Suzuki. On November 1, 2004, Sopp was released from his WWE contract. In June 2005, Sopp gave an interview in which he was heavily critical of WWE and the events that led to his release.", "In June 2005, Sopp gave an interview in which he was heavily critical of WWE and the events that led to his release. Many of the negative comments were directed towards Triple H, who Sopp claimed \"runs the show up there\".", "Many of the negative comments were directed towards Triple H, who Sopp claimed \"runs the show up there\". Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (2005–2009) Planet Jarrett (2005) On February 13, 2005, Sopp debuted in Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA) without a name (as Billy Gunn is a WWE trademark, although announcers recognized him as such) at Against All Odds with the same gimmick, helping Jeff Jarrett retain the NWA World Heavyweight Championship in a match with Kevin Nash.", "Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (2005–2009) Planet Jarrett (2005) On February 13, 2005, Sopp debuted in Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA) without a name (as Billy Gunn is a WWE trademark, although announcers recognized him as such) at Against All Odds with the same gimmick, helping Jeff Jarrett retain the NWA World Heavyweight Championship in a match with Kevin Nash. Sopp, using the name The New Age Outlaw, then formed a stable with Jarrett and Monty Brown known as Planet Jarrett.", "Sopp, using the name The New Age Outlaw, then formed a stable with Jarrett and Monty Brown known as Planet Jarrett. However, WWE threatened TNA with legal action if Sopp continued the use of the name \"The New Age Outlaw\", so he shortened his name to The Outlaw.", "However, WWE threatened TNA with legal action if Sopp continued the use of the name \"The New Age Outlaw\", so he shortened his name to The Outlaw. Due to the legal issues with WWE, all TNA -DVD releases featuring footage with Sopp as \"The Outlaw\" (and presumably also as \"The New Age Outlaw\") have had the name on on-screen graphics blurred, the name silenced out of the audio, and match commentary completely replaced to reflect a retroactive name change to \"Kip James\".", "Due to the legal issues with WWE, all TNA -DVD releases featuring footage with Sopp as \"The Outlaw\" (and presumably also as \"The New Age Outlaw\") have had the name on on-screen graphics blurred, the name silenced out of the audio, and match commentary completely replaced to reflect a retroactive name change to \"Kip James\". One such DVD is the pay-per-view Lockdown, included in the \"TNA Anthology: The Epic Set\" box set, in which the silencing of the name during a segment where Dusty Rhodes picks his name from a lottery leaves DVD viewers in the dark as to who just got picked.", "One such DVD is the pay-per-view Lockdown, included in the \"TNA Anthology: The Epic Set\" box set, in which the silencing of the name during a segment where Dusty Rhodes picks his name from a lottery leaves DVD viewers in the dark as to who just got picked. The Outlaw began a campaign to make former ally B.G. James leave the 3Live Kru and defect to Planet Jarrett, reforming the old tag team with Outlaw.", "James leave the 3Live Kru and defect to Planet Jarrett, reforming the old tag team with Outlaw. At No Surrender, he renamed himself Kip James and was announced as \"wrestling out of Marietta, Georgia\" (the family seat of the Armstrong family) as a psychological ploy.", "At No Surrender, he renamed himself Kip James and was announced as \"wrestling out of Marietta, Georgia\" (the family seat of the Armstrong family) as a psychological ploy. As a result of his campaign, Kip attracted the ire of 3Live Kru members Ron Killings and Konnan, leading to a series of tag team matches pitting Kip and Monty Brown against Killings and Konnan, with a conflicted James unwilling to take sides.", "As a result of his campaign, Kip attracted the ire of 3Live Kru members Ron Killings and Konnan, leading to a series of tag team matches pitting Kip and Monty Brown against Killings and Konnan, with a conflicted James unwilling to take sides. Kip's efforts ultimately proved futile; James, the guest referee in a final match between Brown and Kip versus Konnan and Killings at Sacrifice, attacked Kip enabling a 3Live Kru victory.", "Kip's efforts ultimately proved futile; James, the guest referee in a final match between Brown and Kip versus Konnan and Killings at Sacrifice, attacked Kip enabling a 3Live Kru victory. In September at Unbreakable, Kip teamed with Brown to defeat the team of Apolo and Lance Hoyt. There was clear tension between the partners because Brown was unhappy at the series of losses at the hands of the 3Live Kru, and Kip was irked by Brown's decision to leave Planet Jarrett.", "There was clear tension between the partners because Brown was unhappy at the series of losses at the hands of the 3Live Kru, and Kip was irked by Brown's decision to leave Planet Jarrett. Despite the victory, the partners argued after the match. On the October 8, 2005 episode of Impact!, Kip rekindled his feud with the 3Live Kru, running to the ring after a bout between the 3LK and Team Canada in order to prevent Team Canada captain Petey Williams from beating down B.G. James.", "James. James. He saved James, and then engaged in a staredown with Konnan and Killings. Kip saved James from Team Canada once again at Bound for Glory. Though Killings showed signs of gratitude, Konnan remained skeptical as to his true intentions. Later that night, Kip took part in an over-the-top-rope gauntlet match for the number one contendership to the NWA World Heavyweight Championship. After he was eliminated, he tried in vain to prevent Killings from being eliminated as well, before being sent away from ringside by the referees.", "After he was eliminated, he tried in vain to prevent Killings from being eliminated as well, before being sent away from ringside by the referees. The James Gang/Voodoo Kin Mafia (2005–2008) On the November 26 episode of Impact!, B.G. brought Kip and the 3Live Kru to ringside and asked Killings and Konnan whether Kip could join the stable. Following a heated argument between Konnan and B.G., both Killings and Konnan gave their approval, and the 4Live Kru was born.", "Following a heated argument between Konnan and B.G., both Killings and Konnan gave their approval, and the 4Live Kru was born. However, at Turning Point, Konnan attacked both B.G. and Kip, costing them their match against Team Canada and initiating a feud between himself and the remainder of the Kru. Shortly thereafter, B.G. James's father, Bob Armstrong, attempted to reconcile the group, but was instead attacked by Konnan and his new stablemates, Apolo and Homicide.", "James's father, Bob Armstrong, attempted to reconcile the group, but was instead attacked by Konnan and his new stablemates, Apolo and Homicide. Killings later stated that he had severed his ties with the Kru. With Konnan and Killings no longer members of the Kru, Kip and B.G.", "With Konnan and Killings no longer members of the Kru, Kip and B.G. began referring to themselves as The James Gang and continued to feud with the Konnan-managed Latin American Exchange, whose third man position as Homicide's partner would switch from Apolo to Machete, and then from him to Hernandez, who finally stuck, during the course of this feud. At Final Resolution, The James Gang defeated The Diamonds in the Rough (David Young and Elix Skipper).", "At Final Resolution, The James Gang defeated The Diamonds in the Rough (David Young and Elix Skipper). At Against All Odds, The James Gang defeated LAX (Homicide and Machete). At Destination X, The James Gang and Bob Armstrong defeated Latin American Exchange in a six-man tag team match. At Sacrifice, The James Gang defeated Team 3D which led to a rematch at Slammiversary where Team 3D defeated The James Gang in a Bingo Hall Brawl.", "At Sacrifice, The James Gang defeated Team 3D which led to a rematch at Slammiversary where Team 3D defeated The James Gang in a Bingo Hall Brawl. At Victory Road, The James Gang and Abyss defeated Team 3D and their newest member Brother Runt. At No Surrender, The James Gang competed in a Triple Chance tag team battle royal but failed to win the match. At Bound for Glory, The James Gang competed in a Four-way tag team match which was won by Team 3D.", "At Bound for Glory, The James Gang competed in a Four-way tag team match which was won by Team 3D. By November 2006, Kip and B.G. began to show displeasure in TNA and threatened to go find work elsewhere if they did not receive gold soon. They began performing the crotch chop, a reference to the WWE's DX. On the November 2 edition of Impact!, Kip and B.G. threatened to quit.", "threatened to quit. threatened to quit. Kip grabbed the mic and tried to say something to the TNA administration and Spike TV, but each time his mic was cut off. Kip then tried to use the announcer's headset, but it was cut off as well. Frustrated, he started yelling loudly to the crowd, but he was cut off again as the show went to a commercial break.", "Frustrated, he started yelling loudly to the crowd, but he was cut off again as the show went to a commercial break. When the show returned, the announcers speculated that they may have been frustrated due to the influx of new talent entering TNA. It was reported that the segment was a worked shoot that Vince Russo had written in order to renew interest upon their eventual return. Kip and BG appeared in an internet video on TNA's website where they addressed the owner of WWE Vince McMahon.", "Kip and BG appeared in an internet video on TNA's website where they addressed the owner of WWE Vince McMahon. A few weeks later on Impact!, The James Gang re-emerged under a new name Voodoo Kin Mafia (VKM for short, a play on Vincent Kennedy McMahon's initials). They mentioned their new right of 'creative control', meaning they could do whatever they wanted.", "They mentioned their new right of 'creative control', meaning they could do whatever they wanted. They also declared 'war' on Paul Levesque, Michael Hickenbottom, and Vincent K. McMahon (Triple H, Shawn Michaels, and Vince McMahon, respectively). Kip then declared that 'Triple Hollywood' and 'Shawn Kiss-my-bottom' were failing as the group they (Kip and BG) used to be a part of: D-Generation X.", "Kip then declared that 'Triple Hollywood' and 'Shawn Kiss-my-bottom' were failing as the group they (Kip and BG) used to be a part of: D-Generation X. After the initial shock value of this incident wore off, at Genesis, The Voodoo Kin Mafia defeated Kazarian, Maverick Matt and Johnny Devine in a handicap match. VKM began a feud with the villainous Christy Hemme. Hemme then searched for a tag team to square-off against VKM.", "Hemme then searched for a tag team to square-off against VKM. At Destination X, The Voodoo Kin Mafia defeated Hemme's handpicked team of The Heartbreakers (Antonio Thomas & Romeo Roselli). On the Lockdown preshow The Voodoo Kin Mafia defeated another one of Hemme's handpicked team Serotonin (Kaz & Havok) in a Six Sides of Steel match. The final tag team was Damaja and Basham, who appeared on an episode of Impact! and beat down VKM. They also held up Kip James so Hemme could slap him.", "They also held up Kip James so Hemme could slap him. B.G James was taken out by Basham and Damaja which led to Kip James competed against Basham and Damaja in a handicap match at Sacrifice where he lost. However, they beat Hemme's team at Slammiversary. After the match, VKM were betrayed by their associate Lance Hoyt. At Victory Road, they introduced their new manager, the Voodoo Queen, Roxxi Laveaux, to embarrass Christy Hemme.", "At Victory Road, they introduced their new manager, the Voodoo Queen, Roxxi Laveaux, to embarrass Christy Hemme. At Hard Justice, The Voodoo Kin Mafia lost to The Latin American Exchange. At No Surrender, The Voodoo Kin Mafia competed in a Ten-team tag team gauntlet match which was won by A.J. Styles and Tomko. At Bound for Glory, Kip James competed in the Fight for the Right Reverse Battle Royal which was won by Eric Young.", "At Bound for Glory, Kip James competed in the Fight for the Right Reverse Battle Royal which was won by Eric Young. On the October 25 edition of Impact!, VKM teamed with A.J. Styles and Tomko in a losing effort to the Latin American Xchange and the Steiner Brothers. At Genesis, B.G. was present along with Kip in the corner of Roxxi Laveaux at ringside for the Fatal Four Way knockout match for the TNA Women's Championship in which Gail Kim retained the title.", "was present along with Kip in the corner of Roxxi Laveaux at ringside for the Fatal Four Way knockout match for the TNA Women's Championship in which Gail Kim retained the title. At Turning Point, James competed in the Feast or Fired where he grabbed a case but threw it to BG James.", "At Turning Point, James competed in the Feast or Fired where he grabbed a case but threw it to BG James. It was revealed that the case was for a shot at the TNA World Tag Team Championship and BG James picked his dad to be his partner at Against All Odds, James and Bob Armstrong failed to win the titles and on February 21, 2008 episode of Impact! he turned on B.G. and B.G's father \"Bullet\" Bob Armstrong by hitting them both with a crutch.", "and B.G's father \"Bullet\" Bob Armstrong by hitting them both with a crutch. The Beautiful People (2008–2009) On April 13, 2008, he faced former partner B.G. James at Lockdown and lost. After the match, he appeared to want to make amends as he raised B.G. 's hand after the match, only to clothesline him down to the mat and taunt him with a DX crotch chop.", "'s hand after the match, only to clothesline him down to the mat and taunt him with a DX crotch chop. Kip went on to declare himself \"The Megastar\", an arrogant gimmick similar to \"The One\" gimmick from his WWF tenure. Kip later stopped making appearances on Impact! until April 24 when he was attacked backstage by Matt Morgan for no reason. The next week on Impact!, Kip got back at Morgan by attacking him backstage in Jim Cornette's office.", "The next week on Impact!, Kip got back at Morgan by attacking him backstage in Jim Cornette's office. On May 8, 2008, Cornette forced Morgan into being Kip's tag team partner for the Deuces Wild tournament at Sacrifice, though both were unable to win. Kip went on another brief disappearance from television until the June 5 edition of Impact!, where he partnered with Lance Hoyt and James Storm in a losing effort against Morgan and The Latin American Xchange.", "Kip went on another brief disappearance from television until the June 5 edition of Impact!, where he partnered with Lance Hoyt and James Storm in a losing effort against Morgan and The Latin American Xchange. On the August 14 episode of Impact!, Kip was revealed to be the new image consultant and member of The Beautiful People, dubbed Cute Kip and was using his Mr.Ass Attire, after they brought him out during their interview on Karen Angle's show Karen's Angle.", "On the August 14 episode of Impact!, Kip was revealed to be the new image consultant and member of The Beautiful People, dubbed Cute Kip and was using his Mr.Ass Attire, after they brought him out during their interview on Karen Angle's show Karen's Angle. at Bound for Glory IV, Kip, Love and Sky lost to Rhino, ODB and Rhaka Khan in a Bimbo Brawl. at Final Resolution (December 2008), Kip competed in the Feast or Fired match but failed to get a case.", "at Final Resolution (December 2008), Kip competed in the Feast or Fired match but failed to get a case. At Genesis 2009, Kip became the one-night-only replacement for the injured Kevin Nash in the Main Event Mafia. As of March 19, 2009, Sopp was taken off of TNA Impact! along with Jacqueline Moore to become road agents. Sopp returned as Cute Kip and lost to Awesome Kong in an intergender stretcher match on May 14, 2009.", "Sopp returned as Cute Kip and lost to Awesome Kong in an intergender stretcher match on May 14, 2009. On the May 28 edition of Impact!, Kip was fired by The Beautiful People. On the June 18 edition of Impact!, Mick Foley hired him as his handyman, turning Kip into a face. he made another appearance on the August 6 edition of Impact where Kip had to clean up the IMPACT Zone after a chaotic fifteen minute \"riot\".", "he made another appearance on the August 6 edition of Impact where Kip had to clean up the IMPACT Zone after a chaotic fifteen minute \"riot\". On October 9 edition of Xplosion, Kip was defeated by Rhino. On October 30 edition of Xplosion, Kip defeated Sheik Abdul Bashir. on the November 13 edition of Xplosion, Kip lost to Rob Terry and on December 3, 2009 edition of Xplosion, Kip competed in his final TNA match where he lost to Kiyoshi.", "on the November 13 edition of Xplosion, Kip lost to Rob Terry and on December 3, 2009 edition of Xplosion, Kip competed in his final TNA match where he lost to Kiyoshi. Sopp's profile was removed from the TNA website on December 29, 2009, confirming his departure from the promotion. Independent circuit (2009–2012) After leaving TNA, Sopp reunited with B.G. James to reform The New Age Outlaws, with both men resuming their Billy Gunn and Road Dogg ring names.", "James to reform The New Age Outlaws, with both men resuming their Billy Gunn and Road Dogg ring names. After joining TWA Powerhouse in 2010, the Outlaws defeated Canadian Extreme to win the promotion's Tag Team Championship on July 25. They re-lost the title to Canadian Extreme on June 5, 2011. On July 30, 2011, Sopp, working under the ring name Kip Gunn, made his debut for Lucha Libre USA as a member of the heel stable The Right.", "On July 30, 2011, Sopp, working under the ring name Kip Gunn, made his debut for Lucha Libre USA as a member of the heel stable The Right. Later that night, Gunn lost in his debut match against Marco Corleone. On June 26, 2012, Sopp won the American Pro Wrestling Alliance American Championship. However, he lost the title due to travel issues. On September 8 and 9, 2012, he wrestled in a Bad Boys of Wrestling Federation tournament.", "On September 8 and 9, 2012, he wrestled in a Bad Boys of Wrestling Federation tournament. He defeated Rhino in the semi-finals and Scott Steiner in the final, winning the BBWF Aruba Championship. Return to WWE (2012–2015) On July 23, Sopp, under his Billy Gunn name, made his first WWE appearance in nearly eight years as he reunited with Road Dogg, X-Pac, Shawn Michaels and Triple H to reform D-Generation X for one night only on the 1000th episode of Raw.", "Return to WWE (2012–2015) On July 23, Sopp, under his Billy Gunn name, made his first WWE appearance in nearly eight years as he reunited with Road Dogg, X-Pac, Shawn Michaels and Triple H to reform D-Generation X for one night only on the 1000th episode of Raw. In December 2012, he was hired by WWE as a trainer for the NXT Wrestling territory in Tampa, Florida.", "In December 2012, he was hired by WWE as a trainer for the NXT Wrestling territory in Tampa, Florida. On March 4, 2013, Gunn and Road Dogg made a return at Old School Raw, defeating Primo and Epico.", "On March 4, 2013, Gunn and Road Dogg made a return at Old School Raw, defeating Primo and Epico. On March 11, 2013, they accepted a challenge from Team Rhodes Scholars and faced them in a match, which was interrupted by Brock Lesnar, who hit both Outlaws with an F-5 as part of his ongoing feud with Triple H. He then appeared alongside Road Dogg to help CM Punk clear out The Shield in aid of Roddy Piper on Old School Raw on January 6, 2014.", "On March 11, 2013, they accepted a challenge from Team Rhodes Scholars and faced them in a match, which was interrupted by Brock Lesnar, who hit both Outlaws with an F-5 as part of his ongoing feud with Triple H. He then appeared alongside Road Dogg to help CM Punk clear out The Shield in aid of Roddy Piper on Old School Raw on January 6, 2014. On the January 10 episode of SmackDown, the Outlaws teamed with CM Punk in a six-man tag match against The Shield in a losing effort.", "On the January 10 episode of SmackDown, the Outlaws teamed with CM Punk in a six-man tag match against The Shield in a losing effort. On the January 13 episode of Raw, the Outlaws again teamed with Punk in a rematch against The Shield, only to abandon Punk and lose the match. On January 26 during the Royal Rumble Kickoff Show, Gunn and Road Dogg beat Cody Rhodes and Goldust to win the WWE Tag Team Championship.", "On January 26 during the Royal Rumble Kickoff Show, Gunn and Road Dogg beat Cody Rhodes and Goldust to win the WWE Tag Team Championship. The next night on Raw the New Age Outlaws retained the championship against Rhodes and Goldust via disqualification when Brock Lesnar attacked the brothers. The next week on Raw the New Age Outlaws retained the championship against Rhodes and Goldust in a steel cage match. On March 3, the Outlaws lost the Tag Team Championship to The Usos.", "On March 3, the Outlaws lost the Tag Team Championship to The Usos. Gunn sustained hemoptysis after he and his New Age Outlaws partner, Road Dogg, suffered a double-Triple Powerbomb by The Shield at WrestleMania XXX. Gunn returned to Raw with Road Dogg in January 2015, attacking The Ascension along with the nWo and the APA. At the Royal Rumble, the Outlaws faced The Ascension in a losing effort.", "At the Royal Rumble, the Outlaws faced The Ascension in a losing effort. At WrestleMania 31, Gunn, with Road Dogg, X-Pac and Shawn Michaels, reunited as D-Generation X to help Triple H in his match against Sting. In May, Gunn was announced as a coach along with WWE Hall of Famers Booker T and Lita for the sixth season of Tough Enough. On November 13, 2015, WWE officially announced that Sopp was released from his WWE contract after failing a test for performance-enhancing drugs.", "On November 13, 2015, WWE officially announced that Sopp was released from his WWE contract after failing a test for performance-enhancing drugs. He had tested positive for elevated levels of testosterone at a powerlifting event on July 25, 2015, and was suspended from powerlifting for four years. Independent circuit (2015–2020) On December 26, 2015, Gunn teamed up with Kevin Thorn to defeat Brian Klass and Rob Street. One month later, Gunn defeated Ken Dixon for the MCW Pro Wrestling MCW Rage Television Championship.", "One month later, Gunn defeated Ken Dixon for the MCW Pro Wrestling MCW Rage Television Championship. On February 5, 2016, Gunn defeated Joey Hayes in the Preston City Wrestling PCW Road to Glory tournament, on February 6 he lost to T-Bone in the quarter-finals that same night Gunn teamed up with Mr. Anderson and Tajiri to defeat Dave Raynes, Joey Hayes, and Martin Kirby. On February 7, 2016 Gunn challenged for the Pro Wrestling Pride Heavyweight championship losing to Steve Griffiths.", "On February 7, 2016 Gunn challenged for the Pro Wrestling Pride Heavyweight championship losing to Steve Griffiths. On March 19, 2016, Gunn lost the title to Ken Dixon. On June 12, 2016, Gunn won the Smashmouth Pro Wrestling championship from KC Huber but lost it on the same night, Gunn teamed again with Anderson in a losing effort against the UK Hooligans at PCW Tribute to the Troops on June 25, 2016. He defeated Hardcore Holly in a singles match at PCW Top Gunn on July 2, 2016.", "He defeated Hardcore Holly in a singles match at PCW Top Gunn on July 2, 2016. On September 4, 2016, Gunn made his debut for Chikara, representing DX alongside X-Pac in a tag team gauntlet match. The two entered the match as the final team and scored the win over Prakash Sabar and The Proletariat Boar of Moldova.", "The two entered the match as the final team and scored the win over Prakash Sabar and The Proletariat Boar of Moldova. New Japan Pro-Wrestling (2016–2017) On November 5, 2016, at the New Japan Pro-Wrestling (NJPW) event Power Struggle, Yoshitatsu announced Gunn as the newest member of his Hunter Club stable and his partner for the upcoming 2016 World Tag League. Gunn and Yoshitatsu finished the tournament on December 8 with a record of three wins and four losses, failing to advance from their block.", "Gunn and Yoshitatsu finished the tournament on December 8 with a record of three wins and four losses, failing to advance from their block. Gunn returned to NJPW on January 4, 2017, taking part in the pre-show New Japan Rumble at Wrestle Kingdom 11 in Tokyo Dome, from which he was eliminated by the eventual winner Michael Elgin. While Gunn did not appear for NJPW for the next six months, he was brought up in May by Yoshitatsu, who told Hiroshi Tanahashi that Gunn had requested a match against him.", "While Gunn did not appear for NJPW for the next six months, he was brought up in May by Yoshitatsu, who told Hiroshi Tanahashi that Gunn had requested a match against him. When Tanahashi captured the IWGP Intercontinental Championship the following month, he immediately nominated Gunn as his first challenger. Gunn was defeated in the title match on July 2 at G1 Special in USA, and it was his final match in NJPW.", "Gunn was defeated in the title match on July 2 at G1 Special in USA, and it was his final match in NJPW. WWE appearances (2018–2019) Gunn and numerous other WWE legends appeared on the January 22, 2018 episode of Raw 25 Years as part of the D-Generation X reunion. He was inducted into the WWE Hall of Fame Class of 2019 as a member of D-Generation X. All Elite Wrestling (2019–present) In January 2019, Gunn was hired by All Elite Wrestling as a coach.", "All Elite Wrestling (2019–present) In January 2019, Gunn was hired by All Elite Wrestling as a coach. At May 25 at the AEW Double or Nothing event he competed in the pre-show battle royal. Gunn made his first televised appearance for AEW on the November 20, 2019 episode of AEW Dynamite, competing in a battle royal. He also appeared during the January 1, 2020 episode of Dynamite, wrestling in a dark match with his son Austin that aired on January 7, 2020.", "He also appeared during the January 1, 2020 episode of Dynamite, wrestling in a dark match with his son Austin that aired on January 7, 2020. They wrestled again together on another dark match during the January 8, 2020 episode of Dynamite, airing on January 17, 2020, with the tag team name \"The Gunn Club\", defeating the team of Peter Avalon and Shawn Spears.", "They wrestled again together on another dark match during the January 8, 2020 episode of Dynamite, airing on January 17, 2020, with the tag team name \"The Gunn Club\", defeating the team of Peter Avalon and Shawn Spears. Gunn has also appeared in the crowd (made up of AEW wrestlers and other employees) on numerous episodes of Dynamite during the COVID-19 pandemic.", "Gunn has also appeared in the crowd (made up of AEW wrestlers and other employees) on numerous episodes of Dynamite during the COVID-19 pandemic. On the May 27, 2020 episode of Dynamite, Gunn now under the shortened ring name of Billy participated in a battle royal match to determine the number one contender for the TNT Championship. He also would wrestle MJF in a singles match on the June 17, 2020 episode of Dynamite as well.", "He also would wrestle MJF in a singles match on the June 17, 2020 episode of Dynamite as well. The Gunn Club would wrestle in more tag team matches on more episodes of AEW Dark. On the November 4, 2020 episode of Dynamite, The Gunn Club teamed with Cody Rhodes to successfully defeat The Dark Order (John Silver, 10 and Colt Cabana).", "On the November 4, 2020 episode of Dynamite, The Gunn Club teamed with Cody Rhodes to successfully defeat The Dark Order (John Silver, 10 and Colt Cabana). On the November 17, 2020 episode of Dark, The Gunn Club, which now added Austin's brother and Gunn's other son Colten to the stable, defeated Bshp King, Joey O'Riley and Sean Maluta by pinfall in a six-man tag team match.", "On the November 17, 2020 episode of Dark, The Gunn Club, which now added Austin's brother and Gunn's other son Colten to the stable, defeated Bshp King, Joey O'Riley and Sean Maluta by pinfall in a six-man tag team match. On the same day the AEW website's roster page got updated and his name was once again changed to its long form, Billy Gunn.", "On the same day the AEW website's roster page got updated and his name was once again changed to its long form, Billy Gunn. The three man Gunn Club would then defeat Cezar Bononi, KTB, and Seth Gargis in another six man tag team match on the November 24, 2020 episode of Dark.", "The three man Gunn Club would then defeat Cezar Bononi, KTB, and Seth Gargis in another six man tag team match on the November 24, 2020 episode of Dark. On the December 8, 2020 episode of Dark The three man Gunn Club-which entered the ring on a golf cart with the words \"Taz Taxi\" on the side, defeated Shawn Dean, Sean Maluta & RYZIN.", "On the December 8, 2020 episode of Dark The three man Gunn Club-which entered the ring on a golf cart with the words \"Taz Taxi\" on the side, defeated Shawn Dean, Sean Maluta & RYZIN. On the December 1, 2021 episode of Dynamite, The Gunn Club stable's undefeated streak in AEW ended when Billy and Colten Gunn lost to the team of Sting and Darby Allin.", "On the December 1, 2021 episode of Dynamite, The Gunn Club stable's undefeated streak in AEW ended when Billy and Colten Gunn lost to the team of Sting and Darby Allin. Professional wrestling style, persona and reception Gunn has had several gimmicks throughout his career, ranging from his cowboy-themed gimmick with the Smoking Gunns to his The Ambiguously Gay Duo-esque tag team with Chuck Palumbo.", "Professional wrestling style, persona and reception Gunn has had several gimmicks throughout his career, ranging from his cowboy-themed gimmick with the Smoking Gunns to his The Ambiguously Gay Duo-esque tag team with Chuck Palumbo. Gunn has stated on multiple shoot interviews that he has no regrets with his gimmicks as he was performing a job and doing what was asked of him to do. By far, Gunn's most infamous gimmick was his \"Mr. Ass\" persona based around his ass.", "By far, Gunn's most infamous gimmick was his \"Mr. Ass\" persona based around his ass. The gimmick started during his New Age Outlaws days when Road Dogg would refer to themselves as \"Mr. Dogg\" and \"Mr. Ass\" in promos, though the \"Bad Ass\" name wasn't referring to his backside at that time.", "The gimmick started during his New Age Outlaws days when Road Dogg would refer to themselves as \"Mr. Dogg\" and \"Mr. Ass\" in promos, though the \"Bad Ass\" name wasn't referring to his backside at that time. What was originally a throwaway joke turned into Gunn mooning his opponents and the live crowd, though as the original incarnation of DX also did this, it could originally be argued that it was an extension of the Outlaws joining DX.", "What was originally a throwaway joke turned into Gunn mooning his opponents and the live crowd, though as the original incarnation of DX also did this, it could originally be argued that it was an extension of the Outlaws joining DX. Upon leaving DX, Gunn fully embraced the \"Mr. Ass\" gimmick by placing emphasis on his \"moneymaker\".", "Upon leaving DX, Gunn fully embraced the \"Mr. Ass\" gimmick by placing emphasis on his \"moneymaker\". While Road Dogg kept the New Age Outlaws entrance music for his own, Gunn adopted the song \"Ass Man\" as part of the gimmick, and for a time even changed his ring tights to be see-through, wearing only a thong underneath his tights, although he would eventually revert back to the DX-era tights. The \"Mr. Ass\" gimmick has mixed reviews.", "The \"Mr. Ass\" gimmick has mixed reviews. The \"Mr. Ass\" gimmick has mixed reviews. One web site ranked it near the middle of Gunn's various gimmicks, while a writer for Bleacher Report thought it was the worst gimmick ever even though Gunn was at his peak popularity with the persona. Gunn himself told Chris Van Vliet in 2021 that he never paid attention to the \"Ass Man\" lyrics until a college professor broke down each expression.", "Gunn himself told Chris Van Vliet in 2021 that he never paid attention to the \"Ass Man\" lyrics until a college professor broke down each expression. Due to the enduring legacy of the \"Mr. Ass\" gimmick, in November 2021 Ring of Honor wrestler Danhausen began a Twitter feud with the Gunn Club, referring to Billy as \"Billy Ass,\" and Colten and Austin as The \"Ass Boys,\" in reference to Gunn's infamous \"Mr. Ass\" gimmick in the Attitude Era.", "Due to the enduring legacy of the \"Mr. Ass\" gimmick, in November 2021 Ring of Honor wrestler Danhausen began a Twitter feud with the Gunn Club, referring to Billy as \"Billy Ass,\" and Colten and Austin as The \"Ass Boys,\" in reference to Gunn's infamous \"Mr. Ass\" gimmick in the Attitude Era. While Gunn himself initially had no comment, the rest of Gunn Club despised the nickname after fans began chanting \"Ass Boys\" during their matches, notably during an AEW event at Chartway Arena in Norfolk, Virginia.", "While Gunn himself initially had no comment, the rest of Gunn Club despised the nickname after fans began chanting \"Ass Boys\" during their matches, notably during an AEW event at Chartway Arena in Norfolk, Virginia. Gunn finally commented when he surprised his sons by wearing an \"Ass Boys\" shirt, encouraging them to \"embrace the assness\" and even started teasing mooning the crowd again. Gunn also thanked Danhausen publicly for getting his sons over in a way that he couldn't.", "Gunn also thanked Danhausen publicly for getting his sons over in a way that he couldn't. Other media Filmography Video Games WWF Attitude WWF WrestleMania 2000 WWF SmackDown! WWF No Mercy WWF SmackDown! 2: Know Your Role WWF Road To WrestleMania WWF SmackDown! Just Bring It WWF Raw WWE SmackDown! Shut Your Mouth WWE Raw 2 WWE '13 WWE 2K16 WWE 2K17 Personal life Sopp was born on November 1, 1963 in Orlando, Florida and claims Austin, Texas as his hometown.", "Shut Your Mouth WWE Raw 2 WWE '13 WWE 2K16 WWE 2K17 Personal life Sopp was born on November 1, 1963 in Orlando, Florida and claims Austin, Texas as his hometown. In November 1990, Sopp was arrested in Florida for disorderly conduct. Sopp married his first wife Tina Tinnell on March 3, 1990. Together, they have two sons: Colten (born May 18, 1991) and Austin (born August 26, 1994) who are also professional wrestlers.", "Together, they have two sons: Colten (born May 18, 1991) and Austin (born August 26, 1994) who are also professional wrestlers. The couple separated in January 2000 and their divorce was finalized on December 11, 2002. Sopp has since married his long-time girlfriend Paula on January 24, 2009.", "Sopp has since married his long-time girlfriend Paula on January 24, 2009. Sopp's sons Austin and Colten, better known by the ring names Austin Gunn and Colten Gunn, are currently signed to All Elite Wrestling (AEW) where alongside their father they form a stable known as \"Gunn Club\". Sopp attended Sam Houston State University.", "Sopp attended Sam Houston State University. Sopp attended Sam Houston State University. Championships and accomplishments American Pro Wrestling Alliance APWA American Championship (1 time) Bad Boys of Wrestling Federation BBFW Aruba Championship (1 time) BBFW Aruba Championship Tournament (2012) International Wrestling Federation IWF Tag Team Championship (2 times) – with Brett Colt Freedom Pro Wrestling FPW Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Road Dogg Maryland Championship Wrestling MCW Rage Television Championship (1 time) MCW Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with B.G.", "Championships and accomplishments American Pro Wrestling Alliance APWA American Championship (1 time) Bad Boys of Wrestling Federation BBFW Aruba Championship (1 time) BBFW Aruba Championship Tournament (2012) International Wrestling Federation IWF Tag Team Championship (2 times) – with Brett Colt Freedom Pro Wrestling FPW Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Road Dogg Maryland Championship Wrestling MCW Rage Television Championship (1 time) MCW Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with B.G. James Pro Wrestling Illustrated Tag Team of the Year (1998) with Road Dogg Tag Team of the Year (2002) with Chuck Ranked #39 of the top 500 singles wrestlers in the PWI 500 in 1999 Ranked #231 of the top 500 singles wrestlers of the \"PWI Years\" in 2003 Ranked #43 of the top 100 tag teams of the \"PWI Years\" with Road Dogg in 2003 SmashMouth Pro Wrestling SPW World Heavyweight Championship (1 time) TWA Powerhouse TWA Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with B.G.", "James Pro Wrestling Illustrated Tag Team of the Year (1998) with Road Dogg Tag Team of the Year (2002) with Chuck Ranked #39 of the top 500 singles wrestlers in the PWI 500 in 1999 Ranked #231 of the top 500 singles wrestlers of the \"PWI Years\" in 2003 Ranked #43 of the top 100 tag teams of the \"PWI Years\" with Road Dogg in 2003 SmashMouth Pro Wrestling SPW World Heavyweight Championship (1 time) TWA Powerhouse TWA Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with B.G. James Vanguard Championship Wrestling VCW Heavyweight Championship (1 time) World Pro Wrestling WPW World Heavyweight Championship (1 time) Wrestling Observer Newsletter Worst Worked Match of the Year (2006) TNA Reverse Battle Royal on TNA Impact!", "James Vanguard Championship Wrestling VCW Heavyweight Championship (1 time) World Pro Wrestling WPW World Heavyweight Championship (1 time) Wrestling Observer Newsletter Worst Worked Match of the Year (2006) TNA Reverse Battle Royal on TNA Impact! WWE/World Wrestling Federation/Entertainment WWF Hardcore Championship (2 times) WWF Intercontinental Championship (1 time) WWE Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Road Dogg WWF World Tag Team Championship (10 times) – with Bart Gunn (3), Road Dogg (5) and Chuck (2) King of the Ring (1999) Raw Bowl – with Bart Gunn WWE Hall of Fame (Class of 2019) - as a member of D-Generation X References External links 1963 births All Elite Wrestling personnel American male professional wrestlers American powerlifters Bull riders D-Generation X members Expatriate professional wrestlers in Japan LGBT characters in professional wrestling Living people Professional wrestlers from Florida Professional wrestling trainers Sam Houston State University alumni Sportspeople from Orlando, Florida The Authority (professional wrestling) members WWE Hall of Fame inductees WWF/WWE Hardcore Champions WWF/WWE Intercontinental Champions WWF/WWE King Crown's Champions/King of the Ring winners American expatriate sportspeople in Japan" ]

[ "Billy Gunn", "The New Age Outlaws and D-Generation X (1997-1998)", "What were The New Age Outlaws?", "James and Rockabilly were quickly rebranded as \"Road Dogg\" Jesse James and \"Badd Ass\" Billy Gunn, respectively, and their tag team formed was soon dubbed the New Age Outlaws.", "What was the D generation X?", "They also defeated the LOD in a rematch at In Your House: D-Generation X.", "How strong were Jesse and Billy?", "This new team was in the spirit of the new Attitude Era: brash, vulgar, egotistical, and loud-mouthed. They quickly rose to the top of the tag team ranks", "Did they ever lose?", "teamed up with Triple H and Savio Vega (who replaced the injured Shawn Michaels) to face Chainsaw Charlie, Cactus Jack, Owen Hart, and Steve Austin. They were, however, defeated.", "Any other losses?", "During this time, the Outlaws began a feud with Kane and Mankind. Although Kane and Mankind won the Tag Team Championship, they could not get along.", "Did they ever win any tag team championships?", "After joining DX, the Outlaws successfully defended their Tag Team Title against the Legion of Doom 2000 at Unforgiven." ]

[ "Nothing to Lose or Nothin' to Lose may refer to:\n\nFilm and television\nNothing to Lose (1995 film), or Ten Benny, an American film directed by Eric Bross \nNothing to Lose (1997 film), an American comedy directed by Steve Oedekerk\nNothing to Lose (2002 film), a Thai crime film directed by Danny Pang\nNothing to Lose (TV series) or Judge vs. Judge, a 2017–2018 South Korean series\n\"Nothing to Lose\" (CSI: Miami), a television episode\n\nLiterature\nNothing to Lose (novel), a 2008 Jack Reacher novel by Lee Child\nNothing to Lose, a 2004 young-adult novel by Alex Flinn\nNothing to Lose, a 2007 young-adult novel by Norah McClintock\n\nMusic\n\nAlbums \n Nothing to Lose (Daniel Schuhmacher album), 2010\n Nothing to Lose (Eddie Money album), 1988\n Nothing to Lose (Emblem3 album) or the title song, 2013\n Nothing to Lose (Forty Deuce album) or the title song, 2005\n Nothing to Lose (Michael Learns to Rock album) or the title song, 1997\n Nothing to Lose (Sanctus Real album) or the title song, 2001\n Nothing to Lose (soundtrack) or the Naughty by Nature title song, \"Nothin' to Lose\", from the 1997 film\n Nothing to Lose, by Carpathian, 2006\n Nothing to Lose, by Rebecca, 1984\n\nSongs\n\"Nothing to Lose\" (Billy Talent song), 2004\n\"Nothing to Lose\" (Bret Michaels song), 2010\n\"Nothing to Lose\" (Operator song), 2008\n\"Nothing to Lose\" (Vassy song), 2016\n\"Nothin' to Lose\" (Josh Gracin song), 2004\n\"Nothin' to Lose\" (Kiss song), 1974\n\"Nothing to Lose\", by 2Pac from R U Still Down? (Remember Me), 1997\n\"Nothing to Lose\", by Dragon from Dreams of Ordinary Men, 1986\n\"Nothing to Lose\", by Jackson Yee, 2017\n\"Nothing to Lose\", by Kylie Minogue from Enjoy Yourself, 1989\n\"Nothing to Lose\", by S'Express from Intercourse, 1991\n\nSee also\nNothing Left to Lose (disambiguation)", "Nothing Left to Lose may refer to:\n\nLiterature\n Nothing Left to Lose (novel), a 2017 novel by Dan Wells\n Nothing Left to Lose, a 2012 novel by Allan G. Johnson\n Nothing Left to Lose: An Impolite Report On the State of Freedom in Canada, a 2020 book by Philip Slayton\n \"Nothing Left to Lose\", a short story by Diana Pharaoh Francis\n\nMusic\n\nAlbums\n Nothing Left to Lose (Gary U.S. Bonds album) or the title song, 1996\n Nothing Left to Lose (Mat Kearney album) or the title song (see below), 2006\n\nSongs\n \"Nothing Left to Lose\" (song), by Mat Kearney, 2006\n \"Nothing Left to Lose\", by the Alan Parsons Project from The Turn of a Friendly Card, 1980\n \"Nothing Left to Lose\", by American Hi-Fi from The Art of Losing, 2003\n \"Nothing Left to Lose\", by Buck-O-Nine from Sustain, 2007\n \"Nothing Left to Lose\", by Deepfield, 2011\n \"Nothing Left to Lose\", by Emma Paki from Oxygen of Love, 1996\n \"Nothing Left to Lose\", by Faron Young, 1965\n \"Nothing Left to Lose\", by Heaven's Basement from Filthy Empire, 2013\n \"Nothing Left to Lose\", by Needtobreathe from The Heat, 2007\n \"Nothing Left to Lose\", by Nick Carter from I'm Taking Off, 2011\n \"Nothing Left to Lose\", by the Pretty Reckless from Light Me Up, 2010\n \"Nothing Left to Lose\", by Puddle of Mudd from Life on Display, 2003\n \"Nothing Left to Lose\", by Sad Café from Facades, 1979\n \"Nothing Left to Lose\", by Social Code from Rock 'n' Roll, 2009\n \"Nothing Left to Lose\", by Spencer Albee from Relentlessly Yours, 2017\n \"Nothing Left to Lose\", by Taxi Violence\n \"Nothing Left to Lose\", by Transit from Joyride, 2014\n \"Nothing Left to Lose\", by Wipers from Land of the Lost, 1986\n \"Nothing Left to Lose\", by Woe, Is Me from Genesis, 2012\n\nTelevision episodes\n \"Nothing Left to Lose\" (30 Rock)\n \"Nothing Left to Lose\" (Police Woman)\n \"Nothing Left to Lose\" (Side Order of Life)\n\nSee also\n Nothing to Lose (disambiguation)" ]

[ "Monty \"Kip\" Sopp (born November 1, 1963), better known by his ring name Billy Gunn, is an American professional wrestler. He is currently signed to All Elite Wrestling (AEW) as a wrestler and coach. Gunn is best known for his appearances in the World Wrestling Federation/Entertainment (WWF/E) from 1993 to 2004 and from 2012 to 2015. He also served as a coach on WWE's Tough Enough and was a trainer in NXT.", "He also served as a coach on WWE's Tough Enough and was a trainer in NXT. He is also known for his appearances with Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA) from 2005 to 2009. Primarily a tag team wrestler, Gunn is an overall 13-time tag team champion in WWE with three different partners (with Bart Gunn as The Smoking Gunns, with Road Dogg as The New Age Outlaws, and with Chuck Palumbo as Billy and Chuck).", "Primarily a tag team wrestler, Gunn is an overall 13-time tag team champion in WWE with three different partners (with Bart Gunn as The Smoking Gunns, with Road Dogg as The New Age Outlaws, and with Chuck Palumbo as Billy and Chuck). He is also a one time WWF Intercontinental Champion and a two time WWF Hardcore Champion, giving him 14 total championships in WWE.", "He is also a one time WWF Intercontinental Champion and a two time WWF Hardcore Champion, giving him 14 total championships in WWE. He is the 1999 King of the Ring tournament winner, and was inducted into the WWE Hall of Fame in 2019 as a member of D-Generation X. Professional wrestling career Early career (1985–1993) After a stint as a professional bull rider in Professional Rodeo Cowboys Association, Sopp left the profession in his early-20s in order to pursue a career as a professional wrestler.", "Professional wrestling career Early career (1985–1993) After a stint as a professional bull rider in Professional Rodeo Cowboys Association, Sopp left the profession in his early-20s in order to pursue a career as a professional wrestler. Trained by Jerry Grey, Sopp wrestled on the independent circuit for eight years (including a brief stint as enhancement talent for World Championship Wrestling (WCW) before signing a contract with the World Wrestling Federation (WWF) in 1993.", "Trained by Jerry Grey, Sopp wrestled on the independent circuit for eight years (including a brief stint as enhancement talent for World Championship Wrestling (WCW) before signing a contract with the World Wrestling Federation (WWF) in 1993. World Wrestling Federation/Entertainment (1993–2004) The Smoking Gunns (1993–1996) After weeks of vignettes, Sopp, under the name Billy Gunn, made his WWF debut on the May 17, 1993 episode of Raw, teaming with his on-screen brother, Bart Gunn to defeat Tony Vadja and Glenn Ruth.", "World Wrestling Federation/Entertainment (1993–2004) The Smoking Gunns (1993–1996) After weeks of vignettes, Sopp, under the name Billy Gunn, made his WWF debut on the May 17, 1993 episode of Raw, teaming with his on-screen brother, Bart Gunn to defeat Tony Vadja and Glenn Ruth. The duo, now known as The Smoking Gunns, made their pay-per-view debut at King of the Ring, teaming with The Steiner Brothers to defeat Money Inc. and The Headshrinkers in an eight-man tag team match.", "The duo, now known as The Smoking Gunns, made their pay-per-view debut at King of the Ring, teaming with The Steiner Brothers to defeat Money Inc. and The Headshrinkers in an eight-man tag team match. At SummerSlam, the duo teamed with Tatanka to pick up a win against Bam Bam Bigelow and the Headshrinkers. On January 22, 1994, Gunn entered his first Royal Rumble match at the namesake event, but was eliminated by Diesel.", "On January 22, 1994, Gunn entered his first Royal Rumble match at the namesake event, but was eliminated by Diesel. In early 1995, the Gunns won their first Tag Team Championship by defeating the makeshift team of Bob Holly and 1-2-3 Kid. They held the title until WrestleMania XI, where they were defeated by the team of Owen Hart and Yokozuna. They won the titles again in September 1995. On February 15, 1996, the Gunns vacated the title because Billy was in need of neck surgery.", "On February 15, 1996, the Gunns vacated the title because Billy was in need of neck surgery. After Billy returned from hiatus, The Smoking Gunns won the Tag Team Title for the third time by defeating The Godwinns in May. After the match, The Godwinns' manager Sunny turned on her team in favor of the Gunns. On September 22 at In Your House: Mind Games, the Gunns lost the Tag Team Title to Owen Hart and The British Bulldog.", "On September 22 at In Your House: Mind Games, the Gunns lost the Tag Team Title to Owen Hart and The British Bulldog. After the match, Sunny abandoned The Gunns, saying that she would only manage title holders. Billy, frustrated with losing both the championship and Sunny, walked out on Bart, breaking up The Smoking Gunns. Rockabilly, The New Age Outlaws and D-Generation X (1997–1998) After The Smoking Gunns disbanded, Gunn took some time off to nurse an injury.", "Rockabilly, The New Age Outlaws and D-Generation X (1997–1998) After The Smoking Gunns disbanded, Gunn took some time off to nurse an injury. At WrestleMania 13, he defeated Flash Funk catching the attention of The Honky Tonk Man, who made Gunn his protégé. During this time, he adopted a new gimmick, Rockabilly, He would use this gimmick throughout much of 1997 and eventually had a short-lived feud with \"The Real Double J\" Jesse James.", "During this time, he adopted a new gimmick, Rockabilly, He would use this gimmick throughout much of 1997 and eventually had a short-lived feud with \"The Real Double J\" Jesse James. On the October 4, 1997 episode of Shotgun Saturday Night, James realized both of their careers were going nowhere and suggested that they become a tag team. Gunn agreed and smashed a guitar over the Honky Tonk Man's head to solidify their new alliance.", "Gunn agreed and smashed a guitar over the Honky Tonk Man's head to solidify their new alliance. James and Rockabilly were quickly rebranded as \"Road Dogg\" Jesse James and \"Badd Ass\" Billy Gunn, respectively, and their tag team was dubbed the New Age Outlaws. They quickly rose to the top of the tag team ranks and won the Tag Team Championship from the Legion of Doom on November 24. They also defeated the LOD in a rematch at In Your House: D-Generation X.", "They also defeated the LOD in a rematch at In Your House: D-Generation X. The Outlaws slowly began to align themselves with D-Generation X. At the Royal Rumble, the New Age Outlaws interfered in a Casket match to help Shawn Michaels defeat The Undertaker. At No Way Out Of Texas, the Outlaws teamed up with Triple H and Savio Vega (who replaced the injured Shawn Michaels) to face Chainsaw Charlie, Cactus Jack, Owen Hart, and Steve Austin. They were, however, defeated.", "They were, however, defeated. They were, however, defeated. On February 2, The Outlaws locked Cactus and Chainsaw in a dumpster and pushed it off the stage. This led to a Dumpster match at WrestleMania XIV where Cactus and Chainsaw defeated the Outlaws for the Tag Titles. The next night on Raw, the New Age Outlaws won the Tag Team Championship for a second time by defeating Chainsaw and Cactus in a Steel cage match, but only after interference from Triple H, Chyna, and X-Pac.", "The next night on Raw, the New Age Outlaws won the Tag Team Championship for a second time by defeating Chainsaw and Cactus in a Steel cage match, but only after interference from Triple H, Chyna, and X-Pac. After the match, the Outlaws officially became members of D-Generation X (DX). After joining DX, the Outlaws successfully defended their Tag Team Title against the Legion of Doom 2000 at Unforgiven. DX began to feud with Owen Hart and his new stablemates, The Nation.", "DX began to feud with Owen Hart and his new stablemates, The Nation. At Over The Edge, the Outlaws and Triple H were defeated by Nation members Owen, Kama Mustafa, and D'Lo Brown in a Six Man Tag Match. During this time, the Outlaws began a feud with Kane and Mankind. At SummerSlam, Mankind faced the Outlaws in a Handicap match after Kane no-showed the title defense. The Outlaws defeated Mankind to win the titles for the third time.", "The Outlaws defeated Mankind to win the titles for the third time. In December, the Outlaws lost the title to The Big Boss Man and Ken Shamrock from The Corporation. Mr. Ass and reformation of the Outlaws and DX (1999–2000) The Outlaws then began to focus more on singles competition. The Road Dogg won the Hardcore Championship in December 1998, and Gunn set his sights on the Intercontinental Championship. At the 1999 Royal Rumble, Gunn unsuccessfully challenged Ken Shamrock for the Intercontinental Title.", "At the 1999 Royal Rumble, Gunn unsuccessfully challenged Ken Shamrock for the Intercontinental Title. The next month at St. Valentine's Day Massacre, Gunn was the special guest referee for the Intercontinental Championship match between Val Venis and champion Ken Shamrock, where Gunn made a fast count and declared Venis the new champion before attacking both men. In March, Gunn won the Hardcore Championship from Hardcore Holly. At WrestleMania XV, Gunn lost the title to Holly in a Triple Threat match which also included Al Snow.", "At WrestleMania XV, Gunn lost the title to Holly in a Triple Threat match which also included Al Snow. The New Age Outlaws then reunited to defeat Jeff Jarrett and Owen Hart at Backlash. After Backlash, Gunn left D-Generation X and aligned himself with Triple H and Chyna. Gunn defeated his former partner, Road Dogg, in a match at Over the Edge. Gunn then won the King of the Ring tournament by defeating Ken Shamrock, Kane, and his former ally, X-Pac.", "Gunn then won the King of the Ring tournament by defeating Ken Shamrock, Kane, and his former ally, X-Pac. After King of the Ring, Gunn, Triple H, and Chyna went on to feud with X-Pac and Road Dogg over the rights to the D-Generation X name. This feud culminated at Fully Loaded when X-Pac and Road Dogg defeated Gunn and Chyna. Gunn then began a brief feud with The Rock. At SummerSlam, The Rock defeated Gunn in a Kiss My Ass Match.", "At SummerSlam, The Rock defeated Gunn in a Kiss My Ass Match. Following this, Gunn then briefly feuded with Jeff Jarrett for the Intercontinental Title before reuniting with Road Dogg to reform The New Age Outlaws. The Outlaws won their fourth tag team championship by defeating The Rock 'n' Sock Connection in September 1999. The Outlaws later reunited with X-Pac and Triple H to reform D-Generation X. During this time, The Outlaws won their fifth Tag Team Championship after defeating Mankind and Al Snow.", "During this time, The Outlaws won their fifth Tag Team Championship after defeating Mankind and Al Snow. At the 2000 Royal Rumble, The New Age Outlaws retained their title against The Acolytes after interference from X-Pac. The Outlaws then had a feud with The Dudley Boyz, who won the Tag Team Championship from The Outlaws at No Way Out.", "The Outlaws then had a feud with The Dudley Boyz, who won the Tag Team Championship from The Outlaws at No Way Out. After suffering a torn rotator cuff in the match with The Dudley Boyz, Gunn was kicked out of D-Generation X for \"losing his cool\" to explain his impending absence to recover from his injury. The One (2000–2001) Gunn made his return in October and immediately teamed with Chyna to feud with Right to Censor, who wanted to \"censor\" his Mr. Ass gimmick.", "The One (2000–2001) Gunn made his return in October and immediately teamed with Chyna to feud with Right to Censor, who wanted to \"censor\" his Mr. Ass gimmick. At No Mercy, Right to Censor members Steven Richards and Val Venis defeated Chyna and Gunn. Due to a stipulation, Gunn could no longer use the Mr. Ass gimmick, so he renamed himself Billy G. for a few weeks before settling on \"The One\" Billy Gunn. Gunn then feuded with Eddie Guerrero and the rest of The Radicalz.", "Gunn then feuded with Eddie Guerrero and the rest of The Radicalz. At Survivor Series, Gunn teamed with Road Dogg, Chyna, and K-Kwik in a losing effort against The Radicalz. A few weeks later on SmackDown!, Gunn won the Intercontinental Championship from Guerrero. However, the title reign was short-lived, as Chris Benoit defeated him for the title two weeks later at Armageddon.", "However, the title reign was short-lived, as Chris Benoit defeated him for the title two weeks later at Armageddon. After feuding with Benoit, Gunn participated in the 2001 Royal Rumble where he made it to the final four, Gunn interfered in the Hardcore Championship Match at No Way Out, and taking advantage of the 24/7 Rule, pinning Raven for the title. The reign was short-lived, as Raven won it back a few minutes later.", "The reign was short-lived, as Raven won it back a few minutes later. Billy and Chuck (2001–2002) In a 2001 match on Sunday Night Heat, Gunn was defeated by Chuck Palumbo, who recently left The Alliance to join the WWF. After the match, Gunn suggested that they form a tag team. Palumbo agreed, and Billy and Chuck quickly rose to the top of the tag team division.", "Palumbo agreed, and Billy and Chuck quickly rose to the top of the tag team division. Initially they were a generic tandem, but they were given a gimmick where they grew increasingly affectionate toward each other, showing evidence of a storyline homosexual relationship. In February 2002, Billy and Chuck defeated Spike Dudley and Tazz to win the WWF Tag Team Championship for the first time as a team. After winning the titles, Billy and Chuck found a \"Personal Stylist\" in the ambiguously flamboyant Rico.", "After winning the titles, Billy and Chuck found a \"Personal Stylist\" in the ambiguously flamboyant Rico. After retaining the title against the Acolytes Protection Agency, the Dudley Boyz, and the Hardy Boyz in a Four Corners Elimination Match at WrestleMania X8 and against Al Snow and Maven at Backlash, Billy and Chuck began a feud with Rikishi.", "After retaining the title against the Acolytes Protection Agency, the Dudley Boyz, and the Hardy Boyz in a Four Corners Elimination Match at WrestleMania X8 and against Al Snow and Maven at Backlash, Billy and Chuck began a feud with Rikishi. At Judgment Day, Rikishi and Rico (Rikishi's mystery partner of Mr. McMahon's choosing) defeated Billy and Chuck for the WWE Tag Team Championship after Rico accidentally hit Chuck with a roundhouse kick. Billy and Chuck quickly won the title back two weeks later on SmackDown!", "Billy and Chuck quickly won the title back two weeks later on SmackDown! with Rico's help. They held the championship for almost a month before losing it to the team of Edge and Hollywood Hulk Hogan on the July 4 episode of SmackDown!. On the September 5 edition of SmackDown!, after Billy lost a match to Rey Mysterio, Chuck proposed to Billy, asking him to be his \"partner for life\" and gave him a wedding ring.", "On the September 5 edition of SmackDown!, after Billy lost a match to Rey Mysterio, Chuck proposed to Billy, asking him to be his \"partner for life\" and gave him a wedding ring. Billy agreed, and one week later, on the September 12 episode of SmackDown!, Billy and Chuck had their wedding ceremony. However, just before they tied the knot, they revealed that the entire ordeal was a publicity stunt and disavowed their on-screen homosexuality, admitting that they were just friends.", "However, just before they tied the knot, they revealed that the entire ordeal was a publicity stunt and disavowed their on-screen homosexuality, admitting that they were just friends. The \"preacher\" revealed himself to be Raw General Manager Eric Bischoff (who was wearing a skin mask), who then summoned 3-Minute Warning to beat up Billy and Chuck. Rico, furious that Billy and Chuck gave up their gimmick, became the manager of Three Minute Warning and defected to Raw.", "Rico, furious that Billy and Chuck gave up their gimmick, became the manager of Three Minute Warning and defected to Raw. At Unforgiven, Three Minute Warning defeated Billy and Chuck. Their final match together occurred on the October 3 episode of SmackDown! in the first round of a tournament for the newly created WWE Tag Team Championship. They lost the match to the team of Ron Simmons and Reverend D-Von.", "They lost the match to the team of Ron Simmons and Reverend D-Von. Afterwards, Gunn took a few months off because of a shoulder injury and the team of Billy and Chuck quietly disbanded. SmackDown! and return to singles competition (2003–2004) After returning in the summer of 2003, Gunn reverted to the \"Mr. Ass\" gimmick, defeating A-Train, and Torrie Wilson became his new manager.", "and return to singles competition (2003–2004) After returning in the summer of 2003, Gunn reverted to the \"Mr. Ass\" gimmick, defeating A-Train, and Torrie Wilson became his new manager. He started a feud with Jamie Noble, which led to an \"Indecent Proposal\" Match at Vengeance, which Noble won and due to the match's stipulation, won a night with Torrie.", "He started a feud with Jamie Noble, which led to an \"Indecent Proposal\" Match at Vengeance, which Noble won and due to the match's stipulation, won a night with Torrie. After taking time off again due to a shoulder injury, Gunn returned to action at the 2004 Royal Rumble, but was eliminated by Goldberg. Afterward, he wrestled mainly on Velocity, forming an occasional tag team with Hardcore Holly.", "Afterward, he wrestled mainly on Velocity, forming an occasional tag team with Hardcore Holly. At Judgment Day, Gunn and Holly challenged Charlie Haas and Rico for the WWE Tag Team Championship, but were unsuccessful. At The Great American Bash, Gunn lost to Kenzo Suzuki. On November 1, 2004, Sopp was released from his WWE contract. In June 2005, Sopp gave an interview in which he was heavily critical of WWE and the events that led to his release.", "In June 2005, Sopp gave an interview in which he was heavily critical of WWE and the events that led to his release. Many of the negative comments were directed towards Triple H, who Sopp claimed \"runs the show up there\".", "Many of the negative comments were directed towards Triple H, who Sopp claimed \"runs the show up there\". Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (2005–2009) Planet Jarrett (2005) On February 13, 2005, Sopp debuted in Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA) without a name (as Billy Gunn is a WWE trademark, although announcers recognized him as such) at Against All Odds with the same gimmick, helping Jeff Jarrett retain the NWA World Heavyweight Championship in a match with Kevin Nash.", "Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (2005–2009) Planet Jarrett (2005) On February 13, 2005, Sopp debuted in Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA) without a name (as Billy Gunn is a WWE trademark, although announcers recognized him as such) at Against All Odds with the same gimmick, helping Jeff Jarrett retain the NWA World Heavyweight Championship in a match with Kevin Nash. Sopp, using the name The New Age Outlaw, then formed a stable with Jarrett and Monty Brown known as Planet Jarrett.", "Sopp, using the name The New Age Outlaw, then formed a stable with Jarrett and Monty Brown known as Planet Jarrett. However, WWE threatened TNA with legal action if Sopp continued the use of the name \"The New Age Outlaw\", so he shortened his name to The Outlaw.", "However, WWE threatened TNA with legal action if Sopp continued the use of the name \"The New Age Outlaw\", so he shortened his name to The Outlaw. Due to the legal issues with WWE, all TNA -DVD releases featuring footage with Sopp as \"The Outlaw\" (and presumably also as \"The New Age Outlaw\") have had the name on on-screen graphics blurred, the name silenced out of the audio, and match commentary completely replaced to reflect a retroactive name change to \"Kip James\".", "Due to the legal issues with WWE, all TNA -DVD releases featuring footage with Sopp as \"The Outlaw\" (and presumably also as \"The New Age Outlaw\") have had the name on on-screen graphics blurred, the name silenced out of the audio, and match commentary completely replaced to reflect a retroactive name change to \"Kip James\". One such DVD is the pay-per-view Lockdown, included in the \"TNA Anthology: The Epic Set\" box set, in which the silencing of the name during a segment where Dusty Rhodes picks his name from a lottery leaves DVD viewers in the dark as to who just got picked.", "One such DVD is the pay-per-view Lockdown, included in the \"TNA Anthology: The Epic Set\" box set, in which the silencing of the name during a segment where Dusty Rhodes picks his name from a lottery leaves DVD viewers in the dark as to who just got picked. The Outlaw began a campaign to make former ally B.G. James leave the 3Live Kru and defect to Planet Jarrett, reforming the old tag team with Outlaw.", "James leave the 3Live Kru and defect to Planet Jarrett, reforming the old tag team with Outlaw. At No Surrender, he renamed himself Kip James and was announced as \"wrestling out of Marietta, Georgia\" (the family seat of the Armstrong family) as a psychological ploy.", "At No Surrender, he renamed himself Kip James and was announced as \"wrestling out of Marietta, Georgia\" (the family seat of the Armstrong family) as a psychological ploy. As a result of his campaign, Kip attracted the ire of 3Live Kru members Ron Killings and Konnan, leading to a series of tag team matches pitting Kip and Monty Brown against Killings and Konnan, with a conflicted James unwilling to take sides.", "As a result of his campaign, Kip attracted the ire of 3Live Kru members Ron Killings and Konnan, leading to a series of tag team matches pitting Kip and Monty Brown against Killings and Konnan, with a conflicted James unwilling to take sides. Kip's efforts ultimately proved futile; James, the guest referee in a final match between Brown and Kip versus Konnan and Killings at Sacrifice, attacked Kip enabling a 3Live Kru victory.", "Kip's efforts ultimately proved futile; James, the guest referee in a final match between Brown and Kip versus Konnan and Killings at Sacrifice, attacked Kip enabling a 3Live Kru victory. In September at Unbreakable, Kip teamed with Brown to defeat the team of Apolo and Lance Hoyt. There was clear tension between the partners because Brown was unhappy at the series of losses at the hands of the 3Live Kru, and Kip was irked by Brown's decision to leave Planet Jarrett.", "There was clear tension between the partners because Brown was unhappy at the series of losses at the hands of the 3Live Kru, and Kip was irked by Brown's decision to leave Planet Jarrett. Despite the victory, the partners argued after the match. On the October 8, 2005 episode of Impact!, Kip rekindled his feud with the 3Live Kru, running to the ring after a bout between the 3LK and Team Canada in order to prevent Team Canada captain Petey Williams from beating down B.G. James.", "James. James. He saved James, and then engaged in a staredown with Konnan and Killings. Kip saved James from Team Canada once again at Bound for Glory. Though Killings showed signs of gratitude, Konnan remained skeptical as to his true intentions. Later that night, Kip took part in an over-the-top-rope gauntlet match for the number one contendership to the NWA World Heavyweight Championship. After he was eliminated, he tried in vain to prevent Killings from being eliminated as well, before being sent away from ringside by the referees.", "After he was eliminated, he tried in vain to prevent Killings from being eliminated as well, before being sent away from ringside by the referees. The James Gang/Voodoo Kin Mafia (2005–2008) On the November 26 episode of Impact!, B.G. brought Kip and the 3Live Kru to ringside and asked Killings and Konnan whether Kip could join the stable. Following a heated argument between Konnan and B.G., both Killings and Konnan gave their approval, and the 4Live Kru was born.", "Following a heated argument between Konnan and B.G., both Killings and Konnan gave their approval, and the 4Live Kru was born. However, at Turning Point, Konnan attacked both B.G. and Kip, costing them their match against Team Canada and initiating a feud between himself and the remainder of the Kru. Shortly thereafter, B.G. James's father, Bob Armstrong, attempted to reconcile the group, but was instead attacked by Konnan and his new stablemates, Apolo and Homicide.", "James's father, Bob Armstrong, attempted to reconcile the group, but was instead attacked by Konnan and his new stablemates, Apolo and Homicide. Killings later stated that he had severed his ties with the Kru. With Konnan and Killings no longer members of the Kru, Kip and B.G.", "With Konnan and Killings no longer members of the Kru, Kip and B.G. began referring to themselves as The James Gang and continued to feud with the Konnan-managed Latin American Exchange, whose third man position as Homicide's partner would switch from Apolo to Machete, and then from him to Hernandez, who finally stuck, during the course of this feud. At Final Resolution, The James Gang defeated The Diamonds in the Rough (David Young and Elix Skipper).", "At Final Resolution, The James Gang defeated The Diamonds in the Rough (David Young and Elix Skipper). At Against All Odds, The James Gang defeated LAX (Homicide and Machete). At Destination X, The James Gang and Bob Armstrong defeated Latin American Exchange in a six-man tag team match. At Sacrifice, The James Gang defeated Team 3D which led to a rematch at Slammiversary where Team 3D defeated The James Gang in a Bingo Hall Brawl.", "At Sacrifice, The James Gang defeated Team 3D which led to a rematch at Slammiversary where Team 3D defeated The James Gang in a Bingo Hall Brawl. At Victory Road, The James Gang and Abyss defeated Team 3D and their newest member Brother Runt. At No Surrender, The James Gang competed in a Triple Chance tag team battle royal but failed to win the match. At Bound for Glory, The James Gang competed in a Four-way tag team match which was won by Team 3D.", "At Bound for Glory, The James Gang competed in a Four-way tag team match which was won by Team 3D. By November 2006, Kip and B.G. began to show displeasure in TNA and threatened to go find work elsewhere if they did not receive gold soon. They began performing the crotch chop, a reference to the WWE's DX. On the November 2 edition of Impact!, Kip and B.G. threatened to quit.", "threatened to quit. threatened to quit. Kip grabbed the mic and tried to say something to the TNA administration and Spike TV, but each time his mic was cut off. Kip then tried to use the announcer's headset, but it was cut off as well. Frustrated, he started yelling loudly to the crowd, but he was cut off again as the show went to a commercial break.", "Frustrated, he started yelling loudly to the crowd, but he was cut off again as the show went to a commercial break. When the show returned, the announcers speculated that they may have been frustrated due to the influx of new talent entering TNA. It was reported that the segment was a worked shoot that Vince Russo had written in order to renew interest upon their eventual return. Kip and BG appeared in an internet video on TNA's website where they addressed the owner of WWE Vince McMahon.", "Kip and BG appeared in an internet video on TNA's website where they addressed the owner of WWE Vince McMahon. A few weeks later on Impact!, The James Gang re-emerged under a new name Voodoo Kin Mafia (VKM for short, a play on Vincent Kennedy McMahon's initials). They mentioned their new right of 'creative control', meaning they could do whatever they wanted.", "They mentioned their new right of 'creative control', meaning they could do whatever they wanted. They also declared 'war' on Paul Levesque, Michael Hickenbottom, and Vincent K. McMahon (Triple H, Shawn Michaels, and Vince McMahon, respectively). Kip then declared that 'Triple Hollywood' and 'Shawn Kiss-my-bottom' were failing as the group they (Kip and BG) used to be a part of: D-Generation X.", "Kip then declared that 'Triple Hollywood' and 'Shawn Kiss-my-bottom' were failing as the group they (Kip and BG) used to be a part of: D-Generation X. After the initial shock value of this incident wore off, at Genesis, The Voodoo Kin Mafia defeated Kazarian, Maverick Matt and Johnny Devine in a handicap match. VKM began a feud with the villainous Christy Hemme. Hemme then searched for a tag team to square-off against VKM.", "Hemme then searched for a tag team to square-off against VKM. At Destination X, The Voodoo Kin Mafia defeated Hemme's handpicked team of The Heartbreakers (Antonio Thomas & Romeo Roselli). On the Lockdown preshow The Voodoo Kin Mafia defeated another one of Hemme's handpicked team Serotonin (Kaz & Havok) in a Six Sides of Steel match. The final tag team was Damaja and Basham, who appeared on an episode of Impact! and beat down VKM. They also held up Kip James so Hemme could slap him.", "They also held up Kip James so Hemme could slap him. B.G James was taken out by Basham and Damaja which led to Kip James competed against Basham and Damaja in a handicap match at Sacrifice where he lost. However, they beat Hemme's team at Slammiversary. After the match, VKM were betrayed by their associate Lance Hoyt. At Victory Road, they introduced their new manager, the Voodoo Queen, Roxxi Laveaux, to embarrass Christy Hemme.", "At Victory Road, they introduced their new manager, the Voodoo Queen, Roxxi Laveaux, to embarrass Christy Hemme. At Hard Justice, The Voodoo Kin Mafia lost to The Latin American Exchange. At No Surrender, The Voodoo Kin Mafia competed in a Ten-team tag team gauntlet match which was won by A.J. Styles and Tomko. At Bound for Glory, Kip James competed in the Fight for the Right Reverse Battle Royal which was won by Eric Young.", "At Bound for Glory, Kip James competed in the Fight for the Right Reverse Battle Royal which was won by Eric Young. On the October 25 edition of Impact!, VKM teamed with A.J. Styles and Tomko in a losing effort to the Latin American Xchange and the Steiner Brothers. At Genesis, B.G. was present along with Kip in the corner of Roxxi Laveaux at ringside for the Fatal Four Way knockout match for the TNA Women's Championship in which Gail Kim retained the title.", "was present along with Kip in the corner of Roxxi Laveaux at ringside for the Fatal Four Way knockout match for the TNA Women's Championship in which Gail Kim retained the title. At Turning Point, James competed in the Feast or Fired where he grabbed a case but threw it to BG James.", "At Turning Point, James competed in the Feast or Fired where he grabbed a case but threw it to BG James. It was revealed that the case was for a shot at the TNA World Tag Team Championship and BG James picked his dad to be his partner at Against All Odds, James and Bob Armstrong failed to win the titles and on February 21, 2008 episode of Impact! he turned on B.G. and B.G's father \"Bullet\" Bob Armstrong by hitting them both with a crutch.", "and B.G's father \"Bullet\" Bob Armstrong by hitting them both with a crutch. The Beautiful People (2008–2009) On April 13, 2008, he faced former partner B.G. James at Lockdown and lost. After the match, he appeared to want to make amends as he raised B.G. 's hand after the match, only to clothesline him down to the mat and taunt him with a DX crotch chop.", "'s hand after the match, only to clothesline him down to the mat and taunt him with a DX crotch chop. Kip went on to declare himself \"The Megastar\", an arrogant gimmick similar to \"The One\" gimmick from his WWF tenure. Kip later stopped making appearances on Impact! until April 24 when he was attacked backstage by Matt Morgan for no reason. The next week on Impact!, Kip got back at Morgan by attacking him backstage in Jim Cornette's office.", "The next week on Impact!, Kip got back at Morgan by attacking him backstage in Jim Cornette's office. On May 8, 2008, Cornette forced Morgan into being Kip's tag team partner for the Deuces Wild tournament at Sacrifice, though both were unable to win. Kip went on another brief disappearance from television until the June 5 edition of Impact!, where he partnered with Lance Hoyt and James Storm in a losing effort against Morgan and The Latin American Xchange.", "Kip went on another brief disappearance from television until the June 5 edition of Impact!, where he partnered with Lance Hoyt and James Storm in a losing effort against Morgan and The Latin American Xchange. On the August 14 episode of Impact!, Kip was revealed to be the new image consultant and member of The Beautiful People, dubbed Cute Kip and was using his Mr.Ass Attire, after they brought him out during their interview on Karen Angle's show Karen's Angle.", "On the August 14 episode of Impact!, Kip was revealed to be the new image consultant and member of The Beautiful People, dubbed Cute Kip and was using his Mr.Ass Attire, after they brought him out during their interview on Karen Angle's show Karen's Angle. at Bound for Glory IV, Kip, Love and Sky lost to Rhino, ODB and Rhaka Khan in a Bimbo Brawl. at Final Resolution (December 2008), Kip competed in the Feast or Fired match but failed to get a case.", "at Final Resolution (December 2008), Kip competed in the Feast or Fired match but failed to get a case. At Genesis 2009, Kip became the one-night-only replacement for the injured Kevin Nash in the Main Event Mafia. As of March 19, 2009, Sopp was taken off of TNA Impact! along with Jacqueline Moore to become road agents. Sopp returned as Cute Kip and lost to Awesome Kong in an intergender stretcher match on May 14, 2009.", "Sopp returned as Cute Kip and lost to Awesome Kong in an intergender stretcher match on May 14, 2009. On the May 28 edition of Impact!, Kip was fired by The Beautiful People. On the June 18 edition of Impact!, Mick Foley hired him as his handyman, turning Kip into a face. he made another appearance on the August 6 edition of Impact where Kip had to clean up the IMPACT Zone after a chaotic fifteen minute \"riot\".", "he made another appearance on the August 6 edition of Impact where Kip had to clean up the IMPACT Zone after a chaotic fifteen minute \"riot\". On October 9 edition of Xplosion, Kip was defeated by Rhino. On October 30 edition of Xplosion, Kip defeated Sheik Abdul Bashir. on the November 13 edition of Xplosion, Kip lost to Rob Terry and on December 3, 2009 edition of Xplosion, Kip competed in his final TNA match where he lost to Kiyoshi.", "on the November 13 edition of Xplosion, Kip lost to Rob Terry and on December 3, 2009 edition of Xplosion, Kip competed in his final TNA match where he lost to Kiyoshi. Sopp's profile was removed from the TNA website on December 29, 2009, confirming his departure from the promotion. Independent circuit (2009–2012) After leaving TNA, Sopp reunited with B.G. James to reform The New Age Outlaws, with both men resuming their Billy Gunn and Road Dogg ring names.", "James to reform The New Age Outlaws, with both men resuming their Billy Gunn and Road Dogg ring names. After joining TWA Powerhouse in 2010, the Outlaws defeated Canadian Extreme to win the promotion's Tag Team Championship on July 25. They re-lost the title to Canadian Extreme on June 5, 2011. On July 30, 2011, Sopp, working under the ring name Kip Gunn, made his debut for Lucha Libre USA as a member of the heel stable The Right.", "On July 30, 2011, Sopp, working under the ring name Kip Gunn, made his debut for Lucha Libre USA as a member of the heel stable The Right. Later that night, Gunn lost in his debut match against Marco Corleone. On June 26, 2012, Sopp won the American Pro Wrestling Alliance American Championship. However, he lost the title due to travel issues. On September 8 and 9, 2012, he wrestled in a Bad Boys of Wrestling Federation tournament.", "On September 8 and 9, 2012, he wrestled in a Bad Boys of Wrestling Federation tournament. He defeated Rhino in the semi-finals and Scott Steiner in the final, winning the BBWF Aruba Championship. Return to WWE (2012–2015) On July 23, Sopp, under his Billy Gunn name, made his first WWE appearance in nearly eight years as he reunited with Road Dogg, X-Pac, Shawn Michaels and Triple H to reform D-Generation X for one night only on the 1000th episode of Raw.", "Return to WWE (2012–2015) On July 23, Sopp, under his Billy Gunn name, made his first WWE appearance in nearly eight years as he reunited with Road Dogg, X-Pac, Shawn Michaels and Triple H to reform D-Generation X for one night only on the 1000th episode of Raw. In December 2012, he was hired by WWE as a trainer for the NXT Wrestling territory in Tampa, Florida.", "In December 2012, he was hired by WWE as a trainer for the NXT Wrestling territory in Tampa, Florida. On March 4, 2013, Gunn and Road Dogg made a return at Old School Raw, defeating Primo and Epico.", "On March 4, 2013, Gunn and Road Dogg made a return at Old School Raw, defeating Primo and Epico. On March 11, 2013, they accepted a challenge from Team Rhodes Scholars and faced them in a match, which was interrupted by Brock Lesnar, who hit both Outlaws with an F-5 as part of his ongoing feud with Triple H. He then appeared alongside Road Dogg to help CM Punk clear out The Shield in aid of Roddy Piper on Old School Raw on January 6, 2014.", "On March 11, 2013, they accepted a challenge from Team Rhodes Scholars and faced them in a match, which was interrupted by Brock Lesnar, who hit both Outlaws with an F-5 as part of his ongoing feud with Triple H. He then appeared alongside Road Dogg to help CM Punk clear out The Shield in aid of Roddy Piper on Old School Raw on January 6, 2014. On the January 10 episode of SmackDown, the Outlaws teamed with CM Punk in a six-man tag match against The Shield in a losing effort.", "On the January 10 episode of SmackDown, the Outlaws teamed with CM Punk in a six-man tag match against The Shield in a losing effort. On the January 13 episode of Raw, the Outlaws again teamed with Punk in a rematch against The Shield, only to abandon Punk and lose the match. On January 26 during the Royal Rumble Kickoff Show, Gunn and Road Dogg beat Cody Rhodes and Goldust to win the WWE Tag Team Championship.", "On January 26 during the Royal Rumble Kickoff Show, Gunn and Road Dogg beat Cody Rhodes and Goldust to win the WWE Tag Team Championship. The next night on Raw the New Age Outlaws retained the championship against Rhodes and Goldust via disqualification when Brock Lesnar attacked the brothers. The next week on Raw the New Age Outlaws retained the championship against Rhodes and Goldust in a steel cage match. On March 3, the Outlaws lost the Tag Team Championship to The Usos.", "On March 3, the Outlaws lost the Tag Team Championship to The Usos. Gunn sustained hemoptysis after he and his New Age Outlaws partner, Road Dogg, suffered a double-Triple Powerbomb by The Shield at WrestleMania XXX. Gunn returned to Raw with Road Dogg in January 2015, attacking The Ascension along with the nWo and the APA. At the Royal Rumble, the Outlaws faced The Ascension in a losing effort.", "At the Royal Rumble, the Outlaws faced The Ascension in a losing effort. At WrestleMania 31, Gunn, with Road Dogg, X-Pac and Shawn Michaels, reunited as D-Generation X to help Triple H in his match against Sting. In May, Gunn was announced as a coach along with WWE Hall of Famers Booker T and Lita for the sixth season of Tough Enough. On November 13, 2015, WWE officially announced that Sopp was released from his WWE contract after failing a test for performance-enhancing drugs.", "On November 13, 2015, WWE officially announced that Sopp was released from his WWE contract after failing a test for performance-enhancing drugs. He had tested positive for elevated levels of testosterone at a powerlifting event on July 25, 2015, and was suspended from powerlifting for four years. Independent circuit (2015–2020) On December 26, 2015, Gunn teamed up with Kevin Thorn to defeat Brian Klass and Rob Street. One month later, Gunn defeated Ken Dixon for the MCW Pro Wrestling MCW Rage Television Championship.", "One month later, Gunn defeated Ken Dixon for the MCW Pro Wrestling MCW Rage Television Championship. On February 5, 2016, Gunn defeated Joey Hayes in the Preston City Wrestling PCW Road to Glory tournament, on February 6 he lost to T-Bone in the quarter-finals that same night Gunn teamed up with Mr. Anderson and Tajiri to defeat Dave Raynes, Joey Hayes, and Martin Kirby. On February 7, 2016 Gunn challenged for the Pro Wrestling Pride Heavyweight championship losing to Steve Griffiths.", "On February 7, 2016 Gunn challenged for the Pro Wrestling Pride Heavyweight championship losing to Steve Griffiths. On March 19, 2016, Gunn lost the title to Ken Dixon. On June 12, 2016, Gunn won the Smashmouth Pro Wrestling championship from KC Huber but lost it on the same night, Gunn teamed again with Anderson in a losing effort against the UK Hooligans at PCW Tribute to the Troops on June 25, 2016. He defeated Hardcore Holly in a singles match at PCW Top Gunn on July 2, 2016.", "He defeated Hardcore Holly in a singles match at PCW Top Gunn on July 2, 2016. On September 4, 2016, Gunn made his debut for Chikara, representing DX alongside X-Pac in a tag team gauntlet match. The two entered the match as the final team and scored the win over Prakash Sabar and The Proletariat Boar of Moldova.", "The two entered the match as the final team and scored the win over Prakash Sabar and The Proletariat Boar of Moldova. New Japan Pro-Wrestling (2016–2017) On November 5, 2016, at the New Japan Pro-Wrestling (NJPW) event Power Struggle, Yoshitatsu announced Gunn as the newest member of his Hunter Club stable and his partner for the upcoming 2016 World Tag League. Gunn and Yoshitatsu finished the tournament on December 8 with a record of three wins and four losses, failing to advance from their block.", "Gunn and Yoshitatsu finished the tournament on December 8 with a record of three wins and four losses, failing to advance from their block. Gunn returned to NJPW on January 4, 2017, taking part in the pre-show New Japan Rumble at Wrestle Kingdom 11 in Tokyo Dome, from which he was eliminated by the eventual winner Michael Elgin. While Gunn did not appear for NJPW for the next six months, he was brought up in May by Yoshitatsu, who told Hiroshi Tanahashi that Gunn had requested a match against him.", "While Gunn did not appear for NJPW for the next six months, he was brought up in May by Yoshitatsu, who told Hiroshi Tanahashi that Gunn had requested a match against him. When Tanahashi captured the IWGP Intercontinental Championship the following month, he immediately nominated Gunn as his first challenger. Gunn was defeated in the title match on July 2 at G1 Special in USA, and it was his final match in NJPW.", "Gunn was defeated in the title match on July 2 at G1 Special in USA, and it was his final match in NJPW. WWE appearances (2018–2019) Gunn and numerous other WWE legends appeared on the January 22, 2018 episode of Raw 25 Years as part of the D-Generation X reunion. He was inducted into the WWE Hall of Fame Class of 2019 as a member of D-Generation X. All Elite Wrestling (2019–present) In January 2019, Gunn was hired by All Elite Wrestling as a coach.", "All Elite Wrestling (2019–present) In January 2019, Gunn was hired by All Elite Wrestling as a coach. At May 25 at the AEW Double or Nothing event he competed in the pre-show battle royal. Gunn made his first televised appearance for AEW on the November 20, 2019 episode of AEW Dynamite, competing in a battle royal. He also appeared during the January 1, 2020 episode of Dynamite, wrestling in a dark match with his son Austin that aired on January 7, 2020.", "He also appeared during the January 1, 2020 episode of Dynamite, wrestling in a dark match with his son Austin that aired on January 7, 2020. They wrestled again together on another dark match during the January 8, 2020 episode of Dynamite, airing on January 17, 2020, with the tag team name \"The Gunn Club\", defeating the team of Peter Avalon and Shawn Spears.", "They wrestled again together on another dark match during the January 8, 2020 episode of Dynamite, airing on January 17, 2020, with the tag team name \"The Gunn Club\", defeating the team of Peter Avalon and Shawn Spears. Gunn has also appeared in the crowd (made up of AEW wrestlers and other employees) on numerous episodes of Dynamite during the COVID-19 pandemic.", "Gunn has also appeared in the crowd (made up of AEW wrestlers and other employees) on numerous episodes of Dynamite during the COVID-19 pandemic. On the May 27, 2020 episode of Dynamite, Gunn now under the shortened ring name of Billy participated in a battle royal match to determine the number one contender for the TNT Championship. He also would wrestle MJF in a singles match on the June 17, 2020 episode of Dynamite as well.", "He also would wrestle MJF in a singles match on the June 17, 2020 episode of Dynamite as well. The Gunn Club would wrestle in more tag team matches on more episodes of AEW Dark. On the November 4, 2020 episode of Dynamite, The Gunn Club teamed with Cody Rhodes to successfully defeat The Dark Order (John Silver, 10 and Colt Cabana).", "On the November 4, 2020 episode of Dynamite, The Gunn Club teamed with Cody Rhodes to successfully defeat The Dark Order (John Silver, 10 and Colt Cabana). On the November 17, 2020 episode of Dark, The Gunn Club, which now added Austin's brother and Gunn's other son Colten to the stable, defeated Bshp King, Joey O'Riley and Sean Maluta by pinfall in a six-man tag team match.", "On the November 17, 2020 episode of Dark, The Gunn Club, which now added Austin's brother and Gunn's other son Colten to the stable, defeated Bshp King, Joey O'Riley and Sean Maluta by pinfall in a six-man tag team match. On the same day the AEW website's roster page got updated and his name was once again changed to its long form, Billy Gunn.", "On the same day the AEW website's roster page got updated and his name was once again changed to its long form, Billy Gunn. The three man Gunn Club would then defeat Cezar Bononi, KTB, and Seth Gargis in another six man tag team match on the November 24, 2020 episode of Dark.", "The three man Gunn Club would then defeat Cezar Bononi, KTB, and Seth Gargis in another six man tag team match on the November 24, 2020 episode of Dark. On the December 8, 2020 episode of Dark The three man Gunn Club-which entered the ring on a golf cart with the words \"Taz Taxi\" on the side, defeated Shawn Dean, Sean Maluta & RYZIN.", "On the December 8, 2020 episode of Dark The three man Gunn Club-which entered the ring on a golf cart with the words \"Taz Taxi\" on the side, defeated Shawn Dean, Sean Maluta & RYZIN. On the December 1, 2021 episode of Dynamite, The Gunn Club stable's undefeated streak in AEW ended when Billy and Colten Gunn lost to the team of Sting and Darby Allin.", "On the December 1, 2021 episode of Dynamite, The Gunn Club stable's undefeated streak in AEW ended when Billy and Colten Gunn lost to the team of Sting and Darby Allin. Professional wrestling style, persona and reception Gunn has had several gimmicks throughout his career, ranging from his cowboy-themed gimmick with the Smoking Gunns to his The Ambiguously Gay Duo-esque tag team with Chuck Palumbo.", "Professional wrestling style, persona and reception Gunn has had several gimmicks throughout his career, ranging from his cowboy-themed gimmick with the Smoking Gunns to his The Ambiguously Gay Duo-esque tag team with Chuck Palumbo. Gunn has stated on multiple shoot interviews that he has no regrets with his gimmicks as he was performing a job and doing what was asked of him to do. By far, Gunn's most infamous gimmick was his \"Mr. Ass\" persona based around his ass.", "By far, Gunn's most infamous gimmick was his \"Mr. Ass\" persona based around his ass. The gimmick started during his New Age Outlaws days when Road Dogg would refer to themselves as \"Mr. Dogg\" and \"Mr. Ass\" in promos, though the \"Bad Ass\" name wasn't referring to his backside at that time.", "The gimmick started during his New Age Outlaws days when Road Dogg would refer to themselves as \"Mr. Dogg\" and \"Mr. Ass\" in promos, though the \"Bad Ass\" name wasn't referring to his backside at that time. What was originally a throwaway joke turned into Gunn mooning his opponents and the live crowd, though as the original incarnation of DX also did this, it could originally be argued that it was an extension of the Outlaws joining DX.", "What was originally a throwaway joke turned into Gunn mooning his opponents and the live crowd, though as the original incarnation of DX also did this, it could originally be argued that it was an extension of the Outlaws joining DX. Upon leaving DX, Gunn fully embraced the \"Mr. Ass\" gimmick by placing emphasis on his \"moneymaker\".", "Upon leaving DX, Gunn fully embraced the \"Mr. Ass\" gimmick by placing emphasis on his \"moneymaker\". While Road Dogg kept the New Age Outlaws entrance music for his own, Gunn adopted the song \"Ass Man\" as part of the gimmick, and for a time even changed his ring tights to be see-through, wearing only a thong underneath his tights, although he would eventually revert back to the DX-era tights. The \"Mr. Ass\" gimmick has mixed reviews.", "The \"Mr. Ass\" gimmick has mixed reviews. The \"Mr. Ass\" gimmick has mixed reviews. One web site ranked it near the middle of Gunn's various gimmicks, while a writer for Bleacher Report thought it was the worst gimmick ever even though Gunn was at his peak popularity with the persona. Gunn himself told Chris Van Vliet in 2021 that he never paid attention to the \"Ass Man\" lyrics until a college professor broke down each expression.", "Gunn himself told Chris Van Vliet in 2021 that he never paid attention to the \"Ass Man\" lyrics until a college professor broke down each expression. Due to the enduring legacy of the \"Mr. Ass\" gimmick, in November 2021 Ring of Honor wrestler Danhausen began a Twitter feud with the Gunn Club, referring to Billy as \"Billy Ass,\" and Colten and Austin as The \"Ass Boys,\" in reference to Gunn's infamous \"Mr. Ass\" gimmick in the Attitude Era.", "Due to the enduring legacy of the \"Mr. Ass\" gimmick, in November 2021 Ring of Honor wrestler Danhausen began a Twitter feud with the Gunn Club, referring to Billy as \"Billy Ass,\" and Colten and Austin as The \"Ass Boys,\" in reference to Gunn's infamous \"Mr. Ass\" gimmick in the Attitude Era. While Gunn himself initially had no comment, the rest of Gunn Club despised the nickname after fans began chanting \"Ass Boys\" during their matches, notably during an AEW event at Chartway Arena in Norfolk, Virginia.", "While Gunn himself initially had no comment, the rest of Gunn Club despised the nickname after fans began chanting \"Ass Boys\" during their matches, notably during an AEW event at Chartway Arena in Norfolk, Virginia. Gunn finally commented when he surprised his sons by wearing an \"Ass Boys\" shirt, encouraging them to \"embrace the assness\" and even started teasing mooning the crowd again. Gunn also thanked Danhausen publicly for getting his sons over in a way that he couldn't.", "Gunn also thanked Danhausen publicly for getting his sons over in a way that he couldn't. Other media Filmography Video Games WWF Attitude WWF WrestleMania 2000 WWF SmackDown! WWF No Mercy WWF SmackDown! 2: Know Your Role WWF Road To WrestleMania WWF SmackDown! Just Bring It WWF Raw WWE SmackDown! Shut Your Mouth WWE Raw 2 WWE '13 WWE 2K16 WWE 2K17 Personal life Sopp was born on November 1, 1963 in Orlando, Florida and claims Austin, Texas as his hometown.", "Shut Your Mouth WWE Raw 2 WWE '13 WWE 2K16 WWE 2K17 Personal life Sopp was born on November 1, 1963 in Orlando, Florida and claims Austin, Texas as his hometown. In November 1990, Sopp was arrested in Florida for disorderly conduct. Sopp married his first wife Tina Tinnell on March 3, 1990. Together, they have two sons: Colten (born May 18, 1991) and Austin (born August 26, 1994) who are also professional wrestlers.", "Together, they have two sons: Colten (born May 18, 1991) and Austin (born August 26, 1994) who are also professional wrestlers. The couple separated in January 2000 and their divorce was finalized on December 11, 2002. Sopp has since married his long-time girlfriend Paula on January 24, 2009.", "Sopp has since married his long-time girlfriend Paula on January 24, 2009. Sopp's sons Austin and Colten, better known by the ring names Austin Gunn and Colten Gunn, are currently signed to All Elite Wrestling (AEW) where alongside their father they form a stable known as \"Gunn Club\". Sopp attended Sam Houston State University.", "Sopp attended Sam Houston State University. Sopp attended Sam Houston State University. Championships and accomplishments American Pro Wrestling Alliance APWA American Championship (1 time) Bad Boys of Wrestling Federation BBFW Aruba Championship (1 time) BBFW Aruba Championship Tournament (2012) International Wrestling Federation IWF Tag Team Championship (2 times) – with Brett Colt Freedom Pro Wrestling FPW Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Road Dogg Maryland Championship Wrestling MCW Rage Television Championship (1 time) MCW Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with B.G.", "Championships and accomplishments American Pro Wrestling Alliance APWA American Championship (1 time) Bad Boys of Wrestling Federation BBFW Aruba Championship (1 time) BBFW Aruba Championship Tournament (2012) International Wrestling Federation IWF Tag Team Championship (2 times) – with Brett Colt Freedom Pro Wrestling FPW Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Road Dogg Maryland Championship Wrestling MCW Rage Television Championship (1 time) MCW Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with B.G. James Pro Wrestling Illustrated Tag Team of the Year (1998) with Road Dogg Tag Team of the Year (2002) with Chuck Ranked #39 of the top 500 singles wrestlers in the PWI 500 in 1999 Ranked #231 of the top 500 singles wrestlers of the \"PWI Years\" in 2003 Ranked #43 of the top 100 tag teams of the \"PWI Years\" with Road Dogg in 2003 SmashMouth Pro Wrestling SPW World Heavyweight Championship (1 time) TWA Powerhouse TWA Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with B.G.", "James Pro Wrestling Illustrated Tag Team of the Year (1998) with Road Dogg Tag Team of the Year (2002) with Chuck Ranked #39 of the top 500 singles wrestlers in the PWI 500 in 1999 Ranked #231 of the top 500 singles wrestlers of the \"PWI Years\" in 2003 Ranked #43 of the top 100 tag teams of the \"PWI Years\" with Road Dogg in 2003 SmashMouth Pro Wrestling SPW World Heavyweight Championship (1 time) TWA Powerhouse TWA Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with B.G. James Vanguard Championship Wrestling VCW Heavyweight Championship (1 time) World Pro Wrestling WPW World Heavyweight Championship (1 time) Wrestling Observer Newsletter Worst Worked Match of the Year (2006) TNA Reverse Battle Royal on TNA Impact!", "James Vanguard Championship Wrestling VCW Heavyweight Championship (1 time) World Pro Wrestling WPW World Heavyweight Championship (1 time) Wrestling Observer Newsletter Worst Worked Match of the Year (2006) TNA Reverse Battle Royal on TNA Impact! WWE/World Wrestling Federation/Entertainment WWF Hardcore Championship (2 times) WWF Intercontinental Championship (1 time) WWE Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Road Dogg WWF World Tag Team Championship (10 times) – with Bart Gunn (3), Road Dogg (5) and Chuck (2) King of the Ring (1999) Raw Bowl – with Bart Gunn WWE Hall of Fame (Class of 2019) - as a member of D-Generation X References External links 1963 births All Elite Wrestling personnel American male professional wrestlers American powerlifters Bull riders D-Generation X members Expatriate professional wrestlers in Japan LGBT characters in professional wrestling Living people Professional wrestlers from Florida Professional wrestling trainers Sam Houston State University alumni Sportspeople from Orlando, Florida The Authority (professional wrestling) members WWE Hall of Fame inductees WWF/WWE Hardcore Champions WWF/WWE Intercontinental Champions WWF/WWE King Crown's Champions/King of the Ring winners American expatriate sportspeople in Japan" ]

[ "Billy Gunn", "The New Age Outlaws and D-Generation X (1997-1998)", "What were The New Age Outlaws?", "James and Rockabilly were quickly rebranded as \"Road Dogg\" Jesse James and \"Badd Ass\" Billy Gunn, respectively, and their tag team formed was soon dubbed the New Age Outlaws.", "What was the D generation X?", "They also defeated the LOD in a rematch at In Your House: D-Generation X.", "How strong were Jesse and Billy?", "This new team was in the spirit of the new Attitude Era: brash, vulgar, egotistical, and loud-mouthed. They quickly rose to the top of the tag team ranks", "Did they ever lose?", "teamed up with Triple H and Savio Vega (who replaced the injured Shawn Michaels) to face Chainsaw Charlie, Cactus Jack, Owen Hart, and Steve Austin. They were, however, defeated.", "Any other losses?", "During this time, the Outlaws began a feud with Kane and Mankind. Although Kane and Mankind won the Tag Team Championship, they could not get along.", "Did they ever win any tag team championships?", "After joining DX, the Outlaws successfully defended their Tag Team Title against the Legion of Doom 2000 at Unforgiven.", "Who did they lose the title to?", "At Over The Edge, the Outlaws and Triple H were defeated by Nation members Owen, Kama Mustafa, and D'Lo Brown in a Six Man Tag Match." ]

[ "\"If Ever I See You Again\" is the title of a 1978 hit single by Roberta Flack. The song was composed by Joseph \"Joe\" Brooks and served as the title song for the 1978 film If Ever I See You Again, which Brooks directed and also starred in with Shelley Hack as his leading lady. Male vocalist Jamie Carr sang the theme song on the film's soundtrack.\n\nBrooks' directorial debut, You Light Up My Life, had become successful largely on the strength of its title song, which as recorded by Debby Boone had spent ten weeks at #1 on the Billboard Hot 100 in 1977. With Brooks producing, Debby Boone had subsequently recorded the If Ever I See You Again title song plus four other songs heard in the film: \"California\", \"Come Share My Love\", \"It Was Such a Good Day\" and \"When It's Over\", at the Hollywood recording studio the Record Plant in January 1978, with the track \"California\" being issued as Boone's follow-up single to \"You Light Up My Life\" in February 1978 to reach #50 on the Hot 100. Boone's version of the If Ever I See You Again title song, plus the four other songs from the film that she'd recorded, would be included on her July 1978 album release Midstream.\n\nDespite Boone's success with the theme song from You Light Up My Life, Brooks was hoping to place the If Ever I See You Again theme song plus other songs from the film with an established artist. According to his partner Robert K. Lifton, Brooks offered the If Ever I See You Again numbers to Arista Records president Clive Davis for Barry Manilow to record only to renege after hearing the existing tracks intended for Manilow's upcoming album, which Brooks felt were sub-par and would sink his own compositions (in fact Manilow's 1978 album release Even Now would be a triple platinum seller).\n\nBrooks then approached Atlantic Records president Jerry Greenberg with the intent of having the If Ever I See You Again theme song and other songs from the film recorded by Roberta Flack (Flack has stated that she had been offered \"You Light Up My Life\" prior to the Debby Boone recording: (Roberta Flack quote:)\"Some people whose opinions I respect very much suggested I should do it...but the song reminded me of too many other things that I had heard or sung and I just didn't like it [although] I think [for] Debby Boone ['You Light Up My Life'] was perfect\". Flack would eventually describe \"If Ever I See You Again\" as \"a song I couldn't stand\" that Greenberg insisted she record: (Roberta Flack quote:) \"I had a very clever lawyer who made a huge money deal for [my recording] that song\": Flack recorded \"If Ever I See You Again\" at A&R Recording Studios in New York City in a session produced by Brooks which also yielded Flack's versions of \"Come Share My Love\" and \"When It's Over\". With a track from Flack's 1977 Blue Lights in the Basement album: \"I'd Like To Be Baby To You\", as B-side, \"If Ever I See You Again\" was released as a single on 21 April 1978 - a month before the film's premiere - to debut the Billboard Hot 100 dated 20 May 1978 at #87 (the same chart ranked the Blue Lights in the Basement single: the Donny Hathaway duet \"The Closer I Get to You\" at its #2 peak for a second and final week).\n\nWith the film If Ever I See You Again quickly proving a massive flop, Flack's single was left to fare on its own merit, and did in July 1978 spend three weeks at No. 1 on the Easy Listening chart with an eventual ranking as the #8 Easy Listening hit for the year: however, while reaching the Top 40 on both the Pop-oriented Hot 100 and the R&B chart, \"If Ever I See You Again\" was not on either chart afforded the impact which had previously been customary for Flack's lead singles, the Hot 100 peak for \"If Ever I See You Again\" being #24 with its R&B peak being #37. On the pop-oriented singles charts published in both Cashbox and Record World, \"If Ever I See You Again\" peaked at #38, with the single's peak on the respective magazines' R&B charts being #37 (Cashbox) and #58 (Record World)).\n\n\"If Ever I See You Again\" was included on the August 1978 album release Roberta Flack - the planned album title of If Ever I See You Again being dropped due to the single's underperformance - , that album also including the two other tracks cut with Joe Brooks at A&R Studios: \"Come Share My Love\" and \"When It's Over\", the two latter tracks being issued on a single in October 1978 with the A-side \"When It's Over\" reaching #82 on the R&B chart.\n\nFrom 1979 Flack would tend to rank on the R&B chart as opposed to the Hot 100, her only solo Hot 100 entry subsequent to \"If Ever I See You Again\" being another movie theme song: \"Making Love\", which peaked at #13 in 1982. However Flack did reach the Top 20 of the Hot 100 with two duets: \"Tonight, I Celebrate My Love\" with Peabo Bryson (#16/ 1983) and \"Set the Night to Music\" with Maxi Priest (#6/ 1991).\n\nSee also\nList of number-one adult contemporary singles of 1978 (U.S.)\n\nReferences\n\nSongs about parting\n1978 singles\nRoberta Flack songs\nAtlantic Records singles\nFilm theme songs\nSongs written for films\nRhythm and blues ballads\nSoul ballads\n1978 songs\nSongs written by Joseph Brooks (songwriter)", "Whenever We Wanted is American singer-songwriter and musician John Mellencamp's 11th album, and the first to be credited simply to Mellencamp's given name (i.e., without the \"Cougar\" name).\n\nThe album reached the top 20 and went platinum. It includes the hits \"Get A Leg Up\" (#1 for three weeks on the Album Rock Tracks chart), \"Now More Than Ever\" (#3 on the Album Rock Tracks chart), \"Last Chance\" (#12 on the Album Rock Tracks chart), and \"Again Tonight\" (#1 for two weeks on the Album Rock Tracks chart). \"Get A Leg Up\" (#14) and \"Again Tonight\" (#36) also cracked the Billboard Hot 100.\n\nEntertainment Weekly gave the album a positive review, stating: \"To Mellencamp's credit, even though 'Whenever We Wanted' delivers his signature rock & roll punch, he doesn't try to. That Mellencamp still has the courage to make depressing assessments in a pop context is a victory that outweighs the record's other shortcomings.\"\n\nMellencamp later said the album was an attempt to \"write American Fool with better lyrics\" after a fan mentioned the previous two albums \"had nothing about sex on them.\" This inspired him to write less about problems in the heartland and \"get back to the basics.\"\n\nAlbum notes\nThe woman featured on the cover with Mellencamp is Elaine Irwin. The cover photo was taken during the shoot for the video for the hit single \"Get a Leg Up.\" The video was shot in July 1991; Mellencamp and Irwin did not see each other again until January 1992 when the Whenever We Wanted Tour pulled into New York City. They become a couple a short time later and were married in September 1992. They separated in September 2010 and were divorced in 2011.\n\nAfter his previous two albums, The Lonesome Jubilee and Big Daddy, featured such non-traditional rock instruments as the accordion and violin, Mellencamp said that on Whenever We Wanted he wanted to put those instruments \"back in their cases\" and return to a harder-edged sound. Mellencamp further elaborated on the album, saying: \"It's very rock 'n' roll. I just wanted to get back to the basics.\"\n\nTrack listing\nAll songs written by John Mellencamp, except where noted.\n \"Love and Happiness\" – 3:53\n \"Now More Than Ever\" – 3:43\n \"I Ain't Ever Satisfied\" – 3:36\n \"Get a Leg Up\" – 3:47\n \"Crazy Ones\" (Mellencamp, Randy Handley) – 4:01\n \"Last Chance\" – 3:39\n \"They're So Tough\" – 4:17\n \"Melting Pot\" – 4:47\n \"Whenever We Wanted\" – 3:42\n \"Again Tonight\" – 3:17\n \"Love and Happiness (London Club Mix)\" (2005 re-issue bonus track) – 6:33\n\nPersonnel\n John Mellencamp – vocals, guitar, hand percussion\n Kenny Aronoff – drums, percussion, vibes\n Mike Wanchic – guitar, background vocals\n Toby Myers – bass guitar, background vocals\n David Grissom – guitars\n John Cascella – Hammond B-3, accordion, penny whistle, Farfisa Organ\n Pharez Whitted – trumpet on \"Love And Happiness\" and \"Whenever We Wanted\"\nJay Healy – engineer, mixing\n\nCharts\n\nCertifications\n\nReferences\n\nJohn Mellencamp albums\n1991 albums\nMercury Records albums" ]

[ "Monty \"Kip\" Sopp (born November 1, 1963), better known by his ring name Billy Gunn, is an American professional wrestler. He is currently signed to All Elite Wrestling (AEW) as a wrestler and coach. Gunn is best known for his appearances in the World Wrestling Federation/Entertainment (WWF/E) from 1993 to 2004 and from 2012 to 2015. He also served as a coach on WWE's Tough Enough and was a trainer in NXT.", "He also served as a coach on WWE's Tough Enough and was a trainer in NXT. He is also known for his appearances with Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA) from 2005 to 2009. Primarily a tag team wrestler, Gunn is an overall 13-time tag team champion in WWE with three different partners (with Bart Gunn as The Smoking Gunns, with Road Dogg as The New Age Outlaws, and with Chuck Palumbo as Billy and Chuck).", "Primarily a tag team wrestler, Gunn is an overall 13-time tag team champion in WWE with three different partners (with Bart Gunn as The Smoking Gunns, with Road Dogg as The New Age Outlaws, and with Chuck Palumbo as Billy and Chuck). He is also a one time WWF Intercontinental Champion and a two time WWF Hardcore Champion, giving him 14 total championships in WWE.", "He is also a one time WWF Intercontinental Champion and a two time WWF Hardcore Champion, giving him 14 total championships in WWE. He is the 1999 King of the Ring tournament winner, and was inducted into the WWE Hall of Fame in 2019 as a member of D-Generation X. Professional wrestling career Early career (1985–1993) After a stint as a professional bull rider in Professional Rodeo Cowboys Association, Sopp left the profession in his early-20s in order to pursue a career as a professional wrestler.", "Professional wrestling career Early career (1985–1993) After a stint as a professional bull rider in Professional Rodeo Cowboys Association, Sopp left the profession in his early-20s in order to pursue a career as a professional wrestler. Trained by Jerry Grey, Sopp wrestled on the independent circuit for eight years (including a brief stint as enhancement talent for World Championship Wrestling (WCW) before signing a contract with the World Wrestling Federation (WWF) in 1993.", "Trained by Jerry Grey, Sopp wrestled on the independent circuit for eight years (including a brief stint as enhancement talent for World Championship Wrestling (WCW) before signing a contract with the World Wrestling Federation (WWF) in 1993. World Wrestling Federation/Entertainment (1993–2004) The Smoking Gunns (1993–1996) After weeks of vignettes, Sopp, under the name Billy Gunn, made his WWF debut on the May 17, 1993 episode of Raw, teaming with his on-screen brother, Bart Gunn to defeat Tony Vadja and Glenn Ruth.", "World Wrestling Federation/Entertainment (1993–2004) The Smoking Gunns (1993–1996) After weeks of vignettes, Sopp, under the name Billy Gunn, made his WWF debut on the May 17, 1993 episode of Raw, teaming with his on-screen brother, Bart Gunn to defeat Tony Vadja and Glenn Ruth. The duo, now known as The Smoking Gunns, made their pay-per-view debut at King of the Ring, teaming with The Steiner Brothers to defeat Money Inc. and The Headshrinkers in an eight-man tag team match.", "The duo, now known as The Smoking Gunns, made their pay-per-view debut at King of the Ring, teaming with The Steiner Brothers to defeat Money Inc. and The Headshrinkers in an eight-man tag team match. At SummerSlam, the duo teamed with Tatanka to pick up a win against Bam Bam Bigelow and the Headshrinkers. On January 22, 1994, Gunn entered his first Royal Rumble match at the namesake event, but was eliminated by Diesel.", "On January 22, 1994, Gunn entered his first Royal Rumble match at the namesake event, but was eliminated by Diesel. In early 1995, the Gunns won their first Tag Team Championship by defeating the makeshift team of Bob Holly and 1-2-3 Kid. They held the title until WrestleMania XI, where they were defeated by the team of Owen Hart and Yokozuna. They won the titles again in September 1995. On February 15, 1996, the Gunns vacated the title because Billy was in need of neck surgery.", "On February 15, 1996, the Gunns vacated the title because Billy was in need of neck surgery. After Billy returned from hiatus, The Smoking Gunns won the Tag Team Title for the third time by defeating The Godwinns in May. After the match, The Godwinns' manager Sunny turned on her team in favor of the Gunns. On September 22 at In Your House: Mind Games, the Gunns lost the Tag Team Title to Owen Hart and The British Bulldog.", "On September 22 at In Your House: Mind Games, the Gunns lost the Tag Team Title to Owen Hart and The British Bulldog. After the match, Sunny abandoned The Gunns, saying that she would only manage title holders. Billy, frustrated with losing both the championship and Sunny, walked out on Bart, breaking up The Smoking Gunns. Rockabilly, The New Age Outlaws and D-Generation X (1997–1998) After The Smoking Gunns disbanded, Gunn took some time off to nurse an injury.", "Rockabilly, The New Age Outlaws and D-Generation X (1997–1998) After The Smoking Gunns disbanded, Gunn took some time off to nurse an injury. At WrestleMania 13, he defeated Flash Funk catching the attention of The Honky Tonk Man, who made Gunn his protégé. During this time, he adopted a new gimmick, Rockabilly, He would use this gimmick throughout much of 1997 and eventually had a short-lived feud with \"The Real Double J\" Jesse James.", "During this time, he adopted a new gimmick, Rockabilly, He would use this gimmick throughout much of 1997 and eventually had a short-lived feud with \"The Real Double J\" Jesse James. On the October 4, 1997 episode of Shotgun Saturday Night, James realized both of their careers were going nowhere and suggested that they become a tag team. Gunn agreed and smashed a guitar over the Honky Tonk Man's head to solidify their new alliance.", "Gunn agreed and smashed a guitar over the Honky Tonk Man's head to solidify their new alliance. James and Rockabilly were quickly rebranded as \"Road Dogg\" Jesse James and \"Badd Ass\" Billy Gunn, respectively, and their tag team was dubbed the New Age Outlaws. They quickly rose to the top of the tag team ranks and won the Tag Team Championship from the Legion of Doom on November 24. They also defeated the LOD in a rematch at In Your House: D-Generation X.", "They also defeated the LOD in a rematch at In Your House: D-Generation X. The Outlaws slowly began to align themselves with D-Generation X. At the Royal Rumble, the New Age Outlaws interfered in a Casket match to help Shawn Michaels defeat The Undertaker. At No Way Out Of Texas, the Outlaws teamed up with Triple H and Savio Vega (who replaced the injured Shawn Michaels) to face Chainsaw Charlie, Cactus Jack, Owen Hart, and Steve Austin. They were, however, defeated.", "They were, however, defeated. They were, however, defeated. On February 2, The Outlaws locked Cactus and Chainsaw in a dumpster and pushed it off the stage. This led to a Dumpster match at WrestleMania XIV where Cactus and Chainsaw defeated the Outlaws for the Tag Titles. The next night on Raw, the New Age Outlaws won the Tag Team Championship for a second time by defeating Chainsaw and Cactus in a Steel cage match, but only after interference from Triple H, Chyna, and X-Pac.", "The next night on Raw, the New Age Outlaws won the Tag Team Championship for a second time by defeating Chainsaw and Cactus in a Steel cage match, but only after interference from Triple H, Chyna, and X-Pac. After the match, the Outlaws officially became members of D-Generation X (DX). After joining DX, the Outlaws successfully defended their Tag Team Title against the Legion of Doom 2000 at Unforgiven. DX began to feud with Owen Hart and his new stablemates, The Nation.", "DX began to feud with Owen Hart and his new stablemates, The Nation. At Over The Edge, the Outlaws and Triple H were defeated by Nation members Owen, Kama Mustafa, and D'Lo Brown in a Six Man Tag Match. During this time, the Outlaws began a feud with Kane and Mankind. At SummerSlam, Mankind faced the Outlaws in a Handicap match after Kane no-showed the title defense. The Outlaws defeated Mankind to win the titles for the third time.", "The Outlaws defeated Mankind to win the titles for the third time. In December, the Outlaws lost the title to The Big Boss Man and Ken Shamrock from The Corporation. Mr. Ass and reformation of the Outlaws and DX (1999–2000) The Outlaws then began to focus more on singles competition. The Road Dogg won the Hardcore Championship in December 1998, and Gunn set his sights on the Intercontinental Championship. At the 1999 Royal Rumble, Gunn unsuccessfully challenged Ken Shamrock for the Intercontinental Title.", "At the 1999 Royal Rumble, Gunn unsuccessfully challenged Ken Shamrock for the Intercontinental Title. The next month at St. Valentine's Day Massacre, Gunn was the special guest referee for the Intercontinental Championship match between Val Venis and champion Ken Shamrock, where Gunn made a fast count and declared Venis the new champion before attacking both men. In March, Gunn won the Hardcore Championship from Hardcore Holly. At WrestleMania XV, Gunn lost the title to Holly in a Triple Threat match which also included Al Snow.", "At WrestleMania XV, Gunn lost the title to Holly in a Triple Threat match which also included Al Snow. The New Age Outlaws then reunited to defeat Jeff Jarrett and Owen Hart at Backlash. After Backlash, Gunn left D-Generation X and aligned himself with Triple H and Chyna. Gunn defeated his former partner, Road Dogg, in a match at Over the Edge. Gunn then won the King of the Ring tournament by defeating Ken Shamrock, Kane, and his former ally, X-Pac.", "Gunn then won the King of the Ring tournament by defeating Ken Shamrock, Kane, and his former ally, X-Pac. After King of the Ring, Gunn, Triple H, and Chyna went on to feud with X-Pac and Road Dogg over the rights to the D-Generation X name. This feud culminated at Fully Loaded when X-Pac and Road Dogg defeated Gunn and Chyna. Gunn then began a brief feud with The Rock. At SummerSlam, The Rock defeated Gunn in a Kiss My Ass Match.", "At SummerSlam, The Rock defeated Gunn in a Kiss My Ass Match. Following this, Gunn then briefly feuded with Jeff Jarrett for the Intercontinental Title before reuniting with Road Dogg to reform The New Age Outlaws. The Outlaws won their fourth tag team championship by defeating The Rock 'n' Sock Connection in September 1999. The Outlaws later reunited with X-Pac and Triple H to reform D-Generation X. During this time, The Outlaws won their fifth Tag Team Championship after defeating Mankind and Al Snow.", "During this time, The Outlaws won their fifth Tag Team Championship after defeating Mankind and Al Snow. At the 2000 Royal Rumble, The New Age Outlaws retained their title against The Acolytes after interference from X-Pac. The Outlaws then had a feud with The Dudley Boyz, who won the Tag Team Championship from The Outlaws at No Way Out.", "The Outlaws then had a feud with The Dudley Boyz, who won the Tag Team Championship from The Outlaws at No Way Out. After suffering a torn rotator cuff in the match with The Dudley Boyz, Gunn was kicked out of D-Generation X for \"losing his cool\" to explain his impending absence to recover from his injury. The One (2000–2001) Gunn made his return in October and immediately teamed with Chyna to feud with Right to Censor, who wanted to \"censor\" his Mr. Ass gimmick.", "The One (2000–2001) Gunn made his return in October and immediately teamed with Chyna to feud with Right to Censor, who wanted to \"censor\" his Mr. Ass gimmick. At No Mercy, Right to Censor members Steven Richards and Val Venis defeated Chyna and Gunn. Due to a stipulation, Gunn could no longer use the Mr. Ass gimmick, so he renamed himself Billy G. for a few weeks before settling on \"The One\" Billy Gunn. Gunn then feuded with Eddie Guerrero and the rest of The Radicalz.", "Gunn then feuded with Eddie Guerrero and the rest of The Radicalz. At Survivor Series, Gunn teamed with Road Dogg, Chyna, and K-Kwik in a losing effort against The Radicalz. A few weeks later on SmackDown!, Gunn won the Intercontinental Championship from Guerrero. However, the title reign was short-lived, as Chris Benoit defeated him for the title two weeks later at Armageddon.", "However, the title reign was short-lived, as Chris Benoit defeated him for the title two weeks later at Armageddon. After feuding with Benoit, Gunn participated in the 2001 Royal Rumble where he made it to the final four, Gunn interfered in the Hardcore Championship Match at No Way Out, and taking advantage of the 24/7 Rule, pinning Raven for the title. The reign was short-lived, as Raven won it back a few minutes later.", "The reign was short-lived, as Raven won it back a few minutes later. Billy and Chuck (2001–2002) In a 2001 match on Sunday Night Heat, Gunn was defeated by Chuck Palumbo, who recently left The Alliance to join the WWF. After the match, Gunn suggested that they form a tag team. Palumbo agreed, and Billy and Chuck quickly rose to the top of the tag team division.", "Palumbo agreed, and Billy and Chuck quickly rose to the top of the tag team division. Initially they were a generic tandem, but they were given a gimmick where they grew increasingly affectionate toward each other, showing evidence of a storyline homosexual relationship. In February 2002, Billy and Chuck defeated Spike Dudley and Tazz to win the WWF Tag Team Championship for the first time as a team. After winning the titles, Billy and Chuck found a \"Personal Stylist\" in the ambiguously flamboyant Rico.", "After winning the titles, Billy and Chuck found a \"Personal Stylist\" in the ambiguously flamboyant Rico. After retaining the title against the Acolytes Protection Agency, the Dudley Boyz, and the Hardy Boyz in a Four Corners Elimination Match at WrestleMania X8 and against Al Snow and Maven at Backlash, Billy and Chuck began a feud with Rikishi.", "After retaining the title against the Acolytes Protection Agency, the Dudley Boyz, and the Hardy Boyz in a Four Corners Elimination Match at WrestleMania X8 and against Al Snow and Maven at Backlash, Billy and Chuck began a feud with Rikishi. At Judgment Day, Rikishi and Rico (Rikishi's mystery partner of Mr. McMahon's choosing) defeated Billy and Chuck for the WWE Tag Team Championship after Rico accidentally hit Chuck with a roundhouse kick. Billy and Chuck quickly won the title back two weeks later on SmackDown!", "Billy and Chuck quickly won the title back two weeks later on SmackDown! with Rico's help. They held the championship for almost a month before losing it to the team of Edge and Hollywood Hulk Hogan on the July 4 episode of SmackDown!. On the September 5 edition of SmackDown!, after Billy lost a match to Rey Mysterio, Chuck proposed to Billy, asking him to be his \"partner for life\" and gave him a wedding ring.", "On the September 5 edition of SmackDown!, after Billy lost a match to Rey Mysterio, Chuck proposed to Billy, asking him to be his \"partner for life\" and gave him a wedding ring. Billy agreed, and one week later, on the September 12 episode of SmackDown!, Billy and Chuck had their wedding ceremony. However, just before they tied the knot, they revealed that the entire ordeal was a publicity stunt and disavowed their on-screen homosexuality, admitting that they were just friends.", "However, just before they tied the knot, they revealed that the entire ordeal was a publicity stunt and disavowed their on-screen homosexuality, admitting that they were just friends. The \"preacher\" revealed himself to be Raw General Manager Eric Bischoff (who was wearing a skin mask), who then summoned 3-Minute Warning to beat up Billy and Chuck. Rico, furious that Billy and Chuck gave up their gimmick, became the manager of Three Minute Warning and defected to Raw.", "Rico, furious that Billy and Chuck gave up their gimmick, became the manager of Three Minute Warning and defected to Raw. At Unforgiven, Three Minute Warning defeated Billy and Chuck. Their final match together occurred on the October 3 episode of SmackDown! in the first round of a tournament for the newly created WWE Tag Team Championship. They lost the match to the team of Ron Simmons and Reverend D-Von.", "They lost the match to the team of Ron Simmons and Reverend D-Von. Afterwards, Gunn took a few months off because of a shoulder injury and the team of Billy and Chuck quietly disbanded. SmackDown! and return to singles competition (2003–2004) After returning in the summer of 2003, Gunn reverted to the \"Mr. Ass\" gimmick, defeating A-Train, and Torrie Wilson became his new manager.", "and return to singles competition (2003–2004) After returning in the summer of 2003, Gunn reverted to the \"Mr. Ass\" gimmick, defeating A-Train, and Torrie Wilson became his new manager. He started a feud with Jamie Noble, which led to an \"Indecent Proposal\" Match at Vengeance, which Noble won and due to the match's stipulation, won a night with Torrie.", "He started a feud with Jamie Noble, which led to an \"Indecent Proposal\" Match at Vengeance, which Noble won and due to the match's stipulation, won a night with Torrie. After taking time off again due to a shoulder injury, Gunn returned to action at the 2004 Royal Rumble, but was eliminated by Goldberg. Afterward, he wrestled mainly on Velocity, forming an occasional tag team with Hardcore Holly.", "Afterward, he wrestled mainly on Velocity, forming an occasional tag team with Hardcore Holly. At Judgment Day, Gunn and Holly challenged Charlie Haas and Rico for the WWE Tag Team Championship, but were unsuccessful. At The Great American Bash, Gunn lost to Kenzo Suzuki. On November 1, 2004, Sopp was released from his WWE contract. In June 2005, Sopp gave an interview in which he was heavily critical of WWE and the events that led to his release.", "In June 2005, Sopp gave an interview in which he was heavily critical of WWE and the events that led to his release. Many of the negative comments were directed towards Triple H, who Sopp claimed \"runs the show up there\".", "Many of the negative comments were directed towards Triple H, who Sopp claimed \"runs the show up there\". Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (2005–2009) Planet Jarrett (2005) On February 13, 2005, Sopp debuted in Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA) without a name (as Billy Gunn is a WWE trademark, although announcers recognized him as such) at Against All Odds with the same gimmick, helping Jeff Jarrett retain the NWA World Heavyweight Championship in a match with Kevin Nash.", "Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (2005–2009) Planet Jarrett (2005) On February 13, 2005, Sopp debuted in Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA) without a name (as Billy Gunn is a WWE trademark, although announcers recognized him as such) at Against All Odds with the same gimmick, helping Jeff Jarrett retain the NWA World Heavyweight Championship in a match with Kevin Nash. Sopp, using the name The New Age Outlaw, then formed a stable with Jarrett and Monty Brown known as Planet Jarrett.", "Sopp, using the name The New Age Outlaw, then formed a stable with Jarrett and Monty Brown known as Planet Jarrett. However, WWE threatened TNA with legal action if Sopp continued the use of the name \"The New Age Outlaw\", so he shortened his name to The Outlaw.", "However, WWE threatened TNA with legal action if Sopp continued the use of the name \"The New Age Outlaw\", so he shortened his name to The Outlaw. Due to the legal issues with WWE, all TNA -DVD releases featuring footage with Sopp as \"The Outlaw\" (and presumably also as \"The New Age Outlaw\") have had the name on on-screen graphics blurred, the name silenced out of the audio, and match commentary completely replaced to reflect a retroactive name change to \"Kip James\".", "Due to the legal issues with WWE, all TNA -DVD releases featuring footage with Sopp as \"The Outlaw\" (and presumably also as \"The New Age Outlaw\") have had the name on on-screen graphics blurred, the name silenced out of the audio, and match commentary completely replaced to reflect a retroactive name change to \"Kip James\". One such DVD is the pay-per-view Lockdown, included in the \"TNA Anthology: The Epic Set\" box set, in which the silencing of the name during a segment where Dusty Rhodes picks his name from a lottery leaves DVD viewers in the dark as to who just got picked.", "One such DVD is the pay-per-view Lockdown, included in the \"TNA Anthology: The Epic Set\" box set, in which the silencing of the name during a segment where Dusty Rhodes picks his name from a lottery leaves DVD viewers in the dark as to who just got picked. The Outlaw began a campaign to make former ally B.G. James leave the 3Live Kru and defect to Planet Jarrett, reforming the old tag team with Outlaw.", "James leave the 3Live Kru and defect to Planet Jarrett, reforming the old tag team with Outlaw. At No Surrender, he renamed himself Kip James and was announced as \"wrestling out of Marietta, Georgia\" (the family seat of the Armstrong family) as a psychological ploy.", "At No Surrender, he renamed himself Kip James and was announced as \"wrestling out of Marietta, Georgia\" (the family seat of the Armstrong family) as a psychological ploy. As a result of his campaign, Kip attracted the ire of 3Live Kru members Ron Killings and Konnan, leading to a series of tag team matches pitting Kip and Monty Brown against Killings and Konnan, with a conflicted James unwilling to take sides.", "As a result of his campaign, Kip attracted the ire of 3Live Kru members Ron Killings and Konnan, leading to a series of tag team matches pitting Kip and Monty Brown against Killings and Konnan, with a conflicted James unwilling to take sides. Kip's efforts ultimately proved futile; James, the guest referee in a final match between Brown and Kip versus Konnan and Killings at Sacrifice, attacked Kip enabling a 3Live Kru victory.", "Kip's efforts ultimately proved futile; James, the guest referee in a final match between Brown and Kip versus Konnan and Killings at Sacrifice, attacked Kip enabling a 3Live Kru victory. In September at Unbreakable, Kip teamed with Brown to defeat the team of Apolo and Lance Hoyt. There was clear tension between the partners because Brown was unhappy at the series of losses at the hands of the 3Live Kru, and Kip was irked by Brown's decision to leave Planet Jarrett.", "There was clear tension between the partners because Brown was unhappy at the series of losses at the hands of the 3Live Kru, and Kip was irked by Brown's decision to leave Planet Jarrett. Despite the victory, the partners argued after the match. On the October 8, 2005 episode of Impact!, Kip rekindled his feud with the 3Live Kru, running to the ring after a bout between the 3LK and Team Canada in order to prevent Team Canada captain Petey Williams from beating down B.G. James.", "James. James. He saved James, and then engaged in a staredown with Konnan and Killings. Kip saved James from Team Canada once again at Bound for Glory. Though Killings showed signs of gratitude, Konnan remained skeptical as to his true intentions. Later that night, Kip took part in an over-the-top-rope gauntlet match for the number one contendership to the NWA World Heavyweight Championship. After he was eliminated, he tried in vain to prevent Killings from being eliminated as well, before being sent away from ringside by the referees.", "After he was eliminated, he tried in vain to prevent Killings from being eliminated as well, before being sent away from ringside by the referees. The James Gang/Voodoo Kin Mafia (2005–2008) On the November 26 episode of Impact!, B.G. brought Kip and the 3Live Kru to ringside and asked Killings and Konnan whether Kip could join the stable. Following a heated argument between Konnan and B.G., both Killings and Konnan gave their approval, and the 4Live Kru was born.", "Following a heated argument between Konnan and B.G., both Killings and Konnan gave their approval, and the 4Live Kru was born. However, at Turning Point, Konnan attacked both B.G. and Kip, costing them their match against Team Canada and initiating a feud between himself and the remainder of the Kru. Shortly thereafter, B.G. James's father, Bob Armstrong, attempted to reconcile the group, but was instead attacked by Konnan and his new stablemates, Apolo and Homicide.", "James's father, Bob Armstrong, attempted to reconcile the group, but was instead attacked by Konnan and his new stablemates, Apolo and Homicide. Killings later stated that he had severed his ties with the Kru. With Konnan and Killings no longer members of the Kru, Kip and B.G.", "With Konnan and Killings no longer members of the Kru, Kip and B.G. began referring to themselves as The James Gang and continued to feud with the Konnan-managed Latin American Exchange, whose third man position as Homicide's partner would switch from Apolo to Machete, and then from him to Hernandez, who finally stuck, during the course of this feud. At Final Resolution, The James Gang defeated The Diamonds in the Rough (David Young and Elix Skipper).", "At Final Resolution, The James Gang defeated The Diamonds in the Rough (David Young and Elix Skipper). At Against All Odds, The James Gang defeated LAX (Homicide and Machete). At Destination X, The James Gang and Bob Armstrong defeated Latin American Exchange in a six-man tag team match. At Sacrifice, The James Gang defeated Team 3D which led to a rematch at Slammiversary where Team 3D defeated The James Gang in a Bingo Hall Brawl.", "At Sacrifice, The James Gang defeated Team 3D which led to a rematch at Slammiversary where Team 3D defeated The James Gang in a Bingo Hall Brawl. At Victory Road, The James Gang and Abyss defeated Team 3D and their newest member Brother Runt. At No Surrender, The James Gang competed in a Triple Chance tag team battle royal but failed to win the match. At Bound for Glory, The James Gang competed in a Four-way tag team match which was won by Team 3D.", "At Bound for Glory, The James Gang competed in a Four-way tag team match which was won by Team 3D. By November 2006, Kip and B.G. began to show displeasure in TNA and threatened to go find work elsewhere if they did not receive gold soon. They began performing the crotch chop, a reference to the WWE's DX. On the November 2 edition of Impact!, Kip and B.G. threatened to quit.", "threatened to quit. threatened to quit. Kip grabbed the mic and tried to say something to the TNA administration and Spike TV, but each time his mic was cut off. Kip then tried to use the announcer's headset, but it was cut off as well. Frustrated, he started yelling loudly to the crowd, but he was cut off again as the show went to a commercial break.", "Frustrated, he started yelling loudly to the crowd, but he was cut off again as the show went to a commercial break. When the show returned, the announcers speculated that they may have been frustrated due to the influx of new talent entering TNA. It was reported that the segment was a worked shoot that Vince Russo had written in order to renew interest upon their eventual return. Kip and BG appeared in an internet video on TNA's website where they addressed the owner of WWE Vince McMahon.", "Kip and BG appeared in an internet video on TNA's website where they addressed the owner of WWE Vince McMahon. A few weeks later on Impact!, The James Gang re-emerged under a new name Voodoo Kin Mafia (VKM for short, a play on Vincent Kennedy McMahon's initials). They mentioned their new right of 'creative control', meaning they could do whatever they wanted.", "They mentioned their new right of 'creative control', meaning they could do whatever they wanted. They also declared 'war' on Paul Levesque, Michael Hickenbottom, and Vincent K. McMahon (Triple H, Shawn Michaels, and Vince McMahon, respectively). Kip then declared that 'Triple Hollywood' and 'Shawn Kiss-my-bottom' were failing as the group they (Kip and BG) used to be a part of: D-Generation X.", "Kip then declared that 'Triple Hollywood' and 'Shawn Kiss-my-bottom' were failing as the group they (Kip and BG) used to be a part of: D-Generation X. After the initial shock value of this incident wore off, at Genesis, The Voodoo Kin Mafia defeated Kazarian, Maverick Matt and Johnny Devine in a handicap match. VKM began a feud with the villainous Christy Hemme. Hemme then searched for a tag team to square-off against VKM.", "Hemme then searched for a tag team to square-off against VKM. At Destination X, The Voodoo Kin Mafia defeated Hemme's handpicked team of The Heartbreakers (Antonio Thomas & Romeo Roselli). On the Lockdown preshow The Voodoo Kin Mafia defeated another one of Hemme's handpicked team Serotonin (Kaz & Havok) in a Six Sides of Steel match. The final tag team was Damaja and Basham, who appeared on an episode of Impact! and beat down VKM. They also held up Kip James so Hemme could slap him.", "They also held up Kip James so Hemme could slap him. B.G James was taken out by Basham and Damaja which led to Kip James competed against Basham and Damaja in a handicap match at Sacrifice where he lost. However, they beat Hemme's team at Slammiversary. After the match, VKM were betrayed by their associate Lance Hoyt. At Victory Road, they introduced their new manager, the Voodoo Queen, Roxxi Laveaux, to embarrass Christy Hemme.", "At Victory Road, they introduced their new manager, the Voodoo Queen, Roxxi Laveaux, to embarrass Christy Hemme. At Hard Justice, The Voodoo Kin Mafia lost to The Latin American Exchange. At No Surrender, The Voodoo Kin Mafia competed in a Ten-team tag team gauntlet match which was won by A.J. Styles and Tomko. At Bound for Glory, Kip James competed in the Fight for the Right Reverse Battle Royal which was won by Eric Young.", "At Bound for Glory, Kip James competed in the Fight for the Right Reverse Battle Royal which was won by Eric Young. On the October 25 edition of Impact!, VKM teamed with A.J. Styles and Tomko in a losing effort to the Latin American Xchange and the Steiner Brothers. At Genesis, B.G. was present along with Kip in the corner of Roxxi Laveaux at ringside for the Fatal Four Way knockout match for the TNA Women's Championship in which Gail Kim retained the title.", "was present along with Kip in the corner of Roxxi Laveaux at ringside for the Fatal Four Way knockout match for the TNA Women's Championship in which Gail Kim retained the title. At Turning Point, James competed in the Feast or Fired where he grabbed a case but threw it to BG James.", "At Turning Point, James competed in the Feast or Fired where he grabbed a case but threw it to BG James. It was revealed that the case was for a shot at the TNA World Tag Team Championship and BG James picked his dad to be his partner at Against All Odds, James and Bob Armstrong failed to win the titles and on February 21, 2008 episode of Impact! he turned on B.G. and B.G's father \"Bullet\" Bob Armstrong by hitting them both with a crutch.", "and B.G's father \"Bullet\" Bob Armstrong by hitting them both with a crutch. The Beautiful People (2008–2009) On April 13, 2008, he faced former partner B.G. James at Lockdown and lost. After the match, he appeared to want to make amends as he raised B.G. 's hand after the match, only to clothesline him down to the mat and taunt him with a DX crotch chop.", "'s hand after the match, only to clothesline him down to the mat and taunt him with a DX crotch chop. Kip went on to declare himself \"The Megastar\", an arrogant gimmick similar to \"The One\" gimmick from his WWF tenure. Kip later stopped making appearances on Impact! until April 24 when he was attacked backstage by Matt Morgan for no reason. The next week on Impact!, Kip got back at Morgan by attacking him backstage in Jim Cornette's office.", "The next week on Impact!, Kip got back at Morgan by attacking him backstage in Jim Cornette's office. On May 8, 2008, Cornette forced Morgan into being Kip's tag team partner for the Deuces Wild tournament at Sacrifice, though both were unable to win. Kip went on another brief disappearance from television until the June 5 edition of Impact!, where he partnered with Lance Hoyt and James Storm in a losing effort against Morgan and The Latin American Xchange.", "Kip went on another brief disappearance from television until the June 5 edition of Impact!, where he partnered with Lance Hoyt and James Storm in a losing effort against Morgan and The Latin American Xchange. On the August 14 episode of Impact!, Kip was revealed to be the new image consultant and member of The Beautiful People, dubbed Cute Kip and was using his Mr.Ass Attire, after they brought him out during their interview on Karen Angle's show Karen's Angle.", "On the August 14 episode of Impact!, Kip was revealed to be the new image consultant and member of The Beautiful People, dubbed Cute Kip and was using his Mr.Ass Attire, after they brought him out during their interview on Karen Angle's show Karen's Angle. at Bound for Glory IV, Kip, Love and Sky lost to Rhino, ODB and Rhaka Khan in a Bimbo Brawl. at Final Resolution (December 2008), Kip competed in the Feast or Fired match but failed to get a case.", "at Final Resolution (December 2008), Kip competed in the Feast or Fired match but failed to get a case. At Genesis 2009, Kip became the one-night-only replacement for the injured Kevin Nash in the Main Event Mafia. As of March 19, 2009, Sopp was taken off of TNA Impact! along with Jacqueline Moore to become road agents. Sopp returned as Cute Kip and lost to Awesome Kong in an intergender stretcher match on May 14, 2009.", "Sopp returned as Cute Kip and lost to Awesome Kong in an intergender stretcher match on May 14, 2009. On the May 28 edition of Impact!, Kip was fired by The Beautiful People. On the June 18 edition of Impact!, Mick Foley hired him as his handyman, turning Kip into a face. he made another appearance on the August 6 edition of Impact where Kip had to clean up the IMPACT Zone after a chaotic fifteen minute \"riot\".", "he made another appearance on the August 6 edition of Impact where Kip had to clean up the IMPACT Zone after a chaotic fifteen minute \"riot\". On October 9 edition of Xplosion, Kip was defeated by Rhino. On October 30 edition of Xplosion, Kip defeated Sheik Abdul Bashir. on the November 13 edition of Xplosion, Kip lost to Rob Terry and on December 3, 2009 edition of Xplosion, Kip competed in his final TNA match where he lost to Kiyoshi.", "on the November 13 edition of Xplosion, Kip lost to Rob Terry and on December 3, 2009 edition of Xplosion, Kip competed in his final TNA match where he lost to Kiyoshi. Sopp's profile was removed from the TNA website on December 29, 2009, confirming his departure from the promotion. Independent circuit (2009–2012) After leaving TNA, Sopp reunited with B.G. James to reform The New Age Outlaws, with both men resuming their Billy Gunn and Road Dogg ring names.", "James to reform The New Age Outlaws, with both men resuming their Billy Gunn and Road Dogg ring names. After joining TWA Powerhouse in 2010, the Outlaws defeated Canadian Extreme to win the promotion's Tag Team Championship on July 25. They re-lost the title to Canadian Extreme on June 5, 2011. On July 30, 2011, Sopp, working under the ring name Kip Gunn, made his debut for Lucha Libre USA as a member of the heel stable The Right.", "On July 30, 2011, Sopp, working under the ring name Kip Gunn, made his debut for Lucha Libre USA as a member of the heel stable The Right. Later that night, Gunn lost in his debut match against Marco Corleone. On June 26, 2012, Sopp won the American Pro Wrestling Alliance American Championship. However, he lost the title due to travel issues. On September 8 and 9, 2012, he wrestled in a Bad Boys of Wrestling Federation tournament.", "On September 8 and 9, 2012, he wrestled in a Bad Boys of Wrestling Federation tournament. He defeated Rhino in the semi-finals and Scott Steiner in the final, winning the BBWF Aruba Championship. Return to WWE (2012–2015) On July 23, Sopp, under his Billy Gunn name, made his first WWE appearance in nearly eight years as he reunited with Road Dogg, X-Pac, Shawn Michaels and Triple H to reform D-Generation X for one night only on the 1000th episode of Raw.", "Return to WWE (2012–2015) On July 23, Sopp, under his Billy Gunn name, made his first WWE appearance in nearly eight years as he reunited with Road Dogg, X-Pac, Shawn Michaels and Triple H to reform D-Generation X for one night only on the 1000th episode of Raw. In December 2012, he was hired by WWE as a trainer for the NXT Wrestling territory in Tampa, Florida.", "In December 2012, he was hired by WWE as a trainer for the NXT Wrestling territory in Tampa, Florida. On March 4, 2013, Gunn and Road Dogg made a return at Old School Raw, defeating Primo and Epico.", "On March 4, 2013, Gunn and Road Dogg made a return at Old School Raw, defeating Primo and Epico. On March 11, 2013, they accepted a challenge from Team Rhodes Scholars and faced them in a match, which was interrupted by Brock Lesnar, who hit both Outlaws with an F-5 as part of his ongoing feud with Triple H. He then appeared alongside Road Dogg to help CM Punk clear out The Shield in aid of Roddy Piper on Old School Raw on January 6, 2014.", "On March 11, 2013, they accepted a challenge from Team Rhodes Scholars and faced them in a match, which was interrupted by Brock Lesnar, who hit both Outlaws with an F-5 as part of his ongoing feud with Triple H. He then appeared alongside Road Dogg to help CM Punk clear out The Shield in aid of Roddy Piper on Old School Raw on January 6, 2014. On the January 10 episode of SmackDown, the Outlaws teamed with CM Punk in a six-man tag match against The Shield in a losing effort.", "On the January 10 episode of SmackDown, the Outlaws teamed with CM Punk in a six-man tag match against The Shield in a losing effort. On the January 13 episode of Raw, the Outlaws again teamed with Punk in a rematch against The Shield, only to abandon Punk and lose the match. On January 26 during the Royal Rumble Kickoff Show, Gunn and Road Dogg beat Cody Rhodes and Goldust to win the WWE Tag Team Championship.", "On January 26 during the Royal Rumble Kickoff Show, Gunn and Road Dogg beat Cody Rhodes and Goldust to win the WWE Tag Team Championship. The next night on Raw the New Age Outlaws retained the championship against Rhodes and Goldust via disqualification when Brock Lesnar attacked the brothers. The next week on Raw the New Age Outlaws retained the championship against Rhodes and Goldust in a steel cage match. On March 3, the Outlaws lost the Tag Team Championship to The Usos.", "On March 3, the Outlaws lost the Tag Team Championship to The Usos. Gunn sustained hemoptysis after he and his New Age Outlaws partner, Road Dogg, suffered a double-Triple Powerbomb by The Shield at WrestleMania XXX. Gunn returned to Raw with Road Dogg in January 2015, attacking The Ascension along with the nWo and the APA. At the Royal Rumble, the Outlaws faced The Ascension in a losing effort.", "At the Royal Rumble, the Outlaws faced The Ascension in a losing effort. At WrestleMania 31, Gunn, with Road Dogg, X-Pac and Shawn Michaels, reunited as D-Generation X to help Triple H in his match against Sting. In May, Gunn was announced as a coach along with WWE Hall of Famers Booker T and Lita for the sixth season of Tough Enough. On November 13, 2015, WWE officially announced that Sopp was released from his WWE contract after failing a test for performance-enhancing drugs.", "On November 13, 2015, WWE officially announced that Sopp was released from his WWE contract after failing a test for performance-enhancing drugs. He had tested positive for elevated levels of testosterone at a powerlifting event on July 25, 2015, and was suspended from powerlifting for four years. Independent circuit (2015–2020) On December 26, 2015, Gunn teamed up with Kevin Thorn to defeat Brian Klass and Rob Street. One month later, Gunn defeated Ken Dixon for the MCW Pro Wrestling MCW Rage Television Championship.", "One month later, Gunn defeated Ken Dixon for the MCW Pro Wrestling MCW Rage Television Championship. On February 5, 2016, Gunn defeated Joey Hayes in the Preston City Wrestling PCW Road to Glory tournament, on February 6 he lost to T-Bone in the quarter-finals that same night Gunn teamed up with Mr. Anderson and Tajiri to defeat Dave Raynes, Joey Hayes, and Martin Kirby. On February 7, 2016 Gunn challenged for the Pro Wrestling Pride Heavyweight championship losing to Steve Griffiths.", "On February 7, 2016 Gunn challenged for the Pro Wrestling Pride Heavyweight championship losing to Steve Griffiths. On March 19, 2016, Gunn lost the title to Ken Dixon. On June 12, 2016, Gunn won the Smashmouth Pro Wrestling championship from KC Huber but lost it on the same night, Gunn teamed again with Anderson in a losing effort against the UK Hooligans at PCW Tribute to the Troops on June 25, 2016. He defeated Hardcore Holly in a singles match at PCW Top Gunn on July 2, 2016.", "He defeated Hardcore Holly in a singles match at PCW Top Gunn on July 2, 2016. On September 4, 2016, Gunn made his debut for Chikara, representing DX alongside X-Pac in a tag team gauntlet match. The two entered the match as the final team and scored the win over Prakash Sabar and The Proletariat Boar of Moldova.", "The two entered the match as the final team and scored the win over Prakash Sabar and The Proletariat Boar of Moldova. New Japan Pro-Wrestling (2016–2017) On November 5, 2016, at the New Japan Pro-Wrestling (NJPW) event Power Struggle, Yoshitatsu announced Gunn as the newest member of his Hunter Club stable and his partner for the upcoming 2016 World Tag League. Gunn and Yoshitatsu finished the tournament on December 8 with a record of three wins and four losses, failing to advance from their block.", "Gunn and Yoshitatsu finished the tournament on December 8 with a record of three wins and four losses, failing to advance from their block. Gunn returned to NJPW on January 4, 2017, taking part in the pre-show New Japan Rumble at Wrestle Kingdom 11 in Tokyo Dome, from which he was eliminated by the eventual winner Michael Elgin. While Gunn did not appear for NJPW for the next six months, he was brought up in May by Yoshitatsu, who told Hiroshi Tanahashi that Gunn had requested a match against him.", "While Gunn did not appear for NJPW for the next six months, he was brought up in May by Yoshitatsu, who told Hiroshi Tanahashi that Gunn had requested a match against him. When Tanahashi captured the IWGP Intercontinental Championship the following month, he immediately nominated Gunn as his first challenger. Gunn was defeated in the title match on July 2 at G1 Special in USA, and it was his final match in NJPW.", "Gunn was defeated in the title match on July 2 at G1 Special in USA, and it was his final match in NJPW. WWE appearances (2018–2019) Gunn and numerous other WWE legends appeared on the January 22, 2018 episode of Raw 25 Years as part of the D-Generation X reunion. He was inducted into the WWE Hall of Fame Class of 2019 as a member of D-Generation X. All Elite Wrestling (2019–present) In January 2019, Gunn was hired by All Elite Wrestling as a coach.", "All Elite Wrestling (2019–present) In January 2019, Gunn was hired by All Elite Wrestling as a coach. At May 25 at the AEW Double or Nothing event he competed in the pre-show battle royal. Gunn made his first televised appearance for AEW on the November 20, 2019 episode of AEW Dynamite, competing in a battle royal. He also appeared during the January 1, 2020 episode of Dynamite, wrestling in a dark match with his son Austin that aired on January 7, 2020.", "He also appeared during the January 1, 2020 episode of Dynamite, wrestling in a dark match with his son Austin that aired on January 7, 2020. They wrestled again together on another dark match during the January 8, 2020 episode of Dynamite, airing on January 17, 2020, with the tag team name \"The Gunn Club\", defeating the team of Peter Avalon and Shawn Spears.", "They wrestled again together on another dark match during the January 8, 2020 episode of Dynamite, airing on January 17, 2020, with the tag team name \"The Gunn Club\", defeating the team of Peter Avalon and Shawn Spears. Gunn has also appeared in the crowd (made up of AEW wrestlers and other employees) on numerous episodes of Dynamite during the COVID-19 pandemic.", "Gunn has also appeared in the crowd (made up of AEW wrestlers and other employees) on numerous episodes of Dynamite during the COVID-19 pandemic. On the May 27, 2020 episode of Dynamite, Gunn now under the shortened ring name of Billy participated in a battle royal match to determine the number one contender for the TNT Championship. He also would wrestle MJF in a singles match on the June 17, 2020 episode of Dynamite as well.", "He also would wrestle MJF in a singles match on the June 17, 2020 episode of Dynamite as well. The Gunn Club would wrestle in more tag team matches on more episodes of AEW Dark. On the November 4, 2020 episode of Dynamite, The Gunn Club teamed with Cody Rhodes to successfully defeat The Dark Order (John Silver, 10 and Colt Cabana).", "On the November 4, 2020 episode of Dynamite, The Gunn Club teamed with Cody Rhodes to successfully defeat The Dark Order (John Silver, 10 and Colt Cabana). On the November 17, 2020 episode of Dark, The Gunn Club, which now added Austin's brother and Gunn's other son Colten to the stable, defeated Bshp King, Joey O'Riley and Sean Maluta by pinfall in a six-man tag team match.", "On the November 17, 2020 episode of Dark, The Gunn Club, which now added Austin's brother and Gunn's other son Colten to the stable, defeated Bshp King, Joey O'Riley and Sean Maluta by pinfall in a six-man tag team match. On the same day the AEW website's roster page got updated and his name was once again changed to its long form, Billy Gunn.", "On the same day the AEW website's roster page got updated and his name was once again changed to its long form, Billy Gunn. The three man Gunn Club would then defeat Cezar Bononi, KTB, and Seth Gargis in another six man tag team match on the November 24, 2020 episode of Dark.", "The three man Gunn Club would then defeat Cezar Bononi, KTB, and Seth Gargis in another six man tag team match on the November 24, 2020 episode of Dark. On the December 8, 2020 episode of Dark The three man Gunn Club-which entered the ring on a golf cart with the words \"Taz Taxi\" on the side, defeated Shawn Dean, Sean Maluta & RYZIN.", "On the December 8, 2020 episode of Dark The three man Gunn Club-which entered the ring on a golf cart with the words \"Taz Taxi\" on the side, defeated Shawn Dean, Sean Maluta & RYZIN. On the December 1, 2021 episode of Dynamite, The Gunn Club stable's undefeated streak in AEW ended when Billy and Colten Gunn lost to the team of Sting and Darby Allin.", "On the December 1, 2021 episode of Dynamite, The Gunn Club stable's undefeated streak in AEW ended when Billy and Colten Gunn lost to the team of Sting and Darby Allin. Professional wrestling style, persona and reception Gunn has had several gimmicks throughout his career, ranging from his cowboy-themed gimmick with the Smoking Gunns to his The Ambiguously Gay Duo-esque tag team with Chuck Palumbo.", "Professional wrestling style, persona and reception Gunn has had several gimmicks throughout his career, ranging from his cowboy-themed gimmick with the Smoking Gunns to his The Ambiguously Gay Duo-esque tag team with Chuck Palumbo. Gunn has stated on multiple shoot interviews that he has no regrets with his gimmicks as he was performing a job and doing what was asked of him to do. By far, Gunn's most infamous gimmick was his \"Mr. Ass\" persona based around his ass.", "By far, Gunn's most infamous gimmick was his \"Mr. Ass\" persona based around his ass. The gimmick started during his New Age Outlaws days when Road Dogg would refer to themselves as \"Mr. Dogg\" and \"Mr. Ass\" in promos, though the \"Bad Ass\" name wasn't referring to his backside at that time.", "The gimmick started during his New Age Outlaws days when Road Dogg would refer to themselves as \"Mr. Dogg\" and \"Mr. Ass\" in promos, though the \"Bad Ass\" name wasn't referring to his backside at that time. What was originally a throwaway joke turned into Gunn mooning his opponents and the live crowd, though as the original incarnation of DX also did this, it could originally be argued that it was an extension of the Outlaws joining DX.", "What was originally a throwaway joke turned into Gunn mooning his opponents and the live crowd, though as the original incarnation of DX also did this, it could originally be argued that it was an extension of the Outlaws joining DX. Upon leaving DX, Gunn fully embraced the \"Mr. Ass\" gimmick by placing emphasis on his \"moneymaker\".", "Upon leaving DX, Gunn fully embraced the \"Mr. Ass\" gimmick by placing emphasis on his \"moneymaker\". While Road Dogg kept the New Age Outlaws entrance music for his own, Gunn adopted the song \"Ass Man\" as part of the gimmick, and for a time even changed his ring tights to be see-through, wearing only a thong underneath his tights, although he would eventually revert back to the DX-era tights. The \"Mr. Ass\" gimmick has mixed reviews.", "The \"Mr. Ass\" gimmick has mixed reviews. The \"Mr. Ass\" gimmick has mixed reviews. One web site ranked it near the middle of Gunn's various gimmicks, while a writer for Bleacher Report thought it was the worst gimmick ever even though Gunn was at his peak popularity with the persona. Gunn himself told Chris Van Vliet in 2021 that he never paid attention to the \"Ass Man\" lyrics until a college professor broke down each expression.", "Gunn himself told Chris Van Vliet in 2021 that he never paid attention to the \"Ass Man\" lyrics until a college professor broke down each expression. Due to the enduring legacy of the \"Mr. Ass\" gimmick, in November 2021 Ring of Honor wrestler Danhausen began a Twitter feud with the Gunn Club, referring to Billy as \"Billy Ass,\" and Colten and Austin as The \"Ass Boys,\" in reference to Gunn's infamous \"Mr. Ass\" gimmick in the Attitude Era.", "Due to the enduring legacy of the \"Mr. Ass\" gimmick, in November 2021 Ring of Honor wrestler Danhausen began a Twitter feud with the Gunn Club, referring to Billy as \"Billy Ass,\" and Colten and Austin as The \"Ass Boys,\" in reference to Gunn's infamous \"Mr. Ass\" gimmick in the Attitude Era. While Gunn himself initially had no comment, the rest of Gunn Club despised the nickname after fans began chanting \"Ass Boys\" during their matches, notably during an AEW event at Chartway Arena in Norfolk, Virginia.", "While Gunn himself initially had no comment, the rest of Gunn Club despised the nickname after fans began chanting \"Ass Boys\" during their matches, notably during an AEW event at Chartway Arena in Norfolk, Virginia. Gunn finally commented when he surprised his sons by wearing an \"Ass Boys\" shirt, encouraging them to \"embrace the assness\" and even started teasing mooning the crowd again. Gunn also thanked Danhausen publicly for getting his sons over in a way that he couldn't.", "Gunn also thanked Danhausen publicly for getting his sons over in a way that he couldn't. Other media Filmography Video Games WWF Attitude WWF WrestleMania 2000 WWF SmackDown! WWF No Mercy WWF SmackDown! 2: Know Your Role WWF Road To WrestleMania WWF SmackDown! Just Bring It WWF Raw WWE SmackDown! Shut Your Mouth WWE Raw 2 WWE '13 WWE 2K16 WWE 2K17 Personal life Sopp was born on November 1, 1963 in Orlando, Florida and claims Austin, Texas as his hometown.", "Shut Your Mouth WWE Raw 2 WWE '13 WWE 2K16 WWE 2K17 Personal life Sopp was born on November 1, 1963 in Orlando, Florida and claims Austin, Texas as his hometown. In November 1990, Sopp was arrested in Florida for disorderly conduct. Sopp married his first wife Tina Tinnell on March 3, 1990. Together, they have two sons: Colten (born May 18, 1991) and Austin (born August 26, 1994) who are also professional wrestlers.", "Together, they have two sons: Colten (born May 18, 1991) and Austin (born August 26, 1994) who are also professional wrestlers. The couple separated in January 2000 and their divorce was finalized on December 11, 2002. Sopp has since married his long-time girlfriend Paula on January 24, 2009.", "Sopp has since married his long-time girlfriend Paula on January 24, 2009. Sopp's sons Austin and Colten, better known by the ring names Austin Gunn and Colten Gunn, are currently signed to All Elite Wrestling (AEW) where alongside their father they form a stable known as \"Gunn Club\". Sopp attended Sam Houston State University.", "Sopp attended Sam Houston State University. Sopp attended Sam Houston State University. Championships and accomplishments American Pro Wrestling Alliance APWA American Championship (1 time) Bad Boys of Wrestling Federation BBFW Aruba Championship (1 time) BBFW Aruba Championship Tournament (2012) International Wrestling Federation IWF Tag Team Championship (2 times) – with Brett Colt Freedom Pro Wrestling FPW Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Road Dogg Maryland Championship Wrestling MCW Rage Television Championship (1 time) MCW Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with B.G.", "Championships and accomplishments American Pro Wrestling Alliance APWA American Championship (1 time) Bad Boys of Wrestling Federation BBFW Aruba Championship (1 time) BBFW Aruba Championship Tournament (2012) International Wrestling Federation IWF Tag Team Championship (2 times) – with Brett Colt Freedom Pro Wrestling FPW Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Road Dogg Maryland Championship Wrestling MCW Rage Television Championship (1 time) MCW Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with B.G. James Pro Wrestling Illustrated Tag Team of the Year (1998) with Road Dogg Tag Team of the Year (2002) with Chuck Ranked #39 of the top 500 singles wrestlers in the PWI 500 in 1999 Ranked #231 of the top 500 singles wrestlers of the \"PWI Years\" in 2003 Ranked #43 of the top 100 tag teams of the \"PWI Years\" with Road Dogg in 2003 SmashMouth Pro Wrestling SPW World Heavyweight Championship (1 time) TWA Powerhouse TWA Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with B.G.", "James Pro Wrestling Illustrated Tag Team of the Year (1998) with Road Dogg Tag Team of the Year (2002) with Chuck Ranked #39 of the top 500 singles wrestlers in the PWI 500 in 1999 Ranked #231 of the top 500 singles wrestlers of the \"PWI Years\" in 2003 Ranked #43 of the top 100 tag teams of the \"PWI Years\" with Road Dogg in 2003 SmashMouth Pro Wrestling SPW World Heavyweight Championship (1 time) TWA Powerhouse TWA Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with B.G. James Vanguard Championship Wrestling VCW Heavyweight Championship (1 time) World Pro Wrestling WPW World Heavyweight Championship (1 time) Wrestling Observer Newsletter Worst Worked Match of the Year (2006) TNA Reverse Battle Royal on TNA Impact!", "James Vanguard Championship Wrestling VCW Heavyweight Championship (1 time) World Pro Wrestling WPW World Heavyweight Championship (1 time) Wrestling Observer Newsletter Worst Worked Match of the Year (2006) TNA Reverse Battle Royal on TNA Impact! WWE/World Wrestling Federation/Entertainment WWF Hardcore Championship (2 times) WWF Intercontinental Championship (1 time) WWE Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Road Dogg WWF World Tag Team Championship (10 times) – with Bart Gunn (3), Road Dogg (5) and Chuck (2) King of the Ring (1999) Raw Bowl – with Bart Gunn WWE Hall of Fame (Class of 2019) - as a member of D-Generation X References External links 1963 births All Elite Wrestling personnel American male professional wrestlers American powerlifters Bull riders D-Generation X members Expatriate professional wrestlers in Japan LGBT characters in professional wrestling Living people Professional wrestlers from Florida Professional wrestling trainers Sam Houston State University alumni Sportspeople from Orlando, Florida The Authority (professional wrestling) members WWE Hall of Fame inductees WWF/WWE Hardcore Champions WWF/WWE Intercontinental Champions WWF/WWE King Crown's Champions/King of the Ring winners American expatriate sportspeople in Japan" ]

[ "Billy Gunn", "The New Age Outlaws and D-Generation X (1997-1998)", "What were The New Age Outlaws?", "James and Rockabilly were quickly rebranded as \"Road Dogg\" Jesse James and \"Badd Ass\" Billy Gunn, respectively, and their tag team formed was soon dubbed the New Age Outlaws.", "What was the D generation X?", "They also defeated the LOD in a rematch at In Your House: D-Generation X.", "How strong were Jesse and Billy?", "This new team was in the spirit of the new Attitude Era: brash, vulgar, egotistical, and loud-mouthed. They quickly rose to the top of the tag team ranks", "Did they ever lose?", "teamed up with Triple H and Savio Vega (who replaced the injured Shawn Michaels) to face Chainsaw Charlie, Cactus Jack, Owen Hart, and Steve Austin. They were, however, defeated.", "Any other losses?", "During this time, the Outlaws began a feud with Kane and Mankind. Although Kane and Mankind won the Tag Team Championship, they could not get along.", "Did they ever win any tag team championships?", "After joining DX, the Outlaws successfully defended their Tag Team Title against the Legion of Doom 2000 at Unforgiven.", "Who did they lose the title to?", "At Over The Edge, the Outlaws and Triple H were defeated by Nation members Owen, Kama Mustafa, and D'Lo Brown in a Six Man Tag Match.", "Did they ever get the title again?", "The Outlaws defeated Mankind to win the titles for the third time." ]

[ "Heidi Noelle Guenther (January 11, 1975 – June 30, 1997) was an American ballerina from 1981 to her death in 1997. Guenther died from cardiac arrest which was believed to be caused by her eating disorder.\n\nBiography \nGuenther was born in San Francisco. She was raised in Los Osos, and trained at School of the American Ballet and Houston Ballet School during the summer. Guenther earned a full scholarship to the San Francisco Ballet School when she was twelve. She performed throughout high school and in 1994, performed in \"Symphony in C\" at the Kennedy Center.\n\nShe was first told to lose weight by the San Francisco Ballet School. In 1994 and in 1995, Artistic director Anna-Marie Holmes encouraged Guenther to lose weight, eventually going to 110 pounds. The weight loss did not stop here. Gunther continued to drop weight at an alarmingly quick rate. Guenther was soon promoted to the Boston Ballet in 1994 as an apprentice dancer. A colleague, Kyra Strasberg, called Guenther, \"a very, very talented dancer with a gorgeous light jump.\"\n\nGuenther broke her foot in the first season, as an apprentice. She did not seek medical attention, because she was afraid she would lose her contract. Instead she rested her foot when she wasn't dancing, causing her to gain five pounds. The Boston Ballet did urge her to not lose any more weight in an evaluation given in January 1997. At the time, the company was worried that she may have an eating disorder. Though the company noticed her weight loss they did not follow up with her about it. Boston Ballet did not address the issue that was an eating disorder. She was considered \"dangerously thin\" by the ballet's records. Holmes, however, told Guenther before she left for summer vacation starting in June 1995, that if she didn't lose the five pounds she gained, she would not gain a contract. Guenther wrote a note to herself for that summer vacation, renewing her commitment to lose weight, \"They always pick people for parts who are skinny.\" While the Boston Ballet did counsel her to gain weight, Guenther's mother noticed that the thinner her daughter was, the more dancing roles she was given. This added to the pressure already placed on Heidi to lose weight.\n\nDuring a family trip to Disneyland, Guenther died on June 30, 1997 of cardiac arrest at the age of 22. There was not an event that led up to her death. Heidi was sitting in the back seat of a vehicle when all of a sudden she was no longer breathing. Her death was speculated to be caused by her immense amount of weight loss.\n\nIn a later search, a stash of laxatives and herbal diet-aid pills were found in her possession. Along with the use of medication to lose weight, many of Heidi's friends stated that she had an unhealthy relationship with purging, as well as skipping meals. An autopsy showed no heart deformities and no abnormal substances in her blood. However, her heart wall was found to be abnormally thin. A week before her death, she told her family that her heart was \"racing\" and \"pounding,\" but she would not seek medical attention.\n\nHer family filed a wrongful death suit in 2000, against the Boston Ballet, for putting excessive pressure on Guenther to lose weight. Holmes was also named as a defendant in the suit, which was filed just before the statute of limitations expired. The suit was later rejected by the courts.\n\nLegacy \nGuenther's death \"was a wake-up call for everyone,\" causing ballet companies to treat eating disorders as a \"top priority.\" Immediately after her death, some American ballet companies said they would change their policies or offer extra information about eating disorders. Her death caused the Boston Ballet to begin nutrition counseling, onsite therapists, wellness seminars and help with weight control. Her family is attempting to start a foundation to help young athletes and dancers in honor of Guenther.\n\nReferences \n\nAmerican ballerinas\n1975 births\n1997 deaths\nDeaths from anorexia nervosa\nNeurological disease deaths in California\nPeople from San Francisco\nBoston Ballet dancers\nPeople from Los Osos, California\n20th-century American ballet dancers", "The 1977 Vanderbilt Commodores football team represented Vanderbilt University in the 1977 NCAA Division I football season. The Commodores were led by head coach Fred Pancoast in his third year. Vanderbilt had its second year with only two win both being non-conference games (2–9 overall, 0–6 in the SEC).\n\nThis was Vanderbilt's football program's 88th season. From 1890 to 1941 Vanderbilt won 304 games and lost 111, with 10 ties. It took the then successful program only 19 years to reach the 100 win mark, another 16 to meet the 200 mark, and 17 more to make it to 300 wins. It took Vanderbilt 50 years to lose 100 games, and 23 more to reach the 200 loss margin. Vanderbilt only needs 15 more years to make it to 300 losses. From 1940 to 1962 Vanderbilt would win and lose 100 more games. However, from 1962 to 1977 it only took 13 years to lose 100 more games. By the 1977 season Vanderbilt, a once respectable program, was now year after year the worst team in the SEC. The program would not get better any time soon. Vanderbilt's lost its 400th game in only 13 more years. In SEC play, from 1960 to 2011 Vanderbilt only had two above .500 win seasons, winning only 52 games, 16 of which they did not win a single game.\n\nSchedule\n\nReferences\n\nVanderbilt\nVanderbilt Commodores football seasons\nVanderbilt Commodores football" ]

[ "Monty \"Kip\" Sopp (born November 1, 1963), better known by his ring name Billy Gunn, is an American professional wrestler. He is currently signed to All Elite Wrestling (AEW) as a wrestler and coach. Gunn is best known for his appearances in the World Wrestling Federation/Entertainment (WWF/E) from 1993 to 2004 and from 2012 to 2015. He also served as a coach on WWE's Tough Enough and was a trainer in NXT.", "He also served as a coach on WWE's Tough Enough and was a trainer in NXT. He is also known for his appearances with Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA) from 2005 to 2009. Primarily a tag team wrestler, Gunn is an overall 13-time tag team champion in WWE with three different partners (with Bart Gunn as The Smoking Gunns, with Road Dogg as The New Age Outlaws, and with Chuck Palumbo as Billy and Chuck).", "Primarily a tag team wrestler, Gunn is an overall 13-time tag team champion in WWE with three different partners (with Bart Gunn as The Smoking Gunns, with Road Dogg as The New Age Outlaws, and with Chuck Palumbo as Billy and Chuck). He is also a one time WWF Intercontinental Champion and a two time WWF Hardcore Champion, giving him 14 total championships in WWE.", "He is also a one time WWF Intercontinental Champion and a two time WWF Hardcore Champion, giving him 14 total championships in WWE. He is the 1999 King of the Ring tournament winner, and was inducted into the WWE Hall of Fame in 2019 as a member of D-Generation X. Professional wrestling career Early career (1985–1993) After a stint as a professional bull rider in Professional Rodeo Cowboys Association, Sopp left the profession in his early-20s in order to pursue a career as a professional wrestler.", "Professional wrestling career Early career (1985–1993) After a stint as a professional bull rider in Professional Rodeo Cowboys Association, Sopp left the profession in his early-20s in order to pursue a career as a professional wrestler. Trained by Jerry Grey, Sopp wrestled on the independent circuit for eight years (including a brief stint as enhancement talent for World Championship Wrestling (WCW) before signing a contract with the World Wrestling Federation (WWF) in 1993.", "Trained by Jerry Grey, Sopp wrestled on the independent circuit for eight years (including a brief stint as enhancement talent for World Championship Wrestling (WCW) before signing a contract with the World Wrestling Federation (WWF) in 1993. World Wrestling Federation/Entertainment (1993–2004) The Smoking Gunns (1993–1996) After weeks of vignettes, Sopp, under the name Billy Gunn, made his WWF debut on the May 17, 1993 episode of Raw, teaming with his on-screen brother, Bart Gunn to defeat Tony Vadja and Glenn Ruth.", "World Wrestling Federation/Entertainment (1993–2004) The Smoking Gunns (1993–1996) After weeks of vignettes, Sopp, under the name Billy Gunn, made his WWF debut on the May 17, 1993 episode of Raw, teaming with his on-screen brother, Bart Gunn to defeat Tony Vadja and Glenn Ruth. The duo, now known as The Smoking Gunns, made their pay-per-view debut at King of the Ring, teaming with The Steiner Brothers to defeat Money Inc. and The Headshrinkers in an eight-man tag team match.", "The duo, now known as The Smoking Gunns, made their pay-per-view debut at King of the Ring, teaming with The Steiner Brothers to defeat Money Inc. and The Headshrinkers in an eight-man tag team match. At SummerSlam, the duo teamed with Tatanka to pick up a win against Bam Bam Bigelow and the Headshrinkers. On January 22, 1994, Gunn entered his first Royal Rumble match at the namesake event, but was eliminated by Diesel.", "On January 22, 1994, Gunn entered his first Royal Rumble match at the namesake event, but was eliminated by Diesel. In early 1995, the Gunns won their first Tag Team Championship by defeating the makeshift team of Bob Holly and 1-2-3 Kid. They held the title until WrestleMania XI, where they were defeated by the team of Owen Hart and Yokozuna. They won the titles again in September 1995. On February 15, 1996, the Gunns vacated the title because Billy was in need of neck surgery.", "On February 15, 1996, the Gunns vacated the title because Billy was in need of neck surgery. After Billy returned from hiatus, The Smoking Gunns won the Tag Team Title for the third time by defeating The Godwinns in May. After the match, The Godwinns' manager Sunny turned on her team in favor of the Gunns. On September 22 at In Your House: Mind Games, the Gunns lost the Tag Team Title to Owen Hart and The British Bulldog.", "On September 22 at In Your House: Mind Games, the Gunns lost the Tag Team Title to Owen Hart and The British Bulldog. After the match, Sunny abandoned The Gunns, saying that she would only manage title holders. Billy, frustrated with losing both the championship and Sunny, walked out on Bart, breaking up The Smoking Gunns. Rockabilly, The New Age Outlaws and D-Generation X (1997–1998) After The Smoking Gunns disbanded, Gunn took some time off to nurse an injury.", "Rockabilly, The New Age Outlaws and D-Generation X (1997–1998) After The Smoking Gunns disbanded, Gunn took some time off to nurse an injury. At WrestleMania 13, he defeated Flash Funk catching the attention of The Honky Tonk Man, who made Gunn his protégé. During this time, he adopted a new gimmick, Rockabilly, He would use this gimmick throughout much of 1997 and eventually had a short-lived feud with \"The Real Double J\" Jesse James.", "During this time, he adopted a new gimmick, Rockabilly, He would use this gimmick throughout much of 1997 and eventually had a short-lived feud with \"The Real Double J\" Jesse James. On the October 4, 1997 episode of Shotgun Saturday Night, James realized both of their careers were going nowhere and suggested that they become a tag team. Gunn agreed and smashed a guitar over the Honky Tonk Man's head to solidify their new alliance.", "Gunn agreed and smashed a guitar over the Honky Tonk Man's head to solidify their new alliance. James and Rockabilly were quickly rebranded as \"Road Dogg\" Jesse James and \"Badd Ass\" Billy Gunn, respectively, and their tag team was dubbed the New Age Outlaws. They quickly rose to the top of the tag team ranks and won the Tag Team Championship from the Legion of Doom on November 24. They also defeated the LOD in a rematch at In Your House: D-Generation X.", "They also defeated the LOD in a rematch at In Your House: D-Generation X. The Outlaws slowly began to align themselves with D-Generation X. At the Royal Rumble, the New Age Outlaws interfered in a Casket match to help Shawn Michaels defeat The Undertaker. At No Way Out Of Texas, the Outlaws teamed up with Triple H and Savio Vega (who replaced the injured Shawn Michaels) to face Chainsaw Charlie, Cactus Jack, Owen Hart, and Steve Austin. They were, however, defeated.", "They were, however, defeated. They were, however, defeated. On February 2, The Outlaws locked Cactus and Chainsaw in a dumpster and pushed it off the stage. This led to a Dumpster match at WrestleMania XIV where Cactus and Chainsaw defeated the Outlaws for the Tag Titles. The next night on Raw, the New Age Outlaws won the Tag Team Championship for a second time by defeating Chainsaw and Cactus in a Steel cage match, but only after interference from Triple H, Chyna, and X-Pac.", "The next night on Raw, the New Age Outlaws won the Tag Team Championship for a second time by defeating Chainsaw and Cactus in a Steel cage match, but only after interference from Triple H, Chyna, and X-Pac. After the match, the Outlaws officially became members of D-Generation X (DX). After joining DX, the Outlaws successfully defended their Tag Team Title against the Legion of Doom 2000 at Unforgiven. DX began to feud with Owen Hart and his new stablemates, The Nation.", "DX began to feud with Owen Hart and his new stablemates, The Nation. At Over The Edge, the Outlaws and Triple H were defeated by Nation members Owen, Kama Mustafa, and D'Lo Brown in a Six Man Tag Match. During this time, the Outlaws began a feud with Kane and Mankind. At SummerSlam, Mankind faced the Outlaws in a Handicap match after Kane no-showed the title defense. The Outlaws defeated Mankind to win the titles for the third time.", "The Outlaws defeated Mankind to win the titles for the third time. In December, the Outlaws lost the title to The Big Boss Man and Ken Shamrock from The Corporation. Mr. Ass and reformation of the Outlaws and DX (1999–2000) The Outlaws then began to focus more on singles competition. The Road Dogg won the Hardcore Championship in December 1998, and Gunn set his sights on the Intercontinental Championship. At the 1999 Royal Rumble, Gunn unsuccessfully challenged Ken Shamrock for the Intercontinental Title.", "At the 1999 Royal Rumble, Gunn unsuccessfully challenged Ken Shamrock for the Intercontinental Title. The next month at St. Valentine's Day Massacre, Gunn was the special guest referee for the Intercontinental Championship match between Val Venis and champion Ken Shamrock, where Gunn made a fast count and declared Venis the new champion before attacking both men. In March, Gunn won the Hardcore Championship from Hardcore Holly. At WrestleMania XV, Gunn lost the title to Holly in a Triple Threat match which also included Al Snow.", "At WrestleMania XV, Gunn lost the title to Holly in a Triple Threat match which also included Al Snow. The New Age Outlaws then reunited to defeat Jeff Jarrett and Owen Hart at Backlash. After Backlash, Gunn left D-Generation X and aligned himself with Triple H and Chyna. Gunn defeated his former partner, Road Dogg, in a match at Over the Edge. Gunn then won the King of the Ring tournament by defeating Ken Shamrock, Kane, and his former ally, X-Pac.", "Gunn then won the King of the Ring tournament by defeating Ken Shamrock, Kane, and his former ally, X-Pac. After King of the Ring, Gunn, Triple H, and Chyna went on to feud with X-Pac and Road Dogg over the rights to the D-Generation X name. This feud culminated at Fully Loaded when X-Pac and Road Dogg defeated Gunn and Chyna. Gunn then began a brief feud with The Rock. At SummerSlam, The Rock defeated Gunn in a Kiss My Ass Match.", "At SummerSlam, The Rock defeated Gunn in a Kiss My Ass Match. Following this, Gunn then briefly feuded with Jeff Jarrett for the Intercontinental Title before reuniting with Road Dogg to reform The New Age Outlaws. The Outlaws won their fourth tag team championship by defeating The Rock 'n' Sock Connection in September 1999. The Outlaws later reunited with X-Pac and Triple H to reform D-Generation X. During this time, The Outlaws won their fifth Tag Team Championship after defeating Mankind and Al Snow.", "During this time, The Outlaws won their fifth Tag Team Championship after defeating Mankind and Al Snow. At the 2000 Royal Rumble, The New Age Outlaws retained their title against The Acolytes after interference from X-Pac. The Outlaws then had a feud with The Dudley Boyz, who won the Tag Team Championship from The Outlaws at No Way Out.", "The Outlaws then had a feud with The Dudley Boyz, who won the Tag Team Championship from The Outlaws at No Way Out. After suffering a torn rotator cuff in the match with The Dudley Boyz, Gunn was kicked out of D-Generation X for \"losing his cool\" to explain his impending absence to recover from his injury. The One (2000–2001) Gunn made his return in October and immediately teamed with Chyna to feud with Right to Censor, who wanted to \"censor\" his Mr. Ass gimmick.", "The One (2000–2001) Gunn made his return in October and immediately teamed with Chyna to feud with Right to Censor, who wanted to \"censor\" his Mr. Ass gimmick. At No Mercy, Right to Censor members Steven Richards and Val Venis defeated Chyna and Gunn. Due to a stipulation, Gunn could no longer use the Mr. Ass gimmick, so he renamed himself Billy G. for a few weeks before settling on \"The One\" Billy Gunn. Gunn then feuded with Eddie Guerrero and the rest of The Radicalz.", "Gunn then feuded with Eddie Guerrero and the rest of The Radicalz. At Survivor Series, Gunn teamed with Road Dogg, Chyna, and K-Kwik in a losing effort against The Radicalz. A few weeks later on SmackDown!, Gunn won the Intercontinental Championship from Guerrero. However, the title reign was short-lived, as Chris Benoit defeated him for the title two weeks later at Armageddon.", "However, the title reign was short-lived, as Chris Benoit defeated him for the title two weeks later at Armageddon. After feuding with Benoit, Gunn participated in the 2001 Royal Rumble where he made it to the final four, Gunn interfered in the Hardcore Championship Match at No Way Out, and taking advantage of the 24/7 Rule, pinning Raven for the title. The reign was short-lived, as Raven won it back a few minutes later.", "The reign was short-lived, as Raven won it back a few minutes later. Billy and Chuck (2001–2002) In a 2001 match on Sunday Night Heat, Gunn was defeated by Chuck Palumbo, who recently left The Alliance to join the WWF. After the match, Gunn suggested that they form a tag team. Palumbo agreed, and Billy and Chuck quickly rose to the top of the tag team division.", "Palumbo agreed, and Billy and Chuck quickly rose to the top of the tag team division. Initially they were a generic tandem, but they were given a gimmick where they grew increasingly affectionate toward each other, showing evidence of a storyline homosexual relationship. In February 2002, Billy and Chuck defeated Spike Dudley and Tazz to win the WWF Tag Team Championship for the first time as a team. After winning the titles, Billy and Chuck found a \"Personal Stylist\" in the ambiguously flamboyant Rico.", "After winning the titles, Billy and Chuck found a \"Personal Stylist\" in the ambiguously flamboyant Rico. After retaining the title against the Acolytes Protection Agency, the Dudley Boyz, and the Hardy Boyz in a Four Corners Elimination Match at WrestleMania X8 and against Al Snow and Maven at Backlash, Billy and Chuck began a feud with Rikishi.", "After retaining the title against the Acolytes Protection Agency, the Dudley Boyz, and the Hardy Boyz in a Four Corners Elimination Match at WrestleMania X8 and against Al Snow and Maven at Backlash, Billy and Chuck began a feud with Rikishi. At Judgment Day, Rikishi and Rico (Rikishi's mystery partner of Mr. McMahon's choosing) defeated Billy and Chuck for the WWE Tag Team Championship after Rico accidentally hit Chuck with a roundhouse kick. Billy and Chuck quickly won the title back two weeks later on SmackDown!", "Billy and Chuck quickly won the title back two weeks later on SmackDown! with Rico's help. They held the championship for almost a month before losing it to the team of Edge and Hollywood Hulk Hogan on the July 4 episode of SmackDown!. On the September 5 edition of SmackDown!, after Billy lost a match to Rey Mysterio, Chuck proposed to Billy, asking him to be his \"partner for life\" and gave him a wedding ring.", "On the September 5 edition of SmackDown!, after Billy lost a match to Rey Mysterio, Chuck proposed to Billy, asking him to be his \"partner for life\" and gave him a wedding ring. Billy agreed, and one week later, on the September 12 episode of SmackDown!, Billy and Chuck had their wedding ceremony. However, just before they tied the knot, they revealed that the entire ordeal was a publicity stunt and disavowed their on-screen homosexuality, admitting that they were just friends.", "However, just before they tied the knot, they revealed that the entire ordeal was a publicity stunt and disavowed their on-screen homosexuality, admitting that they were just friends. The \"preacher\" revealed himself to be Raw General Manager Eric Bischoff (who was wearing a skin mask), who then summoned 3-Minute Warning to beat up Billy and Chuck. Rico, furious that Billy and Chuck gave up their gimmick, became the manager of Three Minute Warning and defected to Raw.", "Rico, furious that Billy and Chuck gave up their gimmick, became the manager of Three Minute Warning and defected to Raw. At Unforgiven, Three Minute Warning defeated Billy and Chuck. Their final match together occurred on the October 3 episode of SmackDown! in the first round of a tournament for the newly created WWE Tag Team Championship. They lost the match to the team of Ron Simmons and Reverend D-Von.", "They lost the match to the team of Ron Simmons and Reverend D-Von. Afterwards, Gunn took a few months off because of a shoulder injury and the team of Billy and Chuck quietly disbanded. SmackDown! and return to singles competition (2003–2004) After returning in the summer of 2003, Gunn reverted to the \"Mr. Ass\" gimmick, defeating A-Train, and Torrie Wilson became his new manager.", "and return to singles competition (2003–2004) After returning in the summer of 2003, Gunn reverted to the \"Mr. Ass\" gimmick, defeating A-Train, and Torrie Wilson became his new manager. He started a feud with Jamie Noble, which led to an \"Indecent Proposal\" Match at Vengeance, which Noble won and due to the match's stipulation, won a night with Torrie.", "He started a feud with Jamie Noble, which led to an \"Indecent Proposal\" Match at Vengeance, which Noble won and due to the match's stipulation, won a night with Torrie. After taking time off again due to a shoulder injury, Gunn returned to action at the 2004 Royal Rumble, but was eliminated by Goldberg. Afterward, he wrestled mainly on Velocity, forming an occasional tag team with Hardcore Holly.", "Afterward, he wrestled mainly on Velocity, forming an occasional tag team with Hardcore Holly. At Judgment Day, Gunn and Holly challenged Charlie Haas and Rico for the WWE Tag Team Championship, but were unsuccessful. At The Great American Bash, Gunn lost to Kenzo Suzuki. On November 1, 2004, Sopp was released from his WWE contract. In June 2005, Sopp gave an interview in which he was heavily critical of WWE and the events that led to his release.", "In June 2005, Sopp gave an interview in which he was heavily critical of WWE and the events that led to his release. Many of the negative comments were directed towards Triple H, who Sopp claimed \"runs the show up there\".", "Many of the negative comments were directed towards Triple H, who Sopp claimed \"runs the show up there\". Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (2005–2009) Planet Jarrett (2005) On February 13, 2005, Sopp debuted in Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA) without a name (as Billy Gunn is a WWE trademark, although announcers recognized him as such) at Against All Odds with the same gimmick, helping Jeff Jarrett retain the NWA World Heavyweight Championship in a match with Kevin Nash.", "Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (2005–2009) Planet Jarrett (2005) On February 13, 2005, Sopp debuted in Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA) without a name (as Billy Gunn is a WWE trademark, although announcers recognized him as such) at Against All Odds with the same gimmick, helping Jeff Jarrett retain the NWA World Heavyweight Championship in a match with Kevin Nash. Sopp, using the name The New Age Outlaw, then formed a stable with Jarrett and Monty Brown known as Planet Jarrett.", "Sopp, using the name The New Age Outlaw, then formed a stable with Jarrett and Monty Brown known as Planet Jarrett. However, WWE threatened TNA with legal action if Sopp continued the use of the name \"The New Age Outlaw\", so he shortened his name to The Outlaw.", "However, WWE threatened TNA with legal action if Sopp continued the use of the name \"The New Age Outlaw\", so he shortened his name to The Outlaw. Due to the legal issues with WWE, all TNA -DVD releases featuring footage with Sopp as \"The Outlaw\" (and presumably also as \"The New Age Outlaw\") have had the name on on-screen graphics blurred, the name silenced out of the audio, and match commentary completely replaced to reflect a retroactive name change to \"Kip James\".", "Due to the legal issues with WWE, all TNA -DVD releases featuring footage with Sopp as \"The Outlaw\" (and presumably also as \"The New Age Outlaw\") have had the name on on-screen graphics blurred, the name silenced out of the audio, and match commentary completely replaced to reflect a retroactive name change to \"Kip James\". One such DVD is the pay-per-view Lockdown, included in the \"TNA Anthology: The Epic Set\" box set, in which the silencing of the name during a segment where Dusty Rhodes picks his name from a lottery leaves DVD viewers in the dark as to who just got picked.", "One such DVD is the pay-per-view Lockdown, included in the \"TNA Anthology: The Epic Set\" box set, in which the silencing of the name during a segment where Dusty Rhodes picks his name from a lottery leaves DVD viewers in the dark as to who just got picked. The Outlaw began a campaign to make former ally B.G. James leave the 3Live Kru and defect to Planet Jarrett, reforming the old tag team with Outlaw.", "James leave the 3Live Kru and defect to Planet Jarrett, reforming the old tag team with Outlaw. At No Surrender, he renamed himself Kip James and was announced as \"wrestling out of Marietta, Georgia\" (the family seat of the Armstrong family) as a psychological ploy.", "At No Surrender, he renamed himself Kip James and was announced as \"wrestling out of Marietta, Georgia\" (the family seat of the Armstrong family) as a psychological ploy. As a result of his campaign, Kip attracted the ire of 3Live Kru members Ron Killings and Konnan, leading to a series of tag team matches pitting Kip and Monty Brown against Killings and Konnan, with a conflicted James unwilling to take sides.", "As a result of his campaign, Kip attracted the ire of 3Live Kru members Ron Killings and Konnan, leading to a series of tag team matches pitting Kip and Monty Brown against Killings and Konnan, with a conflicted James unwilling to take sides. Kip's efforts ultimately proved futile; James, the guest referee in a final match between Brown and Kip versus Konnan and Killings at Sacrifice, attacked Kip enabling a 3Live Kru victory.", "Kip's efforts ultimately proved futile; James, the guest referee in a final match between Brown and Kip versus Konnan and Killings at Sacrifice, attacked Kip enabling a 3Live Kru victory. In September at Unbreakable, Kip teamed with Brown to defeat the team of Apolo and Lance Hoyt. There was clear tension between the partners because Brown was unhappy at the series of losses at the hands of the 3Live Kru, and Kip was irked by Brown's decision to leave Planet Jarrett.", "There was clear tension between the partners because Brown was unhappy at the series of losses at the hands of the 3Live Kru, and Kip was irked by Brown's decision to leave Planet Jarrett. Despite the victory, the partners argued after the match. On the October 8, 2005 episode of Impact!, Kip rekindled his feud with the 3Live Kru, running to the ring after a bout between the 3LK and Team Canada in order to prevent Team Canada captain Petey Williams from beating down B.G. James.", "James. James. He saved James, and then engaged in a staredown with Konnan and Killings. Kip saved James from Team Canada once again at Bound for Glory. Though Killings showed signs of gratitude, Konnan remained skeptical as to his true intentions. Later that night, Kip took part in an over-the-top-rope gauntlet match for the number one contendership to the NWA World Heavyweight Championship. After he was eliminated, he tried in vain to prevent Killings from being eliminated as well, before being sent away from ringside by the referees.", "After he was eliminated, he tried in vain to prevent Killings from being eliminated as well, before being sent away from ringside by the referees. The James Gang/Voodoo Kin Mafia (2005–2008) On the November 26 episode of Impact!, B.G. brought Kip and the 3Live Kru to ringside and asked Killings and Konnan whether Kip could join the stable. Following a heated argument between Konnan and B.G., both Killings and Konnan gave their approval, and the 4Live Kru was born.", "Following a heated argument between Konnan and B.G., both Killings and Konnan gave their approval, and the 4Live Kru was born. However, at Turning Point, Konnan attacked both B.G. and Kip, costing them their match against Team Canada and initiating a feud between himself and the remainder of the Kru. Shortly thereafter, B.G. James's father, Bob Armstrong, attempted to reconcile the group, but was instead attacked by Konnan and his new stablemates, Apolo and Homicide.", "James's father, Bob Armstrong, attempted to reconcile the group, but was instead attacked by Konnan and his new stablemates, Apolo and Homicide. Killings later stated that he had severed his ties with the Kru. With Konnan and Killings no longer members of the Kru, Kip and B.G.", "With Konnan and Killings no longer members of the Kru, Kip and B.G. began referring to themselves as The James Gang and continued to feud with the Konnan-managed Latin American Exchange, whose third man position as Homicide's partner would switch from Apolo to Machete, and then from him to Hernandez, who finally stuck, during the course of this feud. At Final Resolution, The James Gang defeated The Diamonds in the Rough (David Young and Elix Skipper).", "At Final Resolution, The James Gang defeated The Diamonds in the Rough (David Young and Elix Skipper). At Against All Odds, The James Gang defeated LAX (Homicide and Machete). At Destination X, The James Gang and Bob Armstrong defeated Latin American Exchange in a six-man tag team match. At Sacrifice, The James Gang defeated Team 3D which led to a rematch at Slammiversary where Team 3D defeated The James Gang in a Bingo Hall Brawl.", "At Sacrifice, The James Gang defeated Team 3D which led to a rematch at Slammiversary where Team 3D defeated The James Gang in a Bingo Hall Brawl. At Victory Road, The James Gang and Abyss defeated Team 3D and their newest member Brother Runt. At No Surrender, The James Gang competed in a Triple Chance tag team battle royal but failed to win the match. At Bound for Glory, The James Gang competed in a Four-way tag team match which was won by Team 3D.", "At Bound for Glory, The James Gang competed in a Four-way tag team match which was won by Team 3D. By November 2006, Kip and B.G. began to show displeasure in TNA and threatened to go find work elsewhere if they did not receive gold soon. They began performing the crotch chop, a reference to the WWE's DX. On the November 2 edition of Impact!, Kip and B.G. threatened to quit.", "threatened to quit. threatened to quit. Kip grabbed the mic and tried to say something to the TNA administration and Spike TV, but each time his mic was cut off. Kip then tried to use the announcer's headset, but it was cut off as well. Frustrated, he started yelling loudly to the crowd, but he was cut off again as the show went to a commercial break.", "Frustrated, he started yelling loudly to the crowd, but he was cut off again as the show went to a commercial break. When the show returned, the announcers speculated that they may have been frustrated due to the influx of new talent entering TNA. It was reported that the segment was a worked shoot that Vince Russo had written in order to renew interest upon their eventual return. Kip and BG appeared in an internet video on TNA's website where they addressed the owner of WWE Vince McMahon.", "Kip and BG appeared in an internet video on TNA's website where they addressed the owner of WWE Vince McMahon. A few weeks later on Impact!, The James Gang re-emerged under a new name Voodoo Kin Mafia (VKM for short, a play on Vincent Kennedy McMahon's initials). They mentioned their new right of 'creative control', meaning they could do whatever they wanted.", "They mentioned their new right of 'creative control', meaning they could do whatever they wanted. They also declared 'war' on Paul Levesque, Michael Hickenbottom, and Vincent K. McMahon (Triple H, Shawn Michaels, and Vince McMahon, respectively). Kip then declared that 'Triple Hollywood' and 'Shawn Kiss-my-bottom' were failing as the group they (Kip and BG) used to be a part of: D-Generation X.", "Kip then declared that 'Triple Hollywood' and 'Shawn Kiss-my-bottom' were failing as the group they (Kip and BG) used to be a part of: D-Generation X. After the initial shock value of this incident wore off, at Genesis, The Voodoo Kin Mafia defeated Kazarian, Maverick Matt and Johnny Devine in a handicap match. VKM began a feud with the villainous Christy Hemme. Hemme then searched for a tag team to square-off against VKM.", "Hemme then searched for a tag team to square-off against VKM. At Destination X, The Voodoo Kin Mafia defeated Hemme's handpicked team of The Heartbreakers (Antonio Thomas & Romeo Roselli). On the Lockdown preshow The Voodoo Kin Mafia defeated another one of Hemme's handpicked team Serotonin (Kaz & Havok) in a Six Sides of Steel match. The final tag team was Damaja and Basham, who appeared on an episode of Impact! and beat down VKM. They also held up Kip James so Hemme could slap him.", "They also held up Kip James so Hemme could slap him. B.G James was taken out by Basham and Damaja which led to Kip James competed against Basham and Damaja in a handicap match at Sacrifice where he lost. However, they beat Hemme's team at Slammiversary. After the match, VKM were betrayed by their associate Lance Hoyt. At Victory Road, they introduced their new manager, the Voodoo Queen, Roxxi Laveaux, to embarrass Christy Hemme.", "At Victory Road, they introduced their new manager, the Voodoo Queen, Roxxi Laveaux, to embarrass Christy Hemme. At Hard Justice, The Voodoo Kin Mafia lost to The Latin American Exchange. At No Surrender, The Voodoo Kin Mafia competed in a Ten-team tag team gauntlet match which was won by A.J. Styles and Tomko. At Bound for Glory, Kip James competed in the Fight for the Right Reverse Battle Royal which was won by Eric Young.", "At Bound for Glory, Kip James competed in the Fight for the Right Reverse Battle Royal which was won by Eric Young. On the October 25 edition of Impact!, VKM teamed with A.J. Styles and Tomko in a losing effort to the Latin American Xchange and the Steiner Brothers. At Genesis, B.G. was present along with Kip in the corner of Roxxi Laveaux at ringside for the Fatal Four Way knockout match for the TNA Women's Championship in which Gail Kim retained the title.", "was present along with Kip in the corner of Roxxi Laveaux at ringside for the Fatal Four Way knockout match for the TNA Women's Championship in which Gail Kim retained the title. At Turning Point, James competed in the Feast or Fired where he grabbed a case but threw it to BG James.", "At Turning Point, James competed in the Feast or Fired where he grabbed a case but threw it to BG James. It was revealed that the case was for a shot at the TNA World Tag Team Championship and BG James picked his dad to be his partner at Against All Odds, James and Bob Armstrong failed to win the titles and on February 21, 2008 episode of Impact! he turned on B.G. and B.G's father \"Bullet\" Bob Armstrong by hitting them both with a crutch.", "and B.G's father \"Bullet\" Bob Armstrong by hitting them both with a crutch. The Beautiful People (2008–2009) On April 13, 2008, he faced former partner B.G. James at Lockdown and lost. After the match, he appeared to want to make amends as he raised B.G. 's hand after the match, only to clothesline him down to the mat and taunt him with a DX crotch chop.", "'s hand after the match, only to clothesline him down to the mat and taunt him with a DX crotch chop. Kip went on to declare himself \"The Megastar\", an arrogant gimmick similar to \"The One\" gimmick from his WWF tenure. Kip later stopped making appearances on Impact! until April 24 when he was attacked backstage by Matt Morgan for no reason. The next week on Impact!, Kip got back at Morgan by attacking him backstage in Jim Cornette's office.", "The next week on Impact!, Kip got back at Morgan by attacking him backstage in Jim Cornette's office. On May 8, 2008, Cornette forced Morgan into being Kip's tag team partner for the Deuces Wild tournament at Sacrifice, though both were unable to win. Kip went on another brief disappearance from television until the June 5 edition of Impact!, where he partnered with Lance Hoyt and James Storm in a losing effort against Morgan and The Latin American Xchange.", "Kip went on another brief disappearance from television until the June 5 edition of Impact!, where he partnered with Lance Hoyt and James Storm in a losing effort against Morgan and The Latin American Xchange. On the August 14 episode of Impact!, Kip was revealed to be the new image consultant and member of The Beautiful People, dubbed Cute Kip and was using his Mr.Ass Attire, after they brought him out during their interview on Karen Angle's show Karen's Angle.", "On the August 14 episode of Impact!, Kip was revealed to be the new image consultant and member of The Beautiful People, dubbed Cute Kip and was using his Mr.Ass Attire, after they brought him out during their interview on Karen Angle's show Karen's Angle. at Bound for Glory IV, Kip, Love and Sky lost to Rhino, ODB and Rhaka Khan in a Bimbo Brawl. at Final Resolution (December 2008), Kip competed in the Feast or Fired match but failed to get a case.", "at Final Resolution (December 2008), Kip competed in the Feast or Fired match but failed to get a case. At Genesis 2009, Kip became the one-night-only replacement for the injured Kevin Nash in the Main Event Mafia. As of March 19, 2009, Sopp was taken off of TNA Impact! along with Jacqueline Moore to become road agents. Sopp returned as Cute Kip and lost to Awesome Kong in an intergender stretcher match on May 14, 2009.", "Sopp returned as Cute Kip and lost to Awesome Kong in an intergender stretcher match on May 14, 2009. On the May 28 edition of Impact!, Kip was fired by The Beautiful People. On the June 18 edition of Impact!, Mick Foley hired him as his handyman, turning Kip into a face. he made another appearance on the August 6 edition of Impact where Kip had to clean up the IMPACT Zone after a chaotic fifteen minute \"riot\".", "he made another appearance on the August 6 edition of Impact where Kip had to clean up the IMPACT Zone after a chaotic fifteen minute \"riot\". On October 9 edition of Xplosion, Kip was defeated by Rhino. On October 30 edition of Xplosion, Kip defeated Sheik Abdul Bashir. on the November 13 edition of Xplosion, Kip lost to Rob Terry and on December 3, 2009 edition of Xplosion, Kip competed in his final TNA match where he lost to Kiyoshi.", "on the November 13 edition of Xplosion, Kip lost to Rob Terry and on December 3, 2009 edition of Xplosion, Kip competed in his final TNA match where he lost to Kiyoshi. Sopp's profile was removed from the TNA website on December 29, 2009, confirming his departure from the promotion. Independent circuit (2009–2012) After leaving TNA, Sopp reunited with B.G. James to reform The New Age Outlaws, with both men resuming their Billy Gunn and Road Dogg ring names.", "James to reform The New Age Outlaws, with both men resuming their Billy Gunn and Road Dogg ring names. After joining TWA Powerhouse in 2010, the Outlaws defeated Canadian Extreme to win the promotion's Tag Team Championship on July 25. They re-lost the title to Canadian Extreme on June 5, 2011. On July 30, 2011, Sopp, working under the ring name Kip Gunn, made his debut for Lucha Libre USA as a member of the heel stable The Right.", "On July 30, 2011, Sopp, working under the ring name Kip Gunn, made his debut for Lucha Libre USA as a member of the heel stable The Right. Later that night, Gunn lost in his debut match against Marco Corleone. On June 26, 2012, Sopp won the American Pro Wrestling Alliance American Championship. However, he lost the title due to travel issues. On September 8 and 9, 2012, he wrestled in a Bad Boys of Wrestling Federation tournament.", "On September 8 and 9, 2012, he wrestled in a Bad Boys of Wrestling Federation tournament. He defeated Rhino in the semi-finals and Scott Steiner in the final, winning the BBWF Aruba Championship. Return to WWE (2012–2015) On July 23, Sopp, under his Billy Gunn name, made his first WWE appearance in nearly eight years as he reunited with Road Dogg, X-Pac, Shawn Michaels and Triple H to reform D-Generation X for one night only on the 1000th episode of Raw.", "Return to WWE (2012–2015) On July 23, Sopp, under his Billy Gunn name, made his first WWE appearance in nearly eight years as he reunited with Road Dogg, X-Pac, Shawn Michaels and Triple H to reform D-Generation X for one night only on the 1000th episode of Raw. In December 2012, he was hired by WWE as a trainer for the NXT Wrestling territory in Tampa, Florida.", "In December 2012, he was hired by WWE as a trainer for the NXT Wrestling territory in Tampa, Florida. On March 4, 2013, Gunn and Road Dogg made a return at Old School Raw, defeating Primo and Epico.", "On March 4, 2013, Gunn and Road Dogg made a return at Old School Raw, defeating Primo and Epico. On March 11, 2013, they accepted a challenge from Team Rhodes Scholars and faced them in a match, which was interrupted by Brock Lesnar, who hit both Outlaws with an F-5 as part of his ongoing feud with Triple H. He then appeared alongside Road Dogg to help CM Punk clear out The Shield in aid of Roddy Piper on Old School Raw on January 6, 2014.", "On March 11, 2013, they accepted a challenge from Team Rhodes Scholars and faced them in a match, which was interrupted by Brock Lesnar, who hit both Outlaws with an F-5 as part of his ongoing feud with Triple H. He then appeared alongside Road Dogg to help CM Punk clear out The Shield in aid of Roddy Piper on Old School Raw on January 6, 2014. On the January 10 episode of SmackDown, the Outlaws teamed with CM Punk in a six-man tag match against The Shield in a losing effort.", "On the January 10 episode of SmackDown, the Outlaws teamed with CM Punk in a six-man tag match against The Shield in a losing effort. On the January 13 episode of Raw, the Outlaws again teamed with Punk in a rematch against The Shield, only to abandon Punk and lose the match. On January 26 during the Royal Rumble Kickoff Show, Gunn and Road Dogg beat Cody Rhodes and Goldust to win the WWE Tag Team Championship.", "On January 26 during the Royal Rumble Kickoff Show, Gunn and Road Dogg beat Cody Rhodes and Goldust to win the WWE Tag Team Championship. The next night on Raw the New Age Outlaws retained the championship against Rhodes and Goldust via disqualification when Brock Lesnar attacked the brothers. The next week on Raw the New Age Outlaws retained the championship against Rhodes and Goldust in a steel cage match. On March 3, the Outlaws lost the Tag Team Championship to The Usos.", "On March 3, the Outlaws lost the Tag Team Championship to The Usos. Gunn sustained hemoptysis after he and his New Age Outlaws partner, Road Dogg, suffered a double-Triple Powerbomb by The Shield at WrestleMania XXX. Gunn returned to Raw with Road Dogg in January 2015, attacking The Ascension along with the nWo and the APA. At the Royal Rumble, the Outlaws faced The Ascension in a losing effort.", "At the Royal Rumble, the Outlaws faced The Ascension in a losing effort. At WrestleMania 31, Gunn, with Road Dogg, X-Pac and Shawn Michaels, reunited as D-Generation X to help Triple H in his match against Sting. In May, Gunn was announced as a coach along with WWE Hall of Famers Booker T and Lita for the sixth season of Tough Enough. On November 13, 2015, WWE officially announced that Sopp was released from his WWE contract after failing a test for performance-enhancing drugs.", "On November 13, 2015, WWE officially announced that Sopp was released from his WWE contract after failing a test for performance-enhancing drugs. He had tested positive for elevated levels of testosterone at a powerlifting event on July 25, 2015, and was suspended from powerlifting for four years. Independent circuit (2015–2020) On December 26, 2015, Gunn teamed up with Kevin Thorn to defeat Brian Klass and Rob Street. One month later, Gunn defeated Ken Dixon for the MCW Pro Wrestling MCW Rage Television Championship.", "One month later, Gunn defeated Ken Dixon for the MCW Pro Wrestling MCW Rage Television Championship. On February 5, 2016, Gunn defeated Joey Hayes in the Preston City Wrestling PCW Road to Glory tournament, on February 6 he lost to T-Bone in the quarter-finals that same night Gunn teamed up with Mr. Anderson and Tajiri to defeat Dave Raynes, Joey Hayes, and Martin Kirby. On February 7, 2016 Gunn challenged for the Pro Wrestling Pride Heavyweight championship losing to Steve Griffiths.", "On February 7, 2016 Gunn challenged for the Pro Wrestling Pride Heavyweight championship losing to Steve Griffiths. On March 19, 2016, Gunn lost the title to Ken Dixon. On June 12, 2016, Gunn won the Smashmouth Pro Wrestling championship from KC Huber but lost it on the same night, Gunn teamed again with Anderson in a losing effort against the UK Hooligans at PCW Tribute to the Troops on June 25, 2016. He defeated Hardcore Holly in a singles match at PCW Top Gunn on July 2, 2016.", "He defeated Hardcore Holly in a singles match at PCW Top Gunn on July 2, 2016. On September 4, 2016, Gunn made his debut for Chikara, representing DX alongside X-Pac in a tag team gauntlet match. The two entered the match as the final team and scored the win over Prakash Sabar and The Proletariat Boar of Moldova.", "The two entered the match as the final team and scored the win over Prakash Sabar and The Proletariat Boar of Moldova. New Japan Pro-Wrestling (2016–2017) On November 5, 2016, at the New Japan Pro-Wrestling (NJPW) event Power Struggle, Yoshitatsu announced Gunn as the newest member of his Hunter Club stable and his partner for the upcoming 2016 World Tag League. Gunn and Yoshitatsu finished the tournament on December 8 with a record of three wins and four losses, failing to advance from their block.", "Gunn and Yoshitatsu finished the tournament on December 8 with a record of three wins and four losses, failing to advance from their block. Gunn returned to NJPW on January 4, 2017, taking part in the pre-show New Japan Rumble at Wrestle Kingdom 11 in Tokyo Dome, from which he was eliminated by the eventual winner Michael Elgin. While Gunn did not appear for NJPW for the next six months, he was brought up in May by Yoshitatsu, who told Hiroshi Tanahashi that Gunn had requested a match against him.", "While Gunn did not appear for NJPW for the next six months, he was brought up in May by Yoshitatsu, who told Hiroshi Tanahashi that Gunn had requested a match against him. When Tanahashi captured the IWGP Intercontinental Championship the following month, he immediately nominated Gunn as his first challenger. Gunn was defeated in the title match on July 2 at G1 Special in USA, and it was his final match in NJPW.", "Gunn was defeated in the title match on July 2 at G1 Special in USA, and it was his final match in NJPW. WWE appearances (2018–2019) Gunn and numerous other WWE legends appeared on the January 22, 2018 episode of Raw 25 Years as part of the D-Generation X reunion. He was inducted into the WWE Hall of Fame Class of 2019 as a member of D-Generation X. All Elite Wrestling (2019–present) In January 2019, Gunn was hired by All Elite Wrestling as a coach.", "All Elite Wrestling (2019–present) In January 2019, Gunn was hired by All Elite Wrestling as a coach. At May 25 at the AEW Double or Nothing event he competed in the pre-show battle royal. Gunn made his first televised appearance for AEW on the November 20, 2019 episode of AEW Dynamite, competing in a battle royal. He also appeared during the January 1, 2020 episode of Dynamite, wrestling in a dark match with his son Austin that aired on January 7, 2020.", "He also appeared during the January 1, 2020 episode of Dynamite, wrestling in a dark match with his son Austin that aired on January 7, 2020. They wrestled again together on another dark match during the January 8, 2020 episode of Dynamite, airing on January 17, 2020, with the tag team name \"The Gunn Club\", defeating the team of Peter Avalon and Shawn Spears.", "They wrestled again together on another dark match during the January 8, 2020 episode of Dynamite, airing on January 17, 2020, with the tag team name \"The Gunn Club\", defeating the team of Peter Avalon and Shawn Spears. Gunn has also appeared in the crowd (made up of AEW wrestlers and other employees) on numerous episodes of Dynamite during the COVID-19 pandemic.", "Gunn has also appeared in the crowd (made up of AEW wrestlers and other employees) on numerous episodes of Dynamite during the COVID-19 pandemic. On the May 27, 2020 episode of Dynamite, Gunn now under the shortened ring name of Billy participated in a battle royal match to determine the number one contender for the TNT Championship. He also would wrestle MJF in a singles match on the June 17, 2020 episode of Dynamite as well.", "He also would wrestle MJF in a singles match on the June 17, 2020 episode of Dynamite as well. The Gunn Club would wrestle in more tag team matches on more episodes of AEW Dark. On the November 4, 2020 episode of Dynamite, The Gunn Club teamed with Cody Rhodes to successfully defeat The Dark Order (John Silver, 10 and Colt Cabana).", "On the November 4, 2020 episode of Dynamite, The Gunn Club teamed with Cody Rhodes to successfully defeat The Dark Order (John Silver, 10 and Colt Cabana). On the November 17, 2020 episode of Dark, The Gunn Club, which now added Austin's brother and Gunn's other son Colten to the stable, defeated Bshp King, Joey O'Riley and Sean Maluta by pinfall in a six-man tag team match.", "On the November 17, 2020 episode of Dark, The Gunn Club, which now added Austin's brother and Gunn's other son Colten to the stable, defeated Bshp King, Joey O'Riley and Sean Maluta by pinfall in a six-man tag team match. On the same day the AEW website's roster page got updated and his name was once again changed to its long form, Billy Gunn.", "On the same day the AEW website's roster page got updated and his name was once again changed to its long form, Billy Gunn. The three man Gunn Club would then defeat Cezar Bononi, KTB, and Seth Gargis in another six man tag team match on the November 24, 2020 episode of Dark.", "The three man Gunn Club would then defeat Cezar Bononi, KTB, and Seth Gargis in another six man tag team match on the November 24, 2020 episode of Dark. On the December 8, 2020 episode of Dark The three man Gunn Club-which entered the ring on a golf cart with the words \"Taz Taxi\" on the side, defeated Shawn Dean, Sean Maluta & RYZIN.", "On the December 8, 2020 episode of Dark The three man Gunn Club-which entered the ring on a golf cart with the words \"Taz Taxi\" on the side, defeated Shawn Dean, Sean Maluta & RYZIN. On the December 1, 2021 episode of Dynamite, The Gunn Club stable's undefeated streak in AEW ended when Billy and Colten Gunn lost to the team of Sting and Darby Allin.", "On the December 1, 2021 episode of Dynamite, The Gunn Club stable's undefeated streak in AEW ended when Billy and Colten Gunn lost to the team of Sting and Darby Allin. Professional wrestling style, persona and reception Gunn has had several gimmicks throughout his career, ranging from his cowboy-themed gimmick with the Smoking Gunns to his The Ambiguously Gay Duo-esque tag team with Chuck Palumbo.", "Professional wrestling style, persona and reception Gunn has had several gimmicks throughout his career, ranging from his cowboy-themed gimmick with the Smoking Gunns to his The Ambiguously Gay Duo-esque tag team with Chuck Palumbo. Gunn has stated on multiple shoot interviews that he has no regrets with his gimmicks as he was performing a job and doing what was asked of him to do. By far, Gunn's most infamous gimmick was his \"Mr. Ass\" persona based around his ass.", "By far, Gunn's most infamous gimmick was his \"Mr. Ass\" persona based around his ass. The gimmick started during his New Age Outlaws days when Road Dogg would refer to themselves as \"Mr. Dogg\" and \"Mr. Ass\" in promos, though the \"Bad Ass\" name wasn't referring to his backside at that time.", "The gimmick started during his New Age Outlaws days when Road Dogg would refer to themselves as \"Mr. Dogg\" and \"Mr. Ass\" in promos, though the \"Bad Ass\" name wasn't referring to his backside at that time. What was originally a throwaway joke turned into Gunn mooning his opponents and the live crowd, though as the original incarnation of DX also did this, it could originally be argued that it was an extension of the Outlaws joining DX.", "What was originally a throwaway joke turned into Gunn mooning his opponents and the live crowd, though as the original incarnation of DX also did this, it could originally be argued that it was an extension of the Outlaws joining DX. Upon leaving DX, Gunn fully embraced the \"Mr. Ass\" gimmick by placing emphasis on his \"moneymaker\".", "Upon leaving DX, Gunn fully embraced the \"Mr. Ass\" gimmick by placing emphasis on his \"moneymaker\". While Road Dogg kept the New Age Outlaws entrance music for his own, Gunn adopted the song \"Ass Man\" as part of the gimmick, and for a time even changed his ring tights to be see-through, wearing only a thong underneath his tights, although he would eventually revert back to the DX-era tights. The \"Mr. Ass\" gimmick has mixed reviews.", "The \"Mr. Ass\" gimmick has mixed reviews. The \"Mr. Ass\" gimmick has mixed reviews. One web site ranked it near the middle of Gunn's various gimmicks, while a writer for Bleacher Report thought it was the worst gimmick ever even though Gunn was at his peak popularity with the persona. Gunn himself told Chris Van Vliet in 2021 that he never paid attention to the \"Ass Man\" lyrics until a college professor broke down each expression.", "Gunn himself told Chris Van Vliet in 2021 that he never paid attention to the \"Ass Man\" lyrics until a college professor broke down each expression. Due to the enduring legacy of the \"Mr. Ass\" gimmick, in November 2021 Ring of Honor wrestler Danhausen began a Twitter feud with the Gunn Club, referring to Billy as \"Billy Ass,\" and Colten and Austin as The \"Ass Boys,\" in reference to Gunn's infamous \"Mr. Ass\" gimmick in the Attitude Era.", "Due to the enduring legacy of the \"Mr. Ass\" gimmick, in November 2021 Ring of Honor wrestler Danhausen began a Twitter feud with the Gunn Club, referring to Billy as \"Billy Ass,\" and Colten and Austin as The \"Ass Boys,\" in reference to Gunn's infamous \"Mr. Ass\" gimmick in the Attitude Era. While Gunn himself initially had no comment, the rest of Gunn Club despised the nickname after fans began chanting \"Ass Boys\" during their matches, notably during an AEW event at Chartway Arena in Norfolk, Virginia.", "While Gunn himself initially had no comment, the rest of Gunn Club despised the nickname after fans began chanting \"Ass Boys\" during their matches, notably during an AEW event at Chartway Arena in Norfolk, Virginia. Gunn finally commented when he surprised his sons by wearing an \"Ass Boys\" shirt, encouraging them to \"embrace the assness\" and even started teasing mooning the crowd again. Gunn also thanked Danhausen publicly for getting his sons over in a way that he couldn't.", "Gunn also thanked Danhausen publicly for getting his sons over in a way that he couldn't. Other media Filmography Video Games WWF Attitude WWF WrestleMania 2000 WWF SmackDown! WWF No Mercy WWF SmackDown! 2: Know Your Role WWF Road To WrestleMania WWF SmackDown! Just Bring It WWF Raw WWE SmackDown! Shut Your Mouth WWE Raw 2 WWE '13 WWE 2K16 WWE 2K17 Personal life Sopp was born on November 1, 1963 in Orlando, Florida and claims Austin, Texas as his hometown.", "Shut Your Mouth WWE Raw 2 WWE '13 WWE 2K16 WWE 2K17 Personal life Sopp was born on November 1, 1963 in Orlando, Florida and claims Austin, Texas as his hometown. In November 1990, Sopp was arrested in Florida for disorderly conduct. Sopp married his first wife Tina Tinnell on March 3, 1990. Together, they have two sons: Colten (born May 18, 1991) and Austin (born August 26, 1994) who are also professional wrestlers.", "Together, they have two sons: Colten (born May 18, 1991) and Austin (born August 26, 1994) who are also professional wrestlers. The couple separated in January 2000 and their divorce was finalized on December 11, 2002. Sopp has since married his long-time girlfriend Paula on January 24, 2009.", "Sopp has since married his long-time girlfriend Paula on January 24, 2009. Sopp's sons Austin and Colten, better known by the ring names Austin Gunn and Colten Gunn, are currently signed to All Elite Wrestling (AEW) where alongside their father they form a stable known as \"Gunn Club\". Sopp attended Sam Houston State University.", "Sopp attended Sam Houston State University. Sopp attended Sam Houston State University. Championships and accomplishments American Pro Wrestling Alliance APWA American Championship (1 time) Bad Boys of Wrestling Federation BBFW Aruba Championship (1 time) BBFW Aruba Championship Tournament (2012) International Wrestling Federation IWF Tag Team Championship (2 times) – with Brett Colt Freedom Pro Wrestling FPW Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Road Dogg Maryland Championship Wrestling MCW Rage Television Championship (1 time) MCW Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with B.G.", "Championships and accomplishments American Pro Wrestling Alliance APWA American Championship (1 time) Bad Boys of Wrestling Federation BBFW Aruba Championship (1 time) BBFW Aruba Championship Tournament (2012) International Wrestling Federation IWF Tag Team Championship (2 times) – with Brett Colt Freedom Pro Wrestling FPW Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Road Dogg Maryland Championship Wrestling MCW Rage Television Championship (1 time) MCW Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with B.G. James Pro Wrestling Illustrated Tag Team of the Year (1998) with Road Dogg Tag Team of the Year (2002) with Chuck Ranked #39 of the top 500 singles wrestlers in the PWI 500 in 1999 Ranked #231 of the top 500 singles wrestlers of the \"PWI Years\" in 2003 Ranked #43 of the top 100 tag teams of the \"PWI Years\" with Road Dogg in 2003 SmashMouth Pro Wrestling SPW World Heavyweight Championship (1 time) TWA Powerhouse TWA Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with B.G.", "James Pro Wrestling Illustrated Tag Team of the Year (1998) with Road Dogg Tag Team of the Year (2002) with Chuck Ranked #39 of the top 500 singles wrestlers in the PWI 500 in 1999 Ranked #231 of the top 500 singles wrestlers of the \"PWI Years\" in 2003 Ranked #43 of the top 100 tag teams of the \"PWI Years\" with Road Dogg in 2003 SmashMouth Pro Wrestling SPW World Heavyweight Championship (1 time) TWA Powerhouse TWA Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with B.G. James Vanguard Championship Wrestling VCW Heavyweight Championship (1 time) World Pro Wrestling WPW World Heavyweight Championship (1 time) Wrestling Observer Newsletter Worst Worked Match of the Year (2006) TNA Reverse Battle Royal on TNA Impact!", "James Vanguard Championship Wrestling VCW Heavyweight Championship (1 time) World Pro Wrestling WPW World Heavyweight Championship (1 time) Wrestling Observer Newsletter Worst Worked Match of the Year (2006) TNA Reverse Battle Royal on TNA Impact! WWE/World Wrestling Federation/Entertainment WWF Hardcore Championship (2 times) WWF Intercontinental Championship (1 time) WWE Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Road Dogg WWF World Tag Team Championship (10 times) – with Bart Gunn (3), Road Dogg (5) and Chuck (2) King of the Ring (1999) Raw Bowl – with Bart Gunn WWE Hall of Fame (Class of 2019) - as a member of D-Generation X References External links 1963 births All Elite Wrestling personnel American male professional wrestlers American powerlifters Bull riders D-Generation X members Expatriate professional wrestlers in Japan LGBT characters in professional wrestling Living people Professional wrestlers from Florida Professional wrestling trainers Sam Houston State University alumni Sportspeople from Orlando, Florida The Authority (professional wrestling) members WWE Hall of Fame inductees WWF/WWE Hardcore Champions WWF/WWE Intercontinental Champions WWF/WWE King Crown's Champions/King of the Ring winners American expatriate sportspeople in Japan" ]

[ "Hildegard of Bingen", "Music" ]

[ "\"That's What Little Girls Are Made Of\" is the debut mainstream single from Raven-Symoné featuring rapper Missy Elliott (credited as her full name \"Melissa Elliott\"), taken from her debut studio album, Here's to New Dreams. This is Symoné's highest chart appearance to date.\n\nThe song was written and produced by Missy Elliott, who performs a verse of scat singing and Jamaican-style toasting, but the music video featured a thinner light-skinned actress lip-syncing her part. On Behind the Music Elliott reveals that she was not informed of the video shoot and later told she \"didn't quite fit the image that we were looking for\" — later taking her revenge with an oversized garbage-bag costume in her groundbreaking 1997 video \"The Rain (Supa Dupa Fly).\" Despite the setback Elliott received by the music industry over not being in the video; Elliott and Symone have expressed on Twitter respect for each other which the latter expressed interest in another collaboration.\n\nTrack listing \n12\"\n\"That's What Little Girls Are Made Of\" — 3:15\n\nCassette\n\"That's What Little Girls Are Made Of\"— 3:15\n\nVinyl, 12\"\n\"That's What Little Girls Are Made Of\" (Extended Dub Remix) — 5:25\n\"That's What Little Girls Are Made Of\" (Bogle Mix) — 3:52\n\"That's What Little Girls Are Made Of\" (Raggamuffin Dub Semi-Instrumental) — 3:56\n\nCD Single, Vinyl, 12\", Promo\n\"That's What Little Girls Are Made Of\" (Album Version) — 5:25\n\"That's What Little Girls Are Made Of\" (Album Dub Version) — 3:52\n\"That's What Little Girls Are Made Of\" (Dub Remix Radio Edit) — 5:28\n\"That's What Little Girls Are Made Of\" (Boogie Mix) — 3:52\n\"That's What Little Girls Are Made Of\" (Extended Dub Instrumental) — 5:27\n\"That's What Little Girls Are Made Of\" (Raggamuffin Dub Semi-instrumental) — 3:56\n\nChart positions\n\nReferences \n\n1993 debut singles\nRaven-Symoné songs\nMissy Elliott songs\nSongs written by Missy Elliott\nSongs based on children's songs\n1992 songs\nMCA Records singles", "Evan Marshall is a virtuoso mandolinist, prominent as an arranger of classical music pieces for the mandolin and proponent of the duo style of playing. His name comes up in mandolin-oriented music circles as one of the best of modern mandolin players, one who has taken the techniques of early mandolin soloists to new levels. He is also a recording artist with Rounder Records and teaches mandolin. He has given classes for the Classical Mandolin Society of America, the Mandolin Symposium and the American Mandolin and Guitar Summer School, and has been associated with the Conservatory of Music at Biola University. As a performer, he has worked as a featured guest with several symphony orchestras, including the Houston Symphony, Phoenix Symphony, and Buffalo Philharmonic Orchestra. He is a former member of Billy Hill and the Hillbillies.\n\nEarly beginnings\nMarshall played the violin from the time he was 7-years old, playing classical. He was inspired by Chet Atkins and learned about bluegrass music after seeing Atkins play on television. He pursued bluegrass, joining a folk music club, and when he was 14 years old, discovered the mandolin, by way of a clubmember with a mandolin at home.\n\nDuo style\nMarshall plays with what he calls a \"musician's sleight of hand\", the duo style. Duo style is a technique in which the mandolin player plays both the melody line of music, as well as harmonic parts, sounding like more than one instrument. The technique was made famous by Giovanni Gioviale in the early 1900s. In the American tradition, the technique was used by early mandolin virtuosos Samuel Siegel, Valentine Abt and Seth Weeks in the late 19th and early 20th Centuries.\n\nWorks\nMarshall arranges music for the mandolin. Although he has been labeled a classical musician on the internet, his arrangements include American pop music, Beatles tunes and movie music.\n\nRecorded Music\n Mandolin Unlimited (1987) Rounder Records, produced by Mark O'Connor\n Mandolin Magic (1990) Rounder Records, produced and Engineered by David Grisman\n Evan Marshall is the Lone Arranger (1995) Rounder Records\n Billy Tell & Vanilla Schubert: Evan J. Marshall, Solo Mandolin (2005) EvanJMarshall.com \n A Mandolin for Christmas (2008) EvanJMarshall.com \n Mr. Solo Mandolin: Evan J. Marshall, Solo Mandolin (2008) EvanJMarshall.com \n Twin Mandolin Slingers with Brian Oberlin (2015) EvanJMarshall.com \n Mandolin Mystery Tour (2016) EvanJMarshall.com \n Beethoven Country with Estudiantina de San Gabriel (2016) EvanJMarshall.com\n\nInstructional works\n Duo-Style A to Z: A Comprehensive Method for Solo Mandolin in Duo-Style, from Entry Level to Artist Level\n\nSheet music\n Caprice # 1 for Solo Mandolin\n 1812 Fantasy, for Solo Mandolin in Duo-Style\n Joyful Variations on a Theme of Beethoven, for Solo Mandolin in Duo-Style\n Ave Maria, by Franz Schubert, arranged for Solo Mandolin in Duo-Style\n Pastorale, by G. F. Handel, arranged for Solo Mandolin in Duo-Style\n Maria, Mari!, by Eduardo DiCapua, arranged for Solo Mandolin in Duo-Style\n\nExternal links\nEvan's website:\n http://evanjmarshall.com/\n\nReferences\n\nAmerican mandolinists\nAmerican music arrangers\nAmerican music educators\nAmerican performance artists\nLiving people\nAmerican classical mandolinists\nClassical mandolinists\nYear of birth missing (living people)" ]

[ "Hildegard of Bingen (; ; ), also known as Saint Hildegard and the Sibyl of the Rhine, was a German Benedictine abbess and polymath active as a writer, composer, philosopher, mystic, visionary, and as a medical writer and practitioner during the High Middle Ages. She is one of the best-known composers of sacred monophony, as well as the most recorded in modern history. She has been considered by many in Europe to be the founder of scientific natural history in Germany.", "She has been considered by many in Europe to be the founder of scientific natural history in Germany. Hildegard's convent elected her as magistra (mother superior) in 1136. She founded the monasteries of Rupertsberg in 1150 and Eibingen in 1165. Hildegard wrote theological, botanical, and medicinal works, as well as letters, hymns and antiphons for the liturgy. Furthermore, she wrote poems, while supervising miniature illuminations in the Rupertsberg manuscript of her first work, Scivias.", "Furthermore, she wrote poems, while supervising miniature illuminations in the Rupertsberg manuscript of her first work, Scivias. There are more surviving chants by Hildegard than by any other composer from the entire Middle Ages, and she is one of the few known composers to have written both the music and the words. One of her works, the Ordo Virtutum, is an early example of liturgical drama and arguably the oldest surviving morality play. She is also noted for the invention of a constructed language known as Lingua Ignota.", "She is also noted for the invention of a constructed language known as Lingua Ignota. Although the history of her formal canonization is complicated, regional calendars of the Roman Catholic church have listed her as a saint for centuries. On 10 May 2012, Pope Benedict XVI extended the liturgical cult of Hildegard to the entire Catholic Church in a process known as \"equivalent canonization\".", "On 10 May 2012, Pope Benedict XVI extended the liturgical cult of Hildegard to the entire Catholic Church in a process known as \"equivalent canonization\". On 7 October 2012, he named her a Doctor of the Church, in recognition of \"her holiness of life and the originality of her teaching.\" Biography Hildegard was born around 1098, although the exact date is uncertain.", "Biography Hildegard was born around 1098, although the exact date is uncertain. Her parents were Mechtild of Merxheim-Nahet and Hildebert of Bermersheim, a family of the free lower nobility in the service of the Count Meginhard of Sponheim. Sickly from birth, Hildegard is traditionally considered their youngest and tenth child, although there are records of only seven older siblings. In her Vita, Hildegard states that from a very young age she had experienced visions.", "In her Vita, Hildegard states that from a very young age she had experienced visions. Spirituality From early childhood, long before she undertook her public mission or even her monastic vows, Hildegard's spiritual awareness was grounded in what she called the umbra viventis lucis, the reflection of the living Light.", "Spirituality From early childhood, long before she undertook her public mission or even her monastic vows, Hildegard's spiritual awareness was grounded in what she called the umbra viventis lucis, the reflection of the living Light. Her letter to Guibert of Gembloux, which she wrote at the age of seventy-seven, describes her experience of this light with admirable precision: From my early childhood, before my bones, nerves, and veins were fully strengthened, I have always seen this vision in my soul, even to the present time when I am more than seventy years old.", "Her letter to Guibert of Gembloux, which she wrote at the age of seventy-seven, describes her experience of this light with admirable precision: From my early childhood, before my bones, nerves, and veins were fully strengthened, I have always seen this vision in my soul, even to the present time when I am more than seventy years old. In this vision my soul, as God would have it, rises up high into the vault of heaven and into the changing sky and spreads itself out among different peoples, although they are far away from me in distant lands and places.", "In this vision my soul, as God would have it, rises up high into the vault of heaven and into the changing sky and spreads itself out among different peoples, although they are far away from me in distant lands and places. And because I see them this way in my soul, I observe them in accord with the shifting of clouds and other created things.", "And because I see them this way in my soul, I observe them in accord with the shifting of clouds and other created things. I do not hear them with my outward ears, nor do I perceive them by the thoughts of my own heart or by any combination of my five senses, but in my soul alone, while my outward eyes are open. So I have never fallen prey to ecstasy in the visions, but I see them wide awake, day and night.", "So I have never fallen prey to ecstasy in the visions, but I see them wide awake, day and night. And I am constantly fettered by sickness, and often in the grip of pain so intense that it threatens to kill me, but God has sustained me until now. The light which I see thus is not spatial, but it is far, far brighter than a cloud which carries the sun.", "The light which I see thus is not spatial, but it is far, far brighter than a cloud which carries the sun. I can measure neither height, nor length, nor breadth in it; and I call it \"the reflection of the living Light.\" And as the sun, the moon, and the stars appear in water, so writings, sermons, virtues, and certain human actions take form for me and gleam.", "And as the sun, the moon, and the stars appear in water, so writings, sermons, virtues, and certain human actions take form for me and gleam. Monastic life Perhaps because of Hildegard's visions, as a method of political positioning, or both, Hildegard's parents offered her as an oblate to the Benedictine monastery at Disibodenberg, which had been recently reformed in the Palatinate Forest. The date of Hildegard's enclosure at the monastery is the subject of debate.", "The date of Hildegard's enclosure at the monastery is the subject of debate. Her Vita says she was eight years old when she was professed with Jutta, who was the daughter of Count Stephan II of Sponheim and about six years older than Hildegard. However, Jutta's date of enclosure is known to have been in 1112, when Hildegard would have been fourteen. Their vows were received by Bishop Otto of Bamberg on All Saints Day 1112.", "Their vows were received by Bishop Otto of Bamberg on All Saints Day 1112. Some scholars speculate that Hildegard was placed in the care of Jutta at the age of eight, and that the two of them were then enclosed together six years later. In any case, Hildegard and Jutta were enclosed together at Disibodenberg and formed the core of a growing community of women attached to the monastery of monks. Jutta was also a visionary and thus attracted many followers who came to visit her at the monastery.", "Jutta was also a visionary and thus attracted many followers who came to visit her at the monastery. Hildegard tells us that Jutta taught her to read and write, but that she was unlearned and therefore, incapable of teaching Hildegard sound biblical interpretation. The written record of the Life of Jutta indicates that Hildegard probably assisted her in reciting the psalms, working in the garden, other handiwork, and tending to the sick. This might have been a time when Hildegard learned how to play the ten-stringed psaltery.", "This might have been a time when Hildegard learned how to play the ten-stringed psaltery. Volmar, a frequent visitor, may have taught Hildegard simple psalm notation. The time she studied music could have been the beginning of the compositions she would later create. Upon Jutta's death in 1136, Hildegard was unanimously elected as magistra of the community by her fellow nuns. Abbot Kuno of Disibodenberg asked Hildegard to be Prioress, which would be under his authority.", "Abbot Kuno of Disibodenberg asked Hildegard to be Prioress, which would be under his authority. Hildegard, however, wanted more independence for herself and her nuns and asked Abbot Kuno to allow them to move to Rupertsberg. This was to be a move toward poverty, from a stone complex that was well established to a temporary dwelling place. When the abbot declined Hildegard's proposition, Hildegard went over his head and received the approval of Archbishop Henry I of Mainz.", "When the abbot declined Hildegard's proposition, Hildegard went over his head and received the approval of Archbishop Henry I of Mainz. Abbot Kuno did not relent, however, until Hildegard was stricken by an illness that rendered her paralyzed and unable to move from her bed, an event that she attributed to God's unhappiness at her not following his orders to move her nuns to a new location in Rupertsberg. It was only when the Abbot himself could not move Hildegard that he decided to grant the nuns their own monastery.", "It was only when the Abbot himself could not move Hildegard that he decided to grant the nuns their own monastery. Hildegard and approximately twenty nuns thus moved to the St. Rupertsberg monastery in 1150, where Volmar served as provost, as well as Hildegard's confessor and scribe. In 1165, Hildegard founded a second monastery for her nuns at Eibingen. Before Hildegard's death in 1179, a problem arose with the clergy of Mainz. A man buried in Rupertsberg had died after excommunication from the Catholic Church.", "A man buried in Rupertsberg had died after excommunication from the Catholic Church. Therefore, the clergy wanted to remove his body from the sacred ground. Hildegard did not accept this idea, replying that it was a sin and that the man had been reconciled to the church at the time of his death. Visions Hildegard said that she first saw \"The Shade of the Living Light\" at the age of three, and by the age of five, she began to understand that she was experiencing visions.", "Visions Hildegard said that she first saw \"The Shade of the Living Light\" at the age of three, and by the age of five, she began to understand that she was experiencing visions. She used the term 'visio' (the Latin for \"vision\") to describe this feature of her experience and she recognized that it was a gift that she could not explain to others.", "She used the term 'visio' (the Latin for \"vision\") to describe this feature of her experience and she recognized that it was a gift that she could not explain to others. Hildegard explained that she saw all things in the light of God through the five senses: sight, hearing, taste, smell, and touch. Hildegard was hesitant to share her visions, confiding only to Jutta, who in turn told Volmar, Hildegard's tutor and, later, secretary.", "Hildegard was hesitant to share her visions, confiding only to Jutta, who in turn told Volmar, Hildegard's tutor and, later, secretary. Throughout her life, she continued to have many visions, and in 1141, at the age of 42, Hildegard received a vision she believed to be an instruction from God, to \"write down that which you see and hear.\" Still hesitant to record her visions, Hildegard became physically ill.", "Still hesitant to record her visions, Hildegard became physically ill. The illustrations recorded in the book of Scivias were visions that Hildegard experienced, causing her great suffering and tribulations.", "The illustrations recorded in the book of Scivias were visions that Hildegard experienced, causing her great suffering and tribulations. In her first theological text, Scivias (\"Know the Ways\"), Hildegard describes her struggle within: But I, though I saw and heard these things, refused to write for a long time through doubt and bad opinion and the diversity of human words, not with stubbornness but in the exercise of humility, until, laid low by the scourge of God, I fell upon a bed of sickness; then, compelled at last by many illnesses, and by the witness of a certain noble maiden of good conduct [the nun Richardis von Stade] and of that man whom I had secretly sought and found, as mentioned above, I set my hand to the writing.", "In her first theological text, Scivias (\"Know the Ways\"), Hildegard describes her struggle within: But I, though I saw and heard these things, refused to write for a long time through doubt and bad opinion and the diversity of human words, not with stubbornness but in the exercise of humility, until, laid low by the scourge of God, I fell upon a bed of sickness; then, compelled at last by many illnesses, and by the witness of a certain noble maiden of good conduct [the nun Richardis von Stade] and of that man whom I had secretly sought and found, as mentioned above, I set my hand to the writing. While I was doing it, I sensed, as I mentioned before, the deep profundity of scriptural exposition; and, raising myself from illness by the strength I received, I brought this work to a close – though just barely – in ten years.", "While I was doing it, I sensed, as I mentioned before, the deep profundity of scriptural exposition; and, raising myself from illness by the strength I received, I brought this work to a close – though just barely – in ten years. […] And I spoke and wrote these things not by the invention of my heart or that of any other person, but as by the secret mysteries of God I heard and received them in the heavenly places.", "[…] And I spoke and wrote these things not by the invention of my heart or that of any other person, but as by the secret mysteries of God I heard and received them in the heavenly places. And again I heard a voice from Heaven saying to me, 'Cry out, therefore, and write thus!' It was between November 1147 and February 1148 at the synod in Trier that Pope Eugenius heard about Hildegard's writings.", "It was between November 1147 and February 1148 at the synod in Trier that Pope Eugenius heard about Hildegard's writings. It was from this that she received Papal approval to document her visions as revelations from the Holy Spirit, giving her instant credence. On 17 September 1179, when Hildegard died, her sisters claimed they saw two streams of light appear in the skies and cross over the room where she was dying.", "On 17 September 1179, when Hildegard died, her sisters claimed they saw two streams of light appear in the skies and cross over the room where she was dying. Vita Sanctae Hildegardis Hildegard's hagiography, Vita Sanctae Hildegardis, was compiled by the monk Theoderic of Echternach after Hildegard's death. He included the hagiographical work Libellus or \"Little Book\" begun by Godfrey of Disibodenberg. Godfrey had died before he was able to complete his work.", "Godfrey had died before he was able to complete his work. Guibert of Gembloux was invited to finish the work; however, he had to return to his monastery with the project unfinished. Theoderic utilized sources Guibert had left behind to complete the Vita.", "Theoderic utilized sources Guibert had left behind to complete the Vita. Works Hildegard's works include three great volumes of visionary theology; a variety of musical compositions for use in the liturgy, as well as the musical morality play Ordo Virtutum; one of the largest bodies of letters (nearly 400) to survive from the Middle Ages, addressed to correspondents ranging from popes to emperors to abbots and abbesses, and including records of many of the sermons she preached in the 1160s and 1170s; two volumes of material on natural medicine and cures; an invented language called the Lingua ignota (\"unknown language\"); and various minor works, including a gospel commentary and two works of hagiography.", "Works Hildegard's works include three great volumes of visionary theology; a variety of musical compositions for use in the liturgy, as well as the musical morality play Ordo Virtutum; one of the largest bodies of letters (nearly 400) to survive from the Middle Ages, addressed to correspondents ranging from popes to emperors to abbots and abbesses, and including records of many of the sermons she preached in the 1160s and 1170s; two volumes of material on natural medicine and cures; an invented language called the Lingua ignota (\"unknown language\"); and various minor works, including a gospel commentary and two works of hagiography. Several manuscripts of her works were produced during her lifetime, including the illustrated Rupertsberg manuscript of her first major work, Scivias (lost since 1945); the Dendermonde Codex, which contains one version of her musical works; and the Ghent manuscript, which was the first fair-copy made for editing of her final theological work, the Liber Divinorum Operum.", "Several manuscripts of her works were produced during her lifetime, including the illustrated Rupertsberg manuscript of her first major work, Scivias (lost since 1945); the Dendermonde Codex, which contains one version of her musical works; and the Ghent manuscript, which was the first fair-copy made for editing of her final theological work, the Liber Divinorum Operum. At the end of her life, and probably under her initial guidance, all of her works were edited and gathered into the single Riesenkodex manuscript.", "At the end of her life, and probably under her initial guidance, all of her works were edited and gathered into the single Riesenkodex manuscript. Visionary theology Hildegard's most significant works were her three volumes of visionary theology: Scivias (\"Know the Ways\", composed 1142–1151), Liber Vitae Meritorum (\"Book of Life's Merits\" or \"Book of the Rewards of Life\", composed 1158–1163); and Liber Divinorum Operum (\"Book of Divine Works\", also known as De operatione Dei, \"On God's Activity\", begun around 1163 or 1164 and completed around 1172 or 1174).", "Visionary theology Hildegard's most significant works were her three volumes of visionary theology: Scivias (\"Know the Ways\", composed 1142–1151), Liber Vitae Meritorum (\"Book of Life's Merits\" or \"Book of the Rewards of Life\", composed 1158–1163); and Liber Divinorum Operum (\"Book of Divine Works\", also known as De operatione Dei, \"On God's Activity\", begun around 1163 or 1164 and completed around 1172 or 1174). In these volumes, the last of which was completed when she was well into her seventies, Hildegard first describes each vision, whose details are often strange and enigmatic, and then interprets their theological contents in the words of the \"voice of the Living Light.\"", "In these volumes, the last of which was completed when she was well into her seventies, Hildegard first describes each vision, whose details are often strange and enigmatic, and then interprets their theological contents in the words of the \"voice of the Living Light.\" Scivias With permission from Abbot Kuno of Disibodenberg, she began journaling visions she had (which is the basis for Scivias).", "Scivias With permission from Abbot Kuno of Disibodenberg, she began journaling visions she had (which is the basis for Scivias). Scivias is a contraction of Sci vias Domini (Know the Ways of the Lord), and it was Hildegard's first major visionary work, and one of the biggest milestones in her life. Perceiving a divine command to \"write down what you see and hear,\" Hildegard began to record and interpret her visionary experiences. In total, 26 visionary experiences were captured in this compilation.", "In total, 26 visionary experiences were captured in this compilation. Scivias is structured into three parts of unequal length. The first part (six visions) chronicles the order of God's creation: the Creation and Fall of Adam and Eve, the structure of the universe (famously described as the shape of an \"egg\"), the relationship between body and soul, God's relationship to his people through the Synagogue, and the choirs of angels.", "The first part (six visions) chronicles the order of God's creation: the Creation and Fall of Adam and Eve, the structure of the universe (famously described as the shape of an \"egg\"), the relationship between body and soul, God's relationship to his people through the Synagogue, and the choirs of angels. The second part (seven visions) describes the order of redemption: the coming of Christ the Redeemer, the Trinity, the church as the Bride of Christ and the Mother of the Faithful in baptism and confirmation, the orders of the church, Christ's sacrifice on the cross and the Eucharist, and the fight against the devil.", "The second part (seven visions) describes the order of redemption: the coming of Christ the Redeemer, the Trinity, the church as the Bride of Christ and the Mother of the Faithful in baptism and confirmation, the orders of the church, Christ's sacrifice on the cross and the Eucharist, and the fight against the devil. Finally, the third part (thirteen visions) recapitulates the history of salvation told in the first two parts, symbolized as a building adorned with various allegorical figures and virtues.", "Finally, the third part (thirteen visions) recapitulates the history of salvation told in the first two parts, symbolized as a building adorned with various allegorical figures and virtues. It concludes with the Symphony of Heaven, an early version of Hildegard's musical compositions. In early 1148, a commission was sent by the Pope to Disibodenberg to find out more about Hildegard and her writings. The commission found that the visions were authentic and returned to the Pope, with a portion of the Scivias.", "The commission found that the visions were authentic and returned to the Pope, with a portion of the Scivias. Portions of the uncompleted work were read aloud to Pope Eugenius III at the Synod of Trier in 1148, after which he sent Hildegard a letter with his blessing. This blessing was later construed as papal approval for all of Hildegard's wide-ranging theological activities.", "This blessing was later construed as papal approval for all of Hildegard's wide-ranging theological activities. Towards the end of her life, Hildegard commissioned a richly decorated manuscript of Scivias (the Rupertsberg Codex); although the original has been lost since its evacuation to Dresden for safekeeping in 1945, its images are preserved in a hand-painted facsimile from the 1920s.", "Towards the end of her life, Hildegard commissioned a richly decorated manuscript of Scivias (the Rupertsberg Codex); although the original has been lost since its evacuation to Dresden for safekeeping in 1945, its images are preserved in a hand-painted facsimile from the 1920s. Liber Vitae Meritorum In her second volume of visionary theology, composed between 1158 and 1163, after she had moved her community of nuns into independence at the Rupertsberg in Bingen, Hildegard tackled the moral life in the form of dramatic confrontations between the virtues and the vices.", "Liber Vitae Meritorum In her second volume of visionary theology, composed between 1158 and 1163, after she had moved her community of nuns into independence at the Rupertsberg in Bingen, Hildegard tackled the moral life in the form of dramatic confrontations between the virtues and the vices. She had already explored this area in her musical morality play, Ordo Virtutum, and the \"Book of the Rewards of Life\" takes up that play's characteristic themes.", "She had already explored this area in her musical morality play, Ordo Virtutum, and the \"Book of the Rewards of Life\" takes up that play's characteristic themes. Each vice, although ultimately depicted as ugly and grotesque, nevertheless offers alluring, seductive speeches that attempt to entice the unwary soul into their clutches. Standing in our defence, however, are the sober voices of the Virtues, powerfully confronting every vicious deception.", "Standing in our defence, however, are the sober voices of the Virtues, powerfully confronting every vicious deception. Amongst the work's innovations is one of the earliest descriptions of purgatory as the place where each soul would have to work off its debts after death before entering heaven. Hildegard's descriptions of the possible punishments there are often gruesome and grotesque, which emphasize the work's moral and pastoral purpose as a practical guide to the life of true penance and proper virtue.", "Hildegard's descriptions of the possible punishments there are often gruesome and grotesque, which emphasize the work's moral and pastoral purpose as a practical guide to the life of true penance and proper virtue. Liber Divinorum Operum Hildegard's last and grandest visionary work had its genesis in one of the few times she experienced something like an ecstatic loss of consciousness.", "Liber Divinorum Operum Hildegard's last and grandest visionary work had its genesis in one of the few times she experienced something like an ecstatic loss of consciousness. As she described it in an autobiographical passage included in her Vita, sometime in about 1163, she received \"an extraordinary mystical vision\" in which was revealed the \"sprinkling drops of sweet rain\" that John the Evangelist experienced when he wrote, \"In the beginning was the Word\" (John 1:1).", "As she described it in an autobiographical passage included in her Vita, sometime in about 1163, she received \"an extraordinary mystical vision\" in which was revealed the \"sprinkling drops of sweet rain\" that John the Evangelist experienced when he wrote, \"In the beginning was the Word\" (John 1:1). Hildegard perceived that this Word was the key to the \"Work of God\", of which humankind is the pinnacle.", "Hildegard perceived that this Word was the key to the \"Work of God\", of which humankind is the pinnacle. The Book of Divine Works, therefore, became in many ways an extended explication of the Prologue to John's Gospel. The ten visions of this work's three parts are cosmic in scale, to illustrate various ways of understanding the relationship between God and his creation. Often, that relationship is established by grand allegorical female figures representing Divine Love (Caritas) or Wisdom (Sapientia).", "Often, that relationship is established by grand allegorical female figures representing Divine Love (Caritas) or Wisdom (Sapientia). The first vision opens the work with a salvo of poetic and visionary images, swirling about to characterize God's dynamic activity within the scope of his work within the history of salvation. The remaining three visions of the first part introduce the famous image of a human being standing astride the spheres that make up the universe and detail the intricate relationships between the human as microcosm and the universe as macrocosm.", "The remaining three visions of the first part introduce the famous image of a human being standing astride the spheres that make up the universe and detail the intricate relationships between the human as microcosm and the universe as macrocosm. This culminates in the final chapter of Part One, Vision Four with Hildegard's commentary on the Prologue to John's Gospel (John 1:1–14), a direct rumination on the meaning of \"In the beginning was the Word\" The single vision that constitutes the whole of Part Two stretches that rumination back to the opening of Genesis, and forms an extended commentary on the seven days of the creation of the world told in Genesis 1–2:3.", "This culminates in the final chapter of Part One, Vision Four with Hildegard's commentary on the Prologue to John's Gospel (John 1:1–14), a direct rumination on the meaning of \"In the beginning was the Word\" The single vision that constitutes the whole of Part Two stretches that rumination back to the opening of Genesis, and forms an extended commentary on the seven days of the creation of the world told in Genesis 1–2:3. This commentary interprets each day of creation in three ways: literal or cosmological; allegorical or ecclesiological (i.e.", "This commentary interprets each day of creation in three ways: literal or cosmological; allegorical or ecclesiological (i.e. related to the church's history); and moral or tropological (i.e. related to the soul's growth in virtue). Finally, the five visions of the third part take up again the building imagery of Scivias to describe the course of salvation history.", "Finally, the five visions of the third part take up again the building imagery of Scivias to describe the course of salvation history. The final vision (3.5) contains Hildegard's longest and most detailed prophetic program of the life of the church from her own days of \"womanish weakness\" through to the coming and ultimate downfall of the Antichrist. Music Attention in recent decades to women of the medieval Catholic Church has led to a great deal of popular interest in Hildegard's music.", "Music Attention in recent decades to women of the medieval Catholic Church has led to a great deal of popular interest in Hildegard's music. In addition to the Ordo Virtutum, sixty-nine musical compositions, each with its own original poetic text, survive, and at least four other texts are known, though their musical notation has been lost. This is one of the largest repertoires among medieval composers. One of her better-known works, Ordo Virtutum (Play of the Virtues), is a morality play.", "One of her better-known works, Ordo Virtutum (Play of the Virtues), is a morality play. It is uncertain when some of Hildegard's compositions were composed, though the Ordo Virtutum is thought to have been composed as early as 1151. It is an independent Latin morality play with music (82 songs); it does not supplement or pay homage to the Mass or the Office of a certain feast. It is, in fact, the earliest known surviving musical drama that is not attached to a liturgy.", "It is, in fact, the earliest known surviving musical drama that is not attached to a liturgy. The Ordo virtutum would have been performed within Hildegard's monastery by and for her select community of noblewomen and nuns. It was probably performed as a manifestation of the theology Hildegard delineated in the Scivias. The play serves as an allegory of the Christian story of sin, confession, repentance, and forgiveness.", "The play serves as an allegory of the Christian story of sin, confession, repentance, and forgiveness. Notably, it is the female Virtues who restore the fallen to the community of the faithful, not the male Patriarchs or Prophets. This would have been a significant message to the nuns in Hildegard's convent. Scholars assert that the role of the Devil would have been played by Volmar, while Hildegard's nuns would have played the parts of Anima (the human souls) and the Virtues.", "Scholars assert that the role of the Devil would have been played by Volmar, while Hildegard's nuns would have played the parts of Anima (the human souls) and the Virtues. The devil's part is entirely spoken or shouted, with no musical setting. All other characters sing in monophonic plainchant. This includes Patriarchs, Prophets, A Happy Soul, A Unhappy Soul, and A Penitent Soul along with 16 female Virtues (including Mercy, Innocence, Chasity, Obedience, Hope, and Faith).", "This includes Patriarchs, Prophets, A Happy Soul, A Unhappy Soul, and A Penitent Soul along with 16 female Virtues (including Mercy, Innocence, Chasity, Obedience, Hope, and Faith). In addition to the Ordo Virtutum, Hildegard composed many liturgical songs that were collected into a cycle called the Symphonia armoniae celestium revelationum. The songs from the Symphonia are set to Hildegard's own text and range from antiphons, hymns, and sequences, to responsories.", "The songs from the Symphonia are set to Hildegard's own text and range from antiphons, hymns, and sequences, to responsories. Her music is monophonic, that is, consisting of exactly one melodic line. Its style has been said to be characterized by soaring melodies that can push the boundaries of traditional Gregorian chant and to stand outside the normal practices of monophonic monastic chant. Researchers are also exploring ways in which it may be viewed in comparison with her contemporaries, such as Hermannus Contractus.", "Researchers are also exploring ways in which it may be viewed in comparison with her contemporaries, such as Hermannus Contractus. Another feature of Hildegard's music that both reflects the twelfth-century evolution of chant, and pushes that evolution further, is that it is highly melismatic, often with recurrent melodic units. Scholars such as Margot Fassler, Marianne Richert Pfau, and Beverly Lomer also note the intimate relationship between music and text in Hildegard's compositions, whose rhetorical features are often more distinct than is common in twelfth-century chant.", "Scholars such as Margot Fassler, Marianne Richert Pfau, and Beverly Lomer also note the intimate relationship between music and text in Hildegard's compositions, whose rhetorical features are often more distinct than is common in twelfth-century chant. As with most medieval chant notation, Hildegard's music lacks any indication of tempo or rhythm; the surviving manuscripts employ late German style notation, which uses very ornamental neumes.", "As with most medieval chant notation, Hildegard's music lacks any indication of tempo or rhythm; the surviving manuscripts employ late German style notation, which uses very ornamental neumes. The reverence for the Virgin Mary reflected in music shows how deeply influenced and inspired Hildegard of Bingen and her community were by the Virgin Mary and the saints. Scientific and medicinal writings Hildegard's medicinal and scientific writings, although thematically complementary to her ideas about nature expressed in her visionary works, are different in focus and scope.", "Scientific and medicinal writings Hildegard's medicinal and scientific writings, although thematically complementary to her ideas about nature expressed in her visionary works, are different in focus and scope. Neither claim to be rooted in her visionary experience and its divine authority. Rather, they spring from her experience helping in and then leading the monastery's herbal garden and infirmary, as well as the theoretical information she likely gained through her wide-ranging reading in the monastery's library.", "Rather, they spring from her experience helping in and then leading the monastery's herbal garden and infirmary, as well as the theoretical information she likely gained through her wide-ranging reading in the monastery's library. As she gained practical skills in diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment, she combined physical treatment of physical diseases with holistic methods centered on \"spiritual healing\". She became well known for her healing powers involving the practical application of tinctures, herbs, and precious stones.", "She became well known for her healing powers involving the practical application of tinctures, herbs, and precious stones. She combined these elements with a theological notion ultimately derived from Genesis: all things put on earth are for the use of humans. In addition to her hands-on experience, she also gained medical knowledge, including elements of her humoral theory, from traditional Latin texts. Hildegard catalogued both her theory and practice in two works.", "Hildegard catalogued both her theory and practice in two works. The first, Physica, contains nine books that describe the scientific and medicinal properties of various plants, stones, fish, reptiles, and animals. This document is also thought to contain the first recorded reference of the use of hops in beer as a preservative. The second, Causae et Curae, is an exploration of the human body, its connections to the rest of the natural world, and the causes and cures of various diseases.", "The second, Causae et Curae, is an exploration of the human body, its connections to the rest of the natural world, and the causes and cures of various diseases. Hildegard documented various medical practices in these books, including the use of bleeding and home remedies for many common ailments. She also explains remedies for common agricultural injuries such as burns, fractures, dislocations, and cuts. Hildegard may have used the books to teach assistants at the monastery.", "Hildegard may have used the books to teach assistants at the monastery. These books are historically significant because they show areas of medieval medicine that were not well documented because their practitioners, mainly women, rarely wrote in Latin. Her writings were commentated on by Mélanie Lipinska, a Polish scientist. In addition to its wealth of practical evidence, Causae et Curae is also noteworthy for its organizational scheme.", "In addition to its wealth of practical evidence, Causae et Curae is also noteworthy for its organizational scheme. Its first part sets the work within the context of the creation of the cosmos and then humanity as its summit, and the constant interplay of the human person as microcosm both physically and spiritually with the macrocosm of the universe informs all of Hildegard's approach. Her hallmark is to emphasize the vital connection between the \"green\" health of the natural world and the holistic health of the human person.", "Her hallmark is to emphasize the vital connection between the \"green\" health of the natural world and the holistic health of the human person. Viriditas, or greening power, was thought to sustain human beings and could be manipulated by adjusting the balance of elements within a person. Thus, when she approached medicine as a type of gardening, it was not just as an analogy.", "Thus, when she approached medicine as a type of gardening, it was not just as an analogy. Rather, Hildegard understood the plants and elements of the garden as direct counterparts to the humors and elements within the human body, whose imbalance led to illness and disease. Thus, the nearly three hundred chapters of the second book of Causae et Curae \"explore the etiology, or causes, of disease as well as human sexuality, psychology, and physiology.\"", "Thus, the nearly three hundred chapters of the second book of Causae et Curae \"explore the etiology, or causes, of disease as well as human sexuality, psychology, and physiology.\" In this section, she gives specific instructions for bleeding based on various factors, including gender, the phase of the moon (bleeding is best done when the moon is waning), the place of disease (use veins near diseased organ or body part) or prevention (big veins in arms), and how much blood to take (described in imprecise measurements, like \"the amount that a thirsty person can swallow in one gulp\").", "In this section, she gives specific instructions for bleeding based on various factors, including gender, the phase of the moon (bleeding is best done when the moon is waning), the place of disease (use veins near diseased organ or body part) or prevention (big veins in arms), and how much blood to take (described in imprecise measurements, like \"the amount that a thirsty person can swallow in one gulp\"). She even includes bleeding instructions for animals to keep them healthy.", "She even includes bleeding instructions for animals to keep them healthy. In the third and fourth sections, Hildegard describes treatments for malignant and minor problems and diseases according to the humoral theory, again including information on animal health. The fifth section is about diagnosis and prognosis, which includes instructions to check the patient's blood, pulse, urine, and stool.", "The fifth section is about diagnosis and prognosis, which includes instructions to check the patient's blood, pulse, urine, and stool. Finally, the sixth section documents a lunar horoscope to provide an additional means of prognosis for both disease and other medical conditions, such as conception and the outcome of pregnancy. For example, she indicates that a waxing moon is good for human conception and is also good for sowing seeds for plants (sowing seeds is the plant equivalent of conception).", "For example, she indicates that a waxing moon is good for human conception and is also good for sowing seeds for plants (sowing seeds is the plant equivalent of conception). Elsewhere, Hildegard is even said to have stressed the value of boiling drinking water in an attempt to prevent infection.", "Elsewhere, Hildegard is even said to have stressed the value of boiling drinking water in an attempt to prevent infection. As Hildegard elaborates the medical and scientific relationship between the human microcosm and the macrocosm of the universe, she often focuses on interrelated patterns of four: \"the four elements (fire, air, water, and earth), the four seasons, the four humors, the four zones of the earth, and the four major winds.\"", "As Hildegard elaborates the medical and scientific relationship between the human microcosm and the macrocosm of the universe, she often focuses on interrelated patterns of four: \"the four elements (fire, air, water, and earth), the four seasons, the four humors, the four zones of the earth, and the four major winds.\" Although she inherited the basic framework of humoral theory from ancient medicine, Hildegard's conception of the hierarchical inter-balance of the four humors (blood, phlegm, black bile, and yellow bile) was unique, based on their correspondence to \"superior\" and \"inferior\" elements – blood and phlegm corresponding to the \"celestial\" elements of fire and air, and the two biles corresponding to the \"terrestrial\" elements of water and earth.", "Although she inherited the basic framework of humoral theory from ancient medicine, Hildegard's conception of the hierarchical inter-balance of the four humors (blood, phlegm, black bile, and yellow bile) was unique, based on their correspondence to \"superior\" and \"inferior\" elements – blood and phlegm corresponding to the \"celestial\" elements of fire and air, and the two biles corresponding to the \"terrestrial\" elements of water and earth. Hildegard understood the disease-causing imbalance of these humors to result from the improper dominance of the subordinate humors.", "Hildegard understood the disease-causing imbalance of these humors to result from the improper dominance of the subordinate humors. This disharmony reflects that introduced by Adam and Eve in the Fall, which for Hildegard marked the indelible entrance of disease and humoral imbalance into humankind. As she writes in Causae et Curae c. 42: It happens that certain men suffer diverse illnesses. This comes from the phlegm which is superabundant within them.", "This comes from the phlegm which is superabundant within them. For if man had remained in paradise, he would not have had the flegmata within his body, from which many evils proceed, but his flesh would have been whole and without dark humor [livor]. However, because he consented to evil and relinquished good, he was made into a likeness of the earth, which produces good and useful herbs, as well as bad and useless ones, and which has in itself both good and evil moistures.", "However, because he consented to evil and relinquished good, he was made into a likeness of the earth, which produces good and useful herbs, as well as bad and useless ones, and which has in itself both good and evil moistures. From tasting evil, the blood of the sons of Adam was turned into the poison of semen, out of which the sons of man are begotten. And therefore their flesh is ulcerated and permeable [to disease].", "And therefore their flesh is ulcerated and permeable [to disease]. These sores and openings create a certain storm and smoky moisture in men, from which the flegmata arise and coagulate, which then introduce diverse infirmities to the human body.", "These sores and openings create a certain storm and smoky moisture in men, from which the flegmata arise and coagulate, which then introduce diverse infirmities to the human body. All this arose from the first evil, which man began at the start, because if Adam had remained in paradise, he would have had the sweetest health, and the best dwelling-place, just as the strongest balsam emits the best odor; but on the contrary, man now has within himself poison and phlegm and diverse illnesses.", "All this arose from the first evil, which man began at the start, because if Adam had remained in paradise, he would have had the sweetest health, and the best dwelling-place, just as the strongest balsam emits the best odor; but on the contrary, man now has within himself poison and phlegm and diverse illnesses. Lingua ignota and Litterae ignotae Hildegard also invented an alternative alphabet.", "Lingua ignota and Litterae ignotae Hildegard also invented an alternative alphabet. Litterae ignotae (Alternate Alphabet) was another work and was more or less a secret code, or even an intellectual code – much like a modern crossword puzzle today. Hildegard's Lingua ignota (Unknown Language) consisted of a series of invented words that corresponded to an eclectic list of nouns. The list is approximately 1000 nouns; there are no other parts of speech.", "The list is approximately 1000 nouns; there are no other parts of speech. The two most important sources for the Lingua ignota are the Wiesbaden, Hessische Landesbibliothek 2 (nicknamed the Riesenkodex) and the Berlin MS. In both manuscripts, medieval German and Latin glosses are written above Hildegard's invented words. The Berlin MS contains additional Latin and German glosses not found in the Riesenkodex.", "The Berlin MS contains additional Latin and German glosses not found in the Riesenkodex. The first two words of the Lingua as copied in the Berlin MS are: Aigonz (German, goth; Latin, deus; [English God]) and Aleganz (German engel; Latin angelus; [English angel]).Barbara Newman believes that Hildegard used her Lingua Ignota to increase solidarity among her nuns. Sarah Higley disagrees and notes that there is no evidence of Hildegard teaching the language to her nuns.", "Sarah Higley disagrees and notes that there is no evidence of Hildegard teaching the language to her nuns. She suggests that the language was not intended to remain a secret; rather, the presence of words for mundane things may indicate that the language was for the whole abbey and perhaps the larger monastic world. Higley believes that \"the Lingua is a linguistic distillation of the philosophy expressed in her three prophetic books: it represents the cosmos of divine and human creation and the sins that flesh is heir to.\"", "Higley believes that \"the Lingua is a linguistic distillation of the philosophy expressed in her three prophetic books: it represents the cosmos of divine and human creation and the sins that flesh is heir to.\" The text of her writing and compositions reveals Hildegard's use of this form of modified medieval Latin, encompassing many invented, conflated, and abridged words. Because of her inventions of words for her lyrics and use of a constructed script, many conlangers look upon her as a medieval precursor.", "Because of her inventions of words for her lyrics and use of a constructed script, many conlangers look upon her as a medieval precursor. Significance During her lifetime Maddocks claims that it is likely Hildegard learned simple Latin and the tenets of the Christian faith, but was not instructed in the Seven Liberal Arts, which formed the basis of all education for the learned classes in the Middle Ages: the Trivium of grammar, dialectic, and rhetoric plus the Quadrivium of arithmetic, geometry, astronomy, and music.", "Significance During her lifetime Maddocks claims that it is likely Hildegard learned simple Latin and the tenets of the Christian faith, but was not instructed in the Seven Liberal Arts, which formed the basis of all education for the learned classes in the Middle Ages: the Trivium of grammar, dialectic, and rhetoric plus the Quadrivium of arithmetic, geometry, astronomy, and music. The correspondence she kept with the outside world, both spiritual and social, transcended the cloister as a space of spiritual confinement and served to document Hildegard's grand style and strict formatting of medieval letter writing.For cloister as confinement see \"Female\" section of \"Cloister\" in Catholic Encyclopedia.", "The correspondence she kept with the outside world, both spiritual and social, transcended the cloister as a space of spiritual confinement and served to document Hildegard's grand style and strict formatting of medieval letter writing.For cloister as confinement see \"Female\" section of \"Cloister\" in Catholic Encyclopedia. Contributing to Christian European rhetorical traditions, Hildegard \"authorized herself as a theologian\" through alternative rhetorical arts. Hildegard was creative in her interpretation of theology.", "Hildegard was creative in her interpretation of theology. Hildegard was creative in her interpretation of theology. She believed that her monastery should exclude novices who were not from the nobility because she did not want her community to be divided on the basis of social status. She also stated that \"woman may be made from man, but no man can be made without a woman.\" Because of church limitation on public, discursive rhetoric, the medieval rhetorical arts included preaching, letter writing, poetry, and the encyclopedic tradition.", "Because of church limitation on public, discursive rhetoric, the medieval rhetorical arts included preaching, letter writing, poetry, and the encyclopedic tradition. Hildegard's participation in these arts speaks to her significance as a female rhetorician, transcending bans on women's social participation and interpretation of scripture. The acceptance of public preaching by a woman, even a well-connected abbess and acknowledged prophet, does not fit the stereotype of this time. Her preaching was not limited to the monasteries; she preached publicly in 1160 in Germany.", "Her preaching was not limited to the monasteries; she preached publicly in 1160 in Germany. (New York: Routledge, 2001, 9). She conducted four preaching tours throughout Germany, speaking to both clergy and laity in chapter houses and in public, mainly denouncing clerical corruption and calling for reform. Many abbots and abbesses asked her for prayers and opinions on various matters. She traveled widely during her four preaching tours.", "She traveled widely during her four preaching tours. She traveled widely during her four preaching tours. She had several devoted followers, including Guibert of Gembloux, who wrote to her frequently and became her secretary after Volmar's death in 1173. Hildegard also influenced several monastic women, exchanging letters with Elisabeth of Schönau, a nearby visionary.", "Hildegard also influenced several monastic women, exchanging letters with Elisabeth of Schönau, a nearby visionary. Hildegard corresponded with popes such as Eugene III and Anastasius IV, statesmen such as Abbot Suger, German emperors such as Frederick I Barbarossa, and other notable figures such as Bernard of Clairvaux, who advanced her work, at the behest of her abbot, Kuno, at the Synod of Trier in 1147 and 1148. Hildegard of Bingen's correspondence is an important component of her literary output.", "Hildegard of Bingen's correspondence is an important component of her literary output. Veneration Hildegard was one of the first persons for whom the Roman canonization process was officially applied, but the process took so long that four attempts at canonization were not completed and she remained at the level of her beatification. Her name was nonetheless taken up in the Roman Martyrology at the end of the 16th century. Her feast is 17 September. Numerous popes have referred to Hildegard as a saint, including Pope John Paul II and Pope Benedict XVI.", "Numerous popes have referred to Hildegard as a saint, including Pope John Paul II and Pope Benedict XVI. Hildegard's parish and pilgrimage church in Eibingen near Rüdesheim houses her relics. On 10 May 2012, Pope Benedict XVI extended the veneration of Saint Hildegard to the entire Catholic Church in a process known as \"equivalent canonization,\" thus laying the groundwork for naming her a Doctor of the Church. On 7 October 2012, the feast of the Holy Rosary, the pope named her a Doctor of the Church.", "On 7 October 2012, the feast of the Holy Rosary, the pope named her a Doctor of the Church. He called Hildegard \"perennially relevant\" and \"an authentic teacher of theology and a profound scholar of natural science and music.\" Hildegard of Bingen also appears in the calendar of saints of various Anglican churches, such as that of the Church of England, in which she is commemorated on 17 September. Modern interest In recent years, Hildegard has become of particular interest to feminist scholars.", "Modern interest In recent years, Hildegard has become of particular interest to feminist scholars. They note her reference to herself as a member of the weaker sex and her rather constant belittling of women. Hildegard frequently referred to herself as an unlearned woman, completely incapable of Biblical exegesis.", "Hildegard frequently referred to herself as an unlearned woman, completely incapable of Biblical exegesis. Such a statement on her part, however, worked slyly to her advantage because it made her statements that all of her writings and music came from visions of the Divine more believable, therefore giving Hildegard the authority to speak in a time and place where few women were permitted a voice. Hildegard used her voice to amplify the church's condemnation of institutional corruption, in particular simony.", "Hildegard used her voice to amplify the church's condemnation of institutional corruption, in particular simony. Hildegard has also become a figure of reverence within the contemporary New Age movement, mostly because of her holistic and natural view of healing, as well as her status as a mystic.", "Hildegard has also become a figure of reverence within the contemporary New Age movement, mostly because of her holistic and natural view of healing, as well as her status as a mystic. Although her medical writings were long neglected and then, studied without reference to their context, she was the inspiration for Dr. Gottfried Hertzka's \"Hildegard-Medicine\", and is the namesake for June Boyce-Tillman's Hildegard Network, a healing center that focuses on a holistic approach to wellness and brings together people interested in exploring the links between spirituality, the arts, and healing.", "Although her medical writings were long neglected and then, studied without reference to their context, she was the inspiration for Dr. Gottfried Hertzka's \"Hildegard-Medicine\", and is the namesake for June Boyce-Tillman's Hildegard Network, a healing center that focuses on a holistic approach to wellness and brings together people interested in exploring the links between spirituality, the arts, and healing. Her reputation as a medicinal writer and healer was also used by early feminists to argue for women's rights to attend medical schools.", "Her reputation as a medicinal writer and healer was also used by early feminists to argue for women's rights to attend medical schools. Reincarnation of Hildegard has been debated since 1924 when Austrian mystic Rudolf Steiner lectured that a nun of her description was the past life of Russian poet-philosopher Vladimir Soloviev, whose visions of Holy Wisdom are often compared to Hildegard's.", "Reincarnation of Hildegard has been debated since 1924 when Austrian mystic Rudolf Steiner lectured that a nun of her description was the past life of Russian poet-philosopher Vladimir Soloviev, whose visions of Holy Wisdom are often compared to Hildegard's. Sophiologist Robert Powell writes that hermetic astrology proves the match, while mystical communities in Hildegard's lineage include that of artist Carl Schroeder as studied by Columbia sociologist Courtney Bender and supported by reincarnation researchers Walter Semkiw and Kevin Ryerson. Recordings and performances of Hildegard's music have gained critical praise and popularity since 1979.", "Recordings and performances of Hildegard's music have gained critical praise and popularity since 1979. There is an extensive discography of her musical works. The following modern musical works are directly linked to Hildegard and her music or texts: : Hildegard von Bingen, a liturgical play with texts and music by Hildegard of Bingen, 1998. Cecilia McDowall: Alma Redemptoris Mater.", "Cecilia McDowall: Alma Redemptoris Mater. Cecilia McDowall: Alma Redemptoris Mater. Christopher Theofanidis: Rainbow Body, for orchestra (2000) David Lynch with Jocelyn Montgomery: Lux Vivens (Living Light): The Music of Hildegard Von Bingen, 1998 Devendra Banhart: Für Hildegard von Bingen, single from the 2013 album Mala Gordon Hamilton: The Trillion Souls quotes Hildegard's O Ignee Spiritus Ludger Stühlmeyer: O splendidissima gemma. 2012. For alto solo and organ, text: Hildegard of Bingen.", "For alto solo and organ, text: Hildegard of Bingen. Commissioned composition for the declaration of Hildegard of Bingen as Doctor of the Church.", "Commissioned composition for the declaration of Hildegard of Bingen as Doctor of the Church. Peter Janssens: Hildegard von Bingen, a musical in 10 scenes, text: Jutta Richter, 1997 Sofia Gubaidulina: Aus den Visionen der Hildegard von Bingen, for contra alto solo, after a text of Hildegard of Bingen, 1994 Tilo Medek: Monatsbilder (nach Hildegard von Bingen), twelve songs for mezzo-soprano, clarinet and piano, 1997 Wolfgang Sauseng: De visione secunda for double choir and percussion, 2011 The artwork The Dinner Party features a place setting for Hildegard.", "Peter Janssens: Hildegard von Bingen, a musical in 10 scenes, text: Jutta Richter, 1997 Sofia Gubaidulina: Aus den Visionen der Hildegard von Bingen, for contra alto solo, after a text of Hildegard of Bingen, 1994 Tilo Medek: Monatsbilder (nach Hildegard von Bingen), twelve songs for mezzo-soprano, clarinet and piano, 1997 Wolfgang Sauseng: De visione secunda for double choir and percussion, 2011 The artwork The Dinner Party features a place setting for Hildegard. In space, the minor planet 898 Hildegard is named for her.", "In space, the minor planet 898 Hildegard is named for her. In film, Hildegard has been portrayed by Patricia Routledge in a BBC documentary called Hildegard of Bingen (1994), by Ángela Molina in Barbarossa (2009) and by Barbara Sukowa in the film Vision, directed by Margarethe von Trotta. Hildegard was the subject of a 2012 fictionalized biographic novel Illuminations by Mary Sharatt. The plant genus Hildegardia is named after her because of her contributions to herbal medicine.", "The plant genus Hildegardia is named after her because of her contributions to herbal medicine. Hildegard makes an appearance in The Baby-Sitters Club #101: Claudia Kishi, Middle School Drop-Out by Ann M. Martin, when Anna Stevenson dresses as Hildegard for Halloween. A feature documentary film, The Unruly Mystic: Saint Hildegard, was released by American director Michael M. Conti in 2014. The off-Broadway musical In the Green, written by Grace McLean, followed Hildegard's story.", "The off-Broadway musical In the Green, written by Grace McLean, followed Hildegard's story. In his book, The Man Who Mistook His Wife for a Hat, neurologist Oliver Sacks devotes a chapter to Hildegard and concludes that in his opinion her visions were migrainous. See also Discography of Hildegard of Bingen Timeline of women in science Notes References Bibliography Primary sources (in translation) Causae et Curae (Holistic Healing). Trans. by Manfred Pawlik and Patrick Madigan. Edited by Mary Palmquist and John Kulas.", "Edited by Mary Palmquist and John Kulas. Edited by Mary Palmquist and John Kulas. Collegeville, MN: Liturgical Press, Inc., 1994. Causes and Cures of Hildegard of Bingen. Trans. by Priscilla Throop. Charlotte, VT: MedievalMS, 2006, 2008. Homilies on the Gospels. Trans. by Beverly Mayne Kienzle. Trappist, KY: Cistercian Publications, 2011. Physica. Trans. Priscilla Throop. Rochester Vermont: Healing Arts Press, 1998. Scivias. Trans. by Columba Hart and Jane Bishop.", "Scivias. Trans. by Columba Hart and Jane Bishop. by Columba Hart and Jane Bishop. Introduction by Barbara J. Newman. Preface by Caroline Walker Bynum. New York: Paulist Press, 1990. Solutions to Thirty-Eight Questions. Trans. Beverly Mayne Kienzle, with Jenny C. Bledsoe and Stephen H. Behnke. Collegeville, MN: Cistercian Publications / Liturgical Press, 2014. Symphonia: A Critical Edition of the Symphonia Armonie Celestium Revelationum (Symphony of the Harmony of Celestial Revelations), ed. and trans. Barbara Newman.", "and trans. Barbara Newman. Barbara Newman. Cornell Univ. Press, 1988/1998. The Book of the Rewards of Life. Trans. Bruce Hozeski. New York : Oxford University Press, 1997. The Letters of Hildegard of Bingen. Trans. by Joseph L. Baird and Radd K. Ehrman. 3 vols. New York: Oxford University Press, 1994/1998/2004. Three Lives and a Rule: the Lives of Hildegard, Disibod, Rupert, with Hildegard's Explanation of the Rule of St. Benedict. Trans. by Priscilla Throop.", "Trans. by Priscilla Throop. by Priscilla Throop. Charlotte, VT: MedievalMS, 2010. Two Hagiographies: Vita sancti Rupperti confessoris. Vita sancti Dysibodi episcopi. Intro. and trans. Hugh Feiss, O.S.B. ; ed. Christopher P. Evans. Paris, Leuven, Walpole, MA: Peeters, 2010. Hildegard of Bingen. The Book of Divine Works. Trans. by Nathaniel M. Campbell. Washington, D.C.: The Catholic University of America Press, 2018. Sarah L. Higley.", "Sarah L. Higley. Sarah L. Higley. Hildegard of Bingen's Unknown Language: An Edition, Translation, and Discussion New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007. Silvas, Anna. Jutta and Hildegard: The Biographical Sources. University Park, PA: The Pennsylvania State University Press, 1998.", "University Park, PA: The Pennsylvania State University Press, 1998. Secondary sources \"Un lexique trilingue du XIIe siècle : la lingua ignota de Hildegarde de Bingen\", dans Lexiques bilingues dans les domaines philosophique et scientifique (Moyen Âge-Renaissance), Actes du colloque international organisé par l'Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes-IVe Section et l'Institut Supérieur de Philosophie de l'Université Catholique de Louvain, Paris, 12–14 juin 1997, éd. J. Hamesse, D. Jacquart, Turnhout, Brepols, 2001, p. 89–111.", "J. Hamesse, D. Jacquart, Turnhout, Brepols, 2001, p. 89–111. \"'Sibyl of the Rhine': Hildegard's Life and Times.\" Voice of the Living Light: Hildegard of Bingen and Her World. Edited by Barbara Newman. Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press, 1998. \"Hildegard of Bingen: Visions and Validation.\" Church History 54 (1985): 163–75. \"Un témoin supplémentaire du rayonnement de sainte Radegonde au Moyen Age ?", "\"Un témoin supplémentaire du rayonnement de sainte Radegonde au Moyen Age ? La Vita domnae Juttae (XIIe siècle)\", Bulletin de la société des Antiquaires de l'Ouest, 5e série, t. XV, 3e et 4e trimestres 2001, pp. 181–97. Die Gesänge der Hildegard von Bingen. Eine musikologische, theologische und kulturhistorische Untersuchung. Olms, Hildesheim 2003, . Hildegard von Bingen. Leben – Werk – Verehrung. Topos plus Verlagsgemeinschaft, Kevelaer 2014, . Sister of Wisdom: St. Hildegard's Theology of the Feminine.", "Sister of Wisdom: St. Hildegard's Theology of the Feminine. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1987. Tugenden und Laster. Wegweisung im Dialog mit Hildegard von Bingen. Beuroner Kunstverlag, Beuron 2012, . Wege in sein Licht. Eine spirituelle Biografie über Hildegard von Bingen. Beuroner Kunstverlag, Beuron 2013, . Bennett, Judith M. and C. Warren Hollister. Medieval Europe: A Short History. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2006. 289, 317. Boyce-Tillman, June.", "New York: McGraw-Hill, 2006. 289, 317. Boyce-Tillman, June. Boyce-Tillman, June. \"Hildegard of Bingen at 900: The Eye of a Woman.\" The Musical Times 139, no. 1865 (Winter, 1998): 31–36. Butcher, Carmen Acevedo. Hildegard of Bingen: A Spiritual Reader. Massachusetts: Paraclete Press, 2007. Davidson, Audrey Ekdahl. \"Music and Performance: Hildegard of Bingen's Ordo Virtutum.\" The Ordo Virtutum of Hildegard of Bingen: Critical Studies.", "The Ordo Virtutum of Hildegard of Bingen: Critical Studies. Kalamazoo, MI: Western Michigan University, 1992. Dietrich, Julia. \"The Visionary Rhetoric of Hildegard of Bingen.\" Listening to Their Voices: The Rhetorical Activities of Historic Women. Ed. Molly Meijer Wertheimer. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1997. 202–14. Fassler, Margot. \"Composer and Dramatist: 'Melodious Singing and the Freshness of Remorse.'\" Voice of the Living Light: Hildegard of Bingen and Her World.", "Voice of the Living Light: Hildegard of Bingen and Her World. Edited by Barbara Newman. Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press, 1998. Flanagan, Sabina. Hildegard of Bingen, 1098–1179: A Visionary Life. London: Routledge, 1989. Fox, Matthew. Illuminations of Hildegard of Bingen. New Mexico: Bear and Company, 1985. Furlong, Monica. Visions and Longings: Medieval Women Mystics. Massachusetts: Shambhala Publications, 1996. Glaze, Florence Eliza.", "Massachusetts: Shambhala Publications, 1996. Glaze, Florence Eliza. Glaze, Florence Eliza. \"Medical Writer: 'Behold the Human Creature.'\" Voice of the Living Light: Hildegard of Bingen and Her World. Edited by Barbara Newman. Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press, 1998. Holsinger, Bruce. Music, Body, and Desire In Medieval Culture. California: Stanford University Press, 2001. Kienzle, Beverly, George Ferzoco, & Debra Stoudt.", "Kienzle, Beverly, George Ferzoco, & Debra Stoudt. A Companion to Hildegard of Bingen. Brill's companions to the Christian tradition. Leiden: Brill, 2013. Notes on Hildegard's \"Unknown\" Language and Writing. King-Lenzmeier, Anne. Hildegard of Bingen: an integrated version. Minnesota: The Liturgical Press, 2001. Maddocks, Fiona. Hildegard of Bingen: The Woman of Her Age. New York: Doubleday, 2001. Madigan, Shawn.", "New York: Doubleday, 2001. Madigan, Shawn. Madigan, Shawn. Mystics, Visionaries and Prophets: A Historical Anthology of Women's Spiritual Writings. Minnesota: Augsburg Fortress, 1998. McGrade, Michael. \"Hildegard von Bingen.\" Die Musik in Geschichte und Gegenwart: allgemeine Enzyklopaldie der Musik, 2nd edition, T. 2, Volume 8. Edited by Ludwig Fischer. Kassel, New York: Bahrenreiter, 1994. Moulinier, Laurence, Le manuscrit perdu à Strasbourg.", "Moulinier, Laurence, Le manuscrit perdu à Strasbourg. Moulinier, Laurence, Le manuscrit perdu à Strasbourg. Enquête sur l'œuvre scientifique de Hildegarde, Paris/Saint-Denis, Publications de la Sorbonne-Presses Universitaires de Vincennes, 1995, 286 p. Newman, Barbara. Voice of the Living Light. California: University of California Press, 1998. Richert-Pfau, Marianne and Stefan Morent. Hildegard von Bingen: Klang des Himmels. Koeln: Boehlau Verlag, 2005. Richert-Pfau, Marianne. \"Mode and Melody Types in Hildegard von Bingen's Symphonia.\"", "\"Mode and Melody Types in Hildegard von Bingen's Symphonia.\" Sonus 11 (1990): 53–71. Salvadori, Sara. Hildegard von Bingen. A Journey into the Images. Milan: Skira, 2019. Schipperges, Heinrich. Hildegard of Bingen: healing and the nature of the cosmos. New Jersey: Markus Wiener Publishers, 1997. Stühlmeyer, Barbara. Die Kompositionen der Hildegard von Bingen. Ein Forschungsbericht. In: Beiträge zur Gregorianik. 22. ConBrio Verlagsgesellschaft, Regensburg 1996, , S. 74–85.", "ConBrio Verlagsgesellschaft, Regensburg 1996, , S. 74–85. ConBrio Verlagsgesellschaft, Regensburg 1996, , S. 74–85. The Life and Works of Hildegard von Bingen. Internet. Available from Internet History Sourcebooks Project; accessed 14 November 2009. Tillman, June-Boyce. \"Hildegard of Bingen at 900: The Eye of a Woman\". The Musical Times 139, no. 1865 (Winter, 1998): 31–36. Underhill, Evelyn. Mystics of the Church. Pennsylvania: Morehouse Publishing, 1925.", "Mystics of the Church. Pennsylvania: Morehouse Publishing, 1925. Pennsylvania: Morehouse Publishing, 1925. Bibliography of Hildegard of Bingen Primary sources Editions of Hildegard's works Beate Hildegardis Cause et cure, ed.", "Bibliography of Hildegard of Bingen Primary sources Editions of Hildegard's works Beate Hildegardis Cause et cure, ed. L. Moulinier (Berlin, Akademie Verlag, 2003) Epistolarium pars prima I–XC edited by L. Van Acker, Corpus Christianorum Continuatio Mediaevalis CCCM 91A (Turnhout: Brepols, 1991) Epistolarium pars secunda XCI–CCLr edited by L. Van Acker, Corpus Christianorum Continuatio Mediaevalis CCCM 91A (Turnhout: Brepols, 1993) Epistolarium pars tertia CCLI–CCCXC edited by L. Van Acker and M. Klaes-Hachmoller, Corpus Christianorum Continuatio Mediaevalis XCIB (Turnhout: Brepols, 2001) Hildegard of Bingen, Two Hagiographies: Vita sancti Rupperti confessoris, Vita sancti Dysibodi episcopi, ed.", "L. Moulinier (Berlin, Akademie Verlag, 2003) Epistolarium pars prima I–XC edited by L. Van Acker, Corpus Christianorum Continuatio Mediaevalis CCCM 91A (Turnhout: Brepols, 1991) Epistolarium pars secunda XCI–CCLr edited by L. Van Acker, Corpus Christianorum Continuatio Mediaevalis CCCM 91A (Turnhout: Brepols, 1993) Epistolarium pars tertia CCLI–CCCXC edited by L. Van Acker and M. Klaes-Hachmoller, Corpus Christianorum Continuatio Mediaevalis XCIB (Turnhout: Brepols, 2001) Hildegard of Bingen, Two Hagiographies: Vita sancti Rupperti confessoris, Vita sancti Dysibodi episcopi, ed. and trans.", "and trans. and trans. Hugh Feiss & Christopher P. Evans, Dallas Medieval Texts and Translations 11 (Leuven and Paris: Peeters, 2010) Hildegard of Bingen's Unknown Language: An Edition, Translation, and Discussion, ed. Sarah Higley (2007) (the entire Riesencodex glossary, with additions from the Berlin MS, translations into English, and extensive commentary) Hildegardis Bingensis, Opera minora II. edited by C.P.", "edited by C.P. edited by C.P. Evans, J. Deploige, S. Moens, M. Embach, K. Gärtner, Corpus Christianorum Continuatio Mediaevalis CCCM 226A (Turnhout: Brepols, 2015), Hildegardis Bingensis, Opera minora. edited by H. Feiss, C. Evans, B.M. Kienzle, C. Muessig, B. Newman, P. Dronke, Corpus Christianorum Continuatio Mediaevalis CCCM 226 (Turnhout: Brepols, 2007), Hildegardis Bingensis. Werke Band IV. Lieder Symphoniae. Edited by Barbara Stühlmeyer. Beuroner Kunstverlag 2012. . Liber divinorum operum.", "Lieder Symphoniae. Edited by Barbara Stühlmeyer. Beuroner Kunstverlag 2012. . Liber divinorum operum. Liber divinorum operum. A. Derolez and P. Dronke eds., Corpus Christianorum Continuatio Mediaevalis CCCM 92 (Turnhout: Brepols, 1996) Liber vitae meritorum. A. Carlevaris ed. Corpus Christianorum Continuatio Mediaevalis CCCM 90 (Turnhout: Brepols, 1995) Lieder (Otto Müller Verlag Salzburg 1969: modern edition in adapted square notation) Marianne Richert Pfau, Hildegard von Bingen: Symphonia, 8 volumes. Complete edition of the Symphonia chants.", "Complete edition of the Symphonia chants. Complete edition of the Symphonia chants. (Bryn Mawr, Hildegard Publishing Company, 1990). Scivias. A. Führkötter, A. Carlevaris eds., Corpus Christianorum Scholars Version vols. 43, 43A. (Turnhout: Brepols, 2003) Early manuscripts of Hildegard's works Dendermonde, Belgium, St.-Pieters-&-Paulusabdij Cod. 9 (Villarenser codex) (c. 1174/75) Leipzig, University Library, St. Thomas 371 München, University Library, MS 2∞156 Paris, Bibl. Nat.", "Nat. Nat. MS 1139 Wiesbaden, Hessische Landesbibliothek, MS 2 (Riesen Codex) or Wiesbaden Codex (c. 1180–85) Other sources Analecta Sanctae Hildegardis, in Analecta Sacra vol. 8 edited by Jean-Baptiste Pitra (Monte Cassino, 1882). Explanatio Regulae S. Benedicti Explanatio Symboli S. Athanasii Friedrich Wilhelm Emil Roth, \"Glossae Hildigardis\", in: Elias Steinmeyer and Eduard Sievers eds., Die Althochdeutschen Glossen, vol. III. Zürich: Wiedmann, 1895, 1965, pp. 390–404. Homeliae LVIII in Evangelia.", "390–404. Homeliae LVIII in Evangelia. Homeliae LVIII in Evangelia. Hymnodia coelestis. Ignota lingua, cum versione Latina Liber divinorum operum simplicis hominis (1163–73/74) Liber vitae meritorum (1158–63) Libri simplicis et compositae medicinae. Patrologia Latina vol. 197 (1855). Physica, sive Subtilitatum diversarum naturarum creaturarum libri novem Scivias seu Visiones (1141–51) Solutiones triginta octo quaestionum Tractatus de sacramento altaris Further reading General commentary Burnett, Charles and Peter Dronke, eds. Hildegard of Bingen: The Context of Her Thought and Art.", "Hildegard of Bingen: The Context of Her Thought and Art. The Warburg Colloquia. London: The University of London, 1998. Cherewatuk, Karen and Ulrike Wiethaus, eds. Dear Sister: Medieval Women and the Epistolary Genre. Middle Ages Series. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1993. Davidson, Audrey Ekdahl. The Ordo Virtutum of Hildegard of Bingen: Critical Studies. Kalamazoo, MI: Medieval Institute Publications, 1992. Dronke, Peter.", "Kalamazoo, MI: Medieval Institute Publications, 1992. Dronke, Peter. Dronke, Peter. Women Writers of the Middle Ages: A Critical Study of Texts from Perpetua to Marguerite Porete. 1984. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001. Flanagan, Sabina. Hildegard of Bingen: A Visionary Life. London: Routledge, 1998. Gosselin, Carole & Micheline Latour. Hildegarde von Bingen, une musicienne du XIIe siècle. Montréal: Université du Québec à Montréal, Département de musique, 1990. Grimm, Wilhelm.", "Grimm, Wilhelm. Grimm, Wilhelm. \"Wiesbader Glossen: Befasst sich mit den mittelhochdeutschen Übersetzungen der Unbekannten Sprache der Handschrift C.\" In Zeitschrift für deutsches Altertum, pp. 321–40. Leipzig, 1848. King-Lenzmeier, Anne H. Hildegard of Bingen: An Integrated Vision. Collegeville, MN: Liturgical Press, 2001. Newman, Barbara, ed. Voice of the Living Light: Hildegard of Bingen and Her World. Berkeley: University of California, 1998. Newman, Barbara.", "Berkeley: University of California, 1998. Newman, Barbara. Newman, Barbara. Sister of Wisdom: St. Hildegard's Theology of the Feminine. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1987. Pernoud, Régine. Hildegard of Bingen: Inspired Conscience of the Twelfth Century. Translated by Paul Duggan. NY: Marlowe & Co., 1998. Schipperges, Heinrich. The World of Hildegard of Bingen: Her Life, Times, and Visions. Trans. John Cumming. Collegeville, MN: The Liturgical Press, 1999.", "Collegeville, MN: The Liturgical Press, 1999. Collegeville, MN: The Liturgical Press, 1999. Wilson, Katharina. Medieval Women Writers. Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press, 1984. On Hildegard's illuminations Baillet, Louis. \"Les miniatures du »Scivias« de Sainte Hildegarde.\" Monuments et mémoires publiés par l'Académie des inscriptions et belles-lettres 19 (1911): 49–149. Campbell, Nathaniel M. \"Imago expandit splendorem suum: Hildegard of Bingen's Visio-Theological Designs in the Rupertsberg Scivias Manuscript.\"", "Campbell, Nathaniel M. \"Imago expandit splendorem suum: Hildegard of Bingen's Visio-Theological Designs in the Rupertsberg Scivias Manuscript.\" Eikón / Imago 4 (2013, Vol. 2, No. 2), pp. 1–68; accessible online here. Caviness, Madeline. \"Gender Symbolism and Text Image Relationships: Hildegard of Bingen's Scivias.\" In Translation Theory and Practice in the Middle Ages, ed. Jeanette Beer, pp. 71–111. Studies in Medieval Culture 38. Kalamazoo: Medieval Institute Publications, 1997.", "Kalamazoo: Medieval Institute Publications, 1997. Kalamazoo: Medieval Institute Publications, 1997. Eadem. \"Artist: 'To See, Hear, and Know All at Once'.\" In Voice of the Living Light: Hildegard of Bingen and Her World, ed. Barbara Newman, pp. 110–24. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998. Eadem. \"Calcare caput draconis. Prophetische Bildkonfiguration in Visionstext und Illustration: zur Vision »Scivias« II, 7.\" In Hildegard von Bingen.", "In Hildegard von Bingen. In Hildegard von Bingen. Prophetin durch die Zeiten, edited by Äbtissin Edeltraud Forster, 340–58. Freiburg im Breisgau: Verlag Herder, 1997. Eadem. \"Hildegard as Designer of the Illustrations to Her Works.\" In Hildegard of Bingen: The Context of Her Thought and Art, ed. Charles Burnett and Peter Dronke, pp. 29–62. London: Warburg Institute, 1998. Eadem. \"Hildegard of Bingen: German Author, Illustrator, and Musical Composer, 1098–1179.\"", "\"Hildegard of Bingen: German Author, Illustrator, and Musical Composer, 1098–1179.\" In Dictionary of Women Artists, ed. Delia Gaze, pp. 685–87. London: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, 1997. Eadem. Bildgewordene Visionen oder Visionserzählungen: Vergleichende Studie über die Visionsdarstellungen in der Rupertsberger Scivias-Handschrift und im Luccheser Liber divinorum operum-Codex der Hildegard von Bingen. Neue Berner Schriften zur Kunst, 5. Bern, Switzerland: Peter Lang, 1998. Eadem.", "Bern, Switzerland: Peter Lang, 1998. Eadem. Eadem. Die Miniaturen im \"Liber Scivias\" der Hildegard von Bingen: die Wucht der Vision und die Ordnung der Bilder. Wiesbaden: Reichert, 1998. Führkötter, Adelgundis. The Miniatures from the Book Scivias: Know the Ways – of St Hildegard of Bingen from the Illuminated Rupertsberg Codex. Vol. 1. Armaria patristica et mediaevalia. Turnhout: Brepols, 1977.", "1. Armaria patristica et mediaevalia. Turnhout: Brepols, 1977. Turnhout: Brepols, 1977. Harris, Anne Sutherland and Linda Nochlin, Women Artists: 1550–1950, Los Angeles County Museum of Art, Knopf, New York, 1976. Keller, Hiltgart L. Mittelrheinische Buchmalereien in Handschriften aus dem Kreise der Hiltgart von Bingen. Stuttgart: Surkamp, 1933. Kessler, Clemencia Hand. \"A Problematic Illumination of the Heidelberg \"Liber Scivias\".\" Marsyas 8 (1957): 7–21. Meier, Christel.", "Marsyas 8 (1957): 7–21. Meier, Christel. Meier, Christel. \"Zum Verhältnis von Text und Illustration im überlieferten Werk Hildegards von Bingen.\" In Hildegard von Bingen, 1179–1979. Festschrift zum 800. Todestag der Heiligen, ed. Anton Ph. Brück, pp. 159–69. Mainz: Selbstverlag der Gesellschaft für mittelrheinische Kirchengeschichte, 1979. Otto, Rita. \"Zu einigen Miniaturen einer »Scivias«-Handschrift des 12. Jahrhunderts.\" Mainzer Zeitschrift.", "Jahrhunderts.\" Mainzer Zeitschrift. Mainzer Zeitschrift. Mittelrheinisches Jahrbuch für Archäologie, Kunst und Geschichte 67/68 (1972): 128–37. Saurma-Jeltsch, Lieselotte. \"Die Rupertsberger »Scivias«-Handschrift: Überlegungen zu ihrer Entstehung.\" In Hildegard von Bingen. Prophetin durch die Zeiten, ed. Äbtissin Edeltraud Forster, pp. 340–58. Freiburg im Breisgau: Verlag Herder, 1997. Schomer, Josef. Die Illustrationen zu den Visionen der hl. Hildegard als künstlerische Neuschöpfung (das Verhältnis der Illustrationen zueinander und zum Texte).", "Hildegard als künstlerische Neuschöpfung (das Verhältnis der Illustrationen zueinander und zum Texte). Bonn: Stodieck, 1937. Suzuki, Keiko. \"Zum Strukturproblem in den Visionsdarstellungen der Rupertsberger «Scivias» Handschrift.\" Sacris Erudiri 35 (1995): 221–91. Background reading Boyce-Tillman, June. The Creative Spirit: Harmonious Living with Hildegard of Bingen, Harrisburg, PA: Morehouse Publishing, 2000. Butcher, Carmen Acevedo. Man of Blessing: A Life of St. Benedict. Brewster, MA: Paraclete Press, 2012.", "Brewster, MA: Paraclete Press, 2012. Brewster, MA: Paraclete Press, 2012. Bynum, Caroline Walker. Holy Feast and Holy Fast: the Religious Significance of Food to Medieval Women. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1987. Bynum, Caroline Walker. Resurrection of the Body in Western Christianity, 200–1336. New York: Columbia University Press, 1995. Chadwick, Whitney. Women, Art, and Society, Thames and Hudson, London, 1990. Constable, Giles Constable.", "Constable, Giles Constable. Constable, Giles Constable. The Reformation of the Twelfth Century. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998. Dronke, Peter, ed. A History of Twelfth-Century Western Philosophy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992. Eadem. Rooted in the Earth, Rooted in the Sky: Hildegard of Bingen and Premodern Medicine. New York: Routledge Press, 2006. Holweck, the Rt. Reverend Frederick G. A Biographical Dictionary of the Saints, with a General Introduction on Hagiology. 1924.", "1924. 1924. Detroit: Omnigraphics, 1990. Lachman, Barbara. Hildegard: The Last Year. Boston: Shambhala, 1997. McBrien, Richard. Lives of the Saints: From Mary and St. Francis of Assisi to John XXIII and Mother Teresa. San Francisco: HarperSanFrancisco, 2003. McKnight, Scot. The Real Mary: Why Evangelical Christians Can Embrace the Mother of Jesus. Brewster, MA: Paraclete Press, 2006. Newman, Barbara. God and the Goddesses. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.", "God and the Goddesses. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. Pelikan, Jaroslav. Mary Through the Centuries: Her Place in the History of Culture. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1996. Stevenson, Jane. Women Latin Poets: Language, Gender, & Authority from Antiquity to the Eighteenth Century. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005. Sweet, Victoria. \"Hildegard of Bingen and the Greening of Medieval Medicine.\"", "\"Hildegard of Bingen and the Greening of Medieval Medicine.\" Bulletin of the History of Medicine, 1999, 73:381–403. Ulrich, Ingeborg. Hildegard of Bingen: Mystic, Healer, Companion of the Angels. Trans. Linda M. Maloney. Collegeville, MN: Liturgical Press, 1993. Ward, Benedicta. Miracles and the Medieval Mind. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania, 1987. Weeks, Andrew. German mysticism from Hildegard of Bingen to Ludwig Wittgenstein: a literary and intellectual history''.", "German mysticism from Hildegard of Bingen to Ludwig Wittgenstein: a literary and intellectual history''. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1993. External links Abtei St. Hildegard / Abbey of St. Hildegard (Modern-day abbey in Eibingen, Germany) Bibliographies: English translations: \"An Explanation of the Athanasian Creed\" (Explanatio Symboli Sancti Athanasii) Book of Divine Works (Liber Divinorum Operum) I.1 Book of Divine Works (Liber Divinorum Operum) III.3 Poems and Prayers of Hildegard Young, Abigail Ann.", "External links Abtei St. Hildegard / Abbey of St. Hildegard (Modern-day abbey in Eibingen, Germany) Bibliographies: English translations: \"An Explanation of the Athanasian Creed\" (Explanatio Symboli Sancti Athanasii) Book of Divine Works (Liber Divinorum Operum) I.1 Book of Divine Works (Liber Divinorum Operum) III.3 Poems and Prayers of Hildegard Young, Abigail Ann. Translations from Rupert, Hildegard, and Guibert of Gembloux. 1999. 27 March 2006.", "1999. 27 March 2006. 27 March 2006. Hildegard's page at the Medieval History Sourcebook International Society of Hildegard von Bingen Studies (ISHBS) Musical work: Complete Discography at medieval.org McGuire, K. Christian.", "Hildegard's page at the Medieval History Sourcebook International Society of Hildegard von Bingen Studies (ISHBS) Musical work: Complete Discography at medieval.org McGuire, K. Christian. Symphonia Caritatis: The Cistercian Chants of Hildegard von Bingen (2007) The Reconstruction of the monastery on the Rupertsberg 1098 births 1179 deaths 12th-century Christian mystics 12th-century Christian nuns 12th-century Christian saints 12th-century German artists 12th-century German women writers 12th-century German philosophers 12th-century German Catholic theologians 12th-century scientists 12th-century German poets 12th-century physicians Medieval German physicians 12th-century Latin writers 12th-century women artists 12th-century women composers Angelic visionaries Benedictine abbesses Benedictine mystics Benedictine philosophers Benedictine saints Canonizations by Pope Benedict XVI Creators of writing systems Doctors of the Church Female saints of medieval Germany German women classical composers German Christian mystics German Roman Catholic abbesses German Roman Catholic saints German spiritual writers German women artists German women philosophers German philosophers Herbalists Hymnographers Manuscript illuminators Medieval drama Medieval German musicians Medieval German saints Medieval German theologians Medieval German women artists Medieval German women musicians Medieval Latin poets Medieval women physicians Mystic poets Women mystics People from Alzey-Worms Pre-Reformation Anglican saints Pre-Reformation saints of the Lutheran liturgical calendar Rhineland mystics Roman Catholic mystics Catholic philosophers Romanesque artists Women hymnwriters Women religious writers Women classical composers German classical composers Physicians from Rhineland-Palatinate Anglican saints Consecrated virgins People from the Rheingau" ]

[ "Hildegard of Bingen", "Music", "What style of music he made?", "sixty-nine musical compositions, each with its own original poetic text, survive, and at least four other texts are known, though their musical notation has been lost.", "Did she have a album release", "One of her better known works, Ordo Virtutum (Play of the Virtues), is a morality play." ]

[ "Přírodní park Třebíčsko (before Oblast klidu Třebíčsko) is a natural park near Třebíč in the Czech Republic. There are many interesting plants. The park was founded in 1983.\n\nKobylinec and Ptáčovský kopeček\n\nKobylinec is a natural monument situated ca 0,5 km from the village of Trnava.\nThe area of this monument is 0,44 ha. Pulsatilla grandis can be found here and in the Ptáčovský kopeček park near Ptáčov near Třebíč. Both monuments are very popular for tourists.\n\nPonds\n\nIn the natural park there are some interesting ponds such as Velký Bor, Malý Bor, Buršík near Přeckov and a brook Březinka. Dams on the brook are examples of European beaver activity.\n\nSyenitové skály near Pocoucov\n\nSyenitové skály (rocks of syenit) near Pocoucov is one of famed locations. There are interesting granite boulders. The area of the reservation is 0,77 ha.\n\nExternal links\nParts of this article or all article was translated from Czech. The original article is :cs:Přírodní park Třebíčsko.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nNature near the village Trnava which is there\n\nTřebíč\nParks in the Czech Republic\nTourist attractions in the Vysočina Region", "Damn Interesting is an independent website founded by Alan Bellows in 2005. The website presents true stories from science, history, and psychology, primarily as long-form articles, often illustrated with original artwork. Works are written by various authors, and published at irregular intervals. The website openly rejects advertising, relying on reader and listener donations to cover operating costs.\n\nAs of October 2012, each article is also published as a podcast under the same name. In November 2019, a second podcast was launched under the title Damn Interesting Week, featuring unscripted commentary on an assortment of news articles featured on the website's \"Curated Links\" section that week. In mid-2020, a third podcast called Damn Interesting Curio Cabinet began highlighting the website's periodic short-form articles in the same radioplay format as the original podcast.\n\nIn July 2009, Damn Interesting published the print book Alien Hand Syndrome through Workman Publishing. It contains some favorites from the site and some exclusive content.\n\nAwards and recognition \nIn August 2007, PC Magazine named Damn Interesting one of the \"Top 100 Undiscovered Web Sites\".\nThe article \"The Zero-Armed Bandit\" by Alan Bellows won a 2015 Sidney Award from David Brooks in The New York Times.\nThe article \"Ghoulish Acts and Dastardly Deeds\" by Alan Bellows was cited as \"nonfiction journalism from 2017 that will stand the test of time\" by Conor Friedersdorf in The Atlantic.\nThe article \"Dupes and Duplicity\" by Jennifer Lee Noonan won a 2020 Sidney Award from David Brooks in the New York Times.\n\nAccusing The Dollop of plagiarism \n\nOn July 9, 2015, Bellows posted an open letter accusing The Dollop, a comedy podcast about history, of plagiarism due to their repeated use of verbatim text from Damn Interesting articles without permission or attribution. Dave Anthony, the writer of The Dollop, responded on reddit, admitting to using Damn Interesting content, but claiming that the use was protected by fair use, and that \"historical facts are not copyrightable.\" In an article about the controversy on Plagiarism Today, Jonathan Bailey concluded, \"Any way one looks at it, The Dollop failed its ethical obligations to all of the people, not just those writing for Damn Interesting, who put in the time, energy and expertise into writing the original content upon which their show is based.\"\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n Official website\n\n2005 podcast debuts" ]

[ "Hildegard of Bingen (; ; ), also known as Saint Hildegard and the Sibyl of the Rhine, was a German Benedictine abbess and polymath active as a writer, composer, philosopher, mystic, visionary, and as a medical writer and practitioner during the High Middle Ages. She is one of the best-known composers of sacred monophony, as well as the most recorded in modern history. She has been considered by many in Europe to be the founder of scientific natural history in Germany.", "She has been considered by many in Europe to be the founder of scientific natural history in Germany. Hildegard's convent elected her as magistra (mother superior) in 1136. She founded the monasteries of Rupertsberg in 1150 and Eibingen in 1165. Hildegard wrote theological, botanical, and medicinal works, as well as letters, hymns and antiphons for the liturgy. Furthermore, she wrote poems, while supervising miniature illuminations in the Rupertsberg manuscript of her first work, Scivias.", "Furthermore, she wrote poems, while supervising miniature illuminations in the Rupertsberg manuscript of her first work, Scivias. There are more surviving chants by Hildegard than by any other composer from the entire Middle Ages, and she is one of the few known composers to have written both the music and the words. One of her works, the Ordo Virtutum, is an early example of liturgical drama and arguably the oldest surviving morality play. She is also noted for the invention of a constructed language known as Lingua Ignota.", "She is also noted for the invention of a constructed language known as Lingua Ignota. Although the history of her formal canonization is complicated, regional calendars of the Roman Catholic church have listed her as a saint for centuries. On 10 May 2012, Pope Benedict XVI extended the liturgical cult of Hildegard to the entire Catholic Church in a process known as \"equivalent canonization\".", "On 10 May 2012, Pope Benedict XVI extended the liturgical cult of Hildegard to the entire Catholic Church in a process known as \"equivalent canonization\". On 7 October 2012, he named her a Doctor of the Church, in recognition of \"her holiness of life and the originality of her teaching.\" Biography Hildegard was born around 1098, although the exact date is uncertain.", "Biography Hildegard was born around 1098, although the exact date is uncertain. Her parents were Mechtild of Merxheim-Nahet and Hildebert of Bermersheim, a family of the free lower nobility in the service of the Count Meginhard of Sponheim. Sickly from birth, Hildegard is traditionally considered their youngest and tenth child, although there are records of only seven older siblings. In her Vita, Hildegard states that from a very young age she had experienced visions.", "In her Vita, Hildegard states that from a very young age she had experienced visions. Spirituality From early childhood, long before she undertook her public mission or even her monastic vows, Hildegard's spiritual awareness was grounded in what she called the umbra viventis lucis, the reflection of the living Light.", "Spirituality From early childhood, long before she undertook her public mission or even her monastic vows, Hildegard's spiritual awareness was grounded in what she called the umbra viventis lucis, the reflection of the living Light. Her letter to Guibert of Gembloux, which she wrote at the age of seventy-seven, describes her experience of this light with admirable precision: From my early childhood, before my bones, nerves, and veins were fully strengthened, I have always seen this vision in my soul, even to the present time when I am more than seventy years old.", "Her letter to Guibert of Gembloux, which she wrote at the age of seventy-seven, describes her experience of this light with admirable precision: From my early childhood, before my bones, nerves, and veins were fully strengthened, I have always seen this vision in my soul, even to the present time when I am more than seventy years old. In this vision my soul, as God would have it, rises up high into the vault of heaven and into the changing sky and spreads itself out among different peoples, although they are far away from me in distant lands and places.", "In this vision my soul, as God would have it, rises up high into the vault of heaven and into the changing sky and spreads itself out among different peoples, although they are far away from me in distant lands and places. And because I see them this way in my soul, I observe them in accord with the shifting of clouds and other created things.", "And because I see them this way in my soul, I observe them in accord with the shifting of clouds and other created things. I do not hear them with my outward ears, nor do I perceive them by the thoughts of my own heart or by any combination of my five senses, but in my soul alone, while my outward eyes are open. So I have never fallen prey to ecstasy in the visions, but I see them wide awake, day and night.", "So I have never fallen prey to ecstasy in the visions, but I see them wide awake, day and night. And I am constantly fettered by sickness, and often in the grip of pain so intense that it threatens to kill me, but God has sustained me until now. The light which I see thus is not spatial, but it is far, far brighter than a cloud which carries the sun.", "The light which I see thus is not spatial, but it is far, far brighter than a cloud which carries the sun. I can measure neither height, nor length, nor breadth in it; and I call it \"the reflection of the living Light.\" And as the sun, the moon, and the stars appear in water, so writings, sermons, virtues, and certain human actions take form for me and gleam.", "And as the sun, the moon, and the stars appear in water, so writings, sermons, virtues, and certain human actions take form for me and gleam. Monastic life Perhaps because of Hildegard's visions, as a method of political positioning, or both, Hildegard's parents offered her as an oblate to the Benedictine monastery at Disibodenberg, which had been recently reformed in the Palatinate Forest. The date of Hildegard's enclosure at the monastery is the subject of debate.", "The date of Hildegard's enclosure at the monastery is the subject of debate. Her Vita says she was eight years old when she was professed with Jutta, who was the daughter of Count Stephan II of Sponheim and about six years older than Hildegard. However, Jutta's date of enclosure is known to have been in 1112, when Hildegard would have been fourteen. Their vows were received by Bishop Otto of Bamberg on All Saints Day 1112.", "Their vows were received by Bishop Otto of Bamberg on All Saints Day 1112. Some scholars speculate that Hildegard was placed in the care of Jutta at the age of eight, and that the two of them were then enclosed together six years later. In any case, Hildegard and Jutta were enclosed together at Disibodenberg and formed the core of a growing community of women attached to the monastery of monks. Jutta was also a visionary and thus attracted many followers who came to visit her at the monastery.", "Jutta was also a visionary and thus attracted many followers who came to visit her at the monastery. Hildegard tells us that Jutta taught her to read and write, but that she was unlearned and therefore, incapable of teaching Hildegard sound biblical interpretation. The written record of the Life of Jutta indicates that Hildegard probably assisted her in reciting the psalms, working in the garden, other handiwork, and tending to the sick. This might have been a time when Hildegard learned how to play the ten-stringed psaltery.", "This might have been a time when Hildegard learned how to play the ten-stringed psaltery. Volmar, a frequent visitor, may have taught Hildegard simple psalm notation. The time she studied music could have been the beginning of the compositions she would later create. Upon Jutta's death in 1136, Hildegard was unanimously elected as magistra of the community by her fellow nuns. Abbot Kuno of Disibodenberg asked Hildegard to be Prioress, which would be under his authority.", "Abbot Kuno of Disibodenberg asked Hildegard to be Prioress, which would be under his authority. Hildegard, however, wanted more independence for herself and her nuns and asked Abbot Kuno to allow them to move to Rupertsberg. This was to be a move toward poverty, from a stone complex that was well established to a temporary dwelling place. When the abbot declined Hildegard's proposition, Hildegard went over his head and received the approval of Archbishop Henry I of Mainz.", "When the abbot declined Hildegard's proposition, Hildegard went over his head and received the approval of Archbishop Henry I of Mainz. Abbot Kuno did not relent, however, until Hildegard was stricken by an illness that rendered her paralyzed and unable to move from her bed, an event that she attributed to God's unhappiness at her not following his orders to move her nuns to a new location in Rupertsberg. It was only when the Abbot himself could not move Hildegard that he decided to grant the nuns their own monastery.", "It was only when the Abbot himself could not move Hildegard that he decided to grant the nuns their own monastery. Hildegard and approximately twenty nuns thus moved to the St. Rupertsberg monastery in 1150, where Volmar served as provost, as well as Hildegard's confessor and scribe. In 1165, Hildegard founded a second monastery for her nuns at Eibingen. Before Hildegard's death in 1179, a problem arose with the clergy of Mainz. A man buried in Rupertsberg had died after excommunication from the Catholic Church.", "A man buried in Rupertsberg had died after excommunication from the Catholic Church. Therefore, the clergy wanted to remove his body from the sacred ground. Hildegard did not accept this idea, replying that it was a sin and that the man had been reconciled to the church at the time of his death. Visions Hildegard said that she first saw \"The Shade of the Living Light\" at the age of three, and by the age of five, she began to understand that she was experiencing visions.", "Visions Hildegard said that she first saw \"The Shade of the Living Light\" at the age of three, and by the age of five, she began to understand that she was experiencing visions. She used the term 'visio' (the Latin for \"vision\") to describe this feature of her experience and she recognized that it was a gift that she could not explain to others.", "She used the term 'visio' (the Latin for \"vision\") to describe this feature of her experience and she recognized that it was a gift that she could not explain to others. Hildegard explained that she saw all things in the light of God through the five senses: sight, hearing, taste, smell, and touch. Hildegard was hesitant to share her visions, confiding only to Jutta, who in turn told Volmar, Hildegard's tutor and, later, secretary.", "Hildegard was hesitant to share her visions, confiding only to Jutta, who in turn told Volmar, Hildegard's tutor and, later, secretary. Throughout her life, she continued to have many visions, and in 1141, at the age of 42, Hildegard received a vision she believed to be an instruction from God, to \"write down that which you see and hear.\" Still hesitant to record her visions, Hildegard became physically ill.", "Still hesitant to record her visions, Hildegard became physically ill. The illustrations recorded in the book of Scivias were visions that Hildegard experienced, causing her great suffering and tribulations.", "The illustrations recorded in the book of Scivias were visions that Hildegard experienced, causing her great suffering and tribulations. In her first theological text, Scivias (\"Know the Ways\"), Hildegard describes her struggle within: But I, though I saw and heard these things, refused to write for a long time through doubt and bad opinion and the diversity of human words, not with stubbornness but in the exercise of humility, until, laid low by the scourge of God, I fell upon a bed of sickness; then, compelled at last by many illnesses, and by the witness of a certain noble maiden of good conduct [the nun Richardis von Stade] and of that man whom I had secretly sought and found, as mentioned above, I set my hand to the writing.", "In her first theological text, Scivias (\"Know the Ways\"), Hildegard describes her struggle within: But I, though I saw and heard these things, refused to write for a long time through doubt and bad opinion and the diversity of human words, not with stubbornness but in the exercise of humility, until, laid low by the scourge of God, I fell upon a bed of sickness; then, compelled at last by many illnesses, and by the witness of a certain noble maiden of good conduct [the nun Richardis von Stade] and of that man whom I had secretly sought and found, as mentioned above, I set my hand to the writing. While I was doing it, I sensed, as I mentioned before, the deep profundity of scriptural exposition; and, raising myself from illness by the strength I received, I brought this work to a close – though just barely – in ten years.", "While I was doing it, I sensed, as I mentioned before, the deep profundity of scriptural exposition; and, raising myself from illness by the strength I received, I brought this work to a close – though just barely – in ten years. […] And I spoke and wrote these things not by the invention of my heart or that of any other person, but as by the secret mysteries of God I heard and received them in the heavenly places.", "[…] And I spoke and wrote these things not by the invention of my heart or that of any other person, but as by the secret mysteries of God I heard and received them in the heavenly places. And again I heard a voice from Heaven saying to me, 'Cry out, therefore, and write thus!' It was between November 1147 and February 1148 at the synod in Trier that Pope Eugenius heard about Hildegard's writings.", "It was between November 1147 and February 1148 at the synod in Trier that Pope Eugenius heard about Hildegard's writings. It was from this that she received Papal approval to document her visions as revelations from the Holy Spirit, giving her instant credence. On 17 September 1179, when Hildegard died, her sisters claimed they saw two streams of light appear in the skies and cross over the room where she was dying.", "On 17 September 1179, when Hildegard died, her sisters claimed they saw two streams of light appear in the skies and cross over the room where she was dying. Vita Sanctae Hildegardis Hildegard's hagiography, Vita Sanctae Hildegardis, was compiled by the monk Theoderic of Echternach after Hildegard's death. He included the hagiographical work Libellus or \"Little Book\" begun by Godfrey of Disibodenberg. Godfrey had died before he was able to complete his work.", "Godfrey had died before he was able to complete his work. Guibert of Gembloux was invited to finish the work; however, he had to return to his monastery with the project unfinished. Theoderic utilized sources Guibert had left behind to complete the Vita.", "Theoderic utilized sources Guibert had left behind to complete the Vita. Works Hildegard's works include three great volumes of visionary theology; a variety of musical compositions for use in the liturgy, as well as the musical morality play Ordo Virtutum; one of the largest bodies of letters (nearly 400) to survive from the Middle Ages, addressed to correspondents ranging from popes to emperors to abbots and abbesses, and including records of many of the sermons she preached in the 1160s and 1170s; two volumes of material on natural medicine and cures; an invented language called the Lingua ignota (\"unknown language\"); and various minor works, including a gospel commentary and two works of hagiography.", "Works Hildegard's works include three great volumes of visionary theology; a variety of musical compositions for use in the liturgy, as well as the musical morality play Ordo Virtutum; one of the largest bodies of letters (nearly 400) to survive from the Middle Ages, addressed to correspondents ranging from popes to emperors to abbots and abbesses, and including records of many of the sermons she preached in the 1160s and 1170s; two volumes of material on natural medicine and cures; an invented language called the Lingua ignota (\"unknown language\"); and various minor works, including a gospel commentary and two works of hagiography. Several manuscripts of her works were produced during her lifetime, including the illustrated Rupertsberg manuscript of her first major work, Scivias (lost since 1945); the Dendermonde Codex, which contains one version of her musical works; and the Ghent manuscript, which was the first fair-copy made for editing of her final theological work, the Liber Divinorum Operum.", "Several manuscripts of her works were produced during her lifetime, including the illustrated Rupertsberg manuscript of her first major work, Scivias (lost since 1945); the Dendermonde Codex, which contains one version of her musical works; and the Ghent manuscript, which was the first fair-copy made for editing of her final theological work, the Liber Divinorum Operum. At the end of her life, and probably under her initial guidance, all of her works were edited and gathered into the single Riesenkodex manuscript.", "At the end of her life, and probably under her initial guidance, all of her works were edited and gathered into the single Riesenkodex manuscript. Visionary theology Hildegard's most significant works were her three volumes of visionary theology: Scivias (\"Know the Ways\", composed 1142–1151), Liber Vitae Meritorum (\"Book of Life's Merits\" or \"Book of the Rewards of Life\", composed 1158–1163); and Liber Divinorum Operum (\"Book of Divine Works\", also known as De operatione Dei, \"On God's Activity\", begun around 1163 or 1164 and completed around 1172 or 1174).", "Visionary theology Hildegard's most significant works were her three volumes of visionary theology: Scivias (\"Know the Ways\", composed 1142–1151), Liber Vitae Meritorum (\"Book of Life's Merits\" or \"Book of the Rewards of Life\", composed 1158–1163); and Liber Divinorum Operum (\"Book of Divine Works\", also known as De operatione Dei, \"On God's Activity\", begun around 1163 or 1164 and completed around 1172 or 1174). In these volumes, the last of which was completed when she was well into her seventies, Hildegard first describes each vision, whose details are often strange and enigmatic, and then interprets their theological contents in the words of the \"voice of the Living Light.\"", "In these volumes, the last of which was completed when she was well into her seventies, Hildegard first describes each vision, whose details are often strange and enigmatic, and then interprets their theological contents in the words of the \"voice of the Living Light.\" Scivias With permission from Abbot Kuno of Disibodenberg, she began journaling visions she had (which is the basis for Scivias).", "Scivias With permission from Abbot Kuno of Disibodenberg, she began journaling visions she had (which is the basis for Scivias). Scivias is a contraction of Sci vias Domini (Know the Ways of the Lord), and it was Hildegard's first major visionary work, and one of the biggest milestones in her life. Perceiving a divine command to \"write down what you see and hear,\" Hildegard began to record and interpret her visionary experiences. In total, 26 visionary experiences were captured in this compilation.", "In total, 26 visionary experiences were captured in this compilation. Scivias is structured into three parts of unequal length. The first part (six visions) chronicles the order of God's creation: the Creation and Fall of Adam and Eve, the structure of the universe (famously described as the shape of an \"egg\"), the relationship between body and soul, God's relationship to his people through the Synagogue, and the choirs of angels.", "The first part (six visions) chronicles the order of God's creation: the Creation and Fall of Adam and Eve, the structure of the universe (famously described as the shape of an \"egg\"), the relationship between body and soul, God's relationship to his people through the Synagogue, and the choirs of angels. The second part (seven visions) describes the order of redemption: the coming of Christ the Redeemer, the Trinity, the church as the Bride of Christ and the Mother of the Faithful in baptism and confirmation, the orders of the church, Christ's sacrifice on the cross and the Eucharist, and the fight against the devil.", "The second part (seven visions) describes the order of redemption: the coming of Christ the Redeemer, the Trinity, the church as the Bride of Christ and the Mother of the Faithful in baptism and confirmation, the orders of the church, Christ's sacrifice on the cross and the Eucharist, and the fight against the devil. Finally, the third part (thirteen visions) recapitulates the history of salvation told in the first two parts, symbolized as a building adorned with various allegorical figures and virtues.", "Finally, the third part (thirteen visions) recapitulates the history of salvation told in the first two parts, symbolized as a building adorned with various allegorical figures and virtues. It concludes with the Symphony of Heaven, an early version of Hildegard's musical compositions. In early 1148, a commission was sent by the Pope to Disibodenberg to find out more about Hildegard and her writings. The commission found that the visions were authentic and returned to the Pope, with a portion of the Scivias.", "The commission found that the visions were authentic and returned to the Pope, with a portion of the Scivias. Portions of the uncompleted work were read aloud to Pope Eugenius III at the Synod of Trier in 1148, after which he sent Hildegard a letter with his blessing. This blessing was later construed as papal approval for all of Hildegard's wide-ranging theological activities.", "This blessing was later construed as papal approval for all of Hildegard's wide-ranging theological activities. Towards the end of her life, Hildegard commissioned a richly decorated manuscript of Scivias (the Rupertsberg Codex); although the original has been lost since its evacuation to Dresden for safekeeping in 1945, its images are preserved in a hand-painted facsimile from the 1920s.", "Towards the end of her life, Hildegard commissioned a richly decorated manuscript of Scivias (the Rupertsberg Codex); although the original has been lost since its evacuation to Dresden for safekeeping in 1945, its images are preserved in a hand-painted facsimile from the 1920s. Liber Vitae Meritorum In her second volume of visionary theology, composed between 1158 and 1163, after she had moved her community of nuns into independence at the Rupertsberg in Bingen, Hildegard tackled the moral life in the form of dramatic confrontations between the virtues and the vices.", "Liber Vitae Meritorum In her second volume of visionary theology, composed between 1158 and 1163, after she had moved her community of nuns into independence at the Rupertsberg in Bingen, Hildegard tackled the moral life in the form of dramatic confrontations between the virtues and the vices. She had already explored this area in her musical morality play, Ordo Virtutum, and the \"Book of the Rewards of Life\" takes up that play's characteristic themes.", "She had already explored this area in her musical morality play, Ordo Virtutum, and the \"Book of the Rewards of Life\" takes up that play's characteristic themes. Each vice, although ultimately depicted as ugly and grotesque, nevertheless offers alluring, seductive speeches that attempt to entice the unwary soul into their clutches. Standing in our defence, however, are the sober voices of the Virtues, powerfully confronting every vicious deception.", "Standing in our defence, however, are the sober voices of the Virtues, powerfully confronting every vicious deception. Amongst the work's innovations is one of the earliest descriptions of purgatory as the place where each soul would have to work off its debts after death before entering heaven. Hildegard's descriptions of the possible punishments there are often gruesome and grotesque, which emphasize the work's moral and pastoral purpose as a practical guide to the life of true penance and proper virtue.", "Hildegard's descriptions of the possible punishments there are often gruesome and grotesque, which emphasize the work's moral and pastoral purpose as a practical guide to the life of true penance and proper virtue. Liber Divinorum Operum Hildegard's last and grandest visionary work had its genesis in one of the few times she experienced something like an ecstatic loss of consciousness.", "Liber Divinorum Operum Hildegard's last and grandest visionary work had its genesis in one of the few times she experienced something like an ecstatic loss of consciousness. As she described it in an autobiographical passage included in her Vita, sometime in about 1163, she received \"an extraordinary mystical vision\" in which was revealed the \"sprinkling drops of sweet rain\" that John the Evangelist experienced when he wrote, \"In the beginning was the Word\" (John 1:1).", "As she described it in an autobiographical passage included in her Vita, sometime in about 1163, she received \"an extraordinary mystical vision\" in which was revealed the \"sprinkling drops of sweet rain\" that John the Evangelist experienced when he wrote, \"In the beginning was the Word\" (John 1:1). Hildegard perceived that this Word was the key to the \"Work of God\", of which humankind is the pinnacle.", "Hildegard perceived that this Word was the key to the \"Work of God\", of which humankind is the pinnacle. The Book of Divine Works, therefore, became in many ways an extended explication of the Prologue to John's Gospel. The ten visions of this work's three parts are cosmic in scale, to illustrate various ways of understanding the relationship between God and his creation. Often, that relationship is established by grand allegorical female figures representing Divine Love (Caritas) or Wisdom (Sapientia).", "Often, that relationship is established by grand allegorical female figures representing Divine Love (Caritas) or Wisdom (Sapientia). The first vision opens the work with a salvo of poetic and visionary images, swirling about to characterize God's dynamic activity within the scope of his work within the history of salvation. The remaining three visions of the first part introduce the famous image of a human being standing astride the spheres that make up the universe and detail the intricate relationships between the human as microcosm and the universe as macrocosm.", "The remaining three visions of the first part introduce the famous image of a human being standing astride the spheres that make up the universe and detail the intricate relationships between the human as microcosm and the universe as macrocosm. This culminates in the final chapter of Part One, Vision Four with Hildegard's commentary on the Prologue to John's Gospel (John 1:1–14), a direct rumination on the meaning of \"In the beginning was the Word\" The single vision that constitutes the whole of Part Two stretches that rumination back to the opening of Genesis, and forms an extended commentary on the seven days of the creation of the world told in Genesis 1–2:3.", "This culminates in the final chapter of Part One, Vision Four with Hildegard's commentary on the Prologue to John's Gospel (John 1:1–14), a direct rumination on the meaning of \"In the beginning was the Word\" The single vision that constitutes the whole of Part Two stretches that rumination back to the opening of Genesis, and forms an extended commentary on the seven days of the creation of the world told in Genesis 1–2:3. This commentary interprets each day of creation in three ways: literal or cosmological; allegorical or ecclesiological (i.e.", "This commentary interprets each day of creation in three ways: literal or cosmological; allegorical or ecclesiological (i.e. related to the church's history); and moral or tropological (i.e. related to the soul's growth in virtue). Finally, the five visions of the third part take up again the building imagery of Scivias to describe the course of salvation history.", "Finally, the five visions of the third part take up again the building imagery of Scivias to describe the course of salvation history. The final vision (3.5) contains Hildegard's longest and most detailed prophetic program of the life of the church from her own days of \"womanish weakness\" through to the coming and ultimate downfall of the Antichrist. Music Attention in recent decades to women of the medieval Catholic Church has led to a great deal of popular interest in Hildegard's music.", "Music Attention in recent decades to women of the medieval Catholic Church has led to a great deal of popular interest in Hildegard's music. In addition to the Ordo Virtutum, sixty-nine musical compositions, each with its own original poetic text, survive, and at least four other texts are known, though their musical notation has been lost. This is one of the largest repertoires among medieval composers. One of her better-known works, Ordo Virtutum (Play of the Virtues), is a morality play.", "One of her better-known works, Ordo Virtutum (Play of the Virtues), is a morality play. It is uncertain when some of Hildegard's compositions were composed, though the Ordo Virtutum is thought to have been composed as early as 1151. It is an independent Latin morality play with music (82 songs); it does not supplement or pay homage to the Mass or the Office of a certain feast. It is, in fact, the earliest known surviving musical drama that is not attached to a liturgy.", "It is, in fact, the earliest known surviving musical drama that is not attached to a liturgy. The Ordo virtutum would have been performed within Hildegard's monastery by and for her select community of noblewomen and nuns. It was probably performed as a manifestation of the theology Hildegard delineated in the Scivias. The play serves as an allegory of the Christian story of sin, confession, repentance, and forgiveness.", "The play serves as an allegory of the Christian story of sin, confession, repentance, and forgiveness. Notably, it is the female Virtues who restore the fallen to the community of the faithful, not the male Patriarchs or Prophets. This would have been a significant message to the nuns in Hildegard's convent. Scholars assert that the role of the Devil would have been played by Volmar, while Hildegard's nuns would have played the parts of Anima (the human souls) and the Virtues.", "Scholars assert that the role of the Devil would have been played by Volmar, while Hildegard's nuns would have played the parts of Anima (the human souls) and the Virtues. The devil's part is entirely spoken or shouted, with no musical setting. All other characters sing in monophonic plainchant. This includes Patriarchs, Prophets, A Happy Soul, A Unhappy Soul, and A Penitent Soul along with 16 female Virtues (including Mercy, Innocence, Chasity, Obedience, Hope, and Faith).", "This includes Patriarchs, Prophets, A Happy Soul, A Unhappy Soul, and A Penitent Soul along with 16 female Virtues (including Mercy, Innocence, Chasity, Obedience, Hope, and Faith). In addition to the Ordo Virtutum, Hildegard composed many liturgical songs that were collected into a cycle called the Symphonia armoniae celestium revelationum. The songs from the Symphonia are set to Hildegard's own text and range from antiphons, hymns, and sequences, to responsories.", "The songs from the Symphonia are set to Hildegard's own text and range from antiphons, hymns, and sequences, to responsories. Her music is monophonic, that is, consisting of exactly one melodic line. Its style has been said to be characterized by soaring melodies that can push the boundaries of traditional Gregorian chant and to stand outside the normal practices of monophonic monastic chant. Researchers are also exploring ways in which it may be viewed in comparison with her contemporaries, such as Hermannus Contractus.", "Researchers are also exploring ways in which it may be viewed in comparison with her contemporaries, such as Hermannus Contractus. Another feature of Hildegard's music that both reflects the twelfth-century evolution of chant, and pushes that evolution further, is that it is highly melismatic, often with recurrent melodic units. Scholars such as Margot Fassler, Marianne Richert Pfau, and Beverly Lomer also note the intimate relationship between music and text in Hildegard's compositions, whose rhetorical features are often more distinct than is common in twelfth-century chant.", "Scholars such as Margot Fassler, Marianne Richert Pfau, and Beverly Lomer also note the intimate relationship between music and text in Hildegard's compositions, whose rhetorical features are often more distinct than is common in twelfth-century chant. As with most medieval chant notation, Hildegard's music lacks any indication of tempo or rhythm; the surviving manuscripts employ late German style notation, which uses very ornamental neumes.", "As with most medieval chant notation, Hildegard's music lacks any indication of tempo or rhythm; the surviving manuscripts employ late German style notation, which uses very ornamental neumes. The reverence for the Virgin Mary reflected in music shows how deeply influenced and inspired Hildegard of Bingen and her community were by the Virgin Mary and the saints. Scientific and medicinal writings Hildegard's medicinal and scientific writings, although thematically complementary to her ideas about nature expressed in her visionary works, are different in focus and scope.", "Scientific and medicinal writings Hildegard's medicinal and scientific writings, although thematically complementary to her ideas about nature expressed in her visionary works, are different in focus and scope. Neither claim to be rooted in her visionary experience and its divine authority. Rather, they spring from her experience helping in and then leading the monastery's herbal garden and infirmary, as well as the theoretical information she likely gained through her wide-ranging reading in the monastery's library.", "Rather, they spring from her experience helping in and then leading the monastery's herbal garden and infirmary, as well as the theoretical information she likely gained through her wide-ranging reading in the monastery's library. As she gained practical skills in diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment, she combined physical treatment of physical diseases with holistic methods centered on \"spiritual healing\". She became well known for her healing powers involving the practical application of tinctures, herbs, and precious stones.", "She became well known for her healing powers involving the practical application of tinctures, herbs, and precious stones. She combined these elements with a theological notion ultimately derived from Genesis: all things put on earth are for the use of humans. In addition to her hands-on experience, she also gained medical knowledge, including elements of her humoral theory, from traditional Latin texts. Hildegard catalogued both her theory and practice in two works.", "Hildegard catalogued both her theory and practice in two works. The first, Physica, contains nine books that describe the scientific and medicinal properties of various plants, stones, fish, reptiles, and animals. This document is also thought to contain the first recorded reference of the use of hops in beer as a preservative. The second, Causae et Curae, is an exploration of the human body, its connections to the rest of the natural world, and the causes and cures of various diseases.", "The second, Causae et Curae, is an exploration of the human body, its connections to the rest of the natural world, and the causes and cures of various diseases. Hildegard documented various medical practices in these books, including the use of bleeding and home remedies for many common ailments. She also explains remedies for common agricultural injuries such as burns, fractures, dislocations, and cuts. Hildegard may have used the books to teach assistants at the monastery.", "Hildegard may have used the books to teach assistants at the monastery. These books are historically significant because they show areas of medieval medicine that were not well documented because their practitioners, mainly women, rarely wrote in Latin. Her writings were commentated on by Mélanie Lipinska, a Polish scientist. In addition to its wealth of practical evidence, Causae et Curae is also noteworthy for its organizational scheme.", "In addition to its wealth of practical evidence, Causae et Curae is also noteworthy for its organizational scheme. Its first part sets the work within the context of the creation of the cosmos and then humanity as its summit, and the constant interplay of the human person as microcosm both physically and spiritually with the macrocosm of the universe informs all of Hildegard's approach. Her hallmark is to emphasize the vital connection between the \"green\" health of the natural world and the holistic health of the human person.", "Her hallmark is to emphasize the vital connection between the \"green\" health of the natural world and the holistic health of the human person. Viriditas, or greening power, was thought to sustain human beings and could be manipulated by adjusting the balance of elements within a person. Thus, when she approached medicine as a type of gardening, it was not just as an analogy.", "Thus, when she approached medicine as a type of gardening, it was not just as an analogy. Rather, Hildegard understood the plants and elements of the garden as direct counterparts to the humors and elements within the human body, whose imbalance led to illness and disease. Thus, the nearly three hundred chapters of the second book of Causae et Curae \"explore the etiology, or causes, of disease as well as human sexuality, psychology, and physiology.\"", "Thus, the nearly three hundred chapters of the second book of Causae et Curae \"explore the etiology, or causes, of disease as well as human sexuality, psychology, and physiology.\" In this section, she gives specific instructions for bleeding based on various factors, including gender, the phase of the moon (bleeding is best done when the moon is waning), the place of disease (use veins near diseased organ or body part) or prevention (big veins in arms), and how much blood to take (described in imprecise measurements, like \"the amount that a thirsty person can swallow in one gulp\").", "In this section, she gives specific instructions for bleeding based on various factors, including gender, the phase of the moon (bleeding is best done when the moon is waning), the place of disease (use veins near diseased organ or body part) or prevention (big veins in arms), and how much blood to take (described in imprecise measurements, like \"the amount that a thirsty person can swallow in one gulp\"). She even includes bleeding instructions for animals to keep them healthy.", "She even includes bleeding instructions for animals to keep them healthy. In the third and fourth sections, Hildegard describes treatments for malignant and minor problems and diseases according to the humoral theory, again including information on animal health. The fifth section is about diagnosis and prognosis, which includes instructions to check the patient's blood, pulse, urine, and stool.", "The fifth section is about diagnosis and prognosis, which includes instructions to check the patient's blood, pulse, urine, and stool. Finally, the sixth section documents a lunar horoscope to provide an additional means of prognosis for both disease and other medical conditions, such as conception and the outcome of pregnancy. For example, she indicates that a waxing moon is good for human conception and is also good for sowing seeds for plants (sowing seeds is the plant equivalent of conception).", "For example, she indicates that a waxing moon is good for human conception and is also good for sowing seeds for plants (sowing seeds is the plant equivalent of conception). Elsewhere, Hildegard is even said to have stressed the value of boiling drinking water in an attempt to prevent infection.", "Elsewhere, Hildegard is even said to have stressed the value of boiling drinking water in an attempt to prevent infection. As Hildegard elaborates the medical and scientific relationship between the human microcosm and the macrocosm of the universe, she often focuses on interrelated patterns of four: \"the four elements (fire, air, water, and earth), the four seasons, the four humors, the four zones of the earth, and the four major winds.\"", "As Hildegard elaborates the medical and scientific relationship between the human microcosm and the macrocosm of the universe, she often focuses on interrelated patterns of four: \"the four elements (fire, air, water, and earth), the four seasons, the four humors, the four zones of the earth, and the four major winds.\" Although she inherited the basic framework of humoral theory from ancient medicine, Hildegard's conception of the hierarchical inter-balance of the four humors (blood, phlegm, black bile, and yellow bile) was unique, based on their correspondence to \"superior\" and \"inferior\" elements – blood and phlegm corresponding to the \"celestial\" elements of fire and air, and the two biles corresponding to the \"terrestrial\" elements of water and earth.", "Although she inherited the basic framework of humoral theory from ancient medicine, Hildegard's conception of the hierarchical inter-balance of the four humors (blood, phlegm, black bile, and yellow bile) was unique, based on their correspondence to \"superior\" and \"inferior\" elements – blood and phlegm corresponding to the \"celestial\" elements of fire and air, and the two biles corresponding to the \"terrestrial\" elements of water and earth. Hildegard understood the disease-causing imbalance of these humors to result from the improper dominance of the subordinate humors.", "Hildegard understood the disease-causing imbalance of these humors to result from the improper dominance of the subordinate humors. This disharmony reflects that introduced by Adam and Eve in the Fall, which for Hildegard marked the indelible entrance of disease and humoral imbalance into humankind. As she writes in Causae et Curae c. 42: It happens that certain men suffer diverse illnesses. This comes from the phlegm which is superabundant within them.", "This comes from the phlegm which is superabundant within them. For if man had remained in paradise, he would not have had the flegmata within his body, from which many evils proceed, but his flesh would have been whole and without dark humor [livor]. However, because he consented to evil and relinquished good, he was made into a likeness of the earth, which produces good and useful herbs, as well as bad and useless ones, and which has in itself both good and evil moistures.", "However, because he consented to evil and relinquished good, he was made into a likeness of the earth, which produces good and useful herbs, as well as bad and useless ones, and which has in itself both good and evil moistures. From tasting evil, the blood of the sons of Adam was turned into the poison of semen, out of which the sons of man are begotten. And therefore their flesh is ulcerated and permeable [to disease].", "And therefore their flesh is ulcerated and permeable [to disease]. These sores and openings create a certain storm and smoky moisture in men, from which the flegmata arise and coagulate, which then introduce diverse infirmities to the human body.", "These sores and openings create a certain storm and smoky moisture in men, from which the flegmata arise and coagulate, which then introduce diverse infirmities to the human body. All this arose from the first evil, which man began at the start, because if Adam had remained in paradise, he would have had the sweetest health, and the best dwelling-place, just as the strongest balsam emits the best odor; but on the contrary, man now has within himself poison and phlegm and diverse illnesses.", "All this arose from the first evil, which man began at the start, because if Adam had remained in paradise, he would have had the sweetest health, and the best dwelling-place, just as the strongest balsam emits the best odor; but on the contrary, man now has within himself poison and phlegm and diverse illnesses. Lingua ignota and Litterae ignotae Hildegard also invented an alternative alphabet.", "Lingua ignota and Litterae ignotae Hildegard also invented an alternative alphabet. Litterae ignotae (Alternate Alphabet) was another work and was more or less a secret code, or even an intellectual code – much like a modern crossword puzzle today. Hildegard's Lingua ignota (Unknown Language) consisted of a series of invented words that corresponded to an eclectic list of nouns. The list is approximately 1000 nouns; there are no other parts of speech.", "The list is approximately 1000 nouns; there are no other parts of speech. The two most important sources for the Lingua ignota are the Wiesbaden, Hessische Landesbibliothek 2 (nicknamed the Riesenkodex) and the Berlin MS. In both manuscripts, medieval German and Latin glosses are written above Hildegard's invented words. The Berlin MS contains additional Latin and German glosses not found in the Riesenkodex.", "The Berlin MS contains additional Latin and German glosses not found in the Riesenkodex. The first two words of the Lingua as copied in the Berlin MS are: Aigonz (German, goth; Latin, deus; [English God]) and Aleganz (German engel; Latin angelus; [English angel]).Barbara Newman believes that Hildegard used her Lingua Ignota to increase solidarity among her nuns. Sarah Higley disagrees and notes that there is no evidence of Hildegard teaching the language to her nuns.", "Sarah Higley disagrees and notes that there is no evidence of Hildegard teaching the language to her nuns. She suggests that the language was not intended to remain a secret; rather, the presence of words for mundane things may indicate that the language was for the whole abbey and perhaps the larger monastic world. Higley believes that \"the Lingua is a linguistic distillation of the philosophy expressed in her three prophetic books: it represents the cosmos of divine and human creation and the sins that flesh is heir to.\"", "Higley believes that \"the Lingua is a linguistic distillation of the philosophy expressed in her three prophetic books: it represents the cosmos of divine and human creation and the sins that flesh is heir to.\" The text of her writing and compositions reveals Hildegard's use of this form of modified medieval Latin, encompassing many invented, conflated, and abridged words. Because of her inventions of words for her lyrics and use of a constructed script, many conlangers look upon her as a medieval precursor.", "Because of her inventions of words for her lyrics and use of a constructed script, many conlangers look upon her as a medieval precursor. Significance During her lifetime Maddocks claims that it is likely Hildegard learned simple Latin and the tenets of the Christian faith, but was not instructed in the Seven Liberal Arts, which formed the basis of all education for the learned classes in the Middle Ages: the Trivium of grammar, dialectic, and rhetoric plus the Quadrivium of arithmetic, geometry, astronomy, and music.", "Significance During her lifetime Maddocks claims that it is likely Hildegard learned simple Latin and the tenets of the Christian faith, but was not instructed in the Seven Liberal Arts, which formed the basis of all education for the learned classes in the Middle Ages: the Trivium of grammar, dialectic, and rhetoric plus the Quadrivium of arithmetic, geometry, astronomy, and music. The correspondence she kept with the outside world, both spiritual and social, transcended the cloister as a space of spiritual confinement and served to document Hildegard's grand style and strict formatting of medieval letter writing.For cloister as confinement see \"Female\" section of \"Cloister\" in Catholic Encyclopedia.", "The correspondence she kept with the outside world, both spiritual and social, transcended the cloister as a space of spiritual confinement and served to document Hildegard's grand style and strict formatting of medieval letter writing.For cloister as confinement see \"Female\" section of \"Cloister\" in Catholic Encyclopedia. Contributing to Christian European rhetorical traditions, Hildegard \"authorized herself as a theologian\" through alternative rhetorical arts. Hildegard was creative in her interpretation of theology.", "Hildegard was creative in her interpretation of theology. Hildegard was creative in her interpretation of theology. She believed that her monastery should exclude novices who were not from the nobility because she did not want her community to be divided on the basis of social status. She also stated that \"woman may be made from man, but no man can be made without a woman.\" Because of church limitation on public, discursive rhetoric, the medieval rhetorical arts included preaching, letter writing, poetry, and the encyclopedic tradition.", "Because of church limitation on public, discursive rhetoric, the medieval rhetorical arts included preaching, letter writing, poetry, and the encyclopedic tradition. Hildegard's participation in these arts speaks to her significance as a female rhetorician, transcending bans on women's social participation and interpretation of scripture. The acceptance of public preaching by a woman, even a well-connected abbess and acknowledged prophet, does not fit the stereotype of this time. Her preaching was not limited to the monasteries; she preached publicly in 1160 in Germany.", "Her preaching was not limited to the monasteries; she preached publicly in 1160 in Germany. (New York: Routledge, 2001, 9). She conducted four preaching tours throughout Germany, speaking to both clergy and laity in chapter houses and in public, mainly denouncing clerical corruption and calling for reform. Many abbots and abbesses asked her for prayers and opinions on various matters. She traveled widely during her four preaching tours.", "She traveled widely during her four preaching tours. She traveled widely during her four preaching tours. She had several devoted followers, including Guibert of Gembloux, who wrote to her frequently and became her secretary after Volmar's death in 1173. Hildegard also influenced several monastic women, exchanging letters with Elisabeth of Schönau, a nearby visionary.", "Hildegard also influenced several monastic women, exchanging letters with Elisabeth of Schönau, a nearby visionary. Hildegard corresponded with popes such as Eugene III and Anastasius IV, statesmen such as Abbot Suger, German emperors such as Frederick I Barbarossa, and other notable figures such as Bernard of Clairvaux, who advanced her work, at the behest of her abbot, Kuno, at the Synod of Trier in 1147 and 1148. Hildegard of Bingen's correspondence is an important component of her literary output.", "Hildegard of Bingen's correspondence is an important component of her literary output. Veneration Hildegard was one of the first persons for whom the Roman canonization process was officially applied, but the process took so long that four attempts at canonization were not completed and she remained at the level of her beatification. Her name was nonetheless taken up in the Roman Martyrology at the end of the 16th century. Her feast is 17 September. Numerous popes have referred to Hildegard as a saint, including Pope John Paul II and Pope Benedict XVI.", "Numerous popes have referred to Hildegard as a saint, including Pope John Paul II and Pope Benedict XVI. Hildegard's parish and pilgrimage church in Eibingen near Rüdesheim houses her relics. On 10 May 2012, Pope Benedict XVI extended the veneration of Saint Hildegard to the entire Catholic Church in a process known as \"equivalent canonization,\" thus laying the groundwork for naming her a Doctor of the Church. On 7 October 2012, the feast of the Holy Rosary, the pope named her a Doctor of the Church.", "On 7 October 2012, the feast of the Holy Rosary, the pope named her a Doctor of the Church. He called Hildegard \"perennially relevant\" and \"an authentic teacher of theology and a profound scholar of natural science and music.\" Hildegard of Bingen also appears in the calendar of saints of various Anglican churches, such as that of the Church of England, in which she is commemorated on 17 September. Modern interest In recent years, Hildegard has become of particular interest to feminist scholars.", "Modern interest In recent years, Hildegard has become of particular interest to feminist scholars. They note her reference to herself as a member of the weaker sex and her rather constant belittling of women. Hildegard frequently referred to herself as an unlearned woman, completely incapable of Biblical exegesis.", "Hildegard frequently referred to herself as an unlearned woman, completely incapable of Biblical exegesis. Such a statement on her part, however, worked slyly to her advantage because it made her statements that all of her writings and music came from visions of the Divine more believable, therefore giving Hildegard the authority to speak in a time and place where few women were permitted a voice. Hildegard used her voice to amplify the church's condemnation of institutional corruption, in particular simony.", "Hildegard used her voice to amplify the church's condemnation of institutional corruption, in particular simony. Hildegard has also become a figure of reverence within the contemporary New Age movement, mostly because of her holistic and natural view of healing, as well as her status as a mystic.", "Hildegard has also become a figure of reverence within the contemporary New Age movement, mostly because of her holistic and natural view of healing, as well as her status as a mystic. Although her medical writings were long neglected and then, studied without reference to their context, she was the inspiration for Dr. Gottfried Hertzka's \"Hildegard-Medicine\", and is the namesake for June Boyce-Tillman's Hildegard Network, a healing center that focuses on a holistic approach to wellness and brings together people interested in exploring the links between spirituality, the arts, and healing.", "Although her medical writings were long neglected and then, studied without reference to their context, she was the inspiration for Dr. Gottfried Hertzka's \"Hildegard-Medicine\", and is the namesake for June Boyce-Tillman's Hildegard Network, a healing center that focuses on a holistic approach to wellness and brings together people interested in exploring the links between spirituality, the arts, and healing. Her reputation as a medicinal writer and healer was also used by early feminists to argue for women's rights to attend medical schools.", "Her reputation as a medicinal writer and healer was also used by early feminists to argue for women's rights to attend medical schools. Reincarnation of Hildegard has been debated since 1924 when Austrian mystic Rudolf Steiner lectured that a nun of her description was the past life of Russian poet-philosopher Vladimir Soloviev, whose visions of Holy Wisdom are often compared to Hildegard's.", "Reincarnation of Hildegard has been debated since 1924 when Austrian mystic Rudolf Steiner lectured that a nun of her description was the past life of Russian poet-philosopher Vladimir Soloviev, whose visions of Holy Wisdom are often compared to Hildegard's. Sophiologist Robert Powell writes that hermetic astrology proves the match, while mystical communities in Hildegard's lineage include that of artist Carl Schroeder as studied by Columbia sociologist Courtney Bender and supported by reincarnation researchers Walter Semkiw and Kevin Ryerson. Recordings and performances of Hildegard's music have gained critical praise and popularity since 1979.", "Recordings and performances of Hildegard's music have gained critical praise and popularity since 1979. There is an extensive discography of her musical works. The following modern musical works are directly linked to Hildegard and her music or texts: : Hildegard von Bingen, a liturgical play with texts and music by Hildegard of Bingen, 1998. Cecilia McDowall: Alma Redemptoris Mater.", "Cecilia McDowall: Alma Redemptoris Mater. Cecilia McDowall: Alma Redemptoris Mater. Christopher Theofanidis: Rainbow Body, for orchestra (2000) David Lynch with Jocelyn Montgomery: Lux Vivens (Living Light): The Music of Hildegard Von Bingen, 1998 Devendra Banhart: Für Hildegard von Bingen, single from the 2013 album Mala Gordon Hamilton: The Trillion Souls quotes Hildegard's O Ignee Spiritus Ludger Stühlmeyer: O splendidissima gemma. 2012. For alto solo and organ, text: Hildegard of Bingen.", "For alto solo and organ, text: Hildegard of Bingen. Commissioned composition for the declaration of Hildegard of Bingen as Doctor of the Church.", "Commissioned composition for the declaration of Hildegard of Bingen as Doctor of the Church. Peter Janssens: Hildegard von Bingen, a musical in 10 scenes, text: Jutta Richter, 1997 Sofia Gubaidulina: Aus den Visionen der Hildegard von Bingen, for contra alto solo, after a text of Hildegard of Bingen, 1994 Tilo Medek: Monatsbilder (nach Hildegard von Bingen), twelve songs for mezzo-soprano, clarinet and piano, 1997 Wolfgang Sauseng: De visione secunda for double choir and percussion, 2011 The artwork The Dinner Party features a place setting for Hildegard.", "Peter Janssens: Hildegard von Bingen, a musical in 10 scenes, text: Jutta Richter, 1997 Sofia Gubaidulina: Aus den Visionen der Hildegard von Bingen, for contra alto solo, after a text of Hildegard of Bingen, 1994 Tilo Medek: Monatsbilder (nach Hildegard von Bingen), twelve songs for mezzo-soprano, clarinet and piano, 1997 Wolfgang Sauseng: De visione secunda for double choir and percussion, 2011 The artwork The Dinner Party features a place setting for Hildegard. In space, the minor planet 898 Hildegard is named for her.", "In space, the minor planet 898 Hildegard is named for her. In film, Hildegard has been portrayed by Patricia Routledge in a BBC documentary called Hildegard of Bingen (1994), by Ángela Molina in Barbarossa (2009) and by Barbara Sukowa in the film Vision, directed by Margarethe von Trotta. Hildegard was the subject of a 2012 fictionalized biographic novel Illuminations by Mary Sharatt. The plant genus Hildegardia is named after her because of her contributions to herbal medicine.", "The plant genus Hildegardia is named after her because of her contributions to herbal medicine. Hildegard makes an appearance in The Baby-Sitters Club #101: Claudia Kishi, Middle School Drop-Out by Ann M. Martin, when Anna Stevenson dresses as Hildegard for Halloween. A feature documentary film, The Unruly Mystic: Saint Hildegard, was released by American director Michael M. Conti in 2014. The off-Broadway musical In the Green, written by Grace McLean, followed Hildegard's story.", "The off-Broadway musical In the Green, written by Grace McLean, followed Hildegard's story. In his book, The Man Who Mistook His Wife for a Hat, neurologist Oliver Sacks devotes a chapter to Hildegard and concludes that in his opinion her visions were migrainous. See also Discography of Hildegard of Bingen Timeline of women in science Notes References Bibliography Primary sources (in translation) Causae et Curae (Holistic Healing). Trans. by Manfred Pawlik and Patrick Madigan. Edited by Mary Palmquist and John Kulas.", "Edited by Mary Palmquist and John Kulas. Edited by Mary Palmquist and John Kulas. Collegeville, MN: Liturgical Press, Inc., 1994. Causes and Cures of Hildegard of Bingen. Trans. by Priscilla Throop. Charlotte, VT: MedievalMS, 2006, 2008. Homilies on the Gospels. Trans. by Beverly Mayne Kienzle. Trappist, KY: Cistercian Publications, 2011. Physica. Trans. Priscilla Throop. Rochester Vermont: Healing Arts Press, 1998. Scivias. Trans. by Columba Hart and Jane Bishop.", "Scivias. Trans. by Columba Hart and Jane Bishop. by Columba Hart and Jane Bishop. Introduction by Barbara J. Newman. Preface by Caroline Walker Bynum. New York: Paulist Press, 1990. Solutions to Thirty-Eight Questions. Trans. Beverly Mayne Kienzle, with Jenny C. Bledsoe and Stephen H. Behnke. Collegeville, MN: Cistercian Publications / Liturgical Press, 2014. Symphonia: A Critical Edition of the Symphonia Armonie Celestium Revelationum (Symphony of the Harmony of Celestial Revelations), ed. and trans. Barbara Newman.", "and trans. Barbara Newman. Barbara Newman. Cornell Univ. Press, 1988/1998. The Book of the Rewards of Life. Trans. Bruce Hozeski. New York : Oxford University Press, 1997. The Letters of Hildegard of Bingen. Trans. by Joseph L. Baird and Radd K. Ehrman. 3 vols. New York: Oxford University Press, 1994/1998/2004. Three Lives and a Rule: the Lives of Hildegard, Disibod, Rupert, with Hildegard's Explanation of the Rule of St. Benedict. Trans. by Priscilla Throop.", "Trans. by Priscilla Throop. by Priscilla Throop. Charlotte, VT: MedievalMS, 2010. Two Hagiographies: Vita sancti Rupperti confessoris. Vita sancti Dysibodi episcopi. Intro. and trans. Hugh Feiss, O.S.B. ; ed. Christopher P. Evans. Paris, Leuven, Walpole, MA: Peeters, 2010. Hildegard of Bingen. The Book of Divine Works. Trans. by Nathaniel M. Campbell. Washington, D.C.: The Catholic University of America Press, 2018. Sarah L. Higley.", "Sarah L. Higley. Sarah L. Higley. Hildegard of Bingen's Unknown Language: An Edition, Translation, and Discussion New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007. Silvas, Anna. Jutta and Hildegard: The Biographical Sources. University Park, PA: The Pennsylvania State University Press, 1998.", "University Park, PA: The Pennsylvania State University Press, 1998. Secondary sources \"Un lexique trilingue du XIIe siècle : la lingua ignota de Hildegarde de Bingen\", dans Lexiques bilingues dans les domaines philosophique et scientifique (Moyen Âge-Renaissance), Actes du colloque international organisé par l'Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes-IVe Section et l'Institut Supérieur de Philosophie de l'Université Catholique de Louvain, Paris, 12–14 juin 1997, éd. J. Hamesse, D. Jacquart, Turnhout, Brepols, 2001, p. 89–111.", "J. Hamesse, D. Jacquart, Turnhout, Brepols, 2001, p. 89–111. \"'Sibyl of the Rhine': Hildegard's Life and Times.\" Voice of the Living Light: Hildegard of Bingen and Her World. Edited by Barbara Newman. Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press, 1998. \"Hildegard of Bingen: Visions and Validation.\" Church History 54 (1985): 163–75. \"Un témoin supplémentaire du rayonnement de sainte Radegonde au Moyen Age ?", "\"Un témoin supplémentaire du rayonnement de sainte Radegonde au Moyen Age ? La Vita domnae Juttae (XIIe siècle)\", Bulletin de la société des Antiquaires de l'Ouest, 5e série, t. XV, 3e et 4e trimestres 2001, pp. 181–97. Die Gesänge der Hildegard von Bingen. Eine musikologische, theologische und kulturhistorische Untersuchung. Olms, Hildesheim 2003, . Hildegard von Bingen. Leben – Werk – Verehrung. Topos plus Verlagsgemeinschaft, Kevelaer 2014, . Sister of Wisdom: St. Hildegard's Theology of the Feminine.", "Sister of Wisdom: St. Hildegard's Theology of the Feminine. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1987. Tugenden und Laster. Wegweisung im Dialog mit Hildegard von Bingen. Beuroner Kunstverlag, Beuron 2012, . Wege in sein Licht. Eine spirituelle Biografie über Hildegard von Bingen. Beuroner Kunstverlag, Beuron 2013, . Bennett, Judith M. and C. Warren Hollister. Medieval Europe: A Short History. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2006. 289, 317. Boyce-Tillman, June.", "New York: McGraw-Hill, 2006. 289, 317. Boyce-Tillman, June. Boyce-Tillman, June. \"Hildegard of Bingen at 900: The Eye of a Woman.\" The Musical Times 139, no. 1865 (Winter, 1998): 31–36. Butcher, Carmen Acevedo. Hildegard of Bingen: A Spiritual Reader. Massachusetts: Paraclete Press, 2007. Davidson, Audrey Ekdahl. \"Music and Performance: Hildegard of Bingen's Ordo Virtutum.\" The Ordo Virtutum of Hildegard of Bingen: Critical Studies.", "The Ordo Virtutum of Hildegard of Bingen: Critical Studies. Kalamazoo, MI: Western Michigan University, 1992. Dietrich, Julia. \"The Visionary Rhetoric of Hildegard of Bingen.\" Listening to Their Voices: The Rhetorical Activities of Historic Women. Ed. Molly Meijer Wertheimer. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1997. 202–14. Fassler, Margot. \"Composer and Dramatist: 'Melodious Singing and the Freshness of Remorse.'\" Voice of the Living Light: Hildegard of Bingen and Her World.", "Voice of the Living Light: Hildegard of Bingen and Her World. Edited by Barbara Newman. Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press, 1998. Flanagan, Sabina. Hildegard of Bingen, 1098–1179: A Visionary Life. London: Routledge, 1989. Fox, Matthew. Illuminations of Hildegard of Bingen. New Mexico: Bear and Company, 1985. Furlong, Monica. Visions and Longings: Medieval Women Mystics. Massachusetts: Shambhala Publications, 1996. Glaze, Florence Eliza.", "Massachusetts: Shambhala Publications, 1996. Glaze, Florence Eliza. Glaze, Florence Eliza. \"Medical Writer: 'Behold the Human Creature.'\" Voice of the Living Light: Hildegard of Bingen and Her World. Edited by Barbara Newman. Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press, 1998. Holsinger, Bruce. Music, Body, and Desire In Medieval Culture. California: Stanford University Press, 2001. Kienzle, Beverly, George Ferzoco, & Debra Stoudt.", "Kienzle, Beverly, George Ferzoco, & Debra Stoudt. A Companion to Hildegard of Bingen. Brill's companions to the Christian tradition. Leiden: Brill, 2013. Notes on Hildegard's \"Unknown\" Language and Writing. King-Lenzmeier, Anne. Hildegard of Bingen: an integrated version. Minnesota: The Liturgical Press, 2001. Maddocks, Fiona. Hildegard of Bingen: The Woman of Her Age. New York: Doubleday, 2001. Madigan, Shawn.", "New York: Doubleday, 2001. Madigan, Shawn. Madigan, Shawn. Mystics, Visionaries and Prophets: A Historical Anthology of Women's Spiritual Writings. Minnesota: Augsburg Fortress, 1998. McGrade, Michael. \"Hildegard von Bingen.\" Die Musik in Geschichte und Gegenwart: allgemeine Enzyklopaldie der Musik, 2nd edition, T. 2, Volume 8. Edited by Ludwig Fischer. Kassel, New York: Bahrenreiter, 1994. Moulinier, Laurence, Le manuscrit perdu à Strasbourg.", "Moulinier, Laurence, Le manuscrit perdu à Strasbourg. Moulinier, Laurence, Le manuscrit perdu à Strasbourg. Enquête sur l'œuvre scientifique de Hildegarde, Paris/Saint-Denis, Publications de la Sorbonne-Presses Universitaires de Vincennes, 1995, 286 p. Newman, Barbara. Voice of the Living Light. California: University of California Press, 1998. Richert-Pfau, Marianne and Stefan Morent. Hildegard von Bingen: Klang des Himmels. Koeln: Boehlau Verlag, 2005. Richert-Pfau, Marianne. \"Mode and Melody Types in Hildegard von Bingen's Symphonia.\"", "\"Mode and Melody Types in Hildegard von Bingen's Symphonia.\" Sonus 11 (1990): 53–71. Salvadori, Sara. Hildegard von Bingen. A Journey into the Images. Milan: Skira, 2019. Schipperges, Heinrich. Hildegard of Bingen: healing and the nature of the cosmos. New Jersey: Markus Wiener Publishers, 1997. Stühlmeyer, Barbara. Die Kompositionen der Hildegard von Bingen. Ein Forschungsbericht. In: Beiträge zur Gregorianik. 22. ConBrio Verlagsgesellschaft, Regensburg 1996, , S. 74–85.", "ConBrio Verlagsgesellschaft, Regensburg 1996, , S. 74–85. ConBrio Verlagsgesellschaft, Regensburg 1996, , S. 74–85. The Life and Works of Hildegard von Bingen. Internet. Available from Internet History Sourcebooks Project; accessed 14 November 2009. Tillman, June-Boyce. \"Hildegard of Bingen at 900: The Eye of a Woman\". The Musical Times 139, no. 1865 (Winter, 1998): 31–36. Underhill, Evelyn. Mystics of the Church. Pennsylvania: Morehouse Publishing, 1925.", "Mystics of the Church. Pennsylvania: Morehouse Publishing, 1925. Pennsylvania: Morehouse Publishing, 1925. Bibliography of Hildegard of Bingen Primary sources Editions of Hildegard's works Beate Hildegardis Cause et cure, ed.", "Bibliography of Hildegard of Bingen Primary sources Editions of Hildegard's works Beate Hildegardis Cause et cure, ed. L. Moulinier (Berlin, Akademie Verlag, 2003) Epistolarium pars prima I–XC edited by L. Van Acker, Corpus Christianorum Continuatio Mediaevalis CCCM 91A (Turnhout: Brepols, 1991) Epistolarium pars secunda XCI–CCLr edited by L. Van Acker, Corpus Christianorum Continuatio Mediaevalis CCCM 91A (Turnhout: Brepols, 1993) Epistolarium pars tertia CCLI–CCCXC edited by L. Van Acker and M. Klaes-Hachmoller, Corpus Christianorum Continuatio Mediaevalis XCIB (Turnhout: Brepols, 2001) Hildegard of Bingen, Two Hagiographies: Vita sancti Rupperti confessoris, Vita sancti Dysibodi episcopi, ed.", "L. Moulinier (Berlin, Akademie Verlag, 2003) Epistolarium pars prima I–XC edited by L. Van Acker, Corpus Christianorum Continuatio Mediaevalis CCCM 91A (Turnhout: Brepols, 1991) Epistolarium pars secunda XCI–CCLr edited by L. Van Acker, Corpus Christianorum Continuatio Mediaevalis CCCM 91A (Turnhout: Brepols, 1993) Epistolarium pars tertia CCLI–CCCXC edited by L. Van Acker and M. Klaes-Hachmoller, Corpus Christianorum Continuatio Mediaevalis XCIB (Turnhout: Brepols, 2001) Hildegard of Bingen, Two Hagiographies: Vita sancti Rupperti confessoris, Vita sancti Dysibodi episcopi, ed. and trans.", "and trans. and trans. Hugh Feiss & Christopher P. Evans, Dallas Medieval Texts and Translations 11 (Leuven and Paris: Peeters, 2010) Hildegard of Bingen's Unknown Language: An Edition, Translation, and Discussion, ed. Sarah Higley (2007) (the entire Riesencodex glossary, with additions from the Berlin MS, translations into English, and extensive commentary) Hildegardis Bingensis, Opera minora II. edited by C.P.", "edited by C.P. edited by C.P. Evans, J. Deploige, S. Moens, M. Embach, K. Gärtner, Corpus Christianorum Continuatio Mediaevalis CCCM 226A (Turnhout: Brepols, 2015), Hildegardis Bingensis, Opera minora. edited by H. Feiss, C. Evans, B.M. Kienzle, C. Muessig, B. Newman, P. Dronke, Corpus Christianorum Continuatio Mediaevalis CCCM 226 (Turnhout: Brepols, 2007), Hildegardis Bingensis. Werke Band IV. Lieder Symphoniae. Edited by Barbara Stühlmeyer. Beuroner Kunstverlag 2012. . Liber divinorum operum.", "Lieder Symphoniae. Edited by Barbara Stühlmeyer. Beuroner Kunstverlag 2012. . Liber divinorum operum. Liber divinorum operum. A. Derolez and P. Dronke eds., Corpus Christianorum Continuatio Mediaevalis CCCM 92 (Turnhout: Brepols, 1996) Liber vitae meritorum. A. Carlevaris ed. Corpus Christianorum Continuatio Mediaevalis CCCM 90 (Turnhout: Brepols, 1995) Lieder (Otto Müller Verlag Salzburg 1969: modern edition in adapted square notation) Marianne Richert Pfau, Hildegard von Bingen: Symphonia, 8 volumes. Complete edition of the Symphonia chants.", "Complete edition of the Symphonia chants. Complete edition of the Symphonia chants. (Bryn Mawr, Hildegard Publishing Company, 1990). Scivias. A. Führkötter, A. Carlevaris eds., Corpus Christianorum Scholars Version vols. 43, 43A. (Turnhout: Brepols, 2003) Early manuscripts of Hildegard's works Dendermonde, Belgium, St.-Pieters-&-Paulusabdij Cod. 9 (Villarenser codex) (c. 1174/75) Leipzig, University Library, St. Thomas 371 München, University Library, MS 2∞156 Paris, Bibl. Nat.", "Nat. Nat. MS 1139 Wiesbaden, Hessische Landesbibliothek, MS 2 (Riesen Codex) or Wiesbaden Codex (c. 1180–85) Other sources Analecta Sanctae Hildegardis, in Analecta Sacra vol. 8 edited by Jean-Baptiste Pitra (Monte Cassino, 1882). Explanatio Regulae S. Benedicti Explanatio Symboli S. Athanasii Friedrich Wilhelm Emil Roth, \"Glossae Hildigardis\", in: Elias Steinmeyer and Eduard Sievers eds., Die Althochdeutschen Glossen, vol. III. Zürich: Wiedmann, 1895, 1965, pp. 390–404. Homeliae LVIII in Evangelia.", "390–404. Homeliae LVIII in Evangelia. Homeliae LVIII in Evangelia. Hymnodia coelestis. Ignota lingua, cum versione Latina Liber divinorum operum simplicis hominis (1163–73/74) Liber vitae meritorum (1158–63) Libri simplicis et compositae medicinae. Patrologia Latina vol. 197 (1855). Physica, sive Subtilitatum diversarum naturarum creaturarum libri novem Scivias seu Visiones (1141–51) Solutiones triginta octo quaestionum Tractatus de sacramento altaris Further reading General commentary Burnett, Charles and Peter Dronke, eds. Hildegard of Bingen: The Context of Her Thought and Art.", "Hildegard of Bingen: The Context of Her Thought and Art. The Warburg Colloquia. London: The University of London, 1998. Cherewatuk, Karen and Ulrike Wiethaus, eds. Dear Sister: Medieval Women and the Epistolary Genre. Middle Ages Series. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1993. Davidson, Audrey Ekdahl. The Ordo Virtutum of Hildegard of Bingen: Critical Studies. Kalamazoo, MI: Medieval Institute Publications, 1992. Dronke, Peter.", "Kalamazoo, MI: Medieval Institute Publications, 1992. Dronke, Peter. Dronke, Peter. Women Writers of the Middle Ages: A Critical Study of Texts from Perpetua to Marguerite Porete. 1984. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001. Flanagan, Sabina. Hildegard of Bingen: A Visionary Life. London: Routledge, 1998. Gosselin, Carole & Micheline Latour. Hildegarde von Bingen, une musicienne du XIIe siècle. Montréal: Université du Québec à Montréal, Département de musique, 1990. Grimm, Wilhelm.", "Grimm, Wilhelm. Grimm, Wilhelm. \"Wiesbader Glossen: Befasst sich mit den mittelhochdeutschen Übersetzungen der Unbekannten Sprache der Handschrift C.\" In Zeitschrift für deutsches Altertum, pp. 321–40. Leipzig, 1848. King-Lenzmeier, Anne H. Hildegard of Bingen: An Integrated Vision. Collegeville, MN: Liturgical Press, 2001. Newman, Barbara, ed. Voice of the Living Light: Hildegard of Bingen and Her World. Berkeley: University of California, 1998. Newman, Barbara.", "Berkeley: University of California, 1998. Newman, Barbara. Newman, Barbara. Sister of Wisdom: St. Hildegard's Theology of the Feminine. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1987. Pernoud, Régine. Hildegard of Bingen: Inspired Conscience of the Twelfth Century. Translated by Paul Duggan. NY: Marlowe & Co., 1998. Schipperges, Heinrich. The World of Hildegard of Bingen: Her Life, Times, and Visions. Trans. John Cumming. Collegeville, MN: The Liturgical Press, 1999.", "Collegeville, MN: The Liturgical Press, 1999. Collegeville, MN: The Liturgical Press, 1999. Wilson, Katharina. Medieval Women Writers. Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press, 1984. On Hildegard's illuminations Baillet, Louis. \"Les miniatures du »Scivias« de Sainte Hildegarde.\" Monuments et mémoires publiés par l'Académie des inscriptions et belles-lettres 19 (1911): 49–149. Campbell, Nathaniel M. \"Imago expandit splendorem suum: Hildegard of Bingen's Visio-Theological Designs in the Rupertsberg Scivias Manuscript.\"", "Campbell, Nathaniel M. \"Imago expandit splendorem suum: Hildegard of Bingen's Visio-Theological Designs in the Rupertsberg Scivias Manuscript.\" Eikón / Imago 4 (2013, Vol. 2, No. 2), pp. 1–68; accessible online here. Caviness, Madeline. \"Gender Symbolism and Text Image Relationships: Hildegard of Bingen's Scivias.\" In Translation Theory and Practice in the Middle Ages, ed. Jeanette Beer, pp. 71–111. Studies in Medieval Culture 38. Kalamazoo: Medieval Institute Publications, 1997.", "Kalamazoo: Medieval Institute Publications, 1997. Kalamazoo: Medieval Institute Publications, 1997. Eadem. \"Artist: 'To See, Hear, and Know All at Once'.\" In Voice of the Living Light: Hildegard of Bingen and Her World, ed. Barbara Newman, pp. 110–24. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998. Eadem. \"Calcare caput draconis. Prophetische Bildkonfiguration in Visionstext und Illustration: zur Vision »Scivias« II, 7.\" In Hildegard von Bingen.", "In Hildegard von Bingen. In Hildegard von Bingen. Prophetin durch die Zeiten, edited by Äbtissin Edeltraud Forster, 340–58. Freiburg im Breisgau: Verlag Herder, 1997. Eadem. \"Hildegard as Designer of the Illustrations to Her Works.\" In Hildegard of Bingen: The Context of Her Thought and Art, ed. Charles Burnett and Peter Dronke, pp. 29–62. London: Warburg Institute, 1998. Eadem. \"Hildegard of Bingen: German Author, Illustrator, and Musical Composer, 1098–1179.\"", "\"Hildegard of Bingen: German Author, Illustrator, and Musical Composer, 1098–1179.\" In Dictionary of Women Artists, ed. Delia Gaze, pp. 685–87. London: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, 1997. Eadem. Bildgewordene Visionen oder Visionserzählungen: Vergleichende Studie über die Visionsdarstellungen in der Rupertsberger Scivias-Handschrift und im Luccheser Liber divinorum operum-Codex der Hildegard von Bingen. Neue Berner Schriften zur Kunst, 5. Bern, Switzerland: Peter Lang, 1998. Eadem.", "Bern, Switzerland: Peter Lang, 1998. Eadem. Eadem. Die Miniaturen im \"Liber Scivias\" der Hildegard von Bingen: die Wucht der Vision und die Ordnung der Bilder. Wiesbaden: Reichert, 1998. Führkötter, Adelgundis. The Miniatures from the Book Scivias: Know the Ways – of St Hildegard of Bingen from the Illuminated Rupertsberg Codex. Vol. 1. Armaria patristica et mediaevalia. Turnhout: Brepols, 1977.", "1. Armaria patristica et mediaevalia. Turnhout: Brepols, 1977. Turnhout: Brepols, 1977. Harris, Anne Sutherland and Linda Nochlin, Women Artists: 1550–1950, Los Angeles County Museum of Art, Knopf, New York, 1976. Keller, Hiltgart L. Mittelrheinische Buchmalereien in Handschriften aus dem Kreise der Hiltgart von Bingen. Stuttgart: Surkamp, 1933. Kessler, Clemencia Hand. \"A Problematic Illumination of the Heidelberg \"Liber Scivias\".\" Marsyas 8 (1957): 7–21. Meier, Christel.", "Marsyas 8 (1957): 7–21. Meier, Christel. Meier, Christel. \"Zum Verhältnis von Text und Illustration im überlieferten Werk Hildegards von Bingen.\" In Hildegard von Bingen, 1179–1979. Festschrift zum 800. Todestag der Heiligen, ed. Anton Ph. Brück, pp. 159–69. Mainz: Selbstverlag der Gesellschaft für mittelrheinische Kirchengeschichte, 1979. Otto, Rita. \"Zu einigen Miniaturen einer »Scivias«-Handschrift des 12. Jahrhunderts.\" Mainzer Zeitschrift.", "Jahrhunderts.\" Mainzer Zeitschrift. Mainzer Zeitschrift. Mittelrheinisches Jahrbuch für Archäologie, Kunst und Geschichte 67/68 (1972): 128–37. Saurma-Jeltsch, Lieselotte. \"Die Rupertsberger »Scivias«-Handschrift: Überlegungen zu ihrer Entstehung.\" In Hildegard von Bingen. Prophetin durch die Zeiten, ed. Äbtissin Edeltraud Forster, pp. 340–58. Freiburg im Breisgau: Verlag Herder, 1997. Schomer, Josef. Die Illustrationen zu den Visionen der hl. Hildegard als künstlerische Neuschöpfung (das Verhältnis der Illustrationen zueinander und zum Texte).", "Hildegard als künstlerische Neuschöpfung (das Verhältnis der Illustrationen zueinander und zum Texte). Bonn: Stodieck, 1937. Suzuki, Keiko. \"Zum Strukturproblem in den Visionsdarstellungen der Rupertsberger «Scivias» Handschrift.\" Sacris Erudiri 35 (1995): 221–91. Background reading Boyce-Tillman, June. The Creative Spirit: Harmonious Living with Hildegard of Bingen, Harrisburg, PA: Morehouse Publishing, 2000. Butcher, Carmen Acevedo. Man of Blessing: A Life of St. Benedict. Brewster, MA: Paraclete Press, 2012.", "Brewster, MA: Paraclete Press, 2012. Brewster, MA: Paraclete Press, 2012. Bynum, Caroline Walker. Holy Feast and Holy Fast: the Religious Significance of Food to Medieval Women. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1987. Bynum, Caroline Walker. Resurrection of the Body in Western Christianity, 200–1336. New York: Columbia University Press, 1995. Chadwick, Whitney. Women, Art, and Society, Thames and Hudson, London, 1990. Constable, Giles Constable.", "Constable, Giles Constable. Constable, Giles Constable. The Reformation of the Twelfth Century. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998. Dronke, Peter, ed. A History of Twelfth-Century Western Philosophy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992. Eadem. Rooted in the Earth, Rooted in the Sky: Hildegard of Bingen and Premodern Medicine. New York: Routledge Press, 2006. Holweck, the Rt. Reverend Frederick G. A Biographical Dictionary of the Saints, with a General Introduction on Hagiology. 1924.", "1924. 1924. Detroit: Omnigraphics, 1990. Lachman, Barbara. Hildegard: The Last Year. Boston: Shambhala, 1997. McBrien, Richard. Lives of the Saints: From Mary and St. Francis of Assisi to John XXIII and Mother Teresa. San Francisco: HarperSanFrancisco, 2003. McKnight, Scot. The Real Mary: Why Evangelical Christians Can Embrace the Mother of Jesus. Brewster, MA: Paraclete Press, 2006. Newman, Barbara. God and the Goddesses. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.", "God and the Goddesses. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. Pelikan, Jaroslav. Mary Through the Centuries: Her Place in the History of Culture. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1996. Stevenson, Jane. Women Latin Poets: Language, Gender, & Authority from Antiquity to the Eighteenth Century. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005. Sweet, Victoria. \"Hildegard of Bingen and the Greening of Medieval Medicine.\"", "\"Hildegard of Bingen and the Greening of Medieval Medicine.\" Bulletin of the History of Medicine, 1999, 73:381–403. Ulrich, Ingeborg. Hildegard of Bingen: Mystic, Healer, Companion of the Angels. Trans. Linda M. Maloney. Collegeville, MN: Liturgical Press, 1993. Ward, Benedicta. Miracles and the Medieval Mind. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania, 1987. Weeks, Andrew. German mysticism from Hildegard of Bingen to Ludwig Wittgenstein: a literary and intellectual history''.", "German mysticism from Hildegard of Bingen to Ludwig Wittgenstein: a literary and intellectual history''. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1993. External links Abtei St. Hildegard / Abbey of St. Hildegard (Modern-day abbey in Eibingen, Germany) Bibliographies: English translations: \"An Explanation of the Athanasian Creed\" (Explanatio Symboli Sancti Athanasii) Book of Divine Works (Liber Divinorum Operum) I.1 Book of Divine Works (Liber Divinorum Operum) III.3 Poems and Prayers of Hildegard Young, Abigail Ann.", "External links Abtei St. Hildegard / Abbey of St. Hildegard (Modern-day abbey in Eibingen, Germany) Bibliographies: English translations: \"An Explanation of the Athanasian Creed\" (Explanatio Symboli Sancti Athanasii) Book of Divine Works (Liber Divinorum Operum) I.1 Book of Divine Works (Liber Divinorum Operum) III.3 Poems and Prayers of Hildegard Young, Abigail Ann. Translations from Rupert, Hildegard, and Guibert of Gembloux. 1999. 27 March 2006.", "1999. 27 March 2006. 27 March 2006. Hildegard's page at the Medieval History Sourcebook International Society of Hildegard von Bingen Studies (ISHBS) Musical work: Complete Discography at medieval.org McGuire, K. Christian.", "Hildegard's page at the Medieval History Sourcebook International Society of Hildegard von Bingen Studies (ISHBS) Musical work: Complete Discography at medieval.org McGuire, K. Christian. Symphonia Caritatis: The Cistercian Chants of Hildegard von Bingen (2007) The Reconstruction of the monastery on the Rupertsberg 1098 births 1179 deaths 12th-century Christian mystics 12th-century Christian nuns 12th-century Christian saints 12th-century German artists 12th-century German women writers 12th-century German philosophers 12th-century German Catholic theologians 12th-century scientists 12th-century German poets 12th-century physicians Medieval German physicians 12th-century Latin writers 12th-century women artists 12th-century women composers Angelic visionaries Benedictine abbesses Benedictine mystics Benedictine philosophers Benedictine saints Canonizations by Pope Benedict XVI Creators of writing systems Doctors of the Church Female saints of medieval Germany German women classical composers German Christian mystics German Roman Catholic abbesses German Roman Catholic saints German spiritual writers German women artists German women philosophers German philosophers Herbalists Hymnographers Manuscript illuminators Medieval drama Medieval German musicians Medieval German saints Medieval German theologians Medieval German women artists Medieval German women musicians Medieval Latin poets Medieval women physicians Mystic poets Women mystics People from Alzey-Worms Pre-Reformation Anglican saints Pre-Reformation saints of the Lutheran liturgical calendar Rhineland mystics Roman Catholic mystics Catholic philosophers Romanesque artists Women hymnwriters Women religious writers Women classical composers German classical composers Physicians from Rhineland-Palatinate Anglican saints Consecrated virgins People from the Rheingau" ]

[ "Hildegard of Bingen", "Music", "What style of music he made?", "sixty-nine musical compositions, each with its own original poetic text, survive, and at least four other texts are known, though their musical notation has been lost.", "Did she have a album release", "One of her better known works, Ordo Virtutum (Play of the Virtues), is a morality play.", "Are there any other interesting aspects about this article?", "In addition to the Ordo Virtutum, Hildegard composed many liturgical songs that were collected into a cycle called the Symphonia armoniae celestium revelationum." ]

[ "What Else Do You Do? (A Compilation of Quiet Music) is a various artists compilation album, released in 1990 by Shimmy Disc.\n\nTrack listing\n\nPersonnel \nAdapted from the What Else Do You Do? (A Compilation of Quiet Music) liner notes.\n Kramer – production, engineering\n\nRelease history\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n \n\n1990 compilation albums\nAlbums produced by Kramer (musician)\nShimmy Disc compilation albums", "Do You Know What I'm Going To Do Next Saturday? is a 1963 children's book published by Beginner Books and written by Helen Palmer Geisel, the first wife of Theodor Seuss Geisel (Dr. Seuss). Unlike most of the Beginner Books, Do You Know What I'm Going To Do Next Saturday? did not follow the format of text with inline drawings, being illustrated with black-and-white photographs by Lynn Fayman, featuring a boy named Rawli Davis. It is sometimes misattributed to Dr. Seuss himself. The book's cover features a photograph of a young boy sitting at a breakfast table with a huge pile of pancakes.\n\nActivities mentioned in the book include bowling, water skiing, marching, boxing, and shooting guns with the United States Marines, and eating more spaghetti \"than anyone else has eaten before.\n\nHelen Palmer's photograph-based children's books did not prove to be as popular as the more traditional text-and-illustrations format; however, Do You Know What I'm Going To Do Next Saturday received positive reviews and was listed by The New York Times as one of the best children's books of 1963. The book is currently out of print.\n\nReferences\n\n1963 children's books\nAmerican picture books" ]

[ "Hildegard of Bingen (; ; ), also known as Saint Hildegard and the Sibyl of the Rhine, was a German Benedictine abbess and polymath active as a writer, composer, philosopher, mystic, visionary, and as a medical writer and practitioner during the High Middle Ages. She is one of the best-known composers of sacred monophony, as well as the most recorded in modern history. She has been considered by many in Europe to be the founder of scientific natural history in Germany.", "She has been considered by many in Europe to be the founder of scientific natural history in Germany. Hildegard's convent elected her as magistra (mother superior) in 1136. She founded the monasteries of Rupertsberg in 1150 and Eibingen in 1165. Hildegard wrote theological, botanical, and medicinal works, as well as letters, hymns and antiphons for the liturgy. Furthermore, she wrote poems, while supervising miniature illuminations in the Rupertsberg manuscript of her first work, Scivias.", "Furthermore, she wrote poems, while supervising miniature illuminations in the Rupertsberg manuscript of her first work, Scivias. There are more surviving chants by Hildegard than by any other composer from the entire Middle Ages, and she is one of the few known composers to have written both the music and the words. One of her works, the Ordo Virtutum, is an early example of liturgical drama and arguably the oldest surviving morality play. She is also noted for the invention of a constructed language known as Lingua Ignota.", "She is also noted for the invention of a constructed language known as Lingua Ignota. Although the history of her formal canonization is complicated, regional calendars of the Roman Catholic church have listed her as a saint for centuries. On 10 May 2012, Pope Benedict XVI extended the liturgical cult of Hildegard to the entire Catholic Church in a process known as \"equivalent canonization\".", "On 10 May 2012, Pope Benedict XVI extended the liturgical cult of Hildegard to the entire Catholic Church in a process known as \"equivalent canonization\". On 7 October 2012, he named her a Doctor of the Church, in recognition of \"her holiness of life and the originality of her teaching.\" Biography Hildegard was born around 1098, although the exact date is uncertain.", "Biography Hildegard was born around 1098, although the exact date is uncertain. Her parents were Mechtild of Merxheim-Nahet and Hildebert of Bermersheim, a family of the free lower nobility in the service of the Count Meginhard of Sponheim. Sickly from birth, Hildegard is traditionally considered their youngest and tenth child, although there are records of only seven older siblings. In her Vita, Hildegard states that from a very young age she had experienced visions.", "In her Vita, Hildegard states that from a very young age she had experienced visions. Spirituality From early childhood, long before she undertook her public mission or even her monastic vows, Hildegard's spiritual awareness was grounded in what she called the umbra viventis lucis, the reflection of the living Light.", "Spirituality From early childhood, long before she undertook her public mission or even her monastic vows, Hildegard's spiritual awareness was grounded in what she called the umbra viventis lucis, the reflection of the living Light. Her letter to Guibert of Gembloux, which she wrote at the age of seventy-seven, describes her experience of this light with admirable precision: From my early childhood, before my bones, nerves, and veins were fully strengthened, I have always seen this vision in my soul, even to the present time when I am more than seventy years old.", "Her letter to Guibert of Gembloux, which she wrote at the age of seventy-seven, describes her experience of this light with admirable precision: From my early childhood, before my bones, nerves, and veins were fully strengthened, I have always seen this vision in my soul, even to the present time when I am more than seventy years old. In this vision my soul, as God would have it, rises up high into the vault of heaven and into the changing sky and spreads itself out among different peoples, although they are far away from me in distant lands and places.", "In this vision my soul, as God would have it, rises up high into the vault of heaven and into the changing sky and spreads itself out among different peoples, although they are far away from me in distant lands and places. And because I see them this way in my soul, I observe them in accord with the shifting of clouds and other created things.", "And because I see them this way in my soul, I observe them in accord with the shifting of clouds and other created things. I do not hear them with my outward ears, nor do I perceive them by the thoughts of my own heart or by any combination of my five senses, but in my soul alone, while my outward eyes are open. So I have never fallen prey to ecstasy in the visions, but I see them wide awake, day and night.", "So I have never fallen prey to ecstasy in the visions, but I see them wide awake, day and night. And I am constantly fettered by sickness, and often in the grip of pain so intense that it threatens to kill me, but God has sustained me until now. The light which I see thus is not spatial, but it is far, far brighter than a cloud which carries the sun.", "The light which I see thus is not spatial, but it is far, far brighter than a cloud which carries the sun. I can measure neither height, nor length, nor breadth in it; and I call it \"the reflection of the living Light.\" And as the sun, the moon, and the stars appear in water, so writings, sermons, virtues, and certain human actions take form for me and gleam.", "And as the sun, the moon, and the stars appear in water, so writings, sermons, virtues, and certain human actions take form for me and gleam. Monastic life Perhaps because of Hildegard's visions, as a method of political positioning, or both, Hildegard's parents offered her as an oblate to the Benedictine monastery at Disibodenberg, which had been recently reformed in the Palatinate Forest. The date of Hildegard's enclosure at the monastery is the subject of debate.", "The date of Hildegard's enclosure at the monastery is the subject of debate. Her Vita says she was eight years old when she was professed with Jutta, who was the daughter of Count Stephan II of Sponheim and about six years older than Hildegard. However, Jutta's date of enclosure is known to have been in 1112, when Hildegard would have been fourteen. Their vows were received by Bishop Otto of Bamberg on All Saints Day 1112.", "Their vows were received by Bishop Otto of Bamberg on All Saints Day 1112. Some scholars speculate that Hildegard was placed in the care of Jutta at the age of eight, and that the two of them were then enclosed together six years later. In any case, Hildegard and Jutta were enclosed together at Disibodenberg and formed the core of a growing community of women attached to the monastery of monks. Jutta was also a visionary and thus attracted many followers who came to visit her at the monastery.", "Jutta was also a visionary and thus attracted many followers who came to visit her at the monastery. Hildegard tells us that Jutta taught her to read and write, but that she was unlearned and therefore, incapable of teaching Hildegard sound biblical interpretation. The written record of the Life of Jutta indicates that Hildegard probably assisted her in reciting the psalms, working in the garden, other handiwork, and tending to the sick. This might have been a time when Hildegard learned how to play the ten-stringed psaltery.", "This might have been a time when Hildegard learned how to play the ten-stringed psaltery. Volmar, a frequent visitor, may have taught Hildegard simple psalm notation. The time she studied music could have been the beginning of the compositions she would later create. Upon Jutta's death in 1136, Hildegard was unanimously elected as magistra of the community by her fellow nuns. Abbot Kuno of Disibodenberg asked Hildegard to be Prioress, which would be under his authority.", "Abbot Kuno of Disibodenberg asked Hildegard to be Prioress, which would be under his authority. Hildegard, however, wanted more independence for herself and her nuns and asked Abbot Kuno to allow them to move to Rupertsberg. This was to be a move toward poverty, from a stone complex that was well established to a temporary dwelling place. When the abbot declined Hildegard's proposition, Hildegard went over his head and received the approval of Archbishop Henry I of Mainz.", "When the abbot declined Hildegard's proposition, Hildegard went over his head and received the approval of Archbishop Henry I of Mainz. Abbot Kuno did not relent, however, until Hildegard was stricken by an illness that rendered her paralyzed and unable to move from her bed, an event that she attributed to God's unhappiness at her not following his orders to move her nuns to a new location in Rupertsberg. It was only when the Abbot himself could not move Hildegard that he decided to grant the nuns their own monastery.", "It was only when the Abbot himself could not move Hildegard that he decided to grant the nuns their own monastery. Hildegard and approximately twenty nuns thus moved to the St. Rupertsberg monastery in 1150, where Volmar served as provost, as well as Hildegard's confessor and scribe. In 1165, Hildegard founded a second monastery for her nuns at Eibingen. Before Hildegard's death in 1179, a problem arose with the clergy of Mainz. A man buried in Rupertsberg had died after excommunication from the Catholic Church.", "A man buried in Rupertsberg had died after excommunication from the Catholic Church. Therefore, the clergy wanted to remove his body from the sacred ground. Hildegard did not accept this idea, replying that it was a sin and that the man had been reconciled to the church at the time of his death. Visions Hildegard said that she first saw \"The Shade of the Living Light\" at the age of three, and by the age of five, she began to understand that she was experiencing visions.", "Visions Hildegard said that she first saw \"The Shade of the Living Light\" at the age of three, and by the age of five, she began to understand that she was experiencing visions. She used the term 'visio' (the Latin for \"vision\") to describe this feature of her experience and she recognized that it was a gift that she could not explain to others.", "She used the term 'visio' (the Latin for \"vision\") to describe this feature of her experience and she recognized that it was a gift that she could not explain to others. Hildegard explained that she saw all things in the light of God through the five senses: sight, hearing, taste, smell, and touch. Hildegard was hesitant to share her visions, confiding only to Jutta, who in turn told Volmar, Hildegard's tutor and, later, secretary.", "Hildegard was hesitant to share her visions, confiding only to Jutta, who in turn told Volmar, Hildegard's tutor and, later, secretary. Throughout her life, she continued to have many visions, and in 1141, at the age of 42, Hildegard received a vision she believed to be an instruction from God, to \"write down that which you see and hear.\" Still hesitant to record her visions, Hildegard became physically ill.", "Still hesitant to record her visions, Hildegard became physically ill. The illustrations recorded in the book of Scivias were visions that Hildegard experienced, causing her great suffering and tribulations.", "The illustrations recorded in the book of Scivias were visions that Hildegard experienced, causing her great suffering and tribulations. In her first theological text, Scivias (\"Know the Ways\"), Hildegard describes her struggle within: But I, though I saw and heard these things, refused to write for a long time through doubt and bad opinion and the diversity of human words, not with stubbornness but in the exercise of humility, until, laid low by the scourge of God, I fell upon a bed of sickness; then, compelled at last by many illnesses, and by the witness of a certain noble maiden of good conduct [the nun Richardis von Stade] and of that man whom I had secretly sought and found, as mentioned above, I set my hand to the writing.", "In her first theological text, Scivias (\"Know the Ways\"), Hildegard describes her struggle within: But I, though I saw and heard these things, refused to write for a long time through doubt and bad opinion and the diversity of human words, not with stubbornness but in the exercise of humility, until, laid low by the scourge of God, I fell upon a bed of sickness; then, compelled at last by many illnesses, and by the witness of a certain noble maiden of good conduct [the nun Richardis von Stade] and of that man whom I had secretly sought and found, as mentioned above, I set my hand to the writing. While I was doing it, I sensed, as I mentioned before, the deep profundity of scriptural exposition; and, raising myself from illness by the strength I received, I brought this work to a close – though just barely – in ten years.", "While I was doing it, I sensed, as I mentioned before, the deep profundity of scriptural exposition; and, raising myself from illness by the strength I received, I brought this work to a close – though just barely – in ten years. […] And I spoke and wrote these things not by the invention of my heart or that of any other person, but as by the secret mysteries of God I heard and received them in the heavenly places.", "[…] And I spoke and wrote these things not by the invention of my heart or that of any other person, but as by the secret mysteries of God I heard and received them in the heavenly places. And again I heard a voice from Heaven saying to me, 'Cry out, therefore, and write thus!' It was between November 1147 and February 1148 at the synod in Trier that Pope Eugenius heard about Hildegard's writings.", "It was between November 1147 and February 1148 at the synod in Trier that Pope Eugenius heard about Hildegard's writings. It was from this that she received Papal approval to document her visions as revelations from the Holy Spirit, giving her instant credence. On 17 September 1179, when Hildegard died, her sisters claimed they saw two streams of light appear in the skies and cross over the room where she was dying.", "On 17 September 1179, when Hildegard died, her sisters claimed they saw two streams of light appear in the skies and cross over the room where she was dying. Vita Sanctae Hildegardis Hildegard's hagiography, Vita Sanctae Hildegardis, was compiled by the monk Theoderic of Echternach after Hildegard's death. He included the hagiographical work Libellus or \"Little Book\" begun by Godfrey of Disibodenberg. Godfrey had died before he was able to complete his work.", "Godfrey had died before he was able to complete his work. Guibert of Gembloux was invited to finish the work; however, he had to return to his monastery with the project unfinished. Theoderic utilized sources Guibert had left behind to complete the Vita.", "Theoderic utilized sources Guibert had left behind to complete the Vita. Works Hildegard's works include three great volumes of visionary theology; a variety of musical compositions for use in the liturgy, as well as the musical morality play Ordo Virtutum; one of the largest bodies of letters (nearly 400) to survive from the Middle Ages, addressed to correspondents ranging from popes to emperors to abbots and abbesses, and including records of many of the sermons she preached in the 1160s and 1170s; two volumes of material on natural medicine and cures; an invented language called the Lingua ignota (\"unknown language\"); and various minor works, including a gospel commentary and two works of hagiography.", "Works Hildegard's works include three great volumes of visionary theology; a variety of musical compositions for use in the liturgy, as well as the musical morality play Ordo Virtutum; one of the largest bodies of letters (nearly 400) to survive from the Middle Ages, addressed to correspondents ranging from popes to emperors to abbots and abbesses, and including records of many of the sermons she preached in the 1160s and 1170s; two volumes of material on natural medicine and cures; an invented language called the Lingua ignota (\"unknown language\"); and various minor works, including a gospel commentary and two works of hagiography. Several manuscripts of her works were produced during her lifetime, including the illustrated Rupertsberg manuscript of her first major work, Scivias (lost since 1945); the Dendermonde Codex, which contains one version of her musical works; and the Ghent manuscript, which was the first fair-copy made for editing of her final theological work, the Liber Divinorum Operum.", "Several manuscripts of her works were produced during her lifetime, including the illustrated Rupertsberg manuscript of her first major work, Scivias (lost since 1945); the Dendermonde Codex, which contains one version of her musical works; and the Ghent manuscript, which was the first fair-copy made for editing of her final theological work, the Liber Divinorum Operum. At the end of her life, and probably under her initial guidance, all of her works were edited and gathered into the single Riesenkodex manuscript.", "At the end of her life, and probably under her initial guidance, all of her works were edited and gathered into the single Riesenkodex manuscript. Visionary theology Hildegard's most significant works were her three volumes of visionary theology: Scivias (\"Know the Ways\", composed 1142–1151), Liber Vitae Meritorum (\"Book of Life's Merits\" or \"Book of the Rewards of Life\", composed 1158–1163); and Liber Divinorum Operum (\"Book of Divine Works\", also known as De operatione Dei, \"On God's Activity\", begun around 1163 or 1164 and completed around 1172 or 1174).", "Visionary theology Hildegard's most significant works were her three volumes of visionary theology: Scivias (\"Know the Ways\", composed 1142–1151), Liber Vitae Meritorum (\"Book of Life's Merits\" or \"Book of the Rewards of Life\", composed 1158–1163); and Liber Divinorum Operum (\"Book of Divine Works\", also known as De operatione Dei, \"On God's Activity\", begun around 1163 or 1164 and completed around 1172 or 1174). In these volumes, the last of which was completed when she was well into her seventies, Hildegard first describes each vision, whose details are often strange and enigmatic, and then interprets their theological contents in the words of the \"voice of the Living Light.\"", "In these volumes, the last of which was completed when she was well into her seventies, Hildegard first describes each vision, whose details are often strange and enigmatic, and then interprets their theological contents in the words of the \"voice of the Living Light.\" Scivias With permission from Abbot Kuno of Disibodenberg, she began journaling visions she had (which is the basis for Scivias).", "Scivias With permission from Abbot Kuno of Disibodenberg, she began journaling visions she had (which is the basis for Scivias). Scivias is a contraction of Sci vias Domini (Know the Ways of the Lord), and it was Hildegard's first major visionary work, and one of the biggest milestones in her life. Perceiving a divine command to \"write down what you see and hear,\" Hildegard began to record and interpret her visionary experiences. In total, 26 visionary experiences were captured in this compilation.", "In total, 26 visionary experiences were captured in this compilation. Scivias is structured into three parts of unequal length. The first part (six visions) chronicles the order of God's creation: the Creation and Fall of Adam and Eve, the structure of the universe (famously described as the shape of an \"egg\"), the relationship between body and soul, God's relationship to his people through the Synagogue, and the choirs of angels.", "The first part (six visions) chronicles the order of God's creation: the Creation and Fall of Adam and Eve, the structure of the universe (famously described as the shape of an \"egg\"), the relationship between body and soul, God's relationship to his people through the Synagogue, and the choirs of angels. The second part (seven visions) describes the order of redemption: the coming of Christ the Redeemer, the Trinity, the church as the Bride of Christ and the Mother of the Faithful in baptism and confirmation, the orders of the church, Christ's sacrifice on the cross and the Eucharist, and the fight against the devil.", "The second part (seven visions) describes the order of redemption: the coming of Christ the Redeemer, the Trinity, the church as the Bride of Christ and the Mother of the Faithful in baptism and confirmation, the orders of the church, Christ's sacrifice on the cross and the Eucharist, and the fight against the devil. Finally, the third part (thirteen visions) recapitulates the history of salvation told in the first two parts, symbolized as a building adorned with various allegorical figures and virtues.", "Finally, the third part (thirteen visions) recapitulates the history of salvation told in the first two parts, symbolized as a building adorned with various allegorical figures and virtues. It concludes with the Symphony of Heaven, an early version of Hildegard's musical compositions. In early 1148, a commission was sent by the Pope to Disibodenberg to find out more about Hildegard and her writings. The commission found that the visions were authentic and returned to the Pope, with a portion of the Scivias.", "The commission found that the visions were authentic and returned to the Pope, with a portion of the Scivias. Portions of the uncompleted work were read aloud to Pope Eugenius III at the Synod of Trier in 1148, after which he sent Hildegard a letter with his blessing. This blessing was later construed as papal approval for all of Hildegard's wide-ranging theological activities.", "This blessing was later construed as papal approval for all of Hildegard's wide-ranging theological activities. Towards the end of her life, Hildegard commissioned a richly decorated manuscript of Scivias (the Rupertsberg Codex); although the original has been lost since its evacuation to Dresden for safekeeping in 1945, its images are preserved in a hand-painted facsimile from the 1920s.", "Towards the end of her life, Hildegard commissioned a richly decorated manuscript of Scivias (the Rupertsberg Codex); although the original has been lost since its evacuation to Dresden for safekeeping in 1945, its images are preserved in a hand-painted facsimile from the 1920s. Liber Vitae Meritorum In her second volume of visionary theology, composed between 1158 and 1163, after she had moved her community of nuns into independence at the Rupertsberg in Bingen, Hildegard tackled the moral life in the form of dramatic confrontations between the virtues and the vices.", "Liber Vitae Meritorum In her second volume of visionary theology, composed between 1158 and 1163, after she had moved her community of nuns into independence at the Rupertsberg in Bingen, Hildegard tackled the moral life in the form of dramatic confrontations between the virtues and the vices. She had already explored this area in her musical morality play, Ordo Virtutum, and the \"Book of the Rewards of Life\" takes up that play's characteristic themes.", "She had already explored this area in her musical morality play, Ordo Virtutum, and the \"Book of the Rewards of Life\" takes up that play's characteristic themes. Each vice, although ultimately depicted as ugly and grotesque, nevertheless offers alluring, seductive speeches that attempt to entice the unwary soul into their clutches. Standing in our defence, however, are the sober voices of the Virtues, powerfully confronting every vicious deception.", "Standing in our defence, however, are the sober voices of the Virtues, powerfully confronting every vicious deception. Amongst the work's innovations is one of the earliest descriptions of purgatory as the place where each soul would have to work off its debts after death before entering heaven. Hildegard's descriptions of the possible punishments there are often gruesome and grotesque, which emphasize the work's moral and pastoral purpose as a practical guide to the life of true penance and proper virtue.", "Hildegard's descriptions of the possible punishments there are often gruesome and grotesque, which emphasize the work's moral and pastoral purpose as a practical guide to the life of true penance and proper virtue. Liber Divinorum Operum Hildegard's last and grandest visionary work had its genesis in one of the few times she experienced something like an ecstatic loss of consciousness.", "Liber Divinorum Operum Hildegard's last and grandest visionary work had its genesis in one of the few times she experienced something like an ecstatic loss of consciousness. As she described it in an autobiographical passage included in her Vita, sometime in about 1163, she received \"an extraordinary mystical vision\" in which was revealed the \"sprinkling drops of sweet rain\" that John the Evangelist experienced when he wrote, \"In the beginning was the Word\" (John 1:1).", "As she described it in an autobiographical passage included in her Vita, sometime in about 1163, she received \"an extraordinary mystical vision\" in which was revealed the \"sprinkling drops of sweet rain\" that John the Evangelist experienced when he wrote, \"In the beginning was the Word\" (John 1:1). Hildegard perceived that this Word was the key to the \"Work of God\", of which humankind is the pinnacle.", "Hildegard perceived that this Word was the key to the \"Work of God\", of which humankind is the pinnacle. The Book of Divine Works, therefore, became in many ways an extended explication of the Prologue to John's Gospel. The ten visions of this work's three parts are cosmic in scale, to illustrate various ways of understanding the relationship between God and his creation. Often, that relationship is established by grand allegorical female figures representing Divine Love (Caritas) or Wisdom (Sapientia).", "Often, that relationship is established by grand allegorical female figures representing Divine Love (Caritas) or Wisdom (Sapientia). The first vision opens the work with a salvo of poetic and visionary images, swirling about to characterize God's dynamic activity within the scope of his work within the history of salvation. The remaining three visions of the first part introduce the famous image of a human being standing astride the spheres that make up the universe and detail the intricate relationships between the human as microcosm and the universe as macrocosm.", "The remaining three visions of the first part introduce the famous image of a human being standing astride the spheres that make up the universe and detail the intricate relationships between the human as microcosm and the universe as macrocosm. This culminates in the final chapter of Part One, Vision Four with Hildegard's commentary on the Prologue to John's Gospel (John 1:1–14), a direct rumination on the meaning of \"In the beginning was the Word\" The single vision that constitutes the whole of Part Two stretches that rumination back to the opening of Genesis, and forms an extended commentary on the seven days of the creation of the world told in Genesis 1–2:3.", "This culminates in the final chapter of Part One, Vision Four with Hildegard's commentary on the Prologue to John's Gospel (John 1:1–14), a direct rumination on the meaning of \"In the beginning was the Word\" The single vision that constitutes the whole of Part Two stretches that rumination back to the opening of Genesis, and forms an extended commentary on the seven days of the creation of the world told in Genesis 1–2:3. This commentary interprets each day of creation in three ways: literal or cosmological; allegorical or ecclesiological (i.e.", "This commentary interprets each day of creation in three ways: literal or cosmological; allegorical or ecclesiological (i.e. related to the church's history); and moral or tropological (i.e. related to the soul's growth in virtue). Finally, the five visions of the third part take up again the building imagery of Scivias to describe the course of salvation history.", "Finally, the five visions of the third part take up again the building imagery of Scivias to describe the course of salvation history. The final vision (3.5) contains Hildegard's longest and most detailed prophetic program of the life of the church from her own days of \"womanish weakness\" through to the coming and ultimate downfall of the Antichrist. Music Attention in recent decades to women of the medieval Catholic Church has led to a great deal of popular interest in Hildegard's music.", "Music Attention in recent decades to women of the medieval Catholic Church has led to a great deal of popular interest in Hildegard's music. In addition to the Ordo Virtutum, sixty-nine musical compositions, each with its own original poetic text, survive, and at least four other texts are known, though their musical notation has been lost. This is one of the largest repertoires among medieval composers. One of her better-known works, Ordo Virtutum (Play of the Virtues), is a morality play.", "One of her better-known works, Ordo Virtutum (Play of the Virtues), is a morality play. It is uncertain when some of Hildegard's compositions were composed, though the Ordo Virtutum is thought to have been composed as early as 1151. It is an independent Latin morality play with music (82 songs); it does not supplement or pay homage to the Mass or the Office of a certain feast. It is, in fact, the earliest known surviving musical drama that is not attached to a liturgy.", "It is, in fact, the earliest known surviving musical drama that is not attached to a liturgy. The Ordo virtutum would have been performed within Hildegard's monastery by and for her select community of noblewomen and nuns. It was probably performed as a manifestation of the theology Hildegard delineated in the Scivias. The play serves as an allegory of the Christian story of sin, confession, repentance, and forgiveness.", "The play serves as an allegory of the Christian story of sin, confession, repentance, and forgiveness. Notably, it is the female Virtues who restore the fallen to the community of the faithful, not the male Patriarchs or Prophets. This would have been a significant message to the nuns in Hildegard's convent. Scholars assert that the role of the Devil would have been played by Volmar, while Hildegard's nuns would have played the parts of Anima (the human souls) and the Virtues.", "Scholars assert that the role of the Devil would have been played by Volmar, while Hildegard's nuns would have played the parts of Anima (the human souls) and the Virtues. The devil's part is entirely spoken or shouted, with no musical setting. All other characters sing in monophonic plainchant. This includes Patriarchs, Prophets, A Happy Soul, A Unhappy Soul, and A Penitent Soul along with 16 female Virtues (including Mercy, Innocence, Chasity, Obedience, Hope, and Faith).", "This includes Patriarchs, Prophets, A Happy Soul, A Unhappy Soul, and A Penitent Soul along with 16 female Virtues (including Mercy, Innocence, Chasity, Obedience, Hope, and Faith). In addition to the Ordo Virtutum, Hildegard composed many liturgical songs that were collected into a cycle called the Symphonia armoniae celestium revelationum. The songs from the Symphonia are set to Hildegard's own text and range from antiphons, hymns, and sequences, to responsories.", "The songs from the Symphonia are set to Hildegard's own text and range from antiphons, hymns, and sequences, to responsories. Her music is monophonic, that is, consisting of exactly one melodic line. Its style has been said to be characterized by soaring melodies that can push the boundaries of traditional Gregorian chant and to stand outside the normal practices of monophonic monastic chant. Researchers are also exploring ways in which it may be viewed in comparison with her contemporaries, such as Hermannus Contractus.", "Researchers are also exploring ways in which it may be viewed in comparison with her contemporaries, such as Hermannus Contractus. Another feature of Hildegard's music that both reflects the twelfth-century evolution of chant, and pushes that evolution further, is that it is highly melismatic, often with recurrent melodic units. Scholars such as Margot Fassler, Marianne Richert Pfau, and Beverly Lomer also note the intimate relationship between music and text in Hildegard's compositions, whose rhetorical features are often more distinct than is common in twelfth-century chant.", "Scholars such as Margot Fassler, Marianne Richert Pfau, and Beverly Lomer also note the intimate relationship between music and text in Hildegard's compositions, whose rhetorical features are often more distinct than is common in twelfth-century chant. As with most medieval chant notation, Hildegard's music lacks any indication of tempo or rhythm; the surviving manuscripts employ late German style notation, which uses very ornamental neumes.", "As with most medieval chant notation, Hildegard's music lacks any indication of tempo or rhythm; the surviving manuscripts employ late German style notation, which uses very ornamental neumes. The reverence for the Virgin Mary reflected in music shows how deeply influenced and inspired Hildegard of Bingen and her community were by the Virgin Mary and the saints. Scientific and medicinal writings Hildegard's medicinal and scientific writings, although thematically complementary to her ideas about nature expressed in her visionary works, are different in focus and scope.", "Scientific and medicinal writings Hildegard's medicinal and scientific writings, although thematically complementary to her ideas about nature expressed in her visionary works, are different in focus and scope. Neither claim to be rooted in her visionary experience and its divine authority. Rather, they spring from her experience helping in and then leading the monastery's herbal garden and infirmary, as well as the theoretical information she likely gained through her wide-ranging reading in the monastery's library.", "Rather, they spring from her experience helping in and then leading the monastery's herbal garden and infirmary, as well as the theoretical information she likely gained through her wide-ranging reading in the monastery's library. As she gained practical skills in diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment, she combined physical treatment of physical diseases with holistic methods centered on \"spiritual healing\". She became well known for her healing powers involving the practical application of tinctures, herbs, and precious stones.", "She became well known for her healing powers involving the practical application of tinctures, herbs, and precious stones. She combined these elements with a theological notion ultimately derived from Genesis: all things put on earth are for the use of humans. In addition to her hands-on experience, she also gained medical knowledge, including elements of her humoral theory, from traditional Latin texts. Hildegard catalogued both her theory and practice in two works.", "Hildegard catalogued both her theory and practice in two works. The first, Physica, contains nine books that describe the scientific and medicinal properties of various plants, stones, fish, reptiles, and animals. This document is also thought to contain the first recorded reference of the use of hops in beer as a preservative. The second, Causae et Curae, is an exploration of the human body, its connections to the rest of the natural world, and the causes and cures of various diseases.", "The second, Causae et Curae, is an exploration of the human body, its connections to the rest of the natural world, and the causes and cures of various diseases. Hildegard documented various medical practices in these books, including the use of bleeding and home remedies for many common ailments. She also explains remedies for common agricultural injuries such as burns, fractures, dislocations, and cuts. Hildegard may have used the books to teach assistants at the monastery.", "Hildegard may have used the books to teach assistants at the monastery. These books are historically significant because they show areas of medieval medicine that were not well documented because their practitioners, mainly women, rarely wrote in Latin. Her writings were commentated on by Mélanie Lipinska, a Polish scientist. In addition to its wealth of practical evidence, Causae et Curae is also noteworthy for its organizational scheme.", "In addition to its wealth of practical evidence, Causae et Curae is also noteworthy for its organizational scheme. Its first part sets the work within the context of the creation of the cosmos and then humanity as its summit, and the constant interplay of the human person as microcosm both physically and spiritually with the macrocosm of the universe informs all of Hildegard's approach. Her hallmark is to emphasize the vital connection between the \"green\" health of the natural world and the holistic health of the human person.", "Her hallmark is to emphasize the vital connection between the \"green\" health of the natural world and the holistic health of the human person. Viriditas, or greening power, was thought to sustain human beings and could be manipulated by adjusting the balance of elements within a person. Thus, when she approached medicine as a type of gardening, it was not just as an analogy.", "Thus, when she approached medicine as a type of gardening, it was not just as an analogy. Rather, Hildegard understood the plants and elements of the garden as direct counterparts to the humors and elements within the human body, whose imbalance led to illness and disease. Thus, the nearly three hundred chapters of the second book of Causae et Curae \"explore the etiology, or causes, of disease as well as human sexuality, psychology, and physiology.\"", "Thus, the nearly three hundred chapters of the second book of Causae et Curae \"explore the etiology, or causes, of disease as well as human sexuality, psychology, and physiology.\" In this section, she gives specific instructions for bleeding based on various factors, including gender, the phase of the moon (bleeding is best done when the moon is waning), the place of disease (use veins near diseased organ or body part) or prevention (big veins in arms), and how much blood to take (described in imprecise measurements, like \"the amount that a thirsty person can swallow in one gulp\").", "In this section, she gives specific instructions for bleeding based on various factors, including gender, the phase of the moon (bleeding is best done when the moon is waning), the place of disease (use veins near diseased organ or body part) or prevention (big veins in arms), and how much blood to take (described in imprecise measurements, like \"the amount that a thirsty person can swallow in one gulp\"). She even includes bleeding instructions for animals to keep them healthy.", "She even includes bleeding instructions for animals to keep them healthy. In the third and fourth sections, Hildegard describes treatments for malignant and minor problems and diseases according to the humoral theory, again including information on animal health. The fifth section is about diagnosis and prognosis, which includes instructions to check the patient's blood, pulse, urine, and stool.", "The fifth section is about diagnosis and prognosis, which includes instructions to check the patient's blood, pulse, urine, and stool. Finally, the sixth section documents a lunar horoscope to provide an additional means of prognosis for both disease and other medical conditions, such as conception and the outcome of pregnancy. For example, she indicates that a waxing moon is good for human conception and is also good for sowing seeds for plants (sowing seeds is the plant equivalent of conception).", "For example, she indicates that a waxing moon is good for human conception and is also good for sowing seeds for plants (sowing seeds is the plant equivalent of conception). Elsewhere, Hildegard is even said to have stressed the value of boiling drinking water in an attempt to prevent infection.", "Elsewhere, Hildegard is even said to have stressed the value of boiling drinking water in an attempt to prevent infection. As Hildegard elaborates the medical and scientific relationship between the human microcosm and the macrocosm of the universe, she often focuses on interrelated patterns of four: \"the four elements (fire, air, water, and earth), the four seasons, the four humors, the four zones of the earth, and the four major winds.\"", "As Hildegard elaborates the medical and scientific relationship between the human microcosm and the macrocosm of the universe, she often focuses on interrelated patterns of four: \"the four elements (fire, air, water, and earth), the four seasons, the four humors, the four zones of the earth, and the four major winds.\" Although she inherited the basic framework of humoral theory from ancient medicine, Hildegard's conception of the hierarchical inter-balance of the four humors (blood, phlegm, black bile, and yellow bile) was unique, based on their correspondence to \"superior\" and \"inferior\" elements – blood and phlegm corresponding to the \"celestial\" elements of fire and air, and the two biles corresponding to the \"terrestrial\" elements of water and earth.", "Although she inherited the basic framework of humoral theory from ancient medicine, Hildegard's conception of the hierarchical inter-balance of the four humors (blood, phlegm, black bile, and yellow bile) was unique, based on their correspondence to \"superior\" and \"inferior\" elements – blood and phlegm corresponding to the \"celestial\" elements of fire and air, and the two biles corresponding to the \"terrestrial\" elements of water and earth. Hildegard understood the disease-causing imbalance of these humors to result from the improper dominance of the subordinate humors.", "Hildegard understood the disease-causing imbalance of these humors to result from the improper dominance of the subordinate humors. This disharmony reflects that introduced by Adam and Eve in the Fall, which for Hildegard marked the indelible entrance of disease and humoral imbalance into humankind. As she writes in Causae et Curae c. 42: It happens that certain men suffer diverse illnesses. This comes from the phlegm which is superabundant within them.", "This comes from the phlegm which is superabundant within them. For if man had remained in paradise, he would not have had the flegmata within his body, from which many evils proceed, but his flesh would have been whole and without dark humor [livor]. However, because he consented to evil and relinquished good, he was made into a likeness of the earth, which produces good and useful herbs, as well as bad and useless ones, and which has in itself both good and evil moistures.", "However, because he consented to evil and relinquished good, he was made into a likeness of the earth, which produces good and useful herbs, as well as bad and useless ones, and which has in itself both good and evil moistures. From tasting evil, the blood of the sons of Adam was turned into the poison of semen, out of which the sons of man are begotten. And therefore their flesh is ulcerated and permeable [to disease].", "And therefore their flesh is ulcerated and permeable [to disease]. These sores and openings create a certain storm and smoky moisture in men, from which the flegmata arise and coagulate, which then introduce diverse infirmities to the human body.", "These sores and openings create a certain storm and smoky moisture in men, from which the flegmata arise and coagulate, which then introduce diverse infirmities to the human body. All this arose from the first evil, which man began at the start, because if Adam had remained in paradise, he would have had the sweetest health, and the best dwelling-place, just as the strongest balsam emits the best odor; but on the contrary, man now has within himself poison and phlegm and diverse illnesses.", "All this arose from the first evil, which man began at the start, because if Adam had remained in paradise, he would have had the sweetest health, and the best dwelling-place, just as the strongest balsam emits the best odor; but on the contrary, man now has within himself poison and phlegm and diverse illnesses. Lingua ignota and Litterae ignotae Hildegard also invented an alternative alphabet.", "Lingua ignota and Litterae ignotae Hildegard also invented an alternative alphabet. Litterae ignotae (Alternate Alphabet) was another work and was more or less a secret code, or even an intellectual code – much like a modern crossword puzzle today. Hildegard's Lingua ignota (Unknown Language) consisted of a series of invented words that corresponded to an eclectic list of nouns. The list is approximately 1000 nouns; there are no other parts of speech.", "The list is approximately 1000 nouns; there are no other parts of speech. The two most important sources for the Lingua ignota are the Wiesbaden, Hessische Landesbibliothek 2 (nicknamed the Riesenkodex) and the Berlin MS. In both manuscripts, medieval German and Latin glosses are written above Hildegard's invented words. The Berlin MS contains additional Latin and German glosses not found in the Riesenkodex.", "The Berlin MS contains additional Latin and German glosses not found in the Riesenkodex. The first two words of the Lingua as copied in the Berlin MS are: Aigonz (German, goth; Latin, deus; [English God]) and Aleganz (German engel; Latin angelus; [English angel]).Barbara Newman believes that Hildegard used her Lingua Ignota to increase solidarity among her nuns. Sarah Higley disagrees and notes that there is no evidence of Hildegard teaching the language to her nuns.", "Sarah Higley disagrees and notes that there is no evidence of Hildegard teaching the language to her nuns. She suggests that the language was not intended to remain a secret; rather, the presence of words for mundane things may indicate that the language was for the whole abbey and perhaps the larger monastic world. Higley believes that \"the Lingua is a linguistic distillation of the philosophy expressed in her three prophetic books: it represents the cosmos of divine and human creation and the sins that flesh is heir to.\"", "Higley believes that \"the Lingua is a linguistic distillation of the philosophy expressed in her three prophetic books: it represents the cosmos of divine and human creation and the sins that flesh is heir to.\" The text of her writing and compositions reveals Hildegard's use of this form of modified medieval Latin, encompassing many invented, conflated, and abridged words. Because of her inventions of words for her lyrics and use of a constructed script, many conlangers look upon her as a medieval precursor.", "Because of her inventions of words for her lyrics and use of a constructed script, many conlangers look upon her as a medieval precursor. Significance During her lifetime Maddocks claims that it is likely Hildegard learned simple Latin and the tenets of the Christian faith, but was not instructed in the Seven Liberal Arts, which formed the basis of all education for the learned classes in the Middle Ages: the Trivium of grammar, dialectic, and rhetoric plus the Quadrivium of arithmetic, geometry, astronomy, and music.", "Significance During her lifetime Maddocks claims that it is likely Hildegard learned simple Latin and the tenets of the Christian faith, but was not instructed in the Seven Liberal Arts, which formed the basis of all education for the learned classes in the Middle Ages: the Trivium of grammar, dialectic, and rhetoric plus the Quadrivium of arithmetic, geometry, astronomy, and music. The correspondence she kept with the outside world, both spiritual and social, transcended the cloister as a space of spiritual confinement and served to document Hildegard's grand style and strict formatting of medieval letter writing.For cloister as confinement see \"Female\" section of \"Cloister\" in Catholic Encyclopedia.", "The correspondence she kept with the outside world, both spiritual and social, transcended the cloister as a space of spiritual confinement and served to document Hildegard's grand style and strict formatting of medieval letter writing.For cloister as confinement see \"Female\" section of \"Cloister\" in Catholic Encyclopedia. Contributing to Christian European rhetorical traditions, Hildegard \"authorized herself as a theologian\" through alternative rhetorical arts. Hildegard was creative in her interpretation of theology.", "Hildegard was creative in her interpretation of theology. Hildegard was creative in her interpretation of theology. She believed that her monastery should exclude novices who were not from the nobility because she did not want her community to be divided on the basis of social status. She also stated that \"woman may be made from man, but no man can be made without a woman.\" Because of church limitation on public, discursive rhetoric, the medieval rhetorical arts included preaching, letter writing, poetry, and the encyclopedic tradition.", "Because of church limitation on public, discursive rhetoric, the medieval rhetorical arts included preaching, letter writing, poetry, and the encyclopedic tradition. Hildegard's participation in these arts speaks to her significance as a female rhetorician, transcending bans on women's social participation and interpretation of scripture. The acceptance of public preaching by a woman, even a well-connected abbess and acknowledged prophet, does not fit the stereotype of this time. Her preaching was not limited to the monasteries; she preached publicly in 1160 in Germany.", "Her preaching was not limited to the monasteries; she preached publicly in 1160 in Germany. (New York: Routledge, 2001, 9). She conducted four preaching tours throughout Germany, speaking to both clergy and laity in chapter houses and in public, mainly denouncing clerical corruption and calling for reform. Many abbots and abbesses asked her for prayers and opinions on various matters. She traveled widely during her four preaching tours.", "She traveled widely during her four preaching tours. She traveled widely during her four preaching tours. She had several devoted followers, including Guibert of Gembloux, who wrote to her frequently and became her secretary after Volmar's death in 1173. Hildegard also influenced several monastic women, exchanging letters with Elisabeth of Schönau, a nearby visionary.", "Hildegard also influenced several monastic women, exchanging letters with Elisabeth of Schönau, a nearby visionary. Hildegard corresponded with popes such as Eugene III and Anastasius IV, statesmen such as Abbot Suger, German emperors such as Frederick I Barbarossa, and other notable figures such as Bernard of Clairvaux, who advanced her work, at the behest of her abbot, Kuno, at the Synod of Trier in 1147 and 1148. Hildegard of Bingen's correspondence is an important component of her literary output.", "Hildegard of Bingen's correspondence is an important component of her literary output. Veneration Hildegard was one of the first persons for whom the Roman canonization process was officially applied, but the process took so long that four attempts at canonization were not completed and she remained at the level of her beatification. Her name was nonetheless taken up in the Roman Martyrology at the end of the 16th century. Her feast is 17 September. Numerous popes have referred to Hildegard as a saint, including Pope John Paul II and Pope Benedict XVI.", "Numerous popes have referred to Hildegard as a saint, including Pope John Paul II and Pope Benedict XVI. Hildegard's parish and pilgrimage church in Eibingen near Rüdesheim houses her relics. On 10 May 2012, Pope Benedict XVI extended the veneration of Saint Hildegard to the entire Catholic Church in a process known as \"equivalent canonization,\" thus laying the groundwork for naming her a Doctor of the Church. On 7 October 2012, the feast of the Holy Rosary, the pope named her a Doctor of the Church.", "On 7 October 2012, the feast of the Holy Rosary, the pope named her a Doctor of the Church. He called Hildegard \"perennially relevant\" and \"an authentic teacher of theology and a profound scholar of natural science and music.\" Hildegard of Bingen also appears in the calendar of saints of various Anglican churches, such as that of the Church of England, in which she is commemorated on 17 September. Modern interest In recent years, Hildegard has become of particular interest to feminist scholars.", "Modern interest In recent years, Hildegard has become of particular interest to feminist scholars. They note her reference to herself as a member of the weaker sex and her rather constant belittling of women. Hildegard frequently referred to herself as an unlearned woman, completely incapable of Biblical exegesis.", "Hildegard frequently referred to herself as an unlearned woman, completely incapable of Biblical exegesis. Such a statement on her part, however, worked slyly to her advantage because it made her statements that all of her writings and music came from visions of the Divine more believable, therefore giving Hildegard the authority to speak in a time and place where few women were permitted a voice. Hildegard used her voice to amplify the church's condemnation of institutional corruption, in particular simony.", "Hildegard used her voice to amplify the church's condemnation of institutional corruption, in particular simony. Hildegard has also become a figure of reverence within the contemporary New Age movement, mostly because of her holistic and natural view of healing, as well as her status as a mystic.", "Hildegard has also become a figure of reverence within the contemporary New Age movement, mostly because of her holistic and natural view of healing, as well as her status as a mystic. Although her medical writings were long neglected and then, studied without reference to their context, she was the inspiration for Dr. Gottfried Hertzka's \"Hildegard-Medicine\", and is the namesake for June Boyce-Tillman's Hildegard Network, a healing center that focuses on a holistic approach to wellness and brings together people interested in exploring the links between spirituality, the arts, and healing.", "Although her medical writings were long neglected and then, studied without reference to their context, she was the inspiration for Dr. Gottfried Hertzka's \"Hildegard-Medicine\", and is the namesake for June Boyce-Tillman's Hildegard Network, a healing center that focuses on a holistic approach to wellness and brings together people interested in exploring the links between spirituality, the arts, and healing. Her reputation as a medicinal writer and healer was also used by early feminists to argue for women's rights to attend medical schools.", "Her reputation as a medicinal writer and healer was also used by early feminists to argue for women's rights to attend medical schools. Reincarnation of Hildegard has been debated since 1924 when Austrian mystic Rudolf Steiner lectured that a nun of her description was the past life of Russian poet-philosopher Vladimir Soloviev, whose visions of Holy Wisdom are often compared to Hildegard's.", "Reincarnation of Hildegard has been debated since 1924 when Austrian mystic Rudolf Steiner lectured that a nun of her description was the past life of Russian poet-philosopher Vladimir Soloviev, whose visions of Holy Wisdom are often compared to Hildegard's. Sophiologist Robert Powell writes that hermetic astrology proves the match, while mystical communities in Hildegard's lineage include that of artist Carl Schroeder as studied by Columbia sociologist Courtney Bender and supported by reincarnation researchers Walter Semkiw and Kevin Ryerson. Recordings and performances of Hildegard's music have gained critical praise and popularity since 1979.", "Recordings and performances of Hildegard's music have gained critical praise and popularity since 1979. There is an extensive discography of her musical works. The following modern musical works are directly linked to Hildegard and her music or texts: : Hildegard von Bingen, a liturgical play with texts and music by Hildegard of Bingen, 1998. Cecilia McDowall: Alma Redemptoris Mater.", "Cecilia McDowall: Alma Redemptoris Mater. Cecilia McDowall: Alma Redemptoris Mater. Christopher Theofanidis: Rainbow Body, for orchestra (2000) David Lynch with Jocelyn Montgomery: Lux Vivens (Living Light): The Music of Hildegard Von Bingen, 1998 Devendra Banhart: Für Hildegard von Bingen, single from the 2013 album Mala Gordon Hamilton: The Trillion Souls quotes Hildegard's O Ignee Spiritus Ludger Stühlmeyer: O splendidissima gemma. 2012. For alto solo and organ, text: Hildegard of Bingen.", "For alto solo and organ, text: Hildegard of Bingen. Commissioned composition for the declaration of Hildegard of Bingen as Doctor of the Church.", "Commissioned composition for the declaration of Hildegard of Bingen as Doctor of the Church. Peter Janssens: Hildegard von Bingen, a musical in 10 scenes, text: Jutta Richter, 1997 Sofia Gubaidulina: Aus den Visionen der Hildegard von Bingen, for contra alto solo, after a text of Hildegard of Bingen, 1994 Tilo Medek: Monatsbilder (nach Hildegard von Bingen), twelve songs for mezzo-soprano, clarinet and piano, 1997 Wolfgang Sauseng: De visione secunda for double choir and percussion, 2011 The artwork The Dinner Party features a place setting for Hildegard.", "Peter Janssens: Hildegard von Bingen, a musical in 10 scenes, text: Jutta Richter, 1997 Sofia Gubaidulina: Aus den Visionen der Hildegard von Bingen, for contra alto solo, after a text of Hildegard of Bingen, 1994 Tilo Medek: Monatsbilder (nach Hildegard von Bingen), twelve songs for mezzo-soprano, clarinet and piano, 1997 Wolfgang Sauseng: De visione secunda for double choir and percussion, 2011 The artwork The Dinner Party features a place setting for Hildegard. In space, the minor planet 898 Hildegard is named for her.", "In space, the minor planet 898 Hildegard is named for her. In film, Hildegard has been portrayed by Patricia Routledge in a BBC documentary called Hildegard of Bingen (1994), by Ángela Molina in Barbarossa (2009) and by Barbara Sukowa in the film Vision, directed by Margarethe von Trotta. Hildegard was the subject of a 2012 fictionalized biographic novel Illuminations by Mary Sharatt. The plant genus Hildegardia is named after her because of her contributions to herbal medicine.", "The plant genus Hildegardia is named after her because of her contributions to herbal medicine. Hildegard makes an appearance in The Baby-Sitters Club #101: Claudia Kishi, Middle School Drop-Out by Ann M. Martin, when Anna Stevenson dresses as Hildegard for Halloween. A feature documentary film, The Unruly Mystic: Saint Hildegard, was released by American director Michael M. Conti in 2014. The off-Broadway musical In the Green, written by Grace McLean, followed Hildegard's story.", "The off-Broadway musical In the Green, written by Grace McLean, followed Hildegard's story. In his book, The Man Who Mistook His Wife for a Hat, neurologist Oliver Sacks devotes a chapter to Hildegard and concludes that in his opinion her visions were migrainous. See also Discography of Hildegard of Bingen Timeline of women in science Notes References Bibliography Primary sources (in translation) Causae et Curae (Holistic Healing). Trans. by Manfred Pawlik and Patrick Madigan. Edited by Mary Palmquist and John Kulas.", "Edited by Mary Palmquist and John Kulas. Edited by Mary Palmquist and John Kulas. Collegeville, MN: Liturgical Press, Inc., 1994. Causes and Cures of Hildegard of Bingen. Trans. by Priscilla Throop. Charlotte, VT: MedievalMS, 2006, 2008. Homilies on the Gospels. Trans. by Beverly Mayne Kienzle. Trappist, KY: Cistercian Publications, 2011. Physica. Trans. Priscilla Throop. Rochester Vermont: Healing Arts Press, 1998. Scivias. Trans. by Columba Hart and Jane Bishop.", "Scivias. Trans. by Columba Hart and Jane Bishop. by Columba Hart and Jane Bishop. Introduction by Barbara J. Newman. Preface by Caroline Walker Bynum. New York: Paulist Press, 1990. Solutions to Thirty-Eight Questions. Trans. Beverly Mayne Kienzle, with Jenny C. Bledsoe and Stephen H. Behnke. Collegeville, MN: Cistercian Publications / Liturgical Press, 2014. Symphonia: A Critical Edition of the Symphonia Armonie Celestium Revelationum (Symphony of the Harmony of Celestial Revelations), ed. and trans. Barbara Newman.", "and trans. Barbara Newman. Barbara Newman. Cornell Univ. Press, 1988/1998. The Book of the Rewards of Life. Trans. Bruce Hozeski. New York : Oxford University Press, 1997. The Letters of Hildegard of Bingen. Trans. by Joseph L. Baird and Radd K. Ehrman. 3 vols. New York: Oxford University Press, 1994/1998/2004. Three Lives and a Rule: the Lives of Hildegard, Disibod, Rupert, with Hildegard's Explanation of the Rule of St. Benedict. Trans. by Priscilla Throop.", "Trans. by Priscilla Throop. by Priscilla Throop. Charlotte, VT: MedievalMS, 2010. Two Hagiographies: Vita sancti Rupperti confessoris. Vita sancti Dysibodi episcopi. Intro. and trans. Hugh Feiss, O.S.B. ; ed. Christopher P. Evans. Paris, Leuven, Walpole, MA: Peeters, 2010. Hildegard of Bingen. The Book of Divine Works. Trans. by Nathaniel M. Campbell. Washington, D.C.: The Catholic University of America Press, 2018. Sarah L. Higley.", "Sarah L. Higley. Sarah L. Higley. Hildegard of Bingen's Unknown Language: An Edition, Translation, and Discussion New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007. Silvas, Anna. Jutta and Hildegard: The Biographical Sources. University Park, PA: The Pennsylvania State University Press, 1998.", "University Park, PA: The Pennsylvania State University Press, 1998. Secondary sources \"Un lexique trilingue du XIIe siècle : la lingua ignota de Hildegarde de Bingen\", dans Lexiques bilingues dans les domaines philosophique et scientifique (Moyen Âge-Renaissance), Actes du colloque international organisé par l'Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes-IVe Section et l'Institut Supérieur de Philosophie de l'Université Catholique de Louvain, Paris, 12–14 juin 1997, éd. J. Hamesse, D. Jacquart, Turnhout, Brepols, 2001, p. 89–111.", "J. Hamesse, D. Jacquart, Turnhout, Brepols, 2001, p. 89–111. \"'Sibyl of the Rhine': Hildegard's Life and Times.\" Voice of the Living Light: Hildegard of Bingen and Her World. Edited by Barbara Newman. Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press, 1998. \"Hildegard of Bingen: Visions and Validation.\" Church History 54 (1985): 163–75. \"Un témoin supplémentaire du rayonnement de sainte Radegonde au Moyen Age ?", "\"Un témoin supplémentaire du rayonnement de sainte Radegonde au Moyen Age ? La Vita domnae Juttae (XIIe siècle)\", Bulletin de la société des Antiquaires de l'Ouest, 5e série, t. XV, 3e et 4e trimestres 2001, pp. 181–97. Die Gesänge der Hildegard von Bingen. Eine musikologische, theologische und kulturhistorische Untersuchung. Olms, Hildesheim 2003, . Hildegard von Bingen. Leben – Werk – Verehrung. Topos plus Verlagsgemeinschaft, Kevelaer 2014, . Sister of Wisdom: St. Hildegard's Theology of the Feminine.", "Sister of Wisdom: St. Hildegard's Theology of the Feminine. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1987. Tugenden und Laster. Wegweisung im Dialog mit Hildegard von Bingen. Beuroner Kunstverlag, Beuron 2012, . Wege in sein Licht. Eine spirituelle Biografie über Hildegard von Bingen. Beuroner Kunstverlag, Beuron 2013, . Bennett, Judith M. and C. Warren Hollister. Medieval Europe: A Short History. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2006. 289, 317. Boyce-Tillman, June.", "New York: McGraw-Hill, 2006. 289, 317. Boyce-Tillman, June. Boyce-Tillman, June. \"Hildegard of Bingen at 900: The Eye of a Woman.\" The Musical Times 139, no. 1865 (Winter, 1998): 31–36. Butcher, Carmen Acevedo. Hildegard of Bingen: A Spiritual Reader. Massachusetts: Paraclete Press, 2007. Davidson, Audrey Ekdahl. \"Music and Performance: Hildegard of Bingen's Ordo Virtutum.\" The Ordo Virtutum of Hildegard of Bingen: Critical Studies.", "The Ordo Virtutum of Hildegard of Bingen: Critical Studies. Kalamazoo, MI: Western Michigan University, 1992. Dietrich, Julia. \"The Visionary Rhetoric of Hildegard of Bingen.\" Listening to Their Voices: The Rhetorical Activities of Historic Women. Ed. Molly Meijer Wertheimer. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1997. 202–14. Fassler, Margot. \"Composer and Dramatist: 'Melodious Singing and the Freshness of Remorse.'\" Voice of the Living Light: Hildegard of Bingen and Her World.", "Voice of the Living Light: Hildegard of Bingen and Her World. Edited by Barbara Newman. Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press, 1998. Flanagan, Sabina. Hildegard of Bingen, 1098–1179: A Visionary Life. London: Routledge, 1989. Fox, Matthew. Illuminations of Hildegard of Bingen. New Mexico: Bear and Company, 1985. Furlong, Monica. Visions and Longings: Medieval Women Mystics. Massachusetts: Shambhala Publications, 1996. Glaze, Florence Eliza.", "Massachusetts: Shambhala Publications, 1996. Glaze, Florence Eliza. Glaze, Florence Eliza. \"Medical Writer: 'Behold the Human Creature.'\" Voice of the Living Light: Hildegard of Bingen and Her World. Edited by Barbara Newman. Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press, 1998. Holsinger, Bruce. Music, Body, and Desire In Medieval Culture. California: Stanford University Press, 2001. Kienzle, Beverly, George Ferzoco, & Debra Stoudt.", "Kienzle, Beverly, George Ferzoco, & Debra Stoudt. A Companion to Hildegard of Bingen. Brill's companions to the Christian tradition. Leiden: Brill, 2013. Notes on Hildegard's \"Unknown\" Language and Writing. King-Lenzmeier, Anne. Hildegard of Bingen: an integrated version. Minnesota: The Liturgical Press, 2001. Maddocks, Fiona. Hildegard of Bingen: The Woman of Her Age. New York: Doubleday, 2001. Madigan, Shawn.", "New York: Doubleday, 2001. Madigan, Shawn. Madigan, Shawn. Mystics, Visionaries and Prophets: A Historical Anthology of Women's Spiritual Writings. Minnesota: Augsburg Fortress, 1998. McGrade, Michael. \"Hildegard von Bingen.\" Die Musik in Geschichte und Gegenwart: allgemeine Enzyklopaldie der Musik, 2nd edition, T. 2, Volume 8. Edited by Ludwig Fischer. Kassel, New York: Bahrenreiter, 1994. Moulinier, Laurence, Le manuscrit perdu à Strasbourg.", "Moulinier, Laurence, Le manuscrit perdu à Strasbourg. Moulinier, Laurence, Le manuscrit perdu à Strasbourg. Enquête sur l'œuvre scientifique de Hildegarde, Paris/Saint-Denis, Publications de la Sorbonne-Presses Universitaires de Vincennes, 1995, 286 p. Newman, Barbara. Voice of the Living Light. California: University of California Press, 1998. Richert-Pfau, Marianne and Stefan Morent. Hildegard von Bingen: Klang des Himmels. Koeln: Boehlau Verlag, 2005. Richert-Pfau, Marianne. \"Mode and Melody Types in Hildegard von Bingen's Symphonia.\"", "\"Mode and Melody Types in Hildegard von Bingen's Symphonia.\" Sonus 11 (1990): 53–71. Salvadori, Sara. Hildegard von Bingen. A Journey into the Images. Milan: Skira, 2019. Schipperges, Heinrich. Hildegard of Bingen: healing and the nature of the cosmos. New Jersey: Markus Wiener Publishers, 1997. Stühlmeyer, Barbara. Die Kompositionen der Hildegard von Bingen. Ein Forschungsbericht. In: Beiträge zur Gregorianik. 22. ConBrio Verlagsgesellschaft, Regensburg 1996, , S. 74–85.", "ConBrio Verlagsgesellschaft, Regensburg 1996, , S. 74–85. ConBrio Verlagsgesellschaft, Regensburg 1996, , S. 74–85. The Life and Works of Hildegard von Bingen. Internet. Available from Internet History Sourcebooks Project; accessed 14 November 2009. Tillman, June-Boyce. \"Hildegard of Bingen at 900: The Eye of a Woman\". The Musical Times 139, no. 1865 (Winter, 1998): 31–36. Underhill, Evelyn. Mystics of the Church. Pennsylvania: Morehouse Publishing, 1925.", "Mystics of the Church. Pennsylvania: Morehouse Publishing, 1925. Pennsylvania: Morehouse Publishing, 1925. Bibliography of Hildegard of Bingen Primary sources Editions of Hildegard's works Beate Hildegardis Cause et cure, ed.", "Bibliography of Hildegard of Bingen Primary sources Editions of Hildegard's works Beate Hildegardis Cause et cure, ed. L. Moulinier (Berlin, Akademie Verlag, 2003) Epistolarium pars prima I–XC edited by L. Van Acker, Corpus Christianorum Continuatio Mediaevalis CCCM 91A (Turnhout: Brepols, 1991) Epistolarium pars secunda XCI–CCLr edited by L. Van Acker, Corpus Christianorum Continuatio Mediaevalis CCCM 91A (Turnhout: Brepols, 1993) Epistolarium pars tertia CCLI–CCCXC edited by L. Van Acker and M. Klaes-Hachmoller, Corpus Christianorum Continuatio Mediaevalis XCIB (Turnhout: Brepols, 2001) Hildegard of Bingen, Two Hagiographies: Vita sancti Rupperti confessoris, Vita sancti Dysibodi episcopi, ed.", "L. Moulinier (Berlin, Akademie Verlag, 2003) Epistolarium pars prima I–XC edited by L. Van Acker, Corpus Christianorum Continuatio Mediaevalis CCCM 91A (Turnhout: Brepols, 1991) Epistolarium pars secunda XCI–CCLr edited by L. Van Acker, Corpus Christianorum Continuatio Mediaevalis CCCM 91A (Turnhout: Brepols, 1993) Epistolarium pars tertia CCLI–CCCXC edited by L. Van Acker and M. Klaes-Hachmoller, Corpus Christianorum Continuatio Mediaevalis XCIB (Turnhout: Brepols, 2001) Hildegard of Bingen, Two Hagiographies: Vita sancti Rupperti confessoris, Vita sancti Dysibodi episcopi, ed. and trans.", "and trans. and trans. Hugh Feiss & Christopher P. Evans, Dallas Medieval Texts and Translations 11 (Leuven and Paris: Peeters, 2010) Hildegard of Bingen's Unknown Language: An Edition, Translation, and Discussion, ed. Sarah Higley (2007) (the entire Riesencodex glossary, with additions from the Berlin MS, translations into English, and extensive commentary) Hildegardis Bingensis, Opera minora II. edited by C.P.", "edited by C.P. edited by C.P. Evans, J. Deploige, S. Moens, M. Embach, K. Gärtner, Corpus Christianorum Continuatio Mediaevalis CCCM 226A (Turnhout: Brepols, 2015), Hildegardis Bingensis, Opera minora. edited by H. Feiss, C. Evans, B.M. Kienzle, C. Muessig, B. Newman, P. Dronke, Corpus Christianorum Continuatio Mediaevalis CCCM 226 (Turnhout: Brepols, 2007), Hildegardis Bingensis. Werke Band IV. Lieder Symphoniae. Edited by Barbara Stühlmeyer. Beuroner Kunstverlag 2012. . Liber divinorum operum.", "Lieder Symphoniae. Edited by Barbara Stühlmeyer. Beuroner Kunstverlag 2012. . Liber divinorum operum. Liber divinorum operum. A. Derolez and P. Dronke eds., Corpus Christianorum Continuatio Mediaevalis CCCM 92 (Turnhout: Brepols, 1996) Liber vitae meritorum. A. Carlevaris ed. Corpus Christianorum Continuatio Mediaevalis CCCM 90 (Turnhout: Brepols, 1995) Lieder (Otto Müller Verlag Salzburg 1969: modern edition in adapted square notation) Marianne Richert Pfau, Hildegard von Bingen: Symphonia, 8 volumes. Complete edition of the Symphonia chants.", "Complete edition of the Symphonia chants. Complete edition of the Symphonia chants. (Bryn Mawr, Hildegard Publishing Company, 1990). Scivias. A. Führkötter, A. Carlevaris eds., Corpus Christianorum Scholars Version vols. 43, 43A. (Turnhout: Brepols, 2003) Early manuscripts of Hildegard's works Dendermonde, Belgium, St.-Pieters-&-Paulusabdij Cod. 9 (Villarenser codex) (c. 1174/75) Leipzig, University Library, St. Thomas 371 München, University Library, MS 2∞156 Paris, Bibl. Nat.", "Nat. Nat. MS 1139 Wiesbaden, Hessische Landesbibliothek, MS 2 (Riesen Codex) or Wiesbaden Codex (c. 1180–85) Other sources Analecta Sanctae Hildegardis, in Analecta Sacra vol. 8 edited by Jean-Baptiste Pitra (Monte Cassino, 1882). Explanatio Regulae S. Benedicti Explanatio Symboli S. Athanasii Friedrich Wilhelm Emil Roth, \"Glossae Hildigardis\", in: Elias Steinmeyer and Eduard Sievers eds., Die Althochdeutschen Glossen, vol. III. Zürich: Wiedmann, 1895, 1965, pp. 390–404. Homeliae LVIII in Evangelia.", "390–404. Homeliae LVIII in Evangelia. Homeliae LVIII in Evangelia. Hymnodia coelestis. Ignota lingua, cum versione Latina Liber divinorum operum simplicis hominis (1163–73/74) Liber vitae meritorum (1158–63) Libri simplicis et compositae medicinae. Patrologia Latina vol. 197 (1855). Physica, sive Subtilitatum diversarum naturarum creaturarum libri novem Scivias seu Visiones (1141–51) Solutiones triginta octo quaestionum Tractatus de sacramento altaris Further reading General commentary Burnett, Charles and Peter Dronke, eds. Hildegard of Bingen: The Context of Her Thought and Art.", "Hildegard of Bingen: The Context of Her Thought and Art. The Warburg Colloquia. London: The University of London, 1998. Cherewatuk, Karen and Ulrike Wiethaus, eds. Dear Sister: Medieval Women and the Epistolary Genre. Middle Ages Series. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1993. Davidson, Audrey Ekdahl. The Ordo Virtutum of Hildegard of Bingen: Critical Studies. Kalamazoo, MI: Medieval Institute Publications, 1992. Dronke, Peter.", "Kalamazoo, MI: Medieval Institute Publications, 1992. Dronke, Peter. Dronke, Peter. Women Writers of the Middle Ages: A Critical Study of Texts from Perpetua to Marguerite Porete. 1984. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001. Flanagan, Sabina. Hildegard of Bingen: A Visionary Life. London: Routledge, 1998. Gosselin, Carole & Micheline Latour. Hildegarde von Bingen, une musicienne du XIIe siècle. Montréal: Université du Québec à Montréal, Département de musique, 1990. Grimm, Wilhelm.", "Grimm, Wilhelm. Grimm, Wilhelm. \"Wiesbader Glossen: Befasst sich mit den mittelhochdeutschen Übersetzungen der Unbekannten Sprache der Handschrift C.\" In Zeitschrift für deutsches Altertum, pp. 321–40. Leipzig, 1848. King-Lenzmeier, Anne H. Hildegard of Bingen: An Integrated Vision. Collegeville, MN: Liturgical Press, 2001. Newman, Barbara, ed. Voice of the Living Light: Hildegard of Bingen and Her World. Berkeley: University of California, 1998. Newman, Barbara.", "Berkeley: University of California, 1998. Newman, Barbara. Newman, Barbara. Sister of Wisdom: St. Hildegard's Theology of the Feminine. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1987. Pernoud, Régine. Hildegard of Bingen: Inspired Conscience of the Twelfth Century. Translated by Paul Duggan. NY: Marlowe & Co., 1998. Schipperges, Heinrich. The World of Hildegard of Bingen: Her Life, Times, and Visions. Trans. John Cumming. Collegeville, MN: The Liturgical Press, 1999.", "Collegeville, MN: The Liturgical Press, 1999. Collegeville, MN: The Liturgical Press, 1999. Wilson, Katharina. Medieval Women Writers. Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press, 1984. On Hildegard's illuminations Baillet, Louis. \"Les miniatures du »Scivias« de Sainte Hildegarde.\" Monuments et mémoires publiés par l'Académie des inscriptions et belles-lettres 19 (1911): 49–149. Campbell, Nathaniel M. \"Imago expandit splendorem suum: Hildegard of Bingen's Visio-Theological Designs in the Rupertsberg Scivias Manuscript.\"", "Campbell, Nathaniel M. \"Imago expandit splendorem suum: Hildegard of Bingen's Visio-Theological Designs in the Rupertsberg Scivias Manuscript.\" Eikón / Imago 4 (2013, Vol. 2, No. 2), pp. 1–68; accessible online here. Caviness, Madeline. \"Gender Symbolism and Text Image Relationships: Hildegard of Bingen's Scivias.\" In Translation Theory and Practice in the Middle Ages, ed. Jeanette Beer, pp. 71–111. Studies in Medieval Culture 38. Kalamazoo: Medieval Institute Publications, 1997.", "Kalamazoo: Medieval Institute Publications, 1997. Kalamazoo: Medieval Institute Publications, 1997. Eadem. \"Artist: 'To See, Hear, and Know All at Once'.\" In Voice of the Living Light: Hildegard of Bingen and Her World, ed. Barbara Newman, pp. 110–24. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998. Eadem. \"Calcare caput draconis. Prophetische Bildkonfiguration in Visionstext und Illustration: zur Vision »Scivias« II, 7.\" In Hildegard von Bingen.", "In Hildegard von Bingen. In Hildegard von Bingen. Prophetin durch die Zeiten, edited by Äbtissin Edeltraud Forster, 340–58. Freiburg im Breisgau: Verlag Herder, 1997. Eadem. \"Hildegard as Designer of the Illustrations to Her Works.\" In Hildegard of Bingen: The Context of Her Thought and Art, ed. Charles Burnett and Peter Dronke, pp. 29–62. London: Warburg Institute, 1998. Eadem. \"Hildegard of Bingen: German Author, Illustrator, and Musical Composer, 1098–1179.\"", "\"Hildegard of Bingen: German Author, Illustrator, and Musical Composer, 1098–1179.\" In Dictionary of Women Artists, ed. Delia Gaze, pp. 685–87. London: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, 1997. Eadem. Bildgewordene Visionen oder Visionserzählungen: Vergleichende Studie über die Visionsdarstellungen in der Rupertsberger Scivias-Handschrift und im Luccheser Liber divinorum operum-Codex der Hildegard von Bingen. Neue Berner Schriften zur Kunst, 5. Bern, Switzerland: Peter Lang, 1998. Eadem.", "Bern, Switzerland: Peter Lang, 1998. Eadem. Eadem. Die Miniaturen im \"Liber Scivias\" der Hildegard von Bingen: die Wucht der Vision und die Ordnung der Bilder. Wiesbaden: Reichert, 1998. Führkötter, Adelgundis. The Miniatures from the Book Scivias: Know the Ways – of St Hildegard of Bingen from the Illuminated Rupertsberg Codex. Vol. 1. Armaria patristica et mediaevalia. Turnhout: Brepols, 1977.", "1. Armaria patristica et mediaevalia. Turnhout: Brepols, 1977. Turnhout: Brepols, 1977. Harris, Anne Sutherland and Linda Nochlin, Women Artists: 1550–1950, Los Angeles County Museum of Art, Knopf, New York, 1976. Keller, Hiltgart L. Mittelrheinische Buchmalereien in Handschriften aus dem Kreise der Hiltgart von Bingen. Stuttgart: Surkamp, 1933. Kessler, Clemencia Hand. \"A Problematic Illumination of the Heidelberg \"Liber Scivias\".\" Marsyas 8 (1957): 7–21. Meier, Christel.", "Marsyas 8 (1957): 7–21. Meier, Christel. Meier, Christel. \"Zum Verhältnis von Text und Illustration im überlieferten Werk Hildegards von Bingen.\" In Hildegard von Bingen, 1179–1979. Festschrift zum 800. Todestag der Heiligen, ed. Anton Ph. Brück, pp. 159–69. Mainz: Selbstverlag der Gesellschaft für mittelrheinische Kirchengeschichte, 1979. Otto, Rita. \"Zu einigen Miniaturen einer »Scivias«-Handschrift des 12. Jahrhunderts.\" Mainzer Zeitschrift.", "Jahrhunderts.\" Mainzer Zeitschrift. Mainzer Zeitschrift. Mittelrheinisches Jahrbuch für Archäologie, Kunst und Geschichte 67/68 (1972): 128–37. Saurma-Jeltsch, Lieselotte. \"Die Rupertsberger »Scivias«-Handschrift: Überlegungen zu ihrer Entstehung.\" In Hildegard von Bingen. Prophetin durch die Zeiten, ed. Äbtissin Edeltraud Forster, pp. 340–58. Freiburg im Breisgau: Verlag Herder, 1997. Schomer, Josef. Die Illustrationen zu den Visionen der hl. Hildegard als künstlerische Neuschöpfung (das Verhältnis der Illustrationen zueinander und zum Texte).", "Hildegard als künstlerische Neuschöpfung (das Verhältnis der Illustrationen zueinander und zum Texte). Bonn: Stodieck, 1937. Suzuki, Keiko. \"Zum Strukturproblem in den Visionsdarstellungen der Rupertsberger «Scivias» Handschrift.\" Sacris Erudiri 35 (1995): 221–91. Background reading Boyce-Tillman, June. The Creative Spirit: Harmonious Living with Hildegard of Bingen, Harrisburg, PA: Morehouse Publishing, 2000. Butcher, Carmen Acevedo. Man of Blessing: A Life of St. Benedict. Brewster, MA: Paraclete Press, 2012.", "Brewster, MA: Paraclete Press, 2012. Brewster, MA: Paraclete Press, 2012. Bynum, Caroline Walker. Holy Feast and Holy Fast: the Religious Significance of Food to Medieval Women. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1987. Bynum, Caroline Walker. Resurrection of the Body in Western Christianity, 200–1336. New York: Columbia University Press, 1995. Chadwick, Whitney. Women, Art, and Society, Thames and Hudson, London, 1990. Constable, Giles Constable.", "Constable, Giles Constable. Constable, Giles Constable. The Reformation of the Twelfth Century. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998. Dronke, Peter, ed. A History of Twelfth-Century Western Philosophy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992. Eadem. Rooted in the Earth, Rooted in the Sky: Hildegard of Bingen and Premodern Medicine. New York: Routledge Press, 2006. Holweck, the Rt. Reverend Frederick G. A Biographical Dictionary of the Saints, with a General Introduction on Hagiology. 1924.", "1924. 1924. Detroit: Omnigraphics, 1990. Lachman, Barbara. Hildegard: The Last Year. Boston: Shambhala, 1997. McBrien, Richard. Lives of the Saints: From Mary and St. Francis of Assisi to John XXIII and Mother Teresa. San Francisco: HarperSanFrancisco, 2003. McKnight, Scot. The Real Mary: Why Evangelical Christians Can Embrace the Mother of Jesus. Brewster, MA: Paraclete Press, 2006. Newman, Barbara. God and the Goddesses. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.", "God and the Goddesses. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. Pelikan, Jaroslav. Mary Through the Centuries: Her Place in the History of Culture. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1996. Stevenson, Jane. Women Latin Poets: Language, Gender, & Authority from Antiquity to the Eighteenth Century. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005. Sweet, Victoria. \"Hildegard of Bingen and the Greening of Medieval Medicine.\"", "\"Hildegard of Bingen and the Greening of Medieval Medicine.\" Bulletin of the History of Medicine, 1999, 73:381–403. Ulrich, Ingeborg. Hildegard of Bingen: Mystic, Healer, Companion of the Angels. Trans. Linda M. Maloney. Collegeville, MN: Liturgical Press, 1993. Ward, Benedicta. Miracles and the Medieval Mind. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania, 1987. Weeks, Andrew. German mysticism from Hildegard of Bingen to Ludwig Wittgenstein: a literary and intellectual history''.", "German mysticism from Hildegard of Bingen to Ludwig Wittgenstein: a literary and intellectual history''. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1993. External links Abtei St. Hildegard / Abbey of St. Hildegard (Modern-day abbey in Eibingen, Germany) Bibliographies: English translations: \"An Explanation of the Athanasian Creed\" (Explanatio Symboli Sancti Athanasii) Book of Divine Works (Liber Divinorum Operum) I.1 Book of Divine Works (Liber Divinorum Operum) III.3 Poems and Prayers of Hildegard Young, Abigail Ann.", "External links Abtei St. Hildegard / Abbey of St. Hildegard (Modern-day abbey in Eibingen, Germany) Bibliographies: English translations: \"An Explanation of the Athanasian Creed\" (Explanatio Symboli Sancti Athanasii) Book of Divine Works (Liber Divinorum Operum) I.1 Book of Divine Works (Liber Divinorum Operum) III.3 Poems and Prayers of Hildegard Young, Abigail Ann. Translations from Rupert, Hildegard, and Guibert of Gembloux. 1999. 27 March 2006.", "1999. 27 March 2006. 27 March 2006. Hildegard's page at the Medieval History Sourcebook International Society of Hildegard von Bingen Studies (ISHBS) Musical work: Complete Discography at medieval.org McGuire, K. Christian.", "Hildegard's page at the Medieval History Sourcebook International Society of Hildegard von Bingen Studies (ISHBS) Musical work: Complete Discography at medieval.org McGuire, K. Christian. Symphonia Caritatis: The Cistercian Chants of Hildegard von Bingen (2007) The Reconstruction of the monastery on the Rupertsberg 1098 births 1179 deaths 12th-century Christian mystics 12th-century Christian nuns 12th-century Christian saints 12th-century German artists 12th-century German women writers 12th-century German philosophers 12th-century German Catholic theologians 12th-century scientists 12th-century German poets 12th-century physicians Medieval German physicians 12th-century Latin writers 12th-century women artists 12th-century women composers Angelic visionaries Benedictine abbesses Benedictine mystics Benedictine philosophers Benedictine saints Canonizations by Pope Benedict XVI Creators of writing systems Doctors of the Church Female saints of medieval Germany German women classical composers German Christian mystics German Roman Catholic abbesses German Roman Catholic saints German spiritual writers German women artists German women philosophers German philosophers Herbalists Hymnographers Manuscript illuminators Medieval drama Medieval German musicians Medieval German saints Medieval German theologians Medieval German women artists Medieval German women musicians Medieval Latin poets Medieval women physicians Mystic poets Women mystics People from Alzey-Worms Pre-Reformation Anglican saints Pre-Reformation saints of the Lutheran liturgical calendar Rhineland mystics Roman Catholic mystics Catholic philosophers Romanesque artists Women hymnwriters Women religious writers Women classical composers German classical composers Physicians from Rhineland-Palatinate Anglican saints Consecrated virgins People from the Rheingau" ]

[ "Mick Taylor", "1949-69: Early life" ]

[ "Wooden Joe Nicholas (September 23, 1883 – November 17, 1957) was an American jazz trumpeter and cornetist, active on the early New Orleans jazz scene. \n\nHe was born in New Orleans, Louisiana, United States. Nicholas began playing professionally on clarinet, and continued occasionally doubling on it in later years after he had mostly switched to cornet. Nicholas knew Buddy Bolden and said Bolden was the main influence on his cornet style, but did not begin playing cornet until 1915 when he was playing clarinet with King Oliver, and started playing around with Oliver's cornet while Oliver was on break.\n\nHe lived nearly his entire life in New Orleans, and played in many brass bands and street ensembles in the city for decades, in addition to forming the Camelia Brass Band in 1918. He was famed for his volume and his endurance, though these are not evident on most of his recordings (a notable exception being his driving version of \"Shake It and Break It\", American Music Records MX 800). Nicholas did not record until 1945, when he was 62 years old, and by that time he was far past his prime. He recorded again in 1949 as a leader, in addition to playing with Raymond Burke.\n\nNicholas died in New Orleans in November 1957. He was the uncle of clarinetist Albert Nicholas.\n\nReferences\nFootnotes\n\nGeneral references\nScott Yanow, [ Wooden Joe Nicholas] at AllMusic\n\n1883 births\n1957 deaths\nAmerican jazz cornetists\nAmerican jazz trumpeters\nAmerican male trumpeters\n20th-century trumpeters\nJazz musicians from Louisiana\n20th-century American male musicians\nAmerican male jazz musicians", "\"Xmas Steps\" or \"Christmas Steps\" is a song by Scottish post-rock group Mogwai. The original version of the song (\"Xmas Steps\") is the lead track from the 1998 EP No Education = No Future (Fuck the Curfew), and a slightly different version (\"Christmas Steps\") appears on the 1999 album Come On Die Young.\n\nOverview\n\"Xmas Steps\" is an eleven-minute-long instrumental, in the key of C♯ minor. \"Christmas Steps\" is a rerecorded version which retains the basic structure and composition, but is shorter in length, performed significantly slower and features clearer dynamic contrast and better production value. The song is named after Christmas Steps, a road in Bristol, South West England. The song was featured on the 1999 compilation album, Everything Is Nice: The Matador Records 10th Anniversary Anthology, incorrectly labelled as \"Xmas Steps\".\n\nMusical composition (\"Xmas Steps\")\n\"Xmas Steps\" begins with the same guitar melody as \"Christmas Steps\". This is repeated until (0:30), when a second guitar begins doubling the melody, with slight variations. At (0:45), the Hi-hat begins quietly keeping time, and the melody is repeated until (1:31), where it is joined quietly by a bass guitar, playing a counter-melody.\nAt (1:46), both the guitars begin playing a counter-melody, until (2:01), where one guitar plays an independent counter-melody, which is repeated until (2:44), where both guitars begin to steadily strum chords. At (3:20), the Hi-hat stops keeping time, leading the guitars into a gradual crescendo, joined at (3:27) by the bass, which plays the same chords as the guitars, with a different rhythm. The guitars increase steadily in volume and tempo, until (4:20), where the drums enter and the guitars begin playing a chord structure based around the chords of C♯ minor, C♯ suspended 2nd, and A major. At (4:52), the guitars suddenly turn distorted, repeating the chord structure, until (5:21), when a distorted guitar solo is played. At (5:46), the guitars repeat a C♯ minor chord, until (5:55), when the guitars turn clean and begin repeating the chord structure. At (6:11), a violin solo begins to play and the guitars begin playing a counter-melody. This is repeated until (7:54), when the drums cease playing, the guitars repeat the counter-melody and the violin solo continues improvising. At (10:06), the sound of the tape being wound back by hand is heard. The violin ceases playing at (10:42), followed soon by the guitars, which end on a C♯, which fades out.\n\nMusical composition (\"Christmas Steps\")\n\"Christmas Steps\" begins with a guitar melody based around the chords of C♯ minor and A major:\n\nThis is repeated until (0:36) when a second guitar begins to double the melody, with slight variations. At (1:12), one of the guitars begins to play a counter-melody, and at (1:28), the bass guitar also begins a counter-melody. At (1:47), both guitars begin playing the first counter-melody. At (2:04), one of the guitars begins playing another counter-melody, until (2:57), when the guitars begin doubling themselves again. At (3:14), the bass guitar ceases playing and the guitar strumming becomes more predominant, until (3:47), when the bass guitar suddenly begins playing a loud, slightly distorted counter-melody. The instruments build up in a gradual crescendo, increasing in volume and tempo, until (4:39), when the drums enter and the guitars strum a chord structure based around the chords of C♯ minor, C♯ suspended 2nd, and A major. At (5:14), the guitars suddenly turn distorted, repeating the chord structure until (5:43), where one of the guitars plays a solo. At (6:10), the guitars strum a C♯ minor chord until (6:18), where the guitars turn clean and the chord structure is reintroduced. At (6:29), a violin solo begins playing quietly in the background; the reason for the quietness being the song using the same solo as recorded by Luke Sutherland for \"Xmas Steps\", which was played significantly faster. At (6:34), the guitars begin the last counter-melody of the song, doubling each other with noticeable variations. The drums cease playing at (7:10), leaving the guitars playing their melodies, and gradually slowing down in a diminuendo with the violin solo playing faintly in the background, until (10:28), when the guitars cease playing, ending on a C♯, which fades out.\n\nMusic video\nA video for the song was filmed by English filmmaker Brian Griffin and released in 1998. The video is set in the Age of Steam, and was shot on location in the Chiltern Hills and at the Great Western Preservation Society in Didcot.\n\nMedia usage\n In 2007, \"Christmas Steps\" was featured in the documentary film White Light/Black Rain: The Destruction of Hiroshima and Nagasaki.\n\nPersonnel\n Stuart Braithwaite – guitar\n Dominic Aitchison – bass guitar\n John Cummings – guitar\n Martin Bulloch – drums\n Luke Sutherland – violin\n Dave Fridmann – producer, mixer, engineer\n\nNotes\n\nExternal links\n\"Christmas Steps\" on Last.fm\n\"Christmas Steps\" Guitar Tablature\n\nMogwai songs\nPost-rock songs\nRock instrumentals\n1998 songs\nSongs written by Stuart Braithwaite\nSongs written by Dominic Aitchison" ]

[ "Michael Kevin Taylor (born 17 January 1949) is an English musician, best known as a former member of John Mayall's Bluesbreakers (1967–69) and the Rolling Stones (1969–74). As a member of the Stones, he appeared on: Let It Bleed (1969), Get Yer Ya-Ya's Out! The Rolling Stones in Concert (1970), Sticky Fingers (1971), Exile on Main St. (1972), Goats Head Soup (1973) and It's Only Rock 'n Roll (1974).", "The Rolling Stones in Concert (1970), Sticky Fingers (1971), Exile on Main St. (1972), Goats Head Soup (1973) and It's Only Rock 'n Roll (1974). Since leaving the Rolling Stones in December 1974, Taylor has worked with numerous other artists and released several solo albums.", "Since leaving the Rolling Stones in December 1974, Taylor has worked with numerous other artists and released several solo albums. From November 2012 onwards he participated in the Stones' 50th-Anniversary shows in London and Newark, and in the band's 50 & Counting tour, which included North America, Glastonbury Festival and Hyde Park in 2013. He was ranked 37th in Rolling Stone magazine's 2011 list of the 100 greatest guitarists of all time. Guns N' Roses guitarist Slash states that Taylor had the biggest influence on him.", "Guns N' Roses guitarist Slash states that Taylor had the biggest influence on him. Biography 1949–1969: Early life Taylor was born to a working-class family in Welwyn Garden City, but was raised in Hatfield, Hertfordshire, England, where his father worked as a fitter for the De Havilland aircraft company. He began playing guitar at age nine, learning to play from his mother's younger brother. As a teenager, he formed bands with schoolmates and started performing concerts under names such as The Juniors and the Strangers.", "As a teenager, he formed bands with schoolmates and started performing concerts under names such as The Juniors and the Strangers. They also appeared on television and put out a single. Part of the band was recruited for a new group called The Gods, which included Ken Hensley (later of Uriah Heep fame). In 1966, The Gods opened for Cream at the Starlite Ballroom in Wembley.", "In 1966, The Gods opened for Cream at the Starlite Ballroom in Wembley. In 1965, at age 16, Taylor went to see a John Mayall's Bluesbreakers performance at \"The Hop\" Woodhall Community Centre, Welwyn Garden City. Taylor himself has said after seeing that Clapton hadn't appeared, but that his guitar had already been set up on the stage, he approached John Mayall during the interval to ask if he could play with them.", "Taylor himself has said after seeing that Clapton hadn't appeared, but that his guitar had already been set up on the stage, he approached John Mayall during the interval to ask if he could play with them. Taylor mentioned that he was familiar with the band's repertoire, and after a moment of deliberation, Mayall agreed. Taylor amended, \"I wasn't thinking that this was a great opportunity ... I just really wanted to get up on stage and play the guitar.\"", "I just really wanted to get up on stage and play the guitar.\" After playing the second set, and garnering Mayall's respect in the process, Taylor left the stage, joined his friends and exited the venue before Mayall had the chance to speak with him. Still, this encounter proved to be pivotal in Taylor's career when Mayall needed someone to fill Peter Green's vacancy the following year, when Green quit to form Fleetwood Mac.", "Still, this encounter proved to be pivotal in Taylor's career when Mayall needed someone to fill Peter Green's vacancy the following year, when Green quit to form Fleetwood Mac. Mayall placed a 'Guitarist Wanted' advert in the weekly Melody Maker music paper, and much to his relief immediately got a response from Taylor, whom he readily invited to join. Taylor made his debut with the Bluesbreakers at the Manor House, an old blues club in north London.", "Taylor made his debut with the Bluesbreakers at the Manor House, an old blues club in north London. For those in the music scene the night was an event ...\"Let's go and see this 17-year-old kid try and replace Eric\". Taylor toured and recorded the album Crusade with John Mayall's Bluesbreakers. From 1966 to 1969, Taylor developed a guitar style that is blues-based with Latin and jazz influences.", "From 1966 to 1969, Taylor developed a guitar style that is blues-based with Latin and jazz influences. He is the guitarist on the Bluesbreaker albums Diary of a Band, Bare Wires, and Blues from Laurel Canyon. Later on in his career, he further developed his skills as a slide guitarist. 1969–1974: The Rolling Stones After Brian Jones and the group parted ways in June 1969, John Mayall and Ian Stewart recommended Taylor to Mick Jagger.", "1969–1974: The Rolling Stones After Brian Jones and the group parted ways in June 1969, John Mayall and Ian Stewart recommended Taylor to Mick Jagger. Taylor believed he was being called in to be a session musician at his first studio session with the Rolling Stones. An impressed Jagger and Keith Richards invited Taylor back the following day to continue rehearsing and recording with the band.", "An impressed Jagger and Keith Richards invited Taylor back the following day to continue rehearsing and recording with the band. He overdubbed guitar on \"Country Honk\" and \"Live With Me\" for the album Let It Bleed, and on the single \"Honky Tonk Women\" released in the UK on 4 July 1969. Taylor's onstage debut as a Rolling Stone, at the age of 20, was the free concert in Hyde Park, London on 5 July 1969.", "Taylor's onstage debut as a Rolling Stone, at the age of 20, was the free concert in Hyde Park, London on 5 July 1969. An estimated quarter of a million people attended for a show that turned into a tribute to Brian Jones, who had died two days before the concert. After the 1973 European tour, Richards' drug problems had worsened and begun to compromise the band's ability to function.", "After the 1973 European tour, Richards' drug problems had worsened and begun to compromise the band's ability to function. Between recording sessions, the band members were living in various countries as UK income tax exiles, and during this period Taylor appeared on Herbie Mann's London Underground (1974) and also on Mann's album Reggae (1974).", "Between recording sessions, the band members were living in various countries as UK income tax exiles, and during this period Taylor appeared on Herbie Mann's London Underground (1974) and also on Mann's album Reggae (1974). 1973–2013: It's Only Rock 'n Roll In November 1973, Taylor underwent surgery for acute sinusitis and missed some of the sessions when the band began working on the LP It's Only Rock 'n Roll at Musicland Studios in Munich.", "1973–2013: It's Only Rock 'n Roll In November 1973, Taylor underwent surgery for acute sinusitis and missed some of the sessions when the band began working on the LP It's Only Rock 'n Roll at Musicland Studios in Munich. Not much was achieved during the first ten days at Musicland, but most of the actual recordings were made there in January 1974, and in April at Stargroves, Jagger's estate in Hampshire. When Taylor resumed work with the band, he found it difficult to get along with Richards.", "When Taylor resumed work with the band, he found it difficult to get along with Richards. Not long after those recording sessions, Taylor went on a six-week expedition to Brazil, to travel down the Amazon River in a boat and explore Latin music. Just before the release of the album in October 1974, Taylor told Nick Kent from the NME about the new LP and that he had co-written \"Till the Next Goodbye\" and \"Time Waits for No One\" with Jagger.", "Just before the release of the album in October 1974, Taylor told Nick Kent from the NME about the new LP and that he had co-written \"Till the Next Goodbye\" and \"Time Waits for No One\" with Jagger. Kent told Taylor he had seen the finished artwork for the sleeve, which revealed the absence of any songwriting credits for Taylor. Taylor appears in the promotional video for \"Ain't Too Proud to Beg\". In December 1974, Taylor announced he was leaving the Rolling Stones.", "In December 1974, Taylor announced he was leaving the Rolling Stones. The bandmates were at a party in London when Taylor told Jagger he was quitting and walked out. Taylor's decision came as a shock to many. The Rolling Stones were due to start recording a new album in Munich, and the entire band was reportedly angry at Taylor for leaving at such short notice.", "The Rolling Stones were due to start recording a new album in Munich, and the entire band was reportedly angry at Taylor for leaving at such short notice. When interviewed by Jann Wenner of Rolling Stone in 1995, Wenner wrote that Jagger had stated that Taylor never explained why he had left, and surmised that \"[Taylor] wanted to have a solo career. I think he found it difficult to get on with Keith.\"", "I think he found it difficult to get on with Keith.\" In the same Wenner interview, Jagger had reportedly said of Taylor's contribution to the band: \"I think he had a big contribution. He made it very musical. He was a very fluent, melodic player, which we never had, and we don't have now. Neither Keith nor Ronnie Wood (who replaced Taylor) plays that kind of style.", "Neither Keith nor Ronnie Wood (who replaced Taylor) plays that kind of style. It was very good for me working with him .... Mick Taylor would play very fluid lines against my vocals. He was exciting, and he was very pretty, and it gave me something to follow, to bang off. Some people think that's the best version of the band that existed\".", "Some people think that's the best version of the band that existed\". Asked if he agreed with that assessment, Jagger said: \"I obviously can't say if I think Mick Taylor was the best, because it sort of trashes the period the band is in now.\" Charlie Watts stated: \"I think we chose the right man for the job at that time just as Ronnie was the right man for the job later on. I still think Mick is great.", "I still think Mick is great. I still think Mick is great. I haven't heard or seen him play in a few years. But certainly what came out of playing with him are musically some of the best things we've ever done\". In an October 2002 Guitar World interview, Richards reflected on his relationship with Taylor: \"Mick Taylor and I worked really well together ... He had some lovely energy. Sweetly sophisticated playing, way beyond his years. Lovely sense of melody.", "Sweetly sophisticated playing, way beyond his years. Lovely sense of melody. Lovely sense of melody. I never understood why he left the Stones. Nor does he, I think ... I had no desire to see him go.\" Taylor later admitted in the 2012 documentary Crossfire Hurricane that he left because he wanted to protect his family from the drug culture surrounding the band.", "Taylor later admitted in the 2012 documentary Crossfire Hurricane that he left because he wanted to protect his family from the drug culture surrounding the band. He further stated that in order to stay alive and fight his own demons (Taylor had turned into a drug addict himself by 1973), he needed to escape the realm of the Stones. In an essay about the Rolling Stones published after Taylor's resignation, New York Times music critic Robert Palmer wrote that \"Taylor is the most accomplished technician who ever served as a Stone.", "In an essay about the Rolling Stones published after Taylor's resignation, New York Times music critic Robert Palmer wrote that \"Taylor is the most accomplished technician who ever served as a Stone. A blues guitarist with a jazzman's flair for melodic invention, Taylor was never a rock and roller and never a showman.\" Taylor has worked with his former bandmates on various occasions since leaving the Rolling Stones.", "Taylor has worked with his former bandmates on various occasions since leaving the Rolling Stones. In 1977 he attended London-based sessions for the John Phillips album Pay Pack & Follow, appearing on several tracks alongside Jagger (vocals), Richards (guitar) and Wood (bass). On 14 December 1981 he performed with the band at their concert at the Kemper Arena in Kansas City, Missouri.", "On 14 December 1981 he performed with the band at their concert at the Kemper Arena in Kansas City, Missouri. Keith Richards appeared on stage at a Mick Taylor show at the Lone Star Cafe in New York on 28 December 1986, jamming on \"Key to the Highway\" and \"Can't You Hear Me Knocking\"; and Taylor is featured on one track (\"I Could Have Stood You Up\") on Richards' 1988 album Talk is Cheap.", "Keith Richards appeared on stage at a Mick Taylor show at the Lone Star Cafe in New York on 28 December 1986, jamming on \"Key to the Highway\" and \"Can't You Hear Me Knocking\"; and Taylor is featured on one track (\"I Could Have Stood You Up\") on Richards' 1988 album Talk is Cheap. The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame inducted Taylor along with the Rolling Stones in 1989. Taylor also worked with Bill Wyman's Rhythm Kings in the early 1990s.", "Taylor also worked with Bill Wyman's Rhythm Kings in the early 1990s. In addition to his contributions to Rolling Stones albums released during his tenure with the band, Taylor's guitar is also on two tracks on their 1981 release Tattoo You: \"Tops\" and \"Waiting on a Friend\", which were recorded in 1972. (Taylor is sometimes mistakenly credited as playing on \"Worried About You\", but the solo on that track is performed by Wayne Perkins.)", "(Taylor is sometimes mistakenly credited as playing on \"Worried About You\", but the solo on that track is performed by Wayne Perkins.) Taylor's onstage presence with the Rolling Stones is preserved on the album Get Yer Ya-Ya's Out!, recorded over four concerts at Madison Square Garden in New York and the Baltimore Civic Center in November 1969, and on the album Brussels Affair (Live 1973), compiled from two shows recorded in Brussels on 17 October 1973 in the Forest National Arena, during their European Tour.", "Taylor's onstage presence with the Rolling Stones is preserved on the album Get Yer Ya-Ya's Out!, recorded over four concerts at Madison Square Garden in New York and the Baltimore Civic Center in November 1969, and on the album Brussels Affair (Live 1973), compiled from two shows recorded in Brussels on 17 October 1973 in the Forest National Arena, during their European Tour. Taylor's live performances also feature in the documentary films Stones in the Park (released on DVD in 2001), Gimme Shelter (released in 1970) and Cocksucker Blues (unreleased); and in the concert film Ladies and Gentlemen: The Rolling Stones (shown in cinemas in 1974, and released on DVD and Blu-ray in 2010); these performances were also released on an album with the same title.", "Taylor's live performances also feature in the documentary films Stones in the Park (released on DVD in 2001), Gimme Shelter (released in 1970) and Cocksucker Blues (unreleased); and in the concert film Ladies and Gentlemen: The Rolling Stones (shown in cinemas in 1974, and released on DVD and Blu-ray in 2010); these performances were also released on an album with the same title. Bootleg recordings from the Rolling Stones' tours from 1969 through 1973 also document Taylor's concert performances with the Rolling Stones.", "Bootleg recordings from the Rolling Stones' tours from 1969 through 1973 also document Taylor's concert performances with the Rolling Stones. For the 2010 re-release of Exile on Main St. Taylor worked with Mick Jagger at a London studio (November 2009) to record new guitar and vocal parts for the previously unreleased song, \"Plundered My Soul\". The track was selected by the Rolling Stones for release as a limited edition single on Record Store Day.", "The track was selected by the Rolling Stones for release as a limited edition single on Record Store Day. On 24 October 2012, the Rolling Stones announced, via their latest Rolling Stone magazine interview, that Bill Wyman and Mick Taylor were expected to join the Rolling Stones on stage at the upcoming November shows in London. Richards went on to say that the pair would strictly be guests. At the two London shows on 25 and 29 November, Taylor played on \"Midnight Rambler\".", "At the two London shows on 25 and 29 November, Taylor played on \"Midnight Rambler\". During an interview on the Late Night with Jimmy Fallon show (broadcast on 8 April 2013), Keith Richards stated that Taylor would be performing with the Stones for their upcoming 2013 tour dates.", "During an interview on the Late Night with Jimmy Fallon show (broadcast on 8 April 2013), Keith Richards stated that Taylor would be performing with the Stones for their upcoming 2013 tour dates. Between 25 November 2012 and 13 July 2013 Taylor joined the Stones' 50 & Counting Tour performing at each of the 30 shows across Europe and North America, including sitting in on four songs at the Staples Center in Los Angeles and several numbers during their headline set at the Glastonbury Festival.", "Between 25 November 2012 and 13 July 2013 Taylor joined the Stones' 50 & Counting Tour performing at each of the 30 shows across Europe and North America, including sitting in on four songs at the Staples Center in Los Angeles and several numbers during their headline set at the Glastonbury Festival. The tour ended with two concerts at Hyde Park, London, which resulted in the album, Hyde Park Live and the concert film Sweet Summer Sun: Live in Hyde Park.", "The tour ended with two concerts at Hyde Park, London, which resulted in the album, Hyde Park Live and the concert film Sweet Summer Sun: Live in Hyde Park. He once again accompanied the Stones between 21 February and 22 November 2014 for the 29 dates of the 14 On Fire concerts across Asia, Europe and Australia/New Zealand. 1975–1981: Post-Stones Taylor worked on various side projects during his tenure with the Rolling Stones.", "1975–1981: Post-Stones Taylor worked on various side projects during his tenure with the Rolling Stones. In June 1973, he joined Mike Oldfield onstage at the Queen Elizabeth Hall in a performance of Oldfield's Tubular Bells. Taylor was asked to take part in this project by Richard Branson as he felt Oldfield was unknown, having just been signed to Branson's fledgling label, Virgin Records. Taylor joined Oldfield once more for a BBC television broadcast in November 1973.", "Taylor joined Oldfield once more for a BBC television broadcast in November 1973. After his resignation from the Rolling Stones, Jack Bruce invited him to form a new band with keyboardist Carla Bley and drummer Bruce Gary. In 1975, the band began rehearsals in London with tour dates scheduled for later that year. The group toured Europe, with a sound leaning more toward jazz, including a performance at the Dutch Pinkpop festival, but disbanded the following year.", "The group toured Europe, with a sound leaning more toward jazz, including a performance at the Dutch Pinkpop festival, but disbanded the following year. A performance recorded on 1 June 1975 (which was finally released on CD in 2003 as \"Live at the Manchester Free Trade Hall\" by The Jack Bruce Band) and another performance from the Old Grey Whistle Test seem to be the only material available from this brief collaboration.", "A performance recorded on 1 June 1975 (which was finally released on CD in 2003 as \"Live at the Manchester Free Trade Hall\" by The Jack Bruce Band) and another performance from the Old Grey Whistle Test seem to be the only material available from this brief collaboration. Taylor appeared as a special guest of Little Feat at the Rainbow Theatre in London, 1977, sharing slide guitar with then-frontman Lowell George on \"A Apolitical Blues\": this song appears on Little Feat's critically acclaimed live album Waiting for Columbus.", "Taylor appeared as a special guest of Little Feat at the Rainbow Theatre in London, 1977, sharing slide guitar with then-frontman Lowell George on \"A Apolitical Blues\": this song appears on Little Feat's critically acclaimed live album Waiting for Columbus. In the summer of 1977, he collaborated with Pierre Moerlen's Gong for the album Expresso II, released in 1978. Taylor began writing new songs and recruiting musicians for a solo album and worked on projects with Miller Anderson, Alan Merrill and others.", "Taylor began writing new songs and recruiting musicians for a solo album and worked on projects with Miller Anderson, Alan Merrill and others. He was present at many of the recording sessions for John Phillips' prospective second solo album. The recordings for Phillips' LP took place in London over a prolonged period between 1973 and 1977. This led to Taylor working with Keith Richards and Mick Jagger who were also involved with the album.", "This led to Taylor working with Keith Richards and Mick Jagger who were also involved with the album. The LP was to be released on the Stones' own label Rolling Stones Records (distributed by Atlantic Records). Ahmet Ertegun decided to pull the plug on the project after hearing alarming reports of excessive drug use by Phillips and Richards, but bootleg recordings of the sessions circulated among fans under the titles \"Half Stoned\" and \"Phillips '77\".", "Ahmet Ertegun decided to pull the plug on the project after hearing alarming reports of excessive drug use by Phillips and Richards, but bootleg recordings of the sessions circulated among fans under the titles \"Half Stoned\" and \"Phillips '77\". Eventually Eagle Rock Records made funds available to restore the original, rescued tapes and the album finally saw an official release in 2002 as Pay Pack & Follow. In 1977, Taylor signed a solo recording deal with Columbia Records.", "In 1977, Taylor signed a solo recording deal with Columbia Records. By April 1978 he had given several interviews to music magazines to promote a new, completed album which mixed rock, jazz and Latin-flavoured blues musical styles. The album, titled Mick Taylor, was finally released by Columbia Records in 1979 and reached No.119 on the Billboard charts in early August, with a stay of five weeks on the Billboard 200.", "The album, titled Mick Taylor, was finally released by Columbia Records in 1979 and reached No.119 on the Billboard charts in early August, with a stay of five weeks on the Billboard 200. CBS advised Taylor to promote the album through American radio stations but was unwilling to back him for any supporting tour. Frustrated with this situation, Taylor took a break from the music industry for about a year.", "Frustrated with this situation, Taylor took a break from the music industry for about a year. In 1981, he toured Europe and the United States with Alvin Lee of Ten Years After, sharing the bill with Black Sabbath. He spent most of 1982 and 1983 on the road with John Mayall, for the \"Reunion Tour\" with John McVie of Fleetwood Mac and Colin Allen. During this tour Bob Dylan showed up backstage at The Roxy in Los Angeles to meet Taylor.", "During this tour Bob Dylan showed up backstage at The Roxy in Los Angeles to meet Taylor. In 1983, Taylor joined Mark Knopfler and played on Dylan's Infidels album. He also appeared on Dylan's live album Real Live, as well as the follow-up studio album Empire Burlesque. In 1984, Dylan asked Mick Taylor to assemble an experienced rock and roll band for a European tour he signed with Bill Graham.", "In 1984, Dylan asked Mick Taylor to assemble an experienced rock and roll band for a European tour he signed with Bill Graham. Ian McLagan was hired to play piano and Hammond organ, Greg Sutton to play bass and Colin Allen, a long-time friend of Taylor, on drums. The tour lasted for four weeks at venues such as Munich's Olympic Stadium Arena and Milan's San Siro Stadium, sharing the bill with Carlos Santana and Joan Baez, who appeared on the same bill for a couple of shows.", "The tour lasted for four weeks at venues such as Munich's Olympic Stadium Arena and Milan's San Siro Stadium, sharing the bill with Carlos Santana and Joan Baez, who appeared on the same bill for a couple of shows. 1988–present Mick Taylor performed the lead guitar solo on the 1988 Joan Jett & the Blackhearts top-10 single, \"I Hate Myself for Loving You\". Taylor guested with the Grateful Dead on 24 September 1988 at the last show of that year's Madison Square Garden run in New York.", "Taylor guested with the Grateful Dead on 24 September 1988 at the last show of that year's Madison Square Garden run in New York. Taylor lived in New York throughout the 1980s. He battled with addiction problems before getting back on track in the second half of the 1980s and moving to Los Angeles in 1990.", "He battled with addiction problems before getting back on track in the second half of the 1980s and moving to Los Angeles in 1990. During this time Taylor did session work and toured in Europe, America and Japan with a band including; either Eric Parker or Bernard Purdie on drums Wilbur Bascomb on bass and Max Middleton (formerly of the Jeff Beck Group), Shane Fontayne, and Blondie Chaplin.", "During this time Taylor did session work and toured in Europe, America and Japan with a band including; either Eric Parker or Bernard Purdie on drums Wilbur Bascomb on bass and Max Middleton (formerly of the Jeff Beck Group), Shane Fontayne, and Blondie Chaplin. In 1990, his CD Stranger in This Town was released by Maze Records, backed up by a mini-tour including the record release party at the Hard Rock Cafe as well as gigs at the Paradise Theater.", "In 1990, his CD Stranger in This Town was released by Maze Records, backed up by a mini-tour including the record release party at the Hard Rock Cafe as well as gigs at the Paradise Theater. He began what was to be a significant series of collaborations with L.A. based Carla Olson with their \"Live at the Roxy\" album Too Hot For Snakes, the centrepiece of which is an extended seven-minute performance of \"Sway\".", "He began what was to be a significant series of collaborations with L.A. based Carla Olson with their \"Live at the Roxy\" album Too Hot For Snakes, the centrepiece of which is an extended seven-minute performance of \"Sway\". Another highlight is the lead track on the album, \"Who Put the Sting (On the Honey Bee)\", by Olson's then-bassist Jesse Sublett. It was followed by Olson's Within An Ace, which featured Taylor on seven songs.", "It was followed by Olson's Within An Ace, which featured Taylor on seven songs. He appeared on three songs from Reap The Whirlwind and then again on Olson's The Ring of Truth, on which he plays lead guitar on nine tracks, including a twelve-minute version of the song \"Winter\". Further work by Olson and Taylor can be heard on the Olson-produced Barry Goldberg album Stoned Again.", "Further work by Olson and Taylor can be heard on the Olson-produced Barry Goldberg album Stoned Again. Taylor went on to appear on Percy Sledge's Blue Night (1994), along with Steve Cropper, Bobby Womack and Greg Leisz. After spending two years as a resident of Miami, during which time he played with a band called 'Tumbling Dice' featuring Bobby Keys, Nicky Hopkins and others, Taylor moved back to England in the mid-1990s. He released a new album in 1998 entitled A Stone's Throw.", "He released a new album in 1998 entitled A Stone's Throw. Playing at clubs and theatres as well as appearing at festivals has kept Taylor connected with an appreciative audience and fan base. In 2003, Taylor reunited with John Mayall for his 70th Birthday Concert in Liverpool along with Eric Clapton. A year later, in autumn 2004, he also joined John Mayall and the Bluesbreakers for a UK theatre tour. He toured the US East Coast with the Experience Hendrix group during October 2007.", "He toured the US East Coast with the Experience Hendrix group during October 2007. The Experience Hendrix group appeared at a series of concerts to honour Jimi Hendrix and his musical legacy. Players included Taylor, Mitch Mitchell, Billy Cox, Buddy Guy, Hubert Sumlin and Robby Krieger. On 1 December 2010, Taylor reunited with Ronnie Wood at a benefit gig arranged by blues guitarist Stephen Dale Petit to save the 100 Club in London.", "On 1 December 2010, Taylor reunited with Ronnie Wood at a benefit gig arranged by blues guitarist Stephen Dale Petit to save the 100 Club in London. Other special guests at the show were Dick Taylor (first bassist in the Rolling Stones) and blues/jazz trombonist Chris Barber. Taylor toured the UK with Petit, appearing as his special guest, featured on a Paul Jones BBC Radio 2 session with him and guested on Petit's 2010 Classic Rock magazine Album of the Year, The Crave.", "Taylor toured the UK with Petit, appearing as his special guest, featured on a Paul Jones BBC Radio 2 session with him and guested on Petit's 2010 Classic Rock magazine Album of the Year, The Crave. Taylor also helped to promote the Boogie for Stu album, recorded by Ben Waters to honour Ian Stewart (original Stones pianist and co-founder of the band), by taking part in a concert to mark the CD's official launch at the Ambassadors Theatre, London on 9 March 2011.", "Taylor also helped to promote the Boogie for Stu album, recorded by Ben Waters to honour Ian Stewart (original Stones pianist and co-founder of the band), by taking part in a concert to mark the CD's official launch at the Ambassadors Theatre, London on 9 March 2011. Proceeds from the event were donated to the British Heart Foundation. Although Jagger and Richards didn't show up, Taylor noticeably enjoyed performing with Watts, Wood and Wyman, among others.", "Although Jagger and Richards didn't show up, Taylor noticeably enjoyed performing with Watts, Wood and Wyman, among others. In 2013, Taylor rejoined the Rolling Stones as a special guest on their 50 & Counting Tour. Guitar history Throughout his career, Taylor has used various guitars, but is mostly associated with the Gibson Les Paul. His first Les Paul was bought when he was still playing with The Gods (from Selmer's, London in '65).", "His first Les Paul was bought when he was still playing with The Gods (from Selmer's, London in '65). He acquired his second Les Paul in 1967, not long after joining The Bluesbreakers: Taylor came to Olympic Studios to buy a Les Paul that Keith Richards wanted to sell. On the '72/'73 tours Taylor used a couple of Sunburst Les Paul guitars without a Bigsby.", "On the '72/'73 tours Taylor used a couple of Sunburst Les Paul guitars without a Bigsby. Other guitars include a Gibson ES-355 for the recording of Sticky Fingers and Exile on Main St., a Gibson SG on the 1969, 1970 and 1971 tours, and occasionally a Fender Stratocaster and a Fender Telecaster.. He started using the Vigier Excalibur in 1997 Personal life Taylor has been married twice and has two daughters. Chloe (born 6 January 1971) is a daughter by his first wife, Rose Millar.", "Chloe (born 6 January 1971) is a daughter by his first wife, Rose Millar. Taylor married Millar in 1975 after leaving the Stones, but the relationship was reportedly \"on the rocks\" before long and resulted in divorce only a few years later. Taylor's daughter, Emma, was born from a short relationship with an American woman who sang backing vocals with Taylor's band on one occasion.", "Taylor's daughter, Emma, was born from a short relationship with an American woman who sang backing vocals with Taylor's band on one occasion. Awards Inducted into the Rock 'n Roll Hall of Fame (with the Rolling Stones, 1989) Taylor's handprints have been on Hollywood's RockWalk since 6 September 1998. Taylor was ranked in 37th place by Rolling Stone magazine in its 2012 list of the 100 greatest guitarists of all time.", "Taylor was ranked in 37th place by Rolling Stone magazine in its 2012 list of the 100 greatest guitarists of all time. Discography With John Mayall's Bluesbreakers Crusade (Decca, 1967/LP; 1987/CD) The Diary of A Band, Volumes 1 & 2 (Decca, 1968/2LP; 2007/2CD) Bare Wires (Decca, 1968/LP; 1988/CD) Blues from Laurel Canyon (Decca, 1968/LP; 1989/CD) Back to the Roots (Polydor, 1971/LP; 2001/2CD) Primal Solos (Decca, 1977/LP; 1990/CD) – selection of live recordings 1965 (with Eric Clapton), and 1968 (with Mick Taylor) Return of the Bluesbreakers (AIM, 1985/LP; 1993/CD) Wake Up Call (Silvertone, 1993/CD) The 1982 Reunion Concert (Repertoire, 1994/CD) – with John Mayall, John McVie, and Colin Allen Silver Tones: The Best of John Mayall & The Bluesbreakers (Silvertone, 1998/CD) Along For The Ride (Eagle, 2001/CD) Rolling With The Blues (Recall, 2005/2CD) – selection of live recordings 1972, 1973, 1980, and 1982 Essentially John Mayall (Eagle, 2007/5-CD box set) With The Rolling Stones Through the Past, Darkly (Decca, 1969) – (compilation) UK/US #2 Taylor plays on \"Honky Tonk Women\" Let It Bleed (Decca, 1969) – UK #1 / US #3 Taylor plays on \"Country Honk\" and \"Live With Me\" Live'r Than You'l Ever Be (?, 1969) – bootleg, certified Gold Album Get Yer Ya-Ya's Out!", "Discography With John Mayall's Bluesbreakers Crusade (Decca, 1967/LP; 1987/CD) The Diary of A Band, Volumes 1 & 2 (Decca, 1968/2LP; 2007/2CD) Bare Wires (Decca, 1968/LP; 1988/CD) Blues from Laurel Canyon (Decca, 1968/LP; 1989/CD) Back to the Roots (Polydor, 1971/LP; 2001/2CD) Primal Solos (Decca, 1977/LP; 1990/CD) – selection of live recordings 1965 (with Eric Clapton), and 1968 (with Mick Taylor) Return of the Bluesbreakers (AIM, 1985/LP; 1993/CD) Wake Up Call (Silvertone, 1993/CD) The 1982 Reunion Concert (Repertoire, 1994/CD) – with John Mayall, John McVie, and Colin Allen Silver Tones: The Best of John Mayall & The Bluesbreakers (Silvertone, 1998/CD) Along For The Ride (Eagle, 2001/CD) Rolling With The Blues (Recall, 2005/2CD) – selection of live recordings 1972, 1973, 1980, and 1982 Essentially John Mayall (Eagle, 2007/5-CD box set) With The Rolling Stones Through the Past, Darkly (Decca, 1969) – (compilation) UK/US #2 Taylor plays on \"Honky Tonk Women\" Let It Bleed (Decca, 1969) – UK #1 / US #3 Taylor plays on \"Country Honk\" and \"Live With Me\" Live'r Than You'l Ever Be (?, 1969) – bootleg, certified Gold Album Get Yer Ya-Ya's Out! (Decca, 1970) – UK #1 / US #6 Sticky Fingers (Rolling Stones Records, 1971) – UK/US #1 Gimme Shelter (Decca, 1971) – (compilation) UK #19 Hot Rocks 1964–1971 (Abkco Records, 1972) – (compilation) UK #3 / US #4 Exile on Main St. (Rolling Stones Records, 1972) – UK/US #1 Rock'n'Rolling Stones (Decca, 1972) – (compilation) UK #41 Goats Head Soup (Rolling Stones Records, 1973) – UK/US #1 It's Only Rock 'n Roll (Rolling Stones Records, 1974) – UK #2 / US #1 Made in the Shade (Rolling Stones Records, 1975) – (compilation) UK #14 / US #6 Metamorphosis (Abkco Records, 1975) – UK #45 / US #8 Taylor plays on \"I Don't Know Why\" and \"Jiving Sister Fanny\".", "(Decca, 1970) – UK #1 / US #6 Sticky Fingers (Rolling Stones Records, 1971) – UK/US #1 Gimme Shelter (Decca, 1971) – (compilation) UK #19 Hot Rocks 1964–1971 (Abkco Records, 1972) – (compilation) UK #3 / US #4 Exile on Main St. (Rolling Stones Records, 1972) – UK/US #1 Rock'n'Rolling Stones (Decca, 1972) – (compilation) UK #41 Goats Head Soup (Rolling Stones Records, 1973) – UK/US #1 It's Only Rock 'n Roll (Rolling Stones Records, 1974) – UK #2 / US #1 Made in the Shade (Rolling Stones Records, 1975) – (compilation) UK #14 / US #6 Metamorphosis (Abkco Records, 1975) – UK #45 / US #8 Taylor plays on \"I Don't Know Why\" and \"Jiving Sister Fanny\". Rolled Gold: The Very Best of the Rolling Stones (Decca, 1975) – (compilation) UK #7 Get Stoned (30 Greatest Hits) (ARCADE, 1977) – (compilation) UK #8 Sucking in the Seventies (Rolling Stones Records, 1981) – (compilation)US #15 Tattoo You (Rolling Stones Records, 1981) – UK #2 / US #1 Taylor plays on \"Tops\" and \"Waiting on a Friend\", both tracks recorded in 1972 during the Goats Head Soup sessions.", "Rolled Gold: The Very Best of the Rolling Stones (Decca, 1975) – (compilation) UK #7 Get Stoned (30 Greatest Hits) (ARCADE, 1977) – (compilation) UK #8 Sucking in the Seventies (Rolling Stones Records, 1981) – (compilation)US #15 Tattoo You (Rolling Stones Records, 1981) – UK #2 / US #1 Taylor plays on \"Tops\" and \"Waiting on a Friend\", both tracks recorded in 1972 during the Goats Head Soup sessions. In Concert – Live 1966–70 (LONDON, 1982) – (live compilation) UK #94 Story of The Stones (K-tel, 1982) – (compilation) UK #24 Rewind (Rolling Stones Records, 1984) – (compilation) UK #23 / US #86 Singles Collection: The London Years.", "In Concert – Live 1966–70 (LONDON, 1982) – (live compilation) UK #94 Story of The Stones (K-tel, 1982) – (compilation) UK #24 Rewind (Rolling Stones Records, 1984) – (compilation) UK #23 / US #86 Singles Collection: The London Years. (Abkco Records, 1989) – US #91 Jump Back: The Best of The Rolling Stones (Rolling Stones Records, 1993) – UK #16 / US #30 Forty Licks (Rolling Stones Records, 2002) – (compilation) UK/US #2 Rarities 1971–2003 (Rolling Stones Records, 2005) – US #76 Taylor plays on \"Let It Rock\" (live 1971) and the 1974 b-side \"Through The Lonely Nights\".", "(Abkco Records, 1989) – US #91 Jump Back: The Best of The Rolling Stones (Rolling Stones Records, 1993) – UK #16 / US #30 Forty Licks (Rolling Stones Records, 2002) – (compilation) UK/US #2 Rarities 1971–2003 (Rolling Stones Records, 2005) – US #76 Taylor plays on \"Let It Rock\" (live 1971) and the 1974 b-side \"Through The Lonely Nights\". Exile On Main St. (Rarities Edition) (Universal Records, 2010) – US #27 Taylor plays on \"Pass The Wine (Sophia Loren)\", \"Plundered My Soul\", \"I'm Not Signifying\", \"Loving Cup (Alternate Take)\", \"Soul Survivor (Alternate Take)\" and \"Good Time Women\".", "Exile On Main St. (Rarities Edition) (Universal Records, 2010) – US #27 Taylor plays on \"Pass The Wine (Sophia Loren)\", \"Plundered My Soul\", \"I'm Not Signifying\", \"Loving Cup (Alternate Take)\", \"Soul Survivor (Alternate Take)\" and \"Good Time Women\". Brussels Affair (Rolling Stones Records, 2011) – 1973 live performance GRRR!", "Brussels Affair (Rolling Stones Records, 2011) – 1973 live performance GRRR! (Rolling Stones Records, 2012) – (compilation) UK #3 / US #19 Hyde Park Live (Rolling Stones Records, 2013) – (2013 live performance) UK #16 / US #19 Taylor plays guitar on \"Midnight Rambler\", acoustic guitar and backing vocals on \"(I Can't Get No) Satisfaction\" Tattoo You (Lost & Found - Rarities) (Universal Records, 2021) Taylor plays on “Living In The Heart Of Love”, \"Come to the Ball\" and \"Fast Talking Slow Walking\".", "(Rolling Stones Records, 2012) – (compilation) UK #3 / US #19 Hyde Park Live (Rolling Stones Records, 2013) – (2013 live performance) UK #16 / US #19 Taylor plays guitar on \"Midnight Rambler\", acoustic guitar and backing vocals on \"(I Can't Get No) Satisfaction\" Tattoo You (Lost & Found - Rarities) (Universal Records, 2021) Taylor plays on “Living In The Heart Of Love”, \"Come to the Ball\" and \"Fast Talking Slow Walking\". Non-Rolling Stones work with Rolling Stones members: Pay Pack & Follow (Eagle Rock Records, 2001) – John Phillips solo album from 1973–1979 recording sessions in London aka \"Half Stoned\" sessions produced by Mick Jagger and Keith Richards I've Got My Own Album to Do (Warner, 1974) – Ronnie Wood solo album Now Look (Warner, July 1975) – Ronnie Wood solo album.", "Non-Rolling Stones work with Rolling Stones members: Pay Pack & Follow (Eagle Rock Records, 2001) – John Phillips solo album from 1973–1979 recording sessions in London aka \"Half Stoned\" sessions produced by Mick Jagger and Keith Richards I've Got My Own Album to Do (Warner, 1974) – Ronnie Wood solo album Now Look (Warner, July 1975) – Ronnie Wood solo album. US #118 Gimme Some Neck (Columbia, 1979) – Ronnie Wood solo album.", "US #118 Gimme Some Neck (Columbia, 1979) – Ronnie Wood solo album. US #45 Talk Is Cheap (BMG, 1988) – Keith Richards solo album. UK #37 / US #24 With Jack Bruce Live on the Old Grey Whistle Test (Strange Fruit, 1995) – Tracks from several Old Grey Whistle Test shows recorded between '75 and '81. Seven of the songs feature Taylor on guitar. Live at the Manchester Free Trade Hall (Polydor, 2003) – 2 CDs.", "Live at the Manchester Free Trade Hall (Polydor, 2003) – 2 CDs. With Bob Dylan Infidels (Columbia, 1983) – UK # 9 / US #20 Real Live (In Europe, 1984) (Columbia, 1984) – UK #54 / US #115 Empire Burlesque (Columbia, 1985) – UK #11 / US #33 The Bootleg Series Volumes 1–3 (Rare & Unreleased) 1961–1991 (Columbia, 1991) – UK #32 / US #49 The Bootleg Series Vol.", "With Bob Dylan Infidels (Columbia, 1983) – UK # 9 / US #20 Real Live (In Europe, 1984) (Columbia, 1984) – UK #54 / US #115 Empire Burlesque (Columbia, 1985) – UK #11 / US #33 The Bootleg Series Volumes 1–3 (Rare & Unreleased) 1961–1991 (Columbia, 1991) – UK #32 / US #49 The Bootleg Series Vol. 16: Springtime in New York 1980–1985 (Columbia, 2021).", "16: Springtime in New York 1980–1985 (Columbia, 2021). Featured on Discs 3-5 of the Deluxe Edition. With Carla Olson Too Hot For Snakes (?, 1991) – Live at the Roxy; includes two Mick Taylor compositions: \"Broken Hands\" and \"Hartley Quits\".", "With Carla Olson Too Hot For Snakes (?, 1991) – Live at the Roxy; includes two Mick Taylor compositions: \"Broken Hands\" and \"Hartley Quits\". Too Hot For Snakes Plus (Collectors' Choice, 2008) – 2-CD set of the Roxy album plus \"You Gotta Move\", and a second disc of 13 studio tracks from 1993–2004, including a previously unreleased versions of \"Winter\" and \"Think I'm Goin' Mad\" from the Olson-produced Barry Goldberg album Stoned Again.", "Too Hot For Snakes Plus (Collectors' Choice, 2008) – 2-CD set of the Roxy album plus \"You Gotta Move\", and a second disc of 13 studio tracks from 1993–2004, including a previously unreleased versions of \"Winter\" and \"Think I'm Goin' Mad\" from the Olson-produced Barry Goldberg album Stoned Again. Within An Ace (?, 1993) – Taylor performs on 7 of the 10 songs. Reap The Whirlwind (?, 1994) – Taylor is featured on 3 tracks.", "Reap The Whirlwind (?, 1994) – Taylor is featured on 3 tracks. The Ring Of Truth (2001) – Taylor plays on 9 of the 12 tracks. Note: Too Hot For Snakes and The Ring of Truth were released by Fuel/Universal autumn of 2012 as a 2-CD set with 3 bonus tracks including 2 previously unreleased songs from the Roxy Theatre. “Sway: The Best Of Carla Olson & Mick Taylor” ~ a vinyl-only compilation, December 2020 on Sunset Blvd Records.", "“Sway: The Best Of Carla Olson & Mick Taylor” ~ a vinyl-only compilation, December 2020 on Sunset Blvd Records. Solo discography Studio albums Mick Taylor (1979) US #119 (5 weeks in top 200) A Stone's Throw (1998) Live albums Stranger in This Town (1990) (produced by Mick Taylor and Phil Colella) Arthur's Club-Geneve 1995 (Mick Taylor & Snowy White) (Promo CD/TV Especial) Coastin' Home [AKA Live at the 14 Below] (1995) re-issued 2002 14 Below (2003) Little Red Rooster (2007) recorded live in Hungary during 2001 with the Mick Taylor Band Other session work Blues Masters vol.", "Solo discography Studio albums Mick Taylor (1979) US #119 (5 weeks in top 200) A Stone's Throw (1998) Live albums Stranger in This Town (1990) (produced by Mick Taylor and Phil Colella) Arthur's Club-Geneve 1995 (Mick Taylor & Snowy White) (Promo CD/TV Especial) Coastin' Home [AKA Live at the 14 Below] (1995) re-issued 2002 14 Below (2003) Little Red Rooster (2007) recorded live in Hungary during 2001 with the Mick Taylor Band Other session work Blues Masters vol. 10 (Champion Jack Dupree) (Blue Horizon, 1969) Recorded just weeks before he joined the Stones, according to producer Mike Vernon's liner notes.", "10 (Champion Jack Dupree) (Blue Horizon, 1969) Recorded just weeks before he joined the Stones, according to producer Mike Vernon's liner notes. Up Your Alley (Joan Jett & the Blackhearts) on \"I Hate Myself for Loving You\" Tubular Bells Premiere (Mike Oldfield) (June '73) Queen Elizabeth Hall Tubular Bells (Mike Oldfield) Telecast Tubular Bells Part One and Tubular Bells Part Two. Recorded at BBC Broadcasting House November 1973 and aired in early '74 and June '74.", "Recorded at BBC Broadcasting House November 1973 and aired in early '74 and June '74. Available on Oldfield's Elements DVD. The Tin Man Was A Dreamer (Nicky Hopkins) (1973) London Underground (Herbie Mann) (Atlantic, 1973) Reggae (Herbie Mann) (Atlantic, 1973) Live European Tour (Billy Preston) (A&M Records, 1974). Recorded with the Rolling Stones Mobile Studio during their '73 tour. Preston opened up for the band with Mick Taylor on guitar.", "Preston opened up for the band with Mick Taylor on guitar. (Released on CD by A&M Japan, 2002.)", "(Released on CD by A&M Japan, 2002.) Have Blues Will Travel (Speedo Jones) (Integrity Records, 1988) Reggae II (Herbie Mann) (Atlantic, 1973 [1976]) Just A Story From America (Elliott Murphy) (Columbia 1977) Waiting for Columbus (Little Feat) (1978) double CD released 2002 Expresso II (Gong) (1978) Downwind (Pierre Moerlen's Gong) (1979) lead guitar on \"What You Know\" Alan Merrill (Alan Merrill)'s solo album (Polydor, 1985) recorded in London 1977 Vinyl (Dramarama) (1991) John McVie's \"Gotta Band\" with Lola Thomas (1992)Burnin' Blues (Coupe De Villes) (1992)Piedra rodante (Tonky Blues Band) (1992)Once In A Blue Moon (Gerry Groom) (1993)Cartwheels (Anthony Thistlethwaite) (1993)Hecho en Memphis (Ratones Paranoicos) (Sony Music) (1993)Let's Get Stoned (The Chesterfield Kings) (Mirror Records,1994)Crawfish and Caviar (Anthony Thistlethwaite)Blue Night (Percy Sledge) (Virgin Records, 1994) Black Angel (Savage Rose) (1995) guitar on \"Black Angel\" and \"Early Morning Blues\"Навигатор (Аквариум, 1995) guitar on two tracks (\"Не Коси\", \"Таможенный блюз\")Taylormade (Black Cat Bone, 1997), Music Maniac Records.Mick & I (2001) Miyuki & Mick TaylorNew York Times (Adam Bomb) (2001) (Taylor plays slide guitar on \"MacDougal Street\" & lead guitar on \"Heaven come to me\") produced by Jack DouglasFrom Clarksdale To Heaven [various artists] (BlueStorm, 2002) – John Lee Hooker tribute albumStoned Again (Barry Goldberg) (Antone's Records, 2002)Meaning of Life (Todd Sharpville) (Cathouse/Universal, 2003)Key To Love (Debbie Davies) (Shanachie Records, 2003)Shadow Man (re-release of an album from 1996) (2003) – originally released by Alpha Music in Japan in 1996, this \"Mick Taylor featuring Sasha\" album should have read \"Sasha featuring Mick Taylor\", but the company felt it would sell better under a household name.", "Have Blues Will Travel (Speedo Jones) (Integrity Records, 1988) Reggae II (Herbie Mann) (Atlantic, 1973 [1976]) Just A Story From America (Elliott Murphy) (Columbia 1977) Waiting for Columbus (Little Feat) (1978) double CD released 2002 Expresso II (Gong) (1978) Downwind (Pierre Moerlen's Gong) (1979) lead guitar on \"What You Know\" Alan Merrill (Alan Merrill)'s solo album (Polydor, 1985) recorded in London 1977 Vinyl (Dramarama) (1991) John McVie's \"Gotta Band\" with Lola Thomas (1992)Burnin' Blues (Coupe De Villes) (1992)Piedra rodante (Tonky Blues Band) (1992)Once In A Blue Moon (Gerry Groom) (1993)Cartwheels (Anthony Thistlethwaite) (1993)Hecho en Memphis (Ratones Paranoicos) (Sony Music) (1993)Let's Get Stoned (The Chesterfield Kings) (Mirror Records,1994)Crawfish and Caviar (Anthony Thistlethwaite)Blue Night (Percy Sledge) (Virgin Records, 1994) Black Angel (Savage Rose) (1995) guitar on \"Black Angel\" and \"Early Morning Blues\"Навигатор (Аквариум, 1995) guitar on two tracks (\"Не Коси\", \"Таможенный блюз\")Taylormade (Black Cat Bone, 1997), Music Maniac Records.Mick & I (2001) Miyuki & Mick TaylorNew York Times (Adam Bomb) (2001) (Taylor plays slide guitar on \"MacDougal Street\" & lead guitar on \"Heaven come to me\") produced by Jack DouglasFrom Clarksdale To Heaven [various artists] (BlueStorm, 2002) – John Lee Hooker tribute albumStoned Again (Barry Goldberg) (Antone's Records, 2002)Meaning of Life (Todd Sharpville) (Cathouse/Universal, 2003)Key To Love (Debbie Davies) (Shanachie Records, 2003)Shadow Man (re-release of an album from 1996) (2003) – originally released by Alpha Music in Japan in 1996, this \"Mick Taylor featuring Sasha\" album should have read \"Sasha featuring Mick Taylor\", but the company felt it would sell better under a household name. It features Mick Taylor on guitar, but is basically a Sasha Gracanin album.Treasure Island (Nikki Sudden) (Secretly Canadian, 2004)Unterwegs (Crazy Chris Kramer) (2009)Chicago Blues (Crazy Chris Kramer) (2010) Music DVDsBlues Alive video (RCA/Columbia Pictures 1983), recorded at Capitol Theatre, NJ 1982Jamming with the Blues Greats – DVD release from the 1983 video, featuring John Mayall's Bluesbreakers (Mick Taylor, Colin Allen, John McVie) and special guests Albert King, Etta James, Buddy Guy, Junior Wells and Sippie Wallace (Lightyear/Image Entertainment 2005)The Stones in the Park concert video (Granada Television, 1969) released on DVD (VCI, 2001)Gimme Shelter (Maysles Films, 1970) music documentary film by Albert and David Maysles, shot at the Rolling Stones concerts at Madison Square Garden, NY on 27/28 November and Altamont, CA on 6 Dec December 1969. restored and released on DVD (Criterion, 2000)John Mayall, the Godfather of British Blues documentary about John Mayall's life and career (Eagle Rock, 2004.", "It features Mick Taylor on guitar, but is basically a Sasha Gracanin album.Treasure Island (Nikki Sudden) (Secretly Canadian, 2004)Unterwegs (Crazy Chris Kramer) (2009)Chicago Blues (Crazy Chris Kramer) (2010) Music DVDsBlues Alive video (RCA/Columbia Pictures 1983), recorded at Capitol Theatre, NJ 1982Jamming with the Blues Greats – DVD release from the 1983 video, featuring John Mayall's Bluesbreakers (Mick Taylor, Colin Allen, John McVie) and special guests Albert King, Etta James, Buddy Guy, Junior Wells and Sippie Wallace (Lightyear/Image Entertainment 2005)The Stones in the Park concert video (Granada Television, 1969) released on DVD (VCI, 2001)Gimme Shelter (Maysles Films, 1970) music documentary film by Albert and David Maysles, shot at the Rolling Stones concerts at Madison Square Garden, NY on 27/28 November and Altamont, CA on 6 Dec December 1969. restored and released on DVD (Criterion, 2000)John Mayall, the Godfather of British Blues documentary about John Mayall's life and career (Eagle Rock, 2004. Region 1: 2005)70th Birthday Concert (Eagle Rock, 2004.", "Region 1: 2005)70th Birthday Concert (Eagle Rock, 2004. Region 1: 2005). Bluesbreakers Charity Concert (Unite for UNICEF) filmed in Liverpool, July 2003. John Mayall & the Bluesbreakers with special guests Chris Barber, Eric Clapton and Mick Taylor.Stones in Exile 2010Ladies & Gentlemen The Rolling Stones 2010 Music DVDs – UnofficialCocksucker BluesFilmographyThe Man Who Fell to Earth (1976) directed by Nicolas Roeg and starring David Bowie as Thomas Jerome Newton.", "John Mayall & the Bluesbreakers with special guests Chris Barber, Eric Clapton and Mick Taylor.Stones in Exile 2010Ladies & Gentlemen The Rolling Stones 2010 Music DVDs – UnofficialCocksucker BluesFilmographyThe Man Who Fell to Earth (1976) directed by Nicolas Roeg and starring David Bowie as Thomas Jerome Newton. Taylor played guitar on various songs, including \"Hello Mary Lou\" after developing ideas for the soundtrack with John Phillips.The Last of the Finest (1990) directed by John Mackenzie.", "Taylor played guitar on various songs, including \"Hello Mary Lou\" after developing ideas for the soundtrack with John Phillips.The Last of the Finest (1990) directed by John Mackenzie. Taylor assisted composer Jack Nitzsche with the moviescore.Bad City Blues'' (1999) directed by Michael Stevens, based on the book by Tim Willocks. Music composers: Mick Taylor and Max Middleton References External links Mick Taylor official Facebook page Interview with Gary James from classicbands.com Interview with JAZZed Magazine. Oct 2007 Rolling Stone Magazine article about Exile on Main Street.", "Oct 2007 Rolling Stone Magazine article about Exile on Main Street. 1949 births Living people English blues guitarists English male guitarists English rock guitarists Lead guitarists John Mayall & the Bluesbreakers members The Rolling Stones members Columbia Records artists People from Welwyn Garden City Slide guitarists English film score composers English male film score composers Decca Records artists Fingerstyle guitarists British rhythm and blues boom musicians Musicians from Hertfordshire English blues singers Bill Wyman's Rhythm Kings members The Gods (band) members" ]

[ "Mick Taylor", "1949-69: Early life", "When did he begin playing music?", "He began playing guitar at age nine," ]

[ "Quirino Mendoza y Cortés (May 10, 1862 – 1957) was a Mexican composer of the famous traditional songs \"Cielito Lindo\" and \"Jesusita en Chihuahua\". He was born in Santiago Tulyehualco, Xochimilco, Mexico City in 1862.\n\nEarly life \nCortés' father was an organist at a local parish, which originally inspired him to learn music. During his teens, he learned to play the piano, flute, violin, guitar, and the organ. He learned very quickly while taking lessons from his father, and quickly mastered these instruments in his teens. Also in his teens, he played songs at the local parish on the organ, like his father did. He then began to write his first song, 'My Blessed God.'\n\nReferences\n\n1862 births\n1957 deaths\nMexican composers of popular or traditional folk music\nPeople from Mexico City", "How People Learn is the title of an educational psychology book edited by John D. Bransford, Ann L. Brown, and Rodney R. Cocking and published by the United States National Academy of Sciences' National Academies Press. The committee on How People Learn also wrote How Students Learn: History, Mathematics, and Science in the Classroom as a follow-up. An updated edition How People Learn II was released in October 2018.\n\nThe book draws the following conclusions, among others:\n\nLearners and Learning:\n \"Effective comprehension and thinking require a coherent understanding of the organizing principles in any subject matter,\" and\n \"In-depth understanding requires detailed knowledge of the facts within a domain. The key attribute of expertise is a detailed and organized understanding of the important facts within a specific domain.\"\n\nThus, the debate within education between advocates of deep conceptual understanding and advocates of broad factual understanding misses the point. In-depth understanding is necessary to truly understand the content, but broad factual understanding is also necessary as it allows a person to remember and organize what they have learned.\n\nTeachers and Teaching:\n\"Teachers need expertise in both subject matter content and in teaching,\" and \"Teachers need to develop models of their own professional development that are based on lifelong learning, rather than on an 'updating' model of learning, in order to have frameworks to guide their career planning.\" These conclusions have implications for teacher hiring and professional development policies.\n\nLearning Environments:\n \"Assessment and feedback are crucial for helping people learn.\"\n \"Classroom environments can be positively influenced by opportunities to interact with... families and community members around school-based learning goals.\"\n\nExternal links\nFree online versions: in HTML chapters, or in a quickly skimmable format\nThe \"sequel\" is also available for free online: 'How People Learn: Bridging Research and Practice' in HTML chapters, or in quickly skimmable format\nThe updated edition How People Learn II is offered free: https://www.nap.edu/catalog/24783/how-people-learn-ii-learners-contexts-and-cultures.\n\nEducational psychology books" ]

[ "Michael Kevin Taylor (born 17 January 1949) is an English musician, best known as a former member of John Mayall's Bluesbreakers (1967–69) and the Rolling Stones (1969–74). As a member of the Stones, he appeared on: Let It Bleed (1969), Get Yer Ya-Ya's Out! The Rolling Stones in Concert (1970), Sticky Fingers (1971), Exile on Main St. (1972), Goats Head Soup (1973) and It's Only Rock 'n Roll (1974).", "The Rolling Stones in Concert (1970), Sticky Fingers (1971), Exile on Main St. (1972), Goats Head Soup (1973) and It's Only Rock 'n Roll (1974). Since leaving the Rolling Stones in December 1974, Taylor has worked with numerous other artists and released several solo albums.", "Since leaving the Rolling Stones in December 1974, Taylor has worked with numerous other artists and released several solo albums. From November 2012 onwards he participated in the Stones' 50th-Anniversary shows in London and Newark, and in the band's 50 & Counting tour, which included North America, Glastonbury Festival and Hyde Park in 2013. He was ranked 37th in Rolling Stone magazine's 2011 list of the 100 greatest guitarists of all time. Guns N' Roses guitarist Slash states that Taylor had the biggest influence on him.", "Guns N' Roses guitarist Slash states that Taylor had the biggest influence on him. Biography 1949–1969: Early life Taylor was born to a working-class family in Welwyn Garden City, but was raised in Hatfield, Hertfordshire, England, where his father worked as a fitter for the De Havilland aircraft company. He began playing guitar at age nine, learning to play from his mother's younger brother. As a teenager, he formed bands with schoolmates and started performing concerts under names such as The Juniors and the Strangers.", "As a teenager, he formed bands with schoolmates and started performing concerts under names such as The Juniors and the Strangers. They also appeared on television and put out a single. Part of the band was recruited for a new group called The Gods, which included Ken Hensley (later of Uriah Heep fame). In 1966, The Gods opened for Cream at the Starlite Ballroom in Wembley.", "In 1966, The Gods opened for Cream at the Starlite Ballroom in Wembley. In 1965, at age 16, Taylor went to see a John Mayall's Bluesbreakers performance at \"The Hop\" Woodhall Community Centre, Welwyn Garden City. Taylor himself has said after seeing that Clapton hadn't appeared, but that his guitar had already been set up on the stage, he approached John Mayall during the interval to ask if he could play with them.", "Taylor himself has said after seeing that Clapton hadn't appeared, but that his guitar had already been set up on the stage, he approached John Mayall during the interval to ask if he could play with them. Taylor mentioned that he was familiar with the band's repertoire, and after a moment of deliberation, Mayall agreed. Taylor amended, \"I wasn't thinking that this was a great opportunity ... I just really wanted to get up on stage and play the guitar.\"", "I just really wanted to get up on stage and play the guitar.\" After playing the second set, and garnering Mayall's respect in the process, Taylor left the stage, joined his friends and exited the venue before Mayall had the chance to speak with him. Still, this encounter proved to be pivotal in Taylor's career when Mayall needed someone to fill Peter Green's vacancy the following year, when Green quit to form Fleetwood Mac.", "Still, this encounter proved to be pivotal in Taylor's career when Mayall needed someone to fill Peter Green's vacancy the following year, when Green quit to form Fleetwood Mac. Mayall placed a 'Guitarist Wanted' advert in the weekly Melody Maker music paper, and much to his relief immediately got a response from Taylor, whom he readily invited to join. Taylor made his debut with the Bluesbreakers at the Manor House, an old blues club in north London.", "Taylor made his debut with the Bluesbreakers at the Manor House, an old blues club in north London. For those in the music scene the night was an event ...\"Let's go and see this 17-year-old kid try and replace Eric\". Taylor toured and recorded the album Crusade with John Mayall's Bluesbreakers. From 1966 to 1969, Taylor developed a guitar style that is blues-based with Latin and jazz influences.", "From 1966 to 1969, Taylor developed a guitar style that is blues-based with Latin and jazz influences. He is the guitarist on the Bluesbreaker albums Diary of a Band, Bare Wires, and Blues from Laurel Canyon. Later on in his career, he further developed his skills as a slide guitarist. 1969–1974: The Rolling Stones After Brian Jones and the group parted ways in June 1969, John Mayall and Ian Stewart recommended Taylor to Mick Jagger.", "1969–1974: The Rolling Stones After Brian Jones and the group parted ways in June 1969, John Mayall and Ian Stewart recommended Taylor to Mick Jagger. Taylor believed he was being called in to be a session musician at his first studio session with the Rolling Stones. An impressed Jagger and Keith Richards invited Taylor back the following day to continue rehearsing and recording with the band.", "An impressed Jagger and Keith Richards invited Taylor back the following day to continue rehearsing and recording with the band. He overdubbed guitar on \"Country Honk\" and \"Live With Me\" for the album Let It Bleed, and on the single \"Honky Tonk Women\" released in the UK on 4 July 1969. Taylor's onstage debut as a Rolling Stone, at the age of 20, was the free concert in Hyde Park, London on 5 July 1969.", "Taylor's onstage debut as a Rolling Stone, at the age of 20, was the free concert in Hyde Park, London on 5 July 1969. An estimated quarter of a million people attended for a show that turned into a tribute to Brian Jones, who had died two days before the concert. After the 1973 European tour, Richards' drug problems had worsened and begun to compromise the band's ability to function.", "After the 1973 European tour, Richards' drug problems had worsened and begun to compromise the band's ability to function. Between recording sessions, the band members were living in various countries as UK income tax exiles, and during this period Taylor appeared on Herbie Mann's London Underground (1974) and also on Mann's album Reggae (1974).", "Between recording sessions, the band members were living in various countries as UK income tax exiles, and during this period Taylor appeared on Herbie Mann's London Underground (1974) and also on Mann's album Reggae (1974). 1973–2013: It's Only Rock 'n Roll In November 1973, Taylor underwent surgery for acute sinusitis and missed some of the sessions when the band began working on the LP It's Only Rock 'n Roll at Musicland Studios in Munich.", "1973–2013: It's Only Rock 'n Roll In November 1973, Taylor underwent surgery for acute sinusitis and missed some of the sessions when the band began working on the LP It's Only Rock 'n Roll at Musicland Studios in Munich. Not much was achieved during the first ten days at Musicland, but most of the actual recordings were made there in January 1974, and in April at Stargroves, Jagger's estate in Hampshire. When Taylor resumed work with the band, he found it difficult to get along with Richards.", "When Taylor resumed work with the band, he found it difficult to get along with Richards. Not long after those recording sessions, Taylor went on a six-week expedition to Brazil, to travel down the Amazon River in a boat and explore Latin music. Just before the release of the album in October 1974, Taylor told Nick Kent from the NME about the new LP and that he had co-written \"Till the Next Goodbye\" and \"Time Waits for No One\" with Jagger.", "Just before the release of the album in October 1974, Taylor told Nick Kent from the NME about the new LP and that he had co-written \"Till the Next Goodbye\" and \"Time Waits for No One\" with Jagger. Kent told Taylor he had seen the finished artwork for the sleeve, which revealed the absence of any songwriting credits for Taylor. Taylor appears in the promotional video for \"Ain't Too Proud to Beg\". In December 1974, Taylor announced he was leaving the Rolling Stones.", "In December 1974, Taylor announced he was leaving the Rolling Stones. The bandmates were at a party in London when Taylor told Jagger he was quitting and walked out. Taylor's decision came as a shock to many. The Rolling Stones were due to start recording a new album in Munich, and the entire band was reportedly angry at Taylor for leaving at such short notice.", "The Rolling Stones were due to start recording a new album in Munich, and the entire band was reportedly angry at Taylor for leaving at such short notice. When interviewed by Jann Wenner of Rolling Stone in 1995, Wenner wrote that Jagger had stated that Taylor never explained why he had left, and surmised that \"[Taylor] wanted to have a solo career. I think he found it difficult to get on with Keith.\"", "I think he found it difficult to get on with Keith.\" In the same Wenner interview, Jagger had reportedly said of Taylor's contribution to the band: \"I think he had a big contribution. He made it very musical. He was a very fluent, melodic player, which we never had, and we don't have now. Neither Keith nor Ronnie Wood (who replaced Taylor) plays that kind of style.", "Neither Keith nor Ronnie Wood (who replaced Taylor) plays that kind of style. It was very good for me working with him .... Mick Taylor would play very fluid lines against my vocals. He was exciting, and he was very pretty, and it gave me something to follow, to bang off. Some people think that's the best version of the band that existed\".", "Some people think that's the best version of the band that existed\". Asked if he agreed with that assessment, Jagger said: \"I obviously can't say if I think Mick Taylor was the best, because it sort of trashes the period the band is in now.\" Charlie Watts stated: \"I think we chose the right man for the job at that time just as Ronnie was the right man for the job later on. I still think Mick is great.", "I still think Mick is great. I still think Mick is great. I haven't heard or seen him play in a few years. But certainly what came out of playing with him are musically some of the best things we've ever done\". In an October 2002 Guitar World interview, Richards reflected on his relationship with Taylor: \"Mick Taylor and I worked really well together ... He had some lovely energy. Sweetly sophisticated playing, way beyond his years. Lovely sense of melody.", "Sweetly sophisticated playing, way beyond his years. Lovely sense of melody. Lovely sense of melody. I never understood why he left the Stones. Nor does he, I think ... I had no desire to see him go.\" Taylor later admitted in the 2012 documentary Crossfire Hurricane that he left because he wanted to protect his family from the drug culture surrounding the band.", "Taylor later admitted in the 2012 documentary Crossfire Hurricane that he left because he wanted to protect his family from the drug culture surrounding the band. He further stated that in order to stay alive and fight his own demons (Taylor had turned into a drug addict himself by 1973), he needed to escape the realm of the Stones. In an essay about the Rolling Stones published after Taylor's resignation, New York Times music critic Robert Palmer wrote that \"Taylor is the most accomplished technician who ever served as a Stone.", "In an essay about the Rolling Stones published after Taylor's resignation, New York Times music critic Robert Palmer wrote that \"Taylor is the most accomplished technician who ever served as a Stone. A blues guitarist with a jazzman's flair for melodic invention, Taylor was never a rock and roller and never a showman.\" Taylor has worked with his former bandmates on various occasions since leaving the Rolling Stones.", "Taylor has worked with his former bandmates on various occasions since leaving the Rolling Stones. In 1977 he attended London-based sessions for the John Phillips album Pay Pack & Follow, appearing on several tracks alongside Jagger (vocals), Richards (guitar) and Wood (bass). On 14 December 1981 he performed with the band at their concert at the Kemper Arena in Kansas City, Missouri.", "On 14 December 1981 he performed with the band at their concert at the Kemper Arena in Kansas City, Missouri. Keith Richards appeared on stage at a Mick Taylor show at the Lone Star Cafe in New York on 28 December 1986, jamming on \"Key to the Highway\" and \"Can't You Hear Me Knocking\"; and Taylor is featured on one track (\"I Could Have Stood You Up\") on Richards' 1988 album Talk is Cheap.", "Keith Richards appeared on stage at a Mick Taylor show at the Lone Star Cafe in New York on 28 December 1986, jamming on \"Key to the Highway\" and \"Can't You Hear Me Knocking\"; and Taylor is featured on one track (\"I Could Have Stood You Up\") on Richards' 1988 album Talk is Cheap. The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame inducted Taylor along with the Rolling Stones in 1989. Taylor also worked with Bill Wyman's Rhythm Kings in the early 1990s.", "Taylor also worked with Bill Wyman's Rhythm Kings in the early 1990s. In addition to his contributions to Rolling Stones albums released during his tenure with the band, Taylor's guitar is also on two tracks on their 1981 release Tattoo You: \"Tops\" and \"Waiting on a Friend\", which were recorded in 1972. (Taylor is sometimes mistakenly credited as playing on \"Worried About You\", but the solo on that track is performed by Wayne Perkins.)", "(Taylor is sometimes mistakenly credited as playing on \"Worried About You\", but the solo on that track is performed by Wayne Perkins.) Taylor's onstage presence with the Rolling Stones is preserved on the album Get Yer Ya-Ya's Out!, recorded over four concerts at Madison Square Garden in New York and the Baltimore Civic Center in November 1969, and on the album Brussels Affair (Live 1973), compiled from two shows recorded in Brussels on 17 October 1973 in the Forest National Arena, during their European Tour.", "Taylor's onstage presence with the Rolling Stones is preserved on the album Get Yer Ya-Ya's Out!, recorded over four concerts at Madison Square Garden in New York and the Baltimore Civic Center in November 1969, and on the album Brussels Affair (Live 1973), compiled from two shows recorded in Brussels on 17 October 1973 in the Forest National Arena, during their European Tour. Taylor's live performances also feature in the documentary films Stones in the Park (released on DVD in 2001), Gimme Shelter (released in 1970) and Cocksucker Blues (unreleased); and in the concert film Ladies and Gentlemen: The Rolling Stones (shown in cinemas in 1974, and released on DVD and Blu-ray in 2010); these performances were also released on an album with the same title.", "Taylor's live performances also feature in the documentary films Stones in the Park (released on DVD in 2001), Gimme Shelter (released in 1970) and Cocksucker Blues (unreleased); and in the concert film Ladies and Gentlemen: The Rolling Stones (shown in cinemas in 1974, and released on DVD and Blu-ray in 2010); these performances were also released on an album with the same title. Bootleg recordings from the Rolling Stones' tours from 1969 through 1973 also document Taylor's concert performances with the Rolling Stones.", "Bootleg recordings from the Rolling Stones' tours from 1969 through 1973 also document Taylor's concert performances with the Rolling Stones. For the 2010 re-release of Exile on Main St. Taylor worked with Mick Jagger at a London studio (November 2009) to record new guitar and vocal parts for the previously unreleased song, \"Plundered My Soul\". The track was selected by the Rolling Stones for release as a limited edition single on Record Store Day.", "The track was selected by the Rolling Stones for release as a limited edition single on Record Store Day. On 24 October 2012, the Rolling Stones announced, via their latest Rolling Stone magazine interview, that Bill Wyman and Mick Taylor were expected to join the Rolling Stones on stage at the upcoming November shows in London. Richards went on to say that the pair would strictly be guests. At the two London shows on 25 and 29 November, Taylor played on \"Midnight Rambler\".", "At the two London shows on 25 and 29 November, Taylor played on \"Midnight Rambler\". During an interview on the Late Night with Jimmy Fallon show (broadcast on 8 April 2013), Keith Richards stated that Taylor would be performing with the Stones for their upcoming 2013 tour dates.", "During an interview on the Late Night with Jimmy Fallon show (broadcast on 8 April 2013), Keith Richards stated that Taylor would be performing with the Stones for their upcoming 2013 tour dates. Between 25 November 2012 and 13 July 2013 Taylor joined the Stones' 50 & Counting Tour performing at each of the 30 shows across Europe and North America, including sitting in on four songs at the Staples Center in Los Angeles and several numbers during their headline set at the Glastonbury Festival.", "Between 25 November 2012 and 13 July 2013 Taylor joined the Stones' 50 & Counting Tour performing at each of the 30 shows across Europe and North America, including sitting in on four songs at the Staples Center in Los Angeles and several numbers during their headline set at the Glastonbury Festival. The tour ended with two concerts at Hyde Park, London, which resulted in the album, Hyde Park Live and the concert film Sweet Summer Sun: Live in Hyde Park.", "The tour ended with two concerts at Hyde Park, London, which resulted in the album, Hyde Park Live and the concert film Sweet Summer Sun: Live in Hyde Park. He once again accompanied the Stones between 21 February and 22 November 2014 for the 29 dates of the 14 On Fire concerts across Asia, Europe and Australia/New Zealand. 1975–1981: Post-Stones Taylor worked on various side projects during his tenure with the Rolling Stones.", "1975–1981: Post-Stones Taylor worked on various side projects during his tenure with the Rolling Stones. In June 1973, he joined Mike Oldfield onstage at the Queen Elizabeth Hall in a performance of Oldfield's Tubular Bells. Taylor was asked to take part in this project by Richard Branson as he felt Oldfield was unknown, having just been signed to Branson's fledgling label, Virgin Records. Taylor joined Oldfield once more for a BBC television broadcast in November 1973.", "Taylor joined Oldfield once more for a BBC television broadcast in November 1973. After his resignation from the Rolling Stones, Jack Bruce invited him to form a new band with keyboardist Carla Bley and drummer Bruce Gary. In 1975, the band began rehearsals in London with tour dates scheduled for later that year. The group toured Europe, with a sound leaning more toward jazz, including a performance at the Dutch Pinkpop festival, but disbanded the following year.", "The group toured Europe, with a sound leaning more toward jazz, including a performance at the Dutch Pinkpop festival, but disbanded the following year. A performance recorded on 1 June 1975 (which was finally released on CD in 2003 as \"Live at the Manchester Free Trade Hall\" by The Jack Bruce Band) and another performance from the Old Grey Whistle Test seem to be the only material available from this brief collaboration.", "A performance recorded on 1 June 1975 (which was finally released on CD in 2003 as \"Live at the Manchester Free Trade Hall\" by The Jack Bruce Band) and another performance from the Old Grey Whistle Test seem to be the only material available from this brief collaboration. Taylor appeared as a special guest of Little Feat at the Rainbow Theatre in London, 1977, sharing slide guitar with then-frontman Lowell George on \"A Apolitical Blues\": this song appears on Little Feat's critically acclaimed live album Waiting for Columbus.", "Taylor appeared as a special guest of Little Feat at the Rainbow Theatre in London, 1977, sharing slide guitar with then-frontman Lowell George on \"A Apolitical Blues\": this song appears on Little Feat's critically acclaimed live album Waiting for Columbus. In the summer of 1977, he collaborated with Pierre Moerlen's Gong for the album Expresso II, released in 1978. Taylor began writing new songs and recruiting musicians for a solo album and worked on projects with Miller Anderson, Alan Merrill and others.", "Taylor began writing new songs and recruiting musicians for a solo album and worked on projects with Miller Anderson, Alan Merrill and others. He was present at many of the recording sessions for John Phillips' prospective second solo album. The recordings for Phillips' LP took place in London over a prolonged period between 1973 and 1977. This led to Taylor working with Keith Richards and Mick Jagger who were also involved with the album.", "This led to Taylor working with Keith Richards and Mick Jagger who were also involved with the album. The LP was to be released on the Stones' own label Rolling Stones Records (distributed by Atlantic Records). Ahmet Ertegun decided to pull the plug on the project after hearing alarming reports of excessive drug use by Phillips and Richards, but bootleg recordings of the sessions circulated among fans under the titles \"Half Stoned\" and \"Phillips '77\".", "Ahmet Ertegun decided to pull the plug on the project after hearing alarming reports of excessive drug use by Phillips and Richards, but bootleg recordings of the sessions circulated among fans under the titles \"Half Stoned\" and \"Phillips '77\". Eventually Eagle Rock Records made funds available to restore the original, rescued tapes and the album finally saw an official release in 2002 as Pay Pack & Follow. In 1977, Taylor signed a solo recording deal with Columbia Records.", "In 1977, Taylor signed a solo recording deal with Columbia Records. By April 1978 he had given several interviews to music magazines to promote a new, completed album which mixed rock, jazz and Latin-flavoured blues musical styles. The album, titled Mick Taylor, was finally released by Columbia Records in 1979 and reached No.119 on the Billboard charts in early August, with a stay of five weeks on the Billboard 200.", "The album, titled Mick Taylor, was finally released by Columbia Records in 1979 and reached No.119 on the Billboard charts in early August, with a stay of five weeks on the Billboard 200. CBS advised Taylor to promote the album through American radio stations but was unwilling to back him for any supporting tour. Frustrated with this situation, Taylor took a break from the music industry for about a year.", "Frustrated with this situation, Taylor took a break from the music industry for about a year. In 1981, he toured Europe and the United States with Alvin Lee of Ten Years After, sharing the bill with Black Sabbath. He spent most of 1982 and 1983 on the road with John Mayall, for the \"Reunion Tour\" with John McVie of Fleetwood Mac and Colin Allen. During this tour Bob Dylan showed up backstage at The Roxy in Los Angeles to meet Taylor.", "During this tour Bob Dylan showed up backstage at The Roxy in Los Angeles to meet Taylor. In 1983, Taylor joined Mark Knopfler and played on Dylan's Infidels album. He also appeared on Dylan's live album Real Live, as well as the follow-up studio album Empire Burlesque. In 1984, Dylan asked Mick Taylor to assemble an experienced rock and roll band for a European tour he signed with Bill Graham.", "In 1984, Dylan asked Mick Taylor to assemble an experienced rock and roll band for a European tour he signed with Bill Graham. Ian McLagan was hired to play piano and Hammond organ, Greg Sutton to play bass and Colin Allen, a long-time friend of Taylor, on drums. The tour lasted for four weeks at venues such as Munich's Olympic Stadium Arena and Milan's San Siro Stadium, sharing the bill with Carlos Santana and Joan Baez, who appeared on the same bill for a couple of shows.", "The tour lasted for four weeks at venues such as Munich's Olympic Stadium Arena and Milan's San Siro Stadium, sharing the bill with Carlos Santana and Joan Baez, who appeared on the same bill for a couple of shows. 1988–present Mick Taylor performed the lead guitar solo on the 1988 Joan Jett & the Blackhearts top-10 single, \"I Hate Myself for Loving You\". Taylor guested with the Grateful Dead on 24 September 1988 at the last show of that year's Madison Square Garden run in New York.", "Taylor guested with the Grateful Dead on 24 September 1988 at the last show of that year's Madison Square Garden run in New York. Taylor lived in New York throughout the 1980s. He battled with addiction problems before getting back on track in the second half of the 1980s and moving to Los Angeles in 1990.", "He battled with addiction problems before getting back on track in the second half of the 1980s and moving to Los Angeles in 1990. During this time Taylor did session work and toured in Europe, America and Japan with a band including; either Eric Parker or Bernard Purdie on drums Wilbur Bascomb on bass and Max Middleton (formerly of the Jeff Beck Group), Shane Fontayne, and Blondie Chaplin.", "During this time Taylor did session work and toured in Europe, America and Japan with a band including; either Eric Parker or Bernard Purdie on drums Wilbur Bascomb on bass and Max Middleton (formerly of the Jeff Beck Group), Shane Fontayne, and Blondie Chaplin. In 1990, his CD Stranger in This Town was released by Maze Records, backed up by a mini-tour including the record release party at the Hard Rock Cafe as well as gigs at the Paradise Theater.", "In 1990, his CD Stranger in This Town was released by Maze Records, backed up by a mini-tour including the record release party at the Hard Rock Cafe as well as gigs at the Paradise Theater. He began what was to be a significant series of collaborations with L.A. based Carla Olson with their \"Live at the Roxy\" album Too Hot For Snakes, the centrepiece of which is an extended seven-minute performance of \"Sway\".", "He began what was to be a significant series of collaborations with L.A. based Carla Olson with their \"Live at the Roxy\" album Too Hot For Snakes, the centrepiece of which is an extended seven-minute performance of \"Sway\". Another highlight is the lead track on the album, \"Who Put the Sting (On the Honey Bee)\", by Olson's then-bassist Jesse Sublett. It was followed by Olson's Within An Ace, which featured Taylor on seven songs.", "It was followed by Olson's Within An Ace, which featured Taylor on seven songs. He appeared on three songs from Reap The Whirlwind and then again on Olson's The Ring of Truth, on which he plays lead guitar on nine tracks, including a twelve-minute version of the song \"Winter\". Further work by Olson and Taylor can be heard on the Olson-produced Barry Goldberg album Stoned Again.", "Further work by Olson and Taylor can be heard on the Olson-produced Barry Goldberg album Stoned Again. Taylor went on to appear on Percy Sledge's Blue Night (1994), along with Steve Cropper, Bobby Womack and Greg Leisz. After spending two years as a resident of Miami, during which time he played with a band called 'Tumbling Dice' featuring Bobby Keys, Nicky Hopkins and others, Taylor moved back to England in the mid-1990s. He released a new album in 1998 entitled A Stone's Throw.", "He released a new album in 1998 entitled A Stone's Throw. Playing at clubs and theatres as well as appearing at festivals has kept Taylor connected with an appreciative audience and fan base. In 2003, Taylor reunited with John Mayall for his 70th Birthday Concert in Liverpool along with Eric Clapton. A year later, in autumn 2004, he also joined John Mayall and the Bluesbreakers for a UK theatre tour. He toured the US East Coast with the Experience Hendrix group during October 2007.", "He toured the US East Coast with the Experience Hendrix group during October 2007. The Experience Hendrix group appeared at a series of concerts to honour Jimi Hendrix and his musical legacy. Players included Taylor, Mitch Mitchell, Billy Cox, Buddy Guy, Hubert Sumlin and Robby Krieger. On 1 December 2010, Taylor reunited with Ronnie Wood at a benefit gig arranged by blues guitarist Stephen Dale Petit to save the 100 Club in London.", "On 1 December 2010, Taylor reunited with Ronnie Wood at a benefit gig arranged by blues guitarist Stephen Dale Petit to save the 100 Club in London. Other special guests at the show were Dick Taylor (first bassist in the Rolling Stones) and blues/jazz trombonist Chris Barber. Taylor toured the UK with Petit, appearing as his special guest, featured on a Paul Jones BBC Radio 2 session with him and guested on Petit's 2010 Classic Rock magazine Album of the Year, The Crave.", "Taylor toured the UK with Petit, appearing as his special guest, featured on a Paul Jones BBC Radio 2 session with him and guested on Petit's 2010 Classic Rock magazine Album of the Year, The Crave. Taylor also helped to promote the Boogie for Stu album, recorded by Ben Waters to honour Ian Stewart (original Stones pianist and co-founder of the band), by taking part in a concert to mark the CD's official launch at the Ambassadors Theatre, London on 9 March 2011.", "Taylor also helped to promote the Boogie for Stu album, recorded by Ben Waters to honour Ian Stewart (original Stones pianist and co-founder of the band), by taking part in a concert to mark the CD's official launch at the Ambassadors Theatre, London on 9 March 2011. Proceeds from the event were donated to the British Heart Foundation. Although Jagger and Richards didn't show up, Taylor noticeably enjoyed performing with Watts, Wood and Wyman, among others.", "Although Jagger and Richards didn't show up, Taylor noticeably enjoyed performing with Watts, Wood and Wyman, among others. In 2013, Taylor rejoined the Rolling Stones as a special guest on their 50 & Counting Tour. Guitar history Throughout his career, Taylor has used various guitars, but is mostly associated with the Gibson Les Paul. His first Les Paul was bought when he was still playing with The Gods (from Selmer's, London in '65).", "His first Les Paul was bought when he was still playing with The Gods (from Selmer's, London in '65). He acquired his second Les Paul in 1967, not long after joining The Bluesbreakers: Taylor came to Olympic Studios to buy a Les Paul that Keith Richards wanted to sell. On the '72/'73 tours Taylor used a couple of Sunburst Les Paul guitars without a Bigsby.", "On the '72/'73 tours Taylor used a couple of Sunburst Les Paul guitars without a Bigsby. Other guitars include a Gibson ES-355 for the recording of Sticky Fingers and Exile on Main St., a Gibson SG on the 1969, 1970 and 1971 tours, and occasionally a Fender Stratocaster and a Fender Telecaster.. He started using the Vigier Excalibur in 1997 Personal life Taylor has been married twice and has two daughters. Chloe (born 6 January 1971) is a daughter by his first wife, Rose Millar.", "Chloe (born 6 January 1971) is a daughter by his first wife, Rose Millar. Taylor married Millar in 1975 after leaving the Stones, but the relationship was reportedly \"on the rocks\" before long and resulted in divorce only a few years later. Taylor's daughter, Emma, was born from a short relationship with an American woman who sang backing vocals with Taylor's band on one occasion.", "Taylor's daughter, Emma, was born from a short relationship with an American woman who sang backing vocals with Taylor's band on one occasion. Awards Inducted into the Rock 'n Roll Hall of Fame (with the Rolling Stones, 1989) Taylor's handprints have been on Hollywood's RockWalk since 6 September 1998. Taylor was ranked in 37th place by Rolling Stone magazine in its 2012 list of the 100 greatest guitarists of all time.", "Taylor was ranked in 37th place by Rolling Stone magazine in its 2012 list of the 100 greatest guitarists of all time. Discography With John Mayall's Bluesbreakers Crusade (Decca, 1967/LP; 1987/CD) The Diary of A Band, Volumes 1 & 2 (Decca, 1968/2LP; 2007/2CD) Bare Wires (Decca, 1968/LP; 1988/CD) Blues from Laurel Canyon (Decca, 1968/LP; 1989/CD) Back to the Roots (Polydor, 1971/LP; 2001/2CD) Primal Solos (Decca, 1977/LP; 1990/CD) – selection of live recordings 1965 (with Eric Clapton), and 1968 (with Mick Taylor) Return of the Bluesbreakers (AIM, 1985/LP; 1993/CD) Wake Up Call (Silvertone, 1993/CD) The 1982 Reunion Concert (Repertoire, 1994/CD) – with John Mayall, John McVie, and Colin Allen Silver Tones: The Best of John Mayall & The Bluesbreakers (Silvertone, 1998/CD) Along For The Ride (Eagle, 2001/CD) Rolling With The Blues (Recall, 2005/2CD) – selection of live recordings 1972, 1973, 1980, and 1982 Essentially John Mayall (Eagle, 2007/5-CD box set) With The Rolling Stones Through the Past, Darkly (Decca, 1969) – (compilation) UK/US #2 Taylor plays on \"Honky Tonk Women\" Let It Bleed (Decca, 1969) – UK #1 / US #3 Taylor plays on \"Country Honk\" and \"Live With Me\" Live'r Than You'l Ever Be (?, 1969) – bootleg, certified Gold Album Get Yer Ya-Ya's Out!", "Discography With John Mayall's Bluesbreakers Crusade (Decca, 1967/LP; 1987/CD) The Diary of A Band, Volumes 1 & 2 (Decca, 1968/2LP; 2007/2CD) Bare Wires (Decca, 1968/LP; 1988/CD) Blues from Laurel Canyon (Decca, 1968/LP; 1989/CD) Back to the Roots (Polydor, 1971/LP; 2001/2CD) Primal Solos (Decca, 1977/LP; 1990/CD) – selection of live recordings 1965 (with Eric Clapton), and 1968 (with Mick Taylor) Return of the Bluesbreakers (AIM, 1985/LP; 1993/CD) Wake Up Call (Silvertone, 1993/CD) The 1982 Reunion Concert (Repertoire, 1994/CD) – with John Mayall, John McVie, and Colin Allen Silver Tones: The Best of John Mayall & The Bluesbreakers (Silvertone, 1998/CD) Along For The Ride (Eagle, 2001/CD) Rolling With The Blues (Recall, 2005/2CD) – selection of live recordings 1972, 1973, 1980, and 1982 Essentially John Mayall (Eagle, 2007/5-CD box set) With The Rolling Stones Through the Past, Darkly (Decca, 1969) – (compilation) UK/US #2 Taylor plays on \"Honky Tonk Women\" Let It Bleed (Decca, 1969) – UK #1 / US #3 Taylor plays on \"Country Honk\" and \"Live With Me\" Live'r Than You'l Ever Be (?, 1969) – bootleg, certified Gold Album Get Yer Ya-Ya's Out! (Decca, 1970) – UK #1 / US #6 Sticky Fingers (Rolling Stones Records, 1971) – UK/US #1 Gimme Shelter (Decca, 1971) – (compilation) UK #19 Hot Rocks 1964–1971 (Abkco Records, 1972) – (compilation) UK #3 / US #4 Exile on Main St. (Rolling Stones Records, 1972) – UK/US #1 Rock'n'Rolling Stones (Decca, 1972) – (compilation) UK #41 Goats Head Soup (Rolling Stones Records, 1973) – UK/US #1 It's Only Rock 'n Roll (Rolling Stones Records, 1974) – UK #2 / US #1 Made in the Shade (Rolling Stones Records, 1975) – (compilation) UK #14 / US #6 Metamorphosis (Abkco Records, 1975) – UK #45 / US #8 Taylor plays on \"I Don't Know Why\" and \"Jiving Sister Fanny\".", "(Decca, 1970) – UK #1 / US #6 Sticky Fingers (Rolling Stones Records, 1971) – UK/US #1 Gimme Shelter (Decca, 1971) – (compilation) UK #19 Hot Rocks 1964–1971 (Abkco Records, 1972) – (compilation) UK #3 / US #4 Exile on Main St. (Rolling Stones Records, 1972) – UK/US #1 Rock'n'Rolling Stones (Decca, 1972) – (compilation) UK #41 Goats Head Soup (Rolling Stones Records, 1973) – UK/US #1 It's Only Rock 'n Roll (Rolling Stones Records, 1974) – UK #2 / US #1 Made in the Shade (Rolling Stones Records, 1975) – (compilation) UK #14 / US #6 Metamorphosis (Abkco Records, 1975) – UK #45 / US #8 Taylor plays on \"I Don't Know Why\" and \"Jiving Sister Fanny\". Rolled Gold: The Very Best of the Rolling Stones (Decca, 1975) – (compilation) UK #7 Get Stoned (30 Greatest Hits) (ARCADE, 1977) – (compilation) UK #8 Sucking in the Seventies (Rolling Stones Records, 1981) – (compilation)US #15 Tattoo You (Rolling Stones Records, 1981) – UK #2 / US #1 Taylor plays on \"Tops\" and \"Waiting on a Friend\", both tracks recorded in 1972 during the Goats Head Soup sessions.", "Rolled Gold: The Very Best of the Rolling Stones (Decca, 1975) – (compilation) UK #7 Get Stoned (30 Greatest Hits) (ARCADE, 1977) – (compilation) UK #8 Sucking in the Seventies (Rolling Stones Records, 1981) – (compilation)US #15 Tattoo You (Rolling Stones Records, 1981) – UK #2 / US #1 Taylor plays on \"Tops\" and \"Waiting on a Friend\", both tracks recorded in 1972 during the Goats Head Soup sessions. In Concert – Live 1966–70 (LONDON, 1982) – (live compilation) UK #94 Story of The Stones (K-tel, 1982) – (compilation) UK #24 Rewind (Rolling Stones Records, 1984) – (compilation) UK #23 / US #86 Singles Collection: The London Years.", "In Concert – Live 1966–70 (LONDON, 1982) – (live compilation) UK #94 Story of The Stones (K-tel, 1982) – (compilation) UK #24 Rewind (Rolling Stones Records, 1984) – (compilation) UK #23 / US #86 Singles Collection: The London Years. (Abkco Records, 1989) – US #91 Jump Back: The Best of The Rolling Stones (Rolling Stones Records, 1993) – UK #16 / US #30 Forty Licks (Rolling Stones Records, 2002) – (compilation) UK/US #2 Rarities 1971–2003 (Rolling Stones Records, 2005) – US #76 Taylor plays on \"Let It Rock\" (live 1971) and the 1974 b-side \"Through The Lonely Nights\".", "(Abkco Records, 1989) – US #91 Jump Back: The Best of The Rolling Stones (Rolling Stones Records, 1993) – UK #16 / US #30 Forty Licks (Rolling Stones Records, 2002) – (compilation) UK/US #2 Rarities 1971–2003 (Rolling Stones Records, 2005) – US #76 Taylor plays on \"Let It Rock\" (live 1971) and the 1974 b-side \"Through The Lonely Nights\". Exile On Main St. (Rarities Edition) (Universal Records, 2010) – US #27 Taylor plays on \"Pass The Wine (Sophia Loren)\", \"Plundered My Soul\", \"I'm Not Signifying\", \"Loving Cup (Alternate Take)\", \"Soul Survivor (Alternate Take)\" and \"Good Time Women\".", "Exile On Main St. (Rarities Edition) (Universal Records, 2010) – US #27 Taylor plays on \"Pass The Wine (Sophia Loren)\", \"Plundered My Soul\", \"I'm Not Signifying\", \"Loving Cup (Alternate Take)\", \"Soul Survivor (Alternate Take)\" and \"Good Time Women\". Brussels Affair (Rolling Stones Records, 2011) – 1973 live performance GRRR!", "Brussels Affair (Rolling Stones Records, 2011) – 1973 live performance GRRR! (Rolling Stones Records, 2012) – (compilation) UK #3 / US #19 Hyde Park Live (Rolling Stones Records, 2013) – (2013 live performance) UK #16 / US #19 Taylor plays guitar on \"Midnight Rambler\", acoustic guitar and backing vocals on \"(I Can't Get No) Satisfaction\" Tattoo You (Lost & Found - Rarities) (Universal Records, 2021) Taylor plays on “Living In The Heart Of Love”, \"Come to the Ball\" and \"Fast Talking Slow Walking\".", "(Rolling Stones Records, 2012) – (compilation) UK #3 / US #19 Hyde Park Live (Rolling Stones Records, 2013) – (2013 live performance) UK #16 / US #19 Taylor plays guitar on \"Midnight Rambler\", acoustic guitar and backing vocals on \"(I Can't Get No) Satisfaction\" Tattoo You (Lost & Found - Rarities) (Universal Records, 2021) Taylor plays on “Living In The Heart Of Love”, \"Come to the Ball\" and \"Fast Talking Slow Walking\". Non-Rolling Stones work with Rolling Stones members: Pay Pack & Follow (Eagle Rock Records, 2001) – John Phillips solo album from 1973–1979 recording sessions in London aka \"Half Stoned\" sessions produced by Mick Jagger and Keith Richards I've Got My Own Album to Do (Warner, 1974) – Ronnie Wood solo album Now Look (Warner, July 1975) – Ronnie Wood solo album.", "Non-Rolling Stones work with Rolling Stones members: Pay Pack & Follow (Eagle Rock Records, 2001) – John Phillips solo album from 1973–1979 recording sessions in London aka \"Half Stoned\" sessions produced by Mick Jagger and Keith Richards I've Got My Own Album to Do (Warner, 1974) – Ronnie Wood solo album Now Look (Warner, July 1975) – Ronnie Wood solo album. US #118 Gimme Some Neck (Columbia, 1979) – Ronnie Wood solo album.", "US #118 Gimme Some Neck (Columbia, 1979) – Ronnie Wood solo album. US #45 Talk Is Cheap (BMG, 1988) – Keith Richards solo album. UK #37 / US #24 With Jack Bruce Live on the Old Grey Whistle Test (Strange Fruit, 1995) – Tracks from several Old Grey Whistle Test shows recorded between '75 and '81. Seven of the songs feature Taylor on guitar. Live at the Manchester Free Trade Hall (Polydor, 2003) – 2 CDs.", "Live at the Manchester Free Trade Hall (Polydor, 2003) – 2 CDs. With Bob Dylan Infidels (Columbia, 1983) – UK # 9 / US #20 Real Live (In Europe, 1984) (Columbia, 1984) – UK #54 / US #115 Empire Burlesque (Columbia, 1985) – UK #11 / US #33 The Bootleg Series Volumes 1–3 (Rare & Unreleased) 1961–1991 (Columbia, 1991) – UK #32 / US #49 The Bootleg Series Vol.", "With Bob Dylan Infidels (Columbia, 1983) – UK # 9 / US #20 Real Live (In Europe, 1984) (Columbia, 1984) – UK #54 / US #115 Empire Burlesque (Columbia, 1985) – UK #11 / US #33 The Bootleg Series Volumes 1–3 (Rare & Unreleased) 1961–1991 (Columbia, 1991) – UK #32 / US #49 The Bootleg Series Vol. 16: Springtime in New York 1980–1985 (Columbia, 2021).", "16: Springtime in New York 1980–1985 (Columbia, 2021). Featured on Discs 3-5 of the Deluxe Edition. With Carla Olson Too Hot For Snakes (?, 1991) – Live at the Roxy; includes two Mick Taylor compositions: \"Broken Hands\" and \"Hartley Quits\".", "With Carla Olson Too Hot For Snakes (?, 1991) – Live at the Roxy; includes two Mick Taylor compositions: \"Broken Hands\" and \"Hartley Quits\". Too Hot For Snakes Plus (Collectors' Choice, 2008) – 2-CD set of the Roxy album plus \"You Gotta Move\", and a second disc of 13 studio tracks from 1993–2004, including a previously unreleased versions of \"Winter\" and \"Think I'm Goin' Mad\" from the Olson-produced Barry Goldberg album Stoned Again.", "Too Hot For Snakes Plus (Collectors' Choice, 2008) – 2-CD set of the Roxy album plus \"You Gotta Move\", and a second disc of 13 studio tracks from 1993–2004, including a previously unreleased versions of \"Winter\" and \"Think I'm Goin' Mad\" from the Olson-produced Barry Goldberg album Stoned Again. Within An Ace (?, 1993) – Taylor performs on 7 of the 10 songs. Reap The Whirlwind (?, 1994) – Taylor is featured on 3 tracks.", "Reap The Whirlwind (?, 1994) – Taylor is featured on 3 tracks. The Ring Of Truth (2001) – Taylor plays on 9 of the 12 tracks. Note: Too Hot For Snakes and The Ring of Truth were released by Fuel/Universal autumn of 2012 as a 2-CD set with 3 bonus tracks including 2 previously unreleased songs from the Roxy Theatre. “Sway: The Best Of Carla Olson & Mick Taylor” ~ a vinyl-only compilation, December 2020 on Sunset Blvd Records.", "“Sway: The Best Of Carla Olson & Mick Taylor” ~ a vinyl-only compilation, December 2020 on Sunset Blvd Records. Solo discography Studio albums Mick Taylor (1979) US #119 (5 weeks in top 200) A Stone's Throw (1998) Live albums Stranger in This Town (1990) (produced by Mick Taylor and Phil Colella) Arthur's Club-Geneve 1995 (Mick Taylor & Snowy White) (Promo CD/TV Especial) Coastin' Home [AKA Live at the 14 Below] (1995) re-issued 2002 14 Below (2003) Little Red Rooster (2007) recorded live in Hungary during 2001 with the Mick Taylor Band Other session work Blues Masters vol.", "Solo discography Studio albums Mick Taylor (1979) US #119 (5 weeks in top 200) A Stone's Throw (1998) Live albums Stranger in This Town (1990) (produced by Mick Taylor and Phil Colella) Arthur's Club-Geneve 1995 (Mick Taylor & Snowy White) (Promo CD/TV Especial) Coastin' Home [AKA Live at the 14 Below] (1995) re-issued 2002 14 Below (2003) Little Red Rooster (2007) recorded live in Hungary during 2001 with the Mick Taylor Band Other session work Blues Masters vol. 10 (Champion Jack Dupree) (Blue Horizon, 1969) Recorded just weeks before he joined the Stones, according to producer Mike Vernon's liner notes.", "10 (Champion Jack Dupree) (Blue Horizon, 1969) Recorded just weeks before he joined the Stones, according to producer Mike Vernon's liner notes. Up Your Alley (Joan Jett & the Blackhearts) on \"I Hate Myself for Loving You\" Tubular Bells Premiere (Mike Oldfield) (June '73) Queen Elizabeth Hall Tubular Bells (Mike Oldfield) Telecast Tubular Bells Part One and Tubular Bells Part Two. Recorded at BBC Broadcasting House November 1973 and aired in early '74 and June '74.", "Recorded at BBC Broadcasting House November 1973 and aired in early '74 and June '74. Available on Oldfield's Elements DVD. The Tin Man Was A Dreamer (Nicky Hopkins) (1973) London Underground (Herbie Mann) (Atlantic, 1973) Reggae (Herbie Mann) (Atlantic, 1973) Live European Tour (Billy Preston) (A&M Records, 1974). Recorded with the Rolling Stones Mobile Studio during their '73 tour. Preston opened up for the band with Mick Taylor on guitar.", "Preston opened up for the band with Mick Taylor on guitar. (Released on CD by A&M Japan, 2002.)", "(Released on CD by A&M Japan, 2002.) Have Blues Will Travel (Speedo Jones) (Integrity Records, 1988) Reggae II (Herbie Mann) (Atlantic, 1973 [1976]) Just A Story From America (Elliott Murphy) (Columbia 1977) Waiting for Columbus (Little Feat) (1978) double CD released 2002 Expresso II (Gong) (1978) Downwind (Pierre Moerlen's Gong) (1979) lead guitar on \"What You Know\" Alan Merrill (Alan Merrill)'s solo album (Polydor, 1985) recorded in London 1977 Vinyl (Dramarama) (1991) John McVie's \"Gotta Band\" with Lola Thomas (1992)Burnin' Blues (Coupe De Villes) (1992)Piedra rodante (Tonky Blues Band) (1992)Once In A Blue Moon (Gerry Groom) (1993)Cartwheels (Anthony Thistlethwaite) (1993)Hecho en Memphis (Ratones Paranoicos) (Sony Music) (1993)Let's Get Stoned (The Chesterfield Kings) (Mirror Records,1994)Crawfish and Caviar (Anthony Thistlethwaite)Blue Night (Percy Sledge) (Virgin Records, 1994) Black Angel (Savage Rose) (1995) guitar on \"Black Angel\" and \"Early Morning Blues\"Навигатор (Аквариум, 1995) guitar on two tracks (\"Не Коси\", \"Таможенный блюз\")Taylormade (Black Cat Bone, 1997), Music Maniac Records.Mick & I (2001) Miyuki & Mick TaylorNew York Times (Adam Bomb) (2001) (Taylor plays slide guitar on \"MacDougal Street\" & lead guitar on \"Heaven come to me\") produced by Jack DouglasFrom Clarksdale To Heaven [various artists] (BlueStorm, 2002) – John Lee Hooker tribute albumStoned Again (Barry Goldberg) (Antone's Records, 2002)Meaning of Life (Todd Sharpville) (Cathouse/Universal, 2003)Key To Love (Debbie Davies) (Shanachie Records, 2003)Shadow Man (re-release of an album from 1996) (2003) – originally released by Alpha Music in Japan in 1996, this \"Mick Taylor featuring Sasha\" album should have read \"Sasha featuring Mick Taylor\", but the company felt it would sell better under a household name.", "Have Blues Will Travel (Speedo Jones) (Integrity Records, 1988) Reggae II (Herbie Mann) (Atlantic, 1973 [1976]) Just A Story From America (Elliott Murphy) (Columbia 1977) Waiting for Columbus (Little Feat) (1978) double CD released 2002 Expresso II (Gong) (1978) Downwind (Pierre Moerlen's Gong) (1979) lead guitar on \"What You Know\" Alan Merrill (Alan Merrill)'s solo album (Polydor, 1985) recorded in London 1977 Vinyl (Dramarama) (1991) John McVie's \"Gotta Band\" with Lola Thomas (1992)Burnin' Blues (Coupe De Villes) (1992)Piedra rodante (Tonky Blues Band) (1992)Once In A Blue Moon (Gerry Groom) (1993)Cartwheels (Anthony Thistlethwaite) (1993)Hecho en Memphis (Ratones Paranoicos) (Sony Music) (1993)Let's Get Stoned (The Chesterfield Kings) (Mirror Records,1994)Crawfish and Caviar (Anthony Thistlethwaite)Blue Night (Percy Sledge) (Virgin Records, 1994) Black Angel (Savage Rose) (1995) guitar on \"Black Angel\" and \"Early Morning Blues\"Навигатор (Аквариум, 1995) guitar on two tracks (\"Не Коси\", \"Таможенный блюз\")Taylormade (Black Cat Bone, 1997), Music Maniac Records.Mick & I (2001) Miyuki & Mick TaylorNew York Times (Adam Bomb) (2001) (Taylor plays slide guitar on \"MacDougal Street\" & lead guitar on \"Heaven come to me\") produced by Jack DouglasFrom Clarksdale To Heaven [various artists] (BlueStorm, 2002) – John Lee Hooker tribute albumStoned Again (Barry Goldberg) (Antone's Records, 2002)Meaning of Life (Todd Sharpville) (Cathouse/Universal, 2003)Key To Love (Debbie Davies) (Shanachie Records, 2003)Shadow Man (re-release of an album from 1996) (2003) – originally released by Alpha Music in Japan in 1996, this \"Mick Taylor featuring Sasha\" album should have read \"Sasha featuring Mick Taylor\", but the company felt it would sell better under a household name. It features Mick Taylor on guitar, but is basically a Sasha Gracanin album.Treasure Island (Nikki Sudden) (Secretly Canadian, 2004)Unterwegs (Crazy Chris Kramer) (2009)Chicago Blues (Crazy Chris Kramer) (2010) Music DVDsBlues Alive video (RCA/Columbia Pictures 1983), recorded at Capitol Theatre, NJ 1982Jamming with the Blues Greats – DVD release from the 1983 video, featuring John Mayall's Bluesbreakers (Mick Taylor, Colin Allen, John McVie) and special guests Albert King, Etta James, Buddy Guy, Junior Wells and Sippie Wallace (Lightyear/Image Entertainment 2005)The Stones in the Park concert video (Granada Television, 1969) released on DVD (VCI, 2001)Gimme Shelter (Maysles Films, 1970) music documentary film by Albert and David Maysles, shot at the Rolling Stones concerts at Madison Square Garden, NY on 27/28 November and Altamont, CA on 6 Dec December 1969. restored and released on DVD (Criterion, 2000)John Mayall, the Godfather of British Blues documentary about John Mayall's life and career (Eagle Rock, 2004.", "It features Mick Taylor on guitar, but is basically a Sasha Gracanin album.Treasure Island (Nikki Sudden) (Secretly Canadian, 2004)Unterwegs (Crazy Chris Kramer) (2009)Chicago Blues (Crazy Chris Kramer) (2010) Music DVDsBlues Alive video (RCA/Columbia Pictures 1983), recorded at Capitol Theatre, NJ 1982Jamming with the Blues Greats – DVD release from the 1983 video, featuring John Mayall's Bluesbreakers (Mick Taylor, Colin Allen, John McVie) and special guests Albert King, Etta James, Buddy Guy, Junior Wells and Sippie Wallace (Lightyear/Image Entertainment 2005)The Stones in the Park concert video (Granada Television, 1969) released on DVD (VCI, 2001)Gimme Shelter (Maysles Films, 1970) music documentary film by Albert and David Maysles, shot at the Rolling Stones concerts at Madison Square Garden, NY on 27/28 November and Altamont, CA on 6 Dec December 1969. restored and released on DVD (Criterion, 2000)John Mayall, the Godfather of British Blues documentary about John Mayall's life and career (Eagle Rock, 2004. Region 1: 2005)70th Birthday Concert (Eagle Rock, 2004.", "Region 1: 2005)70th Birthday Concert (Eagle Rock, 2004. Region 1: 2005). Bluesbreakers Charity Concert (Unite for UNICEF) filmed in Liverpool, July 2003. John Mayall & the Bluesbreakers with special guests Chris Barber, Eric Clapton and Mick Taylor.Stones in Exile 2010Ladies & Gentlemen The Rolling Stones 2010 Music DVDs – UnofficialCocksucker BluesFilmographyThe Man Who Fell to Earth (1976) directed by Nicolas Roeg and starring David Bowie as Thomas Jerome Newton.", "John Mayall & the Bluesbreakers with special guests Chris Barber, Eric Clapton and Mick Taylor.Stones in Exile 2010Ladies & Gentlemen The Rolling Stones 2010 Music DVDs – UnofficialCocksucker BluesFilmographyThe Man Who Fell to Earth (1976) directed by Nicolas Roeg and starring David Bowie as Thomas Jerome Newton. Taylor played guitar on various songs, including \"Hello Mary Lou\" after developing ideas for the soundtrack with John Phillips.The Last of the Finest (1990) directed by John Mackenzie.", "Taylor played guitar on various songs, including \"Hello Mary Lou\" after developing ideas for the soundtrack with John Phillips.The Last of the Finest (1990) directed by John Mackenzie. Taylor assisted composer Jack Nitzsche with the moviescore.Bad City Blues'' (1999) directed by Michael Stevens, based on the book by Tim Willocks. Music composers: Mick Taylor and Max Middleton References External links Mick Taylor official Facebook page Interview with Gary James from classicbands.com Interview with JAZZed Magazine. Oct 2007 Rolling Stone Magazine article about Exile on Main Street.", "Oct 2007 Rolling Stone Magazine article about Exile on Main Street. 1949 births Living people English blues guitarists English male guitarists English rock guitarists Lead guitarists John Mayall & the Bluesbreakers members The Rolling Stones members Columbia Records artists People from Welwyn Garden City Slide guitarists English film score composers English male film score composers Decca Records artists Fingerstyle guitarists British rhythm and blues boom musicians Musicians from Hertfordshire English blues singers Bill Wyman's Rhythm Kings members The Gods (band) members" ]

[ "Mick Taylor", "1949-69: Early life", "When did he begin playing music?", "He began playing guitar at age nine,", "Did he learn quickly?", "As a teenager, he formed bands with schoolmates and started performing concerts under names such as The Juniors and the Strangers." ]

[ "Arjen Anthony Lucassen is a Dutch songwriter, singer, multi-instrumentalist musician and record producer. He is most known as the creator of progressive metal/rock opera Ayreon.\n\nOver the years, Lucassen created various bands and musical projects. Overall, he has released seventeen studio albums in project or bands in which he was the leader and main creative force: two solo albums, eight for Ayreon, one for Ambeon, two for Star One, one for Stream of Passion, one for Guilt Machine, and one for The Gentle Storm. He was the guitarist in two studio albums by rock band Bodine (as Iron Anthony), and in six studio albums by rock band Vengeance, and also released a cover album without any artist credited. Both Bodine, Vengeance and Stream of Passion released albums without Lucassen.\n\nSolo\n\nStudio albums\n\nCover albums\n\nAmbeon\n\nStudio albums\n\nSingles\n\nAyreon\n\nStudio albums\n\nLive albums/DVDs\n\nEPs\n\nSingles\n\nCompilation albums\n\nThe Gentle Storm\n\nStudio albums\n\nEPs\n\nGuilt Machine\n\nStudio albums\n\nStar One\n\nStudio albums\n\nLive albums/DVDs\n\nStream of Passion\n\nStudio albums\n\nLive albums/DVDs\n\nSingles\n\nWith Bodine\n\nStudio albums\n\nWith Vengeance\n\nStudio albums\n\nEPs\n\nSingles\n\nCompilation albums\n\nGuest appearances\n\nReferences\n\nDiscographies of Dutch artists\nRock music discographies\nHeavy metal discographies", "Fierce Panda Records is a UK based independent record label especially well known for their compilation albums and EPs. These are traditionally named after a pun or in-joke, and are usually deleted on the day of release. A list of these and some of the most famous bands featured is below.\n\nDiscography\n\nAlbums \n\nNB: Catalogue numbers of singles released on Fierce Panda Records begin with the characters \"NING\" resulting in the titles of many of the above items being in-joke puns.\n\nEPs\n\nNB: Shagging In The Streets was the first ever Fierce Panda release.\n\nSee also\n Fierce Panda Records\n List of bands signed to Fierce Panda Records\n\nReferences \n\nRecord label compilation albums\nFierce Records" ]

[ "Michael Kevin Taylor (born 17 January 1949) is an English musician, best known as a former member of John Mayall's Bluesbreakers (1967–69) and the Rolling Stones (1969–74). As a member of the Stones, he appeared on: Let It Bleed (1969), Get Yer Ya-Ya's Out! The Rolling Stones in Concert (1970), Sticky Fingers (1971), Exile on Main St. (1972), Goats Head Soup (1973) and It's Only Rock 'n Roll (1974).", "The Rolling Stones in Concert (1970), Sticky Fingers (1971), Exile on Main St. (1972), Goats Head Soup (1973) and It's Only Rock 'n Roll (1974). Since leaving the Rolling Stones in December 1974, Taylor has worked with numerous other artists and released several solo albums.", "Since leaving the Rolling Stones in December 1974, Taylor has worked with numerous other artists and released several solo albums. From November 2012 onwards he participated in the Stones' 50th-Anniversary shows in London and Newark, and in the band's 50 & Counting tour, which included North America, Glastonbury Festival and Hyde Park in 2013. He was ranked 37th in Rolling Stone magazine's 2011 list of the 100 greatest guitarists of all time. Guns N' Roses guitarist Slash states that Taylor had the biggest influence on him.", "Guns N' Roses guitarist Slash states that Taylor had the biggest influence on him. Biography 1949–1969: Early life Taylor was born to a working-class family in Welwyn Garden City, but was raised in Hatfield, Hertfordshire, England, where his father worked as a fitter for the De Havilland aircraft company. He began playing guitar at age nine, learning to play from his mother's younger brother. As a teenager, he formed bands with schoolmates and started performing concerts under names such as The Juniors and the Strangers.", "As a teenager, he formed bands with schoolmates and started performing concerts under names such as The Juniors and the Strangers. They also appeared on television and put out a single. Part of the band was recruited for a new group called The Gods, which included Ken Hensley (later of Uriah Heep fame). In 1966, The Gods opened for Cream at the Starlite Ballroom in Wembley.", "In 1966, The Gods opened for Cream at the Starlite Ballroom in Wembley. In 1965, at age 16, Taylor went to see a John Mayall's Bluesbreakers performance at \"The Hop\" Woodhall Community Centre, Welwyn Garden City. Taylor himself has said after seeing that Clapton hadn't appeared, but that his guitar had already been set up on the stage, he approached John Mayall during the interval to ask if he could play with them.", "Taylor himself has said after seeing that Clapton hadn't appeared, but that his guitar had already been set up on the stage, he approached John Mayall during the interval to ask if he could play with them. Taylor mentioned that he was familiar with the band's repertoire, and after a moment of deliberation, Mayall agreed. Taylor amended, \"I wasn't thinking that this was a great opportunity ... I just really wanted to get up on stage and play the guitar.\"", "I just really wanted to get up on stage and play the guitar.\" After playing the second set, and garnering Mayall's respect in the process, Taylor left the stage, joined his friends and exited the venue before Mayall had the chance to speak with him. Still, this encounter proved to be pivotal in Taylor's career when Mayall needed someone to fill Peter Green's vacancy the following year, when Green quit to form Fleetwood Mac.", "Still, this encounter proved to be pivotal in Taylor's career when Mayall needed someone to fill Peter Green's vacancy the following year, when Green quit to form Fleetwood Mac. Mayall placed a 'Guitarist Wanted' advert in the weekly Melody Maker music paper, and much to his relief immediately got a response from Taylor, whom he readily invited to join. Taylor made his debut with the Bluesbreakers at the Manor House, an old blues club in north London.", "Taylor made his debut with the Bluesbreakers at the Manor House, an old blues club in north London. For those in the music scene the night was an event ...\"Let's go and see this 17-year-old kid try and replace Eric\". Taylor toured and recorded the album Crusade with John Mayall's Bluesbreakers. From 1966 to 1969, Taylor developed a guitar style that is blues-based with Latin and jazz influences.", "From 1966 to 1969, Taylor developed a guitar style that is blues-based with Latin and jazz influences. He is the guitarist on the Bluesbreaker albums Diary of a Band, Bare Wires, and Blues from Laurel Canyon. Later on in his career, he further developed his skills as a slide guitarist. 1969–1974: The Rolling Stones After Brian Jones and the group parted ways in June 1969, John Mayall and Ian Stewart recommended Taylor to Mick Jagger.", "1969–1974: The Rolling Stones After Brian Jones and the group parted ways in June 1969, John Mayall and Ian Stewart recommended Taylor to Mick Jagger. Taylor believed he was being called in to be a session musician at his first studio session with the Rolling Stones. An impressed Jagger and Keith Richards invited Taylor back the following day to continue rehearsing and recording with the band.", "An impressed Jagger and Keith Richards invited Taylor back the following day to continue rehearsing and recording with the band. He overdubbed guitar on \"Country Honk\" and \"Live With Me\" for the album Let It Bleed, and on the single \"Honky Tonk Women\" released in the UK on 4 July 1969. Taylor's onstage debut as a Rolling Stone, at the age of 20, was the free concert in Hyde Park, London on 5 July 1969.", "Taylor's onstage debut as a Rolling Stone, at the age of 20, was the free concert in Hyde Park, London on 5 July 1969. An estimated quarter of a million people attended for a show that turned into a tribute to Brian Jones, who had died two days before the concert. After the 1973 European tour, Richards' drug problems had worsened and begun to compromise the band's ability to function.", "After the 1973 European tour, Richards' drug problems had worsened and begun to compromise the band's ability to function. Between recording sessions, the band members were living in various countries as UK income tax exiles, and during this period Taylor appeared on Herbie Mann's London Underground (1974) and also on Mann's album Reggae (1974).", "Between recording sessions, the band members were living in various countries as UK income tax exiles, and during this period Taylor appeared on Herbie Mann's London Underground (1974) and also on Mann's album Reggae (1974). 1973–2013: It's Only Rock 'n Roll In November 1973, Taylor underwent surgery for acute sinusitis and missed some of the sessions when the band began working on the LP It's Only Rock 'n Roll at Musicland Studios in Munich.", "1973–2013: It's Only Rock 'n Roll In November 1973, Taylor underwent surgery for acute sinusitis and missed some of the sessions when the band began working on the LP It's Only Rock 'n Roll at Musicland Studios in Munich. Not much was achieved during the first ten days at Musicland, but most of the actual recordings were made there in January 1974, and in April at Stargroves, Jagger's estate in Hampshire. When Taylor resumed work with the band, he found it difficult to get along with Richards.", "When Taylor resumed work with the band, he found it difficult to get along with Richards. Not long after those recording sessions, Taylor went on a six-week expedition to Brazil, to travel down the Amazon River in a boat and explore Latin music. Just before the release of the album in October 1974, Taylor told Nick Kent from the NME about the new LP and that he had co-written \"Till the Next Goodbye\" and \"Time Waits for No One\" with Jagger.", "Just before the release of the album in October 1974, Taylor told Nick Kent from the NME about the new LP and that he had co-written \"Till the Next Goodbye\" and \"Time Waits for No One\" with Jagger. Kent told Taylor he had seen the finished artwork for the sleeve, which revealed the absence of any songwriting credits for Taylor. Taylor appears in the promotional video for \"Ain't Too Proud to Beg\". In December 1974, Taylor announced he was leaving the Rolling Stones.", "In December 1974, Taylor announced he was leaving the Rolling Stones. The bandmates were at a party in London when Taylor told Jagger he was quitting and walked out. Taylor's decision came as a shock to many. The Rolling Stones were due to start recording a new album in Munich, and the entire band was reportedly angry at Taylor for leaving at such short notice.", "The Rolling Stones were due to start recording a new album in Munich, and the entire band was reportedly angry at Taylor for leaving at such short notice. When interviewed by Jann Wenner of Rolling Stone in 1995, Wenner wrote that Jagger had stated that Taylor never explained why he had left, and surmised that \"[Taylor] wanted to have a solo career. I think he found it difficult to get on with Keith.\"", "I think he found it difficult to get on with Keith.\" In the same Wenner interview, Jagger had reportedly said of Taylor's contribution to the band: \"I think he had a big contribution. He made it very musical. He was a very fluent, melodic player, which we never had, and we don't have now. Neither Keith nor Ronnie Wood (who replaced Taylor) plays that kind of style.", "Neither Keith nor Ronnie Wood (who replaced Taylor) plays that kind of style. It was very good for me working with him .... Mick Taylor would play very fluid lines against my vocals. He was exciting, and he was very pretty, and it gave me something to follow, to bang off. Some people think that's the best version of the band that existed\".", "Some people think that's the best version of the band that existed\". Asked if he agreed with that assessment, Jagger said: \"I obviously can't say if I think Mick Taylor was the best, because it sort of trashes the period the band is in now.\" Charlie Watts stated: \"I think we chose the right man for the job at that time just as Ronnie was the right man for the job later on. I still think Mick is great.", "I still think Mick is great. I still think Mick is great. I haven't heard or seen him play in a few years. But certainly what came out of playing with him are musically some of the best things we've ever done\". In an October 2002 Guitar World interview, Richards reflected on his relationship with Taylor: \"Mick Taylor and I worked really well together ... He had some lovely energy. Sweetly sophisticated playing, way beyond his years. Lovely sense of melody.", "Sweetly sophisticated playing, way beyond his years. Lovely sense of melody. Lovely sense of melody. I never understood why he left the Stones. Nor does he, I think ... I had no desire to see him go.\" Taylor later admitted in the 2012 documentary Crossfire Hurricane that he left because he wanted to protect his family from the drug culture surrounding the band.", "Taylor later admitted in the 2012 documentary Crossfire Hurricane that he left because he wanted to protect his family from the drug culture surrounding the band. He further stated that in order to stay alive and fight his own demons (Taylor had turned into a drug addict himself by 1973), he needed to escape the realm of the Stones. In an essay about the Rolling Stones published after Taylor's resignation, New York Times music critic Robert Palmer wrote that \"Taylor is the most accomplished technician who ever served as a Stone.", "In an essay about the Rolling Stones published after Taylor's resignation, New York Times music critic Robert Palmer wrote that \"Taylor is the most accomplished technician who ever served as a Stone. A blues guitarist with a jazzman's flair for melodic invention, Taylor was never a rock and roller and never a showman.\" Taylor has worked with his former bandmates on various occasions since leaving the Rolling Stones.", "Taylor has worked with his former bandmates on various occasions since leaving the Rolling Stones. In 1977 he attended London-based sessions for the John Phillips album Pay Pack & Follow, appearing on several tracks alongside Jagger (vocals), Richards (guitar) and Wood (bass). On 14 December 1981 he performed with the band at their concert at the Kemper Arena in Kansas City, Missouri.", "On 14 December 1981 he performed with the band at their concert at the Kemper Arena in Kansas City, Missouri. Keith Richards appeared on stage at a Mick Taylor show at the Lone Star Cafe in New York on 28 December 1986, jamming on \"Key to the Highway\" and \"Can't You Hear Me Knocking\"; and Taylor is featured on one track (\"I Could Have Stood You Up\") on Richards' 1988 album Talk is Cheap.", "Keith Richards appeared on stage at a Mick Taylor show at the Lone Star Cafe in New York on 28 December 1986, jamming on \"Key to the Highway\" and \"Can't You Hear Me Knocking\"; and Taylor is featured on one track (\"I Could Have Stood You Up\") on Richards' 1988 album Talk is Cheap. The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame inducted Taylor along with the Rolling Stones in 1989. Taylor also worked with Bill Wyman's Rhythm Kings in the early 1990s.", "Taylor also worked with Bill Wyman's Rhythm Kings in the early 1990s. In addition to his contributions to Rolling Stones albums released during his tenure with the band, Taylor's guitar is also on two tracks on their 1981 release Tattoo You: \"Tops\" and \"Waiting on a Friend\", which were recorded in 1972. (Taylor is sometimes mistakenly credited as playing on \"Worried About You\", but the solo on that track is performed by Wayne Perkins.)", "(Taylor is sometimes mistakenly credited as playing on \"Worried About You\", but the solo on that track is performed by Wayne Perkins.) Taylor's onstage presence with the Rolling Stones is preserved on the album Get Yer Ya-Ya's Out!, recorded over four concerts at Madison Square Garden in New York and the Baltimore Civic Center in November 1969, and on the album Brussels Affair (Live 1973), compiled from two shows recorded in Brussels on 17 October 1973 in the Forest National Arena, during their European Tour.", "Taylor's onstage presence with the Rolling Stones is preserved on the album Get Yer Ya-Ya's Out!, recorded over four concerts at Madison Square Garden in New York and the Baltimore Civic Center in November 1969, and on the album Brussels Affair (Live 1973), compiled from two shows recorded in Brussels on 17 October 1973 in the Forest National Arena, during their European Tour. Taylor's live performances also feature in the documentary films Stones in the Park (released on DVD in 2001), Gimme Shelter (released in 1970) and Cocksucker Blues (unreleased); and in the concert film Ladies and Gentlemen: The Rolling Stones (shown in cinemas in 1974, and released on DVD and Blu-ray in 2010); these performances were also released on an album with the same title.", "Taylor's live performances also feature in the documentary films Stones in the Park (released on DVD in 2001), Gimme Shelter (released in 1970) and Cocksucker Blues (unreleased); and in the concert film Ladies and Gentlemen: The Rolling Stones (shown in cinemas in 1974, and released on DVD and Blu-ray in 2010); these performances were also released on an album with the same title. Bootleg recordings from the Rolling Stones' tours from 1969 through 1973 also document Taylor's concert performances with the Rolling Stones.", "Bootleg recordings from the Rolling Stones' tours from 1969 through 1973 also document Taylor's concert performances with the Rolling Stones. For the 2010 re-release of Exile on Main St. Taylor worked with Mick Jagger at a London studio (November 2009) to record new guitar and vocal parts for the previously unreleased song, \"Plundered My Soul\". The track was selected by the Rolling Stones for release as a limited edition single on Record Store Day.", "The track was selected by the Rolling Stones for release as a limited edition single on Record Store Day. On 24 October 2012, the Rolling Stones announced, via their latest Rolling Stone magazine interview, that Bill Wyman and Mick Taylor were expected to join the Rolling Stones on stage at the upcoming November shows in London. Richards went on to say that the pair would strictly be guests. At the two London shows on 25 and 29 November, Taylor played on \"Midnight Rambler\".", "At the two London shows on 25 and 29 November, Taylor played on \"Midnight Rambler\". During an interview on the Late Night with Jimmy Fallon show (broadcast on 8 April 2013), Keith Richards stated that Taylor would be performing with the Stones for their upcoming 2013 tour dates.", "During an interview on the Late Night with Jimmy Fallon show (broadcast on 8 April 2013), Keith Richards stated that Taylor would be performing with the Stones for their upcoming 2013 tour dates. Between 25 November 2012 and 13 July 2013 Taylor joined the Stones' 50 & Counting Tour performing at each of the 30 shows across Europe and North America, including sitting in on four songs at the Staples Center in Los Angeles and several numbers during their headline set at the Glastonbury Festival.", "Between 25 November 2012 and 13 July 2013 Taylor joined the Stones' 50 & Counting Tour performing at each of the 30 shows across Europe and North America, including sitting in on four songs at the Staples Center in Los Angeles and several numbers during their headline set at the Glastonbury Festival. The tour ended with two concerts at Hyde Park, London, which resulted in the album, Hyde Park Live and the concert film Sweet Summer Sun: Live in Hyde Park.", "The tour ended with two concerts at Hyde Park, London, which resulted in the album, Hyde Park Live and the concert film Sweet Summer Sun: Live in Hyde Park. He once again accompanied the Stones between 21 February and 22 November 2014 for the 29 dates of the 14 On Fire concerts across Asia, Europe and Australia/New Zealand. 1975–1981: Post-Stones Taylor worked on various side projects during his tenure with the Rolling Stones.", "1975–1981: Post-Stones Taylor worked on various side projects during his tenure with the Rolling Stones. In June 1973, he joined Mike Oldfield onstage at the Queen Elizabeth Hall in a performance of Oldfield's Tubular Bells. Taylor was asked to take part in this project by Richard Branson as he felt Oldfield was unknown, having just been signed to Branson's fledgling label, Virgin Records. Taylor joined Oldfield once more for a BBC television broadcast in November 1973.", "Taylor joined Oldfield once more for a BBC television broadcast in November 1973. After his resignation from the Rolling Stones, Jack Bruce invited him to form a new band with keyboardist Carla Bley and drummer Bruce Gary. In 1975, the band began rehearsals in London with tour dates scheduled for later that year. The group toured Europe, with a sound leaning more toward jazz, including a performance at the Dutch Pinkpop festival, but disbanded the following year.", "The group toured Europe, with a sound leaning more toward jazz, including a performance at the Dutch Pinkpop festival, but disbanded the following year. A performance recorded on 1 June 1975 (which was finally released on CD in 2003 as \"Live at the Manchester Free Trade Hall\" by The Jack Bruce Band) and another performance from the Old Grey Whistle Test seem to be the only material available from this brief collaboration.", "A performance recorded on 1 June 1975 (which was finally released on CD in 2003 as \"Live at the Manchester Free Trade Hall\" by The Jack Bruce Band) and another performance from the Old Grey Whistle Test seem to be the only material available from this brief collaboration. Taylor appeared as a special guest of Little Feat at the Rainbow Theatre in London, 1977, sharing slide guitar with then-frontman Lowell George on \"A Apolitical Blues\": this song appears on Little Feat's critically acclaimed live album Waiting for Columbus.", "Taylor appeared as a special guest of Little Feat at the Rainbow Theatre in London, 1977, sharing slide guitar with then-frontman Lowell George on \"A Apolitical Blues\": this song appears on Little Feat's critically acclaimed live album Waiting for Columbus. In the summer of 1977, he collaborated with Pierre Moerlen's Gong for the album Expresso II, released in 1978. Taylor began writing new songs and recruiting musicians for a solo album and worked on projects with Miller Anderson, Alan Merrill and others.", "Taylor began writing new songs and recruiting musicians for a solo album and worked on projects with Miller Anderson, Alan Merrill and others. He was present at many of the recording sessions for John Phillips' prospective second solo album. The recordings for Phillips' LP took place in London over a prolonged period between 1973 and 1977. This led to Taylor working with Keith Richards and Mick Jagger who were also involved with the album.", "This led to Taylor working with Keith Richards and Mick Jagger who were also involved with the album. The LP was to be released on the Stones' own label Rolling Stones Records (distributed by Atlantic Records). Ahmet Ertegun decided to pull the plug on the project after hearing alarming reports of excessive drug use by Phillips and Richards, but bootleg recordings of the sessions circulated among fans under the titles \"Half Stoned\" and \"Phillips '77\".", "Ahmet Ertegun decided to pull the plug on the project after hearing alarming reports of excessive drug use by Phillips and Richards, but bootleg recordings of the sessions circulated among fans under the titles \"Half Stoned\" and \"Phillips '77\". Eventually Eagle Rock Records made funds available to restore the original, rescued tapes and the album finally saw an official release in 2002 as Pay Pack & Follow. In 1977, Taylor signed a solo recording deal with Columbia Records.", "In 1977, Taylor signed a solo recording deal with Columbia Records. By April 1978 he had given several interviews to music magazines to promote a new, completed album which mixed rock, jazz and Latin-flavoured blues musical styles. The album, titled Mick Taylor, was finally released by Columbia Records in 1979 and reached No.119 on the Billboard charts in early August, with a stay of five weeks on the Billboard 200.", "The album, titled Mick Taylor, was finally released by Columbia Records in 1979 and reached No.119 on the Billboard charts in early August, with a stay of five weeks on the Billboard 200. CBS advised Taylor to promote the album through American radio stations but was unwilling to back him for any supporting tour. Frustrated with this situation, Taylor took a break from the music industry for about a year.", "Frustrated with this situation, Taylor took a break from the music industry for about a year. In 1981, he toured Europe and the United States with Alvin Lee of Ten Years After, sharing the bill with Black Sabbath. He spent most of 1982 and 1983 on the road with John Mayall, for the \"Reunion Tour\" with John McVie of Fleetwood Mac and Colin Allen. During this tour Bob Dylan showed up backstage at The Roxy in Los Angeles to meet Taylor.", "During this tour Bob Dylan showed up backstage at The Roxy in Los Angeles to meet Taylor. In 1983, Taylor joined Mark Knopfler and played on Dylan's Infidels album. He also appeared on Dylan's live album Real Live, as well as the follow-up studio album Empire Burlesque. In 1984, Dylan asked Mick Taylor to assemble an experienced rock and roll band for a European tour he signed with Bill Graham.", "In 1984, Dylan asked Mick Taylor to assemble an experienced rock and roll band for a European tour he signed with Bill Graham. Ian McLagan was hired to play piano and Hammond organ, Greg Sutton to play bass and Colin Allen, a long-time friend of Taylor, on drums. The tour lasted for four weeks at venues such as Munich's Olympic Stadium Arena and Milan's San Siro Stadium, sharing the bill with Carlos Santana and Joan Baez, who appeared on the same bill for a couple of shows.", "The tour lasted for four weeks at venues such as Munich's Olympic Stadium Arena and Milan's San Siro Stadium, sharing the bill with Carlos Santana and Joan Baez, who appeared on the same bill for a couple of shows. 1988–present Mick Taylor performed the lead guitar solo on the 1988 Joan Jett & the Blackhearts top-10 single, \"I Hate Myself for Loving You\". Taylor guested with the Grateful Dead on 24 September 1988 at the last show of that year's Madison Square Garden run in New York.", "Taylor guested with the Grateful Dead on 24 September 1988 at the last show of that year's Madison Square Garden run in New York. Taylor lived in New York throughout the 1980s. He battled with addiction problems before getting back on track in the second half of the 1980s and moving to Los Angeles in 1990.", "He battled with addiction problems before getting back on track in the second half of the 1980s and moving to Los Angeles in 1990. During this time Taylor did session work and toured in Europe, America and Japan with a band including; either Eric Parker or Bernard Purdie on drums Wilbur Bascomb on bass and Max Middleton (formerly of the Jeff Beck Group), Shane Fontayne, and Blondie Chaplin.", "During this time Taylor did session work and toured in Europe, America and Japan with a band including; either Eric Parker or Bernard Purdie on drums Wilbur Bascomb on bass and Max Middleton (formerly of the Jeff Beck Group), Shane Fontayne, and Blondie Chaplin. In 1990, his CD Stranger in This Town was released by Maze Records, backed up by a mini-tour including the record release party at the Hard Rock Cafe as well as gigs at the Paradise Theater.", "In 1990, his CD Stranger in This Town was released by Maze Records, backed up by a mini-tour including the record release party at the Hard Rock Cafe as well as gigs at the Paradise Theater. He began what was to be a significant series of collaborations with L.A. based Carla Olson with their \"Live at the Roxy\" album Too Hot For Snakes, the centrepiece of which is an extended seven-minute performance of \"Sway\".", "He began what was to be a significant series of collaborations with L.A. based Carla Olson with their \"Live at the Roxy\" album Too Hot For Snakes, the centrepiece of which is an extended seven-minute performance of \"Sway\". Another highlight is the lead track on the album, \"Who Put the Sting (On the Honey Bee)\", by Olson's then-bassist Jesse Sublett. It was followed by Olson's Within An Ace, which featured Taylor on seven songs.", "It was followed by Olson's Within An Ace, which featured Taylor on seven songs. He appeared on three songs from Reap The Whirlwind and then again on Olson's The Ring of Truth, on which he plays lead guitar on nine tracks, including a twelve-minute version of the song \"Winter\". Further work by Olson and Taylor can be heard on the Olson-produced Barry Goldberg album Stoned Again.", "Further work by Olson and Taylor can be heard on the Olson-produced Barry Goldberg album Stoned Again. Taylor went on to appear on Percy Sledge's Blue Night (1994), along with Steve Cropper, Bobby Womack and Greg Leisz. After spending two years as a resident of Miami, during which time he played with a band called 'Tumbling Dice' featuring Bobby Keys, Nicky Hopkins and others, Taylor moved back to England in the mid-1990s. He released a new album in 1998 entitled A Stone's Throw.", "He released a new album in 1998 entitled A Stone's Throw. Playing at clubs and theatres as well as appearing at festivals has kept Taylor connected with an appreciative audience and fan base. In 2003, Taylor reunited with John Mayall for his 70th Birthday Concert in Liverpool along with Eric Clapton. A year later, in autumn 2004, he also joined John Mayall and the Bluesbreakers for a UK theatre tour. He toured the US East Coast with the Experience Hendrix group during October 2007.", "He toured the US East Coast with the Experience Hendrix group during October 2007. The Experience Hendrix group appeared at a series of concerts to honour Jimi Hendrix and his musical legacy. Players included Taylor, Mitch Mitchell, Billy Cox, Buddy Guy, Hubert Sumlin and Robby Krieger. On 1 December 2010, Taylor reunited with Ronnie Wood at a benefit gig arranged by blues guitarist Stephen Dale Petit to save the 100 Club in London.", "On 1 December 2010, Taylor reunited with Ronnie Wood at a benefit gig arranged by blues guitarist Stephen Dale Petit to save the 100 Club in London. Other special guests at the show were Dick Taylor (first bassist in the Rolling Stones) and blues/jazz trombonist Chris Barber. Taylor toured the UK with Petit, appearing as his special guest, featured on a Paul Jones BBC Radio 2 session with him and guested on Petit's 2010 Classic Rock magazine Album of the Year, The Crave.", "Taylor toured the UK with Petit, appearing as his special guest, featured on a Paul Jones BBC Radio 2 session with him and guested on Petit's 2010 Classic Rock magazine Album of the Year, The Crave. Taylor also helped to promote the Boogie for Stu album, recorded by Ben Waters to honour Ian Stewart (original Stones pianist and co-founder of the band), by taking part in a concert to mark the CD's official launch at the Ambassadors Theatre, London on 9 March 2011.", "Taylor also helped to promote the Boogie for Stu album, recorded by Ben Waters to honour Ian Stewart (original Stones pianist and co-founder of the band), by taking part in a concert to mark the CD's official launch at the Ambassadors Theatre, London on 9 March 2011. Proceeds from the event were donated to the British Heart Foundation. Although Jagger and Richards didn't show up, Taylor noticeably enjoyed performing with Watts, Wood and Wyman, among others.", "Although Jagger and Richards didn't show up, Taylor noticeably enjoyed performing with Watts, Wood and Wyman, among others. In 2013, Taylor rejoined the Rolling Stones as a special guest on their 50 & Counting Tour. Guitar history Throughout his career, Taylor has used various guitars, but is mostly associated with the Gibson Les Paul. His first Les Paul was bought when he was still playing with The Gods (from Selmer's, London in '65).", "His first Les Paul was bought when he was still playing with The Gods (from Selmer's, London in '65). He acquired his second Les Paul in 1967, not long after joining The Bluesbreakers: Taylor came to Olympic Studios to buy a Les Paul that Keith Richards wanted to sell. On the '72/'73 tours Taylor used a couple of Sunburst Les Paul guitars without a Bigsby.", "On the '72/'73 tours Taylor used a couple of Sunburst Les Paul guitars without a Bigsby. Other guitars include a Gibson ES-355 for the recording of Sticky Fingers and Exile on Main St., a Gibson SG on the 1969, 1970 and 1971 tours, and occasionally a Fender Stratocaster and a Fender Telecaster.. He started using the Vigier Excalibur in 1997 Personal life Taylor has been married twice and has two daughters. Chloe (born 6 January 1971) is a daughter by his first wife, Rose Millar.", "Chloe (born 6 January 1971) is a daughter by his first wife, Rose Millar. Taylor married Millar in 1975 after leaving the Stones, but the relationship was reportedly \"on the rocks\" before long and resulted in divorce only a few years later. Taylor's daughter, Emma, was born from a short relationship with an American woman who sang backing vocals with Taylor's band on one occasion.", "Taylor's daughter, Emma, was born from a short relationship with an American woman who sang backing vocals with Taylor's band on one occasion. Awards Inducted into the Rock 'n Roll Hall of Fame (with the Rolling Stones, 1989) Taylor's handprints have been on Hollywood's RockWalk since 6 September 1998. Taylor was ranked in 37th place by Rolling Stone magazine in its 2012 list of the 100 greatest guitarists of all time.", "Taylor was ranked in 37th place by Rolling Stone magazine in its 2012 list of the 100 greatest guitarists of all time. Discography With John Mayall's Bluesbreakers Crusade (Decca, 1967/LP; 1987/CD) The Diary of A Band, Volumes 1 & 2 (Decca, 1968/2LP; 2007/2CD) Bare Wires (Decca, 1968/LP; 1988/CD) Blues from Laurel Canyon (Decca, 1968/LP; 1989/CD) Back to the Roots (Polydor, 1971/LP; 2001/2CD) Primal Solos (Decca, 1977/LP; 1990/CD) – selection of live recordings 1965 (with Eric Clapton), and 1968 (with Mick Taylor) Return of the Bluesbreakers (AIM, 1985/LP; 1993/CD) Wake Up Call (Silvertone, 1993/CD) The 1982 Reunion Concert (Repertoire, 1994/CD) – with John Mayall, John McVie, and Colin Allen Silver Tones: The Best of John Mayall & The Bluesbreakers (Silvertone, 1998/CD) Along For The Ride (Eagle, 2001/CD) Rolling With The Blues (Recall, 2005/2CD) – selection of live recordings 1972, 1973, 1980, and 1982 Essentially John Mayall (Eagle, 2007/5-CD box set) With The Rolling Stones Through the Past, Darkly (Decca, 1969) – (compilation) UK/US #2 Taylor plays on \"Honky Tonk Women\" Let It Bleed (Decca, 1969) – UK #1 / US #3 Taylor plays on \"Country Honk\" and \"Live With Me\" Live'r Than You'l Ever Be (?, 1969) – bootleg, certified Gold Album Get Yer Ya-Ya's Out!", "Discography With John Mayall's Bluesbreakers Crusade (Decca, 1967/LP; 1987/CD) The Diary of A Band, Volumes 1 & 2 (Decca, 1968/2LP; 2007/2CD) Bare Wires (Decca, 1968/LP; 1988/CD) Blues from Laurel Canyon (Decca, 1968/LP; 1989/CD) Back to the Roots (Polydor, 1971/LP; 2001/2CD) Primal Solos (Decca, 1977/LP; 1990/CD) – selection of live recordings 1965 (with Eric Clapton), and 1968 (with Mick Taylor) Return of the Bluesbreakers (AIM, 1985/LP; 1993/CD) Wake Up Call (Silvertone, 1993/CD) The 1982 Reunion Concert (Repertoire, 1994/CD) – with John Mayall, John McVie, and Colin Allen Silver Tones: The Best of John Mayall & The Bluesbreakers (Silvertone, 1998/CD) Along For The Ride (Eagle, 2001/CD) Rolling With The Blues (Recall, 2005/2CD) – selection of live recordings 1972, 1973, 1980, and 1982 Essentially John Mayall (Eagle, 2007/5-CD box set) With The Rolling Stones Through the Past, Darkly (Decca, 1969) – (compilation) UK/US #2 Taylor plays on \"Honky Tonk Women\" Let It Bleed (Decca, 1969) – UK #1 / US #3 Taylor plays on \"Country Honk\" and \"Live With Me\" Live'r Than You'l Ever Be (?, 1969) – bootleg, certified Gold Album Get Yer Ya-Ya's Out! (Decca, 1970) – UK #1 / US #6 Sticky Fingers (Rolling Stones Records, 1971) – UK/US #1 Gimme Shelter (Decca, 1971) – (compilation) UK #19 Hot Rocks 1964–1971 (Abkco Records, 1972) – (compilation) UK #3 / US #4 Exile on Main St. (Rolling Stones Records, 1972) – UK/US #1 Rock'n'Rolling Stones (Decca, 1972) – (compilation) UK #41 Goats Head Soup (Rolling Stones Records, 1973) – UK/US #1 It's Only Rock 'n Roll (Rolling Stones Records, 1974) – UK #2 / US #1 Made in the Shade (Rolling Stones Records, 1975) – (compilation) UK #14 / US #6 Metamorphosis (Abkco Records, 1975) – UK #45 / US #8 Taylor plays on \"I Don't Know Why\" and \"Jiving Sister Fanny\".", "(Decca, 1970) – UK #1 / US #6 Sticky Fingers (Rolling Stones Records, 1971) – UK/US #1 Gimme Shelter (Decca, 1971) – (compilation) UK #19 Hot Rocks 1964–1971 (Abkco Records, 1972) – (compilation) UK #3 / US #4 Exile on Main St. (Rolling Stones Records, 1972) – UK/US #1 Rock'n'Rolling Stones (Decca, 1972) – (compilation) UK #41 Goats Head Soup (Rolling Stones Records, 1973) – UK/US #1 It's Only Rock 'n Roll (Rolling Stones Records, 1974) – UK #2 / US #1 Made in the Shade (Rolling Stones Records, 1975) – (compilation) UK #14 / US #6 Metamorphosis (Abkco Records, 1975) – UK #45 / US #8 Taylor plays on \"I Don't Know Why\" and \"Jiving Sister Fanny\". Rolled Gold: The Very Best of the Rolling Stones (Decca, 1975) – (compilation) UK #7 Get Stoned (30 Greatest Hits) (ARCADE, 1977) – (compilation) UK #8 Sucking in the Seventies (Rolling Stones Records, 1981) – (compilation)US #15 Tattoo You (Rolling Stones Records, 1981) – UK #2 / US #1 Taylor plays on \"Tops\" and \"Waiting on a Friend\", both tracks recorded in 1972 during the Goats Head Soup sessions.", "Rolled Gold: The Very Best of the Rolling Stones (Decca, 1975) – (compilation) UK #7 Get Stoned (30 Greatest Hits) (ARCADE, 1977) – (compilation) UK #8 Sucking in the Seventies (Rolling Stones Records, 1981) – (compilation)US #15 Tattoo You (Rolling Stones Records, 1981) – UK #2 / US #1 Taylor plays on \"Tops\" and \"Waiting on a Friend\", both tracks recorded in 1972 during the Goats Head Soup sessions. In Concert – Live 1966–70 (LONDON, 1982) – (live compilation) UK #94 Story of The Stones (K-tel, 1982) – (compilation) UK #24 Rewind (Rolling Stones Records, 1984) – (compilation) UK #23 / US #86 Singles Collection: The London Years.", "In Concert – Live 1966–70 (LONDON, 1982) – (live compilation) UK #94 Story of The Stones (K-tel, 1982) – (compilation) UK #24 Rewind (Rolling Stones Records, 1984) – (compilation) UK #23 / US #86 Singles Collection: The London Years. (Abkco Records, 1989) – US #91 Jump Back: The Best of The Rolling Stones (Rolling Stones Records, 1993) – UK #16 / US #30 Forty Licks (Rolling Stones Records, 2002) – (compilation) UK/US #2 Rarities 1971–2003 (Rolling Stones Records, 2005) – US #76 Taylor plays on \"Let It Rock\" (live 1971) and the 1974 b-side \"Through The Lonely Nights\".", "(Abkco Records, 1989) – US #91 Jump Back: The Best of The Rolling Stones (Rolling Stones Records, 1993) – UK #16 / US #30 Forty Licks (Rolling Stones Records, 2002) – (compilation) UK/US #2 Rarities 1971–2003 (Rolling Stones Records, 2005) – US #76 Taylor plays on \"Let It Rock\" (live 1971) and the 1974 b-side \"Through The Lonely Nights\". Exile On Main St. (Rarities Edition) (Universal Records, 2010) – US #27 Taylor plays on \"Pass The Wine (Sophia Loren)\", \"Plundered My Soul\", \"I'm Not Signifying\", \"Loving Cup (Alternate Take)\", \"Soul Survivor (Alternate Take)\" and \"Good Time Women\".", "Exile On Main St. (Rarities Edition) (Universal Records, 2010) – US #27 Taylor plays on \"Pass The Wine (Sophia Loren)\", \"Plundered My Soul\", \"I'm Not Signifying\", \"Loving Cup (Alternate Take)\", \"Soul Survivor (Alternate Take)\" and \"Good Time Women\". Brussels Affair (Rolling Stones Records, 2011) – 1973 live performance GRRR!", "Brussels Affair (Rolling Stones Records, 2011) – 1973 live performance GRRR! (Rolling Stones Records, 2012) – (compilation) UK #3 / US #19 Hyde Park Live (Rolling Stones Records, 2013) – (2013 live performance) UK #16 / US #19 Taylor plays guitar on \"Midnight Rambler\", acoustic guitar and backing vocals on \"(I Can't Get No) Satisfaction\" Tattoo You (Lost & Found - Rarities) (Universal Records, 2021) Taylor plays on “Living In The Heart Of Love”, \"Come to the Ball\" and \"Fast Talking Slow Walking\".", "(Rolling Stones Records, 2012) – (compilation) UK #3 / US #19 Hyde Park Live (Rolling Stones Records, 2013) – (2013 live performance) UK #16 / US #19 Taylor plays guitar on \"Midnight Rambler\", acoustic guitar and backing vocals on \"(I Can't Get No) Satisfaction\" Tattoo You (Lost & Found - Rarities) (Universal Records, 2021) Taylor plays on “Living In The Heart Of Love”, \"Come to the Ball\" and \"Fast Talking Slow Walking\". Non-Rolling Stones work with Rolling Stones members: Pay Pack & Follow (Eagle Rock Records, 2001) – John Phillips solo album from 1973–1979 recording sessions in London aka \"Half Stoned\" sessions produced by Mick Jagger and Keith Richards I've Got My Own Album to Do (Warner, 1974) – Ronnie Wood solo album Now Look (Warner, July 1975) – Ronnie Wood solo album.", "Non-Rolling Stones work with Rolling Stones members: Pay Pack & Follow (Eagle Rock Records, 2001) – John Phillips solo album from 1973–1979 recording sessions in London aka \"Half Stoned\" sessions produced by Mick Jagger and Keith Richards I've Got My Own Album to Do (Warner, 1974) – Ronnie Wood solo album Now Look (Warner, July 1975) – Ronnie Wood solo album. US #118 Gimme Some Neck (Columbia, 1979) – Ronnie Wood solo album.", "US #118 Gimme Some Neck (Columbia, 1979) – Ronnie Wood solo album. US #45 Talk Is Cheap (BMG, 1988) – Keith Richards solo album. UK #37 / US #24 With Jack Bruce Live on the Old Grey Whistle Test (Strange Fruit, 1995) – Tracks from several Old Grey Whistle Test shows recorded between '75 and '81. Seven of the songs feature Taylor on guitar. Live at the Manchester Free Trade Hall (Polydor, 2003) – 2 CDs.", "Live at the Manchester Free Trade Hall (Polydor, 2003) – 2 CDs. With Bob Dylan Infidels (Columbia, 1983) – UK # 9 / US #20 Real Live (In Europe, 1984) (Columbia, 1984) – UK #54 / US #115 Empire Burlesque (Columbia, 1985) – UK #11 / US #33 The Bootleg Series Volumes 1–3 (Rare & Unreleased) 1961–1991 (Columbia, 1991) – UK #32 / US #49 The Bootleg Series Vol.", "With Bob Dylan Infidels (Columbia, 1983) – UK # 9 / US #20 Real Live (In Europe, 1984) (Columbia, 1984) – UK #54 / US #115 Empire Burlesque (Columbia, 1985) – UK #11 / US #33 The Bootleg Series Volumes 1–3 (Rare & Unreleased) 1961–1991 (Columbia, 1991) – UK #32 / US #49 The Bootleg Series Vol. 16: Springtime in New York 1980–1985 (Columbia, 2021).", "16: Springtime in New York 1980–1985 (Columbia, 2021). Featured on Discs 3-5 of the Deluxe Edition. With Carla Olson Too Hot For Snakes (?, 1991) – Live at the Roxy; includes two Mick Taylor compositions: \"Broken Hands\" and \"Hartley Quits\".", "With Carla Olson Too Hot For Snakes (?, 1991) – Live at the Roxy; includes two Mick Taylor compositions: \"Broken Hands\" and \"Hartley Quits\". Too Hot For Snakes Plus (Collectors' Choice, 2008) – 2-CD set of the Roxy album plus \"You Gotta Move\", and a second disc of 13 studio tracks from 1993–2004, including a previously unreleased versions of \"Winter\" and \"Think I'm Goin' Mad\" from the Olson-produced Barry Goldberg album Stoned Again.", "Too Hot For Snakes Plus (Collectors' Choice, 2008) – 2-CD set of the Roxy album plus \"You Gotta Move\", and a second disc of 13 studio tracks from 1993–2004, including a previously unreleased versions of \"Winter\" and \"Think I'm Goin' Mad\" from the Olson-produced Barry Goldberg album Stoned Again. Within An Ace (?, 1993) – Taylor performs on 7 of the 10 songs. Reap The Whirlwind (?, 1994) – Taylor is featured on 3 tracks.", "Reap The Whirlwind (?, 1994) – Taylor is featured on 3 tracks. The Ring Of Truth (2001) – Taylor plays on 9 of the 12 tracks. Note: Too Hot For Snakes and The Ring of Truth were released by Fuel/Universal autumn of 2012 as a 2-CD set with 3 bonus tracks including 2 previously unreleased songs from the Roxy Theatre. “Sway: The Best Of Carla Olson & Mick Taylor” ~ a vinyl-only compilation, December 2020 on Sunset Blvd Records.", "“Sway: The Best Of Carla Olson & Mick Taylor” ~ a vinyl-only compilation, December 2020 on Sunset Blvd Records. Solo discography Studio albums Mick Taylor (1979) US #119 (5 weeks in top 200) A Stone's Throw (1998) Live albums Stranger in This Town (1990) (produced by Mick Taylor and Phil Colella) Arthur's Club-Geneve 1995 (Mick Taylor & Snowy White) (Promo CD/TV Especial) Coastin' Home [AKA Live at the 14 Below] (1995) re-issued 2002 14 Below (2003) Little Red Rooster (2007) recorded live in Hungary during 2001 with the Mick Taylor Band Other session work Blues Masters vol.", "Solo discography Studio albums Mick Taylor (1979) US #119 (5 weeks in top 200) A Stone's Throw (1998) Live albums Stranger in This Town (1990) (produced by Mick Taylor and Phil Colella) Arthur's Club-Geneve 1995 (Mick Taylor & Snowy White) (Promo CD/TV Especial) Coastin' Home [AKA Live at the 14 Below] (1995) re-issued 2002 14 Below (2003) Little Red Rooster (2007) recorded live in Hungary during 2001 with the Mick Taylor Band Other session work Blues Masters vol. 10 (Champion Jack Dupree) (Blue Horizon, 1969) Recorded just weeks before he joined the Stones, according to producer Mike Vernon's liner notes.", "10 (Champion Jack Dupree) (Blue Horizon, 1969) Recorded just weeks before he joined the Stones, according to producer Mike Vernon's liner notes. Up Your Alley (Joan Jett & the Blackhearts) on \"I Hate Myself for Loving You\" Tubular Bells Premiere (Mike Oldfield) (June '73) Queen Elizabeth Hall Tubular Bells (Mike Oldfield) Telecast Tubular Bells Part One and Tubular Bells Part Two. Recorded at BBC Broadcasting House November 1973 and aired in early '74 and June '74.", "Recorded at BBC Broadcasting House November 1973 and aired in early '74 and June '74. Available on Oldfield's Elements DVD. The Tin Man Was A Dreamer (Nicky Hopkins) (1973) London Underground (Herbie Mann) (Atlantic, 1973) Reggae (Herbie Mann) (Atlantic, 1973) Live European Tour (Billy Preston) (A&M Records, 1974). Recorded with the Rolling Stones Mobile Studio during their '73 tour. Preston opened up for the band with Mick Taylor on guitar.", "Preston opened up for the band with Mick Taylor on guitar. (Released on CD by A&M Japan, 2002.)", "(Released on CD by A&M Japan, 2002.) Have Blues Will Travel (Speedo Jones) (Integrity Records, 1988) Reggae II (Herbie Mann) (Atlantic, 1973 [1976]) Just A Story From America (Elliott Murphy) (Columbia 1977) Waiting for Columbus (Little Feat) (1978) double CD released 2002 Expresso II (Gong) (1978) Downwind (Pierre Moerlen's Gong) (1979) lead guitar on \"What You Know\" Alan Merrill (Alan Merrill)'s solo album (Polydor, 1985) recorded in London 1977 Vinyl (Dramarama) (1991) John McVie's \"Gotta Band\" with Lola Thomas (1992)Burnin' Blues (Coupe De Villes) (1992)Piedra rodante (Tonky Blues Band) (1992)Once In A Blue Moon (Gerry Groom) (1993)Cartwheels (Anthony Thistlethwaite) (1993)Hecho en Memphis (Ratones Paranoicos) (Sony Music) (1993)Let's Get Stoned (The Chesterfield Kings) (Mirror Records,1994)Crawfish and Caviar (Anthony Thistlethwaite)Blue Night (Percy Sledge) (Virgin Records, 1994) Black Angel (Savage Rose) (1995) guitar on \"Black Angel\" and \"Early Morning Blues\"Навигатор (Аквариум, 1995) guitar on two tracks (\"Не Коси\", \"Таможенный блюз\")Taylormade (Black Cat Bone, 1997), Music Maniac Records.Mick & I (2001) Miyuki & Mick TaylorNew York Times (Adam Bomb) (2001) (Taylor plays slide guitar on \"MacDougal Street\" & lead guitar on \"Heaven come to me\") produced by Jack DouglasFrom Clarksdale To Heaven [various artists] (BlueStorm, 2002) – John Lee Hooker tribute albumStoned Again (Barry Goldberg) (Antone's Records, 2002)Meaning of Life (Todd Sharpville) (Cathouse/Universal, 2003)Key To Love (Debbie Davies) (Shanachie Records, 2003)Shadow Man (re-release of an album from 1996) (2003) – originally released by Alpha Music in Japan in 1996, this \"Mick Taylor featuring Sasha\" album should have read \"Sasha featuring Mick Taylor\", but the company felt it would sell better under a household name.", "Have Blues Will Travel (Speedo Jones) (Integrity Records, 1988) Reggae II (Herbie Mann) (Atlantic, 1973 [1976]) Just A Story From America (Elliott Murphy) (Columbia 1977) Waiting for Columbus (Little Feat) (1978) double CD released 2002 Expresso II (Gong) (1978) Downwind (Pierre Moerlen's Gong) (1979) lead guitar on \"What You Know\" Alan Merrill (Alan Merrill)'s solo album (Polydor, 1985) recorded in London 1977 Vinyl (Dramarama) (1991) John McVie's \"Gotta Band\" with Lola Thomas (1992)Burnin' Blues (Coupe De Villes) (1992)Piedra rodante (Tonky Blues Band) (1992)Once In A Blue Moon (Gerry Groom) (1993)Cartwheels (Anthony Thistlethwaite) (1993)Hecho en Memphis (Ratones Paranoicos) (Sony Music) (1993)Let's Get Stoned (The Chesterfield Kings) (Mirror Records,1994)Crawfish and Caviar (Anthony Thistlethwaite)Blue Night (Percy Sledge) (Virgin Records, 1994) Black Angel (Savage Rose) (1995) guitar on \"Black Angel\" and \"Early Morning Blues\"Навигатор (Аквариум, 1995) guitar on two tracks (\"Не Коси\", \"Таможенный блюз\")Taylormade (Black Cat Bone, 1997), Music Maniac Records.Mick & I (2001) Miyuki & Mick TaylorNew York Times (Adam Bomb) (2001) (Taylor plays slide guitar on \"MacDougal Street\" & lead guitar on \"Heaven come to me\") produced by Jack DouglasFrom Clarksdale To Heaven [various artists] (BlueStorm, 2002) – John Lee Hooker tribute albumStoned Again (Barry Goldberg) (Antone's Records, 2002)Meaning of Life (Todd Sharpville) (Cathouse/Universal, 2003)Key To Love (Debbie Davies) (Shanachie Records, 2003)Shadow Man (re-release of an album from 1996) (2003) – originally released by Alpha Music in Japan in 1996, this \"Mick Taylor featuring Sasha\" album should have read \"Sasha featuring Mick Taylor\", but the company felt it would sell better under a household name. It features Mick Taylor on guitar, but is basically a Sasha Gracanin album.Treasure Island (Nikki Sudden) (Secretly Canadian, 2004)Unterwegs (Crazy Chris Kramer) (2009)Chicago Blues (Crazy Chris Kramer) (2010) Music DVDsBlues Alive video (RCA/Columbia Pictures 1983), recorded at Capitol Theatre, NJ 1982Jamming with the Blues Greats – DVD release from the 1983 video, featuring John Mayall's Bluesbreakers (Mick Taylor, Colin Allen, John McVie) and special guests Albert King, Etta James, Buddy Guy, Junior Wells and Sippie Wallace (Lightyear/Image Entertainment 2005)The Stones in the Park concert video (Granada Television, 1969) released on DVD (VCI, 2001)Gimme Shelter (Maysles Films, 1970) music documentary film by Albert and David Maysles, shot at the Rolling Stones concerts at Madison Square Garden, NY on 27/28 November and Altamont, CA on 6 Dec December 1969. restored and released on DVD (Criterion, 2000)John Mayall, the Godfather of British Blues documentary about John Mayall's life and career (Eagle Rock, 2004.", "It features Mick Taylor on guitar, but is basically a Sasha Gracanin album.Treasure Island (Nikki Sudden) (Secretly Canadian, 2004)Unterwegs (Crazy Chris Kramer) (2009)Chicago Blues (Crazy Chris Kramer) (2010) Music DVDsBlues Alive video (RCA/Columbia Pictures 1983), recorded at Capitol Theatre, NJ 1982Jamming with the Blues Greats – DVD release from the 1983 video, featuring John Mayall's Bluesbreakers (Mick Taylor, Colin Allen, John McVie) and special guests Albert King, Etta James, Buddy Guy, Junior Wells and Sippie Wallace (Lightyear/Image Entertainment 2005)The Stones in the Park concert video (Granada Television, 1969) released on DVD (VCI, 2001)Gimme Shelter (Maysles Films, 1970) music documentary film by Albert and David Maysles, shot at the Rolling Stones concerts at Madison Square Garden, NY on 27/28 November and Altamont, CA on 6 Dec December 1969. restored and released on DVD (Criterion, 2000)John Mayall, the Godfather of British Blues documentary about John Mayall's life and career (Eagle Rock, 2004. Region 1: 2005)70th Birthday Concert (Eagle Rock, 2004.", "Region 1: 2005)70th Birthday Concert (Eagle Rock, 2004. Region 1: 2005). Bluesbreakers Charity Concert (Unite for UNICEF) filmed in Liverpool, July 2003. John Mayall & the Bluesbreakers with special guests Chris Barber, Eric Clapton and Mick Taylor.Stones in Exile 2010Ladies & Gentlemen The Rolling Stones 2010 Music DVDs – UnofficialCocksucker BluesFilmographyThe Man Who Fell to Earth (1976) directed by Nicolas Roeg and starring David Bowie as Thomas Jerome Newton.", "John Mayall & the Bluesbreakers with special guests Chris Barber, Eric Clapton and Mick Taylor.Stones in Exile 2010Ladies & Gentlemen The Rolling Stones 2010 Music DVDs – UnofficialCocksucker BluesFilmographyThe Man Who Fell to Earth (1976) directed by Nicolas Roeg and starring David Bowie as Thomas Jerome Newton. Taylor played guitar on various songs, including \"Hello Mary Lou\" after developing ideas for the soundtrack with John Phillips.The Last of the Finest (1990) directed by John Mackenzie.", "Taylor played guitar on various songs, including \"Hello Mary Lou\" after developing ideas for the soundtrack with John Phillips.The Last of the Finest (1990) directed by John Mackenzie. Taylor assisted composer Jack Nitzsche with the moviescore.Bad City Blues'' (1999) directed by Michael Stevens, based on the book by Tim Willocks. Music composers: Mick Taylor and Max Middleton References External links Mick Taylor official Facebook page Interview with Gary James from classicbands.com Interview with JAZZed Magazine. Oct 2007 Rolling Stone Magazine article about Exile on Main Street.", "Oct 2007 Rolling Stone Magazine article about Exile on Main Street. 1949 births Living people English blues guitarists English male guitarists English rock guitarists Lead guitarists John Mayall & the Bluesbreakers members The Rolling Stones members Columbia Records artists People from Welwyn Garden City Slide guitarists English film score composers English male film score composers Decca Records artists Fingerstyle guitarists British rhythm and blues boom musicians Musicians from Hertfordshire English blues singers Bill Wyman's Rhythm Kings members The Gods (band) members" ]

[ "Mick Taylor", "1949-69: Early life", "When did he begin playing music?", "He began playing guitar at age nine,", "Did he learn quickly?", "As a teenager, he formed bands with schoolmates and started performing concerts under names such as The Juniors and the Strangers.", "Did any of his bands record any singles or albums?", "They also appeared on television and put out a single." ]

[ "Miguel Skrobot (Warsaw, 1873 – Curitiba, February 20, 1912) was a businessman Brazilian of Polish origin.\n\nMiguel Skrobot was born in 1873, in Warsaw, Poland, to José Skrobot and Rosa Skrobot. When he was 18 he migrated to Brazil and settled in Curitiba as a merchant.\n\nHe married Maria Pansardi, who was born in Tibagi, Paraná, to Italian immigrants, and she bore him three children. He kept a steam-powered factory where he worked on grinding and toasting coffee beans under the \"Rio Branco\" brand, located on the spot where today stands the square called Praça Zacarias (square located in the center of Curitiba). He also owned a grocery store near Praça Tiradentes (also a square in the center of Curitiba, where the city was born). He died an early death, when he was 39, on February 20, 1912.\n\nReferences\n\n1873 births\n1912 deaths\nBrazilian businesspeople\nPeople from Curitiba\nPolish emigrants to Brazil", "Adolf von Rauch (22 April 1798 - 12 December 1882) was a German paper manufacturer in Heilbronn, where he was born and died and where he was a major builder of social housing.\n\nPapermakers\n1798 births\n1882 deaths\nPeople from Heilbronn" ]

[ "Michael Kevin Taylor (born 17 January 1949) is an English musician, best known as a former member of John Mayall's Bluesbreakers (1967–69) and the Rolling Stones (1969–74). As a member of the Stones, he appeared on: Let It Bleed (1969), Get Yer Ya-Ya's Out! The Rolling Stones in Concert (1970), Sticky Fingers (1971), Exile on Main St. (1972), Goats Head Soup (1973) and It's Only Rock 'n Roll (1974).", "The Rolling Stones in Concert (1970), Sticky Fingers (1971), Exile on Main St. (1972), Goats Head Soup (1973) and It's Only Rock 'n Roll (1974). Since leaving the Rolling Stones in December 1974, Taylor has worked with numerous other artists and released several solo albums.", "Since leaving the Rolling Stones in December 1974, Taylor has worked with numerous other artists and released several solo albums. From November 2012 onwards he participated in the Stones' 50th-Anniversary shows in London and Newark, and in the band's 50 & Counting tour, which included North America, Glastonbury Festival and Hyde Park in 2013. He was ranked 37th in Rolling Stone magazine's 2011 list of the 100 greatest guitarists of all time. Guns N' Roses guitarist Slash states that Taylor had the biggest influence on him.", "Guns N' Roses guitarist Slash states that Taylor had the biggest influence on him. Biography 1949–1969: Early life Taylor was born to a working-class family in Welwyn Garden City, but was raised in Hatfield, Hertfordshire, England, where his father worked as a fitter for the De Havilland aircraft company. He began playing guitar at age nine, learning to play from his mother's younger brother. As a teenager, he formed bands with schoolmates and started performing concerts under names such as The Juniors and the Strangers.", "As a teenager, he formed bands with schoolmates and started performing concerts under names such as The Juniors and the Strangers. They also appeared on television and put out a single. Part of the band was recruited for a new group called The Gods, which included Ken Hensley (later of Uriah Heep fame). In 1966, The Gods opened for Cream at the Starlite Ballroom in Wembley.", "In 1966, The Gods opened for Cream at the Starlite Ballroom in Wembley. In 1965, at age 16, Taylor went to see a John Mayall's Bluesbreakers performance at \"The Hop\" Woodhall Community Centre, Welwyn Garden City. Taylor himself has said after seeing that Clapton hadn't appeared, but that his guitar had already been set up on the stage, he approached John Mayall during the interval to ask if he could play with them.", "Taylor himself has said after seeing that Clapton hadn't appeared, but that his guitar had already been set up on the stage, he approached John Mayall during the interval to ask if he could play with them. Taylor mentioned that he was familiar with the band's repertoire, and after a moment of deliberation, Mayall agreed. Taylor amended, \"I wasn't thinking that this was a great opportunity ... I just really wanted to get up on stage and play the guitar.\"", "I just really wanted to get up on stage and play the guitar.\" After playing the second set, and garnering Mayall's respect in the process, Taylor left the stage, joined his friends and exited the venue before Mayall had the chance to speak with him. Still, this encounter proved to be pivotal in Taylor's career when Mayall needed someone to fill Peter Green's vacancy the following year, when Green quit to form Fleetwood Mac.", "Still, this encounter proved to be pivotal in Taylor's career when Mayall needed someone to fill Peter Green's vacancy the following year, when Green quit to form Fleetwood Mac. Mayall placed a 'Guitarist Wanted' advert in the weekly Melody Maker music paper, and much to his relief immediately got a response from Taylor, whom he readily invited to join. Taylor made his debut with the Bluesbreakers at the Manor House, an old blues club in north London.", "Taylor made his debut with the Bluesbreakers at the Manor House, an old blues club in north London. For those in the music scene the night was an event ...\"Let's go and see this 17-year-old kid try and replace Eric\". Taylor toured and recorded the album Crusade with John Mayall's Bluesbreakers. From 1966 to 1969, Taylor developed a guitar style that is blues-based with Latin and jazz influences.", "From 1966 to 1969, Taylor developed a guitar style that is blues-based with Latin and jazz influences. He is the guitarist on the Bluesbreaker albums Diary of a Band, Bare Wires, and Blues from Laurel Canyon. Later on in his career, he further developed his skills as a slide guitarist. 1969–1974: The Rolling Stones After Brian Jones and the group parted ways in June 1969, John Mayall and Ian Stewart recommended Taylor to Mick Jagger.", "1969–1974: The Rolling Stones After Brian Jones and the group parted ways in June 1969, John Mayall and Ian Stewart recommended Taylor to Mick Jagger. Taylor believed he was being called in to be a session musician at his first studio session with the Rolling Stones. An impressed Jagger and Keith Richards invited Taylor back the following day to continue rehearsing and recording with the band.", "An impressed Jagger and Keith Richards invited Taylor back the following day to continue rehearsing and recording with the band. He overdubbed guitar on \"Country Honk\" and \"Live With Me\" for the album Let It Bleed, and on the single \"Honky Tonk Women\" released in the UK on 4 July 1969. Taylor's onstage debut as a Rolling Stone, at the age of 20, was the free concert in Hyde Park, London on 5 July 1969.", "Taylor's onstage debut as a Rolling Stone, at the age of 20, was the free concert in Hyde Park, London on 5 July 1969. An estimated quarter of a million people attended for a show that turned into a tribute to Brian Jones, who had died two days before the concert. After the 1973 European tour, Richards' drug problems had worsened and begun to compromise the band's ability to function.", "After the 1973 European tour, Richards' drug problems had worsened and begun to compromise the band's ability to function. Between recording sessions, the band members were living in various countries as UK income tax exiles, and during this period Taylor appeared on Herbie Mann's London Underground (1974) and also on Mann's album Reggae (1974).", "Between recording sessions, the band members were living in various countries as UK income tax exiles, and during this period Taylor appeared on Herbie Mann's London Underground (1974) and also on Mann's album Reggae (1974). 1973–2013: It's Only Rock 'n Roll In November 1973, Taylor underwent surgery for acute sinusitis and missed some of the sessions when the band began working on the LP It's Only Rock 'n Roll at Musicland Studios in Munich.", "1973–2013: It's Only Rock 'n Roll In November 1973, Taylor underwent surgery for acute sinusitis and missed some of the sessions when the band began working on the LP It's Only Rock 'n Roll at Musicland Studios in Munich. Not much was achieved during the first ten days at Musicland, but most of the actual recordings were made there in January 1974, and in April at Stargroves, Jagger's estate in Hampshire. When Taylor resumed work with the band, he found it difficult to get along with Richards.", "When Taylor resumed work with the band, he found it difficult to get along with Richards. Not long after those recording sessions, Taylor went on a six-week expedition to Brazil, to travel down the Amazon River in a boat and explore Latin music. Just before the release of the album in October 1974, Taylor told Nick Kent from the NME about the new LP and that he had co-written \"Till the Next Goodbye\" and \"Time Waits for No One\" with Jagger.", "Just before the release of the album in October 1974, Taylor told Nick Kent from the NME about the new LP and that he had co-written \"Till the Next Goodbye\" and \"Time Waits for No One\" with Jagger. Kent told Taylor he had seen the finished artwork for the sleeve, which revealed the absence of any songwriting credits for Taylor. Taylor appears in the promotional video for \"Ain't Too Proud to Beg\". In December 1974, Taylor announced he was leaving the Rolling Stones.", "In December 1974, Taylor announced he was leaving the Rolling Stones. The bandmates were at a party in London when Taylor told Jagger he was quitting and walked out. Taylor's decision came as a shock to many. The Rolling Stones were due to start recording a new album in Munich, and the entire band was reportedly angry at Taylor for leaving at such short notice.", "The Rolling Stones were due to start recording a new album in Munich, and the entire band was reportedly angry at Taylor for leaving at such short notice. When interviewed by Jann Wenner of Rolling Stone in 1995, Wenner wrote that Jagger had stated that Taylor never explained why he had left, and surmised that \"[Taylor] wanted to have a solo career. I think he found it difficult to get on with Keith.\"", "I think he found it difficult to get on with Keith.\" In the same Wenner interview, Jagger had reportedly said of Taylor's contribution to the band: \"I think he had a big contribution. He made it very musical. He was a very fluent, melodic player, which we never had, and we don't have now. Neither Keith nor Ronnie Wood (who replaced Taylor) plays that kind of style.", "Neither Keith nor Ronnie Wood (who replaced Taylor) plays that kind of style. It was very good for me working with him .... Mick Taylor would play very fluid lines against my vocals. He was exciting, and he was very pretty, and it gave me something to follow, to bang off. Some people think that's the best version of the band that existed\".", "Some people think that's the best version of the band that existed\". Asked if he agreed with that assessment, Jagger said: \"I obviously can't say if I think Mick Taylor was the best, because it sort of trashes the period the band is in now.\" Charlie Watts stated: \"I think we chose the right man for the job at that time just as Ronnie was the right man for the job later on. I still think Mick is great.", "I still think Mick is great. I still think Mick is great. I haven't heard or seen him play in a few years. But certainly what came out of playing with him are musically some of the best things we've ever done\". In an October 2002 Guitar World interview, Richards reflected on his relationship with Taylor: \"Mick Taylor and I worked really well together ... He had some lovely energy. Sweetly sophisticated playing, way beyond his years. Lovely sense of melody.", "Sweetly sophisticated playing, way beyond his years. Lovely sense of melody. Lovely sense of melody. I never understood why he left the Stones. Nor does he, I think ... I had no desire to see him go.\" Taylor later admitted in the 2012 documentary Crossfire Hurricane that he left because he wanted to protect his family from the drug culture surrounding the band.", "Taylor later admitted in the 2012 documentary Crossfire Hurricane that he left because he wanted to protect his family from the drug culture surrounding the band. He further stated that in order to stay alive and fight his own demons (Taylor had turned into a drug addict himself by 1973), he needed to escape the realm of the Stones. In an essay about the Rolling Stones published after Taylor's resignation, New York Times music critic Robert Palmer wrote that \"Taylor is the most accomplished technician who ever served as a Stone.", "In an essay about the Rolling Stones published after Taylor's resignation, New York Times music critic Robert Palmer wrote that \"Taylor is the most accomplished technician who ever served as a Stone. A blues guitarist with a jazzman's flair for melodic invention, Taylor was never a rock and roller and never a showman.\" Taylor has worked with his former bandmates on various occasions since leaving the Rolling Stones.", "Taylor has worked with his former bandmates on various occasions since leaving the Rolling Stones. In 1977 he attended London-based sessions for the John Phillips album Pay Pack & Follow, appearing on several tracks alongside Jagger (vocals), Richards (guitar) and Wood (bass). On 14 December 1981 he performed with the band at their concert at the Kemper Arena in Kansas City, Missouri.", "On 14 December 1981 he performed with the band at their concert at the Kemper Arena in Kansas City, Missouri. Keith Richards appeared on stage at a Mick Taylor show at the Lone Star Cafe in New York on 28 December 1986, jamming on \"Key to the Highway\" and \"Can't You Hear Me Knocking\"; and Taylor is featured on one track (\"I Could Have Stood You Up\") on Richards' 1988 album Talk is Cheap.", "Keith Richards appeared on stage at a Mick Taylor show at the Lone Star Cafe in New York on 28 December 1986, jamming on \"Key to the Highway\" and \"Can't You Hear Me Knocking\"; and Taylor is featured on one track (\"I Could Have Stood You Up\") on Richards' 1988 album Talk is Cheap. The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame inducted Taylor along with the Rolling Stones in 1989. Taylor also worked with Bill Wyman's Rhythm Kings in the early 1990s.", "Taylor also worked with Bill Wyman's Rhythm Kings in the early 1990s. In addition to his contributions to Rolling Stones albums released during his tenure with the band, Taylor's guitar is also on two tracks on their 1981 release Tattoo You: \"Tops\" and \"Waiting on a Friend\", which were recorded in 1972. (Taylor is sometimes mistakenly credited as playing on \"Worried About You\", but the solo on that track is performed by Wayne Perkins.)", "(Taylor is sometimes mistakenly credited as playing on \"Worried About You\", but the solo on that track is performed by Wayne Perkins.) Taylor's onstage presence with the Rolling Stones is preserved on the album Get Yer Ya-Ya's Out!, recorded over four concerts at Madison Square Garden in New York and the Baltimore Civic Center in November 1969, and on the album Brussels Affair (Live 1973), compiled from two shows recorded in Brussels on 17 October 1973 in the Forest National Arena, during their European Tour.", "Taylor's onstage presence with the Rolling Stones is preserved on the album Get Yer Ya-Ya's Out!, recorded over four concerts at Madison Square Garden in New York and the Baltimore Civic Center in November 1969, and on the album Brussels Affair (Live 1973), compiled from two shows recorded in Brussels on 17 October 1973 in the Forest National Arena, during their European Tour. Taylor's live performances also feature in the documentary films Stones in the Park (released on DVD in 2001), Gimme Shelter (released in 1970) and Cocksucker Blues (unreleased); and in the concert film Ladies and Gentlemen: The Rolling Stones (shown in cinemas in 1974, and released on DVD and Blu-ray in 2010); these performances were also released on an album with the same title.", "Taylor's live performances also feature in the documentary films Stones in the Park (released on DVD in 2001), Gimme Shelter (released in 1970) and Cocksucker Blues (unreleased); and in the concert film Ladies and Gentlemen: The Rolling Stones (shown in cinemas in 1974, and released on DVD and Blu-ray in 2010); these performances were also released on an album with the same title. Bootleg recordings from the Rolling Stones' tours from 1969 through 1973 also document Taylor's concert performances with the Rolling Stones.", "Bootleg recordings from the Rolling Stones' tours from 1969 through 1973 also document Taylor's concert performances with the Rolling Stones. For the 2010 re-release of Exile on Main St. Taylor worked with Mick Jagger at a London studio (November 2009) to record new guitar and vocal parts for the previously unreleased song, \"Plundered My Soul\". The track was selected by the Rolling Stones for release as a limited edition single on Record Store Day.", "The track was selected by the Rolling Stones for release as a limited edition single on Record Store Day. On 24 October 2012, the Rolling Stones announced, via their latest Rolling Stone magazine interview, that Bill Wyman and Mick Taylor were expected to join the Rolling Stones on stage at the upcoming November shows in London. Richards went on to say that the pair would strictly be guests. At the two London shows on 25 and 29 November, Taylor played on \"Midnight Rambler\".", "At the two London shows on 25 and 29 November, Taylor played on \"Midnight Rambler\". During an interview on the Late Night with Jimmy Fallon show (broadcast on 8 April 2013), Keith Richards stated that Taylor would be performing with the Stones for their upcoming 2013 tour dates.", "During an interview on the Late Night with Jimmy Fallon show (broadcast on 8 April 2013), Keith Richards stated that Taylor would be performing with the Stones for their upcoming 2013 tour dates. Between 25 November 2012 and 13 July 2013 Taylor joined the Stones' 50 & Counting Tour performing at each of the 30 shows across Europe and North America, including sitting in on four songs at the Staples Center in Los Angeles and several numbers during their headline set at the Glastonbury Festival.", "Between 25 November 2012 and 13 July 2013 Taylor joined the Stones' 50 & Counting Tour performing at each of the 30 shows across Europe and North America, including sitting in on four songs at the Staples Center in Los Angeles and several numbers during their headline set at the Glastonbury Festival. The tour ended with two concerts at Hyde Park, London, which resulted in the album, Hyde Park Live and the concert film Sweet Summer Sun: Live in Hyde Park.", "The tour ended with two concerts at Hyde Park, London, which resulted in the album, Hyde Park Live and the concert film Sweet Summer Sun: Live in Hyde Park. He once again accompanied the Stones between 21 February and 22 November 2014 for the 29 dates of the 14 On Fire concerts across Asia, Europe and Australia/New Zealand. 1975–1981: Post-Stones Taylor worked on various side projects during his tenure with the Rolling Stones.", "1975–1981: Post-Stones Taylor worked on various side projects during his tenure with the Rolling Stones. In June 1973, he joined Mike Oldfield onstage at the Queen Elizabeth Hall in a performance of Oldfield's Tubular Bells. Taylor was asked to take part in this project by Richard Branson as he felt Oldfield was unknown, having just been signed to Branson's fledgling label, Virgin Records. Taylor joined Oldfield once more for a BBC television broadcast in November 1973.", "Taylor joined Oldfield once more for a BBC television broadcast in November 1973. After his resignation from the Rolling Stones, Jack Bruce invited him to form a new band with keyboardist Carla Bley and drummer Bruce Gary. In 1975, the band began rehearsals in London with tour dates scheduled for later that year. The group toured Europe, with a sound leaning more toward jazz, including a performance at the Dutch Pinkpop festival, but disbanded the following year.", "The group toured Europe, with a sound leaning more toward jazz, including a performance at the Dutch Pinkpop festival, but disbanded the following year. A performance recorded on 1 June 1975 (which was finally released on CD in 2003 as \"Live at the Manchester Free Trade Hall\" by The Jack Bruce Band) and another performance from the Old Grey Whistle Test seem to be the only material available from this brief collaboration.", "A performance recorded on 1 June 1975 (which was finally released on CD in 2003 as \"Live at the Manchester Free Trade Hall\" by The Jack Bruce Band) and another performance from the Old Grey Whistle Test seem to be the only material available from this brief collaboration. Taylor appeared as a special guest of Little Feat at the Rainbow Theatre in London, 1977, sharing slide guitar with then-frontman Lowell George on \"A Apolitical Blues\": this song appears on Little Feat's critically acclaimed live album Waiting for Columbus.", "Taylor appeared as a special guest of Little Feat at the Rainbow Theatre in London, 1977, sharing slide guitar with then-frontman Lowell George on \"A Apolitical Blues\": this song appears on Little Feat's critically acclaimed live album Waiting for Columbus. In the summer of 1977, he collaborated with Pierre Moerlen's Gong for the album Expresso II, released in 1978. Taylor began writing new songs and recruiting musicians for a solo album and worked on projects with Miller Anderson, Alan Merrill and others.", "Taylor began writing new songs and recruiting musicians for a solo album and worked on projects with Miller Anderson, Alan Merrill and others. He was present at many of the recording sessions for John Phillips' prospective second solo album. The recordings for Phillips' LP took place in London over a prolonged period between 1973 and 1977. This led to Taylor working with Keith Richards and Mick Jagger who were also involved with the album.", "This led to Taylor working with Keith Richards and Mick Jagger who were also involved with the album. The LP was to be released on the Stones' own label Rolling Stones Records (distributed by Atlantic Records). Ahmet Ertegun decided to pull the plug on the project after hearing alarming reports of excessive drug use by Phillips and Richards, but bootleg recordings of the sessions circulated among fans under the titles \"Half Stoned\" and \"Phillips '77\".", "Ahmet Ertegun decided to pull the plug on the project after hearing alarming reports of excessive drug use by Phillips and Richards, but bootleg recordings of the sessions circulated among fans under the titles \"Half Stoned\" and \"Phillips '77\". Eventually Eagle Rock Records made funds available to restore the original, rescued tapes and the album finally saw an official release in 2002 as Pay Pack & Follow. In 1977, Taylor signed a solo recording deal with Columbia Records.", "In 1977, Taylor signed a solo recording deal with Columbia Records. By April 1978 he had given several interviews to music magazines to promote a new, completed album which mixed rock, jazz and Latin-flavoured blues musical styles. The album, titled Mick Taylor, was finally released by Columbia Records in 1979 and reached No.119 on the Billboard charts in early August, with a stay of five weeks on the Billboard 200.", "The album, titled Mick Taylor, was finally released by Columbia Records in 1979 and reached No.119 on the Billboard charts in early August, with a stay of five weeks on the Billboard 200. CBS advised Taylor to promote the album through American radio stations but was unwilling to back him for any supporting tour. Frustrated with this situation, Taylor took a break from the music industry for about a year.", "Frustrated with this situation, Taylor took a break from the music industry for about a year. In 1981, he toured Europe and the United States with Alvin Lee of Ten Years After, sharing the bill with Black Sabbath. He spent most of 1982 and 1983 on the road with John Mayall, for the \"Reunion Tour\" with John McVie of Fleetwood Mac and Colin Allen. During this tour Bob Dylan showed up backstage at The Roxy in Los Angeles to meet Taylor.", "During this tour Bob Dylan showed up backstage at The Roxy in Los Angeles to meet Taylor. In 1983, Taylor joined Mark Knopfler and played on Dylan's Infidels album. He also appeared on Dylan's live album Real Live, as well as the follow-up studio album Empire Burlesque. In 1984, Dylan asked Mick Taylor to assemble an experienced rock and roll band for a European tour he signed with Bill Graham.", "In 1984, Dylan asked Mick Taylor to assemble an experienced rock and roll band for a European tour he signed with Bill Graham. Ian McLagan was hired to play piano and Hammond organ, Greg Sutton to play bass and Colin Allen, a long-time friend of Taylor, on drums. The tour lasted for four weeks at venues such as Munich's Olympic Stadium Arena and Milan's San Siro Stadium, sharing the bill with Carlos Santana and Joan Baez, who appeared on the same bill for a couple of shows.", "The tour lasted for four weeks at venues such as Munich's Olympic Stadium Arena and Milan's San Siro Stadium, sharing the bill with Carlos Santana and Joan Baez, who appeared on the same bill for a couple of shows. 1988–present Mick Taylor performed the lead guitar solo on the 1988 Joan Jett & the Blackhearts top-10 single, \"I Hate Myself for Loving You\". Taylor guested with the Grateful Dead on 24 September 1988 at the last show of that year's Madison Square Garden run in New York.", "Taylor guested with the Grateful Dead on 24 September 1988 at the last show of that year's Madison Square Garden run in New York. Taylor lived in New York throughout the 1980s. He battled with addiction problems before getting back on track in the second half of the 1980s and moving to Los Angeles in 1990.", "He battled with addiction problems before getting back on track in the second half of the 1980s and moving to Los Angeles in 1990. During this time Taylor did session work and toured in Europe, America and Japan with a band including; either Eric Parker or Bernard Purdie on drums Wilbur Bascomb on bass and Max Middleton (formerly of the Jeff Beck Group), Shane Fontayne, and Blondie Chaplin.", "During this time Taylor did session work and toured in Europe, America and Japan with a band including; either Eric Parker or Bernard Purdie on drums Wilbur Bascomb on bass and Max Middleton (formerly of the Jeff Beck Group), Shane Fontayne, and Blondie Chaplin. In 1990, his CD Stranger in This Town was released by Maze Records, backed up by a mini-tour including the record release party at the Hard Rock Cafe as well as gigs at the Paradise Theater.", "In 1990, his CD Stranger in This Town was released by Maze Records, backed up by a mini-tour including the record release party at the Hard Rock Cafe as well as gigs at the Paradise Theater. He began what was to be a significant series of collaborations with L.A. based Carla Olson with their \"Live at the Roxy\" album Too Hot For Snakes, the centrepiece of which is an extended seven-minute performance of \"Sway\".", "He began what was to be a significant series of collaborations with L.A. based Carla Olson with their \"Live at the Roxy\" album Too Hot For Snakes, the centrepiece of which is an extended seven-minute performance of \"Sway\". Another highlight is the lead track on the album, \"Who Put the Sting (On the Honey Bee)\", by Olson's then-bassist Jesse Sublett. It was followed by Olson's Within An Ace, which featured Taylor on seven songs.", "It was followed by Olson's Within An Ace, which featured Taylor on seven songs. He appeared on three songs from Reap The Whirlwind and then again on Olson's The Ring of Truth, on which he plays lead guitar on nine tracks, including a twelve-minute version of the song \"Winter\". Further work by Olson and Taylor can be heard on the Olson-produced Barry Goldberg album Stoned Again.", "Further work by Olson and Taylor can be heard on the Olson-produced Barry Goldberg album Stoned Again. Taylor went on to appear on Percy Sledge's Blue Night (1994), along with Steve Cropper, Bobby Womack and Greg Leisz. After spending two years as a resident of Miami, during which time he played with a band called 'Tumbling Dice' featuring Bobby Keys, Nicky Hopkins and others, Taylor moved back to England in the mid-1990s. He released a new album in 1998 entitled A Stone's Throw.", "He released a new album in 1998 entitled A Stone's Throw. Playing at clubs and theatres as well as appearing at festivals has kept Taylor connected with an appreciative audience and fan base. In 2003, Taylor reunited with John Mayall for his 70th Birthday Concert in Liverpool along with Eric Clapton. A year later, in autumn 2004, he also joined John Mayall and the Bluesbreakers for a UK theatre tour. He toured the US East Coast with the Experience Hendrix group during October 2007.", "He toured the US East Coast with the Experience Hendrix group during October 2007. The Experience Hendrix group appeared at a series of concerts to honour Jimi Hendrix and his musical legacy. Players included Taylor, Mitch Mitchell, Billy Cox, Buddy Guy, Hubert Sumlin and Robby Krieger. On 1 December 2010, Taylor reunited with Ronnie Wood at a benefit gig arranged by blues guitarist Stephen Dale Petit to save the 100 Club in London.", "On 1 December 2010, Taylor reunited with Ronnie Wood at a benefit gig arranged by blues guitarist Stephen Dale Petit to save the 100 Club in London. Other special guests at the show were Dick Taylor (first bassist in the Rolling Stones) and blues/jazz trombonist Chris Barber. Taylor toured the UK with Petit, appearing as his special guest, featured on a Paul Jones BBC Radio 2 session with him and guested on Petit's 2010 Classic Rock magazine Album of the Year, The Crave.", "Taylor toured the UK with Petit, appearing as his special guest, featured on a Paul Jones BBC Radio 2 session with him and guested on Petit's 2010 Classic Rock magazine Album of the Year, The Crave. Taylor also helped to promote the Boogie for Stu album, recorded by Ben Waters to honour Ian Stewart (original Stones pianist and co-founder of the band), by taking part in a concert to mark the CD's official launch at the Ambassadors Theatre, London on 9 March 2011.", "Taylor also helped to promote the Boogie for Stu album, recorded by Ben Waters to honour Ian Stewart (original Stones pianist and co-founder of the band), by taking part in a concert to mark the CD's official launch at the Ambassadors Theatre, London on 9 March 2011. Proceeds from the event were donated to the British Heart Foundation. Although Jagger and Richards didn't show up, Taylor noticeably enjoyed performing with Watts, Wood and Wyman, among others.", "Although Jagger and Richards didn't show up, Taylor noticeably enjoyed performing with Watts, Wood and Wyman, among others. In 2013, Taylor rejoined the Rolling Stones as a special guest on their 50 & Counting Tour. Guitar history Throughout his career, Taylor has used various guitars, but is mostly associated with the Gibson Les Paul. His first Les Paul was bought when he was still playing with The Gods (from Selmer's, London in '65).", "His first Les Paul was bought when he was still playing with The Gods (from Selmer's, London in '65). He acquired his second Les Paul in 1967, not long after joining The Bluesbreakers: Taylor came to Olympic Studios to buy a Les Paul that Keith Richards wanted to sell. On the '72/'73 tours Taylor used a couple of Sunburst Les Paul guitars without a Bigsby.", "On the '72/'73 tours Taylor used a couple of Sunburst Les Paul guitars without a Bigsby. Other guitars include a Gibson ES-355 for the recording of Sticky Fingers and Exile on Main St., a Gibson SG on the 1969, 1970 and 1971 tours, and occasionally a Fender Stratocaster and a Fender Telecaster.. He started using the Vigier Excalibur in 1997 Personal life Taylor has been married twice and has two daughters. Chloe (born 6 January 1971) is a daughter by his first wife, Rose Millar.", "Chloe (born 6 January 1971) is a daughter by his first wife, Rose Millar. Taylor married Millar in 1975 after leaving the Stones, but the relationship was reportedly \"on the rocks\" before long and resulted in divorce only a few years later. Taylor's daughter, Emma, was born from a short relationship with an American woman who sang backing vocals with Taylor's band on one occasion.", "Taylor's daughter, Emma, was born from a short relationship with an American woman who sang backing vocals with Taylor's band on one occasion. Awards Inducted into the Rock 'n Roll Hall of Fame (with the Rolling Stones, 1989) Taylor's handprints have been on Hollywood's RockWalk since 6 September 1998. Taylor was ranked in 37th place by Rolling Stone magazine in its 2012 list of the 100 greatest guitarists of all time.", "Taylor was ranked in 37th place by Rolling Stone magazine in its 2012 list of the 100 greatest guitarists of all time. Discography With John Mayall's Bluesbreakers Crusade (Decca, 1967/LP; 1987/CD) The Diary of A Band, Volumes 1 & 2 (Decca, 1968/2LP; 2007/2CD) Bare Wires (Decca, 1968/LP; 1988/CD) Blues from Laurel Canyon (Decca, 1968/LP; 1989/CD) Back to the Roots (Polydor, 1971/LP; 2001/2CD) Primal Solos (Decca, 1977/LP; 1990/CD) – selection of live recordings 1965 (with Eric Clapton), and 1968 (with Mick Taylor) Return of the Bluesbreakers (AIM, 1985/LP; 1993/CD) Wake Up Call (Silvertone, 1993/CD) The 1982 Reunion Concert (Repertoire, 1994/CD) – with John Mayall, John McVie, and Colin Allen Silver Tones: The Best of John Mayall & The Bluesbreakers (Silvertone, 1998/CD) Along For The Ride (Eagle, 2001/CD) Rolling With The Blues (Recall, 2005/2CD) – selection of live recordings 1972, 1973, 1980, and 1982 Essentially John Mayall (Eagle, 2007/5-CD box set) With The Rolling Stones Through the Past, Darkly (Decca, 1969) – (compilation) UK/US #2 Taylor plays on \"Honky Tonk Women\" Let It Bleed (Decca, 1969) – UK #1 / US #3 Taylor plays on \"Country Honk\" and \"Live With Me\" Live'r Than You'l Ever Be (?, 1969) – bootleg, certified Gold Album Get Yer Ya-Ya's Out!", "Discography With John Mayall's Bluesbreakers Crusade (Decca, 1967/LP; 1987/CD) The Diary of A Band, Volumes 1 & 2 (Decca, 1968/2LP; 2007/2CD) Bare Wires (Decca, 1968/LP; 1988/CD) Blues from Laurel Canyon (Decca, 1968/LP; 1989/CD) Back to the Roots (Polydor, 1971/LP; 2001/2CD) Primal Solos (Decca, 1977/LP; 1990/CD) – selection of live recordings 1965 (with Eric Clapton), and 1968 (with Mick Taylor) Return of the Bluesbreakers (AIM, 1985/LP; 1993/CD) Wake Up Call (Silvertone, 1993/CD) The 1982 Reunion Concert (Repertoire, 1994/CD) – with John Mayall, John McVie, and Colin Allen Silver Tones: The Best of John Mayall & The Bluesbreakers (Silvertone, 1998/CD) Along For The Ride (Eagle, 2001/CD) Rolling With The Blues (Recall, 2005/2CD) – selection of live recordings 1972, 1973, 1980, and 1982 Essentially John Mayall (Eagle, 2007/5-CD box set) With The Rolling Stones Through the Past, Darkly (Decca, 1969) – (compilation) UK/US #2 Taylor plays on \"Honky Tonk Women\" Let It Bleed (Decca, 1969) – UK #1 / US #3 Taylor plays on \"Country Honk\" and \"Live With Me\" Live'r Than You'l Ever Be (?, 1969) – bootleg, certified Gold Album Get Yer Ya-Ya's Out! (Decca, 1970) – UK #1 / US #6 Sticky Fingers (Rolling Stones Records, 1971) – UK/US #1 Gimme Shelter (Decca, 1971) – (compilation) UK #19 Hot Rocks 1964–1971 (Abkco Records, 1972) – (compilation) UK #3 / US #4 Exile on Main St. (Rolling Stones Records, 1972) – UK/US #1 Rock'n'Rolling Stones (Decca, 1972) – (compilation) UK #41 Goats Head Soup (Rolling Stones Records, 1973) – UK/US #1 It's Only Rock 'n Roll (Rolling Stones Records, 1974) – UK #2 / US #1 Made in the Shade (Rolling Stones Records, 1975) – (compilation) UK #14 / US #6 Metamorphosis (Abkco Records, 1975) – UK #45 / US #8 Taylor plays on \"I Don't Know Why\" and \"Jiving Sister Fanny\".", "(Decca, 1970) – UK #1 / US #6 Sticky Fingers (Rolling Stones Records, 1971) – UK/US #1 Gimme Shelter (Decca, 1971) – (compilation) UK #19 Hot Rocks 1964–1971 (Abkco Records, 1972) – (compilation) UK #3 / US #4 Exile on Main St. (Rolling Stones Records, 1972) – UK/US #1 Rock'n'Rolling Stones (Decca, 1972) – (compilation) UK #41 Goats Head Soup (Rolling Stones Records, 1973) – UK/US #1 It's Only Rock 'n Roll (Rolling Stones Records, 1974) – UK #2 / US #1 Made in the Shade (Rolling Stones Records, 1975) – (compilation) UK #14 / US #6 Metamorphosis (Abkco Records, 1975) – UK #45 / US #8 Taylor plays on \"I Don't Know Why\" and \"Jiving Sister Fanny\". Rolled Gold: The Very Best of the Rolling Stones (Decca, 1975) – (compilation) UK #7 Get Stoned (30 Greatest Hits) (ARCADE, 1977) – (compilation) UK #8 Sucking in the Seventies (Rolling Stones Records, 1981) – (compilation)US #15 Tattoo You (Rolling Stones Records, 1981) – UK #2 / US #1 Taylor plays on \"Tops\" and \"Waiting on a Friend\", both tracks recorded in 1972 during the Goats Head Soup sessions.", "Rolled Gold: The Very Best of the Rolling Stones (Decca, 1975) – (compilation) UK #7 Get Stoned (30 Greatest Hits) (ARCADE, 1977) – (compilation) UK #8 Sucking in the Seventies (Rolling Stones Records, 1981) – (compilation)US #15 Tattoo You (Rolling Stones Records, 1981) – UK #2 / US #1 Taylor plays on \"Tops\" and \"Waiting on a Friend\", both tracks recorded in 1972 during the Goats Head Soup sessions. In Concert – Live 1966–70 (LONDON, 1982) – (live compilation) UK #94 Story of The Stones (K-tel, 1982) – (compilation) UK #24 Rewind (Rolling Stones Records, 1984) – (compilation) UK #23 / US #86 Singles Collection: The London Years.", "In Concert – Live 1966–70 (LONDON, 1982) – (live compilation) UK #94 Story of The Stones (K-tel, 1982) – (compilation) UK #24 Rewind (Rolling Stones Records, 1984) – (compilation) UK #23 / US #86 Singles Collection: The London Years. (Abkco Records, 1989) – US #91 Jump Back: The Best of The Rolling Stones (Rolling Stones Records, 1993) – UK #16 / US #30 Forty Licks (Rolling Stones Records, 2002) – (compilation) UK/US #2 Rarities 1971–2003 (Rolling Stones Records, 2005) – US #76 Taylor plays on \"Let It Rock\" (live 1971) and the 1974 b-side \"Through The Lonely Nights\".", "(Abkco Records, 1989) – US #91 Jump Back: The Best of The Rolling Stones (Rolling Stones Records, 1993) – UK #16 / US #30 Forty Licks (Rolling Stones Records, 2002) – (compilation) UK/US #2 Rarities 1971–2003 (Rolling Stones Records, 2005) – US #76 Taylor plays on \"Let It Rock\" (live 1971) and the 1974 b-side \"Through The Lonely Nights\". Exile On Main St. (Rarities Edition) (Universal Records, 2010) – US #27 Taylor plays on \"Pass The Wine (Sophia Loren)\", \"Plundered My Soul\", \"I'm Not Signifying\", \"Loving Cup (Alternate Take)\", \"Soul Survivor (Alternate Take)\" and \"Good Time Women\".", "Exile On Main St. (Rarities Edition) (Universal Records, 2010) – US #27 Taylor plays on \"Pass The Wine (Sophia Loren)\", \"Plundered My Soul\", \"I'm Not Signifying\", \"Loving Cup (Alternate Take)\", \"Soul Survivor (Alternate Take)\" and \"Good Time Women\". Brussels Affair (Rolling Stones Records, 2011) – 1973 live performance GRRR!", "Brussels Affair (Rolling Stones Records, 2011) – 1973 live performance GRRR! (Rolling Stones Records, 2012) – (compilation) UK #3 / US #19 Hyde Park Live (Rolling Stones Records, 2013) – (2013 live performance) UK #16 / US #19 Taylor plays guitar on \"Midnight Rambler\", acoustic guitar and backing vocals on \"(I Can't Get No) Satisfaction\" Tattoo You (Lost & Found - Rarities) (Universal Records, 2021) Taylor plays on “Living In The Heart Of Love”, \"Come to the Ball\" and \"Fast Talking Slow Walking\".", "(Rolling Stones Records, 2012) – (compilation) UK #3 / US #19 Hyde Park Live (Rolling Stones Records, 2013) – (2013 live performance) UK #16 / US #19 Taylor plays guitar on \"Midnight Rambler\", acoustic guitar and backing vocals on \"(I Can't Get No) Satisfaction\" Tattoo You (Lost & Found - Rarities) (Universal Records, 2021) Taylor plays on “Living In The Heart Of Love”, \"Come to the Ball\" and \"Fast Talking Slow Walking\". Non-Rolling Stones work with Rolling Stones members: Pay Pack & Follow (Eagle Rock Records, 2001) – John Phillips solo album from 1973–1979 recording sessions in London aka \"Half Stoned\" sessions produced by Mick Jagger and Keith Richards I've Got My Own Album to Do (Warner, 1974) – Ronnie Wood solo album Now Look (Warner, July 1975) – Ronnie Wood solo album.", "Non-Rolling Stones work with Rolling Stones members: Pay Pack & Follow (Eagle Rock Records, 2001) – John Phillips solo album from 1973–1979 recording sessions in London aka \"Half Stoned\" sessions produced by Mick Jagger and Keith Richards I've Got My Own Album to Do (Warner, 1974) – Ronnie Wood solo album Now Look (Warner, July 1975) – Ronnie Wood solo album. US #118 Gimme Some Neck (Columbia, 1979) – Ronnie Wood solo album.", "US #118 Gimme Some Neck (Columbia, 1979) – Ronnie Wood solo album. US #45 Talk Is Cheap (BMG, 1988) – Keith Richards solo album. UK #37 / US #24 With Jack Bruce Live on the Old Grey Whistle Test (Strange Fruit, 1995) – Tracks from several Old Grey Whistle Test shows recorded between '75 and '81. Seven of the songs feature Taylor on guitar. Live at the Manchester Free Trade Hall (Polydor, 2003) – 2 CDs.", "Live at the Manchester Free Trade Hall (Polydor, 2003) – 2 CDs. With Bob Dylan Infidels (Columbia, 1983) – UK # 9 / US #20 Real Live (In Europe, 1984) (Columbia, 1984) – UK #54 / US #115 Empire Burlesque (Columbia, 1985) – UK #11 / US #33 The Bootleg Series Volumes 1–3 (Rare & Unreleased) 1961–1991 (Columbia, 1991) – UK #32 / US #49 The Bootleg Series Vol.", "With Bob Dylan Infidels (Columbia, 1983) – UK # 9 / US #20 Real Live (In Europe, 1984) (Columbia, 1984) – UK #54 / US #115 Empire Burlesque (Columbia, 1985) – UK #11 / US #33 The Bootleg Series Volumes 1–3 (Rare & Unreleased) 1961–1991 (Columbia, 1991) – UK #32 / US #49 The Bootleg Series Vol. 16: Springtime in New York 1980–1985 (Columbia, 2021).", "16: Springtime in New York 1980–1985 (Columbia, 2021). Featured on Discs 3-5 of the Deluxe Edition. With Carla Olson Too Hot For Snakes (?, 1991) – Live at the Roxy; includes two Mick Taylor compositions: \"Broken Hands\" and \"Hartley Quits\".", "With Carla Olson Too Hot For Snakes (?, 1991) – Live at the Roxy; includes two Mick Taylor compositions: \"Broken Hands\" and \"Hartley Quits\". Too Hot For Snakes Plus (Collectors' Choice, 2008) – 2-CD set of the Roxy album plus \"You Gotta Move\", and a second disc of 13 studio tracks from 1993–2004, including a previously unreleased versions of \"Winter\" and \"Think I'm Goin' Mad\" from the Olson-produced Barry Goldberg album Stoned Again.", "Too Hot For Snakes Plus (Collectors' Choice, 2008) – 2-CD set of the Roxy album plus \"You Gotta Move\", and a second disc of 13 studio tracks from 1993–2004, including a previously unreleased versions of \"Winter\" and \"Think I'm Goin' Mad\" from the Olson-produced Barry Goldberg album Stoned Again. Within An Ace (?, 1993) – Taylor performs on 7 of the 10 songs. Reap The Whirlwind (?, 1994) – Taylor is featured on 3 tracks.", "Reap The Whirlwind (?, 1994) – Taylor is featured on 3 tracks. The Ring Of Truth (2001) – Taylor plays on 9 of the 12 tracks. Note: Too Hot For Snakes and The Ring of Truth were released by Fuel/Universal autumn of 2012 as a 2-CD set with 3 bonus tracks including 2 previously unreleased songs from the Roxy Theatre. “Sway: The Best Of Carla Olson & Mick Taylor” ~ a vinyl-only compilation, December 2020 on Sunset Blvd Records.", "“Sway: The Best Of Carla Olson & Mick Taylor” ~ a vinyl-only compilation, December 2020 on Sunset Blvd Records. Solo discography Studio albums Mick Taylor (1979) US #119 (5 weeks in top 200) A Stone's Throw (1998) Live albums Stranger in This Town (1990) (produced by Mick Taylor and Phil Colella) Arthur's Club-Geneve 1995 (Mick Taylor & Snowy White) (Promo CD/TV Especial) Coastin' Home [AKA Live at the 14 Below] (1995) re-issued 2002 14 Below (2003) Little Red Rooster (2007) recorded live in Hungary during 2001 with the Mick Taylor Band Other session work Blues Masters vol.", "Solo discography Studio albums Mick Taylor (1979) US #119 (5 weeks in top 200) A Stone's Throw (1998) Live albums Stranger in This Town (1990) (produced by Mick Taylor and Phil Colella) Arthur's Club-Geneve 1995 (Mick Taylor & Snowy White) (Promo CD/TV Especial) Coastin' Home [AKA Live at the 14 Below] (1995) re-issued 2002 14 Below (2003) Little Red Rooster (2007) recorded live in Hungary during 2001 with the Mick Taylor Band Other session work Blues Masters vol. 10 (Champion Jack Dupree) (Blue Horizon, 1969) Recorded just weeks before he joined the Stones, according to producer Mike Vernon's liner notes.", "10 (Champion Jack Dupree) (Blue Horizon, 1969) Recorded just weeks before he joined the Stones, according to producer Mike Vernon's liner notes. Up Your Alley (Joan Jett & the Blackhearts) on \"I Hate Myself for Loving You\" Tubular Bells Premiere (Mike Oldfield) (June '73) Queen Elizabeth Hall Tubular Bells (Mike Oldfield) Telecast Tubular Bells Part One and Tubular Bells Part Two. Recorded at BBC Broadcasting House November 1973 and aired in early '74 and June '74.", "Recorded at BBC Broadcasting House November 1973 and aired in early '74 and June '74. Available on Oldfield's Elements DVD. The Tin Man Was A Dreamer (Nicky Hopkins) (1973) London Underground (Herbie Mann) (Atlantic, 1973) Reggae (Herbie Mann) (Atlantic, 1973) Live European Tour (Billy Preston) (A&M Records, 1974). Recorded with the Rolling Stones Mobile Studio during their '73 tour. Preston opened up for the band with Mick Taylor on guitar.", "Preston opened up for the band with Mick Taylor on guitar. (Released on CD by A&M Japan, 2002.)", "(Released on CD by A&M Japan, 2002.) Have Blues Will Travel (Speedo Jones) (Integrity Records, 1988) Reggae II (Herbie Mann) (Atlantic, 1973 [1976]) Just A Story From America (Elliott Murphy) (Columbia 1977) Waiting for Columbus (Little Feat) (1978) double CD released 2002 Expresso II (Gong) (1978) Downwind (Pierre Moerlen's Gong) (1979) lead guitar on \"What You Know\" Alan Merrill (Alan Merrill)'s solo album (Polydor, 1985) recorded in London 1977 Vinyl (Dramarama) (1991) John McVie's \"Gotta Band\" with Lola Thomas (1992)Burnin' Blues (Coupe De Villes) (1992)Piedra rodante (Tonky Blues Band) (1992)Once In A Blue Moon (Gerry Groom) (1993)Cartwheels (Anthony Thistlethwaite) (1993)Hecho en Memphis (Ratones Paranoicos) (Sony Music) (1993)Let's Get Stoned (The Chesterfield Kings) (Mirror Records,1994)Crawfish and Caviar (Anthony Thistlethwaite)Blue Night (Percy Sledge) (Virgin Records, 1994) Black Angel (Savage Rose) (1995) guitar on \"Black Angel\" and \"Early Morning Blues\"Навигатор (Аквариум, 1995) guitar on two tracks (\"Не Коси\", \"Таможенный блюз\")Taylormade (Black Cat Bone, 1997), Music Maniac Records.Mick & I (2001) Miyuki & Mick TaylorNew York Times (Adam Bomb) (2001) (Taylor plays slide guitar on \"MacDougal Street\" & lead guitar on \"Heaven come to me\") produced by Jack DouglasFrom Clarksdale To Heaven [various artists] (BlueStorm, 2002) – John Lee Hooker tribute albumStoned Again (Barry Goldberg) (Antone's Records, 2002)Meaning of Life (Todd Sharpville) (Cathouse/Universal, 2003)Key To Love (Debbie Davies) (Shanachie Records, 2003)Shadow Man (re-release of an album from 1996) (2003) – originally released by Alpha Music in Japan in 1996, this \"Mick Taylor featuring Sasha\" album should have read \"Sasha featuring Mick Taylor\", but the company felt it would sell better under a household name.", "Have Blues Will Travel (Speedo Jones) (Integrity Records, 1988) Reggae II (Herbie Mann) (Atlantic, 1973 [1976]) Just A Story From America (Elliott Murphy) (Columbia 1977) Waiting for Columbus (Little Feat) (1978) double CD released 2002 Expresso II (Gong) (1978) Downwind (Pierre Moerlen's Gong) (1979) lead guitar on \"What You Know\" Alan Merrill (Alan Merrill)'s solo album (Polydor, 1985) recorded in London 1977 Vinyl (Dramarama) (1991) John McVie's \"Gotta Band\" with Lola Thomas (1992)Burnin' Blues (Coupe De Villes) (1992)Piedra rodante (Tonky Blues Band) (1992)Once In A Blue Moon (Gerry Groom) (1993)Cartwheels (Anthony Thistlethwaite) (1993)Hecho en Memphis (Ratones Paranoicos) (Sony Music) (1993)Let's Get Stoned (The Chesterfield Kings) (Mirror Records,1994)Crawfish and Caviar (Anthony Thistlethwaite)Blue Night (Percy Sledge) (Virgin Records, 1994) Black Angel (Savage Rose) (1995) guitar on \"Black Angel\" and \"Early Morning Blues\"Навигатор (Аквариум, 1995) guitar on two tracks (\"Не Коси\", \"Таможенный блюз\")Taylormade (Black Cat Bone, 1997), Music Maniac Records.Mick & I (2001) Miyuki & Mick TaylorNew York Times (Adam Bomb) (2001) (Taylor plays slide guitar on \"MacDougal Street\" & lead guitar on \"Heaven come to me\") produced by Jack DouglasFrom Clarksdale To Heaven [various artists] (BlueStorm, 2002) – John Lee Hooker tribute albumStoned Again (Barry Goldberg) (Antone's Records, 2002)Meaning of Life (Todd Sharpville) (Cathouse/Universal, 2003)Key To Love (Debbie Davies) (Shanachie Records, 2003)Shadow Man (re-release of an album from 1996) (2003) – originally released by Alpha Music in Japan in 1996, this \"Mick Taylor featuring Sasha\" album should have read \"Sasha featuring Mick Taylor\", but the company felt it would sell better under a household name. It features Mick Taylor on guitar, but is basically a Sasha Gracanin album.Treasure Island (Nikki Sudden) (Secretly Canadian, 2004)Unterwegs (Crazy Chris Kramer) (2009)Chicago Blues (Crazy Chris Kramer) (2010) Music DVDsBlues Alive video (RCA/Columbia Pictures 1983), recorded at Capitol Theatre, NJ 1982Jamming with the Blues Greats – DVD release from the 1983 video, featuring John Mayall's Bluesbreakers (Mick Taylor, Colin Allen, John McVie) and special guests Albert King, Etta James, Buddy Guy, Junior Wells and Sippie Wallace (Lightyear/Image Entertainment 2005)The Stones in the Park concert video (Granada Television, 1969) released on DVD (VCI, 2001)Gimme Shelter (Maysles Films, 1970) music documentary film by Albert and David Maysles, shot at the Rolling Stones concerts at Madison Square Garden, NY on 27/28 November and Altamont, CA on 6 Dec December 1969. restored and released on DVD (Criterion, 2000)John Mayall, the Godfather of British Blues documentary about John Mayall's life and career (Eagle Rock, 2004.", "It features Mick Taylor on guitar, but is basically a Sasha Gracanin album.Treasure Island (Nikki Sudden) (Secretly Canadian, 2004)Unterwegs (Crazy Chris Kramer) (2009)Chicago Blues (Crazy Chris Kramer) (2010) Music DVDsBlues Alive video (RCA/Columbia Pictures 1983), recorded at Capitol Theatre, NJ 1982Jamming with the Blues Greats – DVD release from the 1983 video, featuring John Mayall's Bluesbreakers (Mick Taylor, Colin Allen, John McVie) and special guests Albert King, Etta James, Buddy Guy, Junior Wells and Sippie Wallace (Lightyear/Image Entertainment 2005)The Stones in the Park concert video (Granada Television, 1969) released on DVD (VCI, 2001)Gimme Shelter (Maysles Films, 1970) music documentary film by Albert and David Maysles, shot at the Rolling Stones concerts at Madison Square Garden, NY on 27/28 November and Altamont, CA on 6 Dec December 1969. restored and released on DVD (Criterion, 2000)John Mayall, the Godfather of British Blues documentary about John Mayall's life and career (Eagle Rock, 2004. Region 1: 2005)70th Birthday Concert (Eagle Rock, 2004.", "Region 1: 2005)70th Birthday Concert (Eagle Rock, 2004. Region 1: 2005). Bluesbreakers Charity Concert (Unite for UNICEF) filmed in Liverpool, July 2003. John Mayall & the Bluesbreakers with special guests Chris Barber, Eric Clapton and Mick Taylor.Stones in Exile 2010Ladies & Gentlemen The Rolling Stones 2010 Music DVDs – UnofficialCocksucker BluesFilmographyThe Man Who Fell to Earth (1976) directed by Nicolas Roeg and starring David Bowie as Thomas Jerome Newton.", "John Mayall & the Bluesbreakers with special guests Chris Barber, Eric Clapton and Mick Taylor.Stones in Exile 2010Ladies & Gentlemen The Rolling Stones 2010 Music DVDs – UnofficialCocksucker BluesFilmographyThe Man Who Fell to Earth (1976) directed by Nicolas Roeg and starring David Bowie as Thomas Jerome Newton. Taylor played guitar on various songs, including \"Hello Mary Lou\" after developing ideas for the soundtrack with John Phillips.The Last of the Finest (1990) directed by John Mackenzie.", "Taylor played guitar on various songs, including \"Hello Mary Lou\" after developing ideas for the soundtrack with John Phillips.The Last of the Finest (1990) directed by John Mackenzie. Taylor assisted composer Jack Nitzsche with the moviescore.Bad City Blues'' (1999) directed by Michael Stevens, based on the book by Tim Willocks. Music composers: Mick Taylor and Max Middleton References External links Mick Taylor official Facebook page Interview with Gary James from classicbands.com Interview with JAZZed Magazine. Oct 2007 Rolling Stone Magazine article about Exile on Main Street.", "Oct 2007 Rolling Stone Magazine article about Exile on Main Street. 1949 births Living people English blues guitarists English male guitarists English rock guitarists Lead guitarists John Mayall & the Bluesbreakers members The Rolling Stones members Columbia Records artists People from Welwyn Garden City Slide guitarists English film score composers English male film score composers Decca Records artists Fingerstyle guitarists British rhythm and blues boom musicians Musicians from Hertfordshire English blues singers Bill Wyman's Rhythm Kings members The Gods (band) members" ]

[ "Mick Taylor", "1949-69: Early life", "When did he begin playing music?", "He began playing guitar at age nine,", "Did he learn quickly?", "As a teenager, he formed bands with schoolmates and started performing concerts under names such as The Juniors and the Strangers.", "Did any of his bands record any singles or albums?", "They also appeared on television and put out a single.", "Where was he born?", "Taylor was born to a working-class family in Welwyn Garden City, but", "Did he grow up in Welwyn Garden City?", "was raised in Hatfield, Hertfordshire, England, where his father worked as a fitter (machinist) for" ]

[ "Blind Ambition may refer to:\n\nBlind Ambition, a book attributed to John Dean which was ghostwritten by Taylor Branch\nBlind Ambition (miniseries), a 1979 TV miniseries based on the book about John Dean\n \"Blind Ambition\" (Brandy & Mr. Whiskers episode)\n \"Blind Ambition\" (Family Guy)\", a television episode of Family Guy\n \"Blind Ambitions\", a television episode of The Golden Girls\n Blind Ambition (film), a 2014 American drama\nBlind Ambition (documentary), 2021 BBC2 television documentary", "Stepping Toes is a 1938 British musical film directed by John Baxter and starring Hazel Ascot, Enid Stamp-Taylor and Jack Barty. The screenplay concerns a young girl who achieves her ambition to become a tap dancer.\n\nThe film was made by Two Cities Films at Shepperton Studios. Its sets were designed by John Bryan.\n\nCast\n Hazel Ascot as Hazel Warrington \n Enid Stamp-Taylor as Mrs Warrington \n Jack Barty as Joe \n Edgar Driver as Tich \n Ernest Butcher as Stringer \n Richard Cooper as Kenneth Warrington \n Ivan Samson as Mr Warrington \n Wilson Coleman as Bob Burnham \n John Turnbull as Representative\n Jo Masters as Chorus\n\nReferences\n\nBibliography\n Low, Rachael. Filmmaking in 1930s Britain. George Allen & Unwin, 1985.\n Wood, Linda. British Films, 1927-1939. British Film Institute, 1986.\n\nExternal links\n\n1938 films\nBritish films\n1938 musical films\nEnglish-language films\nFilms directed by John Baxter\nFilms shot at Shepperton Studios\nBritish musical films\nBritish black-and-white films" ]

[ "Michael Kevin Taylor (born 17 January 1949) is an English musician, best known as a former member of John Mayall's Bluesbreakers (1967–69) and the Rolling Stones (1969–74). As a member of the Stones, he appeared on: Let It Bleed (1969), Get Yer Ya-Ya's Out! The Rolling Stones in Concert (1970), Sticky Fingers (1971), Exile on Main St. (1972), Goats Head Soup (1973) and It's Only Rock 'n Roll (1974).", "The Rolling Stones in Concert (1970), Sticky Fingers (1971), Exile on Main St. (1972), Goats Head Soup (1973) and It's Only Rock 'n Roll (1974). Since leaving the Rolling Stones in December 1974, Taylor has worked with numerous other artists and released several solo albums.", "Since leaving the Rolling Stones in December 1974, Taylor has worked with numerous other artists and released several solo albums. From November 2012 onwards he participated in the Stones' 50th-Anniversary shows in London and Newark, and in the band's 50 & Counting tour, which included North America, Glastonbury Festival and Hyde Park in 2013. He was ranked 37th in Rolling Stone magazine's 2011 list of the 100 greatest guitarists of all time. Guns N' Roses guitarist Slash states that Taylor had the biggest influence on him.", "Guns N' Roses guitarist Slash states that Taylor had the biggest influence on him. Biography 1949–1969: Early life Taylor was born to a working-class family in Welwyn Garden City, but was raised in Hatfield, Hertfordshire, England, where his father worked as a fitter for the De Havilland aircraft company. He began playing guitar at age nine, learning to play from his mother's younger brother. As a teenager, he formed bands with schoolmates and started performing concerts under names such as The Juniors and the Strangers.", "As a teenager, he formed bands with schoolmates and started performing concerts under names such as The Juniors and the Strangers. They also appeared on television and put out a single. Part of the band was recruited for a new group called The Gods, which included Ken Hensley (later of Uriah Heep fame). In 1966, The Gods opened for Cream at the Starlite Ballroom in Wembley.", "In 1966, The Gods opened for Cream at the Starlite Ballroom in Wembley. In 1965, at age 16, Taylor went to see a John Mayall's Bluesbreakers performance at \"The Hop\" Woodhall Community Centre, Welwyn Garden City. Taylor himself has said after seeing that Clapton hadn't appeared, but that his guitar had already been set up on the stage, he approached John Mayall during the interval to ask if he could play with them.", "Taylor himself has said after seeing that Clapton hadn't appeared, but that his guitar had already been set up on the stage, he approached John Mayall during the interval to ask if he could play with them. Taylor mentioned that he was familiar with the band's repertoire, and after a moment of deliberation, Mayall agreed. Taylor amended, \"I wasn't thinking that this was a great opportunity ... I just really wanted to get up on stage and play the guitar.\"", "I just really wanted to get up on stage and play the guitar.\" After playing the second set, and garnering Mayall's respect in the process, Taylor left the stage, joined his friends and exited the venue before Mayall had the chance to speak with him. Still, this encounter proved to be pivotal in Taylor's career when Mayall needed someone to fill Peter Green's vacancy the following year, when Green quit to form Fleetwood Mac.", "Still, this encounter proved to be pivotal in Taylor's career when Mayall needed someone to fill Peter Green's vacancy the following year, when Green quit to form Fleetwood Mac. Mayall placed a 'Guitarist Wanted' advert in the weekly Melody Maker music paper, and much to his relief immediately got a response from Taylor, whom he readily invited to join. Taylor made his debut with the Bluesbreakers at the Manor House, an old blues club in north London.", "Taylor made his debut with the Bluesbreakers at the Manor House, an old blues club in north London. For those in the music scene the night was an event ...\"Let's go and see this 17-year-old kid try and replace Eric\". Taylor toured and recorded the album Crusade with John Mayall's Bluesbreakers. From 1966 to 1969, Taylor developed a guitar style that is blues-based with Latin and jazz influences.", "From 1966 to 1969, Taylor developed a guitar style that is blues-based with Latin and jazz influences. He is the guitarist on the Bluesbreaker albums Diary of a Band, Bare Wires, and Blues from Laurel Canyon. Later on in his career, he further developed his skills as a slide guitarist. 1969–1974: The Rolling Stones After Brian Jones and the group parted ways in June 1969, John Mayall and Ian Stewart recommended Taylor to Mick Jagger.", "1969–1974: The Rolling Stones After Brian Jones and the group parted ways in June 1969, John Mayall and Ian Stewart recommended Taylor to Mick Jagger. Taylor believed he was being called in to be a session musician at his first studio session with the Rolling Stones. An impressed Jagger and Keith Richards invited Taylor back the following day to continue rehearsing and recording with the band.", "An impressed Jagger and Keith Richards invited Taylor back the following day to continue rehearsing and recording with the band. He overdubbed guitar on \"Country Honk\" and \"Live With Me\" for the album Let It Bleed, and on the single \"Honky Tonk Women\" released in the UK on 4 July 1969. Taylor's onstage debut as a Rolling Stone, at the age of 20, was the free concert in Hyde Park, London on 5 July 1969.", "Taylor's onstage debut as a Rolling Stone, at the age of 20, was the free concert in Hyde Park, London on 5 July 1969. An estimated quarter of a million people attended for a show that turned into a tribute to Brian Jones, who had died two days before the concert. After the 1973 European tour, Richards' drug problems had worsened and begun to compromise the band's ability to function.", "After the 1973 European tour, Richards' drug problems had worsened and begun to compromise the band's ability to function. Between recording sessions, the band members were living in various countries as UK income tax exiles, and during this period Taylor appeared on Herbie Mann's London Underground (1974) and also on Mann's album Reggae (1974).", "Between recording sessions, the band members were living in various countries as UK income tax exiles, and during this period Taylor appeared on Herbie Mann's London Underground (1974) and also on Mann's album Reggae (1974). 1973–2013: It's Only Rock 'n Roll In November 1973, Taylor underwent surgery for acute sinusitis and missed some of the sessions when the band began working on the LP It's Only Rock 'n Roll at Musicland Studios in Munich.", "1973–2013: It's Only Rock 'n Roll In November 1973, Taylor underwent surgery for acute sinusitis and missed some of the sessions when the band began working on the LP It's Only Rock 'n Roll at Musicland Studios in Munich. Not much was achieved during the first ten days at Musicland, but most of the actual recordings were made there in January 1974, and in April at Stargroves, Jagger's estate in Hampshire. When Taylor resumed work with the band, he found it difficult to get along with Richards.", "When Taylor resumed work with the band, he found it difficult to get along with Richards. Not long after those recording sessions, Taylor went on a six-week expedition to Brazil, to travel down the Amazon River in a boat and explore Latin music. Just before the release of the album in October 1974, Taylor told Nick Kent from the NME about the new LP and that he had co-written \"Till the Next Goodbye\" and \"Time Waits for No One\" with Jagger.", "Just before the release of the album in October 1974, Taylor told Nick Kent from the NME about the new LP and that he had co-written \"Till the Next Goodbye\" and \"Time Waits for No One\" with Jagger. Kent told Taylor he had seen the finished artwork for the sleeve, which revealed the absence of any songwriting credits for Taylor. Taylor appears in the promotional video for \"Ain't Too Proud to Beg\". In December 1974, Taylor announced he was leaving the Rolling Stones.", "In December 1974, Taylor announced he was leaving the Rolling Stones. The bandmates were at a party in London when Taylor told Jagger he was quitting and walked out. Taylor's decision came as a shock to many. The Rolling Stones were due to start recording a new album in Munich, and the entire band was reportedly angry at Taylor for leaving at such short notice.", "The Rolling Stones were due to start recording a new album in Munich, and the entire band was reportedly angry at Taylor for leaving at such short notice. When interviewed by Jann Wenner of Rolling Stone in 1995, Wenner wrote that Jagger had stated that Taylor never explained why he had left, and surmised that \"[Taylor] wanted to have a solo career. I think he found it difficult to get on with Keith.\"", "I think he found it difficult to get on with Keith.\" In the same Wenner interview, Jagger had reportedly said of Taylor's contribution to the band: \"I think he had a big contribution. He made it very musical. He was a very fluent, melodic player, which we never had, and we don't have now. Neither Keith nor Ronnie Wood (who replaced Taylor) plays that kind of style.", "Neither Keith nor Ronnie Wood (who replaced Taylor) plays that kind of style. It was very good for me working with him .... Mick Taylor would play very fluid lines against my vocals. He was exciting, and he was very pretty, and it gave me something to follow, to bang off. Some people think that's the best version of the band that existed\".", "Some people think that's the best version of the band that existed\". Asked if he agreed with that assessment, Jagger said: \"I obviously can't say if I think Mick Taylor was the best, because it sort of trashes the period the band is in now.\" Charlie Watts stated: \"I think we chose the right man for the job at that time just as Ronnie was the right man for the job later on. I still think Mick is great.", "I still think Mick is great. I still think Mick is great. I haven't heard or seen him play in a few years. But certainly what came out of playing with him are musically some of the best things we've ever done\". In an October 2002 Guitar World interview, Richards reflected on his relationship with Taylor: \"Mick Taylor and I worked really well together ... He had some lovely energy. Sweetly sophisticated playing, way beyond his years. Lovely sense of melody.", "Sweetly sophisticated playing, way beyond his years. Lovely sense of melody. Lovely sense of melody. I never understood why he left the Stones. Nor does he, I think ... I had no desire to see him go.\" Taylor later admitted in the 2012 documentary Crossfire Hurricane that he left because he wanted to protect his family from the drug culture surrounding the band.", "Taylor later admitted in the 2012 documentary Crossfire Hurricane that he left because he wanted to protect his family from the drug culture surrounding the band. He further stated that in order to stay alive and fight his own demons (Taylor had turned into a drug addict himself by 1973), he needed to escape the realm of the Stones. In an essay about the Rolling Stones published after Taylor's resignation, New York Times music critic Robert Palmer wrote that \"Taylor is the most accomplished technician who ever served as a Stone.", "In an essay about the Rolling Stones published after Taylor's resignation, New York Times music critic Robert Palmer wrote that \"Taylor is the most accomplished technician who ever served as a Stone. A blues guitarist with a jazzman's flair for melodic invention, Taylor was never a rock and roller and never a showman.\" Taylor has worked with his former bandmates on various occasions since leaving the Rolling Stones.", "Taylor has worked with his former bandmates on various occasions since leaving the Rolling Stones. In 1977 he attended London-based sessions for the John Phillips album Pay Pack & Follow, appearing on several tracks alongside Jagger (vocals), Richards (guitar) and Wood (bass). On 14 December 1981 he performed with the band at their concert at the Kemper Arena in Kansas City, Missouri.", "On 14 December 1981 he performed with the band at their concert at the Kemper Arena in Kansas City, Missouri. Keith Richards appeared on stage at a Mick Taylor show at the Lone Star Cafe in New York on 28 December 1986, jamming on \"Key to the Highway\" and \"Can't You Hear Me Knocking\"; and Taylor is featured on one track (\"I Could Have Stood You Up\") on Richards' 1988 album Talk is Cheap.", "Keith Richards appeared on stage at a Mick Taylor show at the Lone Star Cafe in New York on 28 December 1986, jamming on \"Key to the Highway\" and \"Can't You Hear Me Knocking\"; and Taylor is featured on one track (\"I Could Have Stood You Up\") on Richards' 1988 album Talk is Cheap. The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame inducted Taylor along with the Rolling Stones in 1989. Taylor also worked with Bill Wyman's Rhythm Kings in the early 1990s.", "Taylor also worked with Bill Wyman's Rhythm Kings in the early 1990s. In addition to his contributions to Rolling Stones albums released during his tenure with the band, Taylor's guitar is also on two tracks on their 1981 release Tattoo You: \"Tops\" and \"Waiting on a Friend\", which were recorded in 1972. (Taylor is sometimes mistakenly credited as playing on \"Worried About You\", but the solo on that track is performed by Wayne Perkins.)", "(Taylor is sometimes mistakenly credited as playing on \"Worried About You\", but the solo on that track is performed by Wayne Perkins.) Taylor's onstage presence with the Rolling Stones is preserved on the album Get Yer Ya-Ya's Out!, recorded over four concerts at Madison Square Garden in New York and the Baltimore Civic Center in November 1969, and on the album Brussels Affair (Live 1973), compiled from two shows recorded in Brussels on 17 October 1973 in the Forest National Arena, during their European Tour.", "Taylor's onstage presence with the Rolling Stones is preserved on the album Get Yer Ya-Ya's Out!, recorded over four concerts at Madison Square Garden in New York and the Baltimore Civic Center in November 1969, and on the album Brussels Affair (Live 1973), compiled from two shows recorded in Brussels on 17 October 1973 in the Forest National Arena, during their European Tour. Taylor's live performances also feature in the documentary films Stones in the Park (released on DVD in 2001), Gimme Shelter (released in 1970) and Cocksucker Blues (unreleased); and in the concert film Ladies and Gentlemen: The Rolling Stones (shown in cinemas in 1974, and released on DVD and Blu-ray in 2010); these performances were also released on an album with the same title.", "Taylor's live performances also feature in the documentary films Stones in the Park (released on DVD in 2001), Gimme Shelter (released in 1970) and Cocksucker Blues (unreleased); and in the concert film Ladies and Gentlemen: The Rolling Stones (shown in cinemas in 1974, and released on DVD and Blu-ray in 2010); these performances were also released on an album with the same title. Bootleg recordings from the Rolling Stones' tours from 1969 through 1973 also document Taylor's concert performances with the Rolling Stones.", "Bootleg recordings from the Rolling Stones' tours from 1969 through 1973 also document Taylor's concert performances with the Rolling Stones. For the 2010 re-release of Exile on Main St. Taylor worked with Mick Jagger at a London studio (November 2009) to record new guitar and vocal parts for the previously unreleased song, \"Plundered My Soul\". The track was selected by the Rolling Stones for release as a limited edition single on Record Store Day.", "The track was selected by the Rolling Stones for release as a limited edition single on Record Store Day. On 24 October 2012, the Rolling Stones announced, via their latest Rolling Stone magazine interview, that Bill Wyman and Mick Taylor were expected to join the Rolling Stones on stage at the upcoming November shows in London. Richards went on to say that the pair would strictly be guests. At the two London shows on 25 and 29 November, Taylor played on \"Midnight Rambler\".", "At the two London shows on 25 and 29 November, Taylor played on \"Midnight Rambler\". During an interview on the Late Night with Jimmy Fallon show (broadcast on 8 April 2013), Keith Richards stated that Taylor would be performing with the Stones for their upcoming 2013 tour dates.", "During an interview on the Late Night with Jimmy Fallon show (broadcast on 8 April 2013), Keith Richards stated that Taylor would be performing with the Stones for their upcoming 2013 tour dates. Between 25 November 2012 and 13 July 2013 Taylor joined the Stones' 50 & Counting Tour performing at each of the 30 shows across Europe and North America, including sitting in on four songs at the Staples Center in Los Angeles and several numbers during their headline set at the Glastonbury Festival.", "Between 25 November 2012 and 13 July 2013 Taylor joined the Stones' 50 & Counting Tour performing at each of the 30 shows across Europe and North America, including sitting in on four songs at the Staples Center in Los Angeles and several numbers during their headline set at the Glastonbury Festival. The tour ended with two concerts at Hyde Park, London, which resulted in the album, Hyde Park Live and the concert film Sweet Summer Sun: Live in Hyde Park.", "The tour ended with two concerts at Hyde Park, London, which resulted in the album, Hyde Park Live and the concert film Sweet Summer Sun: Live in Hyde Park. He once again accompanied the Stones between 21 February and 22 November 2014 for the 29 dates of the 14 On Fire concerts across Asia, Europe and Australia/New Zealand. 1975–1981: Post-Stones Taylor worked on various side projects during his tenure with the Rolling Stones.", "1975–1981: Post-Stones Taylor worked on various side projects during his tenure with the Rolling Stones. In June 1973, he joined Mike Oldfield onstage at the Queen Elizabeth Hall in a performance of Oldfield's Tubular Bells. Taylor was asked to take part in this project by Richard Branson as he felt Oldfield was unknown, having just been signed to Branson's fledgling label, Virgin Records. Taylor joined Oldfield once more for a BBC television broadcast in November 1973.", "Taylor joined Oldfield once more for a BBC television broadcast in November 1973. After his resignation from the Rolling Stones, Jack Bruce invited him to form a new band with keyboardist Carla Bley and drummer Bruce Gary. In 1975, the band began rehearsals in London with tour dates scheduled for later that year. The group toured Europe, with a sound leaning more toward jazz, including a performance at the Dutch Pinkpop festival, but disbanded the following year.", "The group toured Europe, with a sound leaning more toward jazz, including a performance at the Dutch Pinkpop festival, but disbanded the following year. A performance recorded on 1 June 1975 (which was finally released on CD in 2003 as \"Live at the Manchester Free Trade Hall\" by The Jack Bruce Band) and another performance from the Old Grey Whistle Test seem to be the only material available from this brief collaboration.", "A performance recorded on 1 June 1975 (which was finally released on CD in 2003 as \"Live at the Manchester Free Trade Hall\" by The Jack Bruce Band) and another performance from the Old Grey Whistle Test seem to be the only material available from this brief collaboration. Taylor appeared as a special guest of Little Feat at the Rainbow Theatre in London, 1977, sharing slide guitar with then-frontman Lowell George on \"A Apolitical Blues\": this song appears on Little Feat's critically acclaimed live album Waiting for Columbus.", "Taylor appeared as a special guest of Little Feat at the Rainbow Theatre in London, 1977, sharing slide guitar with then-frontman Lowell George on \"A Apolitical Blues\": this song appears on Little Feat's critically acclaimed live album Waiting for Columbus. In the summer of 1977, he collaborated with Pierre Moerlen's Gong for the album Expresso II, released in 1978. Taylor began writing new songs and recruiting musicians for a solo album and worked on projects with Miller Anderson, Alan Merrill and others.", "Taylor began writing new songs and recruiting musicians for a solo album and worked on projects with Miller Anderson, Alan Merrill and others. He was present at many of the recording sessions for John Phillips' prospective second solo album. The recordings for Phillips' LP took place in London over a prolonged period between 1973 and 1977. This led to Taylor working with Keith Richards and Mick Jagger who were also involved with the album.", "This led to Taylor working with Keith Richards and Mick Jagger who were also involved with the album. The LP was to be released on the Stones' own label Rolling Stones Records (distributed by Atlantic Records). Ahmet Ertegun decided to pull the plug on the project after hearing alarming reports of excessive drug use by Phillips and Richards, but bootleg recordings of the sessions circulated among fans under the titles \"Half Stoned\" and \"Phillips '77\".", "Ahmet Ertegun decided to pull the plug on the project after hearing alarming reports of excessive drug use by Phillips and Richards, but bootleg recordings of the sessions circulated among fans under the titles \"Half Stoned\" and \"Phillips '77\". Eventually Eagle Rock Records made funds available to restore the original, rescued tapes and the album finally saw an official release in 2002 as Pay Pack & Follow. In 1977, Taylor signed a solo recording deal with Columbia Records.", "In 1977, Taylor signed a solo recording deal with Columbia Records. By April 1978 he had given several interviews to music magazines to promote a new, completed album which mixed rock, jazz and Latin-flavoured blues musical styles. The album, titled Mick Taylor, was finally released by Columbia Records in 1979 and reached No.119 on the Billboard charts in early August, with a stay of five weeks on the Billboard 200.", "The album, titled Mick Taylor, was finally released by Columbia Records in 1979 and reached No.119 on the Billboard charts in early August, with a stay of five weeks on the Billboard 200. CBS advised Taylor to promote the album through American radio stations but was unwilling to back him for any supporting tour. Frustrated with this situation, Taylor took a break from the music industry for about a year.", "Frustrated with this situation, Taylor took a break from the music industry for about a year. In 1981, he toured Europe and the United States with Alvin Lee of Ten Years After, sharing the bill with Black Sabbath. He spent most of 1982 and 1983 on the road with John Mayall, for the \"Reunion Tour\" with John McVie of Fleetwood Mac and Colin Allen. During this tour Bob Dylan showed up backstage at The Roxy in Los Angeles to meet Taylor.", "During this tour Bob Dylan showed up backstage at The Roxy in Los Angeles to meet Taylor. In 1983, Taylor joined Mark Knopfler and played on Dylan's Infidels album. He also appeared on Dylan's live album Real Live, as well as the follow-up studio album Empire Burlesque. In 1984, Dylan asked Mick Taylor to assemble an experienced rock and roll band for a European tour he signed with Bill Graham.", "In 1984, Dylan asked Mick Taylor to assemble an experienced rock and roll band for a European tour he signed with Bill Graham. Ian McLagan was hired to play piano and Hammond organ, Greg Sutton to play bass and Colin Allen, a long-time friend of Taylor, on drums. The tour lasted for four weeks at venues such as Munich's Olympic Stadium Arena and Milan's San Siro Stadium, sharing the bill with Carlos Santana and Joan Baez, who appeared on the same bill for a couple of shows.", "The tour lasted for four weeks at venues such as Munich's Olympic Stadium Arena and Milan's San Siro Stadium, sharing the bill with Carlos Santana and Joan Baez, who appeared on the same bill for a couple of shows. 1988–present Mick Taylor performed the lead guitar solo on the 1988 Joan Jett & the Blackhearts top-10 single, \"I Hate Myself for Loving You\". Taylor guested with the Grateful Dead on 24 September 1988 at the last show of that year's Madison Square Garden run in New York.", "Taylor guested with the Grateful Dead on 24 September 1988 at the last show of that year's Madison Square Garden run in New York. Taylor lived in New York throughout the 1980s. He battled with addiction problems before getting back on track in the second half of the 1980s and moving to Los Angeles in 1990.", "He battled with addiction problems before getting back on track in the second half of the 1980s and moving to Los Angeles in 1990. During this time Taylor did session work and toured in Europe, America and Japan with a band including; either Eric Parker or Bernard Purdie on drums Wilbur Bascomb on bass and Max Middleton (formerly of the Jeff Beck Group), Shane Fontayne, and Blondie Chaplin.", "During this time Taylor did session work and toured in Europe, America and Japan with a band including; either Eric Parker or Bernard Purdie on drums Wilbur Bascomb on bass and Max Middleton (formerly of the Jeff Beck Group), Shane Fontayne, and Blondie Chaplin. In 1990, his CD Stranger in This Town was released by Maze Records, backed up by a mini-tour including the record release party at the Hard Rock Cafe as well as gigs at the Paradise Theater.", "In 1990, his CD Stranger in This Town was released by Maze Records, backed up by a mini-tour including the record release party at the Hard Rock Cafe as well as gigs at the Paradise Theater. He began what was to be a significant series of collaborations with L.A. based Carla Olson with their \"Live at the Roxy\" album Too Hot For Snakes, the centrepiece of which is an extended seven-minute performance of \"Sway\".", "He began what was to be a significant series of collaborations with L.A. based Carla Olson with their \"Live at the Roxy\" album Too Hot For Snakes, the centrepiece of which is an extended seven-minute performance of \"Sway\". Another highlight is the lead track on the album, \"Who Put the Sting (On the Honey Bee)\", by Olson's then-bassist Jesse Sublett. It was followed by Olson's Within An Ace, which featured Taylor on seven songs.", "It was followed by Olson's Within An Ace, which featured Taylor on seven songs. He appeared on three songs from Reap The Whirlwind and then again on Olson's The Ring of Truth, on which he plays lead guitar on nine tracks, including a twelve-minute version of the song \"Winter\". Further work by Olson and Taylor can be heard on the Olson-produced Barry Goldberg album Stoned Again.", "Further work by Olson and Taylor can be heard on the Olson-produced Barry Goldberg album Stoned Again. Taylor went on to appear on Percy Sledge's Blue Night (1994), along with Steve Cropper, Bobby Womack and Greg Leisz. After spending two years as a resident of Miami, during which time he played with a band called 'Tumbling Dice' featuring Bobby Keys, Nicky Hopkins and others, Taylor moved back to England in the mid-1990s. He released a new album in 1998 entitled A Stone's Throw.", "He released a new album in 1998 entitled A Stone's Throw. Playing at clubs and theatres as well as appearing at festivals has kept Taylor connected with an appreciative audience and fan base. In 2003, Taylor reunited with John Mayall for his 70th Birthday Concert in Liverpool along with Eric Clapton. A year later, in autumn 2004, he also joined John Mayall and the Bluesbreakers for a UK theatre tour. He toured the US East Coast with the Experience Hendrix group during October 2007.", "He toured the US East Coast with the Experience Hendrix group during October 2007. The Experience Hendrix group appeared at a series of concerts to honour Jimi Hendrix and his musical legacy. Players included Taylor, Mitch Mitchell, Billy Cox, Buddy Guy, Hubert Sumlin and Robby Krieger. On 1 December 2010, Taylor reunited with Ronnie Wood at a benefit gig arranged by blues guitarist Stephen Dale Petit to save the 100 Club in London.", "On 1 December 2010, Taylor reunited with Ronnie Wood at a benefit gig arranged by blues guitarist Stephen Dale Petit to save the 100 Club in London. Other special guests at the show were Dick Taylor (first bassist in the Rolling Stones) and blues/jazz trombonist Chris Barber. Taylor toured the UK with Petit, appearing as his special guest, featured on a Paul Jones BBC Radio 2 session with him and guested on Petit's 2010 Classic Rock magazine Album of the Year, The Crave.", "Taylor toured the UK with Petit, appearing as his special guest, featured on a Paul Jones BBC Radio 2 session with him and guested on Petit's 2010 Classic Rock magazine Album of the Year, The Crave. Taylor also helped to promote the Boogie for Stu album, recorded by Ben Waters to honour Ian Stewart (original Stones pianist and co-founder of the band), by taking part in a concert to mark the CD's official launch at the Ambassadors Theatre, London on 9 March 2011.", "Taylor also helped to promote the Boogie for Stu album, recorded by Ben Waters to honour Ian Stewart (original Stones pianist and co-founder of the band), by taking part in a concert to mark the CD's official launch at the Ambassadors Theatre, London on 9 March 2011. Proceeds from the event were donated to the British Heart Foundation. Although Jagger and Richards didn't show up, Taylor noticeably enjoyed performing with Watts, Wood and Wyman, among others.", "Although Jagger and Richards didn't show up, Taylor noticeably enjoyed performing with Watts, Wood and Wyman, among others. In 2013, Taylor rejoined the Rolling Stones as a special guest on their 50 & Counting Tour. Guitar history Throughout his career, Taylor has used various guitars, but is mostly associated with the Gibson Les Paul. His first Les Paul was bought when he was still playing with The Gods (from Selmer's, London in '65).", "His first Les Paul was bought when he was still playing with The Gods (from Selmer's, London in '65). He acquired his second Les Paul in 1967, not long after joining The Bluesbreakers: Taylor came to Olympic Studios to buy a Les Paul that Keith Richards wanted to sell. On the '72/'73 tours Taylor used a couple of Sunburst Les Paul guitars without a Bigsby.", "On the '72/'73 tours Taylor used a couple of Sunburst Les Paul guitars without a Bigsby. Other guitars include a Gibson ES-355 for the recording of Sticky Fingers and Exile on Main St., a Gibson SG on the 1969, 1970 and 1971 tours, and occasionally a Fender Stratocaster and a Fender Telecaster.. He started using the Vigier Excalibur in 1997 Personal life Taylor has been married twice and has two daughters. Chloe (born 6 January 1971) is a daughter by his first wife, Rose Millar.", "Chloe (born 6 January 1971) is a daughter by his first wife, Rose Millar. Taylor married Millar in 1975 after leaving the Stones, but the relationship was reportedly \"on the rocks\" before long and resulted in divorce only a few years later. Taylor's daughter, Emma, was born from a short relationship with an American woman who sang backing vocals with Taylor's band on one occasion.", "Taylor's daughter, Emma, was born from a short relationship with an American woman who sang backing vocals with Taylor's band on one occasion. Awards Inducted into the Rock 'n Roll Hall of Fame (with the Rolling Stones, 1989) Taylor's handprints have been on Hollywood's RockWalk since 6 September 1998. Taylor was ranked in 37th place by Rolling Stone magazine in its 2012 list of the 100 greatest guitarists of all time.", "Taylor was ranked in 37th place by Rolling Stone magazine in its 2012 list of the 100 greatest guitarists of all time. Discography With John Mayall's Bluesbreakers Crusade (Decca, 1967/LP; 1987/CD) The Diary of A Band, Volumes 1 & 2 (Decca, 1968/2LP; 2007/2CD) Bare Wires (Decca, 1968/LP; 1988/CD) Blues from Laurel Canyon (Decca, 1968/LP; 1989/CD) Back to the Roots (Polydor, 1971/LP; 2001/2CD) Primal Solos (Decca, 1977/LP; 1990/CD) – selection of live recordings 1965 (with Eric Clapton), and 1968 (with Mick Taylor) Return of the Bluesbreakers (AIM, 1985/LP; 1993/CD) Wake Up Call (Silvertone, 1993/CD) The 1982 Reunion Concert (Repertoire, 1994/CD) – with John Mayall, John McVie, and Colin Allen Silver Tones: The Best of John Mayall & The Bluesbreakers (Silvertone, 1998/CD) Along For The Ride (Eagle, 2001/CD) Rolling With The Blues (Recall, 2005/2CD) – selection of live recordings 1972, 1973, 1980, and 1982 Essentially John Mayall (Eagle, 2007/5-CD box set) With The Rolling Stones Through the Past, Darkly (Decca, 1969) – (compilation) UK/US #2 Taylor plays on \"Honky Tonk Women\" Let It Bleed (Decca, 1969) – UK #1 / US #3 Taylor plays on \"Country Honk\" and \"Live With Me\" Live'r Than You'l Ever Be (?, 1969) – bootleg, certified Gold Album Get Yer Ya-Ya's Out!", "Discography With John Mayall's Bluesbreakers Crusade (Decca, 1967/LP; 1987/CD) The Diary of A Band, Volumes 1 & 2 (Decca, 1968/2LP; 2007/2CD) Bare Wires (Decca, 1968/LP; 1988/CD) Blues from Laurel Canyon (Decca, 1968/LP; 1989/CD) Back to the Roots (Polydor, 1971/LP; 2001/2CD) Primal Solos (Decca, 1977/LP; 1990/CD) – selection of live recordings 1965 (with Eric Clapton), and 1968 (with Mick Taylor) Return of the Bluesbreakers (AIM, 1985/LP; 1993/CD) Wake Up Call (Silvertone, 1993/CD) The 1982 Reunion Concert (Repertoire, 1994/CD) – with John Mayall, John McVie, and Colin Allen Silver Tones: The Best of John Mayall & The Bluesbreakers (Silvertone, 1998/CD) Along For The Ride (Eagle, 2001/CD) Rolling With The Blues (Recall, 2005/2CD) – selection of live recordings 1972, 1973, 1980, and 1982 Essentially John Mayall (Eagle, 2007/5-CD box set) With The Rolling Stones Through the Past, Darkly (Decca, 1969) – (compilation) UK/US #2 Taylor plays on \"Honky Tonk Women\" Let It Bleed (Decca, 1969) – UK #1 / US #3 Taylor plays on \"Country Honk\" and \"Live With Me\" Live'r Than You'l Ever Be (?, 1969) – bootleg, certified Gold Album Get Yer Ya-Ya's Out! (Decca, 1970) – UK #1 / US #6 Sticky Fingers (Rolling Stones Records, 1971) – UK/US #1 Gimme Shelter (Decca, 1971) – (compilation) UK #19 Hot Rocks 1964–1971 (Abkco Records, 1972) – (compilation) UK #3 / US #4 Exile on Main St. (Rolling Stones Records, 1972) – UK/US #1 Rock'n'Rolling Stones (Decca, 1972) – (compilation) UK #41 Goats Head Soup (Rolling Stones Records, 1973) – UK/US #1 It's Only Rock 'n Roll (Rolling Stones Records, 1974) – UK #2 / US #1 Made in the Shade (Rolling Stones Records, 1975) – (compilation) UK #14 / US #6 Metamorphosis (Abkco Records, 1975) – UK #45 / US #8 Taylor plays on \"I Don't Know Why\" and \"Jiving Sister Fanny\".", "(Decca, 1970) – UK #1 / US #6 Sticky Fingers (Rolling Stones Records, 1971) – UK/US #1 Gimme Shelter (Decca, 1971) – (compilation) UK #19 Hot Rocks 1964–1971 (Abkco Records, 1972) – (compilation) UK #3 / US #4 Exile on Main St. (Rolling Stones Records, 1972) – UK/US #1 Rock'n'Rolling Stones (Decca, 1972) – (compilation) UK #41 Goats Head Soup (Rolling Stones Records, 1973) – UK/US #1 It's Only Rock 'n Roll (Rolling Stones Records, 1974) – UK #2 / US #1 Made in the Shade (Rolling Stones Records, 1975) – (compilation) UK #14 / US #6 Metamorphosis (Abkco Records, 1975) – UK #45 / US #8 Taylor plays on \"I Don't Know Why\" and \"Jiving Sister Fanny\". Rolled Gold: The Very Best of the Rolling Stones (Decca, 1975) – (compilation) UK #7 Get Stoned (30 Greatest Hits) (ARCADE, 1977) – (compilation) UK #8 Sucking in the Seventies (Rolling Stones Records, 1981) – (compilation)US #15 Tattoo You (Rolling Stones Records, 1981) – UK #2 / US #1 Taylor plays on \"Tops\" and \"Waiting on a Friend\", both tracks recorded in 1972 during the Goats Head Soup sessions.", "Rolled Gold: The Very Best of the Rolling Stones (Decca, 1975) – (compilation) UK #7 Get Stoned (30 Greatest Hits) (ARCADE, 1977) – (compilation) UK #8 Sucking in the Seventies (Rolling Stones Records, 1981) – (compilation)US #15 Tattoo You (Rolling Stones Records, 1981) – UK #2 / US #1 Taylor plays on \"Tops\" and \"Waiting on a Friend\", both tracks recorded in 1972 during the Goats Head Soup sessions. In Concert – Live 1966–70 (LONDON, 1982) – (live compilation) UK #94 Story of The Stones (K-tel, 1982) – (compilation) UK #24 Rewind (Rolling Stones Records, 1984) – (compilation) UK #23 / US #86 Singles Collection: The London Years.", "In Concert – Live 1966–70 (LONDON, 1982) – (live compilation) UK #94 Story of The Stones (K-tel, 1982) – (compilation) UK #24 Rewind (Rolling Stones Records, 1984) – (compilation) UK #23 / US #86 Singles Collection: The London Years. (Abkco Records, 1989) – US #91 Jump Back: The Best of The Rolling Stones (Rolling Stones Records, 1993) – UK #16 / US #30 Forty Licks (Rolling Stones Records, 2002) – (compilation) UK/US #2 Rarities 1971–2003 (Rolling Stones Records, 2005) – US #76 Taylor plays on \"Let It Rock\" (live 1971) and the 1974 b-side \"Through The Lonely Nights\".", "(Abkco Records, 1989) – US #91 Jump Back: The Best of The Rolling Stones (Rolling Stones Records, 1993) – UK #16 / US #30 Forty Licks (Rolling Stones Records, 2002) – (compilation) UK/US #2 Rarities 1971–2003 (Rolling Stones Records, 2005) – US #76 Taylor plays on \"Let It Rock\" (live 1971) and the 1974 b-side \"Through The Lonely Nights\". Exile On Main St. (Rarities Edition) (Universal Records, 2010) – US #27 Taylor plays on \"Pass The Wine (Sophia Loren)\", \"Plundered My Soul\", \"I'm Not Signifying\", \"Loving Cup (Alternate Take)\", \"Soul Survivor (Alternate Take)\" and \"Good Time Women\".", "Exile On Main St. (Rarities Edition) (Universal Records, 2010) – US #27 Taylor plays on \"Pass The Wine (Sophia Loren)\", \"Plundered My Soul\", \"I'm Not Signifying\", \"Loving Cup (Alternate Take)\", \"Soul Survivor (Alternate Take)\" and \"Good Time Women\". Brussels Affair (Rolling Stones Records, 2011) – 1973 live performance GRRR!", "Brussels Affair (Rolling Stones Records, 2011) – 1973 live performance GRRR! (Rolling Stones Records, 2012) – (compilation) UK #3 / US #19 Hyde Park Live (Rolling Stones Records, 2013) – (2013 live performance) UK #16 / US #19 Taylor plays guitar on \"Midnight Rambler\", acoustic guitar and backing vocals on \"(I Can't Get No) Satisfaction\" Tattoo You (Lost & Found - Rarities) (Universal Records, 2021) Taylor plays on “Living In The Heart Of Love”, \"Come to the Ball\" and \"Fast Talking Slow Walking\".", "(Rolling Stones Records, 2012) – (compilation) UK #3 / US #19 Hyde Park Live (Rolling Stones Records, 2013) – (2013 live performance) UK #16 / US #19 Taylor plays guitar on \"Midnight Rambler\", acoustic guitar and backing vocals on \"(I Can't Get No) Satisfaction\" Tattoo You (Lost & Found - Rarities) (Universal Records, 2021) Taylor plays on “Living In The Heart Of Love”, \"Come to the Ball\" and \"Fast Talking Slow Walking\". Non-Rolling Stones work with Rolling Stones members: Pay Pack & Follow (Eagle Rock Records, 2001) – John Phillips solo album from 1973–1979 recording sessions in London aka \"Half Stoned\" sessions produced by Mick Jagger and Keith Richards I've Got My Own Album to Do (Warner, 1974) – Ronnie Wood solo album Now Look (Warner, July 1975) – Ronnie Wood solo album.", "Non-Rolling Stones work with Rolling Stones members: Pay Pack & Follow (Eagle Rock Records, 2001) – John Phillips solo album from 1973–1979 recording sessions in London aka \"Half Stoned\" sessions produced by Mick Jagger and Keith Richards I've Got My Own Album to Do (Warner, 1974) – Ronnie Wood solo album Now Look (Warner, July 1975) – Ronnie Wood solo album. US #118 Gimme Some Neck (Columbia, 1979) – Ronnie Wood solo album.", "US #118 Gimme Some Neck (Columbia, 1979) – Ronnie Wood solo album. US #45 Talk Is Cheap (BMG, 1988) – Keith Richards solo album. UK #37 / US #24 With Jack Bruce Live on the Old Grey Whistle Test (Strange Fruit, 1995) – Tracks from several Old Grey Whistle Test shows recorded between '75 and '81. Seven of the songs feature Taylor on guitar. Live at the Manchester Free Trade Hall (Polydor, 2003) – 2 CDs.", "Live at the Manchester Free Trade Hall (Polydor, 2003) – 2 CDs. With Bob Dylan Infidels (Columbia, 1983) – UK # 9 / US #20 Real Live (In Europe, 1984) (Columbia, 1984) – UK #54 / US #115 Empire Burlesque (Columbia, 1985) – UK #11 / US #33 The Bootleg Series Volumes 1–3 (Rare & Unreleased) 1961–1991 (Columbia, 1991) – UK #32 / US #49 The Bootleg Series Vol.", "With Bob Dylan Infidels (Columbia, 1983) – UK # 9 / US #20 Real Live (In Europe, 1984) (Columbia, 1984) – UK #54 / US #115 Empire Burlesque (Columbia, 1985) – UK #11 / US #33 The Bootleg Series Volumes 1–3 (Rare & Unreleased) 1961–1991 (Columbia, 1991) – UK #32 / US #49 The Bootleg Series Vol. 16: Springtime in New York 1980–1985 (Columbia, 2021).", "16: Springtime in New York 1980–1985 (Columbia, 2021). Featured on Discs 3-5 of the Deluxe Edition. With Carla Olson Too Hot For Snakes (?, 1991) – Live at the Roxy; includes two Mick Taylor compositions: \"Broken Hands\" and \"Hartley Quits\".", "With Carla Olson Too Hot For Snakes (?, 1991) – Live at the Roxy; includes two Mick Taylor compositions: \"Broken Hands\" and \"Hartley Quits\". Too Hot For Snakes Plus (Collectors' Choice, 2008) – 2-CD set of the Roxy album plus \"You Gotta Move\", and a second disc of 13 studio tracks from 1993–2004, including a previously unreleased versions of \"Winter\" and \"Think I'm Goin' Mad\" from the Olson-produced Barry Goldberg album Stoned Again.", "Too Hot For Snakes Plus (Collectors' Choice, 2008) – 2-CD set of the Roxy album plus \"You Gotta Move\", and a second disc of 13 studio tracks from 1993–2004, including a previously unreleased versions of \"Winter\" and \"Think I'm Goin' Mad\" from the Olson-produced Barry Goldberg album Stoned Again. Within An Ace (?, 1993) – Taylor performs on 7 of the 10 songs. Reap The Whirlwind (?, 1994) – Taylor is featured on 3 tracks.", "Reap The Whirlwind (?, 1994) – Taylor is featured on 3 tracks. The Ring Of Truth (2001) – Taylor plays on 9 of the 12 tracks. Note: Too Hot For Snakes and The Ring of Truth were released by Fuel/Universal autumn of 2012 as a 2-CD set with 3 bonus tracks including 2 previously unreleased songs from the Roxy Theatre. “Sway: The Best Of Carla Olson & Mick Taylor” ~ a vinyl-only compilation, December 2020 on Sunset Blvd Records.", "“Sway: The Best Of Carla Olson & Mick Taylor” ~ a vinyl-only compilation, December 2020 on Sunset Blvd Records. Solo discography Studio albums Mick Taylor (1979) US #119 (5 weeks in top 200) A Stone's Throw (1998) Live albums Stranger in This Town (1990) (produced by Mick Taylor and Phil Colella) Arthur's Club-Geneve 1995 (Mick Taylor & Snowy White) (Promo CD/TV Especial) Coastin' Home [AKA Live at the 14 Below] (1995) re-issued 2002 14 Below (2003) Little Red Rooster (2007) recorded live in Hungary during 2001 with the Mick Taylor Band Other session work Blues Masters vol.", "Solo discography Studio albums Mick Taylor (1979) US #119 (5 weeks in top 200) A Stone's Throw (1998) Live albums Stranger in This Town (1990) (produced by Mick Taylor and Phil Colella) Arthur's Club-Geneve 1995 (Mick Taylor & Snowy White) (Promo CD/TV Especial) Coastin' Home [AKA Live at the 14 Below] (1995) re-issued 2002 14 Below (2003) Little Red Rooster (2007) recorded live in Hungary during 2001 with the Mick Taylor Band Other session work Blues Masters vol. 10 (Champion Jack Dupree) (Blue Horizon, 1969) Recorded just weeks before he joined the Stones, according to producer Mike Vernon's liner notes.", "10 (Champion Jack Dupree) (Blue Horizon, 1969) Recorded just weeks before he joined the Stones, according to producer Mike Vernon's liner notes. Up Your Alley (Joan Jett & the Blackhearts) on \"I Hate Myself for Loving You\" Tubular Bells Premiere (Mike Oldfield) (June '73) Queen Elizabeth Hall Tubular Bells (Mike Oldfield) Telecast Tubular Bells Part One and Tubular Bells Part Two. Recorded at BBC Broadcasting House November 1973 and aired in early '74 and June '74.", "Recorded at BBC Broadcasting House November 1973 and aired in early '74 and June '74. Available on Oldfield's Elements DVD. The Tin Man Was A Dreamer (Nicky Hopkins) (1973) London Underground (Herbie Mann) (Atlantic, 1973) Reggae (Herbie Mann) (Atlantic, 1973) Live European Tour (Billy Preston) (A&M Records, 1974). Recorded with the Rolling Stones Mobile Studio during their '73 tour. Preston opened up for the band with Mick Taylor on guitar.", "Preston opened up for the band with Mick Taylor on guitar. (Released on CD by A&M Japan, 2002.)", "(Released on CD by A&M Japan, 2002.) Have Blues Will Travel (Speedo Jones) (Integrity Records, 1988) Reggae II (Herbie Mann) (Atlantic, 1973 [1976]) Just A Story From America (Elliott Murphy) (Columbia 1977) Waiting for Columbus (Little Feat) (1978) double CD released 2002 Expresso II (Gong) (1978) Downwind (Pierre Moerlen's Gong) (1979) lead guitar on \"What You Know\" Alan Merrill (Alan Merrill)'s solo album (Polydor, 1985) recorded in London 1977 Vinyl (Dramarama) (1991) John McVie's \"Gotta Band\" with Lola Thomas (1992)Burnin' Blues (Coupe De Villes) (1992)Piedra rodante (Tonky Blues Band) (1992)Once In A Blue Moon (Gerry Groom) (1993)Cartwheels (Anthony Thistlethwaite) (1993)Hecho en Memphis (Ratones Paranoicos) (Sony Music) (1993)Let's Get Stoned (The Chesterfield Kings) (Mirror Records,1994)Crawfish and Caviar (Anthony Thistlethwaite)Blue Night (Percy Sledge) (Virgin Records, 1994) Black Angel (Savage Rose) (1995) guitar on \"Black Angel\" and \"Early Morning Blues\"Навигатор (Аквариум, 1995) guitar on two tracks (\"Не Коси\", \"Таможенный блюз\")Taylormade (Black Cat Bone, 1997), Music Maniac Records.Mick & I (2001) Miyuki & Mick TaylorNew York Times (Adam Bomb) (2001) (Taylor plays slide guitar on \"MacDougal Street\" & lead guitar on \"Heaven come to me\") produced by Jack DouglasFrom Clarksdale To Heaven [various artists] (BlueStorm, 2002) – John Lee Hooker tribute albumStoned Again (Barry Goldberg) (Antone's Records, 2002)Meaning of Life (Todd Sharpville) (Cathouse/Universal, 2003)Key To Love (Debbie Davies) (Shanachie Records, 2003)Shadow Man (re-release of an album from 1996) (2003) – originally released by Alpha Music in Japan in 1996, this \"Mick Taylor featuring Sasha\" album should have read \"Sasha featuring Mick Taylor\", but the company felt it would sell better under a household name.", "Have Blues Will Travel (Speedo Jones) (Integrity Records, 1988) Reggae II (Herbie Mann) (Atlantic, 1973 [1976]) Just A Story From America (Elliott Murphy) (Columbia 1977) Waiting for Columbus (Little Feat) (1978) double CD released 2002 Expresso II (Gong) (1978) Downwind (Pierre Moerlen's Gong) (1979) lead guitar on \"What You Know\" Alan Merrill (Alan Merrill)'s solo album (Polydor, 1985) recorded in London 1977 Vinyl (Dramarama) (1991) John McVie's \"Gotta Band\" with Lola Thomas (1992)Burnin' Blues (Coupe De Villes) (1992)Piedra rodante (Tonky Blues Band) (1992)Once In A Blue Moon (Gerry Groom) (1993)Cartwheels (Anthony Thistlethwaite) (1993)Hecho en Memphis (Ratones Paranoicos) (Sony Music) (1993)Let's Get Stoned (The Chesterfield Kings) (Mirror Records,1994)Crawfish and Caviar (Anthony Thistlethwaite)Blue Night (Percy Sledge) (Virgin Records, 1994) Black Angel (Savage Rose) (1995) guitar on \"Black Angel\" and \"Early Morning Blues\"Навигатор (Аквариум, 1995) guitar on two tracks (\"Не Коси\", \"Таможенный блюз\")Taylormade (Black Cat Bone, 1997), Music Maniac Records.Mick & I (2001) Miyuki & Mick TaylorNew York Times (Adam Bomb) (2001) (Taylor plays slide guitar on \"MacDougal Street\" & lead guitar on \"Heaven come to me\") produced by Jack DouglasFrom Clarksdale To Heaven [various artists] (BlueStorm, 2002) – John Lee Hooker tribute albumStoned Again (Barry Goldberg) (Antone's Records, 2002)Meaning of Life (Todd Sharpville) (Cathouse/Universal, 2003)Key To Love (Debbie Davies) (Shanachie Records, 2003)Shadow Man (re-release of an album from 1996) (2003) – originally released by Alpha Music in Japan in 1996, this \"Mick Taylor featuring Sasha\" album should have read \"Sasha featuring Mick Taylor\", but the company felt it would sell better under a household name. It features Mick Taylor on guitar, but is basically a Sasha Gracanin album.Treasure Island (Nikki Sudden) (Secretly Canadian, 2004)Unterwegs (Crazy Chris Kramer) (2009)Chicago Blues (Crazy Chris Kramer) (2010) Music DVDsBlues Alive video (RCA/Columbia Pictures 1983), recorded at Capitol Theatre, NJ 1982Jamming with the Blues Greats – DVD release from the 1983 video, featuring John Mayall's Bluesbreakers (Mick Taylor, Colin Allen, John McVie) and special guests Albert King, Etta James, Buddy Guy, Junior Wells and Sippie Wallace (Lightyear/Image Entertainment 2005)The Stones in the Park concert video (Granada Television, 1969) released on DVD (VCI, 2001)Gimme Shelter (Maysles Films, 1970) music documentary film by Albert and David Maysles, shot at the Rolling Stones concerts at Madison Square Garden, NY on 27/28 November and Altamont, CA on 6 Dec December 1969. restored and released on DVD (Criterion, 2000)John Mayall, the Godfather of British Blues documentary about John Mayall's life and career (Eagle Rock, 2004.", "It features Mick Taylor on guitar, but is basically a Sasha Gracanin album.Treasure Island (Nikki Sudden) (Secretly Canadian, 2004)Unterwegs (Crazy Chris Kramer) (2009)Chicago Blues (Crazy Chris Kramer) (2010) Music DVDsBlues Alive video (RCA/Columbia Pictures 1983), recorded at Capitol Theatre, NJ 1982Jamming with the Blues Greats – DVD release from the 1983 video, featuring John Mayall's Bluesbreakers (Mick Taylor, Colin Allen, John McVie) and special guests Albert King, Etta James, Buddy Guy, Junior Wells and Sippie Wallace (Lightyear/Image Entertainment 2005)The Stones in the Park concert video (Granada Television, 1969) released on DVD (VCI, 2001)Gimme Shelter (Maysles Films, 1970) music documentary film by Albert and David Maysles, shot at the Rolling Stones concerts at Madison Square Garden, NY on 27/28 November and Altamont, CA on 6 Dec December 1969. restored and released on DVD (Criterion, 2000)John Mayall, the Godfather of British Blues documentary about John Mayall's life and career (Eagle Rock, 2004. Region 1: 2005)70th Birthday Concert (Eagle Rock, 2004.", "Region 1: 2005)70th Birthday Concert (Eagle Rock, 2004. Region 1: 2005). Bluesbreakers Charity Concert (Unite for UNICEF) filmed in Liverpool, July 2003. John Mayall & the Bluesbreakers with special guests Chris Barber, Eric Clapton and Mick Taylor.Stones in Exile 2010Ladies & Gentlemen The Rolling Stones 2010 Music DVDs – UnofficialCocksucker BluesFilmographyThe Man Who Fell to Earth (1976) directed by Nicolas Roeg and starring David Bowie as Thomas Jerome Newton.", "John Mayall & the Bluesbreakers with special guests Chris Barber, Eric Clapton and Mick Taylor.Stones in Exile 2010Ladies & Gentlemen The Rolling Stones 2010 Music DVDs – UnofficialCocksucker BluesFilmographyThe Man Who Fell to Earth (1976) directed by Nicolas Roeg and starring David Bowie as Thomas Jerome Newton. Taylor played guitar on various songs, including \"Hello Mary Lou\" after developing ideas for the soundtrack with John Phillips.The Last of the Finest (1990) directed by John Mackenzie.", "Taylor played guitar on various songs, including \"Hello Mary Lou\" after developing ideas for the soundtrack with John Phillips.The Last of the Finest (1990) directed by John Mackenzie. Taylor assisted composer Jack Nitzsche with the moviescore.Bad City Blues'' (1999) directed by Michael Stevens, based on the book by Tim Willocks. Music composers: Mick Taylor and Max Middleton References External links Mick Taylor official Facebook page Interview with Gary James from classicbands.com Interview with JAZZed Magazine. Oct 2007 Rolling Stone Magazine article about Exile on Main Street.", "Oct 2007 Rolling Stone Magazine article about Exile on Main Street. 1949 births Living people English blues guitarists English male guitarists English rock guitarists Lead guitarists John Mayall & the Bluesbreakers members The Rolling Stones members Columbia Records artists People from Welwyn Garden City Slide guitarists English film score composers English male film score composers Decca Records artists Fingerstyle guitarists British rhythm and blues boom musicians Musicians from Hertfordshire English blues singers Bill Wyman's Rhythm Kings members The Gods (band) members" ]

[ "Mick Taylor", "1949-69: Early life", "When did he begin playing music?", "He began playing guitar at age nine,", "Did he learn quickly?", "As a teenager, he formed bands with schoolmates and started performing concerts under names such as The Juniors and the Strangers.", "Did any of his bands record any singles or albums?", "They also appeared on television and put out a single.", "Where was he born?", "Taylor was born to a working-class family in Welwyn Garden City, but", "Did he grow up in Welwyn Garden City?", "was raised in Hatfield, Hertfordshire, England, where his father worked as a fitter (machinist) for", "Did his father support Taylor's musical ambition?", "He began playing guitar at age nine, learning to play from his mother's younger brother.", "Was his uncle a well known musician?", "I don't know.", "Did he have any siblings?", "I don't know.", "Are there any other interesting aspects about this article?", "It was after John Mayall had finished his first set without a guitarist that it became clear that for some reason Eric Clapton was not going to show up." ]

[ "\"Circus Left Town\", also known as \"Circus\" is a ballad written by the British recording artist Eric Clapton. The rock musician wrote the song about the last night he spent with his then four-year-old son Conor. Although Clapton played and recorded the song for his 1992 million seller live album Unplugged, he decided to release the title six years later as a re-recording for both his 1998 effort Pilgrim and as a single release. However, Clapton played the song live for his 1992 Eric Clapton World Tour, before it came out on any recording formats.\n\nWriting\nClapton wrote the song in the summer of 1991. When it came time for Clapton to write the lyrics, the British rock musician wanted to put the last experience he had with his young son in the song. In a BBC interview from 1998 Clapton remembered: \"The last night I spent with Conor, we went to the circus. We went to see one of those huge things that they do in America where they have three rings going on at the same time. You've got clowns and tigers and everything. They don't do anything in half measures. They just pile it all in. Plus, they're trying to sell you things at the same time. I mean it was an amazing thing. After the show, we were driving back to New York City and all he could remember, all he could talk about was this clown. He'd seen a clown with a knife, which I didn't see at all. Some clown was running around brandishing a knife, which was something quite frightening but he liked it – I mean it excited him. And so that is in the lyrics. But, and I suppose what I was doing, I was remembering, I mean paying tribute to this night with him and also seeing him as being the circus of my life. You know – that particular part of my life has now left town\".\n\nComposition\n\n\"Circus Left Town\" is written in a pop and rock music vein. It features styles of adult contemporary, adult rock and contemporary pop rock music. Although the whole song is based around an A-major-7-harmony and chords structure, Clapton uses a lot of minor chords to give the song the sad atmosphere and emotion the British composer went through when hearing about his son's death. For the recording, Clapton used a nylon string acoustic guitar he played with the Clawhammer technique, which he prefers to play on acoustic guitar. The song's lyrics consist of three different parts. \"Circus\" starts out with a four-part verse, followed by the chorus. Afterwards, the second verse is sung by Clapton, leading with a double time repeat of the chorus to the end of the song. In the title, Clapton sings about his son's happy character and the fact, that this evening at the circus, will be his son's last. In the second verse, Clapton describes the happy and joyful heart his son has been given and tells his son Conor, what he would do with him, if he would be still alive. The chorus features the pain Clapton felt and Conor's friends, who would all gather one last time, since the circus left the town, New York City. In the song, Clapton expresses what a deep and personal connection the songwriter felt with his son as he uses declamatory descriptions like \"eyes on fire\".\n\nRelease\nThe song was originally set out to be released with the Unplugged live album in 1992, but was dropped from the album track listing. However, \"Circus\" and \"My Father's Eyes\" – another song left out by Clapton for the 1992 release, were re-recorded and released in 1998 on the studio album Pilgrim. In addition the album release, Clapton had the song released as a single in June 1998 for Reprise Records in Europe and the United States. There were several types of singles released, including a promotional single, a maxi compact disc single as well as a limited edition maxi single, released on compact disc format. All of these single releases features different B-, C- and D-sides to them. However, Clapton played the song along with his mega hit single \"Tears in Heaven\" for his 1992 World Tour during a small acoustic set. Before the reworked version of \"Circus Left Town\" was officially released in 1998, many Clapton fans recorded the original version and published the song as bootleg recordings in 1992. \"Circus\" was resurrected for the 6-night shows at the Nippon Budokan in 2016.\n\nChart performance\nUnlinke many other singles released of the 1998 Pilgrim album, \"Circus\" was not so successful in the music charts. In the United Kingdom, the single peaked at number 39 on both the physical singles sales and combined singles sales chart, compiled by the Official Charts Company in June 1998 and as of 2021, remains his last top 40 hit in that country. In Poland, the single release reached its highest position, reaching number 33 on the Lista Przebojów Programu Trzeciego chart. In the Netherlands, \"Circus\" placed itself on rank 92 on the Single Top 100, compiled by the official Dutch MegaCharts. In Japan, the single effort reached number 99 on the Oricon Top 100 singles chart, selling 2,750 copies while on chart.\n\nCritical reception\nThe German music journalist Sabine Feickert of Rocktimes calls the song \"ambivalent\", noting it forced the listener to apply it automatically to subjective thoughts about what has happened to him or herself. However, Feickert also recalls the great melancholic and languorous melody, which seems to fit the song's motives perfect. AllMusic critic Stephen Thomas Erlewine thinks that Clapton's singing is \"startlingly mannered\" and does not suit this \"emotionally turbulent number\". The reviewers of Ultimate Guitar think, that \"Circus\" is one of the best tracks of the Pilgrim studio release. Journalist David Wild of Rolling Stone magazine calls the title \"ultradelicate\" and notes that Clapton's singing on the track seems to be \"among the most convincing [singing performances] of his career\". Something Else critic Nick DeRiso calls the ballad a \"moving rumination on lost love and lost moments\".\n\nTrack listing\n\nChart positions\n\nWeekly charts\n\nRelease history\n\nReferences\n\n1998 singles\n1991 songs\nRock ballads\nEric Clapton songs\nReprise Records singles\nSongs inspired by deaths\nSongs written by Eric Clapton\nWarner Records singles", "\"Clapton is God\" is a 1960s meme referencing the English guitarist Eric Clapton. The line was popularised after being spray-painted on a wall in London during the mid-1960s, when Clapton was a member of the Yardbirds and John Mayall & the Bluesbreakers.\n\nOverview\nThe earliest known use of the phrase appeared in the form of graffiti spray-painted by an unknown admirer on a wall in Islington, London. Commentators traced the year of origin variously to 1965, early 1966, and 1967. Soon after, the proclamation could be seen scrawled at numerous spots around London, such as on club bathroom walls and construction sites. It also appeared around New York. In 2016, Clapton speculated that the original graffiti was painted by Hamish Grimes, a promoter who worked for the Yardbirds' manager.\n\nClapton was initially humbled by the slogan. Later, he said he had become embarrassed by it, saying in his The South Bank Show profile in 1987, \"I never accepted that I was the greatest guitar player in the world. I always wanted to be the greatest guitar player in the world, but that's an ideal, and I accept it as an ideal.\"\n\nIn popular culture\n Peter Green of Fleetwood Mac was nicknamed the \"Green God\" as a reference to the \"Clapton is God\" graffiti.\n In 1990, the political cartoon strip Doonesbury ran a controversial story arc involving the character Andy Lippincott and his terminal battle with AIDS, which concludes with Lippincott expressing his admiration for the Beach Boys' Pet Sounds. One of the last panels depicts the character's last written words scrawled on a notebook: \"Brian Wilson is God\", a wry reference to \"Clapton is God\".\n In a second season episode of the Fox Broadcasting Company sitcom “That ‘70s Show” titled “Holy Crap!”, youth pastor Dave has Eric Forman and Steven Hyde drawing what they see in their minds when they think of God. Both boys draw pictures of Eric Clapton.\n\nReferences\n\n1960s in British music\nEric Clapton\nSlogans\nMusic fandom\nMusic memes\nCultural depictions of British men\nCultural depictions of rock musicians\n1965 neologisms\nQuotations from music" ]

[ "Michael Kevin Taylor (born 17 January 1949) is an English musician, best known as a former member of John Mayall's Bluesbreakers (1967–69) and the Rolling Stones (1969–74). As a member of the Stones, he appeared on: Let It Bleed (1969), Get Yer Ya-Ya's Out! The Rolling Stones in Concert (1970), Sticky Fingers (1971), Exile on Main St. (1972), Goats Head Soup (1973) and It's Only Rock 'n Roll (1974).", "The Rolling Stones in Concert (1970), Sticky Fingers (1971), Exile on Main St. (1972), Goats Head Soup (1973) and It's Only Rock 'n Roll (1974). Since leaving the Rolling Stones in December 1974, Taylor has worked with numerous other artists and released several solo albums.", "Since leaving the Rolling Stones in December 1974, Taylor has worked with numerous other artists and released several solo albums. From November 2012 onwards he participated in the Stones' 50th-Anniversary shows in London and Newark, and in the band's 50 & Counting tour, which included North America, Glastonbury Festival and Hyde Park in 2013. He was ranked 37th in Rolling Stone magazine's 2011 list of the 100 greatest guitarists of all time. Guns N' Roses guitarist Slash states that Taylor had the biggest influence on him.", "Guns N' Roses guitarist Slash states that Taylor had the biggest influence on him. Biography 1949–1969: Early life Taylor was born to a working-class family in Welwyn Garden City, but was raised in Hatfield, Hertfordshire, England, where his father worked as a fitter for the De Havilland aircraft company. He began playing guitar at age nine, learning to play from his mother's younger brother. As a teenager, he formed bands with schoolmates and started performing concerts under names such as The Juniors and the Strangers.", "As a teenager, he formed bands with schoolmates and started performing concerts under names such as The Juniors and the Strangers. They also appeared on television and put out a single. Part of the band was recruited for a new group called The Gods, which included Ken Hensley (later of Uriah Heep fame). In 1966, The Gods opened for Cream at the Starlite Ballroom in Wembley.", "In 1966, The Gods opened for Cream at the Starlite Ballroom in Wembley. In 1965, at age 16, Taylor went to see a John Mayall's Bluesbreakers performance at \"The Hop\" Woodhall Community Centre, Welwyn Garden City. Taylor himself has said after seeing that Clapton hadn't appeared, but that his guitar had already been set up on the stage, he approached John Mayall during the interval to ask if he could play with them.", "Taylor himself has said after seeing that Clapton hadn't appeared, but that his guitar had already been set up on the stage, he approached John Mayall during the interval to ask if he could play with them. Taylor mentioned that he was familiar with the band's repertoire, and after a moment of deliberation, Mayall agreed. Taylor amended, \"I wasn't thinking that this was a great opportunity ... I just really wanted to get up on stage and play the guitar.\"", "I just really wanted to get up on stage and play the guitar.\" After playing the second set, and garnering Mayall's respect in the process, Taylor left the stage, joined his friends and exited the venue before Mayall had the chance to speak with him. Still, this encounter proved to be pivotal in Taylor's career when Mayall needed someone to fill Peter Green's vacancy the following year, when Green quit to form Fleetwood Mac.", "Still, this encounter proved to be pivotal in Taylor's career when Mayall needed someone to fill Peter Green's vacancy the following year, when Green quit to form Fleetwood Mac. Mayall placed a 'Guitarist Wanted' advert in the weekly Melody Maker music paper, and much to his relief immediately got a response from Taylor, whom he readily invited to join. Taylor made his debut with the Bluesbreakers at the Manor House, an old blues club in north London.", "Taylor made his debut with the Bluesbreakers at the Manor House, an old blues club in north London. For those in the music scene the night was an event ...\"Let's go and see this 17-year-old kid try and replace Eric\". Taylor toured and recorded the album Crusade with John Mayall's Bluesbreakers. From 1966 to 1969, Taylor developed a guitar style that is blues-based with Latin and jazz influences.", "From 1966 to 1969, Taylor developed a guitar style that is blues-based with Latin and jazz influences. He is the guitarist on the Bluesbreaker albums Diary of a Band, Bare Wires, and Blues from Laurel Canyon. Later on in his career, he further developed his skills as a slide guitarist. 1969–1974: The Rolling Stones After Brian Jones and the group parted ways in June 1969, John Mayall and Ian Stewart recommended Taylor to Mick Jagger.", "1969–1974: The Rolling Stones After Brian Jones and the group parted ways in June 1969, John Mayall and Ian Stewart recommended Taylor to Mick Jagger. Taylor believed he was being called in to be a session musician at his first studio session with the Rolling Stones. An impressed Jagger and Keith Richards invited Taylor back the following day to continue rehearsing and recording with the band.", "An impressed Jagger and Keith Richards invited Taylor back the following day to continue rehearsing and recording with the band. He overdubbed guitar on \"Country Honk\" and \"Live With Me\" for the album Let It Bleed, and on the single \"Honky Tonk Women\" released in the UK on 4 July 1969. Taylor's onstage debut as a Rolling Stone, at the age of 20, was the free concert in Hyde Park, London on 5 July 1969.", "Taylor's onstage debut as a Rolling Stone, at the age of 20, was the free concert in Hyde Park, London on 5 July 1969. An estimated quarter of a million people attended for a show that turned into a tribute to Brian Jones, who had died two days before the concert. After the 1973 European tour, Richards' drug problems had worsened and begun to compromise the band's ability to function.", "After the 1973 European tour, Richards' drug problems had worsened and begun to compromise the band's ability to function. Between recording sessions, the band members were living in various countries as UK income tax exiles, and during this period Taylor appeared on Herbie Mann's London Underground (1974) and also on Mann's album Reggae (1974).", "Between recording sessions, the band members were living in various countries as UK income tax exiles, and during this period Taylor appeared on Herbie Mann's London Underground (1974) and also on Mann's album Reggae (1974). 1973–2013: It's Only Rock 'n Roll In November 1973, Taylor underwent surgery for acute sinusitis and missed some of the sessions when the band began working on the LP It's Only Rock 'n Roll at Musicland Studios in Munich.", "1973–2013: It's Only Rock 'n Roll In November 1973, Taylor underwent surgery for acute sinusitis and missed some of the sessions when the band began working on the LP It's Only Rock 'n Roll at Musicland Studios in Munich. Not much was achieved during the first ten days at Musicland, but most of the actual recordings were made there in January 1974, and in April at Stargroves, Jagger's estate in Hampshire. When Taylor resumed work with the band, he found it difficult to get along with Richards.", "When Taylor resumed work with the band, he found it difficult to get along with Richards. Not long after those recording sessions, Taylor went on a six-week expedition to Brazil, to travel down the Amazon River in a boat and explore Latin music. Just before the release of the album in October 1974, Taylor told Nick Kent from the NME about the new LP and that he had co-written \"Till the Next Goodbye\" and \"Time Waits for No One\" with Jagger.", "Just before the release of the album in October 1974, Taylor told Nick Kent from the NME about the new LP and that he had co-written \"Till the Next Goodbye\" and \"Time Waits for No One\" with Jagger. Kent told Taylor he had seen the finished artwork for the sleeve, which revealed the absence of any songwriting credits for Taylor. Taylor appears in the promotional video for \"Ain't Too Proud to Beg\". In December 1974, Taylor announced he was leaving the Rolling Stones.", "In December 1974, Taylor announced he was leaving the Rolling Stones. The bandmates were at a party in London when Taylor told Jagger he was quitting and walked out. Taylor's decision came as a shock to many. The Rolling Stones were due to start recording a new album in Munich, and the entire band was reportedly angry at Taylor for leaving at such short notice.", "The Rolling Stones were due to start recording a new album in Munich, and the entire band was reportedly angry at Taylor for leaving at such short notice. When interviewed by Jann Wenner of Rolling Stone in 1995, Wenner wrote that Jagger had stated that Taylor never explained why he had left, and surmised that \"[Taylor] wanted to have a solo career. I think he found it difficult to get on with Keith.\"", "I think he found it difficult to get on with Keith.\" In the same Wenner interview, Jagger had reportedly said of Taylor's contribution to the band: \"I think he had a big contribution. He made it very musical. He was a very fluent, melodic player, which we never had, and we don't have now. Neither Keith nor Ronnie Wood (who replaced Taylor) plays that kind of style.", "Neither Keith nor Ronnie Wood (who replaced Taylor) plays that kind of style. It was very good for me working with him .... Mick Taylor would play very fluid lines against my vocals. He was exciting, and he was very pretty, and it gave me something to follow, to bang off. Some people think that's the best version of the band that existed\".", "Some people think that's the best version of the band that existed\". Asked if he agreed with that assessment, Jagger said: \"I obviously can't say if I think Mick Taylor was the best, because it sort of trashes the period the band is in now.\" Charlie Watts stated: \"I think we chose the right man for the job at that time just as Ronnie was the right man for the job later on. I still think Mick is great.", "I still think Mick is great. I still think Mick is great. I haven't heard or seen him play in a few years. But certainly what came out of playing with him are musically some of the best things we've ever done\". In an October 2002 Guitar World interview, Richards reflected on his relationship with Taylor: \"Mick Taylor and I worked really well together ... He had some lovely energy. Sweetly sophisticated playing, way beyond his years. Lovely sense of melody.", "Sweetly sophisticated playing, way beyond his years. Lovely sense of melody. Lovely sense of melody. I never understood why he left the Stones. Nor does he, I think ... I had no desire to see him go.\" Taylor later admitted in the 2012 documentary Crossfire Hurricane that he left because he wanted to protect his family from the drug culture surrounding the band.", "Taylor later admitted in the 2012 documentary Crossfire Hurricane that he left because he wanted to protect his family from the drug culture surrounding the band. He further stated that in order to stay alive and fight his own demons (Taylor had turned into a drug addict himself by 1973), he needed to escape the realm of the Stones. In an essay about the Rolling Stones published after Taylor's resignation, New York Times music critic Robert Palmer wrote that \"Taylor is the most accomplished technician who ever served as a Stone.", "In an essay about the Rolling Stones published after Taylor's resignation, New York Times music critic Robert Palmer wrote that \"Taylor is the most accomplished technician who ever served as a Stone. A blues guitarist with a jazzman's flair for melodic invention, Taylor was never a rock and roller and never a showman.\" Taylor has worked with his former bandmates on various occasions since leaving the Rolling Stones.", "Taylor has worked with his former bandmates on various occasions since leaving the Rolling Stones. In 1977 he attended London-based sessions for the John Phillips album Pay Pack & Follow, appearing on several tracks alongside Jagger (vocals), Richards (guitar) and Wood (bass). On 14 December 1981 he performed with the band at their concert at the Kemper Arena in Kansas City, Missouri.", "On 14 December 1981 he performed with the band at their concert at the Kemper Arena in Kansas City, Missouri. Keith Richards appeared on stage at a Mick Taylor show at the Lone Star Cafe in New York on 28 December 1986, jamming on \"Key to the Highway\" and \"Can't You Hear Me Knocking\"; and Taylor is featured on one track (\"I Could Have Stood You Up\") on Richards' 1988 album Talk is Cheap.", "Keith Richards appeared on stage at a Mick Taylor show at the Lone Star Cafe in New York on 28 December 1986, jamming on \"Key to the Highway\" and \"Can't You Hear Me Knocking\"; and Taylor is featured on one track (\"I Could Have Stood You Up\") on Richards' 1988 album Talk is Cheap. The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame inducted Taylor along with the Rolling Stones in 1989. Taylor also worked with Bill Wyman's Rhythm Kings in the early 1990s.", "Taylor also worked with Bill Wyman's Rhythm Kings in the early 1990s. In addition to his contributions to Rolling Stones albums released during his tenure with the band, Taylor's guitar is also on two tracks on their 1981 release Tattoo You: \"Tops\" and \"Waiting on a Friend\", which were recorded in 1972. (Taylor is sometimes mistakenly credited as playing on \"Worried About You\", but the solo on that track is performed by Wayne Perkins.)", "(Taylor is sometimes mistakenly credited as playing on \"Worried About You\", but the solo on that track is performed by Wayne Perkins.) Taylor's onstage presence with the Rolling Stones is preserved on the album Get Yer Ya-Ya's Out!, recorded over four concerts at Madison Square Garden in New York and the Baltimore Civic Center in November 1969, and on the album Brussels Affair (Live 1973), compiled from two shows recorded in Brussels on 17 October 1973 in the Forest National Arena, during their European Tour.", "Taylor's onstage presence with the Rolling Stones is preserved on the album Get Yer Ya-Ya's Out!, recorded over four concerts at Madison Square Garden in New York and the Baltimore Civic Center in November 1969, and on the album Brussels Affair (Live 1973), compiled from two shows recorded in Brussels on 17 October 1973 in the Forest National Arena, during their European Tour. Taylor's live performances also feature in the documentary films Stones in the Park (released on DVD in 2001), Gimme Shelter (released in 1970) and Cocksucker Blues (unreleased); and in the concert film Ladies and Gentlemen: The Rolling Stones (shown in cinemas in 1974, and released on DVD and Blu-ray in 2010); these performances were also released on an album with the same title.", "Taylor's live performances also feature in the documentary films Stones in the Park (released on DVD in 2001), Gimme Shelter (released in 1970) and Cocksucker Blues (unreleased); and in the concert film Ladies and Gentlemen: The Rolling Stones (shown in cinemas in 1974, and released on DVD and Blu-ray in 2010); these performances were also released on an album with the same title. Bootleg recordings from the Rolling Stones' tours from 1969 through 1973 also document Taylor's concert performances with the Rolling Stones.", "Bootleg recordings from the Rolling Stones' tours from 1969 through 1973 also document Taylor's concert performances with the Rolling Stones. For the 2010 re-release of Exile on Main St. Taylor worked with Mick Jagger at a London studio (November 2009) to record new guitar and vocal parts for the previously unreleased song, \"Plundered My Soul\". The track was selected by the Rolling Stones for release as a limited edition single on Record Store Day.", "The track was selected by the Rolling Stones for release as a limited edition single on Record Store Day. On 24 October 2012, the Rolling Stones announced, via their latest Rolling Stone magazine interview, that Bill Wyman and Mick Taylor were expected to join the Rolling Stones on stage at the upcoming November shows in London. Richards went on to say that the pair would strictly be guests. At the two London shows on 25 and 29 November, Taylor played on \"Midnight Rambler\".", "At the two London shows on 25 and 29 November, Taylor played on \"Midnight Rambler\". During an interview on the Late Night with Jimmy Fallon show (broadcast on 8 April 2013), Keith Richards stated that Taylor would be performing with the Stones for their upcoming 2013 tour dates.", "During an interview on the Late Night with Jimmy Fallon show (broadcast on 8 April 2013), Keith Richards stated that Taylor would be performing with the Stones for their upcoming 2013 tour dates. Between 25 November 2012 and 13 July 2013 Taylor joined the Stones' 50 & Counting Tour performing at each of the 30 shows across Europe and North America, including sitting in on four songs at the Staples Center in Los Angeles and several numbers during their headline set at the Glastonbury Festival.", "Between 25 November 2012 and 13 July 2013 Taylor joined the Stones' 50 & Counting Tour performing at each of the 30 shows across Europe and North America, including sitting in on four songs at the Staples Center in Los Angeles and several numbers during their headline set at the Glastonbury Festival. The tour ended with two concerts at Hyde Park, London, which resulted in the album, Hyde Park Live and the concert film Sweet Summer Sun: Live in Hyde Park.", "The tour ended with two concerts at Hyde Park, London, which resulted in the album, Hyde Park Live and the concert film Sweet Summer Sun: Live in Hyde Park. He once again accompanied the Stones between 21 February and 22 November 2014 for the 29 dates of the 14 On Fire concerts across Asia, Europe and Australia/New Zealand. 1975–1981: Post-Stones Taylor worked on various side projects during his tenure with the Rolling Stones.", "1975–1981: Post-Stones Taylor worked on various side projects during his tenure with the Rolling Stones. In June 1973, he joined Mike Oldfield onstage at the Queen Elizabeth Hall in a performance of Oldfield's Tubular Bells. Taylor was asked to take part in this project by Richard Branson as he felt Oldfield was unknown, having just been signed to Branson's fledgling label, Virgin Records. Taylor joined Oldfield once more for a BBC television broadcast in November 1973.", "Taylor joined Oldfield once more for a BBC television broadcast in November 1973. After his resignation from the Rolling Stones, Jack Bruce invited him to form a new band with keyboardist Carla Bley and drummer Bruce Gary. In 1975, the band began rehearsals in London with tour dates scheduled for later that year. The group toured Europe, with a sound leaning more toward jazz, including a performance at the Dutch Pinkpop festival, but disbanded the following year.", "The group toured Europe, with a sound leaning more toward jazz, including a performance at the Dutch Pinkpop festival, but disbanded the following year. A performance recorded on 1 June 1975 (which was finally released on CD in 2003 as \"Live at the Manchester Free Trade Hall\" by The Jack Bruce Band) and another performance from the Old Grey Whistle Test seem to be the only material available from this brief collaboration.", "A performance recorded on 1 June 1975 (which was finally released on CD in 2003 as \"Live at the Manchester Free Trade Hall\" by The Jack Bruce Band) and another performance from the Old Grey Whistle Test seem to be the only material available from this brief collaboration. Taylor appeared as a special guest of Little Feat at the Rainbow Theatre in London, 1977, sharing slide guitar with then-frontman Lowell George on \"A Apolitical Blues\": this song appears on Little Feat's critically acclaimed live album Waiting for Columbus.", "Taylor appeared as a special guest of Little Feat at the Rainbow Theatre in London, 1977, sharing slide guitar with then-frontman Lowell George on \"A Apolitical Blues\": this song appears on Little Feat's critically acclaimed live album Waiting for Columbus. In the summer of 1977, he collaborated with Pierre Moerlen's Gong for the album Expresso II, released in 1978. Taylor began writing new songs and recruiting musicians for a solo album and worked on projects with Miller Anderson, Alan Merrill and others.", "Taylor began writing new songs and recruiting musicians for a solo album and worked on projects with Miller Anderson, Alan Merrill and others. He was present at many of the recording sessions for John Phillips' prospective second solo album. The recordings for Phillips' LP took place in London over a prolonged period between 1973 and 1977. This led to Taylor working with Keith Richards and Mick Jagger who were also involved with the album.", "This led to Taylor working with Keith Richards and Mick Jagger who were also involved with the album. The LP was to be released on the Stones' own label Rolling Stones Records (distributed by Atlantic Records). Ahmet Ertegun decided to pull the plug on the project after hearing alarming reports of excessive drug use by Phillips and Richards, but bootleg recordings of the sessions circulated among fans under the titles \"Half Stoned\" and \"Phillips '77\".", "Ahmet Ertegun decided to pull the plug on the project after hearing alarming reports of excessive drug use by Phillips and Richards, but bootleg recordings of the sessions circulated among fans under the titles \"Half Stoned\" and \"Phillips '77\". Eventually Eagle Rock Records made funds available to restore the original, rescued tapes and the album finally saw an official release in 2002 as Pay Pack & Follow. In 1977, Taylor signed a solo recording deal with Columbia Records.", "In 1977, Taylor signed a solo recording deal with Columbia Records. By April 1978 he had given several interviews to music magazines to promote a new, completed album which mixed rock, jazz and Latin-flavoured blues musical styles. The album, titled Mick Taylor, was finally released by Columbia Records in 1979 and reached No.119 on the Billboard charts in early August, with a stay of five weeks on the Billboard 200.", "The album, titled Mick Taylor, was finally released by Columbia Records in 1979 and reached No.119 on the Billboard charts in early August, with a stay of five weeks on the Billboard 200. CBS advised Taylor to promote the album through American radio stations but was unwilling to back him for any supporting tour. Frustrated with this situation, Taylor took a break from the music industry for about a year.", "Frustrated with this situation, Taylor took a break from the music industry for about a year. In 1981, he toured Europe and the United States with Alvin Lee of Ten Years After, sharing the bill with Black Sabbath. He spent most of 1982 and 1983 on the road with John Mayall, for the \"Reunion Tour\" with John McVie of Fleetwood Mac and Colin Allen. During this tour Bob Dylan showed up backstage at The Roxy in Los Angeles to meet Taylor.", "During this tour Bob Dylan showed up backstage at The Roxy in Los Angeles to meet Taylor. In 1983, Taylor joined Mark Knopfler and played on Dylan's Infidels album. He also appeared on Dylan's live album Real Live, as well as the follow-up studio album Empire Burlesque. In 1984, Dylan asked Mick Taylor to assemble an experienced rock and roll band for a European tour he signed with Bill Graham.", "In 1984, Dylan asked Mick Taylor to assemble an experienced rock and roll band for a European tour he signed with Bill Graham. Ian McLagan was hired to play piano and Hammond organ, Greg Sutton to play bass and Colin Allen, a long-time friend of Taylor, on drums. The tour lasted for four weeks at venues such as Munich's Olympic Stadium Arena and Milan's San Siro Stadium, sharing the bill with Carlos Santana and Joan Baez, who appeared on the same bill for a couple of shows.", "The tour lasted for four weeks at venues such as Munich's Olympic Stadium Arena and Milan's San Siro Stadium, sharing the bill with Carlos Santana and Joan Baez, who appeared on the same bill for a couple of shows. 1988–present Mick Taylor performed the lead guitar solo on the 1988 Joan Jett & the Blackhearts top-10 single, \"I Hate Myself for Loving You\". Taylor guested with the Grateful Dead on 24 September 1988 at the last show of that year's Madison Square Garden run in New York.", "Taylor guested with the Grateful Dead on 24 September 1988 at the last show of that year's Madison Square Garden run in New York. Taylor lived in New York throughout the 1980s. He battled with addiction problems before getting back on track in the second half of the 1980s and moving to Los Angeles in 1990.", "He battled with addiction problems before getting back on track in the second half of the 1980s and moving to Los Angeles in 1990. During this time Taylor did session work and toured in Europe, America and Japan with a band including; either Eric Parker or Bernard Purdie on drums Wilbur Bascomb on bass and Max Middleton (formerly of the Jeff Beck Group), Shane Fontayne, and Blondie Chaplin.", "During this time Taylor did session work and toured in Europe, America and Japan with a band including; either Eric Parker or Bernard Purdie on drums Wilbur Bascomb on bass and Max Middleton (formerly of the Jeff Beck Group), Shane Fontayne, and Blondie Chaplin. In 1990, his CD Stranger in This Town was released by Maze Records, backed up by a mini-tour including the record release party at the Hard Rock Cafe as well as gigs at the Paradise Theater.", "In 1990, his CD Stranger in This Town was released by Maze Records, backed up by a mini-tour including the record release party at the Hard Rock Cafe as well as gigs at the Paradise Theater. He began what was to be a significant series of collaborations with L.A. based Carla Olson with their \"Live at the Roxy\" album Too Hot For Snakes, the centrepiece of which is an extended seven-minute performance of \"Sway\".", "He began what was to be a significant series of collaborations with L.A. based Carla Olson with their \"Live at the Roxy\" album Too Hot For Snakes, the centrepiece of which is an extended seven-minute performance of \"Sway\". Another highlight is the lead track on the album, \"Who Put the Sting (On the Honey Bee)\", by Olson's then-bassist Jesse Sublett. It was followed by Olson's Within An Ace, which featured Taylor on seven songs.", "It was followed by Olson's Within An Ace, which featured Taylor on seven songs. He appeared on three songs from Reap The Whirlwind and then again on Olson's The Ring of Truth, on which he plays lead guitar on nine tracks, including a twelve-minute version of the song \"Winter\". Further work by Olson and Taylor can be heard on the Olson-produced Barry Goldberg album Stoned Again.", "Further work by Olson and Taylor can be heard on the Olson-produced Barry Goldberg album Stoned Again. Taylor went on to appear on Percy Sledge's Blue Night (1994), along with Steve Cropper, Bobby Womack and Greg Leisz. After spending two years as a resident of Miami, during which time he played with a band called 'Tumbling Dice' featuring Bobby Keys, Nicky Hopkins and others, Taylor moved back to England in the mid-1990s. He released a new album in 1998 entitled A Stone's Throw.", "He released a new album in 1998 entitled A Stone's Throw. Playing at clubs and theatres as well as appearing at festivals has kept Taylor connected with an appreciative audience and fan base. In 2003, Taylor reunited with John Mayall for his 70th Birthday Concert in Liverpool along with Eric Clapton. A year later, in autumn 2004, he also joined John Mayall and the Bluesbreakers for a UK theatre tour. He toured the US East Coast with the Experience Hendrix group during October 2007.", "He toured the US East Coast with the Experience Hendrix group during October 2007. The Experience Hendrix group appeared at a series of concerts to honour Jimi Hendrix and his musical legacy. Players included Taylor, Mitch Mitchell, Billy Cox, Buddy Guy, Hubert Sumlin and Robby Krieger. On 1 December 2010, Taylor reunited with Ronnie Wood at a benefit gig arranged by blues guitarist Stephen Dale Petit to save the 100 Club in London.", "On 1 December 2010, Taylor reunited with Ronnie Wood at a benefit gig arranged by blues guitarist Stephen Dale Petit to save the 100 Club in London. Other special guests at the show were Dick Taylor (first bassist in the Rolling Stones) and blues/jazz trombonist Chris Barber. Taylor toured the UK with Petit, appearing as his special guest, featured on a Paul Jones BBC Radio 2 session with him and guested on Petit's 2010 Classic Rock magazine Album of the Year, The Crave.", "Taylor toured the UK with Petit, appearing as his special guest, featured on a Paul Jones BBC Radio 2 session with him and guested on Petit's 2010 Classic Rock magazine Album of the Year, The Crave. Taylor also helped to promote the Boogie for Stu album, recorded by Ben Waters to honour Ian Stewart (original Stones pianist and co-founder of the band), by taking part in a concert to mark the CD's official launch at the Ambassadors Theatre, London on 9 March 2011.", "Taylor also helped to promote the Boogie for Stu album, recorded by Ben Waters to honour Ian Stewart (original Stones pianist and co-founder of the band), by taking part in a concert to mark the CD's official launch at the Ambassadors Theatre, London on 9 March 2011. Proceeds from the event were donated to the British Heart Foundation. Although Jagger and Richards didn't show up, Taylor noticeably enjoyed performing with Watts, Wood and Wyman, among others.", "Although Jagger and Richards didn't show up, Taylor noticeably enjoyed performing with Watts, Wood and Wyman, among others. In 2013, Taylor rejoined the Rolling Stones as a special guest on their 50 & Counting Tour. Guitar history Throughout his career, Taylor has used various guitars, but is mostly associated with the Gibson Les Paul. His first Les Paul was bought when he was still playing with The Gods (from Selmer's, London in '65).", "His first Les Paul was bought when he was still playing with The Gods (from Selmer's, London in '65). He acquired his second Les Paul in 1967, not long after joining The Bluesbreakers: Taylor came to Olympic Studios to buy a Les Paul that Keith Richards wanted to sell. On the '72/'73 tours Taylor used a couple of Sunburst Les Paul guitars without a Bigsby.", "On the '72/'73 tours Taylor used a couple of Sunburst Les Paul guitars without a Bigsby. Other guitars include a Gibson ES-355 for the recording of Sticky Fingers and Exile on Main St., a Gibson SG on the 1969, 1970 and 1971 tours, and occasionally a Fender Stratocaster and a Fender Telecaster.. He started using the Vigier Excalibur in 1997 Personal life Taylor has been married twice and has two daughters. Chloe (born 6 January 1971) is a daughter by his first wife, Rose Millar.", "Chloe (born 6 January 1971) is a daughter by his first wife, Rose Millar. Taylor married Millar in 1975 after leaving the Stones, but the relationship was reportedly \"on the rocks\" before long and resulted in divorce only a few years later. Taylor's daughter, Emma, was born from a short relationship with an American woman who sang backing vocals with Taylor's band on one occasion.", "Taylor's daughter, Emma, was born from a short relationship with an American woman who sang backing vocals with Taylor's band on one occasion. Awards Inducted into the Rock 'n Roll Hall of Fame (with the Rolling Stones, 1989) Taylor's handprints have been on Hollywood's RockWalk since 6 September 1998. Taylor was ranked in 37th place by Rolling Stone magazine in its 2012 list of the 100 greatest guitarists of all time.", "Taylor was ranked in 37th place by Rolling Stone magazine in its 2012 list of the 100 greatest guitarists of all time. Discography With John Mayall's Bluesbreakers Crusade (Decca, 1967/LP; 1987/CD) The Diary of A Band, Volumes 1 & 2 (Decca, 1968/2LP; 2007/2CD) Bare Wires (Decca, 1968/LP; 1988/CD) Blues from Laurel Canyon (Decca, 1968/LP; 1989/CD) Back to the Roots (Polydor, 1971/LP; 2001/2CD) Primal Solos (Decca, 1977/LP; 1990/CD) – selection of live recordings 1965 (with Eric Clapton), and 1968 (with Mick Taylor) Return of the Bluesbreakers (AIM, 1985/LP; 1993/CD) Wake Up Call (Silvertone, 1993/CD) The 1982 Reunion Concert (Repertoire, 1994/CD) – with John Mayall, John McVie, and Colin Allen Silver Tones: The Best of John Mayall & The Bluesbreakers (Silvertone, 1998/CD) Along For The Ride (Eagle, 2001/CD) Rolling With The Blues (Recall, 2005/2CD) – selection of live recordings 1972, 1973, 1980, and 1982 Essentially John Mayall (Eagle, 2007/5-CD box set) With The Rolling Stones Through the Past, Darkly (Decca, 1969) – (compilation) UK/US #2 Taylor plays on \"Honky Tonk Women\" Let It Bleed (Decca, 1969) – UK #1 / US #3 Taylor plays on \"Country Honk\" and \"Live With Me\" Live'r Than You'l Ever Be (?, 1969) – bootleg, certified Gold Album Get Yer Ya-Ya's Out!", "Discography With John Mayall's Bluesbreakers Crusade (Decca, 1967/LP; 1987/CD) The Diary of A Band, Volumes 1 & 2 (Decca, 1968/2LP; 2007/2CD) Bare Wires (Decca, 1968/LP; 1988/CD) Blues from Laurel Canyon (Decca, 1968/LP; 1989/CD) Back to the Roots (Polydor, 1971/LP; 2001/2CD) Primal Solos (Decca, 1977/LP; 1990/CD) – selection of live recordings 1965 (with Eric Clapton), and 1968 (with Mick Taylor) Return of the Bluesbreakers (AIM, 1985/LP; 1993/CD) Wake Up Call (Silvertone, 1993/CD) The 1982 Reunion Concert (Repertoire, 1994/CD) – with John Mayall, John McVie, and Colin Allen Silver Tones: The Best of John Mayall & The Bluesbreakers (Silvertone, 1998/CD) Along For The Ride (Eagle, 2001/CD) Rolling With The Blues (Recall, 2005/2CD) – selection of live recordings 1972, 1973, 1980, and 1982 Essentially John Mayall (Eagle, 2007/5-CD box set) With The Rolling Stones Through the Past, Darkly (Decca, 1969) – (compilation) UK/US #2 Taylor plays on \"Honky Tonk Women\" Let It Bleed (Decca, 1969) – UK #1 / US #3 Taylor plays on \"Country Honk\" and \"Live With Me\" Live'r Than You'l Ever Be (?, 1969) – bootleg, certified Gold Album Get Yer Ya-Ya's Out! (Decca, 1970) – UK #1 / US #6 Sticky Fingers (Rolling Stones Records, 1971) – UK/US #1 Gimme Shelter (Decca, 1971) – (compilation) UK #19 Hot Rocks 1964–1971 (Abkco Records, 1972) – (compilation) UK #3 / US #4 Exile on Main St. (Rolling Stones Records, 1972) – UK/US #1 Rock'n'Rolling Stones (Decca, 1972) – (compilation) UK #41 Goats Head Soup (Rolling Stones Records, 1973) – UK/US #1 It's Only Rock 'n Roll (Rolling Stones Records, 1974) – UK #2 / US #1 Made in the Shade (Rolling Stones Records, 1975) – (compilation) UK #14 / US #6 Metamorphosis (Abkco Records, 1975) – UK #45 / US #8 Taylor plays on \"I Don't Know Why\" and \"Jiving Sister Fanny\".", "(Decca, 1970) – UK #1 / US #6 Sticky Fingers (Rolling Stones Records, 1971) – UK/US #1 Gimme Shelter (Decca, 1971) – (compilation) UK #19 Hot Rocks 1964–1971 (Abkco Records, 1972) – (compilation) UK #3 / US #4 Exile on Main St. (Rolling Stones Records, 1972) – UK/US #1 Rock'n'Rolling Stones (Decca, 1972) – (compilation) UK #41 Goats Head Soup (Rolling Stones Records, 1973) – UK/US #1 It's Only Rock 'n Roll (Rolling Stones Records, 1974) – UK #2 / US #1 Made in the Shade (Rolling Stones Records, 1975) – (compilation) UK #14 / US #6 Metamorphosis (Abkco Records, 1975) – UK #45 / US #8 Taylor plays on \"I Don't Know Why\" and \"Jiving Sister Fanny\". Rolled Gold: The Very Best of the Rolling Stones (Decca, 1975) – (compilation) UK #7 Get Stoned (30 Greatest Hits) (ARCADE, 1977) – (compilation) UK #8 Sucking in the Seventies (Rolling Stones Records, 1981) – (compilation)US #15 Tattoo You (Rolling Stones Records, 1981) – UK #2 / US #1 Taylor plays on \"Tops\" and \"Waiting on a Friend\", both tracks recorded in 1972 during the Goats Head Soup sessions.", "Rolled Gold: The Very Best of the Rolling Stones (Decca, 1975) – (compilation) UK #7 Get Stoned (30 Greatest Hits) (ARCADE, 1977) – (compilation) UK #8 Sucking in the Seventies (Rolling Stones Records, 1981) – (compilation)US #15 Tattoo You (Rolling Stones Records, 1981) – UK #2 / US #1 Taylor plays on \"Tops\" and \"Waiting on a Friend\", both tracks recorded in 1972 during the Goats Head Soup sessions. In Concert – Live 1966–70 (LONDON, 1982) – (live compilation) UK #94 Story of The Stones (K-tel, 1982) – (compilation) UK #24 Rewind (Rolling Stones Records, 1984) – (compilation) UK #23 / US #86 Singles Collection: The London Years.", "In Concert – Live 1966–70 (LONDON, 1982) – (live compilation) UK #94 Story of The Stones (K-tel, 1982) – (compilation) UK #24 Rewind (Rolling Stones Records, 1984) – (compilation) UK #23 / US #86 Singles Collection: The London Years. (Abkco Records, 1989) – US #91 Jump Back: The Best of The Rolling Stones (Rolling Stones Records, 1993) – UK #16 / US #30 Forty Licks (Rolling Stones Records, 2002) – (compilation) UK/US #2 Rarities 1971–2003 (Rolling Stones Records, 2005) – US #76 Taylor plays on \"Let It Rock\" (live 1971) and the 1974 b-side \"Through The Lonely Nights\".", "(Abkco Records, 1989) – US #91 Jump Back: The Best of The Rolling Stones (Rolling Stones Records, 1993) – UK #16 / US #30 Forty Licks (Rolling Stones Records, 2002) – (compilation) UK/US #2 Rarities 1971–2003 (Rolling Stones Records, 2005) – US #76 Taylor plays on \"Let It Rock\" (live 1971) and the 1974 b-side \"Through The Lonely Nights\". Exile On Main St. (Rarities Edition) (Universal Records, 2010) – US #27 Taylor plays on \"Pass The Wine (Sophia Loren)\", \"Plundered My Soul\", \"I'm Not Signifying\", \"Loving Cup (Alternate Take)\", \"Soul Survivor (Alternate Take)\" and \"Good Time Women\".", "Exile On Main St. (Rarities Edition) (Universal Records, 2010) – US #27 Taylor plays on \"Pass The Wine (Sophia Loren)\", \"Plundered My Soul\", \"I'm Not Signifying\", \"Loving Cup (Alternate Take)\", \"Soul Survivor (Alternate Take)\" and \"Good Time Women\". Brussels Affair (Rolling Stones Records, 2011) – 1973 live performance GRRR!", "Brussels Affair (Rolling Stones Records, 2011) – 1973 live performance GRRR! (Rolling Stones Records, 2012) – (compilation) UK #3 / US #19 Hyde Park Live (Rolling Stones Records, 2013) – (2013 live performance) UK #16 / US #19 Taylor plays guitar on \"Midnight Rambler\", acoustic guitar and backing vocals on \"(I Can't Get No) Satisfaction\" Tattoo You (Lost & Found - Rarities) (Universal Records, 2021) Taylor plays on “Living In The Heart Of Love”, \"Come to the Ball\" and \"Fast Talking Slow Walking\".", "(Rolling Stones Records, 2012) – (compilation) UK #3 / US #19 Hyde Park Live (Rolling Stones Records, 2013) – (2013 live performance) UK #16 / US #19 Taylor plays guitar on \"Midnight Rambler\", acoustic guitar and backing vocals on \"(I Can't Get No) Satisfaction\" Tattoo You (Lost & Found - Rarities) (Universal Records, 2021) Taylor plays on “Living In The Heart Of Love”, \"Come to the Ball\" and \"Fast Talking Slow Walking\". Non-Rolling Stones work with Rolling Stones members: Pay Pack & Follow (Eagle Rock Records, 2001) – John Phillips solo album from 1973–1979 recording sessions in London aka \"Half Stoned\" sessions produced by Mick Jagger and Keith Richards I've Got My Own Album to Do (Warner, 1974) – Ronnie Wood solo album Now Look (Warner, July 1975) – Ronnie Wood solo album.", "Non-Rolling Stones work with Rolling Stones members: Pay Pack & Follow (Eagle Rock Records, 2001) – John Phillips solo album from 1973–1979 recording sessions in London aka \"Half Stoned\" sessions produced by Mick Jagger and Keith Richards I've Got My Own Album to Do (Warner, 1974) – Ronnie Wood solo album Now Look (Warner, July 1975) – Ronnie Wood solo album. US #118 Gimme Some Neck (Columbia, 1979) – Ronnie Wood solo album.", "US #118 Gimme Some Neck (Columbia, 1979) – Ronnie Wood solo album. US #45 Talk Is Cheap (BMG, 1988) – Keith Richards solo album. UK #37 / US #24 With Jack Bruce Live on the Old Grey Whistle Test (Strange Fruit, 1995) – Tracks from several Old Grey Whistle Test shows recorded between '75 and '81. Seven of the songs feature Taylor on guitar. Live at the Manchester Free Trade Hall (Polydor, 2003) – 2 CDs.", "Live at the Manchester Free Trade Hall (Polydor, 2003) – 2 CDs. With Bob Dylan Infidels (Columbia, 1983) – UK # 9 / US #20 Real Live (In Europe, 1984) (Columbia, 1984) – UK #54 / US #115 Empire Burlesque (Columbia, 1985) – UK #11 / US #33 The Bootleg Series Volumes 1–3 (Rare & Unreleased) 1961–1991 (Columbia, 1991) – UK #32 / US #49 The Bootleg Series Vol.", "With Bob Dylan Infidels (Columbia, 1983) – UK # 9 / US #20 Real Live (In Europe, 1984) (Columbia, 1984) – UK #54 / US #115 Empire Burlesque (Columbia, 1985) – UK #11 / US #33 The Bootleg Series Volumes 1–3 (Rare & Unreleased) 1961–1991 (Columbia, 1991) – UK #32 / US #49 The Bootleg Series Vol. 16: Springtime in New York 1980–1985 (Columbia, 2021).", "16: Springtime in New York 1980–1985 (Columbia, 2021). Featured on Discs 3-5 of the Deluxe Edition. With Carla Olson Too Hot For Snakes (?, 1991) – Live at the Roxy; includes two Mick Taylor compositions: \"Broken Hands\" and \"Hartley Quits\".", "With Carla Olson Too Hot For Snakes (?, 1991) – Live at the Roxy; includes two Mick Taylor compositions: \"Broken Hands\" and \"Hartley Quits\". Too Hot For Snakes Plus (Collectors' Choice, 2008) – 2-CD set of the Roxy album plus \"You Gotta Move\", and a second disc of 13 studio tracks from 1993–2004, including a previously unreleased versions of \"Winter\" and \"Think I'm Goin' Mad\" from the Olson-produced Barry Goldberg album Stoned Again.", "Too Hot For Snakes Plus (Collectors' Choice, 2008) – 2-CD set of the Roxy album plus \"You Gotta Move\", and a second disc of 13 studio tracks from 1993–2004, including a previously unreleased versions of \"Winter\" and \"Think I'm Goin' Mad\" from the Olson-produced Barry Goldberg album Stoned Again. Within An Ace (?, 1993) – Taylor performs on 7 of the 10 songs. Reap The Whirlwind (?, 1994) – Taylor is featured on 3 tracks.", "Reap The Whirlwind (?, 1994) – Taylor is featured on 3 tracks. The Ring Of Truth (2001) – Taylor plays on 9 of the 12 tracks. Note: Too Hot For Snakes and The Ring of Truth were released by Fuel/Universal autumn of 2012 as a 2-CD set with 3 bonus tracks including 2 previously unreleased songs from the Roxy Theatre. “Sway: The Best Of Carla Olson & Mick Taylor” ~ a vinyl-only compilation, December 2020 on Sunset Blvd Records.", "“Sway: The Best Of Carla Olson & Mick Taylor” ~ a vinyl-only compilation, December 2020 on Sunset Blvd Records. Solo discography Studio albums Mick Taylor (1979) US #119 (5 weeks in top 200) A Stone's Throw (1998) Live albums Stranger in This Town (1990) (produced by Mick Taylor and Phil Colella) Arthur's Club-Geneve 1995 (Mick Taylor & Snowy White) (Promo CD/TV Especial) Coastin' Home [AKA Live at the 14 Below] (1995) re-issued 2002 14 Below (2003) Little Red Rooster (2007) recorded live in Hungary during 2001 with the Mick Taylor Band Other session work Blues Masters vol.", "Solo discography Studio albums Mick Taylor (1979) US #119 (5 weeks in top 200) A Stone's Throw (1998) Live albums Stranger in This Town (1990) (produced by Mick Taylor and Phil Colella) Arthur's Club-Geneve 1995 (Mick Taylor & Snowy White) (Promo CD/TV Especial) Coastin' Home [AKA Live at the 14 Below] (1995) re-issued 2002 14 Below (2003) Little Red Rooster (2007) recorded live in Hungary during 2001 with the Mick Taylor Band Other session work Blues Masters vol. 10 (Champion Jack Dupree) (Blue Horizon, 1969) Recorded just weeks before he joined the Stones, according to producer Mike Vernon's liner notes.", "10 (Champion Jack Dupree) (Blue Horizon, 1969) Recorded just weeks before he joined the Stones, according to producer Mike Vernon's liner notes. Up Your Alley (Joan Jett & the Blackhearts) on \"I Hate Myself for Loving You\" Tubular Bells Premiere (Mike Oldfield) (June '73) Queen Elizabeth Hall Tubular Bells (Mike Oldfield) Telecast Tubular Bells Part One and Tubular Bells Part Two. Recorded at BBC Broadcasting House November 1973 and aired in early '74 and June '74.", "Recorded at BBC Broadcasting House November 1973 and aired in early '74 and June '74. Available on Oldfield's Elements DVD. The Tin Man Was A Dreamer (Nicky Hopkins) (1973) London Underground (Herbie Mann) (Atlantic, 1973) Reggae (Herbie Mann) (Atlantic, 1973) Live European Tour (Billy Preston) (A&M Records, 1974). Recorded with the Rolling Stones Mobile Studio during their '73 tour. Preston opened up for the band with Mick Taylor on guitar.", "Preston opened up for the band with Mick Taylor on guitar. (Released on CD by A&M Japan, 2002.)", "(Released on CD by A&M Japan, 2002.) Have Blues Will Travel (Speedo Jones) (Integrity Records, 1988) Reggae II (Herbie Mann) (Atlantic, 1973 [1976]) Just A Story From America (Elliott Murphy) (Columbia 1977) Waiting for Columbus (Little Feat) (1978) double CD released 2002 Expresso II (Gong) (1978) Downwind (Pierre Moerlen's Gong) (1979) lead guitar on \"What You Know\" Alan Merrill (Alan Merrill)'s solo album (Polydor, 1985) recorded in London 1977 Vinyl (Dramarama) (1991) John McVie's \"Gotta Band\" with Lola Thomas (1992)Burnin' Blues (Coupe De Villes) (1992)Piedra rodante (Tonky Blues Band) (1992)Once In A Blue Moon (Gerry Groom) (1993)Cartwheels (Anthony Thistlethwaite) (1993)Hecho en Memphis (Ratones Paranoicos) (Sony Music) (1993)Let's Get Stoned (The Chesterfield Kings) (Mirror Records,1994)Crawfish and Caviar (Anthony Thistlethwaite)Blue Night (Percy Sledge) (Virgin Records, 1994) Black Angel (Savage Rose) (1995) guitar on \"Black Angel\" and \"Early Morning Blues\"Навигатор (Аквариум, 1995) guitar on two tracks (\"Не Коси\", \"Таможенный блюз\")Taylormade (Black Cat Bone, 1997), Music Maniac Records.Mick & I (2001) Miyuki & Mick TaylorNew York Times (Adam Bomb) (2001) (Taylor plays slide guitar on \"MacDougal Street\" & lead guitar on \"Heaven come to me\") produced by Jack DouglasFrom Clarksdale To Heaven [various artists] (BlueStorm, 2002) – John Lee Hooker tribute albumStoned Again (Barry Goldberg) (Antone's Records, 2002)Meaning of Life (Todd Sharpville) (Cathouse/Universal, 2003)Key To Love (Debbie Davies) (Shanachie Records, 2003)Shadow Man (re-release of an album from 1996) (2003) – originally released by Alpha Music in Japan in 1996, this \"Mick Taylor featuring Sasha\" album should have read \"Sasha featuring Mick Taylor\", but the company felt it would sell better under a household name.", "Have Blues Will Travel (Speedo Jones) (Integrity Records, 1988) Reggae II (Herbie Mann) (Atlantic, 1973 [1976]) Just A Story From America (Elliott Murphy) (Columbia 1977) Waiting for Columbus (Little Feat) (1978) double CD released 2002 Expresso II (Gong) (1978) Downwind (Pierre Moerlen's Gong) (1979) lead guitar on \"What You Know\" Alan Merrill (Alan Merrill)'s solo album (Polydor, 1985) recorded in London 1977 Vinyl (Dramarama) (1991) John McVie's \"Gotta Band\" with Lola Thomas (1992)Burnin' Blues (Coupe De Villes) (1992)Piedra rodante (Tonky Blues Band) (1992)Once In A Blue Moon (Gerry Groom) (1993)Cartwheels (Anthony Thistlethwaite) (1993)Hecho en Memphis (Ratones Paranoicos) (Sony Music) (1993)Let's Get Stoned (The Chesterfield Kings) (Mirror Records,1994)Crawfish and Caviar (Anthony Thistlethwaite)Blue Night (Percy Sledge) (Virgin Records, 1994) Black Angel (Savage Rose) (1995) guitar on \"Black Angel\" and \"Early Morning Blues\"Навигатор (Аквариум, 1995) guitar on two tracks (\"Не Коси\", \"Таможенный блюз\")Taylormade (Black Cat Bone, 1997), Music Maniac Records.Mick & I (2001) Miyuki & Mick TaylorNew York Times (Adam Bomb) (2001) (Taylor plays slide guitar on \"MacDougal Street\" & lead guitar on \"Heaven come to me\") produced by Jack DouglasFrom Clarksdale To Heaven [various artists] (BlueStorm, 2002) – John Lee Hooker tribute albumStoned Again (Barry Goldberg) (Antone's Records, 2002)Meaning of Life (Todd Sharpville) (Cathouse/Universal, 2003)Key To Love (Debbie Davies) (Shanachie Records, 2003)Shadow Man (re-release of an album from 1996) (2003) – originally released by Alpha Music in Japan in 1996, this \"Mick Taylor featuring Sasha\" album should have read \"Sasha featuring Mick Taylor\", but the company felt it would sell better under a household name. It features Mick Taylor on guitar, but is basically a Sasha Gracanin album.Treasure Island (Nikki Sudden) (Secretly Canadian, 2004)Unterwegs (Crazy Chris Kramer) (2009)Chicago Blues (Crazy Chris Kramer) (2010) Music DVDsBlues Alive video (RCA/Columbia Pictures 1983), recorded at Capitol Theatre, NJ 1982Jamming with the Blues Greats – DVD release from the 1983 video, featuring John Mayall's Bluesbreakers (Mick Taylor, Colin Allen, John McVie) and special guests Albert King, Etta James, Buddy Guy, Junior Wells and Sippie Wallace (Lightyear/Image Entertainment 2005)The Stones in the Park concert video (Granada Television, 1969) released on DVD (VCI, 2001)Gimme Shelter (Maysles Films, 1970) music documentary film by Albert and David Maysles, shot at the Rolling Stones concerts at Madison Square Garden, NY on 27/28 November and Altamont, CA on 6 Dec December 1969. restored and released on DVD (Criterion, 2000)John Mayall, the Godfather of British Blues documentary about John Mayall's life and career (Eagle Rock, 2004.", "It features Mick Taylor on guitar, but is basically a Sasha Gracanin album.Treasure Island (Nikki Sudden) (Secretly Canadian, 2004)Unterwegs (Crazy Chris Kramer) (2009)Chicago Blues (Crazy Chris Kramer) (2010) Music DVDsBlues Alive video (RCA/Columbia Pictures 1983), recorded at Capitol Theatre, NJ 1982Jamming with the Blues Greats – DVD release from the 1983 video, featuring John Mayall's Bluesbreakers (Mick Taylor, Colin Allen, John McVie) and special guests Albert King, Etta James, Buddy Guy, Junior Wells and Sippie Wallace (Lightyear/Image Entertainment 2005)The Stones in the Park concert video (Granada Television, 1969) released on DVD (VCI, 2001)Gimme Shelter (Maysles Films, 1970) music documentary film by Albert and David Maysles, shot at the Rolling Stones concerts at Madison Square Garden, NY on 27/28 November and Altamont, CA on 6 Dec December 1969. restored and released on DVD (Criterion, 2000)John Mayall, the Godfather of British Blues documentary about John Mayall's life and career (Eagle Rock, 2004. Region 1: 2005)70th Birthday Concert (Eagle Rock, 2004.", "Region 1: 2005)70th Birthday Concert (Eagle Rock, 2004. Region 1: 2005). Bluesbreakers Charity Concert (Unite for UNICEF) filmed in Liverpool, July 2003. John Mayall & the Bluesbreakers with special guests Chris Barber, Eric Clapton and Mick Taylor.Stones in Exile 2010Ladies & Gentlemen The Rolling Stones 2010 Music DVDs – UnofficialCocksucker BluesFilmographyThe Man Who Fell to Earth (1976) directed by Nicolas Roeg and starring David Bowie as Thomas Jerome Newton.", "John Mayall & the Bluesbreakers with special guests Chris Barber, Eric Clapton and Mick Taylor.Stones in Exile 2010Ladies & Gentlemen The Rolling Stones 2010 Music DVDs – UnofficialCocksucker BluesFilmographyThe Man Who Fell to Earth (1976) directed by Nicolas Roeg and starring David Bowie as Thomas Jerome Newton. Taylor played guitar on various songs, including \"Hello Mary Lou\" after developing ideas for the soundtrack with John Phillips.The Last of the Finest (1990) directed by John Mackenzie.", "Taylor played guitar on various songs, including \"Hello Mary Lou\" after developing ideas for the soundtrack with John Phillips.The Last of the Finest (1990) directed by John Mackenzie. Taylor assisted composer Jack Nitzsche with the moviescore.Bad City Blues'' (1999) directed by Michael Stevens, based on the book by Tim Willocks. Music composers: Mick Taylor and Max Middleton References External links Mick Taylor official Facebook page Interview with Gary James from classicbands.com Interview with JAZZed Magazine. Oct 2007 Rolling Stone Magazine article about Exile on Main Street.", "Oct 2007 Rolling Stone Magazine article about Exile on Main Street. 1949 births Living people English blues guitarists English male guitarists English rock guitarists Lead guitarists John Mayall & the Bluesbreakers members The Rolling Stones members Columbia Records artists People from Welwyn Garden City Slide guitarists English film score composers English male film score composers Decca Records artists Fingerstyle guitarists British rhythm and blues boom musicians Musicians from Hertfordshire English blues singers Bill Wyman's Rhythm Kings members The Gods (band) members" ]

[ "Wayne Carey", "Rise to stardom: 1990-1992" ]

[ "NGC 7 is a barred spiral galaxy located in the Sculptor constellation. It was discovered by English astronomer John Herschel in 1834, who was using an 18.7 inch reflector telescope at the time. Astronomer Steve Gottlieb described the galaxy as faint, albeit large, and edge-on from the perspective of the Milky Way; he also noted how the galaxy could only be observed clearly with peripheral vision, not by looking directly at it.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\n \n\nGalaxies discovered in 1834\n0007\n18340927\nDiscoveries by John Herschel\nSculptor (constellation)\nBarred spiral galaxies", "Heddiw (English: Today) was a television news programme in the Welsh language, broadcast by BBC Television between 1961 and 1982. The programme ended when all Welsh-language programming was transferred to the new channel S4C.\n\nAnnie Davies was the show's first producer (and later editor). Presenters of the programme included Owen Edwards, Robin Jones and Sulwyn Thomas.\n\nHywel Gwynfryn, who later had his own chat show, recounted how he was discovered by the Heddiw production team while working in a Cardiff pub.\n\nReferences\n\nWelsh-language television shows\n1961 British television series debuts\nWelsh television news shows" ]

[ "Wayne Francis Carey (born 27 May 1971) is a former Australian rules footballer who played with the North Melbourne Football Club and the Adelaide Football Club in the Australian Football League (AFL). A dual-premiership captain at North Melbourne, four-time North Melbourne best-and-fairest (Syd Barker Medallist) and seven-time All-Australian, Carey is nicknamed \"The King\", or \"Duck\".", "A dual-premiership captain at North Melbourne, four-time North Melbourne best-and-fairest (Syd Barker Medallist) and seven-time All-Australian, Carey is nicknamed \"The King\", or \"Duck\". In 2001, he was named as centre half-forward and captain of North Melbourne's Team of the Century, and in 2008 was named as Australian football's greatest ever player, as part of a list of the top 50 players of all time, published in the book The Australian Game of Football, which was released by the League to celebrate 150 years of Australian rules football.", "In 2001, he was named as centre half-forward and captain of North Melbourne's Team of the Century, and in 2008 was named as Australian football's greatest ever player, as part of a list of the top 50 players of all time, published in the book The Australian Game of Football, which was released by the League to celebrate 150 years of Australian rules football. In 2002, he left North Melbourne in disgrace after it was revealed he'd been having an extramarital affair with the wife of his then-teammate Anthony Stevens.", "In 2002, he left North Melbourne in disgrace after it was revealed he'd been having an extramarital affair with the wife of his then-teammate Anthony Stevens. He is also known for his legal problems, which include domestic violence charges and assault convictions. From 2014 Carey has worked as a Friday night football commentator and Talking Footy panelist with Channel Seven. Early life The son of Kevin and Lynne, Carey was one of five children who grew up in Wagga Wagga, New South Wales.", "Early life The son of Kevin and Lynne, Carey was one of five children who grew up in Wagga Wagga, New South Wales. His mother and father separated when Carey was aged six, with his mother taking four of the children to Adelaide, living in a homeless shelter. According to Carey's autobiography, his father was a violent man who had spent time at Mannus Correctional Centre and was troubled by alcoholism.", "According to Carey's autobiography, his father was a violent man who had spent time at Mannus Correctional Centre and was troubled by alcoholism. A few months later, Kevin Carey retrieved the children from his estranged wife and they returned to Wagga Wagga. Carey played rugby league as a junior, and began playing Australian rules football at the age of eight. At the age of thirteen, Carey returned to Adelaide, where he attended The Heights School and played junior football for North Adelaide.", "At the age of thirteen, Carey returned to Adelaide, where he attended The Heights School and played junior football for North Adelaide. Playing career: 1989–2004 AFL VFL debut: 1987–1989 In 1987, Carey was recruited by North Melbourne after their CEO, Greg Miller, met with the Sydney Swans' football department to discuss the transfer to North Melbourne of John Longmire, a highly regarded junior key-position player.", "Playing career: 1989–2004 AFL VFL debut: 1987–1989 In 1987, Carey was recruited by North Melbourne after their CEO, Greg Miller, met with the Sydney Swans' football department to discuss the transfer to North Melbourne of John Longmire, a highly regarded junior key-position player. Once that deal was concluded, Miller then inquired about Carey who, like Longmire, was zoned to the Swans due to having lived in New South Wales.", "Once that deal was concluded, Miller then inquired about Carey who, like Longmire, was zoned to the Swans due to having lived in New South Wales. He made a token offer of $10,000 as a transfer fee, to which the Swans surprisingly agreed. As a 16-year-old, Carey made the move to Melbourne and played for the North Melbourne under-19s, where he starred in their 1988 premiership side under coach Denis Pagan.", "As a 16-year-old, Carey made the move to Melbourne and played for the North Melbourne under-19s, where he starred in their 1988 premiership side under coach Denis Pagan. Carey was promoted to the senior list prior to the 1989 season and, after recovering from dislocating his left shoulder in a practice match early in the year, made his first appearance for the seniors as an 18-year-old in round 11 of 1989 against Fitzroy.", "Carey was promoted to the senior list prior to the 1989 season and, after recovering from dislocating his left shoulder in a practice match early in the year, made his first appearance for the seniors as an 18-year-old in round 11 of 1989 against Fitzroy. Rise to stardom: 1990–1992 After playing only four games in his debut year, Carey burst onto the scene in 1990 as a goal-kicking centre half-forward and as support to their full forward in Longmire (who was that year's Coleman Medallist as the AFL's leading goal-kicker).", "Rise to stardom: 1990–1992 After playing only four games in his debut year, Carey burst onto the scene in 1990 as a goal-kicking centre half-forward and as support to their full forward in Longmire (who was that year's Coleman Medallist as the AFL's leading goal-kicker). Carey immediately drew the attention of the football world and built a reputation early in his career as an aggressive, big marking and long kicking key position player.", "Carey immediately drew the attention of the football world and built a reputation early in his career as an aggressive, big marking and long kicking key position player. That year, Carey would become the 1990 season runner up in North Melbourne's best and fairest, behind Longmire. In round 13, a then 19-year-old Carey took 8 marks, had 22 disposals and kicked 7 goals in a big win over Sydney. It was the first of many times Carey would dominate up forward for North.", "It was the first of many times Carey would dominate up forward for North. In 21 games in 1990 Carey averaged 5 marks, 14 disposals and 1.8 goals. The 1991 season started very promisingly for Carey and after nine rounds he was averaging 7 marks, 16 disposals and 2.4 goals. At that stage he was leading North Melbourne's best and fairest and, despite still being a teenager, was quickly becoming the Kangaroos' most important player.", "At that stage he was leading North Melbourne's best and fairest and, despite still being a teenager, was quickly becoming the Kangaroos' most important player. In Round 10 against Footscray, Carey started brilliantly, kicking two first quarter goals, before an injury to his right shoulder forced him to sit out the rest of that game and the next eight. He struggled to regain form when he returned for the last 5 rounds.", "He struggled to regain form when he returned for the last 5 rounds. Early in 1992 Carey considered leaving North Melbourne and returning to Adelaide due to internal unrest within the leadership of the club. He was convinced to stay by the coaching staff and, in the latter half of the season, Carey began to show signs that he was destined for greatness. In the second half of 1992 Carey would put a string of outstanding performances to close the season out.", "In the second half of 1992 Carey would put a string of outstanding performances to close the season out. By season's end Carey was dominating Centre Half Forward like no one else in the league, his play trademarked by big marks and long goals. He finished the year with an impressive 7 goal performance against Fitzroy and averaged 10 marks, 20 disposals and 3.3 goals during North Melbourne's last 8 games. For the season, he averaged 7 marks, 18 disposals and 2.2 goals per game.", "For the season, he averaged 7 marks, 18 disposals and 2.2 goals per game. Carey had his first top five finish in the Brownlow Medal, claimed his first club best and fairest and was named club captain by new coach Denis Pagan ahead of the 1993 season. Captaincy: 1993–2001 As captain, Carey led North Melbourne to the finals for eight consecutive years from 1993 to 2000. This streak included seven straight preliminary finals, three grand finals and two premierships (1996 and 1999).", "This streak included seven straight preliminary finals, three grand finals and two premierships (1996 and 1999). During this eight-year period, Carey played 170 games, averaged 8 marks and 19 disposals per game and kicked 544 goals at 3.2 per game. He won three further club best and fairests, was a five-time club leading goal kicker, All Australian centre half forward seven times, including four times as captain and once as vice-captain, and he was named MVP by the AFL Players Association twice, in 1995 and 1998.", "He won three further club best and fairests, was a five-time club leading goal kicker, All Australian centre half forward seven times, including four times as captain and once as vice-captain, and he was named MVP by the AFL Players Association twice, in 1995 and 1998. Carey was criticised widely for both his on and off field behaviour. On the field he was reported three times and suspended twice for a total of five weeks in 1994.", "On the field he was reported three times and suspended twice for a total of five weeks in 1994. An off the field charge of indecent assault in 1996 put a damper on his otherwise stellar form. Bookies had Carey as pre-count favourite for the Brownlow Medal on four separate occasions (1993, 1995, 1996 and 1998), but many believe his on field arrogance and backchat to umpires were the primary reason he never claimed the game's highest individual honour.", "Bookies had Carey as pre-count favourite for the Brownlow Medal on four separate occasions (1993, 1995, 1996 and 1998), but many believe his on field arrogance and backchat to umpires were the primary reason he never claimed the game's highest individual honour. First years as captain and \"No Carey, No North\": 1993–1995 In 1993, at age 21, Carey was the second youngest club captain in VFL/AFL history.", "First years as captain and \"No Carey, No North\": 1993–1995 In 1993, at age 21, Carey was the second youngest club captain in VFL/AFL history. Carey consistently won games off his own boot, including a game against reigning premiers the West Coast Eagles at the WACA in round 12, and then against that year's eventual premiers in Essendon in round 15, where he played a dominant final quarter that marked him as an out-and-out champion.", "Carey consistently won games off his own boot, including a game against reigning premiers the West Coast Eagles at the WACA in round 12, and then against that year's eventual premiers in Essendon in round 15, where he played a dominant final quarter that marked him as an out-and-out champion. After 15 rounds of the 1993 season, with North Melbourne on top of the AFL ladder, Carey was leading the club in marks, disposals and goals, before he was injured in their round 16 clash with Brisbane and did not play again until round 20.", "After 15 rounds of the 1993 season, with North Melbourne on top of the AFL ladder, Carey was leading the club in marks, disposals and goals, before he was injured in their round 16 clash with Brisbane and did not play again until round 20. For the season he averaged 8 marks, 19 disposals and 3.4 goals per game.", "For the season he averaged 8 marks, 19 disposals and 3.4 goals per game. At the end of the season, Carey became the youngest ever All-Australian captain at 22 years of age and finished third in the Brownlow Medal count, after being outright favourite to take out the prestigious award. But for the freakish efforts of Gary Ablett, many experts had Carey as the game's best player at the conclusion of the season, and he was runner-up behind Ablett in the Leigh Matthews Trophy.", "But for the freakish efforts of Gary Ablett, many experts had Carey as the game's best player at the conclusion of the season, and he was runner-up behind Ablett in the Leigh Matthews Trophy. The following year Carey appeared to have improved again. After round 6 of the 1994 season, Carey was averaging 12 marks, 21 disposals and 4.8 goals per game.", "After round 6 of the 1994 season, Carey was averaging 12 marks, 21 disposals and 4.8 goals per game. This included a 17 mark, 26 disposal, 7 goal performance against Hawthorn, 13 marks, 21 disposals and 6 goals against Footscray and a 15 mark, 21 disposal, 5 goals in a loss to the West Coast Eagles. Carey's mid season suspensions subdued him somewhat, before he turned it on again to dominate in the finals with two of the all-time great individual finals performances.", "Carey's mid season suspensions subdued him somewhat, before he turned it on again to dominate in the finals with two of the all-time great individual finals performances. In the qualifying final against Hawthorn, Carey kicked the last goal of the final quarter to level the score and force the game into extra time. Carey then kicked the goal to seal the win during extra time and earn North Melbourne a week break before the preliminary final. He finished the game with 10 marks, 32 disposals and 4 goals in an inspiring performance.", "He finished the game with 10 marks, 32 disposals and 4 goals in an inspiring performance. Two weeks later Carey was irrepressible in the preliminary final against Geelong. With North down by four goals at half time, it was Carey's four third quarter goals that kept them in the game.", "With North down by four goals at half time, it was Carey's four third quarter goals that kept them in the game. He played a lone hand up forward with 14 marks, of which 10 were contested, 24 disposals and 6 goals, to once again have the scores level at full-time, before Geelong won by a goal, kicked after the final siren by Gary Ablett.", "He played a lone hand up forward with 14 marks, of which 10 were contested, 24 disposals and 6 goals, to once again have the scores level at full-time, before Geelong won by a goal, kicked after the final siren by Gary Ablett. Carey's 10 contested marks in the preliminary final were an all time AFL record at the time, and his finals performances were made more impressive by the fact that he played both games with a torn calf muscle.", "Carey's 10 contested marks in the preliminary final were an all time AFL record at the time, and his finals performances were made more impressive by the fact that he played both games with a torn calf muscle. \"In the 21 days between tearing the muscle and the end of the Geelong game, Wayne trained for approximately 10 minutes. To then be best on ground in two finals was nothing short of freakish, and a testament to his talent and commitment.\"", "To then be best on ground in two finals was nothing short of freakish, and a testament to his talent and commitment.\" Coach Denis Pagan later said of Carey's finals performances. For the season Carey averaged 9 marks, 19 disposals and 3.3 goals per game. During the first two years of Carey's captaincy at North Melbourne, the Kangaroos registered an impressive 25 wins from the 35 home and away games in which Carey played.", "During the first two years of Carey's captaincy at North Melbourne, the Kangaroos registered an impressive 25 wins from the 35 home and away games in which Carey played. In contrast, they lost all but one of the seven games in which he was absent during the same period. Such was the influence that Carey had on games in which he played, and so much did the Kangaroos struggle in his absence that, in mid-1994, the phenomenon was given a name – 'No Carey, no North'.", "Such was the influence that Carey had on games in which he played, and so much did the Kangaroos struggle in his absence that, in mid-1994, the phenomenon was given a name – 'No Carey, no North'. After leading North Melbourne to the Ansett Cup Premiership in the pre-season, Carey's reputation as the game's number one player continued to grow early in 1995. He kicked 18 goals in North's four pre-season games and was the dominant player on the ground on each occasion.", "He kicked 18 goals in North's four pre-season games and was the dominant player on the ground on each occasion. By mid season, Carey was an unbackable favorite to take out the Brownlow Medal as he dominated games like none before him. Over nine games, from rounds 6 to 14, Carey averaged 11 marks, 22 disposals and 3.8 goals per game in a brilliant run of form. In round seven, he registered a career high 33 disposals against Fitzroy.", "In round seven, he registered a career high 33 disposals against Fitzroy. His best games of the year, however, came later in the season, both against Premiership contenders Richmond. The first was in a come-from-behind last quarter win in round 19, and then four weeks later in a Qualifying Final win – Carey's third dominant finals game in succession. In both games Carey kicked five goals and had 25 and 22 disposals respectively.", "In both games Carey kicked five goals and had 25 and 22 disposals respectively. The season ended on a sour note for Carey, being well held by Jakovich in the Semi-final and then full back of the century Stephen Silvagni in the Preliminary Final, where North Melbourne went down to eventual Premiers Carlton.", "The season ended on a sour note for Carey, being well held by Jakovich in the Semi-final and then full back of the century Stephen Silvagni in the Preliminary Final, where North Melbourne went down to eventual Premiers Carlton. For the season, Carey averaged 7 marks, 18 disposals and 2.6 goals per game, led the league in marks and contested marks and took out a host of individual awards from the media and AFL Players Association as the season's best player.", "For the season, Carey averaged 7 marks, 18 disposals and 2.6 goals per game, led the league in marks and contested marks and took out a host of individual awards from the media and AFL Players Association as the season's best player. Premiership years: 1996, 1999 By 1996, Carey was all but unanimously considered the best player in the AFL. He became known as a master of the pack mark and the long goal.", "He became known as a master of the pack mark and the long goal. He again led the league in marks and contested marks and kicked a career high 82 goals in 1996, one of his most consistent seasons. He kicked a career high 11 goals against Melbourne in Round 17 – a game in which he also tallied 15 marks, 31 disposals and 3 tackles – and followed it up in the next game with 27 disposals and 7 goals against Hawthorn.", "He kicked a career high 11 goals against Melbourne in Round 17 – a game in which he also tallied 15 marks, 31 disposals and 3 tackles – and followed it up in the next game with 27 disposals and 7 goals against Hawthorn. His 12 contested marks in round 17 broke his own record for the most contested marks in a game, which he set two years earlier and remains a record to this day.", "His 12 contested marks in round 17 broke his own record for the most contested marks in a game, which he set two years earlier and remains a record to this day. North went on to win the 1996 premiership, with Carey again a stand out in all three finals games, including the grand final against Sydney, where he was runner-up to Glenn Archer in the Norm Smith Medal voting.", "North went on to win the 1996 premiership, with Carey again a stand out in all three finals games, including the grand final against Sydney, where he was runner-up to Glenn Archer in the Norm Smith Medal voting. He averaged 11 marks, 23 disposals and 2.3 goals during the finals and 8 marks, 19 disposals and 3.3 goals for the season. He won his third best and fairest award in 1996, but finished runner-up to teammate Corey McKernan in the Players' Association MVP award.", "He won his third best and fairest award in 1996, but finished runner-up to teammate Corey McKernan in the Players' Association MVP award. Midway during the 1996 season, Carey has talked about a conversation he had with coach Dennis Pagan, in which he suggested to Carey that he thought he could get more out of himself, and talked about other talented players of the past who didn't quite reach their potential, he hoped he doesn't end up with any regrets.", "Midway during the 1996 season, Carey has talked about a conversation he had with coach Dennis Pagan, in which he suggested to Carey that he thought he could get more out of himself, and talked about other talented players of the past who didn't quite reach their potential, he hoped he doesn't end up with any regrets. Upon leaving the meeting, Carey has stated he thought Pagan had gone funny, given the season he was having, but upon looking back he realised it was a great bit psychology, and it spurred him on to a better second half of the season, which is considered one of his greatest years.", "Upon leaving the meeting, Carey has stated he thought Pagan had gone funny, given the season he was having, but upon looking back he realised it was a great bit psychology, and it spurred him on to a better second half of the season, which is considered one of his greatest years. Eight minutes into the second quarter of the 1997 AFL season, Carey dislocated his left shoulder for the second time in his career and missed much of the season.", "Eight minutes into the second quarter of the 1997 AFL season, Carey dislocated his left shoulder for the second time in his career and missed much of the season. Upon his return in round 13, he spent much of the remainder of the home and away season at centre half back. There was some concern as to whether he would regain top form as he struggled with mobility through the injured shoulder.", "There was some concern as to whether he would regain top form as he struggled with mobility through the injured shoulder. As North entered the finals campaign, Carey assumed his customary centre half forward position and re-established himself as the game's pre-eminent player in a qualifying final against Geelong. In a low scoring game, played in very wet conditions, Carey was dominant with 10 marks and 23 disposals. He also kicked 7 goals and created 2 others, in a team total of 11 goals.", "He also kicked 7 goals and created 2 others, in a team total of 11 goals. It was a performance that Mike Sheahan named Carey's best in the book The Australian Game of Football, released in 2008.", "It was a performance that Mike Sheahan named Carey's best in the book The Australian Game of Football, released in 2008. Prior to round one of the 1998 season, Carey kicked six-second half goals in the Ansett Cup Grand Final against St Kilda, earning himself the Michael Tuck Medal as the best on ground in the pre-season grand final and issuing an ominous warning to the rest of the competition that he was over his injury woes of the previous year.", "Prior to round one of the 1998 season, Carey kicked six-second half goals in the Ansett Cup Grand Final against St Kilda, earning himself the Michael Tuck Medal as the best on ground in the pre-season grand final and issuing an ominous warning to the rest of the competition that he was over his injury woes of the previous year. In one of his greatest seasons, Carey hit arguably the best form of his career in 1998 as he led North Melbourne on a club record 11-game winning streak.", "In one of his greatest seasons, Carey hit arguably the best form of his career in 1998 as he led North Melbourne on a club record 11-game winning streak. During the streak he registered 20 or more disposals and 5 or more goals on 6 separate occasions. Coach Denis Pagan designed the team's offence around Carey, instructing other forwards to draw their direct opponents outside the 50-metre arc to make space for Carey, a tactic which became known as \"Pagan's Paddock\".", "Coach Denis Pagan designed the team's offence around Carey, instructing other forwards to draw their direct opponents outside the 50-metre arc to make space for Carey, a tactic which became known as \"Pagan's Paddock\". In round 15, Carey demolished St Kilda with 14 marks, 26 disposals and 6 goals. The following week five first half goals against West Coast, including one of the goals of the year in the second quarter, saw Glen Jakovich taken to the bench.", "The following week five first half goals against West Coast, including one of the goals of the year in the second quarter, saw Glen Jakovich taken to the bench. His form continued the next week when he kicked 8 goals against Melbourne, to go with 11 marks, 24 disposals and 4 tackles and, three weeks later, Fremantle received the same treatment as Carey again kicked 8 goals and had 25 disposals.", "His form continued the next week when he kicked 8 goals against Melbourne, to go with 11 marks, 24 disposals and 4 tackles and, three weeks later, Fremantle received the same treatment as Carey again kicked 8 goals and had 25 disposals. In the final two rounds Adelaide and the Western Bulldogs had no answers to limit his influence and he was completely dominant in each game, kicking 5 and 4 goals respectively and taking contested marks at will, all around the ground.", "In the final two rounds Adelaide and the Western Bulldogs had no answers to limit his influence and he was completely dominant in each game, kicking 5 and 4 goals respectively and taking contested marks at will, all around the ground. After Carey kicked another 5 goals in the first round of the finals to ensure a comfortable win over Essendon, he had kicked 45 goals in the previous nine games and averaged 22 disposals and 9 marks per game. The winning streak ended on Grand Final day with a loss to Adelaide.", "The winning streak ended on Grand Final day with a loss to Adelaide. For the season, Carey averaged 8 marks, 20 disposals and 3.2 goals per game. He again led the league in marks and contested marks and was runner up in the league goal kicking race behind Tony Lockett, with 80 goals. Carey once again won almost every individual award on offer at season's end, with the noticeable exception of the Brownlow.", "Carey once again won almost every individual award on offer at season's end, with the noticeable exception of the Brownlow. Carey missed five games early in 1999 through injury, and spent much of the year in the forward line closer to goals. He averaged a career high 3.8 goals per game for the season, to go with 7 marks and 18 disposals. He helped North to a 15 and 2 record after his return from injury, in another premiership year for the Kangaroos.", "He helped North to a 15 and 2 record after his return from injury, in another premiership year for the Kangaroos. In round 8, Carey's first game back from injury, he kicked 7 goals against Hawthorn. Once again Carey's late season form was unparalleled, and in the nine games leading up to the Grand Final he averaged 8 marks, 19 disposals and 5.1 goals per game.", "Once again Carey's late season form was unparalleled, and in the nine games leading up to the Grand Final he averaged 8 marks, 19 disposals and 5.1 goals per game. He kicked 9 goals against Geelong in Round 16, followed it up the next week with a 10-goal, 12 mark and 24 disposal performance in a losing side against Essendon and in the wet in a qualifying final against Port Adelaide had 11 marks, 24 disposals and 6 goals in one of his greatest finals performances.", "He kicked 9 goals against Geelong in Round 16, followed it up the next week with a 10-goal, 12 mark and 24 disposal performance in a losing side against Essendon and in the wet in a qualifying final against Port Adelaide had 11 marks, 24 disposals and 6 goals in one of his greatest finals performances. Matched up against Carlton's Stephen Silvagni in the grand final, Carey played a slightly unfamiliar role.", "Matched up against Carlton's Stephen Silvagni in the grand final, Carey played a slightly unfamiliar role. After marking and kicking North Melbourne's opening goal in the first quarter, he struggled to get on top of the Carlton champion and was moved to the midfield after half time.", "After marking and kicking North Melbourne's opening goal in the first quarter, he struggled to get on top of the Carlton champion and was moved to the midfield after half time. He then gathered the most disposals afield in the third quarter and was the catalyst in a dominant quarter for North, before returning to the forward line in the final term to take a spectacular one handed mark and kick the final goal of the game.", "He then gathered the most disposals afield in the third quarter and was the catalyst in a dominant quarter for North, before returning to the forward line in the final term to take a spectacular one handed mark and kick the final goal of the game. Final years with North Melbourne: 2000–2001 By season 2000, Carey had firmly established himself in the minds of most as the greatest player of the modern era and greatest centre half forward ever to play the game.", "Final years with North Melbourne: 2000–2001 By season 2000, Carey had firmly established himself in the minds of most as the greatest player of the modern era and greatest centre half forward ever to play the game. Stints at centre half back and in the midfield that year had him notch consecutive 30-plus possession games and add yet another dimension to his game.", "Stints at centre half back and in the midfield that year had him notch consecutive 30-plus possession games and add yet another dimension to his game. In an incredible run of form over 6 games between rounds 4 and 10, Carey averaged 12 marks, 27 disposals and 3.5 goals per game, playing in a variety of positions.", "In an incredible run of form over 6 games between rounds 4 and 10, Carey averaged 12 marks, 27 disposals and 3.5 goals per game, playing in a variety of positions. Carey's 7 goals and 25 disposals in round 10 against Fremantle, made him only the second player, after Leigh Matthews, to record 5 plus goals and 20 plus disposals in a game for the 30th time in his career.", "Carey's 7 goals and 25 disposals in round 10 against Fremantle, made him only the second player, after Leigh Matthews, to record 5 plus goals and 20 plus disposals in a game for the 30th time in his career. Games against Brisbane and Melbourne in rounds 14 and 17 saw him repeat this feat for the 31st and 32nd time; the most by any player apart from Matthews.", "Games against Brisbane and Melbourne in rounds 14 and 17 saw him repeat this feat for the 31st and 32nd time; the most by any player apart from Matthews. Statistically, 2000 was shaping up as one of Carey's best years and, with just two games left of the Home and Away season, he held averages of 9 marks, 20 disposals and 3.2 goals per game.", "Statistically, 2000 was shaping up as one of Carey's best years and, with just two games left of the Home and Away season, he held averages of 9 marks, 20 disposals and 3.2 goals per game. Towards the end of the season however, Carey began to suffer heavily from the debilitating groin condition Osteitis pubis and his mobility and form subsequently slumped going into the finals. For the season he finished with averages of 8 marks, 18 disposals and 3.0 goals.", "For the season he finished with averages of 8 marks, 18 disposals and 3.0 goals. Carey was runner-up in the Leigh Matthews Trophy for the second year in a row and the fourth time in his career, this time behind Carlton's Anthony Koutoufides. It was his sixth top two finish in the League's MVP award in eight seasons. Going into 2001, his 13th season at North Melbourne and 9th as captain, Carey struggled to maintain consistent form as he battled various injuries.", "Going into 2001, his 13th season at North Melbourne and 9th as captain, Carey struggled to maintain consistent form as he battled various injuries. The physical nature of his play throughout his career began to take its toll on Carey's body, particularly his back, neck and shoulders and he was not able to string more than 5 games together at any point during the season. After round 13, Carey had played just seven games and averaged only 11 disposals and 2.0 goals per game.", "After round 13, Carey had played just seven games and averaged only 11 disposals and 2.0 goals per game. A comparatively injury-free second half of the season saw him play seven of the next eight games and average an improved 14 disposals and 3.0 goals per game. He kicked six goals in round 14 against Melbourne, and the next week, against West Coast, Carey kicked five goals and had a season high 18 disposals in his final game in North Melbourne colours matched up against long time adversary Glen Jakovich.", "He kicked six goals in round 14 against Melbourne, and the next week, against West Coast, Carey kicked five goals and had a season high 18 disposals in his final game in North Melbourne colours matched up against long time adversary Glen Jakovich. In round 21, after playing 14 games and kicking 35 goals that year, Wayne Carey played what would end up being his last game for the North Melbourne Football Club.", "In round 21, after playing 14 games and kicking 35 goals that year, Wayne Carey played what would end up being his last game for the North Melbourne Football Club. Extramarital affair and leaving North Melbourne: 2002 In March 2002 Carey had an extramarital affair with then-best-friend North Melbourne stalwart and Vice Captain Anthony Stevens's wife, Kelli. Carey and Stevens were attending a party at teammate Glenn Archer's house. Carey is quoted as saying Kelli followed him into the toilets, in front of a large crowd including her husband.", "Carey is quoted as saying Kelli followed him into the toilets, in front of a large crowd including her husband. An argument ensued between Carey and Stevens and both subsequently failed to attend football training. In the face of his team being united against him, as well as nationwide condemnation, Carey resigned in disgrace from North Melbourne. Carey's then manager Ricky Nixon famously stated that his client was on \"suicide watch\" during the aftermath. To avoid media attention Carey fled to Las Vegas, USA.", "To avoid media attention Carey fled to Las Vegas, USA. Carey's management later denied speculation that he had trained with the NFL's Dallas Cowboys. Adelaide Crows: 2003–2004 For some time, it was unclear whether Carey would return to AFL football, but after the end of the 2002 season and a 12-month absence from football, Carey was signed by the Adelaide Crows where he played for the next two seasons. Age and injury plagued Carey in 2003 and prevented him from dominating as he once did.", "Age and injury plagued Carey in 2003 and prevented him from dominating as he once did. He did manage to earn a top ten finish in the club best and fairest and kicked the second most goals of any Crow for the year, despite missing eight games. The 2003 season was most memorable for Carey's fiery encounters with his former North Melbourne teammates Glenn Archer and Anthony Stevens in round 6. On that day he kicked four goals, including one of the goals of the year.", "On that day he kicked four goals, including one of the goals of the year. Carey's best performance for 2003 once again came in the finals, an elimination final against West Coast, when he had the most kicks and marks afield and became the 14th player to kick 700 career goals in AFL/VFL history.", "Carey's best performance for 2003 once again came in the finals, an elimination final against West Coast, when he had the most kicks and marks afield and became the 14th player to kick 700 career goals in AFL/VFL history. Carey played the first 11 games in 2004, after which he had taken the most contested marks at Adelaide, was 11 goals clear in the Crows' goal kicking and was coming second in the club best and fairest.", "Carey played the first 11 games in 2004, after which he had taken the most contested marks at Adelaide, was 11 goals clear in the Crows' goal kicking and was coming second in the club best and fairest. Carey's best performance in the Adelaide colours came a week before his 33rd birthday, in round 8 of the 2004 season. He took 9 marks, had 17 disposals and kicked 6 goals, out of a team total of 12, in a heavy loss to Essendon.", "He took 9 marks, had 17 disposals and kicked 6 goals, out of a team total of 12, in a heavy loss to Essendon. Two weeks later, Carey's fourth goal against Hawthorn was one of the goals of the year. Taking a contested mark on the wing, Carey played on, having three bounces and shrugging off a tackle as he ran inside the forward 50. He gave off a handball to teammate Tyson Edwards, who in turn gave the ball back to Carey deep in the forward pocket.", "He gave off a handball to teammate Tyson Edwards, who in turn gave the ball back to Carey deep in the forward pocket. Carey's left foot snap for goal was a highlight in a big win for the Crows. In round 12, Carey left the field early in the second quarter and was later forced to retire with a disc-related neck injury, marking the end of a career that spanned 16 seasons and 272 games and included 727 goals.", "In round 12, Carey left the field early in the second quarter and was later forced to retire with a disc-related neck injury, marking the end of a career that spanned 16 seasons and 272 games and included 727 goals. State of Origin Carey had a relatively short, but successful State of Origin career, and what he describes as significant in his career.", "State of Origin Carey had a relatively short, but successful State of Origin career, and what he describes as significant in his career. Carey first played at the game's highest level in 1990 for New South Wales, in a famous win over Victoria, in the side's only 3rd ever win against the State, Carey scored one goal. In 1992, playing for South Australia against Victoria, Carey played an outstanding game, dominating at centre half forward and kicking two goals.", "In 1992, playing for South Australia against Victoria, Carey played an outstanding game, dominating at centre half forward and kicking two goals. Including the match winner from 55 meters out in the dying moments. Carey had four opponents in the game, dominating them all, including Chris Langford, Danny Frawley and Garry Lyon. Carey has described this game as the moment he knew he belonged in the AFL.", "Carey has described this game as the moment he knew he belonged in the AFL. Saying if he could do well at State of Origin level, a higher level than the AFL, he knew he belonged at AFL level. Carey played for NSW/ACT the following year in the State of Origin Carnival scoring one goal. In the latter half of the 1990s clubs began putting pressure on players to pull out of games due to fear of injury and players began to stop participating.", "In the latter half of the 1990s clubs began putting pressure on players to pull out of games due to fear of injury and players began to stop participating. Australian Football Hall of Fame Carey was inducted into the AFL Hall of Fame in 2010. Although as he was eligible for induction in 2008, his off field troubles with drugs delayed his induction.", "Although as he was eligible for induction in 2008, his off field troubles with drugs delayed his induction. Carey vs Jakovich Throughout much of the 1990s Glen Jakovich was regarded as the premier centre half back in the AFL, and his battles with Carey were a talking point and a season highlight whenever the Eagles and Kangaroos met. Jakovich was one of the very few players who could match Carey for strength in a one-on-one contest and as a result he was often able to limit Carey's dominance.", "Jakovich was one of the very few players who could match Carey for strength in a one-on-one contest and as a result he was often able to limit Carey's dominance. The rivalry gained significant media attention during 1995 when the pair met three times, with Carey being held to a combined total of just 7 marks, 35 disposals and 2 goals. Carey had dominated their encounters in 1993 and 1994, polling Brownlow votes in two out of three games.", "Carey had dominated their encounters in 1993 and 1994, polling Brownlow votes in two out of three games. Statistically, Jakovich held Carey to fewer disposals and goals than any other player could consistently manage. In all they played against each other 18 times—16 while Carey was at North Melbourne and two when he was at Adelaide—first meeting in round 12 of 1992 and last in round 19 of 2003, with Jakovich being able to hold Carey to averages of 6 marks, 14 disposals and 2.1 goals per game.", "In all they played against each other 18 times—16 while Carey was at North Melbourne and two when he was at Adelaide—first meeting in round 12 of 1992 and last in round 19 of 2003, with Jakovich being able to hold Carey to averages of 6 marks, 14 disposals and 2.1 goals per game. By comparison, in the 188 games Carey played against all other opponents in the same period, he averaged 7 marks, 18 disposals and 3.0 goals per game.", "By comparison, in the 188 games Carey played against all other opponents in the same period, he averaged 7 marks, 18 disposals and 3.0 goals per game. Legacy Carey has been named by many media commentators as the greatest footballer to play the game. In 1999, Leigh Matthews, who was voted the greatest player of the 20th century, honoured Carey by saying that he was the best player he had ever seen.", "In 1999, Leigh Matthews, who was voted the greatest player of the 20th century, honoured Carey by saying that he was the best player he had ever seen. In 2008, Carey was named as Australian Football's greatest ever player as part of a list of the top 50 players of all time, published in the book The Australian Game of Football, and placed third in a similar list put together by a panel of football legends in The Age newspaper the same year.", "In 2008, Carey was named as Australian Football's greatest ever player as part of a list of the top 50 players of all time, published in the book The Australian Game of Football, and placed third in a similar list put together by a panel of football legends in The Age newspaper the same year. In 2011, the Herald Sun polled 21 past and present AFL greats, including Carey, to find the players' opinion as to the greatest player of the AFL era.", "In 2011, the Herald Sun polled 21 past and present AFL greats, including Carey, to find the players' opinion as to the greatest player of the AFL era. Carey topped the list, polling 85 of a possible 100 votes, 26 votes ahead of second placed Gary Ablett Sr. \"Sure Got Me\" on Paul Kelly's 2004 double album Ways & Means recounts the love triangle involving Carey, Anthony Stevens, and Stevens' wife, Kelli.", "Carey topped the list, polling 85 of a possible 100 votes, 26 votes ahead of second placed Gary Ablett Sr. \"Sure Got Me\" on Paul Kelly's 2004 double album Ways & Means recounts the love triangle involving Carey, Anthony Stevens, and Stevens' wife, Kelli. Hunters & Collectors frontman Mark Seymour also wrote a song inspired by the affair, but declined to release it after learning of Kelly's take on the events.", "Hunters & Collectors frontman Mark Seymour also wrote a song inspired by the affair, but declined to release it after learning of Kelly's take on the events. Jock Cheese, bassist of the satirical Melbourne band TISM, released a tribute to Carey titled \"Why Don't You Get A Bigger Set of Tits?\" on his 2002 solo album Platter. Statistics Carey's career total of 727 goals ranks him equal 16th in VFL/AFL history, and his 671 goals for North Melbourne is the club record.", "Statistics Carey's career total of 727 goals ranks him equal 16th in VFL/AFL history, and his 671 goals for North Melbourne is the club record. |- style=\"background-color: #EAEAEA\" ! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1989 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 40 || 4 || 0 || 2 || 26 || 8 || 34 || 14 || 4 || 0.0 || 0.5 || 6.5 || 2.0 || 8.5 || 3.5 || 1.0 |- !", "scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1989 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 40 || 4 || 0 || 2 || 26 || 8 || 34 || 14 || 4 || 0.0 || 0.5 || 6.5 || 2.0 || 8.5 || 3.5 || 1.0 |- ! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1990 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 18 || 21 || 38 || 23 || 196 || 94 || 290 || 98 || 18 || 1.8 || 1.1 || 9.3 || 4.5 || 13.8 || 4.7 || 0.9 |- style=\"background-color: #EAEAEA\" !", "scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1990 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 18 || 21 || 38 || 23 || 196 || 94 || 290 || 98 || 18 || 1.8 || 1.1 || 9.3 || 4.5 || 13.8 || 4.7 || 0.9 |- style=\"background-color: #EAEAEA\" ! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1991 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 18 || 14 || 28 || 21 || 132 || 56 || 188 || 84 || 10 || 2.0 || 1.5 || 9.4 || 4.0 || 13.4 || 6.0 || 0.7 |- !", "scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1991 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 18 || 14 || 28 || 21 || 132 || 56 || 188 || 84 || 10 || 2.0 || 1.5 || 9.4 || 4.0 || 13.4 || 6.0 || 0.7 |- ! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1992 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 18 || 21 || 46 || 32 || 278 || 107 || 385 || 157 || 26 || 2.2 || 1.5 || 13.2 || 5.1 || 18.3 || 7.5 || 1.2 |- style=\"background-color: #EAEAEA\" !", "scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1992 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 18 || 21 || 46 || 32 || 278 || 107 || 385 || 157 || 26 || 2.2 || 1.5 || 13.2 || 5.1 || 18.3 || 7.5 || 1.2 |- style=\"background-color: #EAEAEA\" ! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1993 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 18 || 19 || 64 || 44 || 216 || 123 || 339 || 150 || 21 || 3.4 || 2.3 || 11.4 || 6.5 || 17.8 || 7.9 || 1.1 |- !", "scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1993 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 18 || 19 || 64 || 44 || 216 || 123 || 339 || 150 || 21 || 3.4 || 2.3 || 11.4 || 6.5 || 17.8 || 7.9 || 1.1 |- ! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1994 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 18 || 19 || 63 || 42 || 237 || 116 || 353 || 164 || 13 || 3.3 || 2.2 || 12.5 || 6.1 || 18.6 || 8.6 || 0.7 |- style=\"background-color: #EAEAEA\" !", "scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1994 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 18 || 19 || 63 || 42 || 237 || 116 || 353 || 164 || 13 || 3.3 || 2.2 || 12.5 || 6.1 || 18.6 || 8.6 || 0.7 |- style=\"background-color: #EAEAEA\" ! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1995 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 18 || 25 || 65 || 46 || 309 || 143|| 452 || 187 || 28 || 2.6 || 1.8 || 12.4 || 5.7 || 18.1 || 7.5 || 1.1 |- |style=\"text-align:center;background:#afe6ba;\"|1996† |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 18 || 25 || 82 || 55 || 332 || 154 || 486 || 200 || 31 || 3.3 || 2.2 || 13.3 || 6.2 || 19.4 || 8.0 || 1.2 |- style=\"background-color: #EAEAEA\" !", "scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1995 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 18 || 25 || 65 || 46 || 309 || 143|| 452 || 187 || 28 || 2.6 || 1.8 || 12.4 || 5.7 || 18.1 || 7.5 || 1.1 |- |style=\"text-align:center;background:#afe6ba;\"|1996† |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 18 || 25 || 82 || 55 || 332 || 154 || 486 || 200 || 31 || 3.3 || 2.2 || 13.3 || 6.2 || 19.4 || 8.0 || 1.2 |- style=\"background-color: #EAEAEA\" ! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1997 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 18 || 14 || 25 || 15 || 160 || 66 || 226 || 74 || 14 || 1.8 || 1.1 || 11.4 || 4.7 || 16.1 || 5.3 || 1.0 |- !", "scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1997 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 18 || 14 || 25 || 15 || 160 || 66 || 226 || 74 || 14 || 1.8 || 1.1 || 11.4 || 4.7 || 16.1 || 5.3 || 1.0 |- ! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1998 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 18 || 25 || 80 || 49 || 368 || 121 || 489 || 193 || 40 || 3.2 || 2.0 || 14.7 || 4.8 || 19.6 || 7.7 || 1.6 |- style=\"background-color: #EAEAEA\" !", "scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1998 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 18 || 25 || 80 || 49 || 368 || 121 || 489 || 193 || 40 || 3.2 || 2.0 || 14.7 || 4.8 || 19.6 || 7.7 || 1.6 |- style=\"background-color: #EAEAEA\" ! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1999 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 18 || 20 || 76 || 39 || 253 || 100 || 353 || 145 || 33 || 3.8 || 2.0 || 12.7 || 5.0 || 17.7 || 7.3 || 1.7 |- !", "scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1999 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 18 || 20 || 76 || 39 || 253 || 100 || 353 || 145 || 33 || 3.8 || 2.0 || 12.7 || 5.0 || 17.7 || 7.3 || 1.7 |- ! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 2000 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 18 || 23 || 69 || 37 || 336 || 86 || 422 || 176 || 35 || 3.0 || 1.6 || 14.6 || 3.7 || 18.3 || 7.7 || 1.5 |- style=\"background-color: #EAEAEA\" !", "scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 2000 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 18 || 23 || 69 || 37 || 336 || 86 || 422 || 176 || 35 || 3.0 || 1.6 || 14.6 || 3.7 || 18.3 || 7.7 || 1.5 |- style=\"background-color: #EAEAEA\" ! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 2001 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 18 || 14 || 35 || 11 || 137 || 37 || 174 || 69 || 13 || 2.5 || 0.8 || 9.8 || 2.6 || 12.4 || 4.9 || 0.9 |- !", "scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 2001 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 18 || 14 || 35 || 11 || 137 || 37 || 174 || 69 || 13 || 2.5 || 0.8 || 9.8 || 2.6 || 12.4 || 4.9 || 0.9 |- ! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 2003 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 2 || 16 || 29 || 19 || 136 || 35 || 171 || 62 || 21 || 1.8 || 1.2 || 8.5 || 2.2 || 10.7 || 3.9 || 1.3 |- style=\"background-color: #EAEAEA\" !", "scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 2003 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 2 || 16 || 29 || 19 || 136 || 35 || 171 || 62 || 21 || 1.8 || 1.2 || 8.5 || 2.2 || 10.7 || 3.9 || 1.3 |- style=\"background-color: #EAEAEA\" ! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 2004 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 2 || 12 || 27 || 22 || 101 || 26 || 127 || 57 || 12 || 2.3 || 1.8 || 8.4 || 2.2 || 10.6 || 4.8 || 1.0 |- class=\"sortbottom\" !", "scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 2004 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 2 || 12 || 27 || 22 || 101 || 26 || 127 || 57 || 12 || 2.3 || 1.8 || 8.4 || 2.2 || 10.6 || 4.8 || 1.0 |- class=\"sortbottom\" ! colspan=3| Career ! 272 ! 727 ! 457 ! 3217 ! 1272 ! 4489 ! 1830 ! 319 ! 2.7 ! 1.7 ! 11.8 ! 4.7 ! 16.5 ! 6.7 !", "4489 ! 1830 ! 319 ! 2.7 ! 1.7 ! 11.8 ! 4.7 ! 16.5 ! 6.7 ! 6.7 ! 1.2 |} Post-playing career In early 2005, Carey agreed to assist former coach and mentor Denis Pagan at the Carlton Football Club, acting voluntarily as a part-time skills coach. In 2006 he was an assistant coach at Collingwood Football Club. Carey also worked as a commentator and host of shows on the Fox Footy Channel throughout the 2006 season.", "Carey also worked as a commentator and host of shows on the Fox Footy Channel throughout the 2006 season. In 2007 he participated in the Nine Network football analysis program Footy Classified, as well as special comments for radio station 3AW's football coverage. Subsequent to his dual arrests for domestic violence and assault he was sacked from both positions. In 2009, Carey was approached in a confidential meeting with influential North Melbourne board member Ron Joseph to return to the club as coach in a succession plan which also involved Malcolm Blight.", "In 2009, Carey was approached in a confidential meeting with influential North Melbourne board member Ron Joseph to return to the club as coach in a succession plan which also involved Malcolm Blight. Carey confirmed this when queried by noted football journalist Damian Barrett in May 2021. In 2012 Carey joined the Triple M Melbourne AFL commentary team and One HD's The Game Plan, however the latter was cancelled mid-season. In 2013, he joined The Marngrook Footy Show on National Indigenous Television as a regular panelist.", "In 2013, he joined The Marngrook Footy Show on National Indigenous Television as a regular panelist. Later that year he joined the Seven Network to host a series of Talking Footy specials alongside Bruce McAvaney, Luke Darcy and Andrew Demetriou, to cover both the Essendon drugs scandal and the finals series. In 2014, Carey joined the Seven Network as a Friday night commentator and also a permanent panelist on Talking Footy.", "In 2014, Carey joined the Seven Network as a Friday night commentator and also a permanent panelist on Talking Footy. Domestic violence, assault, arrests, drug abuse and scandals In 1997 Carey pleaded guilty to indecent assault after grabbing a passing woman's breast on a Melbourne city street after 12 hours of drinking with teammates. He allegedly told her \"Why don't you get a bigger pair of tits\". Carey later settled out of court when the woman filed a civil suit against him.", "Carey later settled out of court when the woman filed a civil suit against him. In 2000 Carey provided character evidence for Jason Moran, an infamous gangster who was subsequently murdered in Melbourne's gang war. In 2004, while holidaying with his then wife, Carey was subject to arrest for a misdemeanour battery report while holidaying in Las Vegas. He was placed in custody for one night then released. The local District Attorney elected not to pursue the case.", "The local District Attorney elected not to pursue the case. Carey again became the subject of public comment in February 2006 when he announced he was leaving his pregnant wife Sally for model Kate Neilson. His daughter Ella was born six weeks later. In December 2006 Neilson allegedly reported Carey to Australian police for domestic violence, alleging he had punched her in the face. Neilson and Carey denied this report.", "Neilson and Carey denied this report. Neilson and Carey denied this report. Subsequently, US security guard Kyle Banks told the Nine Network's A Current Affair he saw Carey attacking Neilson while working at the exclusive W Hotel in New York City in October 2006. Banks said he saw Carey break a bottle of French champagne over his own head. On 27 January 2008 Carey was arrested after reports of a disturbance at his Port Melbourne apartment.", "On 27 January 2008 Carey was arrested after reports of a disturbance at his Port Melbourne apartment. Police had to subdue Carey with capsicum spray and he was seen hand-cuffed after allegedly assaulting the officers. Two days later, the Nine Network announced it would not renew the television contract of Carey after it was revealed that Carey had been arrested and charged with assaulting a police officer and Neilson in Miami, Florida, on 27 October 2007, after he allegedly glassed Neilsen in the face and neck with a wine glass.", "Two days later, the Nine Network announced it would not renew the television contract of Carey after it was revealed that Carey had been arrested and charged with assaulting a police officer and Neilson in Miami, Florida, on 27 October 2007, after he allegedly glassed Neilsen in the face and neck with a wine glass. Police Lieutenant Bill Schwartz, however, reported: When officers went and spoke to him, he immediately was belligerent, starting striking out at the officers, in fact, kicked one of the female officers in the face with his foot, elbowed another one in the side of the face.", "Police Lieutenant Bill Schwartz, however, reported: When officers went and spoke to him, he immediately was belligerent, starting striking out at the officers, in fact, kicked one of the female officers in the face with his foot, elbowed another one in the side of the face. They had to wrestle him down and handcuff him. When he was in the police car, he used his head as a battering ram and tried to smash a hole between the front compartment of the police car and the prisoner compartment.", "When he was in the police car, he used his head as a battering ram and tried to smash a hole between the front compartment of the police car and the prisoner compartment. To stop Carey harming himself and damaging the car, the officers put him into a leather hobble restraint around his hands and legs. Carey faced up to fifteen years in jail and 30,000 fines. Additionally Carey was fired from commentary jobs at 3AW and the Nine Network following the coverage of the two arrests.", "Additionally Carey was fired from commentary jobs at 3AW and the Nine Network following the coverage of the two arrests. Ultimately Carey pleaded guilty to assaulting and resisting Miami police. In exchange for his guilty pleas, prosecutors agreed that Carey should only serve 50 hours of community service, attend alcohol- and anger-management classes, serve two years probation, and pay US$500 to a Miami police charity. As a consequence of his criminal record in the United States, Carey was refused an entry visa in October 2009.", "As a consequence of his criminal record in the United States, Carey was refused an entry visa in October 2009. In March 2008 Carey publicly revealed he was, for a long period, an abuser of alcohol and cocaine. He was interviewed by Andrew Denton on Enough Rope, where he talked candidly about his life and recent controversies. 1.5 million viewers tuned into the highly publicised interview.", "1.5 million viewers tuned into the highly publicised interview. 1.5 million viewers tuned into the highly publicised interview. Carey was attempting to visit Barwon Prison in February 2012 to speak to indigenous inmates as part of a mentoring program, however he was found to have traces of cocaine on his clothing following a routine drug scan. Carey was informed that he could enter the prison if he submitted to a strip search. He declined and left the correctional facility.", "He declined and left the correctional facility. He declined and left the correctional facility. References Further reading External links 1971 births Living people Australian rules footballers from New South Wales North Melbourne Football Club players North Melbourne Football Club Premiership players Syd Barker Medal winners Adelaide Football Club players All-Australians (AFL) Australian Football Hall of Fame inductees Leigh Matthews Trophy winners New South Wales Australian rules football State of Origin players South Australian State of Origin players North Adelaide Football Club players Australian rules football commentators Australia international rules football team players Australian people convicted of assault Australian people convicted of indecent assault Two-time VFL/AFL Premiership players" ]

[ "Wayne Carey", "Rise to stardom: 1990-1992", "How was he discovered?", "Carey immediately drew the attention of the football world and built a reputation early in his career as an aggressive, big marking and long kicking key position player." ]

[ "Gene O Driscoll was a Gaelic footballer who played with Kerry, Galway, London and New York during the 1960s and 1970s.\n\nHe was on the first ever Kerry Under 21 team which contested and won the Munster Championship in Kenmare in 1962. He also played with the Kerry senior team that year and won a Munster Championship at centre forward scoring 1-01 in what was his only championship game at senior level with Kerry, he emigrated following this game. After a number of years in London in 1969 he won an All Ireland Junior Championship when London beat Wicklow. He was soon on the move once more this time to New York City where he also played with the New York intercounty team with whom he played in the 1966 National League final.\n\nAt club level he first played with Annascaul and West Kerry. When he first moved to London he played with the St Mary's club before joining Geraldine's where he won a Junior Championship. he then rejoined St Mary's and won a Senior Championship in 1963.\n\nIn 2011 he was picked on the All Star London team 1960–2010.\n\nHis sons Bingo and Johnny both also played with Kerry and New York during the 1990s and 2000s.\n\nReferences\n http://terracetalk.com/articles/296/Honouring-Five-Kerrymen-on-the-Greatest-London-team-1960--2010\n http://terracetalk.com/kerry-football/player/519/Gene-ODriscoll\n\nYear of birth missing (living people)\nLiving people\nAnnascaul Gaelic footballers\nKerry inter-county Gaelic footballers\nLondon inter-county Gaelic footballers\nNew York Gaelic footballers", "Vincent Coakley (1955 – 5 November 2020) was an Irish Gaelic footballer. At club level he played with Aghinagh, Millstreet and Muskerry and was a National League winner with the Cork senior football team.\n\nPlaying career\n\nA member of the Aghinagh club, Coakley first came to prominence when he was drafted onto the Cork minor football team. He won a Munster Championship medal in this grade in 1973, before later having two unsuccessful years with the under-21 team. Coakley joined the Cork senior team during the 1976 Munster Championship and made his debut two years later in the Munster final against Kerry. He won a National League medal in 1980 in what was his last season with the team.\n\nHonours\n\nCork\nNational Football League (1): 1979–80\nMunster Minor Football Championship (1): 1973\n\nReferences\n\n1955 births\n2020 deaths\n\nMillstreet Gaelic footballers\nMuskerry Gaelic footballers\nCork inter-county Gaelic footballers" ]

[ "Wayne Francis Carey (born 27 May 1971) is a former Australian rules footballer who played with the North Melbourne Football Club and the Adelaide Football Club in the Australian Football League (AFL). A dual-premiership captain at North Melbourne, four-time North Melbourne best-and-fairest (Syd Barker Medallist) and seven-time All-Australian, Carey is nicknamed \"The King\", or \"Duck\".", "A dual-premiership captain at North Melbourne, four-time North Melbourne best-and-fairest (Syd Barker Medallist) and seven-time All-Australian, Carey is nicknamed \"The King\", or \"Duck\". In 2001, he was named as centre half-forward and captain of North Melbourne's Team of the Century, and in 2008 was named as Australian football's greatest ever player, as part of a list of the top 50 players of all time, published in the book The Australian Game of Football, which was released by the League to celebrate 150 years of Australian rules football.", "In 2001, he was named as centre half-forward and captain of North Melbourne's Team of the Century, and in 2008 was named as Australian football's greatest ever player, as part of a list of the top 50 players of all time, published in the book The Australian Game of Football, which was released by the League to celebrate 150 years of Australian rules football. In 2002, he left North Melbourne in disgrace after it was revealed he'd been having an extramarital affair with the wife of his then-teammate Anthony Stevens.", "In 2002, he left North Melbourne in disgrace after it was revealed he'd been having an extramarital affair with the wife of his then-teammate Anthony Stevens. He is also known for his legal problems, which include domestic violence charges and assault convictions. From 2014 Carey has worked as a Friday night football commentator and Talking Footy panelist with Channel Seven. Early life The son of Kevin and Lynne, Carey was one of five children who grew up in Wagga Wagga, New South Wales.", "Early life The son of Kevin and Lynne, Carey was one of five children who grew up in Wagga Wagga, New South Wales. His mother and father separated when Carey was aged six, with his mother taking four of the children to Adelaide, living in a homeless shelter. According to Carey's autobiography, his father was a violent man who had spent time at Mannus Correctional Centre and was troubled by alcoholism.", "According to Carey's autobiography, his father was a violent man who had spent time at Mannus Correctional Centre and was troubled by alcoholism. A few months later, Kevin Carey retrieved the children from his estranged wife and they returned to Wagga Wagga. Carey played rugby league as a junior, and began playing Australian rules football at the age of eight. At the age of thirteen, Carey returned to Adelaide, where he attended The Heights School and played junior football for North Adelaide.", "At the age of thirteen, Carey returned to Adelaide, where he attended The Heights School and played junior football for North Adelaide. Playing career: 1989–2004 AFL VFL debut: 1987–1989 In 1987, Carey was recruited by North Melbourne after their CEO, Greg Miller, met with the Sydney Swans' football department to discuss the transfer to North Melbourne of John Longmire, a highly regarded junior key-position player.", "Playing career: 1989–2004 AFL VFL debut: 1987–1989 In 1987, Carey was recruited by North Melbourne after their CEO, Greg Miller, met with the Sydney Swans' football department to discuss the transfer to North Melbourne of John Longmire, a highly regarded junior key-position player. Once that deal was concluded, Miller then inquired about Carey who, like Longmire, was zoned to the Swans due to having lived in New South Wales.", "Once that deal was concluded, Miller then inquired about Carey who, like Longmire, was zoned to the Swans due to having lived in New South Wales. He made a token offer of $10,000 as a transfer fee, to which the Swans surprisingly agreed. As a 16-year-old, Carey made the move to Melbourne and played for the North Melbourne under-19s, where he starred in their 1988 premiership side under coach Denis Pagan.", "As a 16-year-old, Carey made the move to Melbourne and played for the North Melbourne under-19s, where he starred in their 1988 premiership side under coach Denis Pagan. Carey was promoted to the senior list prior to the 1989 season and, after recovering from dislocating his left shoulder in a practice match early in the year, made his first appearance for the seniors as an 18-year-old in round 11 of 1989 against Fitzroy.", "Carey was promoted to the senior list prior to the 1989 season and, after recovering from dislocating his left shoulder in a practice match early in the year, made his first appearance for the seniors as an 18-year-old in round 11 of 1989 against Fitzroy. Rise to stardom: 1990–1992 After playing only four games in his debut year, Carey burst onto the scene in 1990 as a goal-kicking centre half-forward and as support to their full forward in Longmire (who was that year's Coleman Medallist as the AFL's leading goal-kicker).", "Rise to stardom: 1990–1992 After playing only four games in his debut year, Carey burst onto the scene in 1990 as a goal-kicking centre half-forward and as support to their full forward in Longmire (who was that year's Coleman Medallist as the AFL's leading goal-kicker). Carey immediately drew the attention of the football world and built a reputation early in his career as an aggressive, big marking and long kicking key position player.", "Carey immediately drew the attention of the football world and built a reputation early in his career as an aggressive, big marking and long kicking key position player. That year, Carey would become the 1990 season runner up in North Melbourne's best and fairest, behind Longmire. In round 13, a then 19-year-old Carey took 8 marks, had 22 disposals and kicked 7 goals in a big win over Sydney. It was the first of many times Carey would dominate up forward for North.", "It was the first of many times Carey would dominate up forward for North. In 21 games in 1990 Carey averaged 5 marks, 14 disposals and 1.8 goals. The 1991 season started very promisingly for Carey and after nine rounds he was averaging 7 marks, 16 disposals and 2.4 goals. At that stage he was leading North Melbourne's best and fairest and, despite still being a teenager, was quickly becoming the Kangaroos' most important player.", "At that stage he was leading North Melbourne's best and fairest and, despite still being a teenager, was quickly becoming the Kangaroos' most important player. In Round 10 against Footscray, Carey started brilliantly, kicking two first quarter goals, before an injury to his right shoulder forced him to sit out the rest of that game and the next eight. He struggled to regain form when he returned for the last 5 rounds.", "He struggled to regain form when he returned for the last 5 rounds. Early in 1992 Carey considered leaving North Melbourne and returning to Adelaide due to internal unrest within the leadership of the club. He was convinced to stay by the coaching staff and, in the latter half of the season, Carey began to show signs that he was destined for greatness. In the second half of 1992 Carey would put a string of outstanding performances to close the season out.", "In the second half of 1992 Carey would put a string of outstanding performances to close the season out. By season's end Carey was dominating Centre Half Forward like no one else in the league, his play trademarked by big marks and long goals. He finished the year with an impressive 7 goal performance against Fitzroy and averaged 10 marks, 20 disposals and 3.3 goals during North Melbourne's last 8 games. For the season, he averaged 7 marks, 18 disposals and 2.2 goals per game.", "For the season, he averaged 7 marks, 18 disposals and 2.2 goals per game. Carey had his first top five finish in the Brownlow Medal, claimed his first club best and fairest and was named club captain by new coach Denis Pagan ahead of the 1993 season. Captaincy: 1993–2001 As captain, Carey led North Melbourne to the finals for eight consecutive years from 1993 to 2000. This streak included seven straight preliminary finals, three grand finals and two premierships (1996 and 1999).", "This streak included seven straight preliminary finals, three grand finals and two premierships (1996 and 1999). During this eight-year period, Carey played 170 games, averaged 8 marks and 19 disposals per game and kicked 544 goals at 3.2 per game. He won three further club best and fairests, was a five-time club leading goal kicker, All Australian centre half forward seven times, including four times as captain and once as vice-captain, and he was named MVP by the AFL Players Association twice, in 1995 and 1998.", "He won three further club best and fairests, was a five-time club leading goal kicker, All Australian centre half forward seven times, including four times as captain and once as vice-captain, and he was named MVP by the AFL Players Association twice, in 1995 and 1998. Carey was criticised widely for both his on and off field behaviour. On the field he was reported three times and suspended twice for a total of five weeks in 1994.", "On the field he was reported three times and suspended twice for a total of five weeks in 1994. An off the field charge of indecent assault in 1996 put a damper on his otherwise stellar form. Bookies had Carey as pre-count favourite for the Brownlow Medal on four separate occasions (1993, 1995, 1996 and 1998), but many believe his on field arrogance and backchat to umpires were the primary reason he never claimed the game's highest individual honour.", "Bookies had Carey as pre-count favourite for the Brownlow Medal on four separate occasions (1993, 1995, 1996 and 1998), but many believe his on field arrogance and backchat to umpires were the primary reason he never claimed the game's highest individual honour. First years as captain and \"No Carey, No North\": 1993–1995 In 1993, at age 21, Carey was the second youngest club captain in VFL/AFL history.", "First years as captain and \"No Carey, No North\": 1993–1995 In 1993, at age 21, Carey was the second youngest club captain in VFL/AFL history. Carey consistently won games off his own boot, including a game against reigning premiers the West Coast Eagles at the WACA in round 12, and then against that year's eventual premiers in Essendon in round 15, where he played a dominant final quarter that marked him as an out-and-out champion.", "Carey consistently won games off his own boot, including a game against reigning premiers the West Coast Eagles at the WACA in round 12, and then against that year's eventual premiers in Essendon in round 15, where he played a dominant final quarter that marked him as an out-and-out champion. After 15 rounds of the 1993 season, with North Melbourne on top of the AFL ladder, Carey was leading the club in marks, disposals and goals, before he was injured in their round 16 clash with Brisbane and did not play again until round 20.", "After 15 rounds of the 1993 season, with North Melbourne on top of the AFL ladder, Carey was leading the club in marks, disposals and goals, before he was injured in their round 16 clash with Brisbane and did not play again until round 20. For the season he averaged 8 marks, 19 disposals and 3.4 goals per game.", "For the season he averaged 8 marks, 19 disposals and 3.4 goals per game. At the end of the season, Carey became the youngest ever All-Australian captain at 22 years of age and finished third in the Brownlow Medal count, after being outright favourite to take out the prestigious award. But for the freakish efforts of Gary Ablett, many experts had Carey as the game's best player at the conclusion of the season, and he was runner-up behind Ablett in the Leigh Matthews Trophy.", "But for the freakish efforts of Gary Ablett, many experts had Carey as the game's best player at the conclusion of the season, and he was runner-up behind Ablett in the Leigh Matthews Trophy. The following year Carey appeared to have improved again. After round 6 of the 1994 season, Carey was averaging 12 marks, 21 disposals and 4.8 goals per game.", "After round 6 of the 1994 season, Carey was averaging 12 marks, 21 disposals and 4.8 goals per game. This included a 17 mark, 26 disposal, 7 goal performance against Hawthorn, 13 marks, 21 disposals and 6 goals against Footscray and a 15 mark, 21 disposal, 5 goals in a loss to the West Coast Eagles. Carey's mid season suspensions subdued him somewhat, before he turned it on again to dominate in the finals with two of the all-time great individual finals performances.", "Carey's mid season suspensions subdued him somewhat, before he turned it on again to dominate in the finals with two of the all-time great individual finals performances. In the qualifying final against Hawthorn, Carey kicked the last goal of the final quarter to level the score and force the game into extra time. Carey then kicked the goal to seal the win during extra time and earn North Melbourne a week break before the preliminary final. He finished the game with 10 marks, 32 disposals and 4 goals in an inspiring performance.", "He finished the game with 10 marks, 32 disposals and 4 goals in an inspiring performance. Two weeks later Carey was irrepressible in the preliminary final against Geelong. With North down by four goals at half time, it was Carey's four third quarter goals that kept them in the game.", "With North down by four goals at half time, it was Carey's four third quarter goals that kept them in the game. He played a lone hand up forward with 14 marks, of which 10 were contested, 24 disposals and 6 goals, to once again have the scores level at full-time, before Geelong won by a goal, kicked after the final siren by Gary Ablett.", "He played a lone hand up forward with 14 marks, of which 10 were contested, 24 disposals and 6 goals, to once again have the scores level at full-time, before Geelong won by a goal, kicked after the final siren by Gary Ablett. Carey's 10 contested marks in the preliminary final were an all time AFL record at the time, and his finals performances were made more impressive by the fact that he played both games with a torn calf muscle.", "Carey's 10 contested marks in the preliminary final were an all time AFL record at the time, and his finals performances were made more impressive by the fact that he played both games with a torn calf muscle. \"In the 21 days between tearing the muscle and the end of the Geelong game, Wayne trained for approximately 10 minutes. To then be best on ground in two finals was nothing short of freakish, and a testament to his talent and commitment.\"", "To then be best on ground in two finals was nothing short of freakish, and a testament to his talent and commitment.\" Coach Denis Pagan later said of Carey's finals performances. For the season Carey averaged 9 marks, 19 disposals and 3.3 goals per game. During the first two years of Carey's captaincy at North Melbourne, the Kangaroos registered an impressive 25 wins from the 35 home and away games in which Carey played.", "During the first two years of Carey's captaincy at North Melbourne, the Kangaroos registered an impressive 25 wins from the 35 home and away games in which Carey played. In contrast, they lost all but one of the seven games in which he was absent during the same period. Such was the influence that Carey had on games in which he played, and so much did the Kangaroos struggle in his absence that, in mid-1994, the phenomenon was given a name – 'No Carey, no North'.", "Such was the influence that Carey had on games in which he played, and so much did the Kangaroos struggle in his absence that, in mid-1994, the phenomenon was given a name – 'No Carey, no North'. After leading North Melbourne to the Ansett Cup Premiership in the pre-season, Carey's reputation as the game's number one player continued to grow early in 1995. He kicked 18 goals in North's four pre-season games and was the dominant player on the ground on each occasion.", "He kicked 18 goals in North's four pre-season games and was the dominant player on the ground on each occasion. By mid season, Carey was an unbackable favorite to take out the Brownlow Medal as he dominated games like none before him. Over nine games, from rounds 6 to 14, Carey averaged 11 marks, 22 disposals and 3.8 goals per game in a brilliant run of form. In round seven, he registered a career high 33 disposals against Fitzroy.", "In round seven, he registered a career high 33 disposals against Fitzroy. His best games of the year, however, came later in the season, both against Premiership contenders Richmond. The first was in a come-from-behind last quarter win in round 19, and then four weeks later in a Qualifying Final win – Carey's third dominant finals game in succession. In both games Carey kicked five goals and had 25 and 22 disposals respectively.", "In both games Carey kicked five goals and had 25 and 22 disposals respectively. The season ended on a sour note for Carey, being well held by Jakovich in the Semi-final and then full back of the century Stephen Silvagni in the Preliminary Final, where North Melbourne went down to eventual Premiers Carlton.", "The season ended on a sour note for Carey, being well held by Jakovich in the Semi-final and then full back of the century Stephen Silvagni in the Preliminary Final, where North Melbourne went down to eventual Premiers Carlton. For the season, Carey averaged 7 marks, 18 disposals and 2.6 goals per game, led the league in marks and contested marks and took out a host of individual awards from the media and AFL Players Association as the season's best player.", "For the season, Carey averaged 7 marks, 18 disposals and 2.6 goals per game, led the league in marks and contested marks and took out a host of individual awards from the media and AFL Players Association as the season's best player. Premiership years: 1996, 1999 By 1996, Carey was all but unanimously considered the best player in the AFL. He became known as a master of the pack mark and the long goal.", "He became known as a master of the pack mark and the long goal. He again led the league in marks and contested marks and kicked a career high 82 goals in 1996, one of his most consistent seasons. He kicked a career high 11 goals against Melbourne in Round 17 – a game in which he also tallied 15 marks, 31 disposals and 3 tackles – and followed it up in the next game with 27 disposals and 7 goals against Hawthorn.", "He kicked a career high 11 goals against Melbourne in Round 17 – a game in which he also tallied 15 marks, 31 disposals and 3 tackles – and followed it up in the next game with 27 disposals and 7 goals against Hawthorn. His 12 contested marks in round 17 broke his own record for the most contested marks in a game, which he set two years earlier and remains a record to this day.", "His 12 contested marks in round 17 broke his own record for the most contested marks in a game, which he set two years earlier and remains a record to this day. North went on to win the 1996 premiership, with Carey again a stand out in all three finals games, including the grand final against Sydney, where he was runner-up to Glenn Archer in the Norm Smith Medal voting.", "North went on to win the 1996 premiership, with Carey again a stand out in all three finals games, including the grand final against Sydney, where he was runner-up to Glenn Archer in the Norm Smith Medal voting. He averaged 11 marks, 23 disposals and 2.3 goals during the finals and 8 marks, 19 disposals and 3.3 goals for the season. He won his third best and fairest award in 1996, but finished runner-up to teammate Corey McKernan in the Players' Association MVP award.", "He won his third best and fairest award in 1996, but finished runner-up to teammate Corey McKernan in the Players' Association MVP award. Midway during the 1996 season, Carey has talked about a conversation he had with coach Dennis Pagan, in which he suggested to Carey that he thought he could get more out of himself, and talked about other talented players of the past who didn't quite reach their potential, he hoped he doesn't end up with any regrets.", "Midway during the 1996 season, Carey has talked about a conversation he had with coach Dennis Pagan, in which he suggested to Carey that he thought he could get more out of himself, and talked about other talented players of the past who didn't quite reach their potential, he hoped he doesn't end up with any regrets. Upon leaving the meeting, Carey has stated he thought Pagan had gone funny, given the season he was having, but upon looking back he realised it was a great bit psychology, and it spurred him on to a better second half of the season, which is considered one of his greatest years.", "Upon leaving the meeting, Carey has stated he thought Pagan had gone funny, given the season he was having, but upon looking back he realised it was a great bit psychology, and it spurred him on to a better second half of the season, which is considered one of his greatest years. Eight minutes into the second quarter of the 1997 AFL season, Carey dislocated his left shoulder for the second time in his career and missed much of the season.", "Eight minutes into the second quarter of the 1997 AFL season, Carey dislocated his left shoulder for the second time in his career and missed much of the season. Upon his return in round 13, he spent much of the remainder of the home and away season at centre half back. There was some concern as to whether he would regain top form as he struggled with mobility through the injured shoulder.", "There was some concern as to whether he would regain top form as he struggled with mobility through the injured shoulder. As North entered the finals campaign, Carey assumed his customary centre half forward position and re-established himself as the game's pre-eminent player in a qualifying final against Geelong. In a low scoring game, played in very wet conditions, Carey was dominant with 10 marks and 23 disposals. He also kicked 7 goals and created 2 others, in a team total of 11 goals.", "He also kicked 7 goals and created 2 others, in a team total of 11 goals. It was a performance that Mike Sheahan named Carey's best in the book The Australian Game of Football, released in 2008.", "It was a performance that Mike Sheahan named Carey's best in the book The Australian Game of Football, released in 2008. Prior to round one of the 1998 season, Carey kicked six-second half goals in the Ansett Cup Grand Final against St Kilda, earning himself the Michael Tuck Medal as the best on ground in the pre-season grand final and issuing an ominous warning to the rest of the competition that he was over his injury woes of the previous year.", "Prior to round one of the 1998 season, Carey kicked six-second half goals in the Ansett Cup Grand Final against St Kilda, earning himself the Michael Tuck Medal as the best on ground in the pre-season grand final and issuing an ominous warning to the rest of the competition that he was over his injury woes of the previous year. In one of his greatest seasons, Carey hit arguably the best form of his career in 1998 as he led North Melbourne on a club record 11-game winning streak.", "In one of his greatest seasons, Carey hit arguably the best form of his career in 1998 as he led North Melbourne on a club record 11-game winning streak. During the streak he registered 20 or more disposals and 5 or more goals on 6 separate occasions. Coach Denis Pagan designed the team's offence around Carey, instructing other forwards to draw their direct opponents outside the 50-metre arc to make space for Carey, a tactic which became known as \"Pagan's Paddock\".", "Coach Denis Pagan designed the team's offence around Carey, instructing other forwards to draw their direct opponents outside the 50-metre arc to make space for Carey, a tactic which became known as \"Pagan's Paddock\". In round 15, Carey demolished St Kilda with 14 marks, 26 disposals and 6 goals. The following week five first half goals against West Coast, including one of the goals of the year in the second quarter, saw Glen Jakovich taken to the bench.", "The following week five first half goals against West Coast, including one of the goals of the year in the second quarter, saw Glen Jakovich taken to the bench. His form continued the next week when he kicked 8 goals against Melbourne, to go with 11 marks, 24 disposals and 4 tackles and, three weeks later, Fremantle received the same treatment as Carey again kicked 8 goals and had 25 disposals.", "His form continued the next week when he kicked 8 goals against Melbourne, to go with 11 marks, 24 disposals and 4 tackles and, three weeks later, Fremantle received the same treatment as Carey again kicked 8 goals and had 25 disposals. In the final two rounds Adelaide and the Western Bulldogs had no answers to limit his influence and he was completely dominant in each game, kicking 5 and 4 goals respectively and taking contested marks at will, all around the ground.", "In the final two rounds Adelaide and the Western Bulldogs had no answers to limit his influence and he was completely dominant in each game, kicking 5 and 4 goals respectively and taking contested marks at will, all around the ground. After Carey kicked another 5 goals in the first round of the finals to ensure a comfortable win over Essendon, he had kicked 45 goals in the previous nine games and averaged 22 disposals and 9 marks per game. The winning streak ended on Grand Final day with a loss to Adelaide.", "The winning streak ended on Grand Final day with a loss to Adelaide. For the season, Carey averaged 8 marks, 20 disposals and 3.2 goals per game. He again led the league in marks and contested marks and was runner up in the league goal kicking race behind Tony Lockett, with 80 goals. Carey once again won almost every individual award on offer at season's end, with the noticeable exception of the Brownlow.", "Carey once again won almost every individual award on offer at season's end, with the noticeable exception of the Brownlow. Carey missed five games early in 1999 through injury, and spent much of the year in the forward line closer to goals. He averaged a career high 3.8 goals per game for the season, to go with 7 marks and 18 disposals. He helped North to a 15 and 2 record after his return from injury, in another premiership year for the Kangaroos.", "He helped North to a 15 and 2 record after his return from injury, in another premiership year for the Kangaroos. In round 8, Carey's first game back from injury, he kicked 7 goals against Hawthorn. Once again Carey's late season form was unparalleled, and in the nine games leading up to the Grand Final he averaged 8 marks, 19 disposals and 5.1 goals per game.", "Once again Carey's late season form was unparalleled, and in the nine games leading up to the Grand Final he averaged 8 marks, 19 disposals and 5.1 goals per game. He kicked 9 goals against Geelong in Round 16, followed it up the next week with a 10-goal, 12 mark and 24 disposal performance in a losing side against Essendon and in the wet in a qualifying final against Port Adelaide had 11 marks, 24 disposals and 6 goals in one of his greatest finals performances.", "He kicked 9 goals against Geelong in Round 16, followed it up the next week with a 10-goal, 12 mark and 24 disposal performance in a losing side against Essendon and in the wet in a qualifying final against Port Adelaide had 11 marks, 24 disposals and 6 goals in one of his greatest finals performances. Matched up against Carlton's Stephen Silvagni in the grand final, Carey played a slightly unfamiliar role.", "Matched up against Carlton's Stephen Silvagni in the grand final, Carey played a slightly unfamiliar role. After marking and kicking North Melbourne's opening goal in the first quarter, he struggled to get on top of the Carlton champion and was moved to the midfield after half time.", "After marking and kicking North Melbourne's opening goal in the first quarter, he struggled to get on top of the Carlton champion and was moved to the midfield after half time. He then gathered the most disposals afield in the third quarter and was the catalyst in a dominant quarter for North, before returning to the forward line in the final term to take a spectacular one handed mark and kick the final goal of the game.", "He then gathered the most disposals afield in the third quarter and was the catalyst in a dominant quarter for North, before returning to the forward line in the final term to take a spectacular one handed mark and kick the final goal of the game. Final years with North Melbourne: 2000–2001 By season 2000, Carey had firmly established himself in the minds of most as the greatest player of the modern era and greatest centre half forward ever to play the game.", "Final years with North Melbourne: 2000–2001 By season 2000, Carey had firmly established himself in the minds of most as the greatest player of the modern era and greatest centre half forward ever to play the game. Stints at centre half back and in the midfield that year had him notch consecutive 30-plus possession games and add yet another dimension to his game.", "Stints at centre half back and in the midfield that year had him notch consecutive 30-plus possession games and add yet another dimension to his game. In an incredible run of form over 6 games between rounds 4 and 10, Carey averaged 12 marks, 27 disposals and 3.5 goals per game, playing in a variety of positions.", "In an incredible run of form over 6 games between rounds 4 and 10, Carey averaged 12 marks, 27 disposals and 3.5 goals per game, playing in a variety of positions. Carey's 7 goals and 25 disposals in round 10 against Fremantle, made him only the second player, after Leigh Matthews, to record 5 plus goals and 20 plus disposals in a game for the 30th time in his career.", "Carey's 7 goals and 25 disposals in round 10 against Fremantle, made him only the second player, after Leigh Matthews, to record 5 plus goals and 20 plus disposals in a game for the 30th time in his career. Games against Brisbane and Melbourne in rounds 14 and 17 saw him repeat this feat for the 31st and 32nd time; the most by any player apart from Matthews.", "Games against Brisbane and Melbourne in rounds 14 and 17 saw him repeat this feat for the 31st and 32nd time; the most by any player apart from Matthews. Statistically, 2000 was shaping up as one of Carey's best years and, with just two games left of the Home and Away season, he held averages of 9 marks, 20 disposals and 3.2 goals per game.", "Statistically, 2000 was shaping up as one of Carey's best years and, with just two games left of the Home and Away season, he held averages of 9 marks, 20 disposals and 3.2 goals per game. Towards the end of the season however, Carey began to suffer heavily from the debilitating groin condition Osteitis pubis and his mobility and form subsequently slumped going into the finals. For the season he finished with averages of 8 marks, 18 disposals and 3.0 goals.", "For the season he finished with averages of 8 marks, 18 disposals and 3.0 goals. Carey was runner-up in the Leigh Matthews Trophy for the second year in a row and the fourth time in his career, this time behind Carlton's Anthony Koutoufides. It was his sixth top two finish in the League's MVP award in eight seasons. Going into 2001, his 13th season at North Melbourne and 9th as captain, Carey struggled to maintain consistent form as he battled various injuries.", "Going into 2001, his 13th season at North Melbourne and 9th as captain, Carey struggled to maintain consistent form as he battled various injuries. The physical nature of his play throughout his career began to take its toll on Carey's body, particularly his back, neck and shoulders and he was not able to string more than 5 games together at any point during the season. After round 13, Carey had played just seven games and averaged only 11 disposals and 2.0 goals per game.", "After round 13, Carey had played just seven games and averaged only 11 disposals and 2.0 goals per game. A comparatively injury-free second half of the season saw him play seven of the next eight games and average an improved 14 disposals and 3.0 goals per game. He kicked six goals in round 14 against Melbourne, and the next week, against West Coast, Carey kicked five goals and had a season high 18 disposals in his final game in North Melbourne colours matched up against long time adversary Glen Jakovich.", "He kicked six goals in round 14 against Melbourne, and the next week, against West Coast, Carey kicked five goals and had a season high 18 disposals in his final game in North Melbourne colours matched up against long time adversary Glen Jakovich. In round 21, after playing 14 games and kicking 35 goals that year, Wayne Carey played what would end up being his last game for the North Melbourne Football Club.", "In round 21, after playing 14 games and kicking 35 goals that year, Wayne Carey played what would end up being his last game for the North Melbourne Football Club. Extramarital affair and leaving North Melbourne: 2002 In March 2002 Carey had an extramarital affair with then-best-friend North Melbourne stalwart and Vice Captain Anthony Stevens's wife, Kelli. Carey and Stevens were attending a party at teammate Glenn Archer's house. Carey is quoted as saying Kelli followed him into the toilets, in front of a large crowd including her husband.", "Carey is quoted as saying Kelli followed him into the toilets, in front of a large crowd including her husband. An argument ensued between Carey and Stevens and both subsequently failed to attend football training. In the face of his team being united against him, as well as nationwide condemnation, Carey resigned in disgrace from North Melbourne. Carey's then manager Ricky Nixon famously stated that his client was on \"suicide watch\" during the aftermath. To avoid media attention Carey fled to Las Vegas, USA.", "To avoid media attention Carey fled to Las Vegas, USA. Carey's management later denied speculation that he had trained with the NFL's Dallas Cowboys. Adelaide Crows: 2003–2004 For some time, it was unclear whether Carey would return to AFL football, but after the end of the 2002 season and a 12-month absence from football, Carey was signed by the Adelaide Crows where he played for the next two seasons. Age and injury plagued Carey in 2003 and prevented him from dominating as he once did.", "Age and injury plagued Carey in 2003 and prevented him from dominating as he once did. He did manage to earn a top ten finish in the club best and fairest and kicked the second most goals of any Crow for the year, despite missing eight games. The 2003 season was most memorable for Carey's fiery encounters with his former North Melbourne teammates Glenn Archer and Anthony Stevens in round 6. On that day he kicked four goals, including one of the goals of the year.", "On that day he kicked four goals, including one of the goals of the year. Carey's best performance for 2003 once again came in the finals, an elimination final against West Coast, when he had the most kicks and marks afield and became the 14th player to kick 700 career goals in AFL/VFL history.", "Carey's best performance for 2003 once again came in the finals, an elimination final against West Coast, when he had the most kicks and marks afield and became the 14th player to kick 700 career goals in AFL/VFL history. Carey played the first 11 games in 2004, after which he had taken the most contested marks at Adelaide, was 11 goals clear in the Crows' goal kicking and was coming second in the club best and fairest.", "Carey played the first 11 games in 2004, after which he had taken the most contested marks at Adelaide, was 11 goals clear in the Crows' goal kicking and was coming second in the club best and fairest. Carey's best performance in the Adelaide colours came a week before his 33rd birthday, in round 8 of the 2004 season. He took 9 marks, had 17 disposals and kicked 6 goals, out of a team total of 12, in a heavy loss to Essendon.", "He took 9 marks, had 17 disposals and kicked 6 goals, out of a team total of 12, in a heavy loss to Essendon. Two weeks later, Carey's fourth goal against Hawthorn was one of the goals of the year. Taking a contested mark on the wing, Carey played on, having three bounces and shrugging off a tackle as he ran inside the forward 50. He gave off a handball to teammate Tyson Edwards, who in turn gave the ball back to Carey deep in the forward pocket.", "He gave off a handball to teammate Tyson Edwards, who in turn gave the ball back to Carey deep in the forward pocket. Carey's left foot snap for goal was a highlight in a big win for the Crows. In round 12, Carey left the field early in the second quarter and was later forced to retire with a disc-related neck injury, marking the end of a career that spanned 16 seasons and 272 games and included 727 goals.", "In round 12, Carey left the field early in the second quarter and was later forced to retire with a disc-related neck injury, marking the end of a career that spanned 16 seasons and 272 games and included 727 goals. State of Origin Carey had a relatively short, but successful State of Origin career, and what he describes as significant in his career.", "State of Origin Carey had a relatively short, but successful State of Origin career, and what he describes as significant in his career. Carey first played at the game's highest level in 1990 for New South Wales, in a famous win over Victoria, in the side's only 3rd ever win against the State, Carey scored one goal. In 1992, playing for South Australia against Victoria, Carey played an outstanding game, dominating at centre half forward and kicking two goals.", "In 1992, playing for South Australia against Victoria, Carey played an outstanding game, dominating at centre half forward and kicking two goals. Including the match winner from 55 meters out in the dying moments. Carey had four opponents in the game, dominating them all, including Chris Langford, Danny Frawley and Garry Lyon. Carey has described this game as the moment he knew he belonged in the AFL.", "Carey has described this game as the moment he knew he belonged in the AFL. Saying if he could do well at State of Origin level, a higher level than the AFL, he knew he belonged at AFL level. Carey played for NSW/ACT the following year in the State of Origin Carnival scoring one goal. In the latter half of the 1990s clubs began putting pressure on players to pull out of games due to fear of injury and players began to stop participating.", "In the latter half of the 1990s clubs began putting pressure on players to pull out of games due to fear of injury and players began to stop participating. Australian Football Hall of Fame Carey was inducted into the AFL Hall of Fame in 2010. Although as he was eligible for induction in 2008, his off field troubles with drugs delayed his induction.", "Although as he was eligible for induction in 2008, his off field troubles with drugs delayed his induction. Carey vs Jakovich Throughout much of the 1990s Glen Jakovich was regarded as the premier centre half back in the AFL, and his battles with Carey were a talking point and a season highlight whenever the Eagles and Kangaroos met. Jakovich was one of the very few players who could match Carey for strength in a one-on-one contest and as a result he was often able to limit Carey's dominance.", "Jakovich was one of the very few players who could match Carey for strength in a one-on-one contest and as a result he was often able to limit Carey's dominance. The rivalry gained significant media attention during 1995 when the pair met three times, with Carey being held to a combined total of just 7 marks, 35 disposals and 2 goals. Carey had dominated their encounters in 1993 and 1994, polling Brownlow votes in two out of three games.", "Carey had dominated their encounters in 1993 and 1994, polling Brownlow votes in two out of three games. Statistically, Jakovich held Carey to fewer disposals and goals than any other player could consistently manage. In all they played against each other 18 times—16 while Carey was at North Melbourne and two when he was at Adelaide—first meeting in round 12 of 1992 and last in round 19 of 2003, with Jakovich being able to hold Carey to averages of 6 marks, 14 disposals and 2.1 goals per game.", "In all they played against each other 18 times—16 while Carey was at North Melbourne and two when he was at Adelaide—first meeting in round 12 of 1992 and last in round 19 of 2003, with Jakovich being able to hold Carey to averages of 6 marks, 14 disposals and 2.1 goals per game. By comparison, in the 188 games Carey played against all other opponents in the same period, he averaged 7 marks, 18 disposals and 3.0 goals per game.", "By comparison, in the 188 games Carey played against all other opponents in the same period, he averaged 7 marks, 18 disposals and 3.0 goals per game. Legacy Carey has been named by many media commentators as the greatest footballer to play the game. In 1999, Leigh Matthews, who was voted the greatest player of the 20th century, honoured Carey by saying that he was the best player he had ever seen.", "In 1999, Leigh Matthews, who was voted the greatest player of the 20th century, honoured Carey by saying that he was the best player he had ever seen. In 2008, Carey was named as Australian Football's greatest ever player as part of a list of the top 50 players of all time, published in the book The Australian Game of Football, and placed third in a similar list put together by a panel of football legends in The Age newspaper the same year.", "In 2008, Carey was named as Australian Football's greatest ever player as part of a list of the top 50 players of all time, published in the book The Australian Game of Football, and placed third in a similar list put together by a panel of football legends in The Age newspaper the same year. In 2011, the Herald Sun polled 21 past and present AFL greats, including Carey, to find the players' opinion as to the greatest player of the AFL era.", "In 2011, the Herald Sun polled 21 past and present AFL greats, including Carey, to find the players' opinion as to the greatest player of the AFL era. Carey topped the list, polling 85 of a possible 100 votes, 26 votes ahead of second placed Gary Ablett Sr. \"Sure Got Me\" on Paul Kelly's 2004 double album Ways & Means recounts the love triangle involving Carey, Anthony Stevens, and Stevens' wife, Kelli.", "Carey topped the list, polling 85 of a possible 100 votes, 26 votes ahead of second placed Gary Ablett Sr. \"Sure Got Me\" on Paul Kelly's 2004 double album Ways & Means recounts the love triangle involving Carey, Anthony Stevens, and Stevens' wife, Kelli. Hunters & Collectors frontman Mark Seymour also wrote a song inspired by the affair, but declined to release it after learning of Kelly's take on the events.", "Hunters & Collectors frontman Mark Seymour also wrote a song inspired by the affair, but declined to release it after learning of Kelly's take on the events. Jock Cheese, bassist of the satirical Melbourne band TISM, released a tribute to Carey titled \"Why Don't You Get A Bigger Set of Tits?\" on his 2002 solo album Platter. Statistics Carey's career total of 727 goals ranks him equal 16th in VFL/AFL history, and his 671 goals for North Melbourne is the club record.", "Statistics Carey's career total of 727 goals ranks him equal 16th in VFL/AFL history, and his 671 goals for North Melbourne is the club record. |- style=\"background-color: #EAEAEA\" ! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1989 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 40 || 4 || 0 || 2 || 26 || 8 || 34 || 14 || 4 || 0.0 || 0.5 || 6.5 || 2.0 || 8.5 || 3.5 || 1.0 |- !", "scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1989 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 40 || 4 || 0 || 2 || 26 || 8 || 34 || 14 || 4 || 0.0 || 0.5 || 6.5 || 2.0 || 8.5 || 3.5 || 1.0 |- ! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1990 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 18 || 21 || 38 || 23 || 196 || 94 || 290 || 98 || 18 || 1.8 || 1.1 || 9.3 || 4.5 || 13.8 || 4.7 || 0.9 |- style=\"background-color: #EAEAEA\" !", "scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1990 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 18 || 21 || 38 || 23 || 196 || 94 || 290 || 98 || 18 || 1.8 || 1.1 || 9.3 || 4.5 || 13.8 || 4.7 || 0.9 |- style=\"background-color: #EAEAEA\" ! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1991 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 18 || 14 || 28 || 21 || 132 || 56 || 188 || 84 || 10 || 2.0 || 1.5 || 9.4 || 4.0 || 13.4 || 6.0 || 0.7 |- !", "scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1991 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 18 || 14 || 28 || 21 || 132 || 56 || 188 || 84 || 10 || 2.0 || 1.5 || 9.4 || 4.0 || 13.4 || 6.0 || 0.7 |- ! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1992 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 18 || 21 || 46 || 32 || 278 || 107 || 385 || 157 || 26 || 2.2 || 1.5 || 13.2 || 5.1 || 18.3 || 7.5 || 1.2 |- style=\"background-color: #EAEAEA\" !", "scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1992 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 18 || 21 || 46 || 32 || 278 || 107 || 385 || 157 || 26 || 2.2 || 1.5 || 13.2 || 5.1 || 18.3 || 7.5 || 1.2 |- style=\"background-color: #EAEAEA\" ! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1993 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 18 || 19 || 64 || 44 || 216 || 123 || 339 || 150 || 21 || 3.4 || 2.3 || 11.4 || 6.5 || 17.8 || 7.9 || 1.1 |- !", "scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1993 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 18 || 19 || 64 || 44 || 216 || 123 || 339 || 150 || 21 || 3.4 || 2.3 || 11.4 || 6.5 || 17.8 || 7.9 || 1.1 |- ! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1994 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 18 || 19 || 63 || 42 || 237 || 116 || 353 || 164 || 13 || 3.3 || 2.2 || 12.5 || 6.1 || 18.6 || 8.6 || 0.7 |- style=\"background-color: #EAEAEA\" !", "scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1994 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 18 || 19 || 63 || 42 || 237 || 116 || 353 || 164 || 13 || 3.3 || 2.2 || 12.5 || 6.1 || 18.6 || 8.6 || 0.7 |- style=\"background-color: #EAEAEA\" ! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1995 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 18 || 25 || 65 || 46 || 309 || 143|| 452 || 187 || 28 || 2.6 || 1.8 || 12.4 || 5.7 || 18.1 || 7.5 || 1.1 |- |style=\"text-align:center;background:#afe6ba;\"|1996† |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 18 || 25 || 82 || 55 || 332 || 154 || 486 || 200 || 31 || 3.3 || 2.2 || 13.3 || 6.2 || 19.4 || 8.0 || 1.2 |- style=\"background-color: #EAEAEA\" !", "scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1995 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 18 || 25 || 65 || 46 || 309 || 143|| 452 || 187 || 28 || 2.6 || 1.8 || 12.4 || 5.7 || 18.1 || 7.5 || 1.1 |- |style=\"text-align:center;background:#afe6ba;\"|1996† |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 18 || 25 || 82 || 55 || 332 || 154 || 486 || 200 || 31 || 3.3 || 2.2 || 13.3 || 6.2 || 19.4 || 8.0 || 1.2 |- style=\"background-color: #EAEAEA\" ! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1997 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 18 || 14 || 25 || 15 || 160 || 66 || 226 || 74 || 14 || 1.8 || 1.1 || 11.4 || 4.7 || 16.1 || 5.3 || 1.0 |- !", "scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1997 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 18 || 14 || 25 || 15 || 160 || 66 || 226 || 74 || 14 || 1.8 || 1.1 || 11.4 || 4.7 || 16.1 || 5.3 || 1.0 |- ! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1998 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 18 || 25 || 80 || 49 || 368 || 121 || 489 || 193 || 40 || 3.2 || 2.0 || 14.7 || 4.8 || 19.6 || 7.7 || 1.6 |- style=\"background-color: #EAEAEA\" !", "scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1998 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 18 || 25 || 80 || 49 || 368 || 121 || 489 || 193 || 40 || 3.2 || 2.0 || 14.7 || 4.8 || 19.6 || 7.7 || 1.6 |- style=\"background-color: #EAEAEA\" ! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1999 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 18 || 20 || 76 || 39 || 253 || 100 || 353 || 145 || 33 || 3.8 || 2.0 || 12.7 || 5.0 || 17.7 || 7.3 || 1.7 |- !", "scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1999 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 18 || 20 || 76 || 39 || 253 || 100 || 353 || 145 || 33 || 3.8 || 2.0 || 12.7 || 5.0 || 17.7 || 7.3 || 1.7 |- ! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 2000 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 18 || 23 || 69 || 37 || 336 || 86 || 422 || 176 || 35 || 3.0 || 1.6 || 14.6 || 3.7 || 18.3 || 7.7 || 1.5 |- style=\"background-color: #EAEAEA\" !", "scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 2000 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 18 || 23 || 69 || 37 || 336 || 86 || 422 || 176 || 35 || 3.0 || 1.6 || 14.6 || 3.7 || 18.3 || 7.7 || 1.5 |- style=\"background-color: #EAEAEA\" ! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 2001 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 18 || 14 || 35 || 11 || 137 || 37 || 174 || 69 || 13 || 2.5 || 0.8 || 9.8 || 2.6 || 12.4 || 4.9 || 0.9 |- !", "scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 2001 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 18 || 14 || 35 || 11 || 137 || 37 || 174 || 69 || 13 || 2.5 || 0.8 || 9.8 || 2.6 || 12.4 || 4.9 || 0.9 |- ! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 2003 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 2 || 16 || 29 || 19 || 136 || 35 || 171 || 62 || 21 || 1.8 || 1.2 || 8.5 || 2.2 || 10.7 || 3.9 || 1.3 |- style=\"background-color: #EAEAEA\" !", "scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 2003 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 2 || 16 || 29 || 19 || 136 || 35 || 171 || 62 || 21 || 1.8 || 1.2 || 8.5 || 2.2 || 10.7 || 3.9 || 1.3 |- style=\"background-color: #EAEAEA\" ! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 2004 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 2 || 12 || 27 || 22 || 101 || 26 || 127 || 57 || 12 || 2.3 || 1.8 || 8.4 || 2.2 || 10.6 || 4.8 || 1.0 |- class=\"sortbottom\" !", "scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 2004 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 2 || 12 || 27 || 22 || 101 || 26 || 127 || 57 || 12 || 2.3 || 1.8 || 8.4 || 2.2 || 10.6 || 4.8 || 1.0 |- class=\"sortbottom\" ! colspan=3| Career ! 272 ! 727 ! 457 ! 3217 ! 1272 ! 4489 ! 1830 ! 319 ! 2.7 ! 1.7 ! 11.8 ! 4.7 ! 16.5 ! 6.7 !", "4489 ! 1830 ! 319 ! 2.7 ! 1.7 ! 11.8 ! 4.7 ! 16.5 ! 6.7 ! 6.7 ! 1.2 |} Post-playing career In early 2005, Carey agreed to assist former coach and mentor Denis Pagan at the Carlton Football Club, acting voluntarily as a part-time skills coach. In 2006 he was an assistant coach at Collingwood Football Club. Carey also worked as a commentator and host of shows on the Fox Footy Channel throughout the 2006 season.", "Carey also worked as a commentator and host of shows on the Fox Footy Channel throughout the 2006 season. In 2007 he participated in the Nine Network football analysis program Footy Classified, as well as special comments for radio station 3AW's football coverage. Subsequent to his dual arrests for domestic violence and assault he was sacked from both positions. In 2009, Carey was approached in a confidential meeting with influential North Melbourne board member Ron Joseph to return to the club as coach in a succession plan which also involved Malcolm Blight.", "In 2009, Carey was approached in a confidential meeting with influential North Melbourne board member Ron Joseph to return to the club as coach in a succession plan which also involved Malcolm Blight. Carey confirmed this when queried by noted football journalist Damian Barrett in May 2021. In 2012 Carey joined the Triple M Melbourne AFL commentary team and One HD's The Game Plan, however the latter was cancelled mid-season. In 2013, he joined The Marngrook Footy Show on National Indigenous Television as a regular panelist.", "In 2013, he joined The Marngrook Footy Show on National Indigenous Television as a regular panelist. Later that year he joined the Seven Network to host a series of Talking Footy specials alongside Bruce McAvaney, Luke Darcy and Andrew Demetriou, to cover both the Essendon drugs scandal and the finals series. In 2014, Carey joined the Seven Network as a Friday night commentator and also a permanent panelist on Talking Footy.", "In 2014, Carey joined the Seven Network as a Friday night commentator and also a permanent panelist on Talking Footy. Domestic violence, assault, arrests, drug abuse and scandals In 1997 Carey pleaded guilty to indecent assault after grabbing a passing woman's breast on a Melbourne city street after 12 hours of drinking with teammates. He allegedly told her \"Why don't you get a bigger pair of tits\". Carey later settled out of court when the woman filed a civil suit against him.", "Carey later settled out of court when the woman filed a civil suit against him. In 2000 Carey provided character evidence for Jason Moran, an infamous gangster who was subsequently murdered in Melbourne's gang war. In 2004, while holidaying with his then wife, Carey was subject to arrest for a misdemeanour battery report while holidaying in Las Vegas. He was placed in custody for one night then released. The local District Attorney elected not to pursue the case.", "The local District Attorney elected not to pursue the case. Carey again became the subject of public comment in February 2006 when he announced he was leaving his pregnant wife Sally for model Kate Neilson. His daughter Ella was born six weeks later. In December 2006 Neilson allegedly reported Carey to Australian police for domestic violence, alleging he had punched her in the face. Neilson and Carey denied this report.", "Neilson and Carey denied this report. Neilson and Carey denied this report. Subsequently, US security guard Kyle Banks told the Nine Network's A Current Affair he saw Carey attacking Neilson while working at the exclusive W Hotel in New York City in October 2006. Banks said he saw Carey break a bottle of French champagne over his own head. On 27 January 2008 Carey was arrested after reports of a disturbance at his Port Melbourne apartment.", "On 27 January 2008 Carey was arrested after reports of a disturbance at his Port Melbourne apartment. Police had to subdue Carey with capsicum spray and he was seen hand-cuffed after allegedly assaulting the officers. Two days later, the Nine Network announced it would not renew the television contract of Carey after it was revealed that Carey had been arrested and charged with assaulting a police officer and Neilson in Miami, Florida, on 27 October 2007, after he allegedly glassed Neilsen in the face and neck with a wine glass.", "Two days later, the Nine Network announced it would not renew the television contract of Carey after it was revealed that Carey had been arrested and charged with assaulting a police officer and Neilson in Miami, Florida, on 27 October 2007, after he allegedly glassed Neilsen in the face and neck with a wine glass. Police Lieutenant Bill Schwartz, however, reported: When officers went and spoke to him, he immediately was belligerent, starting striking out at the officers, in fact, kicked one of the female officers in the face with his foot, elbowed another one in the side of the face.", "Police Lieutenant Bill Schwartz, however, reported: When officers went and spoke to him, he immediately was belligerent, starting striking out at the officers, in fact, kicked one of the female officers in the face with his foot, elbowed another one in the side of the face. They had to wrestle him down and handcuff him. When he was in the police car, he used his head as a battering ram and tried to smash a hole between the front compartment of the police car and the prisoner compartment.", "When he was in the police car, he used his head as a battering ram and tried to smash a hole between the front compartment of the police car and the prisoner compartment. To stop Carey harming himself and damaging the car, the officers put him into a leather hobble restraint around his hands and legs. Carey faced up to fifteen years in jail and 30,000 fines. Additionally Carey was fired from commentary jobs at 3AW and the Nine Network following the coverage of the two arrests.", "Additionally Carey was fired from commentary jobs at 3AW and the Nine Network following the coverage of the two arrests. Ultimately Carey pleaded guilty to assaulting and resisting Miami police. In exchange for his guilty pleas, prosecutors agreed that Carey should only serve 50 hours of community service, attend alcohol- and anger-management classes, serve two years probation, and pay US$500 to a Miami police charity. As a consequence of his criminal record in the United States, Carey was refused an entry visa in October 2009.", "As a consequence of his criminal record in the United States, Carey was refused an entry visa in October 2009. In March 2008 Carey publicly revealed he was, for a long period, an abuser of alcohol and cocaine. He was interviewed by Andrew Denton on Enough Rope, where he talked candidly about his life and recent controversies. 1.5 million viewers tuned into the highly publicised interview.", "1.5 million viewers tuned into the highly publicised interview. 1.5 million viewers tuned into the highly publicised interview. Carey was attempting to visit Barwon Prison in February 2012 to speak to indigenous inmates as part of a mentoring program, however he was found to have traces of cocaine on his clothing following a routine drug scan. Carey was informed that he could enter the prison if he submitted to a strip search. He declined and left the correctional facility.", "He declined and left the correctional facility. He declined and left the correctional facility. References Further reading External links 1971 births Living people Australian rules footballers from New South Wales North Melbourne Football Club players North Melbourne Football Club Premiership players Syd Barker Medal winners Adelaide Football Club players All-Australians (AFL) Australian Football Hall of Fame inductees Leigh Matthews Trophy winners New South Wales Australian rules football State of Origin players South Australian State of Origin players North Adelaide Football Club players Australian rules football commentators Australia international rules football team players Australian people convicted of assault Australian people convicted of indecent assault Two-time VFL/AFL Premiership players" ]

[ "Wayne Carey", "Rise to stardom: 1990-1992", "How was he discovered?", "Carey immediately drew the attention of the football world and built a reputation early in his career as an aggressive, big marking and long kicking key position player.", "What was the first team he played with?", "That year, Carey would become the 1990 season runner up in North Melbourne's best and fairest, behind Longmire." ]

[ "is a former Japanese football player.\n\nPlaying career\nIwamaru was born in Fujioka on December 4, 1981. After graduating from high school, he joined the J1 League club Vissel Kobe in 2000. However he did not play as much as Makoto Kakegawa until 2003. In 2004, he played more often, after Kakegawa got hurt. In September 2004, he moved to Júbilo Iwata. In late 2004, he played often, after regular goalkeeper Yohei Sato got hurt. In 2005, he moved to the newly promoted J2 League club, Thespa Kusatsu (later Thespakusatsu Gunma), based in his home region. He competed with Nobuyuki Kojima for the position and played often. \n\nIn 2006, he moved to the newly promoted J1 club, Avispa Fukuoka. However he did not play as much as Yuichi Mizutani. In 2007, he moved to the newly promoted J1 club, Yokohama FC. However he did not play as much as Takanori Sugeno and the club was relegated to J2 within a year. Although he did not play as much as Kenji Koyama in 2008, he played often in 2009. He did not play at all in 2010. \n\nIn 2011, he moved to the J2 club Roasso Kumamoto. He did not play as much as Yuta Minami. In 2013, he moved to the newly promoted J2 club, V-Varen Nagasaki. Although he played in the first three matches, he did play at all after the fourth match, when Junki Kanayama played in his place. In 2014, he moved to the J2 club Thespakusatsu Gunma based in his local region. However he did not play at all, and retired at the end of the 2014 season.\n\nClub statistics\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n\n \n\n1981 births\nLiving people\nAssociation football people from Gunma Prefecture\nJapanese footballers\nJ1 League players\nJ2 League players\nVissel Kobe players\nJúbilo Iwata players\nThespakusatsu Gunma players\nAvispa Fukuoka players\nYokohama FC players\nRoasso Kumamoto players\nV-Varen Nagasaki players\nAssociation football goalkeepers", "John Stirk (born 5 September 1955) is an English former footballer. His primary position was as a right back. During his career he played for Ipswich Town, Watford, Chesterfield and North Shields. He also made two appearances for England at youth level.\n\nCareer \n\nBorn in Consett, Stirk played youth football for local non-league team Consett A.F.C. He joined Ipswich Town on schoolboy terms in 1971, and after making two appearances for the England youth team, turned professional in 1973. During his time at Ipswich he was largely a reserve. He made his first-team debut on 5 November 1977, in a Football League First Division match against Manchester City at Portman Road. His manager at the time was Bobby Robson, who later went on to manage the England national football team. Ipswich won the FA Cup in 1978, in what proved to be Stirk's final season at the club. However, Stirk himself did not play in the final, nor did he play in any of the rounds en route to the final.\n\nAnother future England manager, Watford's Graham Taylor, signed Stirk for a transfer fee of £30,000 at the end of the 1977–78 season. Stirk went on to play every Watford league game in the 1978–79 season, as Watford gained promotion to the Second Division. However, Stirk did not play for Watford in the Second Division. Two months before the end of the 1979–80 season, Stirk was sold to Third Division side Chesterfield, at a profit to Watford of £10,000. After making 56 league appearances over two and a half seasons, Stirk left Chesterfield in 1983 moving on to Blyth Spartans then Tow Law Town, and finished his career at non-league North Shields.\n\nReferences \n\n1955 births\nLiving people\nConsett A.F.C. players\nIpswich Town F.C. players\nWatford F.C. players\nChesterfield F.C. players\nEnglish Football League players\nNorth Shields F.C. players\nSportspeople from Consett\nAssociation football fullbacks\nEnglish footballers" ]

[ "Wayne Francis Carey (born 27 May 1971) is a former Australian rules footballer who played with the North Melbourne Football Club and the Adelaide Football Club in the Australian Football League (AFL). A dual-premiership captain at North Melbourne, four-time North Melbourne best-and-fairest (Syd Barker Medallist) and seven-time All-Australian, Carey is nicknamed \"The King\", or \"Duck\".", "A dual-premiership captain at North Melbourne, four-time North Melbourne best-and-fairest (Syd Barker Medallist) and seven-time All-Australian, Carey is nicknamed \"The King\", or \"Duck\". In 2001, he was named as centre half-forward and captain of North Melbourne's Team of the Century, and in 2008 was named as Australian football's greatest ever player, as part of a list of the top 50 players of all time, published in the book The Australian Game of Football, which was released by the League to celebrate 150 years of Australian rules football.", "In 2001, he was named as centre half-forward and captain of North Melbourne's Team of the Century, and in 2008 was named as Australian football's greatest ever player, as part of a list of the top 50 players of all time, published in the book The Australian Game of Football, which was released by the League to celebrate 150 years of Australian rules football. In 2002, he left North Melbourne in disgrace after it was revealed he'd been having an extramarital affair with the wife of his then-teammate Anthony Stevens.", "In 2002, he left North Melbourne in disgrace after it was revealed he'd been having an extramarital affair with the wife of his then-teammate Anthony Stevens. He is also known for his legal problems, which include domestic violence charges and assault convictions. From 2014 Carey has worked as a Friday night football commentator and Talking Footy panelist with Channel Seven. Early life The son of Kevin and Lynne, Carey was one of five children who grew up in Wagga Wagga, New South Wales.", "Early life The son of Kevin and Lynne, Carey was one of five children who grew up in Wagga Wagga, New South Wales. His mother and father separated when Carey was aged six, with his mother taking four of the children to Adelaide, living in a homeless shelter. According to Carey's autobiography, his father was a violent man who had spent time at Mannus Correctional Centre and was troubled by alcoholism.", "According to Carey's autobiography, his father was a violent man who had spent time at Mannus Correctional Centre and was troubled by alcoholism. A few months later, Kevin Carey retrieved the children from his estranged wife and they returned to Wagga Wagga. Carey played rugby league as a junior, and began playing Australian rules football at the age of eight. At the age of thirteen, Carey returned to Adelaide, where he attended The Heights School and played junior football for North Adelaide.", "At the age of thirteen, Carey returned to Adelaide, where he attended The Heights School and played junior football for North Adelaide. Playing career: 1989–2004 AFL VFL debut: 1987–1989 In 1987, Carey was recruited by North Melbourne after their CEO, Greg Miller, met with the Sydney Swans' football department to discuss the transfer to North Melbourne of John Longmire, a highly regarded junior key-position player.", "Playing career: 1989–2004 AFL VFL debut: 1987–1989 In 1987, Carey was recruited by North Melbourne after their CEO, Greg Miller, met with the Sydney Swans' football department to discuss the transfer to North Melbourne of John Longmire, a highly regarded junior key-position player. Once that deal was concluded, Miller then inquired about Carey who, like Longmire, was zoned to the Swans due to having lived in New South Wales.", "Once that deal was concluded, Miller then inquired about Carey who, like Longmire, was zoned to the Swans due to having lived in New South Wales. He made a token offer of $10,000 as a transfer fee, to which the Swans surprisingly agreed. As a 16-year-old, Carey made the move to Melbourne and played for the North Melbourne under-19s, where he starred in their 1988 premiership side under coach Denis Pagan.", "As a 16-year-old, Carey made the move to Melbourne and played for the North Melbourne under-19s, where he starred in their 1988 premiership side under coach Denis Pagan. Carey was promoted to the senior list prior to the 1989 season and, after recovering from dislocating his left shoulder in a practice match early in the year, made his first appearance for the seniors as an 18-year-old in round 11 of 1989 against Fitzroy.", "Carey was promoted to the senior list prior to the 1989 season and, after recovering from dislocating his left shoulder in a practice match early in the year, made his first appearance for the seniors as an 18-year-old in round 11 of 1989 against Fitzroy. Rise to stardom: 1990–1992 After playing only four games in his debut year, Carey burst onto the scene in 1990 as a goal-kicking centre half-forward and as support to their full forward in Longmire (who was that year's Coleman Medallist as the AFL's leading goal-kicker).", "Rise to stardom: 1990–1992 After playing only four games in his debut year, Carey burst onto the scene in 1990 as a goal-kicking centre half-forward and as support to their full forward in Longmire (who was that year's Coleman Medallist as the AFL's leading goal-kicker). Carey immediately drew the attention of the football world and built a reputation early in his career as an aggressive, big marking and long kicking key position player.", "Carey immediately drew the attention of the football world and built a reputation early in his career as an aggressive, big marking and long kicking key position player. That year, Carey would become the 1990 season runner up in North Melbourne's best and fairest, behind Longmire. In round 13, a then 19-year-old Carey took 8 marks, had 22 disposals and kicked 7 goals in a big win over Sydney. It was the first of many times Carey would dominate up forward for North.", "It was the first of many times Carey would dominate up forward for North. In 21 games in 1990 Carey averaged 5 marks, 14 disposals and 1.8 goals. The 1991 season started very promisingly for Carey and after nine rounds he was averaging 7 marks, 16 disposals and 2.4 goals. At that stage he was leading North Melbourne's best and fairest and, despite still being a teenager, was quickly becoming the Kangaroos' most important player.", "At that stage he was leading North Melbourne's best and fairest and, despite still being a teenager, was quickly becoming the Kangaroos' most important player. In Round 10 against Footscray, Carey started brilliantly, kicking two first quarter goals, before an injury to his right shoulder forced him to sit out the rest of that game and the next eight. He struggled to regain form when he returned for the last 5 rounds.", "He struggled to regain form when he returned for the last 5 rounds. Early in 1992 Carey considered leaving North Melbourne and returning to Adelaide due to internal unrest within the leadership of the club. He was convinced to stay by the coaching staff and, in the latter half of the season, Carey began to show signs that he was destined for greatness. In the second half of 1992 Carey would put a string of outstanding performances to close the season out.", "In the second half of 1992 Carey would put a string of outstanding performances to close the season out. By season's end Carey was dominating Centre Half Forward like no one else in the league, his play trademarked by big marks and long goals. He finished the year with an impressive 7 goal performance against Fitzroy and averaged 10 marks, 20 disposals and 3.3 goals during North Melbourne's last 8 games. For the season, he averaged 7 marks, 18 disposals and 2.2 goals per game.", "For the season, he averaged 7 marks, 18 disposals and 2.2 goals per game. Carey had his first top five finish in the Brownlow Medal, claimed his first club best and fairest and was named club captain by new coach Denis Pagan ahead of the 1993 season. Captaincy: 1993–2001 As captain, Carey led North Melbourne to the finals for eight consecutive years from 1993 to 2000. This streak included seven straight preliminary finals, three grand finals and two premierships (1996 and 1999).", "This streak included seven straight preliminary finals, three grand finals and two premierships (1996 and 1999). During this eight-year period, Carey played 170 games, averaged 8 marks and 19 disposals per game and kicked 544 goals at 3.2 per game. He won three further club best and fairests, was a five-time club leading goal kicker, All Australian centre half forward seven times, including four times as captain and once as vice-captain, and he was named MVP by the AFL Players Association twice, in 1995 and 1998.", "He won three further club best and fairests, was a five-time club leading goal kicker, All Australian centre half forward seven times, including four times as captain and once as vice-captain, and he was named MVP by the AFL Players Association twice, in 1995 and 1998. Carey was criticised widely for both his on and off field behaviour. On the field he was reported three times and suspended twice for a total of five weeks in 1994.", "On the field he was reported three times and suspended twice for a total of five weeks in 1994. An off the field charge of indecent assault in 1996 put a damper on his otherwise stellar form. Bookies had Carey as pre-count favourite for the Brownlow Medal on four separate occasions (1993, 1995, 1996 and 1998), but many believe his on field arrogance and backchat to umpires were the primary reason he never claimed the game's highest individual honour.", "Bookies had Carey as pre-count favourite for the Brownlow Medal on four separate occasions (1993, 1995, 1996 and 1998), but many believe his on field arrogance and backchat to umpires were the primary reason he never claimed the game's highest individual honour. First years as captain and \"No Carey, No North\": 1993–1995 In 1993, at age 21, Carey was the second youngest club captain in VFL/AFL history.", "First years as captain and \"No Carey, No North\": 1993–1995 In 1993, at age 21, Carey was the second youngest club captain in VFL/AFL history. Carey consistently won games off his own boot, including a game against reigning premiers the West Coast Eagles at the WACA in round 12, and then against that year's eventual premiers in Essendon in round 15, where he played a dominant final quarter that marked him as an out-and-out champion.", "Carey consistently won games off his own boot, including a game against reigning premiers the West Coast Eagles at the WACA in round 12, and then against that year's eventual premiers in Essendon in round 15, where he played a dominant final quarter that marked him as an out-and-out champion. After 15 rounds of the 1993 season, with North Melbourne on top of the AFL ladder, Carey was leading the club in marks, disposals and goals, before he was injured in their round 16 clash with Brisbane and did not play again until round 20.", "After 15 rounds of the 1993 season, with North Melbourne on top of the AFL ladder, Carey was leading the club in marks, disposals and goals, before he was injured in their round 16 clash with Brisbane and did not play again until round 20. For the season he averaged 8 marks, 19 disposals and 3.4 goals per game.", "For the season he averaged 8 marks, 19 disposals and 3.4 goals per game. At the end of the season, Carey became the youngest ever All-Australian captain at 22 years of age and finished third in the Brownlow Medal count, after being outright favourite to take out the prestigious award. But for the freakish efforts of Gary Ablett, many experts had Carey as the game's best player at the conclusion of the season, and he was runner-up behind Ablett in the Leigh Matthews Trophy.", "But for the freakish efforts of Gary Ablett, many experts had Carey as the game's best player at the conclusion of the season, and he was runner-up behind Ablett in the Leigh Matthews Trophy. The following year Carey appeared to have improved again. After round 6 of the 1994 season, Carey was averaging 12 marks, 21 disposals and 4.8 goals per game.", "After round 6 of the 1994 season, Carey was averaging 12 marks, 21 disposals and 4.8 goals per game. This included a 17 mark, 26 disposal, 7 goal performance against Hawthorn, 13 marks, 21 disposals and 6 goals against Footscray and a 15 mark, 21 disposal, 5 goals in a loss to the West Coast Eagles. Carey's mid season suspensions subdued him somewhat, before he turned it on again to dominate in the finals with two of the all-time great individual finals performances.", "Carey's mid season suspensions subdued him somewhat, before he turned it on again to dominate in the finals with two of the all-time great individual finals performances. In the qualifying final against Hawthorn, Carey kicked the last goal of the final quarter to level the score and force the game into extra time. Carey then kicked the goal to seal the win during extra time and earn North Melbourne a week break before the preliminary final. He finished the game with 10 marks, 32 disposals and 4 goals in an inspiring performance.", "He finished the game with 10 marks, 32 disposals and 4 goals in an inspiring performance. Two weeks later Carey was irrepressible in the preliminary final against Geelong. With North down by four goals at half time, it was Carey's four third quarter goals that kept them in the game.", "With North down by four goals at half time, it was Carey's four third quarter goals that kept them in the game. He played a lone hand up forward with 14 marks, of which 10 were contested, 24 disposals and 6 goals, to once again have the scores level at full-time, before Geelong won by a goal, kicked after the final siren by Gary Ablett.", "He played a lone hand up forward with 14 marks, of which 10 were contested, 24 disposals and 6 goals, to once again have the scores level at full-time, before Geelong won by a goal, kicked after the final siren by Gary Ablett. Carey's 10 contested marks in the preliminary final were an all time AFL record at the time, and his finals performances were made more impressive by the fact that he played both games with a torn calf muscle.", "Carey's 10 contested marks in the preliminary final were an all time AFL record at the time, and his finals performances were made more impressive by the fact that he played both games with a torn calf muscle. \"In the 21 days between tearing the muscle and the end of the Geelong game, Wayne trained for approximately 10 minutes. To then be best on ground in two finals was nothing short of freakish, and a testament to his talent and commitment.\"", "To then be best on ground in two finals was nothing short of freakish, and a testament to his talent and commitment.\" Coach Denis Pagan later said of Carey's finals performances. For the season Carey averaged 9 marks, 19 disposals and 3.3 goals per game. During the first two years of Carey's captaincy at North Melbourne, the Kangaroos registered an impressive 25 wins from the 35 home and away games in which Carey played.", "During the first two years of Carey's captaincy at North Melbourne, the Kangaroos registered an impressive 25 wins from the 35 home and away games in which Carey played. In contrast, they lost all but one of the seven games in which he was absent during the same period. Such was the influence that Carey had on games in which he played, and so much did the Kangaroos struggle in his absence that, in mid-1994, the phenomenon was given a name – 'No Carey, no North'.", "Such was the influence that Carey had on games in which he played, and so much did the Kangaroos struggle in his absence that, in mid-1994, the phenomenon was given a name – 'No Carey, no North'. After leading North Melbourne to the Ansett Cup Premiership in the pre-season, Carey's reputation as the game's number one player continued to grow early in 1995. He kicked 18 goals in North's four pre-season games and was the dominant player on the ground on each occasion.", "He kicked 18 goals in North's four pre-season games and was the dominant player on the ground on each occasion. By mid season, Carey was an unbackable favorite to take out the Brownlow Medal as he dominated games like none before him. Over nine games, from rounds 6 to 14, Carey averaged 11 marks, 22 disposals and 3.8 goals per game in a brilliant run of form. In round seven, he registered a career high 33 disposals against Fitzroy.", "In round seven, he registered a career high 33 disposals against Fitzroy. His best games of the year, however, came later in the season, both against Premiership contenders Richmond. The first was in a come-from-behind last quarter win in round 19, and then four weeks later in a Qualifying Final win – Carey's third dominant finals game in succession. In both games Carey kicked five goals and had 25 and 22 disposals respectively.", "In both games Carey kicked five goals and had 25 and 22 disposals respectively. The season ended on a sour note for Carey, being well held by Jakovich in the Semi-final and then full back of the century Stephen Silvagni in the Preliminary Final, where North Melbourne went down to eventual Premiers Carlton.", "The season ended on a sour note for Carey, being well held by Jakovich in the Semi-final and then full back of the century Stephen Silvagni in the Preliminary Final, where North Melbourne went down to eventual Premiers Carlton. For the season, Carey averaged 7 marks, 18 disposals and 2.6 goals per game, led the league in marks and contested marks and took out a host of individual awards from the media and AFL Players Association as the season's best player.", "For the season, Carey averaged 7 marks, 18 disposals and 2.6 goals per game, led the league in marks and contested marks and took out a host of individual awards from the media and AFL Players Association as the season's best player. Premiership years: 1996, 1999 By 1996, Carey was all but unanimously considered the best player in the AFL. He became known as a master of the pack mark and the long goal.", "He became known as a master of the pack mark and the long goal. He again led the league in marks and contested marks and kicked a career high 82 goals in 1996, one of his most consistent seasons. He kicked a career high 11 goals against Melbourne in Round 17 – a game in which he also tallied 15 marks, 31 disposals and 3 tackles – and followed it up in the next game with 27 disposals and 7 goals against Hawthorn.", "He kicked a career high 11 goals against Melbourne in Round 17 – a game in which he also tallied 15 marks, 31 disposals and 3 tackles – and followed it up in the next game with 27 disposals and 7 goals against Hawthorn. His 12 contested marks in round 17 broke his own record for the most contested marks in a game, which he set two years earlier and remains a record to this day.", "His 12 contested marks in round 17 broke his own record for the most contested marks in a game, which he set two years earlier and remains a record to this day. North went on to win the 1996 premiership, with Carey again a stand out in all three finals games, including the grand final against Sydney, where he was runner-up to Glenn Archer in the Norm Smith Medal voting.", "North went on to win the 1996 premiership, with Carey again a stand out in all three finals games, including the grand final against Sydney, where he was runner-up to Glenn Archer in the Norm Smith Medal voting. He averaged 11 marks, 23 disposals and 2.3 goals during the finals and 8 marks, 19 disposals and 3.3 goals for the season. He won his third best and fairest award in 1996, but finished runner-up to teammate Corey McKernan in the Players' Association MVP award.", "He won his third best and fairest award in 1996, but finished runner-up to teammate Corey McKernan in the Players' Association MVP award. Midway during the 1996 season, Carey has talked about a conversation he had with coach Dennis Pagan, in which he suggested to Carey that he thought he could get more out of himself, and talked about other talented players of the past who didn't quite reach their potential, he hoped he doesn't end up with any regrets.", "Midway during the 1996 season, Carey has talked about a conversation he had with coach Dennis Pagan, in which he suggested to Carey that he thought he could get more out of himself, and talked about other talented players of the past who didn't quite reach their potential, he hoped he doesn't end up with any regrets. Upon leaving the meeting, Carey has stated he thought Pagan had gone funny, given the season he was having, but upon looking back he realised it was a great bit psychology, and it spurred him on to a better second half of the season, which is considered one of his greatest years.", "Upon leaving the meeting, Carey has stated he thought Pagan had gone funny, given the season he was having, but upon looking back he realised it was a great bit psychology, and it spurred him on to a better second half of the season, which is considered one of his greatest years. Eight minutes into the second quarter of the 1997 AFL season, Carey dislocated his left shoulder for the second time in his career and missed much of the season.", "Eight minutes into the second quarter of the 1997 AFL season, Carey dislocated his left shoulder for the second time in his career and missed much of the season. Upon his return in round 13, he spent much of the remainder of the home and away season at centre half back. There was some concern as to whether he would regain top form as he struggled with mobility through the injured shoulder.", "There was some concern as to whether he would regain top form as he struggled with mobility through the injured shoulder. As North entered the finals campaign, Carey assumed his customary centre half forward position and re-established himself as the game's pre-eminent player in a qualifying final against Geelong. In a low scoring game, played in very wet conditions, Carey was dominant with 10 marks and 23 disposals. He also kicked 7 goals and created 2 others, in a team total of 11 goals.", "He also kicked 7 goals and created 2 others, in a team total of 11 goals. It was a performance that Mike Sheahan named Carey's best in the book The Australian Game of Football, released in 2008.", "It was a performance that Mike Sheahan named Carey's best in the book The Australian Game of Football, released in 2008. Prior to round one of the 1998 season, Carey kicked six-second half goals in the Ansett Cup Grand Final against St Kilda, earning himself the Michael Tuck Medal as the best on ground in the pre-season grand final and issuing an ominous warning to the rest of the competition that he was over his injury woes of the previous year.", "Prior to round one of the 1998 season, Carey kicked six-second half goals in the Ansett Cup Grand Final against St Kilda, earning himself the Michael Tuck Medal as the best on ground in the pre-season grand final and issuing an ominous warning to the rest of the competition that he was over his injury woes of the previous year. In one of his greatest seasons, Carey hit arguably the best form of his career in 1998 as he led North Melbourne on a club record 11-game winning streak.", "In one of his greatest seasons, Carey hit arguably the best form of his career in 1998 as he led North Melbourne on a club record 11-game winning streak. During the streak he registered 20 or more disposals and 5 or more goals on 6 separate occasions. Coach Denis Pagan designed the team's offence around Carey, instructing other forwards to draw their direct opponents outside the 50-metre arc to make space for Carey, a tactic which became known as \"Pagan's Paddock\".", "Coach Denis Pagan designed the team's offence around Carey, instructing other forwards to draw their direct opponents outside the 50-metre arc to make space for Carey, a tactic which became known as \"Pagan's Paddock\". In round 15, Carey demolished St Kilda with 14 marks, 26 disposals and 6 goals. The following week five first half goals against West Coast, including one of the goals of the year in the second quarter, saw Glen Jakovich taken to the bench.", "The following week five first half goals against West Coast, including one of the goals of the year in the second quarter, saw Glen Jakovich taken to the bench. His form continued the next week when he kicked 8 goals against Melbourne, to go with 11 marks, 24 disposals and 4 tackles and, three weeks later, Fremantle received the same treatment as Carey again kicked 8 goals and had 25 disposals.", "His form continued the next week when he kicked 8 goals against Melbourne, to go with 11 marks, 24 disposals and 4 tackles and, three weeks later, Fremantle received the same treatment as Carey again kicked 8 goals and had 25 disposals. In the final two rounds Adelaide and the Western Bulldogs had no answers to limit his influence and he was completely dominant in each game, kicking 5 and 4 goals respectively and taking contested marks at will, all around the ground.", "In the final two rounds Adelaide and the Western Bulldogs had no answers to limit his influence and he was completely dominant in each game, kicking 5 and 4 goals respectively and taking contested marks at will, all around the ground. After Carey kicked another 5 goals in the first round of the finals to ensure a comfortable win over Essendon, he had kicked 45 goals in the previous nine games and averaged 22 disposals and 9 marks per game. The winning streak ended on Grand Final day with a loss to Adelaide.", "The winning streak ended on Grand Final day with a loss to Adelaide. For the season, Carey averaged 8 marks, 20 disposals and 3.2 goals per game. He again led the league in marks and contested marks and was runner up in the league goal kicking race behind Tony Lockett, with 80 goals. Carey once again won almost every individual award on offer at season's end, with the noticeable exception of the Brownlow.", "Carey once again won almost every individual award on offer at season's end, with the noticeable exception of the Brownlow. Carey missed five games early in 1999 through injury, and spent much of the year in the forward line closer to goals. He averaged a career high 3.8 goals per game for the season, to go with 7 marks and 18 disposals. He helped North to a 15 and 2 record after his return from injury, in another premiership year for the Kangaroos.", "He helped North to a 15 and 2 record after his return from injury, in another premiership year for the Kangaroos. In round 8, Carey's first game back from injury, he kicked 7 goals against Hawthorn. Once again Carey's late season form was unparalleled, and in the nine games leading up to the Grand Final he averaged 8 marks, 19 disposals and 5.1 goals per game.", "Once again Carey's late season form was unparalleled, and in the nine games leading up to the Grand Final he averaged 8 marks, 19 disposals and 5.1 goals per game. He kicked 9 goals against Geelong in Round 16, followed it up the next week with a 10-goal, 12 mark and 24 disposal performance in a losing side against Essendon and in the wet in a qualifying final against Port Adelaide had 11 marks, 24 disposals and 6 goals in one of his greatest finals performances.", "He kicked 9 goals against Geelong in Round 16, followed it up the next week with a 10-goal, 12 mark and 24 disposal performance in a losing side against Essendon and in the wet in a qualifying final against Port Adelaide had 11 marks, 24 disposals and 6 goals in one of his greatest finals performances. Matched up against Carlton's Stephen Silvagni in the grand final, Carey played a slightly unfamiliar role.", "Matched up against Carlton's Stephen Silvagni in the grand final, Carey played a slightly unfamiliar role. After marking and kicking North Melbourne's opening goal in the first quarter, he struggled to get on top of the Carlton champion and was moved to the midfield after half time.", "After marking and kicking North Melbourne's opening goal in the first quarter, he struggled to get on top of the Carlton champion and was moved to the midfield after half time. He then gathered the most disposals afield in the third quarter and was the catalyst in a dominant quarter for North, before returning to the forward line in the final term to take a spectacular one handed mark and kick the final goal of the game.", "He then gathered the most disposals afield in the third quarter and was the catalyst in a dominant quarter for North, before returning to the forward line in the final term to take a spectacular one handed mark and kick the final goal of the game. Final years with North Melbourne: 2000–2001 By season 2000, Carey had firmly established himself in the minds of most as the greatest player of the modern era and greatest centre half forward ever to play the game.", "Final years with North Melbourne: 2000–2001 By season 2000, Carey had firmly established himself in the minds of most as the greatest player of the modern era and greatest centre half forward ever to play the game. Stints at centre half back and in the midfield that year had him notch consecutive 30-plus possession games and add yet another dimension to his game.", "Stints at centre half back and in the midfield that year had him notch consecutive 30-plus possession games and add yet another dimension to his game. In an incredible run of form over 6 games between rounds 4 and 10, Carey averaged 12 marks, 27 disposals and 3.5 goals per game, playing in a variety of positions.", "In an incredible run of form over 6 games between rounds 4 and 10, Carey averaged 12 marks, 27 disposals and 3.5 goals per game, playing in a variety of positions. Carey's 7 goals and 25 disposals in round 10 against Fremantle, made him only the second player, after Leigh Matthews, to record 5 plus goals and 20 plus disposals in a game for the 30th time in his career.", "Carey's 7 goals and 25 disposals in round 10 against Fremantle, made him only the second player, after Leigh Matthews, to record 5 plus goals and 20 plus disposals in a game for the 30th time in his career. Games against Brisbane and Melbourne in rounds 14 and 17 saw him repeat this feat for the 31st and 32nd time; the most by any player apart from Matthews.", "Games against Brisbane and Melbourne in rounds 14 and 17 saw him repeat this feat for the 31st and 32nd time; the most by any player apart from Matthews. Statistically, 2000 was shaping up as one of Carey's best years and, with just two games left of the Home and Away season, he held averages of 9 marks, 20 disposals and 3.2 goals per game.", "Statistically, 2000 was shaping up as one of Carey's best years and, with just two games left of the Home and Away season, he held averages of 9 marks, 20 disposals and 3.2 goals per game. Towards the end of the season however, Carey began to suffer heavily from the debilitating groin condition Osteitis pubis and his mobility and form subsequently slumped going into the finals. For the season he finished with averages of 8 marks, 18 disposals and 3.0 goals.", "For the season he finished with averages of 8 marks, 18 disposals and 3.0 goals. Carey was runner-up in the Leigh Matthews Trophy for the second year in a row and the fourth time in his career, this time behind Carlton's Anthony Koutoufides. It was his sixth top two finish in the League's MVP award in eight seasons. Going into 2001, his 13th season at North Melbourne and 9th as captain, Carey struggled to maintain consistent form as he battled various injuries.", "Going into 2001, his 13th season at North Melbourne and 9th as captain, Carey struggled to maintain consistent form as he battled various injuries. The physical nature of his play throughout his career began to take its toll on Carey's body, particularly his back, neck and shoulders and he was not able to string more than 5 games together at any point during the season. After round 13, Carey had played just seven games and averaged only 11 disposals and 2.0 goals per game.", "After round 13, Carey had played just seven games and averaged only 11 disposals and 2.0 goals per game. A comparatively injury-free second half of the season saw him play seven of the next eight games and average an improved 14 disposals and 3.0 goals per game. He kicked six goals in round 14 against Melbourne, and the next week, against West Coast, Carey kicked five goals and had a season high 18 disposals in his final game in North Melbourne colours matched up against long time adversary Glen Jakovich.", "He kicked six goals in round 14 against Melbourne, and the next week, against West Coast, Carey kicked five goals and had a season high 18 disposals in his final game in North Melbourne colours matched up against long time adversary Glen Jakovich. In round 21, after playing 14 games and kicking 35 goals that year, Wayne Carey played what would end up being his last game for the North Melbourne Football Club.", "In round 21, after playing 14 games and kicking 35 goals that year, Wayne Carey played what would end up being his last game for the North Melbourne Football Club. Extramarital affair and leaving North Melbourne: 2002 In March 2002 Carey had an extramarital affair with then-best-friend North Melbourne stalwart and Vice Captain Anthony Stevens's wife, Kelli. Carey and Stevens were attending a party at teammate Glenn Archer's house. Carey is quoted as saying Kelli followed him into the toilets, in front of a large crowd including her husband.", "Carey is quoted as saying Kelli followed him into the toilets, in front of a large crowd including her husband. An argument ensued between Carey and Stevens and both subsequently failed to attend football training. In the face of his team being united against him, as well as nationwide condemnation, Carey resigned in disgrace from North Melbourne. Carey's then manager Ricky Nixon famously stated that his client was on \"suicide watch\" during the aftermath. To avoid media attention Carey fled to Las Vegas, USA.", "To avoid media attention Carey fled to Las Vegas, USA. Carey's management later denied speculation that he had trained with the NFL's Dallas Cowboys. Adelaide Crows: 2003–2004 For some time, it was unclear whether Carey would return to AFL football, but after the end of the 2002 season and a 12-month absence from football, Carey was signed by the Adelaide Crows where he played for the next two seasons. Age and injury plagued Carey in 2003 and prevented him from dominating as he once did.", "Age and injury plagued Carey in 2003 and prevented him from dominating as he once did. He did manage to earn a top ten finish in the club best and fairest and kicked the second most goals of any Crow for the year, despite missing eight games. The 2003 season was most memorable for Carey's fiery encounters with his former North Melbourne teammates Glenn Archer and Anthony Stevens in round 6. On that day he kicked four goals, including one of the goals of the year.", "On that day he kicked four goals, including one of the goals of the year. Carey's best performance for 2003 once again came in the finals, an elimination final against West Coast, when he had the most kicks and marks afield and became the 14th player to kick 700 career goals in AFL/VFL history.", "Carey's best performance for 2003 once again came in the finals, an elimination final against West Coast, when he had the most kicks and marks afield and became the 14th player to kick 700 career goals in AFL/VFL history. Carey played the first 11 games in 2004, after which he had taken the most contested marks at Adelaide, was 11 goals clear in the Crows' goal kicking and was coming second in the club best and fairest.", "Carey played the first 11 games in 2004, after which he had taken the most contested marks at Adelaide, was 11 goals clear in the Crows' goal kicking and was coming second in the club best and fairest. Carey's best performance in the Adelaide colours came a week before his 33rd birthday, in round 8 of the 2004 season. He took 9 marks, had 17 disposals and kicked 6 goals, out of a team total of 12, in a heavy loss to Essendon.", "He took 9 marks, had 17 disposals and kicked 6 goals, out of a team total of 12, in a heavy loss to Essendon. Two weeks later, Carey's fourth goal against Hawthorn was one of the goals of the year. Taking a contested mark on the wing, Carey played on, having three bounces and shrugging off a tackle as he ran inside the forward 50. He gave off a handball to teammate Tyson Edwards, who in turn gave the ball back to Carey deep in the forward pocket.", "He gave off a handball to teammate Tyson Edwards, who in turn gave the ball back to Carey deep in the forward pocket. Carey's left foot snap for goal was a highlight in a big win for the Crows. In round 12, Carey left the field early in the second quarter and was later forced to retire with a disc-related neck injury, marking the end of a career that spanned 16 seasons and 272 games and included 727 goals.", "In round 12, Carey left the field early in the second quarter and was later forced to retire with a disc-related neck injury, marking the end of a career that spanned 16 seasons and 272 games and included 727 goals. State of Origin Carey had a relatively short, but successful State of Origin career, and what he describes as significant in his career.", "State of Origin Carey had a relatively short, but successful State of Origin career, and what he describes as significant in his career. Carey first played at the game's highest level in 1990 for New South Wales, in a famous win over Victoria, in the side's only 3rd ever win against the State, Carey scored one goal. In 1992, playing for South Australia against Victoria, Carey played an outstanding game, dominating at centre half forward and kicking two goals.", "In 1992, playing for South Australia against Victoria, Carey played an outstanding game, dominating at centre half forward and kicking two goals. Including the match winner from 55 meters out in the dying moments. Carey had four opponents in the game, dominating them all, including Chris Langford, Danny Frawley and Garry Lyon. Carey has described this game as the moment he knew he belonged in the AFL.", "Carey has described this game as the moment he knew he belonged in the AFL. Saying if he could do well at State of Origin level, a higher level than the AFL, he knew he belonged at AFL level. Carey played for NSW/ACT the following year in the State of Origin Carnival scoring one goal. In the latter half of the 1990s clubs began putting pressure on players to pull out of games due to fear of injury and players began to stop participating.", "In the latter half of the 1990s clubs began putting pressure on players to pull out of games due to fear of injury and players began to stop participating. Australian Football Hall of Fame Carey was inducted into the AFL Hall of Fame in 2010. Although as he was eligible for induction in 2008, his off field troubles with drugs delayed his induction.", "Although as he was eligible for induction in 2008, his off field troubles with drugs delayed his induction. Carey vs Jakovich Throughout much of the 1990s Glen Jakovich was regarded as the premier centre half back in the AFL, and his battles with Carey were a talking point and a season highlight whenever the Eagles and Kangaroos met. Jakovich was one of the very few players who could match Carey for strength in a one-on-one contest and as a result he was often able to limit Carey's dominance.", "Jakovich was one of the very few players who could match Carey for strength in a one-on-one contest and as a result he was often able to limit Carey's dominance. The rivalry gained significant media attention during 1995 when the pair met three times, with Carey being held to a combined total of just 7 marks, 35 disposals and 2 goals. Carey had dominated their encounters in 1993 and 1994, polling Brownlow votes in two out of three games.", "Carey had dominated their encounters in 1993 and 1994, polling Brownlow votes in two out of three games. Statistically, Jakovich held Carey to fewer disposals and goals than any other player could consistently manage. In all they played against each other 18 times—16 while Carey was at North Melbourne and two when he was at Adelaide—first meeting in round 12 of 1992 and last in round 19 of 2003, with Jakovich being able to hold Carey to averages of 6 marks, 14 disposals and 2.1 goals per game.", "In all they played against each other 18 times—16 while Carey was at North Melbourne and two when he was at Adelaide—first meeting in round 12 of 1992 and last in round 19 of 2003, with Jakovich being able to hold Carey to averages of 6 marks, 14 disposals and 2.1 goals per game. By comparison, in the 188 games Carey played against all other opponents in the same period, he averaged 7 marks, 18 disposals and 3.0 goals per game.", "By comparison, in the 188 games Carey played against all other opponents in the same period, he averaged 7 marks, 18 disposals and 3.0 goals per game. Legacy Carey has been named by many media commentators as the greatest footballer to play the game. In 1999, Leigh Matthews, who was voted the greatest player of the 20th century, honoured Carey by saying that he was the best player he had ever seen.", "In 1999, Leigh Matthews, who was voted the greatest player of the 20th century, honoured Carey by saying that he was the best player he had ever seen. In 2008, Carey was named as Australian Football's greatest ever player as part of a list of the top 50 players of all time, published in the book The Australian Game of Football, and placed third in a similar list put together by a panel of football legends in The Age newspaper the same year.", "In 2008, Carey was named as Australian Football's greatest ever player as part of a list of the top 50 players of all time, published in the book The Australian Game of Football, and placed third in a similar list put together by a panel of football legends in The Age newspaper the same year. In 2011, the Herald Sun polled 21 past and present AFL greats, including Carey, to find the players' opinion as to the greatest player of the AFL era.", "In 2011, the Herald Sun polled 21 past and present AFL greats, including Carey, to find the players' opinion as to the greatest player of the AFL era. Carey topped the list, polling 85 of a possible 100 votes, 26 votes ahead of second placed Gary Ablett Sr. \"Sure Got Me\" on Paul Kelly's 2004 double album Ways & Means recounts the love triangle involving Carey, Anthony Stevens, and Stevens' wife, Kelli.", "Carey topped the list, polling 85 of a possible 100 votes, 26 votes ahead of second placed Gary Ablett Sr. \"Sure Got Me\" on Paul Kelly's 2004 double album Ways & Means recounts the love triangle involving Carey, Anthony Stevens, and Stevens' wife, Kelli. Hunters & Collectors frontman Mark Seymour also wrote a song inspired by the affair, but declined to release it after learning of Kelly's take on the events.", "Hunters & Collectors frontman Mark Seymour also wrote a song inspired by the affair, but declined to release it after learning of Kelly's take on the events. Jock Cheese, bassist of the satirical Melbourne band TISM, released a tribute to Carey titled \"Why Don't You Get A Bigger Set of Tits?\" on his 2002 solo album Platter. Statistics Carey's career total of 727 goals ranks him equal 16th in VFL/AFL history, and his 671 goals for North Melbourne is the club record.", "Statistics Carey's career total of 727 goals ranks him equal 16th in VFL/AFL history, and his 671 goals for North Melbourne is the club record. |- style=\"background-color: #EAEAEA\" ! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1989 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 40 || 4 || 0 || 2 || 26 || 8 || 34 || 14 || 4 || 0.0 || 0.5 || 6.5 || 2.0 || 8.5 || 3.5 || 1.0 |- !", "scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1989 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 40 || 4 || 0 || 2 || 26 || 8 || 34 || 14 || 4 || 0.0 || 0.5 || 6.5 || 2.0 || 8.5 || 3.5 || 1.0 |- ! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1990 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 18 || 21 || 38 || 23 || 196 || 94 || 290 || 98 || 18 || 1.8 || 1.1 || 9.3 || 4.5 || 13.8 || 4.7 || 0.9 |- style=\"background-color: #EAEAEA\" !", "scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1990 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 18 || 21 || 38 || 23 || 196 || 94 || 290 || 98 || 18 || 1.8 || 1.1 || 9.3 || 4.5 || 13.8 || 4.7 || 0.9 |- style=\"background-color: #EAEAEA\" ! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1991 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 18 || 14 || 28 || 21 || 132 || 56 || 188 || 84 || 10 || 2.0 || 1.5 || 9.4 || 4.0 || 13.4 || 6.0 || 0.7 |- !", "scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1991 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 18 || 14 || 28 || 21 || 132 || 56 || 188 || 84 || 10 || 2.0 || 1.5 || 9.4 || 4.0 || 13.4 || 6.0 || 0.7 |- ! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1992 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 18 || 21 || 46 || 32 || 278 || 107 || 385 || 157 || 26 || 2.2 || 1.5 || 13.2 || 5.1 || 18.3 || 7.5 || 1.2 |- style=\"background-color: #EAEAEA\" !", "scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1992 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 18 || 21 || 46 || 32 || 278 || 107 || 385 || 157 || 26 || 2.2 || 1.5 || 13.2 || 5.1 || 18.3 || 7.5 || 1.2 |- style=\"background-color: #EAEAEA\" ! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1993 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 18 || 19 || 64 || 44 || 216 || 123 || 339 || 150 || 21 || 3.4 || 2.3 || 11.4 || 6.5 || 17.8 || 7.9 || 1.1 |- !", "scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1993 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 18 || 19 || 64 || 44 || 216 || 123 || 339 || 150 || 21 || 3.4 || 2.3 || 11.4 || 6.5 || 17.8 || 7.9 || 1.1 |- ! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1994 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 18 || 19 || 63 || 42 || 237 || 116 || 353 || 164 || 13 || 3.3 || 2.2 || 12.5 || 6.1 || 18.6 || 8.6 || 0.7 |- style=\"background-color: #EAEAEA\" !", "scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1994 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 18 || 19 || 63 || 42 || 237 || 116 || 353 || 164 || 13 || 3.3 || 2.2 || 12.5 || 6.1 || 18.6 || 8.6 || 0.7 |- style=\"background-color: #EAEAEA\" ! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1995 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 18 || 25 || 65 || 46 || 309 || 143|| 452 || 187 || 28 || 2.6 || 1.8 || 12.4 || 5.7 || 18.1 || 7.5 || 1.1 |- |style=\"text-align:center;background:#afe6ba;\"|1996† |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 18 || 25 || 82 || 55 || 332 || 154 || 486 || 200 || 31 || 3.3 || 2.2 || 13.3 || 6.2 || 19.4 || 8.0 || 1.2 |- style=\"background-color: #EAEAEA\" !", "scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1995 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 18 || 25 || 65 || 46 || 309 || 143|| 452 || 187 || 28 || 2.6 || 1.8 || 12.4 || 5.7 || 18.1 || 7.5 || 1.1 |- |style=\"text-align:center;background:#afe6ba;\"|1996† |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 18 || 25 || 82 || 55 || 332 || 154 || 486 || 200 || 31 || 3.3 || 2.2 || 13.3 || 6.2 || 19.4 || 8.0 || 1.2 |- style=\"background-color: #EAEAEA\" ! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1997 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 18 || 14 || 25 || 15 || 160 || 66 || 226 || 74 || 14 || 1.8 || 1.1 || 11.4 || 4.7 || 16.1 || 5.3 || 1.0 |- !", "scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1997 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 18 || 14 || 25 || 15 || 160 || 66 || 226 || 74 || 14 || 1.8 || 1.1 || 11.4 || 4.7 || 16.1 || 5.3 || 1.0 |- ! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1998 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 18 || 25 || 80 || 49 || 368 || 121 || 489 || 193 || 40 || 3.2 || 2.0 || 14.7 || 4.8 || 19.6 || 7.7 || 1.6 |- style=\"background-color: #EAEAEA\" !", "scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1998 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 18 || 25 || 80 || 49 || 368 || 121 || 489 || 193 || 40 || 3.2 || 2.0 || 14.7 || 4.8 || 19.6 || 7.7 || 1.6 |- style=\"background-color: #EAEAEA\" ! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1999 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 18 || 20 || 76 || 39 || 253 || 100 || 353 || 145 || 33 || 3.8 || 2.0 || 12.7 || 5.0 || 17.7 || 7.3 || 1.7 |- !", "scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1999 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 18 || 20 || 76 || 39 || 253 || 100 || 353 || 145 || 33 || 3.8 || 2.0 || 12.7 || 5.0 || 17.7 || 7.3 || 1.7 |- ! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 2000 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 18 || 23 || 69 || 37 || 336 || 86 || 422 || 176 || 35 || 3.0 || 1.6 || 14.6 || 3.7 || 18.3 || 7.7 || 1.5 |- style=\"background-color: #EAEAEA\" !", "scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 2000 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 18 || 23 || 69 || 37 || 336 || 86 || 422 || 176 || 35 || 3.0 || 1.6 || 14.6 || 3.7 || 18.3 || 7.7 || 1.5 |- style=\"background-color: #EAEAEA\" ! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 2001 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 18 || 14 || 35 || 11 || 137 || 37 || 174 || 69 || 13 || 2.5 || 0.8 || 9.8 || 2.6 || 12.4 || 4.9 || 0.9 |- !", "scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 2001 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 18 || 14 || 35 || 11 || 137 || 37 || 174 || 69 || 13 || 2.5 || 0.8 || 9.8 || 2.6 || 12.4 || 4.9 || 0.9 |- ! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 2003 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 2 || 16 || 29 || 19 || 136 || 35 || 171 || 62 || 21 || 1.8 || 1.2 || 8.5 || 2.2 || 10.7 || 3.9 || 1.3 |- style=\"background-color: #EAEAEA\" !", "scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 2003 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 2 || 16 || 29 || 19 || 136 || 35 || 171 || 62 || 21 || 1.8 || 1.2 || 8.5 || 2.2 || 10.7 || 3.9 || 1.3 |- style=\"background-color: #EAEAEA\" ! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 2004 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 2 || 12 || 27 || 22 || 101 || 26 || 127 || 57 || 12 || 2.3 || 1.8 || 8.4 || 2.2 || 10.6 || 4.8 || 1.0 |- class=\"sortbottom\" !", "scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 2004 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 2 || 12 || 27 || 22 || 101 || 26 || 127 || 57 || 12 || 2.3 || 1.8 || 8.4 || 2.2 || 10.6 || 4.8 || 1.0 |- class=\"sortbottom\" ! colspan=3| Career ! 272 ! 727 ! 457 ! 3217 ! 1272 ! 4489 ! 1830 ! 319 ! 2.7 ! 1.7 ! 11.8 ! 4.7 ! 16.5 ! 6.7 !", "4489 ! 1830 ! 319 ! 2.7 ! 1.7 ! 11.8 ! 4.7 ! 16.5 ! 6.7 ! 6.7 ! 1.2 |} Post-playing career In early 2005, Carey agreed to assist former coach and mentor Denis Pagan at the Carlton Football Club, acting voluntarily as a part-time skills coach. In 2006 he was an assistant coach at Collingwood Football Club. Carey also worked as a commentator and host of shows on the Fox Footy Channel throughout the 2006 season.", "Carey also worked as a commentator and host of shows on the Fox Footy Channel throughout the 2006 season. In 2007 he participated in the Nine Network football analysis program Footy Classified, as well as special comments for radio station 3AW's football coverage. Subsequent to his dual arrests for domestic violence and assault he was sacked from both positions. In 2009, Carey was approached in a confidential meeting with influential North Melbourne board member Ron Joseph to return to the club as coach in a succession plan which also involved Malcolm Blight.", "In 2009, Carey was approached in a confidential meeting with influential North Melbourne board member Ron Joseph to return to the club as coach in a succession plan which also involved Malcolm Blight. Carey confirmed this when queried by noted football journalist Damian Barrett in May 2021. In 2012 Carey joined the Triple M Melbourne AFL commentary team and One HD's The Game Plan, however the latter was cancelled mid-season. In 2013, he joined The Marngrook Footy Show on National Indigenous Television as a regular panelist.", "In 2013, he joined The Marngrook Footy Show on National Indigenous Television as a regular panelist. Later that year he joined the Seven Network to host a series of Talking Footy specials alongside Bruce McAvaney, Luke Darcy and Andrew Demetriou, to cover both the Essendon drugs scandal and the finals series. In 2014, Carey joined the Seven Network as a Friday night commentator and also a permanent panelist on Talking Footy.", "In 2014, Carey joined the Seven Network as a Friday night commentator and also a permanent panelist on Talking Footy. Domestic violence, assault, arrests, drug abuse and scandals In 1997 Carey pleaded guilty to indecent assault after grabbing a passing woman's breast on a Melbourne city street after 12 hours of drinking with teammates. He allegedly told her \"Why don't you get a bigger pair of tits\". Carey later settled out of court when the woman filed a civil suit against him.", "Carey later settled out of court when the woman filed a civil suit against him. In 2000 Carey provided character evidence for Jason Moran, an infamous gangster who was subsequently murdered in Melbourne's gang war. In 2004, while holidaying with his then wife, Carey was subject to arrest for a misdemeanour battery report while holidaying in Las Vegas. He was placed in custody for one night then released. The local District Attorney elected not to pursue the case.", "The local District Attorney elected not to pursue the case. Carey again became the subject of public comment in February 2006 when he announced he was leaving his pregnant wife Sally for model Kate Neilson. His daughter Ella was born six weeks later. In December 2006 Neilson allegedly reported Carey to Australian police for domestic violence, alleging he had punched her in the face. Neilson and Carey denied this report.", "Neilson and Carey denied this report. Neilson and Carey denied this report. Subsequently, US security guard Kyle Banks told the Nine Network's A Current Affair he saw Carey attacking Neilson while working at the exclusive W Hotel in New York City in October 2006. Banks said he saw Carey break a bottle of French champagne over his own head. On 27 January 2008 Carey was arrested after reports of a disturbance at his Port Melbourne apartment.", "On 27 January 2008 Carey was arrested after reports of a disturbance at his Port Melbourne apartment. Police had to subdue Carey with capsicum spray and he was seen hand-cuffed after allegedly assaulting the officers. Two days later, the Nine Network announced it would not renew the television contract of Carey after it was revealed that Carey had been arrested and charged with assaulting a police officer and Neilson in Miami, Florida, on 27 October 2007, after he allegedly glassed Neilsen in the face and neck with a wine glass.", "Two days later, the Nine Network announced it would not renew the television contract of Carey after it was revealed that Carey had been arrested and charged with assaulting a police officer and Neilson in Miami, Florida, on 27 October 2007, after he allegedly glassed Neilsen in the face and neck with a wine glass. Police Lieutenant Bill Schwartz, however, reported: When officers went and spoke to him, he immediately was belligerent, starting striking out at the officers, in fact, kicked one of the female officers in the face with his foot, elbowed another one in the side of the face.", "Police Lieutenant Bill Schwartz, however, reported: When officers went and spoke to him, he immediately was belligerent, starting striking out at the officers, in fact, kicked one of the female officers in the face with his foot, elbowed another one in the side of the face. They had to wrestle him down and handcuff him. When he was in the police car, he used his head as a battering ram and tried to smash a hole between the front compartment of the police car and the prisoner compartment.", "When he was in the police car, he used his head as a battering ram and tried to smash a hole between the front compartment of the police car and the prisoner compartment. To stop Carey harming himself and damaging the car, the officers put him into a leather hobble restraint around his hands and legs. Carey faced up to fifteen years in jail and 30,000 fines. Additionally Carey was fired from commentary jobs at 3AW and the Nine Network following the coverage of the two arrests.", "Additionally Carey was fired from commentary jobs at 3AW and the Nine Network following the coverage of the two arrests. Ultimately Carey pleaded guilty to assaulting and resisting Miami police. In exchange for his guilty pleas, prosecutors agreed that Carey should only serve 50 hours of community service, attend alcohol- and anger-management classes, serve two years probation, and pay US$500 to a Miami police charity. As a consequence of his criminal record in the United States, Carey was refused an entry visa in October 2009.", "As a consequence of his criminal record in the United States, Carey was refused an entry visa in October 2009. In March 2008 Carey publicly revealed he was, for a long period, an abuser of alcohol and cocaine. He was interviewed by Andrew Denton on Enough Rope, where he talked candidly about his life and recent controversies. 1.5 million viewers tuned into the highly publicised interview.", "1.5 million viewers tuned into the highly publicised interview. 1.5 million viewers tuned into the highly publicised interview. Carey was attempting to visit Barwon Prison in February 2012 to speak to indigenous inmates as part of a mentoring program, however he was found to have traces of cocaine on his clothing following a routine drug scan. Carey was informed that he could enter the prison if he submitted to a strip search. He declined and left the correctional facility.", "He declined and left the correctional facility. He declined and left the correctional facility. References Further reading External links 1971 births Living people Australian rules footballers from New South Wales North Melbourne Football Club players North Melbourne Football Club Premiership players Syd Barker Medal winners Adelaide Football Club players All-Australians (AFL) Australian Football Hall of Fame inductees Leigh Matthews Trophy winners New South Wales Australian rules football State of Origin players South Australian State of Origin players North Adelaide Football Club players Australian rules football commentators Australia international rules football team players Australian people convicted of assault Australian people convicted of indecent assault Two-time VFL/AFL Premiership players" ]

[ "Wayne Carey", "Rise to stardom: 1990-1992", "How was he discovered?", "Carey immediately drew the attention of the football world and built a reputation early in his career as an aggressive, big marking and long kicking key position player.", "What was the first team he played with?", "That year, Carey would become the 1990 season runner up in North Melbourne's best and fairest, behind Longmire.", "What position did he play?", "big marking and long kicking key position player." ]

[ "DiscoveryBox is a children's magazine by Bayard Presse. It is targeted at children from 9 to 12 years old. Inside there are topics about science, animals, current events, nature, history and the world. It also includes games and quizzes. It is designed for the completely independent reader and is the 3rd and final instalment of the Box series (after StoryBox and AdventureBox).\n\nDiscoveryBox is mostly non fictional and is designed to answer questions and expand the knowledge of its readers in the subjects that it covers each month.\n\nThere is a current shortage in this type of information rich magazine for this age group at the moment and children find the magazine very interesting. It is designed to build on what they have learned in School and it takes many of its subjects from the British Curriculum so reinforces what they have learned as well as adding additional interesting facts that they may not have previously known about.\n\nBecause there is a shortage of information magazines for children this age, both ESL and English speaking students like to read this book as the information is specially presented for them. As it is specifically designed for the ages 9 to 12 the magazine takes subjects that they would find interesting such as The Olympic Games, Space Exploration and Avalanches being just a few of the previous topics covered.\n\nIn July 2009 DiscoveryBox collaborated with the movie Ice Age: Dawn of the Dinosaurs with a behind-the-scenes look at 3D animation.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n DiscoveryBox Website\n DiscoveryBox Information Page\n Bayard English magazine Website\n\nChildren's magazines published in France\nFrench-language magazines\nMonthly magazines published in France\nMagazines established in 1995", "Kurudumale is a village in the Mulbagal taluk, Kolar district of Karnataka state, India. It is located about 10 km from the mulubagal town, northerly. The giant, thirteen and a half foot sculpture of kurudumale Ganesha and the Someshwara temple of lord Shiva attract thousands of visitors from the surrounding states. This place was believed to be the place where Devas would descend from the heavens for recreation on earth.\n\nThere is another temple dedicated to Shiva called the Someshwara temple which is also situated in Kurudumale. The interesting thing about this temple is that it is built of a rock without any foundations. Another interesting thing is the architectural style of the temple; this temple is considered to be older than the Ganesha temple and was built during the Cholas period. Half of the temple has different style of carving, believed to have been done by artist Jakanachari and the other half is believed to have been carved by his son Dankanachari. The part of the temple supposedly built by Dankana's has statues and carvings which are more intricate and sophisticated.\n\nGallery\n\nHindu temples in Kolar district\nVillages in Kolar district" ]

[ "Wayne Francis Carey (born 27 May 1971) is a former Australian rules footballer who played with the North Melbourne Football Club and the Adelaide Football Club in the Australian Football League (AFL). A dual-premiership captain at North Melbourne, four-time North Melbourne best-and-fairest (Syd Barker Medallist) and seven-time All-Australian, Carey is nicknamed \"The King\", or \"Duck\".", "A dual-premiership captain at North Melbourne, four-time North Melbourne best-and-fairest (Syd Barker Medallist) and seven-time All-Australian, Carey is nicknamed \"The King\", or \"Duck\". In 2001, he was named as centre half-forward and captain of North Melbourne's Team of the Century, and in 2008 was named as Australian football's greatest ever player, as part of a list of the top 50 players of all time, published in the book The Australian Game of Football, which was released by the League to celebrate 150 years of Australian rules football.", "In 2001, he was named as centre half-forward and captain of North Melbourne's Team of the Century, and in 2008 was named as Australian football's greatest ever player, as part of a list of the top 50 players of all time, published in the book The Australian Game of Football, which was released by the League to celebrate 150 years of Australian rules football. In 2002, he left North Melbourne in disgrace after it was revealed he'd been having an extramarital affair with the wife of his then-teammate Anthony Stevens.", "In 2002, he left North Melbourne in disgrace after it was revealed he'd been having an extramarital affair with the wife of his then-teammate Anthony Stevens. He is also known for his legal problems, which include domestic violence charges and assault convictions. From 2014 Carey has worked as a Friday night football commentator and Talking Footy panelist with Channel Seven. Early life The son of Kevin and Lynne, Carey was one of five children who grew up in Wagga Wagga, New South Wales.", "Early life The son of Kevin and Lynne, Carey was one of five children who grew up in Wagga Wagga, New South Wales. His mother and father separated when Carey was aged six, with his mother taking four of the children to Adelaide, living in a homeless shelter. According to Carey's autobiography, his father was a violent man who had spent time at Mannus Correctional Centre and was troubled by alcoholism.", "According to Carey's autobiography, his father was a violent man who had spent time at Mannus Correctional Centre and was troubled by alcoholism. A few months later, Kevin Carey retrieved the children from his estranged wife and they returned to Wagga Wagga. Carey played rugby league as a junior, and began playing Australian rules football at the age of eight. At the age of thirteen, Carey returned to Adelaide, where he attended The Heights School and played junior football for North Adelaide.", "At the age of thirteen, Carey returned to Adelaide, where he attended The Heights School and played junior football for North Adelaide. Playing career: 1989–2004 AFL VFL debut: 1987–1989 In 1987, Carey was recruited by North Melbourne after their CEO, Greg Miller, met with the Sydney Swans' football department to discuss the transfer to North Melbourne of John Longmire, a highly regarded junior key-position player.", "Playing career: 1989–2004 AFL VFL debut: 1987–1989 In 1987, Carey was recruited by North Melbourne after their CEO, Greg Miller, met with the Sydney Swans' football department to discuss the transfer to North Melbourne of John Longmire, a highly regarded junior key-position player. Once that deal was concluded, Miller then inquired about Carey who, like Longmire, was zoned to the Swans due to having lived in New South Wales.", "Once that deal was concluded, Miller then inquired about Carey who, like Longmire, was zoned to the Swans due to having lived in New South Wales. He made a token offer of $10,000 as a transfer fee, to which the Swans surprisingly agreed. As a 16-year-old, Carey made the move to Melbourne and played for the North Melbourne under-19s, where he starred in their 1988 premiership side under coach Denis Pagan.", "As a 16-year-old, Carey made the move to Melbourne and played for the North Melbourne under-19s, where he starred in their 1988 premiership side under coach Denis Pagan. Carey was promoted to the senior list prior to the 1989 season and, after recovering from dislocating his left shoulder in a practice match early in the year, made his first appearance for the seniors as an 18-year-old in round 11 of 1989 against Fitzroy.", "Carey was promoted to the senior list prior to the 1989 season and, after recovering from dislocating his left shoulder in a practice match early in the year, made his first appearance for the seniors as an 18-year-old in round 11 of 1989 against Fitzroy. Rise to stardom: 1990–1992 After playing only four games in his debut year, Carey burst onto the scene in 1990 as a goal-kicking centre half-forward and as support to their full forward in Longmire (who was that year's Coleman Medallist as the AFL's leading goal-kicker).", "Rise to stardom: 1990–1992 After playing only four games in his debut year, Carey burst onto the scene in 1990 as a goal-kicking centre half-forward and as support to their full forward in Longmire (who was that year's Coleman Medallist as the AFL's leading goal-kicker). Carey immediately drew the attention of the football world and built a reputation early in his career as an aggressive, big marking and long kicking key position player.", "Carey immediately drew the attention of the football world and built a reputation early in his career as an aggressive, big marking and long kicking key position player. That year, Carey would become the 1990 season runner up in North Melbourne's best and fairest, behind Longmire. In round 13, a then 19-year-old Carey took 8 marks, had 22 disposals and kicked 7 goals in a big win over Sydney. It was the first of many times Carey would dominate up forward for North.", "It was the first of many times Carey would dominate up forward for North. In 21 games in 1990 Carey averaged 5 marks, 14 disposals and 1.8 goals. The 1991 season started very promisingly for Carey and after nine rounds he was averaging 7 marks, 16 disposals and 2.4 goals. At that stage he was leading North Melbourne's best and fairest and, despite still being a teenager, was quickly becoming the Kangaroos' most important player.", "At that stage he was leading North Melbourne's best and fairest and, despite still being a teenager, was quickly becoming the Kangaroos' most important player. In Round 10 against Footscray, Carey started brilliantly, kicking two first quarter goals, before an injury to his right shoulder forced him to sit out the rest of that game and the next eight. He struggled to regain form when he returned for the last 5 rounds.", "He struggled to regain form when he returned for the last 5 rounds. Early in 1992 Carey considered leaving North Melbourne and returning to Adelaide due to internal unrest within the leadership of the club. He was convinced to stay by the coaching staff and, in the latter half of the season, Carey began to show signs that he was destined for greatness. In the second half of 1992 Carey would put a string of outstanding performances to close the season out.", "In the second half of 1992 Carey would put a string of outstanding performances to close the season out. By season's end Carey was dominating Centre Half Forward like no one else in the league, his play trademarked by big marks and long goals. He finished the year with an impressive 7 goal performance against Fitzroy and averaged 10 marks, 20 disposals and 3.3 goals during North Melbourne's last 8 games. For the season, he averaged 7 marks, 18 disposals and 2.2 goals per game.", "For the season, he averaged 7 marks, 18 disposals and 2.2 goals per game. Carey had his first top five finish in the Brownlow Medal, claimed his first club best and fairest and was named club captain by new coach Denis Pagan ahead of the 1993 season. Captaincy: 1993–2001 As captain, Carey led North Melbourne to the finals for eight consecutive years from 1993 to 2000. This streak included seven straight preliminary finals, three grand finals and two premierships (1996 and 1999).", "This streak included seven straight preliminary finals, three grand finals and two premierships (1996 and 1999). During this eight-year period, Carey played 170 games, averaged 8 marks and 19 disposals per game and kicked 544 goals at 3.2 per game. He won three further club best and fairests, was a five-time club leading goal kicker, All Australian centre half forward seven times, including four times as captain and once as vice-captain, and he was named MVP by the AFL Players Association twice, in 1995 and 1998.", "He won three further club best and fairests, was a five-time club leading goal kicker, All Australian centre half forward seven times, including four times as captain and once as vice-captain, and he was named MVP by the AFL Players Association twice, in 1995 and 1998. Carey was criticised widely for both his on and off field behaviour. On the field he was reported three times and suspended twice for a total of five weeks in 1994.", "On the field he was reported three times and suspended twice for a total of five weeks in 1994. An off the field charge of indecent assault in 1996 put a damper on his otherwise stellar form. Bookies had Carey as pre-count favourite for the Brownlow Medal on four separate occasions (1993, 1995, 1996 and 1998), but many believe his on field arrogance and backchat to umpires were the primary reason he never claimed the game's highest individual honour.", "Bookies had Carey as pre-count favourite for the Brownlow Medal on four separate occasions (1993, 1995, 1996 and 1998), but many believe his on field arrogance and backchat to umpires were the primary reason he never claimed the game's highest individual honour. First years as captain and \"No Carey, No North\": 1993–1995 In 1993, at age 21, Carey was the second youngest club captain in VFL/AFL history.", "First years as captain and \"No Carey, No North\": 1993–1995 In 1993, at age 21, Carey was the second youngest club captain in VFL/AFL history. Carey consistently won games off his own boot, including a game against reigning premiers the West Coast Eagles at the WACA in round 12, and then against that year's eventual premiers in Essendon in round 15, where he played a dominant final quarter that marked him as an out-and-out champion.", "Carey consistently won games off his own boot, including a game against reigning premiers the West Coast Eagles at the WACA in round 12, and then against that year's eventual premiers in Essendon in round 15, where he played a dominant final quarter that marked him as an out-and-out champion. After 15 rounds of the 1993 season, with North Melbourne on top of the AFL ladder, Carey was leading the club in marks, disposals and goals, before he was injured in their round 16 clash with Brisbane and did not play again until round 20.", "After 15 rounds of the 1993 season, with North Melbourne on top of the AFL ladder, Carey was leading the club in marks, disposals and goals, before he was injured in their round 16 clash with Brisbane and did not play again until round 20. For the season he averaged 8 marks, 19 disposals and 3.4 goals per game.", "For the season he averaged 8 marks, 19 disposals and 3.4 goals per game. At the end of the season, Carey became the youngest ever All-Australian captain at 22 years of age and finished third in the Brownlow Medal count, after being outright favourite to take out the prestigious award. But for the freakish efforts of Gary Ablett, many experts had Carey as the game's best player at the conclusion of the season, and he was runner-up behind Ablett in the Leigh Matthews Trophy.", "But for the freakish efforts of Gary Ablett, many experts had Carey as the game's best player at the conclusion of the season, and he was runner-up behind Ablett in the Leigh Matthews Trophy. The following year Carey appeared to have improved again. After round 6 of the 1994 season, Carey was averaging 12 marks, 21 disposals and 4.8 goals per game.", "After round 6 of the 1994 season, Carey was averaging 12 marks, 21 disposals and 4.8 goals per game. This included a 17 mark, 26 disposal, 7 goal performance against Hawthorn, 13 marks, 21 disposals and 6 goals against Footscray and a 15 mark, 21 disposal, 5 goals in a loss to the West Coast Eagles. Carey's mid season suspensions subdued him somewhat, before he turned it on again to dominate in the finals with two of the all-time great individual finals performances.", "Carey's mid season suspensions subdued him somewhat, before he turned it on again to dominate in the finals with two of the all-time great individual finals performances. In the qualifying final against Hawthorn, Carey kicked the last goal of the final quarter to level the score and force the game into extra time. Carey then kicked the goal to seal the win during extra time and earn North Melbourne a week break before the preliminary final. He finished the game with 10 marks, 32 disposals and 4 goals in an inspiring performance.", "He finished the game with 10 marks, 32 disposals and 4 goals in an inspiring performance. Two weeks later Carey was irrepressible in the preliminary final against Geelong. With North down by four goals at half time, it was Carey's four third quarter goals that kept them in the game.", "With North down by four goals at half time, it was Carey's four third quarter goals that kept them in the game. He played a lone hand up forward with 14 marks, of which 10 were contested, 24 disposals and 6 goals, to once again have the scores level at full-time, before Geelong won by a goal, kicked after the final siren by Gary Ablett.", "He played a lone hand up forward with 14 marks, of which 10 were contested, 24 disposals and 6 goals, to once again have the scores level at full-time, before Geelong won by a goal, kicked after the final siren by Gary Ablett. Carey's 10 contested marks in the preliminary final were an all time AFL record at the time, and his finals performances were made more impressive by the fact that he played both games with a torn calf muscle.", "Carey's 10 contested marks in the preliminary final were an all time AFL record at the time, and his finals performances were made more impressive by the fact that he played both games with a torn calf muscle. \"In the 21 days between tearing the muscle and the end of the Geelong game, Wayne trained for approximately 10 minutes. To then be best on ground in two finals was nothing short of freakish, and a testament to his talent and commitment.\"", "To then be best on ground in two finals was nothing short of freakish, and a testament to his talent and commitment.\" Coach Denis Pagan later said of Carey's finals performances. For the season Carey averaged 9 marks, 19 disposals and 3.3 goals per game. During the first two years of Carey's captaincy at North Melbourne, the Kangaroos registered an impressive 25 wins from the 35 home and away games in which Carey played.", "During the first two years of Carey's captaincy at North Melbourne, the Kangaroos registered an impressive 25 wins from the 35 home and away games in which Carey played. In contrast, they lost all but one of the seven games in which he was absent during the same period. Such was the influence that Carey had on games in which he played, and so much did the Kangaroos struggle in his absence that, in mid-1994, the phenomenon was given a name – 'No Carey, no North'.", "Such was the influence that Carey had on games in which he played, and so much did the Kangaroos struggle in his absence that, in mid-1994, the phenomenon was given a name – 'No Carey, no North'. After leading North Melbourne to the Ansett Cup Premiership in the pre-season, Carey's reputation as the game's number one player continued to grow early in 1995. He kicked 18 goals in North's four pre-season games and was the dominant player on the ground on each occasion.", "He kicked 18 goals in North's four pre-season games and was the dominant player on the ground on each occasion. By mid season, Carey was an unbackable favorite to take out the Brownlow Medal as he dominated games like none before him. Over nine games, from rounds 6 to 14, Carey averaged 11 marks, 22 disposals and 3.8 goals per game in a brilliant run of form. In round seven, he registered a career high 33 disposals against Fitzroy.", "In round seven, he registered a career high 33 disposals against Fitzroy. His best games of the year, however, came later in the season, both against Premiership contenders Richmond. The first was in a come-from-behind last quarter win in round 19, and then four weeks later in a Qualifying Final win – Carey's third dominant finals game in succession. In both games Carey kicked five goals and had 25 and 22 disposals respectively.", "In both games Carey kicked five goals and had 25 and 22 disposals respectively. The season ended on a sour note for Carey, being well held by Jakovich in the Semi-final and then full back of the century Stephen Silvagni in the Preliminary Final, where North Melbourne went down to eventual Premiers Carlton.", "The season ended on a sour note for Carey, being well held by Jakovich in the Semi-final and then full back of the century Stephen Silvagni in the Preliminary Final, where North Melbourne went down to eventual Premiers Carlton. For the season, Carey averaged 7 marks, 18 disposals and 2.6 goals per game, led the league in marks and contested marks and took out a host of individual awards from the media and AFL Players Association as the season's best player.", "For the season, Carey averaged 7 marks, 18 disposals and 2.6 goals per game, led the league in marks and contested marks and took out a host of individual awards from the media and AFL Players Association as the season's best player. Premiership years: 1996, 1999 By 1996, Carey was all but unanimously considered the best player in the AFL. He became known as a master of the pack mark and the long goal.", "He became known as a master of the pack mark and the long goal. He again led the league in marks and contested marks and kicked a career high 82 goals in 1996, one of his most consistent seasons. He kicked a career high 11 goals against Melbourne in Round 17 – a game in which he also tallied 15 marks, 31 disposals and 3 tackles – and followed it up in the next game with 27 disposals and 7 goals against Hawthorn.", "He kicked a career high 11 goals against Melbourne in Round 17 – a game in which he also tallied 15 marks, 31 disposals and 3 tackles – and followed it up in the next game with 27 disposals and 7 goals against Hawthorn. His 12 contested marks in round 17 broke his own record for the most contested marks in a game, which he set two years earlier and remains a record to this day.", "His 12 contested marks in round 17 broke his own record for the most contested marks in a game, which he set two years earlier and remains a record to this day. North went on to win the 1996 premiership, with Carey again a stand out in all three finals games, including the grand final against Sydney, where he was runner-up to Glenn Archer in the Norm Smith Medal voting.", "North went on to win the 1996 premiership, with Carey again a stand out in all three finals games, including the grand final against Sydney, where he was runner-up to Glenn Archer in the Norm Smith Medal voting. He averaged 11 marks, 23 disposals and 2.3 goals during the finals and 8 marks, 19 disposals and 3.3 goals for the season. He won his third best and fairest award in 1996, but finished runner-up to teammate Corey McKernan in the Players' Association MVP award.", "He won his third best and fairest award in 1996, but finished runner-up to teammate Corey McKernan in the Players' Association MVP award. Midway during the 1996 season, Carey has talked about a conversation he had with coach Dennis Pagan, in which he suggested to Carey that he thought he could get more out of himself, and talked about other talented players of the past who didn't quite reach their potential, he hoped he doesn't end up with any regrets.", "Midway during the 1996 season, Carey has talked about a conversation he had with coach Dennis Pagan, in which he suggested to Carey that he thought he could get more out of himself, and talked about other talented players of the past who didn't quite reach their potential, he hoped he doesn't end up with any regrets. Upon leaving the meeting, Carey has stated he thought Pagan had gone funny, given the season he was having, but upon looking back he realised it was a great bit psychology, and it spurred him on to a better second half of the season, which is considered one of his greatest years.", "Upon leaving the meeting, Carey has stated he thought Pagan had gone funny, given the season he was having, but upon looking back he realised it was a great bit psychology, and it spurred him on to a better second half of the season, which is considered one of his greatest years. Eight minutes into the second quarter of the 1997 AFL season, Carey dislocated his left shoulder for the second time in his career and missed much of the season.", "Eight minutes into the second quarter of the 1997 AFL season, Carey dislocated his left shoulder for the second time in his career and missed much of the season. Upon his return in round 13, he spent much of the remainder of the home and away season at centre half back. There was some concern as to whether he would regain top form as he struggled with mobility through the injured shoulder.", "There was some concern as to whether he would regain top form as he struggled with mobility through the injured shoulder. As North entered the finals campaign, Carey assumed his customary centre half forward position and re-established himself as the game's pre-eminent player in a qualifying final against Geelong. In a low scoring game, played in very wet conditions, Carey was dominant with 10 marks and 23 disposals. He also kicked 7 goals and created 2 others, in a team total of 11 goals.", "He also kicked 7 goals and created 2 others, in a team total of 11 goals. It was a performance that Mike Sheahan named Carey's best in the book The Australian Game of Football, released in 2008.", "It was a performance that Mike Sheahan named Carey's best in the book The Australian Game of Football, released in 2008. Prior to round one of the 1998 season, Carey kicked six-second half goals in the Ansett Cup Grand Final against St Kilda, earning himself the Michael Tuck Medal as the best on ground in the pre-season grand final and issuing an ominous warning to the rest of the competition that he was over his injury woes of the previous year.", "Prior to round one of the 1998 season, Carey kicked six-second half goals in the Ansett Cup Grand Final against St Kilda, earning himself the Michael Tuck Medal as the best on ground in the pre-season grand final and issuing an ominous warning to the rest of the competition that he was over his injury woes of the previous year. In one of his greatest seasons, Carey hit arguably the best form of his career in 1998 as he led North Melbourne on a club record 11-game winning streak.", "In one of his greatest seasons, Carey hit arguably the best form of his career in 1998 as he led North Melbourne on a club record 11-game winning streak. During the streak he registered 20 or more disposals and 5 or more goals on 6 separate occasions. Coach Denis Pagan designed the team's offence around Carey, instructing other forwards to draw their direct opponents outside the 50-metre arc to make space for Carey, a tactic which became known as \"Pagan's Paddock\".", "Coach Denis Pagan designed the team's offence around Carey, instructing other forwards to draw their direct opponents outside the 50-metre arc to make space for Carey, a tactic which became known as \"Pagan's Paddock\". In round 15, Carey demolished St Kilda with 14 marks, 26 disposals and 6 goals. The following week five first half goals against West Coast, including one of the goals of the year in the second quarter, saw Glen Jakovich taken to the bench.", "The following week five first half goals against West Coast, including one of the goals of the year in the second quarter, saw Glen Jakovich taken to the bench. His form continued the next week when he kicked 8 goals against Melbourne, to go with 11 marks, 24 disposals and 4 tackles and, three weeks later, Fremantle received the same treatment as Carey again kicked 8 goals and had 25 disposals.", "His form continued the next week when he kicked 8 goals against Melbourne, to go with 11 marks, 24 disposals and 4 tackles and, three weeks later, Fremantle received the same treatment as Carey again kicked 8 goals and had 25 disposals. In the final two rounds Adelaide and the Western Bulldogs had no answers to limit his influence and he was completely dominant in each game, kicking 5 and 4 goals respectively and taking contested marks at will, all around the ground.", "In the final two rounds Adelaide and the Western Bulldogs had no answers to limit his influence and he was completely dominant in each game, kicking 5 and 4 goals respectively and taking contested marks at will, all around the ground. After Carey kicked another 5 goals in the first round of the finals to ensure a comfortable win over Essendon, he had kicked 45 goals in the previous nine games and averaged 22 disposals and 9 marks per game. The winning streak ended on Grand Final day with a loss to Adelaide.", "The winning streak ended on Grand Final day with a loss to Adelaide. For the season, Carey averaged 8 marks, 20 disposals and 3.2 goals per game. He again led the league in marks and contested marks and was runner up in the league goal kicking race behind Tony Lockett, with 80 goals. Carey once again won almost every individual award on offer at season's end, with the noticeable exception of the Brownlow.", "Carey once again won almost every individual award on offer at season's end, with the noticeable exception of the Brownlow. Carey missed five games early in 1999 through injury, and spent much of the year in the forward line closer to goals. He averaged a career high 3.8 goals per game for the season, to go with 7 marks and 18 disposals. He helped North to a 15 and 2 record after his return from injury, in another premiership year for the Kangaroos.", "He helped North to a 15 and 2 record after his return from injury, in another premiership year for the Kangaroos. In round 8, Carey's first game back from injury, he kicked 7 goals against Hawthorn. Once again Carey's late season form was unparalleled, and in the nine games leading up to the Grand Final he averaged 8 marks, 19 disposals and 5.1 goals per game.", "Once again Carey's late season form was unparalleled, and in the nine games leading up to the Grand Final he averaged 8 marks, 19 disposals and 5.1 goals per game. He kicked 9 goals against Geelong in Round 16, followed it up the next week with a 10-goal, 12 mark and 24 disposal performance in a losing side against Essendon and in the wet in a qualifying final against Port Adelaide had 11 marks, 24 disposals and 6 goals in one of his greatest finals performances.", "He kicked 9 goals against Geelong in Round 16, followed it up the next week with a 10-goal, 12 mark and 24 disposal performance in a losing side against Essendon and in the wet in a qualifying final against Port Adelaide had 11 marks, 24 disposals and 6 goals in one of his greatest finals performances. Matched up against Carlton's Stephen Silvagni in the grand final, Carey played a slightly unfamiliar role.", "Matched up against Carlton's Stephen Silvagni in the grand final, Carey played a slightly unfamiliar role. After marking and kicking North Melbourne's opening goal in the first quarter, he struggled to get on top of the Carlton champion and was moved to the midfield after half time.", "After marking and kicking North Melbourne's opening goal in the first quarter, he struggled to get on top of the Carlton champion and was moved to the midfield after half time. He then gathered the most disposals afield in the third quarter and was the catalyst in a dominant quarter for North, before returning to the forward line in the final term to take a spectacular one handed mark and kick the final goal of the game.", "He then gathered the most disposals afield in the third quarter and was the catalyst in a dominant quarter for North, before returning to the forward line in the final term to take a spectacular one handed mark and kick the final goal of the game. Final years with North Melbourne: 2000–2001 By season 2000, Carey had firmly established himself in the minds of most as the greatest player of the modern era and greatest centre half forward ever to play the game.", "Final years with North Melbourne: 2000–2001 By season 2000, Carey had firmly established himself in the minds of most as the greatest player of the modern era and greatest centre half forward ever to play the game. Stints at centre half back and in the midfield that year had him notch consecutive 30-plus possession games and add yet another dimension to his game.", "Stints at centre half back and in the midfield that year had him notch consecutive 30-plus possession games and add yet another dimension to his game. In an incredible run of form over 6 games between rounds 4 and 10, Carey averaged 12 marks, 27 disposals and 3.5 goals per game, playing in a variety of positions.", "In an incredible run of form over 6 games between rounds 4 and 10, Carey averaged 12 marks, 27 disposals and 3.5 goals per game, playing in a variety of positions. Carey's 7 goals and 25 disposals in round 10 against Fremantle, made him only the second player, after Leigh Matthews, to record 5 plus goals and 20 plus disposals in a game for the 30th time in his career.", "Carey's 7 goals and 25 disposals in round 10 against Fremantle, made him only the second player, after Leigh Matthews, to record 5 plus goals and 20 plus disposals in a game for the 30th time in his career. Games against Brisbane and Melbourne in rounds 14 and 17 saw him repeat this feat for the 31st and 32nd time; the most by any player apart from Matthews.", "Games against Brisbane and Melbourne in rounds 14 and 17 saw him repeat this feat for the 31st and 32nd time; the most by any player apart from Matthews. Statistically, 2000 was shaping up as one of Carey's best years and, with just two games left of the Home and Away season, he held averages of 9 marks, 20 disposals and 3.2 goals per game.", "Statistically, 2000 was shaping up as one of Carey's best years and, with just two games left of the Home and Away season, he held averages of 9 marks, 20 disposals and 3.2 goals per game. Towards the end of the season however, Carey began to suffer heavily from the debilitating groin condition Osteitis pubis and his mobility and form subsequently slumped going into the finals. For the season he finished with averages of 8 marks, 18 disposals and 3.0 goals.", "For the season he finished with averages of 8 marks, 18 disposals and 3.0 goals. Carey was runner-up in the Leigh Matthews Trophy for the second year in a row and the fourth time in his career, this time behind Carlton's Anthony Koutoufides. It was his sixth top two finish in the League's MVP award in eight seasons. Going into 2001, his 13th season at North Melbourne and 9th as captain, Carey struggled to maintain consistent form as he battled various injuries.", "Going into 2001, his 13th season at North Melbourne and 9th as captain, Carey struggled to maintain consistent form as he battled various injuries. The physical nature of his play throughout his career began to take its toll on Carey's body, particularly his back, neck and shoulders and he was not able to string more than 5 games together at any point during the season. After round 13, Carey had played just seven games and averaged only 11 disposals and 2.0 goals per game.", "After round 13, Carey had played just seven games and averaged only 11 disposals and 2.0 goals per game. A comparatively injury-free second half of the season saw him play seven of the next eight games and average an improved 14 disposals and 3.0 goals per game. He kicked six goals in round 14 against Melbourne, and the next week, against West Coast, Carey kicked five goals and had a season high 18 disposals in his final game in North Melbourne colours matched up against long time adversary Glen Jakovich.", "He kicked six goals in round 14 against Melbourne, and the next week, against West Coast, Carey kicked five goals and had a season high 18 disposals in his final game in North Melbourne colours matched up against long time adversary Glen Jakovich. In round 21, after playing 14 games and kicking 35 goals that year, Wayne Carey played what would end up being his last game for the North Melbourne Football Club.", "In round 21, after playing 14 games and kicking 35 goals that year, Wayne Carey played what would end up being his last game for the North Melbourne Football Club. Extramarital affair and leaving North Melbourne: 2002 In March 2002 Carey had an extramarital affair with then-best-friend North Melbourne stalwart and Vice Captain Anthony Stevens's wife, Kelli. Carey and Stevens were attending a party at teammate Glenn Archer's house. Carey is quoted as saying Kelli followed him into the toilets, in front of a large crowd including her husband.", "Carey is quoted as saying Kelli followed him into the toilets, in front of a large crowd including her husband. An argument ensued between Carey and Stevens and both subsequently failed to attend football training. In the face of his team being united against him, as well as nationwide condemnation, Carey resigned in disgrace from North Melbourne. Carey's then manager Ricky Nixon famously stated that his client was on \"suicide watch\" during the aftermath. To avoid media attention Carey fled to Las Vegas, USA.", "To avoid media attention Carey fled to Las Vegas, USA. Carey's management later denied speculation that he had trained with the NFL's Dallas Cowboys. Adelaide Crows: 2003–2004 For some time, it was unclear whether Carey would return to AFL football, but after the end of the 2002 season and a 12-month absence from football, Carey was signed by the Adelaide Crows where he played for the next two seasons. Age and injury plagued Carey in 2003 and prevented him from dominating as he once did.", "Age and injury plagued Carey in 2003 and prevented him from dominating as he once did. He did manage to earn a top ten finish in the club best and fairest and kicked the second most goals of any Crow for the year, despite missing eight games. The 2003 season was most memorable for Carey's fiery encounters with his former North Melbourne teammates Glenn Archer and Anthony Stevens in round 6. On that day he kicked four goals, including one of the goals of the year.", "On that day he kicked four goals, including one of the goals of the year. Carey's best performance for 2003 once again came in the finals, an elimination final against West Coast, when he had the most kicks and marks afield and became the 14th player to kick 700 career goals in AFL/VFL history.", "Carey's best performance for 2003 once again came in the finals, an elimination final against West Coast, when he had the most kicks and marks afield and became the 14th player to kick 700 career goals in AFL/VFL history. Carey played the first 11 games in 2004, after which he had taken the most contested marks at Adelaide, was 11 goals clear in the Crows' goal kicking and was coming second in the club best and fairest.", "Carey played the first 11 games in 2004, after which he had taken the most contested marks at Adelaide, was 11 goals clear in the Crows' goal kicking and was coming second in the club best and fairest. Carey's best performance in the Adelaide colours came a week before his 33rd birthday, in round 8 of the 2004 season. He took 9 marks, had 17 disposals and kicked 6 goals, out of a team total of 12, in a heavy loss to Essendon.", "He took 9 marks, had 17 disposals and kicked 6 goals, out of a team total of 12, in a heavy loss to Essendon. Two weeks later, Carey's fourth goal against Hawthorn was one of the goals of the year. Taking a contested mark on the wing, Carey played on, having three bounces and shrugging off a tackle as he ran inside the forward 50. He gave off a handball to teammate Tyson Edwards, who in turn gave the ball back to Carey deep in the forward pocket.", "He gave off a handball to teammate Tyson Edwards, who in turn gave the ball back to Carey deep in the forward pocket. Carey's left foot snap for goal was a highlight in a big win for the Crows. In round 12, Carey left the field early in the second quarter and was later forced to retire with a disc-related neck injury, marking the end of a career that spanned 16 seasons and 272 games and included 727 goals.", "In round 12, Carey left the field early in the second quarter and was later forced to retire with a disc-related neck injury, marking the end of a career that spanned 16 seasons and 272 games and included 727 goals. State of Origin Carey had a relatively short, but successful State of Origin career, and what he describes as significant in his career.", "State of Origin Carey had a relatively short, but successful State of Origin career, and what he describes as significant in his career. Carey first played at the game's highest level in 1990 for New South Wales, in a famous win over Victoria, in the side's only 3rd ever win against the State, Carey scored one goal. In 1992, playing for South Australia against Victoria, Carey played an outstanding game, dominating at centre half forward and kicking two goals.", "In 1992, playing for South Australia against Victoria, Carey played an outstanding game, dominating at centre half forward and kicking two goals. Including the match winner from 55 meters out in the dying moments. Carey had four opponents in the game, dominating them all, including Chris Langford, Danny Frawley and Garry Lyon. Carey has described this game as the moment he knew he belonged in the AFL.", "Carey has described this game as the moment he knew he belonged in the AFL. Saying if he could do well at State of Origin level, a higher level than the AFL, he knew he belonged at AFL level. Carey played for NSW/ACT the following year in the State of Origin Carnival scoring one goal. In the latter half of the 1990s clubs began putting pressure on players to pull out of games due to fear of injury and players began to stop participating.", "In the latter half of the 1990s clubs began putting pressure on players to pull out of games due to fear of injury and players began to stop participating. Australian Football Hall of Fame Carey was inducted into the AFL Hall of Fame in 2010. Although as he was eligible for induction in 2008, his off field troubles with drugs delayed his induction.", "Although as he was eligible for induction in 2008, his off field troubles with drugs delayed his induction. Carey vs Jakovich Throughout much of the 1990s Glen Jakovich was regarded as the premier centre half back in the AFL, and his battles with Carey were a talking point and a season highlight whenever the Eagles and Kangaroos met. Jakovich was one of the very few players who could match Carey for strength in a one-on-one contest and as a result he was often able to limit Carey's dominance.", "Jakovich was one of the very few players who could match Carey for strength in a one-on-one contest and as a result he was often able to limit Carey's dominance. The rivalry gained significant media attention during 1995 when the pair met three times, with Carey being held to a combined total of just 7 marks, 35 disposals and 2 goals. Carey had dominated their encounters in 1993 and 1994, polling Brownlow votes in two out of three games.", "Carey had dominated their encounters in 1993 and 1994, polling Brownlow votes in two out of three games. Statistically, Jakovich held Carey to fewer disposals and goals than any other player could consistently manage. In all they played against each other 18 times—16 while Carey was at North Melbourne and two when he was at Adelaide—first meeting in round 12 of 1992 and last in round 19 of 2003, with Jakovich being able to hold Carey to averages of 6 marks, 14 disposals and 2.1 goals per game.", "In all they played against each other 18 times—16 while Carey was at North Melbourne and two when he was at Adelaide—first meeting in round 12 of 1992 and last in round 19 of 2003, with Jakovich being able to hold Carey to averages of 6 marks, 14 disposals and 2.1 goals per game. By comparison, in the 188 games Carey played against all other opponents in the same period, he averaged 7 marks, 18 disposals and 3.0 goals per game.", "By comparison, in the 188 games Carey played against all other opponents in the same period, he averaged 7 marks, 18 disposals and 3.0 goals per game. Legacy Carey has been named by many media commentators as the greatest footballer to play the game. In 1999, Leigh Matthews, who was voted the greatest player of the 20th century, honoured Carey by saying that he was the best player he had ever seen.", "In 1999, Leigh Matthews, who was voted the greatest player of the 20th century, honoured Carey by saying that he was the best player he had ever seen. In 2008, Carey was named as Australian Football's greatest ever player as part of a list of the top 50 players of all time, published in the book The Australian Game of Football, and placed third in a similar list put together by a panel of football legends in The Age newspaper the same year.", "In 2008, Carey was named as Australian Football's greatest ever player as part of a list of the top 50 players of all time, published in the book The Australian Game of Football, and placed third in a similar list put together by a panel of football legends in The Age newspaper the same year. In 2011, the Herald Sun polled 21 past and present AFL greats, including Carey, to find the players' opinion as to the greatest player of the AFL era.", "In 2011, the Herald Sun polled 21 past and present AFL greats, including Carey, to find the players' opinion as to the greatest player of the AFL era. Carey topped the list, polling 85 of a possible 100 votes, 26 votes ahead of second placed Gary Ablett Sr. \"Sure Got Me\" on Paul Kelly's 2004 double album Ways & Means recounts the love triangle involving Carey, Anthony Stevens, and Stevens' wife, Kelli.", "Carey topped the list, polling 85 of a possible 100 votes, 26 votes ahead of second placed Gary Ablett Sr. \"Sure Got Me\" on Paul Kelly's 2004 double album Ways & Means recounts the love triangle involving Carey, Anthony Stevens, and Stevens' wife, Kelli. Hunters & Collectors frontman Mark Seymour also wrote a song inspired by the affair, but declined to release it after learning of Kelly's take on the events.", "Hunters & Collectors frontman Mark Seymour also wrote a song inspired by the affair, but declined to release it after learning of Kelly's take on the events. Jock Cheese, bassist of the satirical Melbourne band TISM, released a tribute to Carey titled \"Why Don't You Get A Bigger Set of Tits?\" on his 2002 solo album Platter. Statistics Carey's career total of 727 goals ranks him equal 16th in VFL/AFL history, and his 671 goals for North Melbourne is the club record.", "Statistics Carey's career total of 727 goals ranks him equal 16th in VFL/AFL history, and his 671 goals for North Melbourne is the club record. |- style=\"background-color: #EAEAEA\" ! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1989 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 40 || 4 || 0 || 2 || 26 || 8 || 34 || 14 || 4 || 0.0 || 0.5 || 6.5 || 2.0 || 8.5 || 3.5 || 1.0 |- !", "scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1989 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 40 || 4 || 0 || 2 || 26 || 8 || 34 || 14 || 4 || 0.0 || 0.5 || 6.5 || 2.0 || 8.5 || 3.5 || 1.0 |- ! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1990 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 18 || 21 || 38 || 23 || 196 || 94 || 290 || 98 || 18 || 1.8 || 1.1 || 9.3 || 4.5 || 13.8 || 4.7 || 0.9 |- style=\"background-color: #EAEAEA\" !", "scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1990 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 18 || 21 || 38 || 23 || 196 || 94 || 290 || 98 || 18 || 1.8 || 1.1 || 9.3 || 4.5 || 13.8 || 4.7 || 0.9 |- style=\"background-color: #EAEAEA\" ! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1991 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 18 || 14 || 28 || 21 || 132 || 56 || 188 || 84 || 10 || 2.0 || 1.5 || 9.4 || 4.0 || 13.4 || 6.0 || 0.7 |- !", "scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1991 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 18 || 14 || 28 || 21 || 132 || 56 || 188 || 84 || 10 || 2.0 || 1.5 || 9.4 || 4.0 || 13.4 || 6.0 || 0.7 |- ! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1992 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 18 || 21 || 46 || 32 || 278 || 107 || 385 || 157 || 26 || 2.2 || 1.5 || 13.2 || 5.1 || 18.3 || 7.5 || 1.2 |- style=\"background-color: #EAEAEA\" !", "scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1992 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 18 || 21 || 46 || 32 || 278 || 107 || 385 || 157 || 26 || 2.2 || 1.5 || 13.2 || 5.1 || 18.3 || 7.5 || 1.2 |- style=\"background-color: #EAEAEA\" ! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1993 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 18 || 19 || 64 || 44 || 216 || 123 || 339 || 150 || 21 || 3.4 || 2.3 || 11.4 || 6.5 || 17.8 || 7.9 || 1.1 |- !", "scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1993 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 18 || 19 || 64 || 44 || 216 || 123 || 339 || 150 || 21 || 3.4 || 2.3 || 11.4 || 6.5 || 17.8 || 7.9 || 1.1 |- ! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1994 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 18 || 19 || 63 || 42 || 237 || 116 || 353 || 164 || 13 || 3.3 || 2.2 || 12.5 || 6.1 || 18.6 || 8.6 || 0.7 |- style=\"background-color: #EAEAEA\" !", "scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1994 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 18 || 19 || 63 || 42 || 237 || 116 || 353 || 164 || 13 || 3.3 || 2.2 || 12.5 || 6.1 || 18.6 || 8.6 || 0.7 |- style=\"background-color: #EAEAEA\" ! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1995 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 18 || 25 || 65 || 46 || 309 || 143|| 452 || 187 || 28 || 2.6 || 1.8 || 12.4 || 5.7 || 18.1 || 7.5 || 1.1 |- |style=\"text-align:center;background:#afe6ba;\"|1996† |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 18 || 25 || 82 || 55 || 332 || 154 || 486 || 200 || 31 || 3.3 || 2.2 || 13.3 || 6.2 || 19.4 || 8.0 || 1.2 |- style=\"background-color: #EAEAEA\" !", "scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1995 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 18 || 25 || 65 || 46 || 309 || 143|| 452 || 187 || 28 || 2.6 || 1.8 || 12.4 || 5.7 || 18.1 || 7.5 || 1.1 |- |style=\"text-align:center;background:#afe6ba;\"|1996† |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 18 || 25 || 82 || 55 || 332 || 154 || 486 || 200 || 31 || 3.3 || 2.2 || 13.3 || 6.2 || 19.4 || 8.0 || 1.2 |- style=\"background-color: #EAEAEA\" ! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1997 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 18 || 14 || 25 || 15 || 160 || 66 || 226 || 74 || 14 || 1.8 || 1.1 || 11.4 || 4.7 || 16.1 || 5.3 || 1.0 |- !", "scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1997 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 18 || 14 || 25 || 15 || 160 || 66 || 226 || 74 || 14 || 1.8 || 1.1 || 11.4 || 4.7 || 16.1 || 5.3 || 1.0 |- ! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1998 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 18 || 25 || 80 || 49 || 368 || 121 || 489 || 193 || 40 || 3.2 || 2.0 || 14.7 || 4.8 || 19.6 || 7.7 || 1.6 |- style=\"background-color: #EAEAEA\" !", "scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1998 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 18 || 25 || 80 || 49 || 368 || 121 || 489 || 193 || 40 || 3.2 || 2.0 || 14.7 || 4.8 || 19.6 || 7.7 || 1.6 |- style=\"background-color: #EAEAEA\" ! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1999 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 18 || 20 || 76 || 39 || 253 || 100 || 353 || 145 || 33 || 3.8 || 2.0 || 12.7 || 5.0 || 17.7 || 7.3 || 1.7 |- !", "scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1999 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 18 || 20 || 76 || 39 || 253 || 100 || 353 || 145 || 33 || 3.8 || 2.0 || 12.7 || 5.0 || 17.7 || 7.3 || 1.7 |- ! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 2000 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 18 || 23 || 69 || 37 || 336 || 86 || 422 || 176 || 35 || 3.0 || 1.6 || 14.6 || 3.7 || 18.3 || 7.7 || 1.5 |- style=\"background-color: #EAEAEA\" !", "scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 2000 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 18 || 23 || 69 || 37 || 336 || 86 || 422 || 176 || 35 || 3.0 || 1.6 || 14.6 || 3.7 || 18.3 || 7.7 || 1.5 |- style=\"background-color: #EAEAEA\" ! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 2001 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 18 || 14 || 35 || 11 || 137 || 37 || 174 || 69 || 13 || 2.5 || 0.8 || 9.8 || 2.6 || 12.4 || 4.9 || 0.9 |- !", "scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 2001 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 18 || 14 || 35 || 11 || 137 || 37 || 174 || 69 || 13 || 2.5 || 0.8 || 9.8 || 2.6 || 12.4 || 4.9 || 0.9 |- ! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 2003 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 2 || 16 || 29 || 19 || 136 || 35 || 171 || 62 || 21 || 1.8 || 1.2 || 8.5 || 2.2 || 10.7 || 3.9 || 1.3 |- style=\"background-color: #EAEAEA\" !", "scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 2003 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 2 || 16 || 29 || 19 || 136 || 35 || 171 || 62 || 21 || 1.8 || 1.2 || 8.5 || 2.2 || 10.7 || 3.9 || 1.3 |- style=\"background-color: #EAEAEA\" ! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 2004 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 2 || 12 || 27 || 22 || 101 || 26 || 127 || 57 || 12 || 2.3 || 1.8 || 8.4 || 2.2 || 10.6 || 4.8 || 1.0 |- class=\"sortbottom\" !", "scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 2004 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 2 || 12 || 27 || 22 || 101 || 26 || 127 || 57 || 12 || 2.3 || 1.8 || 8.4 || 2.2 || 10.6 || 4.8 || 1.0 |- class=\"sortbottom\" ! colspan=3| Career ! 272 ! 727 ! 457 ! 3217 ! 1272 ! 4489 ! 1830 ! 319 ! 2.7 ! 1.7 ! 11.8 ! 4.7 ! 16.5 ! 6.7 !", "4489 ! 1830 ! 319 ! 2.7 ! 1.7 ! 11.8 ! 4.7 ! 16.5 ! 6.7 ! 6.7 ! 1.2 |} Post-playing career In early 2005, Carey agreed to assist former coach and mentor Denis Pagan at the Carlton Football Club, acting voluntarily as a part-time skills coach. In 2006 he was an assistant coach at Collingwood Football Club. Carey also worked as a commentator and host of shows on the Fox Footy Channel throughout the 2006 season.", "Carey also worked as a commentator and host of shows on the Fox Footy Channel throughout the 2006 season. In 2007 he participated in the Nine Network football analysis program Footy Classified, as well as special comments for radio station 3AW's football coverage. Subsequent to his dual arrests for domestic violence and assault he was sacked from both positions. In 2009, Carey was approached in a confidential meeting with influential North Melbourne board member Ron Joseph to return to the club as coach in a succession plan which also involved Malcolm Blight.", "In 2009, Carey was approached in a confidential meeting with influential North Melbourne board member Ron Joseph to return to the club as coach in a succession plan which also involved Malcolm Blight. Carey confirmed this when queried by noted football journalist Damian Barrett in May 2021. In 2012 Carey joined the Triple M Melbourne AFL commentary team and One HD's The Game Plan, however the latter was cancelled mid-season. In 2013, he joined The Marngrook Footy Show on National Indigenous Television as a regular panelist.", "In 2013, he joined The Marngrook Footy Show on National Indigenous Television as a regular panelist. Later that year he joined the Seven Network to host a series of Talking Footy specials alongside Bruce McAvaney, Luke Darcy and Andrew Demetriou, to cover both the Essendon drugs scandal and the finals series. In 2014, Carey joined the Seven Network as a Friday night commentator and also a permanent panelist on Talking Footy.", "In 2014, Carey joined the Seven Network as a Friday night commentator and also a permanent panelist on Talking Footy. Domestic violence, assault, arrests, drug abuse and scandals In 1997 Carey pleaded guilty to indecent assault after grabbing a passing woman's breast on a Melbourne city street after 12 hours of drinking with teammates. He allegedly told her \"Why don't you get a bigger pair of tits\". Carey later settled out of court when the woman filed a civil suit against him.", "Carey later settled out of court when the woman filed a civil suit against him. In 2000 Carey provided character evidence for Jason Moran, an infamous gangster who was subsequently murdered in Melbourne's gang war. In 2004, while holidaying with his then wife, Carey was subject to arrest for a misdemeanour battery report while holidaying in Las Vegas. He was placed in custody for one night then released. The local District Attorney elected not to pursue the case.", "The local District Attorney elected not to pursue the case. Carey again became the subject of public comment in February 2006 when he announced he was leaving his pregnant wife Sally for model Kate Neilson. His daughter Ella was born six weeks later. In December 2006 Neilson allegedly reported Carey to Australian police for domestic violence, alleging he had punched her in the face. Neilson and Carey denied this report.", "Neilson and Carey denied this report. Neilson and Carey denied this report. Subsequently, US security guard Kyle Banks told the Nine Network's A Current Affair he saw Carey attacking Neilson while working at the exclusive W Hotel in New York City in October 2006. Banks said he saw Carey break a bottle of French champagne over his own head. On 27 January 2008 Carey was arrested after reports of a disturbance at his Port Melbourne apartment.", "On 27 January 2008 Carey was arrested after reports of a disturbance at his Port Melbourne apartment. Police had to subdue Carey with capsicum spray and he was seen hand-cuffed after allegedly assaulting the officers. Two days later, the Nine Network announced it would not renew the television contract of Carey after it was revealed that Carey had been arrested and charged with assaulting a police officer and Neilson in Miami, Florida, on 27 October 2007, after he allegedly glassed Neilsen in the face and neck with a wine glass.", "Two days later, the Nine Network announced it would not renew the television contract of Carey after it was revealed that Carey had been arrested and charged with assaulting a police officer and Neilson in Miami, Florida, on 27 October 2007, after he allegedly glassed Neilsen in the face and neck with a wine glass. Police Lieutenant Bill Schwartz, however, reported: When officers went and spoke to him, he immediately was belligerent, starting striking out at the officers, in fact, kicked one of the female officers in the face with his foot, elbowed another one in the side of the face.", "Police Lieutenant Bill Schwartz, however, reported: When officers went and spoke to him, he immediately was belligerent, starting striking out at the officers, in fact, kicked one of the female officers in the face with his foot, elbowed another one in the side of the face. They had to wrestle him down and handcuff him. When he was in the police car, he used his head as a battering ram and tried to smash a hole between the front compartment of the police car and the prisoner compartment.", "When he was in the police car, he used his head as a battering ram and tried to smash a hole between the front compartment of the police car and the prisoner compartment. To stop Carey harming himself and damaging the car, the officers put him into a leather hobble restraint around his hands and legs. Carey faced up to fifteen years in jail and 30,000 fines. Additionally Carey was fired from commentary jobs at 3AW and the Nine Network following the coverage of the two arrests.", "Additionally Carey was fired from commentary jobs at 3AW and the Nine Network following the coverage of the two arrests. Ultimately Carey pleaded guilty to assaulting and resisting Miami police. In exchange for his guilty pleas, prosecutors agreed that Carey should only serve 50 hours of community service, attend alcohol- and anger-management classes, serve two years probation, and pay US$500 to a Miami police charity. As a consequence of his criminal record in the United States, Carey was refused an entry visa in October 2009.", "As a consequence of his criminal record in the United States, Carey was refused an entry visa in October 2009. In March 2008 Carey publicly revealed he was, for a long period, an abuser of alcohol and cocaine. He was interviewed by Andrew Denton on Enough Rope, where he talked candidly about his life and recent controversies. 1.5 million viewers tuned into the highly publicised interview.", "1.5 million viewers tuned into the highly publicised interview. 1.5 million viewers tuned into the highly publicised interview. Carey was attempting to visit Barwon Prison in February 2012 to speak to indigenous inmates as part of a mentoring program, however he was found to have traces of cocaine on his clothing following a routine drug scan. Carey was informed that he could enter the prison if he submitted to a strip search. He declined and left the correctional facility.", "He declined and left the correctional facility. He declined and left the correctional facility. References Further reading External links 1971 births Living people Australian rules footballers from New South Wales North Melbourne Football Club players North Melbourne Football Club Premiership players Syd Barker Medal winners Adelaide Football Club players All-Australians (AFL) Australian Football Hall of Fame inductees Leigh Matthews Trophy winners New South Wales Australian rules football State of Origin players South Australian State of Origin players North Adelaide Football Club players Australian rules football commentators Australia international rules football team players Australian people convicted of assault Australian people convicted of indecent assault Two-time VFL/AFL Premiership players" ]

[ "Wayne Carey", "Rise to stardom: 1990-1992", "How was he discovered?", "Carey immediately drew the attention of the football world and built a reputation early in his career as an aggressive, big marking and long kicking key position player.", "What was the first team he played with?", "That year, Carey would become the 1990 season runner up in North Melbourne's best and fairest, behind Longmire.", "What position did he play?", "big marking and long kicking key position player.", "Is there any other interesting information about him?", "Carey started brilliantly, kicking two first quarter goals, before an injury to his right shoulder forced him to sit out the rest of that game and the next eight.", "Where did he learn to play?", "I don't know." ]

[ "This is a list of live professional wrestling events held by the American Professional wrestling promotion Impact Wrestling and seen exclusively on Twitch.\n\nBrace for IMPACT\n\nBrace for IMPACT was a professional wrestling event produced by Impact Wrestling in conjunction with Wrestlepro to be released exclusively on Impact Wrestling's Twitch channel.\n\nLast Chancery\n\nLast Chancery was a professional wrestling event produced by Impact Wrestling in conjunction with Border City Wrestling to be released exclusively on Impact Wrestling's Twitch channel.\n\nImpact Wrestling vs. Lucha Underground\n\nImpact Wrestling vs. Lucha Underground was a professional wrestling event produced by Impact Wrestling in conjunction with Lucha Underground to be released exclusively on Impact Wrestling's Twitch channel.\n\nPenta Does Iowa\n\nPenta Does Iowa was a professional wrestling event produced by Impact Wrestling in conjunction with The Wrestling Revolver to be released exclusively on Impact Wrestling's Twitch channel.\n\nRISE of the Knockouts\n\nRISE of the Knockouts was a professional wrestling event produced by Impact Wrestling in conjunction with Rise Wrestling to be released exclusively on Impact Wrestling's Twitch channel.\n\nConfrontation\n\nConfrontation was a professional wrestling event produced by Impact Wrestling in conjunction with America's Most Liked Wrestling to be released exclusively on Impact Wrestling's Twitch channel.\n\nUncivil War\n\nUncivil War was a professional wrestling event produced by Impact Wrestling in conjunction with Next Generation Wrestling to be released exclusively on Impact Wrestling's Twitch channel.\n\nImpact Wrestling vs. UK\n\nImpact Wrestling vs. UK was a professional wrestling event produced by Impact Wrestling to be released exclusively on Impact Wrestling's Twitch channel.\n\nOhio vs. Everything\n\nOhio Versus Everything was a professional wrestling event produced by Impact Wrestling to be released exclusively on Impact Wrestling's Twitch channel.\n\nReferences \n\nImpact Wrestling\nTwitch (service)\n2018 in professional wrestling\n2019 in professional wrestling\n2020 in professional wrestling", "Rebellion is a professional wrestling pay-per-view event produced by Impact Wrestling, which is annually held during the month of April. The event was first held in 2019 and it has since become one of the promotion's \"Big Four\" events (along with Hard to Kill, Slammiversary, and Bound for Glory).\n\nEvents\n\nHistory\n\n2019 \n\nThe inaugural Rebellion event took place on April 28, 2019 at The Rebel Complex in Toronto, Ontario, Canada and did 2,200 buys. Eight professional wrestling matches were contested at the event. The main event was a Full Metal Mayhem match for the Impact World Tag Team Championship, in which The Lucha Brothers (Pentagón Jr. and Fénix) defended the titles against The Latin American Xchange (Santana and Ortiz). LAX won the highly acclaimed match and the tag team titles, marking Lucha Brothers' last match in Impact.\n\nThe undercard also notably saw Brian Cage defeat Johnny Impact to capture his first Impact World Championship, Michael Elgin's Impact debut by attacking Cage after the match and Tessa Blanchard defeating Gail Kim in what would be Kim's retirement match, which was considered Kim's \"passing of the torch\" to Blanchard and also marked the beginning of Blanchard's rise as the company's most popular wrestler and her gradual rise to main event status.\n\n2020 \n\nOn January 13, 2020, Impact Wrestling announced on its Twitter account that it would be holding a second Rebellion event in April at Terminal 5 in New York, New York. It was later announced that the event would take place on April 19. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, however, the event was rescheduled and taped on a closed set at Skyway Studios in Nashville, Tennessee between April 8 and 10. It aired on tape delay as a two-part special episode of Impact! on April 21 and 28.\n\nImpact World Champion Tessa Blanchard was unable to attend the tapings, thus canceling the event's planned world championship match in which she was to defend the title against Michael Elgin and Eddie Edwards. In the main event of the April 21 broadcast, Ken Shamrock defeated Sami Callihan by technical submission in an unsanctioned match, while in the main event of the April 28 broadcast, Moose defeated Hernandez and Michael Elgin in a three-way match. After the match, Moose declared himself the TNA World Heavyweight Champion.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nImpact Wrestling\n\n \nRecurring events established in 2019" ]

[ "Wayne Francis Carey (born 27 May 1971) is a former Australian rules footballer who played with the North Melbourne Football Club and the Adelaide Football Club in the Australian Football League (AFL). A dual-premiership captain at North Melbourne, four-time North Melbourne best-and-fairest (Syd Barker Medallist) and seven-time All-Australian, Carey is nicknamed \"The King\", or \"Duck\".", "A dual-premiership captain at North Melbourne, four-time North Melbourne best-and-fairest (Syd Barker Medallist) and seven-time All-Australian, Carey is nicknamed \"The King\", or \"Duck\". In 2001, he was named as centre half-forward and captain of North Melbourne's Team of the Century, and in 2008 was named as Australian football's greatest ever player, as part of a list of the top 50 players of all time, published in the book The Australian Game of Football, which was released by the League to celebrate 150 years of Australian rules football.", "In 2001, he was named as centre half-forward and captain of North Melbourne's Team of the Century, and in 2008 was named as Australian football's greatest ever player, as part of a list of the top 50 players of all time, published in the book The Australian Game of Football, which was released by the League to celebrate 150 years of Australian rules football. In 2002, he left North Melbourne in disgrace after it was revealed he'd been having an extramarital affair with the wife of his then-teammate Anthony Stevens.", "In 2002, he left North Melbourne in disgrace after it was revealed he'd been having an extramarital affair with the wife of his then-teammate Anthony Stevens. He is also known for his legal problems, which include domestic violence charges and assault convictions. From 2014 Carey has worked as a Friday night football commentator and Talking Footy panelist with Channel Seven. Early life The son of Kevin and Lynne, Carey was one of five children who grew up in Wagga Wagga, New South Wales.", "Early life The son of Kevin and Lynne, Carey was one of five children who grew up in Wagga Wagga, New South Wales. His mother and father separated when Carey was aged six, with his mother taking four of the children to Adelaide, living in a homeless shelter. According to Carey's autobiography, his father was a violent man who had spent time at Mannus Correctional Centre and was troubled by alcoholism.", "According to Carey's autobiography, his father was a violent man who had spent time at Mannus Correctional Centre and was troubled by alcoholism. A few months later, Kevin Carey retrieved the children from his estranged wife and they returned to Wagga Wagga. Carey played rugby league as a junior, and began playing Australian rules football at the age of eight. At the age of thirteen, Carey returned to Adelaide, where he attended The Heights School and played junior football for North Adelaide.", "At the age of thirteen, Carey returned to Adelaide, where he attended The Heights School and played junior football for North Adelaide. Playing career: 1989–2004 AFL VFL debut: 1987–1989 In 1987, Carey was recruited by North Melbourne after their CEO, Greg Miller, met with the Sydney Swans' football department to discuss the transfer to North Melbourne of John Longmire, a highly regarded junior key-position player.", "Playing career: 1989–2004 AFL VFL debut: 1987–1989 In 1987, Carey was recruited by North Melbourne after their CEO, Greg Miller, met with the Sydney Swans' football department to discuss the transfer to North Melbourne of John Longmire, a highly regarded junior key-position player. Once that deal was concluded, Miller then inquired about Carey who, like Longmire, was zoned to the Swans due to having lived in New South Wales.", "Once that deal was concluded, Miller then inquired about Carey who, like Longmire, was zoned to the Swans due to having lived in New South Wales. He made a token offer of $10,000 as a transfer fee, to which the Swans surprisingly agreed. As a 16-year-old, Carey made the move to Melbourne and played for the North Melbourne under-19s, where he starred in their 1988 premiership side under coach Denis Pagan.", "As a 16-year-old, Carey made the move to Melbourne and played for the North Melbourne under-19s, where he starred in their 1988 premiership side under coach Denis Pagan. Carey was promoted to the senior list prior to the 1989 season and, after recovering from dislocating his left shoulder in a practice match early in the year, made his first appearance for the seniors as an 18-year-old in round 11 of 1989 against Fitzroy.", "Carey was promoted to the senior list prior to the 1989 season and, after recovering from dislocating his left shoulder in a practice match early in the year, made his first appearance for the seniors as an 18-year-old in round 11 of 1989 against Fitzroy. Rise to stardom: 1990–1992 After playing only four games in his debut year, Carey burst onto the scene in 1990 as a goal-kicking centre half-forward and as support to their full forward in Longmire (who was that year's Coleman Medallist as the AFL's leading goal-kicker).", "Rise to stardom: 1990–1992 After playing only four games in his debut year, Carey burst onto the scene in 1990 as a goal-kicking centre half-forward and as support to their full forward in Longmire (who was that year's Coleman Medallist as the AFL's leading goal-kicker). Carey immediately drew the attention of the football world and built a reputation early in his career as an aggressive, big marking and long kicking key position player.", "Carey immediately drew the attention of the football world and built a reputation early in his career as an aggressive, big marking and long kicking key position player. That year, Carey would become the 1990 season runner up in North Melbourne's best and fairest, behind Longmire. In round 13, a then 19-year-old Carey took 8 marks, had 22 disposals and kicked 7 goals in a big win over Sydney. It was the first of many times Carey would dominate up forward for North.", "It was the first of many times Carey would dominate up forward for North. In 21 games in 1990 Carey averaged 5 marks, 14 disposals and 1.8 goals. The 1991 season started very promisingly for Carey and after nine rounds he was averaging 7 marks, 16 disposals and 2.4 goals. At that stage he was leading North Melbourne's best and fairest and, despite still being a teenager, was quickly becoming the Kangaroos' most important player.", "At that stage he was leading North Melbourne's best and fairest and, despite still being a teenager, was quickly becoming the Kangaroos' most important player. In Round 10 against Footscray, Carey started brilliantly, kicking two first quarter goals, before an injury to his right shoulder forced him to sit out the rest of that game and the next eight. He struggled to regain form when he returned for the last 5 rounds.", "He struggled to regain form when he returned for the last 5 rounds. Early in 1992 Carey considered leaving North Melbourne and returning to Adelaide due to internal unrest within the leadership of the club. He was convinced to stay by the coaching staff and, in the latter half of the season, Carey began to show signs that he was destined for greatness. In the second half of 1992 Carey would put a string of outstanding performances to close the season out.", "In the second half of 1992 Carey would put a string of outstanding performances to close the season out. By season's end Carey was dominating Centre Half Forward like no one else in the league, his play trademarked by big marks and long goals. He finished the year with an impressive 7 goal performance against Fitzroy and averaged 10 marks, 20 disposals and 3.3 goals during North Melbourne's last 8 games. For the season, he averaged 7 marks, 18 disposals and 2.2 goals per game.", "For the season, he averaged 7 marks, 18 disposals and 2.2 goals per game. Carey had his first top five finish in the Brownlow Medal, claimed his first club best and fairest and was named club captain by new coach Denis Pagan ahead of the 1993 season. Captaincy: 1993–2001 As captain, Carey led North Melbourne to the finals for eight consecutive years from 1993 to 2000. This streak included seven straight preliminary finals, three grand finals and two premierships (1996 and 1999).", "This streak included seven straight preliminary finals, three grand finals and two premierships (1996 and 1999). During this eight-year period, Carey played 170 games, averaged 8 marks and 19 disposals per game and kicked 544 goals at 3.2 per game. He won three further club best and fairests, was a five-time club leading goal kicker, All Australian centre half forward seven times, including four times as captain and once as vice-captain, and he was named MVP by the AFL Players Association twice, in 1995 and 1998.", "He won three further club best and fairests, was a five-time club leading goal kicker, All Australian centre half forward seven times, including four times as captain and once as vice-captain, and he was named MVP by the AFL Players Association twice, in 1995 and 1998. Carey was criticised widely for both his on and off field behaviour. On the field he was reported three times and suspended twice for a total of five weeks in 1994.", "On the field he was reported three times and suspended twice for a total of five weeks in 1994. An off the field charge of indecent assault in 1996 put a damper on his otherwise stellar form. Bookies had Carey as pre-count favourite for the Brownlow Medal on four separate occasions (1993, 1995, 1996 and 1998), but many believe his on field arrogance and backchat to umpires were the primary reason he never claimed the game's highest individual honour.", "Bookies had Carey as pre-count favourite for the Brownlow Medal on four separate occasions (1993, 1995, 1996 and 1998), but many believe his on field arrogance and backchat to umpires were the primary reason he never claimed the game's highest individual honour. First years as captain and \"No Carey, No North\": 1993–1995 In 1993, at age 21, Carey was the second youngest club captain in VFL/AFL history.", "First years as captain and \"No Carey, No North\": 1993–1995 In 1993, at age 21, Carey was the second youngest club captain in VFL/AFL history. Carey consistently won games off his own boot, including a game against reigning premiers the West Coast Eagles at the WACA in round 12, and then against that year's eventual premiers in Essendon in round 15, where he played a dominant final quarter that marked him as an out-and-out champion.", "Carey consistently won games off his own boot, including a game against reigning premiers the West Coast Eagles at the WACA in round 12, and then against that year's eventual premiers in Essendon in round 15, where he played a dominant final quarter that marked him as an out-and-out champion. After 15 rounds of the 1993 season, with North Melbourne on top of the AFL ladder, Carey was leading the club in marks, disposals and goals, before he was injured in their round 16 clash with Brisbane and did not play again until round 20.", "After 15 rounds of the 1993 season, with North Melbourne on top of the AFL ladder, Carey was leading the club in marks, disposals and goals, before he was injured in their round 16 clash with Brisbane and did not play again until round 20. For the season he averaged 8 marks, 19 disposals and 3.4 goals per game.", "For the season he averaged 8 marks, 19 disposals and 3.4 goals per game. At the end of the season, Carey became the youngest ever All-Australian captain at 22 years of age and finished third in the Brownlow Medal count, after being outright favourite to take out the prestigious award. But for the freakish efforts of Gary Ablett, many experts had Carey as the game's best player at the conclusion of the season, and he was runner-up behind Ablett in the Leigh Matthews Trophy.", "But for the freakish efforts of Gary Ablett, many experts had Carey as the game's best player at the conclusion of the season, and he was runner-up behind Ablett in the Leigh Matthews Trophy. The following year Carey appeared to have improved again. After round 6 of the 1994 season, Carey was averaging 12 marks, 21 disposals and 4.8 goals per game.", "After round 6 of the 1994 season, Carey was averaging 12 marks, 21 disposals and 4.8 goals per game. This included a 17 mark, 26 disposal, 7 goal performance against Hawthorn, 13 marks, 21 disposals and 6 goals against Footscray and a 15 mark, 21 disposal, 5 goals in a loss to the West Coast Eagles. Carey's mid season suspensions subdued him somewhat, before he turned it on again to dominate in the finals with two of the all-time great individual finals performances.", "Carey's mid season suspensions subdued him somewhat, before he turned it on again to dominate in the finals with two of the all-time great individual finals performances. In the qualifying final against Hawthorn, Carey kicked the last goal of the final quarter to level the score and force the game into extra time. Carey then kicked the goal to seal the win during extra time and earn North Melbourne a week break before the preliminary final. He finished the game with 10 marks, 32 disposals and 4 goals in an inspiring performance.", "He finished the game with 10 marks, 32 disposals and 4 goals in an inspiring performance. Two weeks later Carey was irrepressible in the preliminary final against Geelong. With North down by four goals at half time, it was Carey's four third quarter goals that kept them in the game.", "With North down by four goals at half time, it was Carey's four third quarter goals that kept them in the game. He played a lone hand up forward with 14 marks, of which 10 were contested, 24 disposals and 6 goals, to once again have the scores level at full-time, before Geelong won by a goal, kicked after the final siren by Gary Ablett.", "He played a lone hand up forward with 14 marks, of which 10 were contested, 24 disposals and 6 goals, to once again have the scores level at full-time, before Geelong won by a goal, kicked after the final siren by Gary Ablett. Carey's 10 contested marks in the preliminary final were an all time AFL record at the time, and his finals performances were made more impressive by the fact that he played both games with a torn calf muscle.", "Carey's 10 contested marks in the preliminary final were an all time AFL record at the time, and his finals performances were made more impressive by the fact that he played both games with a torn calf muscle. \"In the 21 days between tearing the muscle and the end of the Geelong game, Wayne trained for approximately 10 minutes. To then be best on ground in two finals was nothing short of freakish, and a testament to his talent and commitment.\"", "To then be best on ground in two finals was nothing short of freakish, and a testament to his talent and commitment.\" Coach Denis Pagan later said of Carey's finals performances. For the season Carey averaged 9 marks, 19 disposals and 3.3 goals per game. During the first two years of Carey's captaincy at North Melbourne, the Kangaroos registered an impressive 25 wins from the 35 home and away games in which Carey played.", "During the first two years of Carey's captaincy at North Melbourne, the Kangaroos registered an impressive 25 wins from the 35 home and away games in which Carey played. In contrast, they lost all but one of the seven games in which he was absent during the same period. Such was the influence that Carey had on games in which he played, and so much did the Kangaroos struggle in his absence that, in mid-1994, the phenomenon was given a name – 'No Carey, no North'.", "Such was the influence that Carey had on games in which he played, and so much did the Kangaroos struggle in his absence that, in mid-1994, the phenomenon was given a name – 'No Carey, no North'. After leading North Melbourne to the Ansett Cup Premiership in the pre-season, Carey's reputation as the game's number one player continued to grow early in 1995. He kicked 18 goals in North's four pre-season games and was the dominant player on the ground on each occasion.", "He kicked 18 goals in North's four pre-season games and was the dominant player on the ground on each occasion. By mid season, Carey was an unbackable favorite to take out the Brownlow Medal as he dominated games like none before him. Over nine games, from rounds 6 to 14, Carey averaged 11 marks, 22 disposals and 3.8 goals per game in a brilliant run of form. In round seven, he registered a career high 33 disposals against Fitzroy.", "In round seven, he registered a career high 33 disposals against Fitzroy. His best games of the year, however, came later in the season, both against Premiership contenders Richmond. The first was in a come-from-behind last quarter win in round 19, and then four weeks later in a Qualifying Final win – Carey's third dominant finals game in succession. In both games Carey kicked five goals and had 25 and 22 disposals respectively.", "In both games Carey kicked five goals and had 25 and 22 disposals respectively. The season ended on a sour note for Carey, being well held by Jakovich in the Semi-final and then full back of the century Stephen Silvagni in the Preliminary Final, where North Melbourne went down to eventual Premiers Carlton.", "The season ended on a sour note for Carey, being well held by Jakovich in the Semi-final and then full back of the century Stephen Silvagni in the Preliminary Final, where North Melbourne went down to eventual Premiers Carlton. For the season, Carey averaged 7 marks, 18 disposals and 2.6 goals per game, led the league in marks and contested marks and took out a host of individual awards from the media and AFL Players Association as the season's best player.", "For the season, Carey averaged 7 marks, 18 disposals and 2.6 goals per game, led the league in marks and contested marks and took out a host of individual awards from the media and AFL Players Association as the season's best player. Premiership years: 1996, 1999 By 1996, Carey was all but unanimously considered the best player in the AFL. He became known as a master of the pack mark and the long goal.", "He became known as a master of the pack mark and the long goal. He again led the league in marks and contested marks and kicked a career high 82 goals in 1996, one of his most consistent seasons. He kicked a career high 11 goals against Melbourne in Round 17 – a game in which he also tallied 15 marks, 31 disposals and 3 tackles – and followed it up in the next game with 27 disposals and 7 goals against Hawthorn.", "He kicked a career high 11 goals against Melbourne in Round 17 – a game in which he also tallied 15 marks, 31 disposals and 3 tackles – and followed it up in the next game with 27 disposals and 7 goals against Hawthorn. His 12 contested marks in round 17 broke his own record for the most contested marks in a game, which he set two years earlier and remains a record to this day.", "His 12 contested marks in round 17 broke his own record for the most contested marks in a game, which he set two years earlier and remains a record to this day. North went on to win the 1996 premiership, with Carey again a stand out in all three finals games, including the grand final against Sydney, where he was runner-up to Glenn Archer in the Norm Smith Medal voting.", "North went on to win the 1996 premiership, with Carey again a stand out in all three finals games, including the grand final against Sydney, where he was runner-up to Glenn Archer in the Norm Smith Medal voting. He averaged 11 marks, 23 disposals and 2.3 goals during the finals and 8 marks, 19 disposals and 3.3 goals for the season. He won his third best and fairest award in 1996, but finished runner-up to teammate Corey McKernan in the Players' Association MVP award.", "He won his third best and fairest award in 1996, but finished runner-up to teammate Corey McKernan in the Players' Association MVP award. Midway during the 1996 season, Carey has talked about a conversation he had with coach Dennis Pagan, in which he suggested to Carey that he thought he could get more out of himself, and talked about other talented players of the past who didn't quite reach their potential, he hoped he doesn't end up with any regrets.", "Midway during the 1996 season, Carey has talked about a conversation he had with coach Dennis Pagan, in which he suggested to Carey that he thought he could get more out of himself, and talked about other talented players of the past who didn't quite reach their potential, he hoped he doesn't end up with any regrets. Upon leaving the meeting, Carey has stated he thought Pagan had gone funny, given the season he was having, but upon looking back he realised it was a great bit psychology, and it spurred him on to a better second half of the season, which is considered one of his greatest years.", "Upon leaving the meeting, Carey has stated he thought Pagan had gone funny, given the season he was having, but upon looking back he realised it was a great bit psychology, and it spurred him on to a better second half of the season, which is considered one of his greatest years. Eight minutes into the second quarter of the 1997 AFL season, Carey dislocated his left shoulder for the second time in his career and missed much of the season.", "Eight minutes into the second quarter of the 1997 AFL season, Carey dislocated his left shoulder for the second time in his career and missed much of the season. Upon his return in round 13, he spent much of the remainder of the home and away season at centre half back. There was some concern as to whether he would regain top form as he struggled with mobility through the injured shoulder.", "There was some concern as to whether he would regain top form as he struggled with mobility through the injured shoulder. As North entered the finals campaign, Carey assumed his customary centre half forward position and re-established himself as the game's pre-eminent player in a qualifying final against Geelong. In a low scoring game, played in very wet conditions, Carey was dominant with 10 marks and 23 disposals. He also kicked 7 goals and created 2 others, in a team total of 11 goals.", "He also kicked 7 goals and created 2 others, in a team total of 11 goals. It was a performance that Mike Sheahan named Carey's best in the book The Australian Game of Football, released in 2008.", "It was a performance that Mike Sheahan named Carey's best in the book The Australian Game of Football, released in 2008. Prior to round one of the 1998 season, Carey kicked six-second half goals in the Ansett Cup Grand Final against St Kilda, earning himself the Michael Tuck Medal as the best on ground in the pre-season grand final and issuing an ominous warning to the rest of the competition that he was over his injury woes of the previous year.", "Prior to round one of the 1998 season, Carey kicked six-second half goals in the Ansett Cup Grand Final against St Kilda, earning himself the Michael Tuck Medal as the best on ground in the pre-season grand final and issuing an ominous warning to the rest of the competition that he was over his injury woes of the previous year. In one of his greatest seasons, Carey hit arguably the best form of his career in 1998 as he led North Melbourne on a club record 11-game winning streak.", "In one of his greatest seasons, Carey hit arguably the best form of his career in 1998 as he led North Melbourne on a club record 11-game winning streak. During the streak he registered 20 or more disposals and 5 or more goals on 6 separate occasions. Coach Denis Pagan designed the team's offence around Carey, instructing other forwards to draw their direct opponents outside the 50-metre arc to make space for Carey, a tactic which became known as \"Pagan's Paddock\".", "Coach Denis Pagan designed the team's offence around Carey, instructing other forwards to draw their direct opponents outside the 50-metre arc to make space for Carey, a tactic which became known as \"Pagan's Paddock\". In round 15, Carey demolished St Kilda with 14 marks, 26 disposals and 6 goals. The following week five first half goals against West Coast, including one of the goals of the year in the second quarter, saw Glen Jakovich taken to the bench.", "The following week five first half goals against West Coast, including one of the goals of the year in the second quarter, saw Glen Jakovich taken to the bench. His form continued the next week when he kicked 8 goals against Melbourne, to go with 11 marks, 24 disposals and 4 tackles and, three weeks later, Fremantle received the same treatment as Carey again kicked 8 goals and had 25 disposals.", "His form continued the next week when he kicked 8 goals against Melbourne, to go with 11 marks, 24 disposals and 4 tackles and, three weeks later, Fremantle received the same treatment as Carey again kicked 8 goals and had 25 disposals. In the final two rounds Adelaide and the Western Bulldogs had no answers to limit his influence and he was completely dominant in each game, kicking 5 and 4 goals respectively and taking contested marks at will, all around the ground.", "In the final two rounds Adelaide and the Western Bulldogs had no answers to limit his influence and he was completely dominant in each game, kicking 5 and 4 goals respectively and taking contested marks at will, all around the ground. After Carey kicked another 5 goals in the first round of the finals to ensure a comfortable win over Essendon, he had kicked 45 goals in the previous nine games and averaged 22 disposals and 9 marks per game. The winning streak ended on Grand Final day with a loss to Adelaide.", "The winning streak ended on Grand Final day with a loss to Adelaide. For the season, Carey averaged 8 marks, 20 disposals and 3.2 goals per game. He again led the league in marks and contested marks and was runner up in the league goal kicking race behind Tony Lockett, with 80 goals. Carey once again won almost every individual award on offer at season's end, with the noticeable exception of the Brownlow.", "Carey once again won almost every individual award on offer at season's end, with the noticeable exception of the Brownlow. Carey missed five games early in 1999 through injury, and spent much of the year in the forward line closer to goals. He averaged a career high 3.8 goals per game for the season, to go with 7 marks and 18 disposals. He helped North to a 15 and 2 record after his return from injury, in another premiership year for the Kangaroos.", "He helped North to a 15 and 2 record after his return from injury, in another premiership year for the Kangaroos. In round 8, Carey's first game back from injury, he kicked 7 goals against Hawthorn. Once again Carey's late season form was unparalleled, and in the nine games leading up to the Grand Final he averaged 8 marks, 19 disposals and 5.1 goals per game.", "Once again Carey's late season form was unparalleled, and in the nine games leading up to the Grand Final he averaged 8 marks, 19 disposals and 5.1 goals per game. He kicked 9 goals against Geelong in Round 16, followed it up the next week with a 10-goal, 12 mark and 24 disposal performance in a losing side against Essendon and in the wet in a qualifying final against Port Adelaide had 11 marks, 24 disposals and 6 goals in one of his greatest finals performances.", "He kicked 9 goals against Geelong in Round 16, followed it up the next week with a 10-goal, 12 mark and 24 disposal performance in a losing side against Essendon and in the wet in a qualifying final against Port Adelaide had 11 marks, 24 disposals and 6 goals in one of his greatest finals performances. Matched up against Carlton's Stephen Silvagni in the grand final, Carey played a slightly unfamiliar role.", "Matched up against Carlton's Stephen Silvagni in the grand final, Carey played a slightly unfamiliar role. After marking and kicking North Melbourne's opening goal in the first quarter, he struggled to get on top of the Carlton champion and was moved to the midfield after half time.", "After marking and kicking North Melbourne's opening goal in the first quarter, he struggled to get on top of the Carlton champion and was moved to the midfield after half time. He then gathered the most disposals afield in the third quarter and was the catalyst in a dominant quarter for North, before returning to the forward line in the final term to take a spectacular one handed mark and kick the final goal of the game.", "He then gathered the most disposals afield in the third quarter and was the catalyst in a dominant quarter for North, before returning to the forward line in the final term to take a spectacular one handed mark and kick the final goal of the game. Final years with North Melbourne: 2000–2001 By season 2000, Carey had firmly established himself in the minds of most as the greatest player of the modern era and greatest centre half forward ever to play the game.", "Final years with North Melbourne: 2000–2001 By season 2000, Carey had firmly established himself in the minds of most as the greatest player of the modern era and greatest centre half forward ever to play the game. Stints at centre half back and in the midfield that year had him notch consecutive 30-plus possession games and add yet another dimension to his game.", "Stints at centre half back and in the midfield that year had him notch consecutive 30-plus possession games and add yet another dimension to his game. In an incredible run of form over 6 games between rounds 4 and 10, Carey averaged 12 marks, 27 disposals and 3.5 goals per game, playing in a variety of positions.", "In an incredible run of form over 6 games between rounds 4 and 10, Carey averaged 12 marks, 27 disposals and 3.5 goals per game, playing in a variety of positions. Carey's 7 goals and 25 disposals in round 10 against Fremantle, made him only the second player, after Leigh Matthews, to record 5 plus goals and 20 plus disposals in a game for the 30th time in his career.", "Carey's 7 goals and 25 disposals in round 10 against Fremantle, made him only the second player, after Leigh Matthews, to record 5 plus goals and 20 plus disposals in a game for the 30th time in his career. Games against Brisbane and Melbourne in rounds 14 and 17 saw him repeat this feat for the 31st and 32nd time; the most by any player apart from Matthews.", "Games against Brisbane and Melbourne in rounds 14 and 17 saw him repeat this feat for the 31st and 32nd time; the most by any player apart from Matthews. Statistically, 2000 was shaping up as one of Carey's best years and, with just two games left of the Home and Away season, he held averages of 9 marks, 20 disposals and 3.2 goals per game.", "Statistically, 2000 was shaping up as one of Carey's best years and, with just two games left of the Home and Away season, he held averages of 9 marks, 20 disposals and 3.2 goals per game. Towards the end of the season however, Carey began to suffer heavily from the debilitating groin condition Osteitis pubis and his mobility and form subsequently slumped going into the finals. For the season he finished with averages of 8 marks, 18 disposals and 3.0 goals.", "For the season he finished with averages of 8 marks, 18 disposals and 3.0 goals. Carey was runner-up in the Leigh Matthews Trophy for the second year in a row and the fourth time in his career, this time behind Carlton's Anthony Koutoufides. It was his sixth top two finish in the League's MVP award in eight seasons. Going into 2001, his 13th season at North Melbourne and 9th as captain, Carey struggled to maintain consistent form as he battled various injuries.", "Going into 2001, his 13th season at North Melbourne and 9th as captain, Carey struggled to maintain consistent form as he battled various injuries. The physical nature of his play throughout his career began to take its toll on Carey's body, particularly his back, neck and shoulders and he was not able to string more than 5 games together at any point during the season. After round 13, Carey had played just seven games and averaged only 11 disposals and 2.0 goals per game.", "After round 13, Carey had played just seven games and averaged only 11 disposals and 2.0 goals per game. A comparatively injury-free second half of the season saw him play seven of the next eight games and average an improved 14 disposals and 3.0 goals per game. He kicked six goals in round 14 against Melbourne, and the next week, against West Coast, Carey kicked five goals and had a season high 18 disposals in his final game in North Melbourne colours matched up against long time adversary Glen Jakovich.", "He kicked six goals in round 14 against Melbourne, and the next week, against West Coast, Carey kicked five goals and had a season high 18 disposals in his final game in North Melbourne colours matched up against long time adversary Glen Jakovich. In round 21, after playing 14 games and kicking 35 goals that year, Wayne Carey played what would end up being his last game for the North Melbourne Football Club.", "In round 21, after playing 14 games and kicking 35 goals that year, Wayne Carey played what would end up being his last game for the North Melbourne Football Club. Extramarital affair and leaving North Melbourne: 2002 In March 2002 Carey had an extramarital affair with then-best-friend North Melbourne stalwart and Vice Captain Anthony Stevens's wife, Kelli. Carey and Stevens were attending a party at teammate Glenn Archer's house. Carey is quoted as saying Kelli followed him into the toilets, in front of a large crowd including her husband.", "Carey is quoted as saying Kelli followed him into the toilets, in front of a large crowd including her husband. An argument ensued between Carey and Stevens and both subsequently failed to attend football training. In the face of his team being united against him, as well as nationwide condemnation, Carey resigned in disgrace from North Melbourne. Carey's then manager Ricky Nixon famously stated that his client was on \"suicide watch\" during the aftermath. To avoid media attention Carey fled to Las Vegas, USA.", "To avoid media attention Carey fled to Las Vegas, USA. Carey's management later denied speculation that he had trained with the NFL's Dallas Cowboys. Adelaide Crows: 2003–2004 For some time, it was unclear whether Carey would return to AFL football, but after the end of the 2002 season and a 12-month absence from football, Carey was signed by the Adelaide Crows where he played for the next two seasons. Age and injury plagued Carey in 2003 and prevented him from dominating as he once did.", "Age and injury plagued Carey in 2003 and prevented him from dominating as he once did. He did manage to earn a top ten finish in the club best and fairest and kicked the second most goals of any Crow for the year, despite missing eight games. The 2003 season was most memorable for Carey's fiery encounters with his former North Melbourne teammates Glenn Archer and Anthony Stevens in round 6. On that day he kicked four goals, including one of the goals of the year.", "On that day he kicked four goals, including one of the goals of the year. Carey's best performance for 2003 once again came in the finals, an elimination final against West Coast, when he had the most kicks and marks afield and became the 14th player to kick 700 career goals in AFL/VFL history.", "Carey's best performance for 2003 once again came in the finals, an elimination final against West Coast, when he had the most kicks and marks afield and became the 14th player to kick 700 career goals in AFL/VFL history. Carey played the first 11 games in 2004, after which he had taken the most contested marks at Adelaide, was 11 goals clear in the Crows' goal kicking and was coming second in the club best and fairest.", "Carey played the first 11 games in 2004, after which he had taken the most contested marks at Adelaide, was 11 goals clear in the Crows' goal kicking and was coming second in the club best and fairest. Carey's best performance in the Adelaide colours came a week before his 33rd birthday, in round 8 of the 2004 season. He took 9 marks, had 17 disposals and kicked 6 goals, out of a team total of 12, in a heavy loss to Essendon.", "He took 9 marks, had 17 disposals and kicked 6 goals, out of a team total of 12, in a heavy loss to Essendon. Two weeks later, Carey's fourth goal against Hawthorn was one of the goals of the year. Taking a contested mark on the wing, Carey played on, having three bounces and shrugging off a tackle as he ran inside the forward 50. He gave off a handball to teammate Tyson Edwards, who in turn gave the ball back to Carey deep in the forward pocket.", "He gave off a handball to teammate Tyson Edwards, who in turn gave the ball back to Carey deep in the forward pocket. Carey's left foot snap for goal was a highlight in a big win for the Crows. In round 12, Carey left the field early in the second quarter and was later forced to retire with a disc-related neck injury, marking the end of a career that spanned 16 seasons and 272 games and included 727 goals.", "In round 12, Carey left the field early in the second quarter and was later forced to retire with a disc-related neck injury, marking the end of a career that spanned 16 seasons and 272 games and included 727 goals. State of Origin Carey had a relatively short, but successful State of Origin career, and what he describes as significant in his career.", "State of Origin Carey had a relatively short, but successful State of Origin career, and what he describes as significant in his career. Carey first played at the game's highest level in 1990 for New South Wales, in a famous win over Victoria, in the side's only 3rd ever win against the State, Carey scored one goal. In 1992, playing for South Australia against Victoria, Carey played an outstanding game, dominating at centre half forward and kicking two goals.", "In 1992, playing for South Australia against Victoria, Carey played an outstanding game, dominating at centre half forward and kicking two goals. Including the match winner from 55 meters out in the dying moments. Carey had four opponents in the game, dominating them all, including Chris Langford, Danny Frawley and Garry Lyon. Carey has described this game as the moment he knew he belonged in the AFL.", "Carey has described this game as the moment he knew he belonged in the AFL. Saying if he could do well at State of Origin level, a higher level than the AFL, he knew he belonged at AFL level. Carey played for NSW/ACT the following year in the State of Origin Carnival scoring one goal. In the latter half of the 1990s clubs began putting pressure on players to pull out of games due to fear of injury and players began to stop participating.", "In the latter half of the 1990s clubs began putting pressure on players to pull out of games due to fear of injury and players began to stop participating. Australian Football Hall of Fame Carey was inducted into the AFL Hall of Fame in 2010. Although as he was eligible for induction in 2008, his off field troubles with drugs delayed his induction.", "Although as he was eligible for induction in 2008, his off field troubles with drugs delayed his induction. Carey vs Jakovich Throughout much of the 1990s Glen Jakovich was regarded as the premier centre half back in the AFL, and his battles with Carey were a talking point and a season highlight whenever the Eagles and Kangaroos met. Jakovich was one of the very few players who could match Carey for strength in a one-on-one contest and as a result he was often able to limit Carey's dominance.", "Jakovich was one of the very few players who could match Carey for strength in a one-on-one contest and as a result he was often able to limit Carey's dominance. The rivalry gained significant media attention during 1995 when the pair met three times, with Carey being held to a combined total of just 7 marks, 35 disposals and 2 goals. Carey had dominated their encounters in 1993 and 1994, polling Brownlow votes in two out of three games.", "Carey had dominated their encounters in 1993 and 1994, polling Brownlow votes in two out of three games. Statistically, Jakovich held Carey to fewer disposals and goals than any other player could consistently manage. In all they played against each other 18 times—16 while Carey was at North Melbourne and two when he was at Adelaide—first meeting in round 12 of 1992 and last in round 19 of 2003, with Jakovich being able to hold Carey to averages of 6 marks, 14 disposals and 2.1 goals per game.", "In all they played against each other 18 times—16 while Carey was at North Melbourne and two when he was at Adelaide—first meeting in round 12 of 1992 and last in round 19 of 2003, with Jakovich being able to hold Carey to averages of 6 marks, 14 disposals and 2.1 goals per game. By comparison, in the 188 games Carey played against all other opponents in the same period, he averaged 7 marks, 18 disposals and 3.0 goals per game.", "By comparison, in the 188 games Carey played against all other opponents in the same period, he averaged 7 marks, 18 disposals and 3.0 goals per game. Legacy Carey has been named by many media commentators as the greatest footballer to play the game. In 1999, Leigh Matthews, who was voted the greatest player of the 20th century, honoured Carey by saying that he was the best player he had ever seen.", "In 1999, Leigh Matthews, who was voted the greatest player of the 20th century, honoured Carey by saying that he was the best player he had ever seen. In 2008, Carey was named as Australian Football's greatest ever player as part of a list of the top 50 players of all time, published in the book The Australian Game of Football, and placed third in a similar list put together by a panel of football legends in The Age newspaper the same year.", "In 2008, Carey was named as Australian Football's greatest ever player as part of a list of the top 50 players of all time, published in the book The Australian Game of Football, and placed third in a similar list put together by a panel of football legends in The Age newspaper the same year. In 2011, the Herald Sun polled 21 past and present AFL greats, including Carey, to find the players' opinion as to the greatest player of the AFL era.", "In 2011, the Herald Sun polled 21 past and present AFL greats, including Carey, to find the players' opinion as to the greatest player of the AFL era. Carey topped the list, polling 85 of a possible 100 votes, 26 votes ahead of second placed Gary Ablett Sr. \"Sure Got Me\" on Paul Kelly's 2004 double album Ways & Means recounts the love triangle involving Carey, Anthony Stevens, and Stevens' wife, Kelli.", "Carey topped the list, polling 85 of a possible 100 votes, 26 votes ahead of second placed Gary Ablett Sr. \"Sure Got Me\" on Paul Kelly's 2004 double album Ways & Means recounts the love triangle involving Carey, Anthony Stevens, and Stevens' wife, Kelli. Hunters & Collectors frontman Mark Seymour also wrote a song inspired by the affair, but declined to release it after learning of Kelly's take on the events.", "Hunters & Collectors frontman Mark Seymour also wrote a song inspired by the affair, but declined to release it after learning of Kelly's take on the events. Jock Cheese, bassist of the satirical Melbourne band TISM, released a tribute to Carey titled \"Why Don't You Get A Bigger Set of Tits?\" on his 2002 solo album Platter. Statistics Carey's career total of 727 goals ranks him equal 16th in VFL/AFL history, and his 671 goals for North Melbourne is the club record.", "Statistics Carey's career total of 727 goals ranks him equal 16th in VFL/AFL history, and his 671 goals for North Melbourne is the club record. |- style=\"background-color: #EAEAEA\" ! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1989 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 40 || 4 || 0 || 2 || 26 || 8 || 34 || 14 || 4 || 0.0 || 0.5 || 6.5 || 2.0 || 8.5 || 3.5 || 1.0 |- !", "scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1989 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 40 || 4 || 0 || 2 || 26 || 8 || 34 || 14 || 4 || 0.0 || 0.5 || 6.5 || 2.0 || 8.5 || 3.5 || 1.0 |- ! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1990 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 18 || 21 || 38 || 23 || 196 || 94 || 290 || 98 || 18 || 1.8 || 1.1 || 9.3 || 4.5 || 13.8 || 4.7 || 0.9 |- style=\"background-color: #EAEAEA\" !", "scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1990 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 18 || 21 || 38 || 23 || 196 || 94 || 290 || 98 || 18 || 1.8 || 1.1 || 9.3 || 4.5 || 13.8 || 4.7 || 0.9 |- style=\"background-color: #EAEAEA\" ! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1991 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 18 || 14 || 28 || 21 || 132 || 56 || 188 || 84 || 10 || 2.0 || 1.5 || 9.4 || 4.0 || 13.4 || 6.0 || 0.7 |- !", "scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1991 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 18 || 14 || 28 || 21 || 132 || 56 || 188 || 84 || 10 || 2.0 || 1.5 || 9.4 || 4.0 || 13.4 || 6.0 || 0.7 |- ! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1992 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 18 || 21 || 46 || 32 || 278 || 107 || 385 || 157 || 26 || 2.2 || 1.5 || 13.2 || 5.1 || 18.3 || 7.5 || 1.2 |- style=\"background-color: #EAEAEA\" !", "scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1992 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 18 || 21 || 46 || 32 || 278 || 107 || 385 || 157 || 26 || 2.2 || 1.5 || 13.2 || 5.1 || 18.3 || 7.5 || 1.2 |- style=\"background-color: #EAEAEA\" ! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1993 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 18 || 19 || 64 || 44 || 216 || 123 || 339 || 150 || 21 || 3.4 || 2.3 || 11.4 || 6.5 || 17.8 || 7.9 || 1.1 |- !", "scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1993 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 18 || 19 || 64 || 44 || 216 || 123 || 339 || 150 || 21 || 3.4 || 2.3 || 11.4 || 6.5 || 17.8 || 7.9 || 1.1 |- ! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1994 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 18 || 19 || 63 || 42 || 237 || 116 || 353 || 164 || 13 || 3.3 || 2.2 || 12.5 || 6.1 || 18.6 || 8.6 || 0.7 |- style=\"background-color: #EAEAEA\" !", "scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1994 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 18 || 19 || 63 || 42 || 237 || 116 || 353 || 164 || 13 || 3.3 || 2.2 || 12.5 || 6.1 || 18.6 || 8.6 || 0.7 |- style=\"background-color: #EAEAEA\" ! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1995 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 18 || 25 || 65 || 46 || 309 || 143|| 452 || 187 || 28 || 2.6 || 1.8 || 12.4 || 5.7 || 18.1 || 7.5 || 1.1 |- |style=\"text-align:center;background:#afe6ba;\"|1996† |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 18 || 25 || 82 || 55 || 332 || 154 || 486 || 200 || 31 || 3.3 || 2.2 || 13.3 || 6.2 || 19.4 || 8.0 || 1.2 |- style=\"background-color: #EAEAEA\" !", "scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1995 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 18 || 25 || 65 || 46 || 309 || 143|| 452 || 187 || 28 || 2.6 || 1.8 || 12.4 || 5.7 || 18.1 || 7.5 || 1.1 |- |style=\"text-align:center;background:#afe6ba;\"|1996† |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 18 || 25 || 82 || 55 || 332 || 154 || 486 || 200 || 31 || 3.3 || 2.2 || 13.3 || 6.2 || 19.4 || 8.0 || 1.2 |- style=\"background-color: #EAEAEA\" ! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1997 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 18 || 14 || 25 || 15 || 160 || 66 || 226 || 74 || 14 || 1.8 || 1.1 || 11.4 || 4.7 || 16.1 || 5.3 || 1.0 |- !", "scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1997 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 18 || 14 || 25 || 15 || 160 || 66 || 226 || 74 || 14 || 1.8 || 1.1 || 11.4 || 4.7 || 16.1 || 5.3 || 1.0 |- ! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1998 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 18 || 25 || 80 || 49 || 368 || 121 || 489 || 193 || 40 || 3.2 || 2.0 || 14.7 || 4.8 || 19.6 || 7.7 || 1.6 |- style=\"background-color: #EAEAEA\" !", "scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1998 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 18 || 25 || 80 || 49 || 368 || 121 || 489 || 193 || 40 || 3.2 || 2.0 || 14.7 || 4.8 || 19.6 || 7.7 || 1.6 |- style=\"background-color: #EAEAEA\" ! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1999 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 18 || 20 || 76 || 39 || 253 || 100 || 353 || 145 || 33 || 3.8 || 2.0 || 12.7 || 5.0 || 17.7 || 7.3 || 1.7 |- !", "scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1999 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 18 || 20 || 76 || 39 || 253 || 100 || 353 || 145 || 33 || 3.8 || 2.0 || 12.7 || 5.0 || 17.7 || 7.3 || 1.7 |- ! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 2000 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 18 || 23 || 69 || 37 || 336 || 86 || 422 || 176 || 35 || 3.0 || 1.6 || 14.6 || 3.7 || 18.3 || 7.7 || 1.5 |- style=\"background-color: #EAEAEA\" !", "scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 2000 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 18 || 23 || 69 || 37 || 336 || 86 || 422 || 176 || 35 || 3.0 || 1.6 || 14.6 || 3.7 || 18.3 || 7.7 || 1.5 |- style=\"background-color: #EAEAEA\" ! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 2001 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 18 || 14 || 35 || 11 || 137 || 37 || 174 || 69 || 13 || 2.5 || 0.8 || 9.8 || 2.6 || 12.4 || 4.9 || 0.9 |- !", "scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 2001 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 18 || 14 || 35 || 11 || 137 || 37 || 174 || 69 || 13 || 2.5 || 0.8 || 9.8 || 2.6 || 12.4 || 4.9 || 0.9 |- ! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 2003 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 2 || 16 || 29 || 19 || 136 || 35 || 171 || 62 || 21 || 1.8 || 1.2 || 8.5 || 2.2 || 10.7 || 3.9 || 1.3 |- style=\"background-color: #EAEAEA\" !", "scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 2003 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 2 || 16 || 29 || 19 || 136 || 35 || 171 || 62 || 21 || 1.8 || 1.2 || 8.5 || 2.2 || 10.7 || 3.9 || 1.3 |- style=\"background-color: #EAEAEA\" ! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 2004 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 2 || 12 || 27 || 22 || 101 || 26 || 127 || 57 || 12 || 2.3 || 1.8 || 8.4 || 2.2 || 10.6 || 4.8 || 1.0 |- class=\"sortbottom\" !", "scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 2004 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 2 || 12 || 27 || 22 || 101 || 26 || 127 || 57 || 12 || 2.3 || 1.8 || 8.4 || 2.2 || 10.6 || 4.8 || 1.0 |- class=\"sortbottom\" ! colspan=3| Career ! 272 ! 727 ! 457 ! 3217 ! 1272 ! 4489 ! 1830 ! 319 ! 2.7 ! 1.7 ! 11.8 ! 4.7 ! 16.5 ! 6.7 !", "4489 ! 1830 ! 319 ! 2.7 ! 1.7 ! 11.8 ! 4.7 ! 16.5 ! 6.7 ! 6.7 ! 1.2 |} Post-playing career In early 2005, Carey agreed to assist former coach and mentor Denis Pagan at the Carlton Football Club, acting voluntarily as a part-time skills coach. In 2006 he was an assistant coach at Collingwood Football Club. Carey also worked as a commentator and host of shows on the Fox Footy Channel throughout the 2006 season.", "Carey also worked as a commentator and host of shows on the Fox Footy Channel throughout the 2006 season. In 2007 he participated in the Nine Network football analysis program Footy Classified, as well as special comments for radio station 3AW's football coverage. Subsequent to his dual arrests for domestic violence and assault he was sacked from both positions. In 2009, Carey was approached in a confidential meeting with influential North Melbourne board member Ron Joseph to return to the club as coach in a succession plan which also involved Malcolm Blight.", "In 2009, Carey was approached in a confidential meeting with influential North Melbourne board member Ron Joseph to return to the club as coach in a succession plan which also involved Malcolm Blight. Carey confirmed this when queried by noted football journalist Damian Barrett in May 2021. In 2012 Carey joined the Triple M Melbourne AFL commentary team and One HD's The Game Plan, however the latter was cancelled mid-season. In 2013, he joined The Marngrook Footy Show on National Indigenous Television as a regular panelist.", "In 2013, he joined The Marngrook Footy Show on National Indigenous Television as a regular panelist. Later that year he joined the Seven Network to host a series of Talking Footy specials alongside Bruce McAvaney, Luke Darcy and Andrew Demetriou, to cover both the Essendon drugs scandal and the finals series. In 2014, Carey joined the Seven Network as a Friday night commentator and also a permanent panelist on Talking Footy.", "In 2014, Carey joined the Seven Network as a Friday night commentator and also a permanent panelist on Talking Footy. Domestic violence, assault, arrests, drug abuse and scandals In 1997 Carey pleaded guilty to indecent assault after grabbing a passing woman's breast on a Melbourne city street after 12 hours of drinking with teammates. He allegedly told her \"Why don't you get a bigger pair of tits\". Carey later settled out of court when the woman filed a civil suit against him.", "Carey later settled out of court when the woman filed a civil suit against him. In 2000 Carey provided character evidence for Jason Moran, an infamous gangster who was subsequently murdered in Melbourne's gang war. In 2004, while holidaying with his then wife, Carey was subject to arrest for a misdemeanour battery report while holidaying in Las Vegas. He was placed in custody for one night then released. The local District Attorney elected not to pursue the case.", "The local District Attorney elected not to pursue the case. Carey again became the subject of public comment in February 2006 when he announced he was leaving his pregnant wife Sally for model Kate Neilson. His daughter Ella was born six weeks later. In December 2006 Neilson allegedly reported Carey to Australian police for domestic violence, alleging he had punched her in the face. Neilson and Carey denied this report.", "Neilson and Carey denied this report. Neilson and Carey denied this report. Subsequently, US security guard Kyle Banks told the Nine Network's A Current Affair he saw Carey attacking Neilson while working at the exclusive W Hotel in New York City in October 2006. Banks said he saw Carey break a bottle of French champagne over his own head. On 27 January 2008 Carey was arrested after reports of a disturbance at his Port Melbourne apartment.", "On 27 January 2008 Carey was arrested after reports of a disturbance at his Port Melbourne apartment. Police had to subdue Carey with capsicum spray and he was seen hand-cuffed after allegedly assaulting the officers. Two days later, the Nine Network announced it would not renew the television contract of Carey after it was revealed that Carey had been arrested and charged with assaulting a police officer and Neilson in Miami, Florida, on 27 October 2007, after he allegedly glassed Neilsen in the face and neck with a wine glass.", "Two days later, the Nine Network announced it would not renew the television contract of Carey after it was revealed that Carey had been arrested and charged with assaulting a police officer and Neilson in Miami, Florida, on 27 October 2007, after he allegedly glassed Neilsen in the face and neck with a wine glass. Police Lieutenant Bill Schwartz, however, reported: When officers went and spoke to him, he immediately was belligerent, starting striking out at the officers, in fact, kicked one of the female officers in the face with his foot, elbowed another one in the side of the face.", "Police Lieutenant Bill Schwartz, however, reported: When officers went and spoke to him, he immediately was belligerent, starting striking out at the officers, in fact, kicked one of the female officers in the face with his foot, elbowed another one in the side of the face. They had to wrestle him down and handcuff him. When he was in the police car, he used his head as a battering ram and tried to smash a hole between the front compartment of the police car and the prisoner compartment.", "When he was in the police car, he used his head as a battering ram and tried to smash a hole between the front compartment of the police car and the prisoner compartment. To stop Carey harming himself and damaging the car, the officers put him into a leather hobble restraint around his hands and legs. Carey faced up to fifteen years in jail and 30,000 fines. Additionally Carey was fired from commentary jobs at 3AW and the Nine Network following the coverage of the two arrests.", "Additionally Carey was fired from commentary jobs at 3AW and the Nine Network following the coverage of the two arrests. Ultimately Carey pleaded guilty to assaulting and resisting Miami police. In exchange for his guilty pleas, prosecutors agreed that Carey should only serve 50 hours of community service, attend alcohol- and anger-management classes, serve two years probation, and pay US$500 to a Miami police charity. As a consequence of his criminal record in the United States, Carey was refused an entry visa in October 2009.", "As a consequence of his criminal record in the United States, Carey was refused an entry visa in October 2009. In March 2008 Carey publicly revealed he was, for a long period, an abuser of alcohol and cocaine. He was interviewed by Andrew Denton on Enough Rope, where he talked candidly about his life and recent controversies. 1.5 million viewers tuned into the highly publicised interview.", "1.5 million viewers tuned into the highly publicised interview. 1.5 million viewers tuned into the highly publicised interview. Carey was attempting to visit Barwon Prison in February 2012 to speak to indigenous inmates as part of a mentoring program, however he was found to have traces of cocaine on his clothing following a routine drug scan. Carey was informed that he could enter the prison if he submitted to a strip search. He declined and left the correctional facility.", "He declined and left the correctional facility. He declined and left the correctional facility. References Further reading External links 1971 births Living people Australian rules footballers from New South Wales North Melbourne Football Club players North Melbourne Football Club Premiership players Syd Barker Medal winners Adelaide Football Club players All-Australians (AFL) Australian Football Hall of Fame inductees Leigh Matthews Trophy winners New South Wales Australian rules football State of Origin players South Australian State of Origin players North Adelaide Football Club players Australian rules football commentators Australia international rules football team players Australian people convicted of assault Australian people convicted of indecent assault Two-time VFL/AFL Premiership players" ]

[ "Wayne Carey", "Rise to stardom: 1990-1992", "How was he discovered?", "Carey immediately drew the attention of the football world and built a reputation early in his career as an aggressive, big marking and long kicking key position player.", "What was the first team he played with?", "That year, Carey would become the 1990 season runner up in North Melbourne's best and fairest, behind Longmire.", "What position did he play?", "big marking and long kicking key position player.", "Is there any other interesting information about him?", "Carey started brilliantly, kicking two first quarter goals, before an injury to his right shoulder forced him to sit out the rest of that game and the next eight.", "Where did he learn to play?", "I don't know.", "What was the biggest impact on his rise to fame?", "Carey had his first top five finish in the Brownlow Medal, claimed his first club best and fairest and was named club captain", "Where did he go from being club captain?", "I don't know." ]

[ "The Darkness is an English hard rock band formed in Lowestoft, Suffolk in 2000. Their first release was the extended play I Believe in a Thing Called Love in August 2002, which featured the tracks \"I Believe in a Thing Called Love\", \"Love on the Rocks with No Ice\" and \"Love Is Only a Feeling\", all of which were later featured on the band's debut album. After signing with Atlantic Records, the band released their debut album Permission to Land in July, which featured a total of ten tracks. Singles released to support the album were \"Get Your Hands Off My Woman\", \"Growing on Me\", \"I Believe in a Thing Called Love\" and \"Love Is Only a Feeling\", all of which featured new B-sides. The B-sides \"The Best of Me\" (from \"Get Your Hands Off My Woman\") and \"Makin' Out\" (from \"I Believe in a Thing Called Love\") were also featured on the Japanese edition of Permission to Land. \"Christmas Time (Don't Let the Bells End)\" was released at the end of the year, and also featured on the Christmas reissue of the album.\n\nThe band's second album, One Way Ticket to Hell... and Back, was released in November 2005, and also featured ten tracks. The album was supported by the release of singles \"One Way Ticket\", \"Is It Just Me?\" and \"Girlfriend\"; the first two featured new B-sides, while the third featured remixes of the A-side. The B-side \"Grief Hammer\", originally from the single \"One Way Ticket\", was also featured on the Japanese edition of One Way Ticket to Hell... and Back. The band broke up in 2006, and in 2008 the compilation album The Platinum Collection and box set Permission to Land/One Way Ticket to Hell... were released, each featuring all 20 songs from the band's first two albums (\"Christmas Time (Don't Let the Bells End)\" was also included on The Platinum Collection).\n\nThe Darkness reunited in 2011, and in August 2012 they released their third album, Hot Cakes. The album features eleven tracks, including the band's first studio cover version, of Radiohead's \"Street Spirit (Fade Out)\". The deluxe edition of Hot Cakes features four additional tracks, three of which are new songs; the bonus track \"Cannonball\" features Ian Anderson of the band Jethro Tull on flute. In 2014 Graham left the band again, to be replaced by Emily Dolan Davies, who performed on the band's fourth album Last of Our Kind. Davies later left herself, and was replaced by Rufus Tiger Taylor.\n\nSongs\n\nNotes\nA. Featured on special deluxe editions of Last of Our Kind only.\nB. Also featured on the 2008 compilation album The Platinum Collection.\nC. Featured on special deluxe editions of Hot Cakes only.\nD. Featured on the Christmas reissue of Permission to Land only.\nE. Also featured on special deluxe editions of One Way Ticket to Hell... and Back.\nF. Originally featured on the 2002 extended play I Believe in a Thing Called Love.\nG. Also featured on special deluxe editions of Permission to Land.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nList of The Darkness songs at AllMusic\n\nDarkness, The", "Ralph J. Guldahl (November 22, 1911 – June 11, 1987) was an American professional golfer, one of the top five players in the sport from 1936 to 1940. He won sixteen PGA Tour-sanctioned tournaments, including three majors (two U.S. Opens and one Masters).\n\nEarly life and education\nBorn in Dallas, Texas, Guhldahl was a 1930 graduate of Woodrow Wilson High School.\n\nProfessional tournament career\n\nInitial success, slump\nGuldahl started playing on the professional tournament circuit in 1931, and won an event in his rookie season before turning 20 years of age, setting a record that would not be matched until 2013, when Jordan Spieth won the John Deere Classic. In 1933, at the age of 21, Guldahl went into the last hole of the U.S. Open tied for the lead with Johnny Goodman. A par would have taken him into a playoff, but he made bogey and finished second. After further frustrating failures, Guldahl quit the sport temporarily in 1935 and became a car salesman.\n\nComeback\nGuldahl made a comeback part way through the next PGA Tour season in 1936, won the prestigious Western Open and finished second on the money list. He won the Western Open in 1937 and 1938 as well. That tournament was recognized as one of the world's most important events at the time, on the level of a major championship or close to it.\n\nGuldahl's manner of play was relaxed: \"He paused to comb his hair before every hole, and would forestall any suspense by announcing exactly where he intended to plant the ball.\"\n\nBreakthrough at major level\nGuldahl won three major championships. He claimed the U.S. Open title in 1937, with a then-record score of 281. He successfully defended the national title with his win in 1938, and was the last to win the U.S. Open while wearing a necktie during play in 1938. Guldahl was runner-up at the Masters in both 1937 and 1938, before taking that title in 1939. He played on his only Ryder Cup team in 1937, the last before a decade hiatus due to World War II.\n\nGuldahl reached the top in golf ahead of more famous players of his generation, including Sam Snead and fellow Texans Byron Nelson, Ben Hogan, and Jimmy Demaret, who all went on to build much longer and more productive pro careers. Guldahl's 16 PGA Tour wins all came in a ten-year span between 1931 and 1940. Guldahl put together five straight seasons—from 1936 to 1940—with multiple PGA Tour titles.\n\nBook contract and decision to retire\nGuldahl was offered a book contract for a guide to golf, taking two months to complete Groove Your Golf, a book that used high-speed photographs of Guldahl on each page to create \"flip-book\" movies. After completing the book in 1939, he returned to the PGA Tour. His last two wins came in 1940. Two-time PGA champion Paul Runyan commented, \"It's the most ridiculous thing, really. Guldahl went from being temporarily the best player in the world to one who couldn't play at all.\" His son, Ralph, claimed that his father over-analyzed his swing and it fell apart. According to his wife, Laverne: \"When he sat down to write that book, that's when he lost his game.\"\n\nIn an interview with The New York Times in 1979, Guldahl himself offered a different explanation for the slump in his game. When asked about destroying his talent by practicing in front of a mirror while writing the book, he responded: \"Nonsense. No such thing ever happened.\" During the interview, he offered several reasons for retiring: he was tired of life on the road; he wanted more time with his family; and the wartime slowdown in tournaments caused his game to grow rusty and he had little inclination to train. \"I never did have a tremendous desire to win.\"\n\nPaul Collins summed up Guldahl's decision to retire with these words: \"Guldahl's fate had little to do with overthinking his game, and much to do with the untutored Dallas boy who once loved to play abandoned courses and baseball diamonds alone. Far more than fame, what Ralph Guldahl wanted was a nice, quiet game of golf.\" Guldahl played occasionally in the 1940s but then quit tournament golf for good, except for several seasons in the 1960s, when he played in the Masters, as an eligible past champion, without notable success.\n\nClub professional\nHe spent the rest of his working life as a club professional. In 1961, he became the club pro at the new Braemar Country Club in Tarzana, California, where he was an instructor until his death. Among his students was billionaire Howard Hughes.\n\nLegacy\nGuldahl was inducted into the Texas Golf Hall of Fame in 1980. Guldahl was inducted into the World Golf Hall of Fame in 1981. He died in Sherman Oaks, California, in 1987 at age 75.\n\nIn 1989, Guldahl was inducted into the Woodrow Wilson High School Hall of Fame when it was created during the celebration of the school's 60th Anniversary. He is a member of the Texas Sports Hall of Fame.\n\nPGA Tour wins (16)\n1931 (1) Santa Monica Open\n1932 (1) Arizona Open\n1934 (1) Westwood Golf Club Open Championship\n1936 (3) Western Open, Augusta Open, Miami Biltmore Open\n1937 (2) U.S. Open, Western Open\n1938 (2) U.S. Open, Western Open\n1939 (4) Greater Greensboro Open, Masters Tournament, Dapper Dan Open, Miami Biltmore International Four-Ball (with Sam Snead)\n1940 (2) Milwaukee Open, Inverness Invitational Four-Ball (with Sam Snead)\n\nMajor championships are shown in bold.\n\nMajor championships\n\nWins (3)\n\nResults timeline\n\nNYF = tournament not yet founded\nNT = no tournament\nCUT = missed the half-way cut\nR64, R32, R16, QF, SF = Round in which player lost in PGA Championship match play\n\"T\" indicates a tie for a place\n\nSummary\n\nMost consecutive cuts made – 25 (1930 U.S. Open – 1946 Masters)\nLongest streak of top-10s – 2 (five times)\n\nSee also\nList of golfers with most PGA Tour wins\nList of men's major championships winning golfers\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nWorld Golf Hall of Fame – Ralph Guldahl\nTexas State Historical Association – Ralph Guldahl\nBraemar Country Club – History – Ralph Guldahl\n\nAmerican male golfers\nPGA Tour golfers\nRyder Cup competitors for the United States\nWinners of men's major golf championships\nWorld Golf Hall of Fame inductees\nGolf writers and broadcasters\nGolfers from Dallas\n1911 births\n1987 deaths" ]

[ "Wayne Francis Carey (born 27 May 1971) is a former Australian rules footballer who played with the North Melbourne Football Club and the Adelaide Football Club in the Australian Football League (AFL). A dual-premiership captain at North Melbourne, four-time North Melbourne best-and-fairest (Syd Barker Medallist) and seven-time All-Australian, Carey is nicknamed \"The King\", or \"Duck\".", "A dual-premiership captain at North Melbourne, four-time North Melbourne best-and-fairest (Syd Barker Medallist) and seven-time All-Australian, Carey is nicknamed \"The King\", or \"Duck\". In 2001, he was named as centre half-forward and captain of North Melbourne's Team of the Century, and in 2008 was named as Australian football's greatest ever player, as part of a list of the top 50 players of all time, published in the book The Australian Game of Football, which was released by the League to celebrate 150 years of Australian rules football.", "In 2001, he was named as centre half-forward and captain of North Melbourne's Team of the Century, and in 2008 was named as Australian football's greatest ever player, as part of a list of the top 50 players of all time, published in the book The Australian Game of Football, which was released by the League to celebrate 150 years of Australian rules football. In 2002, he left North Melbourne in disgrace after it was revealed he'd been having an extramarital affair with the wife of his then-teammate Anthony Stevens.", "In 2002, he left North Melbourne in disgrace after it was revealed he'd been having an extramarital affair with the wife of his then-teammate Anthony Stevens. He is also known for his legal problems, which include domestic violence charges and assault convictions. From 2014 Carey has worked as a Friday night football commentator and Talking Footy panelist with Channel Seven. Early life The son of Kevin and Lynne, Carey was one of five children who grew up in Wagga Wagga, New South Wales.", "Early life The son of Kevin and Lynne, Carey was one of five children who grew up in Wagga Wagga, New South Wales. His mother and father separated when Carey was aged six, with his mother taking four of the children to Adelaide, living in a homeless shelter. According to Carey's autobiography, his father was a violent man who had spent time at Mannus Correctional Centre and was troubled by alcoholism.", "According to Carey's autobiography, his father was a violent man who had spent time at Mannus Correctional Centre and was troubled by alcoholism. A few months later, Kevin Carey retrieved the children from his estranged wife and they returned to Wagga Wagga. Carey played rugby league as a junior, and began playing Australian rules football at the age of eight. At the age of thirteen, Carey returned to Adelaide, where he attended The Heights School and played junior football for North Adelaide.", "At the age of thirteen, Carey returned to Adelaide, where he attended The Heights School and played junior football for North Adelaide. Playing career: 1989–2004 AFL VFL debut: 1987–1989 In 1987, Carey was recruited by North Melbourne after their CEO, Greg Miller, met with the Sydney Swans' football department to discuss the transfer to North Melbourne of John Longmire, a highly regarded junior key-position player.", "Playing career: 1989–2004 AFL VFL debut: 1987–1989 In 1987, Carey was recruited by North Melbourne after their CEO, Greg Miller, met with the Sydney Swans' football department to discuss the transfer to North Melbourne of John Longmire, a highly regarded junior key-position player. Once that deal was concluded, Miller then inquired about Carey who, like Longmire, was zoned to the Swans due to having lived in New South Wales.", "Once that deal was concluded, Miller then inquired about Carey who, like Longmire, was zoned to the Swans due to having lived in New South Wales. He made a token offer of $10,000 as a transfer fee, to which the Swans surprisingly agreed. As a 16-year-old, Carey made the move to Melbourne and played for the North Melbourne under-19s, where he starred in their 1988 premiership side under coach Denis Pagan.", "As a 16-year-old, Carey made the move to Melbourne and played for the North Melbourne under-19s, where he starred in their 1988 premiership side under coach Denis Pagan. Carey was promoted to the senior list prior to the 1989 season and, after recovering from dislocating his left shoulder in a practice match early in the year, made his first appearance for the seniors as an 18-year-old in round 11 of 1989 against Fitzroy.", "Carey was promoted to the senior list prior to the 1989 season and, after recovering from dislocating his left shoulder in a practice match early in the year, made his first appearance for the seniors as an 18-year-old in round 11 of 1989 against Fitzroy. Rise to stardom: 1990–1992 After playing only four games in his debut year, Carey burst onto the scene in 1990 as a goal-kicking centre half-forward and as support to their full forward in Longmire (who was that year's Coleman Medallist as the AFL's leading goal-kicker).", "Rise to stardom: 1990–1992 After playing only four games in his debut year, Carey burst onto the scene in 1990 as a goal-kicking centre half-forward and as support to their full forward in Longmire (who was that year's Coleman Medallist as the AFL's leading goal-kicker). Carey immediately drew the attention of the football world and built a reputation early in his career as an aggressive, big marking and long kicking key position player.", "Carey immediately drew the attention of the football world and built a reputation early in his career as an aggressive, big marking and long kicking key position player. That year, Carey would become the 1990 season runner up in North Melbourne's best and fairest, behind Longmire. In round 13, a then 19-year-old Carey took 8 marks, had 22 disposals and kicked 7 goals in a big win over Sydney. It was the first of many times Carey would dominate up forward for North.", "It was the first of many times Carey would dominate up forward for North. In 21 games in 1990 Carey averaged 5 marks, 14 disposals and 1.8 goals. The 1991 season started very promisingly for Carey and after nine rounds he was averaging 7 marks, 16 disposals and 2.4 goals. At that stage he was leading North Melbourne's best and fairest and, despite still being a teenager, was quickly becoming the Kangaroos' most important player.", "At that stage he was leading North Melbourne's best and fairest and, despite still being a teenager, was quickly becoming the Kangaroos' most important player. In Round 10 against Footscray, Carey started brilliantly, kicking two first quarter goals, before an injury to his right shoulder forced him to sit out the rest of that game and the next eight. He struggled to regain form when he returned for the last 5 rounds.", "He struggled to regain form when he returned for the last 5 rounds. Early in 1992 Carey considered leaving North Melbourne and returning to Adelaide due to internal unrest within the leadership of the club. He was convinced to stay by the coaching staff and, in the latter half of the season, Carey began to show signs that he was destined for greatness. In the second half of 1992 Carey would put a string of outstanding performances to close the season out.", "In the second half of 1992 Carey would put a string of outstanding performances to close the season out. By season's end Carey was dominating Centre Half Forward like no one else in the league, his play trademarked by big marks and long goals. He finished the year with an impressive 7 goal performance against Fitzroy and averaged 10 marks, 20 disposals and 3.3 goals during North Melbourne's last 8 games. For the season, he averaged 7 marks, 18 disposals and 2.2 goals per game.", "For the season, he averaged 7 marks, 18 disposals and 2.2 goals per game. Carey had his first top five finish in the Brownlow Medal, claimed his first club best and fairest and was named club captain by new coach Denis Pagan ahead of the 1993 season. Captaincy: 1993–2001 As captain, Carey led North Melbourne to the finals for eight consecutive years from 1993 to 2000. This streak included seven straight preliminary finals, three grand finals and two premierships (1996 and 1999).", "This streak included seven straight preliminary finals, three grand finals and two premierships (1996 and 1999). During this eight-year period, Carey played 170 games, averaged 8 marks and 19 disposals per game and kicked 544 goals at 3.2 per game. He won three further club best and fairests, was a five-time club leading goal kicker, All Australian centre half forward seven times, including four times as captain and once as vice-captain, and he was named MVP by the AFL Players Association twice, in 1995 and 1998.", "He won three further club best and fairests, was a five-time club leading goal kicker, All Australian centre half forward seven times, including four times as captain and once as vice-captain, and he was named MVP by the AFL Players Association twice, in 1995 and 1998. Carey was criticised widely for both his on and off field behaviour. On the field he was reported three times and suspended twice for a total of five weeks in 1994.", "On the field he was reported three times and suspended twice for a total of five weeks in 1994. An off the field charge of indecent assault in 1996 put a damper on his otherwise stellar form. Bookies had Carey as pre-count favourite for the Brownlow Medal on four separate occasions (1993, 1995, 1996 and 1998), but many believe his on field arrogance and backchat to umpires were the primary reason he never claimed the game's highest individual honour.", "Bookies had Carey as pre-count favourite for the Brownlow Medal on four separate occasions (1993, 1995, 1996 and 1998), but many believe his on field arrogance and backchat to umpires were the primary reason he never claimed the game's highest individual honour. First years as captain and \"No Carey, No North\": 1993–1995 In 1993, at age 21, Carey was the second youngest club captain in VFL/AFL history.", "First years as captain and \"No Carey, No North\": 1993–1995 In 1993, at age 21, Carey was the second youngest club captain in VFL/AFL history. Carey consistently won games off his own boot, including a game against reigning premiers the West Coast Eagles at the WACA in round 12, and then against that year's eventual premiers in Essendon in round 15, where he played a dominant final quarter that marked him as an out-and-out champion.", "Carey consistently won games off his own boot, including a game against reigning premiers the West Coast Eagles at the WACA in round 12, and then against that year's eventual premiers in Essendon in round 15, where he played a dominant final quarter that marked him as an out-and-out champion. After 15 rounds of the 1993 season, with North Melbourne on top of the AFL ladder, Carey was leading the club in marks, disposals and goals, before he was injured in their round 16 clash with Brisbane and did not play again until round 20.", "After 15 rounds of the 1993 season, with North Melbourne on top of the AFL ladder, Carey was leading the club in marks, disposals and goals, before he was injured in their round 16 clash with Brisbane and did not play again until round 20. For the season he averaged 8 marks, 19 disposals and 3.4 goals per game.", "For the season he averaged 8 marks, 19 disposals and 3.4 goals per game. At the end of the season, Carey became the youngest ever All-Australian captain at 22 years of age and finished third in the Brownlow Medal count, after being outright favourite to take out the prestigious award. But for the freakish efforts of Gary Ablett, many experts had Carey as the game's best player at the conclusion of the season, and he was runner-up behind Ablett in the Leigh Matthews Trophy.", "But for the freakish efforts of Gary Ablett, many experts had Carey as the game's best player at the conclusion of the season, and he was runner-up behind Ablett in the Leigh Matthews Trophy. The following year Carey appeared to have improved again. After round 6 of the 1994 season, Carey was averaging 12 marks, 21 disposals and 4.8 goals per game.", "After round 6 of the 1994 season, Carey was averaging 12 marks, 21 disposals and 4.8 goals per game. This included a 17 mark, 26 disposal, 7 goal performance against Hawthorn, 13 marks, 21 disposals and 6 goals against Footscray and a 15 mark, 21 disposal, 5 goals in a loss to the West Coast Eagles. Carey's mid season suspensions subdued him somewhat, before he turned it on again to dominate in the finals with two of the all-time great individual finals performances.", "Carey's mid season suspensions subdued him somewhat, before he turned it on again to dominate in the finals with two of the all-time great individual finals performances. In the qualifying final against Hawthorn, Carey kicked the last goal of the final quarter to level the score and force the game into extra time. Carey then kicked the goal to seal the win during extra time and earn North Melbourne a week break before the preliminary final. He finished the game with 10 marks, 32 disposals and 4 goals in an inspiring performance.", "He finished the game with 10 marks, 32 disposals and 4 goals in an inspiring performance. Two weeks later Carey was irrepressible in the preliminary final against Geelong. With North down by four goals at half time, it was Carey's four third quarter goals that kept them in the game.", "With North down by four goals at half time, it was Carey's four third quarter goals that kept them in the game. He played a lone hand up forward with 14 marks, of which 10 were contested, 24 disposals and 6 goals, to once again have the scores level at full-time, before Geelong won by a goal, kicked after the final siren by Gary Ablett.", "He played a lone hand up forward with 14 marks, of which 10 were contested, 24 disposals and 6 goals, to once again have the scores level at full-time, before Geelong won by a goal, kicked after the final siren by Gary Ablett. Carey's 10 contested marks in the preliminary final were an all time AFL record at the time, and his finals performances were made more impressive by the fact that he played both games with a torn calf muscle.", "Carey's 10 contested marks in the preliminary final were an all time AFL record at the time, and his finals performances were made more impressive by the fact that he played both games with a torn calf muscle. \"In the 21 days between tearing the muscle and the end of the Geelong game, Wayne trained for approximately 10 minutes. To then be best on ground in two finals was nothing short of freakish, and a testament to his talent and commitment.\"", "To then be best on ground in two finals was nothing short of freakish, and a testament to his talent and commitment.\" Coach Denis Pagan later said of Carey's finals performances. For the season Carey averaged 9 marks, 19 disposals and 3.3 goals per game. During the first two years of Carey's captaincy at North Melbourne, the Kangaroos registered an impressive 25 wins from the 35 home and away games in which Carey played.", "During the first two years of Carey's captaincy at North Melbourne, the Kangaroos registered an impressive 25 wins from the 35 home and away games in which Carey played. In contrast, they lost all but one of the seven games in which he was absent during the same period. Such was the influence that Carey had on games in which he played, and so much did the Kangaroos struggle in his absence that, in mid-1994, the phenomenon was given a name – 'No Carey, no North'.", "Such was the influence that Carey had on games in which he played, and so much did the Kangaroos struggle in his absence that, in mid-1994, the phenomenon was given a name – 'No Carey, no North'. After leading North Melbourne to the Ansett Cup Premiership in the pre-season, Carey's reputation as the game's number one player continued to grow early in 1995. He kicked 18 goals in North's four pre-season games and was the dominant player on the ground on each occasion.", "He kicked 18 goals in North's four pre-season games and was the dominant player on the ground on each occasion. By mid season, Carey was an unbackable favorite to take out the Brownlow Medal as he dominated games like none before him. Over nine games, from rounds 6 to 14, Carey averaged 11 marks, 22 disposals and 3.8 goals per game in a brilliant run of form. In round seven, he registered a career high 33 disposals against Fitzroy.", "In round seven, he registered a career high 33 disposals against Fitzroy. His best games of the year, however, came later in the season, both against Premiership contenders Richmond. The first was in a come-from-behind last quarter win in round 19, and then four weeks later in a Qualifying Final win – Carey's third dominant finals game in succession. In both games Carey kicked five goals and had 25 and 22 disposals respectively.", "In both games Carey kicked five goals and had 25 and 22 disposals respectively. The season ended on a sour note for Carey, being well held by Jakovich in the Semi-final and then full back of the century Stephen Silvagni in the Preliminary Final, where North Melbourne went down to eventual Premiers Carlton.", "The season ended on a sour note for Carey, being well held by Jakovich in the Semi-final and then full back of the century Stephen Silvagni in the Preliminary Final, where North Melbourne went down to eventual Premiers Carlton. For the season, Carey averaged 7 marks, 18 disposals and 2.6 goals per game, led the league in marks and contested marks and took out a host of individual awards from the media and AFL Players Association as the season's best player.", "For the season, Carey averaged 7 marks, 18 disposals and 2.6 goals per game, led the league in marks and contested marks and took out a host of individual awards from the media and AFL Players Association as the season's best player. Premiership years: 1996, 1999 By 1996, Carey was all but unanimously considered the best player in the AFL. He became known as a master of the pack mark and the long goal.", "He became known as a master of the pack mark and the long goal. He again led the league in marks and contested marks and kicked a career high 82 goals in 1996, one of his most consistent seasons. He kicked a career high 11 goals against Melbourne in Round 17 – a game in which he also tallied 15 marks, 31 disposals and 3 tackles – and followed it up in the next game with 27 disposals and 7 goals against Hawthorn.", "He kicked a career high 11 goals against Melbourne in Round 17 – a game in which he also tallied 15 marks, 31 disposals and 3 tackles – and followed it up in the next game with 27 disposals and 7 goals against Hawthorn. His 12 contested marks in round 17 broke his own record for the most contested marks in a game, which he set two years earlier and remains a record to this day.", "His 12 contested marks in round 17 broke his own record for the most contested marks in a game, which he set two years earlier and remains a record to this day. North went on to win the 1996 premiership, with Carey again a stand out in all three finals games, including the grand final against Sydney, where he was runner-up to Glenn Archer in the Norm Smith Medal voting.", "North went on to win the 1996 premiership, with Carey again a stand out in all three finals games, including the grand final against Sydney, where he was runner-up to Glenn Archer in the Norm Smith Medal voting. He averaged 11 marks, 23 disposals and 2.3 goals during the finals and 8 marks, 19 disposals and 3.3 goals for the season. He won his third best and fairest award in 1996, but finished runner-up to teammate Corey McKernan in the Players' Association MVP award.", "He won his third best and fairest award in 1996, but finished runner-up to teammate Corey McKernan in the Players' Association MVP award. Midway during the 1996 season, Carey has talked about a conversation he had with coach Dennis Pagan, in which he suggested to Carey that he thought he could get more out of himself, and talked about other talented players of the past who didn't quite reach their potential, he hoped he doesn't end up with any regrets.", "Midway during the 1996 season, Carey has talked about a conversation he had with coach Dennis Pagan, in which he suggested to Carey that he thought he could get more out of himself, and talked about other talented players of the past who didn't quite reach their potential, he hoped he doesn't end up with any regrets. Upon leaving the meeting, Carey has stated he thought Pagan had gone funny, given the season he was having, but upon looking back he realised it was a great bit psychology, and it spurred him on to a better second half of the season, which is considered one of his greatest years.", "Upon leaving the meeting, Carey has stated he thought Pagan had gone funny, given the season he was having, but upon looking back he realised it was a great bit psychology, and it spurred him on to a better second half of the season, which is considered one of his greatest years. Eight minutes into the second quarter of the 1997 AFL season, Carey dislocated his left shoulder for the second time in his career and missed much of the season.", "Eight minutes into the second quarter of the 1997 AFL season, Carey dislocated his left shoulder for the second time in his career and missed much of the season. Upon his return in round 13, he spent much of the remainder of the home and away season at centre half back. There was some concern as to whether he would regain top form as he struggled with mobility through the injured shoulder.", "There was some concern as to whether he would regain top form as he struggled with mobility through the injured shoulder. As North entered the finals campaign, Carey assumed his customary centre half forward position and re-established himself as the game's pre-eminent player in a qualifying final against Geelong. In a low scoring game, played in very wet conditions, Carey was dominant with 10 marks and 23 disposals. He also kicked 7 goals and created 2 others, in a team total of 11 goals.", "He also kicked 7 goals and created 2 others, in a team total of 11 goals. It was a performance that Mike Sheahan named Carey's best in the book The Australian Game of Football, released in 2008.", "It was a performance that Mike Sheahan named Carey's best in the book The Australian Game of Football, released in 2008. Prior to round one of the 1998 season, Carey kicked six-second half goals in the Ansett Cup Grand Final against St Kilda, earning himself the Michael Tuck Medal as the best on ground in the pre-season grand final and issuing an ominous warning to the rest of the competition that he was over his injury woes of the previous year.", "Prior to round one of the 1998 season, Carey kicked six-second half goals in the Ansett Cup Grand Final against St Kilda, earning himself the Michael Tuck Medal as the best on ground in the pre-season grand final and issuing an ominous warning to the rest of the competition that he was over his injury woes of the previous year. In one of his greatest seasons, Carey hit arguably the best form of his career in 1998 as he led North Melbourne on a club record 11-game winning streak.", "In one of his greatest seasons, Carey hit arguably the best form of his career in 1998 as he led North Melbourne on a club record 11-game winning streak. During the streak he registered 20 or more disposals and 5 or more goals on 6 separate occasions. Coach Denis Pagan designed the team's offence around Carey, instructing other forwards to draw their direct opponents outside the 50-metre arc to make space for Carey, a tactic which became known as \"Pagan's Paddock\".", "Coach Denis Pagan designed the team's offence around Carey, instructing other forwards to draw their direct opponents outside the 50-metre arc to make space for Carey, a tactic which became known as \"Pagan's Paddock\". In round 15, Carey demolished St Kilda with 14 marks, 26 disposals and 6 goals. The following week five first half goals against West Coast, including one of the goals of the year in the second quarter, saw Glen Jakovich taken to the bench.", "The following week five first half goals against West Coast, including one of the goals of the year in the second quarter, saw Glen Jakovich taken to the bench. His form continued the next week when he kicked 8 goals against Melbourne, to go with 11 marks, 24 disposals and 4 tackles and, three weeks later, Fremantle received the same treatment as Carey again kicked 8 goals and had 25 disposals.", "His form continued the next week when he kicked 8 goals against Melbourne, to go with 11 marks, 24 disposals and 4 tackles and, three weeks later, Fremantle received the same treatment as Carey again kicked 8 goals and had 25 disposals. In the final two rounds Adelaide and the Western Bulldogs had no answers to limit his influence and he was completely dominant in each game, kicking 5 and 4 goals respectively and taking contested marks at will, all around the ground.", "In the final two rounds Adelaide and the Western Bulldogs had no answers to limit his influence and he was completely dominant in each game, kicking 5 and 4 goals respectively and taking contested marks at will, all around the ground. After Carey kicked another 5 goals in the first round of the finals to ensure a comfortable win over Essendon, he had kicked 45 goals in the previous nine games and averaged 22 disposals and 9 marks per game. The winning streak ended on Grand Final day with a loss to Adelaide.", "The winning streak ended on Grand Final day with a loss to Adelaide. For the season, Carey averaged 8 marks, 20 disposals and 3.2 goals per game. He again led the league in marks and contested marks and was runner up in the league goal kicking race behind Tony Lockett, with 80 goals. Carey once again won almost every individual award on offer at season's end, with the noticeable exception of the Brownlow.", "Carey once again won almost every individual award on offer at season's end, with the noticeable exception of the Brownlow. Carey missed five games early in 1999 through injury, and spent much of the year in the forward line closer to goals. He averaged a career high 3.8 goals per game for the season, to go with 7 marks and 18 disposals. He helped North to a 15 and 2 record after his return from injury, in another premiership year for the Kangaroos.", "He helped North to a 15 and 2 record after his return from injury, in another premiership year for the Kangaroos. In round 8, Carey's first game back from injury, he kicked 7 goals against Hawthorn. Once again Carey's late season form was unparalleled, and in the nine games leading up to the Grand Final he averaged 8 marks, 19 disposals and 5.1 goals per game.", "Once again Carey's late season form was unparalleled, and in the nine games leading up to the Grand Final he averaged 8 marks, 19 disposals and 5.1 goals per game. He kicked 9 goals against Geelong in Round 16, followed it up the next week with a 10-goal, 12 mark and 24 disposal performance in a losing side against Essendon and in the wet in a qualifying final against Port Adelaide had 11 marks, 24 disposals and 6 goals in one of his greatest finals performances.", "He kicked 9 goals against Geelong in Round 16, followed it up the next week with a 10-goal, 12 mark and 24 disposal performance in a losing side against Essendon and in the wet in a qualifying final against Port Adelaide had 11 marks, 24 disposals and 6 goals in one of his greatest finals performances. Matched up against Carlton's Stephen Silvagni in the grand final, Carey played a slightly unfamiliar role.", "Matched up against Carlton's Stephen Silvagni in the grand final, Carey played a slightly unfamiliar role. After marking and kicking North Melbourne's opening goal in the first quarter, he struggled to get on top of the Carlton champion and was moved to the midfield after half time.", "After marking and kicking North Melbourne's opening goal in the first quarter, he struggled to get on top of the Carlton champion and was moved to the midfield after half time. He then gathered the most disposals afield in the third quarter and was the catalyst in a dominant quarter for North, before returning to the forward line in the final term to take a spectacular one handed mark and kick the final goal of the game.", "He then gathered the most disposals afield in the third quarter and was the catalyst in a dominant quarter for North, before returning to the forward line in the final term to take a spectacular one handed mark and kick the final goal of the game. Final years with North Melbourne: 2000–2001 By season 2000, Carey had firmly established himself in the minds of most as the greatest player of the modern era and greatest centre half forward ever to play the game.", "Final years with North Melbourne: 2000–2001 By season 2000, Carey had firmly established himself in the minds of most as the greatest player of the modern era and greatest centre half forward ever to play the game. Stints at centre half back and in the midfield that year had him notch consecutive 30-plus possession games and add yet another dimension to his game.", "Stints at centre half back and in the midfield that year had him notch consecutive 30-plus possession games and add yet another dimension to his game. In an incredible run of form over 6 games between rounds 4 and 10, Carey averaged 12 marks, 27 disposals and 3.5 goals per game, playing in a variety of positions.", "In an incredible run of form over 6 games between rounds 4 and 10, Carey averaged 12 marks, 27 disposals and 3.5 goals per game, playing in a variety of positions. Carey's 7 goals and 25 disposals in round 10 against Fremantle, made him only the second player, after Leigh Matthews, to record 5 plus goals and 20 plus disposals in a game for the 30th time in his career.", "Carey's 7 goals and 25 disposals in round 10 against Fremantle, made him only the second player, after Leigh Matthews, to record 5 plus goals and 20 plus disposals in a game for the 30th time in his career. Games against Brisbane and Melbourne in rounds 14 and 17 saw him repeat this feat for the 31st and 32nd time; the most by any player apart from Matthews.", "Games against Brisbane and Melbourne in rounds 14 and 17 saw him repeat this feat for the 31st and 32nd time; the most by any player apart from Matthews. Statistically, 2000 was shaping up as one of Carey's best years and, with just two games left of the Home and Away season, he held averages of 9 marks, 20 disposals and 3.2 goals per game.", "Statistically, 2000 was shaping up as one of Carey's best years and, with just two games left of the Home and Away season, he held averages of 9 marks, 20 disposals and 3.2 goals per game. Towards the end of the season however, Carey began to suffer heavily from the debilitating groin condition Osteitis pubis and his mobility and form subsequently slumped going into the finals. For the season he finished with averages of 8 marks, 18 disposals and 3.0 goals.", "For the season he finished with averages of 8 marks, 18 disposals and 3.0 goals. Carey was runner-up in the Leigh Matthews Trophy for the second year in a row and the fourth time in his career, this time behind Carlton's Anthony Koutoufides. It was his sixth top two finish in the League's MVP award in eight seasons. Going into 2001, his 13th season at North Melbourne and 9th as captain, Carey struggled to maintain consistent form as he battled various injuries.", "Going into 2001, his 13th season at North Melbourne and 9th as captain, Carey struggled to maintain consistent form as he battled various injuries. The physical nature of his play throughout his career began to take its toll on Carey's body, particularly his back, neck and shoulders and he was not able to string more than 5 games together at any point during the season. After round 13, Carey had played just seven games and averaged only 11 disposals and 2.0 goals per game.", "After round 13, Carey had played just seven games and averaged only 11 disposals and 2.0 goals per game. A comparatively injury-free second half of the season saw him play seven of the next eight games and average an improved 14 disposals and 3.0 goals per game. He kicked six goals in round 14 against Melbourne, and the next week, against West Coast, Carey kicked five goals and had a season high 18 disposals in his final game in North Melbourne colours matched up against long time adversary Glen Jakovich.", "He kicked six goals in round 14 against Melbourne, and the next week, against West Coast, Carey kicked five goals and had a season high 18 disposals in his final game in North Melbourne colours matched up against long time adversary Glen Jakovich. In round 21, after playing 14 games and kicking 35 goals that year, Wayne Carey played what would end up being his last game for the North Melbourne Football Club.", "In round 21, after playing 14 games and kicking 35 goals that year, Wayne Carey played what would end up being his last game for the North Melbourne Football Club. Extramarital affair and leaving North Melbourne: 2002 In March 2002 Carey had an extramarital affair with then-best-friend North Melbourne stalwart and Vice Captain Anthony Stevens's wife, Kelli. Carey and Stevens were attending a party at teammate Glenn Archer's house. Carey is quoted as saying Kelli followed him into the toilets, in front of a large crowd including her husband.", "Carey is quoted as saying Kelli followed him into the toilets, in front of a large crowd including her husband. An argument ensued between Carey and Stevens and both subsequently failed to attend football training. In the face of his team being united against him, as well as nationwide condemnation, Carey resigned in disgrace from North Melbourne. Carey's then manager Ricky Nixon famously stated that his client was on \"suicide watch\" during the aftermath. To avoid media attention Carey fled to Las Vegas, USA.", "To avoid media attention Carey fled to Las Vegas, USA. Carey's management later denied speculation that he had trained with the NFL's Dallas Cowboys. Adelaide Crows: 2003–2004 For some time, it was unclear whether Carey would return to AFL football, but after the end of the 2002 season and a 12-month absence from football, Carey was signed by the Adelaide Crows where he played for the next two seasons. Age and injury plagued Carey in 2003 and prevented him from dominating as he once did.", "Age and injury plagued Carey in 2003 and prevented him from dominating as he once did. He did manage to earn a top ten finish in the club best and fairest and kicked the second most goals of any Crow for the year, despite missing eight games. The 2003 season was most memorable for Carey's fiery encounters with his former North Melbourne teammates Glenn Archer and Anthony Stevens in round 6. On that day he kicked four goals, including one of the goals of the year.", "On that day he kicked four goals, including one of the goals of the year. Carey's best performance for 2003 once again came in the finals, an elimination final against West Coast, when he had the most kicks and marks afield and became the 14th player to kick 700 career goals in AFL/VFL history.", "Carey's best performance for 2003 once again came in the finals, an elimination final against West Coast, when he had the most kicks and marks afield and became the 14th player to kick 700 career goals in AFL/VFL history. Carey played the first 11 games in 2004, after which he had taken the most contested marks at Adelaide, was 11 goals clear in the Crows' goal kicking and was coming second in the club best and fairest.", "Carey played the first 11 games in 2004, after which he had taken the most contested marks at Adelaide, was 11 goals clear in the Crows' goal kicking and was coming second in the club best and fairest. Carey's best performance in the Adelaide colours came a week before his 33rd birthday, in round 8 of the 2004 season. He took 9 marks, had 17 disposals and kicked 6 goals, out of a team total of 12, in a heavy loss to Essendon.", "He took 9 marks, had 17 disposals and kicked 6 goals, out of a team total of 12, in a heavy loss to Essendon. Two weeks later, Carey's fourth goal against Hawthorn was one of the goals of the year. Taking a contested mark on the wing, Carey played on, having three bounces and shrugging off a tackle as he ran inside the forward 50. He gave off a handball to teammate Tyson Edwards, who in turn gave the ball back to Carey deep in the forward pocket.", "He gave off a handball to teammate Tyson Edwards, who in turn gave the ball back to Carey deep in the forward pocket. Carey's left foot snap for goal was a highlight in a big win for the Crows. In round 12, Carey left the field early in the second quarter and was later forced to retire with a disc-related neck injury, marking the end of a career that spanned 16 seasons and 272 games and included 727 goals.", "In round 12, Carey left the field early in the second quarter and was later forced to retire with a disc-related neck injury, marking the end of a career that spanned 16 seasons and 272 games and included 727 goals. State of Origin Carey had a relatively short, but successful State of Origin career, and what he describes as significant in his career.", "State of Origin Carey had a relatively short, but successful State of Origin career, and what he describes as significant in his career. Carey first played at the game's highest level in 1990 for New South Wales, in a famous win over Victoria, in the side's only 3rd ever win against the State, Carey scored one goal. In 1992, playing for South Australia against Victoria, Carey played an outstanding game, dominating at centre half forward and kicking two goals.", "In 1992, playing for South Australia against Victoria, Carey played an outstanding game, dominating at centre half forward and kicking two goals. Including the match winner from 55 meters out in the dying moments. Carey had four opponents in the game, dominating them all, including Chris Langford, Danny Frawley and Garry Lyon. Carey has described this game as the moment he knew he belonged in the AFL.", "Carey has described this game as the moment he knew he belonged in the AFL. Saying if he could do well at State of Origin level, a higher level than the AFL, he knew he belonged at AFL level. Carey played for NSW/ACT the following year in the State of Origin Carnival scoring one goal. In the latter half of the 1990s clubs began putting pressure on players to pull out of games due to fear of injury and players began to stop participating.", "In the latter half of the 1990s clubs began putting pressure on players to pull out of games due to fear of injury and players began to stop participating. Australian Football Hall of Fame Carey was inducted into the AFL Hall of Fame in 2010. Although as he was eligible for induction in 2008, his off field troubles with drugs delayed his induction.", "Although as he was eligible for induction in 2008, his off field troubles with drugs delayed his induction. Carey vs Jakovich Throughout much of the 1990s Glen Jakovich was regarded as the premier centre half back in the AFL, and his battles with Carey were a talking point and a season highlight whenever the Eagles and Kangaroos met. Jakovich was one of the very few players who could match Carey for strength in a one-on-one contest and as a result he was often able to limit Carey's dominance.", "Jakovich was one of the very few players who could match Carey for strength in a one-on-one contest and as a result he was often able to limit Carey's dominance. The rivalry gained significant media attention during 1995 when the pair met three times, with Carey being held to a combined total of just 7 marks, 35 disposals and 2 goals. Carey had dominated their encounters in 1993 and 1994, polling Brownlow votes in two out of three games.", "Carey had dominated their encounters in 1993 and 1994, polling Brownlow votes in two out of three games. Statistically, Jakovich held Carey to fewer disposals and goals than any other player could consistently manage. In all they played against each other 18 times—16 while Carey was at North Melbourne and two when he was at Adelaide—first meeting in round 12 of 1992 and last in round 19 of 2003, with Jakovich being able to hold Carey to averages of 6 marks, 14 disposals and 2.1 goals per game.", "In all they played against each other 18 times—16 while Carey was at North Melbourne and two when he was at Adelaide—first meeting in round 12 of 1992 and last in round 19 of 2003, with Jakovich being able to hold Carey to averages of 6 marks, 14 disposals and 2.1 goals per game. By comparison, in the 188 games Carey played against all other opponents in the same period, he averaged 7 marks, 18 disposals and 3.0 goals per game.", "By comparison, in the 188 games Carey played against all other opponents in the same period, he averaged 7 marks, 18 disposals and 3.0 goals per game. Legacy Carey has been named by many media commentators as the greatest footballer to play the game. In 1999, Leigh Matthews, who was voted the greatest player of the 20th century, honoured Carey by saying that he was the best player he had ever seen.", "In 1999, Leigh Matthews, who was voted the greatest player of the 20th century, honoured Carey by saying that he was the best player he had ever seen. In 2008, Carey was named as Australian Football's greatest ever player as part of a list of the top 50 players of all time, published in the book The Australian Game of Football, and placed third in a similar list put together by a panel of football legends in The Age newspaper the same year.", "In 2008, Carey was named as Australian Football's greatest ever player as part of a list of the top 50 players of all time, published in the book The Australian Game of Football, and placed third in a similar list put together by a panel of football legends in The Age newspaper the same year. In 2011, the Herald Sun polled 21 past and present AFL greats, including Carey, to find the players' opinion as to the greatest player of the AFL era.", "In 2011, the Herald Sun polled 21 past and present AFL greats, including Carey, to find the players' opinion as to the greatest player of the AFL era. Carey topped the list, polling 85 of a possible 100 votes, 26 votes ahead of second placed Gary Ablett Sr. \"Sure Got Me\" on Paul Kelly's 2004 double album Ways & Means recounts the love triangle involving Carey, Anthony Stevens, and Stevens' wife, Kelli.", "Carey topped the list, polling 85 of a possible 100 votes, 26 votes ahead of second placed Gary Ablett Sr. \"Sure Got Me\" on Paul Kelly's 2004 double album Ways & Means recounts the love triangle involving Carey, Anthony Stevens, and Stevens' wife, Kelli. Hunters & Collectors frontman Mark Seymour also wrote a song inspired by the affair, but declined to release it after learning of Kelly's take on the events.", "Hunters & Collectors frontman Mark Seymour also wrote a song inspired by the affair, but declined to release it after learning of Kelly's take on the events. Jock Cheese, bassist of the satirical Melbourne band TISM, released a tribute to Carey titled \"Why Don't You Get A Bigger Set of Tits?\" on his 2002 solo album Platter. Statistics Carey's career total of 727 goals ranks him equal 16th in VFL/AFL history, and his 671 goals for North Melbourne is the club record.", "Statistics Carey's career total of 727 goals ranks him equal 16th in VFL/AFL history, and his 671 goals for North Melbourne is the club record. |- style=\"background-color: #EAEAEA\" ! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1989 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 40 || 4 || 0 || 2 || 26 || 8 || 34 || 14 || 4 || 0.0 || 0.5 || 6.5 || 2.0 || 8.5 || 3.5 || 1.0 |- !", "scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1989 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 40 || 4 || 0 || 2 || 26 || 8 || 34 || 14 || 4 || 0.0 || 0.5 || 6.5 || 2.0 || 8.5 || 3.5 || 1.0 |- ! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1990 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 18 || 21 || 38 || 23 || 196 || 94 || 290 || 98 || 18 || 1.8 || 1.1 || 9.3 || 4.5 || 13.8 || 4.7 || 0.9 |- style=\"background-color: #EAEAEA\" !", "scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1990 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 18 || 21 || 38 || 23 || 196 || 94 || 290 || 98 || 18 || 1.8 || 1.1 || 9.3 || 4.5 || 13.8 || 4.7 || 0.9 |- style=\"background-color: #EAEAEA\" ! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1991 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 18 || 14 || 28 || 21 || 132 || 56 || 188 || 84 || 10 || 2.0 || 1.5 || 9.4 || 4.0 || 13.4 || 6.0 || 0.7 |- !", "scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1991 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 18 || 14 || 28 || 21 || 132 || 56 || 188 || 84 || 10 || 2.0 || 1.5 || 9.4 || 4.0 || 13.4 || 6.0 || 0.7 |- ! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1992 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 18 || 21 || 46 || 32 || 278 || 107 || 385 || 157 || 26 || 2.2 || 1.5 || 13.2 || 5.1 || 18.3 || 7.5 || 1.2 |- style=\"background-color: #EAEAEA\" !", "scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1992 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 18 || 21 || 46 || 32 || 278 || 107 || 385 || 157 || 26 || 2.2 || 1.5 || 13.2 || 5.1 || 18.3 || 7.5 || 1.2 |- style=\"background-color: #EAEAEA\" ! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1993 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 18 || 19 || 64 || 44 || 216 || 123 || 339 || 150 || 21 || 3.4 || 2.3 || 11.4 || 6.5 || 17.8 || 7.9 || 1.1 |- !", "scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1993 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 18 || 19 || 64 || 44 || 216 || 123 || 339 || 150 || 21 || 3.4 || 2.3 || 11.4 || 6.5 || 17.8 || 7.9 || 1.1 |- ! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1994 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 18 || 19 || 63 || 42 || 237 || 116 || 353 || 164 || 13 || 3.3 || 2.2 || 12.5 || 6.1 || 18.6 || 8.6 || 0.7 |- style=\"background-color: #EAEAEA\" !", "scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1994 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 18 || 19 || 63 || 42 || 237 || 116 || 353 || 164 || 13 || 3.3 || 2.2 || 12.5 || 6.1 || 18.6 || 8.6 || 0.7 |- style=\"background-color: #EAEAEA\" ! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1995 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 18 || 25 || 65 || 46 || 309 || 143|| 452 || 187 || 28 || 2.6 || 1.8 || 12.4 || 5.7 || 18.1 || 7.5 || 1.1 |- |style=\"text-align:center;background:#afe6ba;\"|1996† |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 18 || 25 || 82 || 55 || 332 || 154 || 486 || 200 || 31 || 3.3 || 2.2 || 13.3 || 6.2 || 19.4 || 8.0 || 1.2 |- style=\"background-color: #EAEAEA\" !", "scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1995 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 18 || 25 || 65 || 46 || 309 || 143|| 452 || 187 || 28 || 2.6 || 1.8 || 12.4 || 5.7 || 18.1 || 7.5 || 1.1 |- |style=\"text-align:center;background:#afe6ba;\"|1996† |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 18 || 25 || 82 || 55 || 332 || 154 || 486 || 200 || 31 || 3.3 || 2.2 || 13.3 || 6.2 || 19.4 || 8.0 || 1.2 |- style=\"background-color: #EAEAEA\" ! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1997 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 18 || 14 || 25 || 15 || 160 || 66 || 226 || 74 || 14 || 1.8 || 1.1 || 11.4 || 4.7 || 16.1 || 5.3 || 1.0 |- !", "scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1997 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 18 || 14 || 25 || 15 || 160 || 66 || 226 || 74 || 14 || 1.8 || 1.1 || 11.4 || 4.7 || 16.1 || 5.3 || 1.0 |- ! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1998 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 18 || 25 || 80 || 49 || 368 || 121 || 489 || 193 || 40 || 3.2 || 2.0 || 14.7 || 4.8 || 19.6 || 7.7 || 1.6 |- style=\"background-color: #EAEAEA\" !", "scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1998 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 18 || 25 || 80 || 49 || 368 || 121 || 489 || 193 || 40 || 3.2 || 2.0 || 14.7 || 4.8 || 19.6 || 7.7 || 1.6 |- style=\"background-color: #EAEAEA\" ! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1999 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 18 || 20 || 76 || 39 || 253 || 100 || 353 || 145 || 33 || 3.8 || 2.0 || 12.7 || 5.0 || 17.7 || 7.3 || 1.7 |- !", "scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 1999 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 18 || 20 || 76 || 39 || 253 || 100 || 353 || 145 || 33 || 3.8 || 2.0 || 12.7 || 5.0 || 17.7 || 7.3 || 1.7 |- ! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 2000 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 18 || 23 || 69 || 37 || 336 || 86 || 422 || 176 || 35 || 3.0 || 1.6 || 14.6 || 3.7 || 18.3 || 7.7 || 1.5 |- style=\"background-color: #EAEAEA\" !", "scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 2000 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 18 || 23 || 69 || 37 || 336 || 86 || 422 || 176 || 35 || 3.0 || 1.6 || 14.6 || 3.7 || 18.3 || 7.7 || 1.5 |- style=\"background-color: #EAEAEA\" ! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 2001 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 18 || 14 || 35 || 11 || 137 || 37 || 174 || 69 || 13 || 2.5 || 0.8 || 9.8 || 2.6 || 12.4 || 4.9 || 0.9 |- !", "scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 2001 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 18 || 14 || 35 || 11 || 137 || 37 || 174 || 69 || 13 || 2.5 || 0.8 || 9.8 || 2.6 || 12.4 || 4.9 || 0.9 |- ! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 2003 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 2 || 16 || 29 || 19 || 136 || 35 || 171 || 62 || 21 || 1.8 || 1.2 || 8.5 || 2.2 || 10.7 || 3.9 || 1.3 |- style=\"background-color: #EAEAEA\" !", "scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 2003 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 2 || 16 || 29 || 19 || 136 || 35 || 171 || 62 || 21 || 1.8 || 1.2 || 8.5 || 2.2 || 10.7 || 3.9 || 1.3 |- style=\"background-color: #EAEAEA\" ! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 2004 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 2 || 12 || 27 || 22 || 101 || 26 || 127 || 57 || 12 || 2.3 || 1.8 || 8.4 || 2.2 || 10.6 || 4.8 || 1.0 |- class=\"sortbottom\" !", "scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 2004 |style=\"text-align:center;\"| | 2 || 12 || 27 || 22 || 101 || 26 || 127 || 57 || 12 || 2.3 || 1.8 || 8.4 || 2.2 || 10.6 || 4.8 || 1.0 |- class=\"sortbottom\" ! colspan=3| Career ! 272 ! 727 ! 457 ! 3217 ! 1272 ! 4489 ! 1830 ! 319 ! 2.7 ! 1.7 ! 11.8 ! 4.7 ! 16.5 ! 6.7 !", "4489 ! 1830 ! 319 ! 2.7 ! 1.7 ! 11.8 ! 4.7 ! 16.5 ! 6.7 ! 6.7 ! 1.2 |} Post-playing career In early 2005, Carey agreed to assist former coach and mentor Denis Pagan at the Carlton Football Club, acting voluntarily as a part-time skills coach. In 2006 he was an assistant coach at Collingwood Football Club. Carey also worked as a commentator and host of shows on the Fox Footy Channel throughout the 2006 season.", "Carey also worked as a commentator and host of shows on the Fox Footy Channel throughout the 2006 season. In 2007 he participated in the Nine Network football analysis program Footy Classified, as well as special comments for radio station 3AW's football coverage. Subsequent to his dual arrests for domestic violence and assault he was sacked from both positions. In 2009, Carey was approached in a confidential meeting with influential North Melbourne board member Ron Joseph to return to the club as coach in a succession plan which also involved Malcolm Blight.", "In 2009, Carey was approached in a confidential meeting with influential North Melbourne board member Ron Joseph to return to the club as coach in a succession plan which also involved Malcolm Blight. Carey confirmed this when queried by noted football journalist Damian Barrett in May 2021. In 2012 Carey joined the Triple M Melbourne AFL commentary team and One HD's The Game Plan, however the latter was cancelled mid-season. In 2013, he joined The Marngrook Footy Show on National Indigenous Television as a regular panelist.", "In 2013, he joined The Marngrook Footy Show on National Indigenous Television as a regular panelist. Later that year he joined the Seven Network to host a series of Talking Footy specials alongside Bruce McAvaney, Luke Darcy and Andrew Demetriou, to cover both the Essendon drugs scandal and the finals series. In 2014, Carey joined the Seven Network as a Friday night commentator and also a permanent panelist on Talking Footy.", "In 2014, Carey joined the Seven Network as a Friday night commentator and also a permanent panelist on Talking Footy. Domestic violence, assault, arrests, drug abuse and scandals In 1997 Carey pleaded guilty to indecent assault after grabbing a passing woman's breast on a Melbourne city street after 12 hours of drinking with teammates. He allegedly told her \"Why don't you get a bigger pair of tits\". Carey later settled out of court when the woman filed a civil suit against him.", "Carey later settled out of court when the woman filed a civil suit against him. In 2000 Carey provided character evidence for Jason Moran, an infamous gangster who was subsequently murdered in Melbourne's gang war. In 2004, while holidaying with his then wife, Carey was subject to arrest for a misdemeanour battery report while holidaying in Las Vegas. He was placed in custody for one night then released. The local District Attorney elected not to pursue the case.", "The local District Attorney elected not to pursue the case. Carey again became the subject of public comment in February 2006 when he announced he was leaving his pregnant wife Sally for model Kate Neilson. His daughter Ella was born six weeks later. In December 2006 Neilson allegedly reported Carey to Australian police for domestic violence, alleging he had punched her in the face. Neilson and Carey denied this report.", "Neilson and Carey denied this report. Neilson and Carey denied this report. Subsequently, US security guard Kyle Banks told the Nine Network's A Current Affair he saw Carey attacking Neilson while working at the exclusive W Hotel in New York City in October 2006. Banks said he saw Carey break a bottle of French champagne over his own head. On 27 January 2008 Carey was arrested after reports of a disturbance at his Port Melbourne apartment.", "On 27 January 2008 Carey was arrested after reports of a disturbance at his Port Melbourne apartment. Police had to subdue Carey with capsicum spray and he was seen hand-cuffed after allegedly assaulting the officers. Two days later, the Nine Network announced it would not renew the television contract of Carey after it was revealed that Carey had been arrested and charged with assaulting a police officer and Neilson in Miami, Florida, on 27 October 2007, after he allegedly glassed Neilsen in the face and neck with a wine glass.", "Two days later, the Nine Network announced it would not renew the television contract of Carey after it was revealed that Carey had been arrested and charged with assaulting a police officer and Neilson in Miami, Florida, on 27 October 2007, after he allegedly glassed Neilsen in the face and neck with a wine glass. Police Lieutenant Bill Schwartz, however, reported: When officers went and spoke to him, he immediately was belligerent, starting striking out at the officers, in fact, kicked one of the female officers in the face with his foot, elbowed another one in the side of the face.", "Police Lieutenant Bill Schwartz, however, reported: When officers went and spoke to him, he immediately was belligerent, starting striking out at the officers, in fact, kicked one of the female officers in the face with his foot, elbowed another one in the side of the face. They had to wrestle him down and handcuff him. When he was in the police car, he used his head as a battering ram and tried to smash a hole between the front compartment of the police car and the prisoner compartment.", "When he was in the police car, he used his head as a battering ram and tried to smash a hole between the front compartment of the police car and the prisoner compartment. To stop Carey harming himself and damaging the car, the officers put him into a leather hobble restraint around his hands and legs. Carey faced up to fifteen years in jail and 30,000 fines. Additionally Carey was fired from commentary jobs at 3AW and the Nine Network following the coverage of the two arrests.", "Additionally Carey was fired from commentary jobs at 3AW and the Nine Network following the coverage of the two arrests. Ultimately Carey pleaded guilty to assaulting and resisting Miami police. In exchange for his guilty pleas, prosecutors agreed that Carey should only serve 50 hours of community service, attend alcohol- and anger-management classes, serve two years probation, and pay US$500 to a Miami police charity. As a consequence of his criminal record in the United States, Carey was refused an entry visa in October 2009.", "As a consequence of his criminal record in the United States, Carey was refused an entry visa in October 2009. In March 2008 Carey publicly revealed he was, for a long period, an abuser of alcohol and cocaine. He was interviewed by Andrew Denton on Enough Rope, where he talked candidly about his life and recent controversies. 1.5 million viewers tuned into the highly publicised interview.", "1.5 million viewers tuned into the highly publicised interview. 1.5 million viewers tuned into the highly publicised interview. Carey was attempting to visit Barwon Prison in February 2012 to speak to indigenous inmates as part of a mentoring program, however he was found to have traces of cocaine on his clothing following a routine drug scan. Carey was informed that he could enter the prison if he submitted to a strip search. He declined and left the correctional facility.", "He declined and left the correctional facility. He declined and left the correctional facility. References Further reading External links 1971 births Living people Australian rules footballers from New South Wales North Melbourne Football Club players North Melbourne Football Club Premiership players Syd Barker Medal winners Adelaide Football Club players All-Australians (AFL) Australian Football Hall of Fame inductees Leigh Matthews Trophy winners New South Wales Australian rules football State of Origin players South Australian State of Origin players North Adelaide Football Club players Australian rules football commentators Australia international rules football team players Australian people convicted of assault Australian people convicted of indecent assault Two-time VFL/AFL Premiership players" ]

[ "Steven Seagal", "Martial arts" ]

[ "The Darkest Sword, also known as Hei jian gui jing tian (), is a 1970 Hong Kong action martial arts film directed by Lung Chien, produced by Yuan Hsiang Wu, and starring Ching-Ching Chang and Pin Chiang.\n\nPlot \n\nTun-Shan is grieved because he unintentionally killed an enemy and doesn't want to fight anymore. Then, he destroys his sword. Meanwhile, Su-Chen, in love with him, convinces him to start fighting again.\n\nCast\n\n Ching-Ching Chang\t\t\n Pin Chiang\n Yuan Yi\t\n Ming-Ming Hsiao\n Min-Hsiung Wu\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\n1970 films\n1970 martial arts films\n1970s action films\n1970s martial arts films\n1970s Cantonese-language films\nFilms shot in Hong Kong\nHong Kong action films\nHong Kong films\nHong Kong films about revenge\nHong Kong martial arts films\nKung fu films\n1970s Mandarin-language films\nFilms directed by Lung Chien", "Cage is a 1989 American martial arts action film starring Reb Brown and Lou Ferrigno.\n\nPlot\nA GI in the Vietnam War saves his buddy's life, but in the process is shot in the head. The injury results in brain damage to the point where he basically has a child's brain in a (very large) man's body. When they get out of the army the two open up a bar together, but some local gangsters make things tough for them after they refuse to take part in brutal \"cage\" matches where fighters battle to the point of serious injury and/or death.\n\nCast\n Lou Ferrigno as Billy Thomas\n Reb Brown as Scott Monroe\n Michael Dante as Tony Baccola\n Mike Moroff as Mario\n Marilyn Tokuda as Morgan Garrett\n Al Leong as Tiger Joe\n James Shigeta as Tin Lum Yin\n Branscombe Richmond as Diablo\n Tiger Chung Lee as Chang\n Al Ruscio as Costello\n Daniel Martine as Mono\n Rion Hunter as Chao Tung\n Dana Lee as Pang\n Maggie Mae Miller as Meme\n Paul Sorensen as Matt\n Danny Trejo as Costello's Bodyguard (uncredited)\n\nPre-Production\nWhen cast, Lou Ferrigno did extensive research on underground cage match style fighting, soldier life after injuries, and P.T.S.D. Reb Brown did not.\n\nReception\n\nThe film received a modest reception from critics.\n\nKevin Thomas of the Los Angeles Times called it \"An exceptionally stylish and dynamic martial-arts movie\".\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n \n \n\n1989 films\n1989 martial arts films\nAmerican martial arts films\nAmerican films\nMartial arts tournament films\nUnderground fighting films\nVietnam War films" ]

[ "Steven Frederic Seagal (; born April 10, 1952) is an American actor, screenwriter and martial artist. Seagal was born in Lansing, Michigan. A 7th-dan black belt in aikido, he began his adult life as a martial arts instructor in Japan, becoming the first foreigner to operate an aikido dojo in the country. He later moved to Los Angeles, California, where he had the same profession. In 1988, Seagal made his acting debut in Above the Law.", "In 1988, Seagal made his acting debut in Above the Law. By 1991, he had starred in four films. In 1992, he played Navy SEAL counter-terrorist expert Casey Ryback in Under Siege. During the latter half of the 1990s, Seagal starred in three more feature films and the direct-to-video film The Patriot. Subsequently, his career shifted to mostly direct-to-video productions. He has since appeared in films and reality shows, including Steven Seagal: Lawman, which depicted Seagal performing his duties as a reserve deputy sheriff.", "He has since appeared in films and reality shows, including Steven Seagal: Lawman, which depicted Seagal performing his duties as a reserve deputy sheriff. Seagal is a guitarist and has released two studio albums, Songs from the Crystal Cave and Mojo Priest, and performed on the scores of several of his films. He has worked with Stevie Wonder and Tony Rebel, who both performed on his debut album. He has also been involved in a line of \"therapeutic oil\" products and energy drinks.", "He has also been involved in a line of \"therapeutic oil\" products and energy drinks. In addition, Seagal is an environmentalist, animal rights activist, and supporter of 14th Dalai Lama Tenzin Gyatso. He is a supporter of Vladimir Putin, to whom he once referred as \"one of the great living world leaders\". He was granted both Russian and Serbian citizenship in 2016.", "He was granted both Russian and Serbian citizenship in 2016. In 2018, he was appointed Russia's special envoy to the U.S. From 1996 to 2018, multiple women accused Seagal of sexual harassment or assault. Early life Steven Frederic Seagal was born in Lansing, Michigan on April 10, 1952, the son of medical technician Patricia (1930–2003) and high school mathematics teacher Samuel Seagal (1928–1991). His mother was of Irish descent, while his father was Jewish.", "His mother was of Irish descent, while his father was Jewish. When he was five years old, he moved with his parents to Fullerton, California. His mother later told People magazine that prior to the move Seagal was frail and suffered from asthma: \"He was a puny kid back then. But he really thrived after the move [from Michigan].\" Seagal attended Buena Park High School in Buena Park, California, and Fullerton College between 1970 and 1971.", "Seagal attended Buena Park High School in Buena Park, California, and Fullerton College between 1970 and 1971. As a teen, he spent much time in his garage listening to loud rock music. However, it was while working with a friendly old Japanese man at a dojo in Garden Grove that he was encouraged to visit Japan. Martial arts Seagal moved to Japan at some point between 1971 and 1973. By 1974, he had returned to California.", "By 1974, he had returned to California. By 1974, he had returned to California. That year he met Miyako Fujitani, a second-degree black belt and daughter of an Osaka aikido master who had come to Los Angeles to teach aikido. When Miyako returned to Osaka, Seagal went with her. The following year they married and had a son, Kentaro, and a daughter, Ayako.", "The following year they married and had a son, Kentaro, and a daughter, Ayako. He taught at the school owned by Miyako's family (though he is often stated to have been the first non-Asian to open a dojo in Japan). As of 1990, Miyako and her brother still taught there, and her mother was the chairwoman.", "As of 1990, Miyako and her brother still taught there, and her mother was the chairwoman. Seagal initially returned to Taos, New Mexico, with his student (and later film stuntman) Craig Dunn, where they opened a dojo, although Seagal spent much of his time pursuing other ventures. After another period in Japan, Seagal returned to the U.S. in 1983 with senior student Haruo Matsuoka. They opened an aikido dojo, initially in North Hollywood, California, but later moved it to the city of West Hollywood.", "They opened an aikido dojo, initially in North Hollywood, California, but later moved it to the city of West Hollywood. Seagal left Matsuoka in charge of the dojo, which the latter ran until the two parted ways in 1997. Seagal helped train Brazilian mixed martial artist Lyoto Machida, who credited Seagal for helping him perfect the front kick that he used to knock out Randy Couture at UFC 129 in May 2011.", "Seagal helped train Brazilian mixed martial artist Lyoto Machida, who credited Seagal for helping him perfect the front kick that he used to knock out Randy Couture at UFC 129 in May 2011. Career 1987–2002 In 1987, Seagal began work on his first film, Above the Law (titled Nico in Europe), with director Andrew Davis. Following its success, Seagal's subsequent movies were Hard to Kill, Marked for Death, and Out for Justice; all were box office hits, making him an action hero.", "Following its success, Seagal's subsequent movies were Hard to Kill, Marked for Death, and Out for Justice; all were box office hits, making him an action hero. Later, he achieved wider, mainstream success in 1992 with the release of Under Siege (1992), which reunited Seagal with director Andrew Davis. Seagal hosted the April 20, 1991 episode of the late night variety show Saturday Night Live, which aired as the 18th episode of the 16th season.", "Seagal hosted the April 20, 1991 episode of the late night variety show Saturday Night Live, which aired as the 18th episode of the 16th season. The series' long-time producer Lorne Michaels and the cast-members David Spade and Tim Meadows regarded Seagal as the show's worst-ever host. Spade and Meadows cite Seagal's humorlessness, his ill-treatment of the show's cast and writers, and his refusal to do a \"Hans and Franz\" sketch because that skit's title characters stated that they could beat up Seagal.", "Spade and Meadows cite Seagal's humorlessness, his ill-treatment of the show's cast and writers, and his refusal to do a \"Hans and Franz\" sketch because that skit's title characters stated that they could beat up Seagal. Seagal was never invited back to the show following that episode. Meadows commented, \"He didn't realize that you can't tell somebody they're stupid on Wednesday and expect them to continue writing for you on Saturday.\"", "Meadows commented, \"He didn't realize that you can't tell somebody they're stupid on Wednesday and expect them to continue writing for you on Saturday.\" The cast and crew's difficulties with Seagal were later echoed on-air by Michaels during guest host Nicolas Cage's monologue in the September 26, 1992 Season 18 premiere. When Cage worried that he would do so poorly that the audience would regard him as \"the biggest jerk who's ever been on the show\", Michaels replied, \"No, no.", "When Cage worried that he would do so poorly that the audience would regard him as \"the biggest jerk who's ever been on the show\", Michaels replied, \"No, no. That would be Steven Seagal.\" Seagal directed and starred in On Deadly Ground (1994), featuring Michael Caine, R. Lee Ermey, and Billy Bob Thornton in minor supporting roles. The film emphasized environmental and spiritual themes, signaling a break with his previous persona as a genre-ready inner-city cop.", "The film emphasized environmental and spiritual themes, signaling a break with his previous persona as a genre-ready inner-city cop. On Deadly Ground was poorly received by critics, especially denouncing Seagal's long environmental speech in the film. Regardless, Seagal considers it one of the most important and relevant moments in his career. Seagal followed this with a sequel to one of his most successful films, Under Siege, titled Under Siege 2: Dark Territory (1995).", "Seagal followed this with a sequel to one of his most successful films, Under Siege, titled Under Siege 2: Dark Territory (1995). In 1996, he had a role in the Kurt Russell film Executive Decision, portraying a special ops soldier who only appears in the film's first 45 minutes. The same year, he filmed a police drama The Glimmer Man (1996).", "The same year, he filmed a police drama The Glimmer Man (1996). In another environmentally conscious and commercially unsuccessful film, Fire Down Below (1997), he played an EPA Office of Enforcement and Compliance Assurance agent fighting industrialists dumping toxic waste in the Kentucky hills. In 1998, Seagal made The Patriot, another environmental thriller which was his first direct-to-video release in the United States (though it was released theatrically in most of the world).", "In 1998, Seagal made The Patriot, another environmental thriller which was his first direct-to-video release in the United States (though it was released theatrically in most of the world). Seagal produced this film with his own money, and the film was shot on-location on and near his farm in Montana. After producing Prince of Central Park, Seagal returned to cinema screens with the release of Exit Wounds in March 2001.", "After producing Prince of Central Park, Seagal returned to cinema screens with the release of Exit Wounds in March 2001. The film had fewer martial arts scenes than Seagal's previous films, but it was a commercial success, taking almost $80 million worldwide. However, he was unable to capitalize on this success and his next two projects were both critical and commercial failures. The movie Ticker, co-starring Tom Sizemore and Dennis Hopper, was filmed in San Francisco before Exit Wounds, and went straight to DVD.", "The movie Ticker, co-starring Tom Sizemore and Dennis Hopper, was filmed in San Francisco before Exit Wounds, and went straight to DVD. Half Past Dead, starring hip hop star Ja Rule, made less than $20 million worldwide.", "Half Past Dead, starring hip hop star Ja Rule, made less than $20 million worldwide. 2003 to present day: direct-to-video films and television Other than his role as a villain in Robert Rodriguez's Machete, all of the films Seagal has made since the latter half of 2001 have been released direct-to-video (DTV) in North America, with some theatrical releases to other countries around the world.", "2003 to present day: direct-to-video films and television Other than his role as a villain in Robert Rodriguez's Machete, all of the films Seagal has made since the latter half of 2001 have been released direct-to-video (DTV) in North America, with some theatrical releases to other countries around the world. Seagal is credited as a producer and sometimes a writer on many of these DTV movies, which include Black Dawn, Belly of the Beast, Out of Reach, Submerged, Kill Switch, Urban Justice, Pistol Whipped, Against the Dark, Driven to Kill, A Dangerous Man, Born to Raise Hell, and The Keeper.", "Seagal is credited as a producer and sometimes a writer on many of these DTV movies, which include Black Dawn, Belly of the Beast, Out of Reach, Submerged, Kill Switch, Urban Justice, Pistol Whipped, Against the Dark, Driven to Kill, A Dangerous Man, Born to Raise Hell, and The Keeper. In 2009, A&E Network premiered the reality television series Steven Seagal: Lawman, focusing on Seagal as a deputy in Jefferson Parish, Louisiana.", "In 2009, A&E Network premiered the reality television series Steven Seagal: Lawman, focusing on Seagal as a deputy in Jefferson Parish, Louisiana. In the 2010s, Seagal's direct-to-video films increasingly started to become ensemble pieces, with Seagal playing minor or supporting roles, despite the fact that he often received top billing. Maximum Conviction, Force of Execution, Gutshot Straight, Code of Honor, Sniper: Special Ops, The Asian Connection, The Perfect Weapon, Cartels, and China Salesman all exemplify this trend.", "Maximum Conviction, Force of Execution, Gutshot Straight, Code of Honor, Sniper: Special Ops, The Asian Connection, The Perfect Weapon, Cartels, and China Salesman all exemplify this trend. This has led some commentators to criticize Seagal for his low-effort participation in movies which heavily promote his involvement. In 2011, Seagal produced and starred in an American television action series entitled True Justice. The series first aired on Nitro, a TV station in Spain, on May 12, 2011.", "The series first aired on Nitro, a TV station in Spain, on May 12, 2011. It premiered in the UK on 5 USA, with the first episode broadcast July 20, 2011. April 26, 2012 the series was renewed for a second season airing on ReelzChannel July 4, 2012. In the UK, True Justice has been repackaged as a series of DVD \"movies,\" with each disc editing together two episodes.", "In the UK, True Justice has been repackaged as a series of DVD \"movies,\" with each disc editing together two episodes. Themes and motifs Many of Seagal's films share unique elements which have become characteristic of his body of work.", "Themes and motifs Many of Seagal's films share unique elements which have become characteristic of his body of work. His characters often have an elite past affiliation with the CIA, Special Forces, or Black Ops (for example, Casey Ryback in Under Siege, a former Navy SEAL, Jack Cole in The Glimmer Man, an ex-CIA police detective, or Jonathan Cold in The Foreigner and Black Dawn, an ex-CIA Black Ops freelancer).", "His characters often have an elite past affiliation with the CIA, Special Forces, or Black Ops (for example, Casey Ryback in Under Siege, a former Navy SEAL, Jack Cole in The Glimmer Man, an ex-CIA police detective, or Jonathan Cold in The Foreigner and Black Dawn, an ex-CIA Black Ops freelancer). His characters differ from those of other action movie icons by virtue of their near-invulnerability; they almost never face any significant physical threat, easily overpowering any opposition and never facing bodily harm or even temporary defeat.", "His characters differ from those of other action movie icons by virtue of their near-invulnerability; they almost never face any significant physical threat, easily overpowering any opposition and never facing bodily harm or even temporary defeat. A notable exception is 2010's Machete, which features Seagal in a rare villainous role. In 2008, author and critic Vern (no last name) published Seagalogy, a work which examines Seagal's filmography using the framework of auteur theory.", "In 2008, author and critic Vern (no last name) published Seagalogy, a work which examines Seagal's filmography using the framework of auteur theory. The book divides Seagal's filmography into different chronological \"eras\" with distinct thematic elements. The book was updated in 2012 to include more recent films and Seagal's work on the reality TV show Steven Seagal: Lawman. Other ventures Music Seagal plays the guitar. His songs have been featured in several of his movies, including Fire Down Below and Ticker.", "His songs have been featured in several of his movies, including Fire Down Below and Ticker. Among his extensive collection are guitars previously owned by \"the Kings\"; Albert, BB, and Freddie, as well as Bo Diddley, Stevie Ray Vaughan, Buddy Guy, Howlin' Wolf, Muddy Waters, and Jimi Hendrix. In 2005, he released his first album, Songs from the Crystal Cave, which has a mix of pop, world, country, and blues music.", "In 2005, he released his first album, Songs from the Crystal Cave, which has a mix of pop, world, country, and blues music. It features duets with Tony Rebel, Lt. Stichie, Lady Saw, and Stevie Wonder. The soundtrack to Seagal's 2005 film Into the Sun features several songs from the album. One of his album tracks, \"Girl It's Alright\", was also released as a single in several countries alongside an accompanying music video.", "One of his album tracks, \"Girl It's Alright\", was also released as a single in several countries alongside an accompanying music video. Seagal's second album, titled Mojo Priest, was released in April 2006. Subsequently, he spent the summer of 2006 touring the United States and Europe with his band, Thunderbox, in support of the album. Law enforcement work Seagal has been a Reserve Deputy Chief in the Jefferson Parish, Louisiana Sheriff's Office.", "Law enforcement work Seagal has been a Reserve Deputy Chief in the Jefferson Parish, Louisiana Sheriff's Office. In the late 1980s, after teaching the deputies martial arts, unarmed combat, and marksmanship, then-sheriff Harry Lee (1932–2007) was so impressed that he asked Seagal to join the force. Seagal allegedly graduated from a police academy in Los Angeles over twenty years prior and has a certificate from Peace Officer Standards & Training (POST), an organization that accredits California police officers.", "Seagal allegedly graduated from a police academy in Los Angeles over twenty years prior and has a certificate from Peace Officer Standards & Training (POST), an organization that accredits California police officers. However, POST officials in California and Louisiana have no record of Seagal being certified, and Seagal's rank in Louisiana is therefore ceremonial. Steven Seagal: Lawman, a series which follows his work in the Jefferson Parish Sheriff's Office, premiered on A&E on December 2, 2009.", "Steven Seagal: Lawman, a series which follows his work in the Jefferson Parish Sheriff's Office, premiered on A&E on December 2, 2009. Seagal stated that \"I've decided to work with A&E on this series now because I believe it's important to show the nation all the positive work being accomplished here in Louisiana—to see the passion and commitment that comes from the Jefferson Parish Sheriff's Office in this post-Katrina environment.\"", "Seagal stated that \"I've decided to work with A&E on this series now because I believe it's important to show the nation all the positive work being accomplished here in Louisiana—to see the passion and commitment that comes from the Jefferson Parish Sheriff's Office in this post-Katrina environment.\" The series premiere drew 3.6 million viewers, ranking as best season opener for any original A&E series ever.", "The series premiere drew 3.6 million viewers, ranking as best season opener for any original A&E series ever. On April 14, 2010, the series was suspended by Jefferson Parish Sheriff Newell Normand due to a sexual trafficking lawsuit filed against Seagal. The suit was later dropped. A&E resumed the show for the second season, which began on October 6, 2010. Production on Season 3 started in February 2011, with a change of location from Louisiana to Maricopa County, Arizona.", "Production on Season 3 started in February 2011, with a change of location from Louisiana to Maricopa County, Arizona. Two episodes were scheduled to be aired, beginning on January 4, 2012. Shortly before the episodes were to be aired, Season 3 was suspended, with no explanations given. Season 3 premiered on January 2, 2014, but the show was not renewed for a fourth season.", "Season 3 premiered on January 2, 2014, but the show was not renewed for a fourth season. In October 2011, Seagal was sworn-in as the Sheriff department’s deputy sheriff of Hudspeth County, Texas, a law department responsible for patrolling a 98-mile stretch of the Texas-Mexico border. Business ventures In 2005, Seagal Enterprises began to market an energy drink known as \"Steven Seagal's Lightning Bolt\", but it has since been discontinued.", "Business ventures In 2005, Seagal Enterprises began to market an energy drink known as \"Steven Seagal's Lightning Bolt\", but it has since been discontinued. Seagal has also marketed an aftershave called \"Scent of Action\", and a range of knives and weapons. In 2013, Seagal joined newly formed Russian firearms manufacturer ORSIS, representing the company in both a promotional capacity as well as lobbying for the easement of US import restrictions on Russian sporting firearms.", "In 2013, Seagal joined newly formed Russian firearms manufacturer ORSIS, representing the company in both a promotional capacity as well as lobbying for the easement of US import restrictions on Russian sporting firearms. It was also announced he would work with the company to develop a signature long-range rifle known provisionally as \"ORSIS by Steven Seagal\". Personal life Seagal has an extensive sword collection, and at one time had a custom gun made for him once a month.", "Personal life Seagal has an extensive sword collection, and at one time had a custom gun made for him once a month. Residences Seagal owns a dude ranch in Colorado, a home in the Mandeville Canyon section of Los Angeles, and a home in Louisiana. Religion Seagal is a Buddhist. In February 1997, Lama Penor Rinpoche from Palyul monastery announced that Seagal was a tulku, and specifically the reincarnation of Chungdrag Dorje, a 17th-century terton (treasure revealer) of the Nyingma, the oldest sect of Tibetan Buddhism.", "In February 1997, Lama Penor Rinpoche from Palyul monastery announced that Seagal was a tulku, and specifically the reincarnation of Chungdrag Dorje, a 17th-century terton (treasure revealer) of the Nyingma, the oldest sect of Tibetan Buddhism. Seagal's recognition aroused controversy in the American Buddhist community, with Helen Tworkov commenting in Tricycle impugning the extent of Seagal's \"spiritual wisdom\" and suggesting that Seagal bought his Buddhahood by donations to Penor's Kunzang Palyul Choling center.", "Seagal's recognition aroused controversy in the American Buddhist community, with Helen Tworkov commenting in Tricycle impugning the extent of Seagal's \"spiritual wisdom\" and suggesting that Seagal bought his Buddhahood by donations to Penor's Kunzang Palyul Choling center. Penor Rinpoche responded to the controversy by saying that Seagal, although acting in violent movies, had not actually killed people, and that Seagal was merely recognized, whereas enthronement as a tulku would require first a \"lengthy process of study and practice\".", "Penor Rinpoche responded to the controversy by saying that Seagal, although acting in violent movies, had not actually killed people, and that Seagal was merely recognized, whereas enthronement as a tulku would require first a \"lengthy process of study and practice\". Citizenship Seagal reportedly holds citizenships in three countries: the United States, Serbia, and Russia. Born in the United States, he possesses jus soli U.S. citizenship.", "Born in the United States, he possesses jus soli U.S. citizenship. He was granted Serbian citizenship on January 11, 2016, following several visits to the country, and has been asked to teach aikido to the Serbian Special Forces. Seagal was granted Russian citizenship on November 3, 2016; according to government spokesman Dmitry Peskov, \"He was asking quite insistently and over a lengthy period to be granted citizenship.\"", "Seagal was granted Russian citizenship on November 3, 2016; according to government spokesman Dmitry Peskov, \"He was asking quite insistently and over a lengthy period to be granted citizenship.\" While various media have cited Seagal and President Vladimir Putin as friends and Seagal stated that he \"would like to consider [Putin] as a brother\", Putin has distanced himself from Seagal; Peskov is reported to have said: \"I wouldn't necessarily say he's a huge fan, but he's definitely seen some of his movies.\"", "While various media have cited Seagal and President Vladimir Putin as friends and Seagal stated that he \"would like to consider [Putin] as a brother\", Putin has distanced himself from Seagal; Peskov is reported to have said: \"I wouldn't necessarily say he's a huge fan, but he's definitely seen some of his movies.\" Relationships and family While in Japan, Seagal married his first wife, Miyako Fujitani, the daughter of an aikido instructor.", "Relationships and family While in Japan, Seagal married his first wife, Miyako Fujitani, the daughter of an aikido instructor. With Fujitani, he had a son, actor and model Kentaro Seagal, and a daughter, writer and actress Ayako Fujitani. Seagal left Miyako to move back to the United States. During this time, he met actress and model Kelly LeBrock, with whom he began an affair that led to Fujitani granting him a divorce.", "During this time, he met actress and model Kelly LeBrock, with whom he began an affair that led to Fujitani granting him a divorce. Seagal was briefly married to actress Adrienne La Russa in 1984, but that marriage was annulled the same year over concerns that his divorce had not yet been finalized. LeBrock gave birth to Seagal's daughter Annaliza in early 1987. Seagal and LeBrock married in September 1987 and their son Dominic was born in June 1990. Their daughter Arissa was born in 1993.", "Their daughter Arissa was born in 1993. Their daughter Arissa was born in 1993. The following year, LeBrock filed for divorce citing \"irreconcilable differences\". Seagal is married to Mongolian Erdenetuya Batsukh (), better known as \"Elle\". They have one son together, Kunzang. From an early age, Elle trained as a dancer at the Children's Palace in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia. After her graduation from high school and the Children's Palace, she pursued a career as a professional dancer.", "After her graduation from high school and the Children's Palace, she pursued a career as a professional dancer. She won a number of dancing contests and was considered the top female dancer in Mongolia, excelling at ballroom dancing in particular. Elle first met Seagal in 2001, when she worked as his interpreter during his visit to Mongolia. Seagal has seven children from four relationships, two grandchildren by his eldest son, Kentaro and one granddaughter by his daughter Ayako Fujitani.", "Seagal has seven children from four relationships, two grandchildren by his eldest son, Kentaro and one granddaughter by his daughter Ayako Fujitani. In addition to his biological offspring, Seagal is the guardian of Yabshi Pan Rinzinwangmo, the only child of the 10th Panchen Lama of Tibet. When she studied in the United States, Seagal was her minder and bodyguard.", "When she studied in the United States, Seagal was her minder and bodyguard. Allegations and lawsuits Early 1990s In May 1991 (during the filming of Out for Justice), Warner Bros. employees Raenne Malone, Nicole Selinger, and Christine Keeve accused Seagal of sexual harassment. In return for remaining silent, Malone and another woman received around $50,000 each in an out-of-court settlement. Around the same time, at least four actresses claimed that Seagal had made sexual advances, typically during late-night \"casting sessions\".", "Around the same time, at least four actresses claimed that Seagal had made sexual advances, typically during late-night \"casting sessions\". In another incident, Jenny McCarthy claimed that Seagal asked her to undress during an audition for Under Siege 2. 1995 lawsuit In 1995, Seagal was charged with employment discrimination, sexual harassment, and breach of contract. Cheryl Shuman filed a case against Seagal, accusing him of threatening and beating her during the filming of On Deadly Ground.", "Cheryl Shuman filed a case against Seagal, accusing him of threatening and beating her during the filming of On Deadly Ground. In August 1995, Los Angeles Superior Court Judge Hiroshi Fujisaki dismissed the case, calling the claims \"repetitive and unintelligible\". 2010 lawsuit On April 12, 2010, 23-year-old Kayden Nguyen filed a lawsuit against Seagal in a Los Angeles County Superior Court, requesting more than one million dollars in damages.", "2010 lawsuit On April 12, 2010, 23-year-old Kayden Nguyen filed a lawsuit against Seagal in a Los Angeles County Superior Court, requesting more than one million dollars in damages. In her suit, Nguyen alleged Seagal engaged in sexual harassment, the illegal trafficking of females for sex, failure to prevent sexual harassment, and wrongful termination. Seagal denied the allegations, but his reality show Steven Seagal: Lawman was suspended while his attorneys resolved the case.", "Seagal denied the allegations, but his reality show Steven Seagal: Lawman was suspended while his attorneys resolved the case. On July 14, 2010, three months after Nguyen filed her suit, she withdrew her claim without explanation. 2011 lawsuit On August 30, 2011, Jesus Sanchez Llovera filed a lawsuit against Seagal over his part in a Maricopa county police raid with heavy weapons (notably including an army surplus tank) of Llovera's residence for suspicion of cockfighting.", "2011 lawsuit On August 30, 2011, Jesus Sanchez Llovera filed a lawsuit against Seagal over his part in a Maricopa county police raid with heavy weapons (notably including an army surplus tank) of Llovera's residence for suspicion of cockfighting. The incident was taped for Seagal's A&E reality show Steven Seagal: Lawman. Llovera was seeking $100,000 for damages caused during the raid and a letter of apology from Seagal to Llovera's children for the death of their family pet.", "Llovera was seeking $100,000 for damages caused during the raid and a letter of apology from Seagal to Llovera's children for the death of their family pet. Llovera claimed that his 11-month-old puppy was shot and killed during the raid. Llovera failed to file court-ordered paperwork after his attorney withdrew from the case and the lawsuit was dismissed in January 2013. 2017 allegations In 2017, actress Portia de Rossi accused Seagal of sexually harassing her during a movie audition.", "2017 allegations In 2017, actress Portia de Rossi accused Seagal of sexually harassing her during a movie audition. De Rossi alleged that during an audition in Seagal's office, he told her \"how important it was to have chemistry off-screen\" before unzipping his pants. On November 9, 2017, Dutch model Faviola Dadis posted a statement on her Instagram account stating that she also had been sexually assaulted by Seagal years earlier.", "On November 9, 2017, Dutch model Faviola Dadis posted a statement on her Instagram account stating that she also had been sexually assaulted by Seagal years earlier. 2018 allegations and investigation On January 15, 2018, actress Rachel Grant publicly accused Seagal of sexually assaulting her in 2002, during pre-production on his direct-to-video film, Out for a Kill (2003), stating that she lost her job on the film after the incident.", "2018 allegations and investigation On January 15, 2018, actress Rachel Grant publicly accused Seagal of sexually assaulting her in 2002, during pre-production on his direct-to-video film, Out for a Kill (2003), stating that she lost her job on the film after the incident. In February 2018, the Los Angeles County District Attorney's office acknowledged that it was reviewing a potential sex abuse case involving Seagal.", "In February 2018, the Los Angeles County District Attorney's office acknowledged that it was reviewing a potential sex abuse case involving Seagal. In March 2018, Regina Simons publicly claimed that in 1993, when she was 18, Seagal raped her at his home when she arrived for what she thought was a wrap party for the movie On Deadly Ground.", "In March 2018, Regina Simons publicly claimed that in 1993, when she was 18, Seagal raped her at his home when she arrived for what she thought was a wrap party for the movie On Deadly Ground. 2020 federal securities violation settlement On February 27, 2020, the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission announced settled charges against Seagal for failing to disclose payments he received for promoting an investment in an initial coin offering (ICO) conducted by Bitcoiin2Gen (B2G).", "2020 federal securities violation settlement On February 27, 2020, the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission announced settled charges against Seagal for failing to disclose payments he received for promoting an investment in an initial coin offering (ICO) conducted by Bitcoiin2Gen (B2G). Seagal was promised $250,000 in cash and $750,000 worth of B2G tokens in exchange for his social media promotions and a press release in which he \"wholeheartedly\" endorsed the ICO, which violated the anti-touting provisions of federal securities laws.", "Seagal was promised $250,000 in cash and $750,000 worth of B2G tokens in exchange for his social media promotions and a press release in which he \"wholeheartedly\" endorsed the ICO, which violated the anti-touting provisions of federal securities laws. Without admitting or denying the SEC's findings, Seagal agreed to pay $157,000 in disgorgement, representing the actual payments he received for his promotions, plus prejudgment interest and a $157,000 penalty. Seagal also agreed not to promote any securities, digital or otherwise, for three years.", "Seagal also agreed not to promote any securities, digital or otherwise, for three years. Victim of attempted extortion Steven Seagal became embroiled in a legal case involving film producer Julius R. Nasso after Nasso attempted to extort Seagal. Nasso produced seven of Seagal's films beginning with Marked for Death in 1990. The two \"became best friends\", according to Seagal, and formed Seagal/Nasso Productions together. Their relationship became strained, however, and their partnership ended in 2000.", "Their relationship became strained, however, and their partnership ended in 2000. Believing that Seagal owed him $3 million in compensation for backing out of a four-film deal, Nasso enlisted members of the Gambino crime family to threaten Seagal in an attempt to recoup money Nasso allegedly lost. Gambino family captain Anthony Ciccone first visited Seagal in Toronto during the filming of Exit Wounds in October 2000. In January 2001, Primo Cassarino and other gangsters picked up Seagal by car to bring him to a meeting with Ciccone at a Brooklyn restaurant.", "In January 2001, Primo Cassarino and other gangsters picked up Seagal by car to bring him to a meeting with Ciccone at a Brooklyn restaurant. At the meeting, Ciccone bluntly told Seagal that he had a choice of making four promised movies with Nasso or paying Nasso a penalty of $150,000 per movie. If Seagal refused, Ciccone would kill him. Seagal, who later claimed that he brought a handgun to the meeting, was able to stall Ciccone and escape the meeting unharmed.", "Seagal, who later claimed that he brought a handgun to the meeting, was able to stall Ciccone and escape the meeting unharmed. Ciccone and Cassarino again visited Seagal at his home in Los Angeles the following month. In the spring of 2001, Seagal sought out another mobster, Genovese crime family captain Angelo Prisco, to act as a \"peacemaker\". He visited Prisco in prison at Rahway, New Jersey and paid Prisco's lawyer $10,000.", "He visited Prisco in prison at Rahway, New Jersey and paid Prisco's lawyer $10,000. On March 17, 2003, Cassarino, Ciccone and others were convicted of labor racketeering, extortion, and 63 other counts under the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act. Seagal testified for the prosecution about the mobsters' extortion attempt.", "Seagal testified for the prosecution about the mobsters' extortion attempt. Nasso pleaded guilty to the charge of extortion conspiracy in August 2003 and, in February 2004, was sentenced to a year and a day in prison, fined $75,000 and ordered to take mental health counselling on release from jail. In January 2008, Nasso agreed to drop a $60 million lawsuit against Seagal for an alleged breach of contract when the two settled out of court.", "In January 2008, Nasso agreed to drop a $60 million lawsuit against Seagal for an alleged breach of contract when the two settled out of court. Conflicts with stuntmen Seagal has been accused by former stunt performers who have worked with him, including Kane Hodder, Stephen Quadros, and Gene LeBell, of intentionally hitting stuntmen during scenes. Additionally, while serving as stunt coordinator for Out for Justice, LeBell allegedly got into an on-set altercation with Seagal over his mistreatment of some of the film's stunt performers.", "Additionally, while serving as stunt coordinator for Out for Justice, LeBell allegedly got into an on-set altercation with Seagal over his mistreatment of some of the film's stunt performers. After the actor claimed that, due to his aikido training, he was \"immune\" to being choked unconscious, LeBell offered Seagal the opportunity to prove it. LeBell is said to have placed his arms around Seagal's neck, and once Seagal said \"go\", proceeded to choke him unconscious, with Seagal losing control of his bowels.", "LeBell is said to have placed his arms around Seagal's neck, and once Seagal said \"go\", proceeded to choke him unconscious, with Seagal losing control of his bowels. LeBell was requested to confirm the on-set incident publicly in an interview with Ariel Helwani in 2012, but he avoided answering the question, albeit implying that it was true. He was quoted as \"When we had a little altercation or difference of opinion, there were thirty stuntmen and cameramen that were watching.", "He was quoted as \"When we had a little altercation or difference of opinion, there were thirty stuntmen and cameramen that were watching. Sometimes Steven has a tendency to cheese off the wrong people, and you can get hurt doing that.\" On the other hand, when Seagal was asked about the incident, he directly denied the allegations, calling LeBell a \"sick, pathological scumbag liar\", and offered the name of a witness who could prove Lebell had fabricated the entire story.", "On the other hand, when Seagal was asked about the incident, he directly denied the allegations, calling LeBell a \"sick, pathological scumbag liar\", and offered the name of a witness who could prove Lebell had fabricated the entire story. The claim garnered a heated response from LeBell's trainee Ronda Rousey, who said that Seagal was the one lying, and declared \"If [Seagal] says anything bad about Gene to my face, I'd make him crap his pants a second time.\"", "The claim garnered a heated response from LeBell's trainee Ronda Rousey, who said that Seagal was the one lying, and declared \"If [Seagal] says anything bad about Gene to my face, I'd make him crap his pants a second time.\" Authentic or not, the reports of this incident led LeBell to be counted in 1992 as an additional member of Robert Wall's \"Dirty Dozen\", a group of martial artists willing to answer to a public challenge made by Seagal.", "Authentic or not, the reports of this incident led LeBell to be counted in 1992 as an additional member of Robert Wall's \"Dirty Dozen\", a group of martial artists willing to answer to a public challenge made by Seagal. LeBell however declined to participate, revealing the feud with Seagal was hurting him professionally. He did however criticize Seagal for his treatment of stuntmen, and left open the possibility of a professional fight if Seagal wanted to do it.", "He did however criticize Seagal for his treatment of stuntmen, and left open the possibility of a professional fight if Seagal wanted to do it. Allegations of mistreatment towards stuntmen have continued throughout Seagal's later career, with both stuntman Peter Harris Kent (Arnold Schwarzenegger's stunt double) and Mike Leeder publicly criticizing his on-set antics. Actor John Leguizamo also claimed that during rehearsals on Executive Decision, in retaliation for laughing at him, Seagal caught him off guard and knocked him into a brick wall.", "Actor John Leguizamo also claimed that during rehearsals on Executive Decision, in retaliation for laughing at him, Seagal caught him off guard and knocked him into a brick wall. Political views and activism Seagal lent his voice as a narrator for an activist film project, Medicine Lake Video. The project seeks to protect sacred tribal ground near Seagal's ranch in Siskiyou County. He also wrote an open letter to the leadership of Thailand in 2003, urging them to enact a law to prevent the torture of baby elephants.", "He also wrote an open letter to the leadership of Thailand in 2003, urging them to enact a law to prevent the torture of baby elephants. In 1999, Seagal was awarded a PETA Humanitarian Award. In a March 2014 interview with Rossiyskaya Gazeta, Seagal described Vladimir Putin as \"one of the great living world leaders\". He expressed support for the annexation of Crimea by Russia. In July 2014, following calls for a boycott, Seagal was dropped from the lineup of the August Blues Festival in Haapsalu, Estonia.", "In July 2014, following calls for a boycott, Seagal was dropped from the lineup of the August Blues Festival in Haapsalu, Estonia. Estonian musician Tõnis Mägi, the minister of Foreign Affairs, Urmas Paet, and Parliament's Foreign Affairs chairman Marko Mihkelson, had all condemned inviting Seagal into the country, with Paet stating, \"Steven Seagal has tried to actively participate in politics during the past few months and has done it in a way which is unacceptable to the majority of the world that respects democracy and the rule of law.\"", "Estonian musician Tõnis Mägi, the minister of Foreign Affairs, Urmas Paet, and Parliament's Foreign Affairs chairman Marko Mihkelson, had all condemned inviting Seagal into the country, with Paet stating, \"Steven Seagal has tried to actively participate in politics during the past few months and has done it in a way which is unacceptable to the majority of the world that respects democracy and the rule of law.\" In August 2014, Seagal appeared at a Night Wolves-organized show in Sevastopol, Crimea, supporting the Crimean annexation and depicting Ukraine as a country controlled by fascists.", "In August 2014, Seagal appeared at a Night Wolves-organized show in Sevastopol, Crimea, supporting the Crimean annexation and depicting Ukraine as a country controlled by fascists. On November 3, Seagal was granted Russian citizenship by president Putin. His views on Ukraine and Russian citizenship caused Ukraine to ban him because he \"committed socially dangerous actions\".", "His views on Ukraine and Russian citizenship caused Ukraine to ban him because he \"committed socially dangerous actions\". Seagal spoke out against the protests during the United States national anthem by professional athletes, stating, \"I believe in free speech, I believe that everyone's entitled to their own opinion, but I don't agree that they should hold the United States of America or the world hostage by taking a venue where people are tuning in to watch a football game and imposing their political views.\"", "Seagal spoke out against the protests during the United States national anthem by professional athletes, stating, \"I believe in free speech, I believe that everyone's entitled to their own opinion, but I don't agree that they should hold the United States of America or the world hostage by taking a venue where people are tuning in to watch a football game and imposing their political views.\" He also expressed skepticism of alleged Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections.", "He also expressed skepticism of alleged Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections. In 2017, Seagal collaborated with former chair of the Arizona Republican Party, Tom Morrissey, in writing a self-published conspiracy thriller novel, The Way of the Shadow Wolves: The Deep State And The Hijacking Of America, which featured a Tohono Shadow Wolf tracker working for U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement to foil a plot by Mexican drug cartels and the \"deep state\" to smuggle in Islamist terrorists to the United States through the U.S.-Mexico border.", "In 2017, Seagal collaborated with former chair of the Arizona Republican Party, Tom Morrissey, in writing a self-published conspiracy thriller novel, The Way of the Shadow Wolves: The Deep State And The Hijacking Of America, which featured a Tohono Shadow Wolf tracker working for U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement to foil a plot by Mexican drug cartels and the \"deep state\" to smuggle in Islamist terrorists to the United States through the U.S.-Mexico border. In 2021, Seagal gifted a katana sword to Venezuelan President Nicolás Maduro as Russia's Foreign Affairs Ministry special envoy while visiting Canaima National Park.", "In 2021, Seagal gifted a katana sword to Venezuelan President Nicolás Maduro as Russia's Foreign Affairs Ministry special envoy while visiting Canaima National Park. Maduro referred to Seagal as \"my brother.\" On May 30, 2021, the pro-Kremlin systemic opposition party A Just Russia — Patriots — For Truth announced that Seagal had received an official membership card to the party.", "On May 30, 2021, the pro-Kremlin systemic opposition party A Just Russia — Patriots — For Truth announced that Seagal had received an official membership card to the party. Stunts Filmography Films Television Awards and nominations Discography 2005: Songs from the Crystal Cave 2006: Mojo Priest References External links 1952 births Living people 20th-century American guitarists 20th-century American male actors 20th-century American male musicians 21st-century American male actors 21st-century American male musicians 21st-century Russian male actors 21st-century Serbian male actors Activists from California American actor-politicians American aikidoka American blues singers American country singers American deputy sheriffs American drink industry businesspeople American emigrants to Russia American environmentalists American expatriates in Japan American kendoka American male film actors American male guitarists American male judoka American male karateka American male singers American people of Irish descent American people of Jewish descent American stunt performers Businesspeople from California Businesspeople from Louisiana Businesspeople from Michigan Converts to Buddhism Country musicians from Louisiana Country musicians from Michigan Country musicians from Tennessee Golden Raspberry Award winners Guitarists from Michigan Male actors from Fullerton, California Male actors from Lansing, Michigan Naturalised citizens of Russia Naturalized citizens of Serbia Nyingma tulkus Participants in American reality television series People from Eltingville, Staten Island People from Germantown, Tennessee People from Jefferson Parish, Louisiana People from Mandeville Canyon, Los Angeles Russian businesspeople Russian male film actors Russian male judoka Russian male karateka Russian martial artists Russian people of Irish descent Russian people of Jewish descent Russian stunt performers Serbian businesspeople Serbian male film actors Serbian male judoka Serbian male karateka Serbian people of Irish descent Serbian people of Jewish descent Serbian stunt performers Tibetan Buddhists from Russia Tibetan Buddhists from the United States" ]

[ "Steven Seagal", "Martial arts", "When did he start martial arts", "Seagal moved to Japan at some point between 1971 and 1973.", "Why did he move to Japan", "I don't know.", "DId he make any movies while in Japan", "I don't know." ]

[ "Bob Breen is an author and professional martial artist who began martial arts training in 1966. He has trained under a significant number of senior martial arts experts and respected figures in the martial arts world. He has published 10 books since 1988.\n\nCareer \n\nHaving begun martial arts training in 1966 after what he described was an early life involving frequent fights brought about by circumstances rather than intent, Bob began studying Wado Ryu under Tatsuo Suzuki in the early part of 1967. He earned his black belt in Wado Karate in 1970. He then went on to pass his second degree in 1972. Bob continued to study Karate and associated arts, and moved to Japan in 1974 in order to train under a number of Senior Masters.\nHe competed for Great Britain in traditional Karate, captaining the Amateur Martial Arts Association (AMA) team who beat the Japanese in 1974, before discovering Jeet Kune Do and bringing it to Britain. Soon after Bob began boxing and groundwork, he became one of the pioneers of full contact in Europe; fighting and promoting. In 1978 he started Eskrima with Jay Dobrin. Since 1979 he has been studying Jeet Kune Do under master and worldwide respected figure Dan Inosanto, who himself trained under Bruce Lee, father of Jeet Kune Do. He is one of the foremost experts in knife-defense and close quarter combat, and was the team captain and a competitor at the 1989 World Stickfighting championships and Coach of the British Eskrima team that won 13 World Championship medals, including four gold medals in 1992.\n\nHe is now qualified as a Full Instructor in JKD and Kali.\nRegarded as the father of JKD/Kali and Filipino martial arts in the UK and Europe, he has released a range of self-defense books and DVDs and currently runs a martial arts academy in Hoxton, London.\n\nBob Breen has also worked in training film actors in martial arts and fighting techniques, including working on spear and sword fighting with Gerard Butler and other actors for the 2007 film 300.\n\nPublications \n Fighting \n Sparring\n\nSee also\n\nDan Inosanto \nJeet kune do\nEskrima\nBruce Lee\n\nNotes \n\nBritish male martial artists\nLiving people\nYear of birth missing (living people)\nWadō-ryū practitioners\nJeet Kune Do practitioners", "Moo Duk Kwan is the name of a martial art organization founded by Hwang Kee in South Korea in 1945. Licensed Moo Duk Kwan schools teach Soo Bahk Do, formerly Tang Soo Do (and earlier 'Hwa Soo Do'). 'Moo Duk Kwan' translates as \"School of Martial Virtue\".\nTang Soo Do Moo Duk Kwan translates to “the brotherhood and school of stopping inner and outer conflict and developing virtue according to the way of the worthy hand”\n\nHistory\nAs a child, Hwang Kee witnessed a man using Taekyon to defend himself against a large group. The experience later inspired him to develop his own martial art. Although the Korea Taekkyon Associate disputes Hwang's story, Hwang says that the man refused to teach him, leaving him to devise his own system based on what he had seen. Traveling between Manchuria and Korea during World War II, Hwang later successfully appealed to Chinese martial arts teacher Yang Kuk Jin for training, fusing together Chinese and Korean martial arts into a form he initially called Hwa Soo Do (\"the Way of the Flowering Hand\"), altering to Tang Soo Do after the November 9, 1945 opening of a training hall proved unsuccessful. The new name led to greater success.\n\nHwang Kee further expanded his Moo Duk Kwan school of martial arts after in 1957 he was introduced to the Muye Dobo Tongji by a librarian at the Korean National University in Seoul. It referenced the martial arts system of Subak, a bare hands and feet technique. Hwang Kee changed the name of his martial art system to \"Soo Bahk Do\" on June 30, 1960.\n\nBy 1960, Tang Soo Do was being practiced by almost 75% of all martial artists in Korea, but the art did face challenges particularly in expanding beyond Korea, including attempted mergers into Taekwondo. However, in spite of these challenges it eventually spread worldwide, with close to 300,000 practitioners.\n\nAfter Hwang Kee died on July 14, 2002, his son Hwang Hyun-chul (Jin Mun) was named his successor. His appointment was approved unanimously by the Board of Directors of the United States Soo Bahk Do Moo Duk Kwan Federation, Inc. as well as other chapters through the world.\n\nTrademark and schools\nIn the United States, \"Moo Duk Kwan\" and the fist logo are federally registered trademarks of the U.S. Soo Bahk Do Moo Duk Kwan Federation and \"Soo Bahk Do\" and the \"Soo Bahk Do logo\" are service marks.\n\nSee also \nSoo Bahk Do\nTang Soo Do\nKwan (martial arts)\nTaekwondo\n\nNotes\n\nReferences \n\n Sources\n\n History of Moo Duk Kwan By Hwang Kee \n A Modern History of Taekwondo 1999 (Korean) Kyong Myung Lee and Kang Won Sik \n Excerpts from \"A Modern History of Taekwondo\"\n Global Taekwondo 2003 (English) Kyo Yoon Lee \n A Guide to Taekwondo 1996 (English) Kyo Yoon Lee \n Kukkiwon 25th Anniversary Text 1997 (Korean) Un Yong Kim\n Kukkiwon Textbook 2006 (English/Korean) Um Woon Kyu\n Beginning Moo Duk Kwan Tae Kwon Do Korean Art of Self-Defense Volume 1 by Richard Chun.\n\n Hancock, J. and Plyler, J. (2004). The International Tangsoodo Alliance Official Instructor's Manual, Revised Edition. Guthrie, KY: International Tangsoodo Alliance.\n\nExternal links \n\n Moo Duk Kwan History\n World Moo Duk Kwan\n\nSouth Korean martial arts" ]

[ "Steven Frederic Seagal (; born April 10, 1952) is an American actor, screenwriter and martial artist. Seagal was born in Lansing, Michigan. A 7th-dan black belt in aikido, he began his adult life as a martial arts instructor in Japan, becoming the first foreigner to operate an aikido dojo in the country. He later moved to Los Angeles, California, where he had the same profession. In 1988, Seagal made his acting debut in Above the Law.", "In 1988, Seagal made his acting debut in Above the Law. By 1991, he had starred in four films. In 1992, he played Navy SEAL counter-terrorist expert Casey Ryback in Under Siege. During the latter half of the 1990s, Seagal starred in three more feature films and the direct-to-video film The Patriot. Subsequently, his career shifted to mostly direct-to-video productions. He has since appeared in films and reality shows, including Steven Seagal: Lawman, which depicted Seagal performing his duties as a reserve deputy sheriff.", "He has since appeared in films and reality shows, including Steven Seagal: Lawman, which depicted Seagal performing his duties as a reserve deputy sheriff. Seagal is a guitarist and has released two studio albums, Songs from the Crystal Cave and Mojo Priest, and performed on the scores of several of his films. He has worked with Stevie Wonder and Tony Rebel, who both performed on his debut album. He has also been involved in a line of \"therapeutic oil\" products and energy drinks.", "He has also been involved in a line of \"therapeutic oil\" products and energy drinks. In addition, Seagal is an environmentalist, animal rights activist, and supporter of 14th Dalai Lama Tenzin Gyatso. He is a supporter of Vladimir Putin, to whom he once referred as \"one of the great living world leaders\". He was granted both Russian and Serbian citizenship in 2016.", "He was granted both Russian and Serbian citizenship in 2016. In 2018, he was appointed Russia's special envoy to the U.S. From 1996 to 2018, multiple women accused Seagal of sexual harassment or assault. Early life Steven Frederic Seagal was born in Lansing, Michigan on April 10, 1952, the son of medical technician Patricia (1930–2003) and high school mathematics teacher Samuel Seagal (1928–1991). His mother was of Irish descent, while his father was Jewish.", "His mother was of Irish descent, while his father was Jewish. When he was five years old, he moved with his parents to Fullerton, California. His mother later told People magazine that prior to the move Seagal was frail and suffered from asthma: \"He was a puny kid back then. But he really thrived after the move [from Michigan].\" Seagal attended Buena Park High School in Buena Park, California, and Fullerton College between 1970 and 1971.", "Seagal attended Buena Park High School in Buena Park, California, and Fullerton College between 1970 and 1971. As a teen, he spent much time in his garage listening to loud rock music. However, it was while working with a friendly old Japanese man at a dojo in Garden Grove that he was encouraged to visit Japan. Martial arts Seagal moved to Japan at some point between 1971 and 1973. By 1974, he had returned to California.", "By 1974, he had returned to California. By 1974, he had returned to California. That year he met Miyako Fujitani, a second-degree black belt and daughter of an Osaka aikido master who had come to Los Angeles to teach aikido. When Miyako returned to Osaka, Seagal went with her. The following year they married and had a son, Kentaro, and a daughter, Ayako.", "The following year they married and had a son, Kentaro, and a daughter, Ayako. He taught at the school owned by Miyako's family (though he is often stated to have been the first non-Asian to open a dojo in Japan). As of 1990, Miyako and her brother still taught there, and her mother was the chairwoman.", "As of 1990, Miyako and her brother still taught there, and her mother was the chairwoman. Seagal initially returned to Taos, New Mexico, with his student (and later film stuntman) Craig Dunn, where they opened a dojo, although Seagal spent much of his time pursuing other ventures. After another period in Japan, Seagal returned to the U.S. in 1983 with senior student Haruo Matsuoka. They opened an aikido dojo, initially in North Hollywood, California, but later moved it to the city of West Hollywood.", "They opened an aikido dojo, initially in North Hollywood, California, but later moved it to the city of West Hollywood. Seagal left Matsuoka in charge of the dojo, which the latter ran until the two parted ways in 1997. Seagal helped train Brazilian mixed martial artist Lyoto Machida, who credited Seagal for helping him perfect the front kick that he used to knock out Randy Couture at UFC 129 in May 2011.", "Seagal helped train Brazilian mixed martial artist Lyoto Machida, who credited Seagal for helping him perfect the front kick that he used to knock out Randy Couture at UFC 129 in May 2011. Career 1987–2002 In 1987, Seagal began work on his first film, Above the Law (titled Nico in Europe), with director Andrew Davis. Following its success, Seagal's subsequent movies were Hard to Kill, Marked for Death, and Out for Justice; all were box office hits, making him an action hero.", "Following its success, Seagal's subsequent movies were Hard to Kill, Marked for Death, and Out for Justice; all were box office hits, making him an action hero. Later, he achieved wider, mainstream success in 1992 with the release of Under Siege (1992), which reunited Seagal with director Andrew Davis. Seagal hosted the April 20, 1991 episode of the late night variety show Saturday Night Live, which aired as the 18th episode of the 16th season.", "Seagal hosted the April 20, 1991 episode of the late night variety show Saturday Night Live, which aired as the 18th episode of the 16th season. The series' long-time producer Lorne Michaels and the cast-members David Spade and Tim Meadows regarded Seagal as the show's worst-ever host. Spade and Meadows cite Seagal's humorlessness, his ill-treatment of the show's cast and writers, and his refusal to do a \"Hans and Franz\" sketch because that skit's title characters stated that they could beat up Seagal.", "Spade and Meadows cite Seagal's humorlessness, his ill-treatment of the show's cast and writers, and his refusal to do a \"Hans and Franz\" sketch because that skit's title characters stated that they could beat up Seagal. Seagal was never invited back to the show following that episode. Meadows commented, \"He didn't realize that you can't tell somebody they're stupid on Wednesday and expect them to continue writing for you on Saturday.\"", "Meadows commented, \"He didn't realize that you can't tell somebody they're stupid on Wednesday and expect them to continue writing for you on Saturday.\" The cast and crew's difficulties with Seagal were later echoed on-air by Michaels during guest host Nicolas Cage's monologue in the September 26, 1992 Season 18 premiere. When Cage worried that he would do so poorly that the audience would regard him as \"the biggest jerk who's ever been on the show\", Michaels replied, \"No, no.", "When Cage worried that he would do so poorly that the audience would regard him as \"the biggest jerk who's ever been on the show\", Michaels replied, \"No, no. That would be Steven Seagal.\" Seagal directed and starred in On Deadly Ground (1994), featuring Michael Caine, R. Lee Ermey, and Billy Bob Thornton in minor supporting roles. The film emphasized environmental and spiritual themes, signaling a break with his previous persona as a genre-ready inner-city cop.", "The film emphasized environmental and spiritual themes, signaling a break with his previous persona as a genre-ready inner-city cop. On Deadly Ground was poorly received by critics, especially denouncing Seagal's long environmental speech in the film. Regardless, Seagal considers it one of the most important and relevant moments in his career. Seagal followed this with a sequel to one of his most successful films, Under Siege, titled Under Siege 2: Dark Territory (1995).", "Seagal followed this with a sequel to one of his most successful films, Under Siege, titled Under Siege 2: Dark Territory (1995). In 1996, he had a role in the Kurt Russell film Executive Decision, portraying a special ops soldier who only appears in the film's first 45 minutes. The same year, he filmed a police drama The Glimmer Man (1996).", "The same year, he filmed a police drama The Glimmer Man (1996). In another environmentally conscious and commercially unsuccessful film, Fire Down Below (1997), he played an EPA Office of Enforcement and Compliance Assurance agent fighting industrialists dumping toxic waste in the Kentucky hills. In 1998, Seagal made The Patriot, another environmental thriller which was his first direct-to-video release in the United States (though it was released theatrically in most of the world).", "In 1998, Seagal made The Patriot, another environmental thriller which was his first direct-to-video release in the United States (though it was released theatrically in most of the world). Seagal produced this film with his own money, and the film was shot on-location on and near his farm in Montana. After producing Prince of Central Park, Seagal returned to cinema screens with the release of Exit Wounds in March 2001.", "After producing Prince of Central Park, Seagal returned to cinema screens with the release of Exit Wounds in March 2001. The film had fewer martial arts scenes than Seagal's previous films, but it was a commercial success, taking almost $80 million worldwide. However, he was unable to capitalize on this success and his next two projects were both critical and commercial failures. The movie Ticker, co-starring Tom Sizemore and Dennis Hopper, was filmed in San Francisco before Exit Wounds, and went straight to DVD.", "The movie Ticker, co-starring Tom Sizemore and Dennis Hopper, was filmed in San Francisco before Exit Wounds, and went straight to DVD. Half Past Dead, starring hip hop star Ja Rule, made less than $20 million worldwide.", "Half Past Dead, starring hip hop star Ja Rule, made less than $20 million worldwide. 2003 to present day: direct-to-video films and television Other than his role as a villain in Robert Rodriguez's Machete, all of the films Seagal has made since the latter half of 2001 have been released direct-to-video (DTV) in North America, with some theatrical releases to other countries around the world.", "2003 to present day: direct-to-video films and television Other than his role as a villain in Robert Rodriguez's Machete, all of the films Seagal has made since the latter half of 2001 have been released direct-to-video (DTV) in North America, with some theatrical releases to other countries around the world. Seagal is credited as a producer and sometimes a writer on many of these DTV movies, which include Black Dawn, Belly of the Beast, Out of Reach, Submerged, Kill Switch, Urban Justice, Pistol Whipped, Against the Dark, Driven to Kill, A Dangerous Man, Born to Raise Hell, and The Keeper.", "Seagal is credited as a producer and sometimes a writer on many of these DTV movies, which include Black Dawn, Belly of the Beast, Out of Reach, Submerged, Kill Switch, Urban Justice, Pistol Whipped, Against the Dark, Driven to Kill, A Dangerous Man, Born to Raise Hell, and The Keeper. In 2009, A&E Network premiered the reality television series Steven Seagal: Lawman, focusing on Seagal as a deputy in Jefferson Parish, Louisiana.", "In 2009, A&E Network premiered the reality television series Steven Seagal: Lawman, focusing on Seagal as a deputy in Jefferson Parish, Louisiana. In the 2010s, Seagal's direct-to-video films increasingly started to become ensemble pieces, with Seagal playing minor or supporting roles, despite the fact that he often received top billing. Maximum Conviction, Force of Execution, Gutshot Straight, Code of Honor, Sniper: Special Ops, The Asian Connection, The Perfect Weapon, Cartels, and China Salesman all exemplify this trend.", "Maximum Conviction, Force of Execution, Gutshot Straight, Code of Honor, Sniper: Special Ops, The Asian Connection, The Perfect Weapon, Cartels, and China Salesman all exemplify this trend. This has led some commentators to criticize Seagal for his low-effort participation in movies which heavily promote his involvement. In 2011, Seagal produced and starred in an American television action series entitled True Justice. The series first aired on Nitro, a TV station in Spain, on May 12, 2011.", "The series first aired on Nitro, a TV station in Spain, on May 12, 2011. It premiered in the UK on 5 USA, with the first episode broadcast July 20, 2011. April 26, 2012 the series was renewed for a second season airing on ReelzChannel July 4, 2012. In the UK, True Justice has been repackaged as a series of DVD \"movies,\" with each disc editing together two episodes.", "In the UK, True Justice has been repackaged as a series of DVD \"movies,\" with each disc editing together two episodes. Themes and motifs Many of Seagal's films share unique elements which have become characteristic of his body of work.", "Themes and motifs Many of Seagal's films share unique elements which have become characteristic of his body of work. His characters often have an elite past affiliation with the CIA, Special Forces, or Black Ops (for example, Casey Ryback in Under Siege, a former Navy SEAL, Jack Cole in The Glimmer Man, an ex-CIA police detective, or Jonathan Cold in The Foreigner and Black Dawn, an ex-CIA Black Ops freelancer).", "His characters often have an elite past affiliation with the CIA, Special Forces, or Black Ops (for example, Casey Ryback in Under Siege, a former Navy SEAL, Jack Cole in The Glimmer Man, an ex-CIA police detective, or Jonathan Cold in The Foreigner and Black Dawn, an ex-CIA Black Ops freelancer). His characters differ from those of other action movie icons by virtue of their near-invulnerability; they almost never face any significant physical threat, easily overpowering any opposition and never facing bodily harm or even temporary defeat.", "His characters differ from those of other action movie icons by virtue of their near-invulnerability; they almost never face any significant physical threat, easily overpowering any opposition and never facing bodily harm or even temporary defeat. A notable exception is 2010's Machete, which features Seagal in a rare villainous role. In 2008, author and critic Vern (no last name) published Seagalogy, a work which examines Seagal's filmography using the framework of auteur theory.", "In 2008, author and critic Vern (no last name) published Seagalogy, a work which examines Seagal's filmography using the framework of auteur theory. The book divides Seagal's filmography into different chronological \"eras\" with distinct thematic elements. The book was updated in 2012 to include more recent films and Seagal's work on the reality TV show Steven Seagal: Lawman. Other ventures Music Seagal plays the guitar. His songs have been featured in several of his movies, including Fire Down Below and Ticker.", "His songs have been featured in several of his movies, including Fire Down Below and Ticker. Among his extensive collection are guitars previously owned by \"the Kings\"; Albert, BB, and Freddie, as well as Bo Diddley, Stevie Ray Vaughan, Buddy Guy, Howlin' Wolf, Muddy Waters, and Jimi Hendrix. In 2005, he released his first album, Songs from the Crystal Cave, which has a mix of pop, world, country, and blues music.", "In 2005, he released his first album, Songs from the Crystal Cave, which has a mix of pop, world, country, and blues music. It features duets with Tony Rebel, Lt. Stichie, Lady Saw, and Stevie Wonder. The soundtrack to Seagal's 2005 film Into the Sun features several songs from the album. One of his album tracks, \"Girl It's Alright\", was also released as a single in several countries alongside an accompanying music video.", "One of his album tracks, \"Girl It's Alright\", was also released as a single in several countries alongside an accompanying music video. Seagal's second album, titled Mojo Priest, was released in April 2006. Subsequently, he spent the summer of 2006 touring the United States and Europe with his band, Thunderbox, in support of the album. Law enforcement work Seagal has been a Reserve Deputy Chief in the Jefferson Parish, Louisiana Sheriff's Office.", "Law enforcement work Seagal has been a Reserve Deputy Chief in the Jefferson Parish, Louisiana Sheriff's Office. In the late 1980s, after teaching the deputies martial arts, unarmed combat, and marksmanship, then-sheriff Harry Lee (1932–2007) was so impressed that he asked Seagal to join the force. Seagal allegedly graduated from a police academy in Los Angeles over twenty years prior and has a certificate from Peace Officer Standards & Training (POST), an organization that accredits California police officers.", "Seagal allegedly graduated from a police academy in Los Angeles over twenty years prior and has a certificate from Peace Officer Standards & Training (POST), an organization that accredits California police officers. However, POST officials in California and Louisiana have no record of Seagal being certified, and Seagal's rank in Louisiana is therefore ceremonial. Steven Seagal: Lawman, a series which follows his work in the Jefferson Parish Sheriff's Office, premiered on A&E on December 2, 2009.", "Steven Seagal: Lawman, a series which follows his work in the Jefferson Parish Sheriff's Office, premiered on A&E on December 2, 2009. Seagal stated that \"I've decided to work with A&E on this series now because I believe it's important to show the nation all the positive work being accomplished here in Louisiana—to see the passion and commitment that comes from the Jefferson Parish Sheriff's Office in this post-Katrina environment.\"", "Seagal stated that \"I've decided to work with A&E on this series now because I believe it's important to show the nation all the positive work being accomplished here in Louisiana—to see the passion and commitment that comes from the Jefferson Parish Sheriff's Office in this post-Katrina environment.\" The series premiere drew 3.6 million viewers, ranking as best season opener for any original A&E series ever.", "The series premiere drew 3.6 million viewers, ranking as best season opener for any original A&E series ever. On April 14, 2010, the series was suspended by Jefferson Parish Sheriff Newell Normand due to a sexual trafficking lawsuit filed against Seagal. The suit was later dropped. A&E resumed the show for the second season, which began on October 6, 2010. Production on Season 3 started in February 2011, with a change of location from Louisiana to Maricopa County, Arizona.", "Production on Season 3 started in February 2011, with a change of location from Louisiana to Maricopa County, Arizona. Two episodes were scheduled to be aired, beginning on January 4, 2012. Shortly before the episodes were to be aired, Season 3 was suspended, with no explanations given. Season 3 premiered on January 2, 2014, but the show was not renewed for a fourth season.", "Season 3 premiered on January 2, 2014, but the show was not renewed for a fourth season. In October 2011, Seagal was sworn-in as the Sheriff department’s deputy sheriff of Hudspeth County, Texas, a law department responsible for patrolling a 98-mile stretch of the Texas-Mexico border. Business ventures In 2005, Seagal Enterprises began to market an energy drink known as \"Steven Seagal's Lightning Bolt\", but it has since been discontinued.", "Business ventures In 2005, Seagal Enterprises began to market an energy drink known as \"Steven Seagal's Lightning Bolt\", but it has since been discontinued. Seagal has also marketed an aftershave called \"Scent of Action\", and a range of knives and weapons. In 2013, Seagal joined newly formed Russian firearms manufacturer ORSIS, representing the company in both a promotional capacity as well as lobbying for the easement of US import restrictions on Russian sporting firearms.", "In 2013, Seagal joined newly formed Russian firearms manufacturer ORSIS, representing the company in both a promotional capacity as well as lobbying for the easement of US import restrictions on Russian sporting firearms. It was also announced he would work with the company to develop a signature long-range rifle known provisionally as \"ORSIS by Steven Seagal\". Personal life Seagal has an extensive sword collection, and at one time had a custom gun made for him once a month.", "Personal life Seagal has an extensive sword collection, and at one time had a custom gun made for him once a month. Residences Seagal owns a dude ranch in Colorado, a home in the Mandeville Canyon section of Los Angeles, and a home in Louisiana. Religion Seagal is a Buddhist. In February 1997, Lama Penor Rinpoche from Palyul monastery announced that Seagal was a tulku, and specifically the reincarnation of Chungdrag Dorje, a 17th-century terton (treasure revealer) of the Nyingma, the oldest sect of Tibetan Buddhism.", "In February 1997, Lama Penor Rinpoche from Palyul monastery announced that Seagal was a tulku, and specifically the reincarnation of Chungdrag Dorje, a 17th-century terton (treasure revealer) of the Nyingma, the oldest sect of Tibetan Buddhism. Seagal's recognition aroused controversy in the American Buddhist community, with Helen Tworkov commenting in Tricycle impugning the extent of Seagal's \"spiritual wisdom\" and suggesting that Seagal bought his Buddhahood by donations to Penor's Kunzang Palyul Choling center.", "Seagal's recognition aroused controversy in the American Buddhist community, with Helen Tworkov commenting in Tricycle impugning the extent of Seagal's \"spiritual wisdom\" and suggesting that Seagal bought his Buddhahood by donations to Penor's Kunzang Palyul Choling center. Penor Rinpoche responded to the controversy by saying that Seagal, although acting in violent movies, had not actually killed people, and that Seagal was merely recognized, whereas enthronement as a tulku would require first a \"lengthy process of study and practice\".", "Penor Rinpoche responded to the controversy by saying that Seagal, although acting in violent movies, had not actually killed people, and that Seagal was merely recognized, whereas enthronement as a tulku would require first a \"lengthy process of study and practice\". Citizenship Seagal reportedly holds citizenships in three countries: the United States, Serbia, and Russia. Born in the United States, he possesses jus soli U.S. citizenship.", "Born in the United States, he possesses jus soli U.S. citizenship. He was granted Serbian citizenship on January 11, 2016, following several visits to the country, and has been asked to teach aikido to the Serbian Special Forces. Seagal was granted Russian citizenship on November 3, 2016; according to government spokesman Dmitry Peskov, \"He was asking quite insistently and over a lengthy period to be granted citizenship.\"", "Seagal was granted Russian citizenship on November 3, 2016; according to government spokesman Dmitry Peskov, \"He was asking quite insistently and over a lengthy period to be granted citizenship.\" While various media have cited Seagal and President Vladimir Putin as friends and Seagal stated that he \"would like to consider [Putin] as a brother\", Putin has distanced himself from Seagal; Peskov is reported to have said: \"I wouldn't necessarily say he's a huge fan, but he's definitely seen some of his movies.\"", "While various media have cited Seagal and President Vladimir Putin as friends and Seagal stated that he \"would like to consider [Putin] as a brother\", Putin has distanced himself from Seagal; Peskov is reported to have said: \"I wouldn't necessarily say he's a huge fan, but he's definitely seen some of his movies.\" Relationships and family While in Japan, Seagal married his first wife, Miyako Fujitani, the daughter of an aikido instructor.", "Relationships and family While in Japan, Seagal married his first wife, Miyako Fujitani, the daughter of an aikido instructor. With Fujitani, he had a son, actor and model Kentaro Seagal, and a daughter, writer and actress Ayako Fujitani. Seagal left Miyako to move back to the United States. During this time, he met actress and model Kelly LeBrock, with whom he began an affair that led to Fujitani granting him a divorce.", "During this time, he met actress and model Kelly LeBrock, with whom he began an affair that led to Fujitani granting him a divorce. Seagal was briefly married to actress Adrienne La Russa in 1984, but that marriage was annulled the same year over concerns that his divorce had not yet been finalized. LeBrock gave birth to Seagal's daughter Annaliza in early 1987. Seagal and LeBrock married in September 1987 and their son Dominic was born in June 1990. Their daughter Arissa was born in 1993.", "Their daughter Arissa was born in 1993. Their daughter Arissa was born in 1993. The following year, LeBrock filed for divorce citing \"irreconcilable differences\". Seagal is married to Mongolian Erdenetuya Batsukh (), better known as \"Elle\". They have one son together, Kunzang. From an early age, Elle trained as a dancer at the Children's Palace in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia. After her graduation from high school and the Children's Palace, she pursued a career as a professional dancer.", "After her graduation from high school and the Children's Palace, she pursued a career as a professional dancer. She won a number of dancing contests and was considered the top female dancer in Mongolia, excelling at ballroom dancing in particular. Elle first met Seagal in 2001, when she worked as his interpreter during his visit to Mongolia. Seagal has seven children from four relationships, two grandchildren by his eldest son, Kentaro and one granddaughter by his daughter Ayako Fujitani.", "Seagal has seven children from four relationships, two grandchildren by his eldest son, Kentaro and one granddaughter by his daughter Ayako Fujitani. In addition to his biological offspring, Seagal is the guardian of Yabshi Pan Rinzinwangmo, the only child of the 10th Panchen Lama of Tibet. When she studied in the United States, Seagal was her minder and bodyguard.", "When she studied in the United States, Seagal was her minder and bodyguard. Allegations and lawsuits Early 1990s In May 1991 (during the filming of Out for Justice), Warner Bros. employees Raenne Malone, Nicole Selinger, and Christine Keeve accused Seagal of sexual harassment. In return for remaining silent, Malone and another woman received around $50,000 each in an out-of-court settlement. Around the same time, at least four actresses claimed that Seagal had made sexual advances, typically during late-night \"casting sessions\".", "Around the same time, at least four actresses claimed that Seagal had made sexual advances, typically during late-night \"casting sessions\". In another incident, Jenny McCarthy claimed that Seagal asked her to undress during an audition for Under Siege 2. 1995 lawsuit In 1995, Seagal was charged with employment discrimination, sexual harassment, and breach of contract. Cheryl Shuman filed a case against Seagal, accusing him of threatening and beating her during the filming of On Deadly Ground.", "Cheryl Shuman filed a case against Seagal, accusing him of threatening and beating her during the filming of On Deadly Ground. In August 1995, Los Angeles Superior Court Judge Hiroshi Fujisaki dismissed the case, calling the claims \"repetitive and unintelligible\". 2010 lawsuit On April 12, 2010, 23-year-old Kayden Nguyen filed a lawsuit against Seagal in a Los Angeles County Superior Court, requesting more than one million dollars in damages.", "2010 lawsuit On April 12, 2010, 23-year-old Kayden Nguyen filed a lawsuit against Seagal in a Los Angeles County Superior Court, requesting more than one million dollars in damages. In her suit, Nguyen alleged Seagal engaged in sexual harassment, the illegal trafficking of females for sex, failure to prevent sexual harassment, and wrongful termination. Seagal denied the allegations, but his reality show Steven Seagal: Lawman was suspended while his attorneys resolved the case.", "Seagal denied the allegations, but his reality show Steven Seagal: Lawman was suspended while his attorneys resolved the case. On July 14, 2010, three months after Nguyen filed her suit, she withdrew her claim without explanation. 2011 lawsuit On August 30, 2011, Jesus Sanchez Llovera filed a lawsuit against Seagal over his part in a Maricopa county police raid with heavy weapons (notably including an army surplus tank) of Llovera's residence for suspicion of cockfighting.", "2011 lawsuit On August 30, 2011, Jesus Sanchez Llovera filed a lawsuit against Seagal over his part in a Maricopa county police raid with heavy weapons (notably including an army surplus tank) of Llovera's residence for suspicion of cockfighting. The incident was taped for Seagal's A&E reality show Steven Seagal: Lawman. Llovera was seeking $100,000 for damages caused during the raid and a letter of apology from Seagal to Llovera's children for the death of their family pet.", "Llovera was seeking $100,000 for damages caused during the raid and a letter of apology from Seagal to Llovera's children for the death of their family pet. Llovera claimed that his 11-month-old puppy was shot and killed during the raid. Llovera failed to file court-ordered paperwork after his attorney withdrew from the case and the lawsuit was dismissed in January 2013. 2017 allegations In 2017, actress Portia de Rossi accused Seagal of sexually harassing her during a movie audition.", "2017 allegations In 2017, actress Portia de Rossi accused Seagal of sexually harassing her during a movie audition. De Rossi alleged that during an audition in Seagal's office, he told her \"how important it was to have chemistry off-screen\" before unzipping his pants. On November 9, 2017, Dutch model Faviola Dadis posted a statement on her Instagram account stating that she also had been sexually assaulted by Seagal years earlier.", "On November 9, 2017, Dutch model Faviola Dadis posted a statement on her Instagram account stating that she also had been sexually assaulted by Seagal years earlier. 2018 allegations and investigation On January 15, 2018, actress Rachel Grant publicly accused Seagal of sexually assaulting her in 2002, during pre-production on his direct-to-video film, Out for a Kill (2003), stating that she lost her job on the film after the incident.", "2018 allegations and investigation On January 15, 2018, actress Rachel Grant publicly accused Seagal of sexually assaulting her in 2002, during pre-production on his direct-to-video film, Out for a Kill (2003), stating that she lost her job on the film after the incident. In February 2018, the Los Angeles County District Attorney's office acknowledged that it was reviewing a potential sex abuse case involving Seagal.", "In February 2018, the Los Angeles County District Attorney's office acknowledged that it was reviewing a potential sex abuse case involving Seagal. In March 2018, Regina Simons publicly claimed that in 1993, when she was 18, Seagal raped her at his home when she arrived for what she thought was a wrap party for the movie On Deadly Ground.", "In March 2018, Regina Simons publicly claimed that in 1993, when she was 18, Seagal raped her at his home when she arrived for what she thought was a wrap party for the movie On Deadly Ground. 2020 federal securities violation settlement On February 27, 2020, the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission announced settled charges against Seagal for failing to disclose payments he received for promoting an investment in an initial coin offering (ICO) conducted by Bitcoiin2Gen (B2G).", "2020 federal securities violation settlement On February 27, 2020, the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission announced settled charges against Seagal for failing to disclose payments he received for promoting an investment in an initial coin offering (ICO) conducted by Bitcoiin2Gen (B2G). Seagal was promised $250,000 in cash and $750,000 worth of B2G tokens in exchange for his social media promotions and a press release in which he \"wholeheartedly\" endorsed the ICO, which violated the anti-touting provisions of federal securities laws.", "Seagal was promised $250,000 in cash and $750,000 worth of B2G tokens in exchange for his social media promotions and a press release in which he \"wholeheartedly\" endorsed the ICO, which violated the anti-touting provisions of federal securities laws. Without admitting or denying the SEC's findings, Seagal agreed to pay $157,000 in disgorgement, representing the actual payments he received for his promotions, plus prejudgment interest and a $157,000 penalty. Seagal also agreed not to promote any securities, digital or otherwise, for three years.", "Seagal also agreed not to promote any securities, digital or otherwise, for three years. Victim of attempted extortion Steven Seagal became embroiled in a legal case involving film producer Julius R. Nasso after Nasso attempted to extort Seagal. Nasso produced seven of Seagal's films beginning with Marked for Death in 1990. The two \"became best friends\", according to Seagal, and formed Seagal/Nasso Productions together. Their relationship became strained, however, and their partnership ended in 2000.", "Their relationship became strained, however, and their partnership ended in 2000. Believing that Seagal owed him $3 million in compensation for backing out of a four-film deal, Nasso enlisted members of the Gambino crime family to threaten Seagal in an attempt to recoup money Nasso allegedly lost. Gambino family captain Anthony Ciccone first visited Seagal in Toronto during the filming of Exit Wounds in October 2000. In January 2001, Primo Cassarino and other gangsters picked up Seagal by car to bring him to a meeting with Ciccone at a Brooklyn restaurant.", "In January 2001, Primo Cassarino and other gangsters picked up Seagal by car to bring him to a meeting with Ciccone at a Brooklyn restaurant. At the meeting, Ciccone bluntly told Seagal that he had a choice of making four promised movies with Nasso or paying Nasso a penalty of $150,000 per movie. If Seagal refused, Ciccone would kill him. Seagal, who later claimed that he brought a handgun to the meeting, was able to stall Ciccone and escape the meeting unharmed.", "Seagal, who later claimed that he brought a handgun to the meeting, was able to stall Ciccone and escape the meeting unharmed. Ciccone and Cassarino again visited Seagal at his home in Los Angeles the following month. In the spring of 2001, Seagal sought out another mobster, Genovese crime family captain Angelo Prisco, to act as a \"peacemaker\". He visited Prisco in prison at Rahway, New Jersey and paid Prisco's lawyer $10,000.", "He visited Prisco in prison at Rahway, New Jersey and paid Prisco's lawyer $10,000. On March 17, 2003, Cassarino, Ciccone and others were convicted of labor racketeering, extortion, and 63 other counts under the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act. Seagal testified for the prosecution about the mobsters' extortion attempt.", "Seagal testified for the prosecution about the mobsters' extortion attempt. Nasso pleaded guilty to the charge of extortion conspiracy in August 2003 and, in February 2004, was sentenced to a year and a day in prison, fined $75,000 and ordered to take mental health counselling on release from jail. In January 2008, Nasso agreed to drop a $60 million lawsuit against Seagal for an alleged breach of contract when the two settled out of court.", "In January 2008, Nasso agreed to drop a $60 million lawsuit against Seagal for an alleged breach of contract when the two settled out of court. Conflicts with stuntmen Seagal has been accused by former stunt performers who have worked with him, including Kane Hodder, Stephen Quadros, and Gene LeBell, of intentionally hitting stuntmen during scenes. Additionally, while serving as stunt coordinator for Out for Justice, LeBell allegedly got into an on-set altercation with Seagal over his mistreatment of some of the film's stunt performers.", "Additionally, while serving as stunt coordinator for Out for Justice, LeBell allegedly got into an on-set altercation with Seagal over his mistreatment of some of the film's stunt performers. After the actor claimed that, due to his aikido training, he was \"immune\" to being choked unconscious, LeBell offered Seagal the opportunity to prove it. LeBell is said to have placed his arms around Seagal's neck, and once Seagal said \"go\", proceeded to choke him unconscious, with Seagal losing control of his bowels.", "LeBell is said to have placed his arms around Seagal's neck, and once Seagal said \"go\", proceeded to choke him unconscious, with Seagal losing control of his bowels. LeBell was requested to confirm the on-set incident publicly in an interview with Ariel Helwani in 2012, but he avoided answering the question, albeit implying that it was true. He was quoted as \"When we had a little altercation or difference of opinion, there were thirty stuntmen and cameramen that were watching.", "He was quoted as \"When we had a little altercation or difference of opinion, there were thirty stuntmen and cameramen that were watching. Sometimes Steven has a tendency to cheese off the wrong people, and you can get hurt doing that.\" On the other hand, when Seagal was asked about the incident, he directly denied the allegations, calling LeBell a \"sick, pathological scumbag liar\", and offered the name of a witness who could prove Lebell had fabricated the entire story.", "On the other hand, when Seagal was asked about the incident, he directly denied the allegations, calling LeBell a \"sick, pathological scumbag liar\", and offered the name of a witness who could prove Lebell had fabricated the entire story. The claim garnered a heated response from LeBell's trainee Ronda Rousey, who said that Seagal was the one lying, and declared \"If [Seagal] says anything bad about Gene to my face, I'd make him crap his pants a second time.\"", "The claim garnered a heated response from LeBell's trainee Ronda Rousey, who said that Seagal was the one lying, and declared \"If [Seagal] says anything bad about Gene to my face, I'd make him crap his pants a second time.\" Authentic or not, the reports of this incident led LeBell to be counted in 1992 as an additional member of Robert Wall's \"Dirty Dozen\", a group of martial artists willing to answer to a public challenge made by Seagal.", "Authentic or not, the reports of this incident led LeBell to be counted in 1992 as an additional member of Robert Wall's \"Dirty Dozen\", a group of martial artists willing to answer to a public challenge made by Seagal. LeBell however declined to participate, revealing the feud with Seagal was hurting him professionally. He did however criticize Seagal for his treatment of stuntmen, and left open the possibility of a professional fight if Seagal wanted to do it.", "He did however criticize Seagal for his treatment of stuntmen, and left open the possibility of a professional fight if Seagal wanted to do it. Allegations of mistreatment towards stuntmen have continued throughout Seagal's later career, with both stuntman Peter Harris Kent (Arnold Schwarzenegger's stunt double) and Mike Leeder publicly criticizing his on-set antics. Actor John Leguizamo also claimed that during rehearsals on Executive Decision, in retaliation for laughing at him, Seagal caught him off guard and knocked him into a brick wall.", "Actor John Leguizamo also claimed that during rehearsals on Executive Decision, in retaliation for laughing at him, Seagal caught him off guard and knocked him into a brick wall. Political views and activism Seagal lent his voice as a narrator for an activist film project, Medicine Lake Video. The project seeks to protect sacred tribal ground near Seagal's ranch in Siskiyou County. He also wrote an open letter to the leadership of Thailand in 2003, urging them to enact a law to prevent the torture of baby elephants.", "He also wrote an open letter to the leadership of Thailand in 2003, urging them to enact a law to prevent the torture of baby elephants. In 1999, Seagal was awarded a PETA Humanitarian Award. In a March 2014 interview with Rossiyskaya Gazeta, Seagal described Vladimir Putin as \"one of the great living world leaders\". He expressed support for the annexation of Crimea by Russia. In July 2014, following calls for a boycott, Seagal was dropped from the lineup of the August Blues Festival in Haapsalu, Estonia.", "In July 2014, following calls for a boycott, Seagal was dropped from the lineup of the August Blues Festival in Haapsalu, Estonia. Estonian musician Tõnis Mägi, the minister of Foreign Affairs, Urmas Paet, and Parliament's Foreign Affairs chairman Marko Mihkelson, had all condemned inviting Seagal into the country, with Paet stating, \"Steven Seagal has tried to actively participate in politics during the past few months and has done it in a way which is unacceptable to the majority of the world that respects democracy and the rule of law.\"", "Estonian musician Tõnis Mägi, the minister of Foreign Affairs, Urmas Paet, and Parliament's Foreign Affairs chairman Marko Mihkelson, had all condemned inviting Seagal into the country, with Paet stating, \"Steven Seagal has tried to actively participate in politics during the past few months and has done it in a way which is unacceptable to the majority of the world that respects democracy and the rule of law.\" In August 2014, Seagal appeared at a Night Wolves-organized show in Sevastopol, Crimea, supporting the Crimean annexation and depicting Ukraine as a country controlled by fascists.", "In August 2014, Seagal appeared at a Night Wolves-organized show in Sevastopol, Crimea, supporting the Crimean annexation and depicting Ukraine as a country controlled by fascists. On November 3, Seagal was granted Russian citizenship by president Putin. His views on Ukraine and Russian citizenship caused Ukraine to ban him because he \"committed socially dangerous actions\".", "His views on Ukraine and Russian citizenship caused Ukraine to ban him because he \"committed socially dangerous actions\". Seagal spoke out against the protests during the United States national anthem by professional athletes, stating, \"I believe in free speech, I believe that everyone's entitled to their own opinion, but I don't agree that they should hold the United States of America or the world hostage by taking a venue where people are tuning in to watch a football game and imposing their political views.\"", "Seagal spoke out against the protests during the United States national anthem by professional athletes, stating, \"I believe in free speech, I believe that everyone's entitled to their own opinion, but I don't agree that they should hold the United States of America or the world hostage by taking a venue where people are tuning in to watch a football game and imposing their political views.\" He also expressed skepticism of alleged Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections.", "He also expressed skepticism of alleged Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections. In 2017, Seagal collaborated with former chair of the Arizona Republican Party, Tom Morrissey, in writing a self-published conspiracy thriller novel, The Way of the Shadow Wolves: The Deep State And The Hijacking Of America, which featured a Tohono Shadow Wolf tracker working for U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement to foil a plot by Mexican drug cartels and the \"deep state\" to smuggle in Islamist terrorists to the United States through the U.S.-Mexico border.", "In 2017, Seagal collaborated with former chair of the Arizona Republican Party, Tom Morrissey, in writing a self-published conspiracy thriller novel, The Way of the Shadow Wolves: The Deep State And The Hijacking Of America, which featured a Tohono Shadow Wolf tracker working for U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement to foil a plot by Mexican drug cartels and the \"deep state\" to smuggle in Islamist terrorists to the United States through the U.S.-Mexico border. In 2021, Seagal gifted a katana sword to Venezuelan President Nicolás Maduro as Russia's Foreign Affairs Ministry special envoy while visiting Canaima National Park.", "In 2021, Seagal gifted a katana sword to Venezuelan President Nicolás Maduro as Russia's Foreign Affairs Ministry special envoy while visiting Canaima National Park. Maduro referred to Seagal as \"my brother.\" On May 30, 2021, the pro-Kremlin systemic opposition party A Just Russia — Patriots — For Truth announced that Seagal had received an official membership card to the party.", "On May 30, 2021, the pro-Kremlin systemic opposition party A Just Russia — Patriots — For Truth announced that Seagal had received an official membership card to the party. Stunts Filmography Films Television Awards and nominations Discography 2005: Songs from the Crystal Cave 2006: Mojo Priest References External links 1952 births Living people 20th-century American guitarists 20th-century American male actors 20th-century American male musicians 21st-century American male actors 21st-century American male musicians 21st-century Russian male actors 21st-century Serbian male actors Activists from California American actor-politicians American aikidoka American blues singers American country singers American deputy sheriffs American drink industry businesspeople American emigrants to Russia American environmentalists American expatriates in Japan American kendoka American male film actors American male guitarists American male judoka American male karateka American male singers American people of Irish descent American people of Jewish descent American stunt performers Businesspeople from California Businesspeople from Louisiana Businesspeople from Michigan Converts to Buddhism Country musicians from Louisiana Country musicians from Michigan Country musicians from Tennessee Golden Raspberry Award winners Guitarists from Michigan Male actors from Fullerton, California Male actors from Lansing, Michigan Naturalised citizens of Russia Naturalized citizens of Serbia Nyingma tulkus Participants in American reality television series People from Eltingville, Staten Island People from Germantown, Tennessee People from Jefferson Parish, Louisiana People from Mandeville Canyon, Los Angeles Russian businesspeople Russian male film actors Russian male judoka Russian male karateka Russian martial artists Russian people of Irish descent Russian people of Jewish descent Russian stunt performers Serbian businesspeople Serbian male film actors Serbian male judoka Serbian male karateka Serbian people of Irish descent Serbian people of Jewish descent Serbian stunt performers Tibetan Buddhists from Russia Tibetan Buddhists from the United States" ]

[ "Steven Seagal", "Martial arts", "When did he start martial arts", "Seagal moved to Japan at some point between 1971 and 1973.", "Why did he move to Japan", "I don't know.", "DId he make any movies while in Japan", "I don't know.", "What did he do that had to do with martial arts", "Seagal initially returned to Taos, New Mexico, with his student (and later film stuntman) Craig Dunn, where they opened a dojo,", "How long did they have the dojo", "Seagal left Matsuoka in charge of the dojo, which he ran until the two parted ways in 1997." ]

[ "Přírodní park Třebíčsko (before Oblast klidu Třebíčsko) is a natural park near Třebíč in the Czech Republic. There are many interesting plants. The park was founded in 1983.\n\nKobylinec and Ptáčovský kopeček\n\nKobylinec is a natural monument situated ca 0,5 km from the village of Trnava.\nThe area of this monument is 0,44 ha. Pulsatilla grandis can be found here and in the Ptáčovský kopeček park near Ptáčov near Třebíč. Both monuments are very popular for tourists.\n\nPonds\n\nIn the natural park there are some interesting ponds such as Velký Bor, Malý Bor, Buršík near Přeckov and a brook Březinka. Dams on the brook are examples of European beaver activity.\n\nSyenitové skály near Pocoucov\n\nSyenitové skály (rocks of syenit) near Pocoucov is one of famed locations. There are interesting granite boulders. The area of the reservation is 0,77 ha.\n\nExternal links\nParts of this article or all article was translated from Czech. The original article is :cs:Přírodní park Třebíčsko.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nNature near the village Trnava which is there\n\nTřebíč\nParks in the Czech Republic\nTourist attractions in the Vysočina Region", "Damn Interesting is an independent website founded by Alan Bellows in 2005. The website presents true stories from science, history, and psychology, primarily as long-form articles, often illustrated with original artwork. Works are written by various authors, and published at irregular intervals. The website openly rejects advertising, relying on reader and listener donations to cover operating costs.\n\nAs of October 2012, each article is also published as a podcast under the same name. In November 2019, a second podcast was launched under the title Damn Interesting Week, featuring unscripted commentary on an assortment of news articles featured on the website's \"Curated Links\" section that week. In mid-2020, a third podcast called Damn Interesting Curio Cabinet began highlighting the website's periodic short-form articles in the same radioplay format as the original podcast.\n\nIn July 2009, Damn Interesting published the print book Alien Hand Syndrome through Workman Publishing. It contains some favorites from the site and some exclusive content.\n\nAwards and recognition \nIn August 2007, PC Magazine named Damn Interesting one of the \"Top 100 Undiscovered Web Sites\".\nThe article \"The Zero-Armed Bandit\" by Alan Bellows won a 2015 Sidney Award from David Brooks in The New York Times.\nThe article \"Ghoulish Acts and Dastardly Deeds\" by Alan Bellows was cited as \"nonfiction journalism from 2017 that will stand the test of time\" by Conor Friedersdorf in The Atlantic.\nThe article \"Dupes and Duplicity\" by Jennifer Lee Noonan won a 2020 Sidney Award from David Brooks in the New York Times.\n\nAccusing The Dollop of plagiarism \n\nOn July 9, 2015, Bellows posted an open letter accusing The Dollop, a comedy podcast about history, of plagiarism due to their repeated use of verbatim text from Damn Interesting articles without permission or attribution. Dave Anthony, the writer of The Dollop, responded on reddit, admitting to using Damn Interesting content, but claiming that the use was protected by fair use, and that \"historical facts are not copyrightable.\" In an article about the controversy on Plagiarism Today, Jonathan Bailey concluded, \"Any way one looks at it, The Dollop failed its ethical obligations to all of the people, not just those writing for Damn Interesting, who put in the time, energy and expertise into writing the original content upon which their show is based.\"\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n Official website\n\n2005 podcast debuts" ]

[ "Steven Frederic Seagal (; born April 10, 1952) is an American actor, screenwriter and martial artist. Seagal was born in Lansing, Michigan. A 7th-dan black belt in aikido, he began his adult life as a martial arts instructor in Japan, becoming the first foreigner to operate an aikido dojo in the country. He later moved to Los Angeles, California, where he had the same profession. In 1988, Seagal made his acting debut in Above the Law.", "In 1988, Seagal made his acting debut in Above the Law. By 1991, he had starred in four films. In 1992, he played Navy SEAL counter-terrorist expert Casey Ryback in Under Siege. During the latter half of the 1990s, Seagal starred in three more feature films and the direct-to-video film The Patriot. Subsequently, his career shifted to mostly direct-to-video productions. He has since appeared in films and reality shows, including Steven Seagal: Lawman, which depicted Seagal performing his duties as a reserve deputy sheriff.", "He has since appeared in films and reality shows, including Steven Seagal: Lawman, which depicted Seagal performing his duties as a reserve deputy sheriff. Seagal is a guitarist and has released two studio albums, Songs from the Crystal Cave and Mojo Priest, and performed on the scores of several of his films. He has worked with Stevie Wonder and Tony Rebel, who both performed on his debut album. He has also been involved in a line of \"therapeutic oil\" products and energy drinks.", "He has also been involved in a line of \"therapeutic oil\" products and energy drinks. In addition, Seagal is an environmentalist, animal rights activist, and supporter of 14th Dalai Lama Tenzin Gyatso. He is a supporter of Vladimir Putin, to whom he once referred as \"one of the great living world leaders\". He was granted both Russian and Serbian citizenship in 2016.", "He was granted both Russian and Serbian citizenship in 2016. In 2018, he was appointed Russia's special envoy to the U.S. From 1996 to 2018, multiple women accused Seagal of sexual harassment or assault. Early life Steven Frederic Seagal was born in Lansing, Michigan on April 10, 1952, the son of medical technician Patricia (1930–2003) and high school mathematics teacher Samuel Seagal (1928–1991). His mother was of Irish descent, while his father was Jewish.", "His mother was of Irish descent, while his father was Jewish. When he was five years old, he moved with his parents to Fullerton, California. His mother later told People magazine that prior to the move Seagal was frail and suffered from asthma: \"He was a puny kid back then. But he really thrived after the move [from Michigan].\" Seagal attended Buena Park High School in Buena Park, California, and Fullerton College between 1970 and 1971.", "Seagal attended Buena Park High School in Buena Park, California, and Fullerton College between 1970 and 1971. As a teen, he spent much time in his garage listening to loud rock music. However, it was while working with a friendly old Japanese man at a dojo in Garden Grove that he was encouraged to visit Japan. Martial arts Seagal moved to Japan at some point between 1971 and 1973. By 1974, he had returned to California.", "By 1974, he had returned to California. By 1974, he had returned to California. That year he met Miyako Fujitani, a second-degree black belt and daughter of an Osaka aikido master who had come to Los Angeles to teach aikido. When Miyako returned to Osaka, Seagal went with her. The following year they married and had a son, Kentaro, and a daughter, Ayako.", "The following year they married and had a son, Kentaro, and a daughter, Ayako. He taught at the school owned by Miyako's family (though he is often stated to have been the first non-Asian to open a dojo in Japan). As of 1990, Miyako and her brother still taught there, and her mother was the chairwoman.", "As of 1990, Miyako and her brother still taught there, and her mother was the chairwoman. Seagal initially returned to Taos, New Mexico, with his student (and later film stuntman) Craig Dunn, where they opened a dojo, although Seagal spent much of his time pursuing other ventures. After another period in Japan, Seagal returned to the U.S. in 1983 with senior student Haruo Matsuoka. They opened an aikido dojo, initially in North Hollywood, California, but later moved it to the city of West Hollywood.", "They opened an aikido dojo, initially in North Hollywood, California, but later moved it to the city of West Hollywood. Seagal left Matsuoka in charge of the dojo, which the latter ran until the two parted ways in 1997. Seagal helped train Brazilian mixed martial artist Lyoto Machida, who credited Seagal for helping him perfect the front kick that he used to knock out Randy Couture at UFC 129 in May 2011.", "Seagal helped train Brazilian mixed martial artist Lyoto Machida, who credited Seagal for helping him perfect the front kick that he used to knock out Randy Couture at UFC 129 in May 2011. Career 1987–2002 In 1987, Seagal began work on his first film, Above the Law (titled Nico in Europe), with director Andrew Davis. Following its success, Seagal's subsequent movies were Hard to Kill, Marked for Death, and Out for Justice; all were box office hits, making him an action hero.", "Following its success, Seagal's subsequent movies were Hard to Kill, Marked for Death, and Out for Justice; all were box office hits, making him an action hero. Later, he achieved wider, mainstream success in 1992 with the release of Under Siege (1992), which reunited Seagal with director Andrew Davis. Seagal hosted the April 20, 1991 episode of the late night variety show Saturday Night Live, which aired as the 18th episode of the 16th season.", "Seagal hosted the April 20, 1991 episode of the late night variety show Saturday Night Live, which aired as the 18th episode of the 16th season. The series' long-time producer Lorne Michaels and the cast-members David Spade and Tim Meadows regarded Seagal as the show's worst-ever host. Spade and Meadows cite Seagal's humorlessness, his ill-treatment of the show's cast and writers, and his refusal to do a \"Hans and Franz\" sketch because that skit's title characters stated that they could beat up Seagal.", "Spade and Meadows cite Seagal's humorlessness, his ill-treatment of the show's cast and writers, and his refusal to do a \"Hans and Franz\" sketch because that skit's title characters stated that they could beat up Seagal. Seagal was never invited back to the show following that episode. Meadows commented, \"He didn't realize that you can't tell somebody they're stupid on Wednesday and expect them to continue writing for you on Saturday.\"", "Meadows commented, \"He didn't realize that you can't tell somebody they're stupid on Wednesday and expect them to continue writing for you on Saturday.\" The cast and crew's difficulties with Seagal were later echoed on-air by Michaels during guest host Nicolas Cage's monologue in the September 26, 1992 Season 18 premiere. When Cage worried that he would do so poorly that the audience would regard him as \"the biggest jerk who's ever been on the show\", Michaels replied, \"No, no.", "When Cage worried that he would do so poorly that the audience would regard him as \"the biggest jerk who's ever been on the show\", Michaels replied, \"No, no. That would be Steven Seagal.\" Seagal directed and starred in On Deadly Ground (1994), featuring Michael Caine, R. Lee Ermey, and Billy Bob Thornton in minor supporting roles. The film emphasized environmental and spiritual themes, signaling a break with his previous persona as a genre-ready inner-city cop.", "The film emphasized environmental and spiritual themes, signaling a break with his previous persona as a genre-ready inner-city cop. On Deadly Ground was poorly received by critics, especially denouncing Seagal's long environmental speech in the film. Regardless, Seagal considers it one of the most important and relevant moments in his career. Seagal followed this with a sequel to one of his most successful films, Under Siege, titled Under Siege 2: Dark Territory (1995).", "Seagal followed this with a sequel to one of his most successful films, Under Siege, titled Under Siege 2: Dark Territory (1995). In 1996, he had a role in the Kurt Russell film Executive Decision, portraying a special ops soldier who only appears in the film's first 45 minutes. The same year, he filmed a police drama The Glimmer Man (1996).", "The same year, he filmed a police drama The Glimmer Man (1996). In another environmentally conscious and commercially unsuccessful film, Fire Down Below (1997), he played an EPA Office of Enforcement and Compliance Assurance agent fighting industrialists dumping toxic waste in the Kentucky hills. In 1998, Seagal made The Patriot, another environmental thriller which was his first direct-to-video release in the United States (though it was released theatrically in most of the world).", "In 1998, Seagal made The Patriot, another environmental thriller which was his first direct-to-video release in the United States (though it was released theatrically in most of the world). Seagal produced this film with his own money, and the film was shot on-location on and near his farm in Montana. After producing Prince of Central Park, Seagal returned to cinema screens with the release of Exit Wounds in March 2001.", "After producing Prince of Central Park, Seagal returned to cinema screens with the release of Exit Wounds in March 2001. The film had fewer martial arts scenes than Seagal's previous films, but it was a commercial success, taking almost $80 million worldwide. However, he was unable to capitalize on this success and his next two projects were both critical and commercial failures. The movie Ticker, co-starring Tom Sizemore and Dennis Hopper, was filmed in San Francisco before Exit Wounds, and went straight to DVD.", "The movie Ticker, co-starring Tom Sizemore and Dennis Hopper, was filmed in San Francisco before Exit Wounds, and went straight to DVD. Half Past Dead, starring hip hop star Ja Rule, made less than $20 million worldwide.", "Half Past Dead, starring hip hop star Ja Rule, made less than $20 million worldwide. 2003 to present day: direct-to-video films and television Other than his role as a villain in Robert Rodriguez's Machete, all of the films Seagal has made since the latter half of 2001 have been released direct-to-video (DTV) in North America, with some theatrical releases to other countries around the world.", "2003 to present day: direct-to-video films and television Other than his role as a villain in Robert Rodriguez's Machete, all of the films Seagal has made since the latter half of 2001 have been released direct-to-video (DTV) in North America, with some theatrical releases to other countries around the world. Seagal is credited as a producer and sometimes a writer on many of these DTV movies, which include Black Dawn, Belly of the Beast, Out of Reach, Submerged, Kill Switch, Urban Justice, Pistol Whipped, Against the Dark, Driven to Kill, A Dangerous Man, Born to Raise Hell, and The Keeper.", "Seagal is credited as a producer and sometimes a writer on many of these DTV movies, which include Black Dawn, Belly of the Beast, Out of Reach, Submerged, Kill Switch, Urban Justice, Pistol Whipped, Against the Dark, Driven to Kill, A Dangerous Man, Born to Raise Hell, and The Keeper. In 2009, A&E Network premiered the reality television series Steven Seagal: Lawman, focusing on Seagal as a deputy in Jefferson Parish, Louisiana.", "In 2009, A&E Network premiered the reality television series Steven Seagal: Lawman, focusing on Seagal as a deputy in Jefferson Parish, Louisiana. In the 2010s, Seagal's direct-to-video films increasingly started to become ensemble pieces, with Seagal playing minor or supporting roles, despite the fact that he often received top billing. Maximum Conviction, Force of Execution, Gutshot Straight, Code of Honor, Sniper: Special Ops, The Asian Connection, The Perfect Weapon, Cartels, and China Salesman all exemplify this trend.", "Maximum Conviction, Force of Execution, Gutshot Straight, Code of Honor, Sniper: Special Ops, The Asian Connection, The Perfect Weapon, Cartels, and China Salesman all exemplify this trend. This has led some commentators to criticize Seagal for his low-effort participation in movies which heavily promote his involvement. In 2011, Seagal produced and starred in an American television action series entitled True Justice. The series first aired on Nitro, a TV station in Spain, on May 12, 2011.", "The series first aired on Nitro, a TV station in Spain, on May 12, 2011. It premiered in the UK on 5 USA, with the first episode broadcast July 20, 2011. April 26, 2012 the series was renewed for a second season airing on ReelzChannel July 4, 2012. In the UK, True Justice has been repackaged as a series of DVD \"movies,\" with each disc editing together two episodes.", "In the UK, True Justice has been repackaged as a series of DVD \"movies,\" with each disc editing together two episodes. Themes and motifs Many of Seagal's films share unique elements which have become characteristic of his body of work.", "Themes and motifs Many of Seagal's films share unique elements which have become characteristic of his body of work. His characters often have an elite past affiliation with the CIA, Special Forces, or Black Ops (for example, Casey Ryback in Under Siege, a former Navy SEAL, Jack Cole in The Glimmer Man, an ex-CIA police detective, or Jonathan Cold in The Foreigner and Black Dawn, an ex-CIA Black Ops freelancer).", "His characters often have an elite past affiliation with the CIA, Special Forces, or Black Ops (for example, Casey Ryback in Under Siege, a former Navy SEAL, Jack Cole in The Glimmer Man, an ex-CIA police detective, or Jonathan Cold in The Foreigner and Black Dawn, an ex-CIA Black Ops freelancer). His characters differ from those of other action movie icons by virtue of their near-invulnerability; they almost never face any significant physical threat, easily overpowering any opposition and never facing bodily harm or even temporary defeat.", "His characters differ from those of other action movie icons by virtue of their near-invulnerability; they almost never face any significant physical threat, easily overpowering any opposition and never facing bodily harm or even temporary defeat. A notable exception is 2010's Machete, which features Seagal in a rare villainous role. In 2008, author and critic Vern (no last name) published Seagalogy, a work which examines Seagal's filmography using the framework of auteur theory.", "In 2008, author and critic Vern (no last name) published Seagalogy, a work which examines Seagal's filmography using the framework of auteur theory. The book divides Seagal's filmography into different chronological \"eras\" with distinct thematic elements. The book was updated in 2012 to include more recent films and Seagal's work on the reality TV show Steven Seagal: Lawman. Other ventures Music Seagal plays the guitar. His songs have been featured in several of his movies, including Fire Down Below and Ticker.", "His songs have been featured in several of his movies, including Fire Down Below and Ticker. Among his extensive collection are guitars previously owned by \"the Kings\"; Albert, BB, and Freddie, as well as Bo Diddley, Stevie Ray Vaughan, Buddy Guy, Howlin' Wolf, Muddy Waters, and Jimi Hendrix. In 2005, he released his first album, Songs from the Crystal Cave, which has a mix of pop, world, country, and blues music.", "In 2005, he released his first album, Songs from the Crystal Cave, which has a mix of pop, world, country, and blues music. It features duets with Tony Rebel, Lt. Stichie, Lady Saw, and Stevie Wonder. The soundtrack to Seagal's 2005 film Into the Sun features several songs from the album. One of his album tracks, \"Girl It's Alright\", was also released as a single in several countries alongside an accompanying music video.", "One of his album tracks, \"Girl It's Alright\", was also released as a single in several countries alongside an accompanying music video. Seagal's second album, titled Mojo Priest, was released in April 2006. Subsequently, he spent the summer of 2006 touring the United States and Europe with his band, Thunderbox, in support of the album. Law enforcement work Seagal has been a Reserve Deputy Chief in the Jefferson Parish, Louisiana Sheriff's Office.", "Law enforcement work Seagal has been a Reserve Deputy Chief in the Jefferson Parish, Louisiana Sheriff's Office. In the late 1980s, after teaching the deputies martial arts, unarmed combat, and marksmanship, then-sheriff Harry Lee (1932–2007) was so impressed that he asked Seagal to join the force. Seagal allegedly graduated from a police academy in Los Angeles over twenty years prior and has a certificate from Peace Officer Standards & Training (POST), an organization that accredits California police officers.", "Seagal allegedly graduated from a police academy in Los Angeles over twenty years prior and has a certificate from Peace Officer Standards & Training (POST), an organization that accredits California police officers. However, POST officials in California and Louisiana have no record of Seagal being certified, and Seagal's rank in Louisiana is therefore ceremonial. Steven Seagal: Lawman, a series which follows his work in the Jefferson Parish Sheriff's Office, premiered on A&E on December 2, 2009.", "Steven Seagal: Lawman, a series which follows his work in the Jefferson Parish Sheriff's Office, premiered on A&E on December 2, 2009. Seagal stated that \"I've decided to work with A&E on this series now because I believe it's important to show the nation all the positive work being accomplished here in Louisiana—to see the passion and commitment that comes from the Jefferson Parish Sheriff's Office in this post-Katrina environment.\"", "Seagal stated that \"I've decided to work with A&E on this series now because I believe it's important to show the nation all the positive work being accomplished here in Louisiana—to see the passion and commitment that comes from the Jefferson Parish Sheriff's Office in this post-Katrina environment.\" The series premiere drew 3.6 million viewers, ranking as best season opener for any original A&E series ever.", "The series premiere drew 3.6 million viewers, ranking as best season opener for any original A&E series ever. On April 14, 2010, the series was suspended by Jefferson Parish Sheriff Newell Normand due to a sexual trafficking lawsuit filed against Seagal. The suit was later dropped. A&E resumed the show for the second season, which began on October 6, 2010. Production on Season 3 started in February 2011, with a change of location from Louisiana to Maricopa County, Arizona.", "Production on Season 3 started in February 2011, with a change of location from Louisiana to Maricopa County, Arizona. Two episodes were scheduled to be aired, beginning on January 4, 2012. Shortly before the episodes were to be aired, Season 3 was suspended, with no explanations given. Season 3 premiered on January 2, 2014, but the show was not renewed for a fourth season.", "Season 3 premiered on January 2, 2014, but the show was not renewed for a fourth season. In October 2011, Seagal was sworn-in as the Sheriff department’s deputy sheriff of Hudspeth County, Texas, a law department responsible for patrolling a 98-mile stretch of the Texas-Mexico border. Business ventures In 2005, Seagal Enterprises began to market an energy drink known as \"Steven Seagal's Lightning Bolt\", but it has since been discontinued.", "Business ventures In 2005, Seagal Enterprises began to market an energy drink known as \"Steven Seagal's Lightning Bolt\", but it has since been discontinued. Seagal has also marketed an aftershave called \"Scent of Action\", and a range of knives and weapons. In 2013, Seagal joined newly formed Russian firearms manufacturer ORSIS, representing the company in both a promotional capacity as well as lobbying for the easement of US import restrictions on Russian sporting firearms.", "In 2013, Seagal joined newly formed Russian firearms manufacturer ORSIS, representing the company in both a promotional capacity as well as lobbying for the easement of US import restrictions on Russian sporting firearms. It was also announced he would work with the company to develop a signature long-range rifle known provisionally as \"ORSIS by Steven Seagal\". Personal life Seagal has an extensive sword collection, and at one time had a custom gun made for him once a month.", "Personal life Seagal has an extensive sword collection, and at one time had a custom gun made for him once a month. Residences Seagal owns a dude ranch in Colorado, a home in the Mandeville Canyon section of Los Angeles, and a home in Louisiana. Religion Seagal is a Buddhist. In February 1997, Lama Penor Rinpoche from Palyul monastery announced that Seagal was a tulku, and specifically the reincarnation of Chungdrag Dorje, a 17th-century terton (treasure revealer) of the Nyingma, the oldest sect of Tibetan Buddhism.", "In February 1997, Lama Penor Rinpoche from Palyul monastery announced that Seagal was a tulku, and specifically the reincarnation of Chungdrag Dorje, a 17th-century terton (treasure revealer) of the Nyingma, the oldest sect of Tibetan Buddhism. Seagal's recognition aroused controversy in the American Buddhist community, with Helen Tworkov commenting in Tricycle impugning the extent of Seagal's \"spiritual wisdom\" and suggesting that Seagal bought his Buddhahood by donations to Penor's Kunzang Palyul Choling center.", "Seagal's recognition aroused controversy in the American Buddhist community, with Helen Tworkov commenting in Tricycle impugning the extent of Seagal's \"spiritual wisdom\" and suggesting that Seagal bought his Buddhahood by donations to Penor's Kunzang Palyul Choling center. Penor Rinpoche responded to the controversy by saying that Seagal, although acting in violent movies, had not actually killed people, and that Seagal was merely recognized, whereas enthronement as a tulku would require first a \"lengthy process of study and practice\".", "Penor Rinpoche responded to the controversy by saying that Seagal, although acting in violent movies, had not actually killed people, and that Seagal was merely recognized, whereas enthronement as a tulku would require first a \"lengthy process of study and practice\". Citizenship Seagal reportedly holds citizenships in three countries: the United States, Serbia, and Russia. Born in the United States, he possesses jus soli U.S. citizenship.", "Born in the United States, he possesses jus soli U.S. citizenship. He was granted Serbian citizenship on January 11, 2016, following several visits to the country, and has been asked to teach aikido to the Serbian Special Forces. Seagal was granted Russian citizenship on November 3, 2016; according to government spokesman Dmitry Peskov, \"He was asking quite insistently and over a lengthy period to be granted citizenship.\"", "Seagal was granted Russian citizenship on November 3, 2016; according to government spokesman Dmitry Peskov, \"He was asking quite insistently and over a lengthy period to be granted citizenship.\" While various media have cited Seagal and President Vladimir Putin as friends and Seagal stated that he \"would like to consider [Putin] as a brother\", Putin has distanced himself from Seagal; Peskov is reported to have said: \"I wouldn't necessarily say he's a huge fan, but he's definitely seen some of his movies.\"", "While various media have cited Seagal and President Vladimir Putin as friends and Seagal stated that he \"would like to consider [Putin] as a brother\", Putin has distanced himself from Seagal; Peskov is reported to have said: \"I wouldn't necessarily say he's a huge fan, but he's definitely seen some of his movies.\" Relationships and family While in Japan, Seagal married his first wife, Miyako Fujitani, the daughter of an aikido instructor.", "Relationships and family While in Japan, Seagal married his first wife, Miyako Fujitani, the daughter of an aikido instructor. With Fujitani, he had a son, actor and model Kentaro Seagal, and a daughter, writer and actress Ayako Fujitani. Seagal left Miyako to move back to the United States. During this time, he met actress and model Kelly LeBrock, with whom he began an affair that led to Fujitani granting him a divorce.", "During this time, he met actress and model Kelly LeBrock, with whom he began an affair that led to Fujitani granting him a divorce. Seagal was briefly married to actress Adrienne La Russa in 1984, but that marriage was annulled the same year over concerns that his divorce had not yet been finalized. LeBrock gave birth to Seagal's daughter Annaliza in early 1987. Seagal and LeBrock married in September 1987 and their son Dominic was born in June 1990. Their daughter Arissa was born in 1993.", "Their daughter Arissa was born in 1993. Their daughter Arissa was born in 1993. The following year, LeBrock filed for divorce citing \"irreconcilable differences\". Seagal is married to Mongolian Erdenetuya Batsukh (), better known as \"Elle\". They have one son together, Kunzang. From an early age, Elle trained as a dancer at the Children's Palace in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia. After her graduation from high school and the Children's Palace, she pursued a career as a professional dancer.", "After her graduation from high school and the Children's Palace, she pursued a career as a professional dancer. She won a number of dancing contests and was considered the top female dancer in Mongolia, excelling at ballroom dancing in particular. Elle first met Seagal in 2001, when she worked as his interpreter during his visit to Mongolia. Seagal has seven children from four relationships, two grandchildren by his eldest son, Kentaro and one granddaughter by his daughter Ayako Fujitani.", "Seagal has seven children from four relationships, two grandchildren by his eldest son, Kentaro and one granddaughter by his daughter Ayako Fujitani. In addition to his biological offspring, Seagal is the guardian of Yabshi Pan Rinzinwangmo, the only child of the 10th Panchen Lama of Tibet. When she studied in the United States, Seagal was her minder and bodyguard.", "When she studied in the United States, Seagal was her minder and bodyguard. Allegations and lawsuits Early 1990s In May 1991 (during the filming of Out for Justice), Warner Bros. employees Raenne Malone, Nicole Selinger, and Christine Keeve accused Seagal of sexual harassment. In return for remaining silent, Malone and another woman received around $50,000 each in an out-of-court settlement. Around the same time, at least four actresses claimed that Seagal had made sexual advances, typically during late-night \"casting sessions\".", "Around the same time, at least four actresses claimed that Seagal had made sexual advances, typically during late-night \"casting sessions\". In another incident, Jenny McCarthy claimed that Seagal asked her to undress during an audition for Under Siege 2. 1995 lawsuit In 1995, Seagal was charged with employment discrimination, sexual harassment, and breach of contract. Cheryl Shuman filed a case against Seagal, accusing him of threatening and beating her during the filming of On Deadly Ground.", "Cheryl Shuman filed a case against Seagal, accusing him of threatening and beating her during the filming of On Deadly Ground. In August 1995, Los Angeles Superior Court Judge Hiroshi Fujisaki dismissed the case, calling the claims \"repetitive and unintelligible\". 2010 lawsuit On April 12, 2010, 23-year-old Kayden Nguyen filed a lawsuit against Seagal in a Los Angeles County Superior Court, requesting more than one million dollars in damages.", "2010 lawsuit On April 12, 2010, 23-year-old Kayden Nguyen filed a lawsuit against Seagal in a Los Angeles County Superior Court, requesting more than one million dollars in damages. In her suit, Nguyen alleged Seagal engaged in sexual harassment, the illegal trafficking of females for sex, failure to prevent sexual harassment, and wrongful termination. Seagal denied the allegations, but his reality show Steven Seagal: Lawman was suspended while his attorneys resolved the case.", "Seagal denied the allegations, but his reality show Steven Seagal: Lawman was suspended while his attorneys resolved the case. On July 14, 2010, three months after Nguyen filed her suit, she withdrew her claim without explanation. 2011 lawsuit On August 30, 2011, Jesus Sanchez Llovera filed a lawsuit against Seagal over his part in a Maricopa county police raid with heavy weapons (notably including an army surplus tank) of Llovera's residence for suspicion of cockfighting.", "2011 lawsuit On August 30, 2011, Jesus Sanchez Llovera filed a lawsuit against Seagal over his part in a Maricopa county police raid with heavy weapons (notably including an army surplus tank) of Llovera's residence for suspicion of cockfighting. The incident was taped for Seagal's A&E reality show Steven Seagal: Lawman. Llovera was seeking $100,000 for damages caused during the raid and a letter of apology from Seagal to Llovera's children for the death of their family pet.", "Llovera was seeking $100,000 for damages caused during the raid and a letter of apology from Seagal to Llovera's children for the death of their family pet. Llovera claimed that his 11-month-old puppy was shot and killed during the raid. Llovera failed to file court-ordered paperwork after his attorney withdrew from the case and the lawsuit was dismissed in January 2013. 2017 allegations In 2017, actress Portia de Rossi accused Seagal of sexually harassing her during a movie audition.", "2017 allegations In 2017, actress Portia de Rossi accused Seagal of sexually harassing her during a movie audition. De Rossi alleged that during an audition in Seagal's office, he told her \"how important it was to have chemistry off-screen\" before unzipping his pants. On November 9, 2017, Dutch model Faviola Dadis posted a statement on her Instagram account stating that she also had been sexually assaulted by Seagal years earlier.", "On November 9, 2017, Dutch model Faviola Dadis posted a statement on her Instagram account stating that she also had been sexually assaulted by Seagal years earlier. 2018 allegations and investigation On January 15, 2018, actress Rachel Grant publicly accused Seagal of sexually assaulting her in 2002, during pre-production on his direct-to-video film, Out for a Kill (2003), stating that she lost her job on the film after the incident.", "2018 allegations and investigation On January 15, 2018, actress Rachel Grant publicly accused Seagal of sexually assaulting her in 2002, during pre-production on his direct-to-video film, Out for a Kill (2003), stating that she lost her job on the film after the incident. In February 2018, the Los Angeles County District Attorney's office acknowledged that it was reviewing a potential sex abuse case involving Seagal.", "In February 2018, the Los Angeles County District Attorney's office acknowledged that it was reviewing a potential sex abuse case involving Seagal. In March 2018, Regina Simons publicly claimed that in 1993, when she was 18, Seagal raped her at his home when she arrived for what she thought was a wrap party for the movie On Deadly Ground.", "In March 2018, Regina Simons publicly claimed that in 1993, when she was 18, Seagal raped her at his home when she arrived for what she thought was a wrap party for the movie On Deadly Ground. 2020 federal securities violation settlement On February 27, 2020, the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission announced settled charges against Seagal for failing to disclose payments he received for promoting an investment in an initial coin offering (ICO) conducted by Bitcoiin2Gen (B2G).", "2020 federal securities violation settlement On February 27, 2020, the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission announced settled charges against Seagal for failing to disclose payments he received for promoting an investment in an initial coin offering (ICO) conducted by Bitcoiin2Gen (B2G). Seagal was promised $250,000 in cash and $750,000 worth of B2G tokens in exchange for his social media promotions and a press release in which he \"wholeheartedly\" endorsed the ICO, which violated the anti-touting provisions of federal securities laws.", "Seagal was promised $250,000 in cash and $750,000 worth of B2G tokens in exchange for his social media promotions and a press release in which he \"wholeheartedly\" endorsed the ICO, which violated the anti-touting provisions of federal securities laws. Without admitting or denying the SEC's findings, Seagal agreed to pay $157,000 in disgorgement, representing the actual payments he received for his promotions, plus prejudgment interest and a $157,000 penalty. Seagal also agreed not to promote any securities, digital or otherwise, for three years.", "Seagal also agreed not to promote any securities, digital or otherwise, for three years. Victim of attempted extortion Steven Seagal became embroiled in a legal case involving film producer Julius R. Nasso after Nasso attempted to extort Seagal. Nasso produced seven of Seagal's films beginning with Marked for Death in 1990. The two \"became best friends\", according to Seagal, and formed Seagal/Nasso Productions together. Their relationship became strained, however, and their partnership ended in 2000.", "Their relationship became strained, however, and their partnership ended in 2000. Believing that Seagal owed him $3 million in compensation for backing out of a four-film deal, Nasso enlisted members of the Gambino crime family to threaten Seagal in an attempt to recoup money Nasso allegedly lost. Gambino family captain Anthony Ciccone first visited Seagal in Toronto during the filming of Exit Wounds in October 2000. In January 2001, Primo Cassarino and other gangsters picked up Seagal by car to bring him to a meeting with Ciccone at a Brooklyn restaurant.", "In January 2001, Primo Cassarino and other gangsters picked up Seagal by car to bring him to a meeting with Ciccone at a Brooklyn restaurant. At the meeting, Ciccone bluntly told Seagal that he had a choice of making four promised movies with Nasso or paying Nasso a penalty of $150,000 per movie. If Seagal refused, Ciccone would kill him. Seagal, who later claimed that he brought a handgun to the meeting, was able to stall Ciccone and escape the meeting unharmed.", "Seagal, who later claimed that he brought a handgun to the meeting, was able to stall Ciccone and escape the meeting unharmed. Ciccone and Cassarino again visited Seagal at his home in Los Angeles the following month. In the spring of 2001, Seagal sought out another mobster, Genovese crime family captain Angelo Prisco, to act as a \"peacemaker\". He visited Prisco in prison at Rahway, New Jersey and paid Prisco's lawyer $10,000.", "He visited Prisco in prison at Rahway, New Jersey and paid Prisco's lawyer $10,000. On March 17, 2003, Cassarino, Ciccone and others were convicted of labor racketeering, extortion, and 63 other counts under the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act. Seagal testified for the prosecution about the mobsters' extortion attempt.", "Seagal testified for the prosecution about the mobsters' extortion attempt. Nasso pleaded guilty to the charge of extortion conspiracy in August 2003 and, in February 2004, was sentenced to a year and a day in prison, fined $75,000 and ordered to take mental health counselling on release from jail. In January 2008, Nasso agreed to drop a $60 million lawsuit against Seagal for an alleged breach of contract when the two settled out of court.", "In January 2008, Nasso agreed to drop a $60 million lawsuit against Seagal for an alleged breach of contract when the two settled out of court. Conflicts with stuntmen Seagal has been accused by former stunt performers who have worked with him, including Kane Hodder, Stephen Quadros, and Gene LeBell, of intentionally hitting stuntmen during scenes. Additionally, while serving as stunt coordinator for Out for Justice, LeBell allegedly got into an on-set altercation with Seagal over his mistreatment of some of the film's stunt performers.", "Additionally, while serving as stunt coordinator for Out for Justice, LeBell allegedly got into an on-set altercation with Seagal over his mistreatment of some of the film's stunt performers. After the actor claimed that, due to his aikido training, he was \"immune\" to being choked unconscious, LeBell offered Seagal the opportunity to prove it. LeBell is said to have placed his arms around Seagal's neck, and once Seagal said \"go\", proceeded to choke him unconscious, with Seagal losing control of his bowels.", "LeBell is said to have placed his arms around Seagal's neck, and once Seagal said \"go\", proceeded to choke him unconscious, with Seagal losing control of his bowels. LeBell was requested to confirm the on-set incident publicly in an interview with Ariel Helwani in 2012, but he avoided answering the question, albeit implying that it was true. He was quoted as \"When we had a little altercation or difference of opinion, there were thirty stuntmen and cameramen that were watching.", "He was quoted as \"When we had a little altercation or difference of opinion, there were thirty stuntmen and cameramen that were watching. Sometimes Steven has a tendency to cheese off the wrong people, and you can get hurt doing that.\" On the other hand, when Seagal was asked about the incident, he directly denied the allegations, calling LeBell a \"sick, pathological scumbag liar\", and offered the name of a witness who could prove Lebell had fabricated the entire story.", "On the other hand, when Seagal was asked about the incident, he directly denied the allegations, calling LeBell a \"sick, pathological scumbag liar\", and offered the name of a witness who could prove Lebell had fabricated the entire story. The claim garnered a heated response from LeBell's trainee Ronda Rousey, who said that Seagal was the one lying, and declared \"If [Seagal] says anything bad about Gene to my face, I'd make him crap his pants a second time.\"", "The claim garnered a heated response from LeBell's trainee Ronda Rousey, who said that Seagal was the one lying, and declared \"If [Seagal] says anything bad about Gene to my face, I'd make him crap his pants a second time.\" Authentic or not, the reports of this incident led LeBell to be counted in 1992 as an additional member of Robert Wall's \"Dirty Dozen\", a group of martial artists willing to answer to a public challenge made by Seagal.", "Authentic or not, the reports of this incident led LeBell to be counted in 1992 as an additional member of Robert Wall's \"Dirty Dozen\", a group of martial artists willing to answer to a public challenge made by Seagal. LeBell however declined to participate, revealing the feud with Seagal was hurting him professionally. He did however criticize Seagal for his treatment of stuntmen, and left open the possibility of a professional fight if Seagal wanted to do it.", "He did however criticize Seagal for his treatment of stuntmen, and left open the possibility of a professional fight if Seagal wanted to do it. Allegations of mistreatment towards stuntmen have continued throughout Seagal's later career, with both stuntman Peter Harris Kent (Arnold Schwarzenegger's stunt double) and Mike Leeder publicly criticizing his on-set antics. Actor John Leguizamo also claimed that during rehearsals on Executive Decision, in retaliation for laughing at him, Seagal caught him off guard and knocked him into a brick wall.", "Actor John Leguizamo also claimed that during rehearsals on Executive Decision, in retaliation for laughing at him, Seagal caught him off guard and knocked him into a brick wall. Political views and activism Seagal lent his voice as a narrator for an activist film project, Medicine Lake Video. The project seeks to protect sacred tribal ground near Seagal's ranch in Siskiyou County. He also wrote an open letter to the leadership of Thailand in 2003, urging them to enact a law to prevent the torture of baby elephants.", "He also wrote an open letter to the leadership of Thailand in 2003, urging them to enact a law to prevent the torture of baby elephants. In 1999, Seagal was awarded a PETA Humanitarian Award. In a March 2014 interview with Rossiyskaya Gazeta, Seagal described Vladimir Putin as \"one of the great living world leaders\". He expressed support for the annexation of Crimea by Russia. In July 2014, following calls for a boycott, Seagal was dropped from the lineup of the August Blues Festival in Haapsalu, Estonia.", "In July 2014, following calls for a boycott, Seagal was dropped from the lineup of the August Blues Festival in Haapsalu, Estonia. Estonian musician Tõnis Mägi, the minister of Foreign Affairs, Urmas Paet, and Parliament's Foreign Affairs chairman Marko Mihkelson, had all condemned inviting Seagal into the country, with Paet stating, \"Steven Seagal has tried to actively participate in politics during the past few months and has done it in a way which is unacceptable to the majority of the world that respects democracy and the rule of law.\"", "Estonian musician Tõnis Mägi, the minister of Foreign Affairs, Urmas Paet, and Parliament's Foreign Affairs chairman Marko Mihkelson, had all condemned inviting Seagal into the country, with Paet stating, \"Steven Seagal has tried to actively participate in politics during the past few months and has done it in a way which is unacceptable to the majority of the world that respects democracy and the rule of law.\" In August 2014, Seagal appeared at a Night Wolves-organized show in Sevastopol, Crimea, supporting the Crimean annexation and depicting Ukraine as a country controlled by fascists.", "In August 2014, Seagal appeared at a Night Wolves-organized show in Sevastopol, Crimea, supporting the Crimean annexation and depicting Ukraine as a country controlled by fascists. On November 3, Seagal was granted Russian citizenship by president Putin. His views on Ukraine and Russian citizenship caused Ukraine to ban him because he \"committed socially dangerous actions\".", "His views on Ukraine and Russian citizenship caused Ukraine to ban him because he \"committed socially dangerous actions\". Seagal spoke out against the protests during the United States national anthem by professional athletes, stating, \"I believe in free speech, I believe that everyone's entitled to their own opinion, but I don't agree that they should hold the United States of America or the world hostage by taking a venue where people are tuning in to watch a football game and imposing their political views.\"", "Seagal spoke out against the protests during the United States national anthem by professional athletes, stating, \"I believe in free speech, I believe that everyone's entitled to their own opinion, but I don't agree that they should hold the United States of America or the world hostage by taking a venue where people are tuning in to watch a football game and imposing their political views.\" He also expressed skepticism of alleged Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections.", "He also expressed skepticism of alleged Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections. In 2017, Seagal collaborated with former chair of the Arizona Republican Party, Tom Morrissey, in writing a self-published conspiracy thriller novel, The Way of the Shadow Wolves: The Deep State And The Hijacking Of America, which featured a Tohono Shadow Wolf tracker working for U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement to foil a plot by Mexican drug cartels and the \"deep state\" to smuggle in Islamist terrorists to the United States through the U.S.-Mexico border.", "In 2017, Seagal collaborated with former chair of the Arizona Republican Party, Tom Morrissey, in writing a self-published conspiracy thriller novel, The Way of the Shadow Wolves: The Deep State And The Hijacking Of America, which featured a Tohono Shadow Wolf tracker working for U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement to foil a plot by Mexican drug cartels and the \"deep state\" to smuggle in Islamist terrorists to the United States through the U.S.-Mexico border. In 2021, Seagal gifted a katana sword to Venezuelan President Nicolás Maduro as Russia's Foreign Affairs Ministry special envoy while visiting Canaima National Park.", "In 2021, Seagal gifted a katana sword to Venezuelan President Nicolás Maduro as Russia's Foreign Affairs Ministry special envoy while visiting Canaima National Park. Maduro referred to Seagal as \"my brother.\" On May 30, 2021, the pro-Kremlin systemic opposition party A Just Russia — Patriots — For Truth announced that Seagal had received an official membership card to the party.", "On May 30, 2021, the pro-Kremlin systemic opposition party A Just Russia — Patriots — For Truth announced that Seagal had received an official membership card to the party. Stunts Filmography Films Television Awards and nominations Discography 2005: Songs from the Crystal Cave 2006: Mojo Priest References External links 1952 births Living people 20th-century American guitarists 20th-century American male actors 20th-century American male musicians 21st-century American male actors 21st-century American male musicians 21st-century Russian male actors 21st-century Serbian male actors Activists from California American actor-politicians American aikidoka American blues singers American country singers American deputy sheriffs American drink industry businesspeople American emigrants to Russia American environmentalists American expatriates in Japan American kendoka American male film actors American male guitarists American male judoka American male karateka American male singers American people of Irish descent American people of Jewish descent American stunt performers Businesspeople from California Businesspeople from Louisiana Businesspeople from Michigan Converts to Buddhism Country musicians from Louisiana Country musicians from Michigan Country musicians from Tennessee Golden Raspberry Award winners Guitarists from Michigan Male actors from Fullerton, California Male actors from Lansing, Michigan Naturalised citizens of Russia Naturalized citizens of Serbia Nyingma tulkus Participants in American reality television series People from Eltingville, Staten Island People from Germantown, Tennessee People from Jefferson Parish, Louisiana People from Mandeville Canyon, Los Angeles Russian businesspeople Russian male film actors Russian male judoka Russian male karateka Russian martial artists Russian people of Irish descent Russian people of Jewish descent Russian stunt performers Serbian businesspeople Serbian male film actors Serbian male judoka Serbian male karateka Serbian people of Irish descent Serbian people of Jewish descent Serbian stunt performers Tibetan Buddhists from Russia Tibetan Buddhists from the United States" ]

[ "Scott W. Rothstein", "Law partner murder" ]

[ "On Fire: A Teen Wolf Novel is a New York Times bestselling book. It is set in urban Beacon Hills and written by Nancy Holder.\n\nPlot\nSixteen-year-old Scott McCall is looking for half of what's left of a murdered woman, with his best friend Stiles. While after being left alone in the woods, he was bitten by an alpha werewolf.\n\nCharacters\nScott McCall is the sixteen-year-old protagonist. Raised by his single mother, Melissa McCall a nurse at the local hospital. He was a normal kid that grew up in a broken home. Until one day before the school year started he was bitten by an Alpha werewolf. Now he is forced to hide his other side from his mother.\nStiles Stilinski is the son of the local sheriff, and Scott's best friend.\nAllison Argent is the daughter of werewolves hunters, and Scott's love interest\nDerek Hale is a mysterious werewolf who helps Scott to control his powers\nLydia Martin is a popular girl from Scott's high school, who quickly becomes friends with Allyson. She's very smart, she's fine in school, her boyfriend is Jackson Whittermore and she's Stiles' crush.\n\nReferences\n\n2012 American novels\nTeen Wolf (2011 TV series)", "Scott John Hunter is a fictional character from the Australian soap opera Home and Away, played by Kip Gamblin. He made his first on-screen appearance on 23 January 2003. The character was riding a white horse onto the beach, where he was spotted by Dani Sutherland. Scott departed on 25 November 2005.\n\nStorylines\nScott is first seen riding his horse, Jacko while helping a search party find an ill Alf Stewart (Ray Meagher) who has been missing. Scott meets Dani Sutherland (Tammin Sursok) and they become attracted to one another and begin a relationship.\nScott later purchases the local boatshed previously owned by Rob Storey (Matthew Lilley) but finds himself at odds with Dani's ex-boyfriend Josh West (Daniel Collopy), who wants to start a development on the land where the boatshed is based. The boatshed is later burned out.\n\nAfter a misunderstanding where several residents think Scott and Dani are getting engaged, Scott uses this chance for Dani to meet his mother, Beth (Clarissa House). When a woman named Mira Sardelic (Hollie Andrew) arrives in the bay, it is revealed that she is Scott's wife and they married in a bid to keep her in Australia. Mira insists she still wants to be with Scott but realises he does not feel the same way and leaves. When Scott's teenage sister, Kit (Amy Mizzi) arrives in town, he has to contend with her alcoholism.\n\nScott later purchases a 50% share in Alf's boat, The Blaxland and later hires Kane Phillips (Sam Atwell) as a deckhand, not knowing his identity but soon sacks him after he learns Kane raped Dani two years prior. When Dani stands trial for running over Kane, Scott supports her but Dani is found guilty and imprisoned. Shortly after Dani is released, the couple move into together after Summer Bay House becomes crowded when their respective families combine during Beth's engagement and subsequent marriage to Dani's father Rhys (Michael Beckley).\n\nWhen Dani is harassed by Felix Walters (Josh Lawson), one of her fellow students at Yabbie Creek University, Scott and Kane warn him off. Shortly after, Felix is hospitalized after a vicious beating. It emerges that Viv \"The Guv\" Standish (Maggie Kirkpatrick), one of Dani's prison friends had sent some people to attack Felix. Scott later goes on a fishing trip and a policewoman arrives to inform Dani and their housemates of his death. However, Scott returns alive and well the following day, unaware of what has transpired.\n\nWhen Scott and Dani's friends Noah Lawson (Beau Brady) and Hayley Smith (Bec Cartwright) are due to marry, Dani suggests they get married too but the couple joining Noah on their day are Dani's sister Kirsty (Christie Hayes) and Kane who are renewing their vows.\n\nScott and Dani find themselves on the receiving end of some vicious attacks including Dani having her hands burned with acid. The culprit is revealed to be Felix's girlfriend, Sarah Lewis (Luisa Hastings-Edge). Scott and Dani decide to join Hayley and Noah on their honeymoon to Paris but on the day of departure, they forget their passports and when they return to their home, they find Sarah holding a gun. Scott is forced at gunpoint to drive Sarah to Leah Patterson's (Ada Nicodemou) house where several other some bay residents are hiding. An armed siege culminates in Sarah shooting Noah dead, knocking out Detective Peter Baker (Nicholas Bishop) and shooting herself.\n\nFollowing Noah's funeral, Scott proposes to Dani again and she accepts and they being making plans. But When Dani gets a call from \"The Guv\" who is terminally ill in hospital and begins working on her memoirs, This puts a strain on Scott and Dani's relationship and they split, and Dani leaves Summer Bay for good. Scott then begins drinking heavily and Kit returns to help sort him out as he had done with her before. Scott decides to leave with Kit to spend the Christmas break in Paris.\n\nWhen Scott returns in the New Year, he is left homeless after a fire is caused by a faulty fan and he moves back in with Beth. He becomes close to Hayley and they sleep together one night. Soon after Hayley becomes involved with Kim Hyde (Chris Hemsworth) and Scott begins dating a girl called Lisa. It soon emerges that Lisa is already married and she and Scott split.\n\nHayley falls pregnant and she is unsure of who the father is and both Kim and Scott participate in the paternity test. Kim is believed to be the father, and Scott and Hayley decide to resume their relationship but Hayley calls it off wanting to be with Kim. During this Scott beings a relationship with Amanda Vale (Holly Brisley). Hayley and Kim later become engaged and prepare to marry.\n\nAmanda realises Scott and Hayley still want to be with each other, she takes a boat out to sea in a storm and Scott goes after her, resulting in the pair going missing. The wedding is delayed but Scott and Amanda are found. Amanda tells Scott she is pregnant too and he believes her. After faking an ultrasound and subsequent miscarriage, Amanda's deceit is soon uncovered and Scott dumps her.\n\nHayley later goes into labour but is in a secluded location after leaving town following Amanda's scheming. She is found by Scott when he searches for her with Alf and Kim. Scott delivers the baby and Hayley names the child Noah after her late husband.\n\nScott and Hayley get back together and decide to leave Australia for Paris. Kim is against them taking baby Noah with them and fights against them. When Kim is hit by a car leaving the hearing and admitted to hospital, it emerges his blood type doesn't match Noah's and Scott is revealed to be the biological father. Scott and Hayley then leave.\n\nReception\nFor his portrayal of Scott, Gamblin won the \"Most Popular New Male Talent\" Logie Award in 2004. Linda Barnier of the Newcastle Herald described Scott as a \"beefcake\" and opined that his debut on his horse Jacko was a \"very Man from Snowy River moment\".\n\nReferences\n\nHome and Away characters\nTelevision characters introduced in 2003\nMale characters in television" ]

[ "Scott W. Rothstein (born June 10, 1962) is a disbarred lawyer, convicted felon, and the former managing shareholder, chairman, and chief executive officer of the now-defunct Rothstein Rosenfeldt Adler law firm. He funded an extravagant lifestyle with a $1.2 billion Ponzi scheme, one of the largest such in history. On December 1, 2009, Rothstein turned himself in to authorities and was subsequently arrested on charges related to the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act (RICO).", "On December 1, 2009, Rothstein turned himself in to authorities and was subsequently arrested on charges related to the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act (RICO). Although his arraignment plea was not guilty, Rothstein reversed his plea to guilty of five federal crimes on January 27, 2010. Rothstein was denied bond by U.S. Magistrate Judge Robin Rosenbaum, who ruled that due to his ability to forge documents, he was considered a flight risk. He was sentenced to 50 years in federal prison.", "He was sentenced to 50 years in federal prison. He was sentenced to 50 years in federal prison. Overview On June 9, 2010, Rothstein received a 50-year prison sentence after a hearing in federal court in Fort Lauderdale, although federal prosecutors initially filed a motion notifying the court they would be seeking a sentence reduction for Rothstein. His firm had 70 lawyers and 150 employees, with offices in Boca Raton, West Palm Beach, Fort Lauderdale, Miami, Tallahassee, Florida, New York City and Caracas, Venezuela.", "His firm had 70 lawyers and 150 employees, with offices in Boca Raton, West Palm Beach, Fort Lauderdale, Miami, Tallahassee, Florida, New York City and Caracas, Venezuela. The firm focused on labor and employment matters, civil rights, intellectual property, internet law, corporate espionage, personal injury, wrongful death, commercial litigation, real estate, mergers and acquisitions, and governmental relations.", "The firm focused on labor and employment matters, civil rights, intellectual property, internet law, corporate espionage, personal injury, wrongful death, commercial litigation, real estate, mergers and acquisitions, and governmental relations. His client list included Citicorp, J. C. Penney, Ed Morse Automotive Group, National Beverage, Silversea Cruise Lines, Supra Telecom, and Wells Fargo.", "His client list included Citicorp, J. C. Penney, Ed Morse Automotive Group, National Beverage, Silversea Cruise Lines, Supra Telecom, and Wells Fargo. Until he was permanently disbarred by the Florida Supreme Court on November 25, 2009, Rothstein was a member of the Florida Bar and admitted by the United States Supreme Court. He had been given an AV Preeminent peer review rating by Martindale-Hubbell.", "He had been given an AV Preeminent peer review rating by Martindale-Hubbell. The AV rating is a significant accomplishment and a testament to the fact that a lawyer's peers rank him or her at the highest level of professional excellence. Rothstein may have stolen millions of dollars from an investment side-business. A list of 259 persons or corporate entities entitled to $279 million in restitution has been sealed by the court.", "A list of 259 persons or corporate entities entitled to $279 million in restitution has been sealed by the court. On November 3, 2009, Federal Bureau of Investigation and United States Department of the Treasury agents served a warrant to search the firm's Fort Lauderdale offices. Rothstein sent an email in recent weeks to firm lawyers asking them to investigate which countries refused to extradite criminal suspects to either the U.S. or Israel, and firm lawyers responded that Morocco is one such country.", "Rothstein sent an email in recent weeks to firm lawyers asking them to investigate which countries refused to extradite criminal suspects to either the U.S. or Israel, and firm lawyers responded that Morocco is one such country. Rothstein had wired $16 million to an individual in Casablanca and left for Casablanca on October 26, 2009. On October 31, 2009, he sent a suicide text message note to all of his law partners: Sorry for letting you all down. I am a fool.", "I am a fool. I am a fool. I thought I could fix it, but got trapped by my ego and refusal to fail, and now all I have accomplished is hurting the people I love. Please take care of yourselves and please protect Kimmie [Rothstein's wife]. She knew nothing. Neither did she, nor any of you deserve what I did. I hope God allows me to see you on the other side. Love, Scott.", "Love, Scott. Love, Scott. On November 3, 2009, after many texts by Stuart Rosenfeldt, the president of the firm, urging him to \"choose life\", Rothstein returned to Fort Lauderdale on a chartered jet, (chartered by the ex-husband of Governor Crist's wife, Todd Rome) from Casablanca.", "On November 3, 2009, after many texts by Stuart Rosenfeldt, the president of the firm, urging him to \"choose life\", Rothstein returned to Fort Lauderdale on a chartered jet, (chartered by the ex-husband of Governor Crist's wife, Todd Rome) from Casablanca. On November 2, his law firm with only $117,000 in its operating account filed suit against him, asked a judge to dissolve the firm, accusing him of misappropriating hundreds of millions of dollars from investor trust accounts in a Ponzi scheme from an investment business he covertly ran out of his law office.", "On November 2, his law firm with only $117,000 in its operating account filed suit against him, asked a judge to dissolve the firm, accusing him of misappropriating hundreds of millions of dollars from investor trust accounts in a Ponzi scheme from an investment business he covertly ran out of his law office. In 2009 Rothstein resided at the Federal Detention Center, Miami in Downtown Miami, but was later moved to an undisclosed location and his inmate number removed from the Federal Bureau of Prisons inmate locator webpage.", "In 2009 Rothstein resided at the Federal Detention Center, Miami in Downtown Miami, but was later moved to an undisclosed location and his inmate number removed from the Federal Bureau of Prisons inmate locator webpage. Background and career Rothstein was born in the Bronx and moved with his parents to Lauderhill, Florida as a teenager.", "Background and career Rothstein was born in the Bronx and moved with his parents to Lauderhill, Florida as a teenager. A 1988 Juris Doctor graduate of Fort Lauderdale's Nova Southeastern University's Law School, the Shepard Broad College of Law, and a 1984 Bachelor of Arts graduate of University of Florida, Rothstein's law career began in 1988 and, for nearly fifteen years, he was relatively unknown. His local mentors were wealthy attorneys, Donald McClosky and Bill Scherer.", "His local mentors were wealthy attorneys, Donald McClosky and Bill Scherer. In the early 1990s, Rothstein first partnered with attorney Howard Kusnick. First located in Plantation, Florida, Kusnick & Rothstein, P.A. subsequently moved to downtown Ft. Lauderdale. Longtime partner Michael Pancier first joined him there.", "Longtime partner Michael Pancier first joined him there. Longtime partner Michael Pancier first joined him there. In 2000, Rothstein joined with Rosenfeldt as a name partner at the Hollywood firm, Phillips Eisinger Koss & Rosenfeldt, P.A., which became known as Phillips Eisinger Koss Rothstein & Rosenfeldt, P.A In February 2002, Rothstein and Rosenfeldt started their own firm, first known as Rothstein & Rosenfeldt, P.A. Within a month, Pancier was added as a name partner.", "Within a month, Pancier was added as a name partner. In July, 2002, adding Susan Dolin, a well-regarded employment lawyer, now practicing on her own in West Broward, the firm became known as Rothstein, Rosenfeldt, Dolin & Pancier, P.A.. In late 2004, the firm became known simply as Rothstein Rosenfeldt, with Adler being added in March 2005. Melissa Britt Lewis, who was murdered in March, 2008, was with Rothstein from the firm's beginning.", "Melissa Britt Lewis, who was murdered in March, 2008, was with Rothstein from the firm's beginning. In seven years, he and his partners expanded the firm to 70 lawyers, including former Boca Raton Mayor and sitting Palm Beach County Commissioner Steve Abrams; former judges Julio Gonzalez, Barry Stone, and former Palm Beach circuit judge, William Berger; TV and radio legal commentator and former prosecutor, Ken Padowitz; Carlos Reyes, former South Broward Hospital District commissioner and lobbyist; Arthur Neiwirth, a bankruptcy expert; and Les Stracher, former legal counsel for Morse Auto Group, who represents major auto dealers.", "In seven years, he and his partners expanded the firm to 70 lawyers, including former Boca Raton Mayor and sitting Palm Beach County Commissioner Steve Abrams; former judges Julio Gonzalez, Barry Stone, and former Palm Beach circuit judge, William Berger; TV and radio legal commentator and former prosecutor, Ken Padowitz; Carlos Reyes, former South Broward Hospital District commissioner and lobbyist; Arthur Neiwirth, a bankruptcy expert; and Les Stracher, former legal counsel for Morse Auto Group, who represents major auto dealers. Others include: Shawn Birken, son of Circuit Court Judge Arthur Birken; Ben Dishowitz, son of County Court Judge Dishowitz; and Grant Smith, son of disgraced former Congressman Larry Smith.", "Others include: Shawn Birken, son of Circuit Court Judge Arthur Birken; Ben Dishowitz, son of County Court Judge Dishowitz; and Grant Smith, son of disgraced former Congressman Larry Smith. Andrew Barnett is Corporate Development Officer, and David Boden, a New York attorney not licensed in Florida, was the firm's general counsel.", "Andrew Barnett is Corporate Development Officer, and David Boden, a New York attorney not licensed in Florida, was the firm's general counsel. Recent On September 8, 2011, U.S. District Judge James I. Cohn granted the government's motion to prohibit videotaping Rothstein during a scheduled deposition of him, citing \"serious harm\" and \"security reasons that are unusual in nature.\" The exact reasons for the judge's decision were sealed.", "The exact reasons for the judge's decision were sealed. This fueled speculation that his appearance was altered or he was a mafia target due to his cooperation with the prosecution against the mafia. On June 8, 2011, federal prosecutors filed a motion with the sentencing judge informing him that they would be asking for a sentence reduction for Rothstein. However, on September 26, 2017, prosecutors withdrew their motion for a reduced sentence, saying that he had provided \"false material information\" in violation of his plea agreement.", "However, on September 26, 2017, prosecutors withdrew their motion for a reduced sentence, saying that he had provided \"false material information\" in violation of his plea agreement. Rothstein's name does not appear in the Federal Bureau of Prisons inmate database. This indicates he is being held under an alias, which would not be unusual given that he cooperated with the government. As of November 18, 2009, many of the associates have relocated: Five lawyers moved to Fort Lauderdale-based Rice Pugatch Robinson & Schiller.", "As of November 18, 2009, many of the associates have relocated: Five lawyers moved to Fort Lauderdale-based Rice Pugatch Robinson & Schiller. Steven Lippman and Richard Storfer will be new partners. Riley Cirulnick, George Zinkler and Jodi Cohen are new associates. In August, 2008, Governor Crist appointed Rothstein as a member of the 4th District Court of Appeal Judicial nominating commission, a body which is responsible for selecting new judges for appointment to the Court. Bill Brock accompanied Rothstein to Morocco.", "Bill Brock accompanied Rothstein to Morocco. Bill Brock accompanied Rothstein to Morocco. His job at the law firm was to issue checks for Rothstein's various ventures and contributions, and had the sole security pass for the area where records of Rothstein's non-law firm businesses were kept. An observant Jew, Rothstein grew up in a small Bronx apartment, sharing a bedroom with his sister. His father was a salesman \"back in the days when you carried a bag up and down the streets of New York.\"", "His father was a salesman \"back in the days when you carried a bag up and down the streets of New York.\" The family moved to Lauderhill, Florida in 1977, when Rothstein was 16. His grandmother used her life savings to help put him through school. \"I grew up poor. I'm a lunatic about money.\" Rothstein was a large contributor to a synagogue off Las Olas with his name affixed to the front facade: The Rothstein Family Downtown Jewish Center Chabad.", "Rothstein was a large contributor to a synagogue off Las Olas with his name affixed to the front facade: The Rothstein Family Downtown Jewish Center Chabad. Rabbi Schneur Kaplan is one of the two people who talked Rothstein out of committing suicide. He invested in residential property. In 2003, he paid $1.2 million for an intracoastal waterfront house on Castilla Isle in Fort Lauderdale. In March 2005, he bought a neighboring home belonging to Miami Dolphins' Ricky Williams for $2.73 million.", "In March 2005, he bought a neighboring home belonging to Miami Dolphins' Ricky Williams for $2.73 million. While living in Williams' old house, he's purchased two other homes on the street and three other homes in Broward for a total residential investment of nearly $20 million. \"They call me the king of Castilla.\"", "\"They call me the king of Castilla.\" \"They call me the king of Castilla.\" In 2008, he purchased a $6.45 million waterfront gated Fort Lauderdale home, a $6 million condo in New York in the same building as Marc Dreier, and a $2.8 million oceanfront estate in Narragansett, Rhode Island formerly owned by troubled client, Michael Kent, a Fort Lauderdale nightclub owner.", "In 2008, he purchased a $6.45 million waterfront gated Fort Lauderdale home, a $6 million condo in New York in the same building as Marc Dreier, and a $2.8 million oceanfront estate in Narragansett, Rhode Island formerly owned by troubled client, Michael Kent, a Fort Lauderdale nightclub owner. He is part-owner with Anthony Bova of the South Beach Versace Casa Casuarina mansion, where he was married on January 26, 2008, in a three-day wedding celebration with Governor Crist, and his then-fiancée and present wife, Carol Rome, in attendance.", "He is part-owner with Anthony Bova of the South Beach Versace Casa Casuarina mansion, where he was married on January 26, 2008, in a three-day wedding celebration with Governor Crist, and his then-fiancée and present wife, Carol Rome, in attendance. A later financial analysis of the 10% property interest Rothstein owned showed that it was worthless. His second wife, Kimberly Wendell Rothstein, a 35-year-old real-estate agent, helped manage his properties, which also include part-ownership of an office building in Pompano Beach.", "His second wife, Kimberly Wendell Rothstein, a 35-year-old real-estate agent, helped manage his properties, which also include part-ownership of an office building in Pompano Beach. He and Bova also owned Bova Ristorante, formerly long-time generational Italian family-owned Mario's of Boca, which shut down October 18, 2009. Bova Prime, formerly Riley McDermott's on Las Olas Boulevard is still operating. On September 11, 2008, the day before Rothstein took ownership, a dispute involving firearms broke out at Riley McDermott's involving Rothstein's security personnel.", "On September 11, 2008, the day before Rothstein took ownership, a dispute involving firearms broke out at Riley McDermott's involving Rothstein's security personnel. He owns parts of an internet technology called company Qtask and V Georgio Spirits Co., LLC with CEO Vie Harvey and the Renato watch company, with partner, Ovi Levy. Levy is the son of hotelier Shimon Levy, who spent a year in prison in Israel after hiding a criminal kingpin, suspected of two murders.", "Levy is the son of hotelier Shimon Levy, who spent a year in prison in Israel after hiding a criminal kingpin, suspected of two murders. Rothstein at one time was a minority shareholder of Edify LLC, a health-care benefits consulting company. State Representative Evan Jenne-D-Dania Beach is a $30,000 company consultant, who previously worked a local bank. Rothstein hired Jenne's father, former sheriff and convicted felon, Ken Jenne, as a consultant at his law firm days after Jenne was released from prison on corruption charges.", "Rothstein hired Jenne's father, former sheriff and convicted felon, Ken Jenne, as a consultant at his law firm days after Jenne was released from prison on corruption charges. An attorney for Rothstein's law firm serves as the registered agent for Evan Jenne's company, Blue Banyan. Grant Smith, a lifelong friend of Evan Jenne's, is an Edify lobbyist. Edify has worked closely with the state Department of Health to develop wellness programs and also influences certain health-care legislation.", "Edify has worked closely with the state Department of Health to develop wellness programs and also influences certain health-care legislation. \"The Great Gatsby\" In the 2008 interview at his law firm, Rothstein described himself and told how he controlled all aspects of the firm's management: This is where the evil happens. Look, I sleep in the bed I make. I tend toward the flashy side, but it's a persona. It's just a fucking persona. ... People ask me, 'When do you sleep?'", "... People ask me, 'When do you sleep?' I say I'll sleep when I'm dead. I'm a true Gemini. I joke around that there are 43 people living in my head and you never know what you're going to get. There are some philanthropists in there, some good lawyers, and I like to think some good businessmen. There are also some guys from the streets of the Bronx that stay hidden away until I need them. Does that sound crazy?", "Does that sound crazy? Does that sound crazy? I am crazy, but crazy in a good way. His personal office was opulent, with security and a compartmentalized layout. Anyone entering Rothstein's suite of offices had to use an intercom. He could exit, unseen through a second door. In the hallway, an ordinary looking brown door is actually the elevator door. Dozens of surveillance cameras and microphones hang from office ceilings. On his desk: four computer screens and the Five Books of Moses.", "On his desk: four computer screens and the Five Books of Moses. Outside his personal office hung a painting of Al Pacino as Michael Corleone in The Godfather. The walls of Rothstein's office and other hallways are lined with photos of himself and politicians including Gov. Charlie Crist, former U.S. Senator Mel Martinez, Senator John McCain, Broward Sheriff Al Lamberti, Rudy Giuliani, Joe Lieberman, and Bill McCollum.", "Senator Mel Martinez, Senator John McCain, Broward Sheriff Al Lamberti, Rudy Giuliani, Joe Lieberman, and Bill McCollum. He was ostensibly an affluent and successful attorney with all the material trappings of a flamboyant lifestyle, including armed body guards and police protection. Twenty-eight city police officials, including captains, majors, undercover officers and the department spokesman, helped guard his home and businesses, the only person in the department's history to have permanent round-the-clock off-duty police protection at his home.", "Twenty-eight city police officials, including captains, majors, undercover officers and the department spokesman, helped guard his home and businesses, the only person in the department's history to have permanent round-the-clock off-duty police protection at his home. The department suspended all work for Rothstein on November 2, 2009. He had a Boeing 727 jet and in 2002, flew Bill Clinton, Kevin Spacey, and Chris Tucker to Africa on an anti-AIDS mission. He owns an $5 million Warren yacht.", "He owns an $5 million Warren yacht. He owns an $5 million Warren yacht. His fleet of exotic cars included: 1974, 2006, 2007, and 2008 Ferraris, 2009 Bentley, 2007 Silver Rolls-Royce, and one 2008 and two 2010 Lamborghini Murcielagos — worth about $400,000 each, a pair of $1.6 million Bugattis, and a pair of Harleys which he maintains in an air-conditioned warehouse. All were allegedly purchased and traded from Euromotorsports, the owner of which has an extensive criminal record.", "All were allegedly purchased and traded from Euromotorsports, the owner of which has an extensive criminal record. All were seized shortly after his return from Morocco. He has a watch collection of over 100, valued at $1 million. In 2008, he was working on opening a cigar and martini bar on Las Olas Boulevard and two high-rise residential buildings in Brooklyn with New York partner Dominic Tonnachio. He was to take ownership of a \"series of office buildings\" on Oakland Park Boulevard.", "He was to take ownership of a \"series of office buildings\" on Oakland Park Boulevard. Roger Stone, a political trickster for Richard Nixon, was a partner with Rothstein in RRA Consulting, an LLC which was set up to provide public affairs assistance to the RRA law firm's legal clients. According to Stone, that business never generated any clients. It was dissolved in late 2008.", "It was dissolved in late 2008. It was dissolved in late 2008. On August 27, 2009, Stone, the recipient of Rothstein's sponsorship of his blog until July 29, 2009, \"StoneZone\", wrote a column recommending Rothstein for the seat vacated by Senator Mel Martinez- a man with \"a distinguished legal record, has been a key supporter of Governor Crist and John McCain, has an unmatched record of philanthropic activities and would bring an unconventional style of getting things done to Washington.", "On August 27, 2009, Stone, the recipient of Rothstein's sponsorship of his blog until July 29, 2009, \"StoneZone\", wrote a column recommending Rothstein for the seat vacated by Senator Mel Martinez- a man with \"a distinguished legal record, has been a key supporter of Governor Crist and John McCain, has an unmatched record of philanthropic activities and would bring an unconventional style of getting things done to Washington. Add Rothstein to the short list.\"", "Add Rothstein to the short list.\" Add Rothstein to the short list.\" On November 4, 2009, Stone wrote, \"Rothstein had no prior business success, no business acumen nor track record that would engender confidence in an investor. He could not read a balance sheet. He could not write or read a business plan. Rothstein was a lawyer, not an entrepreneur.\"", "Rothstein was a lawyer, not an entrepreneur.\" Rothstein was a lawyer, not an entrepreneur.\" Stone claims that Rothstein has Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD) \"so severe he never finished a martini, a cigar, a thought, or a sentence, never mind a transaction.\" According to Stone, neither law firm name partner Russell Adler nor Stuart Rosenfeldt were signatories on the RRA Trust Account. He \"appeared to be something out of a Great Gatsby movie.\"", "He \"appeared to be something out of a Great Gatsby movie.\" Philanthropy and political contributions In 2008, his Rothstein Family Foundation gave $1 million to Holy Cross Hospital in Fort Lauderdale, where a lobby will be named after him and his wife. On October 31, 2009 his firm sponsored at a charity golf tournament featuring former Gov. Jeb Bush.", "Jeb Bush. Jeb Bush. Between 2007 and 2008, he donated $2 million to the American Heart Association, Women in Distress, Alonzo Mourning Charities, Here's Help, and the Dan Marino Foundation. Politicians of both parties have pledged to donate to charity or return his political contributions. On November 3, 2009, the Florida Republican Party, announced it would give Rothstein's donations ($600,000) to a charity. Gov.", "Gov. Gov. Charlie Crist's Senate Campaign ($100,550), state Chief Financial Officer Alex Sink ($2,050), Senate President Jeff Atwater, Rep. Ellyn Bogdanoff, and the Florida Democratic Party ($200,000) will return some or all of his contributions. In June 2009, Harry Reid, the Democratic Senate majority leader received a contribution of $4,800.", "In June 2009, Harry Reid, the Democratic Senate majority leader received a contribution of $4,800. A list of FEC filings indexed by NewsMeat include a total of $166,800 to the Republican Party and candidates, including $109,800 to John McCain's 2008 presidential campaign, and $17,600 to Democratic candidates. Law partner murder Debra Villegas, who handles his money, is the law firm's chief operating officer. She is co-owner with Rothstein in a home at 2307 Castilla Isle, as of May 2009.", "She is co-owner with Rothstein in a home at 2307 Castilla Isle, as of May 2009. According to records, Rothstein originally purchased the property in September 2007, for $1.75 million, and sold it for $10 to a shell corporation in September 2009. In 2005, the year the Ponzi scheme allegedly began, Villegas earned $80,000 a year. In 2007, her salary had increased to $145,000. Villegas received two Swiss watches — a Rolex and a Breitling — from her \"employer\".", "Villegas received two Swiss watches — a Rolex and a Breitling — from her \"employer\". Rothstein paid off her couch and a bedroom set and held title to her two Honda water scooters. Villegas was living in a $475,000 Weston home that Rothstein signed over to her in July 2009 for $100 and \"love and affection,\" according to the deed. Villegas registered a 2009 $100,000 Maserati GranTurismo at the home in January, 2009.", "Villegas registered a 2009 $100,000 Maserati GranTurismo at the home in January, 2009. In November 2009, Federal prosecutors seized the home, alleging that it was among Rothstein's ill-gotten assets. Villegas' estranged husband, Tony Villegas, was charged on circumstantial evidence in the March 2008 murder in Plantation, Florida of Melissa Britt Lewis, a partner in Rothstein's firm.", "Villegas' estranged husband, Tony Villegas, was charged on circumstantial evidence in the March 2008 murder in Plantation, Florida of Melissa Britt Lewis, a partner in Rothstein's firm. Although early news reports wondered at whether the evidence was substantial, according to New Times, \"Nine days later, forensic testing revealed that Tony's DNA had been found on Melissa's suit jacket – the same jacket she wore on the day she died.\" Police sealed the arrest affidavit.", "Police sealed the arrest affidavit. Police sealed the arrest affidavit. As a result of the homicide and the nature of the legal business, Rothstein has a team of \"executive protection specialists\" to guard the firm and his family, his teen-aged daughter. The prosecutor who had first worked on the Villegas case, Howard Scheinberg, went to work for Rosenfeldt Rothstein Adler. Villegas, a train conductor, remains in jail awaiting trial. The motive was supposedly revenge for Lewis's closeness with Debra.", "The motive was supposedly revenge for Lewis's closeness with Debra. Debra and Melissa share a therapist: Ilene Vinikoor, whose husband, David represents general counsel, David Boden in the Ponzi scheme investigation. You get anger from people ... that prick from the Bronx. ... They say I'm building the law firm too fast, that it must be a house of cards. \"Disbarment on consent\" On November 17, 2009, the Florida Bar Executive Committee voted to accept a request by Rothstein to be disbarred.", "\"Disbarment on consent\" On November 17, 2009, the Florida Bar Executive Committee voted to accept a request by Rothstein to be disbarred. The Florida Supreme Court entered an order permanently disbarring Rothstein on November 25, 2009. Rothstein was removed from the Broward County Grievance Committee, and his name has also been removed from the database of \"The Best Lawyers in America\".", "Rothstein was removed from the Broward County Grievance Committee, and his name has also been removed from the database of \"The Best Lawyers in America\". Trust account Rothstein, Rosenfeldt, and Adler's trust account was part of the Interest on Lawyer Trust Accounts (IOLTA) program that was paying hundreds of thousands of dollars a month to the Florida Bar Foundation.", "Trust account Rothstein, Rosenfeldt, and Adler's trust account was part of the Interest on Lawyer Trust Accounts (IOLTA) program that was paying hundreds of thousands of dollars a month to the Florida Bar Foundation. $1.2 billion Ponzi scheme Rothstein's investment scheme involved purchasing what were initially mislabeled as fabricated \"structured settlements,\" described as where people sell large settlements in legal cases for lump sums of cash.", "$1.2 billion Ponzi scheme Rothstein's investment scheme involved purchasing what were initially mislabeled as fabricated \"structured settlements,\" described as where people sell large settlements in legal cases for lump sums of cash. Alan Sakowitz, an attorney and real estate developer in Bay Harbor Islands, said that he contacted the FBI in September with concerns about Rothstein.", "Alan Sakowitz, an attorney and real estate developer in Bay Harbor Islands, said that he contacted the FBI in September with concerns about Rothstein. On Sunday, November 8, 2009, Sakowitz appeared with Kendall Coffey, attorney for Rothstein's law partners, on the Michael Putney Show on WPLG-TV, MIAMI, correcting Coffey for claiming that Rothstein's \"investments\" involved structured settlements, which they did not.", "On Sunday, November 8, 2009, Sakowitz appeared with Kendall Coffey, attorney for Rothstein's law partners, on the Michael Putney Show on WPLG-TV, MIAMI, correcting Coffey for claiming that Rothstein's \"investments\" involved structured settlements, which they did not. (Note: \"structured settlements\" as defined by Rothstein in press reports do not meet the definition in IRC 5891(C)(1) of the Internal Revenue Code). Rothstein's resemble investments in pre-settlement funding or pre-settlement financing.", "Rothstein's resemble investments in pre-settlement funding or pre-settlement financing. In his December 12, 2011 deposition page 24 lines 15-23, Scott Rothstein himself said \"It was intentionally made in a way and presented to that firm and the other firms that were looking at the structure issue that it was merely a purchase of dollars already in-house; that it was not a structured settlement because the true definition of a structured settlement is when someone is actually receiving payments over time that has some other value.", "In his December 12, 2011 deposition page 24 lines 15-23, Scott Rothstein himself said \"It was intentionally made in a way and presented to that firm and the other firms that were looking at the structure issue that it was merely a purchase of dollars already in-house; that it was not a structured settlement because the true definition of a structured settlement is when someone is actually receiving payments over time that has some other value. We didn't have a true definition of a structured settlement, not by any of the statutes.", "We didn't have a true definition of a structured settlement, not by any of the statutes. From that perspective we had reason to make sure that this was not structured. Because when you're dealing with structured settlements you need other levels of Court approval. It would have required the manufacturer of literally hundreds of phony orders, which would have led the entire scheme to detection.' The FBI estimates the loss to be up to a billion dollars from lucrative whistle-blower and employment discrimination cases.", "The FBI estimates the loss to be up to a billion dollars from lucrative whistle-blower and employment discrimination cases. The investors would make up-front cash payments to individuals owed money from the court cases to buy the right to collect the full amount of the settlements later. The investor was guaranteed a minimum of 20 percent investment returns in as little as three months. Swindle pitch General counsel David Boden was present for at least one of the swindles, and negotiated the final papers with the investors' lawyers.", "Swindle pitch General counsel David Boden was present for at least one of the swindles, and negotiated the final papers with the investors' lawyers. Rothstein greets and informs the investor his firm was the preeminent sexual harassment law firm in the country. He says he'd figured out a basic formula which was that someone with $10 million net worth was usually willing to pay $2 million in cash to pay off their mistress. The key was confidentiality.", "The key was confidentiality. The key was confidentiality. Rothstein tells the investor that he would meet potential defendants in his office and would question them about affairs they had with an employee. The defendants would deny it. He pointed to artwork, and said there was a television screen behind it.", "He pointed to artwork, and said there was a television screen behind it. He tells the investor he turned on a video of the guy having sex with his mistress, and told his client \"We can either settle this now, or I can depose your wife, your mistress, you and your son about it.\"", "He tells the investor he turned on a video of the guy having sex with his mistress, and told his client \"We can either settle this now, or I can depose your wife, your mistress, you and your son about it.\" Since defendants\" often couldn't or wouldn't pay the entire settlement up-front, Rothstein tells the investor that his first harassment case many years ago, involved a $3.5 million settlement and a million-dollar legal fee, so Rothstein assigned the settlement to a good friend and the plaintiff settles for $3 million without a trial.", "Since defendants\" often couldn't or wouldn't pay the entire settlement up-front, Rothstein tells the investor that his first harassment case many years ago, involved a $3.5 million settlement and a million-dollar legal fee, so Rothstein assigned the settlement to a good friend and the plaintiff settles for $3 million without a trial. The \"good friend\" stood to be paid $3.5 million once the defendant paid up, a half-million dollar profit.", "The \"good friend\" stood to be paid $3.5 million once the defendant paid up, a half-million dollar profit. \"In 20 years, I have never seen a defendant sue on breach of settlement,\" Rothstein told them. \"The whole idea is that it's secret. Why would they sue?\" Although it did not appear completely legitimate, and it might have appeared that the plaintiffs were short-changed, it makes sense to the potential investor. The idea seems solid.", "The idea seems solid. The idea seems solid. The investor thinks that with enough of these cases at Rothstein's law firm, he could make huge sums of money. Rothstein then discusses other larger cases: Eli Lilly and Company, involving $1.4 billion with plaintiff representation by Gary Farmer, a firm attorney who negotiated the settlement and who brought the case with him when he arrived at the firm. Several inside whistleblowers went to the fed with unlawful practices regarding the marketing and sales of an anti-psychotic medication called Zyprexa.", "Several inside whistleblowers went to the fed with unlawful practices regarding the marketing and sales of an anti-psychotic medication called Zyprexa. It was one of the largest qui tam cases in history. He tells the investor about a potential (allegedly fabricated) case where investors would buy whistle-blower million dollar settlements with a sixty percent short term investor profit. The arrangement would be completely secret; the investor would never know the name of the company or the whistle-blower.", "The arrangement would be completely secret; the investor would never know the name of the company or the whistle-blower. The settlement money would be deposited into a trust account at TD Bank, accessible only to the investor at the appropriate time. David Boden follows up with all questions and negotiates the contract. Court-appointed receiver On November 2, 2009, Broward Chief Judge Vic Tobin sent an e-mail at 6:45 a.m. to judges about the Rothstein case: I learned of some very distressing news yesterday.", "Court-appointed receiver On November 2, 2009, Broward Chief Judge Vic Tobin sent an e-mail at 6:45 a.m. to judges about the Rothstein case: I learned of some very distressing news yesterday. Whoever draws the case try to set the motion today because of the amount of clients and money involved. Also, if you have a case with the firm, please be patient.", "Also, if you have a case with the firm, please be patient. I don't know if the lawyers will come or not and if they do come, there is no money at this point to go forward with the case or pay firm employees. On November 3, 2009, retired Miami-Dade Circuit Judge Herbert Stettin was appointed the firm's receiver, responsible for approving the firm's day-to-day financial decisions.", "On November 3, 2009, retired Miami-Dade Circuit Judge Herbert Stettin was appointed the firm's receiver, responsible for approving the firm's day-to-day financial decisions. Firm president and 50% owner of the firm, Stuart Rosenfeldt, \"deposited two-thirds of my life savings in my firm's operating account\" to prop up finances in the short-term. Marc Nurik is representing Rothstein, and has stepped down as a lawyer from the firm. The prosecutors are Lawrence D. LaVecchio, Paul F. Schwartz and Jeffrey N. Kaplan.", "The prosecutors are Lawrence D. LaVecchio, Paul F. Schwartz and Jeffrey N. Kaplan. They have decades of experience investigating public corruption, white-collar fraud and organized crime. They are preparing a massive fraud case against Rothstein, zeroing in on his settlement investments, and also allegations of theft from his law firm and client trust accounts.", "They are preparing a massive fraud case against Rothstein, zeroing in on his settlement investments, and also allegations of theft from his law firm and client trust accounts. Victims On November 25, 2009, Attorney William Scherer filed a 289-page Amended Complaint seeking $100,000,000 in civil damages on behalf of his clients, and naming: Toronto Dominion Bank and its associates, Frank Spinosa, Jennifer Kerstetter, and Rosanne Karetsky, Irene Stay, Banyon Income Fund, L.P., Banyon USVI, LLC, George G. Levin, Michael Szafranski, Onyx Options Consultants Corporation, Berenfeld Spritzer Shechter Sheer, LLP., as well as Rothstein and his associates, David Boden, Debra Villegas, Andrew Barnett, and Frank J. Preve, as defendants/co-conspirators.", "Victims On November 25, 2009, Attorney William Scherer filed a 289-page Amended Complaint seeking $100,000,000 in civil damages on behalf of his clients, and naming: Toronto Dominion Bank and its associates, Frank Spinosa, Jennifer Kerstetter, and Rosanne Karetsky, Irene Stay, Banyon Income Fund, L.P., Banyon USVI, LLC, George G. Levin, Michael Szafranski, Onyx Options Consultants Corporation, Berenfeld Spritzer Shechter Sheer, LLP., as well as Rothstein and his associates, David Boden, Debra Villegas, Andrew Barnett, and Frank J. Preve, as defendants/co-conspirators. The Amended Complaint lists people and businesses to whom Rothstein allegedly wired money while he was en route to or inside of Morocco: Rothstein wired $16 million to his tour guide from Boca Raton, Florida, \"Ahnick Kahlid\".", "The Amended Complaint lists people and businesses to whom Rothstein allegedly wired money while he was en route to or inside of Morocco: Rothstein wired $16 million to his tour guide from Boca Raton, Florida, \"Ahnick Kahlid\". Kahlid transferred the money to Rothstein's new Moroccan bank account opened upon his arrival with a passport as identification at Banque Populaire in Casablanca; The recipients allegedly are members of the \"Israeli Mob\"; New York Investors; Florida Investors; Real Estate Investors; and Levin Feeders.", "Kahlid transferred the money to Rothstein's new Moroccan bank account opened upon his arrival with a passport as identification at Banque Populaire in Casablanca; The recipients allegedly are members of the \"Israeli Mob\"; New York Investors; Florida Investors; Real Estate Investors; and Levin Feeders. Scherer has said that his clients and all other investors who weren't complicit in the crime will have their money returned. Due to the extreme negligence, TD Bank is liable.", "Due to the extreme negligence, TD Bank is liable. \"My goal is to get all the money back for the investors from the bank,\" Scherer said. On January 27, 2010 Scherer filed an affidavit alleging that Michael Szafranski was complicit in Rothstein's fraud, receiving almost $6.5 million in \"ill-gotten\" gains directly from Rothstein.", "On January 27, 2010 Scherer filed an affidavit alleging that Michael Szafranski was complicit in Rothstein's fraud, receiving almost $6.5 million in \"ill-gotten\" gains directly from Rothstein. Shimon Levy and Ovi Levy Shimon Levy allegedly has had deep ties to Dean Heiser and Israeli organized crime and spent a year in an Israeli prison for hiding a mob figure suspected of two \"grisly murders\".", "Shimon Levy and Ovi Levy Shimon Levy allegedly has had deep ties to Dean Heiser and Israeli organized crime and spent a year in an Israeli prison for hiding a mob figure suspected of two \"grisly murders\". In 1997, his partner at the Sea Club Resort on Fort Lauderdale beach, Zvika Yuz, was a victim of a murder which remains unsolved. His son, Ovi contacted the Plantation Police Department and began receiving protection during the time Rothstein fled to Morocco.", "His son, Ovi contacted the Plantation Police Department and began receiving protection during the time Rothstein fled to Morocco. Banyan Capital Banyan Income Fund, a Fort Lauderdale-based hedge fund, invested hundreds of millions. It was run by Rothstein and involves Fort Lauderdale businessman George G. Levin, who reported Rothstein to the U.S. Attorney's Office for \"suspicious activity.\" According to the lawsuit, Frank J. Preve is Chief Operating Officer and kept an office inside Rothstein et al. He is a convicted bank fraud and embezzlement felon.", "He is a convicted bank fraud and embezzlement felon. He is a convicted bank fraud and embezzlement felon. He pleaded guilty to bank embezzlement charges in 1985 and received ten years probation and a $10,000 fine for falsifying loan documents in another fraudulent scheme. Banyon and other Rothstein investors' accounts were held at a Toronto-Dominion Bank branch in Fort Lauderdale. Abraxas Discala Abraxas Discala, a businessman and former husband of The Sopranos' Jamie-Lynn Sigler, reportedly raised $30 million through his hedge fund which he invested into Rothstein's scheme.", "Abraxas Discala Abraxas Discala, a businessman and former husband of The Sopranos' Jamie-Lynn Sigler, reportedly raised $30 million through his hedge fund which he invested into Rothstein's scheme. George G. Levin Since 1983, George G. Levin and his wife, Gayla Sue, have lived in Fort Lauderdale's Bay Colony on the Intracoastal Waterway in a 2-story home with 8 bathrooms and a large pool, valued at $2 million. Levin has a pattern of filing complaints when his unsavory/fraudulent business ventures are exposed.", "Levin has a pattern of filing complaints when his unsavory/fraudulent business ventures are exposed. According to federal court documents, from 1985–1996 Levin's former business GGL Industries, dba Classic Motor Carriages defrauded hundreds of customers, selling kit cars. The federal government filed criminal charges against the company and GGL pleaded guilty to mail fraud in 1999 and agreed to pay $2.5 million in restitution. Stuart Rado had been a consumer activist who organized GGL's victims and helped spur the government action.", "Stuart Rado had been a consumer activist who organized GGL's victims and helped spur the government action. Levin subsequently sued Rado for violating the Florida Trade Secrets Act. Rado was diagnosed with cancer during the lawsuit. It was a classic frivolous SLAPP suit (\"Strategic Lawsuit Against Public Participation\"). On September 19, 1997, the finding against Mr. Rado was that he pay plaintiff's attorneys' fees.", "On September 19, 1997, the finding against Mr. Rado was that he pay plaintiff's attorneys' fees. The federal motion states: GGL's fraudulent scheme necessarily included as an intricate part the silencing of its critics, among whom was Rado. It did this by using the courts to intimidate Rado into being silent and causing Rado to spend money he could not afford.", "It did this by using the courts to intimidate Rado into being silent and causing Rado to spend money he could not afford. It was GGL's intention (as one of GGL's attorneys said to Rado [in a 1994 deposition]) to make Rado's net worth go south. GGL and its attorneys forced Rado to incur the expenses of defending two lawsuits for over 4 years. Rado had to incur these expenses and live day-to-day with a barrage of pleadings, depositions and other legal maneuvers by GGL.", "Rado had to incur these expenses and live day-to-day with a barrage of pleadings, depositions and other legal maneuvers by GGL. He had to endure this even though he did nothing legally wrong, and even though GGL was in fact at the same time continuing to perpetrate its nationwide fraud. Rado was being put through this because Rado dared to contact some of GGL's victims and tell them that if they were injured by GGL they should contact the Florida Attorney General for help.", "Rado was being put through this because Rado dared to contact some of GGL's victims and tell them that if they were injured by GGL they should contact the Florida Attorney General for help. What is even more despicable is that GGL knew that Rado was dying of cancer but continued to pursue him with motions and notices of trial and other pleadings, one such notice of hearing being served within days of brain surgery. Although a convicted felon, GGL hounded Rado's estate for the payment of $80,000 in attorney's fees.", "Although a convicted felon, GGL hounded Rado's estate for the payment of $80,000 in attorney's fees. The state of Florida filed suit against the company alleging deceptive business practices and civil theft. A special assistant attorney general, Herbert Stettin, led the investigation. Stettin is now the trustee overseeing the Rothstein Rosenfeldt Adler bankruptcy case. Levin continues to sell kit cars under a different company name, StreetBeasts.", "Levin continues to sell kit cars under a different company name, StreetBeasts. According to a Florida District Court of Appeals case published in 2002, Levin acquired property free and clear for less than the cost of the first mortgage, through a fraudulent transfer. Partners' income strategy and Rothstein's returns The allegations are: George Levin was the general partner (\"GP\") who solicited each limited partner (\"LP\") to contribute at least $1 million.", "Partners' income strategy and Rothstein's returns The allegations are: George Levin was the general partner (\"GP\") who solicited each limited partner (\"LP\") to contribute at least $1 million. Initially, each LP contributed $250,000, subject to periodic capital calls up to the amount of their commitments. They were promised 12% annually (15% for first $100 million), to be paid quarterly.", "They were promised 12% annually (15% for first $100 million), to be paid quarterly. The general partner had to maintain a balance of not less than 10% of all contributions after any quarterly distributions. The general partner also gave a \"clawback\" guaranty to all LP's equal to their original contributions. LP's could not request redemptions during an initial one-year \"lock-up\" period and were required to give 90 days' notice for any withdrawals.", "LP's could not request redemptions during an initial one-year \"lock-up\" period and were required to give 90 days' notice for any withdrawals. Redemptions would be paid from the GP's own capital account \"to the extent available\" with a 10% hold-back, but otherwise, only from the purchased lawsuits settlement stream. Banyon had paid Rothstein's firm at least $656 million, but the law firm anticipated $1.1 billion over a maximum 24-month period. It allegedly received and reinvested about $500 million.", "It allegedly received and reinvested about $500 million. It allegedly received and reinvested about $500 million. Levin expected to make 40% over 24 months but to only pay out 24%.", "Levin expected to make 40% over 24 months but to only pay out 24%. Rothstein's law firm's IOLTA trust accounts established \"for the plaintiff\" in the purported litigation settlements were used to fund the phony settlement accounts, after the law firm had paid its overhead, keeping its insolvent operation afloat, which included \"gifts\" to partners and money given to politicians, charities, and pay for a massive advertising budget, as well as Rothstein's personal lifestyle, over three years, amounting to approximately a $500 million loss.", "Rothstein's law firm's IOLTA trust accounts established \"for the plaintiff\" in the purported litigation settlements were used to fund the phony settlement accounts, after the law firm had paid its overhead, keeping its insolvent operation afloat, which included \"gifts\" to partners and money given to politicians, charities, and pay for a massive advertising budget, as well as Rothstein's personal lifestyle, over three years, amounting to approximately a $500 million loss. The interest on the funded IOLTA accounts went to the Florida Bar monthly, which was many millions, based on the Banyon contributions.", "The interest on the funded IOLTA accounts went to the Florida Bar monthly, which was many millions, based on the Banyon contributions. In its prospectus, Banyon claimed to have a legal opinion that Banyon's interest in the IOLTA trust accounts \"perfected automatically on execution of the transfer documents\" – that the lawsuit proceeds assignments created by general counsel, David Boden. The LP's were warned that they could be taxed on the Partnership's income and realized gains even if no distributions were made.", "The LP's were warned that they could be taxed on the Partnership's income and realized gains even if no distributions were made. As long as reinvestments were ongoing, the ponzi scheme was facilitated. Losses 1. Venture capitalist Doug Von Allmen's companies' total loss, approximately $105.5 million, through the Banyon Income Fund include: The Von Allmen Dynastry Trust, overseen by wife Linda Von Allmen: $7 million. D&L Partners, Von Allmen's Missouri company: $45 million.", "D&L Partners, Von Allmen's Missouri company: $45 million. Kretschmar: $8 million Razorback Funding LLC, a Delaware company: $32 million D3 Capital Club LLC, Delaware company: $13.5 million 2. BFMC Investment LLC, owned by Barry Florescue: $2.4 million 3. Socialite art dealer Bonnie Barnett, mother of defendant, Andrew Barnett 4. The family of car dealers, Ed and Ted Morse. 5. Ballamor Capital Management, Radnor, PA: $30 million.", "Ballamor Capital Management, Radnor, PA: $30 million. Others Investors from Morocco lost $85 million. On November 19, 2009, Rothstein never appeared for a deposition, noticed in the bankruptcy case by investors' attorney John Genovese at Genovese's law office. Banyon and other Rothstein investors' accounts were held at a Toronto-Dominion Bank branch in Fort Lauderdale.", "Banyon and other Rothstein investors' accounts were held at a Toronto-Dominion Bank branch in Fort Lauderdale. References External links Video tour of Rothstein's law offices USA v. Scott Rothstein: Report Commencing Criminal Action, December 1, 2009 Federal Charging Information, December 1, 2009 Case No. 09-60331 Rothstein Plea Agreement, Case 0:09-cr-60331-JIC, filed January 27, 2010 Disbarment on Consent, filed November 20, 2009 Amended Civil Complaint filed November 25, 2009, Case No.", "09-60331 Rothstein Plea Agreement, Case 0:09-cr-60331-JIC, filed January 27, 2010 Disbarment on Consent, filed November 20, 2009 Amended Civil Complaint filed November 25, 2009, Case No. 09-062943 Attorney Scherer's Opposition to Motion to Disqualify Counsel for Plaintiffs, filed January 28, 2010 Amended Complaint for Dissolution and For Emergency Transfer of Corporate Powers to Stuart A. Rosenfeldt, Case No. 09-059301 Judge's Order Granting Compelling of Bank Records, Case No.", "09-059301 Judge's Order Granting Compelling of Bank Records, Case No. 09-059301 Database of Scott W. Rothstein's Political Contributions Database of Scott W. Rothstein's Corporate Interests Database of Scott W. Rothstein's registered vehicles Database of Scott W. Rothstein's Real Estate Transactions 1962 births 2009 in economics American money launderers American money managers American people convicted of fraud American prisoners and detainees 20th-century American Jews American confidence tricksters Criminal investigation Disbarred American lawyers Florida lawyers Great Recession Living people People convicted of racketeering Prisoners and detainees of the United States federal government Pyramid and Ponzi schemes American businesspeople convicted of crimes 21st-century American Jews" ]

[ "Scott W. Rothstein", "Law partner murder", "who is scott?", "Rothstein has a team of \"executive protection specialists\" to guard the firm and his family, his teen-aged daughter.", "what happened with swindle pitch?", "I don't know." ]

[ "\"Where Did All the Love Go?\" is a song by English rock band Kasabian and is the second official single from their third album, West Ryder Pauper Lunatic Asylum. It was released on 10 August 2009.\n\nLyrics \nGuitarist Sergio Pizzorno explained the song's meaning to New Musical Express stating that \"It's sitting at home seeing another kid get stabbed, everyone is scared and going, 'What the fuck is going on?\" The song also speaks about the Internet, with Pizzorno elaborating in an interview with The Sun that \"Kids today grow up really quickly and there's too much information. News channels, the internet and social networking sites. People aren't leaving their bedrooms and it's just crazy. The things that make you most happy are quite simple. That song is looking for the romantic image of life, when people looked out for each other.\"\n\nMusic video\nAccording to Serge Pizzorno, the song's music video was inspired by Kenneth Anger's films like Scorpio Rising, Busby Berkeley and French cabaret.\n\nPersonnel\nKasabian\nTom Meighan – lead vocals\nSergio Pizzorno – guitars, synths, backing vocals\nChris Edwards – bass\nIan Matthews – drums\nAdditional personnel\nRosie Danvers – string direction\nWired Strings – strings\n\nChart performance\nFollowing its release in August 2009, \"Where Did All the Love Go?\" entered the UK Singles Chart at a peak of #30. Although not as successful as the previous single \"Fire\", this single did prove popular on the radio.\n\nTrack listings\n2-Track CD PARADISE64\n \"Where Did All the Love Go?\" – 4:18\n \"Vlad the Impaler\" (Zane Lowe Remix) - 4:32\n10\" PARADISE65\n \"Where Did All the Love Go?\" – 4:18\n \"Where Did All the Love Go?\" (Burns Remix) - 6:07\nDigital Download\n \"Where Did All the Love Go?\" (Live at Le Live De La Sema) - 4:30\niTunes Bundle\n \"Where Did All the Love Go?\" – 4:18\n \"Vlad the Impaler\" (Zane Lowe Remix) - 4:32\n \"Where Did All the Love Go?\" (Burns Remix) - 6:07\n \"Take Aim\" (Dan the Automator Remix) - 5:17\n2-Track Radio Promo CD\n \"Where Did All the Love Go?\" (Radio Edit) – 4:14\n \"Where Did All the Love Go?\" (Instrumental) – 4:26\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nTownsend-records.co.uk\n\nKasabian songs\n2009 singles\nSongs written by Sergio Pizzorno\n2009 songs\nRCA Records singles\nColumbia Records singles\nSongs about crime", "Baby was an American southern rock band from Texas that formed in 1970.\n\nRecording history\n\nThe band's 1974 self-titled album Baby got the attention of the executives at Mercury Records based on their regional album sales in Texas. The album was remixed and re-released in mid-1975 on Mercury and thereby derived a national distribution network. The follow-up album was called Where Did All The Money Go? which got released on Chelsea Records in 1976.\n\nReferences\n\nAmerican southern rock musical groups\nmusical groups from Texas" ]

[ "Scott W. Rothstein (born June 10, 1962) is a disbarred lawyer, convicted felon, and the former managing shareholder, chairman, and chief executive officer of the now-defunct Rothstein Rosenfeldt Adler law firm. He funded an extravagant lifestyle with a $1.2 billion Ponzi scheme, one of the largest such in history. On December 1, 2009, Rothstein turned himself in to authorities and was subsequently arrested on charges related to the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act (RICO).", "On December 1, 2009, Rothstein turned himself in to authorities and was subsequently arrested on charges related to the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act (RICO). Although his arraignment plea was not guilty, Rothstein reversed his plea to guilty of five federal crimes on January 27, 2010. Rothstein was denied bond by U.S. Magistrate Judge Robin Rosenbaum, who ruled that due to his ability to forge documents, he was considered a flight risk. He was sentenced to 50 years in federal prison.", "He was sentenced to 50 years in federal prison. He was sentenced to 50 years in federal prison. Overview On June 9, 2010, Rothstein received a 50-year prison sentence after a hearing in federal court in Fort Lauderdale, although federal prosecutors initially filed a motion notifying the court they would be seeking a sentence reduction for Rothstein. His firm had 70 lawyers and 150 employees, with offices in Boca Raton, West Palm Beach, Fort Lauderdale, Miami, Tallahassee, Florida, New York City and Caracas, Venezuela.", "His firm had 70 lawyers and 150 employees, with offices in Boca Raton, West Palm Beach, Fort Lauderdale, Miami, Tallahassee, Florida, New York City and Caracas, Venezuela. The firm focused on labor and employment matters, civil rights, intellectual property, internet law, corporate espionage, personal injury, wrongful death, commercial litigation, real estate, mergers and acquisitions, and governmental relations.", "The firm focused on labor and employment matters, civil rights, intellectual property, internet law, corporate espionage, personal injury, wrongful death, commercial litigation, real estate, mergers and acquisitions, and governmental relations. His client list included Citicorp, J. C. Penney, Ed Morse Automotive Group, National Beverage, Silversea Cruise Lines, Supra Telecom, and Wells Fargo.", "His client list included Citicorp, J. C. Penney, Ed Morse Automotive Group, National Beverage, Silversea Cruise Lines, Supra Telecom, and Wells Fargo. Until he was permanently disbarred by the Florida Supreme Court on November 25, 2009, Rothstein was a member of the Florida Bar and admitted by the United States Supreme Court. He had been given an AV Preeminent peer review rating by Martindale-Hubbell.", "He had been given an AV Preeminent peer review rating by Martindale-Hubbell. The AV rating is a significant accomplishment and a testament to the fact that a lawyer's peers rank him or her at the highest level of professional excellence. Rothstein may have stolen millions of dollars from an investment side-business. A list of 259 persons or corporate entities entitled to $279 million in restitution has been sealed by the court.", "A list of 259 persons or corporate entities entitled to $279 million in restitution has been sealed by the court. On November 3, 2009, Federal Bureau of Investigation and United States Department of the Treasury agents served a warrant to search the firm's Fort Lauderdale offices. Rothstein sent an email in recent weeks to firm lawyers asking them to investigate which countries refused to extradite criminal suspects to either the U.S. or Israel, and firm lawyers responded that Morocco is one such country.", "Rothstein sent an email in recent weeks to firm lawyers asking them to investigate which countries refused to extradite criminal suspects to either the U.S. or Israel, and firm lawyers responded that Morocco is one such country. Rothstein had wired $16 million to an individual in Casablanca and left for Casablanca on October 26, 2009. On October 31, 2009, he sent a suicide text message note to all of his law partners: Sorry for letting you all down. I am a fool.", "I am a fool. I am a fool. I thought I could fix it, but got trapped by my ego and refusal to fail, and now all I have accomplished is hurting the people I love. Please take care of yourselves and please protect Kimmie [Rothstein's wife]. She knew nothing. Neither did she, nor any of you deserve what I did. I hope God allows me to see you on the other side. Love, Scott.", "Love, Scott. Love, Scott. On November 3, 2009, after many texts by Stuart Rosenfeldt, the president of the firm, urging him to \"choose life\", Rothstein returned to Fort Lauderdale on a chartered jet, (chartered by the ex-husband of Governor Crist's wife, Todd Rome) from Casablanca.", "On November 3, 2009, after many texts by Stuart Rosenfeldt, the president of the firm, urging him to \"choose life\", Rothstein returned to Fort Lauderdale on a chartered jet, (chartered by the ex-husband of Governor Crist's wife, Todd Rome) from Casablanca. On November 2, his law firm with only $117,000 in its operating account filed suit against him, asked a judge to dissolve the firm, accusing him of misappropriating hundreds of millions of dollars from investor trust accounts in a Ponzi scheme from an investment business he covertly ran out of his law office.", "On November 2, his law firm with only $117,000 in its operating account filed suit against him, asked a judge to dissolve the firm, accusing him of misappropriating hundreds of millions of dollars from investor trust accounts in a Ponzi scheme from an investment business he covertly ran out of his law office. In 2009 Rothstein resided at the Federal Detention Center, Miami in Downtown Miami, but was later moved to an undisclosed location and his inmate number removed from the Federal Bureau of Prisons inmate locator webpage.", "In 2009 Rothstein resided at the Federal Detention Center, Miami in Downtown Miami, but was later moved to an undisclosed location and his inmate number removed from the Federal Bureau of Prisons inmate locator webpage. Background and career Rothstein was born in the Bronx and moved with his parents to Lauderhill, Florida as a teenager.", "Background and career Rothstein was born in the Bronx and moved with his parents to Lauderhill, Florida as a teenager. A 1988 Juris Doctor graduate of Fort Lauderdale's Nova Southeastern University's Law School, the Shepard Broad College of Law, and a 1984 Bachelor of Arts graduate of University of Florida, Rothstein's law career began in 1988 and, for nearly fifteen years, he was relatively unknown. His local mentors were wealthy attorneys, Donald McClosky and Bill Scherer.", "His local mentors were wealthy attorneys, Donald McClosky and Bill Scherer. In the early 1990s, Rothstein first partnered with attorney Howard Kusnick. First located in Plantation, Florida, Kusnick & Rothstein, P.A. subsequently moved to downtown Ft. Lauderdale. Longtime partner Michael Pancier first joined him there.", "Longtime partner Michael Pancier first joined him there. Longtime partner Michael Pancier first joined him there. In 2000, Rothstein joined with Rosenfeldt as a name partner at the Hollywood firm, Phillips Eisinger Koss & Rosenfeldt, P.A., which became known as Phillips Eisinger Koss Rothstein & Rosenfeldt, P.A In February 2002, Rothstein and Rosenfeldt started their own firm, first known as Rothstein & Rosenfeldt, P.A. Within a month, Pancier was added as a name partner.", "Within a month, Pancier was added as a name partner. In July, 2002, adding Susan Dolin, a well-regarded employment lawyer, now practicing on her own in West Broward, the firm became known as Rothstein, Rosenfeldt, Dolin & Pancier, P.A.. In late 2004, the firm became known simply as Rothstein Rosenfeldt, with Adler being added in March 2005. Melissa Britt Lewis, who was murdered in March, 2008, was with Rothstein from the firm's beginning.", "Melissa Britt Lewis, who was murdered in March, 2008, was with Rothstein from the firm's beginning. In seven years, he and his partners expanded the firm to 70 lawyers, including former Boca Raton Mayor and sitting Palm Beach County Commissioner Steve Abrams; former judges Julio Gonzalez, Barry Stone, and former Palm Beach circuit judge, William Berger; TV and radio legal commentator and former prosecutor, Ken Padowitz; Carlos Reyes, former South Broward Hospital District commissioner and lobbyist; Arthur Neiwirth, a bankruptcy expert; and Les Stracher, former legal counsel for Morse Auto Group, who represents major auto dealers.", "In seven years, he and his partners expanded the firm to 70 lawyers, including former Boca Raton Mayor and sitting Palm Beach County Commissioner Steve Abrams; former judges Julio Gonzalez, Barry Stone, and former Palm Beach circuit judge, William Berger; TV and radio legal commentator and former prosecutor, Ken Padowitz; Carlos Reyes, former South Broward Hospital District commissioner and lobbyist; Arthur Neiwirth, a bankruptcy expert; and Les Stracher, former legal counsel for Morse Auto Group, who represents major auto dealers. Others include: Shawn Birken, son of Circuit Court Judge Arthur Birken; Ben Dishowitz, son of County Court Judge Dishowitz; and Grant Smith, son of disgraced former Congressman Larry Smith.", "Others include: Shawn Birken, son of Circuit Court Judge Arthur Birken; Ben Dishowitz, son of County Court Judge Dishowitz; and Grant Smith, son of disgraced former Congressman Larry Smith. Andrew Barnett is Corporate Development Officer, and David Boden, a New York attorney not licensed in Florida, was the firm's general counsel.", "Andrew Barnett is Corporate Development Officer, and David Boden, a New York attorney not licensed in Florida, was the firm's general counsel. Recent On September 8, 2011, U.S. District Judge James I. Cohn granted the government's motion to prohibit videotaping Rothstein during a scheduled deposition of him, citing \"serious harm\" and \"security reasons that are unusual in nature.\" The exact reasons for the judge's decision were sealed.", "The exact reasons for the judge's decision were sealed. This fueled speculation that his appearance was altered or he was a mafia target due to his cooperation with the prosecution against the mafia. On June 8, 2011, federal prosecutors filed a motion with the sentencing judge informing him that they would be asking for a sentence reduction for Rothstein. However, on September 26, 2017, prosecutors withdrew their motion for a reduced sentence, saying that he had provided \"false material information\" in violation of his plea agreement.", "However, on September 26, 2017, prosecutors withdrew their motion for a reduced sentence, saying that he had provided \"false material information\" in violation of his plea agreement. Rothstein's name does not appear in the Federal Bureau of Prisons inmate database. This indicates he is being held under an alias, which would not be unusual given that he cooperated with the government. As of November 18, 2009, many of the associates have relocated: Five lawyers moved to Fort Lauderdale-based Rice Pugatch Robinson & Schiller.", "As of November 18, 2009, many of the associates have relocated: Five lawyers moved to Fort Lauderdale-based Rice Pugatch Robinson & Schiller. Steven Lippman and Richard Storfer will be new partners. Riley Cirulnick, George Zinkler and Jodi Cohen are new associates. In August, 2008, Governor Crist appointed Rothstein as a member of the 4th District Court of Appeal Judicial nominating commission, a body which is responsible for selecting new judges for appointment to the Court. Bill Brock accompanied Rothstein to Morocco.", "Bill Brock accompanied Rothstein to Morocco. Bill Brock accompanied Rothstein to Morocco. His job at the law firm was to issue checks for Rothstein's various ventures and contributions, and had the sole security pass for the area where records of Rothstein's non-law firm businesses were kept. An observant Jew, Rothstein grew up in a small Bronx apartment, sharing a bedroom with his sister. His father was a salesman \"back in the days when you carried a bag up and down the streets of New York.\"", "His father was a salesman \"back in the days when you carried a bag up and down the streets of New York.\" The family moved to Lauderhill, Florida in 1977, when Rothstein was 16. His grandmother used her life savings to help put him through school. \"I grew up poor. I'm a lunatic about money.\" Rothstein was a large contributor to a synagogue off Las Olas with his name affixed to the front facade: The Rothstein Family Downtown Jewish Center Chabad.", "Rothstein was a large contributor to a synagogue off Las Olas with his name affixed to the front facade: The Rothstein Family Downtown Jewish Center Chabad. Rabbi Schneur Kaplan is one of the two people who talked Rothstein out of committing suicide. He invested in residential property. In 2003, he paid $1.2 million for an intracoastal waterfront house on Castilla Isle in Fort Lauderdale. In March 2005, he bought a neighboring home belonging to Miami Dolphins' Ricky Williams for $2.73 million.", "In March 2005, he bought a neighboring home belonging to Miami Dolphins' Ricky Williams for $2.73 million. While living in Williams' old house, he's purchased two other homes on the street and three other homes in Broward for a total residential investment of nearly $20 million. \"They call me the king of Castilla.\"", "\"They call me the king of Castilla.\" \"They call me the king of Castilla.\" In 2008, he purchased a $6.45 million waterfront gated Fort Lauderdale home, a $6 million condo in New York in the same building as Marc Dreier, and a $2.8 million oceanfront estate in Narragansett, Rhode Island formerly owned by troubled client, Michael Kent, a Fort Lauderdale nightclub owner.", "In 2008, he purchased a $6.45 million waterfront gated Fort Lauderdale home, a $6 million condo in New York in the same building as Marc Dreier, and a $2.8 million oceanfront estate in Narragansett, Rhode Island formerly owned by troubled client, Michael Kent, a Fort Lauderdale nightclub owner. He is part-owner with Anthony Bova of the South Beach Versace Casa Casuarina mansion, where he was married on January 26, 2008, in a three-day wedding celebration with Governor Crist, and his then-fiancée and present wife, Carol Rome, in attendance.", "He is part-owner with Anthony Bova of the South Beach Versace Casa Casuarina mansion, where he was married on January 26, 2008, in a three-day wedding celebration with Governor Crist, and his then-fiancée and present wife, Carol Rome, in attendance. A later financial analysis of the 10% property interest Rothstein owned showed that it was worthless. His second wife, Kimberly Wendell Rothstein, a 35-year-old real-estate agent, helped manage his properties, which also include part-ownership of an office building in Pompano Beach.", "His second wife, Kimberly Wendell Rothstein, a 35-year-old real-estate agent, helped manage his properties, which also include part-ownership of an office building in Pompano Beach. He and Bova also owned Bova Ristorante, formerly long-time generational Italian family-owned Mario's of Boca, which shut down October 18, 2009. Bova Prime, formerly Riley McDermott's on Las Olas Boulevard is still operating. On September 11, 2008, the day before Rothstein took ownership, a dispute involving firearms broke out at Riley McDermott's involving Rothstein's security personnel.", "On September 11, 2008, the day before Rothstein took ownership, a dispute involving firearms broke out at Riley McDermott's involving Rothstein's security personnel. He owns parts of an internet technology called company Qtask and V Georgio Spirits Co., LLC with CEO Vie Harvey and the Renato watch company, with partner, Ovi Levy. Levy is the son of hotelier Shimon Levy, who spent a year in prison in Israel after hiding a criminal kingpin, suspected of two murders.", "Levy is the son of hotelier Shimon Levy, who spent a year in prison in Israel after hiding a criminal kingpin, suspected of two murders. Rothstein at one time was a minority shareholder of Edify LLC, a health-care benefits consulting company. State Representative Evan Jenne-D-Dania Beach is a $30,000 company consultant, who previously worked a local bank. Rothstein hired Jenne's father, former sheriff and convicted felon, Ken Jenne, as a consultant at his law firm days after Jenne was released from prison on corruption charges.", "Rothstein hired Jenne's father, former sheriff and convicted felon, Ken Jenne, as a consultant at his law firm days after Jenne was released from prison on corruption charges. An attorney for Rothstein's law firm serves as the registered agent for Evan Jenne's company, Blue Banyan. Grant Smith, a lifelong friend of Evan Jenne's, is an Edify lobbyist. Edify has worked closely with the state Department of Health to develop wellness programs and also influences certain health-care legislation.", "Edify has worked closely with the state Department of Health to develop wellness programs and also influences certain health-care legislation. \"The Great Gatsby\" In the 2008 interview at his law firm, Rothstein described himself and told how he controlled all aspects of the firm's management: This is where the evil happens. Look, I sleep in the bed I make. I tend toward the flashy side, but it's a persona. It's just a fucking persona. ... People ask me, 'When do you sleep?'", "... People ask me, 'When do you sleep?' I say I'll sleep when I'm dead. I'm a true Gemini. I joke around that there are 43 people living in my head and you never know what you're going to get. There are some philanthropists in there, some good lawyers, and I like to think some good businessmen. There are also some guys from the streets of the Bronx that stay hidden away until I need them. Does that sound crazy?", "Does that sound crazy? Does that sound crazy? I am crazy, but crazy in a good way. His personal office was opulent, with security and a compartmentalized layout. Anyone entering Rothstein's suite of offices had to use an intercom. He could exit, unseen through a second door. In the hallway, an ordinary looking brown door is actually the elevator door. Dozens of surveillance cameras and microphones hang from office ceilings. On his desk: four computer screens and the Five Books of Moses.", "On his desk: four computer screens and the Five Books of Moses. Outside his personal office hung a painting of Al Pacino as Michael Corleone in The Godfather. The walls of Rothstein's office and other hallways are lined with photos of himself and politicians including Gov. Charlie Crist, former U.S. Senator Mel Martinez, Senator John McCain, Broward Sheriff Al Lamberti, Rudy Giuliani, Joe Lieberman, and Bill McCollum.", "Senator Mel Martinez, Senator John McCain, Broward Sheriff Al Lamberti, Rudy Giuliani, Joe Lieberman, and Bill McCollum. He was ostensibly an affluent and successful attorney with all the material trappings of a flamboyant lifestyle, including armed body guards and police protection. Twenty-eight city police officials, including captains, majors, undercover officers and the department spokesman, helped guard his home and businesses, the only person in the department's history to have permanent round-the-clock off-duty police protection at his home.", "Twenty-eight city police officials, including captains, majors, undercover officers and the department spokesman, helped guard his home and businesses, the only person in the department's history to have permanent round-the-clock off-duty police protection at his home. The department suspended all work for Rothstein on November 2, 2009. He had a Boeing 727 jet and in 2002, flew Bill Clinton, Kevin Spacey, and Chris Tucker to Africa on an anti-AIDS mission. He owns an $5 million Warren yacht.", "He owns an $5 million Warren yacht. He owns an $5 million Warren yacht. His fleet of exotic cars included: 1974, 2006, 2007, and 2008 Ferraris, 2009 Bentley, 2007 Silver Rolls-Royce, and one 2008 and two 2010 Lamborghini Murcielagos — worth about $400,000 each, a pair of $1.6 million Bugattis, and a pair of Harleys which he maintains in an air-conditioned warehouse. All were allegedly purchased and traded from Euromotorsports, the owner of which has an extensive criminal record.", "All were allegedly purchased and traded from Euromotorsports, the owner of which has an extensive criminal record. All were seized shortly after his return from Morocco. He has a watch collection of over 100, valued at $1 million. In 2008, he was working on opening a cigar and martini bar on Las Olas Boulevard and two high-rise residential buildings in Brooklyn with New York partner Dominic Tonnachio. He was to take ownership of a \"series of office buildings\" on Oakland Park Boulevard.", "He was to take ownership of a \"series of office buildings\" on Oakland Park Boulevard. Roger Stone, a political trickster for Richard Nixon, was a partner with Rothstein in RRA Consulting, an LLC which was set up to provide public affairs assistance to the RRA law firm's legal clients. According to Stone, that business never generated any clients. It was dissolved in late 2008.", "It was dissolved in late 2008. It was dissolved in late 2008. On August 27, 2009, Stone, the recipient of Rothstein's sponsorship of his blog until July 29, 2009, \"StoneZone\", wrote a column recommending Rothstein for the seat vacated by Senator Mel Martinez- a man with \"a distinguished legal record, has been a key supporter of Governor Crist and John McCain, has an unmatched record of philanthropic activities and would bring an unconventional style of getting things done to Washington.", "On August 27, 2009, Stone, the recipient of Rothstein's sponsorship of his blog until July 29, 2009, \"StoneZone\", wrote a column recommending Rothstein for the seat vacated by Senator Mel Martinez- a man with \"a distinguished legal record, has been a key supporter of Governor Crist and John McCain, has an unmatched record of philanthropic activities and would bring an unconventional style of getting things done to Washington. Add Rothstein to the short list.\"", "Add Rothstein to the short list.\" Add Rothstein to the short list.\" On November 4, 2009, Stone wrote, \"Rothstein had no prior business success, no business acumen nor track record that would engender confidence in an investor. He could not read a balance sheet. He could not write or read a business plan. Rothstein was a lawyer, not an entrepreneur.\"", "Rothstein was a lawyer, not an entrepreneur.\" Rothstein was a lawyer, not an entrepreneur.\" Stone claims that Rothstein has Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD) \"so severe he never finished a martini, a cigar, a thought, or a sentence, never mind a transaction.\" According to Stone, neither law firm name partner Russell Adler nor Stuart Rosenfeldt were signatories on the RRA Trust Account. He \"appeared to be something out of a Great Gatsby movie.\"", "He \"appeared to be something out of a Great Gatsby movie.\" Philanthropy and political contributions In 2008, his Rothstein Family Foundation gave $1 million to Holy Cross Hospital in Fort Lauderdale, where a lobby will be named after him and his wife. On October 31, 2009 his firm sponsored at a charity golf tournament featuring former Gov. Jeb Bush.", "Jeb Bush. Jeb Bush. Between 2007 and 2008, he donated $2 million to the American Heart Association, Women in Distress, Alonzo Mourning Charities, Here's Help, and the Dan Marino Foundation. Politicians of both parties have pledged to donate to charity or return his political contributions. On November 3, 2009, the Florida Republican Party, announced it would give Rothstein's donations ($600,000) to a charity. Gov.", "Gov. Gov. Charlie Crist's Senate Campaign ($100,550), state Chief Financial Officer Alex Sink ($2,050), Senate President Jeff Atwater, Rep. Ellyn Bogdanoff, and the Florida Democratic Party ($200,000) will return some or all of his contributions. In June 2009, Harry Reid, the Democratic Senate majority leader received a contribution of $4,800.", "In June 2009, Harry Reid, the Democratic Senate majority leader received a contribution of $4,800. A list of FEC filings indexed by NewsMeat include a total of $166,800 to the Republican Party and candidates, including $109,800 to John McCain's 2008 presidential campaign, and $17,600 to Democratic candidates. Law partner murder Debra Villegas, who handles his money, is the law firm's chief operating officer. She is co-owner with Rothstein in a home at 2307 Castilla Isle, as of May 2009.", "She is co-owner with Rothstein in a home at 2307 Castilla Isle, as of May 2009. According to records, Rothstein originally purchased the property in September 2007, for $1.75 million, and sold it for $10 to a shell corporation in September 2009. In 2005, the year the Ponzi scheme allegedly began, Villegas earned $80,000 a year. In 2007, her salary had increased to $145,000. Villegas received two Swiss watches — a Rolex and a Breitling — from her \"employer\".", "Villegas received two Swiss watches — a Rolex and a Breitling — from her \"employer\". Rothstein paid off her couch and a bedroom set and held title to her two Honda water scooters. Villegas was living in a $475,000 Weston home that Rothstein signed over to her in July 2009 for $100 and \"love and affection,\" according to the deed. Villegas registered a 2009 $100,000 Maserati GranTurismo at the home in January, 2009.", "Villegas registered a 2009 $100,000 Maserati GranTurismo at the home in January, 2009. In November 2009, Federal prosecutors seized the home, alleging that it was among Rothstein's ill-gotten assets. Villegas' estranged husband, Tony Villegas, was charged on circumstantial evidence in the March 2008 murder in Plantation, Florida of Melissa Britt Lewis, a partner in Rothstein's firm.", "Villegas' estranged husband, Tony Villegas, was charged on circumstantial evidence in the March 2008 murder in Plantation, Florida of Melissa Britt Lewis, a partner in Rothstein's firm. Although early news reports wondered at whether the evidence was substantial, according to New Times, \"Nine days later, forensic testing revealed that Tony's DNA had been found on Melissa's suit jacket – the same jacket she wore on the day she died.\" Police sealed the arrest affidavit.", "Police sealed the arrest affidavit. Police sealed the arrest affidavit. As a result of the homicide and the nature of the legal business, Rothstein has a team of \"executive protection specialists\" to guard the firm and his family, his teen-aged daughter. The prosecutor who had first worked on the Villegas case, Howard Scheinberg, went to work for Rosenfeldt Rothstein Adler. Villegas, a train conductor, remains in jail awaiting trial. The motive was supposedly revenge for Lewis's closeness with Debra.", "The motive was supposedly revenge for Lewis's closeness with Debra. Debra and Melissa share a therapist: Ilene Vinikoor, whose husband, David represents general counsel, David Boden in the Ponzi scheme investigation. You get anger from people ... that prick from the Bronx. ... They say I'm building the law firm too fast, that it must be a house of cards. \"Disbarment on consent\" On November 17, 2009, the Florida Bar Executive Committee voted to accept a request by Rothstein to be disbarred.", "\"Disbarment on consent\" On November 17, 2009, the Florida Bar Executive Committee voted to accept a request by Rothstein to be disbarred. The Florida Supreme Court entered an order permanently disbarring Rothstein on November 25, 2009. Rothstein was removed from the Broward County Grievance Committee, and his name has also been removed from the database of \"The Best Lawyers in America\".", "Rothstein was removed from the Broward County Grievance Committee, and his name has also been removed from the database of \"The Best Lawyers in America\". Trust account Rothstein, Rosenfeldt, and Adler's trust account was part of the Interest on Lawyer Trust Accounts (IOLTA) program that was paying hundreds of thousands of dollars a month to the Florida Bar Foundation.", "Trust account Rothstein, Rosenfeldt, and Adler's trust account was part of the Interest on Lawyer Trust Accounts (IOLTA) program that was paying hundreds of thousands of dollars a month to the Florida Bar Foundation. $1.2 billion Ponzi scheme Rothstein's investment scheme involved purchasing what were initially mislabeled as fabricated \"structured settlements,\" described as where people sell large settlements in legal cases for lump sums of cash.", "$1.2 billion Ponzi scheme Rothstein's investment scheme involved purchasing what were initially mislabeled as fabricated \"structured settlements,\" described as where people sell large settlements in legal cases for lump sums of cash. Alan Sakowitz, an attorney and real estate developer in Bay Harbor Islands, said that he contacted the FBI in September with concerns about Rothstein.", "Alan Sakowitz, an attorney and real estate developer in Bay Harbor Islands, said that he contacted the FBI in September with concerns about Rothstein. On Sunday, November 8, 2009, Sakowitz appeared with Kendall Coffey, attorney for Rothstein's law partners, on the Michael Putney Show on WPLG-TV, MIAMI, correcting Coffey for claiming that Rothstein's \"investments\" involved structured settlements, which they did not.", "On Sunday, November 8, 2009, Sakowitz appeared with Kendall Coffey, attorney for Rothstein's law partners, on the Michael Putney Show on WPLG-TV, MIAMI, correcting Coffey for claiming that Rothstein's \"investments\" involved structured settlements, which they did not. (Note: \"structured settlements\" as defined by Rothstein in press reports do not meet the definition in IRC 5891(C)(1) of the Internal Revenue Code). Rothstein's resemble investments in pre-settlement funding or pre-settlement financing.", "Rothstein's resemble investments in pre-settlement funding or pre-settlement financing. In his December 12, 2011 deposition page 24 lines 15-23, Scott Rothstein himself said \"It was intentionally made in a way and presented to that firm and the other firms that were looking at the structure issue that it was merely a purchase of dollars already in-house; that it was not a structured settlement because the true definition of a structured settlement is when someone is actually receiving payments over time that has some other value.", "In his December 12, 2011 deposition page 24 lines 15-23, Scott Rothstein himself said \"It was intentionally made in a way and presented to that firm and the other firms that were looking at the structure issue that it was merely a purchase of dollars already in-house; that it was not a structured settlement because the true definition of a structured settlement is when someone is actually receiving payments over time that has some other value. We didn't have a true definition of a structured settlement, not by any of the statutes.", "We didn't have a true definition of a structured settlement, not by any of the statutes. From that perspective we had reason to make sure that this was not structured. Because when you're dealing with structured settlements you need other levels of Court approval. It would have required the manufacturer of literally hundreds of phony orders, which would have led the entire scheme to detection.' The FBI estimates the loss to be up to a billion dollars from lucrative whistle-blower and employment discrimination cases.", "The FBI estimates the loss to be up to a billion dollars from lucrative whistle-blower and employment discrimination cases. The investors would make up-front cash payments to individuals owed money from the court cases to buy the right to collect the full amount of the settlements later. The investor was guaranteed a minimum of 20 percent investment returns in as little as three months. Swindle pitch General counsel David Boden was present for at least one of the swindles, and negotiated the final papers with the investors' lawyers.", "Swindle pitch General counsel David Boden was present for at least one of the swindles, and negotiated the final papers with the investors' lawyers. Rothstein greets and informs the investor his firm was the preeminent sexual harassment law firm in the country. He says he'd figured out a basic formula which was that someone with $10 million net worth was usually willing to pay $2 million in cash to pay off their mistress. The key was confidentiality.", "The key was confidentiality. The key was confidentiality. Rothstein tells the investor that he would meet potential defendants in his office and would question them about affairs they had with an employee. The defendants would deny it. He pointed to artwork, and said there was a television screen behind it.", "He pointed to artwork, and said there was a television screen behind it. He tells the investor he turned on a video of the guy having sex with his mistress, and told his client \"We can either settle this now, or I can depose your wife, your mistress, you and your son about it.\"", "He tells the investor he turned on a video of the guy having sex with his mistress, and told his client \"We can either settle this now, or I can depose your wife, your mistress, you and your son about it.\" Since defendants\" often couldn't or wouldn't pay the entire settlement up-front, Rothstein tells the investor that his first harassment case many years ago, involved a $3.5 million settlement and a million-dollar legal fee, so Rothstein assigned the settlement to a good friend and the plaintiff settles for $3 million without a trial.", "Since defendants\" often couldn't or wouldn't pay the entire settlement up-front, Rothstein tells the investor that his first harassment case many years ago, involved a $3.5 million settlement and a million-dollar legal fee, so Rothstein assigned the settlement to a good friend and the plaintiff settles for $3 million without a trial. The \"good friend\" stood to be paid $3.5 million once the defendant paid up, a half-million dollar profit.", "The \"good friend\" stood to be paid $3.5 million once the defendant paid up, a half-million dollar profit. \"In 20 years, I have never seen a defendant sue on breach of settlement,\" Rothstein told them. \"The whole idea is that it's secret. Why would they sue?\" Although it did not appear completely legitimate, and it might have appeared that the plaintiffs were short-changed, it makes sense to the potential investor. The idea seems solid.", "The idea seems solid. The idea seems solid. The investor thinks that with enough of these cases at Rothstein's law firm, he could make huge sums of money. Rothstein then discusses other larger cases: Eli Lilly and Company, involving $1.4 billion with plaintiff representation by Gary Farmer, a firm attorney who negotiated the settlement and who brought the case with him when he arrived at the firm. Several inside whistleblowers went to the fed with unlawful practices regarding the marketing and sales of an anti-psychotic medication called Zyprexa.", "Several inside whistleblowers went to the fed with unlawful practices regarding the marketing and sales of an anti-psychotic medication called Zyprexa. It was one of the largest qui tam cases in history. He tells the investor about a potential (allegedly fabricated) case where investors would buy whistle-blower million dollar settlements with a sixty percent short term investor profit. The arrangement would be completely secret; the investor would never know the name of the company or the whistle-blower.", "The arrangement would be completely secret; the investor would never know the name of the company or the whistle-blower. The settlement money would be deposited into a trust account at TD Bank, accessible only to the investor at the appropriate time. David Boden follows up with all questions and negotiates the contract. Court-appointed receiver On November 2, 2009, Broward Chief Judge Vic Tobin sent an e-mail at 6:45 a.m. to judges about the Rothstein case: I learned of some very distressing news yesterday.", "Court-appointed receiver On November 2, 2009, Broward Chief Judge Vic Tobin sent an e-mail at 6:45 a.m. to judges about the Rothstein case: I learned of some very distressing news yesterday. Whoever draws the case try to set the motion today because of the amount of clients and money involved. Also, if you have a case with the firm, please be patient.", "Also, if you have a case with the firm, please be patient. I don't know if the lawyers will come or not and if they do come, there is no money at this point to go forward with the case or pay firm employees. On November 3, 2009, retired Miami-Dade Circuit Judge Herbert Stettin was appointed the firm's receiver, responsible for approving the firm's day-to-day financial decisions.", "On November 3, 2009, retired Miami-Dade Circuit Judge Herbert Stettin was appointed the firm's receiver, responsible for approving the firm's day-to-day financial decisions. Firm president and 50% owner of the firm, Stuart Rosenfeldt, \"deposited two-thirds of my life savings in my firm's operating account\" to prop up finances in the short-term. Marc Nurik is representing Rothstein, and has stepped down as a lawyer from the firm. The prosecutors are Lawrence D. LaVecchio, Paul F. Schwartz and Jeffrey N. Kaplan.", "The prosecutors are Lawrence D. LaVecchio, Paul F. Schwartz and Jeffrey N. Kaplan. They have decades of experience investigating public corruption, white-collar fraud and organized crime. They are preparing a massive fraud case against Rothstein, zeroing in on his settlement investments, and also allegations of theft from his law firm and client trust accounts.", "They are preparing a massive fraud case against Rothstein, zeroing in on his settlement investments, and also allegations of theft from his law firm and client trust accounts. Victims On November 25, 2009, Attorney William Scherer filed a 289-page Amended Complaint seeking $100,000,000 in civil damages on behalf of his clients, and naming: Toronto Dominion Bank and its associates, Frank Spinosa, Jennifer Kerstetter, and Rosanne Karetsky, Irene Stay, Banyon Income Fund, L.P., Banyon USVI, LLC, George G. Levin, Michael Szafranski, Onyx Options Consultants Corporation, Berenfeld Spritzer Shechter Sheer, LLP., as well as Rothstein and his associates, David Boden, Debra Villegas, Andrew Barnett, and Frank J. Preve, as defendants/co-conspirators.", "Victims On November 25, 2009, Attorney William Scherer filed a 289-page Amended Complaint seeking $100,000,000 in civil damages on behalf of his clients, and naming: Toronto Dominion Bank and its associates, Frank Spinosa, Jennifer Kerstetter, and Rosanne Karetsky, Irene Stay, Banyon Income Fund, L.P., Banyon USVI, LLC, George G. Levin, Michael Szafranski, Onyx Options Consultants Corporation, Berenfeld Spritzer Shechter Sheer, LLP., as well as Rothstein and his associates, David Boden, Debra Villegas, Andrew Barnett, and Frank J. Preve, as defendants/co-conspirators. The Amended Complaint lists people and businesses to whom Rothstein allegedly wired money while he was en route to or inside of Morocco: Rothstein wired $16 million to his tour guide from Boca Raton, Florida, \"Ahnick Kahlid\".", "The Amended Complaint lists people and businesses to whom Rothstein allegedly wired money while he was en route to or inside of Morocco: Rothstein wired $16 million to his tour guide from Boca Raton, Florida, \"Ahnick Kahlid\". Kahlid transferred the money to Rothstein's new Moroccan bank account opened upon his arrival with a passport as identification at Banque Populaire in Casablanca; The recipients allegedly are members of the \"Israeli Mob\"; New York Investors; Florida Investors; Real Estate Investors; and Levin Feeders.", "Kahlid transferred the money to Rothstein's new Moroccan bank account opened upon his arrival with a passport as identification at Banque Populaire in Casablanca; The recipients allegedly are members of the \"Israeli Mob\"; New York Investors; Florida Investors; Real Estate Investors; and Levin Feeders. Scherer has said that his clients and all other investors who weren't complicit in the crime will have their money returned. Due to the extreme negligence, TD Bank is liable.", "Due to the extreme negligence, TD Bank is liable. \"My goal is to get all the money back for the investors from the bank,\" Scherer said. On January 27, 2010 Scherer filed an affidavit alleging that Michael Szafranski was complicit in Rothstein's fraud, receiving almost $6.5 million in \"ill-gotten\" gains directly from Rothstein.", "On January 27, 2010 Scherer filed an affidavit alleging that Michael Szafranski was complicit in Rothstein's fraud, receiving almost $6.5 million in \"ill-gotten\" gains directly from Rothstein. Shimon Levy and Ovi Levy Shimon Levy allegedly has had deep ties to Dean Heiser and Israeli organized crime and spent a year in an Israeli prison for hiding a mob figure suspected of two \"grisly murders\".", "Shimon Levy and Ovi Levy Shimon Levy allegedly has had deep ties to Dean Heiser and Israeli organized crime and spent a year in an Israeli prison for hiding a mob figure suspected of two \"grisly murders\". In 1997, his partner at the Sea Club Resort on Fort Lauderdale beach, Zvika Yuz, was a victim of a murder which remains unsolved. His son, Ovi contacted the Plantation Police Department and began receiving protection during the time Rothstein fled to Morocco.", "His son, Ovi contacted the Plantation Police Department and began receiving protection during the time Rothstein fled to Morocco. Banyan Capital Banyan Income Fund, a Fort Lauderdale-based hedge fund, invested hundreds of millions. It was run by Rothstein and involves Fort Lauderdale businessman George G. Levin, who reported Rothstein to the U.S. Attorney's Office for \"suspicious activity.\" According to the lawsuit, Frank J. Preve is Chief Operating Officer and kept an office inside Rothstein et al. He is a convicted bank fraud and embezzlement felon.", "He is a convicted bank fraud and embezzlement felon. He is a convicted bank fraud and embezzlement felon. He pleaded guilty to bank embezzlement charges in 1985 and received ten years probation and a $10,000 fine for falsifying loan documents in another fraudulent scheme. Banyon and other Rothstein investors' accounts were held at a Toronto-Dominion Bank branch in Fort Lauderdale. Abraxas Discala Abraxas Discala, a businessman and former husband of The Sopranos' Jamie-Lynn Sigler, reportedly raised $30 million through his hedge fund which he invested into Rothstein's scheme.", "Abraxas Discala Abraxas Discala, a businessman and former husband of The Sopranos' Jamie-Lynn Sigler, reportedly raised $30 million through his hedge fund which he invested into Rothstein's scheme. George G. Levin Since 1983, George G. Levin and his wife, Gayla Sue, have lived in Fort Lauderdale's Bay Colony on the Intracoastal Waterway in a 2-story home with 8 bathrooms and a large pool, valued at $2 million. Levin has a pattern of filing complaints when his unsavory/fraudulent business ventures are exposed.", "Levin has a pattern of filing complaints when his unsavory/fraudulent business ventures are exposed. According to federal court documents, from 1985–1996 Levin's former business GGL Industries, dba Classic Motor Carriages defrauded hundreds of customers, selling kit cars. The federal government filed criminal charges against the company and GGL pleaded guilty to mail fraud in 1999 and agreed to pay $2.5 million in restitution. Stuart Rado had been a consumer activist who organized GGL's victims and helped spur the government action.", "Stuart Rado had been a consumer activist who organized GGL's victims and helped spur the government action. Levin subsequently sued Rado for violating the Florida Trade Secrets Act. Rado was diagnosed with cancer during the lawsuit. It was a classic frivolous SLAPP suit (\"Strategic Lawsuit Against Public Participation\"). On September 19, 1997, the finding against Mr. Rado was that he pay plaintiff's attorneys' fees.", "On September 19, 1997, the finding against Mr. Rado was that he pay plaintiff's attorneys' fees. The federal motion states: GGL's fraudulent scheme necessarily included as an intricate part the silencing of its critics, among whom was Rado. It did this by using the courts to intimidate Rado into being silent and causing Rado to spend money he could not afford.", "It did this by using the courts to intimidate Rado into being silent and causing Rado to spend money he could not afford. It was GGL's intention (as one of GGL's attorneys said to Rado [in a 1994 deposition]) to make Rado's net worth go south. GGL and its attorneys forced Rado to incur the expenses of defending two lawsuits for over 4 years. Rado had to incur these expenses and live day-to-day with a barrage of pleadings, depositions and other legal maneuvers by GGL.", "Rado had to incur these expenses and live day-to-day with a barrage of pleadings, depositions and other legal maneuvers by GGL. He had to endure this even though he did nothing legally wrong, and even though GGL was in fact at the same time continuing to perpetrate its nationwide fraud. Rado was being put through this because Rado dared to contact some of GGL's victims and tell them that if they were injured by GGL they should contact the Florida Attorney General for help.", "Rado was being put through this because Rado dared to contact some of GGL's victims and tell them that if they were injured by GGL they should contact the Florida Attorney General for help. What is even more despicable is that GGL knew that Rado was dying of cancer but continued to pursue him with motions and notices of trial and other pleadings, one such notice of hearing being served within days of brain surgery. Although a convicted felon, GGL hounded Rado's estate for the payment of $80,000 in attorney's fees.", "Although a convicted felon, GGL hounded Rado's estate for the payment of $80,000 in attorney's fees. The state of Florida filed suit against the company alleging deceptive business practices and civil theft. A special assistant attorney general, Herbert Stettin, led the investigation. Stettin is now the trustee overseeing the Rothstein Rosenfeldt Adler bankruptcy case. Levin continues to sell kit cars under a different company name, StreetBeasts.", "Levin continues to sell kit cars under a different company name, StreetBeasts. According to a Florida District Court of Appeals case published in 2002, Levin acquired property free and clear for less than the cost of the first mortgage, through a fraudulent transfer. Partners' income strategy and Rothstein's returns The allegations are: George Levin was the general partner (\"GP\") who solicited each limited partner (\"LP\") to contribute at least $1 million.", "Partners' income strategy and Rothstein's returns The allegations are: George Levin was the general partner (\"GP\") who solicited each limited partner (\"LP\") to contribute at least $1 million. Initially, each LP contributed $250,000, subject to periodic capital calls up to the amount of their commitments. They were promised 12% annually (15% for first $100 million), to be paid quarterly.", "They were promised 12% annually (15% for first $100 million), to be paid quarterly. The general partner had to maintain a balance of not less than 10% of all contributions after any quarterly distributions. The general partner also gave a \"clawback\" guaranty to all LP's equal to their original contributions. LP's could not request redemptions during an initial one-year \"lock-up\" period and were required to give 90 days' notice for any withdrawals.", "LP's could not request redemptions during an initial one-year \"lock-up\" period and were required to give 90 days' notice for any withdrawals. Redemptions would be paid from the GP's own capital account \"to the extent available\" with a 10% hold-back, but otherwise, only from the purchased lawsuits settlement stream. Banyon had paid Rothstein's firm at least $656 million, but the law firm anticipated $1.1 billion over a maximum 24-month period. It allegedly received and reinvested about $500 million.", "It allegedly received and reinvested about $500 million. It allegedly received and reinvested about $500 million. Levin expected to make 40% over 24 months but to only pay out 24%.", "Levin expected to make 40% over 24 months but to only pay out 24%. Rothstein's law firm's IOLTA trust accounts established \"for the plaintiff\" in the purported litigation settlements were used to fund the phony settlement accounts, after the law firm had paid its overhead, keeping its insolvent operation afloat, which included \"gifts\" to partners and money given to politicians, charities, and pay for a massive advertising budget, as well as Rothstein's personal lifestyle, over three years, amounting to approximately a $500 million loss.", "Rothstein's law firm's IOLTA trust accounts established \"for the plaintiff\" in the purported litigation settlements were used to fund the phony settlement accounts, after the law firm had paid its overhead, keeping its insolvent operation afloat, which included \"gifts\" to partners and money given to politicians, charities, and pay for a massive advertising budget, as well as Rothstein's personal lifestyle, over three years, amounting to approximately a $500 million loss. The interest on the funded IOLTA accounts went to the Florida Bar monthly, which was many millions, based on the Banyon contributions.", "The interest on the funded IOLTA accounts went to the Florida Bar monthly, which was many millions, based on the Banyon contributions. In its prospectus, Banyon claimed to have a legal opinion that Banyon's interest in the IOLTA trust accounts \"perfected automatically on execution of the transfer documents\" – that the lawsuit proceeds assignments created by general counsel, David Boden. The LP's were warned that they could be taxed on the Partnership's income and realized gains even if no distributions were made.", "The LP's were warned that they could be taxed on the Partnership's income and realized gains even if no distributions were made. As long as reinvestments were ongoing, the ponzi scheme was facilitated. Losses 1. Venture capitalist Doug Von Allmen's companies' total loss, approximately $105.5 million, through the Banyon Income Fund include: The Von Allmen Dynastry Trust, overseen by wife Linda Von Allmen: $7 million. D&L Partners, Von Allmen's Missouri company: $45 million.", "D&L Partners, Von Allmen's Missouri company: $45 million. Kretschmar: $8 million Razorback Funding LLC, a Delaware company: $32 million D3 Capital Club LLC, Delaware company: $13.5 million 2. BFMC Investment LLC, owned by Barry Florescue: $2.4 million 3. Socialite art dealer Bonnie Barnett, mother of defendant, Andrew Barnett 4. The family of car dealers, Ed and Ted Morse. 5. Ballamor Capital Management, Radnor, PA: $30 million.", "Ballamor Capital Management, Radnor, PA: $30 million. Others Investors from Morocco lost $85 million. On November 19, 2009, Rothstein never appeared for a deposition, noticed in the bankruptcy case by investors' attorney John Genovese at Genovese's law office. Banyon and other Rothstein investors' accounts were held at a Toronto-Dominion Bank branch in Fort Lauderdale.", "Banyon and other Rothstein investors' accounts were held at a Toronto-Dominion Bank branch in Fort Lauderdale. References External links Video tour of Rothstein's law offices USA v. Scott Rothstein: Report Commencing Criminal Action, December 1, 2009 Federal Charging Information, December 1, 2009 Case No. 09-60331 Rothstein Plea Agreement, Case 0:09-cr-60331-JIC, filed January 27, 2010 Disbarment on Consent, filed November 20, 2009 Amended Civil Complaint filed November 25, 2009, Case No.", "09-60331 Rothstein Plea Agreement, Case 0:09-cr-60331-JIC, filed January 27, 2010 Disbarment on Consent, filed November 20, 2009 Amended Civil Complaint filed November 25, 2009, Case No. 09-062943 Attorney Scherer's Opposition to Motion to Disqualify Counsel for Plaintiffs, filed January 28, 2010 Amended Complaint for Dissolution and For Emergency Transfer of Corporate Powers to Stuart A. Rosenfeldt, Case No. 09-059301 Judge's Order Granting Compelling of Bank Records, Case No.", "09-059301 Judge's Order Granting Compelling of Bank Records, Case No. 09-059301 Database of Scott W. Rothstein's Political Contributions Database of Scott W. Rothstein's Corporate Interests Database of Scott W. Rothstein's registered vehicles Database of Scott W. Rothstein's Real Estate Transactions 1962 births 2009 in economics American money launderers American money managers American people convicted of fraud American prisoners and detainees 20th-century American Jews American confidence tricksters Criminal investigation Disbarred American lawyers Florida lawyers Great Recession Living people People convicted of racketeering Prisoners and detainees of the United States federal government Pyramid and Ponzi schemes American businesspeople convicted of crimes 21st-century American Jews" ]

[ "Scott W. Rothstein", "Law partner murder", "who is scott?", "Rothstein has a team of \"executive protection specialists\" to guard the firm and his family, his teen-aged daughter.", "what happened with swindle pitch?", "I don't know.", "where did the money go?", "In 2005, the year the Ponzi scheme allegedly began," ]

[ "Thomas McPherson Brown (1906–1989) was a rheumatologist who held unorthodox views about the basis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and believed it could be cured with antibiotics.\n\nBrown graduated from Swarthmore College then attended Johns Hopkins Medical School. He did his medical residency at the hospital associated with the Rockefeller Institute.At Rockefeller he did research on synovial fluid from people with RA and in 1937 found Mycoplasma in the fluid from some patients, leading him to believe that RA might be an infectious disease. His work was interrupted by service in World War II; after the war he obtained a position at George Washington University and began to experimentally treat some people with RA with antibiotics, which at the time were a new class of drugs. Some of the people he treated were members of Congress or ambassadors, and some of them responded positively. He presented his work at a conference in 1949; at the same conference, the new drug cortisone was presented, and it overshadowed his work and became the leading treatment for RA.\n\nThroughout his career, Brown fought to have his antibiotic treatments recognized by the medical establishment; they were not.\n\nFootnotes\n\n1906 births\n1989 deaths\nAmerican rheumatologists\n20th-century American physicians", "Ben Thigpen (November 16, 1908 – October 5, 1971) was an American jazz drummer. He is the father of drummer Ed Thigpen.\n\nHe was born Benjamin F. Thigpen in Laurel, Mississippi. Ben Thigpen played piano as a child, having been trained by his sister Eva. He played in South Bend, Indiana with Bobby Boswell in the 1920s, and then moved to Chicago to study under Jimmy Bertrand. While there he played with many noted Chicago bandleaders and performers, including Doc Cheatham. He played with Charlie Elgar's Creole Band during 1927-1929 but did not record with them. Following this he spent time in Cleveland with J. Frank Terry, and then became the drummer for Andy Kirk's Clouds of Joy, where he stayed from 1930 to 1947. Much of his work is available on collections highlighting the piano work of Mary Lou Williams, who also played in this ensemble.\n\nAfter his time with Kirk, Thigpen's career is poorly documented. He led his own quintet in St. Louis and recorded with Singleton Palmer in the 1960s.\n\nReferences\n[ Ben Thigpen] at Allmusic\n\nExternal links\n Ben Thigpen recordings at the Discography of American Historical Recordings.\n\nAmerican jazz drummers\n1908 births\n1971 deaths" ]

[ "Scott W. Rothstein (born June 10, 1962) is a disbarred lawyer, convicted felon, and the former managing shareholder, chairman, and chief executive officer of the now-defunct Rothstein Rosenfeldt Adler law firm. He funded an extravagant lifestyle with a $1.2 billion Ponzi scheme, one of the largest such in history. On December 1, 2009, Rothstein turned himself in to authorities and was subsequently arrested on charges related to the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act (RICO).", "On December 1, 2009, Rothstein turned himself in to authorities and was subsequently arrested on charges related to the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act (RICO). Although his arraignment plea was not guilty, Rothstein reversed his plea to guilty of five federal crimes on January 27, 2010. Rothstein was denied bond by U.S. Magistrate Judge Robin Rosenbaum, who ruled that due to his ability to forge documents, he was considered a flight risk. He was sentenced to 50 years in federal prison.", "He was sentenced to 50 years in federal prison. He was sentenced to 50 years in federal prison. Overview On June 9, 2010, Rothstein received a 50-year prison sentence after a hearing in federal court in Fort Lauderdale, although federal prosecutors initially filed a motion notifying the court they would be seeking a sentence reduction for Rothstein. His firm had 70 lawyers and 150 employees, with offices in Boca Raton, West Palm Beach, Fort Lauderdale, Miami, Tallahassee, Florida, New York City and Caracas, Venezuela.", "His firm had 70 lawyers and 150 employees, with offices in Boca Raton, West Palm Beach, Fort Lauderdale, Miami, Tallahassee, Florida, New York City and Caracas, Venezuela. The firm focused on labor and employment matters, civil rights, intellectual property, internet law, corporate espionage, personal injury, wrongful death, commercial litigation, real estate, mergers and acquisitions, and governmental relations.", "The firm focused on labor and employment matters, civil rights, intellectual property, internet law, corporate espionage, personal injury, wrongful death, commercial litigation, real estate, mergers and acquisitions, and governmental relations. His client list included Citicorp, J. C. Penney, Ed Morse Automotive Group, National Beverage, Silversea Cruise Lines, Supra Telecom, and Wells Fargo.", "His client list included Citicorp, J. C. Penney, Ed Morse Automotive Group, National Beverage, Silversea Cruise Lines, Supra Telecom, and Wells Fargo. Until he was permanently disbarred by the Florida Supreme Court on November 25, 2009, Rothstein was a member of the Florida Bar and admitted by the United States Supreme Court. He had been given an AV Preeminent peer review rating by Martindale-Hubbell.", "He had been given an AV Preeminent peer review rating by Martindale-Hubbell. The AV rating is a significant accomplishment and a testament to the fact that a lawyer's peers rank him or her at the highest level of professional excellence. Rothstein may have stolen millions of dollars from an investment side-business. A list of 259 persons or corporate entities entitled to $279 million in restitution has been sealed by the court.", "A list of 259 persons or corporate entities entitled to $279 million in restitution has been sealed by the court. On November 3, 2009, Federal Bureau of Investigation and United States Department of the Treasury agents served a warrant to search the firm's Fort Lauderdale offices. Rothstein sent an email in recent weeks to firm lawyers asking them to investigate which countries refused to extradite criminal suspects to either the U.S. or Israel, and firm lawyers responded that Morocco is one such country.", "Rothstein sent an email in recent weeks to firm lawyers asking them to investigate which countries refused to extradite criminal suspects to either the U.S. or Israel, and firm lawyers responded that Morocco is one such country. Rothstein had wired $16 million to an individual in Casablanca and left for Casablanca on October 26, 2009. On October 31, 2009, he sent a suicide text message note to all of his law partners: Sorry for letting you all down. I am a fool.", "I am a fool. I am a fool. I thought I could fix it, but got trapped by my ego and refusal to fail, and now all I have accomplished is hurting the people I love. Please take care of yourselves and please protect Kimmie [Rothstein's wife]. She knew nothing. Neither did she, nor any of you deserve what I did. I hope God allows me to see you on the other side. Love, Scott.", "Love, Scott. Love, Scott. On November 3, 2009, after many texts by Stuart Rosenfeldt, the president of the firm, urging him to \"choose life\", Rothstein returned to Fort Lauderdale on a chartered jet, (chartered by the ex-husband of Governor Crist's wife, Todd Rome) from Casablanca.", "On November 3, 2009, after many texts by Stuart Rosenfeldt, the president of the firm, urging him to \"choose life\", Rothstein returned to Fort Lauderdale on a chartered jet, (chartered by the ex-husband of Governor Crist's wife, Todd Rome) from Casablanca. On November 2, his law firm with only $117,000 in its operating account filed suit against him, asked a judge to dissolve the firm, accusing him of misappropriating hundreds of millions of dollars from investor trust accounts in a Ponzi scheme from an investment business he covertly ran out of his law office.", "On November 2, his law firm with only $117,000 in its operating account filed suit against him, asked a judge to dissolve the firm, accusing him of misappropriating hundreds of millions of dollars from investor trust accounts in a Ponzi scheme from an investment business he covertly ran out of his law office. In 2009 Rothstein resided at the Federal Detention Center, Miami in Downtown Miami, but was later moved to an undisclosed location and his inmate number removed from the Federal Bureau of Prisons inmate locator webpage.", "In 2009 Rothstein resided at the Federal Detention Center, Miami in Downtown Miami, but was later moved to an undisclosed location and his inmate number removed from the Federal Bureau of Prisons inmate locator webpage. Background and career Rothstein was born in the Bronx and moved with his parents to Lauderhill, Florida as a teenager.", "Background and career Rothstein was born in the Bronx and moved with his parents to Lauderhill, Florida as a teenager. A 1988 Juris Doctor graduate of Fort Lauderdale's Nova Southeastern University's Law School, the Shepard Broad College of Law, and a 1984 Bachelor of Arts graduate of University of Florida, Rothstein's law career began in 1988 and, for nearly fifteen years, he was relatively unknown. His local mentors were wealthy attorneys, Donald McClosky and Bill Scherer.", "His local mentors were wealthy attorneys, Donald McClosky and Bill Scherer. In the early 1990s, Rothstein first partnered with attorney Howard Kusnick. First located in Plantation, Florida, Kusnick & Rothstein, P.A. subsequently moved to downtown Ft. Lauderdale. Longtime partner Michael Pancier first joined him there.", "Longtime partner Michael Pancier first joined him there. Longtime partner Michael Pancier first joined him there. In 2000, Rothstein joined with Rosenfeldt as a name partner at the Hollywood firm, Phillips Eisinger Koss & Rosenfeldt, P.A., which became known as Phillips Eisinger Koss Rothstein & Rosenfeldt, P.A In February 2002, Rothstein and Rosenfeldt started their own firm, first known as Rothstein & Rosenfeldt, P.A. Within a month, Pancier was added as a name partner.", "Within a month, Pancier was added as a name partner. In July, 2002, adding Susan Dolin, a well-regarded employment lawyer, now practicing on her own in West Broward, the firm became known as Rothstein, Rosenfeldt, Dolin & Pancier, P.A.. In late 2004, the firm became known simply as Rothstein Rosenfeldt, with Adler being added in March 2005. Melissa Britt Lewis, who was murdered in March, 2008, was with Rothstein from the firm's beginning.", "Melissa Britt Lewis, who was murdered in March, 2008, was with Rothstein from the firm's beginning. In seven years, he and his partners expanded the firm to 70 lawyers, including former Boca Raton Mayor and sitting Palm Beach County Commissioner Steve Abrams; former judges Julio Gonzalez, Barry Stone, and former Palm Beach circuit judge, William Berger; TV and radio legal commentator and former prosecutor, Ken Padowitz; Carlos Reyes, former South Broward Hospital District commissioner and lobbyist; Arthur Neiwirth, a bankruptcy expert; and Les Stracher, former legal counsel for Morse Auto Group, who represents major auto dealers.", "In seven years, he and his partners expanded the firm to 70 lawyers, including former Boca Raton Mayor and sitting Palm Beach County Commissioner Steve Abrams; former judges Julio Gonzalez, Barry Stone, and former Palm Beach circuit judge, William Berger; TV and radio legal commentator and former prosecutor, Ken Padowitz; Carlos Reyes, former South Broward Hospital District commissioner and lobbyist; Arthur Neiwirth, a bankruptcy expert; and Les Stracher, former legal counsel for Morse Auto Group, who represents major auto dealers. Others include: Shawn Birken, son of Circuit Court Judge Arthur Birken; Ben Dishowitz, son of County Court Judge Dishowitz; and Grant Smith, son of disgraced former Congressman Larry Smith.", "Others include: Shawn Birken, son of Circuit Court Judge Arthur Birken; Ben Dishowitz, son of County Court Judge Dishowitz; and Grant Smith, son of disgraced former Congressman Larry Smith. Andrew Barnett is Corporate Development Officer, and David Boden, a New York attorney not licensed in Florida, was the firm's general counsel.", "Andrew Barnett is Corporate Development Officer, and David Boden, a New York attorney not licensed in Florida, was the firm's general counsel. Recent On September 8, 2011, U.S. District Judge James I. Cohn granted the government's motion to prohibit videotaping Rothstein during a scheduled deposition of him, citing \"serious harm\" and \"security reasons that are unusual in nature.\" The exact reasons for the judge's decision were sealed.", "The exact reasons for the judge's decision were sealed. This fueled speculation that his appearance was altered or he was a mafia target due to his cooperation with the prosecution against the mafia. On June 8, 2011, federal prosecutors filed a motion with the sentencing judge informing him that they would be asking for a sentence reduction for Rothstein. However, on September 26, 2017, prosecutors withdrew their motion for a reduced sentence, saying that he had provided \"false material information\" in violation of his plea agreement.", "However, on September 26, 2017, prosecutors withdrew their motion for a reduced sentence, saying that he had provided \"false material information\" in violation of his plea agreement. Rothstein's name does not appear in the Federal Bureau of Prisons inmate database. This indicates he is being held under an alias, which would not be unusual given that he cooperated with the government. As of November 18, 2009, many of the associates have relocated: Five lawyers moved to Fort Lauderdale-based Rice Pugatch Robinson & Schiller.", "As of November 18, 2009, many of the associates have relocated: Five lawyers moved to Fort Lauderdale-based Rice Pugatch Robinson & Schiller. Steven Lippman and Richard Storfer will be new partners. Riley Cirulnick, George Zinkler and Jodi Cohen are new associates. In August, 2008, Governor Crist appointed Rothstein as a member of the 4th District Court of Appeal Judicial nominating commission, a body which is responsible for selecting new judges for appointment to the Court. Bill Brock accompanied Rothstein to Morocco.", "Bill Brock accompanied Rothstein to Morocco. Bill Brock accompanied Rothstein to Morocco. His job at the law firm was to issue checks for Rothstein's various ventures and contributions, and had the sole security pass for the area where records of Rothstein's non-law firm businesses were kept. An observant Jew, Rothstein grew up in a small Bronx apartment, sharing a bedroom with his sister. His father was a salesman \"back in the days when you carried a bag up and down the streets of New York.\"", "His father was a salesman \"back in the days when you carried a bag up and down the streets of New York.\" The family moved to Lauderhill, Florida in 1977, when Rothstein was 16. His grandmother used her life savings to help put him through school. \"I grew up poor. I'm a lunatic about money.\" Rothstein was a large contributor to a synagogue off Las Olas with his name affixed to the front facade: The Rothstein Family Downtown Jewish Center Chabad.", "Rothstein was a large contributor to a synagogue off Las Olas with his name affixed to the front facade: The Rothstein Family Downtown Jewish Center Chabad. Rabbi Schneur Kaplan is one of the two people who talked Rothstein out of committing suicide. He invested in residential property. In 2003, he paid $1.2 million for an intracoastal waterfront house on Castilla Isle in Fort Lauderdale. In March 2005, he bought a neighboring home belonging to Miami Dolphins' Ricky Williams for $2.73 million.", "In March 2005, he bought a neighboring home belonging to Miami Dolphins' Ricky Williams for $2.73 million. While living in Williams' old house, he's purchased two other homes on the street and three other homes in Broward for a total residential investment of nearly $20 million. \"They call me the king of Castilla.\"", "\"They call me the king of Castilla.\" \"They call me the king of Castilla.\" In 2008, he purchased a $6.45 million waterfront gated Fort Lauderdale home, a $6 million condo in New York in the same building as Marc Dreier, and a $2.8 million oceanfront estate in Narragansett, Rhode Island formerly owned by troubled client, Michael Kent, a Fort Lauderdale nightclub owner.", "In 2008, he purchased a $6.45 million waterfront gated Fort Lauderdale home, a $6 million condo in New York in the same building as Marc Dreier, and a $2.8 million oceanfront estate in Narragansett, Rhode Island formerly owned by troubled client, Michael Kent, a Fort Lauderdale nightclub owner. He is part-owner with Anthony Bova of the South Beach Versace Casa Casuarina mansion, where he was married on January 26, 2008, in a three-day wedding celebration with Governor Crist, and his then-fiancée and present wife, Carol Rome, in attendance.", "He is part-owner with Anthony Bova of the South Beach Versace Casa Casuarina mansion, where he was married on January 26, 2008, in a three-day wedding celebration with Governor Crist, and his then-fiancée and present wife, Carol Rome, in attendance. A later financial analysis of the 10% property interest Rothstein owned showed that it was worthless. His second wife, Kimberly Wendell Rothstein, a 35-year-old real-estate agent, helped manage his properties, which also include part-ownership of an office building in Pompano Beach.", "His second wife, Kimberly Wendell Rothstein, a 35-year-old real-estate agent, helped manage his properties, which also include part-ownership of an office building in Pompano Beach. He and Bova also owned Bova Ristorante, formerly long-time generational Italian family-owned Mario's of Boca, which shut down October 18, 2009. Bova Prime, formerly Riley McDermott's on Las Olas Boulevard is still operating. On September 11, 2008, the day before Rothstein took ownership, a dispute involving firearms broke out at Riley McDermott's involving Rothstein's security personnel.", "On September 11, 2008, the day before Rothstein took ownership, a dispute involving firearms broke out at Riley McDermott's involving Rothstein's security personnel. He owns parts of an internet technology called company Qtask and V Georgio Spirits Co., LLC with CEO Vie Harvey and the Renato watch company, with partner, Ovi Levy. Levy is the son of hotelier Shimon Levy, who spent a year in prison in Israel after hiding a criminal kingpin, suspected of two murders.", "Levy is the son of hotelier Shimon Levy, who spent a year in prison in Israel after hiding a criminal kingpin, suspected of two murders. Rothstein at one time was a minority shareholder of Edify LLC, a health-care benefits consulting company. State Representative Evan Jenne-D-Dania Beach is a $30,000 company consultant, who previously worked a local bank. Rothstein hired Jenne's father, former sheriff and convicted felon, Ken Jenne, as a consultant at his law firm days after Jenne was released from prison on corruption charges.", "Rothstein hired Jenne's father, former sheriff and convicted felon, Ken Jenne, as a consultant at his law firm days after Jenne was released from prison on corruption charges. An attorney for Rothstein's law firm serves as the registered agent for Evan Jenne's company, Blue Banyan. Grant Smith, a lifelong friend of Evan Jenne's, is an Edify lobbyist. Edify has worked closely with the state Department of Health to develop wellness programs and also influences certain health-care legislation.", "Edify has worked closely with the state Department of Health to develop wellness programs and also influences certain health-care legislation. \"The Great Gatsby\" In the 2008 interview at his law firm, Rothstein described himself and told how he controlled all aspects of the firm's management: This is where the evil happens. Look, I sleep in the bed I make. I tend toward the flashy side, but it's a persona. It's just a fucking persona. ... People ask me, 'When do you sleep?'", "... People ask me, 'When do you sleep?' I say I'll sleep when I'm dead. I'm a true Gemini. I joke around that there are 43 people living in my head and you never know what you're going to get. There are some philanthropists in there, some good lawyers, and I like to think some good businessmen. There are also some guys from the streets of the Bronx that stay hidden away until I need them. Does that sound crazy?", "Does that sound crazy? Does that sound crazy? I am crazy, but crazy in a good way. His personal office was opulent, with security and a compartmentalized layout. Anyone entering Rothstein's suite of offices had to use an intercom. He could exit, unseen through a second door. In the hallway, an ordinary looking brown door is actually the elevator door. Dozens of surveillance cameras and microphones hang from office ceilings. On his desk: four computer screens and the Five Books of Moses.", "On his desk: four computer screens and the Five Books of Moses. Outside his personal office hung a painting of Al Pacino as Michael Corleone in The Godfather. The walls of Rothstein's office and other hallways are lined with photos of himself and politicians including Gov. Charlie Crist, former U.S. Senator Mel Martinez, Senator John McCain, Broward Sheriff Al Lamberti, Rudy Giuliani, Joe Lieberman, and Bill McCollum.", "Senator Mel Martinez, Senator John McCain, Broward Sheriff Al Lamberti, Rudy Giuliani, Joe Lieberman, and Bill McCollum. He was ostensibly an affluent and successful attorney with all the material trappings of a flamboyant lifestyle, including armed body guards and police protection. Twenty-eight city police officials, including captains, majors, undercover officers and the department spokesman, helped guard his home and businesses, the only person in the department's history to have permanent round-the-clock off-duty police protection at his home.", "Twenty-eight city police officials, including captains, majors, undercover officers and the department spokesman, helped guard his home and businesses, the only person in the department's history to have permanent round-the-clock off-duty police protection at his home. The department suspended all work for Rothstein on November 2, 2009. He had a Boeing 727 jet and in 2002, flew Bill Clinton, Kevin Spacey, and Chris Tucker to Africa on an anti-AIDS mission. He owns an $5 million Warren yacht.", "He owns an $5 million Warren yacht. He owns an $5 million Warren yacht. His fleet of exotic cars included: 1974, 2006, 2007, and 2008 Ferraris, 2009 Bentley, 2007 Silver Rolls-Royce, and one 2008 and two 2010 Lamborghini Murcielagos — worth about $400,000 each, a pair of $1.6 million Bugattis, and a pair of Harleys which he maintains in an air-conditioned warehouse. All were allegedly purchased and traded from Euromotorsports, the owner of which has an extensive criminal record.", "All were allegedly purchased and traded from Euromotorsports, the owner of which has an extensive criminal record. All were seized shortly after his return from Morocco. He has a watch collection of over 100, valued at $1 million. In 2008, he was working on opening a cigar and martini bar on Las Olas Boulevard and two high-rise residential buildings in Brooklyn with New York partner Dominic Tonnachio. He was to take ownership of a \"series of office buildings\" on Oakland Park Boulevard.", "He was to take ownership of a \"series of office buildings\" on Oakland Park Boulevard. Roger Stone, a political trickster for Richard Nixon, was a partner with Rothstein in RRA Consulting, an LLC which was set up to provide public affairs assistance to the RRA law firm's legal clients. According to Stone, that business never generated any clients. It was dissolved in late 2008.", "It was dissolved in late 2008. It was dissolved in late 2008. On August 27, 2009, Stone, the recipient of Rothstein's sponsorship of his blog until July 29, 2009, \"StoneZone\", wrote a column recommending Rothstein for the seat vacated by Senator Mel Martinez- a man with \"a distinguished legal record, has been a key supporter of Governor Crist and John McCain, has an unmatched record of philanthropic activities and would bring an unconventional style of getting things done to Washington.", "On August 27, 2009, Stone, the recipient of Rothstein's sponsorship of his blog until July 29, 2009, \"StoneZone\", wrote a column recommending Rothstein for the seat vacated by Senator Mel Martinez- a man with \"a distinguished legal record, has been a key supporter of Governor Crist and John McCain, has an unmatched record of philanthropic activities and would bring an unconventional style of getting things done to Washington. Add Rothstein to the short list.\"", "Add Rothstein to the short list.\" Add Rothstein to the short list.\" On November 4, 2009, Stone wrote, \"Rothstein had no prior business success, no business acumen nor track record that would engender confidence in an investor. He could not read a balance sheet. He could not write or read a business plan. Rothstein was a lawyer, not an entrepreneur.\"", "Rothstein was a lawyer, not an entrepreneur.\" Rothstein was a lawyer, not an entrepreneur.\" Stone claims that Rothstein has Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD) \"so severe he never finished a martini, a cigar, a thought, or a sentence, never mind a transaction.\" According to Stone, neither law firm name partner Russell Adler nor Stuart Rosenfeldt were signatories on the RRA Trust Account. He \"appeared to be something out of a Great Gatsby movie.\"", "He \"appeared to be something out of a Great Gatsby movie.\" Philanthropy and political contributions In 2008, his Rothstein Family Foundation gave $1 million to Holy Cross Hospital in Fort Lauderdale, where a lobby will be named after him and his wife. On October 31, 2009 his firm sponsored at a charity golf tournament featuring former Gov. Jeb Bush.", "Jeb Bush. Jeb Bush. Between 2007 and 2008, he donated $2 million to the American Heart Association, Women in Distress, Alonzo Mourning Charities, Here's Help, and the Dan Marino Foundation. Politicians of both parties have pledged to donate to charity or return his political contributions. On November 3, 2009, the Florida Republican Party, announced it would give Rothstein's donations ($600,000) to a charity. Gov.", "Gov. Gov. Charlie Crist's Senate Campaign ($100,550), state Chief Financial Officer Alex Sink ($2,050), Senate President Jeff Atwater, Rep. Ellyn Bogdanoff, and the Florida Democratic Party ($200,000) will return some or all of his contributions. In June 2009, Harry Reid, the Democratic Senate majority leader received a contribution of $4,800.", "In June 2009, Harry Reid, the Democratic Senate majority leader received a contribution of $4,800. A list of FEC filings indexed by NewsMeat include a total of $166,800 to the Republican Party and candidates, including $109,800 to John McCain's 2008 presidential campaign, and $17,600 to Democratic candidates. Law partner murder Debra Villegas, who handles his money, is the law firm's chief operating officer. She is co-owner with Rothstein in a home at 2307 Castilla Isle, as of May 2009.", "She is co-owner with Rothstein in a home at 2307 Castilla Isle, as of May 2009. According to records, Rothstein originally purchased the property in September 2007, for $1.75 million, and sold it for $10 to a shell corporation in September 2009. In 2005, the year the Ponzi scheme allegedly began, Villegas earned $80,000 a year. In 2007, her salary had increased to $145,000. Villegas received two Swiss watches — a Rolex and a Breitling — from her \"employer\".", "Villegas received two Swiss watches — a Rolex and a Breitling — from her \"employer\". Rothstein paid off her couch and a bedroom set and held title to her two Honda water scooters. Villegas was living in a $475,000 Weston home that Rothstein signed over to her in July 2009 for $100 and \"love and affection,\" according to the deed. Villegas registered a 2009 $100,000 Maserati GranTurismo at the home in January, 2009.", "Villegas registered a 2009 $100,000 Maserati GranTurismo at the home in January, 2009. In November 2009, Federal prosecutors seized the home, alleging that it was among Rothstein's ill-gotten assets. Villegas' estranged husband, Tony Villegas, was charged on circumstantial evidence in the March 2008 murder in Plantation, Florida of Melissa Britt Lewis, a partner in Rothstein's firm.", "Villegas' estranged husband, Tony Villegas, was charged on circumstantial evidence in the March 2008 murder in Plantation, Florida of Melissa Britt Lewis, a partner in Rothstein's firm. Although early news reports wondered at whether the evidence was substantial, according to New Times, \"Nine days later, forensic testing revealed that Tony's DNA had been found on Melissa's suit jacket – the same jacket she wore on the day she died.\" Police sealed the arrest affidavit.", "Police sealed the arrest affidavit. Police sealed the arrest affidavit. As a result of the homicide and the nature of the legal business, Rothstein has a team of \"executive protection specialists\" to guard the firm and his family, his teen-aged daughter. The prosecutor who had first worked on the Villegas case, Howard Scheinberg, went to work for Rosenfeldt Rothstein Adler. Villegas, a train conductor, remains in jail awaiting trial. The motive was supposedly revenge for Lewis's closeness with Debra.", "The motive was supposedly revenge for Lewis's closeness with Debra. Debra and Melissa share a therapist: Ilene Vinikoor, whose husband, David represents general counsel, David Boden in the Ponzi scheme investigation. You get anger from people ... that prick from the Bronx. ... They say I'm building the law firm too fast, that it must be a house of cards. \"Disbarment on consent\" On November 17, 2009, the Florida Bar Executive Committee voted to accept a request by Rothstein to be disbarred.", "\"Disbarment on consent\" On November 17, 2009, the Florida Bar Executive Committee voted to accept a request by Rothstein to be disbarred. The Florida Supreme Court entered an order permanently disbarring Rothstein on November 25, 2009. Rothstein was removed from the Broward County Grievance Committee, and his name has also been removed from the database of \"The Best Lawyers in America\".", "Rothstein was removed from the Broward County Grievance Committee, and his name has also been removed from the database of \"The Best Lawyers in America\". Trust account Rothstein, Rosenfeldt, and Adler's trust account was part of the Interest on Lawyer Trust Accounts (IOLTA) program that was paying hundreds of thousands of dollars a month to the Florida Bar Foundation.", "Trust account Rothstein, Rosenfeldt, and Adler's trust account was part of the Interest on Lawyer Trust Accounts (IOLTA) program that was paying hundreds of thousands of dollars a month to the Florida Bar Foundation. $1.2 billion Ponzi scheme Rothstein's investment scheme involved purchasing what were initially mislabeled as fabricated \"structured settlements,\" described as where people sell large settlements in legal cases for lump sums of cash.", "$1.2 billion Ponzi scheme Rothstein's investment scheme involved purchasing what were initially mislabeled as fabricated \"structured settlements,\" described as where people sell large settlements in legal cases for lump sums of cash. Alan Sakowitz, an attorney and real estate developer in Bay Harbor Islands, said that he contacted the FBI in September with concerns about Rothstein.", "Alan Sakowitz, an attorney and real estate developer in Bay Harbor Islands, said that he contacted the FBI in September with concerns about Rothstein. On Sunday, November 8, 2009, Sakowitz appeared with Kendall Coffey, attorney for Rothstein's law partners, on the Michael Putney Show on WPLG-TV, MIAMI, correcting Coffey for claiming that Rothstein's \"investments\" involved structured settlements, which they did not.", "On Sunday, November 8, 2009, Sakowitz appeared with Kendall Coffey, attorney for Rothstein's law partners, on the Michael Putney Show on WPLG-TV, MIAMI, correcting Coffey for claiming that Rothstein's \"investments\" involved structured settlements, which they did not. (Note: \"structured settlements\" as defined by Rothstein in press reports do not meet the definition in IRC 5891(C)(1) of the Internal Revenue Code). Rothstein's resemble investments in pre-settlement funding or pre-settlement financing.", "Rothstein's resemble investments in pre-settlement funding or pre-settlement financing. In his December 12, 2011 deposition page 24 lines 15-23, Scott Rothstein himself said \"It was intentionally made in a way and presented to that firm and the other firms that were looking at the structure issue that it was merely a purchase of dollars already in-house; that it was not a structured settlement because the true definition of a structured settlement is when someone is actually receiving payments over time that has some other value.", "In his December 12, 2011 deposition page 24 lines 15-23, Scott Rothstein himself said \"It was intentionally made in a way and presented to that firm and the other firms that were looking at the structure issue that it was merely a purchase of dollars already in-house; that it was not a structured settlement because the true definition of a structured settlement is when someone is actually receiving payments over time that has some other value. We didn't have a true definition of a structured settlement, not by any of the statutes.", "We didn't have a true definition of a structured settlement, not by any of the statutes. From that perspective we had reason to make sure that this was not structured. Because when you're dealing with structured settlements you need other levels of Court approval. It would have required the manufacturer of literally hundreds of phony orders, which would have led the entire scheme to detection.' The FBI estimates the loss to be up to a billion dollars from lucrative whistle-blower and employment discrimination cases.", "The FBI estimates the loss to be up to a billion dollars from lucrative whistle-blower and employment discrimination cases. The investors would make up-front cash payments to individuals owed money from the court cases to buy the right to collect the full amount of the settlements later. The investor was guaranteed a minimum of 20 percent investment returns in as little as three months. Swindle pitch General counsel David Boden was present for at least one of the swindles, and negotiated the final papers with the investors' lawyers.", "Swindle pitch General counsel David Boden was present for at least one of the swindles, and negotiated the final papers with the investors' lawyers. Rothstein greets and informs the investor his firm was the preeminent sexual harassment law firm in the country. He says he'd figured out a basic formula which was that someone with $10 million net worth was usually willing to pay $2 million in cash to pay off their mistress. The key was confidentiality.", "The key was confidentiality. The key was confidentiality. Rothstein tells the investor that he would meet potential defendants in his office and would question them about affairs they had with an employee. The defendants would deny it. He pointed to artwork, and said there was a television screen behind it.", "He pointed to artwork, and said there was a television screen behind it. He tells the investor he turned on a video of the guy having sex with his mistress, and told his client \"We can either settle this now, or I can depose your wife, your mistress, you and your son about it.\"", "He tells the investor he turned on a video of the guy having sex with his mistress, and told his client \"We can either settle this now, or I can depose your wife, your mistress, you and your son about it.\" Since defendants\" often couldn't or wouldn't pay the entire settlement up-front, Rothstein tells the investor that his first harassment case many years ago, involved a $3.5 million settlement and a million-dollar legal fee, so Rothstein assigned the settlement to a good friend and the plaintiff settles for $3 million without a trial.", "Since defendants\" often couldn't or wouldn't pay the entire settlement up-front, Rothstein tells the investor that his first harassment case many years ago, involved a $3.5 million settlement and a million-dollar legal fee, so Rothstein assigned the settlement to a good friend and the plaintiff settles for $3 million without a trial. The \"good friend\" stood to be paid $3.5 million once the defendant paid up, a half-million dollar profit.", "The \"good friend\" stood to be paid $3.5 million once the defendant paid up, a half-million dollar profit. \"In 20 years, I have never seen a defendant sue on breach of settlement,\" Rothstein told them. \"The whole idea is that it's secret. Why would they sue?\" Although it did not appear completely legitimate, and it might have appeared that the plaintiffs were short-changed, it makes sense to the potential investor. The idea seems solid.", "The idea seems solid. The idea seems solid. The investor thinks that with enough of these cases at Rothstein's law firm, he could make huge sums of money. Rothstein then discusses other larger cases: Eli Lilly and Company, involving $1.4 billion with plaintiff representation by Gary Farmer, a firm attorney who negotiated the settlement and who brought the case with him when he arrived at the firm. Several inside whistleblowers went to the fed with unlawful practices regarding the marketing and sales of an anti-psychotic medication called Zyprexa.", "Several inside whistleblowers went to the fed with unlawful practices regarding the marketing and sales of an anti-psychotic medication called Zyprexa. It was one of the largest qui tam cases in history. He tells the investor about a potential (allegedly fabricated) case where investors would buy whistle-blower million dollar settlements with a sixty percent short term investor profit. The arrangement would be completely secret; the investor would never know the name of the company or the whistle-blower.", "The arrangement would be completely secret; the investor would never know the name of the company or the whistle-blower. The settlement money would be deposited into a trust account at TD Bank, accessible only to the investor at the appropriate time. David Boden follows up with all questions and negotiates the contract. Court-appointed receiver On November 2, 2009, Broward Chief Judge Vic Tobin sent an e-mail at 6:45 a.m. to judges about the Rothstein case: I learned of some very distressing news yesterday.", "Court-appointed receiver On November 2, 2009, Broward Chief Judge Vic Tobin sent an e-mail at 6:45 a.m. to judges about the Rothstein case: I learned of some very distressing news yesterday. Whoever draws the case try to set the motion today because of the amount of clients and money involved. Also, if you have a case with the firm, please be patient.", "Also, if you have a case with the firm, please be patient. I don't know if the lawyers will come or not and if they do come, there is no money at this point to go forward with the case or pay firm employees. On November 3, 2009, retired Miami-Dade Circuit Judge Herbert Stettin was appointed the firm's receiver, responsible for approving the firm's day-to-day financial decisions.", "On November 3, 2009, retired Miami-Dade Circuit Judge Herbert Stettin was appointed the firm's receiver, responsible for approving the firm's day-to-day financial decisions. Firm president and 50% owner of the firm, Stuart Rosenfeldt, \"deposited two-thirds of my life savings in my firm's operating account\" to prop up finances in the short-term. Marc Nurik is representing Rothstein, and has stepped down as a lawyer from the firm. The prosecutors are Lawrence D. LaVecchio, Paul F. Schwartz and Jeffrey N. Kaplan.", "The prosecutors are Lawrence D. LaVecchio, Paul F. Schwartz and Jeffrey N. Kaplan. They have decades of experience investigating public corruption, white-collar fraud and organized crime. They are preparing a massive fraud case against Rothstein, zeroing in on his settlement investments, and also allegations of theft from his law firm and client trust accounts.", "They are preparing a massive fraud case against Rothstein, zeroing in on his settlement investments, and also allegations of theft from his law firm and client trust accounts. Victims On November 25, 2009, Attorney William Scherer filed a 289-page Amended Complaint seeking $100,000,000 in civil damages on behalf of his clients, and naming: Toronto Dominion Bank and its associates, Frank Spinosa, Jennifer Kerstetter, and Rosanne Karetsky, Irene Stay, Banyon Income Fund, L.P., Banyon USVI, LLC, George G. Levin, Michael Szafranski, Onyx Options Consultants Corporation, Berenfeld Spritzer Shechter Sheer, LLP., as well as Rothstein and his associates, David Boden, Debra Villegas, Andrew Barnett, and Frank J. Preve, as defendants/co-conspirators.", "Victims On November 25, 2009, Attorney William Scherer filed a 289-page Amended Complaint seeking $100,000,000 in civil damages on behalf of his clients, and naming: Toronto Dominion Bank and its associates, Frank Spinosa, Jennifer Kerstetter, and Rosanne Karetsky, Irene Stay, Banyon Income Fund, L.P., Banyon USVI, LLC, George G. Levin, Michael Szafranski, Onyx Options Consultants Corporation, Berenfeld Spritzer Shechter Sheer, LLP., as well as Rothstein and his associates, David Boden, Debra Villegas, Andrew Barnett, and Frank J. Preve, as defendants/co-conspirators. The Amended Complaint lists people and businesses to whom Rothstein allegedly wired money while he was en route to or inside of Morocco: Rothstein wired $16 million to his tour guide from Boca Raton, Florida, \"Ahnick Kahlid\".", "The Amended Complaint lists people and businesses to whom Rothstein allegedly wired money while he was en route to or inside of Morocco: Rothstein wired $16 million to his tour guide from Boca Raton, Florida, \"Ahnick Kahlid\". Kahlid transferred the money to Rothstein's new Moroccan bank account opened upon his arrival with a passport as identification at Banque Populaire in Casablanca; The recipients allegedly are members of the \"Israeli Mob\"; New York Investors; Florida Investors; Real Estate Investors; and Levin Feeders.", "Kahlid transferred the money to Rothstein's new Moroccan bank account opened upon his arrival with a passport as identification at Banque Populaire in Casablanca; The recipients allegedly are members of the \"Israeli Mob\"; New York Investors; Florida Investors; Real Estate Investors; and Levin Feeders. Scherer has said that his clients and all other investors who weren't complicit in the crime will have their money returned. Due to the extreme negligence, TD Bank is liable.", "Due to the extreme negligence, TD Bank is liable. \"My goal is to get all the money back for the investors from the bank,\" Scherer said. On January 27, 2010 Scherer filed an affidavit alleging that Michael Szafranski was complicit in Rothstein's fraud, receiving almost $6.5 million in \"ill-gotten\" gains directly from Rothstein.", "On January 27, 2010 Scherer filed an affidavit alleging that Michael Szafranski was complicit in Rothstein's fraud, receiving almost $6.5 million in \"ill-gotten\" gains directly from Rothstein. Shimon Levy and Ovi Levy Shimon Levy allegedly has had deep ties to Dean Heiser and Israeli organized crime and spent a year in an Israeli prison for hiding a mob figure suspected of two \"grisly murders\".", "Shimon Levy and Ovi Levy Shimon Levy allegedly has had deep ties to Dean Heiser and Israeli organized crime and spent a year in an Israeli prison for hiding a mob figure suspected of two \"grisly murders\". In 1997, his partner at the Sea Club Resort on Fort Lauderdale beach, Zvika Yuz, was a victim of a murder which remains unsolved. His son, Ovi contacted the Plantation Police Department and began receiving protection during the time Rothstein fled to Morocco.", "His son, Ovi contacted the Plantation Police Department and began receiving protection during the time Rothstein fled to Morocco. Banyan Capital Banyan Income Fund, a Fort Lauderdale-based hedge fund, invested hundreds of millions. It was run by Rothstein and involves Fort Lauderdale businessman George G. Levin, who reported Rothstein to the U.S. Attorney's Office for \"suspicious activity.\" According to the lawsuit, Frank J. Preve is Chief Operating Officer and kept an office inside Rothstein et al. He is a convicted bank fraud and embezzlement felon.", "He is a convicted bank fraud and embezzlement felon. He is a convicted bank fraud and embezzlement felon. He pleaded guilty to bank embezzlement charges in 1985 and received ten years probation and a $10,000 fine for falsifying loan documents in another fraudulent scheme. Banyon and other Rothstein investors' accounts were held at a Toronto-Dominion Bank branch in Fort Lauderdale. Abraxas Discala Abraxas Discala, a businessman and former husband of The Sopranos' Jamie-Lynn Sigler, reportedly raised $30 million through his hedge fund which he invested into Rothstein's scheme.", "Abraxas Discala Abraxas Discala, a businessman and former husband of The Sopranos' Jamie-Lynn Sigler, reportedly raised $30 million through his hedge fund which he invested into Rothstein's scheme. George G. Levin Since 1983, George G. Levin and his wife, Gayla Sue, have lived in Fort Lauderdale's Bay Colony on the Intracoastal Waterway in a 2-story home with 8 bathrooms and a large pool, valued at $2 million. Levin has a pattern of filing complaints when his unsavory/fraudulent business ventures are exposed.", "Levin has a pattern of filing complaints when his unsavory/fraudulent business ventures are exposed. According to federal court documents, from 1985–1996 Levin's former business GGL Industries, dba Classic Motor Carriages defrauded hundreds of customers, selling kit cars. The federal government filed criminal charges against the company and GGL pleaded guilty to mail fraud in 1999 and agreed to pay $2.5 million in restitution. Stuart Rado had been a consumer activist who organized GGL's victims and helped spur the government action.", "Stuart Rado had been a consumer activist who organized GGL's victims and helped spur the government action. Levin subsequently sued Rado for violating the Florida Trade Secrets Act. Rado was diagnosed with cancer during the lawsuit. It was a classic frivolous SLAPP suit (\"Strategic Lawsuit Against Public Participation\"). On September 19, 1997, the finding against Mr. Rado was that he pay plaintiff's attorneys' fees.", "On September 19, 1997, the finding against Mr. Rado was that he pay plaintiff's attorneys' fees. The federal motion states: GGL's fraudulent scheme necessarily included as an intricate part the silencing of its critics, among whom was Rado. It did this by using the courts to intimidate Rado into being silent and causing Rado to spend money he could not afford.", "It did this by using the courts to intimidate Rado into being silent and causing Rado to spend money he could not afford. It was GGL's intention (as one of GGL's attorneys said to Rado [in a 1994 deposition]) to make Rado's net worth go south. GGL and its attorneys forced Rado to incur the expenses of defending two lawsuits for over 4 years. Rado had to incur these expenses and live day-to-day with a barrage of pleadings, depositions and other legal maneuvers by GGL.", "Rado had to incur these expenses and live day-to-day with a barrage of pleadings, depositions and other legal maneuvers by GGL. He had to endure this even though he did nothing legally wrong, and even though GGL was in fact at the same time continuing to perpetrate its nationwide fraud. Rado was being put through this because Rado dared to contact some of GGL's victims and tell them that if they were injured by GGL they should contact the Florida Attorney General for help.", "Rado was being put through this because Rado dared to contact some of GGL's victims and tell them that if they were injured by GGL they should contact the Florida Attorney General for help. What is even more despicable is that GGL knew that Rado was dying of cancer but continued to pursue him with motions and notices of trial and other pleadings, one such notice of hearing being served within days of brain surgery. Although a convicted felon, GGL hounded Rado's estate for the payment of $80,000 in attorney's fees.", "Although a convicted felon, GGL hounded Rado's estate for the payment of $80,000 in attorney's fees. The state of Florida filed suit against the company alleging deceptive business practices and civil theft. A special assistant attorney general, Herbert Stettin, led the investigation. Stettin is now the trustee overseeing the Rothstein Rosenfeldt Adler bankruptcy case. Levin continues to sell kit cars under a different company name, StreetBeasts.", "Levin continues to sell kit cars under a different company name, StreetBeasts. According to a Florida District Court of Appeals case published in 2002, Levin acquired property free and clear for less than the cost of the first mortgage, through a fraudulent transfer. Partners' income strategy and Rothstein's returns The allegations are: George Levin was the general partner (\"GP\") who solicited each limited partner (\"LP\") to contribute at least $1 million.", "Partners' income strategy and Rothstein's returns The allegations are: George Levin was the general partner (\"GP\") who solicited each limited partner (\"LP\") to contribute at least $1 million. Initially, each LP contributed $250,000, subject to periodic capital calls up to the amount of their commitments. They were promised 12% annually (15% for first $100 million), to be paid quarterly.", "They were promised 12% annually (15% for first $100 million), to be paid quarterly. The general partner had to maintain a balance of not less than 10% of all contributions after any quarterly distributions. The general partner also gave a \"clawback\" guaranty to all LP's equal to their original contributions. LP's could not request redemptions during an initial one-year \"lock-up\" period and were required to give 90 days' notice for any withdrawals.", "LP's could not request redemptions during an initial one-year \"lock-up\" period and were required to give 90 days' notice for any withdrawals. Redemptions would be paid from the GP's own capital account \"to the extent available\" with a 10% hold-back, but otherwise, only from the purchased lawsuits settlement stream. Banyon had paid Rothstein's firm at least $656 million, but the law firm anticipated $1.1 billion over a maximum 24-month period. It allegedly received and reinvested about $500 million.", "It allegedly received and reinvested about $500 million. It allegedly received and reinvested about $500 million. Levin expected to make 40% over 24 months but to only pay out 24%.", "Levin expected to make 40% over 24 months but to only pay out 24%. Rothstein's law firm's IOLTA trust accounts established \"for the plaintiff\" in the purported litigation settlements were used to fund the phony settlement accounts, after the law firm had paid its overhead, keeping its insolvent operation afloat, which included \"gifts\" to partners and money given to politicians, charities, and pay for a massive advertising budget, as well as Rothstein's personal lifestyle, over three years, amounting to approximately a $500 million loss.", "Rothstein's law firm's IOLTA trust accounts established \"for the plaintiff\" in the purported litigation settlements were used to fund the phony settlement accounts, after the law firm had paid its overhead, keeping its insolvent operation afloat, which included \"gifts\" to partners and money given to politicians, charities, and pay for a massive advertising budget, as well as Rothstein's personal lifestyle, over three years, amounting to approximately a $500 million loss. The interest on the funded IOLTA accounts went to the Florida Bar monthly, which was many millions, based on the Banyon contributions.", "The interest on the funded IOLTA accounts went to the Florida Bar monthly, which was many millions, based on the Banyon contributions. In its prospectus, Banyon claimed to have a legal opinion that Banyon's interest in the IOLTA trust accounts \"perfected automatically on execution of the transfer documents\" – that the lawsuit proceeds assignments created by general counsel, David Boden. The LP's were warned that they could be taxed on the Partnership's income and realized gains even if no distributions were made.", "The LP's were warned that they could be taxed on the Partnership's income and realized gains even if no distributions were made. As long as reinvestments were ongoing, the ponzi scheme was facilitated. Losses 1. Venture capitalist Doug Von Allmen's companies' total loss, approximately $105.5 million, through the Banyon Income Fund include: The Von Allmen Dynastry Trust, overseen by wife Linda Von Allmen: $7 million. D&L Partners, Von Allmen's Missouri company: $45 million.", "D&L Partners, Von Allmen's Missouri company: $45 million. Kretschmar: $8 million Razorback Funding LLC, a Delaware company: $32 million D3 Capital Club LLC, Delaware company: $13.5 million 2. BFMC Investment LLC, owned by Barry Florescue: $2.4 million 3. Socialite art dealer Bonnie Barnett, mother of defendant, Andrew Barnett 4. The family of car dealers, Ed and Ted Morse. 5. Ballamor Capital Management, Radnor, PA: $30 million.", "Ballamor Capital Management, Radnor, PA: $30 million. Others Investors from Morocco lost $85 million. On November 19, 2009, Rothstein never appeared for a deposition, noticed in the bankruptcy case by investors' attorney John Genovese at Genovese's law office. Banyon and other Rothstein investors' accounts were held at a Toronto-Dominion Bank branch in Fort Lauderdale.", "Banyon and other Rothstein investors' accounts were held at a Toronto-Dominion Bank branch in Fort Lauderdale. References External links Video tour of Rothstein's law offices USA v. Scott Rothstein: Report Commencing Criminal Action, December 1, 2009 Federal Charging Information, December 1, 2009 Case No. 09-60331 Rothstein Plea Agreement, Case 0:09-cr-60331-JIC, filed January 27, 2010 Disbarment on Consent, filed November 20, 2009 Amended Civil Complaint filed November 25, 2009, Case No.", "09-60331 Rothstein Plea Agreement, Case 0:09-cr-60331-JIC, filed January 27, 2010 Disbarment on Consent, filed November 20, 2009 Amended Civil Complaint filed November 25, 2009, Case No. 09-062943 Attorney Scherer's Opposition to Motion to Disqualify Counsel for Plaintiffs, filed January 28, 2010 Amended Complaint for Dissolution and For Emergency Transfer of Corporate Powers to Stuart A. Rosenfeldt, Case No. 09-059301 Judge's Order Granting Compelling of Bank Records, Case No.", "09-059301 Judge's Order Granting Compelling of Bank Records, Case No. 09-059301 Database of Scott W. Rothstein's Political Contributions Database of Scott W. Rothstein's Corporate Interests Database of Scott W. Rothstein's registered vehicles Database of Scott W. Rothstein's Real Estate Transactions 1962 births 2009 in economics American money launderers American money managers American people convicted of fraud American prisoners and detainees 20th-century American Jews American confidence tricksters Criminal investigation Disbarred American lawyers Florida lawyers Great Recession Living people People convicted of racketeering Prisoners and detainees of the United States federal government Pyramid and Ponzi schemes American businesspeople convicted of crimes 21st-century American Jews" ]

[ "Scott W. Rothstein", "Law partner murder", "who is scott?", "Rothstein has a team of \"executive protection specialists\" to guard the firm and his family, his teen-aged daughter.", "what happened with swindle pitch?", "I don't know.", "where did the money go?", "In 2005, the year the Ponzi scheme allegedly began,", "who did he work with?", "Debra Villegas, who handles his money, is the law firm's chief operating officer. She is co-owner with Rothstein" ]

[ "Xie Shiguang (; June 1917 – 25 August 2005) was a bishop of People's Republic of China's underground Roman Catholic Church.\n\nCareer \nXie was ordained to the priesthood on May 3, 1949, and he became a bishop on January 25, 1984.\n\nArrests \nXie was arrested multiple times in China. The first arrest was in 1955, when he refused to enter the Chinese Patriotic Catholic Association. He was arrested again for the same reason in 1958, but he was sentenced to 15 years imprisonment. He was then arrested in 1984, released in 1987, and was arrested yet again in 1990.\n\nDeath \nXie died from leukemia on 25 August 2005 at the age of 88.\n\nHeritage \nA street has been named after him in 2021 in Budapest.\n\nSee also\n\nCatholicism in China\n\nReferences \n\n20th-century Roman Catholic bishops in China\n1917 births\n2005 deaths\n21st-century Roman Catholic bishops in China\nDeaths from leukemia", "M. A. Aziz (1921 - 11 January 1971) was an Awami League politician and the former Member of the National Assembly of Pakistan from Kotwali-Double Mooring, Chittagong.\n\nEarly life\nAziz was born in 1921 in Halishahar, Bengal Presidency, British India. In 1940 he graduated from Pahartali Railway High School and then completed his IA in 1942 from Chittagong College. He was expelled from the college due to his activities with the All Bengal Muslim Students league. After which he joined the Awami Muslim League.\n\nCareer\nAziz was the first general secretary of Chittagong District. He was involved in the Bengali Language Movement and worked as the joint convener \"Sarba Daliya Rashtra Bhasha Sangram Committee\". He was arrested for his involvement. In 1953 he was elected to the central committee of Awami League. In 1954 he was arrested. In 1958 he was arrested again after Martial law was declared. In the 1960s, he started a business with Sheikh Mujibur Rahman and Bhupati Bhushan Chowdhury named New Agency. The majority of the profits were to be used to finance Awami League.\n\nAziz played an important role in the Six point program led by Sheikh Mujibur Rahman. On 8 May 1966 he was arrested for his role in the program. On 18 July 1970 he was arrested for protesting martial law. In 1970 general elections he was elected to the National Assembly of Pakistan, from Kotwali-Double Mooring constituency as a candidate of Awami League.\n\nDeath\nAziz died on 11 January 1971. M. A. Aziz Stadium in Chittagong was named after him.\n\nReferences\n\nAwami League politicians\n1921 births\n1971 deaths" ]

[ "Scott W. Rothstein (born June 10, 1962) is a disbarred lawyer, convicted felon, and the former managing shareholder, chairman, and chief executive officer of the now-defunct Rothstein Rosenfeldt Adler law firm. He funded an extravagant lifestyle with a $1.2 billion Ponzi scheme, one of the largest such in history. On December 1, 2009, Rothstein turned himself in to authorities and was subsequently arrested on charges related to the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act (RICO).", "On December 1, 2009, Rothstein turned himself in to authorities and was subsequently arrested on charges related to the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act (RICO). Although his arraignment plea was not guilty, Rothstein reversed his plea to guilty of five federal crimes on January 27, 2010. Rothstein was denied bond by U.S. Magistrate Judge Robin Rosenbaum, who ruled that due to his ability to forge documents, he was considered a flight risk. He was sentenced to 50 years in federal prison.", "He was sentenced to 50 years in federal prison. He was sentenced to 50 years in federal prison. Overview On June 9, 2010, Rothstein received a 50-year prison sentence after a hearing in federal court in Fort Lauderdale, although federal prosecutors initially filed a motion notifying the court they would be seeking a sentence reduction for Rothstein. His firm had 70 lawyers and 150 employees, with offices in Boca Raton, West Palm Beach, Fort Lauderdale, Miami, Tallahassee, Florida, New York City and Caracas, Venezuela.", "His firm had 70 lawyers and 150 employees, with offices in Boca Raton, West Palm Beach, Fort Lauderdale, Miami, Tallahassee, Florida, New York City and Caracas, Venezuela. The firm focused on labor and employment matters, civil rights, intellectual property, internet law, corporate espionage, personal injury, wrongful death, commercial litigation, real estate, mergers and acquisitions, and governmental relations.", "The firm focused on labor and employment matters, civil rights, intellectual property, internet law, corporate espionage, personal injury, wrongful death, commercial litigation, real estate, mergers and acquisitions, and governmental relations. His client list included Citicorp, J. C. Penney, Ed Morse Automotive Group, National Beverage, Silversea Cruise Lines, Supra Telecom, and Wells Fargo.", "His client list included Citicorp, J. C. Penney, Ed Morse Automotive Group, National Beverage, Silversea Cruise Lines, Supra Telecom, and Wells Fargo. Until he was permanently disbarred by the Florida Supreme Court on November 25, 2009, Rothstein was a member of the Florida Bar and admitted by the United States Supreme Court. He had been given an AV Preeminent peer review rating by Martindale-Hubbell.", "He had been given an AV Preeminent peer review rating by Martindale-Hubbell. The AV rating is a significant accomplishment and a testament to the fact that a lawyer's peers rank him or her at the highest level of professional excellence. Rothstein may have stolen millions of dollars from an investment side-business. A list of 259 persons or corporate entities entitled to $279 million in restitution has been sealed by the court.", "A list of 259 persons or corporate entities entitled to $279 million in restitution has been sealed by the court. On November 3, 2009, Federal Bureau of Investigation and United States Department of the Treasury agents served a warrant to search the firm's Fort Lauderdale offices. Rothstein sent an email in recent weeks to firm lawyers asking them to investigate which countries refused to extradite criminal suspects to either the U.S. or Israel, and firm lawyers responded that Morocco is one such country.", "Rothstein sent an email in recent weeks to firm lawyers asking them to investigate which countries refused to extradite criminal suspects to either the U.S. or Israel, and firm lawyers responded that Morocco is one such country. Rothstein had wired $16 million to an individual in Casablanca and left for Casablanca on October 26, 2009. On October 31, 2009, he sent a suicide text message note to all of his law partners: Sorry for letting you all down. I am a fool.", "I am a fool. I am a fool. I thought I could fix it, but got trapped by my ego and refusal to fail, and now all I have accomplished is hurting the people I love. Please take care of yourselves and please protect Kimmie [Rothstein's wife]. She knew nothing. Neither did she, nor any of you deserve what I did. I hope God allows me to see you on the other side. Love, Scott.", "Love, Scott. Love, Scott. On November 3, 2009, after many texts by Stuart Rosenfeldt, the president of the firm, urging him to \"choose life\", Rothstein returned to Fort Lauderdale on a chartered jet, (chartered by the ex-husband of Governor Crist's wife, Todd Rome) from Casablanca.", "On November 3, 2009, after many texts by Stuart Rosenfeldt, the president of the firm, urging him to \"choose life\", Rothstein returned to Fort Lauderdale on a chartered jet, (chartered by the ex-husband of Governor Crist's wife, Todd Rome) from Casablanca. On November 2, his law firm with only $117,000 in its operating account filed suit against him, asked a judge to dissolve the firm, accusing him of misappropriating hundreds of millions of dollars from investor trust accounts in a Ponzi scheme from an investment business he covertly ran out of his law office.", "On November 2, his law firm with only $117,000 in its operating account filed suit against him, asked a judge to dissolve the firm, accusing him of misappropriating hundreds of millions of dollars from investor trust accounts in a Ponzi scheme from an investment business he covertly ran out of his law office. In 2009 Rothstein resided at the Federal Detention Center, Miami in Downtown Miami, but was later moved to an undisclosed location and his inmate number removed from the Federal Bureau of Prisons inmate locator webpage.", "In 2009 Rothstein resided at the Federal Detention Center, Miami in Downtown Miami, but was later moved to an undisclosed location and his inmate number removed from the Federal Bureau of Prisons inmate locator webpage. Background and career Rothstein was born in the Bronx and moved with his parents to Lauderhill, Florida as a teenager.", "Background and career Rothstein was born in the Bronx and moved with his parents to Lauderhill, Florida as a teenager. A 1988 Juris Doctor graduate of Fort Lauderdale's Nova Southeastern University's Law School, the Shepard Broad College of Law, and a 1984 Bachelor of Arts graduate of University of Florida, Rothstein's law career began in 1988 and, for nearly fifteen years, he was relatively unknown. His local mentors were wealthy attorneys, Donald McClosky and Bill Scherer.", "His local mentors were wealthy attorneys, Donald McClosky and Bill Scherer. In the early 1990s, Rothstein first partnered with attorney Howard Kusnick. First located in Plantation, Florida, Kusnick & Rothstein, P.A. subsequently moved to downtown Ft. Lauderdale. Longtime partner Michael Pancier first joined him there.", "Longtime partner Michael Pancier first joined him there. Longtime partner Michael Pancier first joined him there. In 2000, Rothstein joined with Rosenfeldt as a name partner at the Hollywood firm, Phillips Eisinger Koss & Rosenfeldt, P.A., which became known as Phillips Eisinger Koss Rothstein & Rosenfeldt, P.A In February 2002, Rothstein and Rosenfeldt started their own firm, first known as Rothstein & Rosenfeldt, P.A. Within a month, Pancier was added as a name partner.", "Within a month, Pancier was added as a name partner. In July, 2002, adding Susan Dolin, a well-regarded employment lawyer, now practicing on her own in West Broward, the firm became known as Rothstein, Rosenfeldt, Dolin & Pancier, P.A.. In late 2004, the firm became known simply as Rothstein Rosenfeldt, with Adler being added in March 2005. Melissa Britt Lewis, who was murdered in March, 2008, was with Rothstein from the firm's beginning.", "Melissa Britt Lewis, who was murdered in March, 2008, was with Rothstein from the firm's beginning. In seven years, he and his partners expanded the firm to 70 lawyers, including former Boca Raton Mayor and sitting Palm Beach County Commissioner Steve Abrams; former judges Julio Gonzalez, Barry Stone, and former Palm Beach circuit judge, William Berger; TV and radio legal commentator and former prosecutor, Ken Padowitz; Carlos Reyes, former South Broward Hospital District commissioner and lobbyist; Arthur Neiwirth, a bankruptcy expert; and Les Stracher, former legal counsel for Morse Auto Group, who represents major auto dealers.", "In seven years, he and his partners expanded the firm to 70 lawyers, including former Boca Raton Mayor and sitting Palm Beach County Commissioner Steve Abrams; former judges Julio Gonzalez, Barry Stone, and former Palm Beach circuit judge, William Berger; TV and radio legal commentator and former prosecutor, Ken Padowitz; Carlos Reyes, former South Broward Hospital District commissioner and lobbyist; Arthur Neiwirth, a bankruptcy expert; and Les Stracher, former legal counsel for Morse Auto Group, who represents major auto dealers. Others include: Shawn Birken, son of Circuit Court Judge Arthur Birken; Ben Dishowitz, son of County Court Judge Dishowitz; and Grant Smith, son of disgraced former Congressman Larry Smith.", "Others include: Shawn Birken, son of Circuit Court Judge Arthur Birken; Ben Dishowitz, son of County Court Judge Dishowitz; and Grant Smith, son of disgraced former Congressman Larry Smith. Andrew Barnett is Corporate Development Officer, and David Boden, a New York attorney not licensed in Florida, was the firm's general counsel.", "Andrew Barnett is Corporate Development Officer, and David Boden, a New York attorney not licensed in Florida, was the firm's general counsel. Recent On September 8, 2011, U.S. District Judge James I. Cohn granted the government's motion to prohibit videotaping Rothstein during a scheduled deposition of him, citing \"serious harm\" and \"security reasons that are unusual in nature.\" The exact reasons for the judge's decision were sealed.", "The exact reasons for the judge's decision were sealed. This fueled speculation that his appearance was altered or he was a mafia target due to his cooperation with the prosecution against the mafia. On June 8, 2011, federal prosecutors filed a motion with the sentencing judge informing him that they would be asking for a sentence reduction for Rothstein. However, on September 26, 2017, prosecutors withdrew their motion for a reduced sentence, saying that he had provided \"false material information\" in violation of his plea agreement.", "However, on September 26, 2017, prosecutors withdrew their motion for a reduced sentence, saying that he had provided \"false material information\" in violation of his plea agreement. Rothstein's name does not appear in the Federal Bureau of Prisons inmate database. This indicates he is being held under an alias, which would not be unusual given that he cooperated with the government. As of November 18, 2009, many of the associates have relocated: Five lawyers moved to Fort Lauderdale-based Rice Pugatch Robinson & Schiller.", "As of November 18, 2009, many of the associates have relocated: Five lawyers moved to Fort Lauderdale-based Rice Pugatch Robinson & Schiller. Steven Lippman and Richard Storfer will be new partners. Riley Cirulnick, George Zinkler and Jodi Cohen are new associates. In August, 2008, Governor Crist appointed Rothstein as a member of the 4th District Court of Appeal Judicial nominating commission, a body which is responsible for selecting new judges for appointment to the Court. Bill Brock accompanied Rothstein to Morocco.", "Bill Brock accompanied Rothstein to Morocco. Bill Brock accompanied Rothstein to Morocco. His job at the law firm was to issue checks for Rothstein's various ventures and contributions, and had the sole security pass for the area where records of Rothstein's non-law firm businesses were kept. An observant Jew, Rothstein grew up in a small Bronx apartment, sharing a bedroom with his sister. His father was a salesman \"back in the days when you carried a bag up and down the streets of New York.\"", "His father was a salesman \"back in the days when you carried a bag up and down the streets of New York.\" The family moved to Lauderhill, Florida in 1977, when Rothstein was 16. His grandmother used her life savings to help put him through school. \"I grew up poor. I'm a lunatic about money.\" Rothstein was a large contributor to a synagogue off Las Olas with his name affixed to the front facade: The Rothstein Family Downtown Jewish Center Chabad.", "Rothstein was a large contributor to a synagogue off Las Olas with his name affixed to the front facade: The Rothstein Family Downtown Jewish Center Chabad. Rabbi Schneur Kaplan is one of the two people who talked Rothstein out of committing suicide. He invested in residential property. In 2003, he paid $1.2 million for an intracoastal waterfront house on Castilla Isle in Fort Lauderdale. In March 2005, he bought a neighboring home belonging to Miami Dolphins' Ricky Williams for $2.73 million.", "In March 2005, he bought a neighboring home belonging to Miami Dolphins' Ricky Williams for $2.73 million. While living in Williams' old house, he's purchased two other homes on the street and three other homes in Broward for a total residential investment of nearly $20 million. \"They call me the king of Castilla.\"", "\"They call me the king of Castilla.\" \"They call me the king of Castilla.\" In 2008, he purchased a $6.45 million waterfront gated Fort Lauderdale home, a $6 million condo in New York in the same building as Marc Dreier, and a $2.8 million oceanfront estate in Narragansett, Rhode Island formerly owned by troubled client, Michael Kent, a Fort Lauderdale nightclub owner.", "In 2008, he purchased a $6.45 million waterfront gated Fort Lauderdale home, a $6 million condo in New York in the same building as Marc Dreier, and a $2.8 million oceanfront estate in Narragansett, Rhode Island formerly owned by troubled client, Michael Kent, a Fort Lauderdale nightclub owner. He is part-owner with Anthony Bova of the South Beach Versace Casa Casuarina mansion, where he was married on January 26, 2008, in a three-day wedding celebration with Governor Crist, and his then-fiancée and present wife, Carol Rome, in attendance.", "He is part-owner with Anthony Bova of the South Beach Versace Casa Casuarina mansion, where he was married on January 26, 2008, in a three-day wedding celebration with Governor Crist, and his then-fiancée and present wife, Carol Rome, in attendance. A later financial analysis of the 10% property interest Rothstein owned showed that it was worthless. His second wife, Kimberly Wendell Rothstein, a 35-year-old real-estate agent, helped manage his properties, which also include part-ownership of an office building in Pompano Beach.", "His second wife, Kimberly Wendell Rothstein, a 35-year-old real-estate agent, helped manage his properties, which also include part-ownership of an office building in Pompano Beach. He and Bova also owned Bova Ristorante, formerly long-time generational Italian family-owned Mario's of Boca, which shut down October 18, 2009. Bova Prime, formerly Riley McDermott's on Las Olas Boulevard is still operating. On September 11, 2008, the day before Rothstein took ownership, a dispute involving firearms broke out at Riley McDermott's involving Rothstein's security personnel.", "On September 11, 2008, the day before Rothstein took ownership, a dispute involving firearms broke out at Riley McDermott's involving Rothstein's security personnel. He owns parts of an internet technology called company Qtask and V Georgio Spirits Co., LLC with CEO Vie Harvey and the Renato watch company, with partner, Ovi Levy. Levy is the son of hotelier Shimon Levy, who spent a year in prison in Israel after hiding a criminal kingpin, suspected of two murders.", "Levy is the son of hotelier Shimon Levy, who spent a year in prison in Israel after hiding a criminal kingpin, suspected of two murders. Rothstein at one time was a minority shareholder of Edify LLC, a health-care benefits consulting company. State Representative Evan Jenne-D-Dania Beach is a $30,000 company consultant, who previously worked a local bank. Rothstein hired Jenne's father, former sheriff and convicted felon, Ken Jenne, as a consultant at his law firm days after Jenne was released from prison on corruption charges.", "Rothstein hired Jenne's father, former sheriff and convicted felon, Ken Jenne, as a consultant at his law firm days after Jenne was released from prison on corruption charges. An attorney for Rothstein's law firm serves as the registered agent for Evan Jenne's company, Blue Banyan. Grant Smith, a lifelong friend of Evan Jenne's, is an Edify lobbyist. Edify has worked closely with the state Department of Health to develop wellness programs and also influences certain health-care legislation.", "Edify has worked closely with the state Department of Health to develop wellness programs and also influences certain health-care legislation. \"The Great Gatsby\" In the 2008 interview at his law firm, Rothstein described himself and told how he controlled all aspects of the firm's management: This is where the evil happens. Look, I sleep in the bed I make. I tend toward the flashy side, but it's a persona. It's just a fucking persona. ... People ask me, 'When do you sleep?'", "... People ask me, 'When do you sleep?' I say I'll sleep when I'm dead. I'm a true Gemini. I joke around that there are 43 people living in my head and you never know what you're going to get. There are some philanthropists in there, some good lawyers, and I like to think some good businessmen. There are also some guys from the streets of the Bronx that stay hidden away until I need them. Does that sound crazy?", "Does that sound crazy? Does that sound crazy? I am crazy, but crazy in a good way. His personal office was opulent, with security and a compartmentalized layout. Anyone entering Rothstein's suite of offices had to use an intercom. He could exit, unseen through a second door. In the hallway, an ordinary looking brown door is actually the elevator door. Dozens of surveillance cameras and microphones hang from office ceilings. On his desk: four computer screens and the Five Books of Moses.", "On his desk: four computer screens and the Five Books of Moses. Outside his personal office hung a painting of Al Pacino as Michael Corleone in The Godfather. The walls of Rothstein's office and other hallways are lined with photos of himself and politicians including Gov. Charlie Crist, former U.S. Senator Mel Martinez, Senator John McCain, Broward Sheriff Al Lamberti, Rudy Giuliani, Joe Lieberman, and Bill McCollum.", "Senator Mel Martinez, Senator John McCain, Broward Sheriff Al Lamberti, Rudy Giuliani, Joe Lieberman, and Bill McCollum. He was ostensibly an affluent and successful attorney with all the material trappings of a flamboyant lifestyle, including armed body guards and police protection. Twenty-eight city police officials, including captains, majors, undercover officers and the department spokesman, helped guard his home and businesses, the only person in the department's history to have permanent round-the-clock off-duty police protection at his home.", "Twenty-eight city police officials, including captains, majors, undercover officers and the department spokesman, helped guard his home and businesses, the only person in the department's history to have permanent round-the-clock off-duty police protection at his home. The department suspended all work for Rothstein on November 2, 2009. He had a Boeing 727 jet and in 2002, flew Bill Clinton, Kevin Spacey, and Chris Tucker to Africa on an anti-AIDS mission. He owns an $5 million Warren yacht.", "He owns an $5 million Warren yacht. He owns an $5 million Warren yacht. His fleet of exotic cars included: 1974, 2006, 2007, and 2008 Ferraris, 2009 Bentley, 2007 Silver Rolls-Royce, and one 2008 and two 2010 Lamborghini Murcielagos — worth about $400,000 each, a pair of $1.6 million Bugattis, and a pair of Harleys which he maintains in an air-conditioned warehouse. All were allegedly purchased and traded from Euromotorsports, the owner of which has an extensive criminal record.", "All were allegedly purchased and traded from Euromotorsports, the owner of which has an extensive criminal record. All were seized shortly after his return from Morocco. He has a watch collection of over 100, valued at $1 million. In 2008, he was working on opening a cigar and martini bar on Las Olas Boulevard and two high-rise residential buildings in Brooklyn with New York partner Dominic Tonnachio. He was to take ownership of a \"series of office buildings\" on Oakland Park Boulevard.", "He was to take ownership of a \"series of office buildings\" on Oakland Park Boulevard. Roger Stone, a political trickster for Richard Nixon, was a partner with Rothstein in RRA Consulting, an LLC which was set up to provide public affairs assistance to the RRA law firm's legal clients. According to Stone, that business never generated any clients. It was dissolved in late 2008.", "It was dissolved in late 2008. It was dissolved in late 2008. On August 27, 2009, Stone, the recipient of Rothstein's sponsorship of his blog until July 29, 2009, \"StoneZone\", wrote a column recommending Rothstein for the seat vacated by Senator Mel Martinez- a man with \"a distinguished legal record, has been a key supporter of Governor Crist and John McCain, has an unmatched record of philanthropic activities and would bring an unconventional style of getting things done to Washington.", "On August 27, 2009, Stone, the recipient of Rothstein's sponsorship of his blog until July 29, 2009, \"StoneZone\", wrote a column recommending Rothstein for the seat vacated by Senator Mel Martinez- a man with \"a distinguished legal record, has been a key supporter of Governor Crist and John McCain, has an unmatched record of philanthropic activities and would bring an unconventional style of getting things done to Washington. Add Rothstein to the short list.\"", "Add Rothstein to the short list.\" Add Rothstein to the short list.\" On November 4, 2009, Stone wrote, \"Rothstein had no prior business success, no business acumen nor track record that would engender confidence in an investor. He could not read a balance sheet. He could not write or read a business plan. Rothstein was a lawyer, not an entrepreneur.\"", "Rothstein was a lawyer, not an entrepreneur.\" Rothstein was a lawyer, not an entrepreneur.\" Stone claims that Rothstein has Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD) \"so severe he never finished a martini, a cigar, a thought, or a sentence, never mind a transaction.\" According to Stone, neither law firm name partner Russell Adler nor Stuart Rosenfeldt were signatories on the RRA Trust Account. He \"appeared to be something out of a Great Gatsby movie.\"", "He \"appeared to be something out of a Great Gatsby movie.\" Philanthropy and political contributions In 2008, his Rothstein Family Foundation gave $1 million to Holy Cross Hospital in Fort Lauderdale, where a lobby will be named after him and his wife. On October 31, 2009 his firm sponsored at a charity golf tournament featuring former Gov. Jeb Bush.", "Jeb Bush. Jeb Bush. Between 2007 and 2008, he donated $2 million to the American Heart Association, Women in Distress, Alonzo Mourning Charities, Here's Help, and the Dan Marino Foundation. Politicians of both parties have pledged to donate to charity or return his political contributions. On November 3, 2009, the Florida Republican Party, announced it would give Rothstein's donations ($600,000) to a charity. Gov.", "Gov. Gov. Charlie Crist's Senate Campaign ($100,550), state Chief Financial Officer Alex Sink ($2,050), Senate President Jeff Atwater, Rep. Ellyn Bogdanoff, and the Florida Democratic Party ($200,000) will return some or all of his contributions. In June 2009, Harry Reid, the Democratic Senate majority leader received a contribution of $4,800.", "In June 2009, Harry Reid, the Democratic Senate majority leader received a contribution of $4,800. A list of FEC filings indexed by NewsMeat include a total of $166,800 to the Republican Party and candidates, including $109,800 to John McCain's 2008 presidential campaign, and $17,600 to Democratic candidates. Law partner murder Debra Villegas, who handles his money, is the law firm's chief operating officer. She is co-owner with Rothstein in a home at 2307 Castilla Isle, as of May 2009.", "She is co-owner with Rothstein in a home at 2307 Castilla Isle, as of May 2009. According to records, Rothstein originally purchased the property in September 2007, for $1.75 million, and sold it for $10 to a shell corporation in September 2009. In 2005, the year the Ponzi scheme allegedly began, Villegas earned $80,000 a year. In 2007, her salary had increased to $145,000. Villegas received two Swiss watches — a Rolex and a Breitling — from her \"employer\".", "Villegas received two Swiss watches — a Rolex and a Breitling — from her \"employer\". Rothstein paid off her couch and a bedroom set and held title to her two Honda water scooters. Villegas was living in a $475,000 Weston home that Rothstein signed over to her in July 2009 for $100 and \"love and affection,\" according to the deed. Villegas registered a 2009 $100,000 Maserati GranTurismo at the home in January, 2009.", "Villegas registered a 2009 $100,000 Maserati GranTurismo at the home in January, 2009. In November 2009, Federal prosecutors seized the home, alleging that it was among Rothstein's ill-gotten assets. Villegas' estranged husband, Tony Villegas, was charged on circumstantial evidence in the March 2008 murder in Plantation, Florida of Melissa Britt Lewis, a partner in Rothstein's firm.", "Villegas' estranged husband, Tony Villegas, was charged on circumstantial evidence in the March 2008 murder in Plantation, Florida of Melissa Britt Lewis, a partner in Rothstein's firm. Although early news reports wondered at whether the evidence was substantial, according to New Times, \"Nine days later, forensic testing revealed that Tony's DNA had been found on Melissa's suit jacket – the same jacket she wore on the day she died.\" Police sealed the arrest affidavit.", "Police sealed the arrest affidavit. Police sealed the arrest affidavit. As a result of the homicide and the nature of the legal business, Rothstein has a team of \"executive protection specialists\" to guard the firm and his family, his teen-aged daughter. The prosecutor who had first worked on the Villegas case, Howard Scheinberg, went to work for Rosenfeldt Rothstein Adler. Villegas, a train conductor, remains in jail awaiting trial. The motive was supposedly revenge for Lewis's closeness with Debra.", "The motive was supposedly revenge for Lewis's closeness with Debra. Debra and Melissa share a therapist: Ilene Vinikoor, whose husband, David represents general counsel, David Boden in the Ponzi scheme investigation. You get anger from people ... that prick from the Bronx. ... They say I'm building the law firm too fast, that it must be a house of cards. \"Disbarment on consent\" On November 17, 2009, the Florida Bar Executive Committee voted to accept a request by Rothstein to be disbarred.", "\"Disbarment on consent\" On November 17, 2009, the Florida Bar Executive Committee voted to accept a request by Rothstein to be disbarred. The Florida Supreme Court entered an order permanently disbarring Rothstein on November 25, 2009. Rothstein was removed from the Broward County Grievance Committee, and his name has also been removed from the database of \"The Best Lawyers in America\".", "Rothstein was removed from the Broward County Grievance Committee, and his name has also been removed from the database of \"The Best Lawyers in America\". Trust account Rothstein, Rosenfeldt, and Adler's trust account was part of the Interest on Lawyer Trust Accounts (IOLTA) program that was paying hundreds of thousands of dollars a month to the Florida Bar Foundation.", "Trust account Rothstein, Rosenfeldt, and Adler's trust account was part of the Interest on Lawyer Trust Accounts (IOLTA) program that was paying hundreds of thousands of dollars a month to the Florida Bar Foundation. $1.2 billion Ponzi scheme Rothstein's investment scheme involved purchasing what were initially mislabeled as fabricated \"structured settlements,\" described as where people sell large settlements in legal cases for lump sums of cash.", "$1.2 billion Ponzi scheme Rothstein's investment scheme involved purchasing what were initially mislabeled as fabricated \"structured settlements,\" described as where people sell large settlements in legal cases for lump sums of cash. Alan Sakowitz, an attorney and real estate developer in Bay Harbor Islands, said that he contacted the FBI in September with concerns about Rothstein.", "Alan Sakowitz, an attorney and real estate developer in Bay Harbor Islands, said that he contacted the FBI in September with concerns about Rothstein. On Sunday, November 8, 2009, Sakowitz appeared with Kendall Coffey, attorney for Rothstein's law partners, on the Michael Putney Show on WPLG-TV, MIAMI, correcting Coffey for claiming that Rothstein's \"investments\" involved structured settlements, which they did not.", "On Sunday, November 8, 2009, Sakowitz appeared with Kendall Coffey, attorney for Rothstein's law partners, on the Michael Putney Show on WPLG-TV, MIAMI, correcting Coffey for claiming that Rothstein's \"investments\" involved structured settlements, which they did not. (Note: \"structured settlements\" as defined by Rothstein in press reports do not meet the definition in IRC 5891(C)(1) of the Internal Revenue Code). Rothstein's resemble investments in pre-settlement funding or pre-settlement financing.", "Rothstein's resemble investments in pre-settlement funding or pre-settlement financing. In his December 12, 2011 deposition page 24 lines 15-23, Scott Rothstein himself said \"It was intentionally made in a way and presented to that firm and the other firms that were looking at the structure issue that it was merely a purchase of dollars already in-house; that it was not a structured settlement because the true definition of a structured settlement is when someone is actually receiving payments over time that has some other value.", "In his December 12, 2011 deposition page 24 lines 15-23, Scott Rothstein himself said \"It was intentionally made in a way and presented to that firm and the other firms that were looking at the structure issue that it was merely a purchase of dollars already in-house; that it was not a structured settlement because the true definition of a structured settlement is when someone is actually receiving payments over time that has some other value. We didn't have a true definition of a structured settlement, not by any of the statutes.", "We didn't have a true definition of a structured settlement, not by any of the statutes. From that perspective we had reason to make sure that this was not structured. Because when you're dealing with structured settlements you need other levels of Court approval. It would have required the manufacturer of literally hundreds of phony orders, which would have led the entire scheme to detection.' The FBI estimates the loss to be up to a billion dollars from lucrative whistle-blower and employment discrimination cases.", "The FBI estimates the loss to be up to a billion dollars from lucrative whistle-blower and employment discrimination cases. The investors would make up-front cash payments to individuals owed money from the court cases to buy the right to collect the full amount of the settlements later. The investor was guaranteed a minimum of 20 percent investment returns in as little as three months. Swindle pitch General counsel David Boden was present for at least one of the swindles, and negotiated the final papers with the investors' lawyers.", "Swindle pitch General counsel David Boden was present for at least one of the swindles, and negotiated the final papers with the investors' lawyers. Rothstein greets and informs the investor his firm was the preeminent sexual harassment law firm in the country. He says he'd figured out a basic formula which was that someone with $10 million net worth was usually willing to pay $2 million in cash to pay off their mistress. The key was confidentiality.", "The key was confidentiality. The key was confidentiality. Rothstein tells the investor that he would meet potential defendants in his office and would question them about affairs they had with an employee. The defendants would deny it. He pointed to artwork, and said there was a television screen behind it.", "He pointed to artwork, and said there was a television screen behind it. He tells the investor he turned on a video of the guy having sex with his mistress, and told his client \"We can either settle this now, or I can depose your wife, your mistress, you and your son about it.\"", "He tells the investor he turned on a video of the guy having sex with his mistress, and told his client \"We can either settle this now, or I can depose your wife, your mistress, you and your son about it.\" Since defendants\" often couldn't or wouldn't pay the entire settlement up-front, Rothstein tells the investor that his first harassment case many years ago, involved a $3.5 million settlement and a million-dollar legal fee, so Rothstein assigned the settlement to a good friend and the plaintiff settles for $3 million without a trial.", "Since defendants\" often couldn't or wouldn't pay the entire settlement up-front, Rothstein tells the investor that his first harassment case many years ago, involved a $3.5 million settlement and a million-dollar legal fee, so Rothstein assigned the settlement to a good friend and the plaintiff settles for $3 million without a trial. The \"good friend\" stood to be paid $3.5 million once the defendant paid up, a half-million dollar profit.", "The \"good friend\" stood to be paid $3.5 million once the defendant paid up, a half-million dollar profit. \"In 20 years, I have never seen a defendant sue on breach of settlement,\" Rothstein told them. \"The whole idea is that it's secret. Why would they sue?\" Although it did not appear completely legitimate, and it might have appeared that the plaintiffs were short-changed, it makes sense to the potential investor. The idea seems solid.", "The idea seems solid. The idea seems solid. The investor thinks that with enough of these cases at Rothstein's law firm, he could make huge sums of money. Rothstein then discusses other larger cases: Eli Lilly and Company, involving $1.4 billion with plaintiff representation by Gary Farmer, a firm attorney who negotiated the settlement and who brought the case with him when he arrived at the firm. Several inside whistleblowers went to the fed with unlawful practices regarding the marketing and sales of an anti-psychotic medication called Zyprexa.", "Several inside whistleblowers went to the fed with unlawful practices regarding the marketing and sales of an anti-psychotic medication called Zyprexa. It was one of the largest qui tam cases in history. He tells the investor about a potential (allegedly fabricated) case where investors would buy whistle-blower million dollar settlements with a sixty percent short term investor profit. The arrangement would be completely secret; the investor would never know the name of the company or the whistle-blower.", "The arrangement would be completely secret; the investor would never know the name of the company or the whistle-blower. The settlement money would be deposited into a trust account at TD Bank, accessible only to the investor at the appropriate time. David Boden follows up with all questions and negotiates the contract. Court-appointed receiver On November 2, 2009, Broward Chief Judge Vic Tobin sent an e-mail at 6:45 a.m. to judges about the Rothstein case: I learned of some very distressing news yesterday.", "Court-appointed receiver On November 2, 2009, Broward Chief Judge Vic Tobin sent an e-mail at 6:45 a.m. to judges about the Rothstein case: I learned of some very distressing news yesterday. Whoever draws the case try to set the motion today because of the amount of clients and money involved. Also, if you have a case with the firm, please be patient.", "Also, if you have a case with the firm, please be patient. I don't know if the lawyers will come or not and if they do come, there is no money at this point to go forward with the case or pay firm employees. On November 3, 2009, retired Miami-Dade Circuit Judge Herbert Stettin was appointed the firm's receiver, responsible for approving the firm's day-to-day financial decisions.", "On November 3, 2009, retired Miami-Dade Circuit Judge Herbert Stettin was appointed the firm's receiver, responsible for approving the firm's day-to-day financial decisions. Firm president and 50% owner of the firm, Stuart Rosenfeldt, \"deposited two-thirds of my life savings in my firm's operating account\" to prop up finances in the short-term. Marc Nurik is representing Rothstein, and has stepped down as a lawyer from the firm. The prosecutors are Lawrence D. LaVecchio, Paul F. Schwartz and Jeffrey N. Kaplan.", "The prosecutors are Lawrence D. LaVecchio, Paul F. Schwartz and Jeffrey N. Kaplan. They have decades of experience investigating public corruption, white-collar fraud and organized crime. They are preparing a massive fraud case against Rothstein, zeroing in on his settlement investments, and also allegations of theft from his law firm and client trust accounts.", "They are preparing a massive fraud case against Rothstein, zeroing in on his settlement investments, and also allegations of theft from his law firm and client trust accounts. Victims On November 25, 2009, Attorney William Scherer filed a 289-page Amended Complaint seeking $100,000,000 in civil damages on behalf of his clients, and naming: Toronto Dominion Bank and its associates, Frank Spinosa, Jennifer Kerstetter, and Rosanne Karetsky, Irene Stay, Banyon Income Fund, L.P., Banyon USVI, LLC, George G. Levin, Michael Szafranski, Onyx Options Consultants Corporation, Berenfeld Spritzer Shechter Sheer, LLP., as well as Rothstein and his associates, David Boden, Debra Villegas, Andrew Barnett, and Frank J. Preve, as defendants/co-conspirators.", "Victims On November 25, 2009, Attorney William Scherer filed a 289-page Amended Complaint seeking $100,000,000 in civil damages on behalf of his clients, and naming: Toronto Dominion Bank and its associates, Frank Spinosa, Jennifer Kerstetter, and Rosanne Karetsky, Irene Stay, Banyon Income Fund, L.P., Banyon USVI, LLC, George G. Levin, Michael Szafranski, Onyx Options Consultants Corporation, Berenfeld Spritzer Shechter Sheer, LLP., as well as Rothstein and his associates, David Boden, Debra Villegas, Andrew Barnett, and Frank J. Preve, as defendants/co-conspirators. The Amended Complaint lists people and businesses to whom Rothstein allegedly wired money while he was en route to or inside of Morocco: Rothstein wired $16 million to his tour guide from Boca Raton, Florida, \"Ahnick Kahlid\".", "The Amended Complaint lists people and businesses to whom Rothstein allegedly wired money while he was en route to or inside of Morocco: Rothstein wired $16 million to his tour guide from Boca Raton, Florida, \"Ahnick Kahlid\". Kahlid transferred the money to Rothstein's new Moroccan bank account opened upon his arrival with a passport as identification at Banque Populaire in Casablanca; The recipients allegedly are members of the \"Israeli Mob\"; New York Investors; Florida Investors; Real Estate Investors; and Levin Feeders.", "Kahlid transferred the money to Rothstein's new Moroccan bank account opened upon his arrival with a passport as identification at Banque Populaire in Casablanca; The recipients allegedly are members of the \"Israeli Mob\"; New York Investors; Florida Investors; Real Estate Investors; and Levin Feeders. Scherer has said that his clients and all other investors who weren't complicit in the crime will have their money returned. Due to the extreme negligence, TD Bank is liable.", "Due to the extreme negligence, TD Bank is liable. \"My goal is to get all the money back for the investors from the bank,\" Scherer said. On January 27, 2010 Scherer filed an affidavit alleging that Michael Szafranski was complicit in Rothstein's fraud, receiving almost $6.5 million in \"ill-gotten\" gains directly from Rothstein.", "On January 27, 2010 Scherer filed an affidavit alleging that Michael Szafranski was complicit in Rothstein's fraud, receiving almost $6.5 million in \"ill-gotten\" gains directly from Rothstein. Shimon Levy and Ovi Levy Shimon Levy allegedly has had deep ties to Dean Heiser and Israeli organized crime and spent a year in an Israeli prison for hiding a mob figure suspected of two \"grisly murders\".", "Shimon Levy and Ovi Levy Shimon Levy allegedly has had deep ties to Dean Heiser and Israeli organized crime and spent a year in an Israeli prison for hiding a mob figure suspected of two \"grisly murders\". In 1997, his partner at the Sea Club Resort on Fort Lauderdale beach, Zvika Yuz, was a victim of a murder which remains unsolved. His son, Ovi contacted the Plantation Police Department and began receiving protection during the time Rothstein fled to Morocco.", "His son, Ovi contacted the Plantation Police Department and began receiving protection during the time Rothstein fled to Morocco. Banyan Capital Banyan Income Fund, a Fort Lauderdale-based hedge fund, invested hundreds of millions. It was run by Rothstein and involves Fort Lauderdale businessman George G. Levin, who reported Rothstein to the U.S. Attorney's Office for \"suspicious activity.\" According to the lawsuit, Frank J. Preve is Chief Operating Officer and kept an office inside Rothstein et al. He is a convicted bank fraud and embezzlement felon.", "He is a convicted bank fraud and embezzlement felon. He is a convicted bank fraud and embezzlement felon. He pleaded guilty to bank embezzlement charges in 1985 and received ten years probation and a $10,000 fine for falsifying loan documents in another fraudulent scheme. Banyon and other Rothstein investors' accounts were held at a Toronto-Dominion Bank branch in Fort Lauderdale. Abraxas Discala Abraxas Discala, a businessman and former husband of The Sopranos' Jamie-Lynn Sigler, reportedly raised $30 million through his hedge fund which he invested into Rothstein's scheme.", "Abraxas Discala Abraxas Discala, a businessman and former husband of The Sopranos' Jamie-Lynn Sigler, reportedly raised $30 million through his hedge fund which he invested into Rothstein's scheme. George G. Levin Since 1983, George G. Levin and his wife, Gayla Sue, have lived in Fort Lauderdale's Bay Colony on the Intracoastal Waterway in a 2-story home with 8 bathrooms and a large pool, valued at $2 million. Levin has a pattern of filing complaints when his unsavory/fraudulent business ventures are exposed.", "Levin has a pattern of filing complaints when his unsavory/fraudulent business ventures are exposed. According to federal court documents, from 1985–1996 Levin's former business GGL Industries, dba Classic Motor Carriages defrauded hundreds of customers, selling kit cars. The federal government filed criminal charges against the company and GGL pleaded guilty to mail fraud in 1999 and agreed to pay $2.5 million in restitution. Stuart Rado had been a consumer activist who organized GGL's victims and helped spur the government action.", "Stuart Rado had been a consumer activist who organized GGL's victims and helped spur the government action. Levin subsequently sued Rado for violating the Florida Trade Secrets Act. Rado was diagnosed with cancer during the lawsuit. It was a classic frivolous SLAPP suit (\"Strategic Lawsuit Against Public Participation\"). On September 19, 1997, the finding against Mr. Rado was that he pay plaintiff's attorneys' fees.", "On September 19, 1997, the finding against Mr. Rado was that he pay plaintiff's attorneys' fees. The federal motion states: GGL's fraudulent scheme necessarily included as an intricate part the silencing of its critics, among whom was Rado. It did this by using the courts to intimidate Rado into being silent and causing Rado to spend money he could not afford.", "It did this by using the courts to intimidate Rado into being silent and causing Rado to spend money he could not afford. It was GGL's intention (as one of GGL's attorneys said to Rado [in a 1994 deposition]) to make Rado's net worth go south. GGL and its attorneys forced Rado to incur the expenses of defending two lawsuits for over 4 years. Rado had to incur these expenses and live day-to-day with a barrage of pleadings, depositions and other legal maneuvers by GGL.", "Rado had to incur these expenses and live day-to-day with a barrage of pleadings, depositions and other legal maneuvers by GGL. He had to endure this even though he did nothing legally wrong, and even though GGL was in fact at the same time continuing to perpetrate its nationwide fraud. Rado was being put through this because Rado dared to contact some of GGL's victims and tell them that if they were injured by GGL they should contact the Florida Attorney General for help.", "Rado was being put through this because Rado dared to contact some of GGL's victims and tell them that if they were injured by GGL they should contact the Florida Attorney General for help. What is even more despicable is that GGL knew that Rado was dying of cancer but continued to pursue him with motions and notices of trial and other pleadings, one such notice of hearing being served within days of brain surgery. Although a convicted felon, GGL hounded Rado's estate for the payment of $80,000 in attorney's fees.", "Although a convicted felon, GGL hounded Rado's estate for the payment of $80,000 in attorney's fees. The state of Florida filed suit against the company alleging deceptive business practices and civil theft. A special assistant attorney general, Herbert Stettin, led the investigation. Stettin is now the trustee overseeing the Rothstein Rosenfeldt Adler bankruptcy case. Levin continues to sell kit cars under a different company name, StreetBeasts.", "Levin continues to sell kit cars under a different company name, StreetBeasts. According to a Florida District Court of Appeals case published in 2002, Levin acquired property free and clear for less than the cost of the first mortgage, through a fraudulent transfer. Partners' income strategy and Rothstein's returns The allegations are: George Levin was the general partner (\"GP\") who solicited each limited partner (\"LP\") to contribute at least $1 million.", "Partners' income strategy and Rothstein's returns The allegations are: George Levin was the general partner (\"GP\") who solicited each limited partner (\"LP\") to contribute at least $1 million. Initially, each LP contributed $250,000, subject to periodic capital calls up to the amount of their commitments. They were promised 12% annually (15% for first $100 million), to be paid quarterly.", "They were promised 12% annually (15% for first $100 million), to be paid quarterly. The general partner had to maintain a balance of not less than 10% of all contributions after any quarterly distributions. The general partner also gave a \"clawback\" guaranty to all LP's equal to their original contributions. LP's could not request redemptions during an initial one-year \"lock-up\" period and were required to give 90 days' notice for any withdrawals.", "LP's could not request redemptions during an initial one-year \"lock-up\" period and were required to give 90 days' notice for any withdrawals. Redemptions would be paid from the GP's own capital account \"to the extent available\" with a 10% hold-back, but otherwise, only from the purchased lawsuits settlement stream. Banyon had paid Rothstein's firm at least $656 million, but the law firm anticipated $1.1 billion over a maximum 24-month period. It allegedly received and reinvested about $500 million.", "It allegedly received and reinvested about $500 million. It allegedly received and reinvested about $500 million. Levin expected to make 40% over 24 months but to only pay out 24%.", "Levin expected to make 40% over 24 months but to only pay out 24%. Rothstein's law firm's IOLTA trust accounts established \"for the plaintiff\" in the purported litigation settlements were used to fund the phony settlement accounts, after the law firm had paid its overhead, keeping its insolvent operation afloat, which included \"gifts\" to partners and money given to politicians, charities, and pay for a massive advertising budget, as well as Rothstein's personal lifestyle, over three years, amounting to approximately a $500 million loss.", "Rothstein's law firm's IOLTA trust accounts established \"for the plaintiff\" in the purported litigation settlements were used to fund the phony settlement accounts, after the law firm had paid its overhead, keeping its insolvent operation afloat, which included \"gifts\" to partners and money given to politicians, charities, and pay for a massive advertising budget, as well as Rothstein's personal lifestyle, over three years, amounting to approximately a $500 million loss. The interest on the funded IOLTA accounts went to the Florida Bar monthly, which was many millions, based on the Banyon contributions.", "The interest on the funded IOLTA accounts went to the Florida Bar monthly, which was many millions, based on the Banyon contributions. In its prospectus, Banyon claimed to have a legal opinion that Banyon's interest in the IOLTA trust accounts \"perfected automatically on execution of the transfer documents\" – that the lawsuit proceeds assignments created by general counsel, David Boden. The LP's were warned that they could be taxed on the Partnership's income and realized gains even if no distributions were made.", "The LP's were warned that they could be taxed on the Partnership's income and realized gains even if no distributions were made. As long as reinvestments were ongoing, the ponzi scheme was facilitated. Losses 1. Venture capitalist Doug Von Allmen's companies' total loss, approximately $105.5 million, through the Banyon Income Fund include: The Von Allmen Dynastry Trust, overseen by wife Linda Von Allmen: $7 million. D&L Partners, Von Allmen's Missouri company: $45 million.", "D&L Partners, Von Allmen's Missouri company: $45 million. Kretschmar: $8 million Razorback Funding LLC, a Delaware company: $32 million D3 Capital Club LLC, Delaware company: $13.5 million 2. BFMC Investment LLC, owned by Barry Florescue: $2.4 million 3. Socialite art dealer Bonnie Barnett, mother of defendant, Andrew Barnett 4. The family of car dealers, Ed and Ted Morse. 5. Ballamor Capital Management, Radnor, PA: $30 million.", "Ballamor Capital Management, Radnor, PA: $30 million. Others Investors from Morocco lost $85 million. On November 19, 2009, Rothstein never appeared for a deposition, noticed in the bankruptcy case by investors' attorney John Genovese at Genovese's law office. Banyon and other Rothstein investors' accounts were held at a Toronto-Dominion Bank branch in Fort Lauderdale.", "Banyon and other Rothstein investors' accounts were held at a Toronto-Dominion Bank branch in Fort Lauderdale. References External links Video tour of Rothstein's law offices USA v. Scott Rothstein: Report Commencing Criminal Action, December 1, 2009 Federal Charging Information, December 1, 2009 Case No. 09-60331 Rothstein Plea Agreement, Case 0:09-cr-60331-JIC, filed January 27, 2010 Disbarment on Consent, filed November 20, 2009 Amended Civil Complaint filed November 25, 2009, Case No.", "09-60331 Rothstein Plea Agreement, Case 0:09-cr-60331-JIC, filed January 27, 2010 Disbarment on Consent, filed November 20, 2009 Amended Civil Complaint filed November 25, 2009, Case No. 09-062943 Attorney Scherer's Opposition to Motion to Disqualify Counsel for Plaintiffs, filed January 28, 2010 Amended Complaint for Dissolution and For Emergency Transfer of Corporate Powers to Stuart A. Rosenfeldt, Case No. 09-059301 Judge's Order Granting Compelling of Bank Records, Case No.", "09-059301 Judge's Order Granting Compelling of Bank Records, Case No. 09-059301 Database of Scott W. Rothstein's Political Contributions Database of Scott W. Rothstein's Corporate Interests Database of Scott W. Rothstein's registered vehicles Database of Scott W. Rothstein's Real Estate Transactions 1962 births 2009 in economics American money launderers American money managers American people convicted of fraud American prisoners and detainees 20th-century American Jews American confidence tricksters Criminal investigation Disbarred American lawyers Florida lawyers Great Recession Living people People convicted of racketeering Prisoners and detainees of the United States federal government Pyramid and Ponzi schemes American businesspeople convicted of crimes 21st-century American Jews" ]

[ "Scott W. Rothstein", "Law partner murder", "who is scott?", "Rothstein has a team of \"executive protection specialists\" to guard the firm and his family, his teen-aged daughter.", "what happened with swindle pitch?", "I don't know.", "where did the money go?", "In 2005, the year the Ponzi scheme allegedly began,", "who did he work with?", "Debra Villegas, who handles his money, is the law firm's chief operating officer. She is co-owner with Rothstein", "was he arrested?", "Rothstein has a team of \"executive protection specialists\" to guard the firm and his family, his teen-aged daughter." ]

[ "Quite Interesting Limited is a British research company, most notable for providing the research for the British television panel game QI (itself an abbreviation of Quite Interesting) and the Swedish version Intresseklubben, as well as other QI–related programmes and products. The company founder and chairman is John Lloyd, the creator and producer of QI, and host of the radio panel game The Museum of Curiosity, which also uses Quite Interesting Limited for its research. John Mitchinson is the company's director and also works as head of research for QI.\n\nAbout\nLloyd founded Quite Interesting Limited in 1999. It is claimed that the idea of founding the company came on Christmas Eve 1993. According to his profile on QI.com, \"he came to the sudden and alarming realisation that he didn't really know anything. Changing gear again, he started reading books for the first time since he was 17. To his horror, he discovered that he hadn't been paying attention and, with painful slowness, unearthed the closely guarded secret that the universe is astoundingly quite interesting.\"\n\nThe philosophy of the company is that it claims that there are four primal drives: food, sex, shelter and curiosity. Out of these, curiosity is supposedly the most important because, \"unlike the other three drives, it is what makes us uniquely human.\" The company claims that, \"Whatever is interesting we are interested in. Whatever is not interesting, we are even more interested in. Everything is interesting if looked at in the right way.\"\n\nThose who carry out research are known as the \"QI Elves\". Notable elves include Justin Pollard and Vitali Vitaliev. They are also responsible for helping to write the questions used on QI. People wishing to become elves are recommended to start by commenting on the forums of the QI website.\n\nProducts\n\nDVDs\n\nBooks\n\nReferences\n\nQI\nCompanies based in Oxford\nBritish companies established in 1999\nPrivately held companies of the United Kingdom", "\"How Interesting: A Tiny Man\" is a 2010 science fiction/magical realism short story by American writer Harlan Ellison. It was first published in Realms of Fantasy.\n\nPlot summary\nA scientist creates a tiny man. The tiny man is initially very popular, but then draws the hatred of the world, and so the tiny man must flee, together with the scientist (who is now likewise hated, for having created the tiny man).\n\nReception\n\"How Interesting: A Tiny Man\" won the 2010 Nebula Award for Best Short Story, tied with Kij Johnson's \"Ponies\". It was Ellison's final Nebula nomination and win, of his record-setting eight nominations and three wins.\n\nTor.com calls the story \"deceptively simple\", with \"execution (that) is flawless\" and a \"Geppetto-like\" narrator, while Publishers Weekly describes it as \"memorably depict(ing) humanity's smallness of spirit\". The SF Site, however, felt it was \"contrived and less than profound\".\n\nNick Mamatas compared \"How Interesting: A Tiny Man\" negatively to Ellison's other Nebula-winning short stories, and stated that the story's two mutually exclusive endings (in one, the tiny man is killed; in the other, he becomes God) are evocative of the process of writing short stories. Ben Peek considered it to be \"more allegory than (...) anything else\", and interpreted it as being about how the media \"give(s) everyone a voice\", and also about how Ellison was treated by science fiction fandom.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nAudio version of ''How Interesting: A Tiny Man, at StarShipSofa\nHow Interesting: A Tiny Man, at the Internet Speculative Fiction Database\n\nNebula Award for Best Short Story-winning works\nShort stories by Harlan Ellison" ]

[ "Scott W. Rothstein (born June 10, 1962) is a disbarred lawyer, convicted felon, and the former managing shareholder, chairman, and chief executive officer of the now-defunct Rothstein Rosenfeldt Adler law firm. He funded an extravagant lifestyle with a $1.2 billion Ponzi scheme, one of the largest such in history. On December 1, 2009, Rothstein turned himself in to authorities and was subsequently arrested on charges related to the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act (RICO).", "On December 1, 2009, Rothstein turned himself in to authorities and was subsequently arrested on charges related to the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act (RICO). Although his arraignment plea was not guilty, Rothstein reversed his plea to guilty of five federal crimes on January 27, 2010. Rothstein was denied bond by U.S. Magistrate Judge Robin Rosenbaum, who ruled that due to his ability to forge documents, he was considered a flight risk. He was sentenced to 50 years in federal prison.", "He was sentenced to 50 years in federal prison. He was sentenced to 50 years in federal prison. Overview On June 9, 2010, Rothstein received a 50-year prison sentence after a hearing in federal court in Fort Lauderdale, although federal prosecutors initially filed a motion notifying the court they would be seeking a sentence reduction for Rothstein. His firm had 70 lawyers and 150 employees, with offices in Boca Raton, West Palm Beach, Fort Lauderdale, Miami, Tallahassee, Florida, New York City and Caracas, Venezuela.", "His firm had 70 lawyers and 150 employees, with offices in Boca Raton, West Palm Beach, Fort Lauderdale, Miami, Tallahassee, Florida, New York City and Caracas, Venezuela. The firm focused on labor and employment matters, civil rights, intellectual property, internet law, corporate espionage, personal injury, wrongful death, commercial litigation, real estate, mergers and acquisitions, and governmental relations.", "The firm focused on labor and employment matters, civil rights, intellectual property, internet law, corporate espionage, personal injury, wrongful death, commercial litigation, real estate, mergers and acquisitions, and governmental relations. His client list included Citicorp, J. C. Penney, Ed Morse Automotive Group, National Beverage, Silversea Cruise Lines, Supra Telecom, and Wells Fargo.", "His client list included Citicorp, J. C. Penney, Ed Morse Automotive Group, National Beverage, Silversea Cruise Lines, Supra Telecom, and Wells Fargo. Until he was permanently disbarred by the Florida Supreme Court on November 25, 2009, Rothstein was a member of the Florida Bar and admitted by the United States Supreme Court. He had been given an AV Preeminent peer review rating by Martindale-Hubbell.", "He had been given an AV Preeminent peer review rating by Martindale-Hubbell. The AV rating is a significant accomplishment and a testament to the fact that a lawyer's peers rank him or her at the highest level of professional excellence. Rothstein may have stolen millions of dollars from an investment side-business. A list of 259 persons or corporate entities entitled to $279 million in restitution has been sealed by the court.", "A list of 259 persons or corporate entities entitled to $279 million in restitution has been sealed by the court. On November 3, 2009, Federal Bureau of Investigation and United States Department of the Treasury agents served a warrant to search the firm's Fort Lauderdale offices. Rothstein sent an email in recent weeks to firm lawyers asking them to investigate which countries refused to extradite criminal suspects to either the U.S. or Israel, and firm lawyers responded that Morocco is one such country.", "Rothstein sent an email in recent weeks to firm lawyers asking them to investigate which countries refused to extradite criminal suspects to either the U.S. or Israel, and firm lawyers responded that Morocco is one such country. Rothstein had wired $16 million to an individual in Casablanca and left for Casablanca on October 26, 2009. On October 31, 2009, he sent a suicide text message note to all of his law partners: Sorry for letting you all down. I am a fool.", "I am a fool. I am a fool. I thought I could fix it, but got trapped by my ego and refusal to fail, and now all I have accomplished is hurting the people I love. Please take care of yourselves and please protect Kimmie [Rothstein's wife]. She knew nothing. Neither did she, nor any of you deserve what I did. I hope God allows me to see you on the other side. Love, Scott.", "Love, Scott. Love, Scott. On November 3, 2009, after many texts by Stuart Rosenfeldt, the president of the firm, urging him to \"choose life\", Rothstein returned to Fort Lauderdale on a chartered jet, (chartered by the ex-husband of Governor Crist's wife, Todd Rome) from Casablanca.", "On November 3, 2009, after many texts by Stuart Rosenfeldt, the president of the firm, urging him to \"choose life\", Rothstein returned to Fort Lauderdale on a chartered jet, (chartered by the ex-husband of Governor Crist's wife, Todd Rome) from Casablanca. On November 2, his law firm with only $117,000 in its operating account filed suit against him, asked a judge to dissolve the firm, accusing him of misappropriating hundreds of millions of dollars from investor trust accounts in a Ponzi scheme from an investment business he covertly ran out of his law office.", "On November 2, his law firm with only $117,000 in its operating account filed suit against him, asked a judge to dissolve the firm, accusing him of misappropriating hundreds of millions of dollars from investor trust accounts in a Ponzi scheme from an investment business he covertly ran out of his law office. In 2009 Rothstein resided at the Federal Detention Center, Miami in Downtown Miami, but was later moved to an undisclosed location and his inmate number removed from the Federal Bureau of Prisons inmate locator webpage.", "In 2009 Rothstein resided at the Federal Detention Center, Miami in Downtown Miami, but was later moved to an undisclosed location and his inmate number removed from the Federal Bureau of Prisons inmate locator webpage. Background and career Rothstein was born in the Bronx and moved with his parents to Lauderhill, Florida as a teenager.", "Background and career Rothstein was born in the Bronx and moved with his parents to Lauderhill, Florida as a teenager. A 1988 Juris Doctor graduate of Fort Lauderdale's Nova Southeastern University's Law School, the Shepard Broad College of Law, and a 1984 Bachelor of Arts graduate of University of Florida, Rothstein's law career began in 1988 and, for nearly fifteen years, he was relatively unknown. His local mentors were wealthy attorneys, Donald McClosky and Bill Scherer.", "His local mentors were wealthy attorneys, Donald McClosky and Bill Scherer. In the early 1990s, Rothstein first partnered with attorney Howard Kusnick. First located in Plantation, Florida, Kusnick & Rothstein, P.A. subsequently moved to downtown Ft. Lauderdale. Longtime partner Michael Pancier first joined him there.", "Longtime partner Michael Pancier first joined him there. Longtime partner Michael Pancier first joined him there. In 2000, Rothstein joined with Rosenfeldt as a name partner at the Hollywood firm, Phillips Eisinger Koss & Rosenfeldt, P.A., which became known as Phillips Eisinger Koss Rothstein & Rosenfeldt, P.A In February 2002, Rothstein and Rosenfeldt started their own firm, first known as Rothstein & Rosenfeldt, P.A. Within a month, Pancier was added as a name partner.", "Within a month, Pancier was added as a name partner. In July, 2002, adding Susan Dolin, a well-regarded employment lawyer, now practicing on her own in West Broward, the firm became known as Rothstein, Rosenfeldt, Dolin & Pancier, P.A.. In late 2004, the firm became known simply as Rothstein Rosenfeldt, with Adler being added in March 2005. Melissa Britt Lewis, who was murdered in March, 2008, was with Rothstein from the firm's beginning.", "Melissa Britt Lewis, who was murdered in March, 2008, was with Rothstein from the firm's beginning. In seven years, he and his partners expanded the firm to 70 lawyers, including former Boca Raton Mayor and sitting Palm Beach County Commissioner Steve Abrams; former judges Julio Gonzalez, Barry Stone, and former Palm Beach circuit judge, William Berger; TV and radio legal commentator and former prosecutor, Ken Padowitz; Carlos Reyes, former South Broward Hospital District commissioner and lobbyist; Arthur Neiwirth, a bankruptcy expert; and Les Stracher, former legal counsel for Morse Auto Group, who represents major auto dealers.", "In seven years, he and his partners expanded the firm to 70 lawyers, including former Boca Raton Mayor and sitting Palm Beach County Commissioner Steve Abrams; former judges Julio Gonzalez, Barry Stone, and former Palm Beach circuit judge, William Berger; TV and radio legal commentator and former prosecutor, Ken Padowitz; Carlos Reyes, former South Broward Hospital District commissioner and lobbyist; Arthur Neiwirth, a bankruptcy expert; and Les Stracher, former legal counsel for Morse Auto Group, who represents major auto dealers. Others include: Shawn Birken, son of Circuit Court Judge Arthur Birken; Ben Dishowitz, son of County Court Judge Dishowitz; and Grant Smith, son of disgraced former Congressman Larry Smith.", "Others include: Shawn Birken, son of Circuit Court Judge Arthur Birken; Ben Dishowitz, son of County Court Judge Dishowitz; and Grant Smith, son of disgraced former Congressman Larry Smith. Andrew Barnett is Corporate Development Officer, and David Boden, a New York attorney not licensed in Florida, was the firm's general counsel.", "Andrew Barnett is Corporate Development Officer, and David Boden, a New York attorney not licensed in Florida, was the firm's general counsel. Recent On September 8, 2011, U.S. District Judge James I. Cohn granted the government's motion to prohibit videotaping Rothstein during a scheduled deposition of him, citing \"serious harm\" and \"security reasons that are unusual in nature.\" The exact reasons for the judge's decision were sealed.", "The exact reasons for the judge's decision were sealed. This fueled speculation that his appearance was altered or he was a mafia target due to his cooperation with the prosecution against the mafia. On June 8, 2011, federal prosecutors filed a motion with the sentencing judge informing him that they would be asking for a sentence reduction for Rothstein. However, on September 26, 2017, prosecutors withdrew their motion for a reduced sentence, saying that he had provided \"false material information\" in violation of his plea agreement.", "However, on September 26, 2017, prosecutors withdrew their motion for a reduced sentence, saying that he had provided \"false material information\" in violation of his plea agreement. Rothstein's name does not appear in the Federal Bureau of Prisons inmate database. This indicates he is being held under an alias, which would not be unusual given that he cooperated with the government. As of November 18, 2009, many of the associates have relocated: Five lawyers moved to Fort Lauderdale-based Rice Pugatch Robinson & Schiller.", "As of November 18, 2009, many of the associates have relocated: Five lawyers moved to Fort Lauderdale-based Rice Pugatch Robinson & Schiller. Steven Lippman and Richard Storfer will be new partners. Riley Cirulnick, George Zinkler and Jodi Cohen are new associates. In August, 2008, Governor Crist appointed Rothstein as a member of the 4th District Court of Appeal Judicial nominating commission, a body which is responsible for selecting new judges for appointment to the Court. Bill Brock accompanied Rothstein to Morocco.", "Bill Brock accompanied Rothstein to Morocco. Bill Brock accompanied Rothstein to Morocco. His job at the law firm was to issue checks for Rothstein's various ventures and contributions, and had the sole security pass for the area where records of Rothstein's non-law firm businesses were kept. An observant Jew, Rothstein grew up in a small Bronx apartment, sharing a bedroom with his sister. His father was a salesman \"back in the days when you carried a bag up and down the streets of New York.\"", "His father was a salesman \"back in the days when you carried a bag up and down the streets of New York.\" The family moved to Lauderhill, Florida in 1977, when Rothstein was 16. His grandmother used her life savings to help put him through school. \"I grew up poor. I'm a lunatic about money.\" Rothstein was a large contributor to a synagogue off Las Olas with his name affixed to the front facade: The Rothstein Family Downtown Jewish Center Chabad.", "Rothstein was a large contributor to a synagogue off Las Olas with his name affixed to the front facade: The Rothstein Family Downtown Jewish Center Chabad. Rabbi Schneur Kaplan is one of the two people who talked Rothstein out of committing suicide. He invested in residential property. In 2003, he paid $1.2 million for an intracoastal waterfront house on Castilla Isle in Fort Lauderdale. In March 2005, he bought a neighboring home belonging to Miami Dolphins' Ricky Williams for $2.73 million.", "In March 2005, he bought a neighboring home belonging to Miami Dolphins' Ricky Williams for $2.73 million. While living in Williams' old house, he's purchased two other homes on the street and three other homes in Broward for a total residential investment of nearly $20 million. \"They call me the king of Castilla.\"", "\"They call me the king of Castilla.\" \"They call me the king of Castilla.\" In 2008, he purchased a $6.45 million waterfront gated Fort Lauderdale home, a $6 million condo in New York in the same building as Marc Dreier, and a $2.8 million oceanfront estate in Narragansett, Rhode Island formerly owned by troubled client, Michael Kent, a Fort Lauderdale nightclub owner.", "In 2008, he purchased a $6.45 million waterfront gated Fort Lauderdale home, a $6 million condo in New York in the same building as Marc Dreier, and a $2.8 million oceanfront estate in Narragansett, Rhode Island formerly owned by troubled client, Michael Kent, a Fort Lauderdale nightclub owner. He is part-owner with Anthony Bova of the South Beach Versace Casa Casuarina mansion, where he was married on January 26, 2008, in a three-day wedding celebration with Governor Crist, and his then-fiancée and present wife, Carol Rome, in attendance.", "He is part-owner with Anthony Bova of the South Beach Versace Casa Casuarina mansion, where he was married on January 26, 2008, in a three-day wedding celebration with Governor Crist, and his then-fiancée and present wife, Carol Rome, in attendance. A later financial analysis of the 10% property interest Rothstein owned showed that it was worthless. His second wife, Kimberly Wendell Rothstein, a 35-year-old real-estate agent, helped manage his properties, which also include part-ownership of an office building in Pompano Beach.", "His second wife, Kimberly Wendell Rothstein, a 35-year-old real-estate agent, helped manage his properties, which also include part-ownership of an office building in Pompano Beach. He and Bova also owned Bova Ristorante, formerly long-time generational Italian family-owned Mario's of Boca, which shut down October 18, 2009. Bova Prime, formerly Riley McDermott's on Las Olas Boulevard is still operating. On September 11, 2008, the day before Rothstein took ownership, a dispute involving firearms broke out at Riley McDermott's involving Rothstein's security personnel.", "On September 11, 2008, the day before Rothstein took ownership, a dispute involving firearms broke out at Riley McDermott's involving Rothstein's security personnel. He owns parts of an internet technology called company Qtask and V Georgio Spirits Co., LLC with CEO Vie Harvey and the Renato watch company, with partner, Ovi Levy. Levy is the son of hotelier Shimon Levy, who spent a year in prison in Israel after hiding a criminal kingpin, suspected of two murders.", "Levy is the son of hotelier Shimon Levy, who spent a year in prison in Israel after hiding a criminal kingpin, suspected of two murders. Rothstein at one time was a minority shareholder of Edify LLC, a health-care benefits consulting company. State Representative Evan Jenne-D-Dania Beach is a $30,000 company consultant, who previously worked a local bank. Rothstein hired Jenne's father, former sheriff and convicted felon, Ken Jenne, as a consultant at his law firm days after Jenne was released from prison on corruption charges.", "Rothstein hired Jenne's father, former sheriff and convicted felon, Ken Jenne, as a consultant at his law firm days after Jenne was released from prison on corruption charges. An attorney for Rothstein's law firm serves as the registered agent for Evan Jenne's company, Blue Banyan. Grant Smith, a lifelong friend of Evan Jenne's, is an Edify lobbyist. Edify has worked closely with the state Department of Health to develop wellness programs and also influences certain health-care legislation.", "Edify has worked closely with the state Department of Health to develop wellness programs and also influences certain health-care legislation. \"The Great Gatsby\" In the 2008 interview at his law firm, Rothstein described himself and told how he controlled all aspects of the firm's management: This is where the evil happens. Look, I sleep in the bed I make. I tend toward the flashy side, but it's a persona. It's just a fucking persona. ... People ask me, 'When do you sleep?'", "... People ask me, 'When do you sleep?' I say I'll sleep when I'm dead. I'm a true Gemini. I joke around that there are 43 people living in my head and you never know what you're going to get. There are some philanthropists in there, some good lawyers, and I like to think some good businessmen. There are also some guys from the streets of the Bronx that stay hidden away until I need them. Does that sound crazy?", "Does that sound crazy? Does that sound crazy? I am crazy, but crazy in a good way. His personal office was opulent, with security and a compartmentalized layout. Anyone entering Rothstein's suite of offices had to use an intercom. He could exit, unseen through a second door. In the hallway, an ordinary looking brown door is actually the elevator door. Dozens of surveillance cameras and microphones hang from office ceilings. On his desk: four computer screens and the Five Books of Moses.", "On his desk: four computer screens and the Five Books of Moses. Outside his personal office hung a painting of Al Pacino as Michael Corleone in The Godfather. The walls of Rothstein's office and other hallways are lined with photos of himself and politicians including Gov. Charlie Crist, former U.S. Senator Mel Martinez, Senator John McCain, Broward Sheriff Al Lamberti, Rudy Giuliani, Joe Lieberman, and Bill McCollum.", "Senator Mel Martinez, Senator John McCain, Broward Sheriff Al Lamberti, Rudy Giuliani, Joe Lieberman, and Bill McCollum. He was ostensibly an affluent and successful attorney with all the material trappings of a flamboyant lifestyle, including armed body guards and police protection. Twenty-eight city police officials, including captains, majors, undercover officers and the department spokesman, helped guard his home and businesses, the only person in the department's history to have permanent round-the-clock off-duty police protection at his home.", "Twenty-eight city police officials, including captains, majors, undercover officers and the department spokesman, helped guard his home and businesses, the only person in the department's history to have permanent round-the-clock off-duty police protection at his home. The department suspended all work for Rothstein on November 2, 2009. He had a Boeing 727 jet and in 2002, flew Bill Clinton, Kevin Spacey, and Chris Tucker to Africa on an anti-AIDS mission. He owns an $5 million Warren yacht.", "He owns an $5 million Warren yacht. He owns an $5 million Warren yacht. His fleet of exotic cars included: 1974, 2006, 2007, and 2008 Ferraris, 2009 Bentley, 2007 Silver Rolls-Royce, and one 2008 and two 2010 Lamborghini Murcielagos — worth about $400,000 each, a pair of $1.6 million Bugattis, and a pair of Harleys which he maintains in an air-conditioned warehouse. All were allegedly purchased and traded from Euromotorsports, the owner of which has an extensive criminal record.", "All were allegedly purchased and traded from Euromotorsports, the owner of which has an extensive criminal record. All were seized shortly after his return from Morocco. He has a watch collection of over 100, valued at $1 million. In 2008, he was working on opening a cigar and martini bar on Las Olas Boulevard and two high-rise residential buildings in Brooklyn with New York partner Dominic Tonnachio. He was to take ownership of a \"series of office buildings\" on Oakland Park Boulevard.", "He was to take ownership of a \"series of office buildings\" on Oakland Park Boulevard. Roger Stone, a political trickster for Richard Nixon, was a partner with Rothstein in RRA Consulting, an LLC which was set up to provide public affairs assistance to the RRA law firm's legal clients. According to Stone, that business never generated any clients. It was dissolved in late 2008.", "It was dissolved in late 2008. It was dissolved in late 2008. On August 27, 2009, Stone, the recipient of Rothstein's sponsorship of his blog until July 29, 2009, \"StoneZone\", wrote a column recommending Rothstein for the seat vacated by Senator Mel Martinez- a man with \"a distinguished legal record, has been a key supporter of Governor Crist and John McCain, has an unmatched record of philanthropic activities and would bring an unconventional style of getting things done to Washington.", "On August 27, 2009, Stone, the recipient of Rothstein's sponsorship of his blog until July 29, 2009, \"StoneZone\", wrote a column recommending Rothstein for the seat vacated by Senator Mel Martinez- a man with \"a distinguished legal record, has been a key supporter of Governor Crist and John McCain, has an unmatched record of philanthropic activities and would bring an unconventional style of getting things done to Washington. Add Rothstein to the short list.\"", "Add Rothstein to the short list.\" Add Rothstein to the short list.\" On November 4, 2009, Stone wrote, \"Rothstein had no prior business success, no business acumen nor track record that would engender confidence in an investor. He could not read a balance sheet. He could not write or read a business plan. Rothstein was a lawyer, not an entrepreneur.\"", "Rothstein was a lawyer, not an entrepreneur.\" Rothstein was a lawyer, not an entrepreneur.\" Stone claims that Rothstein has Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD) \"so severe he never finished a martini, a cigar, a thought, or a sentence, never mind a transaction.\" According to Stone, neither law firm name partner Russell Adler nor Stuart Rosenfeldt were signatories on the RRA Trust Account. He \"appeared to be something out of a Great Gatsby movie.\"", "He \"appeared to be something out of a Great Gatsby movie.\" Philanthropy and political contributions In 2008, his Rothstein Family Foundation gave $1 million to Holy Cross Hospital in Fort Lauderdale, where a lobby will be named after him and his wife. On October 31, 2009 his firm sponsored at a charity golf tournament featuring former Gov. Jeb Bush.", "Jeb Bush. Jeb Bush. Between 2007 and 2008, he donated $2 million to the American Heart Association, Women in Distress, Alonzo Mourning Charities, Here's Help, and the Dan Marino Foundation. Politicians of both parties have pledged to donate to charity or return his political contributions. On November 3, 2009, the Florida Republican Party, announced it would give Rothstein's donations ($600,000) to a charity. Gov.", "Gov. Gov. Charlie Crist's Senate Campaign ($100,550), state Chief Financial Officer Alex Sink ($2,050), Senate President Jeff Atwater, Rep. Ellyn Bogdanoff, and the Florida Democratic Party ($200,000) will return some or all of his contributions. In June 2009, Harry Reid, the Democratic Senate majority leader received a contribution of $4,800.", "In June 2009, Harry Reid, the Democratic Senate majority leader received a contribution of $4,800. A list of FEC filings indexed by NewsMeat include a total of $166,800 to the Republican Party and candidates, including $109,800 to John McCain's 2008 presidential campaign, and $17,600 to Democratic candidates. Law partner murder Debra Villegas, who handles his money, is the law firm's chief operating officer. She is co-owner with Rothstein in a home at 2307 Castilla Isle, as of May 2009.", "She is co-owner with Rothstein in a home at 2307 Castilla Isle, as of May 2009. According to records, Rothstein originally purchased the property in September 2007, for $1.75 million, and sold it for $10 to a shell corporation in September 2009. In 2005, the year the Ponzi scheme allegedly began, Villegas earned $80,000 a year. In 2007, her salary had increased to $145,000. Villegas received two Swiss watches — a Rolex and a Breitling — from her \"employer\".", "Villegas received two Swiss watches — a Rolex and a Breitling — from her \"employer\". Rothstein paid off her couch and a bedroom set and held title to her two Honda water scooters. Villegas was living in a $475,000 Weston home that Rothstein signed over to her in July 2009 for $100 and \"love and affection,\" according to the deed. Villegas registered a 2009 $100,000 Maserati GranTurismo at the home in January, 2009.", "Villegas registered a 2009 $100,000 Maserati GranTurismo at the home in January, 2009. In November 2009, Federal prosecutors seized the home, alleging that it was among Rothstein's ill-gotten assets. Villegas' estranged husband, Tony Villegas, was charged on circumstantial evidence in the March 2008 murder in Plantation, Florida of Melissa Britt Lewis, a partner in Rothstein's firm.", "Villegas' estranged husband, Tony Villegas, was charged on circumstantial evidence in the March 2008 murder in Plantation, Florida of Melissa Britt Lewis, a partner in Rothstein's firm. Although early news reports wondered at whether the evidence was substantial, according to New Times, \"Nine days later, forensic testing revealed that Tony's DNA had been found on Melissa's suit jacket – the same jacket she wore on the day she died.\" Police sealed the arrest affidavit.", "Police sealed the arrest affidavit. Police sealed the arrest affidavit. As a result of the homicide and the nature of the legal business, Rothstein has a team of \"executive protection specialists\" to guard the firm and his family, his teen-aged daughter. The prosecutor who had first worked on the Villegas case, Howard Scheinberg, went to work for Rosenfeldt Rothstein Adler. Villegas, a train conductor, remains in jail awaiting trial. The motive was supposedly revenge for Lewis's closeness with Debra.", "The motive was supposedly revenge for Lewis's closeness with Debra. Debra and Melissa share a therapist: Ilene Vinikoor, whose husband, David represents general counsel, David Boden in the Ponzi scheme investigation. You get anger from people ... that prick from the Bronx. ... They say I'm building the law firm too fast, that it must be a house of cards. \"Disbarment on consent\" On November 17, 2009, the Florida Bar Executive Committee voted to accept a request by Rothstein to be disbarred.", "\"Disbarment on consent\" On November 17, 2009, the Florida Bar Executive Committee voted to accept a request by Rothstein to be disbarred. The Florida Supreme Court entered an order permanently disbarring Rothstein on November 25, 2009. Rothstein was removed from the Broward County Grievance Committee, and his name has also been removed from the database of \"The Best Lawyers in America\".", "Rothstein was removed from the Broward County Grievance Committee, and his name has also been removed from the database of \"The Best Lawyers in America\". Trust account Rothstein, Rosenfeldt, and Adler's trust account was part of the Interest on Lawyer Trust Accounts (IOLTA) program that was paying hundreds of thousands of dollars a month to the Florida Bar Foundation.", "Trust account Rothstein, Rosenfeldt, and Adler's trust account was part of the Interest on Lawyer Trust Accounts (IOLTA) program that was paying hundreds of thousands of dollars a month to the Florida Bar Foundation. $1.2 billion Ponzi scheme Rothstein's investment scheme involved purchasing what were initially mislabeled as fabricated \"structured settlements,\" described as where people sell large settlements in legal cases for lump sums of cash.", "$1.2 billion Ponzi scheme Rothstein's investment scheme involved purchasing what were initially mislabeled as fabricated \"structured settlements,\" described as where people sell large settlements in legal cases for lump sums of cash. Alan Sakowitz, an attorney and real estate developer in Bay Harbor Islands, said that he contacted the FBI in September with concerns about Rothstein.", "Alan Sakowitz, an attorney and real estate developer in Bay Harbor Islands, said that he contacted the FBI in September with concerns about Rothstein. On Sunday, November 8, 2009, Sakowitz appeared with Kendall Coffey, attorney for Rothstein's law partners, on the Michael Putney Show on WPLG-TV, MIAMI, correcting Coffey for claiming that Rothstein's \"investments\" involved structured settlements, which they did not.", "On Sunday, November 8, 2009, Sakowitz appeared with Kendall Coffey, attorney for Rothstein's law partners, on the Michael Putney Show on WPLG-TV, MIAMI, correcting Coffey for claiming that Rothstein's \"investments\" involved structured settlements, which they did not. (Note: \"structured settlements\" as defined by Rothstein in press reports do not meet the definition in IRC 5891(C)(1) of the Internal Revenue Code). Rothstein's resemble investments in pre-settlement funding or pre-settlement financing.", "Rothstein's resemble investments in pre-settlement funding or pre-settlement financing. In his December 12, 2011 deposition page 24 lines 15-23, Scott Rothstein himself said \"It was intentionally made in a way and presented to that firm and the other firms that were looking at the structure issue that it was merely a purchase of dollars already in-house; that it was not a structured settlement because the true definition of a structured settlement is when someone is actually receiving payments over time that has some other value.", "In his December 12, 2011 deposition page 24 lines 15-23, Scott Rothstein himself said \"It was intentionally made in a way and presented to that firm and the other firms that were looking at the structure issue that it was merely a purchase of dollars already in-house; that it was not a structured settlement because the true definition of a structured settlement is when someone is actually receiving payments over time that has some other value. We didn't have a true definition of a structured settlement, not by any of the statutes.", "We didn't have a true definition of a structured settlement, not by any of the statutes. From that perspective we had reason to make sure that this was not structured. Because when you're dealing with structured settlements you need other levels of Court approval. It would have required the manufacturer of literally hundreds of phony orders, which would have led the entire scheme to detection.' The FBI estimates the loss to be up to a billion dollars from lucrative whistle-blower and employment discrimination cases.", "The FBI estimates the loss to be up to a billion dollars from lucrative whistle-blower and employment discrimination cases. The investors would make up-front cash payments to individuals owed money from the court cases to buy the right to collect the full amount of the settlements later. The investor was guaranteed a minimum of 20 percent investment returns in as little as three months. Swindle pitch General counsel David Boden was present for at least one of the swindles, and negotiated the final papers with the investors' lawyers.", "Swindle pitch General counsel David Boden was present for at least one of the swindles, and negotiated the final papers with the investors' lawyers. Rothstein greets and informs the investor his firm was the preeminent sexual harassment law firm in the country. He says he'd figured out a basic formula which was that someone with $10 million net worth was usually willing to pay $2 million in cash to pay off their mistress. The key was confidentiality.", "The key was confidentiality. The key was confidentiality. Rothstein tells the investor that he would meet potential defendants in his office and would question them about affairs they had with an employee. The defendants would deny it. He pointed to artwork, and said there was a television screen behind it.", "He pointed to artwork, and said there was a television screen behind it. He tells the investor he turned on a video of the guy having sex with his mistress, and told his client \"We can either settle this now, or I can depose your wife, your mistress, you and your son about it.\"", "He tells the investor he turned on a video of the guy having sex with his mistress, and told his client \"We can either settle this now, or I can depose your wife, your mistress, you and your son about it.\" Since defendants\" often couldn't or wouldn't pay the entire settlement up-front, Rothstein tells the investor that his first harassment case many years ago, involved a $3.5 million settlement and a million-dollar legal fee, so Rothstein assigned the settlement to a good friend and the plaintiff settles for $3 million without a trial.", "Since defendants\" often couldn't or wouldn't pay the entire settlement up-front, Rothstein tells the investor that his first harassment case many years ago, involved a $3.5 million settlement and a million-dollar legal fee, so Rothstein assigned the settlement to a good friend and the plaintiff settles for $3 million without a trial. The \"good friend\" stood to be paid $3.5 million once the defendant paid up, a half-million dollar profit.", "The \"good friend\" stood to be paid $3.5 million once the defendant paid up, a half-million dollar profit. \"In 20 years, I have never seen a defendant sue on breach of settlement,\" Rothstein told them. \"The whole idea is that it's secret. Why would they sue?\" Although it did not appear completely legitimate, and it might have appeared that the plaintiffs were short-changed, it makes sense to the potential investor. The idea seems solid.", "The idea seems solid. The idea seems solid. The investor thinks that with enough of these cases at Rothstein's law firm, he could make huge sums of money. Rothstein then discusses other larger cases: Eli Lilly and Company, involving $1.4 billion with plaintiff representation by Gary Farmer, a firm attorney who negotiated the settlement and who brought the case with him when he arrived at the firm. Several inside whistleblowers went to the fed with unlawful practices regarding the marketing and sales of an anti-psychotic medication called Zyprexa.", "Several inside whistleblowers went to the fed with unlawful practices regarding the marketing and sales of an anti-psychotic medication called Zyprexa. It was one of the largest qui tam cases in history. He tells the investor about a potential (allegedly fabricated) case where investors would buy whistle-blower million dollar settlements with a sixty percent short term investor profit. The arrangement would be completely secret; the investor would never know the name of the company or the whistle-blower.", "The arrangement would be completely secret; the investor would never know the name of the company or the whistle-blower. The settlement money would be deposited into a trust account at TD Bank, accessible only to the investor at the appropriate time. David Boden follows up with all questions and negotiates the contract. Court-appointed receiver On November 2, 2009, Broward Chief Judge Vic Tobin sent an e-mail at 6:45 a.m. to judges about the Rothstein case: I learned of some very distressing news yesterday.", "Court-appointed receiver On November 2, 2009, Broward Chief Judge Vic Tobin sent an e-mail at 6:45 a.m. to judges about the Rothstein case: I learned of some very distressing news yesterday. Whoever draws the case try to set the motion today because of the amount of clients and money involved. Also, if you have a case with the firm, please be patient.", "Also, if you have a case with the firm, please be patient. I don't know if the lawyers will come or not and if they do come, there is no money at this point to go forward with the case or pay firm employees. On November 3, 2009, retired Miami-Dade Circuit Judge Herbert Stettin was appointed the firm's receiver, responsible for approving the firm's day-to-day financial decisions.", "On November 3, 2009, retired Miami-Dade Circuit Judge Herbert Stettin was appointed the firm's receiver, responsible for approving the firm's day-to-day financial decisions. Firm president and 50% owner of the firm, Stuart Rosenfeldt, \"deposited two-thirds of my life savings in my firm's operating account\" to prop up finances in the short-term. Marc Nurik is representing Rothstein, and has stepped down as a lawyer from the firm. The prosecutors are Lawrence D. LaVecchio, Paul F. Schwartz and Jeffrey N. Kaplan.", "The prosecutors are Lawrence D. LaVecchio, Paul F. Schwartz and Jeffrey N. Kaplan. They have decades of experience investigating public corruption, white-collar fraud and organized crime. They are preparing a massive fraud case against Rothstein, zeroing in on his settlement investments, and also allegations of theft from his law firm and client trust accounts.", "They are preparing a massive fraud case against Rothstein, zeroing in on his settlement investments, and also allegations of theft from his law firm and client trust accounts. Victims On November 25, 2009, Attorney William Scherer filed a 289-page Amended Complaint seeking $100,000,000 in civil damages on behalf of his clients, and naming: Toronto Dominion Bank and its associates, Frank Spinosa, Jennifer Kerstetter, and Rosanne Karetsky, Irene Stay, Banyon Income Fund, L.P., Banyon USVI, LLC, George G. Levin, Michael Szafranski, Onyx Options Consultants Corporation, Berenfeld Spritzer Shechter Sheer, LLP., as well as Rothstein and his associates, David Boden, Debra Villegas, Andrew Barnett, and Frank J. Preve, as defendants/co-conspirators.", "Victims On November 25, 2009, Attorney William Scherer filed a 289-page Amended Complaint seeking $100,000,000 in civil damages on behalf of his clients, and naming: Toronto Dominion Bank and its associates, Frank Spinosa, Jennifer Kerstetter, and Rosanne Karetsky, Irene Stay, Banyon Income Fund, L.P., Banyon USVI, LLC, George G. Levin, Michael Szafranski, Onyx Options Consultants Corporation, Berenfeld Spritzer Shechter Sheer, LLP., as well as Rothstein and his associates, David Boden, Debra Villegas, Andrew Barnett, and Frank J. Preve, as defendants/co-conspirators. The Amended Complaint lists people and businesses to whom Rothstein allegedly wired money while he was en route to or inside of Morocco: Rothstein wired $16 million to his tour guide from Boca Raton, Florida, \"Ahnick Kahlid\".", "The Amended Complaint lists people and businesses to whom Rothstein allegedly wired money while he was en route to or inside of Morocco: Rothstein wired $16 million to his tour guide from Boca Raton, Florida, \"Ahnick Kahlid\". Kahlid transferred the money to Rothstein's new Moroccan bank account opened upon his arrival with a passport as identification at Banque Populaire in Casablanca; The recipients allegedly are members of the \"Israeli Mob\"; New York Investors; Florida Investors; Real Estate Investors; and Levin Feeders.", "Kahlid transferred the money to Rothstein's new Moroccan bank account opened upon his arrival with a passport as identification at Banque Populaire in Casablanca; The recipients allegedly are members of the \"Israeli Mob\"; New York Investors; Florida Investors; Real Estate Investors; and Levin Feeders. Scherer has said that his clients and all other investors who weren't complicit in the crime will have their money returned. Due to the extreme negligence, TD Bank is liable.", "Due to the extreme negligence, TD Bank is liable. \"My goal is to get all the money back for the investors from the bank,\" Scherer said. On January 27, 2010 Scherer filed an affidavit alleging that Michael Szafranski was complicit in Rothstein's fraud, receiving almost $6.5 million in \"ill-gotten\" gains directly from Rothstein.", "On January 27, 2010 Scherer filed an affidavit alleging that Michael Szafranski was complicit in Rothstein's fraud, receiving almost $6.5 million in \"ill-gotten\" gains directly from Rothstein. Shimon Levy and Ovi Levy Shimon Levy allegedly has had deep ties to Dean Heiser and Israeli organized crime and spent a year in an Israeli prison for hiding a mob figure suspected of two \"grisly murders\".", "Shimon Levy and Ovi Levy Shimon Levy allegedly has had deep ties to Dean Heiser and Israeli organized crime and spent a year in an Israeli prison for hiding a mob figure suspected of two \"grisly murders\". In 1997, his partner at the Sea Club Resort on Fort Lauderdale beach, Zvika Yuz, was a victim of a murder which remains unsolved. His son, Ovi contacted the Plantation Police Department and began receiving protection during the time Rothstein fled to Morocco.", "His son, Ovi contacted the Plantation Police Department and began receiving protection during the time Rothstein fled to Morocco. Banyan Capital Banyan Income Fund, a Fort Lauderdale-based hedge fund, invested hundreds of millions. It was run by Rothstein and involves Fort Lauderdale businessman George G. Levin, who reported Rothstein to the U.S. Attorney's Office for \"suspicious activity.\" According to the lawsuit, Frank J. Preve is Chief Operating Officer and kept an office inside Rothstein et al. He is a convicted bank fraud and embezzlement felon.", "He is a convicted bank fraud and embezzlement felon. He is a convicted bank fraud and embezzlement felon. He pleaded guilty to bank embezzlement charges in 1985 and received ten years probation and a $10,000 fine for falsifying loan documents in another fraudulent scheme. Banyon and other Rothstein investors' accounts were held at a Toronto-Dominion Bank branch in Fort Lauderdale. Abraxas Discala Abraxas Discala, a businessman and former husband of The Sopranos' Jamie-Lynn Sigler, reportedly raised $30 million through his hedge fund which he invested into Rothstein's scheme.", "Abraxas Discala Abraxas Discala, a businessman and former husband of The Sopranos' Jamie-Lynn Sigler, reportedly raised $30 million through his hedge fund which he invested into Rothstein's scheme. George G. Levin Since 1983, George G. Levin and his wife, Gayla Sue, have lived in Fort Lauderdale's Bay Colony on the Intracoastal Waterway in a 2-story home with 8 bathrooms and a large pool, valued at $2 million. Levin has a pattern of filing complaints when his unsavory/fraudulent business ventures are exposed.", "Levin has a pattern of filing complaints when his unsavory/fraudulent business ventures are exposed. According to federal court documents, from 1985–1996 Levin's former business GGL Industries, dba Classic Motor Carriages defrauded hundreds of customers, selling kit cars. The federal government filed criminal charges against the company and GGL pleaded guilty to mail fraud in 1999 and agreed to pay $2.5 million in restitution. Stuart Rado had been a consumer activist who organized GGL's victims and helped spur the government action.", "Stuart Rado had been a consumer activist who organized GGL's victims and helped spur the government action. Levin subsequently sued Rado for violating the Florida Trade Secrets Act. Rado was diagnosed with cancer during the lawsuit. It was a classic frivolous SLAPP suit (\"Strategic Lawsuit Against Public Participation\"). On September 19, 1997, the finding against Mr. Rado was that he pay plaintiff's attorneys' fees.", "On September 19, 1997, the finding against Mr. Rado was that he pay plaintiff's attorneys' fees. The federal motion states: GGL's fraudulent scheme necessarily included as an intricate part the silencing of its critics, among whom was Rado. It did this by using the courts to intimidate Rado into being silent and causing Rado to spend money he could not afford.", "It did this by using the courts to intimidate Rado into being silent and causing Rado to spend money he could not afford. It was GGL's intention (as one of GGL's attorneys said to Rado [in a 1994 deposition]) to make Rado's net worth go south. GGL and its attorneys forced Rado to incur the expenses of defending two lawsuits for over 4 years. Rado had to incur these expenses and live day-to-day with a barrage of pleadings, depositions and other legal maneuvers by GGL.", "Rado had to incur these expenses and live day-to-day with a barrage of pleadings, depositions and other legal maneuvers by GGL. He had to endure this even though he did nothing legally wrong, and even though GGL was in fact at the same time continuing to perpetrate its nationwide fraud. Rado was being put through this because Rado dared to contact some of GGL's victims and tell them that if they were injured by GGL they should contact the Florida Attorney General for help.", "Rado was being put through this because Rado dared to contact some of GGL's victims and tell them that if they were injured by GGL they should contact the Florida Attorney General for help. What is even more despicable is that GGL knew that Rado was dying of cancer but continued to pursue him with motions and notices of trial and other pleadings, one such notice of hearing being served within days of brain surgery. Although a convicted felon, GGL hounded Rado's estate for the payment of $80,000 in attorney's fees.", "Although a convicted felon, GGL hounded Rado's estate for the payment of $80,000 in attorney's fees. The state of Florida filed suit against the company alleging deceptive business practices and civil theft. A special assistant attorney general, Herbert Stettin, led the investigation. Stettin is now the trustee overseeing the Rothstein Rosenfeldt Adler bankruptcy case. Levin continues to sell kit cars under a different company name, StreetBeasts.", "Levin continues to sell kit cars under a different company name, StreetBeasts. According to a Florida District Court of Appeals case published in 2002, Levin acquired property free and clear for less than the cost of the first mortgage, through a fraudulent transfer. Partners' income strategy and Rothstein's returns The allegations are: George Levin was the general partner (\"GP\") who solicited each limited partner (\"LP\") to contribute at least $1 million.", "Partners' income strategy and Rothstein's returns The allegations are: George Levin was the general partner (\"GP\") who solicited each limited partner (\"LP\") to contribute at least $1 million. Initially, each LP contributed $250,000, subject to periodic capital calls up to the amount of their commitments. They were promised 12% annually (15% for first $100 million), to be paid quarterly.", "They were promised 12% annually (15% for first $100 million), to be paid quarterly. The general partner had to maintain a balance of not less than 10% of all contributions after any quarterly distributions. The general partner also gave a \"clawback\" guaranty to all LP's equal to their original contributions. LP's could not request redemptions during an initial one-year \"lock-up\" period and were required to give 90 days' notice for any withdrawals.", "LP's could not request redemptions during an initial one-year \"lock-up\" period and were required to give 90 days' notice for any withdrawals. Redemptions would be paid from the GP's own capital account \"to the extent available\" with a 10% hold-back, but otherwise, only from the purchased lawsuits settlement stream. Banyon had paid Rothstein's firm at least $656 million, but the law firm anticipated $1.1 billion over a maximum 24-month period. It allegedly received and reinvested about $500 million.", "It allegedly received and reinvested about $500 million. It allegedly received and reinvested about $500 million. Levin expected to make 40% over 24 months but to only pay out 24%.", "Levin expected to make 40% over 24 months but to only pay out 24%. Rothstein's law firm's IOLTA trust accounts established \"for the plaintiff\" in the purported litigation settlements were used to fund the phony settlement accounts, after the law firm had paid its overhead, keeping its insolvent operation afloat, which included \"gifts\" to partners and money given to politicians, charities, and pay for a massive advertising budget, as well as Rothstein's personal lifestyle, over three years, amounting to approximately a $500 million loss.", "Rothstein's law firm's IOLTA trust accounts established \"for the plaintiff\" in the purported litigation settlements were used to fund the phony settlement accounts, after the law firm had paid its overhead, keeping its insolvent operation afloat, which included \"gifts\" to partners and money given to politicians, charities, and pay for a massive advertising budget, as well as Rothstein's personal lifestyle, over three years, amounting to approximately a $500 million loss. The interest on the funded IOLTA accounts went to the Florida Bar monthly, which was many millions, based on the Banyon contributions.", "The interest on the funded IOLTA accounts went to the Florida Bar monthly, which was many millions, based on the Banyon contributions. In its prospectus, Banyon claimed to have a legal opinion that Banyon's interest in the IOLTA trust accounts \"perfected automatically on execution of the transfer documents\" – that the lawsuit proceeds assignments created by general counsel, David Boden. The LP's were warned that they could be taxed on the Partnership's income and realized gains even if no distributions were made.", "The LP's were warned that they could be taxed on the Partnership's income and realized gains even if no distributions were made. As long as reinvestments were ongoing, the ponzi scheme was facilitated. Losses 1. Venture capitalist Doug Von Allmen's companies' total loss, approximately $105.5 million, through the Banyon Income Fund include: The Von Allmen Dynastry Trust, overseen by wife Linda Von Allmen: $7 million. D&L Partners, Von Allmen's Missouri company: $45 million.", "D&L Partners, Von Allmen's Missouri company: $45 million. Kretschmar: $8 million Razorback Funding LLC, a Delaware company: $32 million D3 Capital Club LLC, Delaware company: $13.5 million 2. BFMC Investment LLC, owned by Barry Florescue: $2.4 million 3. Socialite art dealer Bonnie Barnett, mother of defendant, Andrew Barnett 4. The family of car dealers, Ed and Ted Morse. 5. Ballamor Capital Management, Radnor, PA: $30 million.", "Ballamor Capital Management, Radnor, PA: $30 million. Others Investors from Morocco lost $85 million. On November 19, 2009, Rothstein never appeared for a deposition, noticed in the bankruptcy case by investors' attorney John Genovese at Genovese's law office. Banyon and other Rothstein investors' accounts were held at a Toronto-Dominion Bank branch in Fort Lauderdale.", "Banyon and other Rothstein investors' accounts were held at a Toronto-Dominion Bank branch in Fort Lauderdale. References External links Video tour of Rothstein's law offices USA v. Scott Rothstein: Report Commencing Criminal Action, December 1, 2009 Federal Charging Information, December 1, 2009 Case No. 09-60331 Rothstein Plea Agreement, Case 0:09-cr-60331-JIC, filed January 27, 2010 Disbarment on Consent, filed November 20, 2009 Amended Civil Complaint filed November 25, 2009, Case No.", "09-60331 Rothstein Plea Agreement, Case 0:09-cr-60331-JIC, filed January 27, 2010 Disbarment on Consent, filed November 20, 2009 Amended Civil Complaint filed November 25, 2009, Case No. 09-062943 Attorney Scherer's Opposition to Motion to Disqualify Counsel for Plaintiffs, filed January 28, 2010 Amended Complaint for Dissolution and For Emergency Transfer of Corporate Powers to Stuart A. Rosenfeldt, Case No. 09-059301 Judge's Order Granting Compelling of Bank Records, Case No.", "09-059301 Judge's Order Granting Compelling of Bank Records, Case No. 09-059301 Database of Scott W. Rothstein's Political Contributions Database of Scott W. Rothstein's Corporate Interests Database of Scott W. Rothstein's registered vehicles Database of Scott W. Rothstein's Real Estate Transactions 1962 births 2009 in economics American money launderers American money managers American people convicted of fraud American prisoners and detainees 20th-century American Jews American confidence tricksters Criminal investigation Disbarred American lawyers Florida lawyers Great Recession Living people People convicted of racketeering Prisoners and detainees of the United States federal government Pyramid and Ponzi schemes American businesspeople convicted of crimes 21st-century American Jews" ]

[ "Scott W. Rothstein", "Law partner murder", "who is scott?", "Rothstein has a team of \"executive protection specialists\" to guard the firm and his family, his teen-aged daughter.", "what happened with swindle pitch?", "I don't know.", "where did the money go?", "In 2005, the year the Ponzi scheme allegedly began,", "who did he work with?", "Debra Villegas, who handles his money, is the law firm's chief operating officer. She is co-owner with Rothstein", "was he arrested?", "Rothstein has a team of \"executive protection specialists\" to guard the firm and his family, his teen-aged daughter.", "anything interesting?", "Federal prosecutors seized the home, alleging that it was among Rothstein's ill-gotten assets." ]

[ "Finance Smurf (original French title: Le Schtroumpf Financier) is the sixteenth album of the original French-language Smurfs comic series created by Belgian artist Peyo.\n\nPlot\nPapa Smurf's lab explodes while he is making the formula \"Ad Capitis mala et alios dolores sanandos\" (which is how much Brainy Smurf can read because he is unable to translate it properly as he claims), and when the other Smurfs arrive, Papa Smurf is unconscious. A Smurf goes to the home of the good wizard Homnibus to ask for help. Homnibus realizes that Papa Smurf has fallen sick due to using sulfur in the formula. However, Homnibus lacks some ingredients needed for the cure, so he sends his servant Oliver to buy some. The Smurf goes along with Oliver and learns about money and the humans' commerce system.\n\nThe Smurf returns to the Smurf Village with medicine that Papa Smurf must drink three times a day to get better. The Smurf tries to tell Papa Smurf about money, but Papa Smurf is unable to listen to him as Papa Smurf needs rest. So the Smurf decides to put the commerce system into practice as a surprise, thus becoming Finance Smurf.\n\nThe first step is to make coins. Finance Smurf asks Painter Smurf to make a picture of Papa Smurf's face inside a circle, which is then used as a model for Sculptor Smurf to make a mold for the coins. Then Handy Smurf pours molten gold on the mold to make the first Smurf coins.\n\nFinance Smurf arranges a conference to explain to the other Smurfs what money is and how it works. Everybody agrees with Finance Smurf's idea to use money from now on (except for Brainy Smurf). Each Smurf gets a bag of money as a start.\n\nAt first, the inexperienced Smurfs need Finance Smurf's help to know how much they need to spend or ask for given services. The inexperienced Smurfs find the currency system funny. After some time, trouble begins. While Baker Smurf, Farmer Smurf, Handy Smurf and some other Smurfs become richer, most Smurfs become poorer, They need to find ways to get money. They sell unwanted stuff that they previously did for fun (Jokey Smurf's presents, Harmony Smurf's concerts, Poet Smurf's poems, etc.).\n\nFinance Smurf creates and manages a bank to loan money to the poor Smurfs and store the rich Smurfs' money. Farmer Smurf doesn't trust the institution and goes to bury his money in the forest, only to encounter Gargamel there. As Farmer Smurf escapes, he drops a coin, which later is picked up by the evil wizard. The evil wizard now realizes that the Smurfs have money.\n\nFarmer Smurf notices that he has lost a coin. He goes back to get it. When he starts to cross the bridge, it falls apart. Finance Smurf offers to finance the bridge repair cost. From then on, any Smurf who crosses the bridge needs to pay him a toll. Finance Smurf asks Handy Smurf to get the price for the materials. Carpenter Smurf asks 1500 coins for the wood, which Handy Smurf finds too expensive. Another Smurf offers him inferior wood for just 1000 coins, plus a bribe that Handy Smurf accepts.\n\nFarmer Smurf returns to the forest to find his lost coin. Gargamel has placed a yellow-painted lead coin as bait that lures Farmer Smurf into the trap. Gargamel then sends his crow, Corbelius with a message for the Smurfs to give him all their money in exchange for Farmer Smurf. Papa Smurf, who has recovered, sends a Smurf to spy on Gargamel, and the Smurf spy discovers the wizard setting up a trap in order to get both the Smurfs and their money. The Smurfs fix Gargamel's trap to make it fall on him instead of them. Then, while Finance Smurf and Brainy Smurf carry the money back to the Village, other Smurfs go to Gargamel's house to save Farmer Smurf from Azrael. Papa Smurf decides to have a party to celebrate their triumph, but then Finance Smurf asks who will pay for the party. In the end there's no party.\n\nPapa Smurf learns that he will have to pay a large sum of money to Handy Smurf in order for him to rebuild his destroyed laboratory, but before he can do that he has to pay Smurfette for nursing him during his sickness, Baker Smurf for food, and other Smurfs for various other services. Thus he quickly becomes poor. When Finance Smurf suggests that he make the Smurfs pay for any kind of help he gives them, Papa Smurf soundly refuses. Papa Smurf then observes the Village and notes that all the things the Smurfs once did in a cooperative spirit are now done if they are paid only, and there are fights over money as well as stress all around due to the constant work.\n\nOne day, a Smurf gets sick of the aggravating currency-based life and decides to leave the Smurf Village. Other Smurfs agree and leave the Smurf Village with him, including Papa Smurf. Everyone leaves except for Finance Smurf, who tells them that they cannot leave because they owe him money. They responded by throwing him all the money. At first, Finance Smurf refuses to revert to the old ways and even gloats about having the whole Smurf Village for himself. Eventually, he changes his mind. He decides he doesn't want to be alone, so he asks everybody to return to the village and reuse the old system based on cooperation. The coins are converted into golden musical instruments.\n\nIssues\nThe subject of the comic book is the famous system that has been implemented on human society: money. Peyo shows us the social differences that grow between the Smurfs (rich and poor). We can also see how the lifestyle of smurfs changes, revolving around money and bringing misery everywhere.\nAlthough the book was never adapted for the television cartoon series, there is an episode entitled \"The Smurfs and the Money Tree\" which also revolves around money, namely an enchanted money tree created by Gargamel and his mother to trap the Smurfs. But because Greedy Smurf finds the tree first, instead of actual money, it turns out to carry chocolate coins wrapped in gold with Greedy's image on them.\nFinance Smurf is Peyo, Pierre Culliford's last comic book work before his death on December 24, 1992. From that point onwards, his son Thierry Culliford take over in creating all Smurf comic book stories. Thierry Culliford mostly involves in writing the stories while working with various cartoon artists that create the artworks.\n\nSee also \n Characters in The Smurfs\n\nThe Smurfs books\nes:El pitufo financiero\nfr:Le Schtroumpf financier", "Avunanna Kaadanna () is a 2005 Indian Telugu-language romantic drama film directed by Teja. The film stars Uday Kiran and Sadha.\n\nCast \n\nUday Kiran as Ravi\nSadha as Aravinda (credited as Sadaf)\nPilla Prasad as Mangaraju\nDharmavarapu Subramanyam\nSuman Shetty\nRallapalli\nSudha\nDuvvasi Mohan\nSangeeta\nRama Prabha\nShravya\nNirmala Reddy\nRajendra\nRajababu\n\nSoundtrack \nThe music was composed by R. P. Patnaik.\n\"Avunanna\" – R. P. Patnaik\n\"Gudigantala\" – S. P. B. Charan, Usha\n\"Anaganaga\" – KK, Usha\n\"Nelathalli\" – Shankar Mahadevan\n\"Malinam\" – Usha\n\"Suvvi Suvvi\" – K. S. Chithra, Mallikarjun\n\nProduction \nSadha was chosen to make her second collaboration alongside Teja after Jayam. This film marks the third collaboration of Uday Kiran and Teja after Chitram and Nuvvu Nenu. Teja's frequent collaborator, R. P. Patnaik, was roped in to compose the music. The producer spent a good sum of money although he did not make money after Venky and Mr & Mrs Sailaja Krishnamurthy.\n\nRelease \nThe film released to positive reviews. Sify praised the performances of the lead actors and Dharmavarapu and stated how \"On the whole, Teja tries his best with a sugar-coated love story that is fun to watch\". Idlebrain gave the film three and of five stars and praised the performances of much of the cast and the first half of the film.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n\n2000s Telugu-language films\nIndian films\nIndian romantic drama films\n2005 romantic drama films\n2005 films\nFilms directed by Teja (film director)" ]

[ "Scott W. Rothstein (born June 10, 1962) is a disbarred lawyer, convicted felon, and the former managing shareholder, chairman, and chief executive officer of the now-defunct Rothstein Rosenfeldt Adler law firm. He funded an extravagant lifestyle with a $1.2 billion Ponzi scheme, one of the largest such in history. On December 1, 2009, Rothstein turned himself in to authorities and was subsequently arrested on charges related to the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act (RICO).", "On December 1, 2009, Rothstein turned himself in to authorities and was subsequently arrested on charges related to the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act (RICO). Although his arraignment plea was not guilty, Rothstein reversed his plea to guilty of five federal crimes on January 27, 2010. Rothstein was denied bond by U.S. Magistrate Judge Robin Rosenbaum, who ruled that due to his ability to forge documents, he was considered a flight risk. He was sentenced to 50 years in federal prison.", "He was sentenced to 50 years in federal prison. He was sentenced to 50 years in federal prison. Overview On June 9, 2010, Rothstein received a 50-year prison sentence after a hearing in federal court in Fort Lauderdale, although federal prosecutors initially filed a motion notifying the court they would be seeking a sentence reduction for Rothstein. His firm had 70 lawyers and 150 employees, with offices in Boca Raton, West Palm Beach, Fort Lauderdale, Miami, Tallahassee, Florida, New York City and Caracas, Venezuela.", "His firm had 70 lawyers and 150 employees, with offices in Boca Raton, West Palm Beach, Fort Lauderdale, Miami, Tallahassee, Florida, New York City and Caracas, Venezuela. The firm focused on labor and employment matters, civil rights, intellectual property, internet law, corporate espionage, personal injury, wrongful death, commercial litigation, real estate, mergers and acquisitions, and governmental relations.", "The firm focused on labor and employment matters, civil rights, intellectual property, internet law, corporate espionage, personal injury, wrongful death, commercial litigation, real estate, mergers and acquisitions, and governmental relations. His client list included Citicorp, J. C. Penney, Ed Morse Automotive Group, National Beverage, Silversea Cruise Lines, Supra Telecom, and Wells Fargo.", "His client list included Citicorp, J. C. Penney, Ed Morse Automotive Group, National Beverage, Silversea Cruise Lines, Supra Telecom, and Wells Fargo. Until he was permanently disbarred by the Florida Supreme Court on November 25, 2009, Rothstein was a member of the Florida Bar and admitted by the United States Supreme Court. He had been given an AV Preeminent peer review rating by Martindale-Hubbell.", "He had been given an AV Preeminent peer review rating by Martindale-Hubbell. The AV rating is a significant accomplishment and a testament to the fact that a lawyer's peers rank him or her at the highest level of professional excellence. Rothstein may have stolen millions of dollars from an investment side-business. A list of 259 persons or corporate entities entitled to $279 million in restitution has been sealed by the court.", "A list of 259 persons or corporate entities entitled to $279 million in restitution has been sealed by the court. On November 3, 2009, Federal Bureau of Investigation and United States Department of the Treasury agents served a warrant to search the firm's Fort Lauderdale offices. Rothstein sent an email in recent weeks to firm lawyers asking them to investigate which countries refused to extradite criminal suspects to either the U.S. or Israel, and firm lawyers responded that Morocco is one such country.", "Rothstein sent an email in recent weeks to firm lawyers asking them to investigate which countries refused to extradite criminal suspects to either the U.S. or Israel, and firm lawyers responded that Morocco is one such country. Rothstein had wired $16 million to an individual in Casablanca and left for Casablanca on October 26, 2009. On October 31, 2009, he sent a suicide text message note to all of his law partners: Sorry for letting you all down. I am a fool.", "I am a fool. I am a fool. I thought I could fix it, but got trapped by my ego and refusal to fail, and now all I have accomplished is hurting the people I love. Please take care of yourselves and please protect Kimmie [Rothstein's wife]. She knew nothing. Neither did she, nor any of you deserve what I did. I hope God allows me to see you on the other side. Love, Scott.", "Love, Scott. Love, Scott. On November 3, 2009, after many texts by Stuart Rosenfeldt, the president of the firm, urging him to \"choose life\", Rothstein returned to Fort Lauderdale on a chartered jet, (chartered by the ex-husband of Governor Crist's wife, Todd Rome) from Casablanca.", "On November 3, 2009, after many texts by Stuart Rosenfeldt, the president of the firm, urging him to \"choose life\", Rothstein returned to Fort Lauderdale on a chartered jet, (chartered by the ex-husband of Governor Crist's wife, Todd Rome) from Casablanca. On November 2, his law firm with only $117,000 in its operating account filed suit against him, asked a judge to dissolve the firm, accusing him of misappropriating hundreds of millions of dollars from investor trust accounts in a Ponzi scheme from an investment business he covertly ran out of his law office.", "On November 2, his law firm with only $117,000 in its operating account filed suit against him, asked a judge to dissolve the firm, accusing him of misappropriating hundreds of millions of dollars from investor trust accounts in a Ponzi scheme from an investment business he covertly ran out of his law office. In 2009 Rothstein resided at the Federal Detention Center, Miami in Downtown Miami, but was later moved to an undisclosed location and his inmate number removed from the Federal Bureau of Prisons inmate locator webpage.", "In 2009 Rothstein resided at the Federal Detention Center, Miami in Downtown Miami, but was later moved to an undisclosed location and his inmate number removed from the Federal Bureau of Prisons inmate locator webpage. Background and career Rothstein was born in the Bronx and moved with his parents to Lauderhill, Florida as a teenager.", "Background and career Rothstein was born in the Bronx and moved with his parents to Lauderhill, Florida as a teenager. A 1988 Juris Doctor graduate of Fort Lauderdale's Nova Southeastern University's Law School, the Shepard Broad College of Law, and a 1984 Bachelor of Arts graduate of University of Florida, Rothstein's law career began in 1988 and, for nearly fifteen years, he was relatively unknown. His local mentors were wealthy attorneys, Donald McClosky and Bill Scherer.", "His local mentors were wealthy attorneys, Donald McClosky and Bill Scherer. In the early 1990s, Rothstein first partnered with attorney Howard Kusnick. First located in Plantation, Florida, Kusnick & Rothstein, P.A. subsequently moved to downtown Ft. Lauderdale. Longtime partner Michael Pancier first joined him there.", "Longtime partner Michael Pancier first joined him there. Longtime partner Michael Pancier first joined him there. In 2000, Rothstein joined with Rosenfeldt as a name partner at the Hollywood firm, Phillips Eisinger Koss & Rosenfeldt, P.A., which became known as Phillips Eisinger Koss Rothstein & Rosenfeldt, P.A In February 2002, Rothstein and Rosenfeldt started their own firm, first known as Rothstein & Rosenfeldt, P.A. Within a month, Pancier was added as a name partner.", "Within a month, Pancier was added as a name partner. In July, 2002, adding Susan Dolin, a well-regarded employment lawyer, now practicing on her own in West Broward, the firm became known as Rothstein, Rosenfeldt, Dolin & Pancier, P.A.. In late 2004, the firm became known simply as Rothstein Rosenfeldt, with Adler being added in March 2005. Melissa Britt Lewis, who was murdered in March, 2008, was with Rothstein from the firm's beginning.", "Melissa Britt Lewis, who was murdered in March, 2008, was with Rothstein from the firm's beginning. In seven years, he and his partners expanded the firm to 70 lawyers, including former Boca Raton Mayor and sitting Palm Beach County Commissioner Steve Abrams; former judges Julio Gonzalez, Barry Stone, and former Palm Beach circuit judge, William Berger; TV and radio legal commentator and former prosecutor, Ken Padowitz; Carlos Reyes, former South Broward Hospital District commissioner and lobbyist; Arthur Neiwirth, a bankruptcy expert; and Les Stracher, former legal counsel for Morse Auto Group, who represents major auto dealers.", "In seven years, he and his partners expanded the firm to 70 lawyers, including former Boca Raton Mayor and sitting Palm Beach County Commissioner Steve Abrams; former judges Julio Gonzalez, Barry Stone, and former Palm Beach circuit judge, William Berger; TV and radio legal commentator and former prosecutor, Ken Padowitz; Carlos Reyes, former South Broward Hospital District commissioner and lobbyist; Arthur Neiwirth, a bankruptcy expert; and Les Stracher, former legal counsel for Morse Auto Group, who represents major auto dealers. Others include: Shawn Birken, son of Circuit Court Judge Arthur Birken; Ben Dishowitz, son of County Court Judge Dishowitz; and Grant Smith, son of disgraced former Congressman Larry Smith.", "Others include: Shawn Birken, son of Circuit Court Judge Arthur Birken; Ben Dishowitz, son of County Court Judge Dishowitz; and Grant Smith, son of disgraced former Congressman Larry Smith. Andrew Barnett is Corporate Development Officer, and David Boden, a New York attorney not licensed in Florida, was the firm's general counsel.", "Andrew Barnett is Corporate Development Officer, and David Boden, a New York attorney not licensed in Florida, was the firm's general counsel. Recent On September 8, 2011, U.S. District Judge James I. Cohn granted the government's motion to prohibit videotaping Rothstein during a scheduled deposition of him, citing \"serious harm\" and \"security reasons that are unusual in nature.\" The exact reasons for the judge's decision were sealed.", "The exact reasons for the judge's decision were sealed. This fueled speculation that his appearance was altered or he was a mafia target due to his cooperation with the prosecution against the mafia. On June 8, 2011, federal prosecutors filed a motion with the sentencing judge informing him that they would be asking for a sentence reduction for Rothstein. However, on September 26, 2017, prosecutors withdrew their motion for a reduced sentence, saying that he had provided \"false material information\" in violation of his plea agreement.", "However, on September 26, 2017, prosecutors withdrew their motion for a reduced sentence, saying that he had provided \"false material information\" in violation of his plea agreement. Rothstein's name does not appear in the Federal Bureau of Prisons inmate database. This indicates he is being held under an alias, which would not be unusual given that he cooperated with the government. As of November 18, 2009, many of the associates have relocated: Five lawyers moved to Fort Lauderdale-based Rice Pugatch Robinson & Schiller.", "As of November 18, 2009, many of the associates have relocated: Five lawyers moved to Fort Lauderdale-based Rice Pugatch Robinson & Schiller. Steven Lippman and Richard Storfer will be new partners. Riley Cirulnick, George Zinkler and Jodi Cohen are new associates. In August, 2008, Governor Crist appointed Rothstein as a member of the 4th District Court of Appeal Judicial nominating commission, a body which is responsible for selecting new judges for appointment to the Court. Bill Brock accompanied Rothstein to Morocco.", "Bill Brock accompanied Rothstein to Morocco. Bill Brock accompanied Rothstein to Morocco. His job at the law firm was to issue checks for Rothstein's various ventures and contributions, and had the sole security pass for the area where records of Rothstein's non-law firm businesses were kept. An observant Jew, Rothstein grew up in a small Bronx apartment, sharing a bedroom with his sister. His father was a salesman \"back in the days when you carried a bag up and down the streets of New York.\"", "His father was a salesman \"back in the days when you carried a bag up and down the streets of New York.\" The family moved to Lauderhill, Florida in 1977, when Rothstein was 16. His grandmother used her life savings to help put him through school. \"I grew up poor. I'm a lunatic about money.\" Rothstein was a large contributor to a synagogue off Las Olas with his name affixed to the front facade: The Rothstein Family Downtown Jewish Center Chabad.", "Rothstein was a large contributor to a synagogue off Las Olas with his name affixed to the front facade: The Rothstein Family Downtown Jewish Center Chabad. Rabbi Schneur Kaplan is one of the two people who talked Rothstein out of committing suicide. He invested in residential property. In 2003, he paid $1.2 million for an intracoastal waterfront house on Castilla Isle in Fort Lauderdale. In March 2005, he bought a neighboring home belonging to Miami Dolphins' Ricky Williams for $2.73 million.", "In March 2005, he bought a neighboring home belonging to Miami Dolphins' Ricky Williams for $2.73 million. While living in Williams' old house, he's purchased two other homes on the street and three other homes in Broward for a total residential investment of nearly $20 million. \"They call me the king of Castilla.\"", "\"They call me the king of Castilla.\" \"They call me the king of Castilla.\" In 2008, he purchased a $6.45 million waterfront gated Fort Lauderdale home, a $6 million condo in New York in the same building as Marc Dreier, and a $2.8 million oceanfront estate in Narragansett, Rhode Island formerly owned by troubled client, Michael Kent, a Fort Lauderdale nightclub owner.", "In 2008, he purchased a $6.45 million waterfront gated Fort Lauderdale home, a $6 million condo in New York in the same building as Marc Dreier, and a $2.8 million oceanfront estate in Narragansett, Rhode Island formerly owned by troubled client, Michael Kent, a Fort Lauderdale nightclub owner. He is part-owner with Anthony Bova of the South Beach Versace Casa Casuarina mansion, where he was married on January 26, 2008, in a three-day wedding celebration with Governor Crist, and his then-fiancée and present wife, Carol Rome, in attendance.", "He is part-owner with Anthony Bova of the South Beach Versace Casa Casuarina mansion, where he was married on January 26, 2008, in a three-day wedding celebration with Governor Crist, and his then-fiancée and present wife, Carol Rome, in attendance. A later financial analysis of the 10% property interest Rothstein owned showed that it was worthless. His second wife, Kimberly Wendell Rothstein, a 35-year-old real-estate agent, helped manage his properties, which also include part-ownership of an office building in Pompano Beach.", "His second wife, Kimberly Wendell Rothstein, a 35-year-old real-estate agent, helped manage his properties, which also include part-ownership of an office building in Pompano Beach. He and Bova also owned Bova Ristorante, formerly long-time generational Italian family-owned Mario's of Boca, which shut down October 18, 2009. Bova Prime, formerly Riley McDermott's on Las Olas Boulevard is still operating. On September 11, 2008, the day before Rothstein took ownership, a dispute involving firearms broke out at Riley McDermott's involving Rothstein's security personnel.", "On September 11, 2008, the day before Rothstein took ownership, a dispute involving firearms broke out at Riley McDermott's involving Rothstein's security personnel. He owns parts of an internet technology called company Qtask and V Georgio Spirits Co., LLC with CEO Vie Harvey and the Renato watch company, with partner, Ovi Levy. Levy is the son of hotelier Shimon Levy, who spent a year in prison in Israel after hiding a criminal kingpin, suspected of two murders.", "Levy is the son of hotelier Shimon Levy, who spent a year in prison in Israel after hiding a criminal kingpin, suspected of two murders. Rothstein at one time was a minority shareholder of Edify LLC, a health-care benefits consulting company. State Representative Evan Jenne-D-Dania Beach is a $30,000 company consultant, who previously worked a local bank. Rothstein hired Jenne's father, former sheriff and convicted felon, Ken Jenne, as a consultant at his law firm days after Jenne was released from prison on corruption charges.", "Rothstein hired Jenne's father, former sheriff and convicted felon, Ken Jenne, as a consultant at his law firm days after Jenne was released from prison on corruption charges. An attorney for Rothstein's law firm serves as the registered agent for Evan Jenne's company, Blue Banyan. Grant Smith, a lifelong friend of Evan Jenne's, is an Edify lobbyist. Edify has worked closely with the state Department of Health to develop wellness programs and also influences certain health-care legislation.", "Edify has worked closely with the state Department of Health to develop wellness programs and also influences certain health-care legislation. \"The Great Gatsby\" In the 2008 interview at his law firm, Rothstein described himself and told how he controlled all aspects of the firm's management: This is where the evil happens. Look, I sleep in the bed I make. I tend toward the flashy side, but it's a persona. It's just a fucking persona. ... People ask me, 'When do you sleep?'", "... People ask me, 'When do you sleep?' I say I'll sleep when I'm dead. I'm a true Gemini. I joke around that there are 43 people living in my head and you never know what you're going to get. There are some philanthropists in there, some good lawyers, and I like to think some good businessmen. There are also some guys from the streets of the Bronx that stay hidden away until I need them. Does that sound crazy?", "Does that sound crazy? Does that sound crazy? I am crazy, but crazy in a good way. His personal office was opulent, with security and a compartmentalized layout. Anyone entering Rothstein's suite of offices had to use an intercom. He could exit, unseen through a second door. In the hallway, an ordinary looking brown door is actually the elevator door. Dozens of surveillance cameras and microphones hang from office ceilings. On his desk: four computer screens and the Five Books of Moses.", "On his desk: four computer screens and the Five Books of Moses. Outside his personal office hung a painting of Al Pacino as Michael Corleone in The Godfather. The walls of Rothstein's office and other hallways are lined with photos of himself and politicians including Gov. Charlie Crist, former U.S. Senator Mel Martinez, Senator John McCain, Broward Sheriff Al Lamberti, Rudy Giuliani, Joe Lieberman, and Bill McCollum.", "Senator Mel Martinez, Senator John McCain, Broward Sheriff Al Lamberti, Rudy Giuliani, Joe Lieberman, and Bill McCollum. He was ostensibly an affluent and successful attorney with all the material trappings of a flamboyant lifestyle, including armed body guards and police protection. Twenty-eight city police officials, including captains, majors, undercover officers and the department spokesman, helped guard his home and businesses, the only person in the department's history to have permanent round-the-clock off-duty police protection at his home.", "Twenty-eight city police officials, including captains, majors, undercover officers and the department spokesman, helped guard his home and businesses, the only person in the department's history to have permanent round-the-clock off-duty police protection at his home. The department suspended all work for Rothstein on November 2, 2009. He had a Boeing 727 jet and in 2002, flew Bill Clinton, Kevin Spacey, and Chris Tucker to Africa on an anti-AIDS mission. He owns an $5 million Warren yacht.", "He owns an $5 million Warren yacht. He owns an $5 million Warren yacht. His fleet of exotic cars included: 1974, 2006, 2007, and 2008 Ferraris, 2009 Bentley, 2007 Silver Rolls-Royce, and one 2008 and two 2010 Lamborghini Murcielagos — worth about $400,000 each, a pair of $1.6 million Bugattis, and a pair of Harleys which he maintains in an air-conditioned warehouse. All were allegedly purchased and traded from Euromotorsports, the owner of which has an extensive criminal record.", "All were allegedly purchased and traded from Euromotorsports, the owner of which has an extensive criminal record. All were seized shortly after his return from Morocco. He has a watch collection of over 100, valued at $1 million. In 2008, he was working on opening a cigar and martini bar on Las Olas Boulevard and two high-rise residential buildings in Brooklyn with New York partner Dominic Tonnachio. He was to take ownership of a \"series of office buildings\" on Oakland Park Boulevard.", "He was to take ownership of a \"series of office buildings\" on Oakland Park Boulevard. Roger Stone, a political trickster for Richard Nixon, was a partner with Rothstein in RRA Consulting, an LLC which was set up to provide public affairs assistance to the RRA law firm's legal clients. According to Stone, that business never generated any clients. It was dissolved in late 2008.", "It was dissolved in late 2008. It was dissolved in late 2008. On August 27, 2009, Stone, the recipient of Rothstein's sponsorship of his blog until July 29, 2009, \"StoneZone\", wrote a column recommending Rothstein for the seat vacated by Senator Mel Martinez- a man with \"a distinguished legal record, has been a key supporter of Governor Crist and John McCain, has an unmatched record of philanthropic activities and would bring an unconventional style of getting things done to Washington.", "On August 27, 2009, Stone, the recipient of Rothstein's sponsorship of his blog until July 29, 2009, \"StoneZone\", wrote a column recommending Rothstein for the seat vacated by Senator Mel Martinez- a man with \"a distinguished legal record, has been a key supporter of Governor Crist and John McCain, has an unmatched record of philanthropic activities and would bring an unconventional style of getting things done to Washington. Add Rothstein to the short list.\"", "Add Rothstein to the short list.\" Add Rothstein to the short list.\" On November 4, 2009, Stone wrote, \"Rothstein had no prior business success, no business acumen nor track record that would engender confidence in an investor. He could not read a balance sheet. He could not write or read a business plan. Rothstein was a lawyer, not an entrepreneur.\"", "Rothstein was a lawyer, not an entrepreneur.\" Rothstein was a lawyer, not an entrepreneur.\" Stone claims that Rothstein has Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD) \"so severe he never finished a martini, a cigar, a thought, or a sentence, never mind a transaction.\" According to Stone, neither law firm name partner Russell Adler nor Stuart Rosenfeldt were signatories on the RRA Trust Account. He \"appeared to be something out of a Great Gatsby movie.\"", "He \"appeared to be something out of a Great Gatsby movie.\" Philanthropy and political contributions In 2008, his Rothstein Family Foundation gave $1 million to Holy Cross Hospital in Fort Lauderdale, where a lobby will be named after him and his wife. On October 31, 2009 his firm sponsored at a charity golf tournament featuring former Gov. Jeb Bush.", "Jeb Bush. Jeb Bush. Between 2007 and 2008, he donated $2 million to the American Heart Association, Women in Distress, Alonzo Mourning Charities, Here's Help, and the Dan Marino Foundation. Politicians of both parties have pledged to donate to charity or return his political contributions. On November 3, 2009, the Florida Republican Party, announced it would give Rothstein's donations ($600,000) to a charity. Gov.", "Gov. Gov. Charlie Crist's Senate Campaign ($100,550), state Chief Financial Officer Alex Sink ($2,050), Senate President Jeff Atwater, Rep. Ellyn Bogdanoff, and the Florida Democratic Party ($200,000) will return some or all of his contributions. In June 2009, Harry Reid, the Democratic Senate majority leader received a contribution of $4,800.", "In June 2009, Harry Reid, the Democratic Senate majority leader received a contribution of $4,800. A list of FEC filings indexed by NewsMeat include a total of $166,800 to the Republican Party and candidates, including $109,800 to John McCain's 2008 presidential campaign, and $17,600 to Democratic candidates. Law partner murder Debra Villegas, who handles his money, is the law firm's chief operating officer. She is co-owner with Rothstein in a home at 2307 Castilla Isle, as of May 2009.", "She is co-owner with Rothstein in a home at 2307 Castilla Isle, as of May 2009. According to records, Rothstein originally purchased the property in September 2007, for $1.75 million, and sold it for $10 to a shell corporation in September 2009. In 2005, the year the Ponzi scheme allegedly began, Villegas earned $80,000 a year. In 2007, her salary had increased to $145,000. Villegas received two Swiss watches — a Rolex and a Breitling — from her \"employer\".", "Villegas received two Swiss watches — a Rolex and a Breitling — from her \"employer\". Rothstein paid off her couch and a bedroom set and held title to her two Honda water scooters. Villegas was living in a $475,000 Weston home that Rothstein signed over to her in July 2009 for $100 and \"love and affection,\" according to the deed. Villegas registered a 2009 $100,000 Maserati GranTurismo at the home in January, 2009.", "Villegas registered a 2009 $100,000 Maserati GranTurismo at the home in January, 2009. In November 2009, Federal prosecutors seized the home, alleging that it was among Rothstein's ill-gotten assets. Villegas' estranged husband, Tony Villegas, was charged on circumstantial evidence in the March 2008 murder in Plantation, Florida of Melissa Britt Lewis, a partner in Rothstein's firm.", "Villegas' estranged husband, Tony Villegas, was charged on circumstantial evidence in the March 2008 murder in Plantation, Florida of Melissa Britt Lewis, a partner in Rothstein's firm. Although early news reports wondered at whether the evidence was substantial, according to New Times, \"Nine days later, forensic testing revealed that Tony's DNA had been found on Melissa's suit jacket – the same jacket she wore on the day she died.\" Police sealed the arrest affidavit.", "Police sealed the arrest affidavit. Police sealed the arrest affidavit. As a result of the homicide and the nature of the legal business, Rothstein has a team of \"executive protection specialists\" to guard the firm and his family, his teen-aged daughter. The prosecutor who had first worked on the Villegas case, Howard Scheinberg, went to work for Rosenfeldt Rothstein Adler. Villegas, a train conductor, remains in jail awaiting trial. The motive was supposedly revenge for Lewis's closeness with Debra.", "The motive was supposedly revenge for Lewis's closeness with Debra. Debra and Melissa share a therapist: Ilene Vinikoor, whose husband, David represents general counsel, David Boden in the Ponzi scheme investigation. You get anger from people ... that prick from the Bronx. ... They say I'm building the law firm too fast, that it must be a house of cards. \"Disbarment on consent\" On November 17, 2009, the Florida Bar Executive Committee voted to accept a request by Rothstein to be disbarred.", "\"Disbarment on consent\" On November 17, 2009, the Florida Bar Executive Committee voted to accept a request by Rothstein to be disbarred. The Florida Supreme Court entered an order permanently disbarring Rothstein on November 25, 2009. Rothstein was removed from the Broward County Grievance Committee, and his name has also been removed from the database of \"The Best Lawyers in America\".", "Rothstein was removed from the Broward County Grievance Committee, and his name has also been removed from the database of \"The Best Lawyers in America\". Trust account Rothstein, Rosenfeldt, and Adler's trust account was part of the Interest on Lawyer Trust Accounts (IOLTA) program that was paying hundreds of thousands of dollars a month to the Florida Bar Foundation.", "Trust account Rothstein, Rosenfeldt, and Adler's trust account was part of the Interest on Lawyer Trust Accounts (IOLTA) program that was paying hundreds of thousands of dollars a month to the Florida Bar Foundation. $1.2 billion Ponzi scheme Rothstein's investment scheme involved purchasing what were initially mislabeled as fabricated \"structured settlements,\" described as where people sell large settlements in legal cases for lump sums of cash.", "$1.2 billion Ponzi scheme Rothstein's investment scheme involved purchasing what were initially mislabeled as fabricated \"structured settlements,\" described as where people sell large settlements in legal cases for lump sums of cash. Alan Sakowitz, an attorney and real estate developer in Bay Harbor Islands, said that he contacted the FBI in September with concerns about Rothstein.", "Alan Sakowitz, an attorney and real estate developer in Bay Harbor Islands, said that he contacted the FBI in September with concerns about Rothstein. On Sunday, November 8, 2009, Sakowitz appeared with Kendall Coffey, attorney for Rothstein's law partners, on the Michael Putney Show on WPLG-TV, MIAMI, correcting Coffey for claiming that Rothstein's \"investments\" involved structured settlements, which they did not.", "On Sunday, November 8, 2009, Sakowitz appeared with Kendall Coffey, attorney for Rothstein's law partners, on the Michael Putney Show on WPLG-TV, MIAMI, correcting Coffey for claiming that Rothstein's \"investments\" involved structured settlements, which they did not. (Note: \"structured settlements\" as defined by Rothstein in press reports do not meet the definition in IRC 5891(C)(1) of the Internal Revenue Code). Rothstein's resemble investments in pre-settlement funding or pre-settlement financing.", "Rothstein's resemble investments in pre-settlement funding or pre-settlement financing. In his December 12, 2011 deposition page 24 lines 15-23, Scott Rothstein himself said \"It was intentionally made in a way and presented to that firm and the other firms that were looking at the structure issue that it was merely a purchase of dollars already in-house; that it was not a structured settlement because the true definition of a structured settlement is when someone is actually receiving payments over time that has some other value.", "In his December 12, 2011 deposition page 24 lines 15-23, Scott Rothstein himself said \"It was intentionally made in a way and presented to that firm and the other firms that were looking at the structure issue that it was merely a purchase of dollars already in-house; that it was not a structured settlement because the true definition of a structured settlement is when someone is actually receiving payments over time that has some other value. We didn't have a true definition of a structured settlement, not by any of the statutes.", "We didn't have a true definition of a structured settlement, not by any of the statutes. From that perspective we had reason to make sure that this was not structured. Because when you're dealing with structured settlements you need other levels of Court approval. It would have required the manufacturer of literally hundreds of phony orders, which would have led the entire scheme to detection.' The FBI estimates the loss to be up to a billion dollars from lucrative whistle-blower and employment discrimination cases.", "The FBI estimates the loss to be up to a billion dollars from lucrative whistle-blower and employment discrimination cases. The investors would make up-front cash payments to individuals owed money from the court cases to buy the right to collect the full amount of the settlements later. The investor was guaranteed a minimum of 20 percent investment returns in as little as three months. Swindle pitch General counsel David Boden was present for at least one of the swindles, and negotiated the final papers with the investors' lawyers.", "Swindle pitch General counsel David Boden was present for at least one of the swindles, and negotiated the final papers with the investors' lawyers. Rothstein greets and informs the investor his firm was the preeminent sexual harassment law firm in the country. He says he'd figured out a basic formula which was that someone with $10 million net worth was usually willing to pay $2 million in cash to pay off their mistress. The key was confidentiality.", "The key was confidentiality. The key was confidentiality. Rothstein tells the investor that he would meet potential defendants in his office and would question them about affairs they had with an employee. The defendants would deny it. He pointed to artwork, and said there was a television screen behind it.", "He pointed to artwork, and said there was a television screen behind it. He tells the investor he turned on a video of the guy having sex with his mistress, and told his client \"We can either settle this now, or I can depose your wife, your mistress, you and your son about it.\"", "He tells the investor he turned on a video of the guy having sex with his mistress, and told his client \"We can either settle this now, or I can depose your wife, your mistress, you and your son about it.\" Since defendants\" often couldn't or wouldn't pay the entire settlement up-front, Rothstein tells the investor that his first harassment case many years ago, involved a $3.5 million settlement and a million-dollar legal fee, so Rothstein assigned the settlement to a good friend and the plaintiff settles for $3 million without a trial.", "Since defendants\" often couldn't or wouldn't pay the entire settlement up-front, Rothstein tells the investor that his first harassment case many years ago, involved a $3.5 million settlement and a million-dollar legal fee, so Rothstein assigned the settlement to a good friend and the plaintiff settles for $3 million without a trial. The \"good friend\" stood to be paid $3.5 million once the defendant paid up, a half-million dollar profit.", "The \"good friend\" stood to be paid $3.5 million once the defendant paid up, a half-million dollar profit. \"In 20 years, I have never seen a defendant sue on breach of settlement,\" Rothstein told them. \"The whole idea is that it's secret. Why would they sue?\" Although it did not appear completely legitimate, and it might have appeared that the plaintiffs were short-changed, it makes sense to the potential investor. The idea seems solid.", "The idea seems solid. The idea seems solid. The investor thinks that with enough of these cases at Rothstein's law firm, he could make huge sums of money. Rothstein then discusses other larger cases: Eli Lilly and Company, involving $1.4 billion with plaintiff representation by Gary Farmer, a firm attorney who negotiated the settlement and who brought the case with him when he arrived at the firm. Several inside whistleblowers went to the fed with unlawful practices regarding the marketing and sales of an anti-psychotic medication called Zyprexa.", "Several inside whistleblowers went to the fed with unlawful practices regarding the marketing and sales of an anti-psychotic medication called Zyprexa. It was one of the largest qui tam cases in history. He tells the investor about a potential (allegedly fabricated) case where investors would buy whistle-blower million dollar settlements with a sixty percent short term investor profit. The arrangement would be completely secret; the investor would never know the name of the company or the whistle-blower.", "The arrangement would be completely secret; the investor would never know the name of the company or the whistle-blower. The settlement money would be deposited into a trust account at TD Bank, accessible only to the investor at the appropriate time. David Boden follows up with all questions and negotiates the contract. Court-appointed receiver On November 2, 2009, Broward Chief Judge Vic Tobin sent an e-mail at 6:45 a.m. to judges about the Rothstein case: I learned of some very distressing news yesterday.", "Court-appointed receiver On November 2, 2009, Broward Chief Judge Vic Tobin sent an e-mail at 6:45 a.m. to judges about the Rothstein case: I learned of some very distressing news yesterday. Whoever draws the case try to set the motion today because of the amount of clients and money involved. Also, if you have a case with the firm, please be patient.", "Also, if you have a case with the firm, please be patient. I don't know if the lawyers will come or not and if they do come, there is no money at this point to go forward with the case or pay firm employees. On November 3, 2009, retired Miami-Dade Circuit Judge Herbert Stettin was appointed the firm's receiver, responsible for approving the firm's day-to-day financial decisions.", "On November 3, 2009, retired Miami-Dade Circuit Judge Herbert Stettin was appointed the firm's receiver, responsible for approving the firm's day-to-day financial decisions. Firm president and 50% owner of the firm, Stuart Rosenfeldt, \"deposited two-thirds of my life savings in my firm's operating account\" to prop up finances in the short-term. Marc Nurik is representing Rothstein, and has stepped down as a lawyer from the firm. The prosecutors are Lawrence D. LaVecchio, Paul F. Schwartz and Jeffrey N. Kaplan.", "The prosecutors are Lawrence D. LaVecchio, Paul F. Schwartz and Jeffrey N. Kaplan. They have decades of experience investigating public corruption, white-collar fraud and organized crime. They are preparing a massive fraud case against Rothstein, zeroing in on his settlement investments, and also allegations of theft from his law firm and client trust accounts.", "They are preparing a massive fraud case against Rothstein, zeroing in on his settlement investments, and also allegations of theft from his law firm and client trust accounts. Victims On November 25, 2009, Attorney William Scherer filed a 289-page Amended Complaint seeking $100,000,000 in civil damages on behalf of his clients, and naming: Toronto Dominion Bank and its associates, Frank Spinosa, Jennifer Kerstetter, and Rosanne Karetsky, Irene Stay, Banyon Income Fund, L.P., Banyon USVI, LLC, George G. Levin, Michael Szafranski, Onyx Options Consultants Corporation, Berenfeld Spritzer Shechter Sheer, LLP., as well as Rothstein and his associates, David Boden, Debra Villegas, Andrew Barnett, and Frank J. Preve, as defendants/co-conspirators.", "Victims On November 25, 2009, Attorney William Scherer filed a 289-page Amended Complaint seeking $100,000,000 in civil damages on behalf of his clients, and naming: Toronto Dominion Bank and its associates, Frank Spinosa, Jennifer Kerstetter, and Rosanne Karetsky, Irene Stay, Banyon Income Fund, L.P., Banyon USVI, LLC, George G. Levin, Michael Szafranski, Onyx Options Consultants Corporation, Berenfeld Spritzer Shechter Sheer, LLP., as well as Rothstein and his associates, David Boden, Debra Villegas, Andrew Barnett, and Frank J. Preve, as defendants/co-conspirators. The Amended Complaint lists people and businesses to whom Rothstein allegedly wired money while he was en route to or inside of Morocco: Rothstein wired $16 million to his tour guide from Boca Raton, Florida, \"Ahnick Kahlid\".", "The Amended Complaint lists people and businesses to whom Rothstein allegedly wired money while he was en route to or inside of Morocco: Rothstein wired $16 million to his tour guide from Boca Raton, Florida, \"Ahnick Kahlid\". Kahlid transferred the money to Rothstein's new Moroccan bank account opened upon his arrival with a passport as identification at Banque Populaire in Casablanca; The recipients allegedly are members of the \"Israeli Mob\"; New York Investors; Florida Investors; Real Estate Investors; and Levin Feeders.", "Kahlid transferred the money to Rothstein's new Moroccan bank account opened upon his arrival with a passport as identification at Banque Populaire in Casablanca; The recipients allegedly are members of the \"Israeli Mob\"; New York Investors; Florida Investors; Real Estate Investors; and Levin Feeders. Scherer has said that his clients and all other investors who weren't complicit in the crime will have their money returned. Due to the extreme negligence, TD Bank is liable.", "Due to the extreme negligence, TD Bank is liable. \"My goal is to get all the money back for the investors from the bank,\" Scherer said. On January 27, 2010 Scherer filed an affidavit alleging that Michael Szafranski was complicit in Rothstein's fraud, receiving almost $6.5 million in \"ill-gotten\" gains directly from Rothstein.", "On January 27, 2010 Scherer filed an affidavit alleging that Michael Szafranski was complicit in Rothstein's fraud, receiving almost $6.5 million in \"ill-gotten\" gains directly from Rothstein. Shimon Levy and Ovi Levy Shimon Levy allegedly has had deep ties to Dean Heiser and Israeli organized crime and spent a year in an Israeli prison for hiding a mob figure suspected of two \"grisly murders\".", "Shimon Levy and Ovi Levy Shimon Levy allegedly has had deep ties to Dean Heiser and Israeli organized crime and spent a year in an Israeli prison for hiding a mob figure suspected of two \"grisly murders\". In 1997, his partner at the Sea Club Resort on Fort Lauderdale beach, Zvika Yuz, was a victim of a murder which remains unsolved. His son, Ovi contacted the Plantation Police Department and began receiving protection during the time Rothstein fled to Morocco.", "His son, Ovi contacted the Plantation Police Department and began receiving protection during the time Rothstein fled to Morocco. Banyan Capital Banyan Income Fund, a Fort Lauderdale-based hedge fund, invested hundreds of millions. It was run by Rothstein and involves Fort Lauderdale businessman George G. Levin, who reported Rothstein to the U.S. Attorney's Office for \"suspicious activity.\" According to the lawsuit, Frank J. Preve is Chief Operating Officer and kept an office inside Rothstein et al. He is a convicted bank fraud and embezzlement felon.", "He is a convicted bank fraud and embezzlement felon. He is a convicted bank fraud and embezzlement felon. He pleaded guilty to bank embezzlement charges in 1985 and received ten years probation and a $10,000 fine for falsifying loan documents in another fraudulent scheme. Banyon and other Rothstein investors' accounts were held at a Toronto-Dominion Bank branch in Fort Lauderdale. Abraxas Discala Abraxas Discala, a businessman and former husband of The Sopranos' Jamie-Lynn Sigler, reportedly raised $30 million through his hedge fund which he invested into Rothstein's scheme.", "Abraxas Discala Abraxas Discala, a businessman and former husband of The Sopranos' Jamie-Lynn Sigler, reportedly raised $30 million through his hedge fund which he invested into Rothstein's scheme. George G. Levin Since 1983, George G. Levin and his wife, Gayla Sue, have lived in Fort Lauderdale's Bay Colony on the Intracoastal Waterway in a 2-story home with 8 bathrooms and a large pool, valued at $2 million. Levin has a pattern of filing complaints when his unsavory/fraudulent business ventures are exposed.", "Levin has a pattern of filing complaints when his unsavory/fraudulent business ventures are exposed. According to federal court documents, from 1985–1996 Levin's former business GGL Industries, dba Classic Motor Carriages defrauded hundreds of customers, selling kit cars. The federal government filed criminal charges against the company and GGL pleaded guilty to mail fraud in 1999 and agreed to pay $2.5 million in restitution. Stuart Rado had been a consumer activist who organized GGL's victims and helped spur the government action.", "Stuart Rado had been a consumer activist who organized GGL's victims and helped spur the government action. Levin subsequently sued Rado for violating the Florida Trade Secrets Act. Rado was diagnosed with cancer during the lawsuit. It was a classic frivolous SLAPP suit (\"Strategic Lawsuit Against Public Participation\"). On September 19, 1997, the finding against Mr. Rado was that he pay plaintiff's attorneys' fees.", "On September 19, 1997, the finding against Mr. Rado was that he pay plaintiff's attorneys' fees. The federal motion states: GGL's fraudulent scheme necessarily included as an intricate part the silencing of its critics, among whom was Rado. It did this by using the courts to intimidate Rado into being silent and causing Rado to spend money he could not afford.", "It did this by using the courts to intimidate Rado into being silent and causing Rado to spend money he could not afford. It was GGL's intention (as one of GGL's attorneys said to Rado [in a 1994 deposition]) to make Rado's net worth go south. GGL and its attorneys forced Rado to incur the expenses of defending two lawsuits for over 4 years. Rado had to incur these expenses and live day-to-day with a barrage of pleadings, depositions and other legal maneuvers by GGL.", "Rado had to incur these expenses and live day-to-day with a barrage of pleadings, depositions and other legal maneuvers by GGL. He had to endure this even though he did nothing legally wrong, and even though GGL was in fact at the same time continuing to perpetrate its nationwide fraud. Rado was being put through this because Rado dared to contact some of GGL's victims and tell them that if they were injured by GGL they should contact the Florida Attorney General for help.", "Rado was being put through this because Rado dared to contact some of GGL's victims and tell them that if they were injured by GGL they should contact the Florida Attorney General for help. What is even more despicable is that GGL knew that Rado was dying of cancer but continued to pursue him with motions and notices of trial and other pleadings, one such notice of hearing being served within days of brain surgery. Although a convicted felon, GGL hounded Rado's estate for the payment of $80,000 in attorney's fees.", "Although a convicted felon, GGL hounded Rado's estate for the payment of $80,000 in attorney's fees. The state of Florida filed suit against the company alleging deceptive business practices and civil theft. A special assistant attorney general, Herbert Stettin, led the investigation. Stettin is now the trustee overseeing the Rothstein Rosenfeldt Adler bankruptcy case. Levin continues to sell kit cars under a different company name, StreetBeasts.", "Levin continues to sell kit cars under a different company name, StreetBeasts. According to a Florida District Court of Appeals case published in 2002, Levin acquired property free and clear for less than the cost of the first mortgage, through a fraudulent transfer. Partners' income strategy and Rothstein's returns The allegations are: George Levin was the general partner (\"GP\") who solicited each limited partner (\"LP\") to contribute at least $1 million.", "Partners' income strategy and Rothstein's returns The allegations are: George Levin was the general partner (\"GP\") who solicited each limited partner (\"LP\") to contribute at least $1 million. Initially, each LP contributed $250,000, subject to periodic capital calls up to the amount of their commitments. They were promised 12% annually (15% for first $100 million), to be paid quarterly.", "They were promised 12% annually (15% for first $100 million), to be paid quarterly. The general partner had to maintain a balance of not less than 10% of all contributions after any quarterly distributions. The general partner also gave a \"clawback\" guaranty to all LP's equal to their original contributions. LP's could not request redemptions during an initial one-year \"lock-up\" period and were required to give 90 days' notice for any withdrawals.", "LP's could not request redemptions during an initial one-year \"lock-up\" period and were required to give 90 days' notice for any withdrawals. Redemptions would be paid from the GP's own capital account \"to the extent available\" with a 10% hold-back, but otherwise, only from the purchased lawsuits settlement stream. Banyon had paid Rothstein's firm at least $656 million, but the law firm anticipated $1.1 billion over a maximum 24-month period. It allegedly received and reinvested about $500 million.", "It allegedly received and reinvested about $500 million. It allegedly received and reinvested about $500 million. Levin expected to make 40% over 24 months but to only pay out 24%.", "Levin expected to make 40% over 24 months but to only pay out 24%. Rothstein's law firm's IOLTA trust accounts established \"for the plaintiff\" in the purported litigation settlements were used to fund the phony settlement accounts, after the law firm had paid its overhead, keeping its insolvent operation afloat, which included \"gifts\" to partners and money given to politicians, charities, and pay for a massive advertising budget, as well as Rothstein's personal lifestyle, over three years, amounting to approximately a $500 million loss.", "Rothstein's law firm's IOLTA trust accounts established \"for the plaintiff\" in the purported litigation settlements were used to fund the phony settlement accounts, after the law firm had paid its overhead, keeping its insolvent operation afloat, which included \"gifts\" to partners and money given to politicians, charities, and pay for a massive advertising budget, as well as Rothstein's personal lifestyle, over three years, amounting to approximately a $500 million loss. The interest on the funded IOLTA accounts went to the Florida Bar monthly, which was many millions, based on the Banyon contributions.", "The interest on the funded IOLTA accounts went to the Florida Bar monthly, which was many millions, based on the Banyon contributions. In its prospectus, Banyon claimed to have a legal opinion that Banyon's interest in the IOLTA trust accounts \"perfected automatically on execution of the transfer documents\" – that the lawsuit proceeds assignments created by general counsel, David Boden. The LP's were warned that they could be taxed on the Partnership's income and realized gains even if no distributions were made.", "The LP's were warned that they could be taxed on the Partnership's income and realized gains even if no distributions were made. As long as reinvestments were ongoing, the ponzi scheme was facilitated. Losses 1. Venture capitalist Doug Von Allmen's companies' total loss, approximately $105.5 million, through the Banyon Income Fund include: The Von Allmen Dynastry Trust, overseen by wife Linda Von Allmen: $7 million. D&L Partners, Von Allmen's Missouri company: $45 million.", "D&L Partners, Von Allmen's Missouri company: $45 million. Kretschmar: $8 million Razorback Funding LLC, a Delaware company: $32 million D3 Capital Club LLC, Delaware company: $13.5 million 2. BFMC Investment LLC, owned by Barry Florescue: $2.4 million 3. Socialite art dealer Bonnie Barnett, mother of defendant, Andrew Barnett 4. The family of car dealers, Ed and Ted Morse. 5. Ballamor Capital Management, Radnor, PA: $30 million.", "Ballamor Capital Management, Radnor, PA: $30 million. Others Investors from Morocco lost $85 million. On November 19, 2009, Rothstein never appeared for a deposition, noticed in the bankruptcy case by investors' attorney John Genovese at Genovese's law office. Banyon and other Rothstein investors' accounts were held at a Toronto-Dominion Bank branch in Fort Lauderdale.", "Banyon and other Rothstein investors' accounts were held at a Toronto-Dominion Bank branch in Fort Lauderdale. References External links Video tour of Rothstein's law offices USA v. Scott Rothstein: Report Commencing Criminal Action, December 1, 2009 Federal Charging Information, December 1, 2009 Case No. 09-60331 Rothstein Plea Agreement, Case 0:09-cr-60331-JIC, filed January 27, 2010 Disbarment on Consent, filed November 20, 2009 Amended Civil Complaint filed November 25, 2009, Case No.", "09-60331 Rothstein Plea Agreement, Case 0:09-cr-60331-JIC, filed January 27, 2010 Disbarment on Consent, filed November 20, 2009 Amended Civil Complaint filed November 25, 2009, Case No. 09-062943 Attorney Scherer's Opposition to Motion to Disqualify Counsel for Plaintiffs, filed January 28, 2010 Amended Complaint for Dissolution and For Emergency Transfer of Corporate Powers to Stuart A. Rosenfeldt, Case No. 09-059301 Judge's Order Granting Compelling of Bank Records, Case No.", "09-059301 Judge's Order Granting Compelling of Bank Records, Case No. 09-059301 Database of Scott W. Rothstein's Political Contributions Database of Scott W. Rothstein's Corporate Interests Database of Scott W. Rothstein's registered vehicles Database of Scott W. Rothstein's Real Estate Transactions 1962 births 2009 in economics American money launderers American money managers American people convicted of fraud American prisoners and detainees 20th-century American Jews American confidence tricksters Criminal investigation Disbarred American lawyers Florida lawyers Great Recession Living people People convicted of racketeering Prisoners and detainees of the United States federal government Pyramid and Ponzi schemes American businesspeople convicted of crimes 21st-century American Jews" ]

[ "Scott W. Rothstein", "Law partner murder", "who is scott?", "Rothstein has a team of \"executive protection specialists\" to guard the firm and his family, his teen-aged daughter.", "what happened with swindle pitch?", "I don't know.", "where did the money go?", "In 2005, the year the Ponzi scheme allegedly began,", "who did he work with?", "Debra Villegas, who handles his money, is the law firm's chief operating officer. She is co-owner with Rothstein", "was he arrested?", "Rothstein has a team of \"executive protection specialists\" to guard the firm and his family, his teen-aged daughter.", "anything interesting?", "Federal prosecutors seized the home, alleging that it was among Rothstein's ill-gotten assets.", "how much money did he make?", "Rothstein originally purchased the property in September 2007, for $1.75 million, and sold it for $10 to a shell corporation in September 2009." ]

[ "River Street Tower (also known as the Downing Tower after its developer) is a high-rise tower under construction in Manchester, England. The tower is situated immediately north of the Mancunian Way on land which was notably occupied by a concrete car park frame from 2005 to 2018.\n\nA tower was originally approved in October 2012. However the scheme never materialised and the land was sold to new owners. A revised scheme for the site was approved in 2017 for a 32 storey high rise tower, compromising of 420 apartments targeted at the student accommodation market.\n\nThe unfinished concrete frame was demolished in May 2018 and construction commenced on the tower in summer 2018. Including existing towers under construction in Manchester, it is the joint 15th tallest building the city upon completion.\n\nBackground\n\n2012 scheme\n\nThe development was located on a site on River Street, beside Manchester city centre's southern boundary next to the Mancunian Way. At the time of the planning submission in 2012, the site was occupied by a half-built concrete frame, originally built for a medium-rise apartment block in 2004. The developer went bankrupt and the concrete frame remained uncompleted for 13 years. Chelmer Developments bought the site in April 2011 and pursued development opportunities. Liaising with Manchester City Council, the company commissioned SimpsonHaugh and Partners to devise design proposals for a skyscraper building above 100 metres in height. The company held a four-week consultation period in spring 2012.\n\nThe 2012 approved scheme included 600 serviced apartments designed for short-stay 'serviced living' as well as a café and gym. The tower would have been similar to modernist buildings like the New Century House and will reflect light to create effect. The architect, Ian Simpson described the building as \"a simple, very elegant and slender building with a glass surface so it will pick up reflections from the light and I think it will be quite dramatic.\"\n\nThe planning application was submitted in July 2012 and Manchester City Council approved the plans in October 2012. Approval was confirmed on 25 October 2012 at the monthly planning committee meeting. Demolition of the existing concrete structure was expected to begin in earnest, though works did not commence.\n\nThe land was subsequently sold to new owners, Bolton-based development firm Forshaw Land & Property and a revised planning application was made and approved by Manchester City Council in 2015 for 420 privately rented apartments, fewer than the 600 originally planned in the 2012 scheme. Construction of the skyscraper was expected to take approximately 18 months with the demolition of the concrete car park shell to commence in November 2015. However, by May 2017 construction had yet to begin, and the car park structure had not been demolished.\n\nThe scheme was effectively abandoned when new owners of the site proposed a different and smaller building in December 2017.\n\n2017 scheme\nA planning application was submitted in late 2017 for a tower reduced in scale and which was approved in January 2018. The concrete frame which has been incomplete since 2005 was finally demolished in May 2018. Groundworks commenced in summer 2018 with the core beginning to rise in October 2018. In September 2020 the building was completed and began taking bookings for students.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n- Developer's website for the scheme\n- Planning application document\n\nProposed buildings and structures in Manchester", "The Melbourme Metropolitan Planning Scheme 1954 was prepared for the Government of Victoria by the Melbourne and Metropolitan Board of Works. The scheme was approved in 1958 by the Board of Works, but did not become legally enforceable until 1968 when it was gazetted by the Minister for Local Government. The report recommended, amongst other things, a system of broad land-use zoning, a network of freeways and bypasses, and the regional allocation of public open space. The scheme identified five district centres of Footscray, Preston, Box Hill, Moorabbin and Dandenong. Local government authorities prepared local planning schemes which were intended to align with the Metropolitan Scheme's broad zones, but which frequently did not.\n\nBackground \nFollowing World World II, there was a general movement amongst state governments towards preparing metropolitan city plans to guide post-war urban expansion and economic development. In 1949 Victoria established the Town and Country Planning (Metropolitan Area) Act which empowered the MMBW to prepare a comprehensive plan for the metropolitan area of Melbourne.\n\nSee also \n\n Greater London Plan (1944)\n County of Cumberland planning scheme, Sydney (1948)\n Plan for the Metropolitan Region, Perth and Fremantle (1955)\n\nReferences \n\nMelbourne\nCity plans\nUrban planning in Australia\n1950s in Melbourne" ]

[ "Scott W. Rothstein (born June 10, 1962) is a disbarred lawyer, convicted felon, and the former managing shareholder, chairman, and chief executive officer of the now-defunct Rothstein Rosenfeldt Adler law firm. He funded an extravagant lifestyle with a $1.2 billion Ponzi scheme, one of the largest such in history. On December 1, 2009, Rothstein turned himself in to authorities and was subsequently arrested on charges related to the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act (RICO).", "On December 1, 2009, Rothstein turned himself in to authorities and was subsequently arrested on charges related to the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act (RICO). Although his arraignment plea was not guilty, Rothstein reversed his plea to guilty of five federal crimes on January 27, 2010. Rothstein was denied bond by U.S. Magistrate Judge Robin Rosenbaum, who ruled that due to his ability to forge documents, he was considered a flight risk. He was sentenced to 50 years in federal prison.", "He was sentenced to 50 years in federal prison. He was sentenced to 50 years in federal prison. Overview On June 9, 2010, Rothstein received a 50-year prison sentence after a hearing in federal court in Fort Lauderdale, although federal prosecutors initially filed a motion notifying the court they would be seeking a sentence reduction for Rothstein. His firm had 70 lawyers and 150 employees, with offices in Boca Raton, West Palm Beach, Fort Lauderdale, Miami, Tallahassee, Florida, New York City and Caracas, Venezuela.", "His firm had 70 lawyers and 150 employees, with offices in Boca Raton, West Palm Beach, Fort Lauderdale, Miami, Tallahassee, Florida, New York City and Caracas, Venezuela. The firm focused on labor and employment matters, civil rights, intellectual property, internet law, corporate espionage, personal injury, wrongful death, commercial litigation, real estate, mergers and acquisitions, and governmental relations.", "The firm focused on labor and employment matters, civil rights, intellectual property, internet law, corporate espionage, personal injury, wrongful death, commercial litigation, real estate, mergers and acquisitions, and governmental relations. His client list included Citicorp, J. C. Penney, Ed Morse Automotive Group, National Beverage, Silversea Cruise Lines, Supra Telecom, and Wells Fargo.", "His client list included Citicorp, J. C. Penney, Ed Morse Automotive Group, National Beverage, Silversea Cruise Lines, Supra Telecom, and Wells Fargo. Until he was permanently disbarred by the Florida Supreme Court on November 25, 2009, Rothstein was a member of the Florida Bar and admitted by the United States Supreme Court. He had been given an AV Preeminent peer review rating by Martindale-Hubbell.", "He had been given an AV Preeminent peer review rating by Martindale-Hubbell. The AV rating is a significant accomplishment and a testament to the fact that a lawyer's peers rank him or her at the highest level of professional excellence. Rothstein may have stolen millions of dollars from an investment side-business. A list of 259 persons or corporate entities entitled to $279 million in restitution has been sealed by the court.", "A list of 259 persons or corporate entities entitled to $279 million in restitution has been sealed by the court. On November 3, 2009, Federal Bureau of Investigation and United States Department of the Treasury agents served a warrant to search the firm's Fort Lauderdale offices. Rothstein sent an email in recent weeks to firm lawyers asking them to investigate which countries refused to extradite criminal suspects to either the U.S. or Israel, and firm lawyers responded that Morocco is one such country.", "Rothstein sent an email in recent weeks to firm lawyers asking them to investigate which countries refused to extradite criminal suspects to either the U.S. or Israel, and firm lawyers responded that Morocco is one such country. Rothstein had wired $16 million to an individual in Casablanca and left for Casablanca on October 26, 2009. On October 31, 2009, he sent a suicide text message note to all of his law partners: Sorry for letting you all down. I am a fool.", "I am a fool. I am a fool. I thought I could fix it, but got trapped by my ego and refusal to fail, and now all I have accomplished is hurting the people I love. Please take care of yourselves and please protect Kimmie [Rothstein's wife]. She knew nothing. Neither did she, nor any of you deserve what I did. I hope God allows me to see you on the other side. Love, Scott.", "Love, Scott. Love, Scott. On November 3, 2009, after many texts by Stuart Rosenfeldt, the president of the firm, urging him to \"choose life\", Rothstein returned to Fort Lauderdale on a chartered jet, (chartered by the ex-husband of Governor Crist's wife, Todd Rome) from Casablanca.", "On November 3, 2009, after many texts by Stuart Rosenfeldt, the president of the firm, urging him to \"choose life\", Rothstein returned to Fort Lauderdale on a chartered jet, (chartered by the ex-husband of Governor Crist's wife, Todd Rome) from Casablanca. On November 2, his law firm with only $117,000 in its operating account filed suit against him, asked a judge to dissolve the firm, accusing him of misappropriating hundreds of millions of dollars from investor trust accounts in a Ponzi scheme from an investment business he covertly ran out of his law office.", "On November 2, his law firm with only $117,000 in its operating account filed suit against him, asked a judge to dissolve the firm, accusing him of misappropriating hundreds of millions of dollars from investor trust accounts in a Ponzi scheme from an investment business he covertly ran out of his law office. In 2009 Rothstein resided at the Federal Detention Center, Miami in Downtown Miami, but was later moved to an undisclosed location and his inmate number removed from the Federal Bureau of Prisons inmate locator webpage.", "In 2009 Rothstein resided at the Federal Detention Center, Miami in Downtown Miami, but was later moved to an undisclosed location and his inmate number removed from the Federal Bureau of Prisons inmate locator webpage. Background and career Rothstein was born in the Bronx and moved with his parents to Lauderhill, Florida as a teenager.", "Background and career Rothstein was born in the Bronx and moved with his parents to Lauderhill, Florida as a teenager. A 1988 Juris Doctor graduate of Fort Lauderdale's Nova Southeastern University's Law School, the Shepard Broad College of Law, and a 1984 Bachelor of Arts graduate of University of Florida, Rothstein's law career began in 1988 and, for nearly fifteen years, he was relatively unknown. His local mentors were wealthy attorneys, Donald McClosky and Bill Scherer.", "His local mentors were wealthy attorneys, Donald McClosky and Bill Scherer. In the early 1990s, Rothstein first partnered with attorney Howard Kusnick. First located in Plantation, Florida, Kusnick & Rothstein, P.A. subsequently moved to downtown Ft. Lauderdale. Longtime partner Michael Pancier first joined him there.", "Longtime partner Michael Pancier first joined him there. Longtime partner Michael Pancier first joined him there. In 2000, Rothstein joined with Rosenfeldt as a name partner at the Hollywood firm, Phillips Eisinger Koss & Rosenfeldt, P.A., which became known as Phillips Eisinger Koss Rothstein & Rosenfeldt, P.A In February 2002, Rothstein and Rosenfeldt started their own firm, first known as Rothstein & Rosenfeldt, P.A. Within a month, Pancier was added as a name partner.", "Within a month, Pancier was added as a name partner. In July, 2002, adding Susan Dolin, a well-regarded employment lawyer, now practicing on her own in West Broward, the firm became known as Rothstein, Rosenfeldt, Dolin & Pancier, P.A.. In late 2004, the firm became known simply as Rothstein Rosenfeldt, with Adler being added in March 2005. Melissa Britt Lewis, who was murdered in March, 2008, was with Rothstein from the firm's beginning.", "Melissa Britt Lewis, who was murdered in March, 2008, was with Rothstein from the firm's beginning. In seven years, he and his partners expanded the firm to 70 lawyers, including former Boca Raton Mayor and sitting Palm Beach County Commissioner Steve Abrams; former judges Julio Gonzalez, Barry Stone, and former Palm Beach circuit judge, William Berger; TV and radio legal commentator and former prosecutor, Ken Padowitz; Carlos Reyes, former South Broward Hospital District commissioner and lobbyist; Arthur Neiwirth, a bankruptcy expert; and Les Stracher, former legal counsel for Morse Auto Group, who represents major auto dealers.", "In seven years, he and his partners expanded the firm to 70 lawyers, including former Boca Raton Mayor and sitting Palm Beach County Commissioner Steve Abrams; former judges Julio Gonzalez, Barry Stone, and former Palm Beach circuit judge, William Berger; TV and radio legal commentator and former prosecutor, Ken Padowitz; Carlos Reyes, former South Broward Hospital District commissioner and lobbyist; Arthur Neiwirth, a bankruptcy expert; and Les Stracher, former legal counsel for Morse Auto Group, who represents major auto dealers. Others include: Shawn Birken, son of Circuit Court Judge Arthur Birken; Ben Dishowitz, son of County Court Judge Dishowitz; and Grant Smith, son of disgraced former Congressman Larry Smith.", "Others include: Shawn Birken, son of Circuit Court Judge Arthur Birken; Ben Dishowitz, son of County Court Judge Dishowitz; and Grant Smith, son of disgraced former Congressman Larry Smith. Andrew Barnett is Corporate Development Officer, and David Boden, a New York attorney not licensed in Florida, was the firm's general counsel.", "Andrew Barnett is Corporate Development Officer, and David Boden, a New York attorney not licensed in Florida, was the firm's general counsel. Recent On September 8, 2011, U.S. District Judge James I. Cohn granted the government's motion to prohibit videotaping Rothstein during a scheduled deposition of him, citing \"serious harm\" and \"security reasons that are unusual in nature.\" The exact reasons for the judge's decision were sealed.", "The exact reasons for the judge's decision were sealed. This fueled speculation that his appearance was altered or he was a mafia target due to his cooperation with the prosecution against the mafia. On June 8, 2011, federal prosecutors filed a motion with the sentencing judge informing him that they would be asking for a sentence reduction for Rothstein. However, on September 26, 2017, prosecutors withdrew their motion for a reduced sentence, saying that he had provided \"false material information\" in violation of his plea agreement.", "However, on September 26, 2017, prosecutors withdrew their motion for a reduced sentence, saying that he had provided \"false material information\" in violation of his plea agreement. Rothstein's name does not appear in the Federal Bureau of Prisons inmate database. This indicates he is being held under an alias, which would not be unusual given that he cooperated with the government. As of November 18, 2009, many of the associates have relocated: Five lawyers moved to Fort Lauderdale-based Rice Pugatch Robinson & Schiller.", "As of November 18, 2009, many of the associates have relocated: Five lawyers moved to Fort Lauderdale-based Rice Pugatch Robinson & Schiller. Steven Lippman and Richard Storfer will be new partners. Riley Cirulnick, George Zinkler and Jodi Cohen are new associates. In August, 2008, Governor Crist appointed Rothstein as a member of the 4th District Court of Appeal Judicial nominating commission, a body which is responsible for selecting new judges for appointment to the Court. Bill Brock accompanied Rothstein to Morocco.", "Bill Brock accompanied Rothstein to Morocco. Bill Brock accompanied Rothstein to Morocco. His job at the law firm was to issue checks for Rothstein's various ventures and contributions, and had the sole security pass for the area where records of Rothstein's non-law firm businesses were kept. An observant Jew, Rothstein grew up in a small Bronx apartment, sharing a bedroom with his sister. His father was a salesman \"back in the days when you carried a bag up and down the streets of New York.\"", "His father was a salesman \"back in the days when you carried a bag up and down the streets of New York.\" The family moved to Lauderhill, Florida in 1977, when Rothstein was 16. His grandmother used her life savings to help put him through school. \"I grew up poor. I'm a lunatic about money.\" Rothstein was a large contributor to a synagogue off Las Olas with his name affixed to the front facade: The Rothstein Family Downtown Jewish Center Chabad.", "Rothstein was a large contributor to a synagogue off Las Olas with his name affixed to the front facade: The Rothstein Family Downtown Jewish Center Chabad. Rabbi Schneur Kaplan is one of the two people who talked Rothstein out of committing suicide. He invested in residential property. In 2003, he paid $1.2 million for an intracoastal waterfront house on Castilla Isle in Fort Lauderdale. In March 2005, he bought a neighboring home belonging to Miami Dolphins' Ricky Williams for $2.73 million.", "In March 2005, he bought a neighboring home belonging to Miami Dolphins' Ricky Williams for $2.73 million. While living in Williams' old house, he's purchased two other homes on the street and three other homes in Broward for a total residential investment of nearly $20 million. \"They call me the king of Castilla.\"", "\"They call me the king of Castilla.\" \"They call me the king of Castilla.\" In 2008, he purchased a $6.45 million waterfront gated Fort Lauderdale home, a $6 million condo in New York in the same building as Marc Dreier, and a $2.8 million oceanfront estate in Narragansett, Rhode Island formerly owned by troubled client, Michael Kent, a Fort Lauderdale nightclub owner.", "In 2008, he purchased a $6.45 million waterfront gated Fort Lauderdale home, a $6 million condo in New York in the same building as Marc Dreier, and a $2.8 million oceanfront estate in Narragansett, Rhode Island formerly owned by troubled client, Michael Kent, a Fort Lauderdale nightclub owner. He is part-owner with Anthony Bova of the South Beach Versace Casa Casuarina mansion, where he was married on January 26, 2008, in a three-day wedding celebration with Governor Crist, and his then-fiancée and present wife, Carol Rome, in attendance.", "He is part-owner with Anthony Bova of the South Beach Versace Casa Casuarina mansion, where he was married on January 26, 2008, in a three-day wedding celebration with Governor Crist, and his then-fiancée and present wife, Carol Rome, in attendance. A later financial analysis of the 10% property interest Rothstein owned showed that it was worthless. His second wife, Kimberly Wendell Rothstein, a 35-year-old real-estate agent, helped manage his properties, which also include part-ownership of an office building in Pompano Beach.", "His second wife, Kimberly Wendell Rothstein, a 35-year-old real-estate agent, helped manage his properties, which also include part-ownership of an office building in Pompano Beach. He and Bova also owned Bova Ristorante, formerly long-time generational Italian family-owned Mario's of Boca, which shut down October 18, 2009. Bova Prime, formerly Riley McDermott's on Las Olas Boulevard is still operating. On September 11, 2008, the day before Rothstein took ownership, a dispute involving firearms broke out at Riley McDermott's involving Rothstein's security personnel.", "On September 11, 2008, the day before Rothstein took ownership, a dispute involving firearms broke out at Riley McDermott's involving Rothstein's security personnel. He owns parts of an internet technology called company Qtask and V Georgio Spirits Co., LLC with CEO Vie Harvey and the Renato watch company, with partner, Ovi Levy. Levy is the son of hotelier Shimon Levy, who spent a year in prison in Israel after hiding a criminal kingpin, suspected of two murders.", "Levy is the son of hotelier Shimon Levy, who spent a year in prison in Israel after hiding a criminal kingpin, suspected of two murders. Rothstein at one time was a minority shareholder of Edify LLC, a health-care benefits consulting company. State Representative Evan Jenne-D-Dania Beach is a $30,000 company consultant, who previously worked a local bank. Rothstein hired Jenne's father, former sheriff and convicted felon, Ken Jenne, as a consultant at his law firm days after Jenne was released from prison on corruption charges.", "Rothstein hired Jenne's father, former sheriff and convicted felon, Ken Jenne, as a consultant at his law firm days after Jenne was released from prison on corruption charges. An attorney for Rothstein's law firm serves as the registered agent for Evan Jenne's company, Blue Banyan. Grant Smith, a lifelong friend of Evan Jenne's, is an Edify lobbyist. Edify has worked closely with the state Department of Health to develop wellness programs and also influences certain health-care legislation.", "Edify has worked closely with the state Department of Health to develop wellness programs and also influences certain health-care legislation. \"The Great Gatsby\" In the 2008 interview at his law firm, Rothstein described himself and told how he controlled all aspects of the firm's management: This is where the evil happens. Look, I sleep in the bed I make. I tend toward the flashy side, but it's a persona. It's just a fucking persona. ... People ask me, 'When do you sleep?'", "... People ask me, 'When do you sleep?' I say I'll sleep when I'm dead. I'm a true Gemini. I joke around that there are 43 people living in my head and you never know what you're going to get. There are some philanthropists in there, some good lawyers, and I like to think some good businessmen. There are also some guys from the streets of the Bronx that stay hidden away until I need them. Does that sound crazy?", "Does that sound crazy? Does that sound crazy? I am crazy, but crazy in a good way. His personal office was opulent, with security and a compartmentalized layout. Anyone entering Rothstein's suite of offices had to use an intercom. He could exit, unseen through a second door. In the hallway, an ordinary looking brown door is actually the elevator door. Dozens of surveillance cameras and microphones hang from office ceilings. On his desk: four computer screens and the Five Books of Moses.", "On his desk: four computer screens and the Five Books of Moses. Outside his personal office hung a painting of Al Pacino as Michael Corleone in The Godfather. The walls of Rothstein's office and other hallways are lined with photos of himself and politicians including Gov. Charlie Crist, former U.S. Senator Mel Martinez, Senator John McCain, Broward Sheriff Al Lamberti, Rudy Giuliani, Joe Lieberman, and Bill McCollum.", "Senator Mel Martinez, Senator John McCain, Broward Sheriff Al Lamberti, Rudy Giuliani, Joe Lieberman, and Bill McCollum. He was ostensibly an affluent and successful attorney with all the material trappings of a flamboyant lifestyle, including armed body guards and police protection. Twenty-eight city police officials, including captains, majors, undercover officers and the department spokesman, helped guard his home and businesses, the only person in the department's history to have permanent round-the-clock off-duty police protection at his home.", "Twenty-eight city police officials, including captains, majors, undercover officers and the department spokesman, helped guard his home and businesses, the only person in the department's history to have permanent round-the-clock off-duty police protection at his home. The department suspended all work for Rothstein on November 2, 2009. He had a Boeing 727 jet and in 2002, flew Bill Clinton, Kevin Spacey, and Chris Tucker to Africa on an anti-AIDS mission. He owns an $5 million Warren yacht.", "He owns an $5 million Warren yacht. He owns an $5 million Warren yacht. His fleet of exotic cars included: 1974, 2006, 2007, and 2008 Ferraris, 2009 Bentley, 2007 Silver Rolls-Royce, and one 2008 and two 2010 Lamborghini Murcielagos — worth about $400,000 each, a pair of $1.6 million Bugattis, and a pair of Harleys which he maintains in an air-conditioned warehouse. All were allegedly purchased and traded from Euromotorsports, the owner of which has an extensive criminal record.", "All were allegedly purchased and traded from Euromotorsports, the owner of which has an extensive criminal record. All were seized shortly after his return from Morocco. He has a watch collection of over 100, valued at $1 million. In 2008, he was working on opening a cigar and martini bar on Las Olas Boulevard and two high-rise residential buildings in Brooklyn with New York partner Dominic Tonnachio. He was to take ownership of a \"series of office buildings\" on Oakland Park Boulevard.", "He was to take ownership of a \"series of office buildings\" on Oakland Park Boulevard. Roger Stone, a political trickster for Richard Nixon, was a partner with Rothstein in RRA Consulting, an LLC which was set up to provide public affairs assistance to the RRA law firm's legal clients. According to Stone, that business never generated any clients. It was dissolved in late 2008.", "It was dissolved in late 2008. It was dissolved in late 2008. On August 27, 2009, Stone, the recipient of Rothstein's sponsorship of his blog until July 29, 2009, \"StoneZone\", wrote a column recommending Rothstein for the seat vacated by Senator Mel Martinez- a man with \"a distinguished legal record, has been a key supporter of Governor Crist and John McCain, has an unmatched record of philanthropic activities and would bring an unconventional style of getting things done to Washington.", "On August 27, 2009, Stone, the recipient of Rothstein's sponsorship of his blog until July 29, 2009, \"StoneZone\", wrote a column recommending Rothstein for the seat vacated by Senator Mel Martinez- a man with \"a distinguished legal record, has been a key supporter of Governor Crist and John McCain, has an unmatched record of philanthropic activities and would bring an unconventional style of getting things done to Washington. Add Rothstein to the short list.\"", "Add Rothstein to the short list.\" Add Rothstein to the short list.\" On November 4, 2009, Stone wrote, \"Rothstein had no prior business success, no business acumen nor track record that would engender confidence in an investor. He could not read a balance sheet. He could not write or read a business plan. Rothstein was a lawyer, not an entrepreneur.\"", "Rothstein was a lawyer, not an entrepreneur.\" Rothstein was a lawyer, not an entrepreneur.\" Stone claims that Rothstein has Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD) \"so severe he never finished a martini, a cigar, a thought, or a sentence, never mind a transaction.\" According to Stone, neither law firm name partner Russell Adler nor Stuart Rosenfeldt were signatories on the RRA Trust Account. He \"appeared to be something out of a Great Gatsby movie.\"", "He \"appeared to be something out of a Great Gatsby movie.\" Philanthropy and political contributions In 2008, his Rothstein Family Foundation gave $1 million to Holy Cross Hospital in Fort Lauderdale, where a lobby will be named after him and his wife. On October 31, 2009 his firm sponsored at a charity golf tournament featuring former Gov. Jeb Bush.", "Jeb Bush. Jeb Bush. Between 2007 and 2008, he donated $2 million to the American Heart Association, Women in Distress, Alonzo Mourning Charities, Here's Help, and the Dan Marino Foundation. Politicians of both parties have pledged to donate to charity or return his political contributions. On November 3, 2009, the Florida Republican Party, announced it would give Rothstein's donations ($600,000) to a charity. Gov.", "Gov. Gov. Charlie Crist's Senate Campaign ($100,550), state Chief Financial Officer Alex Sink ($2,050), Senate President Jeff Atwater, Rep. Ellyn Bogdanoff, and the Florida Democratic Party ($200,000) will return some or all of his contributions. In June 2009, Harry Reid, the Democratic Senate majority leader received a contribution of $4,800.", "In June 2009, Harry Reid, the Democratic Senate majority leader received a contribution of $4,800. A list of FEC filings indexed by NewsMeat include a total of $166,800 to the Republican Party and candidates, including $109,800 to John McCain's 2008 presidential campaign, and $17,600 to Democratic candidates. Law partner murder Debra Villegas, who handles his money, is the law firm's chief operating officer. She is co-owner with Rothstein in a home at 2307 Castilla Isle, as of May 2009.", "She is co-owner with Rothstein in a home at 2307 Castilla Isle, as of May 2009. According to records, Rothstein originally purchased the property in September 2007, for $1.75 million, and sold it for $10 to a shell corporation in September 2009. In 2005, the year the Ponzi scheme allegedly began, Villegas earned $80,000 a year. In 2007, her salary had increased to $145,000. Villegas received two Swiss watches — a Rolex and a Breitling — from her \"employer\".", "Villegas received two Swiss watches — a Rolex and a Breitling — from her \"employer\". Rothstein paid off her couch and a bedroom set and held title to her two Honda water scooters. Villegas was living in a $475,000 Weston home that Rothstein signed over to her in July 2009 for $100 and \"love and affection,\" according to the deed. Villegas registered a 2009 $100,000 Maserati GranTurismo at the home in January, 2009.", "Villegas registered a 2009 $100,000 Maserati GranTurismo at the home in January, 2009. In November 2009, Federal prosecutors seized the home, alleging that it was among Rothstein's ill-gotten assets. Villegas' estranged husband, Tony Villegas, was charged on circumstantial evidence in the March 2008 murder in Plantation, Florida of Melissa Britt Lewis, a partner in Rothstein's firm.", "Villegas' estranged husband, Tony Villegas, was charged on circumstantial evidence in the March 2008 murder in Plantation, Florida of Melissa Britt Lewis, a partner in Rothstein's firm. Although early news reports wondered at whether the evidence was substantial, according to New Times, \"Nine days later, forensic testing revealed that Tony's DNA had been found on Melissa's suit jacket – the same jacket she wore on the day she died.\" Police sealed the arrest affidavit.", "Police sealed the arrest affidavit. Police sealed the arrest affidavit. As a result of the homicide and the nature of the legal business, Rothstein has a team of \"executive protection specialists\" to guard the firm and his family, his teen-aged daughter. The prosecutor who had first worked on the Villegas case, Howard Scheinberg, went to work for Rosenfeldt Rothstein Adler. Villegas, a train conductor, remains in jail awaiting trial. The motive was supposedly revenge for Lewis's closeness with Debra.", "The motive was supposedly revenge for Lewis's closeness with Debra. Debra and Melissa share a therapist: Ilene Vinikoor, whose husband, David represents general counsel, David Boden in the Ponzi scheme investigation. You get anger from people ... that prick from the Bronx. ... They say I'm building the law firm too fast, that it must be a house of cards. \"Disbarment on consent\" On November 17, 2009, the Florida Bar Executive Committee voted to accept a request by Rothstein to be disbarred.", "\"Disbarment on consent\" On November 17, 2009, the Florida Bar Executive Committee voted to accept a request by Rothstein to be disbarred. The Florida Supreme Court entered an order permanently disbarring Rothstein on November 25, 2009. Rothstein was removed from the Broward County Grievance Committee, and his name has also been removed from the database of \"The Best Lawyers in America\".", "Rothstein was removed from the Broward County Grievance Committee, and his name has also been removed from the database of \"The Best Lawyers in America\". Trust account Rothstein, Rosenfeldt, and Adler's trust account was part of the Interest on Lawyer Trust Accounts (IOLTA) program that was paying hundreds of thousands of dollars a month to the Florida Bar Foundation.", "Trust account Rothstein, Rosenfeldt, and Adler's trust account was part of the Interest on Lawyer Trust Accounts (IOLTA) program that was paying hundreds of thousands of dollars a month to the Florida Bar Foundation. $1.2 billion Ponzi scheme Rothstein's investment scheme involved purchasing what were initially mislabeled as fabricated \"structured settlements,\" described as where people sell large settlements in legal cases for lump sums of cash.", "$1.2 billion Ponzi scheme Rothstein's investment scheme involved purchasing what were initially mislabeled as fabricated \"structured settlements,\" described as where people sell large settlements in legal cases for lump sums of cash. Alan Sakowitz, an attorney and real estate developer in Bay Harbor Islands, said that he contacted the FBI in September with concerns about Rothstein.", "Alan Sakowitz, an attorney and real estate developer in Bay Harbor Islands, said that he contacted the FBI in September with concerns about Rothstein. On Sunday, November 8, 2009, Sakowitz appeared with Kendall Coffey, attorney for Rothstein's law partners, on the Michael Putney Show on WPLG-TV, MIAMI, correcting Coffey for claiming that Rothstein's \"investments\" involved structured settlements, which they did not.", "On Sunday, November 8, 2009, Sakowitz appeared with Kendall Coffey, attorney for Rothstein's law partners, on the Michael Putney Show on WPLG-TV, MIAMI, correcting Coffey for claiming that Rothstein's \"investments\" involved structured settlements, which they did not. (Note: \"structured settlements\" as defined by Rothstein in press reports do not meet the definition in IRC 5891(C)(1) of the Internal Revenue Code). Rothstein's resemble investments in pre-settlement funding or pre-settlement financing.", "Rothstein's resemble investments in pre-settlement funding or pre-settlement financing. In his December 12, 2011 deposition page 24 lines 15-23, Scott Rothstein himself said \"It was intentionally made in a way and presented to that firm and the other firms that were looking at the structure issue that it was merely a purchase of dollars already in-house; that it was not a structured settlement because the true definition of a structured settlement is when someone is actually receiving payments over time that has some other value.", "In his December 12, 2011 deposition page 24 lines 15-23, Scott Rothstein himself said \"It was intentionally made in a way and presented to that firm and the other firms that were looking at the structure issue that it was merely a purchase of dollars already in-house; that it was not a structured settlement because the true definition of a structured settlement is when someone is actually receiving payments over time that has some other value. We didn't have a true definition of a structured settlement, not by any of the statutes.", "We didn't have a true definition of a structured settlement, not by any of the statutes. From that perspective we had reason to make sure that this was not structured. Because when you're dealing with structured settlements you need other levels of Court approval. It would have required the manufacturer of literally hundreds of phony orders, which would have led the entire scheme to detection.' The FBI estimates the loss to be up to a billion dollars from lucrative whistle-blower and employment discrimination cases.", "The FBI estimates the loss to be up to a billion dollars from lucrative whistle-blower and employment discrimination cases. The investors would make up-front cash payments to individuals owed money from the court cases to buy the right to collect the full amount of the settlements later. The investor was guaranteed a minimum of 20 percent investment returns in as little as three months. Swindle pitch General counsel David Boden was present for at least one of the swindles, and negotiated the final papers with the investors' lawyers.", "Swindle pitch General counsel David Boden was present for at least one of the swindles, and negotiated the final papers with the investors' lawyers. Rothstein greets and informs the investor his firm was the preeminent sexual harassment law firm in the country. He says he'd figured out a basic formula which was that someone with $10 million net worth was usually willing to pay $2 million in cash to pay off their mistress. The key was confidentiality.", "The key was confidentiality. The key was confidentiality. Rothstein tells the investor that he would meet potential defendants in his office and would question them about affairs they had with an employee. The defendants would deny it. He pointed to artwork, and said there was a television screen behind it.", "He pointed to artwork, and said there was a television screen behind it. He tells the investor he turned on a video of the guy having sex with his mistress, and told his client \"We can either settle this now, or I can depose your wife, your mistress, you and your son about it.\"", "He tells the investor he turned on a video of the guy having sex with his mistress, and told his client \"We can either settle this now, or I can depose your wife, your mistress, you and your son about it.\" Since defendants\" often couldn't or wouldn't pay the entire settlement up-front, Rothstein tells the investor that his first harassment case many years ago, involved a $3.5 million settlement and a million-dollar legal fee, so Rothstein assigned the settlement to a good friend and the plaintiff settles for $3 million without a trial.", "Since defendants\" often couldn't or wouldn't pay the entire settlement up-front, Rothstein tells the investor that his first harassment case many years ago, involved a $3.5 million settlement and a million-dollar legal fee, so Rothstein assigned the settlement to a good friend and the plaintiff settles for $3 million without a trial. The \"good friend\" stood to be paid $3.5 million once the defendant paid up, a half-million dollar profit.", "The \"good friend\" stood to be paid $3.5 million once the defendant paid up, a half-million dollar profit. \"In 20 years, I have never seen a defendant sue on breach of settlement,\" Rothstein told them. \"The whole idea is that it's secret. Why would they sue?\" Although it did not appear completely legitimate, and it might have appeared that the plaintiffs were short-changed, it makes sense to the potential investor. The idea seems solid.", "The idea seems solid. The idea seems solid. The investor thinks that with enough of these cases at Rothstein's law firm, he could make huge sums of money. Rothstein then discusses other larger cases: Eli Lilly and Company, involving $1.4 billion with plaintiff representation by Gary Farmer, a firm attorney who negotiated the settlement and who brought the case with him when he arrived at the firm. Several inside whistleblowers went to the fed with unlawful practices regarding the marketing and sales of an anti-psychotic medication called Zyprexa.", "Several inside whistleblowers went to the fed with unlawful practices regarding the marketing and sales of an anti-psychotic medication called Zyprexa. It was one of the largest qui tam cases in history. He tells the investor about a potential (allegedly fabricated) case where investors would buy whistle-blower million dollar settlements with a sixty percent short term investor profit. The arrangement would be completely secret; the investor would never know the name of the company or the whistle-blower.", "The arrangement would be completely secret; the investor would never know the name of the company or the whistle-blower. The settlement money would be deposited into a trust account at TD Bank, accessible only to the investor at the appropriate time. David Boden follows up with all questions and negotiates the contract. Court-appointed receiver On November 2, 2009, Broward Chief Judge Vic Tobin sent an e-mail at 6:45 a.m. to judges about the Rothstein case: I learned of some very distressing news yesterday.", "Court-appointed receiver On November 2, 2009, Broward Chief Judge Vic Tobin sent an e-mail at 6:45 a.m. to judges about the Rothstein case: I learned of some very distressing news yesterday. Whoever draws the case try to set the motion today because of the amount of clients and money involved. Also, if you have a case with the firm, please be patient.", "Also, if you have a case with the firm, please be patient. I don't know if the lawyers will come or not and if they do come, there is no money at this point to go forward with the case or pay firm employees. On November 3, 2009, retired Miami-Dade Circuit Judge Herbert Stettin was appointed the firm's receiver, responsible for approving the firm's day-to-day financial decisions.", "On November 3, 2009, retired Miami-Dade Circuit Judge Herbert Stettin was appointed the firm's receiver, responsible for approving the firm's day-to-day financial decisions. Firm president and 50% owner of the firm, Stuart Rosenfeldt, \"deposited two-thirds of my life savings in my firm's operating account\" to prop up finances in the short-term. Marc Nurik is representing Rothstein, and has stepped down as a lawyer from the firm. The prosecutors are Lawrence D. LaVecchio, Paul F. Schwartz and Jeffrey N. Kaplan.", "The prosecutors are Lawrence D. LaVecchio, Paul F. Schwartz and Jeffrey N. Kaplan. They have decades of experience investigating public corruption, white-collar fraud and organized crime. They are preparing a massive fraud case against Rothstein, zeroing in on his settlement investments, and also allegations of theft from his law firm and client trust accounts.", "They are preparing a massive fraud case against Rothstein, zeroing in on his settlement investments, and also allegations of theft from his law firm and client trust accounts. Victims On November 25, 2009, Attorney William Scherer filed a 289-page Amended Complaint seeking $100,000,000 in civil damages on behalf of his clients, and naming: Toronto Dominion Bank and its associates, Frank Spinosa, Jennifer Kerstetter, and Rosanne Karetsky, Irene Stay, Banyon Income Fund, L.P., Banyon USVI, LLC, George G. Levin, Michael Szafranski, Onyx Options Consultants Corporation, Berenfeld Spritzer Shechter Sheer, LLP., as well as Rothstein and his associates, David Boden, Debra Villegas, Andrew Barnett, and Frank J. Preve, as defendants/co-conspirators.", "Victims On November 25, 2009, Attorney William Scherer filed a 289-page Amended Complaint seeking $100,000,000 in civil damages on behalf of his clients, and naming: Toronto Dominion Bank and its associates, Frank Spinosa, Jennifer Kerstetter, and Rosanne Karetsky, Irene Stay, Banyon Income Fund, L.P., Banyon USVI, LLC, George G. Levin, Michael Szafranski, Onyx Options Consultants Corporation, Berenfeld Spritzer Shechter Sheer, LLP., as well as Rothstein and his associates, David Boden, Debra Villegas, Andrew Barnett, and Frank J. Preve, as defendants/co-conspirators. The Amended Complaint lists people and businesses to whom Rothstein allegedly wired money while he was en route to or inside of Morocco: Rothstein wired $16 million to his tour guide from Boca Raton, Florida, \"Ahnick Kahlid\".", "The Amended Complaint lists people and businesses to whom Rothstein allegedly wired money while he was en route to or inside of Morocco: Rothstein wired $16 million to his tour guide from Boca Raton, Florida, \"Ahnick Kahlid\". Kahlid transferred the money to Rothstein's new Moroccan bank account opened upon his arrival with a passport as identification at Banque Populaire in Casablanca; The recipients allegedly are members of the \"Israeli Mob\"; New York Investors; Florida Investors; Real Estate Investors; and Levin Feeders.", "Kahlid transferred the money to Rothstein's new Moroccan bank account opened upon his arrival with a passport as identification at Banque Populaire in Casablanca; The recipients allegedly are members of the \"Israeli Mob\"; New York Investors; Florida Investors; Real Estate Investors; and Levin Feeders. Scherer has said that his clients and all other investors who weren't complicit in the crime will have their money returned. Due to the extreme negligence, TD Bank is liable.", "Due to the extreme negligence, TD Bank is liable. \"My goal is to get all the money back for the investors from the bank,\" Scherer said. On January 27, 2010 Scherer filed an affidavit alleging that Michael Szafranski was complicit in Rothstein's fraud, receiving almost $6.5 million in \"ill-gotten\" gains directly from Rothstein.", "On January 27, 2010 Scherer filed an affidavit alleging that Michael Szafranski was complicit in Rothstein's fraud, receiving almost $6.5 million in \"ill-gotten\" gains directly from Rothstein. Shimon Levy and Ovi Levy Shimon Levy allegedly has had deep ties to Dean Heiser and Israeli organized crime and spent a year in an Israeli prison for hiding a mob figure suspected of two \"grisly murders\".", "Shimon Levy and Ovi Levy Shimon Levy allegedly has had deep ties to Dean Heiser and Israeli organized crime and spent a year in an Israeli prison for hiding a mob figure suspected of two \"grisly murders\". In 1997, his partner at the Sea Club Resort on Fort Lauderdale beach, Zvika Yuz, was a victim of a murder which remains unsolved. His son, Ovi contacted the Plantation Police Department and began receiving protection during the time Rothstein fled to Morocco.", "His son, Ovi contacted the Plantation Police Department and began receiving protection during the time Rothstein fled to Morocco. Banyan Capital Banyan Income Fund, a Fort Lauderdale-based hedge fund, invested hundreds of millions. It was run by Rothstein and involves Fort Lauderdale businessman George G. Levin, who reported Rothstein to the U.S. Attorney's Office for \"suspicious activity.\" According to the lawsuit, Frank J. Preve is Chief Operating Officer and kept an office inside Rothstein et al. He is a convicted bank fraud and embezzlement felon.", "He is a convicted bank fraud and embezzlement felon. He is a convicted bank fraud and embezzlement felon. He pleaded guilty to bank embezzlement charges in 1985 and received ten years probation and a $10,000 fine for falsifying loan documents in another fraudulent scheme. Banyon and other Rothstein investors' accounts were held at a Toronto-Dominion Bank branch in Fort Lauderdale. Abraxas Discala Abraxas Discala, a businessman and former husband of The Sopranos' Jamie-Lynn Sigler, reportedly raised $30 million through his hedge fund which he invested into Rothstein's scheme.", "Abraxas Discala Abraxas Discala, a businessman and former husband of The Sopranos' Jamie-Lynn Sigler, reportedly raised $30 million through his hedge fund which he invested into Rothstein's scheme. George G. Levin Since 1983, George G. Levin and his wife, Gayla Sue, have lived in Fort Lauderdale's Bay Colony on the Intracoastal Waterway in a 2-story home with 8 bathrooms and a large pool, valued at $2 million. Levin has a pattern of filing complaints when his unsavory/fraudulent business ventures are exposed.", "Levin has a pattern of filing complaints when his unsavory/fraudulent business ventures are exposed. According to federal court documents, from 1985–1996 Levin's former business GGL Industries, dba Classic Motor Carriages defrauded hundreds of customers, selling kit cars. The federal government filed criminal charges against the company and GGL pleaded guilty to mail fraud in 1999 and agreed to pay $2.5 million in restitution. Stuart Rado had been a consumer activist who organized GGL's victims and helped spur the government action.", "Stuart Rado had been a consumer activist who organized GGL's victims and helped spur the government action. Levin subsequently sued Rado for violating the Florida Trade Secrets Act. Rado was diagnosed with cancer during the lawsuit. It was a classic frivolous SLAPP suit (\"Strategic Lawsuit Against Public Participation\"). On September 19, 1997, the finding against Mr. Rado was that he pay plaintiff's attorneys' fees.", "On September 19, 1997, the finding against Mr. Rado was that he pay plaintiff's attorneys' fees. The federal motion states: GGL's fraudulent scheme necessarily included as an intricate part the silencing of its critics, among whom was Rado. It did this by using the courts to intimidate Rado into being silent and causing Rado to spend money he could not afford.", "It did this by using the courts to intimidate Rado into being silent and causing Rado to spend money he could not afford. It was GGL's intention (as one of GGL's attorneys said to Rado [in a 1994 deposition]) to make Rado's net worth go south. GGL and its attorneys forced Rado to incur the expenses of defending two lawsuits for over 4 years. Rado had to incur these expenses and live day-to-day with a barrage of pleadings, depositions and other legal maneuvers by GGL.", "Rado had to incur these expenses and live day-to-day with a barrage of pleadings, depositions and other legal maneuvers by GGL. He had to endure this even though he did nothing legally wrong, and even though GGL was in fact at the same time continuing to perpetrate its nationwide fraud. Rado was being put through this because Rado dared to contact some of GGL's victims and tell them that if they were injured by GGL they should contact the Florida Attorney General for help.", "Rado was being put through this because Rado dared to contact some of GGL's victims and tell them that if they were injured by GGL they should contact the Florida Attorney General for help. What is even more despicable is that GGL knew that Rado was dying of cancer but continued to pursue him with motions and notices of trial and other pleadings, one such notice of hearing being served within days of brain surgery. Although a convicted felon, GGL hounded Rado's estate for the payment of $80,000 in attorney's fees.", "Although a convicted felon, GGL hounded Rado's estate for the payment of $80,000 in attorney's fees. The state of Florida filed suit against the company alleging deceptive business practices and civil theft. A special assistant attorney general, Herbert Stettin, led the investigation. Stettin is now the trustee overseeing the Rothstein Rosenfeldt Adler bankruptcy case. Levin continues to sell kit cars under a different company name, StreetBeasts.", "Levin continues to sell kit cars under a different company name, StreetBeasts. According to a Florida District Court of Appeals case published in 2002, Levin acquired property free and clear for less than the cost of the first mortgage, through a fraudulent transfer. Partners' income strategy and Rothstein's returns The allegations are: George Levin was the general partner (\"GP\") who solicited each limited partner (\"LP\") to contribute at least $1 million.", "Partners' income strategy and Rothstein's returns The allegations are: George Levin was the general partner (\"GP\") who solicited each limited partner (\"LP\") to contribute at least $1 million. Initially, each LP contributed $250,000, subject to periodic capital calls up to the amount of their commitments. They were promised 12% annually (15% for first $100 million), to be paid quarterly.", "They were promised 12% annually (15% for first $100 million), to be paid quarterly. The general partner had to maintain a balance of not less than 10% of all contributions after any quarterly distributions. The general partner also gave a \"clawback\" guaranty to all LP's equal to their original contributions. LP's could not request redemptions during an initial one-year \"lock-up\" period and were required to give 90 days' notice for any withdrawals.", "LP's could not request redemptions during an initial one-year \"lock-up\" period and were required to give 90 days' notice for any withdrawals. Redemptions would be paid from the GP's own capital account \"to the extent available\" with a 10% hold-back, but otherwise, only from the purchased lawsuits settlement stream. Banyon had paid Rothstein's firm at least $656 million, but the law firm anticipated $1.1 billion over a maximum 24-month period. It allegedly received and reinvested about $500 million.", "It allegedly received and reinvested about $500 million. It allegedly received and reinvested about $500 million. Levin expected to make 40% over 24 months but to only pay out 24%.", "Levin expected to make 40% over 24 months but to only pay out 24%. Rothstein's law firm's IOLTA trust accounts established \"for the plaintiff\" in the purported litigation settlements were used to fund the phony settlement accounts, after the law firm had paid its overhead, keeping its insolvent operation afloat, which included \"gifts\" to partners and money given to politicians, charities, and pay for a massive advertising budget, as well as Rothstein's personal lifestyle, over three years, amounting to approximately a $500 million loss.", "Rothstein's law firm's IOLTA trust accounts established \"for the plaintiff\" in the purported litigation settlements were used to fund the phony settlement accounts, after the law firm had paid its overhead, keeping its insolvent operation afloat, which included \"gifts\" to partners and money given to politicians, charities, and pay for a massive advertising budget, as well as Rothstein's personal lifestyle, over three years, amounting to approximately a $500 million loss. The interest on the funded IOLTA accounts went to the Florida Bar monthly, which was many millions, based on the Banyon contributions.", "The interest on the funded IOLTA accounts went to the Florida Bar monthly, which was many millions, based on the Banyon contributions. In its prospectus, Banyon claimed to have a legal opinion that Banyon's interest in the IOLTA trust accounts \"perfected automatically on execution of the transfer documents\" – that the lawsuit proceeds assignments created by general counsel, David Boden. The LP's were warned that they could be taxed on the Partnership's income and realized gains even if no distributions were made.", "The LP's were warned that they could be taxed on the Partnership's income and realized gains even if no distributions were made. As long as reinvestments were ongoing, the ponzi scheme was facilitated. Losses 1. Venture capitalist Doug Von Allmen's companies' total loss, approximately $105.5 million, through the Banyon Income Fund include: The Von Allmen Dynastry Trust, overseen by wife Linda Von Allmen: $7 million. D&L Partners, Von Allmen's Missouri company: $45 million.", "D&L Partners, Von Allmen's Missouri company: $45 million. Kretschmar: $8 million Razorback Funding LLC, a Delaware company: $32 million D3 Capital Club LLC, Delaware company: $13.5 million 2. BFMC Investment LLC, owned by Barry Florescue: $2.4 million 3. Socialite art dealer Bonnie Barnett, mother of defendant, Andrew Barnett 4. The family of car dealers, Ed and Ted Morse. 5. Ballamor Capital Management, Radnor, PA: $30 million.", "Ballamor Capital Management, Radnor, PA: $30 million. Others Investors from Morocco lost $85 million. On November 19, 2009, Rothstein never appeared for a deposition, noticed in the bankruptcy case by investors' attorney John Genovese at Genovese's law office. Banyon and other Rothstein investors' accounts were held at a Toronto-Dominion Bank branch in Fort Lauderdale.", "Banyon and other Rothstein investors' accounts were held at a Toronto-Dominion Bank branch in Fort Lauderdale. References External links Video tour of Rothstein's law offices USA v. Scott Rothstein: Report Commencing Criminal Action, December 1, 2009 Federal Charging Information, December 1, 2009 Case No. 09-60331 Rothstein Plea Agreement, Case 0:09-cr-60331-JIC, filed January 27, 2010 Disbarment on Consent, filed November 20, 2009 Amended Civil Complaint filed November 25, 2009, Case No.", "09-60331 Rothstein Plea Agreement, Case 0:09-cr-60331-JIC, filed January 27, 2010 Disbarment on Consent, filed November 20, 2009 Amended Civil Complaint filed November 25, 2009, Case No. 09-062943 Attorney Scherer's Opposition to Motion to Disqualify Counsel for Plaintiffs, filed January 28, 2010 Amended Complaint for Dissolution and For Emergency Transfer of Corporate Powers to Stuart A. Rosenfeldt, Case No. 09-059301 Judge's Order Granting Compelling of Bank Records, Case No.", "09-059301 Judge's Order Granting Compelling of Bank Records, Case No. 09-059301 Database of Scott W. Rothstein's Political Contributions Database of Scott W. Rothstein's Corporate Interests Database of Scott W. Rothstein's registered vehicles Database of Scott W. Rothstein's Real Estate Transactions 1962 births 2009 in economics American money launderers American money managers American people convicted of fraud American prisoners and detainees 20th-century American Jews American confidence tricksters Criminal investigation Disbarred American lawyers Florida lawyers Great Recession Living people People convicted of racketeering Prisoners and detainees of the United States federal government Pyramid and Ponzi schemes American businesspeople convicted of crimes 21st-century American Jews" ]

[ "Scott W. Rothstein", "Law partner murder", "who is scott?", "Rothstein has a team of \"executive protection specialists\" to guard the firm and his family, his teen-aged daughter.", "what happened with swindle pitch?", "I don't know.", "where did the money go?", "In 2005, the year the Ponzi scheme allegedly began,", "who did he work with?", "Debra Villegas, who handles his money, is the law firm's chief operating officer. She is co-owner with Rothstein", "was he arrested?", "Rothstein has a team of \"executive protection specialists\" to guard the firm and his family, his teen-aged daughter.", "anything interesting?", "Federal prosecutors seized the home, alleging that it was among Rothstein's ill-gotten assets.", "how much money did he make?", "Rothstein originally purchased the property in September 2007, for $1.75 million, and sold it for $10 to a shell corporation in September 2009.", "when did the scheme begin?", "In 2005, the year the Ponzi scheme allegedly began," ]

[ "Legal Evening News or Fazhi Wanbao(), also known as The Mirror or Legal Evening Post, was a Beijing-based legal affairs newspaper published in the People's Republic of China in simplified Chinese. Its predecessor was the Beijing Legal News (北京法制报), which was sponsored by the Judicial and Law Enforcement Committee of Beijing Municipal Committee of the Communist Party of China (中国共产党北京市委员会政法委员会). \n\nLegal Evening News was a China's state-run newspaper, which was officially inaugurated on May 18, 2004. It was published by the Legal Evening Post Agency (法制晚报社), and was shut down by the Government of China on January 1, 2019.\n\nHistory\nAt the end of 2003, Beijing Youth Daily acquired the Beijing Legal News, and relaunched it under the title of Legal Evening News on May 18, 2004. On April 29, 2005, fawan.com, the official website of Legal Evening News, was created. \n\nLegal Evening News earned a reputation for cutting-edge investigative reporting and deep dives into crime and social issues. \n\nOn January 1, 2019, the paper was officially shut down by the Chinese government due to rising censorship and a shift to internet advertising.\n\nReferences\n\nDefunct newspapers published in China\nPublications established in 2004\nPublications disestablished in 2019\nDaily newspapers published in China\nChinese-language newspapers (Simplified Chinese)", "A number of units of measurement were used in Paraguay to measure quantities including length, mass, area, capacity, etc. Metric system had been optional since 1890, and adopted since 1899 in Paraguay.\n\nSystem before metric system\n\nSpanish system was used before metric system.\n\nLength\n\nA number of units were used to measure length. According to legal equivalents, one vara (old) was 0.83856 m. One cuerda or One cordel was vara or 69.88 m, according to legal equivalents. One vara was 0.866 m, according to legal equivalents. Some other units and their legal equivalents are given below:\n\n1 pulgada (inch) = vara\n\n1 linea (line) = vara\n\n1 piede (foot) = vara\n\n1 pouce = vara\n\n1 ligne = vara\n\n1 cuadra = 100 vara\n\n1 lieue (league) = 5000 vara.\n\nMass\n\nSeveral units were used to measure mass. According to legal equivalents, One libra was 0.459 kg (One libra (old) was 460.08 kg). Some other units and their legal equivalents were given below:\n\n1 onza (once) = libra\n\n1 arroba = 25 libra\n\n1 quintal (hundredweight) = 100 libra\n\n1 tonelada (tonne) = 2000 libra.\n\nArea\n\nSeveral units were used to measure area. Some units and their legal equalents are given below:\n\n1 lifio (old) = 4883.2 m2\n\n1 lifio = 100 square vara = 75 m2.\n\nCapacity\n\nTwo main systems, dry and liquid, were used to measure capacity.\n\nDry\n\nOne fanega was 288 L and one almude was fanega.\n\nLiquid\n\nSeveral units were used to measure liquid capacity. One frasco was 3.029 litres. Some other units and their legal equivalents are given below:\n\n1 cuarto = frasco\n\n1 baril = 32 frasco\n\n1 pipe = 192 frasco.\n\nReferences\n\nParaguayan culture\nParaguay" ]

[ "Scott W. Rothstein (born June 10, 1962) is a disbarred lawyer, convicted felon, and the former managing shareholder, chairman, and chief executive officer of the now-defunct Rothstein Rosenfeldt Adler law firm. He funded an extravagant lifestyle with a $1.2 billion Ponzi scheme, one of the largest such in history. On December 1, 2009, Rothstein turned himself in to authorities and was subsequently arrested on charges related to the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act (RICO).", "On December 1, 2009, Rothstein turned himself in to authorities and was subsequently arrested on charges related to the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act (RICO). Although his arraignment plea was not guilty, Rothstein reversed his plea to guilty of five federal crimes on January 27, 2010. Rothstein was denied bond by U.S. Magistrate Judge Robin Rosenbaum, who ruled that due to his ability to forge documents, he was considered a flight risk. He was sentenced to 50 years in federal prison.", "He was sentenced to 50 years in federal prison. He was sentenced to 50 years in federal prison. Overview On June 9, 2010, Rothstein received a 50-year prison sentence after a hearing in federal court in Fort Lauderdale, although federal prosecutors initially filed a motion notifying the court they would be seeking a sentence reduction for Rothstein. His firm had 70 lawyers and 150 employees, with offices in Boca Raton, West Palm Beach, Fort Lauderdale, Miami, Tallahassee, Florida, New York City and Caracas, Venezuela.", "His firm had 70 lawyers and 150 employees, with offices in Boca Raton, West Palm Beach, Fort Lauderdale, Miami, Tallahassee, Florida, New York City and Caracas, Venezuela. The firm focused on labor and employment matters, civil rights, intellectual property, internet law, corporate espionage, personal injury, wrongful death, commercial litigation, real estate, mergers and acquisitions, and governmental relations.", "The firm focused on labor and employment matters, civil rights, intellectual property, internet law, corporate espionage, personal injury, wrongful death, commercial litigation, real estate, mergers and acquisitions, and governmental relations. His client list included Citicorp, J. C. Penney, Ed Morse Automotive Group, National Beverage, Silversea Cruise Lines, Supra Telecom, and Wells Fargo.", "His client list included Citicorp, J. C. Penney, Ed Morse Automotive Group, National Beverage, Silversea Cruise Lines, Supra Telecom, and Wells Fargo. Until he was permanently disbarred by the Florida Supreme Court on November 25, 2009, Rothstein was a member of the Florida Bar and admitted by the United States Supreme Court. He had been given an AV Preeminent peer review rating by Martindale-Hubbell.", "He had been given an AV Preeminent peer review rating by Martindale-Hubbell. The AV rating is a significant accomplishment and a testament to the fact that a lawyer's peers rank him or her at the highest level of professional excellence. Rothstein may have stolen millions of dollars from an investment side-business. A list of 259 persons or corporate entities entitled to $279 million in restitution has been sealed by the court.", "A list of 259 persons or corporate entities entitled to $279 million in restitution has been sealed by the court. On November 3, 2009, Federal Bureau of Investigation and United States Department of the Treasury agents served a warrant to search the firm's Fort Lauderdale offices. Rothstein sent an email in recent weeks to firm lawyers asking them to investigate which countries refused to extradite criminal suspects to either the U.S. or Israel, and firm lawyers responded that Morocco is one such country.", "Rothstein sent an email in recent weeks to firm lawyers asking them to investigate which countries refused to extradite criminal suspects to either the U.S. or Israel, and firm lawyers responded that Morocco is one such country. Rothstein had wired $16 million to an individual in Casablanca and left for Casablanca on October 26, 2009. On October 31, 2009, he sent a suicide text message note to all of his law partners: Sorry for letting you all down. I am a fool.", "I am a fool. I am a fool. I thought I could fix it, but got trapped by my ego and refusal to fail, and now all I have accomplished is hurting the people I love. Please take care of yourselves and please protect Kimmie [Rothstein's wife]. She knew nothing. Neither did she, nor any of you deserve what I did. I hope God allows me to see you on the other side. Love, Scott.", "Love, Scott. Love, Scott. On November 3, 2009, after many texts by Stuart Rosenfeldt, the president of the firm, urging him to \"choose life\", Rothstein returned to Fort Lauderdale on a chartered jet, (chartered by the ex-husband of Governor Crist's wife, Todd Rome) from Casablanca.", "On November 3, 2009, after many texts by Stuart Rosenfeldt, the president of the firm, urging him to \"choose life\", Rothstein returned to Fort Lauderdale on a chartered jet, (chartered by the ex-husband of Governor Crist's wife, Todd Rome) from Casablanca. On November 2, his law firm with only $117,000 in its operating account filed suit against him, asked a judge to dissolve the firm, accusing him of misappropriating hundreds of millions of dollars from investor trust accounts in a Ponzi scheme from an investment business he covertly ran out of his law office.", "On November 2, his law firm with only $117,000 in its operating account filed suit against him, asked a judge to dissolve the firm, accusing him of misappropriating hundreds of millions of dollars from investor trust accounts in a Ponzi scheme from an investment business he covertly ran out of his law office. In 2009 Rothstein resided at the Federal Detention Center, Miami in Downtown Miami, but was later moved to an undisclosed location and his inmate number removed from the Federal Bureau of Prisons inmate locator webpage.", "In 2009 Rothstein resided at the Federal Detention Center, Miami in Downtown Miami, but was later moved to an undisclosed location and his inmate number removed from the Federal Bureau of Prisons inmate locator webpage. Background and career Rothstein was born in the Bronx and moved with his parents to Lauderhill, Florida as a teenager.", "Background and career Rothstein was born in the Bronx and moved with his parents to Lauderhill, Florida as a teenager. A 1988 Juris Doctor graduate of Fort Lauderdale's Nova Southeastern University's Law School, the Shepard Broad College of Law, and a 1984 Bachelor of Arts graduate of University of Florida, Rothstein's law career began in 1988 and, for nearly fifteen years, he was relatively unknown. His local mentors were wealthy attorneys, Donald McClosky and Bill Scherer.", "His local mentors were wealthy attorneys, Donald McClosky and Bill Scherer. In the early 1990s, Rothstein first partnered with attorney Howard Kusnick. First located in Plantation, Florida, Kusnick & Rothstein, P.A. subsequently moved to downtown Ft. Lauderdale. Longtime partner Michael Pancier first joined him there.", "Longtime partner Michael Pancier first joined him there. Longtime partner Michael Pancier first joined him there. In 2000, Rothstein joined with Rosenfeldt as a name partner at the Hollywood firm, Phillips Eisinger Koss & Rosenfeldt, P.A., which became known as Phillips Eisinger Koss Rothstein & Rosenfeldt, P.A In February 2002, Rothstein and Rosenfeldt started their own firm, first known as Rothstein & Rosenfeldt, P.A. Within a month, Pancier was added as a name partner.", "Within a month, Pancier was added as a name partner. In July, 2002, adding Susan Dolin, a well-regarded employment lawyer, now practicing on her own in West Broward, the firm became known as Rothstein, Rosenfeldt, Dolin & Pancier, P.A.. In late 2004, the firm became known simply as Rothstein Rosenfeldt, with Adler being added in March 2005. Melissa Britt Lewis, who was murdered in March, 2008, was with Rothstein from the firm's beginning.", "Melissa Britt Lewis, who was murdered in March, 2008, was with Rothstein from the firm's beginning. In seven years, he and his partners expanded the firm to 70 lawyers, including former Boca Raton Mayor and sitting Palm Beach County Commissioner Steve Abrams; former judges Julio Gonzalez, Barry Stone, and former Palm Beach circuit judge, William Berger; TV and radio legal commentator and former prosecutor, Ken Padowitz; Carlos Reyes, former South Broward Hospital District commissioner and lobbyist; Arthur Neiwirth, a bankruptcy expert; and Les Stracher, former legal counsel for Morse Auto Group, who represents major auto dealers.", "In seven years, he and his partners expanded the firm to 70 lawyers, including former Boca Raton Mayor and sitting Palm Beach County Commissioner Steve Abrams; former judges Julio Gonzalez, Barry Stone, and former Palm Beach circuit judge, William Berger; TV and radio legal commentator and former prosecutor, Ken Padowitz; Carlos Reyes, former South Broward Hospital District commissioner and lobbyist; Arthur Neiwirth, a bankruptcy expert; and Les Stracher, former legal counsel for Morse Auto Group, who represents major auto dealers. Others include: Shawn Birken, son of Circuit Court Judge Arthur Birken; Ben Dishowitz, son of County Court Judge Dishowitz; and Grant Smith, son of disgraced former Congressman Larry Smith.", "Others include: Shawn Birken, son of Circuit Court Judge Arthur Birken; Ben Dishowitz, son of County Court Judge Dishowitz; and Grant Smith, son of disgraced former Congressman Larry Smith. Andrew Barnett is Corporate Development Officer, and David Boden, a New York attorney not licensed in Florida, was the firm's general counsel.", "Andrew Barnett is Corporate Development Officer, and David Boden, a New York attorney not licensed in Florida, was the firm's general counsel. Recent On September 8, 2011, U.S. District Judge James I. Cohn granted the government's motion to prohibit videotaping Rothstein during a scheduled deposition of him, citing \"serious harm\" and \"security reasons that are unusual in nature.\" The exact reasons for the judge's decision were sealed.", "The exact reasons for the judge's decision were sealed. This fueled speculation that his appearance was altered or he was a mafia target due to his cooperation with the prosecution against the mafia. On June 8, 2011, federal prosecutors filed a motion with the sentencing judge informing him that they would be asking for a sentence reduction for Rothstein. However, on September 26, 2017, prosecutors withdrew their motion for a reduced sentence, saying that he had provided \"false material information\" in violation of his plea agreement.", "However, on September 26, 2017, prosecutors withdrew their motion for a reduced sentence, saying that he had provided \"false material information\" in violation of his plea agreement. Rothstein's name does not appear in the Federal Bureau of Prisons inmate database. This indicates he is being held under an alias, which would not be unusual given that he cooperated with the government. As of November 18, 2009, many of the associates have relocated: Five lawyers moved to Fort Lauderdale-based Rice Pugatch Robinson & Schiller.", "As of November 18, 2009, many of the associates have relocated: Five lawyers moved to Fort Lauderdale-based Rice Pugatch Robinson & Schiller. Steven Lippman and Richard Storfer will be new partners. Riley Cirulnick, George Zinkler and Jodi Cohen are new associates. In August, 2008, Governor Crist appointed Rothstein as a member of the 4th District Court of Appeal Judicial nominating commission, a body which is responsible for selecting new judges for appointment to the Court. Bill Brock accompanied Rothstein to Morocco.", "Bill Brock accompanied Rothstein to Morocco. Bill Brock accompanied Rothstein to Morocco. His job at the law firm was to issue checks for Rothstein's various ventures and contributions, and had the sole security pass for the area where records of Rothstein's non-law firm businesses were kept. An observant Jew, Rothstein grew up in a small Bronx apartment, sharing a bedroom with his sister. His father was a salesman \"back in the days when you carried a bag up and down the streets of New York.\"", "His father was a salesman \"back in the days when you carried a bag up and down the streets of New York.\" The family moved to Lauderhill, Florida in 1977, when Rothstein was 16. His grandmother used her life savings to help put him through school. \"I grew up poor. I'm a lunatic about money.\" Rothstein was a large contributor to a synagogue off Las Olas with his name affixed to the front facade: The Rothstein Family Downtown Jewish Center Chabad.", "Rothstein was a large contributor to a synagogue off Las Olas with his name affixed to the front facade: The Rothstein Family Downtown Jewish Center Chabad. Rabbi Schneur Kaplan is one of the two people who talked Rothstein out of committing suicide. He invested in residential property. In 2003, he paid $1.2 million for an intracoastal waterfront house on Castilla Isle in Fort Lauderdale. In March 2005, he bought a neighboring home belonging to Miami Dolphins' Ricky Williams for $2.73 million.", "In March 2005, he bought a neighboring home belonging to Miami Dolphins' Ricky Williams for $2.73 million. While living in Williams' old house, he's purchased two other homes on the street and three other homes in Broward for a total residential investment of nearly $20 million. \"They call me the king of Castilla.\"", "\"They call me the king of Castilla.\" \"They call me the king of Castilla.\" In 2008, he purchased a $6.45 million waterfront gated Fort Lauderdale home, a $6 million condo in New York in the same building as Marc Dreier, and a $2.8 million oceanfront estate in Narragansett, Rhode Island formerly owned by troubled client, Michael Kent, a Fort Lauderdale nightclub owner.", "In 2008, he purchased a $6.45 million waterfront gated Fort Lauderdale home, a $6 million condo in New York in the same building as Marc Dreier, and a $2.8 million oceanfront estate in Narragansett, Rhode Island formerly owned by troubled client, Michael Kent, a Fort Lauderdale nightclub owner. He is part-owner with Anthony Bova of the South Beach Versace Casa Casuarina mansion, where he was married on January 26, 2008, in a three-day wedding celebration with Governor Crist, and his then-fiancée and present wife, Carol Rome, in attendance.", "He is part-owner with Anthony Bova of the South Beach Versace Casa Casuarina mansion, where he was married on January 26, 2008, in a three-day wedding celebration with Governor Crist, and his then-fiancée and present wife, Carol Rome, in attendance. A later financial analysis of the 10% property interest Rothstein owned showed that it was worthless. His second wife, Kimberly Wendell Rothstein, a 35-year-old real-estate agent, helped manage his properties, which also include part-ownership of an office building in Pompano Beach.", "His second wife, Kimberly Wendell Rothstein, a 35-year-old real-estate agent, helped manage his properties, which also include part-ownership of an office building in Pompano Beach. He and Bova also owned Bova Ristorante, formerly long-time generational Italian family-owned Mario's of Boca, which shut down October 18, 2009. Bova Prime, formerly Riley McDermott's on Las Olas Boulevard is still operating. On September 11, 2008, the day before Rothstein took ownership, a dispute involving firearms broke out at Riley McDermott's involving Rothstein's security personnel.", "On September 11, 2008, the day before Rothstein took ownership, a dispute involving firearms broke out at Riley McDermott's involving Rothstein's security personnel. He owns parts of an internet technology called company Qtask and V Georgio Spirits Co., LLC with CEO Vie Harvey and the Renato watch company, with partner, Ovi Levy. Levy is the son of hotelier Shimon Levy, who spent a year in prison in Israel after hiding a criminal kingpin, suspected of two murders.", "Levy is the son of hotelier Shimon Levy, who spent a year in prison in Israel after hiding a criminal kingpin, suspected of two murders. Rothstein at one time was a minority shareholder of Edify LLC, a health-care benefits consulting company. State Representative Evan Jenne-D-Dania Beach is a $30,000 company consultant, who previously worked a local bank. Rothstein hired Jenne's father, former sheriff and convicted felon, Ken Jenne, as a consultant at his law firm days after Jenne was released from prison on corruption charges.", "Rothstein hired Jenne's father, former sheriff and convicted felon, Ken Jenne, as a consultant at his law firm days after Jenne was released from prison on corruption charges. An attorney for Rothstein's law firm serves as the registered agent for Evan Jenne's company, Blue Banyan. Grant Smith, a lifelong friend of Evan Jenne's, is an Edify lobbyist. Edify has worked closely with the state Department of Health to develop wellness programs and also influences certain health-care legislation.", "Edify has worked closely with the state Department of Health to develop wellness programs and also influences certain health-care legislation. \"The Great Gatsby\" In the 2008 interview at his law firm, Rothstein described himself and told how he controlled all aspects of the firm's management: This is where the evil happens. Look, I sleep in the bed I make. I tend toward the flashy side, but it's a persona. It's just a fucking persona. ... People ask me, 'When do you sleep?'", "... People ask me, 'When do you sleep?' I say I'll sleep when I'm dead. I'm a true Gemini. I joke around that there are 43 people living in my head and you never know what you're going to get. There are some philanthropists in there, some good lawyers, and I like to think some good businessmen. There are also some guys from the streets of the Bronx that stay hidden away until I need them. Does that sound crazy?", "Does that sound crazy? Does that sound crazy? I am crazy, but crazy in a good way. His personal office was opulent, with security and a compartmentalized layout. Anyone entering Rothstein's suite of offices had to use an intercom. He could exit, unseen through a second door. In the hallway, an ordinary looking brown door is actually the elevator door. Dozens of surveillance cameras and microphones hang from office ceilings. On his desk: four computer screens and the Five Books of Moses.", "On his desk: four computer screens and the Five Books of Moses. Outside his personal office hung a painting of Al Pacino as Michael Corleone in The Godfather. The walls of Rothstein's office and other hallways are lined with photos of himself and politicians including Gov. Charlie Crist, former U.S. Senator Mel Martinez, Senator John McCain, Broward Sheriff Al Lamberti, Rudy Giuliani, Joe Lieberman, and Bill McCollum.", "Senator Mel Martinez, Senator John McCain, Broward Sheriff Al Lamberti, Rudy Giuliani, Joe Lieberman, and Bill McCollum. He was ostensibly an affluent and successful attorney with all the material trappings of a flamboyant lifestyle, including armed body guards and police protection. Twenty-eight city police officials, including captains, majors, undercover officers and the department spokesman, helped guard his home and businesses, the only person in the department's history to have permanent round-the-clock off-duty police protection at his home.", "Twenty-eight city police officials, including captains, majors, undercover officers and the department spokesman, helped guard his home and businesses, the only person in the department's history to have permanent round-the-clock off-duty police protection at his home. The department suspended all work for Rothstein on November 2, 2009. He had a Boeing 727 jet and in 2002, flew Bill Clinton, Kevin Spacey, and Chris Tucker to Africa on an anti-AIDS mission. He owns an $5 million Warren yacht.", "He owns an $5 million Warren yacht. He owns an $5 million Warren yacht. His fleet of exotic cars included: 1974, 2006, 2007, and 2008 Ferraris, 2009 Bentley, 2007 Silver Rolls-Royce, and one 2008 and two 2010 Lamborghini Murcielagos — worth about $400,000 each, a pair of $1.6 million Bugattis, and a pair of Harleys which he maintains in an air-conditioned warehouse. All were allegedly purchased and traded from Euromotorsports, the owner of which has an extensive criminal record.", "All were allegedly purchased and traded from Euromotorsports, the owner of which has an extensive criminal record. All were seized shortly after his return from Morocco. He has a watch collection of over 100, valued at $1 million. In 2008, he was working on opening a cigar and martini bar on Las Olas Boulevard and two high-rise residential buildings in Brooklyn with New York partner Dominic Tonnachio. He was to take ownership of a \"series of office buildings\" on Oakland Park Boulevard.", "He was to take ownership of a \"series of office buildings\" on Oakland Park Boulevard. Roger Stone, a political trickster for Richard Nixon, was a partner with Rothstein in RRA Consulting, an LLC which was set up to provide public affairs assistance to the RRA law firm's legal clients. According to Stone, that business never generated any clients. It was dissolved in late 2008.", "It was dissolved in late 2008. It was dissolved in late 2008. On August 27, 2009, Stone, the recipient of Rothstein's sponsorship of his blog until July 29, 2009, \"StoneZone\", wrote a column recommending Rothstein for the seat vacated by Senator Mel Martinez- a man with \"a distinguished legal record, has been a key supporter of Governor Crist and John McCain, has an unmatched record of philanthropic activities and would bring an unconventional style of getting things done to Washington.", "On August 27, 2009, Stone, the recipient of Rothstein's sponsorship of his blog until July 29, 2009, \"StoneZone\", wrote a column recommending Rothstein for the seat vacated by Senator Mel Martinez- a man with \"a distinguished legal record, has been a key supporter of Governor Crist and John McCain, has an unmatched record of philanthropic activities and would bring an unconventional style of getting things done to Washington. Add Rothstein to the short list.\"", "Add Rothstein to the short list.\" Add Rothstein to the short list.\" On November 4, 2009, Stone wrote, \"Rothstein had no prior business success, no business acumen nor track record that would engender confidence in an investor. He could not read a balance sheet. He could not write or read a business plan. Rothstein was a lawyer, not an entrepreneur.\"", "Rothstein was a lawyer, not an entrepreneur.\" Rothstein was a lawyer, not an entrepreneur.\" Stone claims that Rothstein has Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD) \"so severe he never finished a martini, a cigar, a thought, or a sentence, never mind a transaction.\" According to Stone, neither law firm name partner Russell Adler nor Stuart Rosenfeldt were signatories on the RRA Trust Account. He \"appeared to be something out of a Great Gatsby movie.\"", "He \"appeared to be something out of a Great Gatsby movie.\" Philanthropy and political contributions In 2008, his Rothstein Family Foundation gave $1 million to Holy Cross Hospital in Fort Lauderdale, where a lobby will be named after him and his wife. On October 31, 2009 his firm sponsored at a charity golf tournament featuring former Gov. Jeb Bush.", "Jeb Bush. Jeb Bush. Between 2007 and 2008, he donated $2 million to the American Heart Association, Women in Distress, Alonzo Mourning Charities, Here's Help, and the Dan Marino Foundation. Politicians of both parties have pledged to donate to charity or return his political contributions. On November 3, 2009, the Florida Republican Party, announced it would give Rothstein's donations ($600,000) to a charity. Gov.", "Gov. Gov. Charlie Crist's Senate Campaign ($100,550), state Chief Financial Officer Alex Sink ($2,050), Senate President Jeff Atwater, Rep. Ellyn Bogdanoff, and the Florida Democratic Party ($200,000) will return some or all of his contributions. In June 2009, Harry Reid, the Democratic Senate majority leader received a contribution of $4,800.", "In June 2009, Harry Reid, the Democratic Senate majority leader received a contribution of $4,800. A list of FEC filings indexed by NewsMeat include a total of $166,800 to the Republican Party and candidates, including $109,800 to John McCain's 2008 presidential campaign, and $17,600 to Democratic candidates. Law partner murder Debra Villegas, who handles his money, is the law firm's chief operating officer. She is co-owner with Rothstein in a home at 2307 Castilla Isle, as of May 2009.", "She is co-owner with Rothstein in a home at 2307 Castilla Isle, as of May 2009. According to records, Rothstein originally purchased the property in September 2007, for $1.75 million, and sold it for $10 to a shell corporation in September 2009. In 2005, the year the Ponzi scheme allegedly began, Villegas earned $80,000 a year. In 2007, her salary had increased to $145,000. Villegas received two Swiss watches — a Rolex and a Breitling — from her \"employer\".", "Villegas received two Swiss watches — a Rolex and a Breitling — from her \"employer\". Rothstein paid off her couch and a bedroom set and held title to her two Honda water scooters. Villegas was living in a $475,000 Weston home that Rothstein signed over to her in July 2009 for $100 and \"love and affection,\" according to the deed. Villegas registered a 2009 $100,000 Maserati GranTurismo at the home in January, 2009.", "Villegas registered a 2009 $100,000 Maserati GranTurismo at the home in January, 2009. In November 2009, Federal prosecutors seized the home, alleging that it was among Rothstein's ill-gotten assets. Villegas' estranged husband, Tony Villegas, was charged on circumstantial evidence in the March 2008 murder in Plantation, Florida of Melissa Britt Lewis, a partner in Rothstein's firm.", "Villegas' estranged husband, Tony Villegas, was charged on circumstantial evidence in the March 2008 murder in Plantation, Florida of Melissa Britt Lewis, a partner in Rothstein's firm. Although early news reports wondered at whether the evidence was substantial, according to New Times, \"Nine days later, forensic testing revealed that Tony's DNA had been found on Melissa's suit jacket – the same jacket she wore on the day she died.\" Police sealed the arrest affidavit.", "Police sealed the arrest affidavit. Police sealed the arrest affidavit. As a result of the homicide and the nature of the legal business, Rothstein has a team of \"executive protection specialists\" to guard the firm and his family, his teen-aged daughter. The prosecutor who had first worked on the Villegas case, Howard Scheinberg, went to work for Rosenfeldt Rothstein Adler. Villegas, a train conductor, remains in jail awaiting trial. The motive was supposedly revenge for Lewis's closeness with Debra.", "The motive was supposedly revenge for Lewis's closeness with Debra. Debra and Melissa share a therapist: Ilene Vinikoor, whose husband, David represents general counsel, David Boden in the Ponzi scheme investigation. You get anger from people ... that prick from the Bronx. ... They say I'm building the law firm too fast, that it must be a house of cards. \"Disbarment on consent\" On November 17, 2009, the Florida Bar Executive Committee voted to accept a request by Rothstein to be disbarred.", "\"Disbarment on consent\" On November 17, 2009, the Florida Bar Executive Committee voted to accept a request by Rothstein to be disbarred. The Florida Supreme Court entered an order permanently disbarring Rothstein on November 25, 2009. Rothstein was removed from the Broward County Grievance Committee, and his name has also been removed from the database of \"The Best Lawyers in America\".", "Rothstein was removed from the Broward County Grievance Committee, and his name has also been removed from the database of \"The Best Lawyers in America\". Trust account Rothstein, Rosenfeldt, and Adler's trust account was part of the Interest on Lawyer Trust Accounts (IOLTA) program that was paying hundreds of thousands of dollars a month to the Florida Bar Foundation.", "Trust account Rothstein, Rosenfeldt, and Adler's trust account was part of the Interest on Lawyer Trust Accounts (IOLTA) program that was paying hundreds of thousands of dollars a month to the Florida Bar Foundation. $1.2 billion Ponzi scheme Rothstein's investment scheme involved purchasing what were initially mislabeled as fabricated \"structured settlements,\" described as where people sell large settlements in legal cases for lump sums of cash.", "$1.2 billion Ponzi scheme Rothstein's investment scheme involved purchasing what were initially mislabeled as fabricated \"structured settlements,\" described as where people sell large settlements in legal cases for lump sums of cash. Alan Sakowitz, an attorney and real estate developer in Bay Harbor Islands, said that he contacted the FBI in September with concerns about Rothstein.", "Alan Sakowitz, an attorney and real estate developer in Bay Harbor Islands, said that he contacted the FBI in September with concerns about Rothstein. On Sunday, November 8, 2009, Sakowitz appeared with Kendall Coffey, attorney for Rothstein's law partners, on the Michael Putney Show on WPLG-TV, MIAMI, correcting Coffey for claiming that Rothstein's \"investments\" involved structured settlements, which they did not.", "On Sunday, November 8, 2009, Sakowitz appeared with Kendall Coffey, attorney for Rothstein's law partners, on the Michael Putney Show on WPLG-TV, MIAMI, correcting Coffey for claiming that Rothstein's \"investments\" involved structured settlements, which they did not. (Note: \"structured settlements\" as defined by Rothstein in press reports do not meet the definition in IRC 5891(C)(1) of the Internal Revenue Code). Rothstein's resemble investments in pre-settlement funding or pre-settlement financing.", "Rothstein's resemble investments in pre-settlement funding or pre-settlement financing. In his December 12, 2011 deposition page 24 lines 15-23, Scott Rothstein himself said \"It was intentionally made in a way and presented to that firm and the other firms that were looking at the structure issue that it was merely a purchase of dollars already in-house; that it was not a structured settlement because the true definition of a structured settlement is when someone is actually receiving payments over time that has some other value.", "In his December 12, 2011 deposition page 24 lines 15-23, Scott Rothstein himself said \"It was intentionally made in a way and presented to that firm and the other firms that were looking at the structure issue that it was merely a purchase of dollars already in-house; that it was not a structured settlement because the true definition of a structured settlement is when someone is actually receiving payments over time that has some other value. We didn't have a true definition of a structured settlement, not by any of the statutes.", "We didn't have a true definition of a structured settlement, not by any of the statutes. From that perspective we had reason to make sure that this was not structured. Because when you're dealing with structured settlements you need other levels of Court approval. It would have required the manufacturer of literally hundreds of phony orders, which would have led the entire scheme to detection.' The FBI estimates the loss to be up to a billion dollars from lucrative whistle-blower and employment discrimination cases.", "The FBI estimates the loss to be up to a billion dollars from lucrative whistle-blower and employment discrimination cases. The investors would make up-front cash payments to individuals owed money from the court cases to buy the right to collect the full amount of the settlements later. The investor was guaranteed a minimum of 20 percent investment returns in as little as three months. Swindle pitch General counsel David Boden was present for at least one of the swindles, and negotiated the final papers with the investors' lawyers.", "Swindle pitch General counsel David Boden was present for at least one of the swindles, and negotiated the final papers with the investors' lawyers. Rothstein greets and informs the investor his firm was the preeminent sexual harassment law firm in the country. He says he'd figured out a basic formula which was that someone with $10 million net worth was usually willing to pay $2 million in cash to pay off their mistress. The key was confidentiality.", "The key was confidentiality. The key was confidentiality. Rothstein tells the investor that he would meet potential defendants in his office and would question them about affairs they had with an employee. The defendants would deny it. He pointed to artwork, and said there was a television screen behind it.", "He pointed to artwork, and said there was a television screen behind it. He tells the investor he turned on a video of the guy having sex with his mistress, and told his client \"We can either settle this now, or I can depose your wife, your mistress, you and your son about it.\"", "He tells the investor he turned on a video of the guy having sex with his mistress, and told his client \"We can either settle this now, or I can depose your wife, your mistress, you and your son about it.\" Since defendants\" often couldn't or wouldn't pay the entire settlement up-front, Rothstein tells the investor that his first harassment case many years ago, involved a $3.5 million settlement and a million-dollar legal fee, so Rothstein assigned the settlement to a good friend and the plaintiff settles for $3 million without a trial.", "Since defendants\" often couldn't or wouldn't pay the entire settlement up-front, Rothstein tells the investor that his first harassment case many years ago, involved a $3.5 million settlement and a million-dollar legal fee, so Rothstein assigned the settlement to a good friend and the plaintiff settles for $3 million without a trial. The \"good friend\" stood to be paid $3.5 million once the defendant paid up, a half-million dollar profit.", "The \"good friend\" stood to be paid $3.5 million once the defendant paid up, a half-million dollar profit. \"In 20 years, I have never seen a defendant sue on breach of settlement,\" Rothstein told them. \"The whole idea is that it's secret. Why would they sue?\" Although it did not appear completely legitimate, and it might have appeared that the plaintiffs were short-changed, it makes sense to the potential investor. The idea seems solid.", "The idea seems solid. The idea seems solid. The investor thinks that with enough of these cases at Rothstein's law firm, he could make huge sums of money. Rothstein then discusses other larger cases: Eli Lilly and Company, involving $1.4 billion with plaintiff representation by Gary Farmer, a firm attorney who negotiated the settlement and who brought the case with him when he arrived at the firm. Several inside whistleblowers went to the fed with unlawful practices regarding the marketing and sales of an anti-psychotic medication called Zyprexa.", "Several inside whistleblowers went to the fed with unlawful practices regarding the marketing and sales of an anti-psychotic medication called Zyprexa. It was one of the largest qui tam cases in history. He tells the investor about a potential (allegedly fabricated) case where investors would buy whistle-blower million dollar settlements with a sixty percent short term investor profit. The arrangement would be completely secret; the investor would never know the name of the company or the whistle-blower.", "The arrangement would be completely secret; the investor would never know the name of the company or the whistle-blower. The settlement money would be deposited into a trust account at TD Bank, accessible only to the investor at the appropriate time. David Boden follows up with all questions and negotiates the contract. Court-appointed receiver On November 2, 2009, Broward Chief Judge Vic Tobin sent an e-mail at 6:45 a.m. to judges about the Rothstein case: I learned of some very distressing news yesterday.", "Court-appointed receiver On November 2, 2009, Broward Chief Judge Vic Tobin sent an e-mail at 6:45 a.m. to judges about the Rothstein case: I learned of some very distressing news yesterday. Whoever draws the case try to set the motion today because of the amount of clients and money involved. Also, if you have a case with the firm, please be patient.", "Also, if you have a case with the firm, please be patient. I don't know if the lawyers will come or not and if they do come, there is no money at this point to go forward with the case or pay firm employees. On November 3, 2009, retired Miami-Dade Circuit Judge Herbert Stettin was appointed the firm's receiver, responsible for approving the firm's day-to-day financial decisions.", "On November 3, 2009, retired Miami-Dade Circuit Judge Herbert Stettin was appointed the firm's receiver, responsible for approving the firm's day-to-day financial decisions. Firm president and 50% owner of the firm, Stuart Rosenfeldt, \"deposited two-thirds of my life savings in my firm's operating account\" to prop up finances in the short-term. Marc Nurik is representing Rothstein, and has stepped down as a lawyer from the firm. The prosecutors are Lawrence D. LaVecchio, Paul F. Schwartz and Jeffrey N. Kaplan.", "The prosecutors are Lawrence D. LaVecchio, Paul F. Schwartz and Jeffrey N. Kaplan. They have decades of experience investigating public corruption, white-collar fraud and organized crime. They are preparing a massive fraud case against Rothstein, zeroing in on his settlement investments, and also allegations of theft from his law firm and client trust accounts.", "They are preparing a massive fraud case against Rothstein, zeroing in on his settlement investments, and also allegations of theft from his law firm and client trust accounts. Victims On November 25, 2009, Attorney William Scherer filed a 289-page Amended Complaint seeking $100,000,000 in civil damages on behalf of his clients, and naming: Toronto Dominion Bank and its associates, Frank Spinosa, Jennifer Kerstetter, and Rosanne Karetsky, Irene Stay, Banyon Income Fund, L.P., Banyon USVI, LLC, George G. Levin, Michael Szafranski, Onyx Options Consultants Corporation, Berenfeld Spritzer Shechter Sheer, LLP., as well as Rothstein and his associates, David Boden, Debra Villegas, Andrew Barnett, and Frank J. Preve, as defendants/co-conspirators.", "Victims On November 25, 2009, Attorney William Scherer filed a 289-page Amended Complaint seeking $100,000,000 in civil damages on behalf of his clients, and naming: Toronto Dominion Bank and its associates, Frank Spinosa, Jennifer Kerstetter, and Rosanne Karetsky, Irene Stay, Banyon Income Fund, L.P., Banyon USVI, LLC, George G. Levin, Michael Szafranski, Onyx Options Consultants Corporation, Berenfeld Spritzer Shechter Sheer, LLP., as well as Rothstein and his associates, David Boden, Debra Villegas, Andrew Barnett, and Frank J. Preve, as defendants/co-conspirators. The Amended Complaint lists people and businesses to whom Rothstein allegedly wired money while he was en route to or inside of Morocco: Rothstein wired $16 million to his tour guide from Boca Raton, Florida, \"Ahnick Kahlid\".", "The Amended Complaint lists people and businesses to whom Rothstein allegedly wired money while he was en route to or inside of Morocco: Rothstein wired $16 million to his tour guide from Boca Raton, Florida, \"Ahnick Kahlid\". Kahlid transferred the money to Rothstein's new Moroccan bank account opened upon his arrival with a passport as identification at Banque Populaire in Casablanca; The recipients allegedly are members of the \"Israeli Mob\"; New York Investors; Florida Investors; Real Estate Investors; and Levin Feeders.", "Kahlid transferred the money to Rothstein's new Moroccan bank account opened upon his arrival with a passport as identification at Banque Populaire in Casablanca; The recipients allegedly are members of the \"Israeli Mob\"; New York Investors; Florida Investors; Real Estate Investors; and Levin Feeders. Scherer has said that his clients and all other investors who weren't complicit in the crime will have their money returned. Due to the extreme negligence, TD Bank is liable.", "Due to the extreme negligence, TD Bank is liable. \"My goal is to get all the money back for the investors from the bank,\" Scherer said. On January 27, 2010 Scherer filed an affidavit alleging that Michael Szafranski was complicit in Rothstein's fraud, receiving almost $6.5 million in \"ill-gotten\" gains directly from Rothstein.", "On January 27, 2010 Scherer filed an affidavit alleging that Michael Szafranski was complicit in Rothstein's fraud, receiving almost $6.5 million in \"ill-gotten\" gains directly from Rothstein. Shimon Levy and Ovi Levy Shimon Levy allegedly has had deep ties to Dean Heiser and Israeli organized crime and spent a year in an Israeli prison for hiding a mob figure suspected of two \"grisly murders\".", "Shimon Levy and Ovi Levy Shimon Levy allegedly has had deep ties to Dean Heiser and Israeli organized crime and spent a year in an Israeli prison for hiding a mob figure suspected of two \"grisly murders\". In 1997, his partner at the Sea Club Resort on Fort Lauderdale beach, Zvika Yuz, was a victim of a murder which remains unsolved. His son, Ovi contacted the Plantation Police Department and began receiving protection during the time Rothstein fled to Morocco.", "His son, Ovi contacted the Plantation Police Department and began receiving protection during the time Rothstein fled to Morocco. Banyan Capital Banyan Income Fund, a Fort Lauderdale-based hedge fund, invested hundreds of millions. It was run by Rothstein and involves Fort Lauderdale businessman George G. Levin, who reported Rothstein to the U.S. Attorney's Office for \"suspicious activity.\" According to the lawsuit, Frank J. Preve is Chief Operating Officer and kept an office inside Rothstein et al. He is a convicted bank fraud and embezzlement felon.", "He is a convicted bank fraud and embezzlement felon. He is a convicted bank fraud and embezzlement felon. He pleaded guilty to bank embezzlement charges in 1985 and received ten years probation and a $10,000 fine for falsifying loan documents in another fraudulent scheme. Banyon and other Rothstein investors' accounts were held at a Toronto-Dominion Bank branch in Fort Lauderdale. Abraxas Discala Abraxas Discala, a businessman and former husband of The Sopranos' Jamie-Lynn Sigler, reportedly raised $30 million through his hedge fund which he invested into Rothstein's scheme.", "Abraxas Discala Abraxas Discala, a businessman and former husband of The Sopranos' Jamie-Lynn Sigler, reportedly raised $30 million through his hedge fund which he invested into Rothstein's scheme. George G. Levin Since 1983, George G. Levin and his wife, Gayla Sue, have lived in Fort Lauderdale's Bay Colony on the Intracoastal Waterway in a 2-story home with 8 bathrooms and a large pool, valued at $2 million. Levin has a pattern of filing complaints when his unsavory/fraudulent business ventures are exposed.", "Levin has a pattern of filing complaints when his unsavory/fraudulent business ventures are exposed. According to federal court documents, from 1985–1996 Levin's former business GGL Industries, dba Classic Motor Carriages defrauded hundreds of customers, selling kit cars. The federal government filed criminal charges against the company and GGL pleaded guilty to mail fraud in 1999 and agreed to pay $2.5 million in restitution. Stuart Rado had been a consumer activist who organized GGL's victims and helped spur the government action.", "Stuart Rado had been a consumer activist who organized GGL's victims and helped spur the government action. Levin subsequently sued Rado for violating the Florida Trade Secrets Act. Rado was diagnosed with cancer during the lawsuit. It was a classic frivolous SLAPP suit (\"Strategic Lawsuit Against Public Participation\"). On September 19, 1997, the finding against Mr. Rado was that he pay plaintiff's attorneys' fees.", "On September 19, 1997, the finding against Mr. Rado was that he pay plaintiff's attorneys' fees. The federal motion states: GGL's fraudulent scheme necessarily included as an intricate part the silencing of its critics, among whom was Rado. It did this by using the courts to intimidate Rado into being silent and causing Rado to spend money he could not afford.", "It did this by using the courts to intimidate Rado into being silent and causing Rado to spend money he could not afford. It was GGL's intention (as one of GGL's attorneys said to Rado [in a 1994 deposition]) to make Rado's net worth go south. GGL and its attorneys forced Rado to incur the expenses of defending two lawsuits for over 4 years. Rado had to incur these expenses and live day-to-day with a barrage of pleadings, depositions and other legal maneuvers by GGL.", "Rado had to incur these expenses and live day-to-day with a barrage of pleadings, depositions and other legal maneuvers by GGL. He had to endure this even though he did nothing legally wrong, and even though GGL was in fact at the same time continuing to perpetrate its nationwide fraud. Rado was being put through this because Rado dared to contact some of GGL's victims and tell them that if they were injured by GGL they should contact the Florida Attorney General for help.", "Rado was being put through this because Rado dared to contact some of GGL's victims and tell them that if they were injured by GGL they should contact the Florida Attorney General for help. What is even more despicable is that GGL knew that Rado was dying of cancer but continued to pursue him with motions and notices of trial and other pleadings, one such notice of hearing being served within days of brain surgery. Although a convicted felon, GGL hounded Rado's estate for the payment of $80,000 in attorney's fees.", "Although a convicted felon, GGL hounded Rado's estate for the payment of $80,000 in attorney's fees. The state of Florida filed suit against the company alleging deceptive business practices and civil theft. A special assistant attorney general, Herbert Stettin, led the investigation. Stettin is now the trustee overseeing the Rothstein Rosenfeldt Adler bankruptcy case. Levin continues to sell kit cars under a different company name, StreetBeasts.", "Levin continues to sell kit cars under a different company name, StreetBeasts. According to a Florida District Court of Appeals case published in 2002, Levin acquired property free and clear for less than the cost of the first mortgage, through a fraudulent transfer. Partners' income strategy and Rothstein's returns The allegations are: George Levin was the general partner (\"GP\") who solicited each limited partner (\"LP\") to contribute at least $1 million.", "Partners' income strategy and Rothstein's returns The allegations are: George Levin was the general partner (\"GP\") who solicited each limited partner (\"LP\") to contribute at least $1 million. Initially, each LP contributed $250,000, subject to periodic capital calls up to the amount of their commitments. They were promised 12% annually (15% for first $100 million), to be paid quarterly.", "They were promised 12% annually (15% for first $100 million), to be paid quarterly. The general partner had to maintain a balance of not less than 10% of all contributions after any quarterly distributions. The general partner also gave a \"clawback\" guaranty to all LP's equal to their original contributions. LP's could not request redemptions during an initial one-year \"lock-up\" period and were required to give 90 days' notice for any withdrawals.", "LP's could not request redemptions during an initial one-year \"lock-up\" period and were required to give 90 days' notice for any withdrawals. Redemptions would be paid from the GP's own capital account \"to the extent available\" with a 10% hold-back, but otherwise, only from the purchased lawsuits settlement stream. Banyon had paid Rothstein's firm at least $656 million, but the law firm anticipated $1.1 billion over a maximum 24-month period. It allegedly received and reinvested about $500 million.", "It allegedly received and reinvested about $500 million. It allegedly received and reinvested about $500 million. Levin expected to make 40% over 24 months but to only pay out 24%.", "Levin expected to make 40% over 24 months but to only pay out 24%. Rothstein's law firm's IOLTA trust accounts established \"for the plaintiff\" in the purported litigation settlements were used to fund the phony settlement accounts, after the law firm had paid its overhead, keeping its insolvent operation afloat, which included \"gifts\" to partners and money given to politicians, charities, and pay for a massive advertising budget, as well as Rothstein's personal lifestyle, over three years, amounting to approximately a $500 million loss.", "Rothstein's law firm's IOLTA trust accounts established \"for the plaintiff\" in the purported litigation settlements were used to fund the phony settlement accounts, after the law firm had paid its overhead, keeping its insolvent operation afloat, which included \"gifts\" to partners and money given to politicians, charities, and pay for a massive advertising budget, as well as Rothstein's personal lifestyle, over three years, amounting to approximately a $500 million loss. The interest on the funded IOLTA accounts went to the Florida Bar monthly, which was many millions, based on the Banyon contributions.", "The interest on the funded IOLTA accounts went to the Florida Bar monthly, which was many millions, based on the Banyon contributions. In its prospectus, Banyon claimed to have a legal opinion that Banyon's interest in the IOLTA trust accounts \"perfected automatically on execution of the transfer documents\" – that the lawsuit proceeds assignments created by general counsel, David Boden. The LP's were warned that they could be taxed on the Partnership's income and realized gains even if no distributions were made.", "The LP's were warned that they could be taxed on the Partnership's income and realized gains even if no distributions were made. As long as reinvestments were ongoing, the ponzi scheme was facilitated. Losses 1. Venture capitalist Doug Von Allmen's companies' total loss, approximately $105.5 million, through the Banyon Income Fund include: The Von Allmen Dynastry Trust, overseen by wife Linda Von Allmen: $7 million. D&L Partners, Von Allmen's Missouri company: $45 million.", "D&L Partners, Von Allmen's Missouri company: $45 million. Kretschmar: $8 million Razorback Funding LLC, a Delaware company: $32 million D3 Capital Club LLC, Delaware company: $13.5 million 2. BFMC Investment LLC, owned by Barry Florescue: $2.4 million 3. Socialite art dealer Bonnie Barnett, mother of defendant, Andrew Barnett 4. The family of car dealers, Ed and Ted Morse. 5. Ballamor Capital Management, Radnor, PA: $30 million.", "Ballamor Capital Management, Radnor, PA: $30 million. Others Investors from Morocco lost $85 million. On November 19, 2009, Rothstein never appeared for a deposition, noticed in the bankruptcy case by investors' attorney John Genovese at Genovese's law office. Banyon and other Rothstein investors' accounts were held at a Toronto-Dominion Bank branch in Fort Lauderdale.", "Banyon and other Rothstein investors' accounts were held at a Toronto-Dominion Bank branch in Fort Lauderdale. References External links Video tour of Rothstein's law offices USA v. Scott Rothstein: Report Commencing Criminal Action, December 1, 2009 Federal Charging Information, December 1, 2009 Case No. 09-60331 Rothstein Plea Agreement, Case 0:09-cr-60331-JIC, filed January 27, 2010 Disbarment on Consent, filed November 20, 2009 Amended Civil Complaint filed November 25, 2009, Case No.", "09-60331 Rothstein Plea Agreement, Case 0:09-cr-60331-JIC, filed January 27, 2010 Disbarment on Consent, filed November 20, 2009 Amended Civil Complaint filed November 25, 2009, Case No. 09-062943 Attorney Scherer's Opposition to Motion to Disqualify Counsel for Plaintiffs, filed January 28, 2010 Amended Complaint for Dissolution and For Emergency Transfer of Corporate Powers to Stuart A. Rosenfeldt, Case No. 09-059301 Judge's Order Granting Compelling of Bank Records, Case No.", "09-059301 Judge's Order Granting Compelling of Bank Records, Case No. 09-059301 Database of Scott W. Rothstein's Political Contributions Database of Scott W. Rothstein's Corporate Interests Database of Scott W. Rothstein's registered vehicles Database of Scott W. Rothstein's Real Estate Transactions 1962 births 2009 in economics American money launderers American money managers American people convicted of fraud American prisoners and detainees 20th-century American Jews American confidence tricksters Criminal investigation Disbarred American lawyers Florida lawyers Great Recession Living people People convicted of racketeering Prisoners and detainees of the United States federal government Pyramid and Ponzi schemes American businesspeople convicted of crimes 21st-century American Jews" ]

[ "Scott W. Rothstein", "Law partner murder", "who is scott?", "Rothstein has a team of \"executive protection specialists\" to guard the firm and his family, his teen-aged daughter.", "what happened with swindle pitch?", "I don't know.", "where did the money go?", "In 2005, the year the Ponzi scheme allegedly began,", "who did he work with?", "Debra Villegas, who handles his money, is the law firm's chief operating officer. She is co-owner with Rothstein", "was he arrested?", "Rothstein has a team of \"executive protection specialists\" to guard the firm and his family, his teen-aged daughter.", "anything interesting?", "Federal prosecutors seized the home, alleging that it was among Rothstein's ill-gotten assets.", "how much money did he make?", "Rothstein originally purchased the property in September 2007, for $1.75 million, and sold it for $10 to a shell corporation in September 2009.", "when did the scheme begin?", "In 2005, the year the Ponzi scheme allegedly began,", "was it legal?", "Rothstein's ill-gotten assets." ]

[ "Scott David Boden (born 19 December 1989) is an English professional footballer who plays as a forward for National League side Boreham Wood.\n\nCareer\nBoden was born in Sheffield. In 2008, Boden was loaned out from Sheffield United to play five matches for IFK Mariehamn in the Finnish Premier Division. Boden left Åland for England and Chesterfield after his stint at the Mariehamn based club.\n\nIn October 2011 Boden moved to Macclesfield Town on a one-month loan.\n\nHe was offered a new one-year contract by Chesterfield in May 2012 which Boden accepted.\nOn 31 January 2013, having struggled to get regular football at Chesterfield, Boden moved on loan to Conference Premier side Alfreton Town until 20 April. After three goals in thirteen appearances Boden was recalled two weeks early following an injury to Marc Richards. He made one further appearance for Chesterfield following his loan, before being released at the end of the season.\n\nOn 29 July 2013, following a successful trial period, Boden signed for former club Macclesfield Town on a permanent basis, penning a one-year contract.\n\nFollowing a successful season which saw Boden score 18 goals for Macclesfield in the Conference Premier he was signed by FC Halifax Town on 1 July 2014.\n\nOn 13 July 2015 Boden joined League Two club Newport County on a one-year contract. He made his debut for Newport on 8 August 2015 versus Cambridge United. Boden scored his first competitive goal for Newport on 11 August 2015 versus Wolverhampton Wanderers in the Football League Cup first round. He scored his first league goal for Newport on 15 August 2015 in a League Two match versus Stevenage. On 5 December 2015 Boden scored the only goal in a 1–0 win over Barnet in the FA Cup 2nd round, which saw Newport County make the 3rd round of the FA Cup for the first time since 1986. Boden finished the season as Newport's top scorer with 15 goals in all competitions.\n\nAt the end of the 2015–16 season, Boden was offered a new contract by Newport but he chose to move on to Inverness Caledonian Thistle on a three-year deal.\nHowever, Boden was released by Inverness after his first season.\n\nOn 6 July 2017, Boden joined Wrexham on a one-year deal. He made his debut on 5 August 2017, against former club Macclesfield Town in a 0–1 home defeat.\n\nHe was released by Wrexham on 14 May 2018.\n\nBoden was signed by Gateshead on 20 July 2018.\n\nOn 30 January 2019, Boden re-joined former club Chesterfield on an 18-month contract.\n\nOn 23 February 2021, Boden joined National League side Torquay United on loan for the remainder of the 2020-21 season.\n\nBoden was released at the end of the 2020–21 season. He subsequently joined fellow National League side Boreham Wood in August 2021 on a one-year deal with the option of a further twelve-months.\n\nCareer statistics\n\nHonours\nChesterfield\nFootball League Two: 2010–11\nFootball League Trophy: 2011–12\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\n1989 births\nLiving people\nFootballers from Sheffield\nEnglish footballers\nEnglish expatriate footballers\nExpatriate footballers in Finland\nAssociation football forwards\nSheffield United F.C. players\nIFK Mariehamn players\nChesterfield F.C. players\nMacclesfield Town F.C. players\nAlfreton Town F.C. players\nFC Halifax Town players\nNewport County A.F.C. players\nEnglish Football League players\nInverness Caledonian Thistle F.C. players\nWrexham A.F.C. players\nGateshead F.C. players\nTorquay United F.C. players\nBoreham Wood F.C. players\nNational League (English football) players\nVeikkausliiga players\nScottish Professional Football League players", "David Jonathan Peter Boden (born 26 November 1970) is a former English cricketer. Boden was a right-handed batsman who bowled right-arm medium-fast. He was born in Eccleshall, Staffordshire.\n\nBoden made his debut in county cricket for Middlesex in a first-class match against Oxford University. In what was his only senior appearance for the county, Boden took 4 wickets in the Oxford first-innings, with Simon Almaer being his maiden first-class wicket. He went wicket-less in the Oxford second-innings. He later joined Essex, who he made his debut for against Cambridge University in 1992. He appeared in 2 further first-class matches for the county, both coming in the 1993 County Championship against Middlesex and Sussex, with Boden taking 3 wickets at an expensive average of 86.00. It was for Essex that he made his List A debut for in the 1993 AXA Equity & Law League against Durham. He made 3 further List A appearances for Essex, all coming in 1993, with his final appearance coming against Middlesex. Again, his bowling came without great success, with Boden taking 4 wickets at an average of 40.50 in limited-overs cricket for Essex. Leaving Essex at the end of the 1994 season, Boden joined Gloucestershire in 1995. His first-class debut for the county came against Hampshire in the County Championship. He made 2 further first-class appearances for Gloucestershire, against Oxford University in 1995 and the touring Indians in 1996. He took 8 wickets in his 3 first-class appearances for the county, which came at an average of 40.87, with best figures of 3/38. He made 4 List A appearances for the county, with 3 coming in the 1995 AXA Equity & Law League and one against Suffolk in the 1995 NatWest Trophy. In these 4 matches, he took 9 wickets at an average of 14.33, with best figures of 6/26, which came against Suffolk.\n\nLeaving Gloucestershire at the end of the 1996 season, Boden joined Staffordshire, with him making his debut for the county in the 1997 Minor Counties Championship against Buckinghamshire. He played Minor counties cricket for Staffordshire from 1997 to 2000, which included 21 Minor Counties Championship matches and 4 MCCA Knockout Trophy matches. He made his first List A appearance for the county against Leicestershire in the 1998 NatWest Trophy, with Boden making 3 further List A appearances for the county. He struggled with the ball in these matches, taking just a single wicket for an overall cost of 172 runs. In 2001, he joined Shropshire, with Boden making his debut for the county against Oxfordshire in the 2001 Minor Counties Championship. He played for Shropshire in 2001 and 2002, making 5 Minor Counties Championship appearances and 7 MCCA Knockout Trophy appearances. His only List A appearance for Shropshire came against Oxfordshire in the 2nd round of the 2002 Cheltenham & Gloucester Trophy, which was played in 2001. In this match, he was dismissed for 8 runs by Adam Cook, while with the ball he took the wickets of Craig Haupt and Timothy Smith, for the cost of 25 runs from 8 overs.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nDavid Boden at ESPNcricinfo\nDavid Boden at CricketArchive\n\n1970 births\nLiving people\nPeople from the Borough of Stafford\nEnglish cricketers\nMiddlesex cricketers\nEssex cricketers\nGloucestershire cricketers\nStaffordshire cricketers\nShropshire cricketers" ]

[ "Scott W. Rothstein (born June 10, 1962) is a disbarred lawyer, convicted felon, and the former managing shareholder, chairman, and chief executive officer of the now-defunct Rothstein Rosenfeldt Adler law firm. He funded an extravagant lifestyle with a $1.2 billion Ponzi scheme, one of the largest such in history. On December 1, 2009, Rothstein turned himself in to authorities and was subsequently arrested on charges related to the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act (RICO).", "On December 1, 2009, Rothstein turned himself in to authorities and was subsequently arrested on charges related to the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act (RICO). Although his arraignment plea was not guilty, Rothstein reversed his plea to guilty of five federal crimes on January 27, 2010. Rothstein was denied bond by U.S. Magistrate Judge Robin Rosenbaum, who ruled that due to his ability to forge documents, he was considered a flight risk. He was sentenced to 50 years in federal prison.", "He was sentenced to 50 years in federal prison. He was sentenced to 50 years in federal prison. Overview On June 9, 2010, Rothstein received a 50-year prison sentence after a hearing in federal court in Fort Lauderdale, although federal prosecutors initially filed a motion notifying the court they would be seeking a sentence reduction for Rothstein. His firm had 70 lawyers and 150 employees, with offices in Boca Raton, West Palm Beach, Fort Lauderdale, Miami, Tallahassee, Florida, New York City and Caracas, Venezuela.", "His firm had 70 lawyers and 150 employees, with offices in Boca Raton, West Palm Beach, Fort Lauderdale, Miami, Tallahassee, Florida, New York City and Caracas, Venezuela. The firm focused on labor and employment matters, civil rights, intellectual property, internet law, corporate espionage, personal injury, wrongful death, commercial litigation, real estate, mergers and acquisitions, and governmental relations.", "The firm focused on labor and employment matters, civil rights, intellectual property, internet law, corporate espionage, personal injury, wrongful death, commercial litigation, real estate, mergers and acquisitions, and governmental relations. His client list included Citicorp, J. C. Penney, Ed Morse Automotive Group, National Beverage, Silversea Cruise Lines, Supra Telecom, and Wells Fargo.", "His client list included Citicorp, J. C. Penney, Ed Morse Automotive Group, National Beverage, Silversea Cruise Lines, Supra Telecom, and Wells Fargo. Until he was permanently disbarred by the Florida Supreme Court on November 25, 2009, Rothstein was a member of the Florida Bar and admitted by the United States Supreme Court. He had been given an AV Preeminent peer review rating by Martindale-Hubbell.", "He had been given an AV Preeminent peer review rating by Martindale-Hubbell. The AV rating is a significant accomplishment and a testament to the fact that a lawyer's peers rank him or her at the highest level of professional excellence. Rothstein may have stolen millions of dollars from an investment side-business. A list of 259 persons or corporate entities entitled to $279 million in restitution has been sealed by the court.", "A list of 259 persons or corporate entities entitled to $279 million in restitution has been sealed by the court. On November 3, 2009, Federal Bureau of Investigation and United States Department of the Treasury agents served a warrant to search the firm's Fort Lauderdale offices. Rothstein sent an email in recent weeks to firm lawyers asking them to investigate which countries refused to extradite criminal suspects to either the U.S. or Israel, and firm lawyers responded that Morocco is one such country.", "Rothstein sent an email in recent weeks to firm lawyers asking them to investigate which countries refused to extradite criminal suspects to either the U.S. or Israel, and firm lawyers responded that Morocco is one such country. Rothstein had wired $16 million to an individual in Casablanca and left for Casablanca on October 26, 2009. On October 31, 2009, he sent a suicide text message note to all of his law partners: Sorry for letting you all down. I am a fool.", "I am a fool. I am a fool. I thought I could fix it, but got trapped by my ego and refusal to fail, and now all I have accomplished is hurting the people I love. Please take care of yourselves and please protect Kimmie [Rothstein's wife]. She knew nothing. Neither did she, nor any of you deserve what I did. I hope God allows me to see you on the other side. Love, Scott.", "Love, Scott. Love, Scott. On November 3, 2009, after many texts by Stuart Rosenfeldt, the president of the firm, urging him to \"choose life\", Rothstein returned to Fort Lauderdale on a chartered jet, (chartered by the ex-husband of Governor Crist's wife, Todd Rome) from Casablanca.", "On November 3, 2009, after many texts by Stuart Rosenfeldt, the president of the firm, urging him to \"choose life\", Rothstein returned to Fort Lauderdale on a chartered jet, (chartered by the ex-husband of Governor Crist's wife, Todd Rome) from Casablanca. On November 2, his law firm with only $117,000 in its operating account filed suit against him, asked a judge to dissolve the firm, accusing him of misappropriating hundreds of millions of dollars from investor trust accounts in a Ponzi scheme from an investment business he covertly ran out of his law office.", "On November 2, his law firm with only $117,000 in its operating account filed suit against him, asked a judge to dissolve the firm, accusing him of misappropriating hundreds of millions of dollars from investor trust accounts in a Ponzi scheme from an investment business he covertly ran out of his law office. In 2009 Rothstein resided at the Federal Detention Center, Miami in Downtown Miami, but was later moved to an undisclosed location and his inmate number removed from the Federal Bureau of Prisons inmate locator webpage.", "In 2009 Rothstein resided at the Federal Detention Center, Miami in Downtown Miami, but was later moved to an undisclosed location and his inmate number removed from the Federal Bureau of Prisons inmate locator webpage. Background and career Rothstein was born in the Bronx and moved with his parents to Lauderhill, Florida as a teenager.", "Background and career Rothstein was born in the Bronx and moved with his parents to Lauderhill, Florida as a teenager. A 1988 Juris Doctor graduate of Fort Lauderdale's Nova Southeastern University's Law School, the Shepard Broad College of Law, and a 1984 Bachelor of Arts graduate of University of Florida, Rothstein's law career began in 1988 and, for nearly fifteen years, he was relatively unknown. His local mentors were wealthy attorneys, Donald McClosky and Bill Scherer.", "His local mentors were wealthy attorneys, Donald McClosky and Bill Scherer. In the early 1990s, Rothstein first partnered with attorney Howard Kusnick. First located in Plantation, Florida, Kusnick & Rothstein, P.A. subsequently moved to downtown Ft. Lauderdale. Longtime partner Michael Pancier first joined him there.", "Longtime partner Michael Pancier first joined him there. Longtime partner Michael Pancier first joined him there. In 2000, Rothstein joined with Rosenfeldt as a name partner at the Hollywood firm, Phillips Eisinger Koss & Rosenfeldt, P.A., which became known as Phillips Eisinger Koss Rothstein & Rosenfeldt, P.A In February 2002, Rothstein and Rosenfeldt started their own firm, first known as Rothstein & Rosenfeldt, P.A. Within a month, Pancier was added as a name partner.", "Within a month, Pancier was added as a name partner. In July, 2002, adding Susan Dolin, a well-regarded employment lawyer, now practicing on her own in West Broward, the firm became known as Rothstein, Rosenfeldt, Dolin & Pancier, P.A.. In late 2004, the firm became known simply as Rothstein Rosenfeldt, with Adler being added in March 2005. Melissa Britt Lewis, who was murdered in March, 2008, was with Rothstein from the firm's beginning.", "Melissa Britt Lewis, who was murdered in March, 2008, was with Rothstein from the firm's beginning. In seven years, he and his partners expanded the firm to 70 lawyers, including former Boca Raton Mayor and sitting Palm Beach County Commissioner Steve Abrams; former judges Julio Gonzalez, Barry Stone, and former Palm Beach circuit judge, William Berger; TV and radio legal commentator and former prosecutor, Ken Padowitz; Carlos Reyes, former South Broward Hospital District commissioner and lobbyist; Arthur Neiwirth, a bankruptcy expert; and Les Stracher, former legal counsel for Morse Auto Group, who represents major auto dealers.", "In seven years, he and his partners expanded the firm to 70 lawyers, including former Boca Raton Mayor and sitting Palm Beach County Commissioner Steve Abrams; former judges Julio Gonzalez, Barry Stone, and former Palm Beach circuit judge, William Berger; TV and radio legal commentator and former prosecutor, Ken Padowitz; Carlos Reyes, former South Broward Hospital District commissioner and lobbyist; Arthur Neiwirth, a bankruptcy expert; and Les Stracher, former legal counsel for Morse Auto Group, who represents major auto dealers. Others include: Shawn Birken, son of Circuit Court Judge Arthur Birken; Ben Dishowitz, son of County Court Judge Dishowitz; and Grant Smith, son of disgraced former Congressman Larry Smith.", "Others include: Shawn Birken, son of Circuit Court Judge Arthur Birken; Ben Dishowitz, son of County Court Judge Dishowitz; and Grant Smith, son of disgraced former Congressman Larry Smith. Andrew Barnett is Corporate Development Officer, and David Boden, a New York attorney not licensed in Florida, was the firm's general counsel.", "Andrew Barnett is Corporate Development Officer, and David Boden, a New York attorney not licensed in Florida, was the firm's general counsel. Recent On September 8, 2011, U.S. District Judge James I. Cohn granted the government's motion to prohibit videotaping Rothstein during a scheduled deposition of him, citing \"serious harm\" and \"security reasons that are unusual in nature.\" The exact reasons for the judge's decision were sealed.", "The exact reasons for the judge's decision were sealed. This fueled speculation that his appearance was altered or he was a mafia target due to his cooperation with the prosecution against the mafia. On June 8, 2011, federal prosecutors filed a motion with the sentencing judge informing him that they would be asking for a sentence reduction for Rothstein. However, on September 26, 2017, prosecutors withdrew their motion for a reduced sentence, saying that he had provided \"false material information\" in violation of his plea agreement.", "However, on September 26, 2017, prosecutors withdrew their motion for a reduced sentence, saying that he had provided \"false material information\" in violation of his plea agreement. Rothstein's name does not appear in the Federal Bureau of Prisons inmate database. This indicates he is being held under an alias, which would not be unusual given that he cooperated with the government. As of November 18, 2009, many of the associates have relocated: Five lawyers moved to Fort Lauderdale-based Rice Pugatch Robinson & Schiller.", "As of November 18, 2009, many of the associates have relocated: Five lawyers moved to Fort Lauderdale-based Rice Pugatch Robinson & Schiller. Steven Lippman and Richard Storfer will be new partners. Riley Cirulnick, George Zinkler and Jodi Cohen are new associates. In August, 2008, Governor Crist appointed Rothstein as a member of the 4th District Court of Appeal Judicial nominating commission, a body which is responsible for selecting new judges for appointment to the Court. Bill Brock accompanied Rothstein to Morocco.", "Bill Brock accompanied Rothstein to Morocco. Bill Brock accompanied Rothstein to Morocco. His job at the law firm was to issue checks for Rothstein's various ventures and contributions, and had the sole security pass for the area where records of Rothstein's non-law firm businesses were kept. An observant Jew, Rothstein grew up in a small Bronx apartment, sharing a bedroom with his sister. His father was a salesman \"back in the days when you carried a bag up and down the streets of New York.\"", "His father was a salesman \"back in the days when you carried a bag up and down the streets of New York.\" The family moved to Lauderhill, Florida in 1977, when Rothstein was 16. His grandmother used her life savings to help put him through school. \"I grew up poor. I'm a lunatic about money.\" Rothstein was a large contributor to a synagogue off Las Olas with his name affixed to the front facade: The Rothstein Family Downtown Jewish Center Chabad.", "Rothstein was a large contributor to a synagogue off Las Olas with his name affixed to the front facade: The Rothstein Family Downtown Jewish Center Chabad. Rabbi Schneur Kaplan is one of the two people who talked Rothstein out of committing suicide. He invested in residential property. In 2003, he paid $1.2 million for an intracoastal waterfront house on Castilla Isle in Fort Lauderdale. In March 2005, he bought a neighboring home belonging to Miami Dolphins' Ricky Williams for $2.73 million.", "In March 2005, he bought a neighboring home belonging to Miami Dolphins' Ricky Williams for $2.73 million. While living in Williams' old house, he's purchased two other homes on the street and three other homes in Broward for a total residential investment of nearly $20 million. \"They call me the king of Castilla.\"", "\"They call me the king of Castilla.\" \"They call me the king of Castilla.\" In 2008, he purchased a $6.45 million waterfront gated Fort Lauderdale home, a $6 million condo in New York in the same building as Marc Dreier, and a $2.8 million oceanfront estate in Narragansett, Rhode Island formerly owned by troubled client, Michael Kent, a Fort Lauderdale nightclub owner.", "In 2008, he purchased a $6.45 million waterfront gated Fort Lauderdale home, a $6 million condo in New York in the same building as Marc Dreier, and a $2.8 million oceanfront estate in Narragansett, Rhode Island formerly owned by troubled client, Michael Kent, a Fort Lauderdale nightclub owner. He is part-owner with Anthony Bova of the South Beach Versace Casa Casuarina mansion, where he was married on January 26, 2008, in a three-day wedding celebration with Governor Crist, and his then-fiancée and present wife, Carol Rome, in attendance.", "He is part-owner with Anthony Bova of the South Beach Versace Casa Casuarina mansion, where he was married on January 26, 2008, in a three-day wedding celebration with Governor Crist, and his then-fiancée and present wife, Carol Rome, in attendance. A later financial analysis of the 10% property interest Rothstein owned showed that it was worthless. His second wife, Kimberly Wendell Rothstein, a 35-year-old real-estate agent, helped manage his properties, which also include part-ownership of an office building in Pompano Beach.", "His second wife, Kimberly Wendell Rothstein, a 35-year-old real-estate agent, helped manage his properties, which also include part-ownership of an office building in Pompano Beach. He and Bova also owned Bova Ristorante, formerly long-time generational Italian family-owned Mario's of Boca, which shut down October 18, 2009. Bova Prime, formerly Riley McDermott's on Las Olas Boulevard is still operating. On September 11, 2008, the day before Rothstein took ownership, a dispute involving firearms broke out at Riley McDermott's involving Rothstein's security personnel.", "On September 11, 2008, the day before Rothstein took ownership, a dispute involving firearms broke out at Riley McDermott's involving Rothstein's security personnel. He owns parts of an internet technology called company Qtask and V Georgio Spirits Co., LLC with CEO Vie Harvey and the Renato watch company, with partner, Ovi Levy. Levy is the son of hotelier Shimon Levy, who spent a year in prison in Israel after hiding a criminal kingpin, suspected of two murders.", "Levy is the son of hotelier Shimon Levy, who spent a year in prison in Israel after hiding a criminal kingpin, suspected of two murders. Rothstein at one time was a minority shareholder of Edify LLC, a health-care benefits consulting company. State Representative Evan Jenne-D-Dania Beach is a $30,000 company consultant, who previously worked a local bank. Rothstein hired Jenne's father, former sheriff and convicted felon, Ken Jenne, as a consultant at his law firm days after Jenne was released from prison on corruption charges.", "Rothstein hired Jenne's father, former sheriff and convicted felon, Ken Jenne, as a consultant at his law firm days after Jenne was released from prison on corruption charges. An attorney for Rothstein's law firm serves as the registered agent for Evan Jenne's company, Blue Banyan. Grant Smith, a lifelong friend of Evan Jenne's, is an Edify lobbyist. Edify has worked closely with the state Department of Health to develop wellness programs and also influences certain health-care legislation.", "Edify has worked closely with the state Department of Health to develop wellness programs and also influences certain health-care legislation. \"The Great Gatsby\" In the 2008 interview at his law firm, Rothstein described himself and told how he controlled all aspects of the firm's management: This is where the evil happens. Look, I sleep in the bed I make. I tend toward the flashy side, but it's a persona. It's just a fucking persona. ... People ask me, 'When do you sleep?'", "... People ask me, 'When do you sleep?' I say I'll sleep when I'm dead. I'm a true Gemini. I joke around that there are 43 people living in my head and you never know what you're going to get. There are some philanthropists in there, some good lawyers, and I like to think some good businessmen. There are also some guys from the streets of the Bronx that stay hidden away until I need them. Does that sound crazy?", "Does that sound crazy? Does that sound crazy? I am crazy, but crazy in a good way. His personal office was opulent, with security and a compartmentalized layout. Anyone entering Rothstein's suite of offices had to use an intercom. He could exit, unseen through a second door. In the hallway, an ordinary looking brown door is actually the elevator door. Dozens of surveillance cameras and microphones hang from office ceilings. On his desk: four computer screens and the Five Books of Moses.", "On his desk: four computer screens and the Five Books of Moses. Outside his personal office hung a painting of Al Pacino as Michael Corleone in The Godfather. The walls of Rothstein's office and other hallways are lined with photos of himself and politicians including Gov. Charlie Crist, former U.S. Senator Mel Martinez, Senator John McCain, Broward Sheriff Al Lamberti, Rudy Giuliani, Joe Lieberman, and Bill McCollum.", "Senator Mel Martinez, Senator John McCain, Broward Sheriff Al Lamberti, Rudy Giuliani, Joe Lieberman, and Bill McCollum. He was ostensibly an affluent and successful attorney with all the material trappings of a flamboyant lifestyle, including armed body guards and police protection. Twenty-eight city police officials, including captains, majors, undercover officers and the department spokesman, helped guard his home and businesses, the only person in the department's history to have permanent round-the-clock off-duty police protection at his home.", "Twenty-eight city police officials, including captains, majors, undercover officers and the department spokesman, helped guard his home and businesses, the only person in the department's history to have permanent round-the-clock off-duty police protection at his home. The department suspended all work for Rothstein on November 2, 2009. He had a Boeing 727 jet and in 2002, flew Bill Clinton, Kevin Spacey, and Chris Tucker to Africa on an anti-AIDS mission. He owns an $5 million Warren yacht.", "He owns an $5 million Warren yacht. He owns an $5 million Warren yacht. His fleet of exotic cars included: 1974, 2006, 2007, and 2008 Ferraris, 2009 Bentley, 2007 Silver Rolls-Royce, and one 2008 and two 2010 Lamborghini Murcielagos — worth about $400,000 each, a pair of $1.6 million Bugattis, and a pair of Harleys which he maintains in an air-conditioned warehouse. All were allegedly purchased and traded from Euromotorsports, the owner of which has an extensive criminal record.", "All were allegedly purchased and traded from Euromotorsports, the owner of which has an extensive criminal record. All were seized shortly after his return from Morocco. He has a watch collection of over 100, valued at $1 million. In 2008, he was working on opening a cigar and martini bar on Las Olas Boulevard and two high-rise residential buildings in Brooklyn with New York partner Dominic Tonnachio. He was to take ownership of a \"series of office buildings\" on Oakland Park Boulevard.", "He was to take ownership of a \"series of office buildings\" on Oakland Park Boulevard. Roger Stone, a political trickster for Richard Nixon, was a partner with Rothstein in RRA Consulting, an LLC which was set up to provide public affairs assistance to the RRA law firm's legal clients. According to Stone, that business never generated any clients. It was dissolved in late 2008.", "It was dissolved in late 2008. It was dissolved in late 2008. On August 27, 2009, Stone, the recipient of Rothstein's sponsorship of his blog until July 29, 2009, \"StoneZone\", wrote a column recommending Rothstein for the seat vacated by Senator Mel Martinez- a man with \"a distinguished legal record, has been a key supporter of Governor Crist and John McCain, has an unmatched record of philanthropic activities and would bring an unconventional style of getting things done to Washington.", "On August 27, 2009, Stone, the recipient of Rothstein's sponsorship of his blog until July 29, 2009, \"StoneZone\", wrote a column recommending Rothstein for the seat vacated by Senator Mel Martinez- a man with \"a distinguished legal record, has been a key supporter of Governor Crist and John McCain, has an unmatched record of philanthropic activities and would bring an unconventional style of getting things done to Washington. Add Rothstein to the short list.\"", "Add Rothstein to the short list.\" Add Rothstein to the short list.\" On November 4, 2009, Stone wrote, \"Rothstein had no prior business success, no business acumen nor track record that would engender confidence in an investor. He could not read a balance sheet. He could not write or read a business plan. Rothstein was a lawyer, not an entrepreneur.\"", "Rothstein was a lawyer, not an entrepreneur.\" Rothstein was a lawyer, not an entrepreneur.\" Stone claims that Rothstein has Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD) \"so severe he never finished a martini, a cigar, a thought, or a sentence, never mind a transaction.\" According to Stone, neither law firm name partner Russell Adler nor Stuart Rosenfeldt were signatories on the RRA Trust Account. He \"appeared to be something out of a Great Gatsby movie.\"", "He \"appeared to be something out of a Great Gatsby movie.\" Philanthropy and political contributions In 2008, his Rothstein Family Foundation gave $1 million to Holy Cross Hospital in Fort Lauderdale, where a lobby will be named after him and his wife. On October 31, 2009 his firm sponsored at a charity golf tournament featuring former Gov. Jeb Bush.", "Jeb Bush. Jeb Bush. Between 2007 and 2008, he donated $2 million to the American Heart Association, Women in Distress, Alonzo Mourning Charities, Here's Help, and the Dan Marino Foundation. Politicians of both parties have pledged to donate to charity or return his political contributions. On November 3, 2009, the Florida Republican Party, announced it would give Rothstein's donations ($600,000) to a charity. Gov.", "Gov. Gov. Charlie Crist's Senate Campaign ($100,550), state Chief Financial Officer Alex Sink ($2,050), Senate President Jeff Atwater, Rep. Ellyn Bogdanoff, and the Florida Democratic Party ($200,000) will return some or all of his contributions. In June 2009, Harry Reid, the Democratic Senate majority leader received a contribution of $4,800.", "In June 2009, Harry Reid, the Democratic Senate majority leader received a contribution of $4,800. A list of FEC filings indexed by NewsMeat include a total of $166,800 to the Republican Party and candidates, including $109,800 to John McCain's 2008 presidential campaign, and $17,600 to Democratic candidates. Law partner murder Debra Villegas, who handles his money, is the law firm's chief operating officer. She is co-owner with Rothstein in a home at 2307 Castilla Isle, as of May 2009.", "She is co-owner with Rothstein in a home at 2307 Castilla Isle, as of May 2009. According to records, Rothstein originally purchased the property in September 2007, for $1.75 million, and sold it for $10 to a shell corporation in September 2009. In 2005, the year the Ponzi scheme allegedly began, Villegas earned $80,000 a year. In 2007, her salary had increased to $145,000. Villegas received two Swiss watches — a Rolex and a Breitling — from her \"employer\".", "Villegas received two Swiss watches — a Rolex and a Breitling — from her \"employer\". Rothstein paid off her couch and a bedroom set and held title to her two Honda water scooters. Villegas was living in a $475,000 Weston home that Rothstein signed over to her in July 2009 for $100 and \"love and affection,\" according to the deed. Villegas registered a 2009 $100,000 Maserati GranTurismo at the home in January, 2009.", "Villegas registered a 2009 $100,000 Maserati GranTurismo at the home in January, 2009. In November 2009, Federal prosecutors seized the home, alleging that it was among Rothstein's ill-gotten assets. Villegas' estranged husband, Tony Villegas, was charged on circumstantial evidence in the March 2008 murder in Plantation, Florida of Melissa Britt Lewis, a partner in Rothstein's firm.", "Villegas' estranged husband, Tony Villegas, was charged on circumstantial evidence in the March 2008 murder in Plantation, Florida of Melissa Britt Lewis, a partner in Rothstein's firm. Although early news reports wondered at whether the evidence was substantial, according to New Times, \"Nine days later, forensic testing revealed that Tony's DNA had been found on Melissa's suit jacket – the same jacket she wore on the day she died.\" Police sealed the arrest affidavit.", "Police sealed the arrest affidavit. Police sealed the arrest affidavit. As a result of the homicide and the nature of the legal business, Rothstein has a team of \"executive protection specialists\" to guard the firm and his family, his teen-aged daughter. The prosecutor who had first worked on the Villegas case, Howard Scheinberg, went to work for Rosenfeldt Rothstein Adler. Villegas, a train conductor, remains in jail awaiting trial. The motive was supposedly revenge for Lewis's closeness with Debra.", "The motive was supposedly revenge for Lewis's closeness with Debra. Debra and Melissa share a therapist: Ilene Vinikoor, whose husband, David represents general counsel, David Boden in the Ponzi scheme investigation. You get anger from people ... that prick from the Bronx. ... They say I'm building the law firm too fast, that it must be a house of cards. \"Disbarment on consent\" On November 17, 2009, the Florida Bar Executive Committee voted to accept a request by Rothstein to be disbarred.", "\"Disbarment on consent\" On November 17, 2009, the Florida Bar Executive Committee voted to accept a request by Rothstein to be disbarred. The Florida Supreme Court entered an order permanently disbarring Rothstein on November 25, 2009. Rothstein was removed from the Broward County Grievance Committee, and his name has also been removed from the database of \"The Best Lawyers in America\".", "Rothstein was removed from the Broward County Grievance Committee, and his name has also been removed from the database of \"The Best Lawyers in America\". Trust account Rothstein, Rosenfeldt, and Adler's trust account was part of the Interest on Lawyer Trust Accounts (IOLTA) program that was paying hundreds of thousands of dollars a month to the Florida Bar Foundation.", "Trust account Rothstein, Rosenfeldt, and Adler's trust account was part of the Interest on Lawyer Trust Accounts (IOLTA) program that was paying hundreds of thousands of dollars a month to the Florida Bar Foundation. $1.2 billion Ponzi scheme Rothstein's investment scheme involved purchasing what were initially mislabeled as fabricated \"structured settlements,\" described as where people sell large settlements in legal cases for lump sums of cash.", "$1.2 billion Ponzi scheme Rothstein's investment scheme involved purchasing what were initially mislabeled as fabricated \"structured settlements,\" described as where people sell large settlements in legal cases for lump sums of cash. Alan Sakowitz, an attorney and real estate developer in Bay Harbor Islands, said that he contacted the FBI in September with concerns about Rothstein.", "Alan Sakowitz, an attorney and real estate developer in Bay Harbor Islands, said that he contacted the FBI in September with concerns about Rothstein. On Sunday, November 8, 2009, Sakowitz appeared with Kendall Coffey, attorney for Rothstein's law partners, on the Michael Putney Show on WPLG-TV, MIAMI, correcting Coffey for claiming that Rothstein's \"investments\" involved structured settlements, which they did not.", "On Sunday, November 8, 2009, Sakowitz appeared with Kendall Coffey, attorney for Rothstein's law partners, on the Michael Putney Show on WPLG-TV, MIAMI, correcting Coffey for claiming that Rothstein's \"investments\" involved structured settlements, which they did not. (Note: \"structured settlements\" as defined by Rothstein in press reports do not meet the definition in IRC 5891(C)(1) of the Internal Revenue Code). Rothstein's resemble investments in pre-settlement funding or pre-settlement financing.", "Rothstein's resemble investments in pre-settlement funding or pre-settlement financing. In his December 12, 2011 deposition page 24 lines 15-23, Scott Rothstein himself said \"It was intentionally made in a way and presented to that firm and the other firms that were looking at the structure issue that it was merely a purchase of dollars already in-house; that it was not a structured settlement because the true definition of a structured settlement is when someone is actually receiving payments over time that has some other value.", "In his December 12, 2011 deposition page 24 lines 15-23, Scott Rothstein himself said \"It was intentionally made in a way and presented to that firm and the other firms that were looking at the structure issue that it was merely a purchase of dollars already in-house; that it was not a structured settlement because the true definition of a structured settlement is when someone is actually receiving payments over time that has some other value. We didn't have a true definition of a structured settlement, not by any of the statutes.", "We didn't have a true definition of a structured settlement, not by any of the statutes. From that perspective we had reason to make sure that this was not structured. Because when you're dealing with structured settlements you need other levels of Court approval. It would have required the manufacturer of literally hundreds of phony orders, which would have led the entire scheme to detection.' The FBI estimates the loss to be up to a billion dollars from lucrative whistle-blower and employment discrimination cases.", "The FBI estimates the loss to be up to a billion dollars from lucrative whistle-blower and employment discrimination cases. The investors would make up-front cash payments to individuals owed money from the court cases to buy the right to collect the full amount of the settlements later. The investor was guaranteed a minimum of 20 percent investment returns in as little as three months. Swindle pitch General counsel David Boden was present for at least one of the swindles, and negotiated the final papers with the investors' lawyers.", "Swindle pitch General counsel David Boden was present for at least one of the swindles, and negotiated the final papers with the investors' lawyers. Rothstein greets and informs the investor his firm was the preeminent sexual harassment law firm in the country. He says he'd figured out a basic formula which was that someone with $10 million net worth was usually willing to pay $2 million in cash to pay off their mistress. The key was confidentiality.", "The key was confidentiality. The key was confidentiality. Rothstein tells the investor that he would meet potential defendants in his office and would question them about affairs they had with an employee. The defendants would deny it. He pointed to artwork, and said there was a television screen behind it.", "He pointed to artwork, and said there was a television screen behind it. He tells the investor he turned on a video of the guy having sex with his mistress, and told his client \"We can either settle this now, or I can depose your wife, your mistress, you and your son about it.\"", "He tells the investor he turned on a video of the guy having sex with his mistress, and told his client \"We can either settle this now, or I can depose your wife, your mistress, you and your son about it.\" Since defendants\" often couldn't or wouldn't pay the entire settlement up-front, Rothstein tells the investor that his first harassment case many years ago, involved a $3.5 million settlement and a million-dollar legal fee, so Rothstein assigned the settlement to a good friend and the plaintiff settles for $3 million without a trial.", "Since defendants\" often couldn't or wouldn't pay the entire settlement up-front, Rothstein tells the investor that his first harassment case many years ago, involved a $3.5 million settlement and a million-dollar legal fee, so Rothstein assigned the settlement to a good friend and the plaintiff settles for $3 million without a trial. The \"good friend\" stood to be paid $3.5 million once the defendant paid up, a half-million dollar profit.", "The \"good friend\" stood to be paid $3.5 million once the defendant paid up, a half-million dollar profit. \"In 20 years, I have never seen a defendant sue on breach of settlement,\" Rothstein told them. \"The whole idea is that it's secret. Why would they sue?\" Although it did not appear completely legitimate, and it might have appeared that the plaintiffs were short-changed, it makes sense to the potential investor. The idea seems solid.", "The idea seems solid. The idea seems solid. The investor thinks that with enough of these cases at Rothstein's law firm, he could make huge sums of money. Rothstein then discusses other larger cases: Eli Lilly and Company, involving $1.4 billion with plaintiff representation by Gary Farmer, a firm attorney who negotiated the settlement and who brought the case with him when he arrived at the firm. Several inside whistleblowers went to the fed with unlawful practices regarding the marketing and sales of an anti-psychotic medication called Zyprexa.", "Several inside whistleblowers went to the fed with unlawful practices regarding the marketing and sales of an anti-psychotic medication called Zyprexa. It was one of the largest qui tam cases in history. He tells the investor about a potential (allegedly fabricated) case where investors would buy whistle-blower million dollar settlements with a sixty percent short term investor profit. The arrangement would be completely secret; the investor would never know the name of the company or the whistle-blower.", "The arrangement would be completely secret; the investor would never know the name of the company or the whistle-blower. The settlement money would be deposited into a trust account at TD Bank, accessible only to the investor at the appropriate time. David Boden follows up with all questions and negotiates the contract. Court-appointed receiver On November 2, 2009, Broward Chief Judge Vic Tobin sent an e-mail at 6:45 a.m. to judges about the Rothstein case: I learned of some very distressing news yesterday.", "Court-appointed receiver On November 2, 2009, Broward Chief Judge Vic Tobin sent an e-mail at 6:45 a.m. to judges about the Rothstein case: I learned of some very distressing news yesterday. Whoever draws the case try to set the motion today because of the amount of clients and money involved. Also, if you have a case with the firm, please be patient.", "Also, if you have a case with the firm, please be patient. I don't know if the lawyers will come or not and if they do come, there is no money at this point to go forward with the case or pay firm employees. On November 3, 2009, retired Miami-Dade Circuit Judge Herbert Stettin was appointed the firm's receiver, responsible for approving the firm's day-to-day financial decisions.", "On November 3, 2009, retired Miami-Dade Circuit Judge Herbert Stettin was appointed the firm's receiver, responsible for approving the firm's day-to-day financial decisions. Firm president and 50% owner of the firm, Stuart Rosenfeldt, \"deposited two-thirds of my life savings in my firm's operating account\" to prop up finances in the short-term. Marc Nurik is representing Rothstein, and has stepped down as a lawyer from the firm. The prosecutors are Lawrence D. LaVecchio, Paul F. Schwartz and Jeffrey N. Kaplan.", "The prosecutors are Lawrence D. LaVecchio, Paul F. Schwartz and Jeffrey N. Kaplan. They have decades of experience investigating public corruption, white-collar fraud and organized crime. They are preparing a massive fraud case against Rothstein, zeroing in on his settlement investments, and also allegations of theft from his law firm and client trust accounts.", "They are preparing a massive fraud case against Rothstein, zeroing in on his settlement investments, and also allegations of theft from his law firm and client trust accounts. Victims On November 25, 2009, Attorney William Scherer filed a 289-page Amended Complaint seeking $100,000,000 in civil damages on behalf of his clients, and naming: Toronto Dominion Bank and its associates, Frank Spinosa, Jennifer Kerstetter, and Rosanne Karetsky, Irene Stay, Banyon Income Fund, L.P., Banyon USVI, LLC, George G. Levin, Michael Szafranski, Onyx Options Consultants Corporation, Berenfeld Spritzer Shechter Sheer, LLP., as well as Rothstein and his associates, David Boden, Debra Villegas, Andrew Barnett, and Frank J. Preve, as defendants/co-conspirators.", "Victims On November 25, 2009, Attorney William Scherer filed a 289-page Amended Complaint seeking $100,000,000 in civil damages on behalf of his clients, and naming: Toronto Dominion Bank and its associates, Frank Spinosa, Jennifer Kerstetter, and Rosanne Karetsky, Irene Stay, Banyon Income Fund, L.P., Banyon USVI, LLC, George G. Levin, Michael Szafranski, Onyx Options Consultants Corporation, Berenfeld Spritzer Shechter Sheer, LLP., as well as Rothstein and his associates, David Boden, Debra Villegas, Andrew Barnett, and Frank J. Preve, as defendants/co-conspirators. The Amended Complaint lists people and businesses to whom Rothstein allegedly wired money while he was en route to or inside of Morocco: Rothstein wired $16 million to his tour guide from Boca Raton, Florida, \"Ahnick Kahlid\".", "The Amended Complaint lists people and businesses to whom Rothstein allegedly wired money while he was en route to or inside of Morocco: Rothstein wired $16 million to his tour guide from Boca Raton, Florida, \"Ahnick Kahlid\". Kahlid transferred the money to Rothstein's new Moroccan bank account opened upon his arrival with a passport as identification at Banque Populaire in Casablanca; The recipients allegedly are members of the \"Israeli Mob\"; New York Investors; Florida Investors; Real Estate Investors; and Levin Feeders.", "Kahlid transferred the money to Rothstein's new Moroccan bank account opened upon his arrival with a passport as identification at Banque Populaire in Casablanca; The recipients allegedly are members of the \"Israeli Mob\"; New York Investors; Florida Investors; Real Estate Investors; and Levin Feeders. Scherer has said that his clients and all other investors who weren't complicit in the crime will have their money returned. Due to the extreme negligence, TD Bank is liable.", "Due to the extreme negligence, TD Bank is liable. \"My goal is to get all the money back for the investors from the bank,\" Scherer said. On January 27, 2010 Scherer filed an affidavit alleging that Michael Szafranski was complicit in Rothstein's fraud, receiving almost $6.5 million in \"ill-gotten\" gains directly from Rothstein.", "On January 27, 2010 Scherer filed an affidavit alleging that Michael Szafranski was complicit in Rothstein's fraud, receiving almost $6.5 million in \"ill-gotten\" gains directly from Rothstein. Shimon Levy and Ovi Levy Shimon Levy allegedly has had deep ties to Dean Heiser and Israeli organized crime and spent a year in an Israeli prison for hiding a mob figure suspected of two \"grisly murders\".", "Shimon Levy and Ovi Levy Shimon Levy allegedly has had deep ties to Dean Heiser and Israeli organized crime and spent a year in an Israeli prison for hiding a mob figure suspected of two \"grisly murders\". In 1997, his partner at the Sea Club Resort on Fort Lauderdale beach, Zvika Yuz, was a victim of a murder which remains unsolved. His son, Ovi contacted the Plantation Police Department and began receiving protection during the time Rothstein fled to Morocco.", "His son, Ovi contacted the Plantation Police Department and began receiving protection during the time Rothstein fled to Morocco. Banyan Capital Banyan Income Fund, a Fort Lauderdale-based hedge fund, invested hundreds of millions. It was run by Rothstein and involves Fort Lauderdale businessman George G. Levin, who reported Rothstein to the U.S. Attorney's Office for \"suspicious activity.\" According to the lawsuit, Frank J. Preve is Chief Operating Officer and kept an office inside Rothstein et al. He is a convicted bank fraud and embezzlement felon.", "He is a convicted bank fraud and embezzlement felon. He is a convicted bank fraud and embezzlement felon. He pleaded guilty to bank embezzlement charges in 1985 and received ten years probation and a $10,000 fine for falsifying loan documents in another fraudulent scheme. Banyon and other Rothstein investors' accounts were held at a Toronto-Dominion Bank branch in Fort Lauderdale. Abraxas Discala Abraxas Discala, a businessman and former husband of The Sopranos' Jamie-Lynn Sigler, reportedly raised $30 million through his hedge fund which he invested into Rothstein's scheme.", "Abraxas Discala Abraxas Discala, a businessman and former husband of The Sopranos' Jamie-Lynn Sigler, reportedly raised $30 million through his hedge fund which he invested into Rothstein's scheme. George G. Levin Since 1983, George G. Levin and his wife, Gayla Sue, have lived in Fort Lauderdale's Bay Colony on the Intracoastal Waterway in a 2-story home with 8 bathrooms and a large pool, valued at $2 million. Levin has a pattern of filing complaints when his unsavory/fraudulent business ventures are exposed.", "Levin has a pattern of filing complaints when his unsavory/fraudulent business ventures are exposed. According to federal court documents, from 1985–1996 Levin's former business GGL Industries, dba Classic Motor Carriages defrauded hundreds of customers, selling kit cars. The federal government filed criminal charges against the company and GGL pleaded guilty to mail fraud in 1999 and agreed to pay $2.5 million in restitution. Stuart Rado had been a consumer activist who organized GGL's victims and helped spur the government action.", "Stuart Rado had been a consumer activist who organized GGL's victims and helped spur the government action. Levin subsequently sued Rado for violating the Florida Trade Secrets Act. Rado was diagnosed with cancer during the lawsuit. It was a classic frivolous SLAPP suit (\"Strategic Lawsuit Against Public Participation\"). On September 19, 1997, the finding against Mr. Rado was that he pay plaintiff's attorneys' fees.", "On September 19, 1997, the finding against Mr. Rado was that he pay plaintiff's attorneys' fees. The federal motion states: GGL's fraudulent scheme necessarily included as an intricate part the silencing of its critics, among whom was Rado. It did this by using the courts to intimidate Rado into being silent and causing Rado to spend money he could not afford.", "It did this by using the courts to intimidate Rado into being silent and causing Rado to spend money he could not afford. It was GGL's intention (as one of GGL's attorneys said to Rado [in a 1994 deposition]) to make Rado's net worth go south. GGL and its attorneys forced Rado to incur the expenses of defending two lawsuits for over 4 years. Rado had to incur these expenses and live day-to-day with a barrage of pleadings, depositions and other legal maneuvers by GGL.", "Rado had to incur these expenses and live day-to-day with a barrage of pleadings, depositions and other legal maneuvers by GGL. He had to endure this even though he did nothing legally wrong, and even though GGL was in fact at the same time continuing to perpetrate its nationwide fraud. Rado was being put through this because Rado dared to contact some of GGL's victims and tell them that if they were injured by GGL they should contact the Florida Attorney General for help.", "Rado was being put through this because Rado dared to contact some of GGL's victims and tell them that if they were injured by GGL they should contact the Florida Attorney General for help. What is even more despicable is that GGL knew that Rado was dying of cancer but continued to pursue him with motions and notices of trial and other pleadings, one such notice of hearing being served within days of brain surgery. Although a convicted felon, GGL hounded Rado's estate for the payment of $80,000 in attorney's fees.", "Although a convicted felon, GGL hounded Rado's estate for the payment of $80,000 in attorney's fees. The state of Florida filed suit against the company alleging deceptive business practices and civil theft. A special assistant attorney general, Herbert Stettin, led the investigation. Stettin is now the trustee overseeing the Rothstein Rosenfeldt Adler bankruptcy case. Levin continues to sell kit cars under a different company name, StreetBeasts.", "Levin continues to sell kit cars under a different company name, StreetBeasts. According to a Florida District Court of Appeals case published in 2002, Levin acquired property free and clear for less than the cost of the first mortgage, through a fraudulent transfer. Partners' income strategy and Rothstein's returns The allegations are: George Levin was the general partner (\"GP\") who solicited each limited partner (\"LP\") to contribute at least $1 million.", "Partners' income strategy and Rothstein's returns The allegations are: George Levin was the general partner (\"GP\") who solicited each limited partner (\"LP\") to contribute at least $1 million. Initially, each LP contributed $250,000, subject to periodic capital calls up to the amount of their commitments. They were promised 12% annually (15% for first $100 million), to be paid quarterly.", "They were promised 12% annually (15% for first $100 million), to be paid quarterly. The general partner had to maintain a balance of not less than 10% of all contributions after any quarterly distributions. The general partner also gave a \"clawback\" guaranty to all LP's equal to their original contributions. LP's could not request redemptions during an initial one-year \"lock-up\" period and were required to give 90 days' notice for any withdrawals.", "LP's could not request redemptions during an initial one-year \"lock-up\" period and were required to give 90 days' notice for any withdrawals. Redemptions would be paid from the GP's own capital account \"to the extent available\" with a 10% hold-back, but otherwise, only from the purchased lawsuits settlement stream. Banyon had paid Rothstein's firm at least $656 million, but the law firm anticipated $1.1 billion over a maximum 24-month period. It allegedly received and reinvested about $500 million.", "It allegedly received and reinvested about $500 million. It allegedly received and reinvested about $500 million. Levin expected to make 40% over 24 months but to only pay out 24%.", "Levin expected to make 40% over 24 months but to only pay out 24%. Rothstein's law firm's IOLTA trust accounts established \"for the plaintiff\" in the purported litigation settlements were used to fund the phony settlement accounts, after the law firm had paid its overhead, keeping its insolvent operation afloat, which included \"gifts\" to partners and money given to politicians, charities, and pay for a massive advertising budget, as well as Rothstein's personal lifestyle, over three years, amounting to approximately a $500 million loss.", "Rothstein's law firm's IOLTA trust accounts established \"for the plaintiff\" in the purported litigation settlements were used to fund the phony settlement accounts, after the law firm had paid its overhead, keeping its insolvent operation afloat, which included \"gifts\" to partners and money given to politicians, charities, and pay for a massive advertising budget, as well as Rothstein's personal lifestyle, over three years, amounting to approximately a $500 million loss. The interest on the funded IOLTA accounts went to the Florida Bar monthly, which was many millions, based on the Banyon contributions.", "The interest on the funded IOLTA accounts went to the Florida Bar monthly, which was many millions, based on the Banyon contributions. In its prospectus, Banyon claimed to have a legal opinion that Banyon's interest in the IOLTA trust accounts \"perfected automatically on execution of the transfer documents\" – that the lawsuit proceeds assignments created by general counsel, David Boden. The LP's were warned that they could be taxed on the Partnership's income and realized gains even if no distributions were made.", "The LP's were warned that they could be taxed on the Partnership's income and realized gains even if no distributions were made. As long as reinvestments were ongoing, the ponzi scheme was facilitated. Losses 1. Venture capitalist Doug Von Allmen's companies' total loss, approximately $105.5 million, through the Banyon Income Fund include: The Von Allmen Dynastry Trust, overseen by wife Linda Von Allmen: $7 million. D&L Partners, Von Allmen's Missouri company: $45 million.", "D&L Partners, Von Allmen's Missouri company: $45 million. Kretschmar: $8 million Razorback Funding LLC, a Delaware company: $32 million D3 Capital Club LLC, Delaware company: $13.5 million 2. BFMC Investment LLC, owned by Barry Florescue: $2.4 million 3. Socialite art dealer Bonnie Barnett, mother of defendant, Andrew Barnett 4. The family of car dealers, Ed and Ted Morse. 5. Ballamor Capital Management, Radnor, PA: $30 million.", "Ballamor Capital Management, Radnor, PA: $30 million. Others Investors from Morocco lost $85 million. On November 19, 2009, Rothstein never appeared for a deposition, noticed in the bankruptcy case by investors' attorney John Genovese at Genovese's law office. Banyon and other Rothstein investors' accounts were held at a Toronto-Dominion Bank branch in Fort Lauderdale.", "Banyon and other Rothstein investors' accounts were held at a Toronto-Dominion Bank branch in Fort Lauderdale. References External links Video tour of Rothstein's law offices USA v. Scott Rothstein: Report Commencing Criminal Action, December 1, 2009 Federal Charging Information, December 1, 2009 Case No. 09-60331 Rothstein Plea Agreement, Case 0:09-cr-60331-JIC, filed January 27, 2010 Disbarment on Consent, filed November 20, 2009 Amended Civil Complaint filed November 25, 2009, Case No.", "09-60331 Rothstein Plea Agreement, Case 0:09-cr-60331-JIC, filed January 27, 2010 Disbarment on Consent, filed November 20, 2009 Amended Civil Complaint filed November 25, 2009, Case No. 09-062943 Attorney Scherer's Opposition to Motion to Disqualify Counsel for Plaintiffs, filed January 28, 2010 Amended Complaint for Dissolution and For Emergency Transfer of Corporate Powers to Stuart A. Rosenfeldt, Case No. 09-059301 Judge's Order Granting Compelling of Bank Records, Case No.", "09-059301 Judge's Order Granting Compelling of Bank Records, Case No. 09-059301 Database of Scott W. Rothstein's Political Contributions Database of Scott W. Rothstein's Corporate Interests Database of Scott W. Rothstein's registered vehicles Database of Scott W. Rothstein's Real Estate Transactions 1962 births 2009 in economics American money launderers American money managers American people convicted of fraud American prisoners and detainees 20th-century American Jews American confidence tricksters Criminal investigation Disbarred American lawyers Florida lawyers Great Recession Living people People convicted of racketeering Prisoners and detainees of the United States federal government Pyramid and Ponzi schemes American businesspeople convicted of crimes 21st-century American Jews" ]

[ "Wild Bill Hickok", "Duel with Davis Tutt" ]

[ "Davis Kasey Tutt (1836 – July 21, 1865) was an American Old West gambler and former soldier, best remembered for being killed during the Wild Bill Hickok – Davis Tutt shootout of 1865, which launched Wild Bill Hickok to fame as a gunfighter.\n\nTutt was born in Yellville, Arkansas, son of Hansford Tutt, a member of a politically influential family in Marion County, Arkansas, and his first wife. When he was a boy, Tutt's family became involved in the Tutt-Everett War, during which his father and other family members were killed.\n\nEnlisting in 1862 in Company A, 27th Arkansas Infantry Regiment, Davis Tutt fought for the Confederate States of America in the Trans-Mississippi Theater during the American Civil War. At its end, he decided to go west, stopping first in Springfield, Missouri, where he met Wild Bill Hickok. Despite serving on opposite sides during the war, they became friends and often gambled together. Tutt even loaned Hickok money on occasion. Historians have debated the amount, but Hickok himself stated he owed Tutt $25. The fall out between Tutt and Hickok was due to Hickok's failure to repay the money he owed, worsened by Tutt taking Hickok's watch as collateral. Hickok allowed Tutt to take it, but warned him to never wear it in public. \n\nHickok approached the square and called out Tutt. Tutt responded and the two men faced each other fearlessly. Each fired one shot. Tutt missed, but Hickok's shot killed Tutt.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\nAmerican gamblers\nPeople from Marion County, Arkansas\n1836 births\n1865 deaths\nHistory of Missouri\nDeaths by firearm in Missouri\nPeople of the American Old West\nPeople of Arkansas in the American Civil War\nConfederate States Army personnel\nAmerican duellists", "The Hickok–Tutt shootout was a gunfight that occurred on July 21, 1865 in the town square of Springfield, Missouri between Wild Bill Hickok and gambler Davis Tutt. It is one of the few recorded instances in the Old West of a one-on-one pistol quick-draw duel in a public place, in the manner later made iconic by countless dime novels, radio dramas, and Western films such as High Noon. The first story of the shootout was detailed in an article in Harper's Magazine in 1867, making Hickok a household name and folk hero.\n\nPrelude \nTutt and Hickok, both gamblers, had at one point been friends, despite the fact that Tutt was a Confederate Army veteran, and Hickok had been a scout for the Union Army. Davis Tutt originally came from Marion County, Arkansas, where his family had been involved in the Tutt–Everett War, during which several of his family members had been killed. He had come north to Missouri following the Civil War. Hickok had been born in Illinois, coming west after mistakenly thinking he had killed a man in a drunken brawl.\n\nThe eventual falling out between Hickok and Tutt reportedly occurred over women. There were reports that Hickok had fathered an illegitimate child with Tutt's sister, while Tutt had been observed paying a great deal of attention to Wild Bill's paramour, Susanna Moore. When Hickok started to refuse to play in any card game that included Tutt, the cowboy retaliated by openly supporting other local card-players with advice and money in a dedicated attempt to bankrupt Hickok.\n\nThe card game \nThe simmering conflict eventually came to a head during a game of poker at the Lyon House Hotel (now called the \"Old Southern Hotel\"). Hickok was playing against several other local gamblers while Tutt stood nearby, loaning money as needed and \"encouraging [them], coaching [them] on how to beat Hickok\". The game was being played for high stakes, and Hickok had done well, winning about $200 ($ as of ) of what was essentially Tutt's money. Irritated by his losses and unwilling to admit defeat, Tutt reminded Hickok of a $40 debt from a past horse trade. Hickok shrugged and paid the sum, but Tutt was unappeased. He then claimed that Hickok owed him an additional $35 from a past poker game. \"I think you are wrong, Dave,\" said Hickok. \"It's only twenty-five dollars. I have a memorandum in my pocket.\"\n\nTutt had a large following at the Lyon House and, encouraged by these armed associates, he decided to take the opportunity to humiliate his enemy. In the midst of their argument over the $10 difference in the debt (and while Hickok was still playing poker), Tutt grabbed one of Hickok's most prized possessions off the table, his Waltham repeater gold pocket watch, and announced that he would keep the watch as collateral until Hickok paid the full $35. Hickok was shocked and livid but, being outnumbered and outgunned, he was unwilling to resort to violence at the time. He quietly demanded that Tutt put the watch back on the table. Tutt reportedly replied only with an \"ugly grin\" and left the premises with the watch.\n\nAside from publicly humiliating Hickok and taking his property, Tutt's demand for collateral on a debt from a fellow professional card player implied he thought Hickok was an insolvent gambler trying to avoid his debts. To ignore such an insult from Tutt would have ruined Hickok's career as a gambler in Springfield, which was reportedly his only source of income. Further, groups of Tutt's friends reportedly continued to mock Hickok after the initial confrontation, baiting him with talk of the pocket watch to see if he could be goaded into drawing in anger so he could be shot down by the whole group. After several days of this, Hickok's patience was at its breaking point. When a group of Tutt's supporters at the Lyon House mocked Hickok and announced that they had heard Tutt was planning to wear the watch \"in the middle of the town square\" the next day, Hickok reportedly replied, \"He shouldn't come across that square unless dead men can walk.\" Having apparently made up his mind, Hickok returned to his room to clean, oil and reload his pistols in anticipation of a confrontation with Tutt the next morning.\n\nFailed negotiations \nAlthough Tutt had humiliated his rival, Hickok's ultimatum essentially forced his hand. To go back on his very public boast would make everyone think he was afraid of Hickok, and so long as he intended to stay in Springfield, he could not afford to show cowardice. The next day, he arrived at the town square around 10:00 a.m. with Hickok's watch openly hanging from his waist pocket. The word quickly spread that Tutt was making good on his pledge to humiliate Hickok, reaching Hickok's own ears within an hour.\n\nAccording to the testimony of Eli Armstrong (and supported by two other witnesses, John Orr and Oliver Scott), Hickok met Tutt at the square and discussed the terms of the watch's return. Tutt now demanded $45. Armstrong tried to convince Tutt to accept the original $35 and negotiate for the rest later, but Hickok was still adamant that he only owed $25. Tutt then held the watch in front of Hickok and stated he would accept no less than $45. Both then said they did not want to fight and they went for a drink together. Tutt soon left, however, returning once again to the square, still wearing the watch.\n\nThe shootout\n\nAt a few minutes before 6:00 p.m., Hickok was seen calmly approaching the square from the south, his Colt Navy in hand. His armed presence caused the crowd to immediately scatter to the safety of nearby buildings, leaving Tutt alone in the northwestern corner of the square. At a distance of about 75 yards, Hickok stopped, facing Tutt, and called out, \"Dave, here I am.\" He cocked his pistol, holstered it on his hip, and gave a final warning, \"Don't you come across here with that watch.\" Tutt did not reply, but stood with his hand on his pistol.\n\nBoth men faced each other sideways in the dueling position and hesitated briefly. Then Tutt reached for his pistol. Hickok drew his gun and steadied it on his opposite forearm. The two men fired a single shot each at essentially the same time, according to the reports. Tutt missed, but Hickok's bullet struck Tutt in the left side between the fifth and seventh ribs. Tutt called out, \"Boys, I'm killed,\" ran onto the porch of the local courthouse and back to the street, where he collapsed and died.\n\nTrial and aftermath \nThe next day, a warrant was issued for Hickok's arrest and two days later he was arrested. Bail was initially denied, as is common in murder cases. Hickok eventually posted a bail of $2,000 (equivalent to $ in present-day terms) on the same day, after the magistrate reduced the charge from murder to manslaughter based on the circumstances. Hickok was arrested under the name of William Haycocke (the name he had been using in Springfield) for the manslaughter of David Tutt. During the trial, the names were amended to J. B. Hickok and Davis Tutt/Little Dave, \"little\" being an equivalent to the present day \"junior\" to indicate having the same name as the father.\n\nHickok's manslaughter trial began on August 3, 1865 and lasted three days. Twenty-two witnesses from the square testified at the trial. Hickok's lawyer was Colonel John S. Phelps, former Union military Governor of Arkansas. The prosecution was led by Major Robert W. Fyan; the judge was Sempronius H. Boyd. The trial transcripts have been lost, but newspaper reports indicate that Hickok claimed self-defense. The most disputed fact at the trial was who fired first. Only four witnesses actually watched the fight. Two claimed both men fired, but they could not tell who drew first. One said he was standing behind Hickok so he only saw Hickok draw, as his view of Tutt was blocked. Another said Tutt did not fire, but admitted noticing Tutt's gun had a discharged chamber. The other witnesses all stated that while they did not see the shooting, they heard only one shot.\n\nDespite Hickok's claim of self-defense being technically invalid under the state law pertaining to \"mutual combat\" (since he had come to the square armed and expecting to fight), the jury decided that he was justified in shooting Tutt. As Tutt was the initiator of the fight (by taking Hickok's watch) and the first to display overt aggression, and since two witnesses indicated that Tutt was the first to reach for his pistol, the unwritten law dictated that Hickok was justified and subsequently they absolved him of guilt. In fact, Hickok was seen as being honorable for giving Tutt several chances to avoid the conflict instead of shooting him the moment he felt he was shown disrespect.\n\nJudge Boyd gave the jury two apparently contradictory instructions. He first instructed the jury that a conviction was its only option under the law. However, he then instructed them that they could apply the unwritten law of the \"fair fight\" and acquit, an action known as jury nullification, which allows a jury to make a finding contrary to the law. The trial ended in acquittal on August 6, 1865, after the jury deliberated for \"an hour or two\" before reaching a verdict of not guilty, which was not popular at the time. A prominent Springfield attorney gave a speech to the crowd from the balcony of the court house, denouncing the verdict as \"against the evidence and all decency\" and there was talk of lynching Hickok.\n\nThe verdict was expected and well in keeping with the \"trail law\" of the day; as stated by a modern historian, \"Nothing better described the times than the fact that dangling a watch held as security for a poker debt was widely regarded as a justifiable provocation for resorting to firearms.\" While Hickok felt humiliated by Tutt wearing the watch, Tutt could also claim the same humiliation if he failed to wear the watch, essentially bowing to Hickok's warning. Due to its notoriety, the gunfight has since received much research and attention. Several weeks after the gunfight, on September 13, 1865, Colonel George Ward Nichols, a writer for Harper's, sought out Hickok and began the interviews that would eventually turn the then-unknown gunfighter into one of the great legends of the Old West.\n\nDavis Tutt's body was initially buried in the Springfield City Cemetery, but was disinterred and reburied in Maple Park Cemetery in March 1883 by his half-brother Lewis Tutt, a former slave who was the son of Tutt's father and his female slave.\n\nNotes\n\nReferences \n\nConflicts in 1865\nAmerican Old West gunfights\n1865 in Missouri\nHistory of Springfield, Missouri\nHistory of Greene County, Missouri\nDueling\nJuly 1865 events" ]

[ "James Butler Hickok (May 27, 1837August 2, 1876), better known as \"Wild Bill\" Hickok, was a folk hero of the American Old West known for his life on the frontier as a soldier, scout, lawman, gambler, showman, and actor, and for his involvement in many famous gunfights. He earned a great deal of notoriety in his own time, much of it bolstered by the many outlandish and often fabricated tales he told about himself.", "He earned a great deal of notoriety in his own time, much of it bolstered by the many outlandish and often fabricated tales he told about himself. Some contemporaneous reports of his exploits are known to be fictitious, but they remain the basis of much of his fame and reputation. Hickok was born and raised on a farm in northern Illinois at a time when lawlessness and vigilante activity was rampant because of the influence of the \"Banditti of the Prairie\".", "Hickok was born and raised on a farm in northern Illinois at a time when lawlessness and vigilante activity was rampant because of the influence of the \"Banditti of the Prairie\". Drawn to this ruffian lifestyle, he headed west at age 18 as a fugitive from justice, working as a stagecoach driver and later as a lawman in the frontier territories of Kansas and Nebraska.", "Drawn to this ruffian lifestyle, he headed west at age 18 as a fugitive from justice, working as a stagecoach driver and later as a lawman in the frontier territories of Kansas and Nebraska. He fought and spied for the Union Army during the American Civil War and gained publicity after the war as a scout, marksman, actor, and professional gambler. He was involved in several notable shootouts during the course of his life.", "He was involved in several notable shootouts during the course of his life. In 1876, Hickok was shot and killed while playing poker in a saloon in Deadwood, Dakota Territory (present-day South Dakota) by Jack McCall, an unsuccessful gambler. The hand of cards which he supposedly held at the time of his death has become known as the dead man's hand: two pairs; black aces and eights. Hickok remains a popular figure of frontier history.", "Hickok remains a popular figure of frontier history. Hickok remains a popular figure of frontier history. Many historic sites and monuments commemorate his life, and he has been depicted numerous times in literature, film, and television. He is chiefly portrayed as a protagonist, although historical accounts of his actions are often controversial, and much of his career is known to have been exaggerated both by himself and by contemporary mythmakers.", "He is chiefly portrayed as a protagonist, although historical accounts of his actions are often controversial, and much of his career is known to have been exaggerated both by himself and by contemporary mythmakers. While Hickok claimed to have killed numerous named and unnamed gunmen in his lifetime, his career as a gunfighter only lasted from 1861 to 1871. According to Joseph G. Rosa, Hickok's biographer and the foremost authority on Wild Bill, Hickok killed only six or seven men in gunfights.", "According to Joseph G. Rosa, Hickok's biographer and the foremost authority on Wild Bill, Hickok killed only six or seven men in gunfights. Early life James Butler Hickok was born May 27, 1837, in Homer, Illinois, (present-day Troy Grove, Illinois) to William Alonzo Hickok, a farmer and abolitionist, and his wife, Polly Butler. Hickok was of English ancestry. James was the fourth of six children.", "James was the fourth of six children. James was the fourth of six children. His father was said to have used the family house, now demolished, as a station on the Underground Railroad. William Hickok died in 1852, when James was 15. Hickok was a good shot from a young age, and was recognized locally as an outstanding marksman with a pistol. Photographs of Hickok appear to depict dark hair, but all contemporaneous descriptions affirm that it was red.", "Photographs of Hickok appear to depict dark hair, but all contemporaneous descriptions affirm that it was red. In 1855, at age 18, James Hickok fled Illinois following a fight with Charles Hudson, during which both fell into a canal; each thought, mistakenly, that he had killed the other. Hickok moved to Leavenworth in the Kansas Territory, where he joined Jim Lane's Free State Army (also known as the Jayhawkers), an antislavery vigilante group active in the new territory during the Bleeding Kansas era.", "Hickok moved to Leavenworth in the Kansas Territory, where he joined Jim Lane's Free State Army (also known as the Jayhawkers), an antislavery vigilante group active in the new territory during the Bleeding Kansas era. While a Jayhawker, he met 12-year-old William Cody (later known as \"Buffalo Bill\"), who, despite his youth, served as a scout just two years later for the U.S. Army during the Utah War.", "While a Jayhawker, he met 12-year-old William Cody (later known as \"Buffalo Bill\"), who, despite his youth, served as a scout just two years later for the U.S. Army during the Utah War. Nicknames Hickok used his late father's name, William Hickok, from 1858, and the name William Haycock during the American Civil War. Most newspapers referred to him as William Haycock until 1869. He was arrested while using the name Haycock in 1865.", "He was arrested while using the name Haycock in 1865. He afterward resumed using his given name, James Hickok. Military records after 1865 list him as Hickok, but note that he was also known as Haycock. In an 1867 article about his shootout with Davis Tutt, his surname was misspelled as Hitchcock. While in Nebraska, Hickok was derisively referred to by one man as \"Duck Bill\" for his long nose and protruding lips.", "While in Nebraska, Hickok was derisively referred to by one man as \"Duck Bill\" for his long nose and protruding lips. He was also known before 1861 among Jayhawkers as \"Shanghai Bill\" because of his height and slim build. He grew a moustache following the McCanles incident, and in 1861 began calling himself \"Wild Bill\". Early career In 1857, Hickok claimed a tract in Johnson County, Kansas, near present-day Lenexa.", "Early career In 1857, Hickok claimed a tract in Johnson County, Kansas, near present-day Lenexa. On March 22, 1858, he was elected one of the first four constables of Monticello Township. In 1859, he joined the Russell, Majors and Waddell freight company, the parent company of the Pony Express. In 1860, Hickok was badly injured, possibly by a bear, while driving a freight team from Independence, Missouri, to Santa Fe, New Mexico.", "In 1860, Hickok was badly injured, possibly by a bear, while driving a freight team from Independence, Missouri, to Santa Fe, New Mexico. According to Hickok's account, he found the road blocked by a cinnamon bear and its two cubs. Dismounting, he approached the bear and fired a shot into its head, but the bullet ricocheted off its skull, infuriating it. The bear attacked, crushing Hickok with its body. Hickok managed to fire another shot, wounding the bear's paw.", "Hickok managed to fire another shot, wounding the bear's paw. The bear then grabbed his arm in its mouth, but Hickok was able to grab his knife and slash its throat, killing it. Hickok was severely injured, with a crushed chest, shoulder, and arm. He was bedridden for four months before being sent to Rock Creek Station in the Nebraska Territory to work as a stable hand while he recovered.", "He was bedridden for four months before being sent to Rock Creek Station in the Nebraska Territory to work as a stable hand while he recovered. There, the freight company had built a stagecoach stop along the Oregon Trail near Fairbury, Nebraska, on land purchased from David McCanles. McCanles shooting On July 12, 1861, David McCanles went to the Rock Creek Station office to demand an overdue property payment from Horace Wellman, the station manager.", "McCanles shooting On July 12, 1861, David McCanles went to the Rock Creek Station office to demand an overdue property payment from Horace Wellman, the station manager. McCanles reportedly threatened Wellman, and either Wellman or Hickok, who was hiding behind a curtain, killed McCanles. Hickok, Wellman, and another employee, J.W. Brink, were tried for killing McCanles, but were found to have acted in self-defense. McCanles may have been the first man Hickok killed.", "McCanles may have been the first man Hickok killed. McCanles may have been the first man Hickok killed. Hickok subsequently visited McCanles' widow, apologized for the killing, and offered her $35 in restitution, all the money he had with him at the time. Civil War service After the Civil War broke out in April 1861, Hickok became a teamster for the Union Army in Sedalia, Missouri.", "Civil War service After the Civil War broke out in April 1861, Hickok became a teamster for the Union Army in Sedalia, Missouri. By the end of 1861, he was a wagon master, but in September 1862, he was discharged for unknown reasons. He then joined General James Henry Lane's Kansas Brigade, and while serving with the brigade, saw his friend Buffalo Bill Cody, who was serving as a scout.", "He then joined General James Henry Lane's Kansas Brigade, and while serving with the brigade, saw his friend Buffalo Bill Cody, who was serving as a scout. In late 1863, Hickok worked for the provost marshal of southwest Missouri as a member of the Springfield detective police. His work included identifying and counting the number of troops in uniform who were drinking while on duty, verifying hotel liquor licenses, and tracking down individuals who owed money to the cash-strapped Union Army.", "His work included identifying and counting the number of troops in uniform who were drinking while on duty, verifying hotel liquor licenses, and tracking down individuals who owed money to the cash-strapped Union Army. Buffalo Bill claimed that he encountered Hickok disguised as a Confederate officer in Missouri in 1864. Hickok had not been paid for some time, and was hired as a scout by General John B. Sanborn by early 1865. In June, Hickok mustered out and went to Springfield, where he gambled.", "In June, Hickok mustered out and went to Springfield, where he gambled. The 1883 History of Greene County, Missouri described him as \"by nature a ruffian ... a drunken, swaggering fellow, who delighted when 'on a spree' to frighten nervous men and timid women.\" Lawman and scout Duel with Davis Tutt While in Springfield, Hickok and a local gambler named Davis Tutt had several disagreements over unpaid gambling debts and their mutual affection for the same women.", "Lawman and scout Duel with Davis Tutt While in Springfield, Hickok and a local gambler named Davis Tutt had several disagreements over unpaid gambling debts and their mutual affection for the same women. Hickok lost a gold watch to Tutt in a poker game. The watch had great sentimental value to Hickok, so he asked Tutt not to wear it in public. They initially agreed not to fight over the watch, but when Hickok saw Tutt wearing it, he warned him to stay away.", "They initially agreed not to fight over the watch, but when Hickok saw Tutt wearing it, he warned him to stay away. On July 21, 1865, the two men faced off in Springfield's town square, standing sideways before drawing and firing their weapons. Their quick-draw duel was recorded as the first of its kind. Tutt's shot missed, but Hickok's struck Tutt through the heart from about away. Tutt called out, \"Boys, I'm killed\", before he collapsed and died.", "Tutt called out, \"Boys, I'm killed\", before he collapsed and died. Two days later, Hickok was arrested for murder. The charge was later reduced to manslaughter. He was released on $2,000 bail and stood trial on August 3, 1865. At the end of the trial, Judge Sempronius H. Boyd told the jury they could not find Hickok acted in self-defense if he could have reasonably avoided the fight.", "At the end of the trial, Judge Sempronius H. Boyd told the jury they could not find Hickok acted in self-defense if he could have reasonably avoided the fight. However, if they felt the threat of danger was real and imminent, he instructed they could apply the unwritten law of the \"fair fight\" and acquit. The jury voted to clear Hickok, resulting in public backlash and criticism of the verdict.", "The jury voted to clear Hickok, resulting in public backlash and criticism of the verdict. Several weeks later, an interview Hickok gave to Colonel George Ward Nichols, a journalist who subsequently became known as the creator of the Hickok legend, was published in Harper's New Monthly Magazine. Under the name \"Wild Bill Hitchcock\", the article recounted the \"hundreds\" of men whom Hickok had personally killed and other exaggerated exploits. The article was controversial wherever Hickok was known, and several frontier newspapers wrote rebuttals.", "The article was controversial wherever Hickok was known, and several frontier newspapers wrote rebuttals. Deputy U.S. marshal in Kansas In September 1865, Hickok came in second in the election for city marshal of Springfield. Leaving Springfield, he was recommended for the position of deputy federal marshal at Fort Riley, Kansas. This was during the Indian Wars, in which Hickok sometimes served as a scout for General George A. Custer's 7th Cavalry.", "This was during the Indian Wars, in which Hickok sometimes served as a scout for General George A. Custer's 7th Cavalry. In 1865, Hickok recruited six Native Americans and three cowboys to accompany him to Niagara Falls, where he put on an outdoor demonstration called The Daring Buffalo Chasers of the Plains. Since the event was outdoors, he could not compel people to pay, and the venture was a financial failure.", "Since the event was outdoors, he could not compel people to pay, and the venture was a financial failure. The show featured six buffalo, a bear, and a monkey, and one show ended in disaster when a buffalo refused to act, prompting Hickok to fire a bullet into the sky. This angered the buffalo and panicked audience members, causing the animals to break free of their wire fencing and chase audience members, some of whom were trampled. The incident helped contribute to the overall failure of the show.", "The incident helped contribute to the overall failure of the show. Henry M. Stanley, of the Weekly Missouri Democrat, reported Hickok to be \"an inveterate hater of Indian People\", perhaps to enhance his reputation as a scout and American fighter, but separating fact from fiction is difficult considering his recruitment of Indians to cross the nation to appear in his own Wild West show.", "Henry M. Stanley, of the Weekly Missouri Democrat, reported Hickok to be \"an inveterate hater of Indian People\", perhaps to enhance his reputation as a scout and American fighter, but separating fact from fiction is difficult considering his recruitment of Indians to cross the nation to appear in his own Wild West show. Witnesses confirm that while working as a scout at Fort Harker, Kansas, on May 11, 1867, Hickok was attacked by a large group of Indians, who fled after he shot and killed two.", "Witnesses confirm that while working as a scout at Fort Harker, Kansas, on May 11, 1867, Hickok was attacked by a large group of Indians, who fled after he shot and killed two. In July, Hickok told a newspaper reporter that he had led several soldiers in pursuit of Indians who had killed four men near the fort on July 2. He reported returning with five prisoners after killing 10.", "He reported returning with five prisoners after killing 10. He reported returning with five prisoners after killing 10. Witnesses confirm that the story was true to the extent the party had set out to find whoever had killed the four men, but the group returned to the fort \"without nary a dead Indian, [never] even seeing a live one\". In December 1867, newspapers reported that Hickok had come to stay in Hays City, Kansas.", "In December 1867, newspapers reported that Hickok had come to stay in Hays City, Kansas. He became a deputy U.S. marshal, and on March 28, 1868, he picked up 11 Union Army deserters who had been charged with stealing government property. Hickok was assigned to bring the men to Topeka for trial, and he requested a military escort from Fort Hays. He was assigned Buffalo Bill Cody, a sergeant, and five privates. They arrived in Topeka on April 2.", "They arrived in Topeka on April 2. They arrived in Topeka on April 2. Hickok remained in Hays through August 1868, when he brought 200 Cheyenne Indians to Hays to be viewed by \"excursionists\". On September 1, 1868, Hickok was in Lincoln County, Kansas, where he was hired as a scout by the 10th Cavalry Regiment, a segregated African-American unit. On September 4, Hickok was wounded in the foot while rescuing several cattlemen in the Bijou Creek basin who had been surrounded by Indians.", "On September 4, Hickok was wounded in the foot while rescuing several cattlemen in the Bijou Creek basin who had been surrounded by Indians. The 10th Regiment arrived at Fort Lyon in Colorado in October and remained there for the rest of 1868. Marshal of Hays, Kansas In July 1869, Hickok returned to Hays and was elected city marshal of Hays and sheriff of Ellis County, Kansas, in a special election held on August 23, 1869. Three sheriffs had quit during the previous 18 months.", "Three sheriffs had quit during the previous 18 months. Three sheriffs had quit during the previous 18 months. Hickok may have been acting sheriff before he was elected; a newspaper reported that he arrested offenders on August 18, and the commander of Fort Hays wrote a letter to the assistant adjutant general on August 21 in which he praised Hickok for his work in apprehending deserters.", "Hickok may have been acting sheriff before he was elected; a newspaper reported that he arrested offenders on August 18, and the commander of Fort Hays wrote a letter to the assistant adjutant general on August 21 in which he praised Hickok for his work in apprehending deserters. The regular county election was held on November 2, 1869, and Hickok, running as an independent, lost to his deputy, Peter Lanihan, running as a Democrat; even so, Hickok and Lanihan remained sheriff and deputy, respectively.", "The regular county election was held on November 2, 1869, and Hickok, running as an independent, lost to his deputy, Peter Lanihan, running as a Democrat; even so, Hickok and Lanihan remained sheriff and deputy, respectively. Hickok accused a J.V. Macintosh of irregularities and misconduct during the election. On December 9, Hickok and Lanihan both served legal papers on Macintosh, and local newspapers acknowledged that Hickok had guardianship of Hays City.", "On December 9, Hickok and Lanihan both served legal papers on Macintosh, and local newspapers acknowledged that Hickok had guardianship of Hays City. Killings as sheriff In September 1869, his first month as sheriff, Hickok killed two men. The first was Bill Mulvey, who was rampaging through town, drunk, shooting out mirrors and whisky bottles behind bars. Citizens warned Mulvey to behave, because Hickok was sheriff. Mulvey angrily declared that he had come to town to kill Hickok.", "Mulvey angrily declared that he had come to town to kill Hickok. When he saw Hickok, he leveled his cocked rifle at him. Hickok waved his hand past Mulvey at some onlookers and yelled, \"Don't shoot him in the back; he is drunk.\" Mulvey wheeled his horse around to face those who might shoot him from behind, and before he realized he had been fooled, Hickok shot him through the temple.", "Mulvey wheeled his horse around to face those who might shoot him from behind, and before he realized he had been fooled, Hickok shot him through the temple. The second killed by Hickok was Samuel Strawhun, a cowboy, who was causing a disturbance in a saloon at 1:00 am on September 27, when Hickok and Lanihan went to the scene. Strawhun \"made remarks against Hickok\", and Hickok killed him with a shot through the head. Hickok said he had \"tried to restore order\".", "Hickok said he had \"tried to restore order\". At the coroner's inquest into Strawhun's death, despite \"very contradictory\" evidence from witnesses, the jury found the shooting justifiable. On July 17, 1870, Hickok was attacked by two troopers from the 7th U.S. Cavalry, Jeremiah Lonergan and John Kyle (sometimes spelled Kile), in a saloon. Lonergan pinned Hickok to the ground, and Kyle put his gun to Hickok's ear.", "Lonergan pinned Hickok to the ground, and Kyle put his gun to Hickok's ear. When Kyle's weapon misfired, Hickok shot Lonergan, wounding him in the knee, and shot Kyle twice, killing him. Hickok lost his re-election bid to his deputy. Marshal of Abilene, Kansas On April 15, 1871, Hickok became marshal of Abilene, Kansas. He replaced Tom \"Bear River\" Smith, who had been killed while serving an arrest warrant on November 2, 1870.", "He replaced Tom \"Bear River\" Smith, who had been killed while serving an arrest warrant on November 2, 1870. Outlaw John Wesley Hardin arrived in Abilene at the end of a cattle drive in early 1871. Hardin was a well-known gunfighter, and is known to have killed more than 27 men.", "Hardin was a well-known gunfighter, and is known to have killed more than 27 men. In his 1895 autobiography, published after his death, Hardin claimed to have been befriended by Hickok, the newly elected town marshal, after he had disarmed the marshal using the road agent's spin, but Hardin was known to exaggerate. In any case, Hardin appeared to have thought highly of Hickok. Hickok later said he did not know that \"Wesley Clemmons\" was Hardin's alias, and that he was a wanted outlaw.", "Hickok later said he did not know that \"Wesley Clemmons\" was Hardin's alias, and that he was a wanted outlaw. He told Clemmons (Hardin) to stay out of trouble in Abilene and asked him to hand over his guns, and Hardin complied. Hardin alleged that when his cousin, Mannen Clements, was jailed for the killing of two cowhands Joe and Dolph Shadden in July 1871, Hickok – at Hardin's request – arranged for his escape.", "Hardin alleged that when his cousin, Mannen Clements, was jailed for the killing of two cowhands Joe and Dolph Shadden in July 1871, Hickok – at Hardin's request – arranged for his escape. In August 1871, Hickok sought to arrest Hardin for killing Charles Couger in an Abilene hotel \"for snoring too loud\". Hardin left Kansas before Hickok could arrest him. A newspaper reported, \"A man was killed in his bed at a hotel in Abilene, Monday night, by a desperado called Arkansas.", "A newspaper reported, \"A man was killed in his bed at a hotel in Abilene, Monday night, by a desperado called Arkansas. The murderer escaped. This was his sixth murder.\" Shootout with Phil Coe Hickok and Phil Coe, a saloon owner and acquaintance of Hardin's, had a dispute that resulted in a shootout. The Bull's Head Saloon in Abilene had been established by gambler Ben Thompson and Coe, his partner, businessman, and fellow gambler.", "The Bull's Head Saloon in Abilene had been established by gambler Ben Thompson and Coe, his partner, businessman, and fellow gambler. The two entrepreneurs had painted a picture of a bull with a large erect penis on the side of their establishment as an advertisement. Citizens of the town complained to Hickok, who requested that Thompson and Coe remove the image. They refused, so Hickok altered it himself.", "They refused, so Hickok altered it himself. They refused, so Hickok altered it himself. Infuriated, Thompson tried to incite John Wesley Hardin to kill Hickok by exclaiming to Hardin that \"He's a damn Yankee. Picks on rebels, especially Texans, to kill.\" Hardin was in town under his assumed name Wesley Clemmons, but was better known to the townspeople by the alias \"Little Arkansas\".", "Hardin was in town under his assumed name Wesley Clemmons, but was better known to the townspeople by the alias \"Little Arkansas\". He seemed to have respect for Hickok's abilities and replied, \"If Bill needs killing, why don't you kill him yourself?\" Hoping to intimidate Hickok, Coe allegedly stated that he could \"kill a crow on the wing\". Hickok's retort is one of the West's most famous sayings (though possibly apocryphal): \"Did the crow have a pistol?", "Hickok's retort is one of the West's most famous sayings (though possibly apocryphal): \"Did the crow have a pistol? Was he shooting back? I will be.\" On October 5, 1871, Hickok was standing off a crowd during a street brawl when Coe fired two shots. Hickok ordered him to be arrested for firing a pistol within the city limits. Coe claimed that he was shooting at a stray dog, and then suddenly turned his gun on Hickok, who fired first and killed Coe.", "Coe claimed that he was shooting at a stray dog, and then suddenly turned his gun on Hickok, who fired first and killed Coe. In another account of the Coe shootout: Theophilus Little, the mayor of Abilene and owner of the town's lumber yard, recorded his time in Abilene by writing in a notebook, which was ultimately given to the Abilene Historical Society.", "In another account of the Coe shootout: Theophilus Little, the mayor of Abilene and owner of the town's lumber yard, recorded his time in Abilene by writing in a notebook, which was ultimately given to the Abilene Historical Society. Writing in 1911, he detailed his admiration for Hickok and included a paragraph on the shooting that differs considerably from the reported account: After shooting Coe, Hickok caught a glimpse of someone running toward him and quickly fired two more shots in reaction, accidentally shooting and killing Abilene Special Deputy Marshal Mike Williams, who was coming to his aid.", "Writing in 1911, he detailed his admiration for Hickok and included a paragraph on the shooting that differs considerably from the reported account: After shooting Coe, Hickok caught a glimpse of someone running toward him and quickly fired two more shots in reaction, accidentally shooting and killing Abilene Special Deputy Marshal Mike Williams, who was coming to his aid. This was the last time Hickok was ever involved in a gunfight; the accidental death of Deputy Williams was an event that haunted Hickok for the remainder of his life.", "This was the last time Hickok was ever involved in a gunfight; the accidental death of Deputy Williams was an event that haunted Hickok for the remainder of his life. Hickok was relieved of his duties as marshal less than two months after the accidental shooting, this incident being only one of a series of questionable shootings and claims of misconduct during his career. Later life In 1873, Buffalo Bill Cody and Texas Jack Omohundro invited Hickok to join their troupe after their earlier success.", "Later life In 1873, Buffalo Bill Cody and Texas Jack Omohundro invited Hickok to join their troupe after their earlier success. Hickok did not enjoy acting, and often hid behind scenery. In one show, he shot the spotlight when it focused on him. He was released from the group after a few months. In 1876, Hickok was diagnosed by a doctor in Kansas City, Missouri, with glaucoma and ophthalmia.", "In 1876, Hickok was diagnosed by a doctor in Kansas City, Missouri, with glaucoma and ophthalmia. Although he was just 39, his marksmanship and health were apparently in decline, and he had been arrested several times for vagrancy, despite earning a good income from gambling and displays of showmanship only a few years earlier. Marriages On March 5, 1876, Hickok married Agnes Thatcher Lake, a 50-year-old circus proprietor in Cheyenne, Wyoming Territory.", "Marriages On March 5, 1876, Hickok married Agnes Thatcher Lake, a 50-year-old circus proprietor in Cheyenne, Wyoming Territory. Hickok left his new bride a few months later, joining Charlie Utter's wagon train to seek his fortune in the gold fields of South Dakota.", "Hickok left his new bride a few months later, joining Charlie Utter's wagon train to seek his fortune in the gold fields of South Dakota. Shortly before Hickok's death, he wrote a letter to his new wife, which read in part, \"Agnes Darling, if such should be we never meet again, while firing my last shot, I will gently breathe the name of my wife—Agnes—and with wishes even for my enemies I will make the plunge and try to swim to the other shore.\"", "Shortly before Hickok's death, he wrote a letter to his new wife, which read in part, \"Agnes Darling, if such should be we never meet again, while firing my last shot, I will gently breathe the name of my wife—Agnes—and with wishes even for my enemies I will make the plunge and try to swim to the other shore.\" Martha Jane Cannary, known popularly as Calamity Jane, claimed in her autobiography that she was married to Hickok and had divorced him so he could be free to marry Agnes Lake, but no records have been found that support her account.", "Martha Jane Cannary, known popularly as Calamity Jane, claimed in her autobiography that she was married to Hickok and had divorced him so he could be free to marry Agnes Lake, but no records have been found that support her account. The two possibly met for the first time after Jane was released from the guardhouse in Fort Laramie and joined the wagon train in which Hickok was traveling. The wagon train arrived in Deadwood in July 1876.", "The wagon train arrived in Deadwood in July 1876. The wagon train arrived in Deadwood in July 1876. Jane confirmed this account in an 1896 newspaper interview, although she claimed she had been hospitalized with illness rather than in the guardhouse. Death On August 1, 1876, Hickok was playing poker at Nuttal & Mann's Saloon No. 10 in Deadwood, Dakota Territory. When a seat opened up at the table, a drunk man named Jack McCall sat down to play. McCall lost heavily.", "McCall lost heavily. McCall lost heavily. Hickok encouraged McCall to quit the game until he could cover his losses and offered to give him money for breakfast. Although McCall accepted the money, he was apparently insulted. The next day, Hickok was playing poker again. He usually sat with his back to a wall so he could see the entrance, but the only seat available when he joined the game was a chair facing away from the door.", "He usually sat with his back to a wall so he could see the entrance, but the only seat available when he joined the game was a chair facing away from the door. He twice asked another man at the table, Charles Rich, to change seats with him, but Rich refused. McCall then entered the saloon, walked up behind Hickok, drew his Colt Model 1873 Single Action Army .45-caliber revolver, and shouted, \"Damn you! Take that!\"", "Take that!\" Take that!\" before shooting Hickok in the back of the head at point-blank range. Hickok died instantly. The bullet emerged through his right cheek and struck another player, riverboat Captain William Massie, in the left wrist. Hickok may have told his friend Charlie Utter and others who were traveling with them that he thought he would be killed while in Deadwood. Hickok was playing five-card stud or five-card draw when he was shot.", "Hickok was playing five-card stud or five-card draw when he was shot. He was holding two pairs: black aces and black eights (although there is some dispute as to the suit of one of the aces, diamond vs. spade) as his \"up cards\", which has since become widely known as the \"dead man's hand\". The identity of the fifth card (his \"hole card\") is also the subject of debate.", "The identity of the fifth card (his \"hole card\") is also the subject of debate. Jack McCall's two trials McCall's motive for killing Hickok is the subject of speculation, largely concerning McCall's anger at Hickok's having given him money for breakfast the day before, after McCall had lost heavily. McCall was summoned before an informal \"miners' jury\" (an ad hoc local group of miners and businessmen).", "McCall was summoned before an informal \"miners' jury\" (an ad hoc local group of miners and businessmen). He claimed he was avenging Hickok's earlier slaying of his brother, which may have been true; a man named Lew McCall had indeed been killed by an unknown lawman in Abilene, Kansas, but whether or not the two McCall men were related is unknown.", "He claimed he was avenging Hickok's earlier slaying of his brother, which may have been true; a man named Lew McCall had indeed been killed by an unknown lawman in Abilene, Kansas, but whether or not the two McCall men were related is unknown. McCall was acquitted of the murder, which prompted editorializing in the Black Hills Pioneer: \"Should it ever be our misfortune to kill a man ... we would simply ask that our trial may take place in some of the mining camps of these hills.\"", "McCall was acquitted of the murder, which prompted editorializing in the Black Hills Pioneer: \"Should it ever be our misfortune to kill a man ... we would simply ask that our trial may take place in some of the mining camps of these hills.\" Calamity Jane is reputed to have led a mob that threatened McCall with lynching, but at the time of Hickok's death, Jane was actually being held by military authorities. After bragging about killing Hickok, McCall was rearrested.", "After bragging about killing Hickok, McCall was rearrested. After bragging about killing Hickok, McCall was rearrested. The second trial was not considered double jeopardy because of the irregular jury in the first trial and because Deadwood was at the time in unorganized Indian country. The new trial was held in Yankton, the capital of the Dakota Territory. Hickok's brother, Lorenzo Butler, traveled from Illinois to attend the retrial. McCall was found guilty and sentenced to death.", "McCall was found guilty and sentenced to death. McCall was found guilty and sentenced to death. Leander Richardson, a reporter, interviewed McCall shortly before his execution, and wrote an article about him for the April 1877 issue of Scribner's Monthly. Lorenzo Butler Hickok spoke with McCall after the trial, and said McCall showed no remorse. Jack McCall was hanged on March 1, 1877, and buried in a Roman Catholic cemetery.", "Jack McCall was hanged on March 1, 1877, and buried in a Roman Catholic cemetery. The cemetery was moved in 1881, and when McCall's body was exhumed, the noose was found still around his neck.", "The cemetery was moved in 1881, and when McCall's body was exhumed, the noose was found still around his neck. Burial Charlie Utter, Hickok's friend and companion, claimed Hickok's body and placed a notice in the local newspaper, the Black Hills Pioneer, which read: Almost the entire town attended the funeral, and Utter had Hickok buried with a wooden grave marker reading: Hickok is known to have fatally shot six men and is suspected of having killed a seventh (McCanles).", "Burial Charlie Utter, Hickok's friend and companion, claimed Hickok's body and placed a notice in the local newspaper, the Black Hills Pioneer, which read: Almost the entire town attended the funeral, and Utter had Hickok buried with a wooden grave marker reading: Hickok is known to have fatally shot six men and is suspected of having killed a seventh (McCanles). Despite his reputation, Hickok was buried in the Ingelside Cemetery, Deadwood's original graveyard.", "Despite his reputation, Hickok was buried in the Ingelside Cemetery, Deadwood's original graveyard. This cemetery filled quickly, and in 1879, on the third anniversary of Hickok's original burial, Utter paid to move Hickok's remains to the new Mount Moriah Cemetery. Utter supervised the move and noted that, while perfectly preserved, Hickok had been imperfectly embalmed. As a result, calcium carbonate from the surrounding soil had replaced the flesh, leading to petrifaction.", "As a result, calcium carbonate from the surrounding soil had replaced the flesh, leading to petrifaction. One of the workers, Joseph McLintock, wrote a detailed description of the reinterment. McLintock used a cane to tap the body, face, and head, finding no soft tissue anywhere. He noted that the sound was similar to tapping a brick wall and believed the remains weighed more than . William Austin, the cemetery caretaker, estimated . This made it difficult for the men to carry the remains to the new site.", "This made it difficult for the men to carry the remains to the new site. The original wooden grave marker was moved to the new site, but by 1891, it had been destroyed by souvenir hunters whittling pieces from it, and it was replaced with a statue. This, in turn, was destroyed by souvenir hunters and replaced in 1902 by a life-sized sandstone sculpture of Hickok. This, too, was badly defaced, and was then enclosed in a cage for protection.", "This, too, was badly defaced, and was then enclosed in a cage for protection. The enclosure was cut open by souvenir hunters in the 1950s, and the statue was removed. Hickok is currently interred in a square plot at the Mount Moriah Cemetery, surrounded by a cast-iron fence, with a U.S. flag flying nearby. As of 2020, the flag is no longer flown. A monument has been built there. Calamity Jane was reported to have been buried next to Hickok according to her dying wish.", "Calamity Jane was reported to have been buried next to Hickok according to her dying wish. Four of the men on the self-appointed committee who planned Calamity's funeral (Albert Malter, Frank Ankeney, Jim Carson, and Anson Higby) later stated that, since Hickok had \"absolutely no use\" for Jane in this life, they decided to play a posthumous joke on him by laying her to rest by his side.", "Four of the men on the self-appointed committee who planned Calamity's funeral (Albert Malter, Frank Ankeney, Jim Carson, and Anson Higby) later stated that, since Hickok had \"absolutely no use\" for Jane in this life, they decided to play a posthumous joke on him by laying her to rest by his side. Pistols known to have been carried by Hickok Hickok's favorite guns were a pair of Colt 1851 Navy Model (.36 caliber) cap-and-ball revolvers.", "Pistols known to have been carried by Hickok Hickok's favorite guns were a pair of Colt 1851 Navy Model (.36 caliber) cap-and-ball revolvers. They had ivory grips and nickel plating, and were ornately engraved with \"J.B. Hickok–1869\" on the backstrap. He wore his revolvers butt-forward in a belt or sash (when wearing city clothes or buckskins, respectively), and seldom used holsters; he drew the pistols using a \"reverse\", \"twist\", or cavalry draw, as would a cavalryman.", "He wore his revolvers butt-forward in a belt or sash (when wearing city clothes or buckskins, respectively), and seldom used holsters; he drew the pistols using a \"reverse\", \"twist\", or cavalry draw, as would a cavalryman. At the time of his death, Hickok was wearing a Smith & Wesson Model No. 2 Army revolver, a five-shot, single-action, .32-caliber weapon, innovative as one of the first metallic cartridge firearms and favored by many Union officers during the Civil War.", "2 Army revolver, a five-shot, single-action, .32-caliber weapon, innovative as one of the first metallic cartridge firearms and favored by many Union officers during the Civil War. Bonhams auction company offered this pistol at auction on November 18, 2013, in San Francisco, California, described as Hickok's Smith & Wesson No. 2, serial number 29963, a .32 rimfire with a six-inch barrel, blued finish, and varnished rosewood grips.", "2, serial number 29963, a .32 rimfire with a six-inch barrel, blued finish, and varnished rosewood grips. The gun did not sell because the highest bid of $220,000 was less than the reserve set by the gun's owners. In popular culture Hickok has remained one of the most popular and iconic figures of the American Old West, and is still frequently depicted in popular culture, including literature, film, and television.", "In popular culture Hickok has remained one of the most popular and iconic figures of the American Old West, and is still frequently depicted in popular culture, including literature, film, and television. Paramount Pictures' Western silent film Wild Bill Hickok (released on November 18, 1923) was directed by Clifford Smith and stars William S. Hart as Hickok. A print of the film is maintained in the Museum of Modern Art film archive.", "A print of the film is maintained in the Museum of Modern Art film archive. The movie The Plainsman (1936), starring Gary Cooper as Hickok, features the alleged romance between Calamity Jane and him as its main plot line. It is a loose adaptation of Hickok's life, ending with his famous aces-and-eights card hand. A later film (1953) and subsequent stage musical, both titled Calamity Jane, also portray a romance between Calamity Jane and Hickok.", "A later film (1953) and subsequent stage musical, both titled Calamity Jane, also portray a romance between Calamity Jane and Hickok. In the film version, Howard Keel co-stars as Hickok to Doris Day's Calamity Jane. The White Buffalo (1977), starring Charles Bronson as Hickok, tells a tale of Hickok's hunt for a murderous white buffalo that follows him in his nightmares.", "The White Buffalo (1977), starring Charles Bronson as Hickok, tells a tale of Hickok's hunt for a murderous white buffalo that follows him in his nightmares. A highly fictional film account of Hickok's later years and death, titled Wild Bill (1995), stars Jeff Bridges as Hickok and David Arquette as Jack McCall, and was written and directed by Walter Hill.", "A highly fictional film account of Hickok's later years and death, titled Wild Bill (1995), stars Jeff Bridges as Hickok and David Arquette as Jack McCall, and was written and directed by Walter Hill. A semifictionalized version of Hickok's time as marshal of Abilene Kansas, titled Hickok (2017), stars Luke Hemsworth as Hickok, Trace Adkins as the Bull's Head Saloon keeper Phil Coe, Kris Kristofferson as Abilene mayor George Knox, and Kaiwi Lyman-Mersereau as John Wesley Hardin.", "A semifictionalized version of Hickok's time as marshal of Abilene Kansas, titled Hickok (2017), stars Luke Hemsworth as Hickok, Trace Adkins as the Bull's Head Saloon keeper Phil Coe, Kris Kristofferson as Abilene mayor George Knox, and Kaiwi Lyman-Mersereau as John Wesley Hardin. It was written by Michael Lanahan and directed by Timothy Woodward Jr. In the early 1990s ABC television series Young Riders, a fictional account of Pony Express riders, Hickok is portrayed by Josh Brolin.", "In the early 1990s ABC television series Young Riders, a fictional account of Pony Express riders, Hickok is portrayed by Josh Brolin. Hickock is a playable character in the 2018 board game Deadwood 1876 by Façade Games. Memorials and honorable distinctions Hickok's birthplace is now the Wild Bill Hickok Memorial and is a listed historic site under the supervision of the Illinois Historic Preservation Agency. The town of Deadwood, South Dakota, re-enacts Hickok's murder and McCall's capture every summer evening.", "The town of Deadwood, South Dakota, re-enacts Hickok's murder and McCall's capture every summer evening. In 1979, Hickok was inducted into the Poker Hall of Fame. Notes References Works cited Bird, Roy (1979). \"The Custer-Hickok Shootout in Hays City.\" Real West, May 1979. Buel, James Wilson (1881). Heroes of the Plains, or Lives and Adventures of Wild Bill, Buffalo Bill and Other Celebrated Indian Fighters. St. Louis: Historical Publishing.", "St. Louis: Historical Publishing. St. Louis: Historical Publishing. DeMattos, Jack (1980). \"Gunfighters of the Real West: Wild Bill Hickok.\" Real West, June 1980. Hermon, Gregory (1987). \"Wild Bill's Sweetheart: The Life of Mary Jane Owens.\" Real West, February 1987. Matheson, Richard (1996). The Memoirs of Wild Bill Hickok. Jove. . Nichols, George Ward (1867). \"Wild Bill.\"", ". Nichols, George Ward (1867). \"Wild Bill.\" \"Wild Bill.\" Harper's New Monthly Magazine, February 1867. O'Connor, Richard (1959). Wild Bill Hickok. Garden City, New York: Doubleday. Rosa, Joseph G. (1964, 1974). They Called Him Wild Bill: The Life and Adventures of James Butler Hickok. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. . Rosa, Joseph G. (1977).", ". Rosa, Joseph G. (1977). Rosa, Joseph G. (1977). \"George Ward Nichols and the Legend of Wild Bill Hickok.\" Arizona and the West, Summer 1977. Rosa, Joseph G. (1979). \"J.B. Hickok, Deputy U.S. Marshal.\" Kansas History: A Journal of the Central Plains, Winter 1979. Rosa, Joseph G. (1982, 1994). The West of Wild Bill Hickok. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. .", "The West of Wild Bill Hickok. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. . . Rosa, Joseph G. (1982). \"Wild Bill and the Timber Thieves.\" Real West, April 1982. Rosa, Joseph G. (1984). \"The Girl and the Gunfighter: A Newly Discovered Photograph of Wild Bill Hickok.\" Real West, December 1984. Rosa, Joseph G. (1996). Wild Bill Hickok: The Man and His Myth. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas. .", "Wild Bill Hickok: The Man and His Myth. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas. . . Rosa, Joseph G. (2003). Wild Bill Hickok Gunfighter: An Account of Hickok's Gunfights. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. . Turner, Thadd M. Wild Bill Hickok: Deadwood City – End of Trail. Universal Publishers, 2001. Wilstach, Frank Jenners (1926). Wild Bill Hickok: The Prince of Pistoleers. Garden City, New York: Doubleday, Page.", "Garden City, New York: Doubleday, Page. Garden City, New York: Doubleday, Page. External links [Wild Bill Hickok collection] at Nebraska State Historical Society 1837 births 1876 deaths United States Marshals American town marshals Kansas sheriffs American folklore American murder victims American poker players American people of English descent Deaths by firearm in South Dakota Gunslingers of the American Old West Lawmen of the American Old West People from Troy Grove, Illinois People from Leavenworth, Kansas People from Deadwood, South Dakota People murdered in South Dakota American duellists People from Abilene, Kansas Nebraska folklore 1876 murders in the United States Tall tales Poker Hall of Fame inductees Union Army personnel" ]

[ "Wild Bill Hickok", "Duel with Davis Tutt", "What was the relation between Wild Bill Kickok and Duel with Davis Tutt", "Hickok and a local gambler named Davis Tutt had several disagreements over unpaid gambling debts and their mutual affection for the same women." ]

[ "On June 7, 2017, the Bank of the Philippine Islands (BPI) suspended its online transaction and automatic teller machine services amidst reports of money missing from its account holders. There was speculation that BPI was compromised by hackers but the bank claimed that the problem was caused by an internal data processing error. The scope of the issue was nationwide according to the bank and also said that only a small portion of its customers were affected and that most of them were in Metro Manila.\n\nIt was reported that the value of some transactions made from April 27 to May 3, 2017 were doubled. The bank issued a statement that they were resolving the issue and assured that its clients would not lose any money.\n\nBPI's stocks in the Philippine Stock Exchange remained unaffected in response to the incident. Luis Limlingan, head of research and sales at Regina Capital Development Corporation viewed that most investors could have seen the incident as a one-off event that could be resolved. According to Limlingan the real problem was how BPI dealt with its disgruntled customers.\n\nBPI announced that they resolved the issue at 9 p.m. on June 8, 2017. The Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas, the country's central bank, launched a probe on the incident.\n\nSee also\n2012 RBS Group computer system problems\n\nReferences\n\n2010s economic history\nJune 2017 events in the Philippines\nSoftware anomalies\nCorporate scandals", "John Onyaene Dafiewhare was enthroned as the first Bishop of Warri in Delta State, Nigeria, on 28 January 1980.\n\nThe Diocese was inaugurated in 1976, and T. I. Akintayo was chosen as the pioneer bishop, but this met opposition from the diocese and Dafiewhare was consecrated instead by Agori Iwe, the recently retired Bishop of Benin, acting unilaterally. The problem was eventually resolved by the re-consecration of Dafiewhare by the Primate T.O. Olufosoye on 25 January 1980.\n\nDafiewhare died in 1994.\n\nReferences \n\n1994 deaths\nAnglican bishops of Warri\n20th-century Anglican bishops in Nigeria\nNigerian Anglicans\nYear of birth missing" ]

[ "James Butler Hickok (May 27, 1837August 2, 1876), better known as \"Wild Bill\" Hickok, was a folk hero of the American Old West known for his life on the frontier as a soldier, scout, lawman, gambler, showman, and actor, and for his involvement in many famous gunfights. He earned a great deal of notoriety in his own time, much of it bolstered by the many outlandish and often fabricated tales he told about himself.", "He earned a great deal of notoriety in his own time, much of it bolstered by the many outlandish and often fabricated tales he told about himself. Some contemporaneous reports of his exploits are known to be fictitious, but they remain the basis of much of his fame and reputation. Hickok was born and raised on a farm in northern Illinois at a time when lawlessness and vigilante activity was rampant because of the influence of the \"Banditti of the Prairie\".", "Hickok was born and raised on a farm in northern Illinois at a time when lawlessness and vigilante activity was rampant because of the influence of the \"Banditti of the Prairie\". Drawn to this ruffian lifestyle, he headed west at age 18 as a fugitive from justice, working as a stagecoach driver and later as a lawman in the frontier territories of Kansas and Nebraska.", "Drawn to this ruffian lifestyle, he headed west at age 18 as a fugitive from justice, working as a stagecoach driver and later as a lawman in the frontier territories of Kansas and Nebraska. He fought and spied for the Union Army during the American Civil War and gained publicity after the war as a scout, marksman, actor, and professional gambler. He was involved in several notable shootouts during the course of his life.", "He was involved in several notable shootouts during the course of his life. In 1876, Hickok was shot and killed while playing poker in a saloon in Deadwood, Dakota Territory (present-day South Dakota) by Jack McCall, an unsuccessful gambler. The hand of cards which he supposedly held at the time of his death has become known as the dead man's hand: two pairs; black aces and eights. Hickok remains a popular figure of frontier history.", "Hickok remains a popular figure of frontier history. Hickok remains a popular figure of frontier history. Many historic sites and monuments commemorate his life, and he has been depicted numerous times in literature, film, and television. He is chiefly portrayed as a protagonist, although historical accounts of his actions are often controversial, and much of his career is known to have been exaggerated both by himself and by contemporary mythmakers.", "He is chiefly portrayed as a protagonist, although historical accounts of his actions are often controversial, and much of his career is known to have been exaggerated both by himself and by contemporary mythmakers. While Hickok claimed to have killed numerous named and unnamed gunmen in his lifetime, his career as a gunfighter only lasted from 1861 to 1871. According to Joseph G. Rosa, Hickok's biographer and the foremost authority on Wild Bill, Hickok killed only six or seven men in gunfights.", "According to Joseph G. Rosa, Hickok's biographer and the foremost authority on Wild Bill, Hickok killed only six or seven men in gunfights. Early life James Butler Hickok was born May 27, 1837, in Homer, Illinois, (present-day Troy Grove, Illinois) to William Alonzo Hickok, a farmer and abolitionist, and his wife, Polly Butler. Hickok was of English ancestry. James was the fourth of six children.", "James was the fourth of six children. James was the fourth of six children. His father was said to have used the family house, now demolished, as a station on the Underground Railroad. William Hickok died in 1852, when James was 15. Hickok was a good shot from a young age, and was recognized locally as an outstanding marksman with a pistol. Photographs of Hickok appear to depict dark hair, but all contemporaneous descriptions affirm that it was red.", "Photographs of Hickok appear to depict dark hair, but all contemporaneous descriptions affirm that it was red. In 1855, at age 18, James Hickok fled Illinois following a fight with Charles Hudson, during which both fell into a canal; each thought, mistakenly, that he had killed the other. Hickok moved to Leavenworth in the Kansas Territory, where he joined Jim Lane's Free State Army (also known as the Jayhawkers), an antislavery vigilante group active in the new territory during the Bleeding Kansas era.", "Hickok moved to Leavenworth in the Kansas Territory, where he joined Jim Lane's Free State Army (also known as the Jayhawkers), an antislavery vigilante group active in the new territory during the Bleeding Kansas era. While a Jayhawker, he met 12-year-old William Cody (later known as \"Buffalo Bill\"), who, despite his youth, served as a scout just two years later for the U.S. Army during the Utah War.", "While a Jayhawker, he met 12-year-old William Cody (later known as \"Buffalo Bill\"), who, despite his youth, served as a scout just two years later for the U.S. Army during the Utah War. Nicknames Hickok used his late father's name, William Hickok, from 1858, and the name William Haycock during the American Civil War. Most newspapers referred to him as William Haycock until 1869. He was arrested while using the name Haycock in 1865.", "He was arrested while using the name Haycock in 1865. He afterward resumed using his given name, James Hickok. Military records after 1865 list him as Hickok, but note that he was also known as Haycock. In an 1867 article about his shootout with Davis Tutt, his surname was misspelled as Hitchcock. While in Nebraska, Hickok was derisively referred to by one man as \"Duck Bill\" for his long nose and protruding lips.", "While in Nebraska, Hickok was derisively referred to by one man as \"Duck Bill\" for his long nose and protruding lips. He was also known before 1861 among Jayhawkers as \"Shanghai Bill\" because of his height and slim build. He grew a moustache following the McCanles incident, and in 1861 began calling himself \"Wild Bill\". Early career In 1857, Hickok claimed a tract in Johnson County, Kansas, near present-day Lenexa.", "Early career In 1857, Hickok claimed a tract in Johnson County, Kansas, near present-day Lenexa. On March 22, 1858, he was elected one of the first four constables of Monticello Township. In 1859, he joined the Russell, Majors and Waddell freight company, the parent company of the Pony Express. In 1860, Hickok was badly injured, possibly by a bear, while driving a freight team from Independence, Missouri, to Santa Fe, New Mexico.", "In 1860, Hickok was badly injured, possibly by a bear, while driving a freight team from Independence, Missouri, to Santa Fe, New Mexico. According to Hickok's account, he found the road blocked by a cinnamon bear and its two cubs. Dismounting, he approached the bear and fired a shot into its head, but the bullet ricocheted off its skull, infuriating it. The bear attacked, crushing Hickok with its body. Hickok managed to fire another shot, wounding the bear's paw.", "Hickok managed to fire another shot, wounding the bear's paw. The bear then grabbed his arm in its mouth, but Hickok was able to grab his knife and slash its throat, killing it. Hickok was severely injured, with a crushed chest, shoulder, and arm. He was bedridden for four months before being sent to Rock Creek Station in the Nebraska Territory to work as a stable hand while he recovered.", "He was bedridden for four months before being sent to Rock Creek Station in the Nebraska Territory to work as a stable hand while he recovered. There, the freight company had built a stagecoach stop along the Oregon Trail near Fairbury, Nebraska, on land purchased from David McCanles. McCanles shooting On July 12, 1861, David McCanles went to the Rock Creek Station office to demand an overdue property payment from Horace Wellman, the station manager.", "McCanles shooting On July 12, 1861, David McCanles went to the Rock Creek Station office to demand an overdue property payment from Horace Wellman, the station manager. McCanles reportedly threatened Wellman, and either Wellman or Hickok, who was hiding behind a curtain, killed McCanles. Hickok, Wellman, and another employee, J.W. Brink, were tried for killing McCanles, but were found to have acted in self-defense. McCanles may have been the first man Hickok killed.", "McCanles may have been the first man Hickok killed. McCanles may have been the first man Hickok killed. Hickok subsequently visited McCanles' widow, apologized for the killing, and offered her $35 in restitution, all the money he had with him at the time. Civil War service After the Civil War broke out in April 1861, Hickok became a teamster for the Union Army in Sedalia, Missouri.", "Civil War service After the Civil War broke out in April 1861, Hickok became a teamster for the Union Army in Sedalia, Missouri. By the end of 1861, he was a wagon master, but in September 1862, he was discharged for unknown reasons. He then joined General James Henry Lane's Kansas Brigade, and while serving with the brigade, saw his friend Buffalo Bill Cody, who was serving as a scout.", "He then joined General James Henry Lane's Kansas Brigade, and while serving with the brigade, saw his friend Buffalo Bill Cody, who was serving as a scout. In late 1863, Hickok worked for the provost marshal of southwest Missouri as a member of the Springfield detective police. His work included identifying and counting the number of troops in uniform who were drinking while on duty, verifying hotel liquor licenses, and tracking down individuals who owed money to the cash-strapped Union Army.", "His work included identifying and counting the number of troops in uniform who were drinking while on duty, verifying hotel liquor licenses, and tracking down individuals who owed money to the cash-strapped Union Army. Buffalo Bill claimed that he encountered Hickok disguised as a Confederate officer in Missouri in 1864. Hickok had not been paid for some time, and was hired as a scout by General John B. Sanborn by early 1865. In June, Hickok mustered out and went to Springfield, where he gambled.", "In June, Hickok mustered out and went to Springfield, where he gambled. The 1883 History of Greene County, Missouri described him as \"by nature a ruffian ... a drunken, swaggering fellow, who delighted when 'on a spree' to frighten nervous men and timid women.\" Lawman and scout Duel with Davis Tutt While in Springfield, Hickok and a local gambler named Davis Tutt had several disagreements over unpaid gambling debts and their mutual affection for the same women.", "Lawman and scout Duel with Davis Tutt While in Springfield, Hickok and a local gambler named Davis Tutt had several disagreements over unpaid gambling debts and their mutual affection for the same women. Hickok lost a gold watch to Tutt in a poker game. The watch had great sentimental value to Hickok, so he asked Tutt not to wear it in public. They initially agreed not to fight over the watch, but when Hickok saw Tutt wearing it, he warned him to stay away.", "They initially agreed not to fight over the watch, but when Hickok saw Tutt wearing it, he warned him to stay away. On July 21, 1865, the two men faced off in Springfield's town square, standing sideways before drawing and firing their weapons. Their quick-draw duel was recorded as the first of its kind. Tutt's shot missed, but Hickok's struck Tutt through the heart from about away. Tutt called out, \"Boys, I'm killed\", before he collapsed and died.", "Tutt called out, \"Boys, I'm killed\", before he collapsed and died. Two days later, Hickok was arrested for murder. The charge was later reduced to manslaughter. He was released on $2,000 bail and stood trial on August 3, 1865. At the end of the trial, Judge Sempronius H. Boyd told the jury they could not find Hickok acted in self-defense if he could have reasonably avoided the fight.", "At the end of the trial, Judge Sempronius H. Boyd told the jury they could not find Hickok acted in self-defense if he could have reasonably avoided the fight. However, if they felt the threat of danger was real and imminent, he instructed they could apply the unwritten law of the \"fair fight\" and acquit. The jury voted to clear Hickok, resulting in public backlash and criticism of the verdict.", "The jury voted to clear Hickok, resulting in public backlash and criticism of the verdict. Several weeks later, an interview Hickok gave to Colonel George Ward Nichols, a journalist who subsequently became known as the creator of the Hickok legend, was published in Harper's New Monthly Magazine. Under the name \"Wild Bill Hitchcock\", the article recounted the \"hundreds\" of men whom Hickok had personally killed and other exaggerated exploits. The article was controversial wherever Hickok was known, and several frontier newspapers wrote rebuttals.", "The article was controversial wherever Hickok was known, and several frontier newspapers wrote rebuttals. Deputy U.S. marshal in Kansas In September 1865, Hickok came in second in the election for city marshal of Springfield. Leaving Springfield, he was recommended for the position of deputy federal marshal at Fort Riley, Kansas. This was during the Indian Wars, in which Hickok sometimes served as a scout for General George A. Custer's 7th Cavalry.", "This was during the Indian Wars, in which Hickok sometimes served as a scout for General George A. Custer's 7th Cavalry. In 1865, Hickok recruited six Native Americans and three cowboys to accompany him to Niagara Falls, where he put on an outdoor demonstration called The Daring Buffalo Chasers of the Plains. Since the event was outdoors, he could not compel people to pay, and the venture was a financial failure.", "Since the event was outdoors, he could not compel people to pay, and the venture was a financial failure. The show featured six buffalo, a bear, and a monkey, and one show ended in disaster when a buffalo refused to act, prompting Hickok to fire a bullet into the sky. This angered the buffalo and panicked audience members, causing the animals to break free of their wire fencing and chase audience members, some of whom were trampled. The incident helped contribute to the overall failure of the show.", "The incident helped contribute to the overall failure of the show. Henry M. Stanley, of the Weekly Missouri Democrat, reported Hickok to be \"an inveterate hater of Indian People\", perhaps to enhance his reputation as a scout and American fighter, but separating fact from fiction is difficult considering his recruitment of Indians to cross the nation to appear in his own Wild West show.", "Henry M. Stanley, of the Weekly Missouri Democrat, reported Hickok to be \"an inveterate hater of Indian People\", perhaps to enhance his reputation as a scout and American fighter, but separating fact from fiction is difficult considering his recruitment of Indians to cross the nation to appear in his own Wild West show. Witnesses confirm that while working as a scout at Fort Harker, Kansas, on May 11, 1867, Hickok was attacked by a large group of Indians, who fled after he shot and killed two.", "Witnesses confirm that while working as a scout at Fort Harker, Kansas, on May 11, 1867, Hickok was attacked by a large group of Indians, who fled after he shot and killed two. In July, Hickok told a newspaper reporter that he had led several soldiers in pursuit of Indians who had killed four men near the fort on July 2. He reported returning with five prisoners after killing 10.", "He reported returning with five prisoners after killing 10. He reported returning with five prisoners after killing 10. Witnesses confirm that the story was true to the extent the party had set out to find whoever had killed the four men, but the group returned to the fort \"without nary a dead Indian, [never] even seeing a live one\". In December 1867, newspapers reported that Hickok had come to stay in Hays City, Kansas.", "In December 1867, newspapers reported that Hickok had come to stay in Hays City, Kansas. He became a deputy U.S. marshal, and on March 28, 1868, he picked up 11 Union Army deserters who had been charged with stealing government property. Hickok was assigned to bring the men to Topeka for trial, and he requested a military escort from Fort Hays. He was assigned Buffalo Bill Cody, a sergeant, and five privates. They arrived in Topeka on April 2.", "They arrived in Topeka on April 2. They arrived in Topeka on April 2. Hickok remained in Hays through August 1868, when he brought 200 Cheyenne Indians to Hays to be viewed by \"excursionists\". On September 1, 1868, Hickok was in Lincoln County, Kansas, where he was hired as a scout by the 10th Cavalry Regiment, a segregated African-American unit. On September 4, Hickok was wounded in the foot while rescuing several cattlemen in the Bijou Creek basin who had been surrounded by Indians.", "On September 4, Hickok was wounded in the foot while rescuing several cattlemen in the Bijou Creek basin who had been surrounded by Indians. The 10th Regiment arrived at Fort Lyon in Colorado in October and remained there for the rest of 1868. Marshal of Hays, Kansas In July 1869, Hickok returned to Hays and was elected city marshal of Hays and sheriff of Ellis County, Kansas, in a special election held on August 23, 1869. Three sheriffs had quit during the previous 18 months.", "Three sheriffs had quit during the previous 18 months. Three sheriffs had quit during the previous 18 months. Hickok may have been acting sheriff before he was elected; a newspaper reported that he arrested offenders on August 18, and the commander of Fort Hays wrote a letter to the assistant adjutant general on August 21 in which he praised Hickok for his work in apprehending deserters.", "Hickok may have been acting sheriff before he was elected; a newspaper reported that he arrested offenders on August 18, and the commander of Fort Hays wrote a letter to the assistant adjutant general on August 21 in which he praised Hickok for his work in apprehending deserters. The regular county election was held on November 2, 1869, and Hickok, running as an independent, lost to his deputy, Peter Lanihan, running as a Democrat; even so, Hickok and Lanihan remained sheriff and deputy, respectively.", "The regular county election was held on November 2, 1869, and Hickok, running as an independent, lost to his deputy, Peter Lanihan, running as a Democrat; even so, Hickok and Lanihan remained sheriff and deputy, respectively. Hickok accused a J.V. Macintosh of irregularities and misconduct during the election. On December 9, Hickok and Lanihan both served legal papers on Macintosh, and local newspapers acknowledged that Hickok had guardianship of Hays City.", "On December 9, Hickok and Lanihan both served legal papers on Macintosh, and local newspapers acknowledged that Hickok had guardianship of Hays City. Killings as sheriff In September 1869, his first month as sheriff, Hickok killed two men. The first was Bill Mulvey, who was rampaging through town, drunk, shooting out mirrors and whisky bottles behind bars. Citizens warned Mulvey to behave, because Hickok was sheriff. Mulvey angrily declared that he had come to town to kill Hickok.", "Mulvey angrily declared that he had come to town to kill Hickok. When he saw Hickok, he leveled his cocked rifle at him. Hickok waved his hand past Mulvey at some onlookers and yelled, \"Don't shoot him in the back; he is drunk.\" Mulvey wheeled his horse around to face those who might shoot him from behind, and before he realized he had been fooled, Hickok shot him through the temple.", "Mulvey wheeled his horse around to face those who might shoot him from behind, and before he realized he had been fooled, Hickok shot him through the temple. The second killed by Hickok was Samuel Strawhun, a cowboy, who was causing a disturbance in a saloon at 1:00 am on September 27, when Hickok and Lanihan went to the scene. Strawhun \"made remarks against Hickok\", and Hickok killed him with a shot through the head. Hickok said he had \"tried to restore order\".", "Hickok said he had \"tried to restore order\". At the coroner's inquest into Strawhun's death, despite \"very contradictory\" evidence from witnesses, the jury found the shooting justifiable. On July 17, 1870, Hickok was attacked by two troopers from the 7th U.S. Cavalry, Jeremiah Lonergan and John Kyle (sometimes spelled Kile), in a saloon. Lonergan pinned Hickok to the ground, and Kyle put his gun to Hickok's ear.", "Lonergan pinned Hickok to the ground, and Kyle put his gun to Hickok's ear. When Kyle's weapon misfired, Hickok shot Lonergan, wounding him in the knee, and shot Kyle twice, killing him. Hickok lost his re-election bid to his deputy. Marshal of Abilene, Kansas On April 15, 1871, Hickok became marshal of Abilene, Kansas. He replaced Tom \"Bear River\" Smith, who had been killed while serving an arrest warrant on November 2, 1870.", "He replaced Tom \"Bear River\" Smith, who had been killed while serving an arrest warrant on November 2, 1870. Outlaw John Wesley Hardin arrived in Abilene at the end of a cattle drive in early 1871. Hardin was a well-known gunfighter, and is known to have killed more than 27 men.", "Hardin was a well-known gunfighter, and is known to have killed more than 27 men. In his 1895 autobiography, published after his death, Hardin claimed to have been befriended by Hickok, the newly elected town marshal, after he had disarmed the marshal using the road agent's spin, but Hardin was known to exaggerate. In any case, Hardin appeared to have thought highly of Hickok. Hickok later said he did not know that \"Wesley Clemmons\" was Hardin's alias, and that he was a wanted outlaw.", "Hickok later said he did not know that \"Wesley Clemmons\" was Hardin's alias, and that he was a wanted outlaw. He told Clemmons (Hardin) to stay out of trouble in Abilene and asked him to hand over his guns, and Hardin complied. Hardin alleged that when his cousin, Mannen Clements, was jailed for the killing of two cowhands Joe and Dolph Shadden in July 1871, Hickok – at Hardin's request – arranged for his escape.", "Hardin alleged that when his cousin, Mannen Clements, was jailed for the killing of two cowhands Joe and Dolph Shadden in July 1871, Hickok – at Hardin's request – arranged for his escape. In August 1871, Hickok sought to arrest Hardin for killing Charles Couger in an Abilene hotel \"for snoring too loud\". Hardin left Kansas before Hickok could arrest him. A newspaper reported, \"A man was killed in his bed at a hotel in Abilene, Monday night, by a desperado called Arkansas.", "A newspaper reported, \"A man was killed in his bed at a hotel in Abilene, Monday night, by a desperado called Arkansas. The murderer escaped. This was his sixth murder.\" Shootout with Phil Coe Hickok and Phil Coe, a saloon owner and acquaintance of Hardin's, had a dispute that resulted in a shootout. The Bull's Head Saloon in Abilene had been established by gambler Ben Thompson and Coe, his partner, businessman, and fellow gambler.", "The Bull's Head Saloon in Abilene had been established by gambler Ben Thompson and Coe, his partner, businessman, and fellow gambler. The two entrepreneurs had painted a picture of a bull with a large erect penis on the side of their establishment as an advertisement. Citizens of the town complained to Hickok, who requested that Thompson and Coe remove the image. They refused, so Hickok altered it himself.", "They refused, so Hickok altered it himself. They refused, so Hickok altered it himself. Infuriated, Thompson tried to incite John Wesley Hardin to kill Hickok by exclaiming to Hardin that \"He's a damn Yankee. Picks on rebels, especially Texans, to kill.\" Hardin was in town under his assumed name Wesley Clemmons, but was better known to the townspeople by the alias \"Little Arkansas\".", "Hardin was in town under his assumed name Wesley Clemmons, but was better known to the townspeople by the alias \"Little Arkansas\". He seemed to have respect for Hickok's abilities and replied, \"If Bill needs killing, why don't you kill him yourself?\" Hoping to intimidate Hickok, Coe allegedly stated that he could \"kill a crow on the wing\". Hickok's retort is one of the West's most famous sayings (though possibly apocryphal): \"Did the crow have a pistol?", "Hickok's retort is one of the West's most famous sayings (though possibly apocryphal): \"Did the crow have a pistol? Was he shooting back? I will be.\" On October 5, 1871, Hickok was standing off a crowd during a street brawl when Coe fired two shots. Hickok ordered him to be arrested for firing a pistol within the city limits. Coe claimed that he was shooting at a stray dog, and then suddenly turned his gun on Hickok, who fired first and killed Coe.", "Coe claimed that he was shooting at a stray dog, and then suddenly turned his gun on Hickok, who fired first and killed Coe. In another account of the Coe shootout: Theophilus Little, the mayor of Abilene and owner of the town's lumber yard, recorded his time in Abilene by writing in a notebook, which was ultimately given to the Abilene Historical Society.", "In another account of the Coe shootout: Theophilus Little, the mayor of Abilene and owner of the town's lumber yard, recorded his time in Abilene by writing in a notebook, which was ultimately given to the Abilene Historical Society. Writing in 1911, he detailed his admiration for Hickok and included a paragraph on the shooting that differs considerably from the reported account: After shooting Coe, Hickok caught a glimpse of someone running toward him and quickly fired two more shots in reaction, accidentally shooting and killing Abilene Special Deputy Marshal Mike Williams, who was coming to his aid.", "Writing in 1911, he detailed his admiration for Hickok and included a paragraph on the shooting that differs considerably from the reported account: After shooting Coe, Hickok caught a glimpse of someone running toward him and quickly fired two more shots in reaction, accidentally shooting and killing Abilene Special Deputy Marshal Mike Williams, who was coming to his aid. This was the last time Hickok was ever involved in a gunfight; the accidental death of Deputy Williams was an event that haunted Hickok for the remainder of his life.", "This was the last time Hickok was ever involved in a gunfight; the accidental death of Deputy Williams was an event that haunted Hickok for the remainder of his life. Hickok was relieved of his duties as marshal less than two months after the accidental shooting, this incident being only one of a series of questionable shootings and claims of misconduct during his career. Later life In 1873, Buffalo Bill Cody and Texas Jack Omohundro invited Hickok to join their troupe after their earlier success.", "Later life In 1873, Buffalo Bill Cody and Texas Jack Omohundro invited Hickok to join their troupe after their earlier success. Hickok did not enjoy acting, and often hid behind scenery. In one show, he shot the spotlight when it focused on him. He was released from the group after a few months. In 1876, Hickok was diagnosed by a doctor in Kansas City, Missouri, with glaucoma and ophthalmia.", "In 1876, Hickok was diagnosed by a doctor in Kansas City, Missouri, with glaucoma and ophthalmia. Although he was just 39, his marksmanship and health were apparently in decline, and he had been arrested several times for vagrancy, despite earning a good income from gambling and displays of showmanship only a few years earlier. Marriages On March 5, 1876, Hickok married Agnes Thatcher Lake, a 50-year-old circus proprietor in Cheyenne, Wyoming Territory.", "Marriages On March 5, 1876, Hickok married Agnes Thatcher Lake, a 50-year-old circus proprietor in Cheyenne, Wyoming Territory. Hickok left his new bride a few months later, joining Charlie Utter's wagon train to seek his fortune in the gold fields of South Dakota.", "Hickok left his new bride a few months later, joining Charlie Utter's wagon train to seek his fortune in the gold fields of South Dakota. Shortly before Hickok's death, he wrote a letter to his new wife, which read in part, \"Agnes Darling, if such should be we never meet again, while firing my last shot, I will gently breathe the name of my wife—Agnes—and with wishes even for my enemies I will make the plunge and try to swim to the other shore.\"", "Shortly before Hickok's death, he wrote a letter to his new wife, which read in part, \"Agnes Darling, if such should be we never meet again, while firing my last shot, I will gently breathe the name of my wife—Agnes—and with wishes even for my enemies I will make the plunge and try to swim to the other shore.\" Martha Jane Cannary, known popularly as Calamity Jane, claimed in her autobiography that she was married to Hickok and had divorced him so he could be free to marry Agnes Lake, but no records have been found that support her account.", "Martha Jane Cannary, known popularly as Calamity Jane, claimed in her autobiography that she was married to Hickok and had divorced him so he could be free to marry Agnes Lake, but no records have been found that support her account. The two possibly met for the first time after Jane was released from the guardhouse in Fort Laramie and joined the wagon train in which Hickok was traveling. The wagon train arrived in Deadwood in July 1876.", "The wagon train arrived in Deadwood in July 1876. The wagon train arrived in Deadwood in July 1876. Jane confirmed this account in an 1896 newspaper interview, although she claimed she had been hospitalized with illness rather than in the guardhouse. Death On August 1, 1876, Hickok was playing poker at Nuttal & Mann's Saloon No. 10 in Deadwood, Dakota Territory. When a seat opened up at the table, a drunk man named Jack McCall sat down to play. McCall lost heavily.", "McCall lost heavily. McCall lost heavily. Hickok encouraged McCall to quit the game until he could cover his losses and offered to give him money for breakfast. Although McCall accepted the money, he was apparently insulted. The next day, Hickok was playing poker again. He usually sat with his back to a wall so he could see the entrance, but the only seat available when he joined the game was a chair facing away from the door.", "He usually sat with his back to a wall so he could see the entrance, but the only seat available when he joined the game was a chair facing away from the door. He twice asked another man at the table, Charles Rich, to change seats with him, but Rich refused. McCall then entered the saloon, walked up behind Hickok, drew his Colt Model 1873 Single Action Army .45-caliber revolver, and shouted, \"Damn you! Take that!\"", "Take that!\" Take that!\" before shooting Hickok in the back of the head at point-blank range. Hickok died instantly. The bullet emerged through his right cheek and struck another player, riverboat Captain William Massie, in the left wrist. Hickok may have told his friend Charlie Utter and others who were traveling with them that he thought he would be killed while in Deadwood. Hickok was playing five-card stud or five-card draw when he was shot.", "Hickok was playing five-card stud or five-card draw when he was shot. He was holding two pairs: black aces and black eights (although there is some dispute as to the suit of one of the aces, diamond vs. spade) as his \"up cards\", which has since become widely known as the \"dead man's hand\". The identity of the fifth card (his \"hole card\") is also the subject of debate.", "The identity of the fifth card (his \"hole card\") is also the subject of debate. Jack McCall's two trials McCall's motive for killing Hickok is the subject of speculation, largely concerning McCall's anger at Hickok's having given him money for breakfast the day before, after McCall had lost heavily. McCall was summoned before an informal \"miners' jury\" (an ad hoc local group of miners and businessmen).", "McCall was summoned before an informal \"miners' jury\" (an ad hoc local group of miners and businessmen). He claimed he was avenging Hickok's earlier slaying of his brother, which may have been true; a man named Lew McCall had indeed been killed by an unknown lawman in Abilene, Kansas, but whether or not the two McCall men were related is unknown.", "He claimed he was avenging Hickok's earlier slaying of his brother, which may have been true; a man named Lew McCall had indeed been killed by an unknown lawman in Abilene, Kansas, but whether or not the two McCall men were related is unknown. McCall was acquitted of the murder, which prompted editorializing in the Black Hills Pioneer: \"Should it ever be our misfortune to kill a man ... we would simply ask that our trial may take place in some of the mining camps of these hills.\"", "McCall was acquitted of the murder, which prompted editorializing in the Black Hills Pioneer: \"Should it ever be our misfortune to kill a man ... we would simply ask that our trial may take place in some of the mining camps of these hills.\" Calamity Jane is reputed to have led a mob that threatened McCall with lynching, but at the time of Hickok's death, Jane was actually being held by military authorities. After bragging about killing Hickok, McCall was rearrested.", "After bragging about killing Hickok, McCall was rearrested. After bragging about killing Hickok, McCall was rearrested. The second trial was not considered double jeopardy because of the irregular jury in the first trial and because Deadwood was at the time in unorganized Indian country. The new trial was held in Yankton, the capital of the Dakota Territory. Hickok's brother, Lorenzo Butler, traveled from Illinois to attend the retrial. McCall was found guilty and sentenced to death.", "McCall was found guilty and sentenced to death. McCall was found guilty and sentenced to death. Leander Richardson, a reporter, interviewed McCall shortly before his execution, and wrote an article about him for the April 1877 issue of Scribner's Monthly. Lorenzo Butler Hickok spoke with McCall after the trial, and said McCall showed no remorse. Jack McCall was hanged on March 1, 1877, and buried in a Roman Catholic cemetery.", "Jack McCall was hanged on March 1, 1877, and buried in a Roman Catholic cemetery. The cemetery was moved in 1881, and when McCall's body was exhumed, the noose was found still around his neck.", "The cemetery was moved in 1881, and when McCall's body was exhumed, the noose was found still around his neck. Burial Charlie Utter, Hickok's friend and companion, claimed Hickok's body and placed a notice in the local newspaper, the Black Hills Pioneer, which read: Almost the entire town attended the funeral, and Utter had Hickok buried with a wooden grave marker reading: Hickok is known to have fatally shot six men and is suspected of having killed a seventh (McCanles).", "Burial Charlie Utter, Hickok's friend and companion, claimed Hickok's body and placed a notice in the local newspaper, the Black Hills Pioneer, which read: Almost the entire town attended the funeral, and Utter had Hickok buried with a wooden grave marker reading: Hickok is known to have fatally shot six men and is suspected of having killed a seventh (McCanles). Despite his reputation, Hickok was buried in the Ingelside Cemetery, Deadwood's original graveyard.", "Despite his reputation, Hickok was buried in the Ingelside Cemetery, Deadwood's original graveyard. This cemetery filled quickly, and in 1879, on the third anniversary of Hickok's original burial, Utter paid to move Hickok's remains to the new Mount Moriah Cemetery. Utter supervised the move and noted that, while perfectly preserved, Hickok had been imperfectly embalmed. As a result, calcium carbonate from the surrounding soil had replaced the flesh, leading to petrifaction.", "As a result, calcium carbonate from the surrounding soil had replaced the flesh, leading to petrifaction. One of the workers, Joseph McLintock, wrote a detailed description of the reinterment. McLintock used a cane to tap the body, face, and head, finding no soft tissue anywhere. He noted that the sound was similar to tapping a brick wall and believed the remains weighed more than . William Austin, the cemetery caretaker, estimated . This made it difficult for the men to carry the remains to the new site.", "This made it difficult for the men to carry the remains to the new site. The original wooden grave marker was moved to the new site, but by 1891, it had been destroyed by souvenir hunters whittling pieces from it, and it was replaced with a statue. This, in turn, was destroyed by souvenir hunters and replaced in 1902 by a life-sized sandstone sculpture of Hickok. This, too, was badly defaced, and was then enclosed in a cage for protection.", "This, too, was badly defaced, and was then enclosed in a cage for protection. The enclosure was cut open by souvenir hunters in the 1950s, and the statue was removed. Hickok is currently interred in a square plot at the Mount Moriah Cemetery, surrounded by a cast-iron fence, with a U.S. flag flying nearby. As of 2020, the flag is no longer flown. A monument has been built there. Calamity Jane was reported to have been buried next to Hickok according to her dying wish.", "Calamity Jane was reported to have been buried next to Hickok according to her dying wish. Four of the men on the self-appointed committee who planned Calamity's funeral (Albert Malter, Frank Ankeney, Jim Carson, and Anson Higby) later stated that, since Hickok had \"absolutely no use\" for Jane in this life, they decided to play a posthumous joke on him by laying her to rest by his side.", "Four of the men on the self-appointed committee who planned Calamity's funeral (Albert Malter, Frank Ankeney, Jim Carson, and Anson Higby) later stated that, since Hickok had \"absolutely no use\" for Jane in this life, they decided to play a posthumous joke on him by laying her to rest by his side. Pistols known to have been carried by Hickok Hickok's favorite guns were a pair of Colt 1851 Navy Model (.36 caliber) cap-and-ball revolvers.", "Pistols known to have been carried by Hickok Hickok's favorite guns were a pair of Colt 1851 Navy Model (.36 caliber) cap-and-ball revolvers. They had ivory grips and nickel plating, and were ornately engraved with \"J.B. Hickok–1869\" on the backstrap. He wore his revolvers butt-forward in a belt or sash (when wearing city clothes or buckskins, respectively), and seldom used holsters; he drew the pistols using a \"reverse\", \"twist\", or cavalry draw, as would a cavalryman.", "He wore his revolvers butt-forward in a belt or sash (when wearing city clothes or buckskins, respectively), and seldom used holsters; he drew the pistols using a \"reverse\", \"twist\", or cavalry draw, as would a cavalryman. At the time of his death, Hickok was wearing a Smith & Wesson Model No. 2 Army revolver, a five-shot, single-action, .32-caliber weapon, innovative as one of the first metallic cartridge firearms and favored by many Union officers during the Civil War.", "2 Army revolver, a five-shot, single-action, .32-caliber weapon, innovative as one of the first metallic cartridge firearms and favored by many Union officers during the Civil War. Bonhams auction company offered this pistol at auction on November 18, 2013, in San Francisco, California, described as Hickok's Smith & Wesson No. 2, serial number 29963, a .32 rimfire with a six-inch barrel, blued finish, and varnished rosewood grips.", "2, serial number 29963, a .32 rimfire with a six-inch barrel, blued finish, and varnished rosewood grips. The gun did not sell because the highest bid of $220,000 was less than the reserve set by the gun's owners. In popular culture Hickok has remained one of the most popular and iconic figures of the American Old West, and is still frequently depicted in popular culture, including literature, film, and television.", "In popular culture Hickok has remained one of the most popular and iconic figures of the American Old West, and is still frequently depicted in popular culture, including literature, film, and television. Paramount Pictures' Western silent film Wild Bill Hickok (released on November 18, 1923) was directed by Clifford Smith and stars William S. Hart as Hickok. A print of the film is maintained in the Museum of Modern Art film archive.", "A print of the film is maintained in the Museum of Modern Art film archive. The movie The Plainsman (1936), starring Gary Cooper as Hickok, features the alleged romance between Calamity Jane and him as its main plot line. It is a loose adaptation of Hickok's life, ending with his famous aces-and-eights card hand. A later film (1953) and subsequent stage musical, both titled Calamity Jane, also portray a romance between Calamity Jane and Hickok.", "A later film (1953) and subsequent stage musical, both titled Calamity Jane, also portray a romance between Calamity Jane and Hickok. In the film version, Howard Keel co-stars as Hickok to Doris Day's Calamity Jane. The White Buffalo (1977), starring Charles Bronson as Hickok, tells a tale of Hickok's hunt for a murderous white buffalo that follows him in his nightmares.", "The White Buffalo (1977), starring Charles Bronson as Hickok, tells a tale of Hickok's hunt for a murderous white buffalo that follows him in his nightmares. A highly fictional film account of Hickok's later years and death, titled Wild Bill (1995), stars Jeff Bridges as Hickok and David Arquette as Jack McCall, and was written and directed by Walter Hill.", "A highly fictional film account of Hickok's later years and death, titled Wild Bill (1995), stars Jeff Bridges as Hickok and David Arquette as Jack McCall, and was written and directed by Walter Hill. A semifictionalized version of Hickok's time as marshal of Abilene Kansas, titled Hickok (2017), stars Luke Hemsworth as Hickok, Trace Adkins as the Bull's Head Saloon keeper Phil Coe, Kris Kristofferson as Abilene mayor George Knox, and Kaiwi Lyman-Mersereau as John Wesley Hardin.", "A semifictionalized version of Hickok's time as marshal of Abilene Kansas, titled Hickok (2017), stars Luke Hemsworth as Hickok, Trace Adkins as the Bull's Head Saloon keeper Phil Coe, Kris Kristofferson as Abilene mayor George Knox, and Kaiwi Lyman-Mersereau as John Wesley Hardin. It was written by Michael Lanahan and directed by Timothy Woodward Jr. In the early 1990s ABC television series Young Riders, a fictional account of Pony Express riders, Hickok is portrayed by Josh Brolin.", "In the early 1990s ABC television series Young Riders, a fictional account of Pony Express riders, Hickok is portrayed by Josh Brolin. Hickock is a playable character in the 2018 board game Deadwood 1876 by Façade Games. Memorials and honorable distinctions Hickok's birthplace is now the Wild Bill Hickok Memorial and is a listed historic site under the supervision of the Illinois Historic Preservation Agency. The town of Deadwood, South Dakota, re-enacts Hickok's murder and McCall's capture every summer evening.", "The town of Deadwood, South Dakota, re-enacts Hickok's murder and McCall's capture every summer evening. In 1979, Hickok was inducted into the Poker Hall of Fame. Notes References Works cited Bird, Roy (1979). \"The Custer-Hickok Shootout in Hays City.\" Real West, May 1979. Buel, James Wilson (1881). Heroes of the Plains, or Lives and Adventures of Wild Bill, Buffalo Bill and Other Celebrated Indian Fighters. St. Louis: Historical Publishing.", "St. Louis: Historical Publishing. St. Louis: Historical Publishing. DeMattos, Jack (1980). \"Gunfighters of the Real West: Wild Bill Hickok.\" Real West, June 1980. Hermon, Gregory (1987). \"Wild Bill's Sweetheart: The Life of Mary Jane Owens.\" Real West, February 1987. Matheson, Richard (1996). The Memoirs of Wild Bill Hickok. Jove. . Nichols, George Ward (1867). \"Wild Bill.\"", ". Nichols, George Ward (1867). \"Wild Bill.\" \"Wild Bill.\" Harper's New Monthly Magazine, February 1867. O'Connor, Richard (1959). Wild Bill Hickok. Garden City, New York: Doubleday. Rosa, Joseph G. (1964, 1974). They Called Him Wild Bill: The Life and Adventures of James Butler Hickok. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. . Rosa, Joseph G. (1977).", ". Rosa, Joseph G. (1977). Rosa, Joseph G. (1977). \"George Ward Nichols and the Legend of Wild Bill Hickok.\" Arizona and the West, Summer 1977. Rosa, Joseph G. (1979). \"J.B. Hickok, Deputy U.S. Marshal.\" Kansas History: A Journal of the Central Plains, Winter 1979. Rosa, Joseph G. (1982, 1994). The West of Wild Bill Hickok. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. .", "The West of Wild Bill Hickok. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. . . Rosa, Joseph G. (1982). \"Wild Bill and the Timber Thieves.\" Real West, April 1982. Rosa, Joseph G. (1984). \"The Girl and the Gunfighter: A Newly Discovered Photograph of Wild Bill Hickok.\" Real West, December 1984. Rosa, Joseph G. (1996). Wild Bill Hickok: The Man and His Myth. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas. .", "Wild Bill Hickok: The Man and His Myth. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas. . . Rosa, Joseph G. (2003). Wild Bill Hickok Gunfighter: An Account of Hickok's Gunfights. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. . Turner, Thadd M. Wild Bill Hickok: Deadwood City – End of Trail. Universal Publishers, 2001. Wilstach, Frank Jenners (1926). Wild Bill Hickok: The Prince of Pistoleers. Garden City, New York: Doubleday, Page.", "Garden City, New York: Doubleday, Page. Garden City, New York: Doubleday, Page. External links [Wild Bill Hickok collection] at Nebraska State Historical Society 1837 births 1876 deaths United States Marshals American town marshals Kansas sheriffs American folklore American murder victims American poker players American people of English descent Deaths by firearm in South Dakota Gunslingers of the American Old West Lawmen of the American Old West People from Troy Grove, Illinois People from Leavenworth, Kansas People from Deadwood, South Dakota People murdered in South Dakota American duellists People from Abilene, Kansas Nebraska folklore 1876 murders in the United States Tall tales Poker Hall of Fame inductees Union Army personnel" ]

[ "Wild Bill Hickok", "Duel with Davis Tutt", "What was the relation between Wild Bill Kickok and Duel with Davis Tutt", "Hickok and a local gambler named Davis Tutt had several disagreements over unpaid gambling debts and their mutual affection for the same women.", "How was the problem resolved?", "On July 21, 1865, the two men faced off in Springfield's town square,", "Which other person do Bill have a disagreement with?", "Under the name \"Wild Bill Hitchcock\" [sic], the article recounted the \"hundreds\" of men whom Hickok had personally killed and other exaggerated exploits." ]

[ "In Israel, the Leader of the Opposition (, Rosh HaOpozitzya) is the politician who leads the Official Opposition in the Knesset, the Israeli parliament. The Leader of the Opposition is, by convention, the leader of the largest political party in the Knesset that is not in (or supports) the government.\n\nHistory\n\nInformal role, until 2000\nUntil 2000, the role of the Opposition Leader was not an official position, but rather an honorary role. The Leader of the Opposition was the leader of the largest party not in government. This was either Likud or Labor, with short exceptions during national unity governments of 1967–1970 and 1984–1990.\n\nEven with the absence of a law defining the role of the Opposition Leader, it was customary for the Prime Minister to hold regular meetings with the leader of the largest opposition party. However, it was carried out only at the prerogative of the Prime Minister.\n\nFormalised role, post-2000\nIn early 2000, two bills to amend the Opposition Leader's status were submitted to the Knesset, one by the government and one by MK Uzi Landau. The bills were merged into one amendment, and on 17 July 2000, the Knesset approved Amendment 8 to the \"Knesset Law\" of 1994, adding chapter 6 that outlined the role of the Leader of the Opposition. The law stipulates the selection of the Opposition Leader, the method of their replacement, regulates their ceremonial role in various official events, and obliges the prime minister to update them once a month. The law also stipulates that the Opposition Leader's salary will be determined by Knesset committee, and shall not be lower than a salary of a Cabinet minister.\n\nList of Opposition leaders\n\nLeaders of the largest opposition party\n\nDesignated Opposition Leaders \nAfter Amendment 8 to the \"Knesset law\" of 1994 was passed, the Leader of the Opposition became the person elected by the largest faction of the opposition.\n\nNotes\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nChapter 6: Leader of the Opposition, The Knesset law of 1994 Wikisource \n\nGovernment of Israel\nPolitics of Israel\nIsrael\nParliamentary opposition\nLists of political office-holders in Israel", "The Constitution of Ireland has been amended 32 times since its adoption in 1937. Numerous other amendment bills have been introduced in Dáil Éireann but were not enacted. These include government bills passed by the Dáil and Seanad but rejected at referendum; bills which the government introduced but later decided not to proceed with; and the rest were private member's bills (PMBs), usually introduced by opposition TDs. No amendment PMBs passed second stage until 2015.\n\nList of amendments\n\nNotes\n\nMissing numbers\nA new bill to amend the constitution is usually named with the ordinal number next after that of the last amendment passed. Multiple pending bills will often use the same number, and be distinguished by year of introduction and/or a parenthetical number or description. However, if the government introduces multiple bills, these are numbered consecutively. There are several gaps in the numbering of passed amendments, corresponding to government bills which did not pass:\nTwelfth Amendments 12, 13, and 14, all relating to abortion, were put to referendums on the same day. The 12th was rejected while the 13th and 14th passed.\nTwenty-second Amendments 21, 22, 23, and 24 were introduced in the Dáil on the same day, with a view to being passed quickly through the Oireachtas. Three proved uncontroversial, but the 22nd was delayed after complaints from opposition parties. By the time the government decided not to proceed with the 22nd bill, the 23rd had passed at referendum.\nTwenty-fourth and Twenty-fifth After the 24th bill was rejected at referendum in 2001, the government decided not to re-use the number when introducing the 25th bill later that year. Similarly, after the 25th was rejected in 2002, the government's next amendment bill was numbered 26 rather than 25 or 24. By contrast, when the 28th amendment bill of 2008 was rejected at referendum, the government chose to re-use the number 28 for the amendment bill passed the following year.\nThirty-second The 32nd and 33rd bills were put to referendum on 4 October 2013; the 32nd was rejected while the 33rd was approved.\nThirty-fifth The government's 35th bill was rejected at a referendum on 22 May 2015. Government amendments 36 and 37 were passed in 2018. The 38th Amendment was a private member's bill introduced in 2016 with number 35, which had its number changed to 38 in 2019 after being accepted by the government, which was passed in May 2019.\n\nReferences\n\nSources\n\nCitations\n\n \nIreland law-related lists\nRepublic of Ireland politics-related lists" ]

[ "James Butler Hickok (May 27, 1837August 2, 1876), better known as \"Wild Bill\" Hickok, was a folk hero of the American Old West known for his life on the frontier as a soldier, scout, lawman, gambler, showman, and actor, and for his involvement in many famous gunfights. He earned a great deal of notoriety in his own time, much of it bolstered by the many outlandish and often fabricated tales he told about himself.", "He earned a great deal of notoriety in his own time, much of it bolstered by the many outlandish and often fabricated tales he told about himself. Some contemporaneous reports of his exploits are known to be fictitious, but they remain the basis of much of his fame and reputation. Hickok was born and raised on a farm in northern Illinois at a time when lawlessness and vigilante activity was rampant because of the influence of the \"Banditti of the Prairie\".", "Hickok was born and raised on a farm in northern Illinois at a time when lawlessness and vigilante activity was rampant because of the influence of the \"Banditti of the Prairie\". Drawn to this ruffian lifestyle, he headed west at age 18 as a fugitive from justice, working as a stagecoach driver and later as a lawman in the frontier territories of Kansas and Nebraska.", "Drawn to this ruffian lifestyle, he headed west at age 18 as a fugitive from justice, working as a stagecoach driver and later as a lawman in the frontier territories of Kansas and Nebraska. He fought and spied for the Union Army during the American Civil War and gained publicity after the war as a scout, marksman, actor, and professional gambler. He was involved in several notable shootouts during the course of his life.", "He was involved in several notable shootouts during the course of his life. In 1876, Hickok was shot and killed while playing poker in a saloon in Deadwood, Dakota Territory (present-day South Dakota) by Jack McCall, an unsuccessful gambler. The hand of cards which he supposedly held at the time of his death has become known as the dead man's hand: two pairs; black aces and eights. Hickok remains a popular figure of frontier history.", "Hickok remains a popular figure of frontier history. Hickok remains a popular figure of frontier history. Many historic sites and monuments commemorate his life, and he has been depicted numerous times in literature, film, and television. He is chiefly portrayed as a protagonist, although historical accounts of his actions are often controversial, and much of his career is known to have been exaggerated both by himself and by contemporary mythmakers.", "He is chiefly portrayed as a protagonist, although historical accounts of his actions are often controversial, and much of his career is known to have been exaggerated both by himself and by contemporary mythmakers. While Hickok claimed to have killed numerous named and unnamed gunmen in his lifetime, his career as a gunfighter only lasted from 1861 to 1871. According to Joseph G. Rosa, Hickok's biographer and the foremost authority on Wild Bill, Hickok killed only six or seven men in gunfights.", "According to Joseph G. Rosa, Hickok's biographer and the foremost authority on Wild Bill, Hickok killed only six or seven men in gunfights. Early life James Butler Hickok was born May 27, 1837, in Homer, Illinois, (present-day Troy Grove, Illinois) to William Alonzo Hickok, a farmer and abolitionist, and his wife, Polly Butler. Hickok was of English ancestry. James was the fourth of six children.", "James was the fourth of six children. James was the fourth of six children. His father was said to have used the family house, now demolished, as a station on the Underground Railroad. William Hickok died in 1852, when James was 15. Hickok was a good shot from a young age, and was recognized locally as an outstanding marksman with a pistol. Photographs of Hickok appear to depict dark hair, but all contemporaneous descriptions affirm that it was red.", "Photographs of Hickok appear to depict dark hair, but all contemporaneous descriptions affirm that it was red. In 1855, at age 18, James Hickok fled Illinois following a fight with Charles Hudson, during which both fell into a canal; each thought, mistakenly, that he had killed the other. Hickok moved to Leavenworth in the Kansas Territory, where he joined Jim Lane's Free State Army (also known as the Jayhawkers), an antislavery vigilante group active in the new territory during the Bleeding Kansas era.", "Hickok moved to Leavenworth in the Kansas Territory, where he joined Jim Lane's Free State Army (also known as the Jayhawkers), an antislavery vigilante group active in the new territory during the Bleeding Kansas era. While a Jayhawker, he met 12-year-old William Cody (later known as \"Buffalo Bill\"), who, despite his youth, served as a scout just two years later for the U.S. Army during the Utah War.", "While a Jayhawker, he met 12-year-old William Cody (later known as \"Buffalo Bill\"), who, despite his youth, served as a scout just two years later for the U.S. Army during the Utah War. Nicknames Hickok used his late father's name, William Hickok, from 1858, and the name William Haycock during the American Civil War. Most newspapers referred to him as William Haycock until 1869. He was arrested while using the name Haycock in 1865.", "He was arrested while using the name Haycock in 1865. He afterward resumed using his given name, James Hickok. Military records after 1865 list him as Hickok, but note that he was also known as Haycock. In an 1867 article about his shootout with Davis Tutt, his surname was misspelled as Hitchcock. While in Nebraska, Hickok was derisively referred to by one man as \"Duck Bill\" for his long nose and protruding lips.", "While in Nebraska, Hickok was derisively referred to by one man as \"Duck Bill\" for his long nose and protruding lips. He was also known before 1861 among Jayhawkers as \"Shanghai Bill\" because of his height and slim build. He grew a moustache following the McCanles incident, and in 1861 began calling himself \"Wild Bill\". Early career In 1857, Hickok claimed a tract in Johnson County, Kansas, near present-day Lenexa.", "Early career In 1857, Hickok claimed a tract in Johnson County, Kansas, near present-day Lenexa. On March 22, 1858, he was elected one of the first four constables of Monticello Township. In 1859, he joined the Russell, Majors and Waddell freight company, the parent company of the Pony Express. In 1860, Hickok was badly injured, possibly by a bear, while driving a freight team from Independence, Missouri, to Santa Fe, New Mexico.", "In 1860, Hickok was badly injured, possibly by a bear, while driving a freight team from Independence, Missouri, to Santa Fe, New Mexico. According to Hickok's account, he found the road blocked by a cinnamon bear and its two cubs. Dismounting, he approached the bear and fired a shot into its head, but the bullet ricocheted off its skull, infuriating it. The bear attacked, crushing Hickok with its body. Hickok managed to fire another shot, wounding the bear's paw.", "Hickok managed to fire another shot, wounding the bear's paw. The bear then grabbed his arm in its mouth, but Hickok was able to grab his knife and slash its throat, killing it. Hickok was severely injured, with a crushed chest, shoulder, and arm. He was bedridden for four months before being sent to Rock Creek Station in the Nebraska Territory to work as a stable hand while he recovered.", "He was bedridden for four months before being sent to Rock Creek Station in the Nebraska Territory to work as a stable hand while he recovered. There, the freight company had built a stagecoach stop along the Oregon Trail near Fairbury, Nebraska, on land purchased from David McCanles. McCanles shooting On July 12, 1861, David McCanles went to the Rock Creek Station office to demand an overdue property payment from Horace Wellman, the station manager.", "McCanles shooting On July 12, 1861, David McCanles went to the Rock Creek Station office to demand an overdue property payment from Horace Wellman, the station manager. McCanles reportedly threatened Wellman, and either Wellman or Hickok, who was hiding behind a curtain, killed McCanles. Hickok, Wellman, and another employee, J.W. Brink, were tried for killing McCanles, but were found to have acted in self-defense. McCanles may have been the first man Hickok killed.", "McCanles may have been the first man Hickok killed. McCanles may have been the first man Hickok killed. Hickok subsequently visited McCanles' widow, apologized for the killing, and offered her $35 in restitution, all the money he had with him at the time. Civil War service After the Civil War broke out in April 1861, Hickok became a teamster for the Union Army in Sedalia, Missouri.", "Civil War service After the Civil War broke out in April 1861, Hickok became a teamster for the Union Army in Sedalia, Missouri. By the end of 1861, he was a wagon master, but in September 1862, he was discharged for unknown reasons. He then joined General James Henry Lane's Kansas Brigade, and while serving with the brigade, saw his friend Buffalo Bill Cody, who was serving as a scout.", "He then joined General James Henry Lane's Kansas Brigade, and while serving with the brigade, saw his friend Buffalo Bill Cody, who was serving as a scout. In late 1863, Hickok worked for the provost marshal of southwest Missouri as a member of the Springfield detective police. His work included identifying and counting the number of troops in uniform who were drinking while on duty, verifying hotel liquor licenses, and tracking down individuals who owed money to the cash-strapped Union Army.", "His work included identifying and counting the number of troops in uniform who were drinking while on duty, verifying hotel liquor licenses, and tracking down individuals who owed money to the cash-strapped Union Army. Buffalo Bill claimed that he encountered Hickok disguised as a Confederate officer in Missouri in 1864. Hickok had not been paid for some time, and was hired as a scout by General John B. Sanborn by early 1865. In June, Hickok mustered out and went to Springfield, where he gambled.", "In June, Hickok mustered out and went to Springfield, where he gambled. The 1883 History of Greene County, Missouri described him as \"by nature a ruffian ... a drunken, swaggering fellow, who delighted when 'on a spree' to frighten nervous men and timid women.\" Lawman and scout Duel with Davis Tutt While in Springfield, Hickok and a local gambler named Davis Tutt had several disagreements over unpaid gambling debts and their mutual affection for the same women.", "Lawman and scout Duel with Davis Tutt While in Springfield, Hickok and a local gambler named Davis Tutt had several disagreements over unpaid gambling debts and their mutual affection for the same women. Hickok lost a gold watch to Tutt in a poker game. The watch had great sentimental value to Hickok, so he asked Tutt not to wear it in public. They initially agreed not to fight over the watch, but when Hickok saw Tutt wearing it, he warned him to stay away.", "They initially agreed not to fight over the watch, but when Hickok saw Tutt wearing it, he warned him to stay away. On July 21, 1865, the two men faced off in Springfield's town square, standing sideways before drawing and firing their weapons. Their quick-draw duel was recorded as the first of its kind. Tutt's shot missed, but Hickok's struck Tutt through the heart from about away. Tutt called out, \"Boys, I'm killed\", before he collapsed and died.", "Tutt called out, \"Boys, I'm killed\", before he collapsed and died. Two days later, Hickok was arrested for murder. The charge was later reduced to manslaughter. He was released on $2,000 bail and stood trial on August 3, 1865. At the end of the trial, Judge Sempronius H. Boyd told the jury they could not find Hickok acted in self-defense if he could have reasonably avoided the fight.", "At the end of the trial, Judge Sempronius H. Boyd told the jury they could not find Hickok acted in self-defense if he could have reasonably avoided the fight. However, if they felt the threat of danger was real and imminent, he instructed they could apply the unwritten law of the \"fair fight\" and acquit. The jury voted to clear Hickok, resulting in public backlash and criticism of the verdict.", "The jury voted to clear Hickok, resulting in public backlash and criticism of the verdict. Several weeks later, an interview Hickok gave to Colonel George Ward Nichols, a journalist who subsequently became known as the creator of the Hickok legend, was published in Harper's New Monthly Magazine. Under the name \"Wild Bill Hitchcock\", the article recounted the \"hundreds\" of men whom Hickok had personally killed and other exaggerated exploits. The article was controversial wherever Hickok was known, and several frontier newspapers wrote rebuttals.", "The article was controversial wherever Hickok was known, and several frontier newspapers wrote rebuttals. Deputy U.S. marshal in Kansas In September 1865, Hickok came in second in the election for city marshal of Springfield. Leaving Springfield, he was recommended for the position of deputy federal marshal at Fort Riley, Kansas. This was during the Indian Wars, in which Hickok sometimes served as a scout for General George A. Custer's 7th Cavalry.", "This was during the Indian Wars, in which Hickok sometimes served as a scout for General George A. Custer's 7th Cavalry. In 1865, Hickok recruited six Native Americans and three cowboys to accompany him to Niagara Falls, where he put on an outdoor demonstration called The Daring Buffalo Chasers of the Plains. Since the event was outdoors, he could not compel people to pay, and the venture was a financial failure.", "Since the event was outdoors, he could not compel people to pay, and the venture was a financial failure. The show featured six buffalo, a bear, and a monkey, and one show ended in disaster when a buffalo refused to act, prompting Hickok to fire a bullet into the sky. This angered the buffalo and panicked audience members, causing the animals to break free of their wire fencing and chase audience members, some of whom were trampled. The incident helped contribute to the overall failure of the show.", "The incident helped contribute to the overall failure of the show. Henry M. Stanley, of the Weekly Missouri Democrat, reported Hickok to be \"an inveterate hater of Indian People\", perhaps to enhance his reputation as a scout and American fighter, but separating fact from fiction is difficult considering his recruitment of Indians to cross the nation to appear in his own Wild West show.", "Henry M. Stanley, of the Weekly Missouri Democrat, reported Hickok to be \"an inveterate hater of Indian People\", perhaps to enhance his reputation as a scout and American fighter, but separating fact from fiction is difficult considering his recruitment of Indians to cross the nation to appear in his own Wild West show. Witnesses confirm that while working as a scout at Fort Harker, Kansas, on May 11, 1867, Hickok was attacked by a large group of Indians, who fled after he shot and killed two.", "Witnesses confirm that while working as a scout at Fort Harker, Kansas, on May 11, 1867, Hickok was attacked by a large group of Indians, who fled after he shot and killed two. In July, Hickok told a newspaper reporter that he had led several soldiers in pursuit of Indians who had killed four men near the fort on July 2. He reported returning with five prisoners after killing 10.", "He reported returning with five prisoners after killing 10. He reported returning with five prisoners after killing 10. Witnesses confirm that the story was true to the extent the party had set out to find whoever had killed the four men, but the group returned to the fort \"without nary a dead Indian, [never] even seeing a live one\". In December 1867, newspapers reported that Hickok had come to stay in Hays City, Kansas.", "In December 1867, newspapers reported that Hickok had come to stay in Hays City, Kansas. He became a deputy U.S. marshal, and on March 28, 1868, he picked up 11 Union Army deserters who had been charged with stealing government property. Hickok was assigned to bring the men to Topeka for trial, and he requested a military escort from Fort Hays. He was assigned Buffalo Bill Cody, a sergeant, and five privates. They arrived in Topeka on April 2.", "They arrived in Topeka on April 2. They arrived in Topeka on April 2. Hickok remained in Hays through August 1868, when he brought 200 Cheyenne Indians to Hays to be viewed by \"excursionists\". On September 1, 1868, Hickok was in Lincoln County, Kansas, where he was hired as a scout by the 10th Cavalry Regiment, a segregated African-American unit. On September 4, Hickok was wounded in the foot while rescuing several cattlemen in the Bijou Creek basin who had been surrounded by Indians.", "On September 4, Hickok was wounded in the foot while rescuing several cattlemen in the Bijou Creek basin who had been surrounded by Indians. The 10th Regiment arrived at Fort Lyon in Colorado in October and remained there for the rest of 1868. Marshal of Hays, Kansas In July 1869, Hickok returned to Hays and was elected city marshal of Hays and sheriff of Ellis County, Kansas, in a special election held on August 23, 1869. Three sheriffs had quit during the previous 18 months.", "Three sheriffs had quit during the previous 18 months. Three sheriffs had quit during the previous 18 months. Hickok may have been acting sheriff before he was elected; a newspaper reported that he arrested offenders on August 18, and the commander of Fort Hays wrote a letter to the assistant adjutant general on August 21 in which he praised Hickok for his work in apprehending deserters.", "Hickok may have been acting sheriff before he was elected; a newspaper reported that he arrested offenders on August 18, and the commander of Fort Hays wrote a letter to the assistant adjutant general on August 21 in which he praised Hickok for his work in apprehending deserters. The regular county election was held on November 2, 1869, and Hickok, running as an independent, lost to his deputy, Peter Lanihan, running as a Democrat; even so, Hickok and Lanihan remained sheriff and deputy, respectively.", "The regular county election was held on November 2, 1869, and Hickok, running as an independent, lost to his deputy, Peter Lanihan, running as a Democrat; even so, Hickok and Lanihan remained sheriff and deputy, respectively. Hickok accused a J.V. Macintosh of irregularities and misconduct during the election. On December 9, Hickok and Lanihan both served legal papers on Macintosh, and local newspapers acknowledged that Hickok had guardianship of Hays City.", "On December 9, Hickok and Lanihan both served legal papers on Macintosh, and local newspapers acknowledged that Hickok had guardianship of Hays City. Killings as sheriff In September 1869, his first month as sheriff, Hickok killed two men. The first was Bill Mulvey, who was rampaging through town, drunk, shooting out mirrors and whisky bottles behind bars. Citizens warned Mulvey to behave, because Hickok was sheriff. Mulvey angrily declared that he had come to town to kill Hickok.", "Mulvey angrily declared that he had come to town to kill Hickok. When he saw Hickok, he leveled his cocked rifle at him. Hickok waved his hand past Mulvey at some onlookers and yelled, \"Don't shoot him in the back; he is drunk.\" Mulvey wheeled his horse around to face those who might shoot him from behind, and before he realized he had been fooled, Hickok shot him through the temple.", "Mulvey wheeled his horse around to face those who might shoot him from behind, and before he realized he had been fooled, Hickok shot him through the temple. The second killed by Hickok was Samuel Strawhun, a cowboy, who was causing a disturbance in a saloon at 1:00 am on September 27, when Hickok and Lanihan went to the scene. Strawhun \"made remarks against Hickok\", and Hickok killed him with a shot through the head. Hickok said he had \"tried to restore order\".", "Hickok said he had \"tried to restore order\". At the coroner's inquest into Strawhun's death, despite \"very contradictory\" evidence from witnesses, the jury found the shooting justifiable. On July 17, 1870, Hickok was attacked by two troopers from the 7th U.S. Cavalry, Jeremiah Lonergan and John Kyle (sometimes spelled Kile), in a saloon. Lonergan pinned Hickok to the ground, and Kyle put his gun to Hickok's ear.", "Lonergan pinned Hickok to the ground, and Kyle put his gun to Hickok's ear. When Kyle's weapon misfired, Hickok shot Lonergan, wounding him in the knee, and shot Kyle twice, killing him. Hickok lost his re-election bid to his deputy. Marshal of Abilene, Kansas On April 15, 1871, Hickok became marshal of Abilene, Kansas. He replaced Tom \"Bear River\" Smith, who had been killed while serving an arrest warrant on November 2, 1870.", "He replaced Tom \"Bear River\" Smith, who had been killed while serving an arrest warrant on November 2, 1870. Outlaw John Wesley Hardin arrived in Abilene at the end of a cattle drive in early 1871. Hardin was a well-known gunfighter, and is known to have killed more than 27 men.", "Hardin was a well-known gunfighter, and is known to have killed more than 27 men. In his 1895 autobiography, published after his death, Hardin claimed to have been befriended by Hickok, the newly elected town marshal, after he had disarmed the marshal using the road agent's spin, but Hardin was known to exaggerate. In any case, Hardin appeared to have thought highly of Hickok. Hickok later said he did not know that \"Wesley Clemmons\" was Hardin's alias, and that he was a wanted outlaw.", "Hickok later said he did not know that \"Wesley Clemmons\" was Hardin's alias, and that he was a wanted outlaw. He told Clemmons (Hardin) to stay out of trouble in Abilene and asked him to hand over his guns, and Hardin complied. Hardin alleged that when his cousin, Mannen Clements, was jailed for the killing of two cowhands Joe and Dolph Shadden in July 1871, Hickok – at Hardin's request – arranged for his escape.", "Hardin alleged that when his cousin, Mannen Clements, was jailed for the killing of two cowhands Joe and Dolph Shadden in July 1871, Hickok – at Hardin's request – arranged for his escape. In August 1871, Hickok sought to arrest Hardin for killing Charles Couger in an Abilene hotel \"for snoring too loud\". Hardin left Kansas before Hickok could arrest him. A newspaper reported, \"A man was killed in his bed at a hotel in Abilene, Monday night, by a desperado called Arkansas.", "A newspaper reported, \"A man was killed in his bed at a hotel in Abilene, Monday night, by a desperado called Arkansas. The murderer escaped. This was his sixth murder.\" Shootout with Phil Coe Hickok and Phil Coe, a saloon owner and acquaintance of Hardin's, had a dispute that resulted in a shootout. The Bull's Head Saloon in Abilene had been established by gambler Ben Thompson and Coe, his partner, businessman, and fellow gambler.", "The Bull's Head Saloon in Abilene had been established by gambler Ben Thompson and Coe, his partner, businessman, and fellow gambler. The two entrepreneurs had painted a picture of a bull with a large erect penis on the side of their establishment as an advertisement. Citizens of the town complained to Hickok, who requested that Thompson and Coe remove the image. They refused, so Hickok altered it himself.", "They refused, so Hickok altered it himself. They refused, so Hickok altered it himself. Infuriated, Thompson tried to incite John Wesley Hardin to kill Hickok by exclaiming to Hardin that \"He's a damn Yankee. Picks on rebels, especially Texans, to kill.\" Hardin was in town under his assumed name Wesley Clemmons, but was better known to the townspeople by the alias \"Little Arkansas\".", "Hardin was in town under his assumed name Wesley Clemmons, but was better known to the townspeople by the alias \"Little Arkansas\". He seemed to have respect for Hickok's abilities and replied, \"If Bill needs killing, why don't you kill him yourself?\" Hoping to intimidate Hickok, Coe allegedly stated that he could \"kill a crow on the wing\". Hickok's retort is one of the West's most famous sayings (though possibly apocryphal): \"Did the crow have a pistol?", "Hickok's retort is one of the West's most famous sayings (though possibly apocryphal): \"Did the crow have a pistol? Was he shooting back? I will be.\" On October 5, 1871, Hickok was standing off a crowd during a street brawl when Coe fired two shots. Hickok ordered him to be arrested for firing a pistol within the city limits. Coe claimed that he was shooting at a stray dog, and then suddenly turned his gun on Hickok, who fired first and killed Coe.", "Coe claimed that he was shooting at a stray dog, and then suddenly turned his gun on Hickok, who fired first and killed Coe. In another account of the Coe shootout: Theophilus Little, the mayor of Abilene and owner of the town's lumber yard, recorded his time in Abilene by writing in a notebook, which was ultimately given to the Abilene Historical Society.", "In another account of the Coe shootout: Theophilus Little, the mayor of Abilene and owner of the town's lumber yard, recorded his time in Abilene by writing in a notebook, which was ultimately given to the Abilene Historical Society. Writing in 1911, he detailed his admiration for Hickok and included a paragraph on the shooting that differs considerably from the reported account: After shooting Coe, Hickok caught a glimpse of someone running toward him and quickly fired two more shots in reaction, accidentally shooting and killing Abilene Special Deputy Marshal Mike Williams, who was coming to his aid.", "Writing in 1911, he detailed his admiration for Hickok and included a paragraph on the shooting that differs considerably from the reported account: After shooting Coe, Hickok caught a glimpse of someone running toward him and quickly fired two more shots in reaction, accidentally shooting and killing Abilene Special Deputy Marshal Mike Williams, who was coming to his aid. This was the last time Hickok was ever involved in a gunfight; the accidental death of Deputy Williams was an event that haunted Hickok for the remainder of his life.", "This was the last time Hickok was ever involved in a gunfight; the accidental death of Deputy Williams was an event that haunted Hickok for the remainder of his life. Hickok was relieved of his duties as marshal less than two months after the accidental shooting, this incident being only one of a series of questionable shootings and claims of misconduct during his career. Later life In 1873, Buffalo Bill Cody and Texas Jack Omohundro invited Hickok to join their troupe after their earlier success.", "Later life In 1873, Buffalo Bill Cody and Texas Jack Omohundro invited Hickok to join their troupe after their earlier success. Hickok did not enjoy acting, and often hid behind scenery. In one show, he shot the spotlight when it focused on him. He was released from the group after a few months. In 1876, Hickok was diagnosed by a doctor in Kansas City, Missouri, with glaucoma and ophthalmia.", "In 1876, Hickok was diagnosed by a doctor in Kansas City, Missouri, with glaucoma and ophthalmia. Although he was just 39, his marksmanship and health were apparently in decline, and he had been arrested several times for vagrancy, despite earning a good income from gambling and displays of showmanship only a few years earlier. Marriages On March 5, 1876, Hickok married Agnes Thatcher Lake, a 50-year-old circus proprietor in Cheyenne, Wyoming Territory.", "Marriages On March 5, 1876, Hickok married Agnes Thatcher Lake, a 50-year-old circus proprietor in Cheyenne, Wyoming Territory. Hickok left his new bride a few months later, joining Charlie Utter's wagon train to seek his fortune in the gold fields of South Dakota.", "Hickok left his new bride a few months later, joining Charlie Utter's wagon train to seek his fortune in the gold fields of South Dakota. Shortly before Hickok's death, he wrote a letter to his new wife, which read in part, \"Agnes Darling, if such should be we never meet again, while firing my last shot, I will gently breathe the name of my wife—Agnes—and with wishes even for my enemies I will make the plunge and try to swim to the other shore.\"", "Shortly before Hickok's death, he wrote a letter to his new wife, which read in part, \"Agnes Darling, if such should be we never meet again, while firing my last shot, I will gently breathe the name of my wife—Agnes—and with wishes even for my enemies I will make the plunge and try to swim to the other shore.\" Martha Jane Cannary, known popularly as Calamity Jane, claimed in her autobiography that she was married to Hickok and had divorced him so he could be free to marry Agnes Lake, but no records have been found that support her account.", "Martha Jane Cannary, known popularly as Calamity Jane, claimed in her autobiography that she was married to Hickok and had divorced him so he could be free to marry Agnes Lake, but no records have been found that support her account. The two possibly met for the first time after Jane was released from the guardhouse in Fort Laramie and joined the wagon train in which Hickok was traveling. The wagon train arrived in Deadwood in July 1876.", "The wagon train arrived in Deadwood in July 1876. The wagon train arrived in Deadwood in July 1876. Jane confirmed this account in an 1896 newspaper interview, although she claimed she had been hospitalized with illness rather than in the guardhouse. Death On August 1, 1876, Hickok was playing poker at Nuttal & Mann's Saloon No. 10 in Deadwood, Dakota Territory. When a seat opened up at the table, a drunk man named Jack McCall sat down to play. McCall lost heavily.", "McCall lost heavily. McCall lost heavily. Hickok encouraged McCall to quit the game until he could cover his losses and offered to give him money for breakfast. Although McCall accepted the money, he was apparently insulted. The next day, Hickok was playing poker again. He usually sat with his back to a wall so he could see the entrance, but the only seat available when he joined the game was a chair facing away from the door.", "He usually sat with his back to a wall so he could see the entrance, but the only seat available when he joined the game was a chair facing away from the door. He twice asked another man at the table, Charles Rich, to change seats with him, but Rich refused. McCall then entered the saloon, walked up behind Hickok, drew his Colt Model 1873 Single Action Army .45-caliber revolver, and shouted, \"Damn you! Take that!\"", "Take that!\" Take that!\" before shooting Hickok in the back of the head at point-blank range. Hickok died instantly. The bullet emerged through his right cheek and struck another player, riverboat Captain William Massie, in the left wrist. Hickok may have told his friend Charlie Utter and others who were traveling with them that he thought he would be killed while in Deadwood. Hickok was playing five-card stud or five-card draw when he was shot.", "Hickok was playing five-card stud or five-card draw when he was shot. He was holding two pairs: black aces and black eights (although there is some dispute as to the suit of one of the aces, diamond vs. spade) as his \"up cards\", which has since become widely known as the \"dead man's hand\". The identity of the fifth card (his \"hole card\") is also the subject of debate.", "The identity of the fifth card (his \"hole card\") is also the subject of debate. Jack McCall's two trials McCall's motive for killing Hickok is the subject of speculation, largely concerning McCall's anger at Hickok's having given him money for breakfast the day before, after McCall had lost heavily. McCall was summoned before an informal \"miners' jury\" (an ad hoc local group of miners and businessmen).", "McCall was summoned before an informal \"miners' jury\" (an ad hoc local group of miners and businessmen). He claimed he was avenging Hickok's earlier slaying of his brother, which may have been true; a man named Lew McCall had indeed been killed by an unknown lawman in Abilene, Kansas, but whether or not the two McCall men were related is unknown.", "He claimed he was avenging Hickok's earlier slaying of his brother, which may have been true; a man named Lew McCall had indeed been killed by an unknown lawman in Abilene, Kansas, but whether or not the two McCall men were related is unknown. McCall was acquitted of the murder, which prompted editorializing in the Black Hills Pioneer: \"Should it ever be our misfortune to kill a man ... we would simply ask that our trial may take place in some of the mining camps of these hills.\"", "McCall was acquitted of the murder, which prompted editorializing in the Black Hills Pioneer: \"Should it ever be our misfortune to kill a man ... we would simply ask that our trial may take place in some of the mining camps of these hills.\" Calamity Jane is reputed to have led a mob that threatened McCall with lynching, but at the time of Hickok's death, Jane was actually being held by military authorities. After bragging about killing Hickok, McCall was rearrested.", "After bragging about killing Hickok, McCall was rearrested. After bragging about killing Hickok, McCall was rearrested. The second trial was not considered double jeopardy because of the irregular jury in the first trial and because Deadwood was at the time in unorganized Indian country. The new trial was held in Yankton, the capital of the Dakota Territory. Hickok's brother, Lorenzo Butler, traveled from Illinois to attend the retrial. McCall was found guilty and sentenced to death.", "McCall was found guilty and sentenced to death. McCall was found guilty and sentenced to death. Leander Richardson, a reporter, interviewed McCall shortly before his execution, and wrote an article about him for the April 1877 issue of Scribner's Monthly. Lorenzo Butler Hickok spoke with McCall after the trial, and said McCall showed no remorse. Jack McCall was hanged on March 1, 1877, and buried in a Roman Catholic cemetery.", "Jack McCall was hanged on March 1, 1877, and buried in a Roman Catholic cemetery. The cemetery was moved in 1881, and when McCall's body was exhumed, the noose was found still around his neck.", "The cemetery was moved in 1881, and when McCall's body was exhumed, the noose was found still around his neck. Burial Charlie Utter, Hickok's friend and companion, claimed Hickok's body and placed a notice in the local newspaper, the Black Hills Pioneer, which read: Almost the entire town attended the funeral, and Utter had Hickok buried with a wooden grave marker reading: Hickok is known to have fatally shot six men and is suspected of having killed a seventh (McCanles).", "Burial Charlie Utter, Hickok's friend and companion, claimed Hickok's body and placed a notice in the local newspaper, the Black Hills Pioneer, which read: Almost the entire town attended the funeral, and Utter had Hickok buried with a wooden grave marker reading: Hickok is known to have fatally shot six men and is suspected of having killed a seventh (McCanles). Despite his reputation, Hickok was buried in the Ingelside Cemetery, Deadwood's original graveyard.", "Despite his reputation, Hickok was buried in the Ingelside Cemetery, Deadwood's original graveyard. This cemetery filled quickly, and in 1879, on the third anniversary of Hickok's original burial, Utter paid to move Hickok's remains to the new Mount Moriah Cemetery. Utter supervised the move and noted that, while perfectly preserved, Hickok had been imperfectly embalmed. As a result, calcium carbonate from the surrounding soil had replaced the flesh, leading to petrifaction.", "As a result, calcium carbonate from the surrounding soil had replaced the flesh, leading to petrifaction. One of the workers, Joseph McLintock, wrote a detailed description of the reinterment. McLintock used a cane to tap the body, face, and head, finding no soft tissue anywhere. He noted that the sound was similar to tapping a brick wall and believed the remains weighed more than . William Austin, the cemetery caretaker, estimated . This made it difficult for the men to carry the remains to the new site.", "This made it difficult for the men to carry the remains to the new site. The original wooden grave marker was moved to the new site, but by 1891, it had been destroyed by souvenir hunters whittling pieces from it, and it was replaced with a statue. This, in turn, was destroyed by souvenir hunters and replaced in 1902 by a life-sized sandstone sculpture of Hickok. This, too, was badly defaced, and was then enclosed in a cage for protection.", "This, too, was badly defaced, and was then enclosed in a cage for protection. The enclosure was cut open by souvenir hunters in the 1950s, and the statue was removed. Hickok is currently interred in a square plot at the Mount Moriah Cemetery, surrounded by a cast-iron fence, with a U.S. flag flying nearby. As of 2020, the flag is no longer flown. A monument has been built there. Calamity Jane was reported to have been buried next to Hickok according to her dying wish.", "Calamity Jane was reported to have been buried next to Hickok according to her dying wish. Four of the men on the self-appointed committee who planned Calamity's funeral (Albert Malter, Frank Ankeney, Jim Carson, and Anson Higby) later stated that, since Hickok had \"absolutely no use\" for Jane in this life, they decided to play a posthumous joke on him by laying her to rest by his side.", "Four of the men on the self-appointed committee who planned Calamity's funeral (Albert Malter, Frank Ankeney, Jim Carson, and Anson Higby) later stated that, since Hickok had \"absolutely no use\" for Jane in this life, they decided to play a posthumous joke on him by laying her to rest by his side. Pistols known to have been carried by Hickok Hickok's favorite guns were a pair of Colt 1851 Navy Model (.36 caliber) cap-and-ball revolvers.", "Pistols known to have been carried by Hickok Hickok's favorite guns were a pair of Colt 1851 Navy Model (.36 caliber) cap-and-ball revolvers. They had ivory grips and nickel plating, and were ornately engraved with \"J.B. Hickok–1869\" on the backstrap. He wore his revolvers butt-forward in a belt or sash (when wearing city clothes or buckskins, respectively), and seldom used holsters; he drew the pistols using a \"reverse\", \"twist\", or cavalry draw, as would a cavalryman.", "He wore his revolvers butt-forward in a belt or sash (when wearing city clothes or buckskins, respectively), and seldom used holsters; he drew the pistols using a \"reverse\", \"twist\", or cavalry draw, as would a cavalryman. At the time of his death, Hickok was wearing a Smith & Wesson Model No. 2 Army revolver, a five-shot, single-action, .32-caliber weapon, innovative as one of the first metallic cartridge firearms and favored by many Union officers during the Civil War.", "2 Army revolver, a five-shot, single-action, .32-caliber weapon, innovative as one of the first metallic cartridge firearms and favored by many Union officers during the Civil War. Bonhams auction company offered this pistol at auction on November 18, 2013, in San Francisco, California, described as Hickok's Smith & Wesson No. 2, serial number 29963, a .32 rimfire with a six-inch barrel, blued finish, and varnished rosewood grips.", "2, serial number 29963, a .32 rimfire with a six-inch barrel, blued finish, and varnished rosewood grips. The gun did not sell because the highest bid of $220,000 was less than the reserve set by the gun's owners. In popular culture Hickok has remained one of the most popular and iconic figures of the American Old West, and is still frequently depicted in popular culture, including literature, film, and television.", "In popular culture Hickok has remained one of the most popular and iconic figures of the American Old West, and is still frequently depicted in popular culture, including literature, film, and television. Paramount Pictures' Western silent film Wild Bill Hickok (released on November 18, 1923) was directed by Clifford Smith and stars William S. Hart as Hickok. A print of the film is maintained in the Museum of Modern Art film archive.", "A print of the film is maintained in the Museum of Modern Art film archive. The movie The Plainsman (1936), starring Gary Cooper as Hickok, features the alleged romance between Calamity Jane and him as its main plot line. It is a loose adaptation of Hickok's life, ending with his famous aces-and-eights card hand. A later film (1953) and subsequent stage musical, both titled Calamity Jane, also portray a romance between Calamity Jane and Hickok.", "A later film (1953) and subsequent stage musical, both titled Calamity Jane, also portray a romance between Calamity Jane and Hickok. In the film version, Howard Keel co-stars as Hickok to Doris Day's Calamity Jane. The White Buffalo (1977), starring Charles Bronson as Hickok, tells a tale of Hickok's hunt for a murderous white buffalo that follows him in his nightmares.", "The White Buffalo (1977), starring Charles Bronson as Hickok, tells a tale of Hickok's hunt for a murderous white buffalo that follows him in his nightmares. A highly fictional film account of Hickok's later years and death, titled Wild Bill (1995), stars Jeff Bridges as Hickok and David Arquette as Jack McCall, and was written and directed by Walter Hill.", "A highly fictional film account of Hickok's later years and death, titled Wild Bill (1995), stars Jeff Bridges as Hickok and David Arquette as Jack McCall, and was written and directed by Walter Hill. A semifictionalized version of Hickok's time as marshal of Abilene Kansas, titled Hickok (2017), stars Luke Hemsworth as Hickok, Trace Adkins as the Bull's Head Saloon keeper Phil Coe, Kris Kristofferson as Abilene mayor George Knox, and Kaiwi Lyman-Mersereau as John Wesley Hardin.", "A semifictionalized version of Hickok's time as marshal of Abilene Kansas, titled Hickok (2017), stars Luke Hemsworth as Hickok, Trace Adkins as the Bull's Head Saloon keeper Phil Coe, Kris Kristofferson as Abilene mayor George Knox, and Kaiwi Lyman-Mersereau as John Wesley Hardin. It was written by Michael Lanahan and directed by Timothy Woodward Jr. In the early 1990s ABC television series Young Riders, a fictional account of Pony Express riders, Hickok is portrayed by Josh Brolin.", "In the early 1990s ABC television series Young Riders, a fictional account of Pony Express riders, Hickok is portrayed by Josh Brolin. Hickock is a playable character in the 2018 board game Deadwood 1876 by Façade Games. Memorials and honorable distinctions Hickok's birthplace is now the Wild Bill Hickok Memorial and is a listed historic site under the supervision of the Illinois Historic Preservation Agency. The town of Deadwood, South Dakota, re-enacts Hickok's murder and McCall's capture every summer evening.", "The town of Deadwood, South Dakota, re-enacts Hickok's murder and McCall's capture every summer evening. In 1979, Hickok was inducted into the Poker Hall of Fame. Notes References Works cited Bird, Roy (1979). \"The Custer-Hickok Shootout in Hays City.\" Real West, May 1979. Buel, James Wilson (1881). Heroes of the Plains, or Lives and Adventures of Wild Bill, Buffalo Bill and Other Celebrated Indian Fighters. St. Louis: Historical Publishing.", "St. Louis: Historical Publishing. St. Louis: Historical Publishing. DeMattos, Jack (1980). \"Gunfighters of the Real West: Wild Bill Hickok.\" Real West, June 1980. Hermon, Gregory (1987). \"Wild Bill's Sweetheart: The Life of Mary Jane Owens.\" Real West, February 1987. Matheson, Richard (1996). The Memoirs of Wild Bill Hickok. Jove. . Nichols, George Ward (1867). \"Wild Bill.\"", ". Nichols, George Ward (1867). \"Wild Bill.\" \"Wild Bill.\" Harper's New Monthly Magazine, February 1867. O'Connor, Richard (1959). Wild Bill Hickok. Garden City, New York: Doubleday. Rosa, Joseph G. (1964, 1974). They Called Him Wild Bill: The Life and Adventures of James Butler Hickok. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. . Rosa, Joseph G. (1977).", ". Rosa, Joseph G. (1977). Rosa, Joseph G. (1977). \"George Ward Nichols and the Legend of Wild Bill Hickok.\" Arizona and the West, Summer 1977. Rosa, Joseph G. (1979). \"J.B. Hickok, Deputy U.S. Marshal.\" Kansas History: A Journal of the Central Plains, Winter 1979. Rosa, Joseph G. (1982, 1994). The West of Wild Bill Hickok. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. .", "The West of Wild Bill Hickok. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. . . Rosa, Joseph G. (1982). \"Wild Bill and the Timber Thieves.\" Real West, April 1982. Rosa, Joseph G. (1984). \"The Girl and the Gunfighter: A Newly Discovered Photograph of Wild Bill Hickok.\" Real West, December 1984. Rosa, Joseph G. (1996). Wild Bill Hickok: The Man and His Myth. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas. .", "Wild Bill Hickok: The Man and His Myth. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas. . . Rosa, Joseph G. (2003). Wild Bill Hickok Gunfighter: An Account of Hickok's Gunfights. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. . Turner, Thadd M. Wild Bill Hickok: Deadwood City – End of Trail. Universal Publishers, 2001. Wilstach, Frank Jenners (1926). Wild Bill Hickok: The Prince of Pistoleers. Garden City, New York: Doubleday, Page.", "Garden City, New York: Doubleday, Page. Garden City, New York: Doubleday, Page. External links [Wild Bill Hickok collection] at Nebraska State Historical Society 1837 births 1876 deaths United States Marshals American town marshals Kansas sheriffs American folklore American murder victims American poker players American people of English descent Deaths by firearm in South Dakota Gunslingers of the American Old West Lawmen of the American Old West People from Troy Grove, Illinois People from Leavenworth, Kansas People from Deadwood, South Dakota People murdered in South Dakota American duellists People from Abilene, Kansas Nebraska folklore 1876 murders in the United States Tall tales Poker Hall of Fame inductees Union Army personnel" ]

[ "Wild Bill Hickok", "Duel with Davis Tutt", "What was the relation between Wild Bill Kickok and Duel with Davis Tutt", "Hickok and a local gambler named Davis Tutt had several disagreements over unpaid gambling debts and their mutual affection for the same women.", "How was the problem resolved?", "On July 21, 1865, the two men faced off in Springfield's town square,", "Which other person do Bill have a disagreement with?", "Under the name \"Wild Bill Hitchcock\" [sic], the article recounted the \"hundreds\" of men whom Hickok had personally killed and other exaggerated exploits.", "Who was Bills main opposition?", "a local gambler named Davis Tutt" ]

[ "Gennady Golovkin vs. Kell Brook was a professional boxing match for the unified WBC, IBF, and IBO middleweight titles. The bout was held on 10 September 2016, at the O2 Arena in London, England. The event was televised live on Sky Sports Box Office in the UK and HBO in the United States. Golovkin won the fight in round 5, after Brook's corner threw in the towel.\n\nBackground \nOn 8 July 2016, it was announced that Gennady Golovkin would fight Kell Brook on 10 September 2016 at the O2 Arena in London, England. Brook was scheduled to fight in a unification bout against then-WBO champion Jessie Vargas, whereas there was negotiations for Golovkin to fight Chris Eubank Jr.; however, negotiations fell through and promoter Eddie Hearn offered the Golovkin fight to Brook, who agreed to move up two weight divisions to challenge Golovkin. This was Golovkin's 17th world title defence. The fight aired in the United States on HBO and on Sky Box Office pay-per-view in the United Kingdom.\n\nOn 5 September, the WBA withdrew its sanction for the fight. Although they granted Golovkin a special permit to take the fight, they stated that their title would not be at stake. The reason for the withdrawal was because Brook had never competed in the middleweight division. WBA president Gilberto Mendoza Jr. said, \"What I most regret is that there are no boxers at 160 pounds who will fight against 'Triple G,' and Brook has to move up two divisions to fight against him.\" The Golovkin camp were said to be disappointed with the decision with promoter Tom Loeffler saying, \"somehow the WBA thought it was too dangerous for a welterweight to move up to middleweight to fight the biggest puncher in boxing. I guess that is a compliment to GGG as they sanctioned [Adrien] Broner moving up two divisions [from lightweight to welterweight] to fight Paulie [Malignaggi in 2013] and Roy Jones moving up two divisions [from light heavyweight to heavyweight] to fight John Ruiz [in 2003] for WBA titles, and Kell Brook is undefeated and considered a top pound-for-pound boxer.\"\n\nFight details \nGolovkin came out aggressively, going as far as to buckle Brook's legs in the first round. He was met with stiff resistance as Brook began to fire back, connecting multiple clean combinations on Golovkin, none of which were able to faze him. In the second round Brook had his greatest success of the fight, but in the process had his right eye socket broken. Over the next three rounds, Golovkin began to break him down. Brook showed courage, determination and a great chin as he absorbed the bulk of a Golovkin onslaught. Despite this, Brook's trainer Dominic Ingle threw in the towel to protect his fighter's damaged right eye, ending the fight in the fifth round with both boxers still standing.\n\nCompuBox stats\n\nAftermath \nSpeaking after the fight, Golovkin said, \"I promised to bring 'Big Drama Show,' like street fight. I don't feel his power. I feel his distance. He has great distance. He feels [my power], and after second round I understand that it's not boxing. I need street fight. Just broke him. That's it.\"\n\nBrook said, \"I'm devastated. I expected him to be a bigger puncher. I think in the second round, he broke my eye socket. He caught me with a shot, and I was starting to settle into the fight, but I was seeing three or four of him, so it was hard to get through it. I was tricking him. His shots were coming underneath, and I was frustrating him. I was starting to settle into him, but when you see three or four of them, it is hard to carry on.\"\n\nSpeaking on the stoppage, Golovkin's trainer Abel Sanchez said, \"The corner did the right thing. It was a matter of time. He was taking too many clean shots. At that point when they stopped it, it was over. Gennady knew it was over, and he was touching him with too many clean shots. I think something is wrong with [Brook's] eye, and the heavy hands were going to injure him permanently. I noticed it in the second round when he kept pointing to it and kept touching it. [Ingle] did say that something was wrong with his eye. But it wasn't so much with his eye as he was getting hit with too many clean shots. That could be very dangerous.\" He also stated that Golovkin was too eager to knock Brook out, \"He was trying too hard to knock Kell out. The not smiling [Friday at the weigh-in], he had an hour and 40-minute ride [because of traffic]. He was upset and wanted to get on the scale and get out of here. He just was trying too hard. I was trying to tell him this is a 12-round fight. Just beat on him, beat on him, practice. I wanted him to use the jab more. He wasn't. He would use it for half the round and then not use it.\"\n\nGolovkin stated although Brook fought like a true champion, he was not a middleweight.\n\nViewership \nIn the UK, the fight reportedly had 752,000 pay-per-view buys on Sky Box Office.\n\nIn the US, the fight was aired live on HBO in the afternoon and drew an average of 843,000 viewers and peaked at 907,000 viewers. This was considered by HBO to be very successful for an afternoon showing. A replay was shown later in the evening as part of the world super flyweight title fight between Roman Gonzalez and Carlos Cuadras. The replay averaged 593,000 viewers.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n at BoxRec\n\nBoxing matches\n2016 in London\nSeptember 2016 sports events in the United Kingdom", "Evander Holyfield vs. Larry Holmes, billed as \"Class of Champions\", was a professional boxing match contested on June 19, 1992, for the WBA, WBC, and IBF heavyweight championships.\n\nBackground\nHolyfield's previous fight was a tough victory over journeyman fighter Bert Cooper, who was a last-minute replacement for Francesco Damiani, who himself was a replacement for Mike Tyson, after Damiani determined that he could not compete due to a foot injury. Cooper nearly managed to dethrone Holyfield of his title in the third round when he was able to deliver the first knockdown of Holyfield's professional career. Holyfield, however, was able to rebound from the knockdown to earn the victory via 7th round technical knockout. After his defeat of Cooper, Holyfield had hoped to next fight Tyson. The two men were originally scheduled to fight each other on November 8, 1991, before Tyson pulled out of the fight with a rib injury. Then on February 10, 1992, Tyson was convicted of rape and sentenced to six years in prison, leading to the cancellation of the Holyfield–Tyson fight. On March 5, 1992, it was announced that Holyfield's next opponent would be 42-year-old former Heavyweight champion Larry Holmes. Holmes had twice retired, first after losing a rematch to Michael Spinks in 1986 for the IBF Heavyweight Championship, and then again after a loss to Mike Tyson in 1988 for the Undisputed Heavyweight Championship. In 1991, Holmes launched a successful comeback, winning five consecutive fights before facing undefeated Olympic Gold Medalist Ray Mercer in a match to determine the number one contender. Though Holmes came into the fight as an underdog, he was able to outpoint Mercer en route to a victory by unanimous decision.\n\nThe fight\nThe fight went the full 12 rounds with Evander Holyfield earning the victory via unanimous decision with two scores of 116–112 and one score of 117–111. Holyfield was able to control most of the fight as Holmes took a more defensive approach. Holmes' best offensive showing came in round 2 when he was able to hit Holyfield with a combination of uppercuts and hooks in the second minute of the round. Holmes was also able to open a cut above Holyfield's right eye after catching him with an elbow following a missed right hand. Nevertheless, Holyfield was the aggressor for the entire duration of the fight with Holmes spending most of the fight seemingly trying to avoid trading punches with Holyfield. Ultimately, neither man was able gain a knockdown throughout the relatively uneventful fight. In what was surely not intended as a reflection on the evening's proceedings, Holmes vomited as the final bell rang.\n\nAftermath\nHolyfield would next face arguably his toughest opponent, the undefeated Riddick Bowe. In what was named The Ring magazine's Fight of the Year, Riddick Bowe was able to defeat Holyfield by a close unanimous decision to become the new Undisputed Heavyweight Champion.\n\nThough it was not known if Holmes would continue to fight after his loss to Holyfield, he ultimately decided to continue his comeback, racking up seven consecutive victories after the Holyfield defeat to earn another chance at a major heavyweight title, this time facing Oliver McCall for the WBC Heavyweight Championship on April 8, 1995. Though he was again able to go the full 12 rounds, he was unable to pick up the victory, instead losing to McCall by another unanimous decision.\n\nReferences\n\n1992 in boxing\nBoxing in Las Vegas\n1992 in sports in Nevada\nHolmes\nWorld Boxing Association heavyweight championship matches\nWorld Boxing Council heavyweight championship matches\nInternational Boxing Federation heavyweight championship matches\nJune 1992 sports events in the United States\nCaesars Palace" ]

[ "James Butler Hickok (May 27, 1837August 2, 1876), better known as \"Wild Bill\" Hickok, was a folk hero of the American Old West known for his life on the frontier as a soldier, scout, lawman, gambler, showman, and actor, and for his involvement in many famous gunfights. He earned a great deal of notoriety in his own time, much of it bolstered by the many outlandish and often fabricated tales he told about himself.", "He earned a great deal of notoriety in his own time, much of it bolstered by the many outlandish and often fabricated tales he told about himself. Some contemporaneous reports of his exploits are known to be fictitious, but they remain the basis of much of his fame and reputation. Hickok was born and raised on a farm in northern Illinois at a time when lawlessness and vigilante activity was rampant because of the influence of the \"Banditti of the Prairie\".", "Hickok was born and raised on a farm in northern Illinois at a time when lawlessness and vigilante activity was rampant because of the influence of the \"Banditti of the Prairie\". Drawn to this ruffian lifestyle, he headed west at age 18 as a fugitive from justice, working as a stagecoach driver and later as a lawman in the frontier territories of Kansas and Nebraska.", "Drawn to this ruffian lifestyle, he headed west at age 18 as a fugitive from justice, working as a stagecoach driver and later as a lawman in the frontier territories of Kansas and Nebraska. He fought and spied for the Union Army during the American Civil War and gained publicity after the war as a scout, marksman, actor, and professional gambler. He was involved in several notable shootouts during the course of his life.", "He was involved in several notable shootouts during the course of his life. In 1876, Hickok was shot and killed while playing poker in a saloon in Deadwood, Dakota Territory (present-day South Dakota) by Jack McCall, an unsuccessful gambler. The hand of cards which he supposedly held at the time of his death has become known as the dead man's hand: two pairs; black aces and eights. Hickok remains a popular figure of frontier history.", "Hickok remains a popular figure of frontier history. Hickok remains a popular figure of frontier history. Many historic sites and monuments commemorate his life, and he has been depicted numerous times in literature, film, and television. He is chiefly portrayed as a protagonist, although historical accounts of his actions are often controversial, and much of his career is known to have been exaggerated both by himself and by contemporary mythmakers.", "He is chiefly portrayed as a protagonist, although historical accounts of his actions are often controversial, and much of his career is known to have been exaggerated both by himself and by contemporary mythmakers. While Hickok claimed to have killed numerous named and unnamed gunmen in his lifetime, his career as a gunfighter only lasted from 1861 to 1871. According to Joseph G. Rosa, Hickok's biographer and the foremost authority on Wild Bill, Hickok killed only six or seven men in gunfights.", "According to Joseph G. Rosa, Hickok's biographer and the foremost authority on Wild Bill, Hickok killed only six or seven men in gunfights. Early life James Butler Hickok was born May 27, 1837, in Homer, Illinois, (present-day Troy Grove, Illinois) to William Alonzo Hickok, a farmer and abolitionist, and his wife, Polly Butler. Hickok was of English ancestry. James was the fourth of six children.", "James was the fourth of six children. James was the fourth of six children. His father was said to have used the family house, now demolished, as a station on the Underground Railroad. William Hickok died in 1852, when James was 15. Hickok was a good shot from a young age, and was recognized locally as an outstanding marksman with a pistol. Photographs of Hickok appear to depict dark hair, but all contemporaneous descriptions affirm that it was red.", "Photographs of Hickok appear to depict dark hair, but all contemporaneous descriptions affirm that it was red. In 1855, at age 18, James Hickok fled Illinois following a fight with Charles Hudson, during which both fell into a canal; each thought, mistakenly, that he had killed the other. Hickok moved to Leavenworth in the Kansas Territory, where he joined Jim Lane's Free State Army (also known as the Jayhawkers), an antislavery vigilante group active in the new territory during the Bleeding Kansas era.", "Hickok moved to Leavenworth in the Kansas Territory, where he joined Jim Lane's Free State Army (also known as the Jayhawkers), an antislavery vigilante group active in the new territory during the Bleeding Kansas era. While a Jayhawker, he met 12-year-old William Cody (later known as \"Buffalo Bill\"), who, despite his youth, served as a scout just two years later for the U.S. Army during the Utah War.", "While a Jayhawker, he met 12-year-old William Cody (later known as \"Buffalo Bill\"), who, despite his youth, served as a scout just two years later for the U.S. Army during the Utah War. Nicknames Hickok used his late father's name, William Hickok, from 1858, and the name William Haycock during the American Civil War. Most newspapers referred to him as William Haycock until 1869. He was arrested while using the name Haycock in 1865.", "He was arrested while using the name Haycock in 1865. He afterward resumed using his given name, James Hickok. Military records after 1865 list him as Hickok, but note that he was also known as Haycock. In an 1867 article about his shootout with Davis Tutt, his surname was misspelled as Hitchcock. While in Nebraska, Hickok was derisively referred to by one man as \"Duck Bill\" for his long nose and protruding lips.", "While in Nebraska, Hickok was derisively referred to by one man as \"Duck Bill\" for his long nose and protruding lips. He was also known before 1861 among Jayhawkers as \"Shanghai Bill\" because of his height and slim build. He grew a moustache following the McCanles incident, and in 1861 began calling himself \"Wild Bill\". Early career In 1857, Hickok claimed a tract in Johnson County, Kansas, near present-day Lenexa.", "Early career In 1857, Hickok claimed a tract in Johnson County, Kansas, near present-day Lenexa. On March 22, 1858, he was elected one of the first four constables of Monticello Township. In 1859, he joined the Russell, Majors and Waddell freight company, the parent company of the Pony Express. In 1860, Hickok was badly injured, possibly by a bear, while driving a freight team from Independence, Missouri, to Santa Fe, New Mexico.", "In 1860, Hickok was badly injured, possibly by a bear, while driving a freight team from Independence, Missouri, to Santa Fe, New Mexico. According to Hickok's account, he found the road blocked by a cinnamon bear and its two cubs. Dismounting, he approached the bear and fired a shot into its head, but the bullet ricocheted off its skull, infuriating it. The bear attacked, crushing Hickok with its body. Hickok managed to fire another shot, wounding the bear's paw.", "Hickok managed to fire another shot, wounding the bear's paw. The bear then grabbed his arm in its mouth, but Hickok was able to grab his knife and slash its throat, killing it. Hickok was severely injured, with a crushed chest, shoulder, and arm. He was bedridden for four months before being sent to Rock Creek Station in the Nebraska Territory to work as a stable hand while he recovered.", "He was bedridden for four months before being sent to Rock Creek Station in the Nebraska Territory to work as a stable hand while he recovered. There, the freight company had built a stagecoach stop along the Oregon Trail near Fairbury, Nebraska, on land purchased from David McCanles. McCanles shooting On July 12, 1861, David McCanles went to the Rock Creek Station office to demand an overdue property payment from Horace Wellman, the station manager.", "McCanles shooting On July 12, 1861, David McCanles went to the Rock Creek Station office to demand an overdue property payment from Horace Wellman, the station manager. McCanles reportedly threatened Wellman, and either Wellman or Hickok, who was hiding behind a curtain, killed McCanles. Hickok, Wellman, and another employee, J.W. Brink, were tried for killing McCanles, but were found to have acted in self-defense. McCanles may have been the first man Hickok killed.", "McCanles may have been the first man Hickok killed. McCanles may have been the first man Hickok killed. Hickok subsequently visited McCanles' widow, apologized for the killing, and offered her $35 in restitution, all the money he had with him at the time. Civil War service After the Civil War broke out in April 1861, Hickok became a teamster for the Union Army in Sedalia, Missouri.", "Civil War service After the Civil War broke out in April 1861, Hickok became a teamster for the Union Army in Sedalia, Missouri. By the end of 1861, he was a wagon master, but in September 1862, he was discharged for unknown reasons. He then joined General James Henry Lane's Kansas Brigade, and while serving with the brigade, saw his friend Buffalo Bill Cody, who was serving as a scout.", "He then joined General James Henry Lane's Kansas Brigade, and while serving with the brigade, saw his friend Buffalo Bill Cody, who was serving as a scout. In late 1863, Hickok worked for the provost marshal of southwest Missouri as a member of the Springfield detective police. His work included identifying and counting the number of troops in uniform who were drinking while on duty, verifying hotel liquor licenses, and tracking down individuals who owed money to the cash-strapped Union Army.", "His work included identifying and counting the number of troops in uniform who were drinking while on duty, verifying hotel liquor licenses, and tracking down individuals who owed money to the cash-strapped Union Army. Buffalo Bill claimed that he encountered Hickok disguised as a Confederate officer in Missouri in 1864. Hickok had not been paid for some time, and was hired as a scout by General John B. Sanborn by early 1865. In June, Hickok mustered out and went to Springfield, where he gambled.", "In June, Hickok mustered out and went to Springfield, where he gambled. The 1883 History of Greene County, Missouri described him as \"by nature a ruffian ... a drunken, swaggering fellow, who delighted when 'on a spree' to frighten nervous men and timid women.\" Lawman and scout Duel with Davis Tutt While in Springfield, Hickok and a local gambler named Davis Tutt had several disagreements over unpaid gambling debts and their mutual affection for the same women.", "Lawman and scout Duel with Davis Tutt While in Springfield, Hickok and a local gambler named Davis Tutt had several disagreements over unpaid gambling debts and their mutual affection for the same women. Hickok lost a gold watch to Tutt in a poker game. The watch had great sentimental value to Hickok, so he asked Tutt not to wear it in public. They initially agreed not to fight over the watch, but when Hickok saw Tutt wearing it, he warned him to stay away.", "They initially agreed not to fight over the watch, but when Hickok saw Tutt wearing it, he warned him to stay away. On July 21, 1865, the two men faced off in Springfield's town square, standing sideways before drawing and firing their weapons. Their quick-draw duel was recorded as the first of its kind. Tutt's shot missed, but Hickok's struck Tutt through the heart from about away. Tutt called out, \"Boys, I'm killed\", before he collapsed and died.", "Tutt called out, \"Boys, I'm killed\", before he collapsed and died. Two days later, Hickok was arrested for murder. The charge was later reduced to manslaughter. He was released on $2,000 bail and stood trial on August 3, 1865. At the end of the trial, Judge Sempronius H. Boyd told the jury they could not find Hickok acted in self-defense if he could have reasonably avoided the fight.", "At the end of the trial, Judge Sempronius H. Boyd told the jury they could not find Hickok acted in self-defense if he could have reasonably avoided the fight. However, if they felt the threat of danger was real and imminent, he instructed they could apply the unwritten law of the \"fair fight\" and acquit. The jury voted to clear Hickok, resulting in public backlash and criticism of the verdict.", "The jury voted to clear Hickok, resulting in public backlash and criticism of the verdict. Several weeks later, an interview Hickok gave to Colonel George Ward Nichols, a journalist who subsequently became known as the creator of the Hickok legend, was published in Harper's New Monthly Magazine. Under the name \"Wild Bill Hitchcock\", the article recounted the \"hundreds\" of men whom Hickok had personally killed and other exaggerated exploits. The article was controversial wherever Hickok was known, and several frontier newspapers wrote rebuttals.", "The article was controversial wherever Hickok was known, and several frontier newspapers wrote rebuttals. Deputy U.S. marshal in Kansas In September 1865, Hickok came in second in the election for city marshal of Springfield. Leaving Springfield, he was recommended for the position of deputy federal marshal at Fort Riley, Kansas. This was during the Indian Wars, in which Hickok sometimes served as a scout for General George A. Custer's 7th Cavalry.", "This was during the Indian Wars, in which Hickok sometimes served as a scout for General George A. Custer's 7th Cavalry. In 1865, Hickok recruited six Native Americans and three cowboys to accompany him to Niagara Falls, where he put on an outdoor demonstration called The Daring Buffalo Chasers of the Plains. Since the event was outdoors, he could not compel people to pay, and the venture was a financial failure.", "Since the event was outdoors, he could not compel people to pay, and the venture was a financial failure. The show featured six buffalo, a bear, and a monkey, and one show ended in disaster when a buffalo refused to act, prompting Hickok to fire a bullet into the sky. This angered the buffalo and panicked audience members, causing the animals to break free of their wire fencing and chase audience members, some of whom were trampled. The incident helped contribute to the overall failure of the show.", "The incident helped contribute to the overall failure of the show. Henry M. Stanley, of the Weekly Missouri Democrat, reported Hickok to be \"an inveterate hater of Indian People\", perhaps to enhance his reputation as a scout and American fighter, but separating fact from fiction is difficult considering his recruitment of Indians to cross the nation to appear in his own Wild West show.", "Henry M. Stanley, of the Weekly Missouri Democrat, reported Hickok to be \"an inveterate hater of Indian People\", perhaps to enhance his reputation as a scout and American fighter, but separating fact from fiction is difficult considering his recruitment of Indians to cross the nation to appear in his own Wild West show. Witnesses confirm that while working as a scout at Fort Harker, Kansas, on May 11, 1867, Hickok was attacked by a large group of Indians, who fled after he shot and killed two.", "Witnesses confirm that while working as a scout at Fort Harker, Kansas, on May 11, 1867, Hickok was attacked by a large group of Indians, who fled after he shot and killed two. In July, Hickok told a newspaper reporter that he had led several soldiers in pursuit of Indians who had killed four men near the fort on July 2. He reported returning with five prisoners after killing 10.", "He reported returning with five prisoners after killing 10. He reported returning with five prisoners after killing 10. Witnesses confirm that the story was true to the extent the party had set out to find whoever had killed the four men, but the group returned to the fort \"without nary a dead Indian, [never] even seeing a live one\". In December 1867, newspapers reported that Hickok had come to stay in Hays City, Kansas.", "In December 1867, newspapers reported that Hickok had come to stay in Hays City, Kansas. He became a deputy U.S. marshal, and on March 28, 1868, he picked up 11 Union Army deserters who had been charged with stealing government property. Hickok was assigned to bring the men to Topeka for trial, and he requested a military escort from Fort Hays. He was assigned Buffalo Bill Cody, a sergeant, and five privates. They arrived in Topeka on April 2.", "They arrived in Topeka on April 2. They arrived in Topeka on April 2. Hickok remained in Hays through August 1868, when he brought 200 Cheyenne Indians to Hays to be viewed by \"excursionists\". On September 1, 1868, Hickok was in Lincoln County, Kansas, where he was hired as a scout by the 10th Cavalry Regiment, a segregated African-American unit. On September 4, Hickok was wounded in the foot while rescuing several cattlemen in the Bijou Creek basin who had been surrounded by Indians.", "On September 4, Hickok was wounded in the foot while rescuing several cattlemen in the Bijou Creek basin who had been surrounded by Indians. The 10th Regiment arrived at Fort Lyon in Colorado in October and remained there for the rest of 1868. Marshal of Hays, Kansas In July 1869, Hickok returned to Hays and was elected city marshal of Hays and sheriff of Ellis County, Kansas, in a special election held on August 23, 1869. Three sheriffs had quit during the previous 18 months.", "Three sheriffs had quit during the previous 18 months. Three sheriffs had quit during the previous 18 months. Hickok may have been acting sheriff before he was elected; a newspaper reported that he arrested offenders on August 18, and the commander of Fort Hays wrote a letter to the assistant adjutant general on August 21 in which he praised Hickok for his work in apprehending deserters.", "Hickok may have been acting sheriff before he was elected; a newspaper reported that he arrested offenders on August 18, and the commander of Fort Hays wrote a letter to the assistant adjutant general on August 21 in which he praised Hickok for his work in apprehending deserters. The regular county election was held on November 2, 1869, and Hickok, running as an independent, lost to his deputy, Peter Lanihan, running as a Democrat; even so, Hickok and Lanihan remained sheriff and deputy, respectively.", "The regular county election was held on November 2, 1869, and Hickok, running as an independent, lost to his deputy, Peter Lanihan, running as a Democrat; even so, Hickok and Lanihan remained sheriff and deputy, respectively. Hickok accused a J.V. Macintosh of irregularities and misconduct during the election. On December 9, Hickok and Lanihan both served legal papers on Macintosh, and local newspapers acknowledged that Hickok had guardianship of Hays City.", "On December 9, Hickok and Lanihan both served legal papers on Macintosh, and local newspapers acknowledged that Hickok had guardianship of Hays City. Killings as sheriff In September 1869, his first month as sheriff, Hickok killed two men. The first was Bill Mulvey, who was rampaging through town, drunk, shooting out mirrors and whisky bottles behind bars. Citizens warned Mulvey to behave, because Hickok was sheriff. Mulvey angrily declared that he had come to town to kill Hickok.", "Mulvey angrily declared that he had come to town to kill Hickok. When he saw Hickok, he leveled his cocked rifle at him. Hickok waved his hand past Mulvey at some onlookers and yelled, \"Don't shoot him in the back; he is drunk.\" Mulvey wheeled his horse around to face those who might shoot him from behind, and before he realized he had been fooled, Hickok shot him through the temple.", "Mulvey wheeled his horse around to face those who might shoot him from behind, and before he realized he had been fooled, Hickok shot him through the temple. The second killed by Hickok was Samuel Strawhun, a cowboy, who was causing a disturbance in a saloon at 1:00 am on September 27, when Hickok and Lanihan went to the scene. Strawhun \"made remarks against Hickok\", and Hickok killed him with a shot through the head. Hickok said he had \"tried to restore order\".", "Hickok said he had \"tried to restore order\". At the coroner's inquest into Strawhun's death, despite \"very contradictory\" evidence from witnesses, the jury found the shooting justifiable. On July 17, 1870, Hickok was attacked by two troopers from the 7th U.S. Cavalry, Jeremiah Lonergan and John Kyle (sometimes spelled Kile), in a saloon. Lonergan pinned Hickok to the ground, and Kyle put his gun to Hickok's ear.", "Lonergan pinned Hickok to the ground, and Kyle put his gun to Hickok's ear. When Kyle's weapon misfired, Hickok shot Lonergan, wounding him in the knee, and shot Kyle twice, killing him. Hickok lost his re-election bid to his deputy. Marshal of Abilene, Kansas On April 15, 1871, Hickok became marshal of Abilene, Kansas. He replaced Tom \"Bear River\" Smith, who had been killed while serving an arrest warrant on November 2, 1870.", "He replaced Tom \"Bear River\" Smith, who had been killed while serving an arrest warrant on November 2, 1870. Outlaw John Wesley Hardin arrived in Abilene at the end of a cattle drive in early 1871. Hardin was a well-known gunfighter, and is known to have killed more than 27 men.", "Hardin was a well-known gunfighter, and is known to have killed more than 27 men. In his 1895 autobiography, published after his death, Hardin claimed to have been befriended by Hickok, the newly elected town marshal, after he had disarmed the marshal using the road agent's spin, but Hardin was known to exaggerate. In any case, Hardin appeared to have thought highly of Hickok. Hickok later said he did not know that \"Wesley Clemmons\" was Hardin's alias, and that he was a wanted outlaw.", "Hickok later said he did not know that \"Wesley Clemmons\" was Hardin's alias, and that he was a wanted outlaw. He told Clemmons (Hardin) to stay out of trouble in Abilene and asked him to hand over his guns, and Hardin complied. Hardin alleged that when his cousin, Mannen Clements, was jailed for the killing of two cowhands Joe and Dolph Shadden in July 1871, Hickok – at Hardin's request – arranged for his escape.", "Hardin alleged that when his cousin, Mannen Clements, was jailed for the killing of two cowhands Joe and Dolph Shadden in July 1871, Hickok – at Hardin's request – arranged for his escape. In August 1871, Hickok sought to arrest Hardin for killing Charles Couger in an Abilene hotel \"for snoring too loud\". Hardin left Kansas before Hickok could arrest him. A newspaper reported, \"A man was killed in his bed at a hotel in Abilene, Monday night, by a desperado called Arkansas.", "A newspaper reported, \"A man was killed in his bed at a hotel in Abilene, Monday night, by a desperado called Arkansas. The murderer escaped. This was his sixth murder.\" Shootout with Phil Coe Hickok and Phil Coe, a saloon owner and acquaintance of Hardin's, had a dispute that resulted in a shootout. The Bull's Head Saloon in Abilene had been established by gambler Ben Thompson and Coe, his partner, businessman, and fellow gambler.", "The Bull's Head Saloon in Abilene had been established by gambler Ben Thompson and Coe, his partner, businessman, and fellow gambler. The two entrepreneurs had painted a picture of a bull with a large erect penis on the side of their establishment as an advertisement. Citizens of the town complained to Hickok, who requested that Thompson and Coe remove the image. They refused, so Hickok altered it himself.", "They refused, so Hickok altered it himself. They refused, so Hickok altered it himself. Infuriated, Thompson tried to incite John Wesley Hardin to kill Hickok by exclaiming to Hardin that \"He's a damn Yankee. Picks on rebels, especially Texans, to kill.\" Hardin was in town under his assumed name Wesley Clemmons, but was better known to the townspeople by the alias \"Little Arkansas\".", "Hardin was in town under his assumed name Wesley Clemmons, but was better known to the townspeople by the alias \"Little Arkansas\". He seemed to have respect for Hickok's abilities and replied, \"If Bill needs killing, why don't you kill him yourself?\" Hoping to intimidate Hickok, Coe allegedly stated that he could \"kill a crow on the wing\". Hickok's retort is one of the West's most famous sayings (though possibly apocryphal): \"Did the crow have a pistol?", "Hickok's retort is one of the West's most famous sayings (though possibly apocryphal): \"Did the crow have a pistol? Was he shooting back? I will be.\" On October 5, 1871, Hickok was standing off a crowd during a street brawl when Coe fired two shots. Hickok ordered him to be arrested for firing a pistol within the city limits. Coe claimed that he was shooting at a stray dog, and then suddenly turned his gun on Hickok, who fired first and killed Coe.", "Coe claimed that he was shooting at a stray dog, and then suddenly turned his gun on Hickok, who fired first and killed Coe. In another account of the Coe shootout: Theophilus Little, the mayor of Abilene and owner of the town's lumber yard, recorded his time in Abilene by writing in a notebook, which was ultimately given to the Abilene Historical Society.", "In another account of the Coe shootout: Theophilus Little, the mayor of Abilene and owner of the town's lumber yard, recorded his time in Abilene by writing in a notebook, which was ultimately given to the Abilene Historical Society. Writing in 1911, he detailed his admiration for Hickok and included a paragraph on the shooting that differs considerably from the reported account: After shooting Coe, Hickok caught a glimpse of someone running toward him and quickly fired two more shots in reaction, accidentally shooting and killing Abilene Special Deputy Marshal Mike Williams, who was coming to his aid.", "Writing in 1911, he detailed his admiration for Hickok and included a paragraph on the shooting that differs considerably from the reported account: After shooting Coe, Hickok caught a glimpse of someone running toward him and quickly fired two more shots in reaction, accidentally shooting and killing Abilene Special Deputy Marshal Mike Williams, who was coming to his aid. This was the last time Hickok was ever involved in a gunfight; the accidental death of Deputy Williams was an event that haunted Hickok for the remainder of his life.", "This was the last time Hickok was ever involved in a gunfight; the accidental death of Deputy Williams was an event that haunted Hickok for the remainder of his life. Hickok was relieved of his duties as marshal less than two months after the accidental shooting, this incident being only one of a series of questionable shootings and claims of misconduct during his career. Later life In 1873, Buffalo Bill Cody and Texas Jack Omohundro invited Hickok to join their troupe after their earlier success.", "Later life In 1873, Buffalo Bill Cody and Texas Jack Omohundro invited Hickok to join their troupe after their earlier success. Hickok did not enjoy acting, and often hid behind scenery. In one show, he shot the spotlight when it focused on him. He was released from the group after a few months. In 1876, Hickok was diagnosed by a doctor in Kansas City, Missouri, with glaucoma and ophthalmia.", "In 1876, Hickok was diagnosed by a doctor in Kansas City, Missouri, with glaucoma and ophthalmia. Although he was just 39, his marksmanship and health were apparently in decline, and he had been arrested several times for vagrancy, despite earning a good income from gambling and displays of showmanship only a few years earlier. Marriages On March 5, 1876, Hickok married Agnes Thatcher Lake, a 50-year-old circus proprietor in Cheyenne, Wyoming Territory.", "Marriages On March 5, 1876, Hickok married Agnes Thatcher Lake, a 50-year-old circus proprietor in Cheyenne, Wyoming Territory. Hickok left his new bride a few months later, joining Charlie Utter's wagon train to seek his fortune in the gold fields of South Dakota.", "Hickok left his new bride a few months later, joining Charlie Utter's wagon train to seek his fortune in the gold fields of South Dakota. Shortly before Hickok's death, he wrote a letter to his new wife, which read in part, \"Agnes Darling, if such should be we never meet again, while firing my last shot, I will gently breathe the name of my wife—Agnes—and with wishes even for my enemies I will make the plunge and try to swim to the other shore.\"", "Shortly before Hickok's death, he wrote a letter to his new wife, which read in part, \"Agnes Darling, if such should be we never meet again, while firing my last shot, I will gently breathe the name of my wife—Agnes—and with wishes even for my enemies I will make the plunge and try to swim to the other shore.\" Martha Jane Cannary, known popularly as Calamity Jane, claimed in her autobiography that she was married to Hickok and had divorced him so he could be free to marry Agnes Lake, but no records have been found that support her account.", "Martha Jane Cannary, known popularly as Calamity Jane, claimed in her autobiography that she was married to Hickok and had divorced him so he could be free to marry Agnes Lake, but no records have been found that support her account. The two possibly met for the first time after Jane was released from the guardhouse in Fort Laramie and joined the wagon train in which Hickok was traveling. The wagon train arrived in Deadwood in July 1876.", "The wagon train arrived in Deadwood in July 1876. The wagon train arrived in Deadwood in July 1876. Jane confirmed this account in an 1896 newspaper interview, although she claimed she had been hospitalized with illness rather than in the guardhouse. Death On August 1, 1876, Hickok was playing poker at Nuttal & Mann's Saloon No. 10 in Deadwood, Dakota Territory. When a seat opened up at the table, a drunk man named Jack McCall sat down to play. McCall lost heavily.", "McCall lost heavily. McCall lost heavily. Hickok encouraged McCall to quit the game until he could cover his losses and offered to give him money for breakfast. Although McCall accepted the money, he was apparently insulted. The next day, Hickok was playing poker again. He usually sat with his back to a wall so he could see the entrance, but the only seat available when he joined the game was a chair facing away from the door.", "He usually sat with his back to a wall so he could see the entrance, but the only seat available when he joined the game was a chair facing away from the door. He twice asked another man at the table, Charles Rich, to change seats with him, but Rich refused. McCall then entered the saloon, walked up behind Hickok, drew his Colt Model 1873 Single Action Army .45-caliber revolver, and shouted, \"Damn you! Take that!\"", "Take that!\" Take that!\" before shooting Hickok in the back of the head at point-blank range. Hickok died instantly. The bullet emerged through his right cheek and struck another player, riverboat Captain William Massie, in the left wrist. Hickok may have told his friend Charlie Utter and others who were traveling with them that he thought he would be killed while in Deadwood. Hickok was playing five-card stud or five-card draw when he was shot.", "Hickok was playing five-card stud or five-card draw when he was shot. He was holding two pairs: black aces and black eights (although there is some dispute as to the suit of one of the aces, diamond vs. spade) as his \"up cards\", which has since become widely known as the \"dead man's hand\". The identity of the fifth card (his \"hole card\") is also the subject of debate.", "The identity of the fifth card (his \"hole card\") is also the subject of debate. Jack McCall's two trials McCall's motive for killing Hickok is the subject of speculation, largely concerning McCall's anger at Hickok's having given him money for breakfast the day before, after McCall had lost heavily. McCall was summoned before an informal \"miners' jury\" (an ad hoc local group of miners and businessmen).", "McCall was summoned before an informal \"miners' jury\" (an ad hoc local group of miners and businessmen). He claimed he was avenging Hickok's earlier slaying of his brother, which may have been true; a man named Lew McCall had indeed been killed by an unknown lawman in Abilene, Kansas, but whether or not the two McCall men were related is unknown.", "He claimed he was avenging Hickok's earlier slaying of his brother, which may have been true; a man named Lew McCall had indeed been killed by an unknown lawman in Abilene, Kansas, but whether or not the two McCall men were related is unknown. McCall was acquitted of the murder, which prompted editorializing in the Black Hills Pioneer: \"Should it ever be our misfortune to kill a man ... we would simply ask that our trial may take place in some of the mining camps of these hills.\"", "McCall was acquitted of the murder, which prompted editorializing in the Black Hills Pioneer: \"Should it ever be our misfortune to kill a man ... we would simply ask that our trial may take place in some of the mining camps of these hills.\" Calamity Jane is reputed to have led a mob that threatened McCall with lynching, but at the time of Hickok's death, Jane was actually being held by military authorities. After bragging about killing Hickok, McCall was rearrested.", "After bragging about killing Hickok, McCall was rearrested. After bragging about killing Hickok, McCall was rearrested. The second trial was not considered double jeopardy because of the irregular jury in the first trial and because Deadwood was at the time in unorganized Indian country. The new trial was held in Yankton, the capital of the Dakota Territory. Hickok's brother, Lorenzo Butler, traveled from Illinois to attend the retrial. McCall was found guilty and sentenced to death.", "McCall was found guilty and sentenced to death. McCall was found guilty and sentenced to death. Leander Richardson, a reporter, interviewed McCall shortly before his execution, and wrote an article about him for the April 1877 issue of Scribner's Monthly. Lorenzo Butler Hickok spoke with McCall after the trial, and said McCall showed no remorse. Jack McCall was hanged on March 1, 1877, and buried in a Roman Catholic cemetery.", "Jack McCall was hanged on March 1, 1877, and buried in a Roman Catholic cemetery. The cemetery was moved in 1881, and when McCall's body was exhumed, the noose was found still around his neck.", "The cemetery was moved in 1881, and when McCall's body was exhumed, the noose was found still around his neck. Burial Charlie Utter, Hickok's friend and companion, claimed Hickok's body and placed a notice in the local newspaper, the Black Hills Pioneer, which read: Almost the entire town attended the funeral, and Utter had Hickok buried with a wooden grave marker reading: Hickok is known to have fatally shot six men and is suspected of having killed a seventh (McCanles).", "Burial Charlie Utter, Hickok's friend and companion, claimed Hickok's body and placed a notice in the local newspaper, the Black Hills Pioneer, which read: Almost the entire town attended the funeral, and Utter had Hickok buried with a wooden grave marker reading: Hickok is known to have fatally shot six men and is suspected of having killed a seventh (McCanles). Despite his reputation, Hickok was buried in the Ingelside Cemetery, Deadwood's original graveyard.", "Despite his reputation, Hickok was buried in the Ingelside Cemetery, Deadwood's original graveyard. This cemetery filled quickly, and in 1879, on the third anniversary of Hickok's original burial, Utter paid to move Hickok's remains to the new Mount Moriah Cemetery. Utter supervised the move and noted that, while perfectly preserved, Hickok had been imperfectly embalmed. As a result, calcium carbonate from the surrounding soil had replaced the flesh, leading to petrifaction.", "As a result, calcium carbonate from the surrounding soil had replaced the flesh, leading to petrifaction. One of the workers, Joseph McLintock, wrote a detailed description of the reinterment. McLintock used a cane to tap the body, face, and head, finding no soft tissue anywhere. He noted that the sound was similar to tapping a brick wall and believed the remains weighed more than . William Austin, the cemetery caretaker, estimated . This made it difficult for the men to carry the remains to the new site.", "This made it difficult for the men to carry the remains to the new site. The original wooden grave marker was moved to the new site, but by 1891, it had been destroyed by souvenir hunters whittling pieces from it, and it was replaced with a statue. This, in turn, was destroyed by souvenir hunters and replaced in 1902 by a life-sized sandstone sculpture of Hickok. This, too, was badly defaced, and was then enclosed in a cage for protection.", "This, too, was badly defaced, and was then enclosed in a cage for protection. The enclosure was cut open by souvenir hunters in the 1950s, and the statue was removed. Hickok is currently interred in a square plot at the Mount Moriah Cemetery, surrounded by a cast-iron fence, with a U.S. flag flying nearby. As of 2020, the flag is no longer flown. A monument has been built there. Calamity Jane was reported to have been buried next to Hickok according to her dying wish.", "Calamity Jane was reported to have been buried next to Hickok according to her dying wish. Four of the men on the self-appointed committee who planned Calamity's funeral (Albert Malter, Frank Ankeney, Jim Carson, and Anson Higby) later stated that, since Hickok had \"absolutely no use\" for Jane in this life, they decided to play a posthumous joke on him by laying her to rest by his side.", "Four of the men on the self-appointed committee who planned Calamity's funeral (Albert Malter, Frank Ankeney, Jim Carson, and Anson Higby) later stated that, since Hickok had \"absolutely no use\" for Jane in this life, they decided to play a posthumous joke on him by laying her to rest by his side. Pistols known to have been carried by Hickok Hickok's favorite guns were a pair of Colt 1851 Navy Model (.36 caliber) cap-and-ball revolvers.", "Pistols known to have been carried by Hickok Hickok's favorite guns were a pair of Colt 1851 Navy Model (.36 caliber) cap-and-ball revolvers. They had ivory grips and nickel plating, and were ornately engraved with \"J.B. Hickok–1869\" on the backstrap. He wore his revolvers butt-forward in a belt or sash (when wearing city clothes or buckskins, respectively), and seldom used holsters; he drew the pistols using a \"reverse\", \"twist\", or cavalry draw, as would a cavalryman.", "He wore his revolvers butt-forward in a belt or sash (when wearing city clothes or buckskins, respectively), and seldom used holsters; he drew the pistols using a \"reverse\", \"twist\", or cavalry draw, as would a cavalryman. At the time of his death, Hickok was wearing a Smith & Wesson Model No. 2 Army revolver, a five-shot, single-action, .32-caliber weapon, innovative as one of the first metallic cartridge firearms and favored by many Union officers during the Civil War.", "2 Army revolver, a five-shot, single-action, .32-caliber weapon, innovative as one of the first metallic cartridge firearms and favored by many Union officers during the Civil War. Bonhams auction company offered this pistol at auction on November 18, 2013, in San Francisco, California, described as Hickok's Smith & Wesson No. 2, serial number 29963, a .32 rimfire with a six-inch barrel, blued finish, and varnished rosewood grips.", "2, serial number 29963, a .32 rimfire with a six-inch barrel, blued finish, and varnished rosewood grips. The gun did not sell because the highest bid of $220,000 was less than the reserve set by the gun's owners. In popular culture Hickok has remained one of the most popular and iconic figures of the American Old West, and is still frequently depicted in popular culture, including literature, film, and television.", "In popular culture Hickok has remained one of the most popular and iconic figures of the American Old West, and is still frequently depicted in popular culture, including literature, film, and television. Paramount Pictures' Western silent film Wild Bill Hickok (released on November 18, 1923) was directed by Clifford Smith and stars William S. Hart as Hickok. A print of the film is maintained in the Museum of Modern Art film archive.", "A print of the film is maintained in the Museum of Modern Art film archive. The movie The Plainsman (1936), starring Gary Cooper as Hickok, features the alleged romance between Calamity Jane and him as its main plot line. It is a loose adaptation of Hickok's life, ending with his famous aces-and-eights card hand. A later film (1953) and subsequent stage musical, both titled Calamity Jane, also portray a romance between Calamity Jane and Hickok.", "A later film (1953) and subsequent stage musical, both titled Calamity Jane, also portray a romance between Calamity Jane and Hickok. In the film version, Howard Keel co-stars as Hickok to Doris Day's Calamity Jane. The White Buffalo (1977), starring Charles Bronson as Hickok, tells a tale of Hickok's hunt for a murderous white buffalo that follows him in his nightmares.", "The White Buffalo (1977), starring Charles Bronson as Hickok, tells a tale of Hickok's hunt for a murderous white buffalo that follows him in his nightmares. A highly fictional film account of Hickok's later years and death, titled Wild Bill (1995), stars Jeff Bridges as Hickok and David Arquette as Jack McCall, and was written and directed by Walter Hill.", "A highly fictional film account of Hickok's later years and death, titled Wild Bill (1995), stars Jeff Bridges as Hickok and David Arquette as Jack McCall, and was written and directed by Walter Hill. A semifictionalized version of Hickok's time as marshal of Abilene Kansas, titled Hickok (2017), stars Luke Hemsworth as Hickok, Trace Adkins as the Bull's Head Saloon keeper Phil Coe, Kris Kristofferson as Abilene mayor George Knox, and Kaiwi Lyman-Mersereau as John Wesley Hardin.", "A semifictionalized version of Hickok's time as marshal of Abilene Kansas, titled Hickok (2017), stars Luke Hemsworth as Hickok, Trace Adkins as the Bull's Head Saloon keeper Phil Coe, Kris Kristofferson as Abilene mayor George Knox, and Kaiwi Lyman-Mersereau as John Wesley Hardin. It was written by Michael Lanahan and directed by Timothy Woodward Jr. In the early 1990s ABC television series Young Riders, a fictional account of Pony Express riders, Hickok is portrayed by Josh Brolin.", "In the early 1990s ABC television series Young Riders, a fictional account of Pony Express riders, Hickok is portrayed by Josh Brolin. Hickock is a playable character in the 2018 board game Deadwood 1876 by Façade Games. Memorials and honorable distinctions Hickok's birthplace is now the Wild Bill Hickok Memorial and is a listed historic site under the supervision of the Illinois Historic Preservation Agency. The town of Deadwood, South Dakota, re-enacts Hickok's murder and McCall's capture every summer evening.", "The town of Deadwood, South Dakota, re-enacts Hickok's murder and McCall's capture every summer evening. In 1979, Hickok was inducted into the Poker Hall of Fame. Notes References Works cited Bird, Roy (1979). \"The Custer-Hickok Shootout in Hays City.\" Real West, May 1979. Buel, James Wilson (1881). Heroes of the Plains, or Lives and Adventures of Wild Bill, Buffalo Bill and Other Celebrated Indian Fighters. St. Louis: Historical Publishing.", "St. Louis: Historical Publishing. St. Louis: Historical Publishing. DeMattos, Jack (1980). \"Gunfighters of the Real West: Wild Bill Hickok.\" Real West, June 1980. Hermon, Gregory (1987). \"Wild Bill's Sweetheart: The Life of Mary Jane Owens.\" Real West, February 1987. Matheson, Richard (1996). The Memoirs of Wild Bill Hickok. Jove. . Nichols, George Ward (1867). \"Wild Bill.\"", ". Nichols, George Ward (1867). \"Wild Bill.\" \"Wild Bill.\" Harper's New Monthly Magazine, February 1867. O'Connor, Richard (1959). Wild Bill Hickok. Garden City, New York: Doubleday. Rosa, Joseph G. (1964, 1974). They Called Him Wild Bill: The Life and Adventures of James Butler Hickok. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. . Rosa, Joseph G. (1977).", ". Rosa, Joseph G. (1977). Rosa, Joseph G. (1977). \"George Ward Nichols and the Legend of Wild Bill Hickok.\" Arizona and the West, Summer 1977. Rosa, Joseph G. (1979). \"J.B. Hickok, Deputy U.S. Marshal.\" Kansas History: A Journal of the Central Plains, Winter 1979. Rosa, Joseph G. (1982, 1994). The West of Wild Bill Hickok. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. .", "The West of Wild Bill Hickok. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. . . Rosa, Joseph G. (1982). \"Wild Bill and the Timber Thieves.\" Real West, April 1982. Rosa, Joseph G. (1984). \"The Girl and the Gunfighter: A Newly Discovered Photograph of Wild Bill Hickok.\" Real West, December 1984. Rosa, Joseph G. (1996). Wild Bill Hickok: The Man and His Myth. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas. .", "Wild Bill Hickok: The Man and His Myth. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas. . . Rosa, Joseph G. (2003). Wild Bill Hickok Gunfighter: An Account of Hickok's Gunfights. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. . Turner, Thadd M. Wild Bill Hickok: Deadwood City – End of Trail. Universal Publishers, 2001. Wilstach, Frank Jenners (1926). Wild Bill Hickok: The Prince of Pistoleers. Garden City, New York: Doubleday, Page.", "Garden City, New York: Doubleday, Page. Garden City, New York: Doubleday, Page. External links [Wild Bill Hickok collection] at Nebraska State Historical Society 1837 births 1876 deaths United States Marshals American town marshals Kansas sheriffs American folklore American murder victims American poker players American people of English descent Deaths by firearm in South Dakota Gunslingers of the American Old West Lawmen of the American Old West People from Troy Grove, Illinois People from Leavenworth, Kansas People from Deadwood, South Dakota People murdered in South Dakota American duellists People from Abilene, Kansas Nebraska folklore 1876 murders in the United States Tall tales Poker Hall of Fame inductees Union Army personnel" ]

[ "Harry Wright", "The National Association years" ]

[ "George Wright (January 28, 1847 – August 21, 1937) was an American shortstop in professional baseball. He played for the 1869 Cincinnati Red Stockings, the first fully professional team, when he was the game's best player. He then played for the Boston Red Stockings, helping the team win six league championships from 1871 to 1878. His older brother Harry Wright managed both Red Stockings teams and made George his cornerstone. George was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1937. After arriving in Boston, he also entered the sporting goods business. There he continued in the industry, assisting in the development of golf.\n\nPersonal life\nBorn in Yonkers, New York, 12 years younger than Harry, George Wright was raised as a cricket \"club pro\", assisting their father Samuel Wright as Harry had done. Before George's birth, Samuel Wright's St George's Cricket Club moved from Manhattan across the Hudson River to Elysian Fields, Hoboken, New Jersey, where many New York and New Jersey baseball clubs played in the 1850s. Both boys learned baseball, too, but George grew up with the \"national game\" and was barely in his teens when the American Civil War curtailed its boom; Harry was already 22 when the baseball fraternity convened for the first time, and 30 when the war ended. George's younger brother Sam Wright also played baseball professionally, with brief appearances in the major leagues.\n\nGeorge was the father of tennis great Beals Wright, a U.S. Championship winner and Olympic gold medalist, and Irving Wright, U.S. Championship men's doubles champion.\n\nAmateur baseball\nAt some times during the war, both Wright brothers played for the venerable Gothams, the second-oldest baseball team after the Knickerbockers. According to Ivor-Campbell (1996), George moved from the Gotham juniors to the senior team when he was 15. At 17 in 1864, he was the regular catcher.\n\nBaseball's recovery from the American Civil War was far advanced in greater New York City (always untouched by the military conflict), as the leading clubs played more than 20 National Association of Base Ball Players (NABBP) matches, the Gothams 11. George played eight and led the team both in runs, scoring 2.4 times per game, and \"hands lost\", put out only 2.4 times per game, average being three per player in a 9-inning game. In seven matches infielder Harry was fourth in scoring at 2.0 and second behind George in hands lost at 2.6 (Wright 2000: 91).\n\nFor the 1865 season, George was hired by the Philadelphia Cricket Club; that summer he played in five matches for the Olympic Ball Club of that city. The Olympic club was the devoted to games in the baseball genus, established in 1833. At the December annual meeting, the first in peacetime, NAABP membership tripled, including isolated clubs from as far as Fort Leavenworth, Kansas and Chattanooga, Tennessee. Wright returned to the Gothams for baseball; he was 19 and nearing his athletic peak. At the same time, Harry Wright moved to Cincinnati for a job at the Union Cricket Club.\n\nEarly in the summer of 1866, Wright moved from catcher for Gotham, which played eight NABBP matches that year, to shortstop for Union, which played 28, the leading number. The Union of Morrisania, now in the New York borough of the Bronx, were another charter member of the first Association, but one that moved toward professionalism in the postwar years, as the Gothams did not. In 1867, he joined the Nationals of Washington, D.C., the oldest club in that city, whose approach to professionalism was arranging government jobs, mainly with the Treasury. He played second base, shortstop, and pitcher in 29 of the 30 matches fully on record and in those matches led the team both in scoring and hands lost. Next year he returned to the Unions for the association's last officially all-amateur season and moved permanently to the shortstop position. In 1868, Wright won the Clipper Medal for being the best shortstop in baseball.\n\nCincinnati Red Stockings\n\nMeanwhile, George's brother Harry had acquired baseball duties and had organized for Cincinnati the strongest team in the West, led in 1868 by a handful of players from the East — presumably compensated somehow by club members if not by the club. When the NABBP permitted professionalism for 1869, Harry augmented himself and four incumbents with five new men including his brother George, who was highest paid at $1400 for nine months. George remained a cornerstone of Harry's teams for 10 seasons.\n\nCincinnati toured the continent undefeated in 1869, as George batted .633 with 49 home runs in 57 games. It may have been the strongest team in 1870, but the club dropped professional baseball after the second season.\n\nMajor League Baseball\nHarry Wright was hired to organize a new team in Boston, where he signed three teammates including George for 1871. The new Red Stockings team just missed winning the first National Association pennant. George suffered a broken leg and missed half the season; one more win would have been decisive in Boston's favor. With some personnel changes, the Boston Red Stockings won the other four NA pennants, dominating so severely in 1875 that they helped provoke a new league. Wright holds the NA career record for the most triples (41), and he led the NA in triples with 15 in 1874.\n\nOn April 22, 1876, Wright became the first batter in National League history, and grounded out to the shortstop. Boston trailed badly in the first NL season after the defection of its Big Four western players to Chicago, but rebounded to win again both 1877 and 1878. George Wright had played an even decade for Harry's teams. Another 1869 hire, Andy Leonard, was present for all but the 1871 second-place finish.\n\nThe Providence Grays, new in the NL for 1878, hired George to lead the team in 1879. He did as well as possible, wrestling the championship for himself from older brother Harry; for Providence and Rhode Island from older and regionally dominant Boston and Massachusetts. However, Wright & Ditson Sporting Goods was growing, so George returned to Boston for business reasons. He remains the only man to win the pennant in his lone season as manager. Meanwhile, the National League introduced the reserve list system, and Providence listed George, so he was not free to sign with Boston. Until the 1879–80 off-season, every professional baseball player was a \"free agent\" for every season. During the next two seasons he played only a few games. When Boston changed managers for 1882, Harry signed to lead Providence and inherited the right to sign his brother. George played another season full-time, retiring after the 1882 season with a .301 batting average in the major leagues from 1871.\n\nAfter Ditson died in 1891, Spalding purchased Wright & Ditson Co in Feb 1892. The name Wright & Ditson Co continued to be used several years after the purchase.\n\nCricket\nIn 1882, George Wright took up cricket seriously again with the Longwood Cricket Club of Boston where he dominated local cricket sides with Isaac Chambers, the Longwood cricket pro and greenskeeper, holding up the other bowling end. In 1891, Wright captained the Longwood Cricket Club against Lord Hawke's visiting English side. Wright's side surprised the visiting English first-class players with accurate bowling which kept the tourists in check. In 1892, Wright donated cricket gear to British Guianese (Guyana) cricket players, thereby starting a century-old tradition of West Indian cricket in New England.\n\nGolf\nIn 1886, Wright obtained what was said to be the first set of golf clubs and balls in the United States and had them on display in the Wright & Ditson sporting goods shop in Boston where a visitor from Scotland saw them and explained the game. In December 1890, Wright and three friends obtained a permit and chopped nine holes in the frozen ground of Boston's Franklin Park, playing two rounds. (Six years later, a public golf course was laid out in Franklin Park. The course, now known as the William J. Devine Golf Course, is the second oldest public golf course in the United States.) \n\nWright & Ditson became a major seller of golf clubs; early U.S. Open champion Francis Ouimet worked at the store while pursuing his amateur career. Wright later donated the , the former Grew estate, for Boston's second municipal course which became the Donald Ross-designed George Wright Golf Course located in the Hyde Park section of Boston.\n\nBaseball legacy\nGeorge Wright served on the 1906–1907 Mills Commission that—despite a complete lack of historical evidence—determined that Cooperstown, New York was the birthplace of baseball. President Mills and secretary Sullivan probably did the work, with the others lending gravity and celebrity. (The commission's determination has never been taken seriously by baseball historians and scholars.)\n\nWright accompanied the United States contingent to the 1912 Summer Olympics in Stockholm, Sweden where demonstrations of baseball, involving American track and field athletes and a team of Swedish players, were held. Wright umpired one of the games and provided instruction in the game for the Swedish players. Jim Thorpe, winner of the pentathlon and decathlon at that year's Olympics and a future Major League Baseball player, was one of the American players participating in the baseball exhibitions.\n\nWright was consulted regarding the baseball centennial celebrations of 1939, including the establishment of the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum in Cooperstown. Soon after his own election to the Hall of Fame in 1937, he died in Boston of a stroke, aged 90. He is buried in Holyhood Cemetery, in Brookline, Massachusetts.\n\nSee also\n\nList of Major League Baseball player-managers\n\nReferences\n\nFurther reading\nIvor-Campbell, Frederick (1996). \"George Wright\". Baseball's First Stars. Edited by Frederick Ivor-Campbell, et al. Cleveland, Ohio: SABR. \nRetrosheet. \"George Wright\". Retrieved August 29, 2006.\nSentence, David (n.d.). \"Cricket in America – Part 3: America's Oldest Cricket Club\". Retrieved August 31, 2006.\nWright, Marshall (2000). The National Association of Base Ball Players, 1857–1870. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Co.\n\nExternal links\n\n (cricket career)\n\n1847 births\n1937 deaths\nNational Baseball Hall of Fame inductees\nMajor League Baseball player-managers\nMajor League Baseball shortstops\n19th-century baseball players\nCincinnati Red Stockings players\nBoston Red Stockings players\nBoston Red Caps players\nProvidence Grays players\nBaseball players from New York (state)\nProvidence Grays managers\nNew York Gothams (NABBP) players\nMorrisania Unions players\nWashington Nationals (NABBP) players\nAmerican cricketers\nAmerican cricket umpires\nCricketers from New York (state)\nSportspeople from Yonkers, New York\nBurials at Holyhood Cemetery (Brookline)", "The Providence Grays were a Major League Baseball team that played in Providence, Rhode Island. They played in the National League from 1878 through 1885. During their time as a Major League team, the Grays employed eight different managers. The duties of the team manager include team strategy and leadership on and off the field.\n\nThe Grays' first manager was left fielder Tom York. York managed the team in 1878 and led them to a record of 33 wins and 27 losses. York also managed the Grays for part of the 1881 season, and in total managed the Grays for 96 games, with 56 wins and 37 losses, for a winning percentage of .602. In their second season, the Grays were managed by shortstop and Baseball Hall of Fameer George Wright. Wright led the team to a record of 59 wins and 25 losses for a winning percentage of .702 in 1879, winning the National League pennant. Wright left the team to join the Boston Red Caps, managed by his brother Harry Wright in 1880. In 1880 and 1881 the Grays employed a total of five different managers, including York's second term and 32 games managed by Hall of Famer John Montgomery Ward.\n\nIn 1882, Hall of Famer Harry Wright, George Wright's brother, became the Grays manager, and George Wright rejoined the team as their shortstop. Harry Wright managed the team for two seasons, winning 110 games and losing 72. Frank Bancroft became the Grays' manager in 1884 and managed the team to record of 84 wins and 28 losses and a winning percentage of .750, winning the Grays' second National League pennant behind the strength of Charles Radbourn's record 59 pitching victories. The Grays also won the World Series in 1884; however the 19th century World Series was a very different event from the current World Series, which began in 1903. The 19th century World Series was considered an exhibition contest between the champion of the National League and the champion of the American Association. The Grays defeated the American Association champion New York Metropolitans in the 1884 World Series winning three games and losing none. Bancroft managed the team again for their final season as a Major League team in 1885 with less success. Bancroft finished with an overall managerial record with the Grays of 137 wins and 85 losses, for a winning percentage of .617.\n\nBancroft managed the most games in Grays' history, 224, and his 137 wins and 85 losses are also the most in Grays' history. George Wright has the highest winning percentage of any Grays' manager, with .702. Three Grays' managers, Ward and the Wright brothers, were elected to Baseball's Hall of Fame.\n\nTable key\n\nManagers\n\nFootnotes \nAlthough the Grays won the tournament called the World Series in 1884, the 19th century World Series was a very different event from the current World Series, which began in 1903. The 19th century World Series was considered an exhibition contest between the champion of the National League and the champion of the American Association. The Grays defeated the New York Metropolitans in the 1884 World Series winning all three games.\n\nReferences \n\nProvidence Grays\nProvidence Grays managers" ]

[ "William Henry \"Harry\" Wright (January 10, 1835 – October 3, 1895) was an English-born American professional baseball player, manager, and developer. He assembled, managed, and played center field for baseball's first fully professional team, the 1869 Cincinnati Red Stockings. He is credited with introducing innovations such as backing up infield plays from the outfield and shifting defensive alignments based on hitters' tendencies.", "He is credited with introducing innovations such as backing up infield plays from the outfield and shifting defensive alignments based on hitters' tendencies. For his contributions as a manager and developer of the game, he was inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1953 by the Veterans Committee. Wright was also the first to make baseball into a business by paying his players up to seven times the pay of the average working man.", "Wright was also the first to make baseball into a business by paying his players up to seven times the pay of the average working man. Early life Born in Sheffield, England, he was the eldest of five children of professional cricketer Samuel Wright and his wife, Annie Tone Wright. His family emigrated to the U.S. when he was nearly three years old, and his father found work as a bowler, coach, and groundskeeper at the St George's Cricket Club in New York.", "His family emigrated to the U.S. when he was nearly three years old, and his father found work as a bowler, coach, and groundskeeper at the St George's Cricket Club in New York. Harry dropped out of school at age 14 to work for a jewelry manufacturer, and worked at Tiffany's for several years. Both Harry and George, 12 years younger, assisted their father, effectively apprenticing as cricket \"club pros\". Harry played against the first English cricket team to tour overseas in 1859.", "Harry played against the first English cricket team to tour overseas in 1859. Both brothers played baseball for some of the leading clubs during the amateur era of the National Association of Base Ball Players (NABBP). Harry was already 22 when the baseball fraternity convened for the first time in 1857, at which time he joined the Knickerbocker Base Ball Club. He did not play in a game with the Knickerbockers until July 8, 1858, playing the outfield against Excelsior of Brooklyn. The Knickerbockers lost the game, 31–13.", "The Knickerbockers lost the game, 31–13. The Knickerbockers lost the game, 31–13. In 1863, the Knickerbocker club all but withdrew from official competition, and Wright joined Gotham of New York, primarily playing shortstop. Here, he joined his brother George, who had become a member of the team the previous year. During the winter of 1864/65, the Wrights played the curious game of \"ice base ball\".", "During the winter of 1864/65, the Wrights played the curious game of \"ice base ball\". Cincinnati Wright left New York on March 8, 1865, bound for Cincinnati, where he had been hired on salary at the Union Cricket Club. When baseball boomed less than a year later in 1866, the first full peacetime season, he became, in effect, club pro at the Cincinnati Base Ball Club, although he is commonly called simply a baseball \"manager\" from that time.", "When baseball boomed less than a year later in 1866, the first full peacetime season, he became, in effect, club pro at the Cincinnati Base Ball Club, although he is commonly called simply a baseball \"manager\" from that time. By now, Wright was 31, probably past his athletic prime. Cincinnati fielded a strong regional club in 1867.", "Cincinnati fielded a strong regional club in 1867. Cincinnati fielded a strong regional club in 1867. With Wright working as the regular pitcher, and still a superior player at that level, the team won 16 matches and lost only to the Nationals of Washington, D.C. on their historic tour. For 1868 he added four players from the East and one from the crosstown Buckeye club, a vanquished rival. The easterners, at least, must have been compensated by club members if not by the club.", "The easterners, at least, must have been compensated by club members if not by the club. When the NABBP permitted professionalism for 1869, Harry augmented his 1868 imports (retaining four of five) with five new men, including three more originally from the East. No one but Harry Wright himself remained from 1867; one local man and one other westerner joined seven easterners on the famous First Nine.", "No one but Harry Wright himself remained from 1867; one local man and one other westerner joined seven easterners on the famous First Nine. The most important of the new men was brother George, probably the best player in the game for a few years, the highest paid man in Cincinnati at $1400 for nine months. George at shortstop remained a cornerstone of Harry's teams for ten seasons.", "George at shortstop remained a cornerstone of Harry's teams for ten seasons. The Red Stockings toured the continent undefeated in 1869 and may have been the strongest team in 1870, but the club dropped professional base ball after the second season, its fourth in the game. As it turned out, the Association also passed from the scene.", "As it turned out, the Association also passed from the scene. Manager During this early era, the rules of the sport for many years prohibited substitution during games except by mutual agreement with opponents, and the role of a team manager was not as specifically geared toward game strategy as in the modern era; instead, managers of the period combined the role of a field manager with that of a modern general manager in that they were primarily responsible for signing talented players and forming a versatile roster, as well as establishing a team approach through practice and game fundamentals.", "Manager During this early era, the rules of the sport for many years prohibited substitution during games except by mutual agreement with opponents, and the role of a team manager was not as specifically geared toward game strategy as in the modern era; instead, managers of the period combined the role of a field manager with that of a modern general manager in that they were primarily responsible for signing talented players and forming a versatile roster, as well as establishing a team approach through practice and game fundamentals. Seventh-Inning Stretch Report In 1869 Wright became the first to make written mention of the Seventh-inning stretch in a game he watched.", "Seventh-Inning Stretch Report In 1869 Wright became the first to make written mention of the Seventh-inning stretch in a game he watched. Boston The National Association years From an invitation in 1870 by Ivers Whitney Adams, the founder and President of the Boston Red Stockings, Wright moved from managing the \"Cincinnati Red Stockings\" to work professionally with the first-ever base ball team in Boston, the \"Boston Red Stockings\".", "Boston The National Association years From an invitation in 1870 by Ivers Whitney Adams, the founder and President of the Boston Red Stockings, Wright moved from managing the \"Cincinnati Red Stockings\" to work professionally with the first-ever base ball team in Boston, the \"Boston Red Stockings\". The team was to play in the newly formed National Association of Professional Base Ball Players, now known more often as simply the National Association. The Red Stockings finished third in the NA's inaugural season.", "The Red Stockings finished third in the NA's inaugural season. Wright, now 36 years old and the second-oldest player in the league, was the team's regular center fielder, playing 30 of the team's 31 games at that position. He also pitched in nine games in relief of Albert Spalding, notching one win. In 1872, the Red Stockings won its first championship, beating Maryland's Lord Baltimore Club by 7½ games. They won again the next season, finishing four games ahead of the Philadelphia Athletics.", "They won again the next season, finishing four games ahead of the Philadelphia Athletics. 1874 turned out to be Wright's last year as the team's regular center fielder. He had been the oldest player in the NA for three years running. It was also his third straight championship as a manager. That year, he organized what turned out to be a fairly disastrous attempt to take baseball back home to the British Isles.", "That year, he organized what turned out to be a fairly disastrous attempt to take baseball back home to the British Isles. In 1875, the final year of the NA, the Red Stockings were an amazing 71-8, finishing a full 15 games ahead of the Athletics. Wright, now the oldest player in the league, continued to play regularly in center field for Boston until 1874. After that, he played in just three more games, one in each of the next three seasons.", "After that, he played in just three more games, one in each of the next three seasons. The National League years In 1876, the Boston club joined the new National League. Sportswriters tended to refer to them as the \"Red Caps\" now, in deference to the resurrected Red Stockings name for the new Cincinnati Club.", "Sportswriters tended to refer to them as the \"Red Caps\" now, in deference to the resurrected Red Stockings name for the new Cincinnati Club. Although they once again stumbled in their first year in a new league, finishing fourth in 1876, they went on to win two more pennants in the following two seasons with Wright at the helm. The team finished second in 1879, but then slipped badly, finishing sixth in the next two seasons, which wound up being Wright's last two seasons in Boston.", "The team finished second in 1879, but then slipped badly, finishing sixth in the next two seasons, which wound up being Wright's last two seasons in Boston. After Boston Providence After leaving the Red Caps, Wright quickly picked up with the Providence Grays, one of the stronger NL teams of the era. In 1882, his first season as Grays manager, the team finished in second place, just three games behind the powerful Chicago White Stockings led by Cap Anson.", "In 1882, his first season as Grays manager, the team finished in second place, just three games behind the powerful Chicago White Stockings led by Cap Anson. The team dropped to third the following year, and Wright moved on again. While in Providence, Wright instituted the concept of a farm team.", "While in Providence, Wright instituted the concept of a farm team. Wright assembled a team of amateurs, which would play at Messer Street Grounds while the Grays were on the road, with the intention that if one of the senior members was injured, he could be easily replaced from among these players. Philadelphia In 1884, Wright was brought in to manage the new Philadelphia team. Philadelphia had joined the National League the previous year, finishing dead last with an abysmal record of 17-81.", "Philadelphia had joined the National League the previous year, finishing dead last with an abysmal record of 17-81. Under Wright, they improved enough to finish in sixth place in 1884 while winning 20 games more than they had done the previous year. In 1885, the team finished above .500 for the first time, going 56-54 and finishing in third place, a distant 30 games behind the White Stockings and 28 games behind second-place New York Giants.", "In 1885, the team finished above .500 for the first time, going 56-54 and finishing in third place, a distant 30 games behind the White Stockings and 28 games behind second-place New York Giants. Philadelphia continued to improve under Wright in 1886, finishing with a record of 71-43, although their position in the league fell to fourth. In 1887, the team finished in second place, just 3½ games behind the champion Detroit club.", "In 1887, the team finished in second place, just 3½ games behind the champion Detroit club. Unfortunately, that was to be the high-water mark of Wright's tenure in Philadelphia, as the team hovered in the middle of the pack, finishing between third and fifth every year from 1888 until 1893 (although he missed a large portion of the 1890 season due to problems with his eyesight). During Wright's tenure in Philadelphia, he often clashed with team owners Al Reach and Colonel John I. Rogers.", "During Wright's tenure in Philadelphia, he often clashed with team owners Al Reach and Colonel John I. Rogers. After the 1893 season, his contract was not renewed. The National League, in recognition of Wright's standing, offered him the position of Chief of Umpires. During his career, Wright had often served as umpire, even for games involving rival teams, due to his high ethical standards.", "During his career, Wright had often served as umpire, even for games involving rival teams, due to his high ethical standards. Managerial overview In 23 seasons of managing in the National Association and National League, Wright's teams won six league championships (1872–1875, 1877, 1878). They finished second on three other occasions, and never finished lower than sixth. Wright finished his managerial career with 1,225 wins and 885 losses for a .581 winning percentage.", "Wright finished his managerial career with 1,225 wins and 885 losses for a .581 winning percentage. He was the first manager to reach one thousand wins as a manager and Cap Anson was the only other manager who won 1,000 games in the 19th century (Wright briefly held the record for most managerial wins, now he ranks 44th). Death Wright died of a lung ailment on October 3, 1895 in Atlantic City, New Jersey, He is buried in West Laurel Hill Cemetery, Bala Cynwyd, Pennsylvania.", "Death Wright died of a lung ailment on October 3, 1895 in Atlantic City, New Jersey, He is buried in West Laurel Hill Cemetery, Bala Cynwyd, Pennsylvania. Wright was inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1953. He was inducted into the Cincinnati Reds Hall of Fame in 2005. His brother George is also a member of both Halls; a third brother, Sam, also played professionally.", "His brother George is also a member of both Halls; a third brother, Sam, also played professionally. See also List of Major League Baseball annual saves leaders List of Major League Baseball player-managers List of Major League Baseball managers by wins References Bibliography In-line citations Notes External links Career statistics and player information from Baseball-Reference (major league manager) (major league player) Retrosheet. \"Harry Wright\". Retrieved 2006-08-29.", "\"Harry Wright\". Retrieved 2006-08-29. Retrieved 2006-08-29. Harry Wright at Cricket Archive 1835 births 1895 deaths National Baseball Hall of Fame inductees Baseball managers Baseball developers New York Knickerbockers players New York Gothams (NABBP) players Cincinnati Red Stockings players Boston Red Stockings players Boston Red Caps managers Burials at West Laurel Hill Cemetery Philadelphia Quakers managers Philadelphia Phillies managers Providence Grays managers English emigrants to the United States Sportspeople from Sheffield Major League Baseball players from England 19th-century baseball players Major League Baseball player-managers American cricketers" ]

[ "Harry Wright", "The National Association years", "What team did Harry Wright play in the National Association?", "\"Boston Red Stockings" ]

[ "Darren Stewart (17 May 1966 – 18 October 2018) was an Australian association football player. He was an Australia national football team player and was named Australian Player of the Year in 1993.\n\nLife and career\nA defender, Stewart was a former notable player for APIA Leichhardt, Newcastle Breakers and Johor FA where he captained and won the Malaysia FA Cup in 1998.\n\nStewart was an Australia national football team player from 1991 to 1993.\n\nHe moved to Singapore in 1999, where he played for Balestier Central FC from 1999 to 2002. In 2002, he retired from playing football. He was the assistant manager for Balestier Khalsa FC's Prime League team in 2003 and assistant manager for the Geylang United FC team in 2004–2005.\n\nHe lived in Singapore where he coached and managed the Elias Park Football Club and was a coach for Little League Pte Ltd.\n\nStewart was named as head coach for Gombak United FC at the start of the 2009 S.League season. He joined the club as a technical analyst in late 2008.\n\nIn January 2012, Stewart was confirmed as Balestier Khalsa's head coach for the season 2012 S.League campaign. His time at Balestier were successful, as he guided the club to win the 2013 Singapore League Cup and 6th and 4th placings in the 2012 and 2013 league seasons respectively, the best positions by the club since merging from Balestier Central and Clementi Khalsa. However his contract was not renewed at the end of 2013. Stewart was then contracted to Woodlands Wellington F.C. at the start of 2014. Initially Stewart were successful, with 5-game unbeaten streak in the league and interest from hometown club Newcastle United Jets F.C. to be their head coach, which Stewart turns down to stay with the Singapore club. But after a string of poor results, culminating in a 7-1 thrashing at the hands of Albirex Niigata Singapore in June, Stewart resigned from his position at the club.\n\nIn July 2016, Stewart was appointed head coach of the Maldives national team.\n\nStewart died in Singapore on 18 October 2018 at the age of 52.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\n1966 births\n2018 deaths\nAustralian soccer players\nAustralia international soccer players\nExpatriate footballers in Malaysia\nAPIA Leichhardt FC players\nBlacktown City FC players\nBalestier Khalsa FC players\nSingapore Premier League head coaches\nBalestier Khalsa FC head coaches\nWoodlands Wellington FC head coaches\nGombak United FC head coaches\nMaldives national football team managers\nAssociation football defenders\nAustralian soccer coaches\nNewcastle Breakers FC players\nSportspeople from Newcastle, New South Wales\nAustralian expatriate soccer coaches", "Joseph Francis Devlin known as Frank Devlin (19 January 1900 – 27 October 1988) was an Irish male badminton player.\n\nBadminton career\nDevlin is the second most successful player ever in the All England Open Badminton Championships with 18 titles between 1925 and 1931, including three triple championships in 1926, 1927 and 1929. He also won four Irish Championships.\n\nDespite being Irish he was part of the English team that toured Canada in 1925 to promote the sport on behalf of the Canadian Badminton Association which had recently been formed in 1921. He was living in Beckenham, Kent and worked as a Salesman. He was also part of a second English touring team that visited Canada during 1930. A match was held at the Granite Club in Toronto which England won 7–2.\n\nAwards\nFrank Devlin was a right-handed player, and was included in the Badminton Hall of Fame in 1997, together with his daughter Judy Devlin.\n\nMajor achievements\n\nReferences\n\nGeneral\n\nChinaBadminton: Frank Devlin (爱尔兰)\n\n1900 births\n1988 deaths\nIrish male badminton players" ]

[ "William Henry \"Harry\" Wright (January 10, 1835 – October 3, 1895) was an English-born American professional baseball player, manager, and developer. He assembled, managed, and played center field for baseball's first fully professional team, the 1869 Cincinnati Red Stockings. He is credited with introducing innovations such as backing up infield plays from the outfield and shifting defensive alignments based on hitters' tendencies.", "He is credited with introducing innovations such as backing up infield plays from the outfield and shifting defensive alignments based on hitters' tendencies. For his contributions as a manager and developer of the game, he was inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1953 by the Veterans Committee. Wright was also the first to make baseball into a business by paying his players up to seven times the pay of the average working man.", "Wright was also the first to make baseball into a business by paying his players up to seven times the pay of the average working man. Early life Born in Sheffield, England, he was the eldest of five children of professional cricketer Samuel Wright and his wife, Annie Tone Wright. His family emigrated to the U.S. when he was nearly three years old, and his father found work as a bowler, coach, and groundskeeper at the St George's Cricket Club in New York.", "His family emigrated to the U.S. when he was nearly three years old, and his father found work as a bowler, coach, and groundskeeper at the St George's Cricket Club in New York. Harry dropped out of school at age 14 to work for a jewelry manufacturer, and worked at Tiffany's for several years. Both Harry and George, 12 years younger, assisted their father, effectively apprenticing as cricket \"club pros\". Harry played against the first English cricket team to tour overseas in 1859.", "Harry played against the first English cricket team to tour overseas in 1859. Both brothers played baseball for some of the leading clubs during the amateur era of the National Association of Base Ball Players (NABBP). Harry was already 22 when the baseball fraternity convened for the first time in 1857, at which time he joined the Knickerbocker Base Ball Club. He did not play in a game with the Knickerbockers until July 8, 1858, playing the outfield against Excelsior of Brooklyn. The Knickerbockers lost the game, 31–13.", "The Knickerbockers lost the game, 31–13. The Knickerbockers lost the game, 31–13. In 1863, the Knickerbocker club all but withdrew from official competition, and Wright joined Gotham of New York, primarily playing shortstop. Here, he joined his brother George, who had become a member of the team the previous year. During the winter of 1864/65, the Wrights played the curious game of \"ice base ball\".", "During the winter of 1864/65, the Wrights played the curious game of \"ice base ball\". Cincinnati Wright left New York on March 8, 1865, bound for Cincinnati, where he had been hired on salary at the Union Cricket Club. When baseball boomed less than a year later in 1866, the first full peacetime season, he became, in effect, club pro at the Cincinnati Base Ball Club, although he is commonly called simply a baseball \"manager\" from that time.", "When baseball boomed less than a year later in 1866, the first full peacetime season, he became, in effect, club pro at the Cincinnati Base Ball Club, although he is commonly called simply a baseball \"manager\" from that time. By now, Wright was 31, probably past his athletic prime. Cincinnati fielded a strong regional club in 1867.", "Cincinnati fielded a strong regional club in 1867. Cincinnati fielded a strong regional club in 1867. With Wright working as the regular pitcher, and still a superior player at that level, the team won 16 matches and lost only to the Nationals of Washington, D.C. on their historic tour. For 1868 he added four players from the East and one from the crosstown Buckeye club, a vanquished rival. The easterners, at least, must have been compensated by club members if not by the club.", "The easterners, at least, must have been compensated by club members if not by the club. When the NABBP permitted professionalism for 1869, Harry augmented his 1868 imports (retaining four of five) with five new men, including three more originally from the East. No one but Harry Wright himself remained from 1867; one local man and one other westerner joined seven easterners on the famous First Nine.", "No one but Harry Wright himself remained from 1867; one local man and one other westerner joined seven easterners on the famous First Nine. The most important of the new men was brother George, probably the best player in the game for a few years, the highest paid man in Cincinnati at $1400 for nine months. George at shortstop remained a cornerstone of Harry's teams for ten seasons.", "George at shortstop remained a cornerstone of Harry's teams for ten seasons. The Red Stockings toured the continent undefeated in 1869 and may have been the strongest team in 1870, but the club dropped professional base ball after the second season, its fourth in the game. As it turned out, the Association also passed from the scene.", "As it turned out, the Association also passed from the scene. Manager During this early era, the rules of the sport for many years prohibited substitution during games except by mutual agreement with opponents, and the role of a team manager was not as specifically geared toward game strategy as in the modern era; instead, managers of the period combined the role of a field manager with that of a modern general manager in that they were primarily responsible for signing talented players and forming a versatile roster, as well as establishing a team approach through practice and game fundamentals.", "Manager During this early era, the rules of the sport for many years prohibited substitution during games except by mutual agreement with opponents, and the role of a team manager was not as specifically geared toward game strategy as in the modern era; instead, managers of the period combined the role of a field manager with that of a modern general manager in that they were primarily responsible for signing talented players and forming a versatile roster, as well as establishing a team approach through practice and game fundamentals. Seventh-Inning Stretch Report In 1869 Wright became the first to make written mention of the Seventh-inning stretch in a game he watched.", "Seventh-Inning Stretch Report In 1869 Wright became the first to make written mention of the Seventh-inning stretch in a game he watched. Boston The National Association years From an invitation in 1870 by Ivers Whitney Adams, the founder and President of the Boston Red Stockings, Wright moved from managing the \"Cincinnati Red Stockings\" to work professionally with the first-ever base ball team in Boston, the \"Boston Red Stockings\".", "Boston The National Association years From an invitation in 1870 by Ivers Whitney Adams, the founder and President of the Boston Red Stockings, Wright moved from managing the \"Cincinnati Red Stockings\" to work professionally with the first-ever base ball team in Boston, the \"Boston Red Stockings\". The team was to play in the newly formed National Association of Professional Base Ball Players, now known more often as simply the National Association. The Red Stockings finished third in the NA's inaugural season.", "The Red Stockings finished third in the NA's inaugural season. Wright, now 36 years old and the second-oldest player in the league, was the team's regular center fielder, playing 30 of the team's 31 games at that position. He also pitched in nine games in relief of Albert Spalding, notching one win. In 1872, the Red Stockings won its first championship, beating Maryland's Lord Baltimore Club by 7½ games. They won again the next season, finishing four games ahead of the Philadelphia Athletics.", "They won again the next season, finishing four games ahead of the Philadelphia Athletics. 1874 turned out to be Wright's last year as the team's regular center fielder. He had been the oldest player in the NA for three years running. It was also his third straight championship as a manager. That year, he organized what turned out to be a fairly disastrous attempt to take baseball back home to the British Isles.", "That year, he organized what turned out to be a fairly disastrous attempt to take baseball back home to the British Isles. In 1875, the final year of the NA, the Red Stockings were an amazing 71-8, finishing a full 15 games ahead of the Athletics. Wright, now the oldest player in the league, continued to play regularly in center field for Boston until 1874. After that, he played in just three more games, one in each of the next three seasons.", "After that, he played in just three more games, one in each of the next three seasons. The National League years In 1876, the Boston club joined the new National League. Sportswriters tended to refer to them as the \"Red Caps\" now, in deference to the resurrected Red Stockings name for the new Cincinnati Club.", "Sportswriters tended to refer to them as the \"Red Caps\" now, in deference to the resurrected Red Stockings name for the new Cincinnati Club. Although they once again stumbled in their first year in a new league, finishing fourth in 1876, they went on to win two more pennants in the following two seasons with Wright at the helm. The team finished second in 1879, but then slipped badly, finishing sixth in the next two seasons, which wound up being Wright's last two seasons in Boston.", "The team finished second in 1879, but then slipped badly, finishing sixth in the next two seasons, which wound up being Wright's last two seasons in Boston. After Boston Providence After leaving the Red Caps, Wright quickly picked up with the Providence Grays, one of the stronger NL teams of the era. In 1882, his first season as Grays manager, the team finished in second place, just three games behind the powerful Chicago White Stockings led by Cap Anson.", "In 1882, his first season as Grays manager, the team finished in second place, just three games behind the powerful Chicago White Stockings led by Cap Anson. The team dropped to third the following year, and Wright moved on again. While in Providence, Wright instituted the concept of a farm team.", "While in Providence, Wright instituted the concept of a farm team. Wright assembled a team of amateurs, which would play at Messer Street Grounds while the Grays were on the road, with the intention that if one of the senior members was injured, he could be easily replaced from among these players. Philadelphia In 1884, Wright was brought in to manage the new Philadelphia team. Philadelphia had joined the National League the previous year, finishing dead last with an abysmal record of 17-81.", "Philadelphia had joined the National League the previous year, finishing dead last with an abysmal record of 17-81. Under Wright, they improved enough to finish in sixth place in 1884 while winning 20 games more than they had done the previous year. In 1885, the team finished above .500 for the first time, going 56-54 and finishing in third place, a distant 30 games behind the White Stockings and 28 games behind second-place New York Giants.", "In 1885, the team finished above .500 for the first time, going 56-54 and finishing in third place, a distant 30 games behind the White Stockings and 28 games behind second-place New York Giants. Philadelphia continued to improve under Wright in 1886, finishing with a record of 71-43, although their position in the league fell to fourth. In 1887, the team finished in second place, just 3½ games behind the champion Detroit club.", "In 1887, the team finished in second place, just 3½ games behind the champion Detroit club. Unfortunately, that was to be the high-water mark of Wright's tenure in Philadelphia, as the team hovered in the middle of the pack, finishing between third and fifth every year from 1888 until 1893 (although he missed a large portion of the 1890 season due to problems with his eyesight). During Wright's tenure in Philadelphia, he often clashed with team owners Al Reach and Colonel John I. Rogers.", "During Wright's tenure in Philadelphia, he often clashed with team owners Al Reach and Colonel John I. Rogers. After the 1893 season, his contract was not renewed. The National League, in recognition of Wright's standing, offered him the position of Chief of Umpires. During his career, Wright had often served as umpire, even for games involving rival teams, due to his high ethical standards.", "During his career, Wright had often served as umpire, even for games involving rival teams, due to his high ethical standards. Managerial overview In 23 seasons of managing in the National Association and National League, Wright's teams won six league championships (1872–1875, 1877, 1878). They finished second on three other occasions, and never finished lower than sixth. Wright finished his managerial career with 1,225 wins and 885 losses for a .581 winning percentage.", "Wright finished his managerial career with 1,225 wins and 885 losses for a .581 winning percentage. He was the first manager to reach one thousand wins as a manager and Cap Anson was the only other manager who won 1,000 games in the 19th century (Wright briefly held the record for most managerial wins, now he ranks 44th). Death Wright died of a lung ailment on October 3, 1895 in Atlantic City, New Jersey, He is buried in West Laurel Hill Cemetery, Bala Cynwyd, Pennsylvania.", "Death Wright died of a lung ailment on October 3, 1895 in Atlantic City, New Jersey, He is buried in West Laurel Hill Cemetery, Bala Cynwyd, Pennsylvania. Wright was inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1953. He was inducted into the Cincinnati Reds Hall of Fame in 2005. His brother George is also a member of both Halls; a third brother, Sam, also played professionally.", "His brother George is also a member of both Halls; a third brother, Sam, also played professionally. See also List of Major League Baseball annual saves leaders List of Major League Baseball player-managers List of Major League Baseball managers by wins References Bibliography In-line citations Notes External links Career statistics and player information from Baseball-Reference (major league manager) (major league player) Retrosheet. \"Harry Wright\". Retrieved 2006-08-29.", "\"Harry Wright\". Retrieved 2006-08-29. Retrieved 2006-08-29. Harry Wright at Cricket Archive 1835 births 1895 deaths National Baseball Hall of Fame inductees Baseball managers Baseball developers New York Knickerbockers players New York Gothams (NABBP) players Cincinnati Red Stockings players Boston Red Stockings players Boston Red Caps managers Burials at West Laurel Hill Cemetery Philadelphia Quakers managers Philadelphia Phillies managers Providence Grays managers English emigrants to the United States Sportspeople from Sheffield Major League Baseball players from England 19th-century baseball players Major League Baseball player-managers American cricketers" ]

[ "Harry Wright", "The National Association years", "What team did Harry Wright play in the National Association?", "\"Boston Red Stockings", "Was he a successful player in the team?", "the Red Stockings were an amazing 71-8," ]

[ "David Wright (born 1 May 1980) is an English former professional footballer and manager who is currently Assistant First-Team Coach of League One club Milton Keynes Dons.\n\nWright began his playing career at Crewe Alexandra, where he helped the club to promotion to the First Division in 2002–03 following the club's relegation to the Second Division in the previous season. He went on the make over 200 league appearances for the club. He also played over 100 league games for Ipswich Town between 2007 and 2010, as well as representing Wigan Athletic, Norwich City on loan, Crystal Palace, Gillingham on loan and Colchester United.\n\nIn 2013, Wright took on his first coaching role at the Ipswich Town Academy, before taking on a similar role at Colchester while also managing Isthmian League side Maldon & Tiptree in 2015. He left the Jammers in December 2015 to team up with new Colchester United manager Kevin Keen as his assistant. After Keen left by mutual consent in April 2016, Wright took temporary charge of Colchester's penultimate league game of the 2015–16 season. He was then appointed manager of the under-18 team, before moving to Norwich City to take up the same role.\n\nClub career\n\nCrewe Alexandra\nBorn in Warrington, Wright rose through the youth team ranks at Crewe Alexandra, making his first-team debut for the Railwaymen in August 1997 as a late substitute during a 2–0 away win against Norwich City. He made three First Division appearances during the 1997–98 season, and established himself in the following season, making 20 league appearances and a substitute appearance in the League Cup. He scored his first goal during the 1998–99 season when he netted the opening goal in a 5–1 thrashing of West Bromwich Albion on 5 April 1999.\n\nWright went on to make 213 league appearances for Crewe in his seven years with the club. On the back of relegation to the Second Division in 2002, Wright helped the club gain immediate promotion back to Division One after finishing in the runners-up spot.\n\nWigan Athletic\nIn June 2004, Wright signed for Wigan Athletic for an undisclosed fee in the region of £250,000. Making 31 Championship appearances in the 2004–05 season, he again experienced promotion, on this occasion to the Premier League. However, Wright found himself out of favour in his second season, and having not made a league appearance, he joined Norwich City on a one-month loan deal in November 2005.\n\nWright made five appearances for the Canaries before returning to Wigan. Following his loan spell, Wright made his Premier League bow for the Latics, replacing Leighton Baines at left back after 66 minutes in what ended as a 3–0 home defeat to Blackburn Rovers on 31 December 2005. He made one further appearance in the 2005–06 season, starting in an away game at Birmingham City two days after his last appearance. Wigan were defeated 2–0 as Wright played the full 90 minutes.\n\nThe 2006–07 season saw Wright make 12 Premier League appearances. Wright played his final game for Wigan on New Year's Day 2007, featuring as a substitute in another 3–0 home defeat to Blackburn.\n\nIpswich Town\nIpswich Town signed Wright from Wigan in January 2007 on a three-and-a-half year deal. He made his Town debut in a 1–0 defeat to Sunderland at the Stadium of Light on 13 January, and in only his second appearance for the club, Wright found himself sent off for handling the ball in Ipswich's 3–2 win over local rivals Colchester United. His only goal of the campaign came in the East Anglian derby against his former side Norwich City, the equalising goal in a 1–1 draw on 22 April.\n\nWright featured regularly for Town in the 2007–08 season, ending the campaign with 43 appearances in all competitions and scoring two goals; against Bristol City in a 6–0 thrashing and against West Bromwich Albion on New Year's Day 2008.\n\nDuring the 2008–09 season, although Wright was born in Warrington, England, Scotland and former Ipswich Town manager George Burley was considering selecting Wright for the Scotland national team due to his grandparents Scottish ancestry. However, this never came to fruition. Another solid season saw Wright rack up another 36 appearances and score the decisive goal in a 2–1 win against Nottingham Forest on 18 February 2009.\n\nWright scored the only goal of the game in a match against Derby County on 31 October 2009 to halt manager Roy Keane's winless run of 15 games, in what was the team's first win of the season. Following this, Wright made a further 21 appearances in the 2009–10 season, bringing his total appearance figure for Ipswich to 128 matches.\n\nCrystal Palace\nFormer Scotland manager George Burley signed Wright for his Crystal Palace side on a two-year contract in June 2010. He made his debut for the Eagles on 14 August 2010 as Palace fell to a 1–0 defeat away at Barnsley. Wright made 29 appearances during the 2010–11 season and made a further 25 appearances in his second season.\n\nWright played just three games for Palace during the 2012–13 season before joining League Two club Gillingham in September 2012, on loan for one month. He made seven appearances during the spell, and although the club attempted to extend his loan, the deal fell through as it was not confirmed before a 17:00 GMT transfer deadline on 22 November 2012. Following this loan spell, Wright did not make any further appearances for Crystal Palace before leaving the club.\n\nColchester United\nOn 25 January 2013, Wright signed for League One club Colchester United on a free transfer. He made his debut for the club in a 2–0 win over Walsall the following day, a win which marked the first points in nine games for the U's.\n\nAfter ending his first season with Colchester with 12 League One appearances, Wright held down a regular role during the 2013–14 season and scored his first professional goal in four-and-a-half years in Colchester's 4–2 defeat to Wolverhampton Wanderers at Molineux on 25 March 2014. He signed a new one-year contract with the club on 3 July 2014. After making only three substitute appearances in the 2014–15 season, Wright was released from his Colchester contract by mutual consent on 26 November 2014.\n\nCoaching career\n\nIpswich Town Academy\nWhile playing for Colchester United, during the summer of 2013, Wright was appointed Academy coach at nearby Ipswich Town, where he coached players in the under-14, under-15 and under-16 age groups. He continued in his role following his contractual release from Colchester in November 2014.\n\nMaldon & Tiptree\nHe returned to the coaching set-up at Colchester in June 2015, linking up with the club's academy to work under John McGreal. In a dual-coaching role, the move also saw him named as manager of Isthmian League Division One North side Maldon & Tiptree in a development link-up between the two clubs. His role would see him act as a full-time coach with Colchester, while managing Maldon & Tiptree on a part-time basis. Wright said \"I'm very excited about the opportunity and I'm really looking forward to it\".\n\nColchester United\nAfter taking charge of Maldon & Tiptree for 25 games, resulting in ten league wins, five draws and ten defeats, Wright was appointed assistant manager to Kevin Keen at Colchester United on 21 December 2015 following Tony Humes exit from the club. Wright left the Jammers in 14th position in the table. After Keen left by mutual consent on 26 April 2016, Wright was named as caretaker manager for the penultimate game of the 2015–16 season following Colchester's relegation from League One three days earlier. In his first game in charge, he led the club to a 2–2 draw against Barnsley at Oakwell. After Colchester took the lead in the first-half, two Barnsley goals second-half turned the match in the home side's favour, but an equaliser in the eighth minute of stoppage time from Tom Lapslie rescued a point for Wright and his team. John McGreal was named permanent manager on 4 May ahead of Colchester's final game of the season. Wright was appointed in a new role in May 2016, becoming manager of Colchester's under-18 team.\n\nNorwich City U18/U23\nIn November 2016, Wright left Colchester to take up the role of under-18s manager at Norwich City. In 2019, he was appointed manager of the club's U23 side.\n\nMilton Keynes Dons\nOn 17 August 2021, Wright joined League One club Milton Keynes Dons as Assistant First-Team Coach, working under new manager Liam Manning.\n\nCareer statistics\n\nPlaying statistics\n\nManagerial statistics\n\nHonours\nCrewe Alexandra\n2002–03 Football League Second Division runner-up (level 3)\n\nWigan Athletic\n2004–05 Football League Championship runner-up (level 2)\n\nAll honours referenced by:\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\n1980 births\nLiving people\nFootballers from Warrington\nEnglish footballers\nAssociation football defenders\nAssociation football midfielders\nCrewe Alexandra F.C. players\nWigan Athletic F.C. players\nNorwich City F.C. players\nIpswich Town F.C. players\nCrystal Palace F.C. players\nGillingham F.C. players\nColchester United F.C. players\nEnglish Football League players\nPremier League players\nEnglish football managers\nIsthmian League managers\nMaldon & Tiptree F.C. managers\nColchester United F.C. managers\nColchester United F.C. non-playing staff\nNorwich City F.C. non-playing staff\nMilton Keynes Dons F.C. non-playing staff", "Manuel Wright (born April 13, 1984) is a former American football defensive tackle. He was drafted by the Miami Dolphins in the fifth round of the 2005 supplemental draft. Wright was also briefly signed to the Buffalo Bills and played for the New York Giants where he earned a Super Bowl ring in Super Bowl XLll.\n\nEarly years\nWright earned various team, local and national honors as a member of the football team at Long Beach Polytechnic High School in Long Beach, California. As a junior in 2000, Wright recorded 95 tackles (57 solo) and with 25 sacks. As a senior, Wright was the team's defensive MVP after recording 142 tackles (60 solo), 16 sacks, four fumble recoveries, three forced fumbles, 20 deflections and an interception.\n\nCollege career\nWright originally signed with USC in 2002 but did not qualify for admission, so he attended Long Beach City College that season as a part-time student. However, he did not play football there.\n\nIn 2003, Wright served as a backup for Defensive tackles Shaun Cody and Mike Patterson. While appearing in nine games during the season, Wright recorded eight tackles, including two for losses and three pass deflections. His first career sack came against Michigan in the Rose Bowl.\n\nWright remained a backup to both Cody and Patterson as a sophomore in 2004. He appeared in 11 games including two starts when Cody was moved to Defensive end. On the year Wright had 23 tackles, including six for losses, two pass deflections and two fumble recoveries. For his efforts, he was an All-Pac-10 honorable mention.\n\nEarly departure\nIn 2005 Wright was a projected starter for the first time in his career, however, he sat out spring practices in order to work on his academics and remain eligible. However, he was unsuccessful, and was left with the options of either staying in school and not playing football or declaring for the NFL's supplemental draft, which is held by the league to accommodate players who did not enter the regular draft. Wright chose the latter.\n\nProfessional career\n\nMiami Dolphins\nLeading up to the supplemental draft, many NFL teams showed interest in Wright in the form of visits, workouts and interviews. The Miami Dolphins selected Wright in the fifth round of the draft, which essentially replaced their fifth-round pick in the 2006 draft. On July 22, Wright signed a four-year contract with the team. It included a signing bonus of $190,000.\n\nWright endured injuries and battled weight issues during his first training camp while his work ethic and maturity were questioned by some. In a much publicized incident on July 26, Wright broke down in tears during practice after being scolded by head coach Nick Saban.\n\nAs a rookie, Wright was active for three games during the season. He made his NFL debut on December 4 against the Buffalo Bills, stepping in for injured Nose tackle Keith Traylor. Wright recorded two tackles and a sack. He finished the season with four tackles, one sack and one pass deflected.\n\nWright reportedly gained 28 pounds during the 2006 offseason, but lost most of the weight during training camp. On August 8, a reportedly depressed Wright took a leave of absence from the team. He was quoted as saying he \"did not believe he would ever play for the Dolphins again and that he needed a 'fresh start'\".\n\nDespite requests from his family and from Head coach Nick Saban, Wright remained away from football in 2006. The Dolphins attempted to trade him, unsuccessfully, but were unable to reach an agreement to release him. The team received a roster exemption for Wright in 2006 and he was placed on the non-football injury list.\n\nAlthough Wright had returned to the team during the 2007 offseason under new head coach Cam Cameron, he was released on May 1.\n\nBuffalo Bills\nOn May 3, the Buffalo Bills claimed Wright on waivers. Less than a week later, he was waived by the Bills. He told Chris Brown of the team's official website that he had 30 pounds to lose. Wright was subsequently cut by the Bills on May 10 after showing up at the team's first minicamp overweight.\n\nNew York Giants\nWright signed with the New York Giants on August 15, 2007. He appeared in six games during the regular season and recorded two tackles. He was also a member of the Giants' Super Bowl XLII championship team.\n\nOn April 10, 2008, the Giants waived Wright.\n\naf2\nIn 2008 Wright joined the af2 and on December 22 was assigned to the Stockton Lightning. However, on May 8, he was suspended by the team.\n\nSee also\n List of University of Southern California people\n List of New York Giants players\n List of Miami Dolphins players\n List of National Football League and Arena football players\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n Stockton Lightning bio\n USC Trojans bio\nJust Sports Stats\n\nPlayers of American football from Compton, California\nAfrican-American players of American football\nAmerican football defensive tackles\nUSC Trojans football players\nMiami Dolphins players\nBuffalo Bills players\nNew York Giants players\nStockton Lightning players\n1984 births\nLiving people\nLas Vegas Locomotives players\nUtah Blaze players\n21st-century African-American sportspeople\n20th-century African-American people" ]

[ "William Henry \"Harry\" Wright (January 10, 1835 – October 3, 1895) was an English-born American professional baseball player, manager, and developer. He assembled, managed, and played center field for baseball's first fully professional team, the 1869 Cincinnati Red Stockings. He is credited with introducing innovations such as backing up infield plays from the outfield and shifting defensive alignments based on hitters' tendencies.", "He is credited with introducing innovations such as backing up infield plays from the outfield and shifting defensive alignments based on hitters' tendencies. For his contributions as a manager and developer of the game, he was inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1953 by the Veterans Committee. Wright was also the first to make baseball into a business by paying his players up to seven times the pay of the average working man.", "Wright was also the first to make baseball into a business by paying his players up to seven times the pay of the average working man. Early life Born in Sheffield, England, he was the eldest of five children of professional cricketer Samuel Wright and his wife, Annie Tone Wright. His family emigrated to the U.S. when he was nearly three years old, and his father found work as a bowler, coach, and groundskeeper at the St George's Cricket Club in New York.", "His family emigrated to the U.S. when he was nearly three years old, and his father found work as a bowler, coach, and groundskeeper at the St George's Cricket Club in New York. Harry dropped out of school at age 14 to work for a jewelry manufacturer, and worked at Tiffany's for several years. Both Harry and George, 12 years younger, assisted their father, effectively apprenticing as cricket \"club pros\". Harry played against the first English cricket team to tour overseas in 1859.", "Harry played against the first English cricket team to tour overseas in 1859. Both brothers played baseball for some of the leading clubs during the amateur era of the National Association of Base Ball Players (NABBP). Harry was already 22 when the baseball fraternity convened for the first time in 1857, at which time he joined the Knickerbocker Base Ball Club. He did not play in a game with the Knickerbockers until July 8, 1858, playing the outfield against Excelsior of Brooklyn. The Knickerbockers lost the game, 31–13.", "The Knickerbockers lost the game, 31–13. The Knickerbockers lost the game, 31–13. In 1863, the Knickerbocker club all but withdrew from official competition, and Wright joined Gotham of New York, primarily playing shortstop. Here, he joined his brother George, who had become a member of the team the previous year. During the winter of 1864/65, the Wrights played the curious game of \"ice base ball\".", "During the winter of 1864/65, the Wrights played the curious game of \"ice base ball\". Cincinnati Wright left New York on March 8, 1865, bound for Cincinnati, where he had been hired on salary at the Union Cricket Club. When baseball boomed less than a year later in 1866, the first full peacetime season, he became, in effect, club pro at the Cincinnati Base Ball Club, although he is commonly called simply a baseball \"manager\" from that time.", "When baseball boomed less than a year later in 1866, the first full peacetime season, he became, in effect, club pro at the Cincinnati Base Ball Club, although he is commonly called simply a baseball \"manager\" from that time. By now, Wright was 31, probably past his athletic prime. Cincinnati fielded a strong regional club in 1867.", "Cincinnati fielded a strong regional club in 1867. Cincinnati fielded a strong regional club in 1867. With Wright working as the regular pitcher, and still a superior player at that level, the team won 16 matches and lost only to the Nationals of Washington, D.C. on their historic tour. For 1868 he added four players from the East and one from the crosstown Buckeye club, a vanquished rival. The easterners, at least, must have been compensated by club members if not by the club.", "The easterners, at least, must have been compensated by club members if not by the club. When the NABBP permitted professionalism for 1869, Harry augmented his 1868 imports (retaining four of five) with five new men, including three more originally from the East. No one but Harry Wright himself remained from 1867; one local man and one other westerner joined seven easterners on the famous First Nine.", "No one but Harry Wright himself remained from 1867; one local man and one other westerner joined seven easterners on the famous First Nine. The most important of the new men was brother George, probably the best player in the game for a few years, the highest paid man in Cincinnati at $1400 for nine months. George at shortstop remained a cornerstone of Harry's teams for ten seasons.", "George at shortstop remained a cornerstone of Harry's teams for ten seasons. The Red Stockings toured the continent undefeated in 1869 and may have been the strongest team in 1870, but the club dropped professional base ball after the second season, its fourth in the game. As it turned out, the Association also passed from the scene.", "As it turned out, the Association also passed from the scene. Manager During this early era, the rules of the sport for many years prohibited substitution during games except by mutual agreement with opponents, and the role of a team manager was not as specifically geared toward game strategy as in the modern era; instead, managers of the period combined the role of a field manager with that of a modern general manager in that they were primarily responsible for signing talented players and forming a versatile roster, as well as establishing a team approach through practice and game fundamentals.", "Manager During this early era, the rules of the sport for many years prohibited substitution during games except by mutual agreement with opponents, and the role of a team manager was not as specifically geared toward game strategy as in the modern era; instead, managers of the period combined the role of a field manager with that of a modern general manager in that they were primarily responsible for signing talented players and forming a versatile roster, as well as establishing a team approach through practice and game fundamentals. Seventh-Inning Stretch Report In 1869 Wright became the first to make written mention of the Seventh-inning stretch in a game he watched.", "Seventh-Inning Stretch Report In 1869 Wright became the first to make written mention of the Seventh-inning stretch in a game he watched. Boston The National Association years From an invitation in 1870 by Ivers Whitney Adams, the founder and President of the Boston Red Stockings, Wright moved from managing the \"Cincinnati Red Stockings\" to work professionally with the first-ever base ball team in Boston, the \"Boston Red Stockings\".", "Boston The National Association years From an invitation in 1870 by Ivers Whitney Adams, the founder and President of the Boston Red Stockings, Wright moved from managing the \"Cincinnati Red Stockings\" to work professionally with the first-ever base ball team in Boston, the \"Boston Red Stockings\". The team was to play in the newly formed National Association of Professional Base Ball Players, now known more often as simply the National Association. The Red Stockings finished third in the NA's inaugural season.", "The Red Stockings finished third in the NA's inaugural season. Wright, now 36 years old and the second-oldest player in the league, was the team's regular center fielder, playing 30 of the team's 31 games at that position. He also pitched in nine games in relief of Albert Spalding, notching one win. In 1872, the Red Stockings won its first championship, beating Maryland's Lord Baltimore Club by 7½ games. They won again the next season, finishing four games ahead of the Philadelphia Athletics.", "They won again the next season, finishing four games ahead of the Philadelphia Athletics. 1874 turned out to be Wright's last year as the team's regular center fielder. He had been the oldest player in the NA for three years running. It was also his third straight championship as a manager. That year, he organized what turned out to be a fairly disastrous attempt to take baseball back home to the British Isles.", "That year, he organized what turned out to be a fairly disastrous attempt to take baseball back home to the British Isles. In 1875, the final year of the NA, the Red Stockings were an amazing 71-8, finishing a full 15 games ahead of the Athletics. Wright, now the oldest player in the league, continued to play regularly in center field for Boston until 1874. After that, he played in just three more games, one in each of the next three seasons.", "After that, he played in just three more games, one in each of the next three seasons. The National League years In 1876, the Boston club joined the new National League. Sportswriters tended to refer to them as the \"Red Caps\" now, in deference to the resurrected Red Stockings name for the new Cincinnati Club.", "Sportswriters tended to refer to them as the \"Red Caps\" now, in deference to the resurrected Red Stockings name for the new Cincinnati Club. Although they once again stumbled in their first year in a new league, finishing fourth in 1876, they went on to win two more pennants in the following two seasons with Wright at the helm. The team finished second in 1879, but then slipped badly, finishing sixth in the next two seasons, which wound up being Wright's last two seasons in Boston.", "The team finished second in 1879, but then slipped badly, finishing sixth in the next two seasons, which wound up being Wright's last two seasons in Boston. After Boston Providence After leaving the Red Caps, Wright quickly picked up with the Providence Grays, one of the stronger NL teams of the era. In 1882, his first season as Grays manager, the team finished in second place, just three games behind the powerful Chicago White Stockings led by Cap Anson.", "In 1882, his first season as Grays manager, the team finished in second place, just three games behind the powerful Chicago White Stockings led by Cap Anson. The team dropped to third the following year, and Wright moved on again. While in Providence, Wright instituted the concept of a farm team.", "While in Providence, Wright instituted the concept of a farm team. Wright assembled a team of amateurs, which would play at Messer Street Grounds while the Grays were on the road, with the intention that if one of the senior members was injured, he could be easily replaced from among these players. Philadelphia In 1884, Wright was brought in to manage the new Philadelphia team. Philadelphia had joined the National League the previous year, finishing dead last with an abysmal record of 17-81.", "Philadelphia had joined the National League the previous year, finishing dead last with an abysmal record of 17-81. Under Wright, they improved enough to finish in sixth place in 1884 while winning 20 games more than they had done the previous year. In 1885, the team finished above .500 for the first time, going 56-54 and finishing in third place, a distant 30 games behind the White Stockings and 28 games behind second-place New York Giants.", "In 1885, the team finished above .500 for the first time, going 56-54 and finishing in third place, a distant 30 games behind the White Stockings and 28 games behind second-place New York Giants. Philadelphia continued to improve under Wright in 1886, finishing with a record of 71-43, although their position in the league fell to fourth. In 1887, the team finished in second place, just 3½ games behind the champion Detroit club.", "In 1887, the team finished in second place, just 3½ games behind the champion Detroit club. Unfortunately, that was to be the high-water mark of Wright's tenure in Philadelphia, as the team hovered in the middle of the pack, finishing between third and fifth every year from 1888 until 1893 (although he missed a large portion of the 1890 season due to problems with his eyesight). During Wright's tenure in Philadelphia, he often clashed with team owners Al Reach and Colonel John I. Rogers.", "During Wright's tenure in Philadelphia, he often clashed with team owners Al Reach and Colonel John I. Rogers. After the 1893 season, his contract was not renewed. The National League, in recognition of Wright's standing, offered him the position of Chief of Umpires. During his career, Wright had often served as umpire, even for games involving rival teams, due to his high ethical standards.", "During his career, Wright had often served as umpire, even for games involving rival teams, due to his high ethical standards. Managerial overview In 23 seasons of managing in the National Association and National League, Wright's teams won six league championships (1872–1875, 1877, 1878). They finished second on three other occasions, and never finished lower than sixth. Wright finished his managerial career with 1,225 wins and 885 losses for a .581 winning percentage.", "Wright finished his managerial career with 1,225 wins and 885 losses for a .581 winning percentage. He was the first manager to reach one thousand wins as a manager and Cap Anson was the only other manager who won 1,000 games in the 19th century (Wright briefly held the record for most managerial wins, now he ranks 44th). Death Wright died of a lung ailment on October 3, 1895 in Atlantic City, New Jersey, He is buried in West Laurel Hill Cemetery, Bala Cynwyd, Pennsylvania.", "Death Wright died of a lung ailment on October 3, 1895 in Atlantic City, New Jersey, He is buried in West Laurel Hill Cemetery, Bala Cynwyd, Pennsylvania. Wright was inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1953. He was inducted into the Cincinnati Reds Hall of Fame in 2005. His brother George is also a member of both Halls; a third brother, Sam, also played professionally.", "His brother George is also a member of both Halls; a third brother, Sam, also played professionally. See also List of Major League Baseball annual saves leaders List of Major League Baseball player-managers List of Major League Baseball managers by wins References Bibliography In-line citations Notes External links Career statistics and player information from Baseball-Reference (major league manager) (major league player) Retrosheet. \"Harry Wright\". Retrieved 2006-08-29.", "\"Harry Wright\". Retrieved 2006-08-29. Retrieved 2006-08-29. Harry Wright at Cricket Archive 1835 births 1895 deaths National Baseball Hall of Fame inductees Baseball managers Baseball developers New York Knickerbockers players New York Gothams (NABBP) players Cincinnati Red Stockings players Boston Red Stockings players Boston Red Caps managers Burials at West Laurel Hill Cemetery Philadelphia Quakers managers Philadelphia Phillies managers Providence Grays managers English emigrants to the United States Sportspeople from Sheffield Major League Baseball players from England 19th-century baseball players Major League Baseball player-managers American cricketers" ]

[ "Harry Wright", "The National Association years", "What team did Harry Wright play in the National Association?", "\"Boston Red Stockings", "Was he a successful player in the team?", "the Red Stockings were an amazing 71-8,", "What role did Wright play on his team?", "center fielder." ]

[ "Fraley W. Rogers (December 25, 1850 – May 10, 1881) was an American baseball player at the dawn of the professional era. He played primarily for the amateur Star club of Brooklyn. In he moved to right field for the Boston Red Stockings in the National Association of Professional Base Ball Players, the first professional league now in its second season.\n\nBoston won the championship. It was Rogers' only full season with the pros, but he did play in two games for the Red Stockings in 1873.\n\nRogers committed suicide with a gun, at the age of 30 in New York City, and is interred at Pine Grove Cemetery in Westborough, Massachusetts.\n\nReferences\n\nSources\n Big League Sports - Player Report #21: Fraley Rogers\n\nExternal links\n\nMajor League Baseball right fielders\nBrooklyn Stars players\nBoston Red Stockings players\nSportspeople from Brooklyn\nBaseball players from New York (state)\nSuicides by firearm in New York City\n19th-century baseball players\n1850 births\n1881 deaths\nBurials in Massachusetts\n1880s suicides", "Robert Edward Addy (February 1842 – April 9, 1910), nicknamed \"The Magnet\", was a Canadian right fielder and second baseman in Major League Baseball, whose professional career spanned from in the National Association to in the National League. He is credited as the first player to introduce the slide in an organized game, and later attempted to create a game of baseball that would have been played on ice. He is also credited as the first person born in Canada to appear in a major league game.\n\nCareer\nBorn in Port Hope, Ontario, he is credited with employing the first slide in an organized baseball game, while playing for the 1866 Rockford Forest Citys of the National Association of Base Ball Players. He was still playing for the Forrest Citys in 1869, and was with them two years later when Rockford joined the first all-professional league, the National Association of Professional Base Ball Players.\n\nRockford lasted just the one season in the Association, and Addy did not rejoin the league until when he joined the Philadelphia White Stockings. He played in ten games as player-manager, before moving on and joining the Boston Red Stockings later in the season. He helped the Red Stockings win the league title that year, playing in right field, hitting .355, and finished ninth in the league with a .354 on-base percentage. On January 20, 1874, the National Association's Judiciary Committee met to discuss, among other things, charges that Addy had joined the Boston Red Stockings before 60 days had elapsed since leaving the Philadelphia club. He was acquitted of the charge and was allowed to play.\n\nHe did not play for the Red Stockings in 1874, as he signed to play for the Hartford Dark Blues, but his batting declined to .239, and his on-base percentage dropped to .243. For the season, he re-joined the Philadelphia White Stockings, playing in a career high 69 games. He batted .258, and finished ninth in the league with 16 stolen bases. For one game on October 28, 1875, Addy was used as a National Association umpire.\n\nAt season's end, the Association folded and was replaced by National League, and Addy joined the Chicago White Stockings. Chicago won the league title that season, with Addy playing 32 games, and hitting .282. Addy moved to his second Major League team in two years, and sixth team in seven years, when he joined the Cincinnati Reds, playing every day in right field, and later took over as the team's manager after Lip Pike quit the position.\n\nPost-career\nIn a 1900 book, Cap Anson described Addy's playing style, writing, \"Bob Addy, who was one of the best of the lot, was a good, hard hustling player, a good base runner and a hard hitter. He was as honest as the day is long... He was an odd sort of a genius and quit the game because he thought he could do better at something else.\"\n\nAddy later made an unsuccessful attempt to popularize baseball played on ice. He died at the age of 65 in Pocatello, Idaho, and is interred at Mountain View Cemetery.\n\nSee also\nList of countries with their first Major League Baseball player\nList of Major League Baseball player–managers\n\nNotes\n\nReferences\n\nFurther reading\n Utah State History/Utah Historical Quarterly: Addy, Bob, baseball player, 52: 154–55\n\nExternal links\n\n1845 births\n1910 deaths\nMajor League Baseball right fielders\nMajor League Baseball second basemen\nMajor League Baseball player-managers\n19th-century baseball players\nRockford Forest Citys (NABBP) players\nRockford Forest Citys players\nBoston Red Stockings players\nPhiladelphia White Stockings players\nPhiladelphia White Stockings managers\nHartford Dark Blues players\nChicago White Stockings players\nCincinnati Reds (1876–1879) players\nCincinnati Reds (1876–1880) managers\nBaseball people from Ontario\n19th-century baseball umpires\nCanadian Baseball Hall of Fame inductees" ]

[ "William Henry \"Harry\" Wright (January 10, 1835 – October 3, 1895) was an English-born American professional baseball player, manager, and developer. He assembled, managed, and played center field for baseball's first fully professional team, the 1869 Cincinnati Red Stockings. He is credited with introducing innovations such as backing up infield plays from the outfield and shifting defensive alignments based on hitters' tendencies.", "He is credited with introducing innovations such as backing up infield plays from the outfield and shifting defensive alignments based on hitters' tendencies. For his contributions as a manager and developer of the game, he was inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1953 by the Veterans Committee. Wright was also the first to make baseball into a business by paying his players up to seven times the pay of the average working man.", "Wright was also the first to make baseball into a business by paying his players up to seven times the pay of the average working man. Early life Born in Sheffield, England, he was the eldest of five children of professional cricketer Samuel Wright and his wife, Annie Tone Wright. His family emigrated to the U.S. when he was nearly three years old, and his father found work as a bowler, coach, and groundskeeper at the St George's Cricket Club in New York.", "His family emigrated to the U.S. when he was nearly three years old, and his father found work as a bowler, coach, and groundskeeper at the St George's Cricket Club in New York. Harry dropped out of school at age 14 to work for a jewelry manufacturer, and worked at Tiffany's for several years. Both Harry and George, 12 years younger, assisted their father, effectively apprenticing as cricket \"club pros\". Harry played against the first English cricket team to tour overseas in 1859.", "Harry played against the first English cricket team to tour overseas in 1859. Both brothers played baseball for some of the leading clubs during the amateur era of the National Association of Base Ball Players (NABBP). Harry was already 22 when the baseball fraternity convened for the first time in 1857, at which time he joined the Knickerbocker Base Ball Club. He did not play in a game with the Knickerbockers until July 8, 1858, playing the outfield against Excelsior of Brooklyn. The Knickerbockers lost the game, 31–13.", "The Knickerbockers lost the game, 31–13. The Knickerbockers lost the game, 31–13. In 1863, the Knickerbocker club all but withdrew from official competition, and Wright joined Gotham of New York, primarily playing shortstop. Here, he joined his brother George, who had become a member of the team the previous year. During the winter of 1864/65, the Wrights played the curious game of \"ice base ball\".", "During the winter of 1864/65, the Wrights played the curious game of \"ice base ball\". Cincinnati Wright left New York on March 8, 1865, bound for Cincinnati, where he had been hired on salary at the Union Cricket Club. When baseball boomed less than a year later in 1866, the first full peacetime season, he became, in effect, club pro at the Cincinnati Base Ball Club, although he is commonly called simply a baseball \"manager\" from that time.", "When baseball boomed less than a year later in 1866, the first full peacetime season, he became, in effect, club pro at the Cincinnati Base Ball Club, although he is commonly called simply a baseball \"manager\" from that time. By now, Wright was 31, probably past his athletic prime. Cincinnati fielded a strong regional club in 1867.", "Cincinnati fielded a strong regional club in 1867. Cincinnati fielded a strong regional club in 1867. With Wright working as the regular pitcher, and still a superior player at that level, the team won 16 matches and lost only to the Nationals of Washington, D.C. on their historic tour. For 1868 he added four players from the East and one from the crosstown Buckeye club, a vanquished rival. The easterners, at least, must have been compensated by club members if not by the club.", "The easterners, at least, must have been compensated by club members if not by the club. When the NABBP permitted professionalism for 1869, Harry augmented his 1868 imports (retaining four of five) with five new men, including three more originally from the East. No one but Harry Wright himself remained from 1867; one local man and one other westerner joined seven easterners on the famous First Nine.", "No one but Harry Wright himself remained from 1867; one local man and one other westerner joined seven easterners on the famous First Nine. The most important of the new men was brother George, probably the best player in the game for a few years, the highest paid man in Cincinnati at $1400 for nine months. George at shortstop remained a cornerstone of Harry's teams for ten seasons.", "George at shortstop remained a cornerstone of Harry's teams for ten seasons. The Red Stockings toured the continent undefeated in 1869 and may have been the strongest team in 1870, but the club dropped professional base ball after the second season, its fourth in the game. As it turned out, the Association also passed from the scene.", "As it turned out, the Association also passed from the scene. Manager During this early era, the rules of the sport for many years prohibited substitution during games except by mutual agreement with opponents, and the role of a team manager was not as specifically geared toward game strategy as in the modern era; instead, managers of the period combined the role of a field manager with that of a modern general manager in that they were primarily responsible for signing talented players and forming a versatile roster, as well as establishing a team approach through practice and game fundamentals.", "Manager During this early era, the rules of the sport for many years prohibited substitution during games except by mutual agreement with opponents, and the role of a team manager was not as specifically geared toward game strategy as in the modern era; instead, managers of the period combined the role of a field manager with that of a modern general manager in that they were primarily responsible for signing talented players and forming a versatile roster, as well as establishing a team approach through practice and game fundamentals. Seventh-Inning Stretch Report In 1869 Wright became the first to make written mention of the Seventh-inning stretch in a game he watched.", "Seventh-Inning Stretch Report In 1869 Wright became the first to make written mention of the Seventh-inning stretch in a game he watched. Boston The National Association years From an invitation in 1870 by Ivers Whitney Adams, the founder and President of the Boston Red Stockings, Wright moved from managing the \"Cincinnati Red Stockings\" to work professionally with the first-ever base ball team in Boston, the \"Boston Red Stockings\".", "Boston The National Association years From an invitation in 1870 by Ivers Whitney Adams, the founder and President of the Boston Red Stockings, Wright moved from managing the \"Cincinnati Red Stockings\" to work professionally with the first-ever base ball team in Boston, the \"Boston Red Stockings\". The team was to play in the newly formed National Association of Professional Base Ball Players, now known more often as simply the National Association. The Red Stockings finished third in the NA's inaugural season.", "The Red Stockings finished third in the NA's inaugural season. Wright, now 36 years old and the second-oldest player in the league, was the team's regular center fielder, playing 30 of the team's 31 games at that position. He also pitched in nine games in relief of Albert Spalding, notching one win. In 1872, the Red Stockings won its first championship, beating Maryland's Lord Baltimore Club by 7½ games. They won again the next season, finishing four games ahead of the Philadelphia Athletics.", "They won again the next season, finishing four games ahead of the Philadelphia Athletics. 1874 turned out to be Wright's last year as the team's regular center fielder. He had been the oldest player in the NA for three years running. It was also his third straight championship as a manager. That year, he organized what turned out to be a fairly disastrous attempt to take baseball back home to the British Isles.", "That year, he organized what turned out to be a fairly disastrous attempt to take baseball back home to the British Isles. In 1875, the final year of the NA, the Red Stockings were an amazing 71-8, finishing a full 15 games ahead of the Athletics. Wright, now the oldest player in the league, continued to play regularly in center field for Boston until 1874. After that, he played in just three more games, one in each of the next three seasons.", "After that, he played in just three more games, one in each of the next three seasons. The National League years In 1876, the Boston club joined the new National League. Sportswriters tended to refer to them as the \"Red Caps\" now, in deference to the resurrected Red Stockings name for the new Cincinnati Club.", "Sportswriters tended to refer to them as the \"Red Caps\" now, in deference to the resurrected Red Stockings name for the new Cincinnati Club. Although they once again stumbled in their first year in a new league, finishing fourth in 1876, they went on to win two more pennants in the following two seasons with Wright at the helm. The team finished second in 1879, but then slipped badly, finishing sixth in the next two seasons, which wound up being Wright's last two seasons in Boston.", "The team finished second in 1879, but then slipped badly, finishing sixth in the next two seasons, which wound up being Wright's last two seasons in Boston. After Boston Providence After leaving the Red Caps, Wright quickly picked up with the Providence Grays, one of the stronger NL teams of the era. In 1882, his first season as Grays manager, the team finished in second place, just three games behind the powerful Chicago White Stockings led by Cap Anson.", "In 1882, his first season as Grays manager, the team finished in second place, just three games behind the powerful Chicago White Stockings led by Cap Anson. The team dropped to third the following year, and Wright moved on again. While in Providence, Wright instituted the concept of a farm team.", "While in Providence, Wright instituted the concept of a farm team. Wright assembled a team of amateurs, which would play at Messer Street Grounds while the Grays were on the road, with the intention that if one of the senior members was injured, he could be easily replaced from among these players. Philadelphia In 1884, Wright was brought in to manage the new Philadelphia team. Philadelphia had joined the National League the previous year, finishing dead last with an abysmal record of 17-81.", "Philadelphia had joined the National League the previous year, finishing dead last with an abysmal record of 17-81. Under Wright, they improved enough to finish in sixth place in 1884 while winning 20 games more than they had done the previous year. In 1885, the team finished above .500 for the first time, going 56-54 and finishing in third place, a distant 30 games behind the White Stockings and 28 games behind second-place New York Giants.", "In 1885, the team finished above .500 for the first time, going 56-54 and finishing in third place, a distant 30 games behind the White Stockings and 28 games behind second-place New York Giants. Philadelphia continued to improve under Wright in 1886, finishing with a record of 71-43, although their position in the league fell to fourth. In 1887, the team finished in second place, just 3½ games behind the champion Detroit club.", "In 1887, the team finished in second place, just 3½ games behind the champion Detroit club. Unfortunately, that was to be the high-water mark of Wright's tenure in Philadelphia, as the team hovered in the middle of the pack, finishing between third and fifth every year from 1888 until 1893 (although he missed a large portion of the 1890 season due to problems with his eyesight). During Wright's tenure in Philadelphia, he often clashed with team owners Al Reach and Colonel John I. Rogers.", "During Wright's tenure in Philadelphia, he often clashed with team owners Al Reach and Colonel John I. Rogers. After the 1893 season, his contract was not renewed. The National League, in recognition of Wright's standing, offered him the position of Chief of Umpires. During his career, Wright had often served as umpire, even for games involving rival teams, due to his high ethical standards.", "During his career, Wright had often served as umpire, even for games involving rival teams, due to his high ethical standards. Managerial overview In 23 seasons of managing in the National Association and National League, Wright's teams won six league championships (1872–1875, 1877, 1878). They finished second on three other occasions, and never finished lower than sixth. Wright finished his managerial career with 1,225 wins and 885 losses for a .581 winning percentage.", "Wright finished his managerial career with 1,225 wins and 885 losses for a .581 winning percentage. He was the first manager to reach one thousand wins as a manager and Cap Anson was the only other manager who won 1,000 games in the 19th century (Wright briefly held the record for most managerial wins, now he ranks 44th). Death Wright died of a lung ailment on October 3, 1895 in Atlantic City, New Jersey, He is buried in West Laurel Hill Cemetery, Bala Cynwyd, Pennsylvania.", "Death Wright died of a lung ailment on October 3, 1895 in Atlantic City, New Jersey, He is buried in West Laurel Hill Cemetery, Bala Cynwyd, Pennsylvania. Wright was inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1953. He was inducted into the Cincinnati Reds Hall of Fame in 2005. His brother George is also a member of both Halls; a third brother, Sam, also played professionally.", "His brother George is also a member of both Halls; a third brother, Sam, also played professionally. See also List of Major League Baseball annual saves leaders List of Major League Baseball player-managers List of Major League Baseball managers by wins References Bibliography In-line citations Notes External links Career statistics and player information from Baseball-Reference (major league manager) (major league player) Retrosheet. \"Harry Wright\". Retrieved 2006-08-29.", "\"Harry Wright\". Retrieved 2006-08-29. Retrieved 2006-08-29. Harry Wright at Cricket Archive 1835 births 1895 deaths National Baseball Hall of Fame inductees Baseball managers Baseball developers New York Knickerbockers players New York Gothams (NABBP) players Cincinnati Red Stockings players Boston Red Stockings players Boston Red Caps managers Burials at West Laurel Hill Cemetery Philadelphia Quakers managers Philadelphia Phillies managers Providence Grays managers English emigrants to the United States Sportspeople from Sheffield Major League Baseball players from England 19th-century baseball players Major League Baseball player-managers American cricketers" ]

[ "Scott Walker (politician)", "Education" ]

[ "Public schools in the United States of America provide basic education from kindergarten until the twelfth grade. This is provided free of charge for the students and parents, but is paid for by taxes on property owners as well as general taxes collected by the federal government. This education is mandated by the states. With the completion of this basic schooling, one obtains a high school diploma as certification of basic skills for employers.\n\nThe largest source of funding for elementary and secondary education comes from state government aid, followed by local contributions (primarily property taxes). \nThe public education system provides the classes needed to obtain a General Education Development (GED) and obtain a job or pursue higher education. The education system can deem higher level courses unnecessary, therefore omitting these courses from public school curriculum. Though earning a diploma, students' education can be limiting, and most of the disadvantaged population includes those in a lower income city or neighborhood. Racial and ethnic minorities primarily comprise this population. As Kozol talks about in his book, Racial Inequality, school infrastructure and the surrounding neighborhoods play a big factor in funding allocation. Frequently, students drop out due to lack of support from parents or school faculty.\n\nAccording to a review of the economics literature by Kirabo Jackson, there is strong evidence of \"a causal relationship between increased school spending and student outcomes. All but one of the several multi-state studies find a strong link between spending and outcomes – indicating that money matters on average... the robustness of the patterns across a variety of settings is compelling evidence of a real positive causal relationship between increased school spending and student outcomes on average.\" \n\nThe National Center for Education Statistics reports that approximately 80% of school funding in years 2000-01, 2010-11, 2016-17 was dedicated to salaries and employee benefits. Salaries decreased by 7% and benefits spending Increased by 6% from 2000-01 to 2016-17. \n\nCurrent expenditures per pupil enrolled in the fall in public elementary and secondary schools were 20 percent higher in 2016–17 than in 2000–01 ($12,794 vs. $10,675, both in constant 2018–19 dollars). Current expenditures per pupil increased from $10,675 in 2000–01 to $12,435 in 2008–09, decreased between 2008–09 and 2012–13 to $11,791, and then increased to $12,794 in 2016–17.\n\nCapital outlay expenditures per pupil in 2016–17 ($1,266) were 10 percent lower than in 2000–01 ($1,412). Interest payments on public elementary and secondary school debt per pupil were 22 percent higher in 2016–17 than in 2000–01. During this period, interest payments per pupil increased from $312 in 2000–01 to $415 in 2010–11, before declining to $379 in 2016–17 (all in constant 2018–19 dollars).\n\nState and local role in education funding \nAccording to the US Department of Education, the Federal Government contributes about 8% to funding US public schools. To fund the remaining balance per student in the public education System, state and local governments are mandated to allocate money towards education. The state allocates a percentage of its revenue, from sales and income tax, to use towards education. The funds that are set aside for education are determined by the State constitutions, Propositions, and the incoming Government officials. According to the National Conference of state Legislatures, States provide structure, equality, fiscal accountability, stability and support to the public education systems per state. Each state varies the level of support that the schools receive with the implementation of legislation.\n\nThe Local government allocates education funding from the revenue generated by property tax and other fundraising efforts. Local officials have the ability to influence the rate of change of property taxes that are used to fund local expenditures, including education.\n\nDue to the varied levels of income throughout states and within local communities, education funding suffers from inequalities where some communities have excessive funding and others are lacking important resources to support students. According to the research on Equity and Adequacy in School Funding, “much of the current litigation and legislative activity in education funding seeks to assure “adequacy”, that is, a sufficient level of funding to deliver an adequate education to every student in the state.” There are key factors in which states receive more funding, teacher salaries, employee benefits, cost of living, class sizes, and demographics. For example, Utah has the lowest state funding due to their demographics, and the fact that the state of Utah can not afford to let the average costs rise due to its immense young demographic, which is one in five residents attend public school. New York, on the other hand, has the highest ranking expenditures, twenty thousand per student including teacher salaries, and the cost of living, which is significantly higher than other states.\n\nEducational resource inequality \n\nBecause income and tax revenue varies so widely from district to district, the current school funding model has led to a huge disparity in the funding that schools in different parts of a single state receive. Primarily, schools in affluent areas receive more funding as compared to those located in low-income areas. Overall, this model presents a challenge to schools situated in low-income areas because performance measures can be tied to this funding approach. Low-income areas have comparatively lower property and income taxes hence affecting the funding of the schools. Poor school performance in low-income areas has a direct causal relationship with the low income and property taxes hence the need for a change in the approach to funding. A solution to the identified problem is to distribute wealth evenly to allow better funding models for public schools. Derisma (2013) claimed that “using state taxes to fund public education has the potential to create funding insecurities. To begin, state tax revenues are largely generated from income and sales taxes. Income and sales tax revenue are not stable sources and have the propensity to drop in times of recession” (p. 122). The claim shows that funding insecurities in low-income areas are likely to inconvenience those living in those areas and children in school face the same issue.\n\nOn average, 8% of revenues are federal, 47% from the state, and 45% locally sourced. Since 2008, states have reduced their school funding from taxes by 12%, the most pronounced drop on record. The majority of targeted school funding reforms have been in response to court orders, often due to lawsuits. Despite some efforts to improve school funding, 60% of schools report that their facilities need repair.\n\nSchool funding in the United States is unequal. Twenty-three states send more funding to their wealthiest districts; Pennsylvania sends 33% less to their high-poverty districts. Only 1/5th of states spend more money on their neediest schools, half as many as did in 2008. Despite receiving more money from the federal government, the majority of districts with Title 1 schools see unequal funding for staff and even less money for non-staff costs. Minority students are disproportionately impacted as white students attend low-income schools 18% of the time versus 60% of the time for black and Hispanic students. At the same time as funding levels have dropped and remained inequitable, the number of school fundraising organizations, such as Parent Teacher Associations, have risen by 230%, form 990 filings required for revenues above $25,000 have increased by 300%, and total revenues have increased by 347.7% to 880 million and low-poverty school districts receive a much greater level of these voluntary donations.\n\nInadequate school funding has a disproportionate impact on low-income students and high-poverty schools. 14% of 4th graders at poor schools were at or above proficient in reading and 17% at math while in low poverty schools, more than twice as many were at proficiency or above in reading and 60% were for math. Additionally, graduation rates for high poverty schools are 68% compared to 91% for other schools, then the rate of college attendance is 28% versus 52%. Low-income children are a full year behind by 14, and the total achievement gap between the richest and poorest 10% has grown by 30-40% in 25 years.\n\nIncreasing school revenues by 10% would lead to an average of more years of education completed, future wage earnings increasing by 7.25%, and 3.67% less future poverty each year. For low-income students the impacts would be even greater as the amount of education completed increases almost twice as much and the future impacts include 9.5% higher adult wages and 6.8% lower poverty rates. A 25% increase in school funding would result in a complete elimination of the achievement gap between low and high income students. Raising teacher pay not only results in a better overall quality and effectiveness of teachers, but also reduces the high school dropout rate.\n\nReferences \n\nEducation finance in the United States", "Walker Valley High School (WVHS) is a public high school in the Bradley County Schools system located in the northern part of Bradley County, Tennessee near Charleston. The school serves about 1,600 students in grades 9–12.\n\nThe school's mascot is the mustang and its school colors are blue and gold. Walker Valley has been in existence since 2001, and maintains rivalries with Cleveland High School and Bradley Central High School. The current principal is Mrs. Candice Belt.\n\nHistory\nCharleston High School was the first public high school in Bradley County. Located in Charleston, it opened its doors on September 18, 1913, and was expanded to include grades 1 through 8 in 1926. These later became known as Charleston Junior High School and Charleston Elementary School, and the entire school was called Charleston School. Due to increasing enrollment, deteriorating facilities, and the inability to expand the school, the need for a new school arose.\n\nThe land on State Route 308 was purchased in 1982 for the purpose of building a new school, however it took the Bradley County Commission 16 more years to secure funding to begin building. This was part of a master plan for the county schools that began in 1995 and continues to this day. The groundbreaking for the school occurred in May 1999, and construction began in June of that year, with a completion date set for June 2001. Community Tectonics of Knoxville, Tennessee was the architect for the project while the construction's management was under the oversight of H & M Construction from Jackson, Tennessee. Prior to construction of the project, committees from the schools in Bradley County and community members were formed to help with the design of the school. All teachers involved in secondary education had the opportunity to provide input into the design of the school.\n\nAfter funding was secured, the process of naming the school began through a community panel. The panel narrowed the names down to three: Hiwassee River High School, River Valley High School and Walker Valley High School. They decided to go with the latter in honor of Chief Jack Walker, a leader of the Cherokee Nation who lived in the valley in the early 19th century, in addition to the fact that the name \"reflects the heritage of the area\". After Walker Valley opened, Charleston Junior High School was merged with Bradley Junior High School in Cleveland in 2001, and that same year, the name was changed to Ocoee Middle School. Charleston Elementary School still exists at the location.\n\nAthletics\n\nWalker Valley competes in the Tennessee Secondary School Athletic Association (TSSAA). Its sports are:\nBaseball\nBasketball\nBowling (Girls state champs 2005)\nFootball\nGolf\nSoftball (State Tournaments- 2004 (Final 4), 2005 (Runner-Up), 2018 (Runner-Up)\nSoccer\nTennis\nTrack and Field (Boys state champs 2011, Girls state champs 2005)\nWrestling (State champs 2013, 2016)\n\nDemographics\nDuring the 2016-17 school year, Walker Valley High School enrolled 1,450 students, 50.07% of whom were male and 49.93% of whom were female. The racial and ethnic makeup of the student body was 90.97% Non-Hispanic White, 4.48% Hispanic or Latino (of any race), 2.28% Black, 0.97% Asian, 0.90% Multiracial, 0.28% Pacific Islander, and 0.14% Native American.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \nWalker Valley High School website\n\nEducational institutions established in 2001\nPublic high schools in Tennessee\nBradley County Schools\n2001 establishments in Tennessee\nCharleston, Tennessee" ]

[ "Scott Kevin Walker (born November 2, 1967) is an American politician who served as the 45th Governor of Wisconsin from 2011 to 2019. He is a member of the Republican Party. Born in Colorado Springs, Colorado, Walker was raised in Plainfield, Iowa and in Delavan, Wisconsin. He was elected to the Wisconsin State Assembly in 1992, representing a district in western Milwaukee County.", "He was elected to the Wisconsin State Assembly in 1992, representing a district in western Milwaukee County. In 2002, Walker was elected Milwaukee County Executive in a special election following the resignation of F. Thomas Ament; he was elected to a full term in 2004 and was re-elected in 2008. Walker ran for Governor of Wisconsin in 2006, but dropped out of the race before the primary election. He ran again in 2010 and won.", "He ran again in 2010 and won. He ran again in 2010 and won. Shortly after his inauguration in 2011, Walker gained national attention by introducing the Wisconsin Budget Repair Bill; the legislation proposed to effectively eliminate collective bargaining for most Wisconsin public employees. In response, opponents of the bill protested at the Wisconsin State Capitol and Senate Democrats left the state in an effort to prevent the bill from being passed. Nevertheless, the Wisconsin Budget Repair Bill became law in March 2011.", "Nevertheless, the Wisconsin Budget Repair Bill became law in March 2011. Opposition to the law led to an attempt to recall Walker from office in 2012. Walker prevailed in the recall election, becoming one of two incumbent governors in the history of the United States to win a recall election, the other being California governor Gavin Newsom in 2021. Walker was re-elected in 2014, defeating Democratic Madison School Board member Mary Burke.", "Walker was re-elected in 2014, defeating Democratic Madison School Board member Mary Burke. Following heavy speculation about his presidential ambitions, Walker launched a campaign for the Republican nomination in the 2016 presidential election; however, he withdrew from the race after only two months as a result of declining support in polls. Walker sought a third term as governor in 2018, but was defeated by Democrat Tony Evers.", "Walker sought a third term as governor in 2018, but was defeated by Democrat Tony Evers. Early life and education Walker was born on November 2, 1967, in Colorado Springs, Colorado, the elder of two sons of Patricia Ann \"Pat\" (née Fitch; born December 30, 1938), a bookkeeper, and Llewellyn Scott \"Llew\" Walker (May 19, 1939 – October 7, 2018), a Baptist minister.", "Early life and education Walker was born on November 2, 1967, in Colorado Springs, Colorado, the elder of two sons of Patricia Ann \"Pat\" (née Fitch; born December 30, 1938), a bookkeeper, and Llewellyn Scott \"Llew\" Walker (May 19, 1939 – October 7, 2018), a Baptist minister. The family moved to Plainfield, Iowa, in 1970, where Llew worked as pastor in the local Baptist Church, TBC, and served on the municipal council.", "The family moved to Plainfield, Iowa, in 1970, where Llew worked as pastor in the local Baptist Church, TBC, and served on the municipal council. When Walker was ten years old, the family moved to Delavan, Wisconsin, where his father continued to work as a minister, at the First Baptist Church of Delavan.", "When Walker was ten years old, the family moved to Delavan, Wisconsin, where his father continued to work as a minister, at the First Baptist Church of Delavan. In 1985, when Walker was in high school, he attended and represented Wisconsin at two weeks of American Legion-sponsored training in leadership and government at Badger Boys State in Wisconsin and Boys Nation in Washington, D.C. While at the event, he met President Ronald Reagan and had a photo taken with him.", "While at the event, he met President Ronald Reagan and had a photo taken with him. Walker has credited the experience with solidifying his interest in public service and giving him the \"political bug\". He attained the highest rank, Eagle Scout, in the Boy Scouts of America, and graduated from Delavan-Darien High School in 1986. In the fall of 1986, Walker enrolled at Marquette University.", "In the fall of 1986, Walker enrolled at Marquette University. Within a few weeks of beginning his collegiate studies, Walker became a student senator and led a committee investigating alleged misuse of funds by student leaders. During the same year, he volunteered for Tommy Thompson's gubernatorial campaign. In 1988, Walker lost a \"fiercely-fought\" campaign for student government president. Walker led the anti-abortion Students for Life group at Marquette.", "Walker led the anti-abortion Students for Life group at Marquette. Walker discontinued his studies at Marquette in the spring of 1990, having earned 94 of the 128 minimum credits needed to graduate. He left in good standing with a 2.59/4.0 grade point average, but without having obtained a degree. Walker has said that he dropped out of college when he received a full-time job offer from the American Red Cross.", "Walker has said that he dropped out of college when he received a full-time job offer from the American Red Cross. Early political career Wisconsin State Assembly In 1990, at age 22, Walker ran for Milwaukee's 7th District seat in the Wisconsin State Assembly. He won the Republican nomination, but lost in the general election to incumbent Democrat Gwen Moore, receiving less than one-third of the vote.", "He won the Republican nomination, but lost in the general election to incumbent Democrat Gwen Moore, receiving less than one-third of the vote. In 1993, Walker moved to Wauwatosa, a suburb of Milwaukee, and ran in a special election in the more conservative 14th legislative district, based around Wauwatosa. He defeated Democrat Chris Ament, son of then-Milwaukee County Executive Tom Ament. During the campaign, Walker backed welfare reform and opposed the expansion of mass transit.", "During the campaign, Walker backed welfare reform and opposed the expansion of mass transit. He supported a cap on state spending and said that the law on resolving labor disputes with local government employees needed to be reformed. Walker received the endorsements of Wisconsin Right to Life and The Milwaukee Sentinel, which called him a fiscal conservative and noted his anti-abortion, tough-on-crime, and pro-welfare reform positions. He was re-elected four times, serving until 2002 when he became a county executive.", "He was re-elected four times, serving until 2002 when he became a county executive. While in the Assembly, Walker was interested in criminal justice matters and chaired the Committees on Correctional Facilities, and Corrections and the Courts. Over the years, he served on a number of other committees, including Health, Census and Redistricting, Financial Institutions, and Housing. As a freshman legislator in 1993, he co-sponsored right-to-work legislation.", "As a freshman legislator in 1993, he co-sponsored right-to-work legislation. In 1999 he advocated for a truth-in-sentencing bill that increased prison time for some crimes and eliminated parole for others. Walker was a member of the American Legislative Exchange Council (ALEC) at the time, and credited the organization for much of the success of the legislation.", "Walker was a member of the American Legislative Exchange Council (ALEC) at the time, and credited the organization for much of the success of the legislation. In 2001, he sponsored a bill to prevent pharmacists from being disciplined for refusing to fill prescriptions for emergency contraception and was a supporter of a bill to require voters to show photo ID at the polls.", "In 2001, he sponsored a bill to prevent pharmacists from being disciplined for refusing to fill prescriptions for emergency contraception and was a supporter of a bill to require voters to show photo ID at the polls. According to research by two political analysts, Walker was more conservative than about 90% of his peers in the assembly and about 80% of the Republicans in the assembly. Walker had a pro-life record in the Assembly.", "Walker had a pro-life record in the Assembly. Walker had a pro-life record in the Assembly. With the exception of some bills while Walker was running for Milwaukee County Executive, Walker either sponsored or cosponsored all but three bills that would have restricted abortions. In 2001–02, Walker and fellow Assemblymember Michael Huebsch objected to the hiring of a state employee, Rev. Jamyi Witch, on the basis of her religious beliefs as a Wiccan.", "Jamyi Witch, on the basis of her religious beliefs as a Wiccan. Walker claimed that Witch's hiring as a prison chaplain raised \"both personal and political concerns\" because she \"practice[d] a religion that actually offends people of many other faiths\". Walker and Huebsch were ultimately unsuccessful in terminating Witch's chaplaincy or employment.", "Walker and Huebsch were ultimately unsuccessful in terminating Witch's chaplaincy or employment. Milwaukee County Executive Walker became Milwaukee County Executive in a special election run in April 2002, after the former County Executive, Tom Ament, resigned in the wake of a county pension-fund scandal. Walker was elected to a four-year term in 2004, winning 57% of the vote to defeat former state budget director, David Riemer. Although in a liberal county and running for a nonpartisan position, Walker ran openly as a conservative Republican.", "Although in a liberal county and running for a nonpartisan position, Walker ran openly as a conservative Republican. He won another four-year term in 2008, defeating State Senator Lena Taylor with 59% of the vote. Upon first being elected, Walker became the youngest person and the first Republican ever elected to the position and remains the only Republican to hold this office to date. Walker won the office on a platform of fiscal conservatism, promising to give back part of his own salary.", "Walker won the office on a platform of fiscal conservatism, promising to give back part of his own salary. He said that his voluntary give-back gave him moral authority to make cuts in the budget. He returned $60,000 per year (slightly less than half of his salary) during his first term, and reduced his give-back to $10,000 per year during his second term.", "He returned $60,000 per year (slightly less than half of his salary) during his first term, and reduced his give-back to $10,000 per year during his second term. During his eight years in office, there were disputes with the county board \"over taxes, privatization of public services, quality of parks and public buildings, and delivery of social services\", according to the Milwaukee Journal Sentinel.", "During his eight years in office, there were disputes with the county board \"over taxes, privatization of public services, quality of parks and public buildings, and delivery of social services\", according to the Milwaukee Journal Sentinel. The County Board approved several budgets over Walker's veto and he never submitted a budget with a higher property tax than the board had approved the prior year.", "The County Board approved several budgets over Walker's veto and he never submitted a budget with a higher property tax than the board had approved the prior year. During Walker's tenure the number of county employees was reduced by over 20% and the $3.5 million county deficit was turned into a surplus. In addition, he cut over $44 million in proposed spending through his veto powers and helped eliminate the waiting list for long-term care for senior citizens.", "In addition, he cut over $44 million in proposed spending through his veto powers and helped eliminate the waiting list for long-term care for senior citizens. Operation Freedom investigation Walker appointed Kevin Kavanaugh, treasurer of the local chapter of the Military Order of the Purple Heart, as a member of the County Veterans Service Commission. Walker raised funds annually for veterans at the Operation Freedom Benefit, with proceeds to the Military Order of the Purple Heart.", "Walker raised funds annually for veterans at the Operation Freedom Benefit, with proceeds to the Military Order of the Purple Heart. Walker's Chief of Staff, Thomas Nardelli, indicated that he went to Walker with concerns about missing money in 2009, and Walker directed him to report it to the district attorney's office. The district attorney did not immediately act but later launched a \"John Doe\" investigation. Kavanaugh and four others were arrested for theft of funds. Kavanaugh was convicted and sentenced to 21 months in prison.", "Kavanaugh was convicted and sentenced to 21 months in prison. Tim Russell, employed by Walker in a number of posts, was implicated in the same investigation; he was charged in January 2012 and pleaded guilty in November 2012 to diverting more than $21,000 to his personal bank account. In 2010, Walker's last year as Milwaukee County executive, Russell was his deputy chief of staff and Milwaukee Housing Director. Walker was not charged with any wrongdoing.", "Walker was not charged with any wrongdoing. Walker was not charged with any wrongdoing. Governor of Wisconsin Elections 2006 gubernatorial campaign While county executive, Walker became a candidate, in February 2005, in the 2006 race for Wisconsin governor. He dropped out on March 24, 2006, after about 14 months of campaigning, citing fundraising difficulties. Walker threw his support to fellow Republican Mark Andrew Green, who won the Republican primary unopposed, and Walker actively campaigned for him during the general election.", "Walker threw his support to fellow Republican Mark Andrew Green, who won the Republican primary unopposed, and Walker actively campaigned for him during the general election. Green lost the general election, in November 2006, to the incumbent Democrat, Jim Doyle. Despite Green's loss, Walker's strong support for him helped increase Walker's favorability with the state GOP and positioned him as the frontrunner for the 2010 election.", "Despite Green's loss, Walker's strong support for him helped increase Walker's favorability with the state GOP and positioned him as the frontrunner for the 2010 election. 2010 gubernatorial campaign Walker was an early favorite for the 2010 Republican Party endorsement for Wisconsin governor, winning straw polls of Wisconsin GOP convention attendees in 2007 and 2008. He announced his candidacy in late April 2009 after several months of previewing his campaign themes of reduced taxes and reduced spending to Republican audiences around the state.", "He announced his candidacy in late April 2009 after several months of previewing his campaign themes of reduced taxes and reduced spending to Republican audiences around the state. He criticized the 2009–2011 Wisconsin state budget as too big given the slow economy. In 2009 and 2010, Americans for Prosperity helped raise Walker's statewide profile, inviting him to address its events and rallies throughout the state. Walker won the Wisconsin GOP convention endorsement on May 22, 2010, receiving 91% of the votes cast by delegates.", "Walker won the Wisconsin GOP convention endorsement on May 22, 2010, receiving 91% of the votes cast by delegates. He won the Republican nomination in the primary election of September 14, 2010, receiving 59% of the popular vote, while former U.S. Representative Mark Neumann garnered 39%. As part of his campaign platform, Walker said he would create 250,000 jobs in his first term through a program that would include tax cuts for small businesses, capital gains tax cuts, and income tax cuts.", "As part of his campaign platform, Walker said he would create 250,000 jobs in his first term through a program that would include tax cuts for small businesses, capital gains tax cuts, and income tax cuts. He proposed cutting state employee wages and benefits to help pay for these tax cuts. Critics argued that his proposals would help only the wealthy and that cutting the salaries of public employees would adversely affect state services, while supporters argued that tax cuts for businesses would spur the economy and create jobs.", "Critics argued that his proposals would help only the wealthy and that cutting the salaries of public employees would adversely affect state services, while supporters argued that tax cuts for businesses would spur the economy and create jobs. Walker indicated he would refuse an $810 million award from the federal Department of Transportation to build a high speed railroad line from Madison to Milwaukee as he believed it would cost the state $7.5 million per year to operate and would not prove profitable.", "Walker indicated he would refuse an $810 million award from the federal Department of Transportation to build a high speed railroad line from Madison to Milwaukee as he believed it would cost the state $7.5 million per year to operate and would not prove profitable. This was in spite of offers by the mayor of Madison and the Dane County executive to help absorb costs the state might have incurred. The award was later rescinded and split among other states.", "The award was later rescinded and split among other states. This cost the state at least $60 million for rail repairs federal funds would have covered. Social issues played a part in the campaign. Walker has stated that he is \"100% pro-life\" and that he believes life should be protected from conception to natural death. He opposes abortion, including in cases of rape and incest.", "He opposes abortion, including in cases of rape and incest. He supports abstinence-only sex education in the public schools and opposes state supported clinical services that provide birth control and testing and treatment of sexually transmitted diseases to teens under age 18 without parental consent. He supports the right of pharmacists to refuse to fill prescriptions for contraceptives on religious or moral grounds. He supports adult stem cell research but opposes human embryonic stem cell research.", "He supports adult stem cell research but opposes human embryonic stem cell research. As an opponent of same-sex marriage, he opposed a law that allowed gay couples to register with counties to get certain benefits, such as hospital visitation rights. He later stated that his position on same-sex marriage was no longer relevant because Wisconsin's ban on same-sex marriage had been overturned by a federal court. Walker said he would sign an Arizona-style immigration bill, which would allow local police to stop suspected illegal immigrants, if he were elected.", "Walker said he would sign an Arizona-style immigration bill, which would allow local police to stop suspected illegal immigrants, if he were elected. On November 2, 2010, his 43rd birthday, Walker won the general election with 52% of total votes cast, while Democrat Tom Barrett received 46%. His running mate, now Lieutenant Governor, was Rebecca Kleefisch, a former Milwaukee television news reporter.", "His running mate, now Lieutenant Governor, was Rebecca Kleefisch, a former Milwaukee television news reporter. Walker's victory came amid a series of Wisconsin GOP victories, with conservative Republican Ron Johnson winning the contested U.S. Senate seat, and with the GOP gaining majorities in the state's U.S. House delegation, State Assembly, and State Senate. 2012 recall election After the contentious collective bargaining dispute, Walker's disapproval ratings varied between 50% and 51% while his approval ratings varied between 47% and 49% in 2011.", "2012 recall election After the contentious collective bargaining dispute, Walker's disapproval ratings varied between 50% and 51% while his approval ratings varied between 47% and 49% in 2011. The effort to recall Walker officially began on November 15, 2011. Walker reportedly raised more than $30 million during the recall effort, with a significant portion from out of state. Commentators claimed the amount of money raised was \"illustrating the national significance both political parties saw in the recall fight\".", "Commentators claimed the amount of money raised was \"illustrating the national significance both political parties saw in the recall fight\". In March 2012, the Wisconsin Government Accountability Board announced there were more than 900,000 valid signatures to force a recall vote, well above the required minimum of 540,208. In February 2012, Walker's campaign requested additional time for the petition signatures to be verified, claiming about 20% of the signatures were not valid.", "In February 2012, Walker's campaign requested additional time for the petition signatures to be verified, claiming about 20% of the signatures were not valid. Democrats argued that even if 20% of the signatures were disregarded they still had obtained 180,000 more signatures than required to initiate the recall. Wisconsin Democratic Party Communications Director Graeme Zielinski claimed Walker was \"delaying the inevitable\". On February 17, 2012, Dane County Judge Richard Niess, who had signed the recall petition, denied Walker's request for additional time.", "On February 17, 2012, Dane County Judge Richard Niess, who had signed the recall petition, denied Walker's request for additional time. On March 30, 2012, the Government Accountability Board unanimously ruled in favor of the recall election. The recall elections for both Walker and Kleefisch took place on June 5, 2012. During the Republican primary election for the recall, Walker received 626,538 votes.", "During the Republican primary election for the recall, Walker received 626,538 votes. In the Democratic primary, all of the Democratic candidates combined received 670,288, with the winner, Tom Barrett, receiving 390,109, a majority. On June 5, 2012, Walker won the recall election. This was only the third gubernatorial recall election in U.S. history.", "This was only the third gubernatorial recall election in U.S. history. Walker won the recall, his second face-off with Barrett, by a slightly larger margin (53% to 46%) than in the 2010 election (52% to 46%) and became the first U.S. governor to win a recall election. By the end of the recall election, Walker had a national network of conservative donors and groups supporting him. Nearly 300,000 people donated to his recall campaign, which garnered roughly $37 million.", "Nearly 300,000 people donated to his recall campaign, which garnered roughly $37 million. Two-thirds of the contributions came from outside Wisconsin. Walker, or the conservative causes he supports, are also supported by conservative donors and groups including Michael W. Grebe, Diane Hendricks, and the Bradley Foundation, founder of the Wisconsin Policy Research Institute and the MacIver Institute; and David H. Koch and Charles Koch, initial funders of Americans for Prosperity.", "Walker, or the conservative causes he supports, are also supported by conservative donors and groups including Michael W. Grebe, Diane Hendricks, and the Bradley Foundation, founder of the Wisconsin Policy Research Institute and the MacIver Institute; and David H. Koch and Charles Koch, initial funders of Americans for Prosperity. 2014 gubernatorial campaign In his third election in four years, Walker faced Democrat Mary Burke to determine the governor of Wisconsin.", "2014 gubernatorial campaign In his third election in four years, Walker faced Democrat Mary Burke to determine the governor of Wisconsin. Wisconsin labor unions, who helped organize the 2012 Wisconsin recall election, donated funds to boost Burke's campaign. Walker received help from a number of conservative donors. The polling through most of the race was close and no candidate was a definitive favorite. The gubernatorial election took place on November 4, 2014, and Walker won re-election by 6 percent of the vote.", "The gubernatorial election took place on November 4, 2014, and Walker won re-election by 6 percent of the vote. 2018 gubernatorial campaign Walker sought a third term in the 2018 elections. His opponent, Democratic Wisconsin Superintendent of Public Instruction Tony Evers, defeated him in the election. Tenure Walker took the oath of office to become the 45th Governor of Wisconsin on January 3, 2011.", "Tenure Walker took the oath of office to become the 45th Governor of Wisconsin on January 3, 2011. By January 25, 2011, the state legislature passed a series of Walker-backed bills, the largest of which would cut taxes for businesses at \"a two-year cost of $67 million\", according to the Associated Press. Walker became a figure of national recognition and controversy after he proposed the \"Wisconsin budget repair bill\" in 2011.", "Walker became a figure of national recognition and controversy after he proposed the \"Wisconsin budget repair bill\" in 2011. The bill, which would eventually be passed by the Wisconsin Legislature, significantly changed the collective bargaining process for most public employees in Wisconsin. Opponents of Walker's actions launched a push for a recall election and received enough support to force an election on June 5, 2012, the first time a Governor of Wisconsin had ever faced recall.", "Opponents of Walker's actions launched a push for a recall election and received enough support to force an election on June 5, 2012, the first time a Governor of Wisconsin had ever faced recall. During Walker's first term as governor, the state's $3.6 billion budget deficit was turned into a surplus and taxes were cut by $2 billion. More than 100,000 jobs were created in the state of Wisconsin.", "More than 100,000 jobs were created in the state of Wisconsin. 2011 Budget Repair Bill Walker proposed the Wisconsin Budget Repair Bill on February 11, 2011, estimated to save Wisconsin $30 million in the current fiscal year and $300 million over the next two years. The bill requires additional contributions by state and local government workers to their health care plans and pensions, amounting to roughly an 8% decrease in the average government worker's take home pay.", "The bill requires additional contributions by state and local government workers to their health care plans and pensions, amounting to roughly an 8% decrease in the average government worker's take home pay. The bill eliminated, for most state workers, other than certain public safety workers, many collective bargaining rights aside from seeking pay increases, and then not above the rate of inflation, unless approved by a voter referendum.", "The bill eliminated, for most state workers, other than certain public safety workers, many collective bargaining rights aside from seeking pay increases, and then not above the rate of inflation, unless approved by a voter referendum. Under the bill, unions have to win yearly votes to continue representing government workers and could no longer have dues automatically deducted from government workers' paychecks. Certain law enforcement personnel and firefighters are exempt from the bargaining changes.", "Certain law enforcement personnel and firefighters are exempt from the bargaining changes. On January 18, 2011, days after Walker's inauguration, Beloit businesswoman and Walker supporter Diane Hendricks asked him, \"Any chance we'll ever get to be a completely red state and work on these unions and become a right-to-work (state)? \", and he replied: Well, we're going to start in a couple weeks with our budget adjustment bill.", "\", and he replied: Well, we're going to start in a couple weeks with our budget adjustment bill. The first step is, we're going to deal with collective bargaining for all public employee unions, because you use divide and conquer. So for us the base we've got for that is the fact that we've gotbudgetarily we can't afford not to. If we have collective bargaining agreements in place, there's no way not only the state but local governments can balance things out.", "If we have collective bargaining agreements in place, there's no way not only the state but local governments can balance things out. So you think city of Beloit, city of Janesville, any of the school districts, that opens the door once we do that. That's your bigger problem right there. After videotape of the interaction was released in May 2012, Walker's opponents said Walker had revealed his intention to target private sector unions and pursue right-to-work legislation.", "After videotape of the interaction was released in May 2012, Walker's opponents said Walker had revealed his intention to target private sector unions and pursue right-to-work legislation. Walker said he was not pursuing right-to-work legislation and that in his 2011 comment to Hendricks he was referring to his responsibility as governor to defend taxpayers from unions that he believed were frustrating resolution of the state's budget deficit. In announcing the proposed legislation, Walker said the Wisconsin National Guard and other state agencies were prepared to prevent disruptions in state services.", "In announcing the proposed legislation, Walker said the Wisconsin National Guard and other state agencies were prepared to prevent disruptions in state services. He later explained that police and firefighters were excluded from the changes because he would not jeopardize public safety. Walker stated that the bill was necessary to avoid laying off thousands of state employees and that no one should be surprised by its provisions. Union leaders and Democratic legislators immediately criticized the bill, claiming Walker had never campaigned on doing away with collective bargaining rights.", "Union leaders and Democratic legislators immediately criticized the bill, claiming Walker had never campaigned on doing away with collective bargaining rights. In a media interview a week later, Walker said he was not trying to break the public sector unions, noting that Wisconsin government employees would retain the protections of civil service laws. He said that asking employees to pay half the national average for health care benefits was a modest request. Demonstrators began protesting the proposed bill on February 14, 2011.", "Demonstrators began protesting the proposed bill on February 14, 2011. During the sixth day of the protests, leaders of the two largest unions said publicly they were prepared to accept the financial concessions in the bill, but would not agree to the limitations of collective bargaining rights. On February 17, 2011, all 14 Democratic state senators traveled to Illinois to prevent the passage of the bill by depriving the Senate of the quorum necessary for a vote.", "On February 17, 2011, all 14 Democratic state senators traveled to Illinois to prevent the passage of the bill by depriving the Senate of the quorum necessary for a vote. The missing legislators said they would not return to Madison unless Walker agreed to remove the limitations on collective bargaining from the bill. Walker warned that if the budget repair bill was not passed by March 1, refinancing of a $165 million state debt would fail, and more cuts would be needed to balance the budget.", "Walker warned that if the budget repair bill was not passed by March 1, refinancing of a $165 million state debt would fail, and more cuts would be needed to balance the budget. By February 20, protestors had undertaken a physical occupation of the Capitol building. Protestors also covered the walls of the Capitol with thousands of homemade signs. On February 20, a union organizer participating in the protests said that the protests would continue \"as long as it takes.\"", "On February 20, a union organizer participating in the protests said that the protests would continue \"as long as it takes.\" Other union leaders called for teachers to return to work. On February 26, between 70,000 and 100,000 protested the bill in Madison. They were joined by thousands at state capitals around the nation.", "They were joined by thousands at state capitals around the nation. Appearing on Meet the Press on February 27, Walker stated that he did not believe the unions were negotiating in good faith in offering pension and health-care concessions because local unions had recently pushed through contracts with school boards and city councils that did not include contributions to the pensions and health care and that, in one case, a contract even included a pay increase.", "Appearing on Meet the Press on February 27, Walker stated that he did not believe the unions were negotiating in good faith in offering pension and health-care concessions because local unions had recently pushed through contracts with school boards and city councils that did not include contributions to the pensions and health care and that, in one case, a contract even included a pay increase. On February 28, the largest public union filed an unfair labor practices complaint with the state labor relations board, claiming that Walker had a duty to negotiate, but had refused.", "On February 28, the largest public union filed an unfair labor practices complaint with the state labor relations board, claiming that Walker had a duty to negotiate, but had refused. On March 8, private emails dating back to February 28 were released. These emails showed that Governor Walker had tried to negotiate with Democratic legislators, even proposing to allow some collective bargaining rights.", "These emails showed that Governor Walker had tried to negotiate with Democratic legislators, even proposing to allow some collective bargaining rights. After failing to reach a compromise with Democratic legislators, the Republican-led Senate removed certain fiscal provisions from the bill, allowing it to be passed without the usual quorum requirement. On March 9, 2011, the Wisconsin Senate voted 18–1 to pass the legislation; Senate Democrats remained out of state and did not participate in the vote. The Wisconsin Assembly passed the bill one day later by a vote of 53–42.", "The Wisconsin Assembly passed the bill one day later by a vote of 53–42. After the Assembly passed the bill, Walker released a statement in which he \"applaud[ed] all members of the Assembly for showing up, debating the legislation and participating in democracy\". Walker signed the Wisconsin Budget Repair Bill into law on March 11, 2011. On March 12, the fourteen Democratic senators who had left the state returned. The Budget Repair Law was challenged in court.", "The Budget Repair Law was challenged in court. The Budget Repair Law was challenged in court. On March 18, Judge Maryann Sumi issued a court order to prohibit publication of the bill by the Secretary of State while legal challenges to it were being considered. On March 26, the Legislative Reference Bureau (LRB) published the bill. Sumi subsequently clarified that, pursuant to her order, the bill could not be considered to be published until the court challenge was resolved.", "Sumi subsequently clarified that, pursuant to her order, the bill could not be considered to be published until the court challenge was resolved. On May 26, Judge Sumi struck down the law, finding that its passage violated state open meetings laws. The Wisconsin Supreme Court reversed Sumi's ruling and upheld the law on June 14, 2011. Walker claimed that the Budget Repair Law would \"save jobs, protect taxpayers, reform government and help balance the budget.\"", "Walker claimed that the Budget Repair Law would \"save jobs, protect taxpayers, reform government and help balance the budget.\" He added, \"You see, despite a lot of the rhetoric we've heard over the past 11 days the bill I put forward isn't aimed at state workers, and it certainly isn't a battle with unions. If it was, we would have eliminated collective bargaining entirely or we would have gone after the private-sector unions.\"", "If it was, we would have eliminated collective bargaining entirely or we would have gone after the private-sector unions.\" As part of the cost savings resulting from the changes to collective bargaining, Walker pointed to significant reductions in the premiums for health insurance for many school districts. Prior to the deficit reduction bill, WEA Trust, which is affiliated with Wisconsin's largest teachers union, dominated the market for health insurance for the state's school districts.", "Prior to the deficit reduction bill, WEA Trust, which is affiliated with Wisconsin's largest teachers union, dominated the market for health insurance for the state's school districts. The changes to collective bargaining made it easier for school districts to change health insurance providers and negotiate better premiums. Walker claimed that Wisconsin school districts have saved an estimated $30 million as a result of the change.", "Walker claimed that Wisconsin school districts have saved an estimated $30 million as a result of the change. John Doe campaign finance investigation In August 2012, the first investigation, which had been launched by John Chisholm, Milwaukee County District Attorney, a Democrat, into missing funds, was rolled into a second John Doe probe based on a theory that Governor Walker's campaign had illegally coordinated with conservative groups engaged in issue advocacy during the recall elections.", "John Doe campaign finance investigation In August 2012, the first investigation, which had been launched by John Chisholm, Milwaukee County District Attorney, a Democrat, into missing funds, was rolled into a second John Doe probe based on a theory that Governor Walker's campaign had illegally coordinated with conservative groups engaged in issue advocacy during the recall elections. The initial John Doe judge, retired Kenosha County Circuit Judge Barbara A. Kluka, overseeing the John Doe investigation issued 30 subpoenas and 5 search warrants.", "The initial John Doe judge, retired Kenosha County Circuit Judge Barbara A. Kluka, overseeing the John Doe investigation issued 30 subpoenas and 5 search warrants. She also issued a secrecy order which meant those being investigated were legally bound from discussing any facet of the investigation publicly. On October 29, 2013, she recused herself from the investigation without explanation. Kluka's replacement, Judge Gregory Peterson, quashed several subpoenas in January 2014, saying \"there was no probable cause shown that they violated campaign finance laws\".", "Kluka's replacement, Judge Gregory Peterson, quashed several subpoenas in January 2014, saying \"there was no probable cause shown that they violated campaign finance laws\". On July 16, 2015, the Wisconsin Supreme Court ruled 4–2 that Walker did not illegally collaborate with conservative groups during the recall campaigns.", "On July 16, 2015, the Wisconsin Supreme Court ruled 4–2 that Walker did not illegally collaborate with conservative groups during the recall campaigns. Writing for the majority in the case, Justice Michael Gableman stated: \"To be clear, this conclusion ends the John Doe investigation because the special prosecutor's legal theory is unsupported in either reason or law,\" he said, \"Consequently, the investigation is closed.\" In March 2017, a federal judge dismissed a lawsuit filed against the investigators of the case.", "In March 2017, a federal judge dismissed a lawsuit filed against the investigators of the case. 2011–2013 budget proposal Wisconsin faced an anticipated deficit of approximately $3.6 billion in the 2012–2013 budget cycle which must be balanced according to state law. Walker's proposed budget cut $834 million in state aid for K–12 education, which would be a 7.9% reduction from the prior budget.", "Walker's proposed budget cut $834 million in state aid for K–12 education, which would be a 7.9% reduction from the prior budget. He proposed a 5.5% decrease in the maximum amount of funding school districts can receive from state aid and property taxes, which would limit how much property taxes could be increased to compensate for the reduction in state aid. The budget lowered state capital gains taxes for investments in Wisconsin businesses.", "The budget lowered state capital gains taxes for investments in Wisconsin businesses. It increased spending on health care by $1.3 billion to cover increased costs for Medicaid, and increased transportation funding by $410.5 million. 2013–2015 budget proposal Walker's proposed budget for fiscal 2013–2015 froze spending on public schools and tightened the income requirements for Medicaid recipients. It proposed an increase in funding for fighting domestic violence, mental health care, higher education, and job training.", "It proposed an increase in funding for fighting domestic violence, mental health care, higher education, and job training. It also included a $343 million cut in income taxes and an expansion of the state's school voucher program. 2015–2017 budget proposal Walker's proposed budget for fiscal 2015–2017 included a $300 million cut to the University of Wisconsin System, while holding funding flat for K–12 public schools and continuing to expand the school voucher program.", "2015–2017 budget proposal Walker's proposed budget for fiscal 2015–2017 included a $300 million cut to the University of Wisconsin System, while holding funding flat for K–12 public schools and continuing to expand the school voucher program. It included a plan to borrow $1.3 billion to fund improvements to roads and infrastructure, and proposed drug testing for recipients of public benefits like Medicaid and food stamps.", "It included a plan to borrow $1.3 billion to fund improvements to roads and infrastructure, and proposed drug testing for recipients of public benefits like Medicaid and food stamps. Domestic partner registry defense On May 13, 2011, the Walker administration petitioned the Dane County Circuit Court for permission to withdraw the state as a defendant from Appling v. Doyle, which was a challenge to the state's domestic partner registry. Regulatory reform bill On May 23, 2011, Walker signed legislation changing the process of creating administrative rules for the state.", "Regulatory reform bill On May 23, 2011, Walker signed legislation changing the process of creating administrative rules for the state. This measure, which became 2011 Wisconsin Act 21 (and became effective June 8, 2011), changes State agency authority to promulgate rules, provides for gubernatorial approval of proposed rules, revised the requirement of an economic impact analysis for proposed rules and changes venue in the process of judicial review of agency rules.", "This measure, which became 2011 Wisconsin Act 21 (and became effective June 8, 2011), changes State agency authority to promulgate rules, provides for gubernatorial approval of proposed rules, revised the requirement of an economic impact analysis for proposed rules and changes venue in the process of judicial review of agency rules. Voter ID law On May 25, 2011, Walker signed a voter ID law that required voters to show a government-issued ID before casting a ballot.", "Voter ID law On May 25, 2011, Walker signed a voter ID law that required voters to show a government-issued ID before casting a ballot. The ACLU filed a lawsuit in federal court to invalidate the law on December 13, 2011, claiming the law violates the constitutional guarantee of equal protection under the law. On April 29, 2014, U.S. District Judge Lynn Adelman struck down the law, saying it violated the Voting Rights Act and U.S. Constitution.", "On April 29, 2014, U.S. District Judge Lynn Adelman struck down the law, saying it violated the Voting Rights Act and U.S. Constitution. The Wisconsin Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of the voter ID law under the Constitution of Wisconsin in two other cases in July 2014. On September 12, the 7th Circuit Court of Appeals allowed the law to be put into effect just 54 days before the 2014 elections, overturning a previous ruling in federal court.", "On September 12, the 7th Circuit Court of Appeals allowed the law to be put into effect just 54 days before the 2014 elections, overturning a previous ruling in federal court. On October 9, 2014, the state was again barred from implementing the voter ID law for 2014 by the U.S. Supreme Court. On March 23, 2015, the Supreme Court denied writ of certiorari, thus ruling in favor of the state of Wisconsin's new stricter voter ID law.", "On March 23, 2015, the Supreme Court denied writ of certiorari, thus ruling in favor of the state of Wisconsin's new stricter voter ID law. Rejection of health care funds In January 2012, Walker returned a $37.6 million federal grant meant to set up a health exchange in Wisconsin for the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act. Walker said \"Stopping the encroachment of Obamacare in our state, which has the potential to have a devastating impact on Wisconsin's economy, is a top priority.\"", "Walker said \"Stopping the encroachment of Obamacare in our state, which has the potential to have a devastating impact on Wisconsin's economy, is a top priority.\" Walker rejected an $11 million federal grant designed to improve Medicaid enrollment systems. It can take up to 3 months to determine whether an applicant qualifies for the program. If the applicant does not qualify, the state must pay the medical costs for the first three months.", "If the applicant does not qualify, the state must pay the medical costs for the first three months. The Walker administration previously said it wants to end the practice of presuming some applicants are eligible and go to a real-time system for determining eligibility. Walker rejected an expansion of Medicaid coverage for the state, but instead reduced the eligibility requirements for the state's BadgerCare program.", "Walker rejected an expansion of Medicaid coverage for the state, but instead reduced the eligibility requirements for the state's BadgerCare program. Education On April 2, 2012, Walker signed a law to fund evaluation of the reading skills of kindergartners as part of an initiative to ensure that students are reading at or above grade level by 3rd grade. The law also created a system for evaluating teachers and principals based in part on the performance of their students.", "The law also created a system for evaluating teachers and principals based in part on the performance of their students. It specified that student performance metrics must be based on objective measures, including their performance on standardized tests. Walker approved a two-year freeze of tuition at the University of Wisconsin System in the 2013 budget. In 2014, he proposed a two-year extension of the freeze based on expected cash balances for the system in excess of $1 billion.", "In 2014, he proposed a two-year extension of the freeze based on expected cash balances for the system in excess of $1 billion. On February 3, 2015, Walker delivered a budget proposal to the Wisconsin Legislature, in which he recommended placing the University of Wisconsin system under the direction of a \"private authority\", governed by the Board of Regents (all the governor's appointees). The budget proposal called for a 13% reduction in state funding for the university system.", "The budget proposal called for a 13% reduction in state funding for the university system. The budget proposal also called for re-writing the Wisconsin Idea, replacing the university's fundamental commitment to the \"search for truth\" with the goal of workforce readiness. Walker faced broad criticism for the changes and at first blamed the rewriting of the Wisconsin Idea on a \"drafting error.\"", "Walker faced broad criticism for the changes and at first blamed the rewriting of the Wisconsin Idea on a \"drafting error.\" Politifact and the Milwaukee Journal Sentinel later reported that Walker's administration had insisted to University of Wisconsin officials on scrapping the Wisconsin Idea, the guiding principle for the state's universities for more than a century. Walker then acknowledged that UW System officials had raised objections about the proposal and had been told the changes were not open to debate.", "Walker then acknowledged that UW System officials had raised objections about the proposal and had been told the changes were not open to debate. Indian gaming Section 20(b)(1)(A) of the Indian Gaming Regulatory Act (IGRA) gives governors unrestricted authority to approve or veto any off-reservation tribal casino located in their state. Walker has said he would only approve new off-reservation casino projects if they are supported by every tribe in the state. This has been referred to as the \"Walker Rule\".", "This has been referred to as the \"Walker Rule\". In January 2015, Walker rejected a proposed casino in Kenosha, Wisconsin. Mental health Walker signed a 2013–2015 state budget and subsequent law that established the Wisconsin Office of Children's Mental Health. In 2016, Walker signed legislation creating a pair of pilot programs to test alternative-care delivery and payment models for Medicaid recipients who have significant or chronic mental illness. In 2017, Walker expanded Wisconsin's mental health provider rates by $17 million.", "In 2017, Walker expanded Wisconsin's mental health provider rates by $17 million. Walker also signed legislation increasing funding for peer-run respite centers. Abortion Walker signed the 2011 state budget that de-funded Planned Parenthood. In 2013, Walker signed a bill that requires women seeking abortions to undergo an ultrasound and doctors to show the patients the image of the fetus. In 2013, Walker signed a bill requiring abortion providers in Wisconsin to have admitting privileges at a hospital within 30 miles.", "In 2013, Walker signed a bill requiring abortion providers in Wisconsin to have admitting privileges at a hospital within 30 miles. The law was found unconstitutional by the Seventh Circuit Court of Appeals in 2015. The court found the medical justifications for such restrictions \"nonexistent\" and said they \"cannot be taken seriously as a measure to improve women's health.\"", "The court found the medical justifications for such restrictions \"nonexistent\" and said they \"cannot be taken seriously as a measure to improve women's health.\" In June 2016, the Supreme Court of the United States ruled on Whole Woman's Health v. Hellerstedt, and struck down admitting privileges and other similar restrictions, finding that they were an unconstitutional \"undue burden\" on women.", "In June 2016, the Supreme Court of the United States ruled on Whole Woman's Health v. Hellerstedt, and struck down admitting privileges and other similar restrictions, finding that they were an unconstitutional \"undue burden\" on women. The day after delivering this decision, the Court refused to hear the Walker administration's appeal of the Seventh Circuit decision, leaving its finding of unconstitutionality in place. Walker blamed an \"activist court\" for finding his law unconstitutional.", "Walker blamed an \"activist court\" for finding his law unconstitutional. On July 20, 2015, Walker signed a bill into law that banned all abortions after the 20th week of pregnancy, \"except when the life of the mother is in immediate danger.\" Right to work legislation In 2012, regarding right-to-work legislation, Walker told reporters at the state Republican Party convention that \"It's not going to get to my desk ...", "Right to work legislation In 2012, regarding right-to-work legislation, Walker told reporters at the state Republican Party convention that \"It's not going to get to my desk ... I'm going to do everything in my power to make sure it isn't there because my focal point (is) private sector unions have overwhelmingly come to the table to be my partner in economic development.\" While campaigning for re-election in 2014, Walker again said he had no plans to pursue right-to-work legislation focused on private unions.", "While campaigning for re-election in 2014, Walker again said he had no plans to pursue right-to-work legislation focused on private unions. Once the legislation was initiated in the state legislature, Walker stated: \"I haven't changed my position on it, it just wasn't a priority for me. But should they pass it within the next two weeks, which is their target, I plan on signing it.\" On March 9, 2015, Walker signed legislation making Wisconsin a right-to-work state.", "On March 9, 2015, Walker signed legislation making Wisconsin a right-to-work state. The law applied to private employee unions as well as public. Once signed, Walker claimed partial credit for the right-to-work law. Politifact.com rated Walker's position on right-to-work as a \"major reversal of position.\" Three trade unions, including the AFL-CIO, subsequently sued to get the law overturned as unconstitutional. In March 2015, the court declined the unions' request to put the law on hold until the lawsuit is settled.", "In March 2015, the court declined the unions' request to put the law on hold until the lawsuit is settled. Following a protracted legal battle, in 2017 the U.S. appeals court in Chicago upheld Wisconsin's right-to-work law ending the substantive legal challenges to the law. WEDC In 2011, the WEDC was created by Walker as a quasi-public entity to replace the state's Department of Commerce with the objective of incenting job creation in Wisconsin.", "WEDC In 2011, the WEDC was created by Walker as a quasi-public entity to replace the state's Department of Commerce with the objective of incenting job creation in Wisconsin. A 2013 report from the state's Legislative Audit Committee indicated that the organization gave some \"grants, loans, and tax credits to ineligible recipients, for ineligible projects, and for amounts that exceeded specified limits.\" It also reported that WEDC \"did not consistently perform statutorily required program oversight duties such as monitoring the contractually specified performance of award recipients\".", "It also reported that WEDC \"did not consistently perform statutorily required program oversight duties such as monitoring the contractually specified performance of award recipients\". According to Wisconsin Public Radio, \"The agency has been plagued by mismanagement and questions about handing out loans without properly vetting recipients.\" In June 2015, it was reported that under Walker, WEDC gave out $124 million between the years 2011 and 2013 without formal review.", "In June 2015, it was reported that under Walker, WEDC gave out $124 million between the years 2011 and 2013 without formal review. Based on the 27 awards during that period, 2,100 jobs had been created to date out of a total expected of 6,100.", "Based on the 27 awards during that period, 2,100 jobs had been created to date out of a total expected of 6,100. $62.5 million was awarded to Kohl's to create 3,000 jobs as part of a headquarters expansion but only 473 had been created, $18 million was awarded to Kestrel Aircraft which was supposed to create 665 jobs but only created 24, and $15 million went to Plexus Corp. to create 350 jobs, but created zero.", "$62.5 million was awarded to Kohl's to create 3,000 jobs as part of a headquarters expansion but only 473 had been created, $18 million was awarded to Kestrel Aircraft which was supposed to create 665 jobs but only created 24, and $15 million went to Plexus Corp. to create 350 jobs, but created zero. In July 2013, WEDC adopted a new policy requiring written reviews on all program awards. According to WEDC, it had approved more than 760 reviewed awards under the new policy by June 2015.", "According to WEDC, it had approved more than 760 reviewed awards under the new policy by June 2015. Walker introduced a state budget in February 2015 which removed all of the elected officials from the board. This included removing himself from chairmanship of WEDC. This was revised by the Legislature's budget committee who altered it to only remove Walker. Walker signed the budget in July 2015. Foxconn agreement Walker approved an agreement with the Taiwanese manufacturer Foxconn to set up a plant in Mount Pleasant, Wisconsin.", "Foxconn agreement Walker approved an agreement with the Taiwanese manufacturer Foxconn to set up a plant in Mount Pleasant, Wisconsin. As part of the agreement, Foxconn was set to receive subsidies ranging from $3 billion to $4.8 billion (paid in increments if Foxconn met certain targets), which would be by far the largest subsidy ever given to a foreign firm in U.S. history. Foxconn said in return that it would set up a $10 billion factory that initially employed 3,000 (set to increase to 13,000).", "Foxconn said in return that it would set up a $10 billion factory that initially employed 3,000 (set to increase to 13,000). Numerous economists expressed skepticism that the benefits would exceed the costs of the deal. The nonpartisan Wisconsin's Legislative Fiscal Bureau estimated that the Foxconn plant would not break even on the investment until 2043, and that was in the best-case scenario. Others noted that Foxconn had previously made similar unfulfilled claims about job creation in various localities.", "Others noted that Foxconn had previously made similar unfulfilled claims about job creation in various localities. Foxconn sought to locate a plant in the Great Lakes region, because it needs access to large amounts of water. The other Great Lakes states were not willing to offer as generous subsidies as Wisconsin. Initially, the subsidies were set at $3 billion, which would have cost the state $231,000 per job created (under the assumption of 13,000 jobs).", "Initially, the subsidies were set at $3 billion, which would have cost the state $231,000 per job created (under the assumption of 13,000 jobs). The cost of the subsidies were higher than yearly state funding for the University of Wisconsin system and the state prisons. Other estimates of the subsidies go as high as $4.8 billion, which meant that the cost of the subsidy per job (assuming 13,000 jobs) was more than $346,000.", "Other estimates of the subsidies go as high as $4.8 billion, which meant that the cost of the subsidy per job (assuming 13,000 jobs) was more than $346,000. Depending on how many jobs are created, the cost per job may go as high as more than a million dollars. Walker exempted the firm from Wisconsin's environmental rules regarding wetlands and streams. Walker and the Trump administration rolled back air pollution limits in the area of the plant, overruling objections of Environmental Protection Agency staff.", "Walker and the Trump administration rolled back air pollution limits in the area of the plant, overruling objections of Environmental Protection Agency staff. The plant was estimated to contribute significantly to air pollution in the region. Environmentalists criticized the decision to allow Foxconn to draw 7 million gallons of water per day from Lake Michigan. The roughly four square miles of land necessary for the Foxconn campus was in part made possible by forcing homeowners to sell at a fixed price under the threat of seizing the land under eminent domain.", "The roughly four square miles of land necessary for the Foxconn campus was in part made possible by forcing homeowners to sell at a fixed price under the threat of seizing the land under eminent domain. In 2018, the Walker administration shifted up to $90 million in local road funding to road work related to the Foxconn factory. The Wisconsin state legislature granted Foxconn special legal privileges within the Wisconsin judicial system.", "The Wisconsin state legislature granted Foxconn special legal privileges within the Wisconsin judicial system. Curbing the powers of an incoming Democratic administration Shortly after losing his re-election bid in 2018, Walker expressed support for a proposal by Wisconsin Republicans to curb the powers of the incoming Democratic administration during the lame-duck session. In December 2018, Walker signed legislation to strip powers from the incoming Democratic administration. The incoming administration suggested it would challenge the legislation in court.", "The incoming administration suggested it would challenge the legislation in court. In 2010, Walker had expressed opposition to attempts to pass legislation during the lame-duck session before he took office as Governor. An official lawsuit against the legislation was filed by Democratic organizations on January 10, 2019, in Dane County court. Assessments of tenure In 2019, the Milwaukee Journal Sentinel described Walker as a polarizing governor, writing that while \"his personality wasn't divisive... his leadership was polarizing in several ways.", "Assessments of tenure In 2019, the Milwaukee Journal Sentinel described Walker as a polarizing governor, writing that while \"his personality wasn't divisive... his leadership was polarizing in several ways. One was simply his successful pursuit of aggressively conservative policies, which excited his supporters and angered his opponents. A second was the 'shock and awe' factor. His defining early accomplishmentall but ending collective bargaining for public-sector unionswas not a policy he campaigned on in 2010.", "His defining early accomplishmentall but ending collective bargaining for public-sector unionswas not a policy he campaigned on in 2010. It was a post-election bombshell... A third factor was a systematic project by the governor and GOP lawmakers to make it more difficult for Democrats to win elections or exercise power by tilting the political playing field.\"", "It was a post-election bombshell... A third factor was a systematic project by the governor and GOP lawmakers to make it more difficult for Democrats to win elections or exercise power by tilting the political playing field.\" 2016 presidential campaign In late January 2015, Walker set up a 527 organization called \"Our American Revival\" to \"help spread his message and underwrite his activities\" which The Washington Post described as helpful for building the political and fundraising networks for a run for the presidency.", "2016 presidential campaign In late January 2015, Walker set up a 527 organization called \"Our American Revival\" to \"help spread his message and underwrite his activities\" which The Washington Post described as helpful for building the political and fundraising networks for a run for the presidency. In February 2015, Trip Gabriel of The New York Times described him as having \"quickly vaulted into the top tier of likely candidates in the Republican presidential race\".", "In February 2015, Trip Gabriel of The New York Times described him as having \"quickly vaulted into the top tier of likely candidates in the Republican presidential race\". On April 20, at a fundraising event for the New York State Republican Party, David Koch told donors that he and his brother, who oversee one of the biggest private political organizations in the country, believed that Walker would be the Republican nominee.", "On April 20, at a fundraising event for the New York State Republican Party, David Koch told donors that he and his brother, who oversee one of the biggest private political organizations in the country, believed that Walker would be the Republican nominee. Following a controversial statement by Rudy Giuliani, Walker declined to answer the question of whether he believes President Obama loves America or was a true Christian, stating that he did not know President Obama's patriotism was in doubt.", "Following a controversial statement by Rudy Giuliani, Walker declined to answer the question of whether he believes President Obama loves America or was a true Christian, stating that he did not know President Obama's patriotism was in doubt. In June 2015, Walker took a further step towards a presidential campaign when he established a \"testing-the-waters\" federal campaign committee. This allowed him to raise federal campaign dollars as he explored a possible presidential run.", "This allowed him to raise federal campaign dollars as he explored a possible presidential run. In July 2015, after Walker aides said that he would soon announce his candidacy, Walker announced his candidacy via social media on the morning of July 13, 2015, with Walker speaking at a formal event in Waukesha, Wisconsin that afternoon.", "In July 2015, after Walker aides said that he would soon announce his candidacy, Walker announced his candidacy via social media on the morning of July 13, 2015, with Walker speaking at a formal event in Waukesha, Wisconsin that afternoon. As of August 18, 2015, Crowdpac ranked Walker as the fourth-most conservative candidate (following Rand Paul, Ted Cruz and Ben Carson) for the 2016 presidential election based on an analysis of campaign donors.", "As of August 18, 2015, Crowdpac ranked Walker as the fourth-most conservative candidate (following Rand Paul, Ted Cruz and Ben Carson) for the 2016 presidential election based on an analysis of campaign donors. Based on an analysis including Crowdpac's rating, public statements by candidates on issues, and congressional voting (not applicable to Walker), FiveThirtyEight had ranked Walker the third-most conservative among candidates as of May 27, 2015.", "Based on an analysis including Crowdpac's rating, public statements by candidates on issues, and congressional voting (not applicable to Walker), FiveThirtyEight had ranked Walker the third-most conservative among candidates as of May 27, 2015. Walker, who started his campaign as a top-tier candidate after what was considered a \"break-out\" event at the Iowa Freedom Caucus in January, saw his position gradually decline over the summer in 2015. Initially a front-runner in the race, Walker saw a precipitous decline in both polling numbers and campaign funds.", "Initially a front-runner in the race, Walker saw a precipitous decline in both polling numbers and campaign funds. On August 6, Walker participated in the first Republican primary debate in Cleveland, Ohio. His performance was seen as decent, without much fanfare nor attention given to it due to his short answers to questions which limited his airtime.", "His performance was seen as decent, without much fanfare nor attention given to it due to his short answers to questions which limited his airtime. Shortly after the debate, Walker admitted to wanting more airtime, but also mentioned that there were multiple debates ahead and that he was successful in changing the argument to which candidate could defeat Hillary Clinton in the general election.", "Shortly after the debate, Walker admitted to wanting more airtime, but also mentioned that there were multiple debates ahead and that he was successful in changing the argument to which candidate could defeat Hillary Clinton in the general election. A national poll by CNN/ORC released on September 20, in the wake of the second Republican debate held at the Ronald Reagan Presidential Library, revealed that Walker's popularity among likely Republican voters had dropped to less than half of 1 percent.", "A national poll by CNN/ORC released on September 20, in the wake of the second Republican debate held at the Ronald Reagan Presidential Library, revealed that Walker's popularity among likely Republican voters had dropped to less than half of 1 percent. On September 21, 2015, Walker suspended his campaign and asked other candidates to do the same, so that the party could rally around a conservative alternative to Donald Trump.", "On September 21, 2015, Walker suspended his campaign and asked other candidates to do the same, so that the party could rally around a conservative alternative to Donald Trump. Once considered a front-runner for the Republican nomination, Walker's campaign suffered from two lackluster debate performances, low fundraising and an inability to raise his profile among the 16 other GOP contenders. On March 29, 2016, Walker endorsed the candidacy of Ted Cruz.", "On March 29, 2016, Walker endorsed the candidacy of Ted Cruz. After Donald Trump became the presumptive nominee for the Republican Party in May 2016, Walker stated that he would support Trump as the Republican nominee, saying that Trump would make a better president than Hillary Clinton. Walker withdrew his support for Trump on June 8, 2016 after Trump called the judge Gonzalo P. Curiel biased against Trump because of Curiel's Mexican heritage.", "Walker withdrew his support for Trump on June 8, 2016 after Trump called the judge Gonzalo P. Curiel biased against Trump because of Curiel's Mexican heritage. While still maintaining that Trump would be better choice than Clinton, Walker noted that Trump was not yet the party's nominee and wanted Trump to renounce his comments on the judge before the 2016 Republican National Convention. Walker also prepared then-Indiana governor and Republican vice-presidential nominee Mike Pence for his debate against Virginia senator and Democratic vice-presidential nominee Tim Kaine on October 4, 2016.", "Walker also prepared then-Indiana governor and Republican vice-presidential nominee Mike Pence for his debate against Virginia senator and Democratic vice-presidential nominee Tim Kaine on October 4, 2016. After elected office In July 2019, Walker told the Milwaukee Journal Sentinel that he would become the president of Young America's Foundation, a conservative student organization, in 2021. He also told the paper that the position would preclude his running for office in the next years which would rule out a run for the Senate in 2022.", "He also told the paper that the position would preclude his running for office in the next years which would rule out a run for the Senate in 2022. On July 17, 2019, President Trump appointed Walker to be a Member (Private Life) of the Board of Trustees of the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars in the Smithsonian Institution. Political positions Abortion Throughout his life and career, Walker has opposed abortion.", "Political positions Abortion Throughout his life and career, Walker has opposed abortion. In 2010, Walker told the editorial board of the Milwaukee Journal Sentinel he opposed abortion, without exception for rape or incest. Regarding his stance on abortion, he has stated: \"I don't apologize for that, but I don't focus on that; I don't obsess with it.\"", "Regarding his stance on abortion, he has stated: \"I don't apologize for that, but I don't focus on that; I don't obsess with it.\" In a TV ad during his 2014 campaign for re-election Walker identified as anti-abortion, and pointed to legislation he signed that leaves \"the final decision to a woman and her doctor\". In August 2015, he criticized the notion that abortion is necessary to save the life of the mother in certain cases, calling it a \"false choice.\"", "In August 2015, he criticized the notion that abortion is necessary to save the life of the mother in certain cases, calling it a \"false choice.\" In an interview with the Milwaukee Journal Sentinel a few weeks before the November 2014 election, Walker declined to answer directly when asked if abortion should be prohibited after 20 weeks. In July 2015, Walker signed a state law banning abortion after 20 weeks, including in cases of rape or incest but excluding when immediate danger existed to the life of the mother.", "In July 2015, Walker signed a state law banning abortion after 20 weeks, including in cases of rape or incest but excluding when immediate danger existed to the life of the mother. Criminal justice During his tenure in the state legislature, Walker campaigned on a \"tough-on-crime\" platform and sought to increase the length of criminal penalties by increasing mandatory minimums and by cutting parole possibilities. In 1996, he said, \"The time has come to keep violent criminals in prison for their full terms.\"", "In 1996, he said, \"The time has come to keep violent criminals in prison for their full terms.\" He advocated for privatization of prisons. Economy and budget As Governor of Wisconsin, Walker has received grades of B in 2012 and B in 2014 from the Cato Institute, a libertarian think tank, in their biennial Fiscal Policy Report Card on America's Governors. Wisconsin calls itself \"America's Dairyland,\" with more dairy farms than any other state.", "Wisconsin calls itself \"America's Dairyland,\" with more dairy farms than any other state. In 2012, Walker instituted a program to encourage dairy farmers to dramatically increase production, which resulted in a supply glut and years of depressed prices. This had a crippling effect on the industry, leaving it vulnerable when in 2018 Canada, China and Mexico imposed tariffs on American farm exports in retaliation for tariffs imposed on them by President Donald Trump.", "This had a crippling effect on the industry, leaving it vulnerable when in 2018 Canada, China and Mexico imposed tariffs on American farm exports in retaliation for tariffs imposed on them by President Donald Trump. The New York Times reported that by April 2019 Wisconsin dairy farmers were facing \"extinction.\" Education Walker moved to weaken tenure for professors at the University of Wisconsin and to cut its funding, while offering authority to reduce spending. He recommended deleting parts of the system's mission that contribute to the Wisconsin Idea.", "He recommended deleting parts of the system's mission that contribute to the Wisconsin Idea. Parts of the mission proposed for deletion, such as the \"search for truth,\" were to be replaced with a directive \"to meet the state's workforce needs.\" Walker later called the change a \"drafting error,\" but public records requests and litigation showed that Walker himself and his office were \"the driving force\" behind the changes.", "Walker later called the change a \"drafting error,\" but public records requests and litigation showed that Walker himself and his office were \"the driving force\" behind the changes. He supports the public funding of private schools and religious schools in the form of vouchers for students. He supports the increased availability of charter schools.", "He supports the increased availability of charter schools. He supports the increased availability of charter schools. Environment Walker signed a \"No Climate Tax\" pledge promising not to support any legislation that would raise taxes to combat climate change and has been a keynote speaker at the Heartland Institute, which promotes climate change denial. He proposed funding cuts for clean energy and other environmental programs. He has proposed giving many powers of the Environmental Protection Agency to the states. He opposed the Obama administration's efforts to reduce carbon emissions.", "He opposed the Obama administration's efforts to reduce carbon emissions. Foreign policy In 2015, Walker indicated that he favored providing arms to Ukraine to fight Russian-backed separatists in that country. In 2015, Walker stated in an interview with Charlie Sykes that if elected president, he would \"absolutely\" decide on his first day in office to \"cancel any Iranian deal the Obama administration makes,\" even if European allies which were also party to an agreement opted not to reimpose sanctions.", "In 2015, Walker stated in an interview with Charlie Sykes that if elected president, he would \"absolutely\" decide on his first day in office to \"cancel any Iranian deal the Obama administration makes,\" even if European allies which were also party to an agreement opted not to reimpose sanctions. In 2015, while campaigning for the Republican presidential nomination, Walker faulted Obama for lack of strategy in dealing with the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant group, and did not rule out sending U.S. troops to Syria to engage in ground combat with ISIL there.", "In 2015, while campaigning for the Republican presidential nomination, Walker faulted Obama for lack of strategy in dealing with the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant group, and did not rule out sending U.S. troops to Syria to engage in ground combat with ISIL there. In February 2015, when asked about the war in Syria, Walker said that the U.S. should \"go beyond just aggressive air strikes. We have to look at other surgical methods.", "We have to look at other surgical methods. We have to look at other surgical methods. And ultimately, we have to be prepared to put boots on the ground if that's what it takes.\"", "And ultimately, we have to be prepared to put boots on the ground if that's what it takes.\" In a 2015 interview, Walker said that \"the most significant foreign policy decision\" of his lifetime was President Ronald Reagan's firing 11,000 striking air traffic controllers in 1981, saying: \"It sent a message not only across America, it sent a message around the world ... [that] we weren't to be messed with.\"", "In a 2015 interview, Walker said that \"the most significant foreign policy decision\" of his lifetime was President Ronald Reagan's firing 11,000 striking air traffic controllers in 1981, saying: \"It sent a message not only across America, it sent a message around the world ... [that] we weren't to be messed with.\" In 2015, Walker opposed rapprochement in relations between the U.S. and Cuba. Guns Walker has supported gun rights.", "Guns Walker has supported gun rights. Guns Walker has supported gun rights. In July 2011, he signed a bill into law making Wisconsin the 49th concealed carry state in the United States, and on December 7 of that same year he signed the castle doctrine into law. In January and April 2015 speeches in Iowa, Walker included passing those laws among his accomplishments. The National Rifle Association gave Walker a 100% ranking in 2014.", "The National Rifle Association gave Walker a 100% ranking in 2014. On June 24, 2015, Walker signed two bills into law, one which removed the state's 48-hour waiting period for buying a gun and another which gave retired or off-duty police officers the legal right to carry concealed guns in public schools. Health care Walker opposes the Affordable Care Act (ACA or \"Obamacare\") and has signed Wisconsin onto a lawsuit seeking to have the ACA rolled back (including provisions for preexisting conditions).", "Health care Walker opposes the Affordable Care Act (ACA or \"Obamacare\") and has signed Wisconsin onto a lawsuit seeking to have the ACA rolled back (including provisions for preexisting conditions). He supported the Graham-Cassidy legislation to repeal the ACA; this repeal bill would have eliminated blanket protections for preexisting conditions.", "He supported the Graham-Cassidy legislation to repeal the ACA; this repeal bill would have eliminated blanket protections for preexisting conditions. In 2018, Walker pledged to pass legislation to protect individuals with preexisting conditions in case the Affordable Care Act were repealed; according to PolitiFact, \"he hasn't spelled out an alternative that would provide protections that Obamacare does.\" As Governor, he has blocked expansion of Medicaid in Wisconsin. Redistricting In Wisconsin, responsibility for redrawing legislative and congressional district lines rests with the legislature.", "Redistricting In Wisconsin, responsibility for redrawing legislative and congressional district lines rests with the legislature. The legislature is required to redraw legislative and congressional districts every 10 years based upon the results of the decennial federal census. The redistricting legislation after the 2010 Census was signed by Walker in August 2011 in a private ceremony to which no Democrats or news agencies were invited.", "The redistricting legislation after the 2010 Census was signed by Walker in August 2011 in a private ceremony to which no Democrats or news agencies were invited. As an outcome of legal action by Wisconsin Democrats, a panel of Federal judges found in 2016 that the Wisconsin Legislature's 2011 redrawing of State Assembly districts to favor Republicans was an unconstitutional partisan gerrymander. Walker has appeared on Fox News to defend the 2011 redistricting, but even that conservative-leaning forum has criticized his efforts.", "Walker has appeared on Fox News to defend the 2011 redistricting, but even that conservative-leaning forum has criticized his efforts. Immigration Walker has claimed that securing the American border with Mexico is \"our first priority\". After that, undocumented immigrants in the United States could \"secure their citizenship\" but would have to \"get in the back of line\", and wait like anyone else applying for citizenship.", "After that, undocumented immigrants in the United States could \"secure their citizenship\" but would have to \"get in the back of line\", and wait like anyone else applying for citizenship. Walker says that he does not advocate deportation for all people in the country illegally, but he is not in favor of amnesty. In a 2015 appearance on Meet the Press, Walker said proposals to build a wall along the Canada–United States border was \"a legitimate issue for us to look at.\"", "In a 2015 appearance on Meet the Press, Walker said proposals to build a wall along the Canada–United States border was \"a legitimate issue for us to look at.\" Walker has stated that he would work to \"protect American workers\" by aligning his position with Sen. Jeff Sessions (R-AL), who wrote in a Washington Post op-ed that legal immigration needs to be \"slowed\".", "Walker has stated that he would work to \"protect American workers\" by aligning his position with Sen. Jeff Sessions (R-AL), who wrote in a Washington Post op-ed that legal immigration needs to be \"slowed\". Role of government Walker wrote in an editorial in the Washington Post that \"Like most Americans, I think government is too big and too expansive, but the government that is necessary should workand work well.\" Same-sex marriage Walker says he believes in \"marriage between one man and one woman\".", "Same-sex marriage Walker says he believes in \"marriage between one man and one woman\". Walker voted for Wisconsin's constitutional amendment to ban same-sex marriage, both as a legislator and as a voter. In September 2014, Walker said he was defending the amendment. When the U.S. Supreme Court subsequently rejected the appeals of five states, including Wisconsin, in October 2014, allowing same-sex marriages to continue, Walker stated: \"I think it's resolved.\"", "When the U.S. Supreme Court subsequently rejected the appeals of five states, including Wisconsin, in October 2014, allowing same-sex marriages to continue, Walker stated: \"I think it's resolved.\" In April 2015, in New Hampshire, Walker stated that marriage is \"defined as between a man and a woman\", and in Iowa said a federal constitutional amendment allowing states to define marriage was reasonable. Walker called the U.S. Supreme Court's Obergefell v. Hodges decision to legalize same-sex marriage nationwide a \"grave mistake\".", "Walker called the U.S. Supreme Court's Obergefell v. Hodges decision to legalize same-sex marriage nationwide a \"grave mistake\". Unions Walker said public-union collective-bargaining rights frustrate balancing the state budget. Walker signed right-to-work legislation he said would contribute to economic growth. The Atlantic has written that \"anti-union politics\" have defined his tenure as governor and established him as a Republican presidential contender.", "The Atlantic has written that \"anti-union politics\" have defined his tenure as governor and established him as a Republican presidential contender. Politico wrote that Walker initiated a 21st-century revival of anti-union legislation in upper Midwestern industrial states and that his \"fervent anti-union rhetoric and actions\" has helped his national reputation within the Republican Party. Youth rights On May 24, 2017, Walker signed a bill that allowed unaccompanied minors to attend concerts and other musical festivals where alcohol is being served.", "Youth rights On May 24, 2017, Walker signed a bill that allowed unaccompanied minors to attend concerts and other musical festivals where alcohol is being served. On June 21, 2017, he signed into law a bill that allowed 16- and 17-year-olds to work without parental permission. Personal life Walker and his wife, Tonette, have two sons, Alex and Matt. The family attends Meadowbrook Church, a nondenominational, evangelical church in Wauwatosa, which is a daughter church of Elmbrook Church, in nearby Brookfield.", "The family attends Meadowbrook Church, a nondenominational, evangelical church in Wauwatosa, which is a daughter church of Elmbrook Church, in nearby Brookfield. Tonette Walker works in the development department for the American Lung Association. During the summers of 2004 through 2009, as Milwaukee County Executive, Walker led a motorcycle tour called the \"Executive's Ride\" through Wisconsin and parts of neighboring states. The ride was organized to attract people to Milwaukee County. Walker rides a 2003 Harley Davidson Road King.", "Walker rides a 2003 Harley Davidson Road King. Walker rides a 2003 Harley Davidson Road King. In 2013, Walker published Unintimidated – A Governor's Story and A Nation's Challenge, co-written with Marc Thiessen, about his experiences during the recall vote and subsequent election, both of which he won. Bibliography Electoral history Governor of Wisconsin Milwaukee County Executive Wisconsin State Assembly See also Scott Walker presidential campaign, 2016 Republican Party presidential candidates, 2016 References Further reading Cramer, Katherine J.", "Bibliography Electoral history Governor of Wisconsin Milwaukee County Executive Wisconsin State Assembly See also Scott Walker presidential campaign, 2016 Republican Party presidential candidates, 2016 References Further reading Cramer, Katherine J. The Politics of Resentment: Rural Consciousness in Wisconsin and the Rise of Scott Walker (University Of Chicago Press, 2016) External links Scott Walker official campaign website |- |- |- |- 1967 births Candidates in the 2016 United States presidential election 21st-century American politicians American evangelicals 21st-century American memoirists American political writers American male non-fiction writers Former Baptists Governors of Wisconsin IBM employees Living people Marquette University alumni Members of the Wisconsin State Assembly Milwaukee County Executives People from Bremer County, Iowa People from Wauwatosa, Wisconsin People from Delavan, Wisconsin Politicians from Colorado Springs, Colorado Republican Party state governors of the United States Wisconsin Republicans Writers from Wisconsin Writers from Colorado Springs, Colorado" ]

[ "Scott Walker (politician)", "Education", "Has Walker increased public school funding?", "he proposed a two-year extension of the freeze based on expected cash balances for" ]

[ "The Oregon State Board of Higher Education was the statutory governing board for the Oregon University System from 1929 to 2015. The board was composed of eleven members appointed by the Governor of Oregon and confirmed by the Oregon State Senate. Nine members were appointed for four year terms; two members were students and appointed for two year terms.\n\nHistory \nThe board was established in 1929 when the Oregon Legislature passed chapter 251, Oregon Laws 1929, that unified the state's public universities under the auspices of the newly created Department of Higher Education. Part of that law abolished each public school's board of regents and created a nine-member State Board of Higher Education. Becky Johnson, the first person whose appointment to a state Commission was subject to Senate approval, served on the Board from 1962 - 1975.\n\nFormer Governor of Oregon Neil Goldschmidt was appointed and selected as the board's president in January 2004, but the Senate confirmation process that approved his appointment also led to revelations of a decades-old sex scandal. Goldschmidt resigned from the board three months after his appointment. Governor Ted Kulongoski took the unusual step of assuming the board presidency following Goldschmidt's resignation.\n\nThe most recent addition to the Board was Jim Francesconi, former Portland City Councillor and mayoral candidate. He was confirmed by a vote of 28-1 in February, 2007, with Senator Vicki Walker casting the sole \"no\" vote, and Senator Rick Metsger absent.\n\nBoth the Oregon State Board of Higher Education and the Oregon University System closed permanently on June 30, 2015. Most of the authorizations and programs of those two agencies were assumed by the Oregon Higher Education Coordinating Commission, which was formed in 2011 and expanded by the legislature in 2013 when independent boards were established for the University of Oregon, Oregon State University, and Portland State University.\n\nSee also\n\n Oregon Office of Degree Authorization\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n Oregon State Board of Higher Education (official website)\n\nPublic education in Oregon\nGovernment of Oregon\n1929 establishments in Oregon\n2015 disestablishments in Oregon", "Inscape Education Group (previously Inscape Design College), is a higher education institution which offers contact learning located at campuses in Cape Town, Durban, Pretoria and Johannesburg in South Africa. The institution also offers distance learning through an online platform. In 2018, the Inscape expanded its operations to the United Arab Emirates, establishing a campus in Dubai. It registered with the Department of Higher Education and Training as a private higher education institution under the Higher Education Act of 1997.\n\nRanking\n\nSee also\nInscape (visual art)\nInscape\n\nExternal links\nOfficial Site\n\nHigher education in South Africa\nEducational institutions established in 1981\nDesign schools\n1981 establishments in South Africa" ]

[ "Scott Kevin Walker (born November 2, 1967) is an American politician who served as the 45th Governor of Wisconsin from 2011 to 2019. He is a member of the Republican Party. Born in Colorado Springs, Colorado, Walker was raised in Plainfield, Iowa and in Delavan, Wisconsin. He was elected to the Wisconsin State Assembly in 1992, representing a district in western Milwaukee County.", "He was elected to the Wisconsin State Assembly in 1992, representing a district in western Milwaukee County. In 2002, Walker was elected Milwaukee County Executive in a special election following the resignation of F. Thomas Ament; he was elected to a full term in 2004 and was re-elected in 2008. Walker ran for Governor of Wisconsin in 2006, but dropped out of the race before the primary election. He ran again in 2010 and won.", "He ran again in 2010 and won. He ran again in 2010 and won. Shortly after his inauguration in 2011, Walker gained national attention by introducing the Wisconsin Budget Repair Bill; the legislation proposed to effectively eliminate collective bargaining for most Wisconsin public employees. In response, opponents of the bill protested at the Wisconsin State Capitol and Senate Democrats left the state in an effort to prevent the bill from being passed. Nevertheless, the Wisconsin Budget Repair Bill became law in March 2011.", "Nevertheless, the Wisconsin Budget Repair Bill became law in March 2011. Opposition to the law led to an attempt to recall Walker from office in 2012. Walker prevailed in the recall election, becoming one of two incumbent governors in the history of the United States to win a recall election, the other being California governor Gavin Newsom in 2021. Walker was re-elected in 2014, defeating Democratic Madison School Board member Mary Burke.", "Walker was re-elected in 2014, defeating Democratic Madison School Board member Mary Burke. Following heavy speculation about his presidential ambitions, Walker launched a campaign for the Republican nomination in the 2016 presidential election; however, he withdrew from the race after only two months as a result of declining support in polls. Walker sought a third term as governor in 2018, but was defeated by Democrat Tony Evers.", "Walker sought a third term as governor in 2018, but was defeated by Democrat Tony Evers. Early life and education Walker was born on November 2, 1967, in Colorado Springs, Colorado, the elder of two sons of Patricia Ann \"Pat\" (née Fitch; born December 30, 1938), a bookkeeper, and Llewellyn Scott \"Llew\" Walker (May 19, 1939 – October 7, 2018), a Baptist minister.", "Early life and education Walker was born on November 2, 1967, in Colorado Springs, Colorado, the elder of two sons of Patricia Ann \"Pat\" (née Fitch; born December 30, 1938), a bookkeeper, and Llewellyn Scott \"Llew\" Walker (May 19, 1939 – October 7, 2018), a Baptist minister. The family moved to Plainfield, Iowa, in 1970, where Llew worked as pastor in the local Baptist Church, TBC, and served on the municipal council.", "The family moved to Plainfield, Iowa, in 1970, where Llew worked as pastor in the local Baptist Church, TBC, and served on the municipal council. When Walker was ten years old, the family moved to Delavan, Wisconsin, where his father continued to work as a minister, at the First Baptist Church of Delavan.", "When Walker was ten years old, the family moved to Delavan, Wisconsin, where his father continued to work as a minister, at the First Baptist Church of Delavan. In 1985, when Walker was in high school, he attended and represented Wisconsin at two weeks of American Legion-sponsored training in leadership and government at Badger Boys State in Wisconsin and Boys Nation in Washington, D.C. While at the event, he met President Ronald Reagan and had a photo taken with him.", "While at the event, he met President Ronald Reagan and had a photo taken with him. Walker has credited the experience with solidifying his interest in public service and giving him the \"political bug\". He attained the highest rank, Eagle Scout, in the Boy Scouts of America, and graduated from Delavan-Darien High School in 1986. In the fall of 1986, Walker enrolled at Marquette University.", "In the fall of 1986, Walker enrolled at Marquette University. Within a few weeks of beginning his collegiate studies, Walker became a student senator and led a committee investigating alleged misuse of funds by student leaders. During the same year, he volunteered for Tommy Thompson's gubernatorial campaign. In 1988, Walker lost a \"fiercely-fought\" campaign for student government president. Walker led the anti-abortion Students for Life group at Marquette.", "Walker led the anti-abortion Students for Life group at Marquette. Walker discontinued his studies at Marquette in the spring of 1990, having earned 94 of the 128 minimum credits needed to graduate. He left in good standing with a 2.59/4.0 grade point average, but without having obtained a degree. Walker has said that he dropped out of college when he received a full-time job offer from the American Red Cross.", "Walker has said that he dropped out of college when he received a full-time job offer from the American Red Cross. Early political career Wisconsin State Assembly In 1990, at age 22, Walker ran for Milwaukee's 7th District seat in the Wisconsin State Assembly. He won the Republican nomination, but lost in the general election to incumbent Democrat Gwen Moore, receiving less than one-third of the vote.", "He won the Republican nomination, but lost in the general election to incumbent Democrat Gwen Moore, receiving less than one-third of the vote. In 1993, Walker moved to Wauwatosa, a suburb of Milwaukee, and ran in a special election in the more conservative 14th legislative district, based around Wauwatosa. He defeated Democrat Chris Ament, son of then-Milwaukee County Executive Tom Ament. During the campaign, Walker backed welfare reform and opposed the expansion of mass transit.", "During the campaign, Walker backed welfare reform and opposed the expansion of mass transit. He supported a cap on state spending and said that the law on resolving labor disputes with local government employees needed to be reformed. Walker received the endorsements of Wisconsin Right to Life and The Milwaukee Sentinel, which called him a fiscal conservative and noted his anti-abortion, tough-on-crime, and pro-welfare reform positions. He was re-elected four times, serving until 2002 when he became a county executive.", "He was re-elected four times, serving until 2002 when he became a county executive. While in the Assembly, Walker was interested in criminal justice matters and chaired the Committees on Correctional Facilities, and Corrections and the Courts. Over the years, he served on a number of other committees, including Health, Census and Redistricting, Financial Institutions, and Housing. As a freshman legislator in 1993, he co-sponsored right-to-work legislation.", "As a freshman legislator in 1993, he co-sponsored right-to-work legislation. In 1999 he advocated for a truth-in-sentencing bill that increased prison time for some crimes and eliminated parole for others. Walker was a member of the American Legislative Exchange Council (ALEC) at the time, and credited the organization for much of the success of the legislation.", "Walker was a member of the American Legislative Exchange Council (ALEC) at the time, and credited the organization for much of the success of the legislation. In 2001, he sponsored a bill to prevent pharmacists from being disciplined for refusing to fill prescriptions for emergency contraception and was a supporter of a bill to require voters to show photo ID at the polls.", "In 2001, he sponsored a bill to prevent pharmacists from being disciplined for refusing to fill prescriptions for emergency contraception and was a supporter of a bill to require voters to show photo ID at the polls. According to research by two political analysts, Walker was more conservative than about 90% of his peers in the assembly and about 80% of the Republicans in the assembly. Walker had a pro-life record in the Assembly.", "Walker had a pro-life record in the Assembly. Walker had a pro-life record in the Assembly. With the exception of some bills while Walker was running for Milwaukee County Executive, Walker either sponsored or cosponsored all but three bills that would have restricted abortions. In 2001–02, Walker and fellow Assemblymember Michael Huebsch objected to the hiring of a state employee, Rev. Jamyi Witch, on the basis of her religious beliefs as a Wiccan.", "Jamyi Witch, on the basis of her religious beliefs as a Wiccan. Walker claimed that Witch's hiring as a prison chaplain raised \"both personal and political concerns\" because she \"practice[d] a religion that actually offends people of many other faiths\". Walker and Huebsch were ultimately unsuccessful in terminating Witch's chaplaincy or employment.", "Walker and Huebsch were ultimately unsuccessful in terminating Witch's chaplaincy or employment. Milwaukee County Executive Walker became Milwaukee County Executive in a special election run in April 2002, after the former County Executive, Tom Ament, resigned in the wake of a county pension-fund scandal. Walker was elected to a four-year term in 2004, winning 57% of the vote to defeat former state budget director, David Riemer. Although in a liberal county and running for a nonpartisan position, Walker ran openly as a conservative Republican.", "Although in a liberal county and running for a nonpartisan position, Walker ran openly as a conservative Republican. He won another four-year term in 2008, defeating State Senator Lena Taylor with 59% of the vote. Upon first being elected, Walker became the youngest person and the first Republican ever elected to the position and remains the only Republican to hold this office to date. Walker won the office on a platform of fiscal conservatism, promising to give back part of his own salary.", "Walker won the office on a platform of fiscal conservatism, promising to give back part of his own salary. He said that his voluntary give-back gave him moral authority to make cuts in the budget. He returned $60,000 per year (slightly less than half of his salary) during his first term, and reduced his give-back to $10,000 per year during his second term.", "He returned $60,000 per year (slightly less than half of his salary) during his first term, and reduced his give-back to $10,000 per year during his second term. During his eight years in office, there were disputes with the county board \"over taxes, privatization of public services, quality of parks and public buildings, and delivery of social services\", according to the Milwaukee Journal Sentinel.", "During his eight years in office, there were disputes with the county board \"over taxes, privatization of public services, quality of parks and public buildings, and delivery of social services\", according to the Milwaukee Journal Sentinel. The County Board approved several budgets over Walker's veto and he never submitted a budget with a higher property tax than the board had approved the prior year.", "The County Board approved several budgets over Walker's veto and he never submitted a budget with a higher property tax than the board had approved the prior year. During Walker's tenure the number of county employees was reduced by over 20% and the $3.5 million county deficit was turned into a surplus. In addition, he cut over $44 million in proposed spending through his veto powers and helped eliminate the waiting list for long-term care for senior citizens.", "In addition, he cut over $44 million in proposed spending through his veto powers and helped eliminate the waiting list for long-term care for senior citizens. Operation Freedom investigation Walker appointed Kevin Kavanaugh, treasurer of the local chapter of the Military Order of the Purple Heart, as a member of the County Veterans Service Commission. Walker raised funds annually for veterans at the Operation Freedom Benefit, with proceeds to the Military Order of the Purple Heart.", "Walker raised funds annually for veterans at the Operation Freedom Benefit, with proceeds to the Military Order of the Purple Heart. Walker's Chief of Staff, Thomas Nardelli, indicated that he went to Walker with concerns about missing money in 2009, and Walker directed him to report it to the district attorney's office. The district attorney did not immediately act but later launched a \"John Doe\" investigation. Kavanaugh and four others were arrested for theft of funds. Kavanaugh was convicted and sentenced to 21 months in prison.", "Kavanaugh was convicted and sentenced to 21 months in prison. Tim Russell, employed by Walker in a number of posts, was implicated in the same investigation; he was charged in January 2012 and pleaded guilty in November 2012 to diverting more than $21,000 to his personal bank account. In 2010, Walker's last year as Milwaukee County executive, Russell was his deputy chief of staff and Milwaukee Housing Director. Walker was not charged with any wrongdoing.", "Walker was not charged with any wrongdoing. Walker was not charged with any wrongdoing. Governor of Wisconsin Elections 2006 gubernatorial campaign While county executive, Walker became a candidate, in February 2005, in the 2006 race for Wisconsin governor. He dropped out on March 24, 2006, after about 14 months of campaigning, citing fundraising difficulties. Walker threw his support to fellow Republican Mark Andrew Green, who won the Republican primary unopposed, and Walker actively campaigned for him during the general election.", "Walker threw his support to fellow Republican Mark Andrew Green, who won the Republican primary unopposed, and Walker actively campaigned for him during the general election. Green lost the general election, in November 2006, to the incumbent Democrat, Jim Doyle. Despite Green's loss, Walker's strong support for him helped increase Walker's favorability with the state GOP and positioned him as the frontrunner for the 2010 election.", "Despite Green's loss, Walker's strong support for him helped increase Walker's favorability with the state GOP and positioned him as the frontrunner for the 2010 election. 2010 gubernatorial campaign Walker was an early favorite for the 2010 Republican Party endorsement for Wisconsin governor, winning straw polls of Wisconsin GOP convention attendees in 2007 and 2008. He announced his candidacy in late April 2009 after several months of previewing his campaign themes of reduced taxes and reduced spending to Republican audiences around the state.", "He announced his candidacy in late April 2009 after several months of previewing his campaign themes of reduced taxes and reduced spending to Republican audiences around the state. He criticized the 2009–2011 Wisconsin state budget as too big given the slow economy. In 2009 and 2010, Americans for Prosperity helped raise Walker's statewide profile, inviting him to address its events and rallies throughout the state. Walker won the Wisconsin GOP convention endorsement on May 22, 2010, receiving 91% of the votes cast by delegates.", "Walker won the Wisconsin GOP convention endorsement on May 22, 2010, receiving 91% of the votes cast by delegates. He won the Republican nomination in the primary election of September 14, 2010, receiving 59% of the popular vote, while former U.S. Representative Mark Neumann garnered 39%. As part of his campaign platform, Walker said he would create 250,000 jobs in his first term through a program that would include tax cuts for small businesses, capital gains tax cuts, and income tax cuts.", "As part of his campaign platform, Walker said he would create 250,000 jobs in his first term through a program that would include tax cuts for small businesses, capital gains tax cuts, and income tax cuts. He proposed cutting state employee wages and benefits to help pay for these tax cuts. Critics argued that his proposals would help only the wealthy and that cutting the salaries of public employees would adversely affect state services, while supporters argued that tax cuts for businesses would spur the economy and create jobs.", "Critics argued that his proposals would help only the wealthy and that cutting the salaries of public employees would adversely affect state services, while supporters argued that tax cuts for businesses would spur the economy and create jobs. Walker indicated he would refuse an $810 million award from the federal Department of Transportation to build a high speed railroad line from Madison to Milwaukee as he believed it would cost the state $7.5 million per year to operate and would not prove profitable.", "Walker indicated he would refuse an $810 million award from the federal Department of Transportation to build a high speed railroad line from Madison to Milwaukee as he believed it would cost the state $7.5 million per year to operate and would not prove profitable. This was in spite of offers by the mayor of Madison and the Dane County executive to help absorb costs the state might have incurred. The award was later rescinded and split among other states.", "The award was later rescinded and split among other states. This cost the state at least $60 million for rail repairs federal funds would have covered. Social issues played a part in the campaign. Walker has stated that he is \"100% pro-life\" and that he believes life should be protected from conception to natural death. He opposes abortion, including in cases of rape and incest.", "He opposes abortion, including in cases of rape and incest. He supports abstinence-only sex education in the public schools and opposes state supported clinical services that provide birth control and testing and treatment of sexually transmitted diseases to teens under age 18 without parental consent. He supports the right of pharmacists to refuse to fill prescriptions for contraceptives on religious or moral grounds. He supports adult stem cell research but opposes human embryonic stem cell research.", "He supports adult stem cell research but opposes human embryonic stem cell research. As an opponent of same-sex marriage, he opposed a law that allowed gay couples to register with counties to get certain benefits, such as hospital visitation rights. He later stated that his position on same-sex marriage was no longer relevant because Wisconsin's ban on same-sex marriage had been overturned by a federal court. Walker said he would sign an Arizona-style immigration bill, which would allow local police to stop suspected illegal immigrants, if he were elected.", "Walker said he would sign an Arizona-style immigration bill, which would allow local police to stop suspected illegal immigrants, if he were elected. On November 2, 2010, his 43rd birthday, Walker won the general election with 52% of total votes cast, while Democrat Tom Barrett received 46%. His running mate, now Lieutenant Governor, was Rebecca Kleefisch, a former Milwaukee television news reporter.", "His running mate, now Lieutenant Governor, was Rebecca Kleefisch, a former Milwaukee television news reporter. Walker's victory came amid a series of Wisconsin GOP victories, with conservative Republican Ron Johnson winning the contested U.S. Senate seat, and with the GOP gaining majorities in the state's U.S. House delegation, State Assembly, and State Senate. 2012 recall election After the contentious collective bargaining dispute, Walker's disapproval ratings varied between 50% and 51% while his approval ratings varied between 47% and 49% in 2011.", "2012 recall election After the contentious collective bargaining dispute, Walker's disapproval ratings varied between 50% and 51% while his approval ratings varied between 47% and 49% in 2011. The effort to recall Walker officially began on November 15, 2011. Walker reportedly raised more than $30 million during the recall effort, with a significant portion from out of state. Commentators claimed the amount of money raised was \"illustrating the national significance both political parties saw in the recall fight\".", "Commentators claimed the amount of money raised was \"illustrating the national significance both political parties saw in the recall fight\". In March 2012, the Wisconsin Government Accountability Board announced there were more than 900,000 valid signatures to force a recall vote, well above the required minimum of 540,208. In February 2012, Walker's campaign requested additional time for the petition signatures to be verified, claiming about 20% of the signatures were not valid.", "In February 2012, Walker's campaign requested additional time for the petition signatures to be verified, claiming about 20% of the signatures were not valid. Democrats argued that even if 20% of the signatures were disregarded they still had obtained 180,000 more signatures than required to initiate the recall. Wisconsin Democratic Party Communications Director Graeme Zielinski claimed Walker was \"delaying the inevitable\". On February 17, 2012, Dane County Judge Richard Niess, who had signed the recall petition, denied Walker's request for additional time.", "On February 17, 2012, Dane County Judge Richard Niess, who had signed the recall petition, denied Walker's request for additional time. On March 30, 2012, the Government Accountability Board unanimously ruled in favor of the recall election. The recall elections for both Walker and Kleefisch took place on June 5, 2012. During the Republican primary election for the recall, Walker received 626,538 votes.", "During the Republican primary election for the recall, Walker received 626,538 votes. In the Democratic primary, all of the Democratic candidates combined received 670,288, with the winner, Tom Barrett, receiving 390,109, a majority. On June 5, 2012, Walker won the recall election. This was only the third gubernatorial recall election in U.S. history.", "This was only the third gubernatorial recall election in U.S. history. Walker won the recall, his second face-off with Barrett, by a slightly larger margin (53% to 46%) than in the 2010 election (52% to 46%) and became the first U.S. governor to win a recall election. By the end of the recall election, Walker had a national network of conservative donors and groups supporting him. Nearly 300,000 people donated to his recall campaign, which garnered roughly $37 million.", "Nearly 300,000 people donated to his recall campaign, which garnered roughly $37 million. Two-thirds of the contributions came from outside Wisconsin. Walker, or the conservative causes he supports, are also supported by conservative donors and groups including Michael W. Grebe, Diane Hendricks, and the Bradley Foundation, founder of the Wisconsin Policy Research Institute and the MacIver Institute; and David H. Koch and Charles Koch, initial funders of Americans for Prosperity.", "Walker, or the conservative causes he supports, are also supported by conservative donors and groups including Michael W. Grebe, Diane Hendricks, and the Bradley Foundation, founder of the Wisconsin Policy Research Institute and the MacIver Institute; and David H. Koch and Charles Koch, initial funders of Americans for Prosperity. 2014 gubernatorial campaign In his third election in four years, Walker faced Democrat Mary Burke to determine the governor of Wisconsin.", "2014 gubernatorial campaign In his third election in four years, Walker faced Democrat Mary Burke to determine the governor of Wisconsin. Wisconsin labor unions, who helped organize the 2012 Wisconsin recall election, donated funds to boost Burke's campaign. Walker received help from a number of conservative donors. The polling through most of the race was close and no candidate was a definitive favorite. The gubernatorial election took place on November 4, 2014, and Walker won re-election by 6 percent of the vote.", "The gubernatorial election took place on November 4, 2014, and Walker won re-election by 6 percent of the vote. 2018 gubernatorial campaign Walker sought a third term in the 2018 elections. His opponent, Democratic Wisconsin Superintendent of Public Instruction Tony Evers, defeated him in the election. Tenure Walker took the oath of office to become the 45th Governor of Wisconsin on January 3, 2011.", "Tenure Walker took the oath of office to become the 45th Governor of Wisconsin on January 3, 2011. By January 25, 2011, the state legislature passed a series of Walker-backed bills, the largest of which would cut taxes for businesses at \"a two-year cost of $67 million\", according to the Associated Press. Walker became a figure of national recognition and controversy after he proposed the \"Wisconsin budget repair bill\" in 2011.", "Walker became a figure of national recognition and controversy after he proposed the \"Wisconsin budget repair bill\" in 2011. The bill, which would eventually be passed by the Wisconsin Legislature, significantly changed the collective bargaining process for most public employees in Wisconsin. Opponents of Walker's actions launched a push for a recall election and received enough support to force an election on June 5, 2012, the first time a Governor of Wisconsin had ever faced recall.", "Opponents of Walker's actions launched a push for a recall election and received enough support to force an election on June 5, 2012, the first time a Governor of Wisconsin had ever faced recall. During Walker's first term as governor, the state's $3.6 billion budget deficit was turned into a surplus and taxes were cut by $2 billion. More than 100,000 jobs were created in the state of Wisconsin.", "More than 100,000 jobs were created in the state of Wisconsin. 2011 Budget Repair Bill Walker proposed the Wisconsin Budget Repair Bill on February 11, 2011, estimated to save Wisconsin $30 million in the current fiscal year and $300 million over the next two years. The bill requires additional contributions by state and local government workers to their health care plans and pensions, amounting to roughly an 8% decrease in the average government worker's take home pay.", "The bill requires additional contributions by state and local government workers to their health care plans and pensions, amounting to roughly an 8% decrease in the average government worker's take home pay. The bill eliminated, for most state workers, other than certain public safety workers, many collective bargaining rights aside from seeking pay increases, and then not above the rate of inflation, unless approved by a voter referendum.", "The bill eliminated, for most state workers, other than certain public safety workers, many collective bargaining rights aside from seeking pay increases, and then not above the rate of inflation, unless approved by a voter referendum. Under the bill, unions have to win yearly votes to continue representing government workers and could no longer have dues automatically deducted from government workers' paychecks. Certain law enforcement personnel and firefighters are exempt from the bargaining changes.", "Certain law enforcement personnel and firefighters are exempt from the bargaining changes. On January 18, 2011, days after Walker's inauguration, Beloit businesswoman and Walker supporter Diane Hendricks asked him, \"Any chance we'll ever get to be a completely red state and work on these unions and become a right-to-work (state)? \", and he replied: Well, we're going to start in a couple weeks with our budget adjustment bill.", "\", and he replied: Well, we're going to start in a couple weeks with our budget adjustment bill. The first step is, we're going to deal with collective bargaining for all public employee unions, because you use divide and conquer. So for us the base we've got for that is the fact that we've gotbudgetarily we can't afford not to. If we have collective bargaining agreements in place, there's no way not only the state but local governments can balance things out.", "If we have collective bargaining agreements in place, there's no way not only the state but local governments can balance things out. So you think city of Beloit, city of Janesville, any of the school districts, that opens the door once we do that. That's your bigger problem right there. After videotape of the interaction was released in May 2012, Walker's opponents said Walker had revealed his intention to target private sector unions and pursue right-to-work legislation.", "After videotape of the interaction was released in May 2012, Walker's opponents said Walker had revealed his intention to target private sector unions and pursue right-to-work legislation. Walker said he was not pursuing right-to-work legislation and that in his 2011 comment to Hendricks he was referring to his responsibility as governor to defend taxpayers from unions that he believed were frustrating resolution of the state's budget deficit. In announcing the proposed legislation, Walker said the Wisconsin National Guard and other state agencies were prepared to prevent disruptions in state services.", "In announcing the proposed legislation, Walker said the Wisconsin National Guard and other state agencies were prepared to prevent disruptions in state services. He later explained that police and firefighters were excluded from the changes because he would not jeopardize public safety. Walker stated that the bill was necessary to avoid laying off thousands of state employees and that no one should be surprised by its provisions. Union leaders and Democratic legislators immediately criticized the bill, claiming Walker had never campaigned on doing away with collective bargaining rights.", "Union leaders and Democratic legislators immediately criticized the bill, claiming Walker had never campaigned on doing away with collective bargaining rights. In a media interview a week later, Walker said he was not trying to break the public sector unions, noting that Wisconsin government employees would retain the protections of civil service laws. He said that asking employees to pay half the national average for health care benefits was a modest request. Demonstrators began protesting the proposed bill on February 14, 2011.", "Demonstrators began protesting the proposed bill on February 14, 2011. During the sixth day of the protests, leaders of the two largest unions said publicly they were prepared to accept the financial concessions in the bill, but would not agree to the limitations of collective bargaining rights. On February 17, 2011, all 14 Democratic state senators traveled to Illinois to prevent the passage of the bill by depriving the Senate of the quorum necessary for a vote.", "On February 17, 2011, all 14 Democratic state senators traveled to Illinois to prevent the passage of the bill by depriving the Senate of the quorum necessary for a vote. The missing legislators said they would not return to Madison unless Walker agreed to remove the limitations on collective bargaining from the bill. Walker warned that if the budget repair bill was not passed by March 1, refinancing of a $165 million state debt would fail, and more cuts would be needed to balance the budget.", "Walker warned that if the budget repair bill was not passed by March 1, refinancing of a $165 million state debt would fail, and more cuts would be needed to balance the budget. By February 20, protestors had undertaken a physical occupation of the Capitol building. Protestors also covered the walls of the Capitol with thousands of homemade signs. On February 20, a union organizer participating in the protests said that the protests would continue \"as long as it takes.\"", "On February 20, a union organizer participating in the protests said that the protests would continue \"as long as it takes.\" Other union leaders called for teachers to return to work. On February 26, between 70,000 and 100,000 protested the bill in Madison. They were joined by thousands at state capitals around the nation.", "They were joined by thousands at state capitals around the nation. Appearing on Meet the Press on February 27, Walker stated that he did not believe the unions were negotiating in good faith in offering pension and health-care concessions because local unions had recently pushed through contracts with school boards and city councils that did not include contributions to the pensions and health care and that, in one case, a contract even included a pay increase.", "Appearing on Meet the Press on February 27, Walker stated that he did not believe the unions were negotiating in good faith in offering pension and health-care concessions because local unions had recently pushed through contracts with school boards and city councils that did not include contributions to the pensions and health care and that, in one case, a contract even included a pay increase. On February 28, the largest public union filed an unfair labor practices complaint with the state labor relations board, claiming that Walker had a duty to negotiate, but had refused.", "On February 28, the largest public union filed an unfair labor practices complaint with the state labor relations board, claiming that Walker had a duty to negotiate, but had refused. On March 8, private emails dating back to February 28 were released. These emails showed that Governor Walker had tried to negotiate with Democratic legislators, even proposing to allow some collective bargaining rights.", "These emails showed that Governor Walker had tried to negotiate with Democratic legislators, even proposing to allow some collective bargaining rights. After failing to reach a compromise with Democratic legislators, the Republican-led Senate removed certain fiscal provisions from the bill, allowing it to be passed without the usual quorum requirement. On March 9, 2011, the Wisconsin Senate voted 18–1 to pass the legislation; Senate Democrats remained out of state and did not participate in the vote. The Wisconsin Assembly passed the bill one day later by a vote of 53–42.", "The Wisconsin Assembly passed the bill one day later by a vote of 53–42. After the Assembly passed the bill, Walker released a statement in which he \"applaud[ed] all members of the Assembly for showing up, debating the legislation and participating in democracy\". Walker signed the Wisconsin Budget Repair Bill into law on March 11, 2011. On March 12, the fourteen Democratic senators who had left the state returned. The Budget Repair Law was challenged in court.", "The Budget Repair Law was challenged in court. The Budget Repair Law was challenged in court. On March 18, Judge Maryann Sumi issued a court order to prohibit publication of the bill by the Secretary of State while legal challenges to it were being considered. On March 26, the Legislative Reference Bureau (LRB) published the bill. Sumi subsequently clarified that, pursuant to her order, the bill could not be considered to be published until the court challenge was resolved.", "Sumi subsequently clarified that, pursuant to her order, the bill could not be considered to be published until the court challenge was resolved. On May 26, Judge Sumi struck down the law, finding that its passage violated state open meetings laws. The Wisconsin Supreme Court reversed Sumi's ruling and upheld the law on June 14, 2011. Walker claimed that the Budget Repair Law would \"save jobs, protect taxpayers, reform government and help balance the budget.\"", "Walker claimed that the Budget Repair Law would \"save jobs, protect taxpayers, reform government and help balance the budget.\" He added, \"You see, despite a lot of the rhetoric we've heard over the past 11 days the bill I put forward isn't aimed at state workers, and it certainly isn't a battle with unions. If it was, we would have eliminated collective bargaining entirely or we would have gone after the private-sector unions.\"", "If it was, we would have eliminated collective bargaining entirely or we would have gone after the private-sector unions.\" As part of the cost savings resulting from the changes to collective bargaining, Walker pointed to significant reductions in the premiums for health insurance for many school districts. Prior to the deficit reduction bill, WEA Trust, which is affiliated with Wisconsin's largest teachers union, dominated the market for health insurance for the state's school districts.", "Prior to the deficit reduction bill, WEA Trust, which is affiliated with Wisconsin's largest teachers union, dominated the market for health insurance for the state's school districts. The changes to collective bargaining made it easier for school districts to change health insurance providers and negotiate better premiums. Walker claimed that Wisconsin school districts have saved an estimated $30 million as a result of the change.", "Walker claimed that Wisconsin school districts have saved an estimated $30 million as a result of the change. John Doe campaign finance investigation In August 2012, the first investigation, which had been launched by John Chisholm, Milwaukee County District Attorney, a Democrat, into missing funds, was rolled into a second John Doe probe based on a theory that Governor Walker's campaign had illegally coordinated with conservative groups engaged in issue advocacy during the recall elections.", "John Doe campaign finance investigation In August 2012, the first investigation, which had been launched by John Chisholm, Milwaukee County District Attorney, a Democrat, into missing funds, was rolled into a second John Doe probe based on a theory that Governor Walker's campaign had illegally coordinated with conservative groups engaged in issue advocacy during the recall elections. The initial John Doe judge, retired Kenosha County Circuit Judge Barbara A. Kluka, overseeing the John Doe investigation issued 30 subpoenas and 5 search warrants.", "The initial John Doe judge, retired Kenosha County Circuit Judge Barbara A. Kluka, overseeing the John Doe investigation issued 30 subpoenas and 5 search warrants. She also issued a secrecy order which meant those being investigated were legally bound from discussing any facet of the investigation publicly. On October 29, 2013, she recused herself from the investigation without explanation. Kluka's replacement, Judge Gregory Peterson, quashed several subpoenas in January 2014, saying \"there was no probable cause shown that they violated campaign finance laws\".", "Kluka's replacement, Judge Gregory Peterson, quashed several subpoenas in January 2014, saying \"there was no probable cause shown that they violated campaign finance laws\". On July 16, 2015, the Wisconsin Supreme Court ruled 4–2 that Walker did not illegally collaborate with conservative groups during the recall campaigns.", "On July 16, 2015, the Wisconsin Supreme Court ruled 4–2 that Walker did not illegally collaborate with conservative groups during the recall campaigns. Writing for the majority in the case, Justice Michael Gableman stated: \"To be clear, this conclusion ends the John Doe investigation because the special prosecutor's legal theory is unsupported in either reason or law,\" he said, \"Consequently, the investigation is closed.\" In March 2017, a federal judge dismissed a lawsuit filed against the investigators of the case.", "In March 2017, a federal judge dismissed a lawsuit filed against the investigators of the case. 2011–2013 budget proposal Wisconsin faced an anticipated deficit of approximately $3.6 billion in the 2012–2013 budget cycle which must be balanced according to state law. Walker's proposed budget cut $834 million in state aid for K–12 education, which would be a 7.9% reduction from the prior budget.", "Walker's proposed budget cut $834 million in state aid for K–12 education, which would be a 7.9% reduction from the prior budget. He proposed a 5.5% decrease in the maximum amount of funding school districts can receive from state aid and property taxes, which would limit how much property taxes could be increased to compensate for the reduction in state aid. The budget lowered state capital gains taxes for investments in Wisconsin businesses.", "The budget lowered state capital gains taxes for investments in Wisconsin businesses. It increased spending on health care by $1.3 billion to cover increased costs for Medicaid, and increased transportation funding by $410.5 million. 2013–2015 budget proposal Walker's proposed budget for fiscal 2013–2015 froze spending on public schools and tightened the income requirements for Medicaid recipients. It proposed an increase in funding for fighting domestic violence, mental health care, higher education, and job training.", "It proposed an increase in funding for fighting domestic violence, mental health care, higher education, and job training. It also included a $343 million cut in income taxes and an expansion of the state's school voucher program. 2015–2017 budget proposal Walker's proposed budget for fiscal 2015–2017 included a $300 million cut to the University of Wisconsin System, while holding funding flat for K–12 public schools and continuing to expand the school voucher program.", "2015–2017 budget proposal Walker's proposed budget for fiscal 2015–2017 included a $300 million cut to the University of Wisconsin System, while holding funding flat for K–12 public schools and continuing to expand the school voucher program. It included a plan to borrow $1.3 billion to fund improvements to roads and infrastructure, and proposed drug testing for recipients of public benefits like Medicaid and food stamps.", "It included a plan to borrow $1.3 billion to fund improvements to roads and infrastructure, and proposed drug testing for recipients of public benefits like Medicaid and food stamps. Domestic partner registry defense On May 13, 2011, the Walker administration petitioned the Dane County Circuit Court for permission to withdraw the state as a defendant from Appling v. Doyle, which was a challenge to the state's domestic partner registry. Regulatory reform bill On May 23, 2011, Walker signed legislation changing the process of creating administrative rules for the state.", "Regulatory reform bill On May 23, 2011, Walker signed legislation changing the process of creating administrative rules for the state. This measure, which became 2011 Wisconsin Act 21 (and became effective June 8, 2011), changes State agency authority to promulgate rules, provides for gubernatorial approval of proposed rules, revised the requirement of an economic impact analysis for proposed rules and changes venue in the process of judicial review of agency rules.", "This measure, which became 2011 Wisconsin Act 21 (and became effective June 8, 2011), changes State agency authority to promulgate rules, provides for gubernatorial approval of proposed rules, revised the requirement of an economic impact analysis for proposed rules and changes venue in the process of judicial review of agency rules. Voter ID law On May 25, 2011, Walker signed a voter ID law that required voters to show a government-issued ID before casting a ballot.", "Voter ID law On May 25, 2011, Walker signed a voter ID law that required voters to show a government-issued ID before casting a ballot. The ACLU filed a lawsuit in federal court to invalidate the law on December 13, 2011, claiming the law violates the constitutional guarantee of equal protection under the law. On April 29, 2014, U.S. District Judge Lynn Adelman struck down the law, saying it violated the Voting Rights Act and U.S. Constitution.", "On April 29, 2014, U.S. District Judge Lynn Adelman struck down the law, saying it violated the Voting Rights Act and U.S. Constitution. The Wisconsin Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of the voter ID law under the Constitution of Wisconsin in two other cases in July 2014. On September 12, the 7th Circuit Court of Appeals allowed the law to be put into effect just 54 days before the 2014 elections, overturning a previous ruling in federal court.", "On September 12, the 7th Circuit Court of Appeals allowed the law to be put into effect just 54 days before the 2014 elections, overturning a previous ruling in federal court. On October 9, 2014, the state was again barred from implementing the voter ID law for 2014 by the U.S. Supreme Court. On March 23, 2015, the Supreme Court denied writ of certiorari, thus ruling in favor of the state of Wisconsin's new stricter voter ID law.", "On March 23, 2015, the Supreme Court denied writ of certiorari, thus ruling in favor of the state of Wisconsin's new stricter voter ID law. Rejection of health care funds In January 2012, Walker returned a $37.6 million federal grant meant to set up a health exchange in Wisconsin for the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act. Walker said \"Stopping the encroachment of Obamacare in our state, which has the potential to have a devastating impact on Wisconsin's economy, is a top priority.\"", "Walker said \"Stopping the encroachment of Obamacare in our state, which has the potential to have a devastating impact on Wisconsin's economy, is a top priority.\" Walker rejected an $11 million federal grant designed to improve Medicaid enrollment systems. It can take up to 3 months to determine whether an applicant qualifies for the program. If the applicant does not qualify, the state must pay the medical costs for the first three months.", "If the applicant does not qualify, the state must pay the medical costs for the first three months. The Walker administration previously said it wants to end the practice of presuming some applicants are eligible and go to a real-time system for determining eligibility. Walker rejected an expansion of Medicaid coverage for the state, but instead reduced the eligibility requirements for the state's BadgerCare program.", "Walker rejected an expansion of Medicaid coverage for the state, but instead reduced the eligibility requirements for the state's BadgerCare program. Education On April 2, 2012, Walker signed a law to fund evaluation of the reading skills of kindergartners as part of an initiative to ensure that students are reading at or above grade level by 3rd grade. The law also created a system for evaluating teachers and principals based in part on the performance of their students.", "The law also created a system for evaluating teachers and principals based in part on the performance of their students. It specified that student performance metrics must be based on objective measures, including their performance on standardized tests. Walker approved a two-year freeze of tuition at the University of Wisconsin System in the 2013 budget. In 2014, he proposed a two-year extension of the freeze based on expected cash balances for the system in excess of $1 billion.", "In 2014, he proposed a two-year extension of the freeze based on expected cash balances for the system in excess of $1 billion. On February 3, 2015, Walker delivered a budget proposal to the Wisconsin Legislature, in which he recommended placing the University of Wisconsin system under the direction of a \"private authority\", governed by the Board of Regents (all the governor's appointees). The budget proposal called for a 13% reduction in state funding for the university system.", "The budget proposal called for a 13% reduction in state funding for the university system. The budget proposal also called for re-writing the Wisconsin Idea, replacing the university's fundamental commitment to the \"search for truth\" with the goal of workforce readiness. Walker faced broad criticism for the changes and at first blamed the rewriting of the Wisconsin Idea on a \"drafting error.\"", "Walker faced broad criticism for the changes and at first blamed the rewriting of the Wisconsin Idea on a \"drafting error.\" Politifact and the Milwaukee Journal Sentinel later reported that Walker's administration had insisted to University of Wisconsin officials on scrapping the Wisconsin Idea, the guiding principle for the state's universities for more than a century. Walker then acknowledged that UW System officials had raised objections about the proposal and had been told the changes were not open to debate.", "Walker then acknowledged that UW System officials had raised objections about the proposal and had been told the changes were not open to debate. Indian gaming Section 20(b)(1)(A) of the Indian Gaming Regulatory Act (IGRA) gives governors unrestricted authority to approve or veto any off-reservation tribal casino located in their state. Walker has said he would only approve new off-reservation casino projects if they are supported by every tribe in the state. This has been referred to as the \"Walker Rule\".", "This has been referred to as the \"Walker Rule\". In January 2015, Walker rejected a proposed casino in Kenosha, Wisconsin. Mental health Walker signed a 2013–2015 state budget and subsequent law that established the Wisconsin Office of Children's Mental Health. In 2016, Walker signed legislation creating a pair of pilot programs to test alternative-care delivery and payment models for Medicaid recipients who have significant or chronic mental illness. In 2017, Walker expanded Wisconsin's mental health provider rates by $17 million.", "In 2017, Walker expanded Wisconsin's mental health provider rates by $17 million. Walker also signed legislation increasing funding for peer-run respite centers. Abortion Walker signed the 2011 state budget that de-funded Planned Parenthood. In 2013, Walker signed a bill that requires women seeking abortions to undergo an ultrasound and doctors to show the patients the image of the fetus. In 2013, Walker signed a bill requiring abortion providers in Wisconsin to have admitting privileges at a hospital within 30 miles.", "In 2013, Walker signed a bill requiring abortion providers in Wisconsin to have admitting privileges at a hospital within 30 miles. The law was found unconstitutional by the Seventh Circuit Court of Appeals in 2015. The court found the medical justifications for such restrictions \"nonexistent\" and said they \"cannot be taken seriously as a measure to improve women's health.\"", "The court found the medical justifications for such restrictions \"nonexistent\" and said they \"cannot be taken seriously as a measure to improve women's health.\" In June 2016, the Supreme Court of the United States ruled on Whole Woman's Health v. Hellerstedt, and struck down admitting privileges and other similar restrictions, finding that they were an unconstitutional \"undue burden\" on women.", "In June 2016, the Supreme Court of the United States ruled on Whole Woman's Health v. Hellerstedt, and struck down admitting privileges and other similar restrictions, finding that they were an unconstitutional \"undue burden\" on women. The day after delivering this decision, the Court refused to hear the Walker administration's appeal of the Seventh Circuit decision, leaving its finding of unconstitutionality in place. Walker blamed an \"activist court\" for finding his law unconstitutional.", "Walker blamed an \"activist court\" for finding his law unconstitutional. On July 20, 2015, Walker signed a bill into law that banned all abortions after the 20th week of pregnancy, \"except when the life of the mother is in immediate danger.\" Right to work legislation In 2012, regarding right-to-work legislation, Walker told reporters at the state Republican Party convention that \"It's not going to get to my desk ...", "Right to work legislation In 2012, regarding right-to-work legislation, Walker told reporters at the state Republican Party convention that \"It's not going to get to my desk ... I'm going to do everything in my power to make sure it isn't there because my focal point (is) private sector unions have overwhelmingly come to the table to be my partner in economic development.\" While campaigning for re-election in 2014, Walker again said he had no plans to pursue right-to-work legislation focused on private unions.", "While campaigning for re-election in 2014, Walker again said he had no plans to pursue right-to-work legislation focused on private unions. Once the legislation was initiated in the state legislature, Walker stated: \"I haven't changed my position on it, it just wasn't a priority for me. But should they pass it within the next two weeks, which is their target, I plan on signing it.\" On March 9, 2015, Walker signed legislation making Wisconsin a right-to-work state.", "On March 9, 2015, Walker signed legislation making Wisconsin a right-to-work state. The law applied to private employee unions as well as public. Once signed, Walker claimed partial credit for the right-to-work law. Politifact.com rated Walker's position on right-to-work as a \"major reversal of position.\" Three trade unions, including the AFL-CIO, subsequently sued to get the law overturned as unconstitutional. In March 2015, the court declined the unions' request to put the law on hold until the lawsuit is settled.", "In March 2015, the court declined the unions' request to put the law on hold until the lawsuit is settled. Following a protracted legal battle, in 2017 the U.S. appeals court in Chicago upheld Wisconsin's right-to-work law ending the substantive legal challenges to the law. WEDC In 2011, the WEDC was created by Walker as a quasi-public entity to replace the state's Department of Commerce with the objective of incenting job creation in Wisconsin.", "WEDC In 2011, the WEDC was created by Walker as a quasi-public entity to replace the state's Department of Commerce with the objective of incenting job creation in Wisconsin. A 2013 report from the state's Legislative Audit Committee indicated that the organization gave some \"grants, loans, and tax credits to ineligible recipients, for ineligible projects, and for amounts that exceeded specified limits.\" It also reported that WEDC \"did not consistently perform statutorily required program oversight duties such as monitoring the contractually specified performance of award recipients\".", "It also reported that WEDC \"did not consistently perform statutorily required program oversight duties such as monitoring the contractually specified performance of award recipients\". According to Wisconsin Public Radio, \"The agency has been plagued by mismanagement and questions about handing out loans without properly vetting recipients.\" In June 2015, it was reported that under Walker, WEDC gave out $124 million between the years 2011 and 2013 without formal review.", "In June 2015, it was reported that under Walker, WEDC gave out $124 million between the years 2011 and 2013 without formal review. Based on the 27 awards during that period, 2,100 jobs had been created to date out of a total expected of 6,100.", "Based on the 27 awards during that period, 2,100 jobs had been created to date out of a total expected of 6,100. $62.5 million was awarded to Kohl's to create 3,000 jobs as part of a headquarters expansion but only 473 had been created, $18 million was awarded to Kestrel Aircraft which was supposed to create 665 jobs but only created 24, and $15 million went to Plexus Corp. to create 350 jobs, but created zero.", "$62.5 million was awarded to Kohl's to create 3,000 jobs as part of a headquarters expansion but only 473 had been created, $18 million was awarded to Kestrel Aircraft which was supposed to create 665 jobs but only created 24, and $15 million went to Plexus Corp. to create 350 jobs, but created zero. In July 2013, WEDC adopted a new policy requiring written reviews on all program awards. According to WEDC, it had approved more than 760 reviewed awards under the new policy by June 2015.", "According to WEDC, it had approved more than 760 reviewed awards under the new policy by June 2015. Walker introduced a state budget in February 2015 which removed all of the elected officials from the board. This included removing himself from chairmanship of WEDC. This was revised by the Legislature's budget committee who altered it to only remove Walker. Walker signed the budget in July 2015. Foxconn agreement Walker approved an agreement with the Taiwanese manufacturer Foxconn to set up a plant in Mount Pleasant, Wisconsin.", "Foxconn agreement Walker approved an agreement with the Taiwanese manufacturer Foxconn to set up a plant in Mount Pleasant, Wisconsin. As part of the agreement, Foxconn was set to receive subsidies ranging from $3 billion to $4.8 billion (paid in increments if Foxconn met certain targets), which would be by far the largest subsidy ever given to a foreign firm in U.S. history. Foxconn said in return that it would set up a $10 billion factory that initially employed 3,000 (set to increase to 13,000).", "Foxconn said in return that it would set up a $10 billion factory that initially employed 3,000 (set to increase to 13,000). Numerous economists expressed skepticism that the benefits would exceed the costs of the deal. The nonpartisan Wisconsin's Legislative Fiscal Bureau estimated that the Foxconn plant would not break even on the investment until 2043, and that was in the best-case scenario. Others noted that Foxconn had previously made similar unfulfilled claims about job creation in various localities.", "Others noted that Foxconn had previously made similar unfulfilled claims about job creation in various localities. Foxconn sought to locate a plant in the Great Lakes region, because it needs access to large amounts of water. The other Great Lakes states were not willing to offer as generous subsidies as Wisconsin. Initially, the subsidies were set at $3 billion, which would have cost the state $231,000 per job created (under the assumption of 13,000 jobs).", "Initially, the subsidies were set at $3 billion, which would have cost the state $231,000 per job created (under the assumption of 13,000 jobs). The cost of the subsidies were higher than yearly state funding for the University of Wisconsin system and the state prisons. Other estimates of the subsidies go as high as $4.8 billion, which meant that the cost of the subsidy per job (assuming 13,000 jobs) was more than $346,000.", "Other estimates of the subsidies go as high as $4.8 billion, which meant that the cost of the subsidy per job (assuming 13,000 jobs) was more than $346,000. Depending on how many jobs are created, the cost per job may go as high as more than a million dollars. Walker exempted the firm from Wisconsin's environmental rules regarding wetlands and streams. Walker and the Trump administration rolled back air pollution limits in the area of the plant, overruling objections of Environmental Protection Agency staff.", "Walker and the Trump administration rolled back air pollution limits in the area of the plant, overruling objections of Environmental Protection Agency staff. The plant was estimated to contribute significantly to air pollution in the region. Environmentalists criticized the decision to allow Foxconn to draw 7 million gallons of water per day from Lake Michigan. The roughly four square miles of land necessary for the Foxconn campus was in part made possible by forcing homeowners to sell at a fixed price under the threat of seizing the land under eminent domain.", "The roughly four square miles of land necessary for the Foxconn campus was in part made possible by forcing homeowners to sell at a fixed price under the threat of seizing the land under eminent domain. In 2018, the Walker administration shifted up to $90 million in local road funding to road work related to the Foxconn factory. The Wisconsin state legislature granted Foxconn special legal privileges within the Wisconsin judicial system.", "The Wisconsin state legislature granted Foxconn special legal privileges within the Wisconsin judicial system. Curbing the powers of an incoming Democratic administration Shortly after losing his re-election bid in 2018, Walker expressed support for a proposal by Wisconsin Republicans to curb the powers of the incoming Democratic administration during the lame-duck session. In December 2018, Walker signed legislation to strip powers from the incoming Democratic administration. The incoming administration suggested it would challenge the legislation in court.", "The incoming administration suggested it would challenge the legislation in court. In 2010, Walker had expressed opposition to attempts to pass legislation during the lame-duck session before he took office as Governor. An official lawsuit against the legislation was filed by Democratic organizations on January 10, 2019, in Dane County court. Assessments of tenure In 2019, the Milwaukee Journal Sentinel described Walker as a polarizing governor, writing that while \"his personality wasn't divisive... his leadership was polarizing in several ways.", "Assessments of tenure In 2019, the Milwaukee Journal Sentinel described Walker as a polarizing governor, writing that while \"his personality wasn't divisive... his leadership was polarizing in several ways. One was simply his successful pursuit of aggressively conservative policies, which excited his supporters and angered his opponents. A second was the 'shock and awe' factor. His defining early accomplishmentall but ending collective bargaining for public-sector unionswas not a policy he campaigned on in 2010.", "His defining early accomplishmentall but ending collective bargaining for public-sector unionswas not a policy he campaigned on in 2010. It was a post-election bombshell... A third factor was a systematic project by the governor and GOP lawmakers to make it more difficult for Democrats to win elections or exercise power by tilting the political playing field.\"", "It was a post-election bombshell... A third factor was a systematic project by the governor and GOP lawmakers to make it more difficult for Democrats to win elections or exercise power by tilting the political playing field.\" 2016 presidential campaign In late January 2015, Walker set up a 527 organization called \"Our American Revival\" to \"help spread his message and underwrite his activities\" which The Washington Post described as helpful for building the political and fundraising networks for a run for the presidency.", "2016 presidential campaign In late January 2015, Walker set up a 527 organization called \"Our American Revival\" to \"help spread his message and underwrite his activities\" which The Washington Post described as helpful for building the political and fundraising networks for a run for the presidency. In February 2015, Trip Gabriel of The New York Times described him as having \"quickly vaulted into the top tier of likely candidates in the Republican presidential race\".", "In February 2015, Trip Gabriel of The New York Times described him as having \"quickly vaulted into the top tier of likely candidates in the Republican presidential race\". On April 20, at a fundraising event for the New York State Republican Party, David Koch told donors that he and his brother, who oversee one of the biggest private political organizations in the country, believed that Walker would be the Republican nominee.", "On April 20, at a fundraising event for the New York State Republican Party, David Koch told donors that he and his brother, who oversee one of the biggest private political organizations in the country, believed that Walker would be the Republican nominee. Following a controversial statement by Rudy Giuliani, Walker declined to answer the question of whether he believes President Obama loves America or was a true Christian, stating that he did not know President Obama's patriotism was in doubt.", "Following a controversial statement by Rudy Giuliani, Walker declined to answer the question of whether he believes President Obama loves America or was a true Christian, stating that he did not know President Obama's patriotism was in doubt. In June 2015, Walker took a further step towards a presidential campaign when he established a \"testing-the-waters\" federal campaign committee. This allowed him to raise federal campaign dollars as he explored a possible presidential run.", "This allowed him to raise federal campaign dollars as he explored a possible presidential run. In July 2015, after Walker aides said that he would soon announce his candidacy, Walker announced his candidacy via social media on the morning of July 13, 2015, with Walker speaking at a formal event in Waukesha, Wisconsin that afternoon.", "In July 2015, after Walker aides said that he would soon announce his candidacy, Walker announced his candidacy via social media on the morning of July 13, 2015, with Walker speaking at a formal event in Waukesha, Wisconsin that afternoon. As of August 18, 2015, Crowdpac ranked Walker as the fourth-most conservative candidate (following Rand Paul, Ted Cruz and Ben Carson) for the 2016 presidential election based on an analysis of campaign donors.", "As of August 18, 2015, Crowdpac ranked Walker as the fourth-most conservative candidate (following Rand Paul, Ted Cruz and Ben Carson) for the 2016 presidential election based on an analysis of campaign donors. Based on an analysis including Crowdpac's rating, public statements by candidates on issues, and congressional voting (not applicable to Walker), FiveThirtyEight had ranked Walker the third-most conservative among candidates as of May 27, 2015.", "Based on an analysis including Crowdpac's rating, public statements by candidates on issues, and congressional voting (not applicable to Walker), FiveThirtyEight had ranked Walker the third-most conservative among candidates as of May 27, 2015. Walker, who started his campaign as a top-tier candidate after what was considered a \"break-out\" event at the Iowa Freedom Caucus in January, saw his position gradually decline over the summer in 2015. Initially a front-runner in the race, Walker saw a precipitous decline in both polling numbers and campaign funds.", "Initially a front-runner in the race, Walker saw a precipitous decline in both polling numbers and campaign funds. On August 6, Walker participated in the first Republican primary debate in Cleveland, Ohio. His performance was seen as decent, without much fanfare nor attention given to it due to his short answers to questions which limited his airtime.", "His performance was seen as decent, without much fanfare nor attention given to it due to his short answers to questions which limited his airtime. Shortly after the debate, Walker admitted to wanting more airtime, but also mentioned that there were multiple debates ahead and that he was successful in changing the argument to which candidate could defeat Hillary Clinton in the general election.", "Shortly after the debate, Walker admitted to wanting more airtime, but also mentioned that there were multiple debates ahead and that he was successful in changing the argument to which candidate could defeat Hillary Clinton in the general election. A national poll by CNN/ORC released on September 20, in the wake of the second Republican debate held at the Ronald Reagan Presidential Library, revealed that Walker's popularity among likely Republican voters had dropped to less than half of 1 percent.", "A national poll by CNN/ORC released on September 20, in the wake of the second Republican debate held at the Ronald Reagan Presidential Library, revealed that Walker's popularity among likely Republican voters had dropped to less than half of 1 percent. On September 21, 2015, Walker suspended his campaign and asked other candidates to do the same, so that the party could rally around a conservative alternative to Donald Trump.", "On September 21, 2015, Walker suspended his campaign and asked other candidates to do the same, so that the party could rally around a conservative alternative to Donald Trump. Once considered a front-runner for the Republican nomination, Walker's campaign suffered from two lackluster debate performances, low fundraising and an inability to raise his profile among the 16 other GOP contenders. On March 29, 2016, Walker endorsed the candidacy of Ted Cruz.", "On March 29, 2016, Walker endorsed the candidacy of Ted Cruz. After Donald Trump became the presumptive nominee for the Republican Party in May 2016, Walker stated that he would support Trump as the Republican nominee, saying that Trump would make a better president than Hillary Clinton. Walker withdrew his support for Trump on June 8, 2016 after Trump called the judge Gonzalo P. Curiel biased against Trump because of Curiel's Mexican heritage.", "Walker withdrew his support for Trump on June 8, 2016 after Trump called the judge Gonzalo P. Curiel biased against Trump because of Curiel's Mexican heritage. While still maintaining that Trump would be better choice than Clinton, Walker noted that Trump was not yet the party's nominee and wanted Trump to renounce his comments on the judge before the 2016 Republican National Convention. Walker also prepared then-Indiana governor and Republican vice-presidential nominee Mike Pence for his debate against Virginia senator and Democratic vice-presidential nominee Tim Kaine on October 4, 2016.", "Walker also prepared then-Indiana governor and Republican vice-presidential nominee Mike Pence for his debate against Virginia senator and Democratic vice-presidential nominee Tim Kaine on October 4, 2016. After elected office In July 2019, Walker told the Milwaukee Journal Sentinel that he would become the president of Young America's Foundation, a conservative student organization, in 2021. He also told the paper that the position would preclude his running for office in the next years which would rule out a run for the Senate in 2022.", "He also told the paper that the position would preclude his running for office in the next years which would rule out a run for the Senate in 2022. On July 17, 2019, President Trump appointed Walker to be a Member (Private Life) of the Board of Trustees of the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars in the Smithsonian Institution. Political positions Abortion Throughout his life and career, Walker has opposed abortion.", "Political positions Abortion Throughout his life and career, Walker has opposed abortion. In 2010, Walker told the editorial board of the Milwaukee Journal Sentinel he opposed abortion, without exception for rape or incest. Regarding his stance on abortion, he has stated: \"I don't apologize for that, but I don't focus on that; I don't obsess with it.\"", "Regarding his stance on abortion, he has stated: \"I don't apologize for that, but I don't focus on that; I don't obsess with it.\" In a TV ad during his 2014 campaign for re-election Walker identified as anti-abortion, and pointed to legislation he signed that leaves \"the final decision to a woman and her doctor\". In August 2015, he criticized the notion that abortion is necessary to save the life of the mother in certain cases, calling it a \"false choice.\"", "In August 2015, he criticized the notion that abortion is necessary to save the life of the mother in certain cases, calling it a \"false choice.\" In an interview with the Milwaukee Journal Sentinel a few weeks before the November 2014 election, Walker declined to answer directly when asked if abortion should be prohibited after 20 weeks. In July 2015, Walker signed a state law banning abortion after 20 weeks, including in cases of rape or incest but excluding when immediate danger existed to the life of the mother.", "In July 2015, Walker signed a state law banning abortion after 20 weeks, including in cases of rape or incest but excluding when immediate danger existed to the life of the mother. Criminal justice During his tenure in the state legislature, Walker campaigned on a \"tough-on-crime\" platform and sought to increase the length of criminal penalties by increasing mandatory minimums and by cutting parole possibilities. In 1996, he said, \"The time has come to keep violent criminals in prison for their full terms.\"", "In 1996, he said, \"The time has come to keep violent criminals in prison for their full terms.\" He advocated for privatization of prisons. Economy and budget As Governor of Wisconsin, Walker has received grades of B in 2012 and B in 2014 from the Cato Institute, a libertarian think tank, in their biennial Fiscal Policy Report Card on America's Governors. Wisconsin calls itself \"America's Dairyland,\" with more dairy farms than any other state.", "Wisconsin calls itself \"America's Dairyland,\" with more dairy farms than any other state. In 2012, Walker instituted a program to encourage dairy farmers to dramatically increase production, which resulted in a supply glut and years of depressed prices. This had a crippling effect on the industry, leaving it vulnerable when in 2018 Canada, China and Mexico imposed tariffs on American farm exports in retaliation for tariffs imposed on them by President Donald Trump.", "This had a crippling effect on the industry, leaving it vulnerable when in 2018 Canada, China and Mexico imposed tariffs on American farm exports in retaliation for tariffs imposed on them by President Donald Trump. The New York Times reported that by April 2019 Wisconsin dairy farmers were facing \"extinction.\" Education Walker moved to weaken tenure for professors at the University of Wisconsin and to cut its funding, while offering authority to reduce spending. He recommended deleting parts of the system's mission that contribute to the Wisconsin Idea.", "He recommended deleting parts of the system's mission that contribute to the Wisconsin Idea. Parts of the mission proposed for deletion, such as the \"search for truth,\" were to be replaced with a directive \"to meet the state's workforce needs.\" Walker later called the change a \"drafting error,\" but public records requests and litigation showed that Walker himself and his office were \"the driving force\" behind the changes.", "Walker later called the change a \"drafting error,\" but public records requests and litigation showed that Walker himself and his office were \"the driving force\" behind the changes. He supports the public funding of private schools and religious schools in the form of vouchers for students. He supports the increased availability of charter schools.", "He supports the increased availability of charter schools. He supports the increased availability of charter schools. Environment Walker signed a \"No Climate Tax\" pledge promising not to support any legislation that would raise taxes to combat climate change and has been a keynote speaker at the Heartland Institute, which promotes climate change denial. He proposed funding cuts for clean energy and other environmental programs. He has proposed giving many powers of the Environmental Protection Agency to the states. He opposed the Obama administration's efforts to reduce carbon emissions.", "He opposed the Obama administration's efforts to reduce carbon emissions. Foreign policy In 2015, Walker indicated that he favored providing arms to Ukraine to fight Russian-backed separatists in that country. In 2015, Walker stated in an interview with Charlie Sykes that if elected president, he would \"absolutely\" decide on his first day in office to \"cancel any Iranian deal the Obama administration makes,\" even if European allies which were also party to an agreement opted not to reimpose sanctions.", "In 2015, Walker stated in an interview with Charlie Sykes that if elected president, he would \"absolutely\" decide on his first day in office to \"cancel any Iranian deal the Obama administration makes,\" even if European allies which were also party to an agreement opted not to reimpose sanctions. In 2015, while campaigning for the Republican presidential nomination, Walker faulted Obama for lack of strategy in dealing with the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant group, and did not rule out sending U.S. troops to Syria to engage in ground combat with ISIL there.", "In 2015, while campaigning for the Republican presidential nomination, Walker faulted Obama for lack of strategy in dealing with the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant group, and did not rule out sending U.S. troops to Syria to engage in ground combat with ISIL there. In February 2015, when asked about the war in Syria, Walker said that the U.S. should \"go beyond just aggressive air strikes. We have to look at other surgical methods.", "We have to look at other surgical methods. We have to look at other surgical methods. And ultimately, we have to be prepared to put boots on the ground if that's what it takes.\"", "And ultimately, we have to be prepared to put boots on the ground if that's what it takes.\" In a 2015 interview, Walker said that \"the most significant foreign policy decision\" of his lifetime was President Ronald Reagan's firing 11,000 striking air traffic controllers in 1981, saying: \"It sent a message not only across America, it sent a message around the world ... [that] we weren't to be messed with.\"", "In a 2015 interview, Walker said that \"the most significant foreign policy decision\" of his lifetime was President Ronald Reagan's firing 11,000 striking air traffic controllers in 1981, saying: \"It sent a message not only across America, it sent a message around the world ... [that] we weren't to be messed with.\" In 2015, Walker opposed rapprochement in relations between the U.S. and Cuba. Guns Walker has supported gun rights.", "Guns Walker has supported gun rights. Guns Walker has supported gun rights. In July 2011, he signed a bill into law making Wisconsin the 49th concealed carry state in the United States, and on December 7 of that same year he signed the castle doctrine into law. In January and April 2015 speeches in Iowa, Walker included passing those laws among his accomplishments. The National Rifle Association gave Walker a 100% ranking in 2014.", "The National Rifle Association gave Walker a 100% ranking in 2014. On June 24, 2015, Walker signed two bills into law, one which removed the state's 48-hour waiting period for buying a gun and another which gave retired or off-duty police officers the legal right to carry concealed guns in public schools. Health care Walker opposes the Affordable Care Act (ACA or \"Obamacare\") and has signed Wisconsin onto a lawsuit seeking to have the ACA rolled back (including provisions for preexisting conditions).", "Health care Walker opposes the Affordable Care Act (ACA or \"Obamacare\") and has signed Wisconsin onto a lawsuit seeking to have the ACA rolled back (including provisions for preexisting conditions). He supported the Graham-Cassidy legislation to repeal the ACA; this repeal bill would have eliminated blanket protections for preexisting conditions.", "He supported the Graham-Cassidy legislation to repeal the ACA; this repeal bill would have eliminated blanket protections for preexisting conditions. In 2018, Walker pledged to pass legislation to protect individuals with preexisting conditions in case the Affordable Care Act were repealed; according to PolitiFact, \"he hasn't spelled out an alternative that would provide protections that Obamacare does.\" As Governor, he has blocked expansion of Medicaid in Wisconsin. Redistricting In Wisconsin, responsibility for redrawing legislative and congressional district lines rests with the legislature.", "Redistricting In Wisconsin, responsibility for redrawing legislative and congressional district lines rests with the legislature. The legislature is required to redraw legislative and congressional districts every 10 years based upon the results of the decennial federal census. The redistricting legislation after the 2010 Census was signed by Walker in August 2011 in a private ceremony to which no Democrats or news agencies were invited.", "The redistricting legislation after the 2010 Census was signed by Walker in August 2011 in a private ceremony to which no Democrats or news agencies were invited. As an outcome of legal action by Wisconsin Democrats, a panel of Federal judges found in 2016 that the Wisconsin Legislature's 2011 redrawing of State Assembly districts to favor Republicans was an unconstitutional partisan gerrymander. Walker has appeared on Fox News to defend the 2011 redistricting, but even that conservative-leaning forum has criticized his efforts.", "Walker has appeared on Fox News to defend the 2011 redistricting, but even that conservative-leaning forum has criticized his efforts. Immigration Walker has claimed that securing the American border with Mexico is \"our first priority\". After that, undocumented immigrants in the United States could \"secure their citizenship\" but would have to \"get in the back of line\", and wait like anyone else applying for citizenship.", "After that, undocumented immigrants in the United States could \"secure their citizenship\" but would have to \"get in the back of line\", and wait like anyone else applying for citizenship. Walker says that he does not advocate deportation for all people in the country illegally, but he is not in favor of amnesty. In a 2015 appearance on Meet the Press, Walker said proposals to build a wall along the Canada–United States border was \"a legitimate issue for us to look at.\"", "In a 2015 appearance on Meet the Press, Walker said proposals to build a wall along the Canada–United States border was \"a legitimate issue for us to look at.\" Walker has stated that he would work to \"protect American workers\" by aligning his position with Sen. Jeff Sessions (R-AL), who wrote in a Washington Post op-ed that legal immigration needs to be \"slowed\".", "Walker has stated that he would work to \"protect American workers\" by aligning his position with Sen. Jeff Sessions (R-AL), who wrote in a Washington Post op-ed that legal immigration needs to be \"slowed\". Role of government Walker wrote in an editorial in the Washington Post that \"Like most Americans, I think government is too big and too expansive, but the government that is necessary should workand work well.\" Same-sex marriage Walker says he believes in \"marriage between one man and one woman\".", "Same-sex marriage Walker says he believes in \"marriage between one man and one woman\". Walker voted for Wisconsin's constitutional amendment to ban same-sex marriage, both as a legislator and as a voter. In September 2014, Walker said he was defending the amendment. When the U.S. Supreme Court subsequently rejected the appeals of five states, including Wisconsin, in October 2014, allowing same-sex marriages to continue, Walker stated: \"I think it's resolved.\"", "When the U.S. Supreme Court subsequently rejected the appeals of five states, including Wisconsin, in October 2014, allowing same-sex marriages to continue, Walker stated: \"I think it's resolved.\" In April 2015, in New Hampshire, Walker stated that marriage is \"defined as between a man and a woman\", and in Iowa said a federal constitutional amendment allowing states to define marriage was reasonable. Walker called the U.S. Supreme Court's Obergefell v. Hodges decision to legalize same-sex marriage nationwide a \"grave mistake\".", "Walker called the U.S. Supreme Court's Obergefell v. Hodges decision to legalize same-sex marriage nationwide a \"grave mistake\". Unions Walker said public-union collective-bargaining rights frustrate balancing the state budget. Walker signed right-to-work legislation he said would contribute to economic growth. The Atlantic has written that \"anti-union politics\" have defined his tenure as governor and established him as a Republican presidential contender.", "The Atlantic has written that \"anti-union politics\" have defined his tenure as governor and established him as a Republican presidential contender. Politico wrote that Walker initiated a 21st-century revival of anti-union legislation in upper Midwestern industrial states and that his \"fervent anti-union rhetoric and actions\" has helped his national reputation within the Republican Party. Youth rights On May 24, 2017, Walker signed a bill that allowed unaccompanied minors to attend concerts and other musical festivals where alcohol is being served.", "Youth rights On May 24, 2017, Walker signed a bill that allowed unaccompanied minors to attend concerts and other musical festivals where alcohol is being served. On June 21, 2017, he signed into law a bill that allowed 16- and 17-year-olds to work without parental permission. Personal life Walker and his wife, Tonette, have two sons, Alex and Matt. The family attends Meadowbrook Church, a nondenominational, evangelical church in Wauwatosa, which is a daughter church of Elmbrook Church, in nearby Brookfield.", "The family attends Meadowbrook Church, a nondenominational, evangelical church in Wauwatosa, which is a daughter church of Elmbrook Church, in nearby Brookfield. Tonette Walker works in the development department for the American Lung Association. During the summers of 2004 through 2009, as Milwaukee County Executive, Walker led a motorcycle tour called the \"Executive's Ride\" through Wisconsin and parts of neighboring states. The ride was organized to attract people to Milwaukee County. Walker rides a 2003 Harley Davidson Road King.", "Walker rides a 2003 Harley Davidson Road King. Walker rides a 2003 Harley Davidson Road King. In 2013, Walker published Unintimidated – A Governor's Story and A Nation's Challenge, co-written with Marc Thiessen, about his experiences during the recall vote and subsequent election, both of which he won. Bibliography Electoral history Governor of Wisconsin Milwaukee County Executive Wisconsin State Assembly See also Scott Walker presidential campaign, 2016 Republican Party presidential candidates, 2016 References Further reading Cramer, Katherine J.", "Bibliography Electoral history Governor of Wisconsin Milwaukee County Executive Wisconsin State Assembly See also Scott Walker presidential campaign, 2016 Republican Party presidential candidates, 2016 References Further reading Cramer, Katherine J. The Politics of Resentment: Rural Consciousness in Wisconsin and the Rise of Scott Walker (University Of Chicago Press, 2016) External links Scott Walker official campaign website |- |- |- |- 1967 births Candidates in the 2016 United States presidential election 21st-century American politicians American evangelicals 21st-century American memoirists American political writers American male non-fiction writers Former Baptists Governors of Wisconsin IBM employees Living people Marquette University alumni Members of the Wisconsin State Assembly Milwaukee County Executives People from Bremer County, Iowa People from Wauwatosa, Wisconsin People from Delavan, Wisconsin Politicians from Colorado Springs, Colorado Republican Party state governors of the United States Wisconsin Republicans Writers from Wisconsin Writers from Colorado Springs, Colorado" ]

[ "Scott Walker (politician)", "Education", "Has Walker increased public school funding?", "he proposed a two-year extension of the freeze based on expected cash balances for", "Has walker expanded higher education?", "called for a 13% reduction in state funding for the university system." ]

[ "Transitional kindergarten (abbreviated TK) is a school grade that serves as a bridge between preschool and kindergarten, to provide students with time to develop fundamental skills needed for success in school in a setting that is appropriate to the student's age and development. It is not called preschool because it generally comes after preschool and before kindergarten.\n\nA particular school's bridge program may use a different name. Some programs bridge between kindergarten and first grade.\n\nImplementation in California\n\nIn California, the grade was created by the Kindergarten Readiness Act (SB 1381), which was authored by Senator Joseph Simitian and Senate President pro Tem Darrell Steinberg, and signed into law in 2010 by Gov. Schwarzenegger. The act also changed California's relatively late kindergarten entry date from December 2 to September 1, so that around 95% of children will have reached five years of age on the first day of kindergarten (any time in mid/late August), and those few that haven't yet would complete the fifth year at least soon after the first day. A child is automatically eligible for transitional kindergarten if the child will turn five between September 2 and December 2. Parents of children who turn five on December 3 or later may petition the school district to have their child admitted into transitional kindergarten, because they will still start regular kindergarten with the same batch of children who attend regular preschool instead (December 3 - September 1). However, by law, parents may not petition the school district to have their child admitted to regular kindergarten if the child is born on September 2 or later.\n\nTransitional kindergarten is a part of the public school system and is free for families. Classes are taught by credentialed teachers from the K–12 system. Existing funding for these children with fall birthdays that would have been eligible for kindergarten under the old kindergarten entry dates is redirected to transitional kindergarten and used to employ existing teachers and classroom facilities.\n\nThe law phases in the new age requirement by moving the cutoff date one month a year for three years, beginning in the fall of 2012. In the fall of 2014, at full implementation, approximately 125,000 children – including more than 52,000 English language learners and about 79,000 who attend Title I schools – will benefit from transitional kindergarten.\n\nAIR, the American Institutes for Research, recently released a report on the first year of statewide TK, which finds that 89% of districts reported they offered transitional kindergarten, representing 96% of the state's kindergarten population. An estimated 39,000 four-year-olds were served in the first year of implementation.\n\nSee also\n Pre-kindergarten\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nTKCalifornia.org, a project by Early Edge California providing support and tips for teaching and administering high-quality TK\nTransitional Kindergarten FAQs from California Department of Education\nTK resource sheet on webinars and TKCalifornia.org\nEarly Edge California's Kindergarten Readiness Page\nQuotes about TK from parents, business leaders, community leaders, teachers and more\n\nEarly childhood education\nKindergarten", "Pre-kindergarten (also called Pre-K or PK) is a voluntary classroom-based preschool program for children below the age of five in the United States, Canada, Turkey and Greece (when kindergarten starts). It may be delivered through a preschool or within a reception year in elementary school. Pre-kindergartens play an important role in early childhood education. They have existed in the US since 1922, normally run by private organizations. The U.S. Head Start program, the country's first federally funded pre-kindergarten program, was founded in 1967. This attempts to prepare children (especially disadvantaged children) to succeed in school.\n\nPre-kindergartens differentiate themselves from other child care by equally focusing on building a child's social development, physical development, emotional development, and cognitive development. They commonly follow a set of organization-created teaching standards in shaping curriculum and instructional activities and goals. The term \"preschool\" more accurately approximates the name \"pre-kindergarten\", for both focus on harvesting the same four child development areas in subject-directed fashion. The term \"preschool\" often refers to such schools that are owned and operated as private or parochial schools. Pre-kindergartens refer to such school classrooms that function within a public school under the supervision of a public school administrator and funded completely by state or federally allocated funds, and private donations.\n\nUnited States \nThe National Center for Education Statistics reports that the percentage of U.S. three-, four-, and five-year-olds enrolled in pre-primary programs (including kindergarten and preschool programs) has stayed roughly stable from 2000 to 2017. U.S. participation rates in 2017 were 40% for three-year-olds, 68% for four-year-olds, and 86% for five-year-olds.\n\nAs of 2016–17, a total of 44 states, plus the District of Columbia, provide at least some state funding for pre-K programs. Nine states (Colorado, Iowa, Kentucky, Maine, Oklahoma, Texas, Vermont, West Virginia, and Wisconsin) plus D.C. include pre-K funding in their school funding formulas. Conversely, as of 2016-17, six states (Idaho, Montana, New Hampshire, South Dakota, North Dakota, and Wyoming) provide no state funding for pre-K.\n\nIn 2013, Alabama, Michigan, Minnesota, and the city of San Antonio, Texas, enacted or expanded pre-K programs. In New York City, Mayor Bill de Blasio was elected on a pledge of Pre-K for all city children. A poll conducted in 2014 for an early education nonprofit advocate found that 60 percent of registered Republicans and 84 percent of Democrats supported expanding public preschool by raising the federal tobacco tax.\n\nFunding for Pre-K has proven a substantial obstacle for creating and expanding programs. The issue produced multiple approaches. Several governors and mayors targeted existing budgets. San Antonio increased sales taxes, while Virginia and Maine look to gambling. In Oregon, currently 20% of kids have access to publicly funded Pre-K of any kind, and a 2016 campaign is working to fully fund Pre-K to 12 education, for all kids whose parents want them to have the option of Pre-K.\n\nA 2012 review by the National Institute for Early Education Research at Rutgers University identified Oklahoma, Georgia and West Virginia as among the leaders in public program quality and fraction of enrolled children. Florida had the highest enrollment in 2012 — almost four-fifths of all four-year-olds. About 84 percent were in private, religion-based or family centers. That state's preschool programs did not fare well on quality measures. Other states with more than 50 percent enrollment included Wisconsin, Iowa, Texas and Vermont.\n\nIn 2002, Florida voters enacted a state constitutional amendment requiring that the state establish a free voluntary pre-kindergarten (VPK) program for all four-year-old children by fall 2005. Florida's program is the largest state-level preschool program in the nation. It is universal, meaning that all children are eligible so long as they meet the age and residency requirement. In the 2013-14 school year, 80% of VPK programs were housed at private centers, 18% were housed at public schools, 1% were housed at family daycares, and 1% were housed at private schools. The program resulted in an increase in pre-k participation, which was about 80% in 2014. The program has suffered a decline in funding; in 2019, the Orlando Sentinel editorial board wrote that the Florida Legislature \"has neglected the pre-K program almost since it was approved by voters.\"\n\nImpact \nA 2018 study in the Journal of Public Economics found in Italy that pre-kindergarten \"increased mothers' participation in the labor market and lowered the reservation wage of the unemployed, thus increasing their likelihood of finding a job\" but \"did not affect children's cognitive development, irrespective of their family background.\" A randomized control found that children randomly assigned to undertake full-day pre-K had substantially greater outcomes in cognition, literacy, math, and physical development, at the end of pre-K, than their peers who were randomly assigned to undertake half-day pre-K. A longitudinal randomized control study of 2,990 low-income children in Tennessee found that \"children randomly assigned to attend pre-K had lower state achievement test scores in third through sixth grades than control children, with the strongest negative effects in sixth grade. A negative effect was also found for disciplinary infractions, attendance, and receipt of special education services, with null effects on retention.\"\n\nThe Perry Preschool Project was a study on the impact of pre-kindergarten programs on outcomes for disadvantaged youth. The availability of high-quality pre-kindergarten education was found to have a statistically significant association with higher high school graduation rates, lower crime rates, lower teen pregnancy rates, and better economic outcomes in adulthood.\n\nChildren of immigrants \n\nThe US Census Bureau forecast that the foreign-born population in the United States would make up 19% of the US population by 2060 (up from 13% in 2014). Children of immigrant families face special challenges.\n\nCultural values and childcare options \nChildren of immigrants represent the fastest growing US population. Asians and Latinos are the two largest racial groups. Like all families, immigrants have choices when pursuing childcare options. Cultural differences shape childcare choices, such as attitudes towards early academic development. These differences help explain certain irregular childcare options. Compared to Latino immigrant groups, Asians are more likely than Latinos to enroll their children in pre-kindergarten programs due to the inclusion of academics. The focus of pre-academic, school readiness is important to Asian parents. Latino immigrant parents by contrast generally opt for more informal childcare options, such as parental, relative or non-relative in-home care. This is due in part to the opinion that academic skills are to be taught through formal instruction after children enter primary school. While Latino families value the acquisition of academic skills, the in-home childcare choice is a reflection of the importance of cultural and linguistic values and traditional family dynamics. Parents with limited English proficiency are more likely to choose parental or in-home care instead of pre-kindergarten programs.\n\nBarriers \nAccording to information from the Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP) and the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), low-income immigrant families are less likely to use center-based childcare, such as pre-kindergarten, than children of non-immigrants. While some Latino families prefer in-home childcare, many report wanting to enroll their children in a pre-kindergarten program. Interviews with immigrant mothers revealed common motivations for seeking pre-kindergarten placements for their children, including maternal employment, opportunity to learn English and social and emotional development. Obstacles immigrant mothers reported facing included high cost, long wait-lists, a need to provide documentation (especially for illegal aliens and those who lacked English-language proficiency) and a lack of information regarding eligibility for subsidized programs. On average, immigrants tend to experience higher poverty rates due to low wages, less education and a lack of English proficiency.\n\nBenefits \nWhile many children benefit from pre-kindergarten and early childhood education, immigrant children, particularly those from lower socio-economic households, stand to benefit the most. Studies indicate that first and second generation immigrants lag behind children of non-immigrant families in cognitive and language skills. Pre-K's focus on cognitive, social, emotional and physical development would address these skills and reduce the inequalities in school readiness between children from immigrant and non-immigrant families. Educators must be sensitive to sensitivities of immigrant groups regarding the acquisition of the English language versus their native-language. Pre-K could help children build either or both skills. For most US students, English fluency is essential.\n\nSee also \n Balwadi\n Forest kindergarten\n Transitional kindergarten\n Pre-school playgroup—a related type of establishment found in the United Kingdom\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n Child Care & Early Education Research Connections\n\nChildhood\nEarly childhood education in the United States\nEarly childhood education\nEducational stages\nEducational years\nSchool types\nKindergarten" ]

[ "Scott Kevin Walker (born November 2, 1967) is an American politician who served as the 45th Governor of Wisconsin from 2011 to 2019. He is a member of the Republican Party. Born in Colorado Springs, Colorado, Walker was raised in Plainfield, Iowa and in Delavan, Wisconsin. He was elected to the Wisconsin State Assembly in 1992, representing a district in western Milwaukee County.", "He was elected to the Wisconsin State Assembly in 1992, representing a district in western Milwaukee County. In 2002, Walker was elected Milwaukee County Executive in a special election following the resignation of F. Thomas Ament; he was elected to a full term in 2004 and was re-elected in 2008. Walker ran for Governor of Wisconsin in 2006, but dropped out of the race before the primary election. He ran again in 2010 and won.", "He ran again in 2010 and won. He ran again in 2010 and won. Shortly after his inauguration in 2011, Walker gained national attention by introducing the Wisconsin Budget Repair Bill; the legislation proposed to effectively eliminate collective bargaining for most Wisconsin public employees. In response, opponents of the bill protested at the Wisconsin State Capitol and Senate Democrats left the state in an effort to prevent the bill from being passed. Nevertheless, the Wisconsin Budget Repair Bill became law in March 2011.", "Nevertheless, the Wisconsin Budget Repair Bill became law in March 2011. Opposition to the law led to an attempt to recall Walker from office in 2012. Walker prevailed in the recall election, becoming one of two incumbent governors in the history of the United States to win a recall election, the other being California governor Gavin Newsom in 2021. Walker was re-elected in 2014, defeating Democratic Madison School Board member Mary Burke.", "Walker was re-elected in 2014, defeating Democratic Madison School Board member Mary Burke. Following heavy speculation about his presidential ambitions, Walker launched a campaign for the Republican nomination in the 2016 presidential election; however, he withdrew from the race after only two months as a result of declining support in polls. Walker sought a third term as governor in 2018, but was defeated by Democrat Tony Evers.", "Walker sought a third term as governor in 2018, but was defeated by Democrat Tony Evers. Early life and education Walker was born on November 2, 1967, in Colorado Springs, Colorado, the elder of two sons of Patricia Ann \"Pat\" (née Fitch; born December 30, 1938), a bookkeeper, and Llewellyn Scott \"Llew\" Walker (May 19, 1939 – October 7, 2018), a Baptist minister.", "Early life and education Walker was born on November 2, 1967, in Colorado Springs, Colorado, the elder of two sons of Patricia Ann \"Pat\" (née Fitch; born December 30, 1938), a bookkeeper, and Llewellyn Scott \"Llew\" Walker (May 19, 1939 – October 7, 2018), a Baptist minister. The family moved to Plainfield, Iowa, in 1970, where Llew worked as pastor in the local Baptist Church, TBC, and served on the municipal council.", "The family moved to Plainfield, Iowa, in 1970, where Llew worked as pastor in the local Baptist Church, TBC, and served on the municipal council. When Walker was ten years old, the family moved to Delavan, Wisconsin, where his father continued to work as a minister, at the First Baptist Church of Delavan.", "When Walker was ten years old, the family moved to Delavan, Wisconsin, where his father continued to work as a minister, at the First Baptist Church of Delavan. In 1985, when Walker was in high school, he attended and represented Wisconsin at two weeks of American Legion-sponsored training in leadership and government at Badger Boys State in Wisconsin and Boys Nation in Washington, D.C. While at the event, he met President Ronald Reagan and had a photo taken with him.", "While at the event, he met President Ronald Reagan and had a photo taken with him. Walker has credited the experience with solidifying his interest in public service and giving him the \"political bug\". He attained the highest rank, Eagle Scout, in the Boy Scouts of America, and graduated from Delavan-Darien High School in 1986. In the fall of 1986, Walker enrolled at Marquette University.", "In the fall of 1986, Walker enrolled at Marquette University. Within a few weeks of beginning his collegiate studies, Walker became a student senator and led a committee investigating alleged misuse of funds by student leaders. During the same year, he volunteered for Tommy Thompson's gubernatorial campaign. In 1988, Walker lost a \"fiercely-fought\" campaign for student government president. Walker led the anti-abortion Students for Life group at Marquette.", "Walker led the anti-abortion Students for Life group at Marquette. Walker discontinued his studies at Marquette in the spring of 1990, having earned 94 of the 128 minimum credits needed to graduate. He left in good standing with a 2.59/4.0 grade point average, but without having obtained a degree. Walker has said that he dropped out of college when he received a full-time job offer from the American Red Cross.", "Walker has said that he dropped out of college when he received a full-time job offer from the American Red Cross. Early political career Wisconsin State Assembly In 1990, at age 22, Walker ran for Milwaukee's 7th District seat in the Wisconsin State Assembly. He won the Republican nomination, but lost in the general election to incumbent Democrat Gwen Moore, receiving less than one-third of the vote.", "He won the Republican nomination, but lost in the general election to incumbent Democrat Gwen Moore, receiving less than one-third of the vote. In 1993, Walker moved to Wauwatosa, a suburb of Milwaukee, and ran in a special election in the more conservative 14th legislative district, based around Wauwatosa. He defeated Democrat Chris Ament, son of then-Milwaukee County Executive Tom Ament. During the campaign, Walker backed welfare reform and opposed the expansion of mass transit.", "During the campaign, Walker backed welfare reform and opposed the expansion of mass transit. He supported a cap on state spending and said that the law on resolving labor disputes with local government employees needed to be reformed. Walker received the endorsements of Wisconsin Right to Life and The Milwaukee Sentinel, which called him a fiscal conservative and noted his anti-abortion, tough-on-crime, and pro-welfare reform positions. He was re-elected four times, serving until 2002 when he became a county executive.", "He was re-elected four times, serving until 2002 when he became a county executive. While in the Assembly, Walker was interested in criminal justice matters and chaired the Committees on Correctional Facilities, and Corrections and the Courts. Over the years, he served on a number of other committees, including Health, Census and Redistricting, Financial Institutions, and Housing. As a freshman legislator in 1993, he co-sponsored right-to-work legislation.", "As a freshman legislator in 1993, he co-sponsored right-to-work legislation. In 1999 he advocated for a truth-in-sentencing bill that increased prison time for some crimes and eliminated parole for others. Walker was a member of the American Legislative Exchange Council (ALEC) at the time, and credited the organization for much of the success of the legislation.", "Walker was a member of the American Legislative Exchange Council (ALEC) at the time, and credited the organization for much of the success of the legislation. In 2001, he sponsored a bill to prevent pharmacists from being disciplined for refusing to fill prescriptions for emergency contraception and was a supporter of a bill to require voters to show photo ID at the polls.", "In 2001, he sponsored a bill to prevent pharmacists from being disciplined for refusing to fill prescriptions for emergency contraception and was a supporter of a bill to require voters to show photo ID at the polls. According to research by two political analysts, Walker was more conservative than about 90% of his peers in the assembly and about 80% of the Republicans in the assembly. Walker had a pro-life record in the Assembly.", "Walker had a pro-life record in the Assembly. Walker had a pro-life record in the Assembly. With the exception of some bills while Walker was running for Milwaukee County Executive, Walker either sponsored or cosponsored all but three bills that would have restricted abortions. In 2001–02, Walker and fellow Assemblymember Michael Huebsch objected to the hiring of a state employee, Rev. Jamyi Witch, on the basis of her religious beliefs as a Wiccan.", "Jamyi Witch, on the basis of her religious beliefs as a Wiccan. Walker claimed that Witch's hiring as a prison chaplain raised \"both personal and political concerns\" because she \"practice[d] a religion that actually offends people of many other faiths\". Walker and Huebsch were ultimately unsuccessful in terminating Witch's chaplaincy or employment.", "Walker and Huebsch were ultimately unsuccessful in terminating Witch's chaplaincy or employment. Milwaukee County Executive Walker became Milwaukee County Executive in a special election run in April 2002, after the former County Executive, Tom Ament, resigned in the wake of a county pension-fund scandal. Walker was elected to a four-year term in 2004, winning 57% of the vote to defeat former state budget director, David Riemer. Although in a liberal county and running for a nonpartisan position, Walker ran openly as a conservative Republican.", "Although in a liberal county and running for a nonpartisan position, Walker ran openly as a conservative Republican. He won another four-year term in 2008, defeating State Senator Lena Taylor with 59% of the vote. Upon first being elected, Walker became the youngest person and the first Republican ever elected to the position and remains the only Republican to hold this office to date. Walker won the office on a platform of fiscal conservatism, promising to give back part of his own salary.", "Walker won the office on a platform of fiscal conservatism, promising to give back part of his own salary. He said that his voluntary give-back gave him moral authority to make cuts in the budget. He returned $60,000 per year (slightly less than half of his salary) during his first term, and reduced his give-back to $10,000 per year during his second term.", "He returned $60,000 per year (slightly less than half of his salary) during his first term, and reduced his give-back to $10,000 per year during his second term. During his eight years in office, there were disputes with the county board \"over taxes, privatization of public services, quality of parks and public buildings, and delivery of social services\", according to the Milwaukee Journal Sentinel.", "During his eight years in office, there were disputes with the county board \"over taxes, privatization of public services, quality of parks and public buildings, and delivery of social services\", according to the Milwaukee Journal Sentinel. The County Board approved several budgets over Walker's veto and he never submitted a budget with a higher property tax than the board had approved the prior year.", "The County Board approved several budgets over Walker's veto and he never submitted a budget with a higher property tax than the board had approved the prior year. During Walker's tenure the number of county employees was reduced by over 20% and the $3.5 million county deficit was turned into a surplus. In addition, he cut over $44 million in proposed spending through his veto powers and helped eliminate the waiting list for long-term care for senior citizens.", "In addition, he cut over $44 million in proposed spending through his veto powers and helped eliminate the waiting list for long-term care for senior citizens. Operation Freedom investigation Walker appointed Kevin Kavanaugh, treasurer of the local chapter of the Military Order of the Purple Heart, as a member of the County Veterans Service Commission. Walker raised funds annually for veterans at the Operation Freedom Benefit, with proceeds to the Military Order of the Purple Heart.", "Walker raised funds annually for veterans at the Operation Freedom Benefit, with proceeds to the Military Order of the Purple Heart. Walker's Chief of Staff, Thomas Nardelli, indicated that he went to Walker with concerns about missing money in 2009, and Walker directed him to report it to the district attorney's office. The district attorney did not immediately act but later launched a \"John Doe\" investigation. Kavanaugh and four others were arrested for theft of funds. Kavanaugh was convicted and sentenced to 21 months in prison.", "Kavanaugh was convicted and sentenced to 21 months in prison. Tim Russell, employed by Walker in a number of posts, was implicated in the same investigation; he was charged in January 2012 and pleaded guilty in November 2012 to diverting more than $21,000 to his personal bank account. In 2010, Walker's last year as Milwaukee County executive, Russell was his deputy chief of staff and Milwaukee Housing Director. Walker was not charged with any wrongdoing.", "Walker was not charged with any wrongdoing. Walker was not charged with any wrongdoing. Governor of Wisconsin Elections 2006 gubernatorial campaign While county executive, Walker became a candidate, in February 2005, in the 2006 race for Wisconsin governor. He dropped out on March 24, 2006, after about 14 months of campaigning, citing fundraising difficulties. Walker threw his support to fellow Republican Mark Andrew Green, who won the Republican primary unopposed, and Walker actively campaigned for him during the general election.", "Walker threw his support to fellow Republican Mark Andrew Green, who won the Republican primary unopposed, and Walker actively campaigned for him during the general election. Green lost the general election, in November 2006, to the incumbent Democrat, Jim Doyle. Despite Green's loss, Walker's strong support for him helped increase Walker's favorability with the state GOP and positioned him as the frontrunner for the 2010 election.", "Despite Green's loss, Walker's strong support for him helped increase Walker's favorability with the state GOP and positioned him as the frontrunner for the 2010 election. 2010 gubernatorial campaign Walker was an early favorite for the 2010 Republican Party endorsement for Wisconsin governor, winning straw polls of Wisconsin GOP convention attendees in 2007 and 2008. He announced his candidacy in late April 2009 after several months of previewing his campaign themes of reduced taxes and reduced spending to Republican audiences around the state.", "He announced his candidacy in late April 2009 after several months of previewing his campaign themes of reduced taxes and reduced spending to Republican audiences around the state. He criticized the 2009–2011 Wisconsin state budget as too big given the slow economy. In 2009 and 2010, Americans for Prosperity helped raise Walker's statewide profile, inviting him to address its events and rallies throughout the state. Walker won the Wisconsin GOP convention endorsement on May 22, 2010, receiving 91% of the votes cast by delegates.", "Walker won the Wisconsin GOP convention endorsement on May 22, 2010, receiving 91% of the votes cast by delegates. He won the Republican nomination in the primary election of September 14, 2010, receiving 59% of the popular vote, while former U.S. Representative Mark Neumann garnered 39%. As part of his campaign platform, Walker said he would create 250,000 jobs in his first term through a program that would include tax cuts for small businesses, capital gains tax cuts, and income tax cuts.", "As part of his campaign platform, Walker said he would create 250,000 jobs in his first term through a program that would include tax cuts for small businesses, capital gains tax cuts, and income tax cuts. He proposed cutting state employee wages and benefits to help pay for these tax cuts. Critics argued that his proposals would help only the wealthy and that cutting the salaries of public employees would adversely affect state services, while supporters argued that tax cuts for businesses would spur the economy and create jobs.", "Critics argued that his proposals would help only the wealthy and that cutting the salaries of public employees would adversely affect state services, while supporters argued that tax cuts for businesses would spur the economy and create jobs. Walker indicated he would refuse an $810 million award from the federal Department of Transportation to build a high speed railroad line from Madison to Milwaukee as he believed it would cost the state $7.5 million per year to operate and would not prove profitable.", "Walker indicated he would refuse an $810 million award from the federal Department of Transportation to build a high speed railroad line from Madison to Milwaukee as he believed it would cost the state $7.5 million per year to operate and would not prove profitable. This was in spite of offers by the mayor of Madison and the Dane County executive to help absorb costs the state might have incurred. The award was later rescinded and split among other states.", "The award was later rescinded and split among other states. This cost the state at least $60 million for rail repairs federal funds would have covered. Social issues played a part in the campaign. Walker has stated that he is \"100% pro-life\" and that he believes life should be protected from conception to natural death. He opposes abortion, including in cases of rape and incest.", "He opposes abortion, including in cases of rape and incest. He supports abstinence-only sex education in the public schools and opposes state supported clinical services that provide birth control and testing and treatment of sexually transmitted diseases to teens under age 18 without parental consent. He supports the right of pharmacists to refuse to fill prescriptions for contraceptives on religious or moral grounds. He supports adult stem cell research but opposes human embryonic stem cell research.", "He supports adult stem cell research but opposes human embryonic stem cell research. As an opponent of same-sex marriage, he opposed a law that allowed gay couples to register with counties to get certain benefits, such as hospital visitation rights. He later stated that his position on same-sex marriage was no longer relevant because Wisconsin's ban on same-sex marriage had been overturned by a federal court. Walker said he would sign an Arizona-style immigration bill, which would allow local police to stop suspected illegal immigrants, if he were elected.", "Walker said he would sign an Arizona-style immigration bill, which would allow local police to stop suspected illegal immigrants, if he were elected. On November 2, 2010, his 43rd birthday, Walker won the general election with 52% of total votes cast, while Democrat Tom Barrett received 46%. His running mate, now Lieutenant Governor, was Rebecca Kleefisch, a former Milwaukee television news reporter.", "His running mate, now Lieutenant Governor, was Rebecca Kleefisch, a former Milwaukee television news reporter. Walker's victory came amid a series of Wisconsin GOP victories, with conservative Republican Ron Johnson winning the contested U.S. Senate seat, and with the GOP gaining majorities in the state's U.S. House delegation, State Assembly, and State Senate. 2012 recall election After the contentious collective bargaining dispute, Walker's disapproval ratings varied between 50% and 51% while his approval ratings varied between 47% and 49% in 2011.", "2012 recall election After the contentious collective bargaining dispute, Walker's disapproval ratings varied between 50% and 51% while his approval ratings varied between 47% and 49% in 2011. The effort to recall Walker officially began on November 15, 2011. Walker reportedly raised more than $30 million during the recall effort, with a significant portion from out of state. Commentators claimed the amount of money raised was \"illustrating the national significance both political parties saw in the recall fight\".", "Commentators claimed the amount of money raised was \"illustrating the national significance both political parties saw in the recall fight\". In March 2012, the Wisconsin Government Accountability Board announced there were more than 900,000 valid signatures to force a recall vote, well above the required minimum of 540,208. In February 2012, Walker's campaign requested additional time for the petition signatures to be verified, claiming about 20% of the signatures were not valid.", "In February 2012, Walker's campaign requested additional time for the petition signatures to be verified, claiming about 20% of the signatures were not valid. Democrats argued that even if 20% of the signatures were disregarded they still had obtained 180,000 more signatures than required to initiate the recall. Wisconsin Democratic Party Communications Director Graeme Zielinski claimed Walker was \"delaying the inevitable\". On February 17, 2012, Dane County Judge Richard Niess, who had signed the recall petition, denied Walker's request for additional time.", "On February 17, 2012, Dane County Judge Richard Niess, who had signed the recall petition, denied Walker's request for additional time. On March 30, 2012, the Government Accountability Board unanimously ruled in favor of the recall election. The recall elections for both Walker and Kleefisch took place on June 5, 2012. During the Republican primary election for the recall, Walker received 626,538 votes.", "During the Republican primary election for the recall, Walker received 626,538 votes. In the Democratic primary, all of the Democratic candidates combined received 670,288, with the winner, Tom Barrett, receiving 390,109, a majority. On June 5, 2012, Walker won the recall election. This was only the third gubernatorial recall election in U.S. history.", "This was only the third gubernatorial recall election in U.S. history. Walker won the recall, his second face-off with Barrett, by a slightly larger margin (53% to 46%) than in the 2010 election (52% to 46%) and became the first U.S. governor to win a recall election. By the end of the recall election, Walker had a national network of conservative donors and groups supporting him. Nearly 300,000 people donated to his recall campaign, which garnered roughly $37 million.", "Nearly 300,000 people donated to his recall campaign, which garnered roughly $37 million. Two-thirds of the contributions came from outside Wisconsin. Walker, or the conservative causes he supports, are also supported by conservative donors and groups including Michael W. Grebe, Diane Hendricks, and the Bradley Foundation, founder of the Wisconsin Policy Research Institute and the MacIver Institute; and David H. Koch and Charles Koch, initial funders of Americans for Prosperity.", "Walker, or the conservative causes he supports, are also supported by conservative donors and groups including Michael W. Grebe, Diane Hendricks, and the Bradley Foundation, founder of the Wisconsin Policy Research Institute and the MacIver Institute; and David H. Koch and Charles Koch, initial funders of Americans for Prosperity. 2014 gubernatorial campaign In his third election in four years, Walker faced Democrat Mary Burke to determine the governor of Wisconsin.", "2014 gubernatorial campaign In his third election in four years, Walker faced Democrat Mary Burke to determine the governor of Wisconsin. Wisconsin labor unions, who helped organize the 2012 Wisconsin recall election, donated funds to boost Burke's campaign. Walker received help from a number of conservative donors. The polling through most of the race was close and no candidate was a definitive favorite. The gubernatorial election took place on November 4, 2014, and Walker won re-election by 6 percent of the vote.", "The gubernatorial election took place on November 4, 2014, and Walker won re-election by 6 percent of the vote. 2018 gubernatorial campaign Walker sought a third term in the 2018 elections. His opponent, Democratic Wisconsin Superintendent of Public Instruction Tony Evers, defeated him in the election. Tenure Walker took the oath of office to become the 45th Governor of Wisconsin on January 3, 2011.", "Tenure Walker took the oath of office to become the 45th Governor of Wisconsin on January 3, 2011. By January 25, 2011, the state legislature passed a series of Walker-backed bills, the largest of which would cut taxes for businesses at \"a two-year cost of $67 million\", according to the Associated Press. Walker became a figure of national recognition and controversy after he proposed the \"Wisconsin budget repair bill\" in 2011.", "Walker became a figure of national recognition and controversy after he proposed the \"Wisconsin budget repair bill\" in 2011. The bill, which would eventually be passed by the Wisconsin Legislature, significantly changed the collective bargaining process for most public employees in Wisconsin. Opponents of Walker's actions launched a push for a recall election and received enough support to force an election on June 5, 2012, the first time a Governor of Wisconsin had ever faced recall.", "Opponents of Walker's actions launched a push for a recall election and received enough support to force an election on June 5, 2012, the first time a Governor of Wisconsin had ever faced recall. During Walker's first term as governor, the state's $3.6 billion budget deficit was turned into a surplus and taxes were cut by $2 billion. More than 100,000 jobs were created in the state of Wisconsin.", "More than 100,000 jobs were created in the state of Wisconsin. 2011 Budget Repair Bill Walker proposed the Wisconsin Budget Repair Bill on February 11, 2011, estimated to save Wisconsin $30 million in the current fiscal year and $300 million over the next two years. The bill requires additional contributions by state and local government workers to their health care plans and pensions, amounting to roughly an 8% decrease in the average government worker's take home pay.", "The bill requires additional contributions by state and local government workers to their health care plans and pensions, amounting to roughly an 8% decrease in the average government worker's take home pay. The bill eliminated, for most state workers, other than certain public safety workers, many collective bargaining rights aside from seeking pay increases, and then not above the rate of inflation, unless approved by a voter referendum.", "The bill eliminated, for most state workers, other than certain public safety workers, many collective bargaining rights aside from seeking pay increases, and then not above the rate of inflation, unless approved by a voter referendum. Under the bill, unions have to win yearly votes to continue representing government workers and could no longer have dues automatically deducted from government workers' paychecks. Certain law enforcement personnel and firefighters are exempt from the bargaining changes.", "Certain law enforcement personnel and firefighters are exempt from the bargaining changes. On January 18, 2011, days after Walker's inauguration, Beloit businesswoman and Walker supporter Diane Hendricks asked him, \"Any chance we'll ever get to be a completely red state and work on these unions and become a right-to-work (state)? \", and he replied: Well, we're going to start in a couple weeks with our budget adjustment bill.", "\", and he replied: Well, we're going to start in a couple weeks with our budget adjustment bill. The first step is, we're going to deal with collective bargaining for all public employee unions, because you use divide and conquer. So for us the base we've got for that is the fact that we've gotbudgetarily we can't afford not to. If we have collective bargaining agreements in place, there's no way not only the state but local governments can balance things out.", "If we have collective bargaining agreements in place, there's no way not only the state but local governments can balance things out. So you think city of Beloit, city of Janesville, any of the school districts, that opens the door once we do that. That's your bigger problem right there. After videotape of the interaction was released in May 2012, Walker's opponents said Walker had revealed his intention to target private sector unions and pursue right-to-work legislation.", "After videotape of the interaction was released in May 2012, Walker's opponents said Walker had revealed his intention to target private sector unions and pursue right-to-work legislation. Walker said he was not pursuing right-to-work legislation and that in his 2011 comment to Hendricks he was referring to his responsibility as governor to defend taxpayers from unions that he believed were frustrating resolution of the state's budget deficit. In announcing the proposed legislation, Walker said the Wisconsin National Guard and other state agencies were prepared to prevent disruptions in state services.", "In announcing the proposed legislation, Walker said the Wisconsin National Guard and other state agencies were prepared to prevent disruptions in state services. He later explained that police and firefighters were excluded from the changes because he would not jeopardize public safety. Walker stated that the bill was necessary to avoid laying off thousands of state employees and that no one should be surprised by its provisions. Union leaders and Democratic legislators immediately criticized the bill, claiming Walker had never campaigned on doing away with collective bargaining rights.", "Union leaders and Democratic legislators immediately criticized the bill, claiming Walker had never campaigned on doing away with collective bargaining rights. In a media interview a week later, Walker said he was not trying to break the public sector unions, noting that Wisconsin government employees would retain the protections of civil service laws. He said that asking employees to pay half the national average for health care benefits was a modest request. Demonstrators began protesting the proposed bill on February 14, 2011.", "Demonstrators began protesting the proposed bill on February 14, 2011. During the sixth day of the protests, leaders of the two largest unions said publicly they were prepared to accept the financial concessions in the bill, but would not agree to the limitations of collective bargaining rights. On February 17, 2011, all 14 Democratic state senators traveled to Illinois to prevent the passage of the bill by depriving the Senate of the quorum necessary for a vote.", "On February 17, 2011, all 14 Democratic state senators traveled to Illinois to prevent the passage of the bill by depriving the Senate of the quorum necessary for a vote. The missing legislators said they would not return to Madison unless Walker agreed to remove the limitations on collective bargaining from the bill. Walker warned that if the budget repair bill was not passed by March 1, refinancing of a $165 million state debt would fail, and more cuts would be needed to balance the budget.", "Walker warned that if the budget repair bill was not passed by March 1, refinancing of a $165 million state debt would fail, and more cuts would be needed to balance the budget. By February 20, protestors had undertaken a physical occupation of the Capitol building. Protestors also covered the walls of the Capitol with thousands of homemade signs. On February 20, a union organizer participating in the protests said that the protests would continue \"as long as it takes.\"", "On February 20, a union organizer participating in the protests said that the protests would continue \"as long as it takes.\" Other union leaders called for teachers to return to work. On February 26, between 70,000 and 100,000 protested the bill in Madison. They were joined by thousands at state capitals around the nation.", "They were joined by thousands at state capitals around the nation. Appearing on Meet the Press on February 27, Walker stated that he did not believe the unions were negotiating in good faith in offering pension and health-care concessions because local unions had recently pushed through contracts with school boards and city councils that did not include contributions to the pensions and health care and that, in one case, a contract even included a pay increase.", "Appearing on Meet the Press on February 27, Walker stated that he did not believe the unions were negotiating in good faith in offering pension and health-care concessions because local unions had recently pushed through contracts with school boards and city councils that did not include contributions to the pensions and health care and that, in one case, a contract even included a pay increase. On February 28, the largest public union filed an unfair labor practices complaint with the state labor relations board, claiming that Walker had a duty to negotiate, but had refused.", "On February 28, the largest public union filed an unfair labor practices complaint with the state labor relations board, claiming that Walker had a duty to negotiate, but had refused. On March 8, private emails dating back to February 28 were released. These emails showed that Governor Walker had tried to negotiate with Democratic legislators, even proposing to allow some collective bargaining rights.", "These emails showed that Governor Walker had tried to negotiate with Democratic legislators, even proposing to allow some collective bargaining rights. After failing to reach a compromise with Democratic legislators, the Republican-led Senate removed certain fiscal provisions from the bill, allowing it to be passed without the usual quorum requirement. On March 9, 2011, the Wisconsin Senate voted 18–1 to pass the legislation; Senate Democrats remained out of state and did not participate in the vote. The Wisconsin Assembly passed the bill one day later by a vote of 53–42.", "The Wisconsin Assembly passed the bill one day later by a vote of 53–42. After the Assembly passed the bill, Walker released a statement in which he \"applaud[ed] all members of the Assembly for showing up, debating the legislation and participating in democracy\". Walker signed the Wisconsin Budget Repair Bill into law on March 11, 2011. On March 12, the fourteen Democratic senators who had left the state returned. The Budget Repair Law was challenged in court.", "The Budget Repair Law was challenged in court. The Budget Repair Law was challenged in court. On March 18, Judge Maryann Sumi issued a court order to prohibit publication of the bill by the Secretary of State while legal challenges to it were being considered. On March 26, the Legislative Reference Bureau (LRB) published the bill. Sumi subsequently clarified that, pursuant to her order, the bill could not be considered to be published until the court challenge was resolved.", "Sumi subsequently clarified that, pursuant to her order, the bill could not be considered to be published until the court challenge was resolved. On May 26, Judge Sumi struck down the law, finding that its passage violated state open meetings laws. The Wisconsin Supreme Court reversed Sumi's ruling and upheld the law on June 14, 2011. Walker claimed that the Budget Repair Law would \"save jobs, protect taxpayers, reform government and help balance the budget.\"", "Walker claimed that the Budget Repair Law would \"save jobs, protect taxpayers, reform government and help balance the budget.\" He added, \"You see, despite a lot of the rhetoric we've heard over the past 11 days the bill I put forward isn't aimed at state workers, and it certainly isn't a battle with unions. If it was, we would have eliminated collective bargaining entirely or we would have gone after the private-sector unions.\"", "If it was, we would have eliminated collective bargaining entirely or we would have gone after the private-sector unions.\" As part of the cost savings resulting from the changes to collective bargaining, Walker pointed to significant reductions in the premiums for health insurance for many school districts. Prior to the deficit reduction bill, WEA Trust, which is affiliated with Wisconsin's largest teachers union, dominated the market for health insurance for the state's school districts.", "Prior to the deficit reduction bill, WEA Trust, which is affiliated with Wisconsin's largest teachers union, dominated the market for health insurance for the state's school districts. The changes to collective bargaining made it easier for school districts to change health insurance providers and negotiate better premiums. Walker claimed that Wisconsin school districts have saved an estimated $30 million as a result of the change.", "Walker claimed that Wisconsin school districts have saved an estimated $30 million as a result of the change. John Doe campaign finance investigation In August 2012, the first investigation, which had been launched by John Chisholm, Milwaukee County District Attorney, a Democrat, into missing funds, was rolled into a second John Doe probe based on a theory that Governor Walker's campaign had illegally coordinated with conservative groups engaged in issue advocacy during the recall elections.", "John Doe campaign finance investigation In August 2012, the first investigation, which had been launched by John Chisholm, Milwaukee County District Attorney, a Democrat, into missing funds, was rolled into a second John Doe probe based on a theory that Governor Walker's campaign had illegally coordinated with conservative groups engaged in issue advocacy during the recall elections. The initial John Doe judge, retired Kenosha County Circuit Judge Barbara A. Kluka, overseeing the John Doe investigation issued 30 subpoenas and 5 search warrants.", "The initial John Doe judge, retired Kenosha County Circuit Judge Barbara A. Kluka, overseeing the John Doe investigation issued 30 subpoenas and 5 search warrants. She also issued a secrecy order which meant those being investigated were legally bound from discussing any facet of the investigation publicly. On October 29, 2013, she recused herself from the investigation without explanation. Kluka's replacement, Judge Gregory Peterson, quashed several subpoenas in January 2014, saying \"there was no probable cause shown that they violated campaign finance laws\".", "Kluka's replacement, Judge Gregory Peterson, quashed several subpoenas in January 2014, saying \"there was no probable cause shown that they violated campaign finance laws\". On July 16, 2015, the Wisconsin Supreme Court ruled 4–2 that Walker did not illegally collaborate with conservative groups during the recall campaigns.", "On July 16, 2015, the Wisconsin Supreme Court ruled 4–2 that Walker did not illegally collaborate with conservative groups during the recall campaigns. Writing for the majority in the case, Justice Michael Gableman stated: \"To be clear, this conclusion ends the John Doe investigation because the special prosecutor's legal theory is unsupported in either reason or law,\" he said, \"Consequently, the investigation is closed.\" In March 2017, a federal judge dismissed a lawsuit filed against the investigators of the case.", "In March 2017, a federal judge dismissed a lawsuit filed against the investigators of the case. 2011–2013 budget proposal Wisconsin faced an anticipated deficit of approximately $3.6 billion in the 2012–2013 budget cycle which must be balanced according to state law. Walker's proposed budget cut $834 million in state aid for K–12 education, which would be a 7.9% reduction from the prior budget.", "Walker's proposed budget cut $834 million in state aid for K–12 education, which would be a 7.9% reduction from the prior budget. He proposed a 5.5% decrease in the maximum amount of funding school districts can receive from state aid and property taxes, which would limit how much property taxes could be increased to compensate for the reduction in state aid. The budget lowered state capital gains taxes for investments in Wisconsin businesses.", "The budget lowered state capital gains taxes for investments in Wisconsin businesses. It increased spending on health care by $1.3 billion to cover increased costs for Medicaid, and increased transportation funding by $410.5 million. 2013–2015 budget proposal Walker's proposed budget for fiscal 2013–2015 froze spending on public schools and tightened the income requirements for Medicaid recipients. It proposed an increase in funding for fighting domestic violence, mental health care, higher education, and job training.", "It proposed an increase in funding for fighting domestic violence, mental health care, higher education, and job training. It also included a $343 million cut in income taxes and an expansion of the state's school voucher program. 2015–2017 budget proposal Walker's proposed budget for fiscal 2015–2017 included a $300 million cut to the University of Wisconsin System, while holding funding flat for K–12 public schools and continuing to expand the school voucher program.", "2015–2017 budget proposal Walker's proposed budget for fiscal 2015–2017 included a $300 million cut to the University of Wisconsin System, while holding funding flat for K–12 public schools and continuing to expand the school voucher program. It included a plan to borrow $1.3 billion to fund improvements to roads and infrastructure, and proposed drug testing for recipients of public benefits like Medicaid and food stamps.", "It included a plan to borrow $1.3 billion to fund improvements to roads and infrastructure, and proposed drug testing for recipients of public benefits like Medicaid and food stamps. Domestic partner registry defense On May 13, 2011, the Walker administration petitioned the Dane County Circuit Court for permission to withdraw the state as a defendant from Appling v. Doyle, which was a challenge to the state's domestic partner registry. Regulatory reform bill On May 23, 2011, Walker signed legislation changing the process of creating administrative rules for the state.", "Regulatory reform bill On May 23, 2011, Walker signed legislation changing the process of creating administrative rules for the state. This measure, which became 2011 Wisconsin Act 21 (and became effective June 8, 2011), changes State agency authority to promulgate rules, provides for gubernatorial approval of proposed rules, revised the requirement of an economic impact analysis for proposed rules and changes venue in the process of judicial review of agency rules.", "This measure, which became 2011 Wisconsin Act 21 (and became effective June 8, 2011), changes State agency authority to promulgate rules, provides for gubernatorial approval of proposed rules, revised the requirement of an economic impact analysis for proposed rules and changes venue in the process of judicial review of agency rules. Voter ID law On May 25, 2011, Walker signed a voter ID law that required voters to show a government-issued ID before casting a ballot.", "Voter ID law On May 25, 2011, Walker signed a voter ID law that required voters to show a government-issued ID before casting a ballot. The ACLU filed a lawsuit in federal court to invalidate the law on December 13, 2011, claiming the law violates the constitutional guarantee of equal protection under the law. On April 29, 2014, U.S. District Judge Lynn Adelman struck down the law, saying it violated the Voting Rights Act and U.S. Constitution.", "On April 29, 2014, U.S. District Judge Lynn Adelman struck down the law, saying it violated the Voting Rights Act and U.S. Constitution. The Wisconsin Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of the voter ID law under the Constitution of Wisconsin in two other cases in July 2014. On September 12, the 7th Circuit Court of Appeals allowed the law to be put into effect just 54 days before the 2014 elections, overturning a previous ruling in federal court.", "On September 12, the 7th Circuit Court of Appeals allowed the law to be put into effect just 54 days before the 2014 elections, overturning a previous ruling in federal court. On October 9, 2014, the state was again barred from implementing the voter ID law for 2014 by the U.S. Supreme Court. On March 23, 2015, the Supreme Court denied writ of certiorari, thus ruling in favor of the state of Wisconsin's new stricter voter ID law.", "On March 23, 2015, the Supreme Court denied writ of certiorari, thus ruling in favor of the state of Wisconsin's new stricter voter ID law. Rejection of health care funds In January 2012, Walker returned a $37.6 million federal grant meant to set up a health exchange in Wisconsin for the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act. Walker said \"Stopping the encroachment of Obamacare in our state, which has the potential to have a devastating impact on Wisconsin's economy, is a top priority.\"", "Walker said \"Stopping the encroachment of Obamacare in our state, which has the potential to have a devastating impact on Wisconsin's economy, is a top priority.\" Walker rejected an $11 million federal grant designed to improve Medicaid enrollment systems. It can take up to 3 months to determine whether an applicant qualifies for the program. If the applicant does not qualify, the state must pay the medical costs for the first three months.", "If the applicant does not qualify, the state must pay the medical costs for the first three months. The Walker administration previously said it wants to end the practice of presuming some applicants are eligible and go to a real-time system for determining eligibility. Walker rejected an expansion of Medicaid coverage for the state, but instead reduced the eligibility requirements for the state's BadgerCare program.", "Walker rejected an expansion of Medicaid coverage for the state, but instead reduced the eligibility requirements for the state's BadgerCare program. Education On April 2, 2012, Walker signed a law to fund evaluation of the reading skills of kindergartners as part of an initiative to ensure that students are reading at or above grade level by 3rd grade. The law also created a system for evaluating teachers and principals based in part on the performance of their students.", "The law also created a system for evaluating teachers and principals based in part on the performance of their students. It specified that student performance metrics must be based on objective measures, including their performance on standardized tests. Walker approved a two-year freeze of tuition at the University of Wisconsin System in the 2013 budget. In 2014, he proposed a two-year extension of the freeze based on expected cash balances for the system in excess of $1 billion.", "In 2014, he proposed a two-year extension of the freeze based on expected cash balances for the system in excess of $1 billion. On February 3, 2015, Walker delivered a budget proposal to the Wisconsin Legislature, in which he recommended placing the University of Wisconsin system under the direction of a \"private authority\", governed by the Board of Regents (all the governor's appointees). The budget proposal called for a 13% reduction in state funding for the university system.", "The budget proposal called for a 13% reduction in state funding for the university system. The budget proposal also called for re-writing the Wisconsin Idea, replacing the university's fundamental commitment to the \"search for truth\" with the goal of workforce readiness. Walker faced broad criticism for the changes and at first blamed the rewriting of the Wisconsin Idea on a \"drafting error.\"", "Walker faced broad criticism for the changes and at first blamed the rewriting of the Wisconsin Idea on a \"drafting error.\" Politifact and the Milwaukee Journal Sentinel later reported that Walker's administration had insisted to University of Wisconsin officials on scrapping the Wisconsin Idea, the guiding principle for the state's universities for more than a century. Walker then acknowledged that UW System officials had raised objections about the proposal and had been told the changes were not open to debate.", "Walker then acknowledged that UW System officials had raised objections about the proposal and had been told the changes were not open to debate. Indian gaming Section 20(b)(1)(A) of the Indian Gaming Regulatory Act (IGRA) gives governors unrestricted authority to approve or veto any off-reservation tribal casino located in their state. Walker has said he would only approve new off-reservation casino projects if they are supported by every tribe in the state. This has been referred to as the \"Walker Rule\".", "This has been referred to as the \"Walker Rule\". In January 2015, Walker rejected a proposed casino in Kenosha, Wisconsin. Mental health Walker signed a 2013–2015 state budget and subsequent law that established the Wisconsin Office of Children's Mental Health. In 2016, Walker signed legislation creating a pair of pilot programs to test alternative-care delivery and payment models for Medicaid recipients who have significant or chronic mental illness. In 2017, Walker expanded Wisconsin's mental health provider rates by $17 million.", "In 2017, Walker expanded Wisconsin's mental health provider rates by $17 million. Walker also signed legislation increasing funding for peer-run respite centers. Abortion Walker signed the 2011 state budget that de-funded Planned Parenthood. In 2013, Walker signed a bill that requires women seeking abortions to undergo an ultrasound and doctors to show the patients the image of the fetus. In 2013, Walker signed a bill requiring abortion providers in Wisconsin to have admitting privileges at a hospital within 30 miles.", "In 2013, Walker signed a bill requiring abortion providers in Wisconsin to have admitting privileges at a hospital within 30 miles. The law was found unconstitutional by the Seventh Circuit Court of Appeals in 2015. The court found the medical justifications for such restrictions \"nonexistent\" and said they \"cannot be taken seriously as a measure to improve women's health.\"", "The court found the medical justifications for such restrictions \"nonexistent\" and said they \"cannot be taken seriously as a measure to improve women's health.\" In June 2016, the Supreme Court of the United States ruled on Whole Woman's Health v. Hellerstedt, and struck down admitting privileges and other similar restrictions, finding that they were an unconstitutional \"undue burden\" on women.", "In June 2016, the Supreme Court of the United States ruled on Whole Woman's Health v. Hellerstedt, and struck down admitting privileges and other similar restrictions, finding that they were an unconstitutional \"undue burden\" on women. The day after delivering this decision, the Court refused to hear the Walker administration's appeal of the Seventh Circuit decision, leaving its finding of unconstitutionality in place. Walker blamed an \"activist court\" for finding his law unconstitutional.", "Walker blamed an \"activist court\" for finding his law unconstitutional. On July 20, 2015, Walker signed a bill into law that banned all abortions after the 20th week of pregnancy, \"except when the life of the mother is in immediate danger.\" Right to work legislation In 2012, regarding right-to-work legislation, Walker told reporters at the state Republican Party convention that \"It's not going to get to my desk ...", "Right to work legislation In 2012, regarding right-to-work legislation, Walker told reporters at the state Republican Party convention that \"It's not going to get to my desk ... I'm going to do everything in my power to make sure it isn't there because my focal point (is) private sector unions have overwhelmingly come to the table to be my partner in economic development.\" While campaigning for re-election in 2014, Walker again said he had no plans to pursue right-to-work legislation focused on private unions.", "While campaigning for re-election in 2014, Walker again said he had no plans to pursue right-to-work legislation focused on private unions. Once the legislation was initiated in the state legislature, Walker stated: \"I haven't changed my position on it, it just wasn't a priority for me. But should they pass it within the next two weeks, which is their target, I plan on signing it.\" On March 9, 2015, Walker signed legislation making Wisconsin a right-to-work state.", "On March 9, 2015, Walker signed legislation making Wisconsin a right-to-work state. The law applied to private employee unions as well as public. Once signed, Walker claimed partial credit for the right-to-work law. Politifact.com rated Walker's position on right-to-work as a \"major reversal of position.\" Three trade unions, including the AFL-CIO, subsequently sued to get the law overturned as unconstitutional. In March 2015, the court declined the unions' request to put the law on hold until the lawsuit is settled.", "In March 2015, the court declined the unions' request to put the law on hold until the lawsuit is settled. Following a protracted legal battle, in 2017 the U.S. appeals court in Chicago upheld Wisconsin's right-to-work law ending the substantive legal challenges to the law. WEDC In 2011, the WEDC was created by Walker as a quasi-public entity to replace the state's Department of Commerce with the objective of incenting job creation in Wisconsin.", "WEDC In 2011, the WEDC was created by Walker as a quasi-public entity to replace the state's Department of Commerce with the objective of incenting job creation in Wisconsin. A 2013 report from the state's Legislative Audit Committee indicated that the organization gave some \"grants, loans, and tax credits to ineligible recipients, for ineligible projects, and for amounts that exceeded specified limits.\" It also reported that WEDC \"did not consistently perform statutorily required program oversight duties such as monitoring the contractually specified performance of award recipients\".", "It also reported that WEDC \"did not consistently perform statutorily required program oversight duties such as monitoring the contractually specified performance of award recipients\". According to Wisconsin Public Radio, \"The agency has been plagued by mismanagement and questions about handing out loans without properly vetting recipients.\" In June 2015, it was reported that under Walker, WEDC gave out $124 million between the years 2011 and 2013 without formal review.", "In June 2015, it was reported that under Walker, WEDC gave out $124 million between the years 2011 and 2013 without formal review. Based on the 27 awards during that period, 2,100 jobs had been created to date out of a total expected of 6,100.", "Based on the 27 awards during that period, 2,100 jobs had been created to date out of a total expected of 6,100. $62.5 million was awarded to Kohl's to create 3,000 jobs as part of a headquarters expansion but only 473 had been created, $18 million was awarded to Kestrel Aircraft which was supposed to create 665 jobs but only created 24, and $15 million went to Plexus Corp. to create 350 jobs, but created zero.", "$62.5 million was awarded to Kohl's to create 3,000 jobs as part of a headquarters expansion but only 473 had been created, $18 million was awarded to Kestrel Aircraft which was supposed to create 665 jobs but only created 24, and $15 million went to Plexus Corp. to create 350 jobs, but created zero. In July 2013, WEDC adopted a new policy requiring written reviews on all program awards. According to WEDC, it had approved more than 760 reviewed awards under the new policy by June 2015.", "According to WEDC, it had approved more than 760 reviewed awards under the new policy by June 2015. Walker introduced a state budget in February 2015 which removed all of the elected officials from the board. This included removing himself from chairmanship of WEDC. This was revised by the Legislature's budget committee who altered it to only remove Walker. Walker signed the budget in July 2015. Foxconn agreement Walker approved an agreement with the Taiwanese manufacturer Foxconn to set up a plant in Mount Pleasant, Wisconsin.", "Foxconn agreement Walker approved an agreement with the Taiwanese manufacturer Foxconn to set up a plant in Mount Pleasant, Wisconsin. As part of the agreement, Foxconn was set to receive subsidies ranging from $3 billion to $4.8 billion (paid in increments if Foxconn met certain targets), which would be by far the largest subsidy ever given to a foreign firm in U.S. history. Foxconn said in return that it would set up a $10 billion factory that initially employed 3,000 (set to increase to 13,000).", "Foxconn said in return that it would set up a $10 billion factory that initially employed 3,000 (set to increase to 13,000). Numerous economists expressed skepticism that the benefits would exceed the costs of the deal. The nonpartisan Wisconsin's Legislative Fiscal Bureau estimated that the Foxconn plant would not break even on the investment until 2043, and that was in the best-case scenario. Others noted that Foxconn had previously made similar unfulfilled claims about job creation in various localities.", "Others noted that Foxconn had previously made similar unfulfilled claims about job creation in various localities. Foxconn sought to locate a plant in the Great Lakes region, because it needs access to large amounts of water. The other Great Lakes states were not willing to offer as generous subsidies as Wisconsin. Initially, the subsidies were set at $3 billion, which would have cost the state $231,000 per job created (under the assumption of 13,000 jobs).", "Initially, the subsidies were set at $3 billion, which would have cost the state $231,000 per job created (under the assumption of 13,000 jobs). The cost of the subsidies were higher than yearly state funding for the University of Wisconsin system and the state prisons. Other estimates of the subsidies go as high as $4.8 billion, which meant that the cost of the subsidy per job (assuming 13,000 jobs) was more than $346,000.", "Other estimates of the subsidies go as high as $4.8 billion, which meant that the cost of the subsidy per job (assuming 13,000 jobs) was more than $346,000. Depending on how many jobs are created, the cost per job may go as high as more than a million dollars. Walker exempted the firm from Wisconsin's environmental rules regarding wetlands and streams. Walker and the Trump administration rolled back air pollution limits in the area of the plant, overruling objections of Environmental Protection Agency staff.", "Walker and the Trump administration rolled back air pollution limits in the area of the plant, overruling objections of Environmental Protection Agency staff. The plant was estimated to contribute significantly to air pollution in the region. Environmentalists criticized the decision to allow Foxconn to draw 7 million gallons of water per day from Lake Michigan. The roughly four square miles of land necessary for the Foxconn campus was in part made possible by forcing homeowners to sell at a fixed price under the threat of seizing the land under eminent domain.", "The roughly four square miles of land necessary for the Foxconn campus was in part made possible by forcing homeowners to sell at a fixed price under the threat of seizing the land under eminent domain. In 2018, the Walker administration shifted up to $90 million in local road funding to road work related to the Foxconn factory. The Wisconsin state legislature granted Foxconn special legal privileges within the Wisconsin judicial system.", "The Wisconsin state legislature granted Foxconn special legal privileges within the Wisconsin judicial system. Curbing the powers of an incoming Democratic administration Shortly after losing his re-election bid in 2018, Walker expressed support for a proposal by Wisconsin Republicans to curb the powers of the incoming Democratic administration during the lame-duck session. In December 2018, Walker signed legislation to strip powers from the incoming Democratic administration. The incoming administration suggested it would challenge the legislation in court.", "The incoming administration suggested it would challenge the legislation in court. In 2010, Walker had expressed opposition to attempts to pass legislation during the lame-duck session before he took office as Governor. An official lawsuit against the legislation was filed by Democratic organizations on January 10, 2019, in Dane County court. Assessments of tenure In 2019, the Milwaukee Journal Sentinel described Walker as a polarizing governor, writing that while \"his personality wasn't divisive... his leadership was polarizing in several ways.", "Assessments of tenure In 2019, the Milwaukee Journal Sentinel described Walker as a polarizing governor, writing that while \"his personality wasn't divisive... his leadership was polarizing in several ways. One was simply his successful pursuit of aggressively conservative policies, which excited his supporters and angered his opponents. A second was the 'shock and awe' factor. His defining early accomplishmentall but ending collective bargaining for public-sector unionswas not a policy he campaigned on in 2010.", "His defining early accomplishmentall but ending collective bargaining for public-sector unionswas not a policy he campaigned on in 2010. It was a post-election bombshell... A third factor was a systematic project by the governor and GOP lawmakers to make it more difficult for Democrats to win elections or exercise power by tilting the political playing field.\"", "It was a post-election bombshell... A third factor was a systematic project by the governor and GOP lawmakers to make it more difficult for Democrats to win elections or exercise power by tilting the political playing field.\" 2016 presidential campaign In late January 2015, Walker set up a 527 organization called \"Our American Revival\" to \"help spread his message and underwrite his activities\" which The Washington Post described as helpful for building the political and fundraising networks for a run for the presidency.", "2016 presidential campaign In late January 2015, Walker set up a 527 organization called \"Our American Revival\" to \"help spread his message and underwrite his activities\" which The Washington Post described as helpful for building the political and fundraising networks for a run for the presidency. In February 2015, Trip Gabriel of The New York Times described him as having \"quickly vaulted into the top tier of likely candidates in the Republican presidential race\".", "In February 2015, Trip Gabriel of The New York Times described him as having \"quickly vaulted into the top tier of likely candidates in the Republican presidential race\". On April 20, at a fundraising event for the New York State Republican Party, David Koch told donors that he and his brother, who oversee one of the biggest private political organizations in the country, believed that Walker would be the Republican nominee.", "On April 20, at a fundraising event for the New York State Republican Party, David Koch told donors that he and his brother, who oversee one of the biggest private political organizations in the country, believed that Walker would be the Republican nominee. Following a controversial statement by Rudy Giuliani, Walker declined to answer the question of whether he believes President Obama loves America or was a true Christian, stating that he did not know President Obama's patriotism was in doubt.", "Following a controversial statement by Rudy Giuliani, Walker declined to answer the question of whether he believes President Obama loves America or was a true Christian, stating that he did not know President Obama's patriotism was in doubt. In June 2015, Walker took a further step towards a presidential campaign when he established a \"testing-the-waters\" federal campaign committee. This allowed him to raise federal campaign dollars as he explored a possible presidential run.", "This allowed him to raise federal campaign dollars as he explored a possible presidential run. In July 2015, after Walker aides said that he would soon announce his candidacy, Walker announced his candidacy via social media on the morning of July 13, 2015, with Walker speaking at a formal event in Waukesha, Wisconsin that afternoon.", "In July 2015, after Walker aides said that he would soon announce his candidacy, Walker announced his candidacy via social media on the morning of July 13, 2015, with Walker speaking at a formal event in Waukesha, Wisconsin that afternoon. As of August 18, 2015, Crowdpac ranked Walker as the fourth-most conservative candidate (following Rand Paul, Ted Cruz and Ben Carson) for the 2016 presidential election based on an analysis of campaign donors.", "As of August 18, 2015, Crowdpac ranked Walker as the fourth-most conservative candidate (following Rand Paul, Ted Cruz and Ben Carson) for the 2016 presidential election based on an analysis of campaign donors. Based on an analysis including Crowdpac's rating, public statements by candidates on issues, and congressional voting (not applicable to Walker), FiveThirtyEight had ranked Walker the third-most conservative among candidates as of May 27, 2015.", "Based on an analysis including Crowdpac's rating, public statements by candidates on issues, and congressional voting (not applicable to Walker), FiveThirtyEight had ranked Walker the third-most conservative among candidates as of May 27, 2015. Walker, who started his campaign as a top-tier candidate after what was considered a \"break-out\" event at the Iowa Freedom Caucus in January, saw his position gradually decline over the summer in 2015. Initially a front-runner in the race, Walker saw a precipitous decline in both polling numbers and campaign funds.", "Initially a front-runner in the race, Walker saw a precipitous decline in both polling numbers and campaign funds. On August 6, Walker participated in the first Republican primary debate in Cleveland, Ohio. His performance was seen as decent, without much fanfare nor attention given to it due to his short answers to questions which limited his airtime.", "His performance was seen as decent, without much fanfare nor attention given to it due to his short answers to questions which limited his airtime. Shortly after the debate, Walker admitted to wanting more airtime, but also mentioned that there were multiple debates ahead and that he was successful in changing the argument to which candidate could defeat Hillary Clinton in the general election.", "Shortly after the debate, Walker admitted to wanting more airtime, but also mentioned that there were multiple debates ahead and that he was successful in changing the argument to which candidate could defeat Hillary Clinton in the general election. A national poll by CNN/ORC released on September 20, in the wake of the second Republican debate held at the Ronald Reagan Presidential Library, revealed that Walker's popularity among likely Republican voters had dropped to less than half of 1 percent.", "A national poll by CNN/ORC released on September 20, in the wake of the second Republican debate held at the Ronald Reagan Presidential Library, revealed that Walker's popularity among likely Republican voters had dropped to less than half of 1 percent. On September 21, 2015, Walker suspended his campaign and asked other candidates to do the same, so that the party could rally around a conservative alternative to Donald Trump.", "On September 21, 2015, Walker suspended his campaign and asked other candidates to do the same, so that the party could rally around a conservative alternative to Donald Trump. Once considered a front-runner for the Republican nomination, Walker's campaign suffered from two lackluster debate performances, low fundraising and an inability to raise his profile among the 16 other GOP contenders. On March 29, 2016, Walker endorsed the candidacy of Ted Cruz.", "On March 29, 2016, Walker endorsed the candidacy of Ted Cruz. After Donald Trump became the presumptive nominee for the Republican Party in May 2016, Walker stated that he would support Trump as the Republican nominee, saying that Trump would make a better president than Hillary Clinton. Walker withdrew his support for Trump on June 8, 2016 after Trump called the judge Gonzalo P. Curiel biased against Trump because of Curiel's Mexican heritage.", "Walker withdrew his support for Trump on June 8, 2016 after Trump called the judge Gonzalo P. Curiel biased against Trump because of Curiel's Mexican heritage. While still maintaining that Trump would be better choice than Clinton, Walker noted that Trump was not yet the party's nominee and wanted Trump to renounce his comments on the judge before the 2016 Republican National Convention. Walker also prepared then-Indiana governor and Republican vice-presidential nominee Mike Pence for his debate against Virginia senator and Democratic vice-presidential nominee Tim Kaine on October 4, 2016.", "Walker also prepared then-Indiana governor and Republican vice-presidential nominee Mike Pence for his debate against Virginia senator and Democratic vice-presidential nominee Tim Kaine on October 4, 2016. After elected office In July 2019, Walker told the Milwaukee Journal Sentinel that he would become the president of Young America's Foundation, a conservative student organization, in 2021. He also told the paper that the position would preclude his running for office in the next years which would rule out a run for the Senate in 2022.", "He also told the paper that the position would preclude his running for office in the next years which would rule out a run for the Senate in 2022. On July 17, 2019, President Trump appointed Walker to be a Member (Private Life) of the Board of Trustees of the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars in the Smithsonian Institution. Political positions Abortion Throughout his life and career, Walker has opposed abortion.", "Political positions Abortion Throughout his life and career, Walker has opposed abortion. In 2010, Walker told the editorial board of the Milwaukee Journal Sentinel he opposed abortion, without exception for rape or incest. Regarding his stance on abortion, he has stated: \"I don't apologize for that, but I don't focus on that; I don't obsess with it.\"", "Regarding his stance on abortion, he has stated: \"I don't apologize for that, but I don't focus on that; I don't obsess with it.\" In a TV ad during his 2014 campaign for re-election Walker identified as anti-abortion, and pointed to legislation he signed that leaves \"the final decision to a woman and her doctor\". In August 2015, he criticized the notion that abortion is necessary to save the life of the mother in certain cases, calling it a \"false choice.\"", "In August 2015, he criticized the notion that abortion is necessary to save the life of the mother in certain cases, calling it a \"false choice.\" In an interview with the Milwaukee Journal Sentinel a few weeks before the November 2014 election, Walker declined to answer directly when asked if abortion should be prohibited after 20 weeks. In July 2015, Walker signed a state law banning abortion after 20 weeks, including in cases of rape or incest but excluding when immediate danger existed to the life of the mother.", "In July 2015, Walker signed a state law banning abortion after 20 weeks, including in cases of rape or incest but excluding when immediate danger existed to the life of the mother. Criminal justice During his tenure in the state legislature, Walker campaigned on a \"tough-on-crime\" platform and sought to increase the length of criminal penalties by increasing mandatory minimums and by cutting parole possibilities. In 1996, he said, \"The time has come to keep violent criminals in prison for their full terms.\"", "In 1996, he said, \"The time has come to keep violent criminals in prison for their full terms.\" He advocated for privatization of prisons. Economy and budget As Governor of Wisconsin, Walker has received grades of B in 2012 and B in 2014 from the Cato Institute, a libertarian think tank, in their biennial Fiscal Policy Report Card on America's Governors. Wisconsin calls itself \"America's Dairyland,\" with more dairy farms than any other state.", "Wisconsin calls itself \"America's Dairyland,\" with more dairy farms than any other state. In 2012, Walker instituted a program to encourage dairy farmers to dramatically increase production, which resulted in a supply glut and years of depressed prices. This had a crippling effect on the industry, leaving it vulnerable when in 2018 Canada, China and Mexico imposed tariffs on American farm exports in retaliation for tariffs imposed on them by President Donald Trump.", "This had a crippling effect on the industry, leaving it vulnerable when in 2018 Canada, China and Mexico imposed tariffs on American farm exports in retaliation for tariffs imposed on them by President Donald Trump. The New York Times reported that by April 2019 Wisconsin dairy farmers were facing \"extinction.\" Education Walker moved to weaken tenure for professors at the University of Wisconsin and to cut its funding, while offering authority to reduce spending. He recommended deleting parts of the system's mission that contribute to the Wisconsin Idea.", "He recommended deleting parts of the system's mission that contribute to the Wisconsin Idea. Parts of the mission proposed for deletion, such as the \"search for truth,\" were to be replaced with a directive \"to meet the state's workforce needs.\" Walker later called the change a \"drafting error,\" but public records requests and litigation showed that Walker himself and his office were \"the driving force\" behind the changes.", "Walker later called the change a \"drafting error,\" but public records requests and litigation showed that Walker himself and his office were \"the driving force\" behind the changes. He supports the public funding of private schools and religious schools in the form of vouchers for students. He supports the increased availability of charter schools.", "He supports the increased availability of charter schools. He supports the increased availability of charter schools. Environment Walker signed a \"No Climate Tax\" pledge promising not to support any legislation that would raise taxes to combat climate change and has been a keynote speaker at the Heartland Institute, which promotes climate change denial. He proposed funding cuts for clean energy and other environmental programs. He has proposed giving many powers of the Environmental Protection Agency to the states. He opposed the Obama administration's efforts to reduce carbon emissions.", "He opposed the Obama administration's efforts to reduce carbon emissions. Foreign policy In 2015, Walker indicated that he favored providing arms to Ukraine to fight Russian-backed separatists in that country. In 2015, Walker stated in an interview with Charlie Sykes that if elected president, he would \"absolutely\" decide on his first day in office to \"cancel any Iranian deal the Obama administration makes,\" even if European allies which were also party to an agreement opted not to reimpose sanctions.", "In 2015, Walker stated in an interview with Charlie Sykes that if elected president, he would \"absolutely\" decide on his first day in office to \"cancel any Iranian deal the Obama administration makes,\" even if European allies which were also party to an agreement opted not to reimpose sanctions. In 2015, while campaigning for the Republican presidential nomination, Walker faulted Obama for lack of strategy in dealing with the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant group, and did not rule out sending U.S. troops to Syria to engage in ground combat with ISIL there.", "In 2015, while campaigning for the Republican presidential nomination, Walker faulted Obama for lack of strategy in dealing with the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant group, and did not rule out sending U.S. troops to Syria to engage in ground combat with ISIL there. In February 2015, when asked about the war in Syria, Walker said that the U.S. should \"go beyond just aggressive air strikes. We have to look at other surgical methods.", "We have to look at other surgical methods. We have to look at other surgical methods. And ultimately, we have to be prepared to put boots on the ground if that's what it takes.\"", "And ultimately, we have to be prepared to put boots on the ground if that's what it takes.\" In a 2015 interview, Walker said that \"the most significant foreign policy decision\" of his lifetime was President Ronald Reagan's firing 11,000 striking air traffic controllers in 1981, saying: \"It sent a message not only across America, it sent a message around the world ... [that] we weren't to be messed with.\"", "In a 2015 interview, Walker said that \"the most significant foreign policy decision\" of his lifetime was President Ronald Reagan's firing 11,000 striking air traffic controllers in 1981, saying: \"It sent a message not only across America, it sent a message around the world ... [that] we weren't to be messed with.\" In 2015, Walker opposed rapprochement in relations between the U.S. and Cuba. Guns Walker has supported gun rights.", "Guns Walker has supported gun rights. Guns Walker has supported gun rights. In July 2011, he signed a bill into law making Wisconsin the 49th concealed carry state in the United States, and on December 7 of that same year he signed the castle doctrine into law. In January and April 2015 speeches in Iowa, Walker included passing those laws among his accomplishments. The National Rifle Association gave Walker a 100% ranking in 2014.", "The National Rifle Association gave Walker a 100% ranking in 2014. On June 24, 2015, Walker signed two bills into law, one which removed the state's 48-hour waiting period for buying a gun and another which gave retired or off-duty police officers the legal right to carry concealed guns in public schools. Health care Walker opposes the Affordable Care Act (ACA or \"Obamacare\") and has signed Wisconsin onto a lawsuit seeking to have the ACA rolled back (including provisions for preexisting conditions).", "Health care Walker opposes the Affordable Care Act (ACA or \"Obamacare\") and has signed Wisconsin onto a lawsuit seeking to have the ACA rolled back (including provisions for preexisting conditions). He supported the Graham-Cassidy legislation to repeal the ACA; this repeal bill would have eliminated blanket protections for preexisting conditions.", "He supported the Graham-Cassidy legislation to repeal the ACA; this repeal bill would have eliminated blanket protections for preexisting conditions. In 2018, Walker pledged to pass legislation to protect individuals with preexisting conditions in case the Affordable Care Act were repealed; according to PolitiFact, \"he hasn't spelled out an alternative that would provide protections that Obamacare does.\" As Governor, he has blocked expansion of Medicaid in Wisconsin. Redistricting In Wisconsin, responsibility for redrawing legislative and congressional district lines rests with the legislature.", "Redistricting In Wisconsin, responsibility for redrawing legislative and congressional district lines rests with the legislature. The legislature is required to redraw legislative and congressional districts every 10 years based upon the results of the decennial federal census. The redistricting legislation after the 2010 Census was signed by Walker in August 2011 in a private ceremony to which no Democrats or news agencies were invited.", "The redistricting legislation after the 2010 Census was signed by Walker in August 2011 in a private ceremony to which no Democrats or news agencies were invited. As an outcome of legal action by Wisconsin Democrats, a panel of Federal judges found in 2016 that the Wisconsin Legislature's 2011 redrawing of State Assembly districts to favor Republicans was an unconstitutional partisan gerrymander. Walker has appeared on Fox News to defend the 2011 redistricting, but even that conservative-leaning forum has criticized his efforts.", "Walker has appeared on Fox News to defend the 2011 redistricting, but even that conservative-leaning forum has criticized his efforts. Immigration Walker has claimed that securing the American border with Mexico is \"our first priority\". After that, undocumented immigrants in the United States could \"secure their citizenship\" but would have to \"get in the back of line\", and wait like anyone else applying for citizenship.", "After that, undocumented immigrants in the United States could \"secure their citizenship\" but would have to \"get in the back of line\", and wait like anyone else applying for citizenship. Walker says that he does not advocate deportation for all people in the country illegally, but he is not in favor of amnesty. In a 2015 appearance on Meet the Press, Walker said proposals to build a wall along the Canada–United States border was \"a legitimate issue for us to look at.\"", "In a 2015 appearance on Meet the Press, Walker said proposals to build a wall along the Canada–United States border was \"a legitimate issue for us to look at.\" Walker has stated that he would work to \"protect American workers\" by aligning his position with Sen. Jeff Sessions (R-AL), who wrote in a Washington Post op-ed that legal immigration needs to be \"slowed\".", "Walker has stated that he would work to \"protect American workers\" by aligning his position with Sen. Jeff Sessions (R-AL), who wrote in a Washington Post op-ed that legal immigration needs to be \"slowed\". Role of government Walker wrote in an editorial in the Washington Post that \"Like most Americans, I think government is too big and too expansive, but the government that is necessary should workand work well.\" Same-sex marriage Walker says he believes in \"marriage between one man and one woman\".", "Same-sex marriage Walker says he believes in \"marriage between one man and one woman\". Walker voted for Wisconsin's constitutional amendment to ban same-sex marriage, both as a legislator and as a voter. In September 2014, Walker said he was defending the amendment. When the U.S. Supreme Court subsequently rejected the appeals of five states, including Wisconsin, in October 2014, allowing same-sex marriages to continue, Walker stated: \"I think it's resolved.\"", "When the U.S. Supreme Court subsequently rejected the appeals of five states, including Wisconsin, in October 2014, allowing same-sex marriages to continue, Walker stated: \"I think it's resolved.\" In April 2015, in New Hampshire, Walker stated that marriage is \"defined as between a man and a woman\", and in Iowa said a federal constitutional amendment allowing states to define marriage was reasonable. Walker called the U.S. Supreme Court's Obergefell v. Hodges decision to legalize same-sex marriage nationwide a \"grave mistake\".", "Walker called the U.S. Supreme Court's Obergefell v. Hodges decision to legalize same-sex marriage nationwide a \"grave mistake\". Unions Walker said public-union collective-bargaining rights frustrate balancing the state budget. Walker signed right-to-work legislation he said would contribute to economic growth. The Atlantic has written that \"anti-union politics\" have defined his tenure as governor and established him as a Republican presidential contender.", "The Atlantic has written that \"anti-union politics\" have defined his tenure as governor and established him as a Republican presidential contender. Politico wrote that Walker initiated a 21st-century revival of anti-union legislation in upper Midwestern industrial states and that his \"fervent anti-union rhetoric and actions\" has helped his national reputation within the Republican Party. Youth rights On May 24, 2017, Walker signed a bill that allowed unaccompanied minors to attend concerts and other musical festivals where alcohol is being served.", "Youth rights On May 24, 2017, Walker signed a bill that allowed unaccompanied minors to attend concerts and other musical festivals where alcohol is being served. On June 21, 2017, he signed into law a bill that allowed 16- and 17-year-olds to work without parental permission. Personal life Walker and his wife, Tonette, have two sons, Alex and Matt. The family attends Meadowbrook Church, a nondenominational, evangelical church in Wauwatosa, which is a daughter church of Elmbrook Church, in nearby Brookfield.", "The family attends Meadowbrook Church, a nondenominational, evangelical church in Wauwatosa, which is a daughter church of Elmbrook Church, in nearby Brookfield. Tonette Walker works in the development department for the American Lung Association. During the summers of 2004 through 2009, as Milwaukee County Executive, Walker led a motorcycle tour called the \"Executive's Ride\" through Wisconsin and parts of neighboring states. The ride was organized to attract people to Milwaukee County. Walker rides a 2003 Harley Davidson Road King.", "Walker rides a 2003 Harley Davidson Road King. Walker rides a 2003 Harley Davidson Road King. In 2013, Walker published Unintimidated – A Governor's Story and A Nation's Challenge, co-written with Marc Thiessen, about his experiences during the recall vote and subsequent election, both of which he won. Bibliography Electoral history Governor of Wisconsin Milwaukee County Executive Wisconsin State Assembly See also Scott Walker presidential campaign, 2016 Republican Party presidential candidates, 2016 References Further reading Cramer, Katherine J.", "Bibliography Electoral history Governor of Wisconsin Milwaukee County Executive Wisconsin State Assembly See also Scott Walker presidential campaign, 2016 Republican Party presidential candidates, 2016 References Further reading Cramer, Katherine J. The Politics of Resentment: Rural Consciousness in Wisconsin and the Rise of Scott Walker (University Of Chicago Press, 2016) External links Scott Walker official campaign website |- |- |- |- 1967 births Candidates in the 2016 United States presidential election 21st-century American politicians American evangelicals 21st-century American memoirists American political writers American male non-fiction writers Former Baptists Governors of Wisconsin IBM employees Living people Marquette University alumni Members of the Wisconsin State Assembly Milwaukee County Executives People from Bremer County, Iowa People from Wauwatosa, Wisconsin People from Delavan, Wisconsin Politicians from Colorado Springs, Colorado Republican Party state governors of the United States Wisconsin Republicans Writers from Wisconsin Writers from Colorado Springs, Colorado" ]

[ "Musical ensemble", "Five parts" ]

[ "\"Tell Me What You Want Me to Do\" is the title of a number-one R&B single by singer Tevin Campbell. To date, the single is Campbell's biggest hit peaking at number 6 on the Billboard Hot 100 and spending one week at number-one on the US R&B chart. The hit song is also Tevin's one and only Adult Contemporary hit, where it peaked at number 43. The song showcases Campbell's four-octave vocal range from a low note of E2 to a D#6 during the bridge of the song.\n\nTrack listings\nUS 7\" vinyl\nA \"Tell Me What You Want Me to Do\" (edit) – 4:16\t\nB \"Tell Me What You Want Me to Do\" (instrumental) – 5:00\n\n12\" vinyl\nA \"Tell Me What You Want Me to Do\" (edit) – 4:16\t\nB \"Tell Me What You Want Me to Do\" (album version) – 5:02\n\nUK CD\n \"Tell Me What You Want Me to Do\" – 4:16\n \"Goodbye\" (7\" Remix Edit) – 3:48\n \"Goodbye\" (Sidub and Listen) – 4:58\n \"Goodbye\" (Tevin's Dub Pt 1 & 2) – 6:53\n\nJapan CD\n \"Tell Me What You Want Me to Do\" – 4:10\n \"Tell Me What You Want Me to Do\" (instrumental version) – 4:10\n\nGermany CD\n \"Tell Me What You Want Me to Do\" (edit) – 4:10\n \"Just Ask Me\" (featuring Chubb Rock) – 4:07\n \"Tomorrow\" (A Better You, Better Me) – 4:46\n\nCharts\n\nWeekly charts\n\nYear-end charts\n\nSee also\nList of number-one R&B singles of 1992 (U.S.)\n\nReferences\n\nTevin Campbell songs\n1991 singles\n1991 songs\nSongs written by Tevin Campbell\nSongs written by Narada Michael Walden\nSong recordings produced by Narada Michael Walden\nWarner Records singles\nContemporary R&B ballads\nPop ballads\nSoul ballads\n1990s ballads", "\"Tell Me What You Want\" is the fourth single by English R&B band Loose Ends from their first studio album, A Little Spice, and was released in February 1984 by Virgin Records. The single reached number 74 in the UK Singles Chart.\n\nTrack listing\n7” Single: VS658\n \"Tell Me What You Want) 3.35\n \"Tell Me What You Want (Dub Mix)\" 3.34\n\n12” Single: VS658-12\n \"Tell Me What You Want (Extended Version)\" 6.11\n \"Tell Me What You Want (Extended Dub Mix)\" 5.41\n\nU.S. only release - 12” Single: MCA23596 (released 1985)\n \"Tell Me What You Want (U.S. Extended Remix)\" 6.08 *\n \"Tell Me What You Want (U.S. Dub Version)\" 5.18\n\n* The U.S. Extended Remix version was released on CD on the U.S. Version of the 'A Little Spice' album (MCAD27141).\n\nThe Extended Version also featured on Side D of the limited gatefold sleeve version of 'Magic Touch'\n\nChart performance\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n Tell Me What You Want at Discogs.\n\n1984 singles\nLoose Ends (band) songs\nSong recordings produced by Nick Martinelli\nSongs written by Carl McIntosh (musician)\nSongs written by Steve Nichol\n1984 songs\nVirgin Records singles" ]

[ "A musical ensemble, also known as a music group or musical group, is a group of people who perform instrumental or vocal music, with the ensemble typically known by a distinct name. Some music ensembles consist solely of instrumentalists, such as the jazz quartet or the orchestra. Other music ensembles consist solely of singers, such as choirs and doo wop groups.", "Other music ensembles consist solely of singers, such as choirs and doo wop groups. In both popular music and classical music, there are ensembles in which both instrumentalists and singers perform, such as the rock band or the Baroque chamber group for basso continuo (harpsichord and cello) and one or more singers.", "In both popular music and classical music, there are ensembles in which both instrumentalists and singers perform, such as the rock band or the Baroque chamber group for basso continuo (harpsichord and cello) and one or more singers. In classical music, trios or quartets either blend the sounds of musical instrument families (such as piano, strings, and wind instruments) or group together instruments from the same instrument family, such as string ensembles (e.g., string quartet) or wind ensembles (e.g., wind quintet).", "In classical music, trios or quartets either blend the sounds of musical instrument families (such as piano, strings, and wind instruments) or group together instruments from the same instrument family, such as string ensembles (e.g., string quartet) or wind ensembles (e.g., wind quintet). Some ensembles blend the sounds of a variety of instrument families, such as the orchestra, which uses a string section, brass instruments, woodwinds and percussion instruments, or the concert band, which uses brass, woodwinds and percussion.", "Some ensembles blend the sounds of a variety of instrument families, such as the orchestra, which uses a string section, brass instruments, woodwinds and percussion instruments, or the concert band, which uses brass, woodwinds and percussion. In jazz ensembles or combos, the instruments typically include wind instruments (one or more saxophones, trumpets, etc.", "In jazz ensembles or combos, the instruments typically include wind instruments (one or more saxophones, trumpets, etc. ), one or two chordal \"comping\" instruments (electric guitar, piano, or Hammond organ), a bass instrument (bass guitar or double bass), and a drummer or percussionist. Jazz ensembles may be solely instrumental, or they may consist of a group of instruments accompanying one or more singers.", "Jazz ensembles may be solely instrumental, or they may consist of a group of instruments accompanying one or more singers. In rock and pop ensembles, usually called rock bands or pop bands, there are usually guitars and keyboards (piano, electric piano, Hammond organ, synthesizer, etc. ), one or more singers, and a rhythm section made up of a bass guitar and drum kit. Music ensembles typically have a leader.", "Music ensembles typically have a leader. Music ensembles typically have a leader. In jazz bands, rock and pop groups and similar ensembles, this is the band leader. In classical music, orchestras, concert bands and choirs are led by a conductor. In orchestra, the concertmaster (principal first violin player) is the instrumentalist leader of the orchestra.", "In orchestra, the concertmaster (principal first violin player) is the instrumentalist leader of the orchestra. In orchestras, the individual sections also have leaders, typically called the \"principal\" of the section (e.g., the leader of the viola section is called the \"principal viola\").", "In orchestras, the individual sections also have leaders, typically called the \"principal\" of the section (e.g., the leader of the viola section is called the \"principal viola\"). Conductors are also used in jazz big bands and in some very large rock or pop ensembles (e.g., a rock concert that includes a string section, a horn section and a choir which are accompanying a rock band's performance). Classical chamber music In Western classical music, smaller ensembles are called chamber music ensembles.", "Classical chamber music In Western classical music, smaller ensembles are called chamber music ensembles. The terms duo, trio, quartet, quintet, sextet, septet, octet, nonet and decet describe groups of two up to ten musicians, respectively. A group of eleven musicians, such as found in The Carnival of the Animals, is called an undecet, and a group of twelve is called a duodecet (see Latin numerical prefixes).", "A group of eleven musicians, such as found in The Carnival of the Animals, is called an undecet, and a group of twelve is called a duodecet (see Latin numerical prefixes). A soloist playing unaccompanied (e.g., a pianist playing a solo piano piece or a cellist playing a Bach suite for unaccompanied cello) is not an ensemble because it only contains one musician. Four parts Strings A string quartet consists of two violins, a viola and a cello.", "Four parts Strings A string quartet consists of two violins, a viola and a cello. There is a vast body of music written for string quartets, as it is seen as an important genre in classical music. Wind A woodwind quartet usually features a flute, an oboe, a clarinet and a bassoon. A brass quartet features two trumpets, a trombone and a tuba. A saxophone quartet consists of a soprano saxophone, an alto saxophone, a tenor saxophone, and a baritone saxophone.", "A saxophone quartet consists of a soprano saxophone, an alto saxophone, a tenor saxophone, and a baritone saxophone. Five parts The string quintet is a common type of group. It is similar to the string quartet, but with an additional viola, cello, or more rarely, the addition of a double bass. Terms such as \"piano quintet\" or \"clarinet quintet\" frequently refer to a string quartet plus a fifth instrument.", "Terms such as \"piano quintet\" or \"clarinet quintet\" frequently refer to a string quartet plus a fifth instrument. Mozart's Clarinet Quintet is similarly a piece written for an ensemble consisting of two violins, a viola, a cello and a clarinet, the last being the exceptional addition to a \"normal\" string quartet.", "Mozart's Clarinet Quintet is similarly a piece written for an ensemble consisting of two violins, a viola, a cello and a clarinet, the last being the exceptional addition to a \"normal\" string quartet. Some other quintets in classical music are the wind quintet, usually consisting of flute, oboe, clarinet, bassoon and horn; the brass quintet, consisting of two trumpets, one horn, a trombone and a tuba; and the reed quintet, consisting of an oboe, a soprano clarinet, a saxophone, a bass clarinet, and a bassoon.", "Some other quintets in classical music are the wind quintet, usually consisting of flute, oboe, clarinet, bassoon and horn; the brass quintet, consisting of two trumpets, one horn, a trombone and a tuba; and the reed quintet, consisting of an oboe, a soprano clarinet, a saxophone, a bass clarinet, and a bassoon. Six or more instruments Classical chamber ensembles of six (sextet), seven (septet), or eight musicians (octet) are fairly common; use of latinate terms for larger groups is rare, except for the nonet (nine musicians).", "Six or more instruments Classical chamber ensembles of six (sextet), seven (septet), or eight musicians (octet) are fairly common; use of latinate terms for larger groups is rare, except for the nonet (nine musicians). In most cases, a larger classical group is referred to as an orchestra of some type or a concert band.", "In most cases, a larger classical group is referred to as an orchestra of some type or a concert band. A small orchestra with fifteen to thirty members (violins, violas, four cellos, two or three double basses, and several woodwind or brass instruments) is called a chamber orchestra. A sinfonietta usually denotes a somewhat smaller orchestra (though still not a chamber orchestra). Larger orchestras are called symphony orchestras (see below) or philharmonic orchestras.", "Larger orchestras are called symphony orchestras (see below) or philharmonic orchestras. A pops orchestra is an orchestra that mainly performs light classical music (often in abbreviated, simplified arrangements) and orchestral arrangements and medleys of popular jazz, music theater, or pop music songs. A string orchestra has only string instruments, i.e., violins, violas, cellos and double basses. A symphony orchestra is an ensemble usually comprising at least thirty musicians; the number of players is typically between fifty and ninety-five and may exceed one hundred.", "A symphony orchestra is an ensemble usually comprising at least thirty musicians; the number of players is typically between fifty and ninety-five and may exceed one hundred. A symphony orchestra is divided into families of instruments. In the string family, there are sections of violins (I and II), violas, cellos (often eight), and basses (often from six to eight).", "In the string family, there are sections of violins (I and II), violas, cellos (often eight), and basses (often from six to eight). The standard woodwind section consists of flutes (one doubling piccolo), oboes (one doubling English horn), soprano clarinets (one doubling bass clarinet), and bassoons (one doubling contrabassoon). The standard brass section consists of horns, trumpets, trombones, and tuba.", "The standard brass section consists of horns, trumpets, trombones, and tuba. The percussion section includes the timpani, bass drum, snare drum, and any other percussion instruments called for in a score (e.g., triangle, glockenspiel, chimes, cymbals, wood blocks, etc.). In Baroque music (1600–1750) and music from the early Classical period music (1750–1820), the percussion parts in orchestral works may only include timpani.", "In Baroque music (1600–1750) and music from the early Classical period music (1750–1820), the percussion parts in orchestral works may only include timpani. A concert band is a large classical ensemble generally made up of between 40 and 70 musicians from the woodwind, brass, and percussion families, along with the double bass. The concert band has a larger number and variety of wind instruments than the symphony orchestra, but does not have a string section (although a single double bass is common in concert bands).", "The concert band has a larger number and variety of wind instruments than the symphony orchestra, but does not have a string section (although a single double bass is common in concert bands). The woodwind section of a concert band consists of piccolo, flutes, oboes (one doubling English horn), bassoons (one doubling contrabassoon), soprano clarinets (one doubling E clarinet, one doubling alto clarinet), bass clarinets (one doubling contrabass clarinet or contra-alto clarinet), alto saxophones (one doubling soprano saxophone), tenor saxophone, and baritone saxophone.", "The woodwind section of a concert band consists of piccolo, flutes, oboes (one doubling English horn), bassoons (one doubling contrabassoon), soprano clarinets (one doubling E clarinet, one doubling alto clarinet), bass clarinets (one doubling contrabass clarinet or contra-alto clarinet), alto saxophones (one doubling soprano saxophone), tenor saxophone, and baritone saxophone. The brass section consists of horns, trumpets or cornets, trombones, euphoniums, and tubas.", "The brass section consists of horns, trumpets or cornets, trombones, euphoniums, and tubas. The percussion section consists of the timpani, bass drum, snare drum, and any other percussion instruments called for in a score (e.g., triangle, glockenspiel, chimes, cymbals, wood blocks, etc.). When orchestras perform baroque music (from the 17th century and early 18th century), they may also use a harpsichord or pipe organ, playing the continuo part.", "When orchestras perform baroque music (from the 17th century and early 18th century), they may also use a harpsichord or pipe organ, playing the continuo part. When orchestras perform Romantic-era music (from the 19th century), they may also use harps or unusual instruments such as the wind machine or cannons. When orchestras perform music from the 20th century or the 21st century, occasionally instruments such as electric guitar, theremin, or even an electronic synthesizer may be used.", "When orchestras perform music from the 20th century or the 21st century, occasionally instruments such as electric guitar, theremin, or even an electronic synthesizer may be used. Jazz ensembles Three parts In jazz, there are several types of trios. One type of jazz trio is formed with a piano player, a bass player and a drummer.", "One type of jazz trio is formed with a piano player, a bass player and a drummer. Another type of jazz trio that became popular in the 1950s and 1960s is the organ trio, which is composed of a Hammond organ player, a drummer, and a third instrumentalist (either a saxophone player or an electric jazz guitarist). In organ trios, the Hammond organ player performs the bass line on the organ bass pedals while simultaneously playing chords or lead lines on the keyboard manuals.", "In organ trios, the Hammond organ player performs the bass line on the organ bass pedals while simultaneously playing chords or lead lines on the keyboard manuals. Other types of trios include the \"drummer-less\" trio, which consists of a piano player, a double bassist, and a horn (saxophone or trumpet) or guitar player; and the jazz trio with a horn player (saxophone or trumpet), double bass player, and a drummer.", "Other types of trios include the \"drummer-less\" trio, which consists of a piano player, a double bassist, and a horn (saxophone or trumpet) or guitar player; and the jazz trio with a horn player (saxophone or trumpet), double bass player, and a drummer. In the latter type of trio, the lack of a chordal instrument means that the horn player and the bassist have to imply the changing harmonies with their improvised lines.", "In the latter type of trio, the lack of a chordal instrument means that the horn player and the bassist have to imply the changing harmonies with their improvised lines. Four parts Jazz quartets typically add a horn (the generic jazz name for saxophones, trombones, trumpets, or any other wind or brass instrument commonly associated with jazz) to one of the jazz trios described above.", "Four parts Jazz quartets typically add a horn (the generic jazz name for saxophones, trombones, trumpets, or any other wind or brass instrument commonly associated with jazz) to one of the jazz trios described above. Slightly larger jazz ensembles, such as quintets (five instruments) or sextets (six instruments) typically add other soloing instruments to the basic quartet formation, such as different types of saxophones (e.g., alto saxophone, tenor saxophone, etc.) or an additional chordal instrument.", "or an additional chordal instrument. or an additional chordal instrument. Larger ensembles The lineup of larger jazz ensembles can vary considerably, depending on the style of jazz being performed. In a 1920s-style dixieland jazz band, a larger ensemble would be formed by adding a banjo player, woodwind instruments, as with the clarinet, or additional horns (saxophones, trumpets, trombones) to one of the smaller groups.", "In a 1920s-style dixieland jazz band, a larger ensemble would be formed by adding a banjo player, woodwind instruments, as with the clarinet, or additional horns (saxophones, trumpets, trombones) to one of the smaller groups. In a 1930s-style Swing big band, a larger ensemble is formed by adding \"sections\" of like instruments, such as a saxophone section, a trumpet section and a trombone section, which perform arranged \"horn lines\" to accompany the ensemble.", "In a 1930s-style Swing big band, a larger ensemble is formed by adding \"sections\" of like instruments, such as a saxophone section, a trumpet section and a trombone section, which perform arranged \"horn lines\" to accompany the ensemble. Some Swing bands also added a string section for a lush sound.", "Some Swing bands also added a string section for a lush sound. In a 1970s-style jazz fusion ensemble, a larger ensemble is often formed by adding additional percussionists or sometimes a saxophone player, who would \"double\" or \"triple\" (meaning that they would also be proficient at the clarinet, flute or both). Larger jazz ensembles are also formed by the addition of other soloing instruments. Rock and pop bands Two parts Two-member rock and pop bands are relatively rare.", "Rock and pop bands Two parts Two-member rock and pop bands are relatively rare. Examples of two-member bands are the Carpenters, Sleaford Mods, Japandroids, Pet Shop Boys, Flight of the Conchords, Death from Above 1979, Middle Class Rut, the Pity Party, the White Stripes, Big Business, Two Gallants, Lightning Bolt, the Ting Tings, the Black Box Revelation, the Black Keys, Twenty One Pilots, Tenacious D, Simon and Garfunkel, Hall & Oates, Johnossi, the Pack A.D., Air Supply and Royal Blood.", "Examples of two-member bands are the Carpenters, Sleaford Mods, Japandroids, Pet Shop Boys, Flight of the Conchords, Death from Above 1979, Middle Class Rut, the Pity Party, the White Stripes, Big Business, Two Gallants, Lightning Bolt, the Ting Tings, the Black Box Revelation, the Black Keys, Twenty One Pilots, Tenacious D, Simon and Garfunkel, Hall & Oates, Johnossi, the Pack A.D., Air Supply and Royal Blood. When electronic sequencers became widely available in the 1980s, this made it easier for two-member bands to add in musical elements that the two band members were not able to perform.", "When electronic sequencers became widely available in the 1980s, this made it easier for two-member bands to add in musical elements that the two band members were not able to perform. Sequencers allowed bands to pre-program some elements of their performance, such as an electronic drum part and a synth-bass line. Two-member pop music bands such as Soft Cell, Blancmange, Yazoo and Erasure used pre-programmed sequencers. W.A.S.P.", "W.A.S.P. W.A.S.P. guitarist Doug Blair is also known for his work in the non-notable two-piece progressive rock band signal2noise, where he acts as the lead guitarist and bassist at the same time, thanks to a special custom instrument he invented (an electric guitar with five regular guitar strings paired with three bass guitar strings). Three parts The smallest ensemble that is commonly used in rock music is the trio format.", "Three parts The smallest ensemble that is commonly used in rock music is the trio format. In a hard-rock or blues-rock band, or heavy metal rock group, a \"power trio\" format is often used, which consists of an electric guitar player, an electric bass guitar player and a drummer, and typically one or more of these musicians also sing (sometimes all three members will sing, e.g. Bee Gees or Alkaline Trio).", "Bee Gees or Alkaline Trio). Bee Gees or Alkaline Trio). Some well-known power trios with the guitarist on lead vocals are the Jimi Hendrix Experience, Stevie Ray Vaughan and Double Trouble, Nirvana, Violent Femmes, Gov't Mule, Green Day, the Minutemen, Triumph, Shellac, Sublime, Chevelle, Glass Harp, Icebird, Muse, the Jam, Short Stack, and ZZ Top.", "Some well-known power trios with the guitarist on lead vocals are the Jimi Hendrix Experience, Stevie Ray Vaughan and Double Trouble, Nirvana, Violent Femmes, Gov't Mule, Green Day, the Minutemen, Triumph, Shellac, Sublime, Chevelle, Glass Harp, Icebird, Muse, the Jam, Short Stack, and ZZ Top. A handful of others with the bassist on vocals include Primus, Motörhead, the Police, the Melvins, MxPx, Blue Cheer, Rush, the Presidents of the United States of America, Venom, and Cream.", "A handful of others with the bassist on vocals include Primus, Motörhead, the Police, the Melvins, MxPx, Blue Cheer, Rush, the Presidents of the United States of America, Venom, and Cream. Some power trios feature two lead vocalists. For example, in the band blink-182 vocals are split between bassist Mark Hoppus and guitarist Tom DeLonge, or in the band Dinosaur Jr., guitarist J. Mascis is the primary songwriter and vocalist, but bassist Lou Barlow writes some songs and sings as well.", "For example, in the band blink-182 vocals are split between bassist Mark Hoppus and guitarist Tom DeLonge, or in the band Dinosaur Jr., guitarist J. Mascis is the primary songwriter and vocalist, but bassist Lou Barlow writes some songs and sings as well. An alternative to the power trio are organ trios formed with an electric guitarist, a drummer and a keyboardist.", "An alternative to the power trio are organ trios formed with an electric guitarist, a drummer and a keyboardist. Although organ trios are most commonly associated with 1950s and 1960s jazz organ trio groups such as those led by organist Jimmy Smith, there are also organ trios in rock-oriented styles, such as jazz-rock fusion and Grateful Dead-influenced jam bands such as Medeski Martin & Wood.", "Although organ trios are most commonly associated with 1950s and 1960s jazz organ trio groups such as those led by organist Jimmy Smith, there are also organ trios in rock-oriented styles, such as jazz-rock fusion and Grateful Dead-influenced jam bands such as Medeski Martin & Wood. In organ trios, the keyboard player typically plays a Hammond organ or similar instrument, which permits the keyboard player to perform bass lines, chords, and lead lines, one example being hard rock band Zebra.", "In organ trios, the keyboard player typically plays a Hammond organ or similar instrument, which permits the keyboard player to perform bass lines, chords, and lead lines, one example being hard rock band Zebra. A variant of the organ trio are trios formed with an electric bassist, a drummer and an electronic keyboardist (playing synthesizers) such as the progressive rock band Emerson, Lake & Palmer, Triumvirat, and Atomic Rooster.", "A variant of the organ trio are trios formed with an electric bassist, a drummer and an electronic keyboardist (playing synthesizers) such as the progressive rock band Emerson, Lake & Palmer, Triumvirat, and Atomic Rooster. Another variation is to have a vocalist, a guitarist and a drummer, an example being Yeah Yeah Yeahs. Another variation is two guitars, a bassist, and a drum machine, examples including Magic Wands and Big Black.", "Another variation is two guitars, a bassist, and a drum machine, examples including Magic Wands and Big Black. A power trio with the guitarist on lead vocals is a popular record company lineup, as the guitarist and singer will usually be the songwriter. Therefore, the label only has to present one \"face\" to the public. The backing band may or may not be featured in publicity.", "The backing band may or may not be featured in publicity. If the backup band is not marketed as an integral part of the group, this gives the record company more flexibility to replace band members or use substitute musicians. This lineup often leads to songs that are fairly simple and accessible, as the frontman (or frontwoman) will have to sing and play guitar at the same time. Four parts The four-piece band is the most common configuration in rock and pop music.", "Four parts The four-piece band is the most common configuration in rock and pop music. A common formation would be a vocalist, electric guitarist, bass guitarist, and a drummer (e.g. the Who, the Monkees, Led Zeppelin, Queen, Ramones, Sex Pistols, Red Hot Chili Peppers, R.E.M., Blur, the Smiths, Echo and the Bunnymen, the Stone Roses, Creed, Black Sabbath, Van Halen, Rage Against the Machine, Gym Class Heroes, the Stooges, Joy Division, and U2.)", "the Who, the Monkees, Led Zeppelin, Queen, Ramones, Sex Pistols, Red Hot Chili Peppers, R.E.M., Blur, the Smiths, Echo and the Bunnymen, the Stone Roses, Creed, Black Sabbath, Van Halen, Rage Against the Machine, Gym Class Heroes, the Stooges, Joy Division, and U2.) Instrumentally, these bands can be considered as trios.", "Instrumentally, these bands can be considered as trios. Instrumentally, these bands can be considered as trios. This format is popular with new bands, as there are only two instruments that need tuning, the melody and chords formula prevalent with their material is easy to learn, four members are commonplace to work with, the roles are clearly defined and generally are: instrumental melody line, rhythm section which plays the chords or countermelody, and vocals on top.", "This format is popular with new bands, as there are only two instruments that need tuning, the melody and chords formula prevalent with their material is easy to learn, four members are commonplace to work with, the roles are clearly defined and generally are: instrumental melody line, rhythm section which plays the chords or countermelody, and vocals on top. In some early rock bands, keyboardists were used, performing on piano (e.g. the Seeds and the Doors) with a guitarist, singer, drummer and keyboardist.", "the Seeds and the Doors) with a guitarist, singer, drummer and keyboardist. Some bands will have a guitarist, bassist, drummer, and keyboard player (for example, Talking Heads, Gerry and the Pacemakers, Small Faces, King Crimson, the Guess Who, Pink Floyd, Queen, Coldplay, the Killers and Blind Faith).", "Some bands will have a guitarist, bassist, drummer, and keyboard player (for example, Talking Heads, Gerry and the Pacemakers, Small Faces, King Crimson, the Guess Who, Pink Floyd, Queen, Coldplay, the Killers and Blind Faith). Some bands will have the bassist on lead vocals, such as Thin Lizzy, the Chameleons, Skillet, Pink Floyd, Motörhead, NOFX, +44, Slayer, the All-American Rejects or even the lead guitarist, such as Death, Dire Straits, Megadeth and Creedence Clearwater Revival.", "Some bands will have the bassist on lead vocals, such as Thin Lizzy, the Chameleons, Skillet, Pink Floyd, Motörhead, NOFX, +44, Slayer, the All-American Rejects or even the lead guitarist, such as Death, Dire Straits, Megadeth and Creedence Clearwater Revival. Some bands, such as the Beatles, Dire Straits and Metallica have a lead guitarist, a rhythm guitarist and a bassist that all sing lead and backing vocals, that also play keyboards regularly, as well as a drummer.", "Some bands, such as the Beatles, Dire Straits and Metallica have a lead guitarist, a rhythm guitarist and a bassist that all sing lead and backing vocals, that also play keyboards regularly, as well as a drummer. Five parts Five-piece bands have existed in rock music since the development of the genre.", "Five parts Five-piece bands have existed in rock music since the development of the genre. The Beach Boys, the Rolling Stones (until 1993), Aerosmith, Def Leppard, AC/DC, Oasis, Pearl Jam, Guns N' Roses, Radiohead, the Strokes, the Yardbirds, 311 and the Hives are examples of the common vocalist, lead guitar, rhythm guitar, bass, and drums lineup whilst other bands such as Judas Priest have two guitarists who equally share lead and rhythm parts.", "The Beach Boys, the Rolling Stones (until 1993), Aerosmith, Def Leppard, AC/DC, Oasis, Pearl Jam, Guns N' Roses, Radiohead, the Strokes, the Yardbirds, 311 and the Hives are examples of the common vocalist, lead guitar, rhythm guitar, bass, and drums lineup whilst other bands such as Judas Priest have two guitarists who equally share lead and rhythm parts. An alternative to the five-member lineup replaces the rhythm guitarist with a keyboard–synthesizer player (examples being the bands Journey, Elbow, Dream Theater, Genesis, Jethro Tull, the Zombies, the Animals, Bon Jovi, Yes, Fleetwood Mac, Marilyn Manson and Deep Purple, all of which consist of a vocalist, guitarist, bassist, keyboardist, and a drummer) or with a turntablist such as Deftones, Hed PE, Incubus or Limp Bizkit.", "An alternative to the five-member lineup replaces the rhythm guitarist with a keyboard–synthesizer player (examples being the bands Journey, Elbow, Dream Theater, Genesis, Jethro Tull, the Zombies, the Animals, Bon Jovi, Yes, Fleetwood Mac, Marilyn Manson and Deep Purple, all of which consist of a vocalist, guitarist, bassist, keyboardist, and a drummer) or with a turntablist such as Deftones, Hed PE, Incubus or Limp Bizkit. Alternatives include a keyboardist, guitarist, drummer, bassist, and saxophonist, such as the Sonics, the Dave Clark Five, and Sam the Sham and the Pharaohs.", "Alternatives include a keyboardist, guitarist, drummer, bassist, and saxophonist, such as the Sonics, the Dave Clark Five, and Sam the Sham and the Pharaohs. Another alternative is three guitarists, a bassist and a drummer, such as Foo Fighters, Radiohead, and the Byrds.", "Another alternative is three guitarists, a bassist and a drummer, such as Foo Fighters, Radiohead, and the Byrds. Some five-person bands feature two guitarists, a keyboardist, a bassist and a drummer, with one or more of these musicians (typically one of the guitarists) handling lead vocals on top of their instrument (examples being Children of Bodom, Styx, Sturm und Drang, Relient K, Ensiferum, the Cars and the current line up of Status Quo).", "Some five-person bands feature two guitarists, a keyboardist, a bassist and a drummer, with one or more of these musicians (typically one of the guitarists) handling lead vocals on top of their instrument (examples being Children of Bodom, Styx, Sturm und Drang, Relient K, Ensiferum, the Cars and the current line up of Status Quo). In some cases, typically in cover bands, one musician plays either rhythm guitar or keyboards, depending on the song (one notable band being Firewind, with Bob Katsionis handling this particular role).", "In some cases, typically in cover bands, one musician plays either rhythm guitar or keyboards, depending on the song (one notable band being Firewind, with Bob Katsionis handling this particular role). Other times, the vocalist will bring another musical \"voice\" to the table, most commonly a harmonica or percussion; Mick Jagger, for example, played harmonica and percussion instruments like maracas and tambourine whilst singing at the same time. Keith Relf of the Yardbirds played harmonica frequently, though not often while also singing.", "Keith Relf of the Yardbirds played harmonica frequently, though not often while also singing. Ozzy Osbourne was also known to play the harmonica on some occasions (i.e. \"The Wizard\" by Black Sabbath). Vocalist Robert Brown of lesser known steampunk band Abney Park plays harmonica, accordion, and darbuka in addition to mandolin. Flutes are also commonly used by vocalists, most notably Ian Anderson of Jethro Tull and Ray Thomas of the Moody Blues, though these are difficult to play while singing at the same time.", "Flutes are also commonly used by vocalists, most notably Ian Anderson of Jethro Tull and Ray Thomas of the Moody Blues, though these are difficult to play while singing at the same time. A less common lineup is to have lead vocals, two guitarists of varying types and two drummers, e.g. Adam and the Ants.", "Adam and the Ants. Adam and the Ants. Larger rock ensembles Larger bands are quite common and have long been a part of rock and pop music, in part due to the influence of the \"singer accompanied with orchestra\" model inherited from popular big-band jazz and swing and popularized by Frank Sinatra and Ella Fitzgerald. To create larger ensembles, rock bands often add an additional guitarist, an additional keyboardist, additional percussionists or second drummer, an entire horn section, and even a flautist.", "To create larger ensembles, rock bands often add an additional guitarist, an additional keyboardist, additional percussionists or second drummer, an entire horn section, and even a flautist. An example of a six-member rock band is Toto with a lead vocalist, guitarist, bassist, two keyboard players, and drummer. The American heavy metal band Slipknot is composed of nine members, with a vocalist, two guitarists, a drummer, a bassist, two custom percussionists/backing vocalists, a turntablist, and a sampler/keyboardist.", "The American heavy metal band Slipknot is composed of nine members, with a vocalist, two guitarists, a drummer, a bassist, two custom percussionists/backing vocalists, a turntablist, and a sampler/keyboardist. In larger groups (such as the Band), instrumentalists could play multiple instruments, which enabled the ensemble to create a wider variety of instrument combinations. More modern examples of such a band are Arcade Fire and Edward Sharpe and the Magnetic Zeros.", "More modern examples of such a band are Arcade Fire and Edward Sharpe and the Magnetic Zeros. More rarely, rock or pop groups will be accompanied in concerts by a full or partial symphony orchestra, where lush string-orchestra arrangements are used to flesh out the sound of slow ballads. Some groups have a large number of members that all play the same instrument, such as guitar, banjo, keyboard, ocarinas, drums, recorders, accordions, horns or strings.", "Some groups have a large number of members that all play the same instrument, such as guitar, banjo, keyboard, ocarinas, drums, recorders, accordions, horns or strings. Electronic music groups Electronic music groups typically use electronic musical instruments such as synthesizers, sequencers, samplers and electronic drums to produce music. The production technique of music programming is also widely used in electronic music. Examples include Kraftwerk, Daft Punk, the Chemical Brothers, Faithless and Apollo 440.", "Examples include Kraftwerk, Daft Punk, the Chemical Brothers, Faithless and Apollo 440. Electronic dance music groups usually consist of two to three members, and are mainly producers, DJs and remixers, whose work is solely produced in a studio or with the use of a digital audio workstation. Examples include Basement Jaxx, Flip & Fill, Tin Tin Out, the Chainsmokers, Cheat Codes, Cash Cash and Major Lazer. Role of women Women have a high prominence in many popular music styles as singers.", "Role of women Women have a high prominence in many popular music styles as singers. However, professional women instrumentalists are uncommon in popular music, especially in rock genres such as heavy metal. \"[P]laying in a band is largely a male homosocial activity, that is, learning to play in a band is largely a peer-based... experience, shaped by existing sex-segregated friendship networks.\" As well, rock music \"...is often defined as a form of male rebellion vis-à-vis female bedroom culture.\"", "As well, rock music \"...is often defined as a form of male rebellion vis-à-vis female bedroom culture.\" In popular music, there has been a gendered \"distinction between public (male) and private (female) participation\" in music. \"[S]everal scholars have argued that men exclude women from bands or from the bands' rehearsals, recordings, performances, and other social activities.\"", "\"[S]everal scholars have argued that men exclude women from bands or from the bands' rehearsals, recordings, performances, and other social activities.\" \"Women are mainly regarded as passive and private consumers of allegedly slick, prefabricated – hence, inferior – pop music..., excluding them from participating as high status rock musicians.\"", "\"Women are mainly regarded as passive and private consumers of allegedly slick, prefabricated – hence, inferior – pop music..., excluding them from participating as high status rock musicians.\" One of the reasons that there are rarely mixed gender bands is that \"bands operate as tight-knit units in which homosocial solidarity – social bonds between people of the same sex... – plays a crucial role.\"", "One of the reasons that there are rarely mixed gender bands is that \"bands operate as tight-knit units in which homosocial solidarity – social bonds between people of the same sex... – plays a crucial role.\" In the 1960s pop music scene, \"[s]inging was sometimes an acceptable pastime for a girl, but playing an instrument...simply wasn't done.\"", "In the 1960s pop music scene, \"[s]inging was sometimes an acceptable pastime for a girl, but playing an instrument...simply wasn't done.\" \"The rebellion of rock music was largely a male rebellion; the women—often, in the 1950s and '60s, girls in their teens—in rock usually sang songs as personæ utterly dependent on their macho boyfriends...\" Philip Auslander says that \"Although there were many women in rock by the late 1960s, most performed only as singers, a traditionally feminine position in popular music.\"", "\"The rebellion of rock music was largely a male rebellion; the women—often, in the 1950s and '60s, girls in their teens—in rock usually sang songs as personæ utterly dependent on their macho boyfriends...\" Philip Auslander says that \"Although there were many women in rock by the late 1960s, most performed only as singers, a traditionally feminine position in popular music.\" Though some women played instruments in American all-female garage rock bands, none of these bands achieved more than regional success.", "Though some women played instruments in American all-female garage rock bands, none of these bands achieved more than regional success. So they \"did not provide viable templates for women's on-going participation in rock\". In relation to the gender composition of heavy metal bands, it has been said that \"[h]eavy metal performers are almost exclusively male\" \"...[a]t least until the mid-1980s\" apart from \"...exceptions such as Girlschool\".", "In relation to the gender composition of heavy metal bands, it has been said that \"[h]eavy metal performers are almost exclusively male\" \"...[a]t least until the mid-1980s\" apart from \"...exceptions such as Girlschool\". However, \"...now [in the 2010s] maybe more than ever–strong metal women have put up their dukes and got down to it,\" \"carv[ing] out a considerable place for [them]selves\".", "However, \"...now [in the 2010s] maybe more than ever–strong metal women have put up their dukes and got down to it,\" \"carv[ing] out a considerable place for [them]selves\". When Suzi Quatro emerged in 1973, \"no other prominent female musician worked in rock simultaneously as a singer, instrumentalist, songwriter, and bandleader.\"", "When Suzi Quatro emerged in 1973, \"no other prominent female musician worked in rock simultaneously as a singer, instrumentalist, songwriter, and bandleader.\" According to Auslander, she was \"kicking down the male door in rock and roll and proving that a female musician ... and this is a point I am extremely concerned about ... could play as well if not better than the boys\". Other western musical ensembles A choir is a group of voices.", "Other western musical ensembles A choir is a group of voices. By analogy, sometimes a group of similar instruments in a symphony orchestra are referred to as a choir. For example, the woodwind instruments of a symphony orchestra could be called the woodwind choir. A group that plays popular music or military music is usually called a band; a drum and bugle corps is a type of the latter. These bands perform a wide range of music, ranging from arrangements of jazz orchestral, or popular music to military-style marches.", "These bands perform a wide range of music, ranging from arrangements of jazz orchestral, or popular music to military-style marches. Drum corps perform on brass and percussion instruments only. Drum and Bugle Corps incorporate costumes, hats, and pageantry in their performances.", "Drum and Bugle Corps incorporate costumes, hats, and pageantry in their performances. Other band types include: Brass bands: groups consisting of around 30 brass and percussion players; Jug bands; Mexican Mariachi groups typically consist of at least two violins, two trumpets, one Spanish guitar, one vihuela (a high-pitched, five-string guitar), and one Guitarrón (a Mexican acoustic bass that is roughly guitar-shaped), and one or more singers.", "Other band types include: Brass bands: groups consisting of around 30 brass and percussion players; Jug bands; Mexican Mariachi groups typically consist of at least two violins, two trumpets, one Spanish guitar, one vihuela (a high-pitched, five-string guitar), and one Guitarrón (a Mexican acoustic bass that is roughly guitar-shaped), and one or more singers. Mexican banda groups Marching bands and military bands, dating back to the Ottoman military bands.", "Mexican banda groups Marching bands and military bands, dating back to the Ottoman military bands. String bands See also All-female band Boy band Girl group Live band karaoke Music industry Percussion ensemble Musical collective References External links Bands and Musician Listing Vivre Musicale" ]

[ "Musical ensemble", "Five parts", "what can you tell me about Five parts?", "Five-piece bands have existed in rock music since the development of the genre." ]

[ "Entail Act (with its variations) is a stock short title used in the United Kingdom for legislation relating to entails.\n\nList\nThe Entail (Scotland) Act 1914 (4 & 5 Geo 5 c 43)\n\nThe Entail Acts is the collective title of the following Acts:\nThe Entail Act 1685 (c 26) [12mo ed: c 22]\nThe Tenures Abolition Act 1746 (20 Geo 2 c 50 ss 14, 15, 16, 17)\nThe Sales to Crown Act 1746 (20 Geo 2 c 51 ss 2, 3)\nThe Entail Improvement Act 1770 (10 Geo 3 c 51)\nThe Entail Provisions Act 1824 (5 Geo 4 c 87)\nThe Entail Powers Act 1836 (6 & 7 Will 4 c 42)\nThe Entail Sites Act 1840 (3 & 4 Vict c 48)\nThe Entail Amendment Act 1848 (11 & 12 Vict c 36)\nThe Entail Amendment Act 1853 (16 & 17 Vict c 94)\nThe Entail Cottages Act 1860 (23 & 24 Vict c 95)\nThe Entail Amendment Act 1868 (31 & 32 Vict c 84)\nThe Entail Amendment Act 1875 (38 & 39 Vict c 61)\nThe Entail Amendment Act 1878 (41 & 42 Vict c 28)\nThe Roads and Bridges (Scotland) Act 1878 (41 & 42 Vict c 51 s 70)\nThe Roads Amendment Act 1880 (43 Vict c 7)\nThe Entail (Scotland) Act 1882 (45 & 46 Vict c 53)\n\nSee also\nList of short titles\n\nReferences\n\nLists of legislation by short title and collective title", "\"We Are Rockstars\" is the third single by Does It Offend You, Yeah? taken from the band's debut album You Have No Idea What You're Getting Yourself Into. It was the first song made entirely from synthesizers and music software from the band when it was a two-piece duo with James Rushent and Dan Coop. In 2007, the then-six piece band recorded parts for the song for their first album.\n\nIn 2009, electro house producers Cold Blank released a bootleg remix of We Are Rockstars.\n\nTrack listing\n \"We Are Rockstars\" (radio edit) - 2:58\n\nCharts\n\nAppearances in media\nFeatured in the trailer for the 2009 film Fast & Furious.\nFeatured in the soundtrack in the VW GTI Project online game.\nThe theme song for the Horne & Corden show.\nUsed in the game Saints Row 2.\nUsed in the game FIFA Street 3.\n\nPersonnel\n James Rushent – vocals, all instruments, production\n Dan Coop – all instruments, production\n\n2008 singles\n2008 songs\nVirgin Records singles" ]

[ "A musical ensemble, also known as a music group or musical group, is a group of people who perform instrumental or vocal music, with the ensemble typically known by a distinct name. Some music ensembles consist solely of instrumentalists, such as the jazz quartet or the orchestra. Other music ensembles consist solely of singers, such as choirs and doo wop groups.", "Other music ensembles consist solely of singers, such as choirs and doo wop groups. In both popular music and classical music, there are ensembles in which both instrumentalists and singers perform, such as the rock band or the Baroque chamber group for basso continuo (harpsichord and cello) and one or more singers.", "In both popular music and classical music, there are ensembles in which both instrumentalists and singers perform, such as the rock band or the Baroque chamber group for basso continuo (harpsichord and cello) and one or more singers. In classical music, trios or quartets either blend the sounds of musical instrument families (such as piano, strings, and wind instruments) or group together instruments from the same instrument family, such as string ensembles (e.g., string quartet) or wind ensembles (e.g., wind quintet).", "In classical music, trios or quartets either blend the sounds of musical instrument families (such as piano, strings, and wind instruments) or group together instruments from the same instrument family, such as string ensembles (e.g., string quartet) or wind ensembles (e.g., wind quintet). Some ensembles blend the sounds of a variety of instrument families, such as the orchestra, which uses a string section, brass instruments, woodwinds and percussion instruments, or the concert band, which uses brass, woodwinds and percussion.", "Some ensembles blend the sounds of a variety of instrument families, such as the orchestra, which uses a string section, brass instruments, woodwinds and percussion instruments, or the concert band, which uses brass, woodwinds and percussion. In jazz ensembles or combos, the instruments typically include wind instruments (one or more saxophones, trumpets, etc.", "In jazz ensembles or combos, the instruments typically include wind instruments (one or more saxophones, trumpets, etc. ), one or two chordal \"comping\" instruments (electric guitar, piano, or Hammond organ), a bass instrument (bass guitar or double bass), and a drummer or percussionist. Jazz ensembles may be solely instrumental, or they may consist of a group of instruments accompanying one or more singers.", "Jazz ensembles may be solely instrumental, or they may consist of a group of instruments accompanying one or more singers. In rock and pop ensembles, usually called rock bands or pop bands, there are usually guitars and keyboards (piano, electric piano, Hammond organ, synthesizer, etc. ), one or more singers, and a rhythm section made up of a bass guitar and drum kit. Music ensembles typically have a leader.", "Music ensembles typically have a leader. Music ensembles typically have a leader. In jazz bands, rock and pop groups and similar ensembles, this is the band leader. In classical music, orchestras, concert bands and choirs are led by a conductor. In orchestra, the concertmaster (principal first violin player) is the instrumentalist leader of the orchestra.", "In orchestra, the concertmaster (principal first violin player) is the instrumentalist leader of the orchestra. In orchestras, the individual sections also have leaders, typically called the \"principal\" of the section (e.g., the leader of the viola section is called the \"principal viola\").", "In orchestras, the individual sections also have leaders, typically called the \"principal\" of the section (e.g., the leader of the viola section is called the \"principal viola\"). Conductors are also used in jazz big bands and in some very large rock or pop ensembles (e.g., a rock concert that includes a string section, a horn section and a choir which are accompanying a rock band's performance). Classical chamber music In Western classical music, smaller ensembles are called chamber music ensembles.", "Classical chamber music In Western classical music, smaller ensembles are called chamber music ensembles. The terms duo, trio, quartet, quintet, sextet, septet, octet, nonet and decet describe groups of two up to ten musicians, respectively. A group of eleven musicians, such as found in The Carnival of the Animals, is called an undecet, and a group of twelve is called a duodecet (see Latin numerical prefixes).", "A group of eleven musicians, such as found in The Carnival of the Animals, is called an undecet, and a group of twelve is called a duodecet (see Latin numerical prefixes). A soloist playing unaccompanied (e.g., a pianist playing a solo piano piece or a cellist playing a Bach suite for unaccompanied cello) is not an ensemble because it only contains one musician. Four parts Strings A string quartet consists of two violins, a viola and a cello.", "Four parts Strings A string quartet consists of two violins, a viola and a cello. There is a vast body of music written for string quartets, as it is seen as an important genre in classical music. Wind A woodwind quartet usually features a flute, an oboe, a clarinet and a bassoon. A brass quartet features two trumpets, a trombone and a tuba. A saxophone quartet consists of a soprano saxophone, an alto saxophone, a tenor saxophone, and a baritone saxophone.", "A saxophone quartet consists of a soprano saxophone, an alto saxophone, a tenor saxophone, and a baritone saxophone. Five parts The string quintet is a common type of group. It is similar to the string quartet, but with an additional viola, cello, or more rarely, the addition of a double bass. Terms such as \"piano quintet\" or \"clarinet quintet\" frequently refer to a string quartet plus a fifth instrument.", "Terms such as \"piano quintet\" or \"clarinet quintet\" frequently refer to a string quartet plus a fifth instrument. Mozart's Clarinet Quintet is similarly a piece written for an ensemble consisting of two violins, a viola, a cello and a clarinet, the last being the exceptional addition to a \"normal\" string quartet.", "Mozart's Clarinet Quintet is similarly a piece written for an ensemble consisting of two violins, a viola, a cello and a clarinet, the last being the exceptional addition to a \"normal\" string quartet. Some other quintets in classical music are the wind quintet, usually consisting of flute, oboe, clarinet, bassoon and horn; the brass quintet, consisting of two trumpets, one horn, a trombone and a tuba; and the reed quintet, consisting of an oboe, a soprano clarinet, a saxophone, a bass clarinet, and a bassoon.", "Some other quintets in classical music are the wind quintet, usually consisting of flute, oboe, clarinet, bassoon and horn; the brass quintet, consisting of two trumpets, one horn, a trombone and a tuba; and the reed quintet, consisting of an oboe, a soprano clarinet, a saxophone, a bass clarinet, and a bassoon. Six or more instruments Classical chamber ensembles of six (sextet), seven (septet), or eight musicians (octet) are fairly common; use of latinate terms for larger groups is rare, except for the nonet (nine musicians).", "Six or more instruments Classical chamber ensembles of six (sextet), seven (septet), or eight musicians (octet) are fairly common; use of latinate terms for larger groups is rare, except for the nonet (nine musicians). In most cases, a larger classical group is referred to as an orchestra of some type or a concert band.", "In most cases, a larger classical group is referred to as an orchestra of some type or a concert band. A small orchestra with fifteen to thirty members (violins, violas, four cellos, two or three double basses, and several woodwind or brass instruments) is called a chamber orchestra. A sinfonietta usually denotes a somewhat smaller orchestra (though still not a chamber orchestra). Larger orchestras are called symphony orchestras (see below) or philharmonic orchestras.", "Larger orchestras are called symphony orchestras (see below) or philharmonic orchestras. A pops orchestra is an orchestra that mainly performs light classical music (often in abbreviated, simplified arrangements) and orchestral arrangements and medleys of popular jazz, music theater, or pop music songs. A string orchestra has only string instruments, i.e., violins, violas, cellos and double basses. A symphony orchestra is an ensemble usually comprising at least thirty musicians; the number of players is typically between fifty and ninety-five and may exceed one hundred.", "A symphony orchestra is an ensemble usually comprising at least thirty musicians; the number of players is typically between fifty and ninety-five and may exceed one hundred. A symphony orchestra is divided into families of instruments. In the string family, there are sections of violins (I and II), violas, cellos (often eight), and basses (often from six to eight).", "In the string family, there are sections of violins (I and II), violas, cellos (often eight), and basses (often from six to eight). The standard woodwind section consists of flutes (one doubling piccolo), oboes (one doubling English horn), soprano clarinets (one doubling bass clarinet), and bassoons (one doubling contrabassoon). The standard brass section consists of horns, trumpets, trombones, and tuba.", "The standard brass section consists of horns, trumpets, trombones, and tuba. The percussion section includes the timpani, bass drum, snare drum, and any other percussion instruments called for in a score (e.g., triangle, glockenspiel, chimes, cymbals, wood blocks, etc.). In Baroque music (1600–1750) and music from the early Classical period music (1750–1820), the percussion parts in orchestral works may only include timpani.", "In Baroque music (1600–1750) and music from the early Classical period music (1750–1820), the percussion parts in orchestral works may only include timpani. A concert band is a large classical ensemble generally made up of between 40 and 70 musicians from the woodwind, brass, and percussion families, along with the double bass. The concert band has a larger number and variety of wind instruments than the symphony orchestra, but does not have a string section (although a single double bass is common in concert bands).", "The concert band has a larger number and variety of wind instruments than the symphony orchestra, but does not have a string section (although a single double bass is common in concert bands). The woodwind section of a concert band consists of piccolo, flutes, oboes (one doubling English horn), bassoons (one doubling contrabassoon), soprano clarinets (one doubling E clarinet, one doubling alto clarinet), bass clarinets (one doubling contrabass clarinet or contra-alto clarinet), alto saxophones (one doubling soprano saxophone), tenor saxophone, and baritone saxophone.", "The woodwind section of a concert band consists of piccolo, flutes, oboes (one doubling English horn), bassoons (one doubling contrabassoon), soprano clarinets (one doubling E clarinet, one doubling alto clarinet), bass clarinets (one doubling contrabass clarinet or contra-alto clarinet), alto saxophones (one doubling soprano saxophone), tenor saxophone, and baritone saxophone. The brass section consists of horns, trumpets or cornets, trombones, euphoniums, and tubas.", "The brass section consists of horns, trumpets or cornets, trombones, euphoniums, and tubas. The percussion section consists of the timpani, bass drum, snare drum, and any other percussion instruments called for in a score (e.g., triangle, glockenspiel, chimes, cymbals, wood blocks, etc.). When orchestras perform baroque music (from the 17th century and early 18th century), they may also use a harpsichord or pipe organ, playing the continuo part.", "When orchestras perform baroque music (from the 17th century and early 18th century), they may also use a harpsichord or pipe organ, playing the continuo part. When orchestras perform Romantic-era music (from the 19th century), they may also use harps or unusual instruments such as the wind machine or cannons. When orchestras perform music from the 20th century or the 21st century, occasionally instruments such as electric guitar, theremin, or even an electronic synthesizer may be used.", "When orchestras perform music from the 20th century or the 21st century, occasionally instruments such as electric guitar, theremin, or even an electronic synthesizer may be used. Jazz ensembles Three parts In jazz, there are several types of trios. One type of jazz trio is formed with a piano player, a bass player and a drummer.", "One type of jazz trio is formed with a piano player, a bass player and a drummer. Another type of jazz trio that became popular in the 1950s and 1960s is the organ trio, which is composed of a Hammond organ player, a drummer, and a third instrumentalist (either a saxophone player or an electric jazz guitarist). In organ trios, the Hammond organ player performs the bass line on the organ bass pedals while simultaneously playing chords or lead lines on the keyboard manuals.", "In organ trios, the Hammond organ player performs the bass line on the organ bass pedals while simultaneously playing chords or lead lines on the keyboard manuals. Other types of trios include the \"drummer-less\" trio, which consists of a piano player, a double bassist, and a horn (saxophone or trumpet) or guitar player; and the jazz trio with a horn player (saxophone or trumpet), double bass player, and a drummer.", "Other types of trios include the \"drummer-less\" trio, which consists of a piano player, a double bassist, and a horn (saxophone or trumpet) or guitar player; and the jazz trio with a horn player (saxophone or trumpet), double bass player, and a drummer. In the latter type of trio, the lack of a chordal instrument means that the horn player and the bassist have to imply the changing harmonies with their improvised lines.", "In the latter type of trio, the lack of a chordal instrument means that the horn player and the bassist have to imply the changing harmonies with their improvised lines. Four parts Jazz quartets typically add a horn (the generic jazz name for saxophones, trombones, trumpets, or any other wind or brass instrument commonly associated with jazz) to one of the jazz trios described above.", "Four parts Jazz quartets typically add a horn (the generic jazz name for saxophones, trombones, trumpets, or any other wind or brass instrument commonly associated with jazz) to one of the jazz trios described above. Slightly larger jazz ensembles, such as quintets (five instruments) or sextets (six instruments) typically add other soloing instruments to the basic quartet formation, such as different types of saxophones (e.g., alto saxophone, tenor saxophone, etc.) or an additional chordal instrument.", "or an additional chordal instrument. or an additional chordal instrument. Larger ensembles The lineup of larger jazz ensembles can vary considerably, depending on the style of jazz being performed. In a 1920s-style dixieland jazz band, a larger ensemble would be formed by adding a banjo player, woodwind instruments, as with the clarinet, or additional horns (saxophones, trumpets, trombones) to one of the smaller groups.", "In a 1920s-style dixieland jazz band, a larger ensemble would be formed by adding a banjo player, woodwind instruments, as with the clarinet, or additional horns (saxophones, trumpets, trombones) to one of the smaller groups. In a 1930s-style Swing big band, a larger ensemble is formed by adding \"sections\" of like instruments, such as a saxophone section, a trumpet section and a trombone section, which perform arranged \"horn lines\" to accompany the ensemble.", "In a 1930s-style Swing big band, a larger ensemble is formed by adding \"sections\" of like instruments, such as a saxophone section, a trumpet section and a trombone section, which perform arranged \"horn lines\" to accompany the ensemble. Some Swing bands also added a string section for a lush sound.", "Some Swing bands also added a string section for a lush sound. In a 1970s-style jazz fusion ensemble, a larger ensemble is often formed by adding additional percussionists or sometimes a saxophone player, who would \"double\" or \"triple\" (meaning that they would also be proficient at the clarinet, flute or both). Larger jazz ensembles are also formed by the addition of other soloing instruments. Rock and pop bands Two parts Two-member rock and pop bands are relatively rare.", "Rock and pop bands Two parts Two-member rock and pop bands are relatively rare. Examples of two-member bands are the Carpenters, Sleaford Mods, Japandroids, Pet Shop Boys, Flight of the Conchords, Death from Above 1979, Middle Class Rut, the Pity Party, the White Stripes, Big Business, Two Gallants, Lightning Bolt, the Ting Tings, the Black Box Revelation, the Black Keys, Twenty One Pilots, Tenacious D, Simon and Garfunkel, Hall & Oates, Johnossi, the Pack A.D., Air Supply and Royal Blood.", "Examples of two-member bands are the Carpenters, Sleaford Mods, Japandroids, Pet Shop Boys, Flight of the Conchords, Death from Above 1979, Middle Class Rut, the Pity Party, the White Stripes, Big Business, Two Gallants, Lightning Bolt, the Ting Tings, the Black Box Revelation, the Black Keys, Twenty One Pilots, Tenacious D, Simon and Garfunkel, Hall & Oates, Johnossi, the Pack A.D., Air Supply and Royal Blood. When electronic sequencers became widely available in the 1980s, this made it easier for two-member bands to add in musical elements that the two band members were not able to perform.", "When electronic sequencers became widely available in the 1980s, this made it easier for two-member bands to add in musical elements that the two band members were not able to perform. Sequencers allowed bands to pre-program some elements of their performance, such as an electronic drum part and a synth-bass line. Two-member pop music bands such as Soft Cell, Blancmange, Yazoo and Erasure used pre-programmed sequencers. W.A.S.P.", "W.A.S.P. W.A.S.P. guitarist Doug Blair is also known for his work in the non-notable two-piece progressive rock band signal2noise, where he acts as the lead guitarist and bassist at the same time, thanks to a special custom instrument he invented (an electric guitar with five regular guitar strings paired with three bass guitar strings). Three parts The smallest ensemble that is commonly used in rock music is the trio format.", "Three parts The smallest ensemble that is commonly used in rock music is the trio format. In a hard-rock or blues-rock band, or heavy metal rock group, a \"power trio\" format is often used, which consists of an electric guitar player, an electric bass guitar player and a drummer, and typically one or more of these musicians also sing (sometimes all three members will sing, e.g. Bee Gees or Alkaline Trio).", "Bee Gees or Alkaline Trio). Bee Gees or Alkaline Trio). Some well-known power trios with the guitarist on lead vocals are the Jimi Hendrix Experience, Stevie Ray Vaughan and Double Trouble, Nirvana, Violent Femmes, Gov't Mule, Green Day, the Minutemen, Triumph, Shellac, Sublime, Chevelle, Glass Harp, Icebird, Muse, the Jam, Short Stack, and ZZ Top.", "Some well-known power trios with the guitarist on lead vocals are the Jimi Hendrix Experience, Stevie Ray Vaughan and Double Trouble, Nirvana, Violent Femmes, Gov't Mule, Green Day, the Minutemen, Triumph, Shellac, Sublime, Chevelle, Glass Harp, Icebird, Muse, the Jam, Short Stack, and ZZ Top. A handful of others with the bassist on vocals include Primus, Motörhead, the Police, the Melvins, MxPx, Blue Cheer, Rush, the Presidents of the United States of America, Venom, and Cream.", "A handful of others with the bassist on vocals include Primus, Motörhead, the Police, the Melvins, MxPx, Blue Cheer, Rush, the Presidents of the United States of America, Venom, and Cream. Some power trios feature two lead vocalists. For example, in the band blink-182 vocals are split between bassist Mark Hoppus and guitarist Tom DeLonge, or in the band Dinosaur Jr., guitarist J. Mascis is the primary songwriter and vocalist, but bassist Lou Barlow writes some songs and sings as well.", "For example, in the band blink-182 vocals are split between bassist Mark Hoppus and guitarist Tom DeLonge, or in the band Dinosaur Jr., guitarist J. Mascis is the primary songwriter and vocalist, but bassist Lou Barlow writes some songs and sings as well. An alternative to the power trio are organ trios formed with an electric guitarist, a drummer and a keyboardist.", "An alternative to the power trio are organ trios formed with an electric guitarist, a drummer and a keyboardist. Although organ trios are most commonly associated with 1950s and 1960s jazz organ trio groups such as those led by organist Jimmy Smith, there are also organ trios in rock-oriented styles, such as jazz-rock fusion and Grateful Dead-influenced jam bands such as Medeski Martin & Wood.", "Although organ trios are most commonly associated with 1950s and 1960s jazz organ trio groups such as those led by organist Jimmy Smith, there are also organ trios in rock-oriented styles, such as jazz-rock fusion and Grateful Dead-influenced jam bands such as Medeski Martin & Wood. In organ trios, the keyboard player typically plays a Hammond organ or similar instrument, which permits the keyboard player to perform bass lines, chords, and lead lines, one example being hard rock band Zebra.", "In organ trios, the keyboard player typically plays a Hammond organ or similar instrument, which permits the keyboard player to perform bass lines, chords, and lead lines, one example being hard rock band Zebra. A variant of the organ trio are trios formed with an electric bassist, a drummer and an electronic keyboardist (playing synthesizers) such as the progressive rock band Emerson, Lake & Palmer, Triumvirat, and Atomic Rooster.", "A variant of the organ trio are trios formed with an electric bassist, a drummer and an electronic keyboardist (playing synthesizers) such as the progressive rock band Emerson, Lake & Palmer, Triumvirat, and Atomic Rooster. Another variation is to have a vocalist, a guitarist and a drummer, an example being Yeah Yeah Yeahs. Another variation is two guitars, a bassist, and a drum machine, examples including Magic Wands and Big Black.", "Another variation is two guitars, a bassist, and a drum machine, examples including Magic Wands and Big Black. A power trio with the guitarist on lead vocals is a popular record company lineup, as the guitarist and singer will usually be the songwriter. Therefore, the label only has to present one \"face\" to the public. The backing band may or may not be featured in publicity.", "The backing band may or may not be featured in publicity. If the backup band is not marketed as an integral part of the group, this gives the record company more flexibility to replace band members or use substitute musicians. This lineup often leads to songs that are fairly simple and accessible, as the frontman (or frontwoman) will have to sing and play guitar at the same time. Four parts The four-piece band is the most common configuration in rock and pop music.", "Four parts The four-piece band is the most common configuration in rock and pop music. A common formation would be a vocalist, electric guitarist, bass guitarist, and a drummer (e.g. the Who, the Monkees, Led Zeppelin, Queen, Ramones, Sex Pistols, Red Hot Chili Peppers, R.E.M., Blur, the Smiths, Echo and the Bunnymen, the Stone Roses, Creed, Black Sabbath, Van Halen, Rage Against the Machine, Gym Class Heroes, the Stooges, Joy Division, and U2.)", "the Who, the Monkees, Led Zeppelin, Queen, Ramones, Sex Pistols, Red Hot Chili Peppers, R.E.M., Blur, the Smiths, Echo and the Bunnymen, the Stone Roses, Creed, Black Sabbath, Van Halen, Rage Against the Machine, Gym Class Heroes, the Stooges, Joy Division, and U2.) Instrumentally, these bands can be considered as trios.", "Instrumentally, these bands can be considered as trios. Instrumentally, these bands can be considered as trios. This format is popular with new bands, as there are only two instruments that need tuning, the melody and chords formula prevalent with their material is easy to learn, four members are commonplace to work with, the roles are clearly defined and generally are: instrumental melody line, rhythm section which plays the chords or countermelody, and vocals on top.", "This format is popular with new bands, as there are only two instruments that need tuning, the melody and chords formula prevalent with their material is easy to learn, four members are commonplace to work with, the roles are clearly defined and generally are: instrumental melody line, rhythm section which plays the chords or countermelody, and vocals on top. In some early rock bands, keyboardists were used, performing on piano (e.g. the Seeds and the Doors) with a guitarist, singer, drummer and keyboardist.", "the Seeds and the Doors) with a guitarist, singer, drummer and keyboardist. Some bands will have a guitarist, bassist, drummer, and keyboard player (for example, Talking Heads, Gerry and the Pacemakers, Small Faces, King Crimson, the Guess Who, Pink Floyd, Queen, Coldplay, the Killers and Blind Faith).", "Some bands will have a guitarist, bassist, drummer, and keyboard player (for example, Talking Heads, Gerry and the Pacemakers, Small Faces, King Crimson, the Guess Who, Pink Floyd, Queen, Coldplay, the Killers and Blind Faith). Some bands will have the bassist on lead vocals, such as Thin Lizzy, the Chameleons, Skillet, Pink Floyd, Motörhead, NOFX, +44, Slayer, the All-American Rejects or even the lead guitarist, such as Death, Dire Straits, Megadeth and Creedence Clearwater Revival.", "Some bands will have the bassist on lead vocals, such as Thin Lizzy, the Chameleons, Skillet, Pink Floyd, Motörhead, NOFX, +44, Slayer, the All-American Rejects or even the lead guitarist, such as Death, Dire Straits, Megadeth and Creedence Clearwater Revival. Some bands, such as the Beatles, Dire Straits and Metallica have a lead guitarist, a rhythm guitarist and a bassist that all sing lead and backing vocals, that also play keyboards regularly, as well as a drummer.", "Some bands, such as the Beatles, Dire Straits and Metallica have a lead guitarist, a rhythm guitarist and a bassist that all sing lead and backing vocals, that also play keyboards regularly, as well as a drummer. Five parts Five-piece bands have existed in rock music since the development of the genre.", "Five parts Five-piece bands have existed in rock music since the development of the genre. The Beach Boys, the Rolling Stones (until 1993), Aerosmith, Def Leppard, AC/DC, Oasis, Pearl Jam, Guns N' Roses, Radiohead, the Strokes, the Yardbirds, 311 and the Hives are examples of the common vocalist, lead guitar, rhythm guitar, bass, and drums lineup whilst other bands such as Judas Priest have two guitarists who equally share lead and rhythm parts.", "The Beach Boys, the Rolling Stones (until 1993), Aerosmith, Def Leppard, AC/DC, Oasis, Pearl Jam, Guns N' Roses, Radiohead, the Strokes, the Yardbirds, 311 and the Hives are examples of the common vocalist, lead guitar, rhythm guitar, bass, and drums lineup whilst other bands such as Judas Priest have two guitarists who equally share lead and rhythm parts. An alternative to the five-member lineup replaces the rhythm guitarist with a keyboard–synthesizer player (examples being the bands Journey, Elbow, Dream Theater, Genesis, Jethro Tull, the Zombies, the Animals, Bon Jovi, Yes, Fleetwood Mac, Marilyn Manson and Deep Purple, all of which consist of a vocalist, guitarist, bassist, keyboardist, and a drummer) or with a turntablist such as Deftones, Hed PE, Incubus or Limp Bizkit.", "An alternative to the five-member lineup replaces the rhythm guitarist with a keyboard–synthesizer player (examples being the bands Journey, Elbow, Dream Theater, Genesis, Jethro Tull, the Zombies, the Animals, Bon Jovi, Yes, Fleetwood Mac, Marilyn Manson and Deep Purple, all of which consist of a vocalist, guitarist, bassist, keyboardist, and a drummer) or with a turntablist such as Deftones, Hed PE, Incubus or Limp Bizkit. Alternatives include a keyboardist, guitarist, drummer, bassist, and saxophonist, such as the Sonics, the Dave Clark Five, and Sam the Sham and the Pharaohs.", "Alternatives include a keyboardist, guitarist, drummer, bassist, and saxophonist, such as the Sonics, the Dave Clark Five, and Sam the Sham and the Pharaohs. Another alternative is three guitarists, a bassist and a drummer, such as Foo Fighters, Radiohead, and the Byrds.", "Another alternative is three guitarists, a bassist and a drummer, such as Foo Fighters, Radiohead, and the Byrds. Some five-person bands feature two guitarists, a keyboardist, a bassist and a drummer, with one or more of these musicians (typically one of the guitarists) handling lead vocals on top of their instrument (examples being Children of Bodom, Styx, Sturm und Drang, Relient K, Ensiferum, the Cars and the current line up of Status Quo).", "Some five-person bands feature two guitarists, a keyboardist, a bassist and a drummer, with one or more of these musicians (typically one of the guitarists) handling lead vocals on top of their instrument (examples being Children of Bodom, Styx, Sturm und Drang, Relient K, Ensiferum, the Cars and the current line up of Status Quo). In some cases, typically in cover bands, one musician plays either rhythm guitar or keyboards, depending on the song (one notable band being Firewind, with Bob Katsionis handling this particular role).", "In some cases, typically in cover bands, one musician plays either rhythm guitar or keyboards, depending on the song (one notable band being Firewind, with Bob Katsionis handling this particular role). Other times, the vocalist will bring another musical \"voice\" to the table, most commonly a harmonica or percussion; Mick Jagger, for example, played harmonica and percussion instruments like maracas and tambourine whilst singing at the same time. Keith Relf of the Yardbirds played harmonica frequently, though not often while also singing.", "Keith Relf of the Yardbirds played harmonica frequently, though not often while also singing. Ozzy Osbourne was also known to play the harmonica on some occasions (i.e. \"The Wizard\" by Black Sabbath). Vocalist Robert Brown of lesser known steampunk band Abney Park plays harmonica, accordion, and darbuka in addition to mandolin. Flutes are also commonly used by vocalists, most notably Ian Anderson of Jethro Tull and Ray Thomas of the Moody Blues, though these are difficult to play while singing at the same time.", "Flutes are also commonly used by vocalists, most notably Ian Anderson of Jethro Tull and Ray Thomas of the Moody Blues, though these are difficult to play while singing at the same time. A less common lineup is to have lead vocals, two guitarists of varying types and two drummers, e.g. Adam and the Ants.", "Adam and the Ants. Adam and the Ants. Larger rock ensembles Larger bands are quite common and have long been a part of rock and pop music, in part due to the influence of the \"singer accompanied with orchestra\" model inherited from popular big-band jazz and swing and popularized by Frank Sinatra and Ella Fitzgerald. To create larger ensembles, rock bands often add an additional guitarist, an additional keyboardist, additional percussionists or second drummer, an entire horn section, and even a flautist.", "To create larger ensembles, rock bands often add an additional guitarist, an additional keyboardist, additional percussionists or second drummer, an entire horn section, and even a flautist. An example of a six-member rock band is Toto with a lead vocalist, guitarist, bassist, two keyboard players, and drummer. The American heavy metal band Slipknot is composed of nine members, with a vocalist, two guitarists, a drummer, a bassist, two custom percussionists/backing vocalists, a turntablist, and a sampler/keyboardist.", "The American heavy metal band Slipknot is composed of nine members, with a vocalist, two guitarists, a drummer, a bassist, two custom percussionists/backing vocalists, a turntablist, and a sampler/keyboardist. In larger groups (such as the Band), instrumentalists could play multiple instruments, which enabled the ensemble to create a wider variety of instrument combinations. More modern examples of such a band are Arcade Fire and Edward Sharpe and the Magnetic Zeros.", "More modern examples of such a band are Arcade Fire and Edward Sharpe and the Magnetic Zeros. More rarely, rock or pop groups will be accompanied in concerts by a full or partial symphony orchestra, where lush string-orchestra arrangements are used to flesh out the sound of slow ballads. Some groups have a large number of members that all play the same instrument, such as guitar, banjo, keyboard, ocarinas, drums, recorders, accordions, horns or strings.", "Some groups have a large number of members that all play the same instrument, such as guitar, banjo, keyboard, ocarinas, drums, recorders, accordions, horns or strings. Electronic music groups Electronic music groups typically use electronic musical instruments such as synthesizers, sequencers, samplers and electronic drums to produce music. The production technique of music programming is also widely used in electronic music. Examples include Kraftwerk, Daft Punk, the Chemical Brothers, Faithless and Apollo 440.", "Examples include Kraftwerk, Daft Punk, the Chemical Brothers, Faithless and Apollo 440. Electronic dance music groups usually consist of two to three members, and are mainly producers, DJs and remixers, whose work is solely produced in a studio or with the use of a digital audio workstation. Examples include Basement Jaxx, Flip & Fill, Tin Tin Out, the Chainsmokers, Cheat Codes, Cash Cash and Major Lazer. Role of women Women have a high prominence in many popular music styles as singers.", "Role of women Women have a high prominence in many popular music styles as singers. However, professional women instrumentalists are uncommon in popular music, especially in rock genres such as heavy metal. \"[P]laying in a band is largely a male homosocial activity, that is, learning to play in a band is largely a peer-based... experience, shaped by existing sex-segregated friendship networks.\" As well, rock music \"...is often defined as a form of male rebellion vis-à-vis female bedroom culture.\"", "As well, rock music \"...is often defined as a form of male rebellion vis-à-vis female bedroom culture.\" In popular music, there has been a gendered \"distinction between public (male) and private (female) participation\" in music. \"[S]everal scholars have argued that men exclude women from bands or from the bands' rehearsals, recordings, performances, and other social activities.\"", "\"[S]everal scholars have argued that men exclude women from bands or from the bands' rehearsals, recordings, performances, and other social activities.\" \"Women are mainly regarded as passive and private consumers of allegedly slick, prefabricated – hence, inferior – pop music..., excluding them from participating as high status rock musicians.\"", "\"Women are mainly regarded as passive and private consumers of allegedly slick, prefabricated – hence, inferior – pop music..., excluding them from participating as high status rock musicians.\" One of the reasons that there are rarely mixed gender bands is that \"bands operate as tight-knit units in which homosocial solidarity – social bonds between people of the same sex... – plays a crucial role.\"", "One of the reasons that there are rarely mixed gender bands is that \"bands operate as tight-knit units in which homosocial solidarity – social bonds between people of the same sex... – plays a crucial role.\" In the 1960s pop music scene, \"[s]inging was sometimes an acceptable pastime for a girl, but playing an instrument...simply wasn't done.\"", "In the 1960s pop music scene, \"[s]inging was sometimes an acceptable pastime for a girl, but playing an instrument...simply wasn't done.\" \"The rebellion of rock music was largely a male rebellion; the women—often, in the 1950s and '60s, girls in their teens—in rock usually sang songs as personæ utterly dependent on their macho boyfriends...\" Philip Auslander says that \"Although there were many women in rock by the late 1960s, most performed only as singers, a traditionally feminine position in popular music.\"", "\"The rebellion of rock music was largely a male rebellion; the women—often, in the 1950s and '60s, girls in their teens—in rock usually sang songs as personæ utterly dependent on their macho boyfriends...\" Philip Auslander says that \"Although there were many women in rock by the late 1960s, most performed only as singers, a traditionally feminine position in popular music.\" Though some women played instruments in American all-female garage rock bands, none of these bands achieved more than regional success.", "Though some women played instruments in American all-female garage rock bands, none of these bands achieved more than regional success. So they \"did not provide viable templates for women's on-going participation in rock\". In relation to the gender composition of heavy metal bands, it has been said that \"[h]eavy metal performers are almost exclusively male\" \"...[a]t least until the mid-1980s\" apart from \"...exceptions such as Girlschool\".", "In relation to the gender composition of heavy metal bands, it has been said that \"[h]eavy metal performers are almost exclusively male\" \"...[a]t least until the mid-1980s\" apart from \"...exceptions such as Girlschool\". However, \"...now [in the 2010s] maybe more than ever–strong metal women have put up their dukes and got down to it,\" \"carv[ing] out a considerable place for [them]selves\".", "However, \"...now [in the 2010s] maybe more than ever–strong metal women have put up their dukes and got down to it,\" \"carv[ing] out a considerable place for [them]selves\". When Suzi Quatro emerged in 1973, \"no other prominent female musician worked in rock simultaneously as a singer, instrumentalist, songwriter, and bandleader.\"", "When Suzi Quatro emerged in 1973, \"no other prominent female musician worked in rock simultaneously as a singer, instrumentalist, songwriter, and bandleader.\" According to Auslander, she was \"kicking down the male door in rock and roll and proving that a female musician ... and this is a point I am extremely concerned about ... could play as well if not better than the boys\". Other western musical ensembles A choir is a group of voices.", "Other western musical ensembles A choir is a group of voices. By analogy, sometimes a group of similar instruments in a symphony orchestra are referred to as a choir. For example, the woodwind instruments of a symphony orchestra could be called the woodwind choir. A group that plays popular music or military music is usually called a band; a drum and bugle corps is a type of the latter. These bands perform a wide range of music, ranging from arrangements of jazz orchestral, or popular music to military-style marches.", "These bands perform a wide range of music, ranging from arrangements of jazz orchestral, or popular music to military-style marches. Drum corps perform on brass and percussion instruments only. Drum and Bugle Corps incorporate costumes, hats, and pageantry in their performances.", "Drum and Bugle Corps incorporate costumes, hats, and pageantry in their performances. Other band types include: Brass bands: groups consisting of around 30 brass and percussion players; Jug bands; Mexican Mariachi groups typically consist of at least two violins, two trumpets, one Spanish guitar, one vihuela (a high-pitched, five-string guitar), and one Guitarrón (a Mexican acoustic bass that is roughly guitar-shaped), and one or more singers.", "Other band types include: Brass bands: groups consisting of around 30 brass and percussion players; Jug bands; Mexican Mariachi groups typically consist of at least two violins, two trumpets, one Spanish guitar, one vihuela (a high-pitched, five-string guitar), and one Guitarrón (a Mexican acoustic bass that is roughly guitar-shaped), and one or more singers. Mexican banda groups Marching bands and military bands, dating back to the Ottoman military bands.", "Mexican banda groups Marching bands and military bands, dating back to the Ottoman military bands. String bands See also All-female band Boy band Girl group Live band karaoke Music industry Percussion ensemble Musical collective References External links Bands and Musician Listing Vivre Musicale" ]

[ "Musical ensemble", "Five parts", "what can you tell me about Five parts?", "Five-piece bands have existed in rock music since the development of the genre.", "what does a five piece band entail?", "examples of the common vocalist, lead guitar, rhythm guitar, bass, and drums" ]

[ "A tridecahedron is a polyhedron with thirteen faces. There are numerous topologically distinct forms of a tridecahedron, for example the dodecagonal pyramid and hendecagonal prism.\n\nConvex\nThere are 96,262,938 topologically distinct convex tridecahedra, excluding mirror images, having at least 9 vertices. (Two polyhedra are \"topologically distinct\" if they have intrinsically different arrangements of faces and vertices, such that it is impossible to distort one into the other simply by changing the lengths of edges or the angles between edges or faces.) There is a pseudo-space-filling tridecahedron that can fill all of 3-space together with its mirror-image.\n\nExamples \nThe following list gives examples of tridecahedra.\n Biaugmented pentagonal prism\n Gyroelongated square pyramid\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nSelf-dual tridecahedra\nWhat Are Polyhedra?, with Greek Numerical Prefixes\n\nPolyhedra", "This is a list of flags, arranged by design, serving as a navigational aid for identifying a given flag.\n\nSolid\n\nExamples:\n\nCharged\nWhile most charged flags are duotone or multicolor, they are referred to by their solid primary color foremost, with their charged symbol's color(s) and symbology following accordingly.\n\nExamples:\n\nBicolour\n\nExamples:\n\nTricolour and other tribands\n\nExamples:\n\nQuartered\n\nExamples:\n\nStripes\n\nExamples:\n\nBorder\n\nExamples:\n\nCanton\n\nExamples:\n\nShape\n\nCircle or sphere\n\nExamples:\n\nCrescent\n\nExamples:\n\nCross\n\nExamples:\n\nDiamond\n\nExamples:\n\nSpiral\nExamples:\n\nSquare\n\nExamples:\n\nStar\n\nExamples:\n\nSun\n\nTriangle\n\nExamples:\n\nLiving organism\n\nAnimal\n\nExamples:\n\nPerson or body part\n\nExamples:\n\nPlant\n\nExamples:\n\nObject\n\nAnchor, boat, or ship\n\nExamples:\n\nAstronomical object\n\nExamples:\n\nBook\n\nBuilding\n\nExamples:\n\nHeadgear\n\nExamples:\n\nFlag\n\nExamples:\n\nHill, mountain, or rock\n\nExamples:\n\nMap\n\nExamples:\n\nMachine, tool, or instrument\n\nExamples:\n\nShield or weapon\n\nExamples:\n\nInscription\n\nExamples:\n\nExternal links\nKeyword list at Flags of the World.\n\n Design" ]

[ "A musical ensemble, also known as a music group or musical group, is a group of people who perform instrumental or vocal music, with the ensemble typically known by a distinct name. Some music ensembles consist solely of instrumentalists, such as the jazz quartet or the orchestra. Other music ensembles consist solely of singers, such as choirs and doo wop groups.", "Other music ensembles consist solely of singers, such as choirs and doo wop groups. In both popular music and classical music, there are ensembles in which both instrumentalists and singers perform, such as the rock band or the Baroque chamber group for basso continuo (harpsichord and cello) and one or more singers.", "In both popular music and classical music, there are ensembles in which both instrumentalists and singers perform, such as the rock band or the Baroque chamber group for basso continuo (harpsichord and cello) and one or more singers. In classical music, trios or quartets either blend the sounds of musical instrument families (such as piano, strings, and wind instruments) or group together instruments from the same instrument family, such as string ensembles (e.g., string quartet) or wind ensembles (e.g., wind quintet).", "In classical music, trios or quartets either blend the sounds of musical instrument families (such as piano, strings, and wind instruments) or group together instruments from the same instrument family, such as string ensembles (e.g., string quartet) or wind ensembles (e.g., wind quintet). Some ensembles blend the sounds of a variety of instrument families, such as the orchestra, which uses a string section, brass instruments, woodwinds and percussion instruments, or the concert band, which uses brass, woodwinds and percussion.", "Some ensembles blend the sounds of a variety of instrument families, such as the orchestra, which uses a string section, brass instruments, woodwinds and percussion instruments, or the concert band, which uses brass, woodwinds and percussion. In jazz ensembles or combos, the instruments typically include wind instruments (one or more saxophones, trumpets, etc.", "In jazz ensembles or combos, the instruments typically include wind instruments (one or more saxophones, trumpets, etc. ), one or two chordal \"comping\" instruments (electric guitar, piano, or Hammond organ), a bass instrument (bass guitar or double bass), and a drummer or percussionist. Jazz ensembles may be solely instrumental, or they may consist of a group of instruments accompanying one or more singers.", "Jazz ensembles may be solely instrumental, or they may consist of a group of instruments accompanying one or more singers. In rock and pop ensembles, usually called rock bands or pop bands, there are usually guitars and keyboards (piano, electric piano, Hammond organ, synthesizer, etc. ), one or more singers, and a rhythm section made up of a bass guitar and drum kit. Music ensembles typically have a leader.", "Music ensembles typically have a leader. Music ensembles typically have a leader. In jazz bands, rock and pop groups and similar ensembles, this is the band leader. In classical music, orchestras, concert bands and choirs are led by a conductor. In orchestra, the concertmaster (principal first violin player) is the instrumentalist leader of the orchestra.", "In orchestra, the concertmaster (principal first violin player) is the instrumentalist leader of the orchestra. In orchestras, the individual sections also have leaders, typically called the \"principal\" of the section (e.g., the leader of the viola section is called the \"principal viola\").", "In orchestras, the individual sections also have leaders, typically called the \"principal\" of the section (e.g., the leader of the viola section is called the \"principal viola\"). Conductors are also used in jazz big bands and in some very large rock or pop ensembles (e.g., a rock concert that includes a string section, a horn section and a choir which are accompanying a rock band's performance). Classical chamber music In Western classical music, smaller ensembles are called chamber music ensembles.", "Classical chamber music In Western classical music, smaller ensembles are called chamber music ensembles. The terms duo, trio, quartet, quintet, sextet, septet, octet, nonet and decet describe groups of two up to ten musicians, respectively. A group of eleven musicians, such as found in The Carnival of the Animals, is called an undecet, and a group of twelve is called a duodecet (see Latin numerical prefixes).", "A group of eleven musicians, such as found in The Carnival of the Animals, is called an undecet, and a group of twelve is called a duodecet (see Latin numerical prefixes). A soloist playing unaccompanied (e.g., a pianist playing a solo piano piece or a cellist playing a Bach suite for unaccompanied cello) is not an ensemble because it only contains one musician. Four parts Strings A string quartet consists of two violins, a viola and a cello.", "Four parts Strings A string quartet consists of two violins, a viola and a cello. There is a vast body of music written for string quartets, as it is seen as an important genre in classical music. Wind A woodwind quartet usually features a flute, an oboe, a clarinet and a bassoon. A brass quartet features two trumpets, a trombone and a tuba. A saxophone quartet consists of a soprano saxophone, an alto saxophone, a tenor saxophone, and a baritone saxophone.", "A saxophone quartet consists of a soprano saxophone, an alto saxophone, a tenor saxophone, and a baritone saxophone. Five parts The string quintet is a common type of group. It is similar to the string quartet, but with an additional viola, cello, or more rarely, the addition of a double bass. Terms such as \"piano quintet\" or \"clarinet quintet\" frequently refer to a string quartet plus a fifth instrument.", "Terms such as \"piano quintet\" or \"clarinet quintet\" frequently refer to a string quartet plus a fifth instrument. Mozart's Clarinet Quintet is similarly a piece written for an ensemble consisting of two violins, a viola, a cello and a clarinet, the last being the exceptional addition to a \"normal\" string quartet.", "Mozart's Clarinet Quintet is similarly a piece written for an ensemble consisting of two violins, a viola, a cello and a clarinet, the last being the exceptional addition to a \"normal\" string quartet. Some other quintets in classical music are the wind quintet, usually consisting of flute, oboe, clarinet, bassoon and horn; the brass quintet, consisting of two trumpets, one horn, a trombone and a tuba; and the reed quintet, consisting of an oboe, a soprano clarinet, a saxophone, a bass clarinet, and a bassoon.", "Some other quintets in classical music are the wind quintet, usually consisting of flute, oboe, clarinet, bassoon and horn; the brass quintet, consisting of two trumpets, one horn, a trombone and a tuba; and the reed quintet, consisting of an oboe, a soprano clarinet, a saxophone, a bass clarinet, and a bassoon. Six or more instruments Classical chamber ensembles of six (sextet), seven (septet), or eight musicians (octet) are fairly common; use of latinate terms for larger groups is rare, except for the nonet (nine musicians).", "Six or more instruments Classical chamber ensembles of six (sextet), seven (septet), or eight musicians (octet) are fairly common; use of latinate terms for larger groups is rare, except for the nonet (nine musicians). In most cases, a larger classical group is referred to as an orchestra of some type or a concert band.", "In most cases, a larger classical group is referred to as an orchestra of some type or a concert band. A small orchestra with fifteen to thirty members (violins, violas, four cellos, two or three double basses, and several woodwind or brass instruments) is called a chamber orchestra. A sinfonietta usually denotes a somewhat smaller orchestra (though still not a chamber orchestra). Larger orchestras are called symphony orchestras (see below) or philharmonic orchestras.", "Larger orchestras are called symphony orchestras (see below) or philharmonic orchestras. A pops orchestra is an orchestra that mainly performs light classical music (often in abbreviated, simplified arrangements) and orchestral arrangements and medleys of popular jazz, music theater, or pop music songs. A string orchestra has only string instruments, i.e., violins, violas, cellos and double basses. A symphony orchestra is an ensemble usually comprising at least thirty musicians; the number of players is typically between fifty and ninety-five and may exceed one hundred.", "A symphony orchestra is an ensemble usually comprising at least thirty musicians; the number of players is typically between fifty and ninety-five and may exceed one hundred. A symphony orchestra is divided into families of instruments. In the string family, there are sections of violins (I and II), violas, cellos (often eight), and basses (often from six to eight).", "In the string family, there are sections of violins (I and II), violas, cellos (often eight), and basses (often from six to eight). The standard woodwind section consists of flutes (one doubling piccolo), oboes (one doubling English horn), soprano clarinets (one doubling bass clarinet), and bassoons (one doubling contrabassoon). The standard brass section consists of horns, trumpets, trombones, and tuba.", "The standard brass section consists of horns, trumpets, trombones, and tuba. The percussion section includes the timpani, bass drum, snare drum, and any other percussion instruments called for in a score (e.g., triangle, glockenspiel, chimes, cymbals, wood blocks, etc.). In Baroque music (1600–1750) and music from the early Classical period music (1750–1820), the percussion parts in orchestral works may only include timpani.", "In Baroque music (1600–1750) and music from the early Classical period music (1750–1820), the percussion parts in orchestral works may only include timpani. A concert band is a large classical ensemble generally made up of between 40 and 70 musicians from the woodwind, brass, and percussion families, along with the double bass. The concert band has a larger number and variety of wind instruments than the symphony orchestra, but does not have a string section (although a single double bass is common in concert bands).", "The concert band has a larger number and variety of wind instruments than the symphony orchestra, but does not have a string section (although a single double bass is common in concert bands). The woodwind section of a concert band consists of piccolo, flutes, oboes (one doubling English horn), bassoons (one doubling contrabassoon), soprano clarinets (one doubling E clarinet, one doubling alto clarinet), bass clarinets (one doubling contrabass clarinet or contra-alto clarinet), alto saxophones (one doubling soprano saxophone), tenor saxophone, and baritone saxophone.", "The woodwind section of a concert band consists of piccolo, flutes, oboes (one doubling English horn), bassoons (one doubling contrabassoon), soprano clarinets (one doubling E clarinet, one doubling alto clarinet), bass clarinets (one doubling contrabass clarinet or contra-alto clarinet), alto saxophones (one doubling soprano saxophone), tenor saxophone, and baritone saxophone. The brass section consists of horns, trumpets or cornets, trombones, euphoniums, and tubas.", "The brass section consists of horns, trumpets or cornets, trombones, euphoniums, and tubas. The percussion section consists of the timpani, bass drum, snare drum, and any other percussion instruments called for in a score (e.g., triangle, glockenspiel, chimes, cymbals, wood blocks, etc.). When orchestras perform baroque music (from the 17th century and early 18th century), they may also use a harpsichord or pipe organ, playing the continuo part.", "When orchestras perform baroque music (from the 17th century and early 18th century), they may also use a harpsichord or pipe organ, playing the continuo part. When orchestras perform Romantic-era music (from the 19th century), they may also use harps or unusual instruments such as the wind machine or cannons. When orchestras perform music from the 20th century or the 21st century, occasionally instruments such as electric guitar, theremin, or even an electronic synthesizer may be used.", "When orchestras perform music from the 20th century or the 21st century, occasionally instruments such as electric guitar, theremin, or even an electronic synthesizer may be used. Jazz ensembles Three parts In jazz, there are several types of trios. One type of jazz trio is formed with a piano player, a bass player and a drummer.", "One type of jazz trio is formed with a piano player, a bass player and a drummer. Another type of jazz trio that became popular in the 1950s and 1960s is the organ trio, which is composed of a Hammond organ player, a drummer, and a third instrumentalist (either a saxophone player or an electric jazz guitarist). In organ trios, the Hammond organ player performs the bass line on the organ bass pedals while simultaneously playing chords or lead lines on the keyboard manuals.", "In organ trios, the Hammond organ player performs the bass line on the organ bass pedals while simultaneously playing chords or lead lines on the keyboard manuals. Other types of trios include the \"drummer-less\" trio, which consists of a piano player, a double bassist, and a horn (saxophone or trumpet) or guitar player; and the jazz trio with a horn player (saxophone or trumpet), double bass player, and a drummer.", "Other types of trios include the \"drummer-less\" trio, which consists of a piano player, a double bassist, and a horn (saxophone or trumpet) or guitar player; and the jazz trio with a horn player (saxophone or trumpet), double bass player, and a drummer. In the latter type of trio, the lack of a chordal instrument means that the horn player and the bassist have to imply the changing harmonies with their improvised lines.", "In the latter type of trio, the lack of a chordal instrument means that the horn player and the bassist have to imply the changing harmonies with their improvised lines. Four parts Jazz quartets typically add a horn (the generic jazz name for saxophones, trombones, trumpets, or any other wind or brass instrument commonly associated with jazz) to one of the jazz trios described above.", "Four parts Jazz quartets typically add a horn (the generic jazz name for saxophones, trombones, trumpets, or any other wind or brass instrument commonly associated with jazz) to one of the jazz trios described above. Slightly larger jazz ensembles, such as quintets (five instruments) or sextets (six instruments) typically add other soloing instruments to the basic quartet formation, such as different types of saxophones (e.g., alto saxophone, tenor saxophone, etc.) or an additional chordal instrument.", "or an additional chordal instrument. or an additional chordal instrument. Larger ensembles The lineup of larger jazz ensembles can vary considerably, depending on the style of jazz being performed. In a 1920s-style dixieland jazz band, a larger ensemble would be formed by adding a banjo player, woodwind instruments, as with the clarinet, or additional horns (saxophones, trumpets, trombones) to one of the smaller groups.", "In a 1920s-style dixieland jazz band, a larger ensemble would be formed by adding a banjo player, woodwind instruments, as with the clarinet, or additional horns (saxophones, trumpets, trombones) to one of the smaller groups. In a 1930s-style Swing big band, a larger ensemble is formed by adding \"sections\" of like instruments, such as a saxophone section, a trumpet section and a trombone section, which perform arranged \"horn lines\" to accompany the ensemble.", "In a 1930s-style Swing big band, a larger ensemble is formed by adding \"sections\" of like instruments, such as a saxophone section, a trumpet section and a trombone section, which perform arranged \"horn lines\" to accompany the ensemble. Some Swing bands also added a string section for a lush sound.", "Some Swing bands also added a string section for a lush sound. In a 1970s-style jazz fusion ensemble, a larger ensemble is often formed by adding additional percussionists or sometimes a saxophone player, who would \"double\" or \"triple\" (meaning that they would also be proficient at the clarinet, flute or both). Larger jazz ensembles are also formed by the addition of other soloing instruments. Rock and pop bands Two parts Two-member rock and pop bands are relatively rare.", "Rock and pop bands Two parts Two-member rock and pop bands are relatively rare. Examples of two-member bands are the Carpenters, Sleaford Mods, Japandroids, Pet Shop Boys, Flight of the Conchords, Death from Above 1979, Middle Class Rut, the Pity Party, the White Stripes, Big Business, Two Gallants, Lightning Bolt, the Ting Tings, the Black Box Revelation, the Black Keys, Twenty One Pilots, Tenacious D, Simon and Garfunkel, Hall & Oates, Johnossi, the Pack A.D., Air Supply and Royal Blood.", "Examples of two-member bands are the Carpenters, Sleaford Mods, Japandroids, Pet Shop Boys, Flight of the Conchords, Death from Above 1979, Middle Class Rut, the Pity Party, the White Stripes, Big Business, Two Gallants, Lightning Bolt, the Ting Tings, the Black Box Revelation, the Black Keys, Twenty One Pilots, Tenacious D, Simon and Garfunkel, Hall & Oates, Johnossi, the Pack A.D., Air Supply and Royal Blood. When electronic sequencers became widely available in the 1980s, this made it easier for two-member bands to add in musical elements that the two band members were not able to perform.", "When electronic sequencers became widely available in the 1980s, this made it easier for two-member bands to add in musical elements that the two band members were not able to perform. Sequencers allowed bands to pre-program some elements of their performance, such as an electronic drum part and a synth-bass line. Two-member pop music bands such as Soft Cell, Blancmange, Yazoo and Erasure used pre-programmed sequencers. W.A.S.P.", "W.A.S.P. W.A.S.P. guitarist Doug Blair is also known for his work in the non-notable two-piece progressive rock band signal2noise, where he acts as the lead guitarist and bassist at the same time, thanks to a special custom instrument he invented (an electric guitar with five regular guitar strings paired with three bass guitar strings). Three parts The smallest ensemble that is commonly used in rock music is the trio format.", "Three parts The smallest ensemble that is commonly used in rock music is the trio format. In a hard-rock or blues-rock band, or heavy metal rock group, a \"power trio\" format is often used, which consists of an electric guitar player, an electric bass guitar player and a drummer, and typically one or more of these musicians also sing (sometimes all three members will sing, e.g. Bee Gees or Alkaline Trio).", "Bee Gees or Alkaline Trio). Bee Gees or Alkaline Trio). Some well-known power trios with the guitarist on lead vocals are the Jimi Hendrix Experience, Stevie Ray Vaughan and Double Trouble, Nirvana, Violent Femmes, Gov't Mule, Green Day, the Minutemen, Triumph, Shellac, Sublime, Chevelle, Glass Harp, Icebird, Muse, the Jam, Short Stack, and ZZ Top.", "Some well-known power trios with the guitarist on lead vocals are the Jimi Hendrix Experience, Stevie Ray Vaughan and Double Trouble, Nirvana, Violent Femmes, Gov't Mule, Green Day, the Minutemen, Triumph, Shellac, Sublime, Chevelle, Glass Harp, Icebird, Muse, the Jam, Short Stack, and ZZ Top. A handful of others with the bassist on vocals include Primus, Motörhead, the Police, the Melvins, MxPx, Blue Cheer, Rush, the Presidents of the United States of America, Venom, and Cream.", "A handful of others with the bassist on vocals include Primus, Motörhead, the Police, the Melvins, MxPx, Blue Cheer, Rush, the Presidents of the United States of America, Venom, and Cream. Some power trios feature two lead vocalists. For example, in the band blink-182 vocals are split between bassist Mark Hoppus and guitarist Tom DeLonge, or in the band Dinosaur Jr., guitarist J. Mascis is the primary songwriter and vocalist, but bassist Lou Barlow writes some songs and sings as well.", "For example, in the band blink-182 vocals are split between bassist Mark Hoppus and guitarist Tom DeLonge, or in the band Dinosaur Jr., guitarist J. Mascis is the primary songwriter and vocalist, but bassist Lou Barlow writes some songs and sings as well. An alternative to the power trio are organ trios formed with an electric guitarist, a drummer and a keyboardist.", "An alternative to the power trio are organ trios formed with an electric guitarist, a drummer and a keyboardist. Although organ trios are most commonly associated with 1950s and 1960s jazz organ trio groups such as those led by organist Jimmy Smith, there are also organ trios in rock-oriented styles, such as jazz-rock fusion and Grateful Dead-influenced jam bands such as Medeski Martin & Wood.", "Although organ trios are most commonly associated with 1950s and 1960s jazz organ trio groups such as those led by organist Jimmy Smith, there are also organ trios in rock-oriented styles, such as jazz-rock fusion and Grateful Dead-influenced jam bands such as Medeski Martin & Wood. In organ trios, the keyboard player typically plays a Hammond organ or similar instrument, which permits the keyboard player to perform bass lines, chords, and lead lines, one example being hard rock band Zebra.", "In organ trios, the keyboard player typically plays a Hammond organ or similar instrument, which permits the keyboard player to perform bass lines, chords, and lead lines, one example being hard rock band Zebra. A variant of the organ trio are trios formed with an electric bassist, a drummer and an electronic keyboardist (playing synthesizers) such as the progressive rock band Emerson, Lake & Palmer, Triumvirat, and Atomic Rooster.", "A variant of the organ trio are trios formed with an electric bassist, a drummer and an electronic keyboardist (playing synthesizers) such as the progressive rock band Emerson, Lake & Palmer, Triumvirat, and Atomic Rooster. Another variation is to have a vocalist, a guitarist and a drummer, an example being Yeah Yeah Yeahs. Another variation is two guitars, a bassist, and a drum machine, examples including Magic Wands and Big Black.", "Another variation is two guitars, a bassist, and a drum machine, examples including Magic Wands and Big Black. A power trio with the guitarist on lead vocals is a popular record company lineup, as the guitarist and singer will usually be the songwriter. Therefore, the label only has to present one \"face\" to the public. The backing band may or may not be featured in publicity.", "The backing band may or may not be featured in publicity. If the backup band is not marketed as an integral part of the group, this gives the record company more flexibility to replace band members or use substitute musicians. This lineup often leads to songs that are fairly simple and accessible, as the frontman (or frontwoman) will have to sing and play guitar at the same time. Four parts The four-piece band is the most common configuration in rock and pop music.", "Four parts The four-piece band is the most common configuration in rock and pop music. A common formation would be a vocalist, electric guitarist, bass guitarist, and a drummer (e.g. the Who, the Monkees, Led Zeppelin, Queen, Ramones, Sex Pistols, Red Hot Chili Peppers, R.E.M., Blur, the Smiths, Echo and the Bunnymen, the Stone Roses, Creed, Black Sabbath, Van Halen, Rage Against the Machine, Gym Class Heroes, the Stooges, Joy Division, and U2.)", "the Who, the Monkees, Led Zeppelin, Queen, Ramones, Sex Pistols, Red Hot Chili Peppers, R.E.M., Blur, the Smiths, Echo and the Bunnymen, the Stone Roses, Creed, Black Sabbath, Van Halen, Rage Against the Machine, Gym Class Heroes, the Stooges, Joy Division, and U2.) Instrumentally, these bands can be considered as trios.", "Instrumentally, these bands can be considered as trios. Instrumentally, these bands can be considered as trios. This format is popular with new bands, as there are only two instruments that need tuning, the melody and chords formula prevalent with their material is easy to learn, four members are commonplace to work with, the roles are clearly defined and generally are: instrumental melody line, rhythm section which plays the chords or countermelody, and vocals on top.", "This format is popular with new bands, as there are only two instruments that need tuning, the melody and chords formula prevalent with their material is easy to learn, four members are commonplace to work with, the roles are clearly defined and generally are: instrumental melody line, rhythm section which plays the chords or countermelody, and vocals on top. In some early rock bands, keyboardists were used, performing on piano (e.g. the Seeds and the Doors) with a guitarist, singer, drummer and keyboardist.", "the Seeds and the Doors) with a guitarist, singer, drummer and keyboardist. Some bands will have a guitarist, bassist, drummer, and keyboard player (for example, Talking Heads, Gerry and the Pacemakers, Small Faces, King Crimson, the Guess Who, Pink Floyd, Queen, Coldplay, the Killers and Blind Faith).", "Some bands will have a guitarist, bassist, drummer, and keyboard player (for example, Talking Heads, Gerry and the Pacemakers, Small Faces, King Crimson, the Guess Who, Pink Floyd, Queen, Coldplay, the Killers and Blind Faith). Some bands will have the bassist on lead vocals, such as Thin Lizzy, the Chameleons, Skillet, Pink Floyd, Motörhead, NOFX, +44, Slayer, the All-American Rejects or even the lead guitarist, such as Death, Dire Straits, Megadeth and Creedence Clearwater Revival.", "Some bands will have the bassist on lead vocals, such as Thin Lizzy, the Chameleons, Skillet, Pink Floyd, Motörhead, NOFX, +44, Slayer, the All-American Rejects or even the lead guitarist, such as Death, Dire Straits, Megadeth and Creedence Clearwater Revival. Some bands, such as the Beatles, Dire Straits and Metallica have a lead guitarist, a rhythm guitarist and a bassist that all sing lead and backing vocals, that also play keyboards regularly, as well as a drummer.", "Some bands, such as the Beatles, Dire Straits and Metallica have a lead guitarist, a rhythm guitarist and a bassist that all sing lead and backing vocals, that also play keyboards regularly, as well as a drummer. Five parts Five-piece bands have existed in rock music since the development of the genre.", "Five parts Five-piece bands have existed in rock music since the development of the genre. The Beach Boys, the Rolling Stones (until 1993), Aerosmith, Def Leppard, AC/DC, Oasis, Pearl Jam, Guns N' Roses, Radiohead, the Strokes, the Yardbirds, 311 and the Hives are examples of the common vocalist, lead guitar, rhythm guitar, bass, and drums lineup whilst other bands such as Judas Priest have two guitarists who equally share lead and rhythm parts.", "The Beach Boys, the Rolling Stones (until 1993), Aerosmith, Def Leppard, AC/DC, Oasis, Pearl Jam, Guns N' Roses, Radiohead, the Strokes, the Yardbirds, 311 and the Hives are examples of the common vocalist, lead guitar, rhythm guitar, bass, and drums lineup whilst other bands such as Judas Priest have two guitarists who equally share lead and rhythm parts. An alternative to the five-member lineup replaces the rhythm guitarist with a keyboard–synthesizer player (examples being the bands Journey, Elbow, Dream Theater, Genesis, Jethro Tull, the Zombies, the Animals, Bon Jovi, Yes, Fleetwood Mac, Marilyn Manson and Deep Purple, all of which consist of a vocalist, guitarist, bassist, keyboardist, and a drummer) or with a turntablist such as Deftones, Hed PE, Incubus or Limp Bizkit.", "An alternative to the five-member lineup replaces the rhythm guitarist with a keyboard–synthesizer player (examples being the bands Journey, Elbow, Dream Theater, Genesis, Jethro Tull, the Zombies, the Animals, Bon Jovi, Yes, Fleetwood Mac, Marilyn Manson and Deep Purple, all of which consist of a vocalist, guitarist, bassist, keyboardist, and a drummer) or with a turntablist such as Deftones, Hed PE, Incubus or Limp Bizkit. Alternatives include a keyboardist, guitarist, drummer, bassist, and saxophonist, such as the Sonics, the Dave Clark Five, and Sam the Sham and the Pharaohs.", "Alternatives include a keyboardist, guitarist, drummer, bassist, and saxophonist, such as the Sonics, the Dave Clark Five, and Sam the Sham and the Pharaohs. Another alternative is three guitarists, a bassist and a drummer, such as Foo Fighters, Radiohead, and the Byrds.", "Another alternative is three guitarists, a bassist and a drummer, such as Foo Fighters, Radiohead, and the Byrds. Some five-person bands feature two guitarists, a keyboardist, a bassist and a drummer, with one or more of these musicians (typically one of the guitarists) handling lead vocals on top of their instrument (examples being Children of Bodom, Styx, Sturm und Drang, Relient K, Ensiferum, the Cars and the current line up of Status Quo).", "Some five-person bands feature two guitarists, a keyboardist, a bassist and a drummer, with one or more of these musicians (typically one of the guitarists) handling lead vocals on top of their instrument (examples being Children of Bodom, Styx, Sturm und Drang, Relient K, Ensiferum, the Cars and the current line up of Status Quo). In some cases, typically in cover bands, one musician plays either rhythm guitar or keyboards, depending on the song (one notable band being Firewind, with Bob Katsionis handling this particular role).", "In some cases, typically in cover bands, one musician plays either rhythm guitar or keyboards, depending on the song (one notable band being Firewind, with Bob Katsionis handling this particular role). Other times, the vocalist will bring another musical \"voice\" to the table, most commonly a harmonica or percussion; Mick Jagger, for example, played harmonica and percussion instruments like maracas and tambourine whilst singing at the same time. Keith Relf of the Yardbirds played harmonica frequently, though not often while also singing.", "Keith Relf of the Yardbirds played harmonica frequently, though not often while also singing. Ozzy Osbourne was also known to play the harmonica on some occasions (i.e. \"The Wizard\" by Black Sabbath). Vocalist Robert Brown of lesser known steampunk band Abney Park plays harmonica, accordion, and darbuka in addition to mandolin. Flutes are also commonly used by vocalists, most notably Ian Anderson of Jethro Tull and Ray Thomas of the Moody Blues, though these are difficult to play while singing at the same time.", "Flutes are also commonly used by vocalists, most notably Ian Anderson of Jethro Tull and Ray Thomas of the Moody Blues, though these are difficult to play while singing at the same time. A less common lineup is to have lead vocals, two guitarists of varying types and two drummers, e.g. Adam and the Ants.", "Adam and the Ants. Adam and the Ants. Larger rock ensembles Larger bands are quite common and have long been a part of rock and pop music, in part due to the influence of the \"singer accompanied with orchestra\" model inherited from popular big-band jazz and swing and popularized by Frank Sinatra and Ella Fitzgerald. To create larger ensembles, rock bands often add an additional guitarist, an additional keyboardist, additional percussionists or second drummer, an entire horn section, and even a flautist.", "To create larger ensembles, rock bands often add an additional guitarist, an additional keyboardist, additional percussionists or second drummer, an entire horn section, and even a flautist. An example of a six-member rock band is Toto with a lead vocalist, guitarist, bassist, two keyboard players, and drummer. The American heavy metal band Slipknot is composed of nine members, with a vocalist, two guitarists, a drummer, a bassist, two custom percussionists/backing vocalists, a turntablist, and a sampler/keyboardist.", "The American heavy metal band Slipknot is composed of nine members, with a vocalist, two guitarists, a drummer, a bassist, two custom percussionists/backing vocalists, a turntablist, and a sampler/keyboardist. In larger groups (such as the Band), instrumentalists could play multiple instruments, which enabled the ensemble to create a wider variety of instrument combinations. More modern examples of such a band are Arcade Fire and Edward Sharpe and the Magnetic Zeros.", "More modern examples of such a band are Arcade Fire and Edward Sharpe and the Magnetic Zeros. More rarely, rock or pop groups will be accompanied in concerts by a full or partial symphony orchestra, where lush string-orchestra arrangements are used to flesh out the sound of slow ballads. Some groups have a large number of members that all play the same instrument, such as guitar, banjo, keyboard, ocarinas, drums, recorders, accordions, horns or strings.", "Some groups have a large number of members that all play the same instrument, such as guitar, banjo, keyboard, ocarinas, drums, recorders, accordions, horns or strings. Electronic music groups Electronic music groups typically use electronic musical instruments such as synthesizers, sequencers, samplers and electronic drums to produce music. The production technique of music programming is also widely used in electronic music. Examples include Kraftwerk, Daft Punk, the Chemical Brothers, Faithless and Apollo 440.", "Examples include Kraftwerk, Daft Punk, the Chemical Brothers, Faithless and Apollo 440. Electronic dance music groups usually consist of two to three members, and are mainly producers, DJs and remixers, whose work is solely produced in a studio or with the use of a digital audio workstation. Examples include Basement Jaxx, Flip & Fill, Tin Tin Out, the Chainsmokers, Cheat Codes, Cash Cash and Major Lazer. Role of women Women have a high prominence in many popular music styles as singers.", "Role of women Women have a high prominence in many popular music styles as singers. However, professional women instrumentalists are uncommon in popular music, especially in rock genres such as heavy metal. \"[P]laying in a band is largely a male homosocial activity, that is, learning to play in a band is largely a peer-based... experience, shaped by existing sex-segregated friendship networks.\" As well, rock music \"...is often defined as a form of male rebellion vis-à-vis female bedroom culture.\"", "As well, rock music \"...is often defined as a form of male rebellion vis-à-vis female bedroom culture.\" In popular music, there has been a gendered \"distinction between public (male) and private (female) participation\" in music. \"[S]everal scholars have argued that men exclude women from bands or from the bands' rehearsals, recordings, performances, and other social activities.\"", "\"[S]everal scholars have argued that men exclude women from bands or from the bands' rehearsals, recordings, performances, and other social activities.\" \"Women are mainly regarded as passive and private consumers of allegedly slick, prefabricated – hence, inferior – pop music..., excluding them from participating as high status rock musicians.\"", "\"Women are mainly regarded as passive and private consumers of allegedly slick, prefabricated – hence, inferior – pop music..., excluding them from participating as high status rock musicians.\" One of the reasons that there are rarely mixed gender bands is that \"bands operate as tight-knit units in which homosocial solidarity – social bonds between people of the same sex... – plays a crucial role.\"", "One of the reasons that there are rarely mixed gender bands is that \"bands operate as tight-knit units in which homosocial solidarity – social bonds between people of the same sex... – plays a crucial role.\" In the 1960s pop music scene, \"[s]inging was sometimes an acceptable pastime for a girl, but playing an instrument...simply wasn't done.\"", "In the 1960s pop music scene, \"[s]inging was sometimes an acceptable pastime for a girl, but playing an instrument...simply wasn't done.\" \"The rebellion of rock music was largely a male rebellion; the women—often, in the 1950s and '60s, girls in their teens—in rock usually sang songs as personæ utterly dependent on their macho boyfriends...\" Philip Auslander says that \"Although there were many women in rock by the late 1960s, most performed only as singers, a traditionally feminine position in popular music.\"", "\"The rebellion of rock music was largely a male rebellion; the women—often, in the 1950s and '60s, girls in their teens—in rock usually sang songs as personæ utterly dependent on their macho boyfriends...\" Philip Auslander says that \"Although there were many women in rock by the late 1960s, most performed only as singers, a traditionally feminine position in popular music.\" Though some women played instruments in American all-female garage rock bands, none of these bands achieved more than regional success.", "Though some women played instruments in American all-female garage rock bands, none of these bands achieved more than regional success. So they \"did not provide viable templates for women's on-going participation in rock\". In relation to the gender composition of heavy metal bands, it has been said that \"[h]eavy metal performers are almost exclusively male\" \"...[a]t least until the mid-1980s\" apart from \"...exceptions such as Girlschool\".", "In relation to the gender composition of heavy metal bands, it has been said that \"[h]eavy metal performers are almost exclusively male\" \"...[a]t least until the mid-1980s\" apart from \"...exceptions such as Girlschool\". However, \"...now [in the 2010s] maybe more than ever–strong metal women have put up their dukes and got down to it,\" \"carv[ing] out a considerable place for [them]selves\".", "However, \"...now [in the 2010s] maybe more than ever–strong metal women have put up their dukes and got down to it,\" \"carv[ing] out a considerable place for [them]selves\". When Suzi Quatro emerged in 1973, \"no other prominent female musician worked in rock simultaneously as a singer, instrumentalist, songwriter, and bandleader.\"", "When Suzi Quatro emerged in 1973, \"no other prominent female musician worked in rock simultaneously as a singer, instrumentalist, songwriter, and bandleader.\" According to Auslander, she was \"kicking down the male door in rock and roll and proving that a female musician ... and this is a point I am extremely concerned about ... could play as well if not better than the boys\". Other western musical ensembles A choir is a group of voices.", "Other western musical ensembles A choir is a group of voices. By analogy, sometimes a group of similar instruments in a symphony orchestra are referred to as a choir. For example, the woodwind instruments of a symphony orchestra could be called the woodwind choir. A group that plays popular music or military music is usually called a band; a drum and bugle corps is a type of the latter. These bands perform a wide range of music, ranging from arrangements of jazz orchestral, or popular music to military-style marches.", "These bands perform a wide range of music, ranging from arrangements of jazz orchestral, or popular music to military-style marches. Drum corps perform on brass and percussion instruments only. Drum and Bugle Corps incorporate costumes, hats, and pageantry in their performances.", "Drum and Bugle Corps incorporate costumes, hats, and pageantry in their performances. Other band types include: Brass bands: groups consisting of around 30 brass and percussion players; Jug bands; Mexican Mariachi groups typically consist of at least two violins, two trumpets, one Spanish guitar, one vihuela (a high-pitched, five-string guitar), and one Guitarrón (a Mexican acoustic bass that is roughly guitar-shaped), and one or more singers.", "Other band types include: Brass bands: groups consisting of around 30 brass and percussion players; Jug bands; Mexican Mariachi groups typically consist of at least two violins, two trumpets, one Spanish guitar, one vihuela (a high-pitched, five-string guitar), and one Guitarrón (a Mexican acoustic bass that is roughly guitar-shaped), and one or more singers. Mexican banda groups Marching bands and military bands, dating back to the Ottoman military bands.", "Mexican banda groups Marching bands and military bands, dating back to the Ottoman military bands. String bands See also All-female band Boy band Girl group Live band karaoke Music industry Percussion ensemble Musical collective References External links Bands and Musician Listing Vivre Musicale" ]

[ "Musical ensemble", "Five parts", "what can you tell me about Five parts?", "Five-piece bands have existed in rock music since the development of the genre.", "what does a five piece band entail?", "examples of the common vocalist, lead guitar, rhythm guitar, bass, and drums", "what are other examples?", "Alternatives include a keyboardist, guitarist, drummer, bassist, and saxophonist,", "are there some more examples?", "The Sonics, The Dave Clark 5, and Sam the Sham" ]

[ "A fanfare orchestra (Dutch fanfareorkest, French harmonie-fanfare) is a type of brass band consisting of the entire saxophone family, trumpets, trombones, euphoniums, baritone horns, flugelhorns and alto/tenor- or F-horns, as well as percussion. They are seldom seen outside of Europe, with a high concentration of these bands in Belgium and the Netherlands, many of them civil bands with a few Dutch bands also serving the Armed forces of the Netherlands and its veterans.\n\nBands sporting similar instruments are also active in France, Luxembourg and in Germany, many of these German bands sporting fanfare band titles as several of them started up as these. Switzerland, Portugal, Lithuania and Norway have few such civil bands.\n\nIntroduction \nStarting in the 19th century, the adoption of the British brass band tradition in several countries in Europe as well as the enduring tradition of military bands made their way into the formation of the fanfare orchestra in the Low Countries. It is a type of brass band but with saxophones added, while also sporting extra brass instruments.\n\nThe civil fanfare orchestra exists not just to provide entertainment through music but also for the preservation of local musical traditions. As such the orchestra plays not just in concerts but also in civil events and celebrations.\n\nFanfare orchestras affiliated to the Dutch military also perform in events involving the armed services and military veterans in the Netherlands. The Fanfare Band of the Royal Netherlands Army Mounted Regiments \"Bereden Wapens\" () is the only professional fanfare orchestra in the world.\n\nThe German variant band, through, would or would not use saxophones depending on necessity. Few bands use drum and bugle corps instruments alongside the standard brass instruments.\n\nInstrumentation\n\nThe instrumentation of a fanfare orchestra is fairly similar to that of a British brass band but also includes trumpets rather than cornets and an additional complement of flugelhorns and saxophones. This combination of instruments gives the fanfare orchestra a sound that can be viewed as a halfway between that of a concert band and a brass band.\n\nIn a fanfare orchestra, the most numerous brass instrument is the flugelhorn. In these ensembles, flugelhorns act as cornets would in a British-style brass band. Flugelhorn parts in a fanfare orchestra are often far more demanding than flugelhorn parts in brass band, and due to the absence of cornets, flugelhorns have to play in a higher register than they would in a brass band. The saxophone parts are often doubled on flugelhorn parts, which is what gives the fanfare orchestra its characteristic dark sound, as opposed to the brighter sound of wind bands. Trumpets are the other instruments that provide the higher range in fanfare bands. Trumpets generally do not play as much of a role in the sound of the band as they would in other ensembles, such as wind bands. Cornets are also occasionally used, but this is rare. At the very top of the range there is usually a soprano cornet or a piccolo trumpet.\n\nIn the middle and lower ranges of the fanfare orchestra are French horns and occasionally tenor horns. Mellophones can also be used, but this is rare. Lower than the French horns are baritone horns and euphoniums, trombones, occasionally a bass trombone, and B flat and E flat tubas plus sousaphones and helicons. However, in the last couple of decades, the use of actual (British-style) baritone horns has been in severe decline, and the baritone parts are very frequently played on euphonium instead. This does not change the fact that the intended instrument to play the baritone parts is, still, a baritone horn. The instrumentation of a fanfare orchestra is virtually identical to that of a brass band, aside from the fact that there are saxophones in the fanfare band, namely baritone saxophones, alto saxophones, soprano saxophones and tenor saxophones as well (few bands even have a rare use of the bass saxophone). There is often an abundance of percussion players (from 4-6), using snare drums, bass drums, cymbals and glockenspiels (plus the optional tenor drum, including in German ensembles).\n\nSee also\n\n Marching band\n Brass band\n\nReferences\n\nTypes of musical groups", "New Big Band is a term used to refer to the revivalist movement of 21st Century Jazz artists who are bringing a new form of Big Band music that fuses elements of traditional swing bands of leaders like Duke Ellington and Count Basie whose popularity peaked from the 1930s through the 1950s with the more intense sounds produced by smaller groups of the Bop era of the 1950s and beyond. The distinction between big bands that survived the 1970s and several big bands that have had some success in different parts of the world is that the sporadic big bands between the fall of the Big Band era and 2000 have been more preservationist in nature. The New Big Band movement is developing a new original jazz literature of fresh compositions as well as modern reinterpretations of standards through new arrangements that conform to the new style being presented to the public.\n\nLive appearances of the bands is restricted usually to small clubs in New York and other large cities that make it financially viable to travel with a sizable band unit of 15-22 musicians playing up to 30 instruments. Saxophone section musicians play one or more additional instruments to cover the band's need for flute, clarinet, and bass clarinet in addition to soprano and baritone saxophone parts.\n\nJazz artists and band leaders like Christian McBride, Roy Hargrove, trombonist Wycliffe Gordon and Gordon Goodwin have assembled their own big band units. A surviving big band the Mingus Big Band has also capitalized on the revival.\n\nAwards\nNew Big Band has been well received. Roy Hargrove's 2010 album, \"Emergence\" was nominated for a GRAMMY, and Christian McBride's album, \"The Good Feeling\" won a rare GRAMMY for Best Large Jazz Ensemble Recording in February 2012. Wycliffe Gordon's tribute to Louis Armstrong \"Hello Pops\" was also critically well received.\n\nReferences\n\nJazz culture\nJazz genres" ]

[ "A musical ensemble, also known as a music group or musical group, is a group of people who perform instrumental or vocal music, with the ensemble typically known by a distinct name. Some music ensembles consist solely of instrumentalists, such as the jazz quartet or the orchestra. Other music ensembles consist solely of singers, such as choirs and doo wop groups.", "Other music ensembles consist solely of singers, such as choirs and doo wop groups. In both popular music and classical music, there are ensembles in which both instrumentalists and singers perform, such as the rock band or the Baroque chamber group for basso continuo (harpsichord and cello) and one or more singers.", "In both popular music and classical music, there are ensembles in which both instrumentalists and singers perform, such as the rock band or the Baroque chamber group for basso continuo (harpsichord and cello) and one or more singers. In classical music, trios or quartets either blend the sounds of musical instrument families (such as piano, strings, and wind instruments) or group together instruments from the same instrument family, such as string ensembles (e.g., string quartet) or wind ensembles (e.g., wind quintet).", "In classical music, trios or quartets either blend the sounds of musical instrument families (such as piano, strings, and wind instruments) or group together instruments from the same instrument family, such as string ensembles (e.g., string quartet) or wind ensembles (e.g., wind quintet). Some ensembles blend the sounds of a variety of instrument families, such as the orchestra, which uses a string section, brass instruments, woodwinds and percussion instruments, or the concert band, which uses brass, woodwinds and percussion.", "Some ensembles blend the sounds of a variety of instrument families, such as the orchestra, which uses a string section, brass instruments, woodwinds and percussion instruments, or the concert band, which uses brass, woodwinds and percussion. In jazz ensembles or combos, the instruments typically include wind instruments (one or more saxophones, trumpets, etc.", "In jazz ensembles or combos, the instruments typically include wind instruments (one or more saxophones, trumpets, etc. ), one or two chordal \"comping\" instruments (electric guitar, piano, or Hammond organ), a bass instrument (bass guitar or double bass), and a drummer or percussionist. Jazz ensembles may be solely instrumental, or they may consist of a group of instruments accompanying one or more singers.", "Jazz ensembles may be solely instrumental, or they may consist of a group of instruments accompanying one or more singers. In rock and pop ensembles, usually called rock bands or pop bands, there are usually guitars and keyboards (piano, electric piano, Hammond organ, synthesizer, etc. ), one or more singers, and a rhythm section made up of a bass guitar and drum kit. Music ensembles typically have a leader.", "Music ensembles typically have a leader. Music ensembles typically have a leader. In jazz bands, rock and pop groups and similar ensembles, this is the band leader. In classical music, orchestras, concert bands and choirs are led by a conductor. In orchestra, the concertmaster (principal first violin player) is the instrumentalist leader of the orchestra.", "In orchestra, the concertmaster (principal first violin player) is the instrumentalist leader of the orchestra. In orchestras, the individual sections also have leaders, typically called the \"principal\" of the section (e.g., the leader of the viola section is called the \"principal viola\").", "In orchestras, the individual sections also have leaders, typically called the \"principal\" of the section (e.g., the leader of the viola section is called the \"principal viola\"). Conductors are also used in jazz big bands and in some very large rock or pop ensembles (e.g., a rock concert that includes a string section, a horn section and a choir which are accompanying a rock band's performance). Classical chamber music In Western classical music, smaller ensembles are called chamber music ensembles.", "Classical chamber music In Western classical music, smaller ensembles are called chamber music ensembles. The terms duo, trio, quartet, quintet, sextet, septet, octet, nonet and decet describe groups of two up to ten musicians, respectively. A group of eleven musicians, such as found in The Carnival of the Animals, is called an undecet, and a group of twelve is called a duodecet (see Latin numerical prefixes).", "A group of eleven musicians, such as found in The Carnival of the Animals, is called an undecet, and a group of twelve is called a duodecet (see Latin numerical prefixes). A soloist playing unaccompanied (e.g., a pianist playing a solo piano piece or a cellist playing a Bach suite for unaccompanied cello) is not an ensemble because it only contains one musician. Four parts Strings A string quartet consists of two violins, a viola and a cello.", "Four parts Strings A string quartet consists of two violins, a viola and a cello. There is a vast body of music written for string quartets, as it is seen as an important genre in classical music. Wind A woodwind quartet usually features a flute, an oboe, a clarinet and a bassoon. A brass quartet features two trumpets, a trombone and a tuba. A saxophone quartet consists of a soprano saxophone, an alto saxophone, a tenor saxophone, and a baritone saxophone.", "A saxophone quartet consists of a soprano saxophone, an alto saxophone, a tenor saxophone, and a baritone saxophone. Five parts The string quintet is a common type of group. It is similar to the string quartet, but with an additional viola, cello, or more rarely, the addition of a double bass. Terms such as \"piano quintet\" or \"clarinet quintet\" frequently refer to a string quartet plus a fifth instrument.", "Terms such as \"piano quintet\" or \"clarinet quintet\" frequently refer to a string quartet plus a fifth instrument. Mozart's Clarinet Quintet is similarly a piece written for an ensemble consisting of two violins, a viola, a cello and a clarinet, the last being the exceptional addition to a \"normal\" string quartet.", "Mozart's Clarinet Quintet is similarly a piece written for an ensemble consisting of two violins, a viola, a cello and a clarinet, the last being the exceptional addition to a \"normal\" string quartet. Some other quintets in classical music are the wind quintet, usually consisting of flute, oboe, clarinet, bassoon and horn; the brass quintet, consisting of two trumpets, one horn, a trombone and a tuba; and the reed quintet, consisting of an oboe, a soprano clarinet, a saxophone, a bass clarinet, and a bassoon.", "Some other quintets in classical music are the wind quintet, usually consisting of flute, oboe, clarinet, bassoon and horn; the brass quintet, consisting of two trumpets, one horn, a trombone and a tuba; and the reed quintet, consisting of an oboe, a soprano clarinet, a saxophone, a bass clarinet, and a bassoon. Six or more instruments Classical chamber ensembles of six (sextet), seven (septet), or eight musicians (octet) are fairly common; use of latinate terms for larger groups is rare, except for the nonet (nine musicians).", "Six or more instruments Classical chamber ensembles of six (sextet), seven (septet), or eight musicians (octet) are fairly common; use of latinate terms for larger groups is rare, except for the nonet (nine musicians). In most cases, a larger classical group is referred to as an orchestra of some type or a concert band.", "In most cases, a larger classical group is referred to as an orchestra of some type or a concert band. A small orchestra with fifteen to thirty members (violins, violas, four cellos, two or three double basses, and several woodwind or brass instruments) is called a chamber orchestra. A sinfonietta usually denotes a somewhat smaller orchestra (though still not a chamber orchestra). Larger orchestras are called symphony orchestras (see below) or philharmonic orchestras.", "Larger orchestras are called symphony orchestras (see below) or philharmonic orchestras. A pops orchestra is an orchestra that mainly performs light classical music (often in abbreviated, simplified arrangements) and orchestral arrangements and medleys of popular jazz, music theater, or pop music songs. A string orchestra has only string instruments, i.e., violins, violas, cellos and double basses. A symphony orchestra is an ensemble usually comprising at least thirty musicians; the number of players is typically between fifty and ninety-five and may exceed one hundred.", "A symphony orchestra is an ensemble usually comprising at least thirty musicians; the number of players is typically between fifty and ninety-five and may exceed one hundred. A symphony orchestra is divided into families of instruments. In the string family, there are sections of violins (I and II), violas, cellos (often eight), and basses (often from six to eight).", "In the string family, there are sections of violins (I and II), violas, cellos (often eight), and basses (often from six to eight). The standard woodwind section consists of flutes (one doubling piccolo), oboes (one doubling English horn), soprano clarinets (one doubling bass clarinet), and bassoons (one doubling contrabassoon). The standard brass section consists of horns, trumpets, trombones, and tuba.", "The standard brass section consists of horns, trumpets, trombones, and tuba. The percussion section includes the timpani, bass drum, snare drum, and any other percussion instruments called for in a score (e.g., triangle, glockenspiel, chimes, cymbals, wood blocks, etc.). In Baroque music (1600–1750) and music from the early Classical period music (1750–1820), the percussion parts in orchestral works may only include timpani.", "In Baroque music (1600–1750) and music from the early Classical period music (1750–1820), the percussion parts in orchestral works may only include timpani. A concert band is a large classical ensemble generally made up of between 40 and 70 musicians from the woodwind, brass, and percussion families, along with the double bass. The concert band has a larger number and variety of wind instruments than the symphony orchestra, but does not have a string section (although a single double bass is common in concert bands).", "The concert band has a larger number and variety of wind instruments than the symphony orchestra, but does not have a string section (although a single double bass is common in concert bands). The woodwind section of a concert band consists of piccolo, flutes, oboes (one doubling English horn), bassoons (one doubling contrabassoon), soprano clarinets (one doubling E clarinet, one doubling alto clarinet), bass clarinets (one doubling contrabass clarinet or contra-alto clarinet), alto saxophones (one doubling soprano saxophone), tenor saxophone, and baritone saxophone.", "The woodwind section of a concert band consists of piccolo, flutes, oboes (one doubling English horn), bassoons (one doubling contrabassoon), soprano clarinets (one doubling E clarinet, one doubling alto clarinet), bass clarinets (one doubling contrabass clarinet or contra-alto clarinet), alto saxophones (one doubling soprano saxophone), tenor saxophone, and baritone saxophone. The brass section consists of horns, trumpets or cornets, trombones, euphoniums, and tubas.", "The brass section consists of horns, trumpets or cornets, trombones, euphoniums, and tubas. The percussion section consists of the timpani, bass drum, snare drum, and any other percussion instruments called for in a score (e.g., triangle, glockenspiel, chimes, cymbals, wood blocks, etc.). When orchestras perform baroque music (from the 17th century and early 18th century), they may also use a harpsichord or pipe organ, playing the continuo part.", "When orchestras perform baroque music (from the 17th century and early 18th century), they may also use a harpsichord or pipe organ, playing the continuo part. When orchestras perform Romantic-era music (from the 19th century), they may also use harps or unusual instruments such as the wind machine or cannons. When orchestras perform music from the 20th century or the 21st century, occasionally instruments such as electric guitar, theremin, or even an electronic synthesizer may be used.", "When orchestras perform music from the 20th century or the 21st century, occasionally instruments such as electric guitar, theremin, or even an electronic synthesizer may be used. Jazz ensembles Three parts In jazz, there are several types of trios. One type of jazz trio is formed with a piano player, a bass player and a drummer.", "One type of jazz trio is formed with a piano player, a bass player and a drummer. Another type of jazz trio that became popular in the 1950s and 1960s is the organ trio, which is composed of a Hammond organ player, a drummer, and a third instrumentalist (either a saxophone player or an electric jazz guitarist). In organ trios, the Hammond organ player performs the bass line on the organ bass pedals while simultaneously playing chords or lead lines on the keyboard manuals.", "In organ trios, the Hammond organ player performs the bass line on the organ bass pedals while simultaneously playing chords or lead lines on the keyboard manuals. Other types of trios include the \"drummer-less\" trio, which consists of a piano player, a double bassist, and a horn (saxophone or trumpet) or guitar player; and the jazz trio with a horn player (saxophone or trumpet), double bass player, and a drummer.", "Other types of trios include the \"drummer-less\" trio, which consists of a piano player, a double bassist, and a horn (saxophone or trumpet) or guitar player; and the jazz trio with a horn player (saxophone or trumpet), double bass player, and a drummer. In the latter type of trio, the lack of a chordal instrument means that the horn player and the bassist have to imply the changing harmonies with their improvised lines.", "In the latter type of trio, the lack of a chordal instrument means that the horn player and the bassist have to imply the changing harmonies with their improvised lines. Four parts Jazz quartets typically add a horn (the generic jazz name for saxophones, trombones, trumpets, or any other wind or brass instrument commonly associated with jazz) to one of the jazz trios described above.", "Four parts Jazz quartets typically add a horn (the generic jazz name for saxophones, trombones, trumpets, or any other wind or brass instrument commonly associated with jazz) to one of the jazz trios described above. Slightly larger jazz ensembles, such as quintets (five instruments) or sextets (six instruments) typically add other soloing instruments to the basic quartet formation, such as different types of saxophones (e.g., alto saxophone, tenor saxophone, etc.) or an additional chordal instrument.", "or an additional chordal instrument. or an additional chordal instrument. Larger ensembles The lineup of larger jazz ensembles can vary considerably, depending on the style of jazz being performed. In a 1920s-style dixieland jazz band, a larger ensemble would be formed by adding a banjo player, woodwind instruments, as with the clarinet, or additional horns (saxophones, trumpets, trombones) to one of the smaller groups.", "In a 1920s-style dixieland jazz band, a larger ensemble would be formed by adding a banjo player, woodwind instruments, as with the clarinet, or additional horns (saxophones, trumpets, trombones) to one of the smaller groups. In a 1930s-style Swing big band, a larger ensemble is formed by adding \"sections\" of like instruments, such as a saxophone section, a trumpet section and a trombone section, which perform arranged \"horn lines\" to accompany the ensemble.", "In a 1930s-style Swing big band, a larger ensemble is formed by adding \"sections\" of like instruments, such as a saxophone section, a trumpet section and a trombone section, which perform arranged \"horn lines\" to accompany the ensemble. Some Swing bands also added a string section for a lush sound.", "Some Swing bands also added a string section for a lush sound. In a 1970s-style jazz fusion ensemble, a larger ensemble is often formed by adding additional percussionists or sometimes a saxophone player, who would \"double\" or \"triple\" (meaning that they would also be proficient at the clarinet, flute or both). Larger jazz ensembles are also formed by the addition of other soloing instruments. Rock and pop bands Two parts Two-member rock and pop bands are relatively rare.", "Rock and pop bands Two parts Two-member rock and pop bands are relatively rare. Examples of two-member bands are the Carpenters, Sleaford Mods, Japandroids, Pet Shop Boys, Flight of the Conchords, Death from Above 1979, Middle Class Rut, the Pity Party, the White Stripes, Big Business, Two Gallants, Lightning Bolt, the Ting Tings, the Black Box Revelation, the Black Keys, Twenty One Pilots, Tenacious D, Simon and Garfunkel, Hall & Oates, Johnossi, the Pack A.D., Air Supply and Royal Blood.", "Examples of two-member bands are the Carpenters, Sleaford Mods, Japandroids, Pet Shop Boys, Flight of the Conchords, Death from Above 1979, Middle Class Rut, the Pity Party, the White Stripes, Big Business, Two Gallants, Lightning Bolt, the Ting Tings, the Black Box Revelation, the Black Keys, Twenty One Pilots, Tenacious D, Simon and Garfunkel, Hall & Oates, Johnossi, the Pack A.D., Air Supply and Royal Blood. When electronic sequencers became widely available in the 1980s, this made it easier for two-member bands to add in musical elements that the two band members were not able to perform.", "When electronic sequencers became widely available in the 1980s, this made it easier for two-member bands to add in musical elements that the two band members were not able to perform. Sequencers allowed bands to pre-program some elements of their performance, such as an electronic drum part and a synth-bass line. Two-member pop music bands such as Soft Cell, Blancmange, Yazoo and Erasure used pre-programmed sequencers. W.A.S.P.", "W.A.S.P. W.A.S.P. guitarist Doug Blair is also known for his work in the non-notable two-piece progressive rock band signal2noise, where he acts as the lead guitarist and bassist at the same time, thanks to a special custom instrument he invented (an electric guitar with five regular guitar strings paired with three bass guitar strings). Three parts The smallest ensemble that is commonly used in rock music is the trio format.", "Three parts The smallest ensemble that is commonly used in rock music is the trio format. In a hard-rock or blues-rock band, or heavy metal rock group, a \"power trio\" format is often used, which consists of an electric guitar player, an electric bass guitar player and a drummer, and typically one or more of these musicians also sing (sometimes all three members will sing, e.g. Bee Gees or Alkaline Trio).", "Bee Gees or Alkaline Trio). Bee Gees or Alkaline Trio). Some well-known power trios with the guitarist on lead vocals are the Jimi Hendrix Experience, Stevie Ray Vaughan and Double Trouble, Nirvana, Violent Femmes, Gov't Mule, Green Day, the Minutemen, Triumph, Shellac, Sublime, Chevelle, Glass Harp, Icebird, Muse, the Jam, Short Stack, and ZZ Top.", "Some well-known power trios with the guitarist on lead vocals are the Jimi Hendrix Experience, Stevie Ray Vaughan and Double Trouble, Nirvana, Violent Femmes, Gov't Mule, Green Day, the Minutemen, Triumph, Shellac, Sublime, Chevelle, Glass Harp, Icebird, Muse, the Jam, Short Stack, and ZZ Top. A handful of others with the bassist on vocals include Primus, Motörhead, the Police, the Melvins, MxPx, Blue Cheer, Rush, the Presidents of the United States of America, Venom, and Cream.", "A handful of others with the bassist on vocals include Primus, Motörhead, the Police, the Melvins, MxPx, Blue Cheer, Rush, the Presidents of the United States of America, Venom, and Cream. Some power trios feature two lead vocalists. For example, in the band blink-182 vocals are split between bassist Mark Hoppus and guitarist Tom DeLonge, or in the band Dinosaur Jr., guitarist J. Mascis is the primary songwriter and vocalist, but bassist Lou Barlow writes some songs and sings as well.", "For example, in the band blink-182 vocals are split between bassist Mark Hoppus and guitarist Tom DeLonge, or in the band Dinosaur Jr., guitarist J. Mascis is the primary songwriter and vocalist, but bassist Lou Barlow writes some songs and sings as well. An alternative to the power trio are organ trios formed with an electric guitarist, a drummer and a keyboardist.", "An alternative to the power trio are organ trios formed with an electric guitarist, a drummer and a keyboardist. Although organ trios are most commonly associated with 1950s and 1960s jazz organ trio groups such as those led by organist Jimmy Smith, there are also organ trios in rock-oriented styles, such as jazz-rock fusion and Grateful Dead-influenced jam bands such as Medeski Martin & Wood.", "Although organ trios are most commonly associated with 1950s and 1960s jazz organ trio groups such as those led by organist Jimmy Smith, there are also organ trios in rock-oriented styles, such as jazz-rock fusion and Grateful Dead-influenced jam bands such as Medeski Martin & Wood. In organ trios, the keyboard player typically plays a Hammond organ or similar instrument, which permits the keyboard player to perform bass lines, chords, and lead lines, one example being hard rock band Zebra.", "In organ trios, the keyboard player typically plays a Hammond organ or similar instrument, which permits the keyboard player to perform bass lines, chords, and lead lines, one example being hard rock band Zebra. A variant of the organ trio are trios formed with an electric bassist, a drummer and an electronic keyboardist (playing synthesizers) such as the progressive rock band Emerson, Lake & Palmer, Triumvirat, and Atomic Rooster.", "A variant of the organ trio are trios formed with an electric bassist, a drummer and an electronic keyboardist (playing synthesizers) such as the progressive rock band Emerson, Lake & Palmer, Triumvirat, and Atomic Rooster. Another variation is to have a vocalist, a guitarist and a drummer, an example being Yeah Yeah Yeahs. Another variation is two guitars, a bassist, and a drum machine, examples including Magic Wands and Big Black.", "Another variation is two guitars, a bassist, and a drum machine, examples including Magic Wands and Big Black. A power trio with the guitarist on lead vocals is a popular record company lineup, as the guitarist and singer will usually be the songwriter. Therefore, the label only has to present one \"face\" to the public. The backing band may or may not be featured in publicity.", "The backing band may or may not be featured in publicity. If the backup band is not marketed as an integral part of the group, this gives the record company more flexibility to replace band members or use substitute musicians. This lineup often leads to songs that are fairly simple and accessible, as the frontman (or frontwoman) will have to sing and play guitar at the same time. Four parts The four-piece band is the most common configuration in rock and pop music.", "Four parts The four-piece band is the most common configuration in rock and pop music. A common formation would be a vocalist, electric guitarist, bass guitarist, and a drummer (e.g. the Who, the Monkees, Led Zeppelin, Queen, Ramones, Sex Pistols, Red Hot Chili Peppers, R.E.M., Blur, the Smiths, Echo and the Bunnymen, the Stone Roses, Creed, Black Sabbath, Van Halen, Rage Against the Machine, Gym Class Heroes, the Stooges, Joy Division, and U2.)", "the Who, the Monkees, Led Zeppelin, Queen, Ramones, Sex Pistols, Red Hot Chili Peppers, R.E.M., Blur, the Smiths, Echo and the Bunnymen, the Stone Roses, Creed, Black Sabbath, Van Halen, Rage Against the Machine, Gym Class Heroes, the Stooges, Joy Division, and U2.) Instrumentally, these bands can be considered as trios.", "Instrumentally, these bands can be considered as trios. Instrumentally, these bands can be considered as trios. This format is popular with new bands, as there are only two instruments that need tuning, the melody and chords formula prevalent with their material is easy to learn, four members are commonplace to work with, the roles are clearly defined and generally are: instrumental melody line, rhythm section which plays the chords or countermelody, and vocals on top.", "This format is popular with new bands, as there are only two instruments that need tuning, the melody and chords formula prevalent with their material is easy to learn, four members are commonplace to work with, the roles are clearly defined and generally are: instrumental melody line, rhythm section which plays the chords or countermelody, and vocals on top. In some early rock bands, keyboardists were used, performing on piano (e.g. the Seeds and the Doors) with a guitarist, singer, drummer and keyboardist.", "the Seeds and the Doors) with a guitarist, singer, drummer and keyboardist. Some bands will have a guitarist, bassist, drummer, and keyboard player (for example, Talking Heads, Gerry and the Pacemakers, Small Faces, King Crimson, the Guess Who, Pink Floyd, Queen, Coldplay, the Killers and Blind Faith).", "Some bands will have a guitarist, bassist, drummer, and keyboard player (for example, Talking Heads, Gerry and the Pacemakers, Small Faces, King Crimson, the Guess Who, Pink Floyd, Queen, Coldplay, the Killers and Blind Faith). Some bands will have the bassist on lead vocals, such as Thin Lizzy, the Chameleons, Skillet, Pink Floyd, Motörhead, NOFX, +44, Slayer, the All-American Rejects or even the lead guitarist, such as Death, Dire Straits, Megadeth and Creedence Clearwater Revival.", "Some bands will have the bassist on lead vocals, such as Thin Lizzy, the Chameleons, Skillet, Pink Floyd, Motörhead, NOFX, +44, Slayer, the All-American Rejects or even the lead guitarist, such as Death, Dire Straits, Megadeth and Creedence Clearwater Revival. Some bands, such as the Beatles, Dire Straits and Metallica have a lead guitarist, a rhythm guitarist and a bassist that all sing lead and backing vocals, that also play keyboards regularly, as well as a drummer.", "Some bands, such as the Beatles, Dire Straits and Metallica have a lead guitarist, a rhythm guitarist and a bassist that all sing lead and backing vocals, that also play keyboards regularly, as well as a drummer. Five parts Five-piece bands have existed in rock music since the development of the genre.", "Five parts Five-piece bands have existed in rock music since the development of the genre. The Beach Boys, the Rolling Stones (until 1993), Aerosmith, Def Leppard, AC/DC, Oasis, Pearl Jam, Guns N' Roses, Radiohead, the Strokes, the Yardbirds, 311 and the Hives are examples of the common vocalist, lead guitar, rhythm guitar, bass, and drums lineup whilst other bands such as Judas Priest have two guitarists who equally share lead and rhythm parts.", "The Beach Boys, the Rolling Stones (until 1993), Aerosmith, Def Leppard, AC/DC, Oasis, Pearl Jam, Guns N' Roses, Radiohead, the Strokes, the Yardbirds, 311 and the Hives are examples of the common vocalist, lead guitar, rhythm guitar, bass, and drums lineup whilst other bands such as Judas Priest have two guitarists who equally share lead and rhythm parts. An alternative to the five-member lineup replaces the rhythm guitarist with a keyboard–synthesizer player (examples being the bands Journey, Elbow, Dream Theater, Genesis, Jethro Tull, the Zombies, the Animals, Bon Jovi, Yes, Fleetwood Mac, Marilyn Manson and Deep Purple, all of which consist of a vocalist, guitarist, bassist, keyboardist, and a drummer) or with a turntablist such as Deftones, Hed PE, Incubus or Limp Bizkit.", "An alternative to the five-member lineup replaces the rhythm guitarist with a keyboard–synthesizer player (examples being the bands Journey, Elbow, Dream Theater, Genesis, Jethro Tull, the Zombies, the Animals, Bon Jovi, Yes, Fleetwood Mac, Marilyn Manson and Deep Purple, all of which consist of a vocalist, guitarist, bassist, keyboardist, and a drummer) or with a turntablist such as Deftones, Hed PE, Incubus or Limp Bizkit. Alternatives include a keyboardist, guitarist, drummer, bassist, and saxophonist, such as the Sonics, the Dave Clark Five, and Sam the Sham and the Pharaohs.", "Alternatives include a keyboardist, guitarist, drummer, bassist, and saxophonist, such as the Sonics, the Dave Clark Five, and Sam the Sham and the Pharaohs. Another alternative is three guitarists, a bassist and a drummer, such as Foo Fighters, Radiohead, and the Byrds.", "Another alternative is three guitarists, a bassist and a drummer, such as Foo Fighters, Radiohead, and the Byrds. Some five-person bands feature two guitarists, a keyboardist, a bassist and a drummer, with one or more of these musicians (typically one of the guitarists) handling lead vocals on top of their instrument (examples being Children of Bodom, Styx, Sturm und Drang, Relient K, Ensiferum, the Cars and the current line up of Status Quo).", "Some five-person bands feature two guitarists, a keyboardist, a bassist and a drummer, with one or more of these musicians (typically one of the guitarists) handling lead vocals on top of their instrument (examples being Children of Bodom, Styx, Sturm und Drang, Relient K, Ensiferum, the Cars and the current line up of Status Quo). In some cases, typically in cover bands, one musician plays either rhythm guitar or keyboards, depending on the song (one notable band being Firewind, with Bob Katsionis handling this particular role).", "In some cases, typically in cover bands, one musician plays either rhythm guitar or keyboards, depending on the song (one notable band being Firewind, with Bob Katsionis handling this particular role). Other times, the vocalist will bring another musical \"voice\" to the table, most commonly a harmonica or percussion; Mick Jagger, for example, played harmonica and percussion instruments like maracas and tambourine whilst singing at the same time. Keith Relf of the Yardbirds played harmonica frequently, though not often while also singing.", "Keith Relf of the Yardbirds played harmonica frequently, though not often while also singing. Ozzy Osbourne was also known to play the harmonica on some occasions (i.e. \"The Wizard\" by Black Sabbath). Vocalist Robert Brown of lesser known steampunk band Abney Park plays harmonica, accordion, and darbuka in addition to mandolin. Flutes are also commonly used by vocalists, most notably Ian Anderson of Jethro Tull and Ray Thomas of the Moody Blues, though these are difficult to play while singing at the same time.", "Flutes are also commonly used by vocalists, most notably Ian Anderson of Jethro Tull and Ray Thomas of the Moody Blues, though these are difficult to play while singing at the same time. A less common lineup is to have lead vocals, two guitarists of varying types and two drummers, e.g. Adam and the Ants.", "Adam and the Ants. Adam and the Ants. Larger rock ensembles Larger bands are quite common and have long been a part of rock and pop music, in part due to the influence of the \"singer accompanied with orchestra\" model inherited from popular big-band jazz and swing and popularized by Frank Sinatra and Ella Fitzgerald. To create larger ensembles, rock bands often add an additional guitarist, an additional keyboardist, additional percussionists or second drummer, an entire horn section, and even a flautist.", "To create larger ensembles, rock bands often add an additional guitarist, an additional keyboardist, additional percussionists or second drummer, an entire horn section, and even a flautist. An example of a six-member rock band is Toto with a lead vocalist, guitarist, bassist, two keyboard players, and drummer. The American heavy metal band Slipknot is composed of nine members, with a vocalist, two guitarists, a drummer, a bassist, two custom percussionists/backing vocalists, a turntablist, and a sampler/keyboardist.", "The American heavy metal band Slipknot is composed of nine members, with a vocalist, two guitarists, a drummer, a bassist, two custom percussionists/backing vocalists, a turntablist, and a sampler/keyboardist. In larger groups (such as the Band), instrumentalists could play multiple instruments, which enabled the ensemble to create a wider variety of instrument combinations. More modern examples of such a band are Arcade Fire and Edward Sharpe and the Magnetic Zeros.", "More modern examples of such a band are Arcade Fire and Edward Sharpe and the Magnetic Zeros. More rarely, rock or pop groups will be accompanied in concerts by a full or partial symphony orchestra, where lush string-orchestra arrangements are used to flesh out the sound of slow ballads. Some groups have a large number of members that all play the same instrument, such as guitar, banjo, keyboard, ocarinas, drums, recorders, accordions, horns or strings.", "Some groups have a large number of members that all play the same instrument, such as guitar, banjo, keyboard, ocarinas, drums, recorders, accordions, horns or strings. Electronic music groups Electronic music groups typically use electronic musical instruments such as synthesizers, sequencers, samplers and electronic drums to produce music. The production technique of music programming is also widely used in electronic music. Examples include Kraftwerk, Daft Punk, the Chemical Brothers, Faithless and Apollo 440.", "Examples include Kraftwerk, Daft Punk, the Chemical Brothers, Faithless and Apollo 440. Electronic dance music groups usually consist of two to three members, and are mainly producers, DJs and remixers, whose work is solely produced in a studio or with the use of a digital audio workstation. Examples include Basement Jaxx, Flip & Fill, Tin Tin Out, the Chainsmokers, Cheat Codes, Cash Cash and Major Lazer. Role of women Women have a high prominence in many popular music styles as singers.", "Role of women Women have a high prominence in many popular music styles as singers. However, professional women instrumentalists are uncommon in popular music, especially in rock genres such as heavy metal. \"[P]laying in a band is largely a male homosocial activity, that is, learning to play in a band is largely a peer-based... experience, shaped by existing sex-segregated friendship networks.\" As well, rock music \"...is often defined as a form of male rebellion vis-à-vis female bedroom culture.\"", "As well, rock music \"...is often defined as a form of male rebellion vis-à-vis female bedroom culture.\" In popular music, there has been a gendered \"distinction between public (male) and private (female) participation\" in music. \"[S]everal scholars have argued that men exclude women from bands or from the bands' rehearsals, recordings, performances, and other social activities.\"", "\"[S]everal scholars have argued that men exclude women from bands or from the bands' rehearsals, recordings, performances, and other social activities.\" \"Women are mainly regarded as passive and private consumers of allegedly slick, prefabricated – hence, inferior – pop music..., excluding them from participating as high status rock musicians.\"", "\"Women are mainly regarded as passive and private consumers of allegedly slick, prefabricated – hence, inferior – pop music..., excluding them from participating as high status rock musicians.\" One of the reasons that there are rarely mixed gender bands is that \"bands operate as tight-knit units in which homosocial solidarity – social bonds between people of the same sex... – plays a crucial role.\"", "One of the reasons that there are rarely mixed gender bands is that \"bands operate as tight-knit units in which homosocial solidarity – social bonds between people of the same sex... – plays a crucial role.\" In the 1960s pop music scene, \"[s]inging was sometimes an acceptable pastime for a girl, but playing an instrument...simply wasn't done.\"", "In the 1960s pop music scene, \"[s]inging was sometimes an acceptable pastime for a girl, but playing an instrument...simply wasn't done.\" \"The rebellion of rock music was largely a male rebellion; the women—often, in the 1950s and '60s, girls in their teens—in rock usually sang songs as personæ utterly dependent on their macho boyfriends...\" Philip Auslander says that \"Although there were many women in rock by the late 1960s, most performed only as singers, a traditionally feminine position in popular music.\"", "\"The rebellion of rock music was largely a male rebellion; the women—often, in the 1950s and '60s, girls in their teens—in rock usually sang songs as personæ utterly dependent on their macho boyfriends...\" Philip Auslander says that \"Although there were many women in rock by the late 1960s, most performed only as singers, a traditionally feminine position in popular music.\" Though some women played instruments in American all-female garage rock bands, none of these bands achieved more than regional success.", "Though some women played instruments in American all-female garage rock bands, none of these bands achieved more than regional success. So they \"did not provide viable templates for women's on-going participation in rock\". In relation to the gender composition of heavy metal bands, it has been said that \"[h]eavy metal performers are almost exclusively male\" \"...[a]t least until the mid-1980s\" apart from \"...exceptions such as Girlschool\".", "In relation to the gender composition of heavy metal bands, it has been said that \"[h]eavy metal performers are almost exclusively male\" \"...[a]t least until the mid-1980s\" apart from \"...exceptions such as Girlschool\". However, \"...now [in the 2010s] maybe more than ever–strong metal women have put up their dukes and got down to it,\" \"carv[ing] out a considerable place for [them]selves\".", "However, \"...now [in the 2010s] maybe more than ever–strong metal women have put up their dukes and got down to it,\" \"carv[ing] out a considerable place for [them]selves\". When Suzi Quatro emerged in 1973, \"no other prominent female musician worked in rock simultaneously as a singer, instrumentalist, songwriter, and bandleader.\"", "When Suzi Quatro emerged in 1973, \"no other prominent female musician worked in rock simultaneously as a singer, instrumentalist, songwriter, and bandleader.\" According to Auslander, she was \"kicking down the male door in rock and roll and proving that a female musician ... and this is a point I am extremely concerned about ... could play as well if not better than the boys\". Other western musical ensembles A choir is a group of voices.", "Other western musical ensembles A choir is a group of voices. By analogy, sometimes a group of similar instruments in a symphony orchestra are referred to as a choir. For example, the woodwind instruments of a symphony orchestra could be called the woodwind choir. A group that plays popular music or military music is usually called a band; a drum and bugle corps is a type of the latter. These bands perform a wide range of music, ranging from arrangements of jazz orchestral, or popular music to military-style marches.", "These bands perform a wide range of music, ranging from arrangements of jazz orchestral, or popular music to military-style marches. Drum corps perform on brass and percussion instruments only. Drum and Bugle Corps incorporate costumes, hats, and pageantry in their performances.", "Drum and Bugle Corps incorporate costumes, hats, and pageantry in their performances. Other band types include: Brass bands: groups consisting of around 30 brass and percussion players; Jug bands; Mexican Mariachi groups typically consist of at least two violins, two trumpets, one Spanish guitar, one vihuela (a high-pitched, five-string guitar), and one Guitarrón (a Mexican acoustic bass that is roughly guitar-shaped), and one or more singers.", "Other band types include: Brass bands: groups consisting of around 30 brass and percussion players; Jug bands; Mexican Mariachi groups typically consist of at least two violins, two trumpets, one Spanish guitar, one vihuela (a high-pitched, five-string guitar), and one Guitarrón (a Mexican acoustic bass that is roughly guitar-shaped), and one or more singers. Mexican banda groups Marching bands and military bands, dating back to the Ottoman military bands.", "Mexican banda groups Marching bands and military bands, dating back to the Ottoman military bands. String bands See also All-female band Boy band Girl group Live band karaoke Music industry Percussion ensemble Musical collective References External links Bands and Musician Listing Vivre Musicale" ]

[ "Musical ensemble", "Five parts", "what can you tell me about Five parts?", "Five-piece bands have existed in rock music since the development of the genre.", "what does a five piece band entail?", "examples of the common vocalist, lead guitar, rhythm guitar, bass, and drums", "what are other examples?", "Alternatives include a keyboardist, guitarist, drummer, bassist, and saxophonist,", "are there some more examples?", "The Sonics, The Dave Clark 5, and Sam the Sham", "what other bands have 5 parts?", "Radiohead, The Strokes, The Yardbirds,", "how do they differ if at all?", "I don't know." ]

[ "\"What Else Is There?\" is the third single from the Norwegian duo Röyksopp's second album The Understanding. It features the vocals of Karin Dreijer from the Swedish electronica duo The Knife. The album was released in the UK with the help of Astralwerks.\n\nThe single was used in an O2 television advertisement in the Czech Republic and in Slovakia during 2008. It was also used in the 2006 film Cashback and the 2007 film, Meet Bill. Trentemøller's remix of \"What Else is There?\" was featured in an episode of the HBO show Entourage.\n\nThe song was covered by extreme metal band Enslaved as a bonus track for their album E.\n\nThe song was listed as the 375th best song of the 2000s by Pitchfork Media.\n\nOfficial versions\n\"What Else Is There?\" (Album Version) – 5:17\n\"What Else Is There?\" (Radio Edit) – 3:38\n\"What Else Is There?\" (Jacques Lu Cont Radio Mix) – 3:46\n\"What Else Is There?\" (The Emperor Machine Vocal Version) – 8:03\n\"What Else Is There?\" (The Emperor Machine Dub Version) – 7:51\n\"What Else Is There?\" (Thin White Duke Mix) – 8:25\n\"What Else Is There?\" (Thin White Duke Edit) – 4:50\n\"What Else Is There?\" (Thin White Duke Remix) (Radio Edit) – 3:06\n\"What Else Is There?\" (Trentemøller Remix) – 7:42\n\"What Else Is There?\" (Vitalic Remix) – 5:14\n\nResponse\nThe single was officially released on 5 December 2005 in the UK. The single had a limited release on 21 November 2005 to promote the upcoming album. On the UK Singles Chart, it peaked at number 32, while on the UK Dance Chart, it reached number one.\n\nMusic video\nThe music video was directed by Martin de Thurah. It features Norwegian model Marianne Schröder who is shown lip-syncing Dreijer's voice. Schröder is depicted as a floating woman traveling across stormy landscapes and within empty houses. Dreijer makes a cameo appearance as a woman wearing an Elizabethan ruff while dining alone at a festive table.\n\nMovie spots\n\nThe song is also featured in the movie Meet Bill as characters played by Jessica Alba and Aaron Eckhart smoke marijuana while listening to it. It is also part of the end credits music of the film Cashback.\n\nCharts\n\nReferences\n\n2005 singles\nRöyksopp songs\nAstralwerks singles\nSongs written by Svein Berge\nSongs written by Torbjørn Brundtland\n2004 songs\nSongs written by Roger Greenaway\nSongs written by Olof Dreijer\nSongs written by Karin Dreijer", "\"How Interesting: A Tiny Man\" is a 2010 science fiction/magical realism short story by American writer Harlan Ellison. It was first published in Realms of Fantasy.\n\nPlot summary\nA scientist creates a tiny man. The tiny man is initially very popular, but then draws the hatred of the world, and so the tiny man must flee, together with the scientist (who is now likewise hated, for having created the tiny man).\n\nReception\n\"How Interesting: A Tiny Man\" won the 2010 Nebula Award for Best Short Story, tied with Kij Johnson's \"Ponies\". It was Ellison's final Nebula nomination and win, of his record-setting eight nominations and three wins.\n\nTor.com calls the story \"deceptively simple\", with \"execution (that) is flawless\" and a \"Geppetto-like\" narrator, while Publishers Weekly describes it as \"memorably depict(ing) humanity's smallness of spirit\". The SF Site, however, felt it was \"contrived and less than profound\".\n\nNick Mamatas compared \"How Interesting: A Tiny Man\" negatively to Ellison's other Nebula-winning short stories, and stated that the story's two mutually exclusive endings (in one, the tiny man is killed; in the other, he becomes God) are evocative of the process of writing short stories. Ben Peek considered it to be \"more allegory than (...) anything else\", and interpreted it as being about how the media \"give(s) everyone a voice\", and also about how Ellison was treated by science fiction fandom.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nAudio version of ''How Interesting: A Tiny Man, at StarShipSofa\nHow Interesting: A Tiny Man, at the Internet Speculative Fiction Database\n\nNebula Award for Best Short Story-winning works\nShort stories by Harlan Ellison" ]

[ "A musical ensemble, also known as a music group or musical group, is a group of people who perform instrumental or vocal music, with the ensemble typically known by a distinct name. Some music ensembles consist solely of instrumentalists, such as the jazz quartet or the orchestra. Other music ensembles consist solely of singers, such as choirs and doo wop groups.", "Other music ensembles consist solely of singers, such as choirs and doo wop groups. In both popular music and classical music, there are ensembles in which both instrumentalists and singers perform, such as the rock band or the Baroque chamber group for basso continuo (harpsichord and cello) and one or more singers.", "In both popular music and classical music, there are ensembles in which both instrumentalists and singers perform, such as the rock band or the Baroque chamber group for basso continuo (harpsichord and cello) and one or more singers. In classical music, trios or quartets either blend the sounds of musical instrument families (such as piano, strings, and wind instruments) or group together instruments from the same instrument family, such as string ensembles (e.g., string quartet) or wind ensembles (e.g., wind quintet).", "In classical music, trios or quartets either blend the sounds of musical instrument families (such as piano, strings, and wind instruments) or group together instruments from the same instrument family, such as string ensembles (e.g., string quartet) or wind ensembles (e.g., wind quintet). Some ensembles blend the sounds of a variety of instrument families, such as the orchestra, which uses a string section, brass instruments, woodwinds and percussion instruments, or the concert band, which uses brass, woodwinds and percussion.", "Some ensembles blend the sounds of a variety of instrument families, such as the orchestra, which uses a string section, brass instruments, woodwinds and percussion instruments, or the concert band, which uses brass, woodwinds and percussion. In jazz ensembles or combos, the instruments typically include wind instruments (one or more saxophones, trumpets, etc.", "In jazz ensembles or combos, the instruments typically include wind instruments (one or more saxophones, trumpets, etc. ), one or two chordal \"comping\" instruments (electric guitar, piano, or Hammond organ), a bass instrument (bass guitar or double bass), and a drummer or percussionist. Jazz ensembles may be solely instrumental, or they may consist of a group of instruments accompanying one or more singers.", "Jazz ensembles may be solely instrumental, or they may consist of a group of instruments accompanying one or more singers. In rock and pop ensembles, usually called rock bands or pop bands, there are usually guitars and keyboards (piano, electric piano, Hammond organ, synthesizer, etc. ), one or more singers, and a rhythm section made up of a bass guitar and drum kit. Music ensembles typically have a leader.", "Music ensembles typically have a leader. Music ensembles typically have a leader. In jazz bands, rock and pop groups and similar ensembles, this is the band leader. In classical music, orchestras, concert bands and choirs are led by a conductor. In orchestra, the concertmaster (principal first violin player) is the instrumentalist leader of the orchestra.", "In orchestra, the concertmaster (principal first violin player) is the instrumentalist leader of the orchestra. In orchestras, the individual sections also have leaders, typically called the \"principal\" of the section (e.g., the leader of the viola section is called the \"principal viola\").", "In orchestras, the individual sections also have leaders, typically called the \"principal\" of the section (e.g., the leader of the viola section is called the \"principal viola\"). Conductors are also used in jazz big bands and in some very large rock or pop ensembles (e.g., a rock concert that includes a string section, a horn section and a choir which are accompanying a rock band's performance). Classical chamber music In Western classical music, smaller ensembles are called chamber music ensembles.", "Classical chamber music In Western classical music, smaller ensembles are called chamber music ensembles. The terms duo, trio, quartet, quintet, sextet, septet, octet, nonet and decet describe groups of two up to ten musicians, respectively. A group of eleven musicians, such as found in The Carnival of the Animals, is called an undecet, and a group of twelve is called a duodecet (see Latin numerical prefixes).", "A group of eleven musicians, such as found in The Carnival of the Animals, is called an undecet, and a group of twelve is called a duodecet (see Latin numerical prefixes). A soloist playing unaccompanied (e.g., a pianist playing a solo piano piece or a cellist playing a Bach suite for unaccompanied cello) is not an ensemble because it only contains one musician. Four parts Strings A string quartet consists of two violins, a viola and a cello.", "Four parts Strings A string quartet consists of two violins, a viola and a cello. There is a vast body of music written for string quartets, as it is seen as an important genre in classical music. Wind A woodwind quartet usually features a flute, an oboe, a clarinet and a bassoon. A brass quartet features two trumpets, a trombone and a tuba. A saxophone quartet consists of a soprano saxophone, an alto saxophone, a tenor saxophone, and a baritone saxophone.", "A saxophone quartet consists of a soprano saxophone, an alto saxophone, a tenor saxophone, and a baritone saxophone. Five parts The string quintet is a common type of group. It is similar to the string quartet, but with an additional viola, cello, or more rarely, the addition of a double bass. Terms such as \"piano quintet\" or \"clarinet quintet\" frequently refer to a string quartet plus a fifth instrument.", "Terms such as \"piano quintet\" or \"clarinet quintet\" frequently refer to a string quartet plus a fifth instrument. Mozart's Clarinet Quintet is similarly a piece written for an ensemble consisting of two violins, a viola, a cello and a clarinet, the last being the exceptional addition to a \"normal\" string quartet.", "Mozart's Clarinet Quintet is similarly a piece written for an ensemble consisting of two violins, a viola, a cello and a clarinet, the last being the exceptional addition to a \"normal\" string quartet. Some other quintets in classical music are the wind quintet, usually consisting of flute, oboe, clarinet, bassoon and horn; the brass quintet, consisting of two trumpets, one horn, a trombone and a tuba; and the reed quintet, consisting of an oboe, a soprano clarinet, a saxophone, a bass clarinet, and a bassoon.", "Some other quintets in classical music are the wind quintet, usually consisting of flute, oboe, clarinet, bassoon and horn; the brass quintet, consisting of two trumpets, one horn, a trombone and a tuba; and the reed quintet, consisting of an oboe, a soprano clarinet, a saxophone, a bass clarinet, and a bassoon. Six or more instruments Classical chamber ensembles of six (sextet), seven (septet), or eight musicians (octet) are fairly common; use of latinate terms for larger groups is rare, except for the nonet (nine musicians).", "Six or more instruments Classical chamber ensembles of six (sextet), seven (septet), or eight musicians (octet) are fairly common; use of latinate terms for larger groups is rare, except for the nonet (nine musicians). In most cases, a larger classical group is referred to as an orchestra of some type or a concert band.", "In most cases, a larger classical group is referred to as an orchestra of some type or a concert band. A small orchestra with fifteen to thirty members (violins, violas, four cellos, two or three double basses, and several woodwind or brass instruments) is called a chamber orchestra. A sinfonietta usually denotes a somewhat smaller orchestra (though still not a chamber orchestra). Larger orchestras are called symphony orchestras (see below) or philharmonic orchestras.", "Larger orchestras are called symphony orchestras (see below) or philharmonic orchestras. A pops orchestra is an orchestra that mainly performs light classical music (often in abbreviated, simplified arrangements) and orchestral arrangements and medleys of popular jazz, music theater, or pop music songs. A string orchestra has only string instruments, i.e., violins, violas, cellos and double basses. A symphony orchestra is an ensemble usually comprising at least thirty musicians; the number of players is typically between fifty and ninety-five and may exceed one hundred.", "A symphony orchestra is an ensemble usually comprising at least thirty musicians; the number of players is typically between fifty and ninety-five and may exceed one hundred. A symphony orchestra is divided into families of instruments. In the string family, there are sections of violins (I and II), violas, cellos (often eight), and basses (often from six to eight).", "In the string family, there are sections of violins (I and II), violas, cellos (often eight), and basses (often from six to eight). The standard woodwind section consists of flutes (one doubling piccolo), oboes (one doubling English horn), soprano clarinets (one doubling bass clarinet), and bassoons (one doubling contrabassoon). The standard brass section consists of horns, trumpets, trombones, and tuba.", "The standard brass section consists of horns, trumpets, trombones, and tuba. The percussion section includes the timpani, bass drum, snare drum, and any other percussion instruments called for in a score (e.g., triangle, glockenspiel, chimes, cymbals, wood blocks, etc.). In Baroque music (1600–1750) and music from the early Classical period music (1750–1820), the percussion parts in orchestral works may only include timpani.", "In Baroque music (1600–1750) and music from the early Classical period music (1750–1820), the percussion parts in orchestral works may only include timpani. A concert band is a large classical ensemble generally made up of between 40 and 70 musicians from the woodwind, brass, and percussion families, along with the double bass. The concert band has a larger number and variety of wind instruments than the symphony orchestra, but does not have a string section (although a single double bass is common in concert bands).", "The concert band has a larger number and variety of wind instruments than the symphony orchestra, but does not have a string section (although a single double bass is common in concert bands). The woodwind section of a concert band consists of piccolo, flutes, oboes (one doubling English horn), bassoons (one doubling contrabassoon), soprano clarinets (one doubling E clarinet, one doubling alto clarinet), bass clarinets (one doubling contrabass clarinet or contra-alto clarinet), alto saxophones (one doubling soprano saxophone), tenor saxophone, and baritone saxophone.", "The woodwind section of a concert band consists of piccolo, flutes, oboes (one doubling English horn), bassoons (one doubling contrabassoon), soprano clarinets (one doubling E clarinet, one doubling alto clarinet), bass clarinets (one doubling contrabass clarinet or contra-alto clarinet), alto saxophones (one doubling soprano saxophone), tenor saxophone, and baritone saxophone. The brass section consists of horns, trumpets or cornets, trombones, euphoniums, and tubas.", "The brass section consists of horns, trumpets or cornets, trombones, euphoniums, and tubas. The percussion section consists of the timpani, bass drum, snare drum, and any other percussion instruments called for in a score (e.g., triangle, glockenspiel, chimes, cymbals, wood blocks, etc.). When orchestras perform baroque music (from the 17th century and early 18th century), they may also use a harpsichord or pipe organ, playing the continuo part.", "When orchestras perform baroque music (from the 17th century and early 18th century), they may also use a harpsichord or pipe organ, playing the continuo part. When orchestras perform Romantic-era music (from the 19th century), they may also use harps or unusual instruments such as the wind machine or cannons. When orchestras perform music from the 20th century or the 21st century, occasionally instruments such as electric guitar, theremin, or even an electronic synthesizer may be used.", "When orchestras perform music from the 20th century or the 21st century, occasionally instruments such as electric guitar, theremin, or even an electronic synthesizer may be used. Jazz ensembles Three parts In jazz, there are several types of trios. One type of jazz trio is formed with a piano player, a bass player and a drummer.", "One type of jazz trio is formed with a piano player, a bass player and a drummer. Another type of jazz trio that became popular in the 1950s and 1960s is the organ trio, which is composed of a Hammond organ player, a drummer, and a third instrumentalist (either a saxophone player or an electric jazz guitarist). In organ trios, the Hammond organ player performs the bass line on the organ bass pedals while simultaneously playing chords or lead lines on the keyboard manuals.", "In organ trios, the Hammond organ player performs the bass line on the organ bass pedals while simultaneously playing chords or lead lines on the keyboard manuals. Other types of trios include the \"drummer-less\" trio, which consists of a piano player, a double bassist, and a horn (saxophone or trumpet) or guitar player; and the jazz trio with a horn player (saxophone or trumpet), double bass player, and a drummer.", "Other types of trios include the \"drummer-less\" trio, which consists of a piano player, a double bassist, and a horn (saxophone or trumpet) or guitar player; and the jazz trio with a horn player (saxophone or trumpet), double bass player, and a drummer. In the latter type of trio, the lack of a chordal instrument means that the horn player and the bassist have to imply the changing harmonies with their improvised lines.", "In the latter type of trio, the lack of a chordal instrument means that the horn player and the bassist have to imply the changing harmonies with their improvised lines. Four parts Jazz quartets typically add a horn (the generic jazz name for saxophones, trombones, trumpets, or any other wind or brass instrument commonly associated with jazz) to one of the jazz trios described above.", "Four parts Jazz quartets typically add a horn (the generic jazz name for saxophones, trombones, trumpets, or any other wind or brass instrument commonly associated with jazz) to one of the jazz trios described above. Slightly larger jazz ensembles, such as quintets (five instruments) or sextets (six instruments) typically add other soloing instruments to the basic quartet formation, such as different types of saxophones (e.g., alto saxophone, tenor saxophone, etc.) or an additional chordal instrument.", "or an additional chordal instrument. or an additional chordal instrument. Larger ensembles The lineup of larger jazz ensembles can vary considerably, depending on the style of jazz being performed. In a 1920s-style dixieland jazz band, a larger ensemble would be formed by adding a banjo player, woodwind instruments, as with the clarinet, or additional horns (saxophones, trumpets, trombones) to one of the smaller groups.", "In a 1920s-style dixieland jazz band, a larger ensemble would be formed by adding a banjo player, woodwind instruments, as with the clarinet, or additional horns (saxophones, trumpets, trombones) to one of the smaller groups. In a 1930s-style Swing big band, a larger ensemble is formed by adding \"sections\" of like instruments, such as a saxophone section, a trumpet section and a trombone section, which perform arranged \"horn lines\" to accompany the ensemble.", "In a 1930s-style Swing big band, a larger ensemble is formed by adding \"sections\" of like instruments, such as a saxophone section, a trumpet section and a trombone section, which perform arranged \"horn lines\" to accompany the ensemble. Some Swing bands also added a string section for a lush sound.", "Some Swing bands also added a string section for a lush sound. In a 1970s-style jazz fusion ensemble, a larger ensemble is often formed by adding additional percussionists or sometimes a saxophone player, who would \"double\" or \"triple\" (meaning that they would also be proficient at the clarinet, flute or both). Larger jazz ensembles are also formed by the addition of other soloing instruments. Rock and pop bands Two parts Two-member rock and pop bands are relatively rare.", "Rock and pop bands Two parts Two-member rock and pop bands are relatively rare. Examples of two-member bands are the Carpenters, Sleaford Mods, Japandroids, Pet Shop Boys, Flight of the Conchords, Death from Above 1979, Middle Class Rut, the Pity Party, the White Stripes, Big Business, Two Gallants, Lightning Bolt, the Ting Tings, the Black Box Revelation, the Black Keys, Twenty One Pilots, Tenacious D, Simon and Garfunkel, Hall & Oates, Johnossi, the Pack A.D., Air Supply and Royal Blood.", "Examples of two-member bands are the Carpenters, Sleaford Mods, Japandroids, Pet Shop Boys, Flight of the Conchords, Death from Above 1979, Middle Class Rut, the Pity Party, the White Stripes, Big Business, Two Gallants, Lightning Bolt, the Ting Tings, the Black Box Revelation, the Black Keys, Twenty One Pilots, Tenacious D, Simon and Garfunkel, Hall & Oates, Johnossi, the Pack A.D., Air Supply and Royal Blood. When electronic sequencers became widely available in the 1980s, this made it easier for two-member bands to add in musical elements that the two band members were not able to perform.", "When electronic sequencers became widely available in the 1980s, this made it easier for two-member bands to add in musical elements that the two band members were not able to perform. Sequencers allowed bands to pre-program some elements of their performance, such as an electronic drum part and a synth-bass line. Two-member pop music bands such as Soft Cell, Blancmange, Yazoo and Erasure used pre-programmed sequencers. W.A.S.P.", "W.A.S.P. W.A.S.P. guitarist Doug Blair is also known for his work in the non-notable two-piece progressive rock band signal2noise, where he acts as the lead guitarist and bassist at the same time, thanks to a special custom instrument he invented (an electric guitar with five regular guitar strings paired with three bass guitar strings). Three parts The smallest ensemble that is commonly used in rock music is the trio format.", "Three parts The smallest ensemble that is commonly used in rock music is the trio format. In a hard-rock or blues-rock band, or heavy metal rock group, a \"power trio\" format is often used, which consists of an electric guitar player, an electric bass guitar player and a drummer, and typically one or more of these musicians also sing (sometimes all three members will sing, e.g. Bee Gees or Alkaline Trio).", "Bee Gees or Alkaline Trio). Bee Gees or Alkaline Trio). Some well-known power trios with the guitarist on lead vocals are the Jimi Hendrix Experience, Stevie Ray Vaughan and Double Trouble, Nirvana, Violent Femmes, Gov't Mule, Green Day, the Minutemen, Triumph, Shellac, Sublime, Chevelle, Glass Harp, Icebird, Muse, the Jam, Short Stack, and ZZ Top.", "Some well-known power trios with the guitarist on lead vocals are the Jimi Hendrix Experience, Stevie Ray Vaughan and Double Trouble, Nirvana, Violent Femmes, Gov't Mule, Green Day, the Minutemen, Triumph, Shellac, Sublime, Chevelle, Glass Harp, Icebird, Muse, the Jam, Short Stack, and ZZ Top. A handful of others with the bassist on vocals include Primus, Motörhead, the Police, the Melvins, MxPx, Blue Cheer, Rush, the Presidents of the United States of America, Venom, and Cream.", "A handful of others with the bassist on vocals include Primus, Motörhead, the Police, the Melvins, MxPx, Blue Cheer, Rush, the Presidents of the United States of America, Venom, and Cream. Some power trios feature two lead vocalists. For example, in the band blink-182 vocals are split between bassist Mark Hoppus and guitarist Tom DeLonge, or in the band Dinosaur Jr., guitarist J. Mascis is the primary songwriter and vocalist, but bassist Lou Barlow writes some songs and sings as well.", "For example, in the band blink-182 vocals are split between bassist Mark Hoppus and guitarist Tom DeLonge, or in the band Dinosaur Jr., guitarist J. Mascis is the primary songwriter and vocalist, but bassist Lou Barlow writes some songs and sings as well. An alternative to the power trio are organ trios formed with an electric guitarist, a drummer and a keyboardist.", "An alternative to the power trio are organ trios formed with an electric guitarist, a drummer and a keyboardist. Although organ trios are most commonly associated with 1950s and 1960s jazz organ trio groups such as those led by organist Jimmy Smith, there are also organ trios in rock-oriented styles, such as jazz-rock fusion and Grateful Dead-influenced jam bands such as Medeski Martin & Wood.", "Although organ trios are most commonly associated with 1950s and 1960s jazz organ trio groups such as those led by organist Jimmy Smith, there are also organ trios in rock-oriented styles, such as jazz-rock fusion and Grateful Dead-influenced jam bands such as Medeski Martin & Wood. In organ trios, the keyboard player typically plays a Hammond organ or similar instrument, which permits the keyboard player to perform bass lines, chords, and lead lines, one example being hard rock band Zebra.", "In organ trios, the keyboard player typically plays a Hammond organ or similar instrument, which permits the keyboard player to perform bass lines, chords, and lead lines, one example being hard rock band Zebra. A variant of the organ trio are trios formed with an electric bassist, a drummer and an electronic keyboardist (playing synthesizers) such as the progressive rock band Emerson, Lake & Palmer, Triumvirat, and Atomic Rooster.", "A variant of the organ trio are trios formed with an electric bassist, a drummer and an electronic keyboardist (playing synthesizers) such as the progressive rock band Emerson, Lake & Palmer, Triumvirat, and Atomic Rooster. Another variation is to have a vocalist, a guitarist and a drummer, an example being Yeah Yeah Yeahs. Another variation is two guitars, a bassist, and a drum machine, examples including Magic Wands and Big Black.", "Another variation is two guitars, a bassist, and a drum machine, examples including Magic Wands and Big Black. A power trio with the guitarist on lead vocals is a popular record company lineup, as the guitarist and singer will usually be the songwriter. Therefore, the label only has to present one \"face\" to the public. The backing band may or may not be featured in publicity.", "The backing band may or may not be featured in publicity. If the backup band is not marketed as an integral part of the group, this gives the record company more flexibility to replace band members or use substitute musicians. This lineup often leads to songs that are fairly simple and accessible, as the frontman (or frontwoman) will have to sing and play guitar at the same time. Four parts The four-piece band is the most common configuration in rock and pop music.", "Four parts The four-piece band is the most common configuration in rock and pop music. A common formation would be a vocalist, electric guitarist, bass guitarist, and a drummer (e.g. the Who, the Monkees, Led Zeppelin, Queen, Ramones, Sex Pistols, Red Hot Chili Peppers, R.E.M., Blur, the Smiths, Echo and the Bunnymen, the Stone Roses, Creed, Black Sabbath, Van Halen, Rage Against the Machine, Gym Class Heroes, the Stooges, Joy Division, and U2.)", "the Who, the Monkees, Led Zeppelin, Queen, Ramones, Sex Pistols, Red Hot Chili Peppers, R.E.M., Blur, the Smiths, Echo and the Bunnymen, the Stone Roses, Creed, Black Sabbath, Van Halen, Rage Against the Machine, Gym Class Heroes, the Stooges, Joy Division, and U2.) Instrumentally, these bands can be considered as trios.", "Instrumentally, these bands can be considered as trios. Instrumentally, these bands can be considered as trios. This format is popular with new bands, as there are only two instruments that need tuning, the melody and chords formula prevalent with their material is easy to learn, four members are commonplace to work with, the roles are clearly defined and generally are: instrumental melody line, rhythm section which plays the chords or countermelody, and vocals on top.", "This format is popular with new bands, as there are only two instruments that need tuning, the melody and chords formula prevalent with their material is easy to learn, four members are commonplace to work with, the roles are clearly defined and generally are: instrumental melody line, rhythm section which plays the chords or countermelody, and vocals on top. In some early rock bands, keyboardists were used, performing on piano (e.g. the Seeds and the Doors) with a guitarist, singer, drummer and keyboardist.", "the Seeds and the Doors) with a guitarist, singer, drummer and keyboardist. Some bands will have a guitarist, bassist, drummer, and keyboard player (for example, Talking Heads, Gerry and the Pacemakers, Small Faces, King Crimson, the Guess Who, Pink Floyd, Queen, Coldplay, the Killers and Blind Faith).", "Some bands will have a guitarist, bassist, drummer, and keyboard player (for example, Talking Heads, Gerry and the Pacemakers, Small Faces, King Crimson, the Guess Who, Pink Floyd, Queen, Coldplay, the Killers and Blind Faith). Some bands will have the bassist on lead vocals, such as Thin Lizzy, the Chameleons, Skillet, Pink Floyd, Motörhead, NOFX, +44, Slayer, the All-American Rejects or even the lead guitarist, such as Death, Dire Straits, Megadeth and Creedence Clearwater Revival.", "Some bands will have the bassist on lead vocals, such as Thin Lizzy, the Chameleons, Skillet, Pink Floyd, Motörhead, NOFX, +44, Slayer, the All-American Rejects or even the lead guitarist, such as Death, Dire Straits, Megadeth and Creedence Clearwater Revival. Some bands, such as the Beatles, Dire Straits and Metallica have a lead guitarist, a rhythm guitarist and a bassist that all sing lead and backing vocals, that also play keyboards regularly, as well as a drummer.", "Some bands, such as the Beatles, Dire Straits and Metallica have a lead guitarist, a rhythm guitarist and a bassist that all sing lead and backing vocals, that also play keyboards regularly, as well as a drummer. Five parts Five-piece bands have existed in rock music since the development of the genre.", "Five parts Five-piece bands have existed in rock music since the development of the genre. The Beach Boys, the Rolling Stones (until 1993), Aerosmith, Def Leppard, AC/DC, Oasis, Pearl Jam, Guns N' Roses, Radiohead, the Strokes, the Yardbirds, 311 and the Hives are examples of the common vocalist, lead guitar, rhythm guitar, bass, and drums lineup whilst other bands such as Judas Priest have two guitarists who equally share lead and rhythm parts.", "The Beach Boys, the Rolling Stones (until 1993), Aerosmith, Def Leppard, AC/DC, Oasis, Pearl Jam, Guns N' Roses, Radiohead, the Strokes, the Yardbirds, 311 and the Hives are examples of the common vocalist, lead guitar, rhythm guitar, bass, and drums lineup whilst other bands such as Judas Priest have two guitarists who equally share lead and rhythm parts. An alternative to the five-member lineup replaces the rhythm guitarist with a keyboard–synthesizer player (examples being the bands Journey, Elbow, Dream Theater, Genesis, Jethro Tull, the Zombies, the Animals, Bon Jovi, Yes, Fleetwood Mac, Marilyn Manson and Deep Purple, all of which consist of a vocalist, guitarist, bassist, keyboardist, and a drummer) or with a turntablist such as Deftones, Hed PE, Incubus or Limp Bizkit.", "An alternative to the five-member lineup replaces the rhythm guitarist with a keyboard–synthesizer player (examples being the bands Journey, Elbow, Dream Theater, Genesis, Jethro Tull, the Zombies, the Animals, Bon Jovi, Yes, Fleetwood Mac, Marilyn Manson and Deep Purple, all of which consist of a vocalist, guitarist, bassist, keyboardist, and a drummer) or with a turntablist such as Deftones, Hed PE, Incubus or Limp Bizkit. Alternatives include a keyboardist, guitarist, drummer, bassist, and saxophonist, such as the Sonics, the Dave Clark Five, and Sam the Sham and the Pharaohs.", "Alternatives include a keyboardist, guitarist, drummer, bassist, and saxophonist, such as the Sonics, the Dave Clark Five, and Sam the Sham and the Pharaohs. Another alternative is three guitarists, a bassist and a drummer, such as Foo Fighters, Radiohead, and the Byrds.", "Another alternative is three guitarists, a bassist and a drummer, such as Foo Fighters, Radiohead, and the Byrds. Some five-person bands feature two guitarists, a keyboardist, a bassist and a drummer, with one or more of these musicians (typically one of the guitarists) handling lead vocals on top of their instrument (examples being Children of Bodom, Styx, Sturm und Drang, Relient K, Ensiferum, the Cars and the current line up of Status Quo).", "Some five-person bands feature two guitarists, a keyboardist, a bassist and a drummer, with one or more of these musicians (typically one of the guitarists) handling lead vocals on top of their instrument (examples being Children of Bodom, Styx, Sturm und Drang, Relient K, Ensiferum, the Cars and the current line up of Status Quo). In some cases, typically in cover bands, one musician plays either rhythm guitar or keyboards, depending on the song (one notable band being Firewind, with Bob Katsionis handling this particular role).", "In some cases, typically in cover bands, one musician plays either rhythm guitar or keyboards, depending on the song (one notable band being Firewind, with Bob Katsionis handling this particular role). Other times, the vocalist will bring another musical \"voice\" to the table, most commonly a harmonica or percussion; Mick Jagger, for example, played harmonica and percussion instruments like maracas and tambourine whilst singing at the same time. Keith Relf of the Yardbirds played harmonica frequently, though not often while also singing.", "Keith Relf of the Yardbirds played harmonica frequently, though not often while also singing. Ozzy Osbourne was also known to play the harmonica on some occasions (i.e. \"The Wizard\" by Black Sabbath). Vocalist Robert Brown of lesser known steampunk band Abney Park plays harmonica, accordion, and darbuka in addition to mandolin. Flutes are also commonly used by vocalists, most notably Ian Anderson of Jethro Tull and Ray Thomas of the Moody Blues, though these are difficult to play while singing at the same time.", "Flutes are also commonly used by vocalists, most notably Ian Anderson of Jethro Tull and Ray Thomas of the Moody Blues, though these are difficult to play while singing at the same time. A less common lineup is to have lead vocals, two guitarists of varying types and two drummers, e.g. Adam and the Ants.", "Adam and the Ants. Adam and the Ants. Larger rock ensembles Larger bands are quite common and have long been a part of rock and pop music, in part due to the influence of the \"singer accompanied with orchestra\" model inherited from popular big-band jazz and swing and popularized by Frank Sinatra and Ella Fitzgerald. To create larger ensembles, rock bands often add an additional guitarist, an additional keyboardist, additional percussionists or second drummer, an entire horn section, and even a flautist.", "To create larger ensembles, rock bands often add an additional guitarist, an additional keyboardist, additional percussionists or second drummer, an entire horn section, and even a flautist. An example of a six-member rock band is Toto with a lead vocalist, guitarist, bassist, two keyboard players, and drummer. The American heavy metal band Slipknot is composed of nine members, with a vocalist, two guitarists, a drummer, a bassist, two custom percussionists/backing vocalists, a turntablist, and a sampler/keyboardist.", "The American heavy metal band Slipknot is composed of nine members, with a vocalist, two guitarists, a drummer, a bassist, two custom percussionists/backing vocalists, a turntablist, and a sampler/keyboardist. In larger groups (such as the Band), instrumentalists could play multiple instruments, which enabled the ensemble to create a wider variety of instrument combinations. More modern examples of such a band are Arcade Fire and Edward Sharpe and the Magnetic Zeros.", "More modern examples of such a band are Arcade Fire and Edward Sharpe and the Magnetic Zeros. More rarely, rock or pop groups will be accompanied in concerts by a full or partial symphony orchestra, where lush string-orchestra arrangements are used to flesh out the sound of slow ballads. Some groups have a large number of members that all play the same instrument, such as guitar, banjo, keyboard, ocarinas, drums, recorders, accordions, horns or strings.", "Some groups have a large number of members that all play the same instrument, such as guitar, banjo, keyboard, ocarinas, drums, recorders, accordions, horns or strings. Electronic music groups Electronic music groups typically use electronic musical instruments such as synthesizers, sequencers, samplers and electronic drums to produce music. The production technique of music programming is also widely used in electronic music. Examples include Kraftwerk, Daft Punk, the Chemical Brothers, Faithless and Apollo 440.", "Examples include Kraftwerk, Daft Punk, the Chemical Brothers, Faithless and Apollo 440. Electronic dance music groups usually consist of two to three members, and are mainly producers, DJs and remixers, whose work is solely produced in a studio or with the use of a digital audio workstation. Examples include Basement Jaxx, Flip & Fill, Tin Tin Out, the Chainsmokers, Cheat Codes, Cash Cash and Major Lazer. Role of women Women have a high prominence in many popular music styles as singers.", "Role of women Women have a high prominence in many popular music styles as singers. However, professional women instrumentalists are uncommon in popular music, especially in rock genres such as heavy metal. \"[P]laying in a band is largely a male homosocial activity, that is, learning to play in a band is largely a peer-based... experience, shaped by existing sex-segregated friendship networks.\" As well, rock music \"...is often defined as a form of male rebellion vis-à-vis female bedroom culture.\"", "As well, rock music \"...is often defined as a form of male rebellion vis-à-vis female bedroom culture.\" In popular music, there has been a gendered \"distinction between public (male) and private (female) participation\" in music. \"[S]everal scholars have argued that men exclude women from bands or from the bands' rehearsals, recordings, performances, and other social activities.\"", "\"[S]everal scholars have argued that men exclude women from bands or from the bands' rehearsals, recordings, performances, and other social activities.\" \"Women are mainly regarded as passive and private consumers of allegedly slick, prefabricated – hence, inferior – pop music..., excluding them from participating as high status rock musicians.\"", "\"Women are mainly regarded as passive and private consumers of allegedly slick, prefabricated – hence, inferior – pop music..., excluding them from participating as high status rock musicians.\" One of the reasons that there are rarely mixed gender bands is that \"bands operate as tight-knit units in which homosocial solidarity – social bonds between people of the same sex... – plays a crucial role.\"", "One of the reasons that there are rarely mixed gender bands is that \"bands operate as tight-knit units in which homosocial solidarity – social bonds between people of the same sex... – plays a crucial role.\" In the 1960s pop music scene, \"[s]inging was sometimes an acceptable pastime for a girl, but playing an instrument...simply wasn't done.\"", "In the 1960s pop music scene, \"[s]inging was sometimes an acceptable pastime for a girl, but playing an instrument...simply wasn't done.\" \"The rebellion of rock music was largely a male rebellion; the women—often, in the 1950s and '60s, girls in their teens—in rock usually sang songs as personæ utterly dependent on their macho boyfriends...\" Philip Auslander says that \"Although there were many women in rock by the late 1960s, most performed only as singers, a traditionally feminine position in popular music.\"", "\"The rebellion of rock music was largely a male rebellion; the women—often, in the 1950s and '60s, girls in their teens—in rock usually sang songs as personæ utterly dependent on their macho boyfriends...\" Philip Auslander says that \"Although there were many women in rock by the late 1960s, most performed only as singers, a traditionally feminine position in popular music.\" Though some women played instruments in American all-female garage rock bands, none of these bands achieved more than regional success.", "Though some women played instruments in American all-female garage rock bands, none of these bands achieved more than regional success. So they \"did not provide viable templates for women's on-going participation in rock\". In relation to the gender composition of heavy metal bands, it has been said that \"[h]eavy metal performers are almost exclusively male\" \"...[a]t least until the mid-1980s\" apart from \"...exceptions such as Girlschool\".", "In relation to the gender composition of heavy metal bands, it has been said that \"[h]eavy metal performers are almost exclusively male\" \"...[a]t least until the mid-1980s\" apart from \"...exceptions such as Girlschool\". However, \"...now [in the 2010s] maybe more than ever–strong metal women have put up their dukes and got down to it,\" \"carv[ing] out a considerable place for [them]selves\".", "However, \"...now [in the 2010s] maybe more than ever–strong metal women have put up their dukes and got down to it,\" \"carv[ing] out a considerable place for [them]selves\". When Suzi Quatro emerged in 1973, \"no other prominent female musician worked in rock simultaneously as a singer, instrumentalist, songwriter, and bandleader.\"", "When Suzi Quatro emerged in 1973, \"no other prominent female musician worked in rock simultaneously as a singer, instrumentalist, songwriter, and bandleader.\" According to Auslander, she was \"kicking down the male door in rock and roll and proving that a female musician ... and this is a point I am extremely concerned about ... could play as well if not better than the boys\". Other western musical ensembles A choir is a group of voices.", "Other western musical ensembles A choir is a group of voices. By analogy, sometimes a group of similar instruments in a symphony orchestra are referred to as a choir. For example, the woodwind instruments of a symphony orchestra could be called the woodwind choir. A group that plays popular music or military music is usually called a band; a drum and bugle corps is a type of the latter. These bands perform a wide range of music, ranging from arrangements of jazz orchestral, or popular music to military-style marches.", "These bands perform a wide range of music, ranging from arrangements of jazz orchestral, or popular music to military-style marches. Drum corps perform on brass and percussion instruments only. Drum and Bugle Corps incorporate costumes, hats, and pageantry in their performances.", "Drum and Bugle Corps incorporate costumes, hats, and pageantry in their performances. Other band types include: Brass bands: groups consisting of around 30 brass and percussion players; Jug bands; Mexican Mariachi groups typically consist of at least two violins, two trumpets, one Spanish guitar, one vihuela (a high-pitched, five-string guitar), and one Guitarrón (a Mexican acoustic bass that is roughly guitar-shaped), and one or more singers.", "Other band types include: Brass bands: groups consisting of around 30 brass and percussion players; Jug bands; Mexican Mariachi groups typically consist of at least two violins, two trumpets, one Spanish guitar, one vihuela (a high-pitched, five-string guitar), and one Guitarrón (a Mexican acoustic bass that is roughly guitar-shaped), and one or more singers. Mexican banda groups Marching bands and military bands, dating back to the Ottoman military bands.", "Mexican banda groups Marching bands and military bands, dating back to the Ottoman military bands. String bands See also All-female band Boy band Girl group Live band karaoke Music industry Percussion ensemble Musical collective References External links Bands and Musician Listing Vivre Musicale" ]

[ "Musical ensemble", "Five parts", "what can you tell me about Five parts?", "Five-piece bands have existed in rock music since the development of the genre.", "what does a five piece band entail?", "examples of the common vocalist, lead guitar, rhythm guitar, bass, and drums", "what are other examples?", "Alternatives include a keyboardist, guitarist, drummer, bassist, and saxophonist,", "are there some more examples?", "The Sonics, The Dave Clark 5, and Sam the Sham", "what other bands have 5 parts?", "Radiohead, The Strokes, The Yardbirds,", "how do they differ if at all?", "I don't know.", "what else is interesting about five parts?", "). In some cases, typically in cover bands, one musician plays either rhythm guitar or keyboards,", "is the guitar or keyboard appearance dependent on something?", "I don't know." ]

[ "Chinese musical instruments were traditionally classified according to the materials used in their construction. The eight classifications are silk, bamboo, wood, stone, metal, clay, gourd, and hide. There are other instruments that may not fit these classifications. \n\nSilk instruments are mostly string instruments (including plucked, bowed, and struck). Since the very beginning, the Chinese have used silk for strings, though today metal or nylon are more frequently used.\n\nBamboo mainly refers to woodwind instruments.\n\nMost wood instruments are of the ancient variety.\n\nThe full list of these categories is wood, stone, bamboo, bone, silk, skin, plant and metal \n\nThe \"stone\" category contains various forms of stone chimes.\n\nSee also\nList of traditional Chinese musical instruments\n\nChinese musical instruments", "LED stage lighting instruments are stage lighting instruments that use light-emitting diodes (LEDs) as a light source. LED instruments are an alternative to traditional stage lighting instruments which use halogen lamp or high-intensity discharge lamps. Like other LED instruments, they have high light output with lower power consumption.\n\nTypes\nLED stage lights come in three main types. PAR cans, striplights and 'moving head' types. In LED PAR cans, a round printed circuit board with LEDs mounted on is used in place of a PAR lamp. Moving head types can either be a bank of LEDs mounted on a yoke or more conventional moving head lights with the bulb replaced with an LED bank.\n\nIn fact, there is no such thing as an LED PAR can - it is a misnomer possibly attributed to Chinese manufacturers. As there is no Parabolic Aluminised Reflector in an LED 'PAR', they would be more accurately referred to as to as 'LED flood lights'.\n\nMany LED fixtures are now made using a small number of high-output diodes that allow the beam to be focused on a \"hard edge\", allowing full use of gobo/beam effects.\n\nUses \nLED instruments can and have been used to replace any conventional lighting fixture, and some shows, such as Radiohead's 2008 tour, have used only LED lighting instruments. However, most shows use LEDs only for lighting cycloramas, or as top, side or back light. They can also be used as 'audience blinders' (lights pointed directly at the audience from a low angle).\n\nAdvantages\nLED instruments can contain a number of different coloured LEDs, often red, green and blue, and different light output colours can be achieved by adjusting the intensity of each LED color group. LED instruments should have a long service life relative to other options, without the expense of colour gel or replacement lamps.\n\nLED instruments are increasingly used for live music events, most notably festivals where they are more visible than conventional lighting under daylight. LED instruments were prominently used for the Live Earth festival as they are regarded as more environmentally friendly as fixture for fixture they use far less power than other lighting.\n\nAnother advantage of LED instruments is that they can be controlled directly using DMX and do not require additional dimmers; the intensity of the LEDs being adjusted by circuitry on board the fixture. Because of their low power consumption several units can be daisy chained to one power supply.\n\nDue to low heat output, LED instruments can be used in areas where the high amount of heat conventional stage fixtures put off would not be ideal. For this reason, LED instruments are used to light ice sculptures, especially when lighting the sculptures from within.\n\nDisadvantages\n\nLED instruments cannot be used to create a hard-edged beam, which is needed for gobos and other effects which require the use of an ellipsoidal reflector spotlight, though LED fixtures are now made that through the use of a small number of high-output diodes now allow the beam to be focused to a \"hard edge\", allowing full use of gobo/beam effects. Because color mixing is done using three or more colors of LEDs, mixed colors will have multiple edges to shadows where different colors are showing; however, several manufacturers have introduced instruments that group three or more LEDs behind a single lens to make the multiple shadow lines less noticeable.\n\nSee also\n\nSolid-state lighting\nLED lamp\n\nReferences\n\nStage lighting\nLED lamps" ]

[ "A musical ensemble, also known as a music group or musical group, is a group of people who perform instrumental or vocal music, with the ensemble typically known by a distinct name. Some music ensembles consist solely of instrumentalists, such as the jazz quartet or the orchestra. Other music ensembles consist solely of singers, such as choirs and doo wop groups.", "Other music ensembles consist solely of singers, such as choirs and doo wop groups. In both popular music and classical music, there are ensembles in which both instrumentalists and singers perform, such as the rock band or the Baroque chamber group for basso continuo (harpsichord and cello) and one or more singers.", "In both popular music and classical music, there are ensembles in which both instrumentalists and singers perform, such as the rock band or the Baroque chamber group for basso continuo (harpsichord and cello) and one or more singers. In classical music, trios or quartets either blend the sounds of musical instrument families (such as piano, strings, and wind instruments) or group together instruments from the same instrument family, such as string ensembles (e.g., string quartet) or wind ensembles (e.g., wind quintet).", "In classical music, trios or quartets either blend the sounds of musical instrument families (such as piano, strings, and wind instruments) or group together instruments from the same instrument family, such as string ensembles (e.g., string quartet) or wind ensembles (e.g., wind quintet). Some ensembles blend the sounds of a variety of instrument families, such as the orchestra, which uses a string section, brass instruments, woodwinds and percussion instruments, or the concert band, which uses brass, woodwinds and percussion.", "Some ensembles blend the sounds of a variety of instrument families, such as the orchestra, which uses a string section, brass instruments, woodwinds and percussion instruments, or the concert band, which uses brass, woodwinds and percussion. In jazz ensembles or combos, the instruments typically include wind instruments (one or more saxophones, trumpets, etc.", "In jazz ensembles or combos, the instruments typically include wind instruments (one or more saxophones, trumpets, etc. ), one or two chordal \"comping\" instruments (electric guitar, piano, or Hammond organ), a bass instrument (bass guitar or double bass), and a drummer or percussionist. Jazz ensembles may be solely instrumental, or they may consist of a group of instruments accompanying one or more singers.", "Jazz ensembles may be solely instrumental, or they may consist of a group of instruments accompanying one or more singers. In rock and pop ensembles, usually called rock bands or pop bands, there are usually guitars and keyboards (piano, electric piano, Hammond organ, synthesizer, etc. ), one or more singers, and a rhythm section made up of a bass guitar and drum kit. Music ensembles typically have a leader.", "Music ensembles typically have a leader. Music ensembles typically have a leader. In jazz bands, rock and pop groups and similar ensembles, this is the band leader. In classical music, orchestras, concert bands and choirs are led by a conductor. In orchestra, the concertmaster (principal first violin player) is the instrumentalist leader of the orchestra.", "In orchestra, the concertmaster (principal first violin player) is the instrumentalist leader of the orchestra. In orchestras, the individual sections also have leaders, typically called the \"principal\" of the section (e.g., the leader of the viola section is called the \"principal viola\").", "In orchestras, the individual sections also have leaders, typically called the \"principal\" of the section (e.g., the leader of the viola section is called the \"principal viola\"). Conductors are also used in jazz big bands and in some very large rock or pop ensembles (e.g., a rock concert that includes a string section, a horn section and a choir which are accompanying a rock band's performance). Classical chamber music In Western classical music, smaller ensembles are called chamber music ensembles.", "Classical chamber music In Western classical music, smaller ensembles are called chamber music ensembles. The terms duo, trio, quartet, quintet, sextet, septet, octet, nonet and decet describe groups of two up to ten musicians, respectively. A group of eleven musicians, such as found in The Carnival of the Animals, is called an undecet, and a group of twelve is called a duodecet (see Latin numerical prefixes).", "A group of eleven musicians, such as found in The Carnival of the Animals, is called an undecet, and a group of twelve is called a duodecet (see Latin numerical prefixes). A soloist playing unaccompanied (e.g., a pianist playing a solo piano piece or a cellist playing a Bach suite for unaccompanied cello) is not an ensemble because it only contains one musician. Four parts Strings A string quartet consists of two violins, a viola and a cello.", "Four parts Strings A string quartet consists of two violins, a viola and a cello. There is a vast body of music written for string quartets, as it is seen as an important genre in classical music. Wind A woodwind quartet usually features a flute, an oboe, a clarinet and a bassoon. A brass quartet features two trumpets, a trombone and a tuba. A saxophone quartet consists of a soprano saxophone, an alto saxophone, a tenor saxophone, and a baritone saxophone.", "A saxophone quartet consists of a soprano saxophone, an alto saxophone, a tenor saxophone, and a baritone saxophone. Five parts The string quintet is a common type of group. It is similar to the string quartet, but with an additional viola, cello, or more rarely, the addition of a double bass. Terms such as \"piano quintet\" or \"clarinet quintet\" frequently refer to a string quartet plus a fifth instrument.", "Terms such as \"piano quintet\" or \"clarinet quintet\" frequently refer to a string quartet plus a fifth instrument. Mozart's Clarinet Quintet is similarly a piece written for an ensemble consisting of two violins, a viola, a cello and a clarinet, the last being the exceptional addition to a \"normal\" string quartet.", "Mozart's Clarinet Quintet is similarly a piece written for an ensemble consisting of two violins, a viola, a cello and a clarinet, the last being the exceptional addition to a \"normal\" string quartet. Some other quintets in classical music are the wind quintet, usually consisting of flute, oboe, clarinet, bassoon and horn; the brass quintet, consisting of two trumpets, one horn, a trombone and a tuba; and the reed quintet, consisting of an oboe, a soprano clarinet, a saxophone, a bass clarinet, and a bassoon.", "Some other quintets in classical music are the wind quintet, usually consisting of flute, oboe, clarinet, bassoon and horn; the brass quintet, consisting of two trumpets, one horn, a trombone and a tuba; and the reed quintet, consisting of an oboe, a soprano clarinet, a saxophone, a bass clarinet, and a bassoon. Six or more instruments Classical chamber ensembles of six (sextet), seven (septet), or eight musicians (octet) are fairly common; use of latinate terms for larger groups is rare, except for the nonet (nine musicians).", "Six or more instruments Classical chamber ensembles of six (sextet), seven (septet), or eight musicians (octet) are fairly common; use of latinate terms for larger groups is rare, except for the nonet (nine musicians). In most cases, a larger classical group is referred to as an orchestra of some type or a concert band.", "In most cases, a larger classical group is referred to as an orchestra of some type or a concert band. A small orchestra with fifteen to thirty members (violins, violas, four cellos, two or three double basses, and several woodwind or brass instruments) is called a chamber orchestra. A sinfonietta usually denotes a somewhat smaller orchestra (though still not a chamber orchestra). Larger orchestras are called symphony orchestras (see below) or philharmonic orchestras.", "Larger orchestras are called symphony orchestras (see below) or philharmonic orchestras. A pops orchestra is an orchestra that mainly performs light classical music (often in abbreviated, simplified arrangements) and orchestral arrangements and medleys of popular jazz, music theater, or pop music songs. A string orchestra has only string instruments, i.e., violins, violas, cellos and double basses. A symphony orchestra is an ensemble usually comprising at least thirty musicians; the number of players is typically between fifty and ninety-five and may exceed one hundred.", "A symphony orchestra is an ensemble usually comprising at least thirty musicians; the number of players is typically between fifty and ninety-five and may exceed one hundred. A symphony orchestra is divided into families of instruments. In the string family, there are sections of violins (I and II), violas, cellos (often eight), and basses (often from six to eight).", "In the string family, there are sections of violins (I and II), violas, cellos (often eight), and basses (often from six to eight). The standard woodwind section consists of flutes (one doubling piccolo), oboes (one doubling English horn), soprano clarinets (one doubling bass clarinet), and bassoons (one doubling contrabassoon). The standard brass section consists of horns, trumpets, trombones, and tuba.", "The standard brass section consists of horns, trumpets, trombones, and tuba. The percussion section includes the timpani, bass drum, snare drum, and any other percussion instruments called for in a score (e.g., triangle, glockenspiel, chimes, cymbals, wood blocks, etc.). In Baroque music (1600–1750) and music from the early Classical period music (1750–1820), the percussion parts in orchestral works may only include timpani.", "In Baroque music (1600–1750) and music from the early Classical period music (1750–1820), the percussion parts in orchestral works may only include timpani. A concert band is a large classical ensemble generally made up of between 40 and 70 musicians from the woodwind, brass, and percussion families, along with the double bass. The concert band has a larger number and variety of wind instruments than the symphony orchestra, but does not have a string section (although a single double bass is common in concert bands).", "The concert band has a larger number and variety of wind instruments than the symphony orchestra, but does not have a string section (although a single double bass is common in concert bands). The woodwind section of a concert band consists of piccolo, flutes, oboes (one doubling English horn), bassoons (one doubling contrabassoon), soprano clarinets (one doubling E clarinet, one doubling alto clarinet), bass clarinets (one doubling contrabass clarinet or contra-alto clarinet), alto saxophones (one doubling soprano saxophone), tenor saxophone, and baritone saxophone.", "The woodwind section of a concert band consists of piccolo, flutes, oboes (one doubling English horn), bassoons (one doubling contrabassoon), soprano clarinets (one doubling E clarinet, one doubling alto clarinet), bass clarinets (one doubling contrabass clarinet or contra-alto clarinet), alto saxophones (one doubling soprano saxophone), tenor saxophone, and baritone saxophone. The brass section consists of horns, trumpets or cornets, trombones, euphoniums, and tubas.", "The brass section consists of horns, trumpets or cornets, trombones, euphoniums, and tubas. The percussion section consists of the timpani, bass drum, snare drum, and any other percussion instruments called for in a score (e.g., triangle, glockenspiel, chimes, cymbals, wood blocks, etc.). When orchestras perform baroque music (from the 17th century and early 18th century), they may also use a harpsichord or pipe organ, playing the continuo part.", "When orchestras perform baroque music (from the 17th century and early 18th century), they may also use a harpsichord or pipe organ, playing the continuo part. When orchestras perform Romantic-era music (from the 19th century), they may also use harps or unusual instruments such as the wind machine or cannons. When orchestras perform music from the 20th century or the 21st century, occasionally instruments such as electric guitar, theremin, or even an electronic synthesizer may be used.", "When orchestras perform music from the 20th century or the 21st century, occasionally instruments such as electric guitar, theremin, or even an electronic synthesizer may be used. Jazz ensembles Three parts In jazz, there are several types of trios. One type of jazz trio is formed with a piano player, a bass player and a drummer.", "One type of jazz trio is formed with a piano player, a bass player and a drummer. Another type of jazz trio that became popular in the 1950s and 1960s is the organ trio, which is composed of a Hammond organ player, a drummer, and a third instrumentalist (either a saxophone player or an electric jazz guitarist). In organ trios, the Hammond organ player performs the bass line on the organ bass pedals while simultaneously playing chords or lead lines on the keyboard manuals.", "In organ trios, the Hammond organ player performs the bass line on the organ bass pedals while simultaneously playing chords or lead lines on the keyboard manuals. Other types of trios include the \"drummer-less\" trio, which consists of a piano player, a double bassist, and a horn (saxophone or trumpet) or guitar player; and the jazz trio with a horn player (saxophone or trumpet), double bass player, and a drummer.", "Other types of trios include the \"drummer-less\" trio, which consists of a piano player, a double bassist, and a horn (saxophone or trumpet) or guitar player; and the jazz trio with a horn player (saxophone or trumpet), double bass player, and a drummer. In the latter type of trio, the lack of a chordal instrument means that the horn player and the bassist have to imply the changing harmonies with their improvised lines.", "In the latter type of trio, the lack of a chordal instrument means that the horn player and the bassist have to imply the changing harmonies with their improvised lines. Four parts Jazz quartets typically add a horn (the generic jazz name for saxophones, trombones, trumpets, or any other wind or brass instrument commonly associated with jazz) to one of the jazz trios described above.", "Four parts Jazz quartets typically add a horn (the generic jazz name for saxophones, trombones, trumpets, or any other wind or brass instrument commonly associated with jazz) to one of the jazz trios described above. Slightly larger jazz ensembles, such as quintets (five instruments) or sextets (six instruments) typically add other soloing instruments to the basic quartet formation, such as different types of saxophones (e.g., alto saxophone, tenor saxophone, etc.) or an additional chordal instrument.", "or an additional chordal instrument. or an additional chordal instrument. Larger ensembles The lineup of larger jazz ensembles can vary considerably, depending on the style of jazz being performed. In a 1920s-style dixieland jazz band, a larger ensemble would be formed by adding a banjo player, woodwind instruments, as with the clarinet, or additional horns (saxophones, trumpets, trombones) to one of the smaller groups.", "In a 1920s-style dixieland jazz band, a larger ensemble would be formed by adding a banjo player, woodwind instruments, as with the clarinet, or additional horns (saxophones, trumpets, trombones) to one of the smaller groups. In a 1930s-style Swing big band, a larger ensemble is formed by adding \"sections\" of like instruments, such as a saxophone section, a trumpet section and a trombone section, which perform arranged \"horn lines\" to accompany the ensemble.", "In a 1930s-style Swing big band, a larger ensemble is formed by adding \"sections\" of like instruments, such as a saxophone section, a trumpet section and a trombone section, which perform arranged \"horn lines\" to accompany the ensemble. Some Swing bands also added a string section for a lush sound.", "Some Swing bands also added a string section for a lush sound. In a 1970s-style jazz fusion ensemble, a larger ensemble is often formed by adding additional percussionists or sometimes a saxophone player, who would \"double\" or \"triple\" (meaning that they would also be proficient at the clarinet, flute or both). Larger jazz ensembles are also formed by the addition of other soloing instruments. Rock and pop bands Two parts Two-member rock and pop bands are relatively rare.", "Rock and pop bands Two parts Two-member rock and pop bands are relatively rare. Examples of two-member bands are the Carpenters, Sleaford Mods, Japandroids, Pet Shop Boys, Flight of the Conchords, Death from Above 1979, Middle Class Rut, the Pity Party, the White Stripes, Big Business, Two Gallants, Lightning Bolt, the Ting Tings, the Black Box Revelation, the Black Keys, Twenty One Pilots, Tenacious D, Simon and Garfunkel, Hall & Oates, Johnossi, the Pack A.D., Air Supply and Royal Blood.", "Examples of two-member bands are the Carpenters, Sleaford Mods, Japandroids, Pet Shop Boys, Flight of the Conchords, Death from Above 1979, Middle Class Rut, the Pity Party, the White Stripes, Big Business, Two Gallants, Lightning Bolt, the Ting Tings, the Black Box Revelation, the Black Keys, Twenty One Pilots, Tenacious D, Simon and Garfunkel, Hall & Oates, Johnossi, the Pack A.D., Air Supply and Royal Blood. When electronic sequencers became widely available in the 1980s, this made it easier for two-member bands to add in musical elements that the two band members were not able to perform.", "When electronic sequencers became widely available in the 1980s, this made it easier for two-member bands to add in musical elements that the two band members were not able to perform. Sequencers allowed bands to pre-program some elements of their performance, such as an electronic drum part and a synth-bass line. Two-member pop music bands such as Soft Cell, Blancmange, Yazoo and Erasure used pre-programmed sequencers. W.A.S.P.", "W.A.S.P. W.A.S.P. guitarist Doug Blair is also known for his work in the non-notable two-piece progressive rock band signal2noise, where he acts as the lead guitarist and bassist at the same time, thanks to a special custom instrument he invented (an electric guitar with five regular guitar strings paired with three bass guitar strings). Three parts The smallest ensemble that is commonly used in rock music is the trio format.", "Three parts The smallest ensemble that is commonly used in rock music is the trio format. In a hard-rock or blues-rock band, or heavy metal rock group, a \"power trio\" format is often used, which consists of an electric guitar player, an electric bass guitar player and a drummer, and typically one or more of these musicians also sing (sometimes all three members will sing, e.g. Bee Gees or Alkaline Trio).", "Bee Gees or Alkaline Trio). Bee Gees or Alkaline Trio). Some well-known power trios with the guitarist on lead vocals are the Jimi Hendrix Experience, Stevie Ray Vaughan and Double Trouble, Nirvana, Violent Femmes, Gov't Mule, Green Day, the Minutemen, Triumph, Shellac, Sublime, Chevelle, Glass Harp, Icebird, Muse, the Jam, Short Stack, and ZZ Top.", "Some well-known power trios with the guitarist on lead vocals are the Jimi Hendrix Experience, Stevie Ray Vaughan and Double Trouble, Nirvana, Violent Femmes, Gov't Mule, Green Day, the Minutemen, Triumph, Shellac, Sublime, Chevelle, Glass Harp, Icebird, Muse, the Jam, Short Stack, and ZZ Top. A handful of others with the bassist on vocals include Primus, Motörhead, the Police, the Melvins, MxPx, Blue Cheer, Rush, the Presidents of the United States of America, Venom, and Cream.", "A handful of others with the bassist on vocals include Primus, Motörhead, the Police, the Melvins, MxPx, Blue Cheer, Rush, the Presidents of the United States of America, Venom, and Cream. Some power trios feature two lead vocalists. For example, in the band blink-182 vocals are split between bassist Mark Hoppus and guitarist Tom DeLonge, or in the band Dinosaur Jr., guitarist J. Mascis is the primary songwriter and vocalist, but bassist Lou Barlow writes some songs and sings as well.", "For example, in the band blink-182 vocals are split between bassist Mark Hoppus and guitarist Tom DeLonge, or in the band Dinosaur Jr., guitarist J. Mascis is the primary songwriter and vocalist, but bassist Lou Barlow writes some songs and sings as well. An alternative to the power trio are organ trios formed with an electric guitarist, a drummer and a keyboardist.", "An alternative to the power trio are organ trios formed with an electric guitarist, a drummer and a keyboardist. Although organ trios are most commonly associated with 1950s and 1960s jazz organ trio groups such as those led by organist Jimmy Smith, there are also organ trios in rock-oriented styles, such as jazz-rock fusion and Grateful Dead-influenced jam bands such as Medeski Martin & Wood.", "Although organ trios are most commonly associated with 1950s and 1960s jazz organ trio groups such as those led by organist Jimmy Smith, there are also organ trios in rock-oriented styles, such as jazz-rock fusion and Grateful Dead-influenced jam bands such as Medeski Martin & Wood. In organ trios, the keyboard player typically plays a Hammond organ or similar instrument, which permits the keyboard player to perform bass lines, chords, and lead lines, one example being hard rock band Zebra.", "In organ trios, the keyboard player typically plays a Hammond organ or similar instrument, which permits the keyboard player to perform bass lines, chords, and lead lines, one example being hard rock band Zebra. A variant of the organ trio are trios formed with an electric bassist, a drummer and an electronic keyboardist (playing synthesizers) such as the progressive rock band Emerson, Lake & Palmer, Triumvirat, and Atomic Rooster.", "A variant of the organ trio are trios formed with an electric bassist, a drummer and an electronic keyboardist (playing synthesizers) such as the progressive rock band Emerson, Lake & Palmer, Triumvirat, and Atomic Rooster. Another variation is to have a vocalist, a guitarist and a drummer, an example being Yeah Yeah Yeahs. Another variation is two guitars, a bassist, and a drum machine, examples including Magic Wands and Big Black.", "Another variation is two guitars, a bassist, and a drum machine, examples including Magic Wands and Big Black. A power trio with the guitarist on lead vocals is a popular record company lineup, as the guitarist and singer will usually be the songwriter. Therefore, the label only has to present one \"face\" to the public. The backing band may or may not be featured in publicity.", "The backing band may or may not be featured in publicity. If the backup band is not marketed as an integral part of the group, this gives the record company more flexibility to replace band members or use substitute musicians. This lineup often leads to songs that are fairly simple and accessible, as the frontman (or frontwoman) will have to sing and play guitar at the same time. Four parts The four-piece band is the most common configuration in rock and pop music.", "Four parts The four-piece band is the most common configuration in rock and pop music. A common formation would be a vocalist, electric guitarist, bass guitarist, and a drummer (e.g. the Who, the Monkees, Led Zeppelin, Queen, Ramones, Sex Pistols, Red Hot Chili Peppers, R.E.M., Blur, the Smiths, Echo and the Bunnymen, the Stone Roses, Creed, Black Sabbath, Van Halen, Rage Against the Machine, Gym Class Heroes, the Stooges, Joy Division, and U2.)", "the Who, the Monkees, Led Zeppelin, Queen, Ramones, Sex Pistols, Red Hot Chili Peppers, R.E.M., Blur, the Smiths, Echo and the Bunnymen, the Stone Roses, Creed, Black Sabbath, Van Halen, Rage Against the Machine, Gym Class Heroes, the Stooges, Joy Division, and U2.) Instrumentally, these bands can be considered as trios.", "Instrumentally, these bands can be considered as trios. Instrumentally, these bands can be considered as trios. This format is popular with new bands, as there are only two instruments that need tuning, the melody and chords formula prevalent with their material is easy to learn, four members are commonplace to work with, the roles are clearly defined and generally are: instrumental melody line, rhythm section which plays the chords or countermelody, and vocals on top.", "This format is popular with new bands, as there are only two instruments that need tuning, the melody and chords formula prevalent with their material is easy to learn, four members are commonplace to work with, the roles are clearly defined and generally are: instrumental melody line, rhythm section which plays the chords or countermelody, and vocals on top. In some early rock bands, keyboardists were used, performing on piano (e.g. the Seeds and the Doors) with a guitarist, singer, drummer and keyboardist.", "the Seeds and the Doors) with a guitarist, singer, drummer and keyboardist. Some bands will have a guitarist, bassist, drummer, and keyboard player (for example, Talking Heads, Gerry and the Pacemakers, Small Faces, King Crimson, the Guess Who, Pink Floyd, Queen, Coldplay, the Killers and Blind Faith).", "Some bands will have a guitarist, bassist, drummer, and keyboard player (for example, Talking Heads, Gerry and the Pacemakers, Small Faces, King Crimson, the Guess Who, Pink Floyd, Queen, Coldplay, the Killers and Blind Faith). Some bands will have the bassist on lead vocals, such as Thin Lizzy, the Chameleons, Skillet, Pink Floyd, Motörhead, NOFX, +44, Slayer, the All-American Rejects or even the lead guitarist, such as Death, Dire Straits, Megadeth and Creedence Clearwater Revival.", "Some bands will have the bassist on lead vocals, such as Thin Lizzy, the Chameleons, Skillet, Pink Floyd, Motörhead, NOFX, +44, Slayer, the All-American Rejects or even the lead guitarist, such as Death, Dire Straits, Megadeth and Creedence Clearwater Revival. Some bands, such as the Beatles, Dire Straits and Metallica have a lead guitarist, a rhythm guitarist and a bassist that all sing lead and backing vocals, that also play keyboards regularly, as well as a drummer.", "Some bands, such as the Beatles, Dire Straits and Metallica have a lead guitarist, a rhythm guitarist and a bassist that all sing lead and backing vocals, that also play keyboards regularly, as well as a drummer. Five parts Five-piece bands have existed in rock music since the development of the genre.", "Five parts Five-piece bands have existed in rock music since the development of the genre. The Beach Boys, the Rolling Stones (until 1993), Aerosmith, Def Leppard, AC/DC, Oasis, Pearl Jam, Guns N' Roses, Radiohead, the Strokes, the Yardbirds, 311 and the Hives are examples of the common vocalist, lead guitar, rhythm guitar, bass, and drums lineup whilst other bands such as Judas Priest have two guitarists who equally share lead and rhythm parts.", "The Beach Boys, the Rolling Stones (until 1993), Aerosmith, Def Leppard, AC/DC, Oasis, Pearl Jam, Guns N' Roses, Radiohead, the Strokes, the Yardbirds, 311 and the Hives are examples of the common vocalist, lead guitar, rhythm guitar, bass, and drums lineup whilst other bands such as Judas Priest have two guitarists who equally share lead and rhythm parts. An alternative to the five-member lineup replaces the rhythm guitarist with a keyboard–synthesizer player (examples being the bands Journey, Elbow, Dream Theater, Genesis, Jethro Tull, the Zombies, the Animals, Bon Jovi, Yes, Fleetwood Mac, Marilyn Manson and Deep Purple, all of which consist of a vocalist, guitarist, bassist, keyboardist, and a drummer) or with a turntablist such as Deftones, Hed PE, Incubus or Limp Bizkit.", "An alternative to the five-member lineup replaces the rhythm guitarist with a keyboard–synthesizer player (examples being the bands Journey, Elbow, Dream Theater, Genesis, Jethro Tull, the Zombies, the Animals, Bon Jovi, Yes, Fleetwood Mac, Marilyn Manson and Deep Purple, all of which consist of a vocalist, guitarist, bassist, keyboardist, and a drummer) or with a turntablist such as Deftones, Hed PE, Incubus or Limp Bizkit. Alternatives include a keyboardist, guitarist, drummer, bassist, and saxophonist, such as the Sonics, the Dave Clark Five, and Sam the Sham and the Pharaohs.", "Alternatives include a keyboardist, guitarist, drummer, bassist, and saxophonist, such as the Sonics, the Dave Clark Five, and Sam the Sham and the Pharaohs. Another alternative is three guitarists, a bassist and a drummer, such as Foo Fighters, Radiohead, and the Byrds.", "Another alternative is three guitarists, a bassist and a drummer, such as Foo Fighters, Radiohead, and the Byrds. Some five-person bands feature two guitarists, a keyboardist, a bassist and a drummer, with one or more of these musicians (typically one of the guitarists) handling lead vocals on top of their instrument (examples being Children of Bodom, Styx, Sturm und Drang, Relient K, Ensiferum, the Cars and the current line up of Status Quo).", "Some five-person bands feature two guitarists, a keyboardist, a bassist and a drummer, with one or more of these musicians (typically one of the guitarists) handling lead vocals on top of their instrument (examples being Children of Bodom, Styx, Sturm und Drang, Relient K, Ensiferum, the Cars and the current line up of Status Quo). In some cases, typically in cover bands, one musician plays either rhythm guitar or keyboards, depending on the song (one notable band being Firewind, with Bob Katsionis handling this particular role).", "In some cases, typically in cover bands, one musician plays either rhythm guitar or keyboards, depending on the song (one notable band being Firewind, with Bob Katsionis handling this particular role). Other times, the vocalist will bring another musical \"voice\" to the table, most commonly a harmonica or percussion; Mick Jagger, for example, played harmonica and percussion instruments like maracas and tambourine whilst singing at the same time. Keith Relf of the Yardbirds played harmonica frequently, though not often while also singing.", "Keith Relf of the Yardbirds played harmonica frequently, though not often while also singing. Ozzy Osbourne was also known to play the harmonica on some occasions (i.e. \"The Wizard\" by Black Sabbath). Vocalist Robert Brown of lesser known steampunk band Abney Park plays harmonica, accordion, and darbuka in addition to mandolin. Flutes are also commonly used by vocalists, most notably Ian Anderson of Jethro Tull and Ray Thomas of the Moody Blues, though these are difficult to play while singing at the same time.", "Flutes are also commonly used by vocalists, most notably Ian Anderson of Jethro Tull and Ray Thomas of the Moody Blues, though these are difficult to play while singing at the same time. A less common lineup is to have lead vocals, two guitarists of varying types and two drummers, e.g. Adam and the Ants.", "Adam and the Ants. Adam and the Ants. Larger rock ensembles Larger bands are quite common and have long been a part of rock and pop music, in part due to the influence of the \"singer accompanied with orchestra\" model inherited from popular big-band jazz and swing and popularized by Frank Sinatra and Ella Fitzgerald. To create larger ensembles, rock bands often add an additional guitarist, an additional keyboardist, additional percussionists or second drummer, an entire horn section, and even a flautist.", "To create larger ensembles, rock bands often add an additional guitarist, an additional keyboardist, additional percussionists or second drummer, an entire horn section, and even a flautist. An example of a six-member rock band is Toto with a lead vocalist, guitarist, bassist, two keyboard players, and drummer. The American heavy metal band Slipknot is composed of nine members, with a vocalist, two guitarists, a drummer, a bassist, two custom percussionists/backing vocalists, a turntablist, and a sampler/keyboardist.", "The American heavy metal band Slipknot is composed of nine members, with a vocalist, two guitarists, a drummer, a bassist, two custom percussionists/backing vocalists, a turntablist, and a sampler/keyboardist. In larger groups (such as the Band), instrumentalists could play multiple instruments, which enabled the ensemble to create a wider variety of instrument combinations. More modern examples of such a band are Arcade Fire and Edward Sharpe and the Magnetic Zeros.", "More modern examples of such a band are Arcade Fire and Edward Sharpe and the Magnetic Zeros. More rarely, rock or pop groups will be accompanied in concerts by a full or partial symphony orchestra, where lush string-orchestra arrangements are used to flesh out the sound of slow ballads. Some groups have a large number of members that all play the same instrument, such as guitar, banjo, keyboard, ocarinas, drums, recorders, accordions, horns or strings.", "Some groups have a large number of members that all play the same instrument, such as guitar, banjo, keyboard, ocarinas, drums, recorders, accordions, horns or strings. Electronic music groups Electronic music groups typically use electronic musical instruments such as synthesizers, sequencers, samplers and electronic drums to produce music. The production technique of music programming is also widely used in electronic music. Examples include Kraftwerk, Daft Punk, the Chemical Brothers, Faithless and Apollo 440.", "Examples include Kraftwerk, Daft Punk, the Chemical Brothers, Faithless and Apollo 440. Electronic dance music groups usually consist of two to three members, and are mainly producers, DJs and remixers, whose work is solely produced in a studio or with the use of a digital audio workstation. Examples include Basement Jaxx, Flip & Fill, Tin Tin Out, the Chainsmokers, Cheat Codes, Cash Cash and Major Lazer. Role of women Women have a high prominence in many popular music styles as singers.", "Role of women Women have a high prominence in many popular music styles as singers. However, professional women instrumentalists are uncommon in popular music, especially in rock genres such as heavy metal. \"[P]laying in a band is largely a male homosocial activity, that is, learning to play in a band is largely a peer-based... experience, shaped by existing sex-segregated friendship networks.\" As well, rock music \"...is often defined as a form of male rebellion vis-à-vis female bedroom culture.\"", "As well, rock music \"...is often defined as a form of male rebellion vis-à-vis female bedroom culture.\" In popular music, there has been a gendered \"distinction between public (male) and private (female) participation\" in music. \"[S]everal scholars have argued that men exclude women from bands or from the bands' rehearsals, recordings, performances, and other social activities.\"", "\"[S]everal scholars have argued that men exclude women from bands or from the bands' rehearsals, recordings, performances, and other social activities.\" \"Women are mainly regarded as passive and private consumers of allegedly slick, prefabricated – hence, inferior – pop music..., excluding them from participating as high status rock musicians.\"", "\"Women are mainly regarded as passive and private consumers of allegedly slick, prefabricated – hence, inferior – pop music..., excluding them from participating as high status rock musicians.\" One of the reasons that there are rarely mixed gender bands is that \"bands operate as tight-knit units in which homosocial solidarity – social bonds between people of the same sex... – plays a crucial role.\"", "One of the reasons that there are rarely mixed gender bands is that \"bands operate as tight-knit units in which homosocial solidarity – social bonds between people of the same sex... – plays a crucial role.\" In the 1960s pop music scene, \"[s]inging was sometimes an acceptable pastime for a girl, but playing an instrument...simply wasn't done.\"", "In the 1960s pop music scene, \"[s]inging was sometimes an acceptable pastime for a girl, but playing an instrument...simply wasn't done.\" \"The rebellion of rock music was largely a male rebellion; the women—often, in the 1950s and '60s, girls in their teens—in rock usually sang songs as personæ utterly dependent on their macho boyfriends...\" Philip Auslander says that \"Although there were many women in rock by the late 1960s, most performed only as singers, a traditionally feminine position in popular music.\"", "\"The rebellion of rock music was largely a male rebellion; the women—often, in the 1950s and '60s, girls in their teens—in rock usually sang songs as personæ utterly dependent on their macho boyfriends...\" Philip Auslander says that \"Although there were many women in rock by the late 1960s, most performed only as singers, a traditionally feminine position in popular music.\" Though some women played instruments in American all-female garage rock bands, none of these bands achieved more than regional success.", "Though some women played instruments in American all-female garage rock bands, none of these bands achieved more than regional success. So they \"did not provide viable templates for women's on-going participation in rock\". In relation to the gender composition of heavy metal bands, it has been said that \"[h]eavy metal performers are almost exclusively male\" \"...[a]t least until the mid-1980s\" apart from \"...exceptions such as Girlschool\".", "In relation to the gender composition of heavy metal bands, it has been said that \"[h]eavy metal performers are almost exclusively male\" \"...[a]t least until the mid-1980s\" apart from \"...exceptions such as Girlschool\". However, \"...now [in the 2010s] maybe more than ever–strong metal women have put up their dukes and got down to it,\" \"carv[ing] out a considerable place for [them]selves\".", "However, \"...now [in the 2010s] maybe more than ever–strong metal women have put up their dukes and got down to it,\" \"carv[ing] out a considerable place for [them]selves\". When Suzi Quatro emerged in 1973, \"no other prominent female musician worked in rock simultaneously as a singer, instrumentalist, songwriter, and bandleader.\"", "When Suzi Quatro emerged in 1973, \"no other prominent female musician worked in rock simultaneously as a singer, instrumentalist, songwriter, and bandleader.\" According to Auslander, she was \"kicking down the male door in rock and roll and proving that a female musician ... and this is a point I am extremely concerned about ... could play as well if not better than the boys\". Other western musical ensembles A choir is a group of voices.", "Other western musical ensembles A choir is a group of voices. By analogy, sometimes a group of similar instruments in a symphony orchestra are referred to as a choir. For example, the woodwind instruments of a symphony orchestra could be called the woodwind choir. A group that plays popular music or military music is usually called a band; a drum and bugle corps is a type of the latter. These bands perform a wide range of music, ranging from arrangements of jazz orchestral, or popular music to military-style marches.", "These bands perform a wide range of music, ranging from arrangements of jazz orchestral, or popular music to military-style marches. Drum corps perform on brass and percussion instruments only. Drum and Bugle Corps incorporate costumes, hats, and pageantry in their performances.", "Drum and Bugle Corps incorporate costumes, hats, and pageantry in their performances. Other band types include: Brass bands: groups consisting of around 30 brass and percussion players; Jug bands; Mexican Mariachi groups typically consist of at least two violins, two trumpets, one Spanish guitar, one vihuela (a high-pitched, five-string guitar), and one Guitarrón (a Mexican acoustic bass that is roughly guitar-shaped), and one or more singers.", "Other band types include: Brass bands: groups consisting of around 30 brass and percussion players; Jug bands; Mexican Mariachi groups typically consist of at least two violins, two trumpets, one Spanish guitar, one vihuela (a high-pitched, five-string guitar), and one Guitarrón (a Mexican acoustic bass that is roughly guitar-shaped), and one or more singers. Mexican banda groups Marching bands and military bands, dating back to the Ottoman military bands.", "Mexican banda groups Marching bands and military bands, dating back to the Ottoman military bands. String bands See also All-female band Boy band Girl group Live band karaoke Music industry Percussion ensemble Musical collective References External links Bands and Musician Listing Vivre Musicale" ]

[ "Musical ensemble", "Five parts", "what can you tell me about Five parts?", "Five-piece bands have existed in rock music since the development of the genre.", "what does a five piece band entail?", "examples of the common vocalist, lead guitar, rhythm guitar, bass, and drums", "what are other examples?", "Alternatives include a keyboardist, guitarist, drummer, bassist, and saxophonist,", "are there some more examples?", "The Sonics, The Dave Clark 5, and Sam the Sham", "what other bands have 5 parts?", "Radiohead, The Strokes, The Yardbirds,", "how do they differ if at all?", "I don't know.", "what else is interesting about five parts?", "). In some cases, typically in cover bands, one musician plays either rhythm guitar or keyboards,", "is the guitar or keyboard appearance dependent on something?", "I don't know.", "are there other instruments that are used?", "Other times, the vocalist will bring another musical \"voice\" to the table, most commonly a harmonica or percussion;" ]

[ "A backing vocalist or backup singer is a singer who provides vocal harmony with the lead vocalist or other backing vocalists. A backing vocalist may also sing alone as a lead-in to the main vocalist's entry or to sing a counter-melody. Backing vocalists are used in a broad range of popular music, traditional music, and world music styles.\n\nSolo artists may employ professional backing vocalists in studio recording sessions as well as during concerts. In many rock and metal bands (e.g., the power trio), the musicians doing backing vocals also play instruments, such as guitar, electric bass, drums or keyboards. In Latin or Afro-Cuban groups, backing singers may play percussion instruments or shakers while singing. In some pop and hip hop groups and in musical theater, they may be required to perform dance routines while singing through headset microphones.\n\nStyles of background vocals vary according to the type of song and genre of music. In pop and country songs, backing vocalists may sing harmony to support the lead vocalist. In hardcore punk or rockabilly, other band members who play instruments may sing or shout backing vocals during the chorus (refrain) section of the songs.\n\nTerminology\nAlternative terms for backing vocalists include backing singers, backing vocals, additional vocals or, particularly in the United States and Canada, backup singers, background singers, or harmony vocalists.\n\nExamples\nWhile some bands use performers whose sole on-stage role is backing vocals, backing singers commonly have other roles. Two notable examples of band members who sang back-up are The Beach Boys and The Beatles. The Beach Boys were well known for their close vocal harmonies, occasionally with all five members singing at once such as \"In My Room\" and \"Surfer Girl\". \n\nThe Beatles were also known for their close style of vocal harmonies – all of them sang both lead and backing vocals at some point, especially John Lennon and Paul McCartney, who frequently supported each other with harmonies, often with fellow Beatle George Harrison joining in. Ringo Starr, while not as prominent as a singer due to his distinctive voice, sings backing vocals in such tracks as \"The Continuing Story of Bungalow Bill\" and \"Carry That Weight\". Examples of three-part harmonies by Lennon, McCartney and Harrison include \"Nowhere Man\", \"Because\", \"Day Tripper\", and \"This Boy\".\nThe members of Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young and Bee Gees each wrote songs, sang backup or lead vocals, and played various instruments in their performances and recordings.\n\nLead singers who record backing vocals\nIn the recording studio, some lead singers record their own backing vocals by overdubbing with a multitrack recording system, record his or her own backing vocals, then recording the lead part over them. Some lead vocalists prefer this approach because multiple parts recorded by the same singer blend well.\n\nA famous example overdubbing is Freddie Mercury's multipart intro to Queen's \"Bohemian Rhapsody\". Other artists who have recorded multitrack lead and backing vocals include Patrick Stump of Fall Out Boy, Tom DeLonge of Blink-182 and Angels and Airwaves, Wednesday 13 in his own band and Murderdolls, Ian Gillan of Deep Purple, Brendon Urie of Panic! at the Disco, Simon Le Bon of Duran Duran, and Brad Delp of Boston.\n\nWith the exception of a few songs on each album, Michael Jackson, Prince, Dan Fogelberg, Eddie Rabbitt, David Bowie and Richard Marx sing all of the background vocals for their songs. Robert Smith of the Cure sings his own backing vocals in the studio, and doesn't use backing vocalists when performing live.\n\nUncredited backing vocals\nProminent vocalists who provide backing vocals in other artists' recordings are often uncredited to avoid conflicts with their own recording agreements, and for other reasons. Examples include:\n John Lennon and Paul McCartney on the Rolling Stones' \"We Love You\".\nPatti Labelle on Kanye West's \"Roses\" from the album Late Registration. She said the liner notes were already printed when she lent her vocals to the track.\nRonnie Spector on Eddie Money's \"Take Me Home Tonight\", from the Ronettes' 1963 hit \"Be My Baby\".\n \"Roll with Me, Henry\" by Etta James, which includes Richard Berry, author of \"Louie Louie\", performing the role of Henry.\n Sam Cooke's \"Bring It On Home to Me\", with vocal \"echo\" responses by Lou Rawls.\n Mick Jagger doing background vocals on Carly Simon's recording of \"You're So Vain\", which led to the erroneous theory that the song was about Jagger. \n Jonathan Richman's \"The Neighbors\", featuring Jody Ross.\n Andrew Gold's \"Never Let Her Slip Away\", with harmony vocals by Freddie Mercury.\n Rockwell's \"Somebody's Watching Me\", with backing vocals by Jermaine Jackson and Michael Jackson.\n \"Bad Blood\" by Neil Sedaka, with backing vocals by Elton John.\n Usher's \"Superstar\", with vocals by Faith Evans.\n Paul McCartney as one of the background revellers on Donovan's 1966 \"Mellow Yellow\". (Contrary to popular belief, McCartney does not whisper \"quite rightly\" in the chorus, but Donovan himself).\n Mýa's background vocals on \"Get None\", the debut single by Tamar Braxton.\n Al B. Sure!'s background vocals in Guy's song \"You Can Call Me Crazy\". (According to producer Teddy Riley, the song was originally planned for Sure!'s debut album In Effect Mode but didn't make the final cut.)\n Mint Condition frontman Stokley Williams doing background vocals on \"The Curse Of The Gifted\" from Wale's 2013 album The Gifted.\nEric Roberson's background vocals on Cam'ron's song \"Tomorrow\" from his 2002 album Come Home with Me.\n Anelia's vocals on Andrea's 2014 song Най-добрата (Nay-dobrata).\n Jamie Foxx's vocals on Ariana Grande's 2015 single \"Focus\".\n Ina Wroldsen's vocals on Calvin Harris's and Disciples's 2015 song \"How Deep Is Your Love\".\n Iselin Solheim's vocals on Alan Walker's 2015 song \"Faded\", and his 2016 song \"Sing Me to Sleep\".\n\nSee also\nList of backing groups\nNebenstimme\nVOCALOID\n20 Feet from Stardom (2013 documentary film on backing singers)\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n\n R.E.S.P.E.C.T - The Art of Backing Vocals (BBC Radio 4 programme)\n\nOccupations in music\nSinging\nMusical terminology\nAccompaniment\nTemporary employment", "The Leçons de ténèbres pour le mercredi saint (\"Tenebrae Readings for Holy Wednesday\") are a series of three vocal pieces composed by François Couperin for the liturgies of Holy Week, 1714, at the Abbaye royale de Longchamp.\n\nCouperin's Leçons de ténèbres use the Latin text of the Old Testament Book of Lamentations, in which Jeremiah deplores the destruction of Jerusalem by the Babylonians.\n\nMusical settings of the Lamentations of Jeremiah the Prophet were common in the Renaissance, famous polyphonic examples being those by Thomas Tallis, Tomás Luis de Victoria, Lassus, and Carlo Gesualdo. Leçons de ténèbres were a particular French subgenre of this music with other similar settings being composed by Marc-Antoine Charpentier, Michel Delalande and others.\n\nThose by Couperin are for two high vocalists and basso continuo. They are composed of three lessons (two other sets of three for Thursday and Friday having been lost). Each Latin verse is preceded by a melisma on the first letter of the Hebrew text. The first two were composed for one single voice, while the third was written for two voices. This last Leçon, where the two voices perform superb appoggiatura, ornaments, dissonances and vocalizing, is considered one of the undisputed peaks of Baroque vocal music.\n\nA 1954 recording of these works serves as the theme music for the 1968 film Phèdre, featuring Marie Bell. The recording, conducted by Laurence Boulay, was released on the French label Erato.\n\nSee also\n Tenebrae\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n \n\n1714 compositions\nBook of Lamentations\nCompositions by François Couperin\nFrench Christian hymns\nTenebrae\nVocal musical compositions\n18th-century hymns" ]

[ "A musical ensemble, also known as a music group or musical group, is a group of people who perform instrumental or vocal music, with the ensemble typically known by a distinct name. Some music ensembles consist solely of instrumentalists, such as the jazz quartet or the orchestra. Other music ensembles consist solely of singers, such as choirs and doo wop groups.", "Other music ensembles consist solely of singers, such as choirs and doo wop groups. In both popular music and classical music, there are ensembles in which both instrumentalists and singers perform, such as the rock band or the Baroque chamber group for basso continuo (harpsichord and cello) and one or more singers.", "In both popular music and classical music, there are ensembles in which both instrumentalists and singers perform, such as the rock band or the Baroque chamber group for basso continuo (harpsichord and cello) and one or more singers. In classical music, trios or quartets either blend the sounds of musical instrument families (such as piano, strings, and wind instruments) or group together instruments from the same instrument family, such as string ensembles (e.g., string quartet) or wind ensembles (e.g., wind quintet).", "In classical music, trios or quartets either blend the sounds of musical instrument families (such as piano, strings, and wind instruments) or group together instruments from the same instrument family, such as string ensembles (e.g., string quartet) or wind ensembles (e.g., wind quintet). Some ensembles blend the sounds of a variety of instrument families, such as the orchestra, which uses a string section, brass instruments, woodwinds and percussion instruments, or the concert band, which uses brass, woodwinds and percussion.", "Some ensembles blend the sounds of a variety of instrument families, such as the orchestra, which uses a string section, brass instruments, woodwinds and percussion instruments, or the concert band, which uses brass, woodwinds and percussion. In jazz ensembles or combos, the instruments typically include wind instruments (one or more saxophones, trumpets, etc.", "In jazz ensembles or combos, the instruments typically include wind instruments (one or more saxophones, trumpets, etc. ), one or two chordal \"comping\" instruments (electric guitar, piano, or Hammond organ), a bass instrument (bass guitar or double bass), and a drummer or percussionist. Jazz ensembles may be solely instrumental, or they may consist of a group of instruments accompanying one or more singers.", "Jazz ensembles may be solely instrumental, or they may consist of a group of instruments accompanying one or more singers. In rock and pop ensembles, usually called rock bands or pop bands, there are usually guitars and keyboards (piano, electric piano, Hammond organ, synthesizer, etc. ), one or more singers, and a rhythm section made up of a bass guitar and drum kit. Music ensembles typically have a leader.", "Music ensembles typically have a leader. Music ensembles typically have a leader. In jazz bands, rock and pop groups and similar ensembles, this is the band leader. In classical music, orchestras, concert bands and choirs are led by a conductor. In orchestra, the concertmaster (principal first violin player) is the instrumentalist leader of the orchestra.", "In orchestra, the concertmaster (principal first violin player) is the instrumentalist leader of the orchestra. In orchestras, the individual sections also have leaders, typically called the \"principal\" of the section (e.g., the leader of the viola section is called the \"principal viola\").", "In orchestras, the individual sections also have leaders, typically called the \"principal\" of the section (e.g., the leader of the viola section is called the \"principal viola\"). Conductors are also used in jazz big bands and in some very large rock or pop ensembles (e.g., a rock concert that includes a string section, a horn section and a choir which are accompanying a rock band's performance). Classical chamber music In Western classical music, smaller ensembles are called chamber music ensembles.", "Classical chamber music In Western classical music, smaller ensembles are called chamber music ensembles. The terms duo, trio, quartet, quintet, sextet, septet, octet, nonet and decet describe groups of two up to ten musicians, respectively. A group of eleven musicians, such as found in The Carnival of the Animals, is called an undecet, and a group of twelve is called a duodecet (see Latin numerical prefixes).", "A group of eleven musicians, such as found in The Carnival of the Animals, is called an undecet, and a group of twelve is called a duodecet (see Latin numerical prefixes). A soloist playing unaccompanied (e.g., a pianist playing a solo piano piece or a cellist playing a Bach suite for unaccompanied cello) is not an ensemble because it only contains one musician. Four parts Strings A string quartet consists of two violins, a viola and a cello.", "Four parts Strings A string quartet consists of two violins, a viola and a cello. There is a vast body of music written for string quartets, as it is seen as an important genre in classical music. Wind A woodwind quartet usually features a flute, an oboe, a clarinet and a bassoon. A brass quartet features two trumpets, a trombone and a tuba. A saxophone quartet consists of a soprano saxophone, an alto saxophone, a tenor saxophone, and a baritone saxophone.", "A saxophone quartet consists of a soprano saxophone, an alto saxophone, a tenor saxophone, and a baritone saxophone. Five parts The string quintet is a common type of group. It is similar to the string quartet, but with an additional viola, cello, or more rarely, the addition of a double bass. Terms such as \"piano quintet\" or \"clarinet quintet\" frequently refer to a string quartet plus a fifth instrument.", "Terms such as \"piano quintet\" or \"clarinet quintet\" frequently refer to a string quartet plus a fifth instrument. Mozart's Clarinet Quintet is similarly a piece written for an ensemble consisting of two violins, a viola, a cello and a clarinet, the last being the exceptional addition to a \"normal\" string quartet.", "Mozart's Clarinet Quintet is similarly a piece written for an ensemble consisting of two violins, a viola, a cello and a clarinet, the last being the exceptional addition to a \"normal\" string quartet. Some other quintets in classical music are the wind quintet, usually consisting of flute, oboe, clarinet, bassoon and horn; the brass quintet, consisting of two trumpets, one horn, a trombone and a tuba; and the reed quintet, consisting of an oboe, a soprano clarinet, a saxophone, a bass clarinet, and a bassoon.", "Some other quintets in classical music are the wind quintet, usually consisting of flute, oboe, clarinet, bassoon and horn; the brass quintet, consisting of two trumpets, one horn, a trombone and a tuba; and the reed quintet, consisting of an oboe, a soprano clarinet, a saxophone, a bass clarinet, and a bassoon. Six or more instruments Classical chamber ensembles of six (sextet), seven (septet), or eight musicians (octet) are fairly common; use of latinate terms for larger groups is rare, except for the nonet (nine musicians).", "Six or more instruments Classical chamber ensembles of six (sextet), seven (septet), or eight musicians (octet) are fairly common; use of latinate terms for larger groups is rare, except for the nonet (nine musicians). In most cases, a larger classical group is referred to as an orchestra of some type or a concert band.", "In most cases, a larger classical group is referred to as an orchestra of some type or a concert band. A small orchestra with fifteen to thirty members (violins, violas, four cellos, two or three double basses, and several woodwind or brass instruments) is called a chamber orchestra. A sinfonietta usually denotes a somewhat smaller orchestra (though still not a chamber orchestra). Larger orchestras are called symphony orchestras (see below) or philharmonic orchestras.", "Larger orchestras are called symphony orchestras (see below) or philharmonic orchestras. A pops orchestra is an orchestra that mainly performs light classical music (often in abbreviated, simplified arrangements) and orchestral arrangements and medleys of popular jazz, music theater, or pop music songs. A string orchestra has only string instruments, i.e., violins, violas, cellos and double basses. A symphony orchestra is an ensemble usually comprising at least thirty musicians; the number of players is typically between fifty and ninety-five and may exceed one hundred.", "A symphony orchestra is an ensemble usually comprising at least thirty musicians; the number of players is typically between fifty and ninety-five and may exceed one hundred. A symphony orchestra is divided into families of instruments. In the string family, there are sections of violins (I and II), violas, cellos (often eight), and basses (often from six to eight).", "In the string family, there are sections of violins (I and II), violas, cellos (often eight), and basses (often from six to eight). The standard woodwind section consists of flutes (one doubling piccolo), oboes (one doubling English horn), soprano clarinets (one doubling bass clarinet), and bassoons (one doubling contrabassoon). The standard brass section consists of horns, trumpets, trombones, and tuba.", "The standard brass section consists of horns, trumpets, trombones, and tuba. The percussion section includes the timpani, bass drum, snare drum, and any other percussion instruments called for in a score (e.g., triangle, glockenspiel, chimes, cymbals, wood blocks, etc.). In Baroque music (1600–1750) and music from the early Classical period music (1750–1820), the percussion parts in orchestral works may only include timpani.", "In Baroque music (1600–1750) and music from the early Classical period music (1750–1820), the percussion parts in orchestral works may only include timpani. A concert band is a large classical ensemble generally made up of between 40 and 70 musicians from the woodwind, brass, and percussion families, along with the double bass. The concert band has a larger number and variety of wind instruments than the symphony orchestra, but does not have a string section (although a single double bass is common in concert bands).", "The concert band has a larger number and variety of wind instruments than the symphony orchestra, but does not have a string section (although a single double bass is common in concert bands). The woodwind section of a concert band consists of piccolo, flutes, oboes (one doubling English horn), bassoons (one doubling contrabassoon), soprano clarinets (one doubling E clarinet, one doubling alto clarinet), bass clarinets (one doubling contrabass clarinet or contra-alto clarinet), alto saxophones (one doubling soprano saxophone), tenor saxophone, and baritone saxophone.", "The woodwind section of a concert band consists of piccolo, flutes, oboes (one doubling English horn), bassoons (one doubling contrabassoon), soprano clarinets (one doubling E clarinet, one doubling alto clarinet), bass clarinets (one doubling contrabass clarinet or contra-alto clarinet), alto saxophones (one doubling soprano saxophone), tenor saxophone, and baritone saxophone. The brass section consists of horns, trumpets or cornets, trombones, euphoniums, and tubas.", "The brass section consists of horns, trumpets or cornets, trombones, euphoniums, and tubas. The percussion section consists of the timpani, bass drum, snare drum, and any other percussion instruments called for in a score (e.g., triangle, glockenspiel, chimes, cymbals, wood blocks, etc.). When orchestras perform baroque music (from the 17th century and early 18th century), they may also use a harpsichord or pipe organ, playing the continuo part.", "When orchestras perform baroque music (from the 17th century and early 18th century), they may also use a harpsichord or pipe organ, playing the continuo part. When orchestras perform Romantic-era music (from the 19th century), they may also use harps or unusual instruments such as the wind machine or cannons. When orchestras perform music from the 20th century or the 21st century, occasionally instruments such as electric guitar, theremin, or even an electronic synthesizer may be used.", "When orchestras perform music from the 20th century or the 21st century, occasionally instruments such as electric guitar, theremin, or even an electronic synthesizer may be used. Jazz ensembles Three parts In jazz, there are several types of trios. One type of jazz trio is formed with a piano player, a bass player and a drummer.", "One type of jazz trio is formed with a piano player, a bass player and a drummer. Another type of jazz trio that became popular in the 1950s and 1960s is the organ trio, which is composed of a Hammond organ player, a drummer, and a third instrumentalist (either a saxophone player or an electric jazz guitarist). In organ trios, the Hammond organ player performs the bass line on the organ bass pedals while simultaneously playing chords or lead lines on the keyboard manuals.", "In organ trios, the Hammond organ player performs the bass line on the organ bass pedals while simultaneously playing chords or lead lines on the keyboard manuals. Other types of trios include the \"drummer-less\" trio, which consists of a piano player, a double bassist, and a horn (saxophone or trumpet) or guitar player; and the jazz trio with a horn player (saxophone or trumpet), double bass player, and a drummer.", "Other types of trios include the \"drummer-less\" trio, which consists of a piano player, a double bassist, and a horn (saxophone or trumpet) or guitar player; and the jazz trio with a horn player (saxophone or trumpet), double bass player, and a drummer. In the latter type of trio, the lack of a chordal instrument means that the horn player and the bassist have to imply the changing harmonies with their improvised lines.", "In the latter type of trio, the lack of a chordal instrument means that the horn player and the bassist have to imply the changing harmonies with their improvised lines. Four parts Jazz quartets typically add a horn (the generic jazz name for saxophones, trombones, trumpets, or any other wind or brass instrument commonly associated with jazz) to one of the jazz trios described above.", "Four parts Jazz quartets typically add a horn (the generic jazz name for saxophones, trombones, trumpets, or any other wind or brass instrument commonly associated with jazz) to one of the jazz trios described above. Slightly larger jazz ensembles, such as quintets (five instruments) or sextets (six instruments) typically add other soloing instruments to the basic quartet formation, such as different types of saxophones (e.g., alto saxophone, tenor saxophone, etc.) or an additional chordal instrument.", "or an additional chordal instrument. or an additional chordal instrument. Larger ensembles The lineup of larger jazz ensembles can vary considerably, depending on the style of jazz being performed. In a 1920s-style dixieland jazz band, a larger ensemble would be formed by adding a banjo player, woodwind instruments, as with the clarinet, or additional horns (saxophones, trumpets, trombones) to one of the smaller groups.", "In a 1920s-style dixieland jazz band, a larger ensemble would be formed by adding a banjo player, woodwind instruments, as with the clarinet, or additional horns (saxophones, trumpets, trombones) to one of the smaller groups. In a 1930s-style Swing big band, a larger ensemble is formed by adding \"sections\" of like instruments, such as a saxophone section, a trumpet section and a trombone section, which perform arranged \"horn lines\" to accompany the ensemble.", "In a 1930s-style Swing big band, a larger ensemble is formed by adding \"sections\" of like instruments, such as a saxophone section, a trumpet section and a trombone section, which perform arranged \"horn lines\" to accompany the ensemble. Some Swing bands also added a string section for a lush sound.", "Some Swing bands also added a string section for a lush sound. In a 1970s-style jazz fusion ensemble, a larger ensemble is often formed by adding additional percussionists or sometimes a saxophone player, who would \"double\" or \"triple\" (meaning that they would also be proficient at the clarinet, flute or both). Larger jazz ensembles are also formed by the addition of other soloing instruments. Rock and pop bands Two parts Two-member rock and pop bands are relatively rare.", "Rock and pop bands Two parts Two-member rock and pop bands are relatively rare. Examples of two-member bands are the Carpenters, Sleaford Mods, Japandroids, Pet Shop Boys, Flight of the Conchords, Death from Above 1979, Middle Class Rut, the Pity Party, the White Stripes, Big Business, Two Gallants, Lightning Bolt, the Ting Tings, the Black Box Revelation, the Black Keys, Twenty One Pilots, Tenacious D, Simon and Garfunkel, Hall & Oates, Johnossi, the Pack A.D., Air Supply and Royal Blood.", "Examples of two-member bands are the Carpenters, Sleaford Mods, Japandroids, Pet Shop Boys, Flight of the Conchords, Death from Above 1979, Middle Class Rut, the Pity Party, the White Stripes, Big Business, Two Gallants, Lightning Bolt, the Ting Tings, the Black Box Revelation, the Black Keys, Twenty One Pilots, Tenacious D, Simon and Garfunkel, Hall & Oates, Johnossi, the Pack A.D., Air Supply and Royal Blood. When electronic sequencers became widely available in the 1980s, this made it easier for two-member bands to add in musical elements that the two band members were not able to perform.", "When electronic sequencers became widely available in the 1980s, this made it easier for two-member bands to add in musical elements that the two band members were not able to perform. Sequencers allowed bands to pre-program some elements of their performance, such as an electronic drum part and a synth-bass line. Two-member pop music bands such as Soft Cell, Blancmange, Yazoo and Erasure used pre-programmed sequencers. W.A.S.P.", "W.A.S.P. W.A.S.P. guitarist Doug Blair is also known for his work in the non-notable two-piece progressive rock band signal2noise, where he acts as the lead guitarist and bassist at the same time, thanks to a special custom instrument he invented (an electric guitar with five regular guitar strings paired with three bass guitar strings). Three parts The smallest ensemble that is commonly used in rock music is the trio format.", "Three parts The smallest ensemble that is commonly used in rock music is the trio format. In a hard-rock or blues-rock band, or heavy metal rock group, a \"power trio\" format is often used, which consists of an electric guitar player, an electric bass guitar player and a drummer, and typically one or more of these musicians also sing (sometimes all three members will sing, e.g. Bee Gees or Alkaline Trio).", "Bee Gees or Alkaline Trio). Bee Gees or Alkaline Trio). Some well-known power trios with the guitarist on lead vocals are the Jimi Hendrix Experience, Stevie Ray Vaughan and Double Trouble, Nirvana, Violent Femmes, Gov't Mule, Green Day, the Minutemen, Triumph, Shellac, Sublime, Chevelle, Glass Harp, Icebird, Muse, the Jam, Short Stack, and ZZ Top.", "Some well-known power trios with the guitarist on lead vocals are the Jimi Hendrix Experience, Stevie Ray Vaughan and Double Trouble, Nirvana, Violent Femmes, Gov't Mule, Green Day, the Minutemen, Triumph, Shellac, Sublime, Chevelle, Glass Harp, Icebird, Muse, the Jam, Short Stack, and ZZ Top. A handful of others with the bassist on vocals include Primus, Motörhead, the Police, the Melvins, MxPx, Blue Cheer, Rush, the Presidents of the United States of America, Venom, and Cream.", "A handful of others with the bassist on vocals include Primus, Motörhead, the Police, the Melvins, MxPx, Blue Cheer, Rush, the Presidents of the United States of America, Venom, and Cream. Some power trios feature two lead vocalists. For example, in the band blink-182 vocals are split between bassist Mark Hoppus and guitarist Tom DeLonge, or in the band Dinosaur Jr., guitarist J. Mascis is the primary songwriter and vocalist, but bassist Lou Barlow writes some songs and sings as well.", "For example, in the band blink-182 vocals are split between bassist Mark Hoppus and guitarist Tom DeLonge, or in the band Dinosaur Jr., guitarist J. Mascis is the primary songwriter and vocalist, but bassist Lou Barlow writes some songs and sings as well. An alternative to the power trio are organ trios formed with an electric guitarist, a drummer and a keyboardist.", "An alternative to the power trio are organ trios formed with an electric guitarist, a drummer and a keyboardist. Although organ trios are most commonly associated with 1950s and 1960s jazz organ trio groups such as those led by organist Jimmy Smith, there are also organ trios in rock-oriented styles, such as jazz-rock fusion and Grateful Dead-influenced jam bands such as Medeski Martin & Wood.", "Although organ trios are most commonly associated with 1950s and 1960s jazz organ trio groups such as those led by organist Jimmy Smith, there are also organ trios in rock-oriented styles, such as jazz-rock fusion and Grateful Dead-influenced jam bands such as Medeski Martin & Wood. In organ trios, the keyboard player typically plays a Hammond organ or similar instrument, which permits the keyboard player to perform bass lines, chords, and lead lines, one example being hard rock band Zebra.", "In organ trios, the keyboard player typically plays a Hammond organ or similar instrument, which permits the keyboard player to perform bass lines, chords, and lead lines, one example being hard rock band Zebra. A variant of the organ trio are trios formed with an electric bassist, a drummer and an electronic keyboardist (playing synthesizers) such as the progressive rock band Emerson, Lake & Palmer, Triumvirat, and Atomic Rooster.", "A variant of the organ trio are trios formed with an electric bassist, a drummer and an electronic keyboardist (playing synthesizers) such as the progressive rock band Emerson, Lake & Palmer, Triumvirat, and Atomic Rooster. Another variation is to have a vocalist, a guitarist and a drummer, an example being Yeah Yeah Yeahs. Another variation is two guitars, a bassist, and a drum machine, examples including Magic Wands and Big Black.", "Another variation is two guitars, a bassist, and a drum machine, examples including Magic Wands and Big Black. A power trio with the guitarist on lead vocals is a popular record company lineup, as the guitarist and singer will usually be the songwriter. Therefore, the label only has to present one \"face\" to the public. The backing band may or may not be featured in publicity.", "The backing band may or may not be featured in publicity. If the backup band is not marketed as an integral part of the group, this gives the record company more flexibility to replace band members or use substitute musicians. This lineup often leads to songs that are fairly simple and accessible, as the frontman (or frontwoman) will have to sing and play guitar at the same time. Four parts The four-piece band is the most common configuration in rock and pop music.", "Four parts The four-piece band is the most common configuration in rock and pop music. A common formation would be a vocalist, electric guitarist, bass guitarist, and a drummer (e.g. the Who, the Monkees, Led Zeppelin, Queen, Ramones, Sex Pistols, Red Hot Chili Peppers, R.E.M., Blur, the Smiths, Echo and the Bunnymen, the Stone Roses, Creed, Black Sabbath, Van Halen, Rage Against the Machine, Gym Class Heroes, the Stooges, Joy Division, and U2.)", "the Who, the Monkees, Led Zeppelin, Queen, Ramones, Sex Pistols, Red Hot Chili Peppers, R.E.M., Blur, the Smiths, Echo and the Bunnymen, the Stone Roses, Creed, Black Sabbath, Van Halen, Rage Against the Machine, Gym Class Heroes, the Stooges, Joy Division, and U2.) Instrumentally, these bands can be considered as trios.", "Instrumentally, these bands can be considered as trios. Instrumentally, these bands can be considered as trios. This format is popular with new bands, as there are only two instruments that need tuning, the melody and chords formula prevalent with their material is easy to learn, four members are commonplace to work with, the roles are clearly defined and generally are: instrumental melody line, rhythm section which plays the chords or countermelody, and vocals on top.", "This format is popular with new bands, as there are only two instruments that need tuning, the melody and chords formula prevalent with their material is easy to learn, four members are commonplace to work with, the roles are clearly defined and generally are: instrumental melody line, rhythm section which plays the chords or countermelody, and vocals on top. In some early rock bands, keyboardists were used, performing on piano (e.g. the Seeds and the Doors) with a guitarist, singer, drummer and keyboardist.", "the Seeds and the Doors) with a guitarist, singer, drummer and keyboardist. Some bands will have a guitarist, bassist, drummer, and keyboard player (for example, Talking Heads, Gerry and the Pacemakers, Small Faces, King Crimson, the Guess Who, Pink Floyd, Queen, Coldplay, the Killers and Blind Faith).", "Some bands will have a guitarist, bassist, drummer, and keyboard player (for example, Talking Heads, Gerry and the Pacemakers, Small Faces, King Crimson, the Guess Who, Pink Floyd, Queen, Coldplay, the Killers and Blind Faith). Some bands will have the bassist on lead vocals, such as Thin Lizzy, the Chameleons, Skillet, Pink Floyd, Motörhead, NOFX, +44, Slayer, the All-American Rejects or even the lead guitarist, such as Death, Dire Straits, Megadeth and Creedence Clearwater Revival.", "Some bands will have the bassist on lead vocals, such as Thin Lizzy, the Chameleons, Skillet, Pink Floyd, Motörhead, NOFX, +44, Slayer, the All-American Rejects or even the lead guitarist, such as Death, Dire Straits, Megadeth and Creedence Clearwater Revival. Some bands, such as the Beatles, Dire Straits and Metallica have a lead guitarist, a rhythm guitarist and a bassist that all sing lead and backing vocals, that also play keyboards regularly, as well as a drummer.", "Some bands, such as the Beatles, Dire Straits and Metallica have a lead guitarist, a rhythm guitarist and a bassist that all sing lead and backing vocals, that also play keyboards regularly, as well as a drummer. Five parts Five-piece bands have existed in rock music since the development of the genre.", "Five parts Five-piece bands have existed in rock music since the development of the genre. The Beach Boys, the Rolling Stones (until 1993), Aerosmith, Def Leppard, AC/DC, Oasis, Pearl Jam, Guns N' Roses, Radiohead, the Strokes, the Yardbirds, 311 and the Hives are examples of the common vocalist, lead guitar, rhythm guitar, bass, and drums lineup whilst other bands such as Judas Priest have two guitarists who equally share lead and rhythm parts.", "The Beach Boys, the Rolling Stones (until 1993), Aerosmith, Def Leppard, AC/DC, Oasis, Pearl Jam, Guns N' Roses, Radiohead, the Strokes, the Yardbirds, 311 and the Hives are examples of the common vocalist, lead guitar, rhythm guitar, bass, and drums lineup whilst other bands such as Judas Priest have two guitarists who equally share lead and rhythm parts. An alternative to the five-member lineup replaces the rhythm guitarist with a keyboard–synthesizer player (examples being the bands Journey, Elbow, Dream Theater, Genesis, Jethro Tull, the Zombies, the Animals, Bon Jovi, Yes, Fleetwood Mac, Marilyn Manson and Deep Purple, all of which consist of a vocalist, guitarist, bassist, keyboardist, and a drummer) or with a turntablist such as Deftones, Hed PE, Incubus or Limp Bizkit.", "An alternative to the five-member lineup replaces the rhythm guitarist with a keyboard–synthesizer player (examples being the bands Journey, Elbow, Dream Theater, Genesis, Jethro Tull, the Zombies, the Animals, Bon Jovi, Yes, Fleetwood Mac, Marilyn Manson and Deep Purple, all of which consist of a vocalist, guitarist, bassist, keyboardist, and a drummer) or with a turntablist such as Deftones, Hed PE, Incubus or Limp Bizkit. Alternatives include a keyboardist, guitarist, drummer, bassist, and saxophonist, such as the Sonics, the Dave Clark Five, and Sam the Sham and the Pharaohs.", "Alternatives include a keyboardist, guitarist, drummer, bassist, and saxophonist, such as the Sonics, the Dave Clark Five, and Sam the Sham and the Pharaohs. Another alternative is three guitarists, a bassist and a drummer, such as Foo Fighters, Radiohead, and the Byrds.", "Another alternative is three guitarists, a bassist and a drummer, such as Foo Fighters, Radiohead, and the Byrds. Some five-person bands feature two guitarists, a keyboardist, a bassist and a drummer, with one or more of these musicians (typically one of the guitarists) handling lead vocals on top of their instrument (examples being Children of Bodom, Styx, Sturm und Drang, Relient K, Ensiferum, the Cars and the current line up of Status Quo).", "Some five-person bands feature two guitarists, a keyboardist, a bassist and a drummer, with one or more of these musicians (typically one of the guitarists) handling lead vocals on top of their instrument (examples being Children of Bodom, Styx, Sturm und Drang, Relient K, Ensiferum, the Cars and the current line up of Status Quo). In some cases, typically in cover bands, one musician plays either rhythm guitar or keyboards, depending on the song (one notable band being Firewind, with Bob Katsionis handling this particular role).", "In some cases, typically in cover bands, one musician plays either rhythm guitar or keyboards, depending on the song (one notable band being Firewind, with Bob Katsionis handling this particular role). Other times, the vocalist will bring another musical \"voice\" to the table, most commonly a harmonica or percussion; Mick Jagger, for example, played harmonica and percussion instruments like maracas and tambourine whilst singing at the same time. Keith Relf of the Yardbirds played harmonica frequently, though not often while also singing.", "Keith Relf of the Yardbirds played harmonica frequently, though not often while also singing. Ozzy Osbourne was also known to play the harmonica on some occasions (i.e. \"The Wizard\" by Black Sabbath). Vocalist Robert Brown of lesser known steampunk band Abney Park plays harmonica, accordion, and darbuka in addition to mandolin. Flutes are also commonly used by vocalists, most notably Ian Anderson of Jethro Tull and Ray Thomas of the Moody Blues, though these are difficult to play while singing at the same time.", "Flutes are also commonly used by vocalists, most notably Ian Anderson of Jethro Tull and Ray Thomas of the Moody Blues, though these are difficult to play while singing at the same time. A less common lineup is to have lead vocals, two guitarists of varying types and two drummers, e.g. Adam and the Ants.", "Adam and the Ants. Adam and the Ants. Larger rock ensembles Larger bands are quite common and have long been a part of rock and pop music, in part due to the influence of the \"singer accompanied with orchestra\" model inherited from popular big-band jazz and swing and popularized by Frank Sinatra and Ella Fitzgerald. To create larger ensembles, rock bands often add an additional guitarist, an additional keyboardist, additional percussionists or second drummer, an entire horn section, and even a flautist.", "To create larger ensembles, rock bands often add an additional guitarist, an additional keyboardist, additional percussionists or second drummer, an entire horn section, and even a flautist. An example of a six-member rock band is Toto with a lead vocalist, guitarist, bassist, two keyboard players, and drummer. The American heavy metal band Slipknot is composed of nine members, with a vocalist, two guitarists, a drummer, a bassist, two custom percussionists/backing vocalists, a turntablist, and a sampler/keyboardist.", "The American heavy metal band Slipknot is composed of nine members, with a vocalist, two guitarists, a drummer, a bassist, two custom percussionists/backing vocalists, a turntablist, and a sampler/keyboardist. In larger groups (such as the Band), instrumentalists could play multiple instruments, which enabled the ensemble to create a wider variety of instrument combinations. More modern examples of such a band are Arcade Fire and Edward Sharpe and the Magnetic Zeros.", "More modern examples of such a band are Arcade Fire and Edward Sharpe and the Magnetic Zeros. More rarely, rock or pop groups will be accompanied in concerts by a full or partial symphony orchestra, where lush string-orchestra arrangements are used to flesh out the sound of slow ballads. Some groups have a large number of members that all play the same instrument, such as guitar, banjo, keyboard, ocarinas, drums, recorders, accordions, horns or strings.", "Some groups have a large number of members that all play the same instrument, such as guitar, banjo, keyboard, ocarinas, drums, recorders, accordions, horns or strings. Electronic music groups Electronic music groups typically use electronic musical instruments such as synthesizers, sequencers, samplers and electronic drums to produce music. The production technique of music programming is also widely used in electronic music. Examples include Kraftwerk, Daft Punk, the Chemical Brothers, Faithless and Apollo 440.", "Examples include Kraftwerk, Daft Punk, the Chemical Brothers, Faithless and Apollo 440. Electronic dance music groups usually consist of two to three members, and are mainly producers, DJs and remixers, whose work is solely produced in a studio or with the use of a digital audio workstation. Examples include Basement Jaxx, Flip & Fill, Tin Tin Out, the Chainsmokers, Cheat Codes, Cash Cash and Major Lazer. Role of women Women have a high prominence in many popular music styles as singers.", "Role of women Women have a high prominence in many popular music styles as singers. However, professional women instrumentalists are uncommon in popular music, especially in rock genres such as heavy metal. \"[P]laying in a band is largely a male homosocial activity, that is, learning to play in a band is largely a peer-based... experience, shaped by existing sex-segregated friendship networks.\" As well, rock music \"...is often defined as a form of male rebellion vis-à-vis female bedroom culture.\"", "As well, rock music \"...is often defined as a form of male rebellion vis-à-vis female bedroom culture.\" In popular music, there has been a gendered \"distinction between public (male) and private (female) participation\" in music. \"[S]everal scholars have argued that men exclude women from bands or from the bands' rehearsals, recordings, performances, and other social activities.\"", "\"[S]everal scholars have argued that men exclude women from bands or from the bands' rehearsals, recordings, performances, and other social activities.\" \"Women are mainly regarded as passive and private consumers of allegedly slick, prefabricated – hence, inferior – pop music..., excluding them from participating as high status rock musicians.\"", "\"Women are mainly regarded as passive and private consumers of allegedly slick, prefabricated – hence, inferior – pop music..., excluding them from participating as high status rock musicians.\" One of the reasons that there are rarely mixed gender bands is that \"bands operate as tight-knit units in which homosocial solidarity – social bonds between people of the same sex... – plays a crucial role.\"", "One of the reasons that there are rarely mixed gender bands is that \"bands operate as tight-knit units in which homosocial solidarity – social bonds between people of the same sex... – plays a crucial role.\" In the 1960s pop music scene, \"[s]inging was sometimes an acceptable pastime for a girl, but playing an instrument...simply wasn't done.\"", "In the 1960s pop music scene, \"[s]inging was sometimes an acceptable pastime for a girl, but playing an instrument...simply wasn't done.\" \"The rebellion of rock music was largely a male rebellion; the women—often, in the 1950s and '60s, girls in their teens—in rock usually sang songs as personæ utterly dependent on their macho boyfriends...\" Philip Auslander says that \"Although there were many women in rock by the late 1960s, most performed only as singers, a traditionally feminine position in popular music.\"", "\"The rebellion of rock music was largely a male rebellion; the women—often, in the 1950s and '60s, girls in their teens—in rock usually sang songs as personæ utterly dependent on their macho boyfriends...\" Philip Auslander says that \"Although there were many women in rock by the late 1960s, most performed only as singers, a traditionally feminine position in popular music.\" Though some women played instruments in American all-female garage rock bands, none of these bands achieved more than regional success.", "Though some women played instruments in American all-female garage rock bands, none of these bands achieved more than regional success. So they \"did not provide viable templates for women's on-going participation in rock\". In relation to the gender composition of heavy metal bands, it has been said that \"[h]eavy metal performers are almost exclusively male\" \"...[a]t least until the mid-1980s\" apart from \"...exceptions such as Girlschool\".", "In relation to the gender composition of heavy metal bands, it has been said that \"[h]eavy metal performers are almost exclusively male\" \"...[a]t least until the mid-1980s\" apart from \"...exceptions such as Girlschool\". However, \"...now [in the 2010s] maybe more than ever–strong metal women have put up their dukes and got down to it,\" \"carv[ing] out a considerable place for [them]selves\".", "However, \"...now [in the 2010s] maybe more than ever–strong metal women have put up their dukes and got down to it,\" \"carv[ing] out a considerable place for [them]selves\". When Suzi Quatro emerged in 1973, \"no other prominent female musician worked in rock simultaneously as a singer, instrumentalist, songwriter, and bandleader.\"", "When Suzi Quatro emerged in 1973, \"no other prominent female musician worked in rock simultaneously as a singer, instrumentalist, songwriter, and bandleader.\" According to Auslander, she was \"kicking down the male door in rock and roll and proving that a female musician ... and this is a point I am extremely concerned about ... could play as well if not better than the boys\". Other western musical ensembles A choir is a group of voices.", "Other western musical ensembles A choir is a group of voices. By analogy, sometimes a group of similar instruments in a symphony orchestra are referred to as a choir. For example, the woodwind instruments of a symphony orchestra could be called the woodwind choir. A group that plays popular music or military music is usually called a band; a drum and bugle corps is a type of the latter. These bands perform a wide range of music, ranging from arrangements of jazz orchestral, or popular music to military-style marches.", "These bands perform a wide range of music, ranging from arrangements of jazz orchestral, or popular music to military-style marches. Drum corps perform on brass and percussion instruments only. Drum and Bugle Corps incorporate costumes, hats, and pageantry in their performances.", "Drum and Bugle Corps incorporate costumes, hats, and pageantry in their performances. Other band types include: Brass bands: groups consisting of around 30 brass and percussion players; Jug bands; Mexican Mariachi groups typically consist of at least two violins, two trumpets, one Spanish guitar, one vihuela (a high-pitched, five-string guitar), and one Guitarrón (a Mexican acoustic bass that is roughly guitar-shaped), and one or more singers.", "Other band types include: Brass bands: groups consisting of around 30 brass and percussion players; Jug bands; Mexican Mariachi groups typically consist of at least two violins, two trumpets, one Spanish guitar, one vihuela (a high-pitched, five-string guitar), and one Guitarrón (a Mexican acoustic bass that is roughly guitar-shaped), and one or more singers. Mexican banda groups Marching bands and military bands, dating back to the Ottoman military bands.", "Mexican banda groups Marching bands and military bands, dating back to the Ottoman military bands. String bands See also All-female band Boy band Girl group Live band karaoke Music industry Percussion ensemble Musical collective References External links Bands and Musician Listing Vivre Musicale" ]

[ "Musical ensemble", "Five parts", "what can you tell me about Five parts?", "Five-piece bands have existed in rock music since the development of the genre.", "what does a five piece band entail?", "examples of the common vocalist, lead guitar, rhythm guitar, bass, and drums", "what are other examples?", "Alternatives include a keyboardist, guitarist, drummer, bassist, and saxophonist,", "are there some more examples?", "The Sonics, The Dave Clark 5, and Sam the Sham", "what other bands have 5 parts?", "Radiohead, The Strokes, The Yardbirds,", "how do they differ if at all?", "I don't know.", "what else is interesting about five parts?", "). In some cases, typically in cover bands, one musician plays either rhythm guitar or keyboards,", "is the guitar or keyboard appearance dependent on something?", "I don't know.", "are there other instruments that are used?", "Other times, the vocalist will bring another musical \"voice\" to the table, most commonly a harmonica or percussion;", "are there examples of vocalists like those?", "Mick Jagger," ]

[ "Offstage musicians and singers are performers who play instruments and/or sing backstage, out of sight of the audience, during a live popular music concert at which the main band is visible playing and singing onstage. The sound from the offstage musicians or singers is captured by a microphone or from the output of their instrument, and this signal is mixed in with the singing and playing of the onstage performers using an audio console and a sound reinforcement system. Offstage backup singers are also used in some Broadway musicals, as have offstage instrumentalists, in cases where an onstage actor needs to appear to play an instrument.\n\nThe offstage musicians and singers are typically located beside the stage, behind the speaker stacks, backstage, under the stage (for raised stages), or, for music festivals held out of doors, in a tent near the backstage area.\n\nTerminology\nOffstage performers may be called an \"offstage touring guitarist\", \"offstage touring keyboard player\", \"offstage guitarist\", \"offstage keyboardist\", \"offstage backup singer\" or \"offstage harmony singer\". In music theatre, singers may be called \"pit singers\" or \"offstage voices\". Slang terms are also used, such as \"ghost singer\".\n\nRoles\n\nSome offstage performers are hired solely to play one or more instruments (e.g., synthesizer, rhythm guitar, percussion). Some offstage performers are hired solely to sing backup vocals. Some offstage performers are hired to play an instrument and sing backup or harmony vocals at the same time. Offstage musicians can be hired for one-off concerts, but they are generally hired for entire tours. Some offstage musicians or singers work with the same band for many years. \n\nIn Broadway musicals, some of the offstage singers may have a secondary role as understudy to one of the onstage singers; the understudy (also called the \"cover\", \"standby\" or \"alternate\") sings the part of the onstage actor in front of the audience, in costume, in the event that the main singer becomes ill.\n\nSome offstage performers have another profession or role that they perform in addition. Iron Maiden offstage keyboardist Michael Kenney's other role is as the bassist's bass tech.\n\nAcknowledgement\nSome offstage performers are asked to sign a nondisclosure agreement which forbids them from doing interviews regarding their offstage performance work for a certain group. Sharon Osbourne states that Ozzy Osbourne's offstage singers and musicians are acknowledged in concert programs and, for concerts that are recorded, in the recording credits. Alan Fitzgerald was the offstage keyboard player for Bruce Springsteen's Devils & Dust Tour. In the final two shows of the tour, Springsteen invited Fitzgerald up on stage, introduced him, and played with him. When Alan Fitzgerald played off-stage keyboards for Van Halen, he was credited as Eddie Van Halen's \"keyboard technician\", a euphemism which acknowledged Fitzgerald's role as a keyboard player without admitting Fitzgerald was an offstage performer. Terry Lawless is credited in some sources as a keyboard technician and keyboard programmer for the band he works for.\n\nApproaches\nThe instrumental playing by offstage performers is captured by a microphone for acoustic instruments such as acoustic guitar; by mic in front of the guitar amplifier and/or a DI unit output for an electric instrument such as electric bass, by mic for electric guitar (in front of the guitar amp) and Hammond organ with a Leslie speaker, or for an electronic instrument such as a synthesizer, by getting the signal from the instrument's output. Singing is captured by a microphone. \n\nIn all cases, the signal from the instruments and/or microphones are routed to the multicore cable (often nicknamed the \"snake\") and then plugged into the mixing board. Once the offstage musicians and singers' signals are plugged into the mixing board, the audio engineer can blend their sounds in with the playing and singing of the onstage musicians (which is also captured by microphones and/or signal cables). The mixed output is then routed to the PA system or sound reinforcement system, the combination of power amplifiers and speaker enclosures which outputs the concert sounds for the audience.\n\nPit orchestra\nA pit orchestra cannot be seen by all audience members. However, audience members in higher seats can see the pit musicians; as such, a typical pit orchestra in front of a stage cannot truly be considered to be hidden from the audiences' view. In some venues, there is no orchestra out in front of the stage; in this case, the pit orchestra may play in a room near the stage or backstage, watching the conductor's gestures using a video monitor. While a pit orchestra that is located out of sight of the audience is technically an offstage ensemble, there is no intent on the part of the producers to deceive the audience.\n\nChallenges\nFor offstage musicians and singers, playing and/or singing in tune and in time with the onstage performers can be challenging, since the offstage musicians are not in the same location as the onstage performers. To help the offstage musicians and singers play and sing in tune and in time, the offstage musicians are provided with monitor speakers which reproduce the onstage playing and singing. As well, for offstage backup singers, they may be provided with a teleprompter video screen, which scrolls the lyrics down the screen. This helps the backup singer to remember the lyrics and the appropriate times to sing. A CCTV system may be set up, with cameras pointing at the stage, and TV monitors in the offstage performer area; this way, the offstage performers can see cues (head nods, hand signals) made by the lead singer or bandleader onstage. The offstage musician or singer may be given headphones with an intercom, to enable the audio engineer to communicate with the offstage performers. For offstage singers, a vocal booth may be set up to exclude outside sounds.\n\nRationale\nThere are many reasons that established bands and groups use offstage musicians and singers for concerts and concert tours. When heavy metal band Kiss hired an offstage keyboardist, it was to fill in the band's sound during the live concerts with backing chords and deep bass notes. However, one of the band members felt that only guitarists should be seen on stage, due to the group's reputation as a guitar-based heavy metal band. In other cases, a group has been a trio or a quartet for decades, and the decision is made that having a touring keyboardist, rhythm guitarist or backup singer appear onstage could lead to speculation that the band may be adding a new member; to avoid rumours, the extra touring musician or singer is instructed to play or sing offstage. In some cases, the session musician who recorded an instrumental part on the album may not be available for an entire tour. \n\nHaving offstage musicians and/or singers enables a small group to produce a bigger, richer sound. As well, if the album that the group is promoting with the concert tour used extensive overdubs and extra musicians, playing the songs with just a trio or quartet might sound thin compared with the album. For example, with a power trio, the electric guitar player can record several layers of guitar: riffs, chords, fills and guitar solos, giving the impression (on the album) that several guitar players are performing. If this same power trio were to play live without offstage musicians, the band's sound would not be able to match the instrumentation of the album. As such, the band may hire an offstage rhythm guitarist. \n\nFor bands that have complex stage shows or choreographed dance routines, having offstage musicians and/or singers ensures that the playing and singing keeps going even if the onstage performers are momentarily distracted by doing dance moves or movements. In some cases, choreographed dance routines may require significant attention from the performer. If a guitarist is having to move in time with dancers, her or his attention from playing may be distracted. If the group has an offstage rhythm guitarist, then the rhythm guitar will continue even if the onstage performer stops for short periods.\n\nAnother reason for using offstage musicians is the increasingly complex recordings which are done in multitrack recording studio facilities. Unlike pre-multitrack days, when all the instrumentalists and singers would record the song in a single \"take\", with multitrack recording, the drums can be recorded one day, the bass guitar the next day, the rhythm guitar the next, backup vocalists a week later and a string section a month later. The core band members can then overdub keyboard instruments, lead vocals, guitar solos and other parts over a period of weeks or even months. The resulting recordings may feature a very large cast of instrumentalists and singers. Instead of bringing all of these extra musicians and singers onstage, some bands choose to have the extra musicians and backup singers perform offstage.\n\nIn the 2007 Eurovision Song Competition, the United Kingdom's entry, Scooch, used \"...extra [hidden] vocalists [to] hi[t] 'high harmon[y]\" notes, with the extra singers hidden backstage.\n\nReception\nNew Jersey's Upstage magazine liked Bruce Springsteen's Devils & Dust Tour show in general, but felt that the use of off-stage musicians was unsettling, saying \"the idea of a solo acoustic tour loses something when it features other [offstage] musicians who are neither given credit for their work nor seen on stage.\"\nIn the 2007 Eurovision scandal, viewers of the televised singing competition show and other competing groups were upset when they learned that the winning group, Scooch, used \"...extra [hidden] vocalists hitting 'high harmonies' backstage\".\n\nIn the play \"Blind Lemon Blues,\" the actors pretend to play guitar on stage while an offstage guitarist plays. Encore magazine states that the fact that the cast members are only pretending to play \"...is most glaring in the opening scene, when it becomes apparent that the bluesmen are picking at guitars as they sing, but not actually playing them\". \"The actors' fake strumming is distracting at first\", but then the audience's \"attention shifts to the magnificent singing\".\n\nExamples\n\nKeyboards\nJohn Sinclair played offstage keyboards for Ozzy Osbourne. \nBlack Sabbath used an offstage keyboardist at concerts for over 40 years. Adam Wakeman states that it is the only offstage keyboard gig he does.\nTerry Lawless has played offstage keyboards for U2 for years. Lawless has signed a nondisclosure agreement, so he did not give an interview regarding his work for this band; he is credited in some sources as a keyboard technician and keyboard programmer.\nIron Maiden bass tech Michael Kenney plays offstage keyboards for the band \nDerek Sherinian played offstage keyboards for Kiss. \nBrett Tuggle, known for his onstage keyboard playing for Fleetwood Mac, was an offstage singer and keyboard player for David Lee Roth in 1986. Unlike most offstage performers, Tuggle was invited onstage with the band for the last few songs of each concert. For the start of the big Van Halen hit \"Jump\", Roth acknowledged Tuggle by name and asked him to start off the tune's distinctive synth part. \n Alan Fitzgerald played keyboards offstage for Van Halen in the early 1990s and the 2004, 2007, and 2012 tours as well as offstage keyboard for Bruce Springsteen at the Devils & Dust Tour in 2005.\nWarrant used an offstage keyboard player.\nPet Shop Boys used an offstage keyboardist at a 1991 concert\nAvenged Sevenfold uses offstage keyboards.\nRobbie Gennet played offstage keyboards for Saigon Kick during their 1991 tour.\nJess Kent performs on her singing tours with an offstage synth player.\n\nDrums\nJudas Priest used an offstage drummer playing electronic drums and triggering samples, while the official drummer played onstage. The offstage drummer augmented the drum sound.\nThe Walker Brothers used an offstage drummer during live performances. Gary Walker, the group's ostensible drummer, was regarded as having no real aptitude for the instrument and mimed onstage with paper sticks.\n\nGuitar\nKerrang editor Geoff Barton saw an offstage guitarist performing during a Michael Schenker concert.\nPet Shop Boys used an offstage guitarist at a 1991 concert.\nIn actor Akin Babatunde's portrayal of the legendary bluesman Blind Lemon Jefferson in the play \"Blind Lemon Blues,\" Babatunde pretends to play guitar on stage while offstage guitarist Skip Krevens plays the actual guitar the audience is hearing.\nJosh Groban uses an offstage guitarist on tour.\n\nBackup vocals\nMott the Hoople retained original vocalist Stan Tippins as a road manager, but he also continued to sing vocal parts from offstage in live performances.\nRobert Mason sang offstage backup vocals for Ozzy Osbourne in 1995 and 1996. \nBroadway musicals such as Jersey Boys and Rock of Ages use hidden backstage singers in vocal booths to sing harmony vocals to fill out the sound, without \"crowding the stage\" with extra performers\n\nRelated approaches\nSome bands have an offstage sequencer-programmer who triggers basslines, beats, digitally sampled sounds or backing tracks. Backing tracks can be as simple as a single prerecorded instrument, such as a recording of a pipe organ, which is impossible to move onstage, to string section recordings done in the studio, to full rhythm section recordings with bass, guitar, keyboards and drums. Some backing tracks also include backup vocals. An offstage technician or audio engineer triggers the sequencer, samples or backing tracks at the appropriate time. Some guitar technicians operate effects units from offstage or trigger samples for their guitarist. At some \"...shows, an [audio] engineer at the side of the stage watches the show closely and starts the song in Ableton Live at the correct moment.\"\n\nSee also\nOffstage instrument or choir part in classical music\nBacking track (using a prerecorded track in a live performance)\nGhost singer (a singer who performs in place of another vocalist for a recording)\nMiming in instrumental performance (when musicians pretend to play their instruments)\n\nReferences\n\nOccupations in music\nDeception\nSinging\nAccompaniment\nRhythm section", "The contrabassophone is a woodwind instrument, invented about 1847 by German bassoon maker Heinrich Joseph Haseneier. It was intended as a substitute for the contrabassoon, which at that time was an unsatisfactory instrument, with a muffled sound due to tone holes that were too small and too close together. Haseneier's design made use of some of the same principles that went into the Boehm system flute, in which keywork was developed based on tone holes with acoustically optimum sizes and positions. The contrabassophone's bore was substantially larger (by about a third) than that of the contrabassoon, and the result was an instrument with a powerful tone. Indeed, it was regarded as too loud for orchestral use, though it was suitable for outdoor use in military bands. \nDr W.H. Stone brought a Haseneier instrument to England playing it in performances of the Handel Festival of 1871. Alfred Morton, the best English bassoon maker of the time made 3 or 4 copies of this instrument some of which included improvements in the keywork. In 1881, Morton's eldest son played one of these instrument with the Halle Orchestra. He also played it at the Crystal Palace, at Richter's concerts and at the opera. Morton made one of a higher pitch (in F) for Sir Arthur Sullivan for use in the Savoy Theatre. Following Sullivan's death, this instrument disappeared. Many other European makers produced copies of the contrabassophone, including a lightweight version made of papier-mâché.\n\nAdolphe Fontaine-Besson patented a similar instrument in 1890 but allowed the patent to lapse in 1898. By this time the contrabassophone had been largely superseded by improved versions of the contrabassoon for orchestral use, and by the tuba in wind bands.\n\nAn instrument like those that Morton made has a range of three octaves and one tone from a low C to a high D. The fingerings are like a recorder to some degree, with a number of chromatic notes played with forked fingerings, making it quite difficult to play in keys with three or more accidentals. This could have been one of the reasons that the instrument was not played in English orchestras by the late part of the nineteenth century, instead being played in military bands such as the Coldstream, the Grenadier and the Scots Guards.\n\nNotes\n\nExternal links\n The Contrabassophone at Contrabass Mania. (Note: The implication that only Haseneier and Morton made contrabassophones, and in very limited numbers, appears to be based on a misunderstanding of Dibley's article.)\n\nContrabass instruments\nDouble-reed instruments" ]

[ "A musical ensemble, also known as a music group or musical group, is a group of people who perform instrumental or vocal music, with the ensemble typically known by a distinct name. Some music ensembles consist solely of instrumentalists, such as the jazz quartet or the orchestra. Other music ensembles consist solely of singers, such as choirs and doo wop groups.", "Other music ensembles consist solely of singers, such as choirs and doo wop groups. In both popular music and classical music, there are ensembles in which both instrumentalists and singers perform, such as the rock band or the Baroque chamber group for basso continuo (harpsichord and cello) and one or more singers.", "In both popular music and classical music, there are ensembles in which both instrumentalists and singers perform, such as the rock band or the Baroque chamber group for basso continuo (harpsichord and cello) and one or more singers. In classical music, trios or quartets either blend the sounds of musical instrument families (such as piano, strings, and wind instruments) or group together instruments from the same instrument family, such as string ensembles (e.g., string quartet) or wind ensembles (e.g., wind quintet).", "In classical music, trios or quartets either blend the sounds of musical instrument families (such as piano, strings, and wind instruments) or group together instruments from the same instrument family, such as string ensembles (e.g., string quartet) or wind ensembles (e.g., wind quintet). Some ensembles blend the sounds of a variety of instrument families, such as the orchestra, which uses a string section, brass instruments, woodwinds and percussion instruments, or the concert band, which uses brass, woodwinds and percussion.", "Some ensembles blend the sounds of a variety of instrument families, such as the orchestra, which uses a string section, brass instruments, woodwinds and percussion instruments, or the concert band, which uses brass, woodwinds and percussion. In jazz ensembles or combos, the instruments typically include wind instruments (one or more saxophones, trumpets, etc.", "In jazz ensembles or combos, the instruments typically include wind instruments (one or more saxophones, trumpets, etc. ), one or two chordal \"comping\" instruments (electric guitar, piano, or Hammond organ), a bass instrument (bass guitar or double bass), and a drummer or percussionist. Jazz ensembles may be solely instrumental, or they may consist of a group of instruments accompanying one or more singers.", "Jazz ensembles may be solely instrumental, or they may consist of a group of instruments accompanying one or more singers. In rock and pop ensembles, usually called rock bands or pop bands, there are usually guitars and keyboards (piano, electric piano, Hammond organ, synthesizer, etc. ), one or more singers, and a rhythm section made up of a bass guitar and drum kit. Music ensembles typically have a leader.", "Music ensembles typically have a leader. Music ensembles typically have a leader. In jazz bands, rock and pop groups and similar ensembles, this is the band leader. In classical music, orchestras, concert bands and choirs are led by a conductor. In orchestra, the concertmaster (principal first violin player) is the instrumentalist leader of the orchestra.", "In orchestra, the concertmaster (principal first violin player) is the instrumentalist leader of the orchestra. In orchestras, the individual sections also have leaders, typically called the \"principal\" of the section (e.g., the leader of the viola section is called the \"principal viola\").", "In orchestras, the individual sections also have leaders, typically called the \"principal\" of the section (e.g., the leader of the viola section is called the \"principal viola\"). Conductors are also used in jazz big bands and in some very large rock or pop ensembles (e.g., a rock concert that includes a string section, a horn section and a choir which are accompanying a rock band's performance). Classical chamber music In Western classical music, smaller ensembles are called chamber music ensembles.", "Classical chamber music In Western classical music, smaller ensembles are called chamber music ensembles. The terms duo, trio, quartet, quintet, sextet, septet, octet, nonet and decet describe groups of two up to ten musicians, respectively. A group of eleven musicians, such as found in The Carnival of the Animals, is called an undecet, and a group of twelve is called a duodecet (see Latin numerical prefixes).", "A group of eleven musicians, such as found in The Carnival of the Animals, is called an undecet, and a group of twelve is called a duodecet (see Latin numerical prefixes). A soloist playing unaccompanied (e.g., a pianist playing a solo piano piece or a cellist playing a Bach suite for unaccompanied cello) is not an ensemble because it only contains one musician. Four parts Strings A string quartet consists of two violins, a viola and a cello.", "Four parts Strings A string quartet consists of two violins, a viola and a cello. There is a vast body of music written for string quartets, as it is seen as an important genre in classical music. Wind A woodwind quartet usually features a flute, an oboe, a clarinet and a bassoon. A brass quartet features two trumpets, a trombone and a tuba. A saxophone quartet consists of a soprano saxophone, an alto saxophone, a tenor saxophone, and a baritone saxophone.", "A saxophone quartet consists of a soprano saxophone, an alto saxophone, a tenor saxophone, and a baritone saxophone. Five parts The string quintet is a common type of group. It is similar to the string quartet, but with an additional viola, cello, or more rarely, the addition of a double bass. Terms such as \"piano quintet\" or \"clarinet quintet\" frequently refer to a string quartet plus a fifth instrument.", "Terms such as \"piano quintet\" or \"clarinet quintet\" frequently refer to a string quartet plus a fifth instrument. Mozart's Clarinet Quintet is similarly a piece written for an ensemble consisting of two violins, a viola, a cello and a clarinet, the last being the exceptional addition to a \"normal\" string quartet.", "Mozart's Clarinet Quintet is similarly a piece written for an ensemble consisting of two violins, a viola, a cello and a clarinet, the last being the exceptional addition to a \"normal\" string quartet. Some other quintets in classical music are the wind quintet, usually consisting of flute, oboe, clarinet, bassoon and horn; the brass quintet, consisting of two trumpets, one horn, a trombone and a tuba; and the reed quintet, consisting of an oboe, a soprano clarinet, a saxophone, a bass clarinet, and a bassoon.", "Some other quintets in classical music are the wind quintet, usually consisting of flute, oboe, clarinet, bassoon and horn; the brass quintet, consisting of two trumpets, one horn, a trombone and a tuba; and the reed quintet, consisting of an oboe, a soprano clarinet, a saxophone, a bass clarinet, and a bassoon. Six or more instruments Classical chamber ensembles of six (sextet), seven (septet), or eight musicians (octet) are fairly common; use of latinate terms for larger groups is rare, except for the nonet (nine musicians).", "Six or more instruments Classical chamber ensembles of six (sextet), seven (septet), or eight musicians (octet) are fairly common; use of latinate terms for larger groups is rare, except for the nonet (nine musicians). In most cases, a larger classical group is referred to as an orchestra of some type or a concert band.", "In most cases, a larger classical group is referred to as an orchestra of some type or a concert band. A small orchestra with fifteen to thirty members (violins, violas, four cellos, two or three double basses, and several woodwind or brass instruments) is called a chamber orchestra. A sinfonietta usually denotes a somewhat smaller orchestra (though still not a chamber orchestra). Larger orchestras are called symphony orchestras (see below) or philharmonic orchestras.", "Larger orchestras are called symphony orchestras (see below) or philharmonic orchestras. A pops orchestra is an orchestra that mainly performs light classical music (often in abbreviated, simplified arrangements) and orchestral arrangements and medleys of popular jazz, music theater, or pop music songs. A string orchestra has only string instruments, i.e., violins, violas, cellos and double basses. A symphony orchestra is an ensemble usually comprising at least thirty musicians; the number of players is typically between fifty and ninety-five and may exceed one hundred.", "A symphony orchestra is an ensemble usually comprising at least thirty musicians; the number of players is typically between fifty and ninety-five and may exceed one hundred. A symphony orchestra is divided into families of instruments. In the string family, there are sections of violins (I and II), violas, cellos (often eight), and basses (often from six to eight).", "In the string family, there are sections of violins (I and II), violas, cellos (often eight), and basses (often from six to eight). The standard woodwind section consists of flutes (one doubling piccolo), oboes (one doubling English horn), soprano clarinets (one doubling bass clarinet), and bassoons (one doubling contrabassoon). The standard brass section consists of horns, trumpets, trombones, and tuba.", "The standard brass section consists of horns, trumpets, trombones, and tuba. The percussion section includes the timpani, bass drum, snare drum, and any other percussion instruments called for in a score (e.g., triangle, glockenspiel, chimes, cymbals, wood blocks, etc.). In Baroque music (1600–1750) and music from the early Classical period music (1750–1820), the percussion parts in orchestral works may only include timpani.", "In Baroque music (1600–1750) and music from the early Classical period music (1750–1820), the percussion parts in orchestral works may only include timpani. A concert band is a large classical ensemble generally made up of between 40 and 70 musicians from the woodwind, brass, and percussion families, along with the double bass. The concert band has a larger number and variety of wind instruments than the symphony orchestra, but does not have a string section (although a single double bass is common in concert bands).", "The concert band has a larger number and variety of wind instruments than the symphony orchestra, but does not have a string section (although a single double bass is common in concert bands). The woodwind section of a concert band consists of piccolo, flutes, oboes (one doubling English horn), bassoons (one doubling contrabassoon), soprano clarinets (one doubling E clarinet, one doubling alto clarinet), bass clarinets (one doubling contrabass clarinet or contra-alto clarinet), alto saxophones (one doubling soprano saxophone), tenor saxophone, and baritone saxophone.", "The woodwind section of a concert band consists of piccolo, flutes, oboes (one doubling English horn), bassoons (one doubling contrabassoon), soprano clarinets (one doubling E clarinet, one doubling alto clarinet), bass clarinets (one doubling contrabass clarinet or contra-alto clarinet), alto saxophones (one doubling soprano saxophone), tenor saxophone, and baritone saxophone. The brass section consists of horns, trumpets or cornets, trombones, euphoniums, and tubas.", "The brass section consists of horns, trumpets or cornets, trombones, euphoniums, and tubas. The percussion section consists of the timpani, bass drum, snare drum, and any other percussion instruments called for in a score (e.g., triangle, glockenspiel, chimes, cymbals, wood blocks, etc.). When orchestras perform baroque music (from the 17th century and early 18th century), they may also use a harpsichord or pipe organ, playing the continuo part.", "When orchestras perform baroque music (from the 17th century and early 18th century), they may also use a harpsichord or pipe organ, playing the continuo part. When orchestras perform Romantic-era music (from the 19th century), they may also use harps or unusual instruments such as the wind machine or cannons. When orchestras perform music from the 20th century or the 21st century, occasionally instruments such as electric guitar, theremin, or even an electronic synthesizer may be used.", "When orchestras perform music from the 20th century or the 21st century, occasionally instruments such as electric guitar, theremin, or even an electronic synthesizer may be used. Jazz ensembles Three parts In jazz, there are several types of trios. One type of jazz trio is formed with a piano player, a bass player and a drummer.", "One type of jazz trio is formed with a piano player, a bass player and a drummer. Another type of jazz trio that became popular in the 1950s and 1960s is the organ trio, which is composed of a Hammond organ player, a drummer, and a third instrumentalist (either a saxophone player or an electric jazz guitarist). In organ trios, the Hammond organ player performs the bass line on the organ bass pedals while simultaneously playing chords or lead lines on the keyboard manuals.", "In organ trios, the Hammond organ player performs the bass line on the organ bass pedals while simultaneously playing chords or lead lines on the keyboard manuals. Other types of trios include the \"drummer-less\" trio, which consists of a piano player, a double bassist, and a horn (saxophone or trumpet) or guitar player; and the jazz trio with a horn player (saxophone or trumpet), double bass player, and a drummer.", "Other types of trios include the \"drummer-less\" trio, which consists of a piano player, a double bassist, and a horn (saxophone or trumpet) or guitar player; and the jazz trio with a horn player (saxophone or trumpet), double bass player, and a drummer. In the latter type of trio, the lack of a chordal instrument means that the horn player and the bassist have to imply the changing harmonies with their improvised lines.", "In the latter type of trio, the lack of a chordal instrument means that the horn player and the bassist have to imply the changing harmonies with their improvised lines. Four parts Jazz quartets typically add a horn (the generic jazz name for saxophones, trombones, trumpets, or any other wind or brass instrument commonly associated with jazz) to one of the jazz trios described above.", "Four parts Jazz quartets typically add a horn (the generic jazz name for saxophones, trombones, trumpets, or any other wind or brass instrument commonly associated with jazz) to one of the jazz trios described above. Slightly larger jazz ensembles, such as quintets (five instruments) or sextets (six instruments) typically add other soloing instruments to the basic quartet formation, such as different types of saxophones (e.g., alto saxophone, tenor saxophone, etc.) or an additional chordal instrument.", "or an additional chordal instrument. or an additional chordal instrument. Larger ensembles The lineup of larger jazz ensembles can vary considerably, depending on the style of jazz being performed. In a 1920s-style dixieland jazz band, a larger ensemble would be formed by adding a banjo player, woodwind instruments, as with the clarinet, or additional horns (saxophones, trumpets, trombones) to one of the smaller groups.", "In a 1920s-style dixieland jazz band, a larger ensemble would be formed by adding a banjo player, woodwind instruments, as with the clarinet, or additional horns (saxophones, trumpets, trombones) to one of the smaller groups. In a 1930s-style Swing big band, a larger ensemble is formed by adding \"sections\" of like instruments, such as a saxophone section, a trumpet section and a trombone section, which perform arranged \"horn lines\" to accompany the ensemble.", "In a 1930s-style Swing big band, a larger ensemble is formed by adding \"sections\" of like instruments, such as a saxophone section, a trumpet section and a trombone section, which perform arranged \"horn lines\" to accompany the ensemble. Some Swing bands also added a string section for a lush sound.", "Some Swing bands also added a string section for a lush sound. In a 1970s-style jazz fusion ensemble, a larger ensemble is often formed by adding additional percussionists or sometimes a saxophone player, who would \"double\" or \"triple\" (meaning that they would also be proficient at the clarinet, flute or both). Larger jazz ensembles are also formed by the addition of other soloing instruments. Rock and pop bands Two parts Two-member rock and pop bands are relatively rare.", "Rock and pop bands Two parts Two-member rock and pop bands are relatively rare. Examples of two-member bands are the Carpenters, Sleaford Mods, Japandroids, Pet Shop Boys, Flight of the Conchords, Death from Above 1979, Middle Class Rut, the Pity Party, the White Stripes, Big Business, Two Gallants, Lightning Bolt, the Ting Tings, the Black Box Revelation, the Black Keys, Twenty One Pilots, Tenacious D, Simon and Garfunkel, Hall & Oates, Johnossi, the Pack A.D., Air Supply and Royal Blood.", "Examples of two-member bands are the Carpenters, Sleaford Mods, Japandroids, Pet Shop Boys, Flight of the Conchords, Death from Above 1979, Middle Class Rut, the Pity Party, the White Stripes, Big Business, Two Gallants, Lightning Bolt, the Ting Tings, the Black Box Revelation, the Black Keys, Twenty One Pilots, Tenacious D, Simon and Garfunkel, Hall & Oates, Johnossi, the Pack A.D., Air Supply and Royal Blood. When electronic sequencers became widely available in the 1980s, this made it easier for two-member bands to add in musical elements that the two band members were not able to perform.", "When electronic sequencers became widely available in the 1980s, this made it easier for two-member bands to add in musical elements that the two band members were not able to perform. Sequencers allowed bands to pre-program some elements of their performance, such as an electronic drum part and a synth-bass line. Two-member pop music bands such as Soft Cell, Blancmange, Yazoo and Erasure used pre-programmed sequencers. W.A.S.P.", "W.A.S.P. W.A.S.P. guitarist Doug Blair is also known for his work in the non-notable two-piece progressive rock band signal2noise, where he acts as the lead guitarist and bassist at the same time, thanks to a special custom instrument he invented (an electric guitar with five regular guitar strings paired with three bass guitar strings). Three parts The smallest ensemble that is commonly used in rock music is the trio format.", "Three parts The smallest ensemble that is commonly used in rock music is the trio format. In a hard-rock or blues-rock band, or heavy metal rock group, a \"power trio\" format is often used, which consists of an electric guitar player, an electric bass guitar player and a drummer, and typically one or more of these musicians also sing (sometimes all three members will sing, e.g. Bee Gees or Alkaline Trio).", "Bee Gees or Alkaline Trio). Bee Gees or Alkaline Trio). Some well-known power trios with the guitarist on lead vocals are the Jimi Hendrix Experience, Stevie Ray Vaughan and Double Trouble, Nirvana, Violent Femmes, Gov't Mule, Green Day, the Minutemen, Triumph, Shellac, Sublime, Chevelle, Glass Harp, Icebird, Muse, the Jam, Short Stack, and ZZ Top.", "Some well-known power trios with the guitarist on lead vocals are the Jimi Hendrix Experience, Stevie Ray Vaughan and Double Trouble, Nirvana, Violent Femmes, Gov't Mule, Green Day, the Minutemen, Triumph, Shellac, Sublime, Chevelle, Glass Harp, Icebird, Muse, the Jam, Short Stack, and ZZ Top. A handful of others with the bassist on vocals include Primus, Motörhead, the Police, the Melvins, MxPx, Blue Cheer, Rush, the Presidents of the United States of America, Venom, and Cream.", "A handful of others with the bassist on vocals include Primus, Motörhead, the Police, the Melvins, MxPx, Blue Cheer, Rush, the Presidents of the United States of America, Venom, and Cream. Some power trios feature two lead vocalists. For example, in the band blink-182 vocals are split between bassist Mark Hoppus and guitarist Tom DeLonge, or in the band Dinosaur Jr., guitarist J. Mascis is the primary songwriter and vocalist, but bassist Lou Barlow writes some songs and sings as well.", "For example, in the band blink-182 vocals are split between bassist Mark Hoppus and guitarist Tom DeLonge, or in the band Dinosaur Jr., guitarist J. Mascis is the primary songwriter and vocalist, but bassist Lou Barlow writes some songs and sings as well. An alternative to the power trio are organ trios formed with an electric guitarist, a drummer and a keyboardist.", "An alternative to the power trio are organ trios formed with an electric guitarist, a drummer and a keyboardist. Although organ trios are most commonly associated with 1950s and 1960s jazz organ trio groups such as those led by organist Jimmy Smith, there are also organ trios in rock-oriented styles, such as jazz-rock fusion and Grateful Dead-influenced jam bands such as Medeski Martin & Wood.", "Although organ trios are most commonly associated with 1950s and 1960s jazz organ trio groups such as those led by organist Jimmy Smith, there are also organ trios in rock-oriented styles, such as jazz-rock fusion and Grateful Dead-influenced jam bands such as Medeski Martin & Wood. In organ trios, the keyboard player typically plays a Hammond organ or similar instrument, which permits the keyboard player to perform bass lines, chords, and lead lines, one example being hard rock band Zebra.", "In organ trios, the keyboard player typically plays a Hammond organ or similar instrument, which permits the keyboard player to perform bass lines, chords, and lead lines, one example being hard rock band Zebra. A variant of the organ trio are trios formed with an electric bassist, a drummer and an electronic keyboardist (playing synthesizers) such as the progressive rock band Emerson, Lake & Palmer, Triumvirat, and Atomic Rooster.", "A variant of the organ trio are trios formed with an electric bassist, a drummer and an electronic keyboardist (playing synthesizers) such as the progressive rock band Emerson, Lake & Palmer, Triumvirat, and Atomic Rooster. Another variation is to have a vocalist, a guitarist and a drummer, an example being Yeah Yeah Yeahs. Another variation is two guitars, a bassist, and a drum machine, examples including Magic Wands and Big Black.", "Another variation is two guitars, a bassist, and a drum machine, examples including Magic Wands and Big Black. A power trio with the guitarist on lead vocals is a popular record company lineup, as the guitarist and singer will usually be the songwriter. Therefore, the label only has to present one \"face\" to the public. The backing band may or may not be featured in publicity.", "The backing band may or may not be featured in publicity. If the backup band is not marketed as an integral part of the group, this gives the record company more flexibility to replace band members or use substitute musicians. This lineup often leads to songs that are fairly simple and accessible, as the frontman (or frontwoman) will have to sing and play guitar at the same time. Four parts The four-piece band is the most common configuration in rock and pop music.", "Four parts The four-piece band is the most common configuration in rock and pop music. A common formation would be a vocalist, electric guitarist, bass guitarist, and a drummer (e.g. the Who, the Monkees, Led Zeppelin, Queen, Ramones, Sex Pistols, Red Hot Chili Peppers, R.E.M., Blur, the Smiths, Echo and the Bunnymen, the Stone Roses, Creed, Black Sabbath, Van Halen, Rage Against the Machine, Gym Class Heroes, the Stooges, Joy Division, and U2.)", "the Who, the Monkees, Led Zeppelin, Queen, Ramones, Sex Pistols, Red Hot Chili Peppers, R.E.M., Blur, the Smiths, Echo and the Bunnymen, the Stone Roses, Creed, Black Sabbath, Van Halen, Rage Against the Machine, Gym Class Heroes, the Stooges, Joy Division, and U2.) Instrumentally, these bands can be considered as trios.", "Instrumentally, these bands can be considered as trios. Instrumentally, these bands can be considered as trios. This format is popular with new bands, as there are only two instruments that need tuning, the melody and chords formula prevalent with their material is easy to learn, four members are commonplace to work with, the roles are clearly defined and generally are: instrumental melody line, rhythm section which plays the chords or countermelody, and vocals on top.", "This format is popular with new bands, as there are only two instruments that need tuning, the melody and chords formula prevalent with their material is easy to learn, four members are commonplace to work with, the roles are clearly defined and generally are: instrumental melody line, rhythm section which plays the chords or countermelody, and vocals on top. In some early rock bands, keyboardists were used, performing on piano (e.g. the Seeds and the Doors) with a guitarist, singer, drummer and keyboardist.", "the Seeds and the Doors) with a guitarist, singer, drummer and keyboardist. Some bands will have a guitarist, bassist, drummer, and keyboard player (for example, Talking Heads, Gerry and the Pacemakers, Small Faces, King Crimson, the Guess Who, Pink Floyd, Queen, Coldplay, the Killers and Blind Faith).", "Some bands will have a guitarist, bassist, drummer, and keyboard player (for example, Talking Heads, Gerry and the Pacemakers, Small Faces, King Crimson, the Guess Who, Pink Floyd, Queen, Coldplay, the Killers and Blind Faith). Some bands will have the bassist on lead vocals, such as Thin Lizzy, the Chameleons, Skillet, Pink Floyd, Motörhead, NOFX, +44, Slayer, the All-American Rejects or even the lead guitarist, such as Death, Dire Straits, Megadeth and Creedence Clearwater Revival.", "Some bands will have the bassist on lead vocals, such as Thin Lizzy, the Chameleons, Skillet, Pink Floyd, Motörhead, NOFX, +44, Slayer, the All-American Rejects or even the lead guitarist, such as Death, Dire Straits, Megadeth and Creedence Clearwater Revival. Some bands, such as the Beatles, Dire Straits and Metallica have a lead guitarist, a rhythm guitarist and a bassist that all sing lead and backing vocals, that also play keyboards regularly, as well as a drummer.", "Some bands, such as the Beatles, Dire Straits and Metallica have a lead guitarist, a rhythm guitarist and a bassist that all sing lead and backing vocals, that also play keyboards regularly, as well as a drummer. Five parts Five-piece bands have existed in rock music since the development of the genre.", "Five parts Five-piece bands have existed in rock music since the development of the genre. The Beach Boys, the Rolling Stones (until 1993), Aerosmith, Def Leppard, AC/DC, Oasis, Pearl Jam, Guns N' Roses, Radiohead, the Strokes, the Yardbirds, 311 and the Hives are examples of the common vocalist, lead guitar, rhythm guitar, bass, and drums lineup whilst other bands such as Judas Priest have two guitarists who equally share lead and rhythm parts.", "The Beach Boys, the Rolling Stones (until 1993), Aerosmith, Def Leppard, AC/DC, Oasis, Pearl Jam, Guns N' Roses, Radiohead, the Strokes, the Yardbirds, 311 and the Hives are examples of the common vocalist, lead guitar, rhythm guitar, bass, and drums lineup whilst other bands such as Judas Priest have two guitarists who equally share lead and rhythm parts. An alternative to the five-member lineup replaces the rhythm guitarist with a keyboard–synthesizer player (examples being the bands Journey, Elbow, Dream Theater, Genesis, Jethro Tull, the Zombies, the Animals, Bon Jovi, Yes, Fleetwood Mac, Marilyn Manson and Deep Purple, all of which consist of a vocalist, guitarist, bassist, keyboardist, and a drummer) or with a turntablist such as Deftones, Hed PE, Incubus or Limp Bizkit.", "An alternative to the five-member lineup replaces the rhythm guitarist with a keyboard–synthesizer player (examples being the bands Journey, Elbow, Dream Theater, Genesis, Jethro Tull, the Zombies, the Animals, Bon Jovi, Yes, Fleetwood Mac, Marilyn Manson and Deep Purple, all of which consist of a vocalist, guitarist, bassist, keyboardist, and a drummer) or with a turntablist such as Deftones, Hed PE, Incubus or Limp Bizkit. Alternatives include a keyboardist, guitarist, drummer, bassist, and saxophonist, such as the Sonics, the Dave Clark Five, and Sam the Sham and the Pharaohs.", "Alternatives include a keyboardist, guitarist, drummer, bassist, and saxophonist, such as the Sonics, the Dave Clark Five, and Sam the Sham and the Pharaohs. Another alternative is three guitarists, a bassist and a drummer, such as Foo Fighters, Radiohead, and the Byrds.", "Another alternative is three guitarists, a bassist and a drummer, such as Foo Fighters, Radiohead, and the Byrds. Some five-person bands feature two guitarists, a keyboardist, a bassist and a drummer, with one or more of these musicians (typically one of the guitarists) handling lead vocals on top of their instrument (examples being Children of Bodom, Styx, Sturm und Drang, Relient K, Ensiferum, the Cars and the current line up of Status Quo).", "Some five-person bands feature two guitarists, a keyboardist, a bassist and a drummer, with one or more of these musicians (typically one of the guitarists) handling lead vocals on top of their instrument (examples being Children of Bodom, Styx, Sturm und Drang, Relient K, Ensiferum, the Cars and the current line up of Status Quo). In some cases, typically in cover bands, one musician plays either rhythm guitar or keyboards, depending on the song (one notable band being Firewind, with Bob Katsionis handling this particular role).", "In some cases, typically in cover bands, one musician plays either rhythm guitar or keyboards, depending on the song (one notable band being Firewind, with Bob Katsionis handling this particular role). Other times, the vocalist will bring another musical \"voice\" to the table, most commonly a harmonica or percussion; Mick Jagger, for example, played harmonica and percussion instruments like maracas and tambourine whilst singing at the same time. Keith Relf of the Yardbirds played harmonica frequently, though not often while also singing.", "Keith Relf of the Yardbirds played harmonica frequently, though not often while also singing. Ozzy Osbourne was also known to play the harmonica on some occasions (i.e. \"The Wizard\" by Black Sabbath). Vocalist Robert Brown of lesser known steampunk band Abney Park plays harmonica, accordion, and darbuka in addition to mandolin. Flutes are also commonly used by vocalists, most notably Ian Anderson of Jethro Tull and Ray Thomas of the Moody Blues, though these are difficult to play while singing at the same time.", "Flutes are also commonly used by vocalists, most notably Ian Anderson of Jethro Tull and Ray Thomas of the Moody Blues, though these are difficult to play while singing at the same time. A less common lineup is to have lead vocals, two guitarists of varying types and two drummers, e.g. Adam and the Ants.", "Adam and the Ants. Adam and the Ants. Larger rock ensembles Larger bands are quite common and have long been a part of rock and pop music, in part due to the influence of the \"singer accompanied with orchestra\" model inherited from popular big-band jazz and swing and popularized by Frank Sinatra and Ella Fitzgerald. To create larger ensembles, rock bands often add an additional guitarist, an additional keyboardist, additional percussionists or second drummer, an entire horn section, and even a flautist.", "To create larger ensembles, rock bands often add an additional guitarist, an additional keyboardist, additional percussionists or second drummer, an entire horn section, and even a flautist. An example of a six-member rock band is Toto with a lead vocalist, guitarist, bassist, two keyboard players, and drummer. The American heavy metal band Slipknot is composed of nine members, with a vocalist, two guitarists, a drummer, a bassist, two custom percussionists/backing vocalists, a turntablist, and a sampler/keyboardist.", "The American heavy metal band Slipknot is composed of nine members, with a vocalist, two guitarists, a drummer, a bassist, two custom percussionists/backing vocalists, a turntablist, and a sampler/keyboardist. In larger groups (such as the Band), instrumentalists could play multiple instruments, which enabled the ensemble to create a wider variety of instrument combinations. More modern examples of such a band are Arcade Fire and Edward Sharpe and the Magnetic Zeros.", "More modern examples of such a band are Arcade Fire and Edward Sharpe and the Magnetic Zeros. More rarely, rock or pop groups will be accompanied in concerts by a full or partial symphony orchestra, where lush string-orchestra arrangements are used to flesh out the sound of slow ballads. Some groups have a large number of members that all play the same instrument, such as guitar, banjo, keyboard, ocarinas, drums, recorders, accordions, horns or strings.", "Some groups have a large number of members that all play the same instrument, such as guitar, banjo, keyboard, ocarinas, drums, recorders, accordions, horns or strings. Electronic music groups Electronic music groups typically use electronic musical instruments such as synthesizers, sequencers, samplers and electronic drums to produce music. The production technique of music programming is also widely used in electronic music. Examples include Kraftwerk, Daft Punk, the Chemical Brothers, Faithless and Apollo 440.", "Examples include Kraftwerk, Daft Punk, the Chemical Brothers, Faithless and Apollo 440. Electronic dance music groups usually consist of two to three members, and are mainly producers, DJs and remixers, whose work is solely produced in a studio or with the use of a digital audio workstation. Examples include Basement Jaxx, Flip & Fill, Tin Tin Out, the Chainsmokers, Cheat Codes, Cash Cash and Major Lazer. Role of women Women have a high prominence in many popular music styles as singers.", "Role of women Women have a high prominence in many popular music styles as singers. However, professional women instrumentalists are uncommon in popular music, especially in rock genres such as heavy metal. \"[P]laying in a band is largely a male homosocial activity, that is, learning to play in a band is largely a peer-based... experience, shaped by existing sex-segregated friendship networks.\" As well, rock music \"...is often defined as a form of male rebellion vis-à-vis female bedroom culture.\"", "As well, rock music \"...is often defined as a form of male rebellion vis-à-vis female bedroom culture.\" In popular music, there has been a gendered \"distinction between public (male) and private (female) participation\" in music. \"[S]everal scholars have argued that men exclude women from bands or from the bands' rehearsals, recordings, performances, and other social activities.\"", "\"[S]everal scholars have argued that men exclude women from bands or from the bands' rehearsals, recordings, performances, and other social activities.\" \"Women are mainly regarded as passive and private consumers of allegedly slick, prefabricated – hence, inferior – pop music..., excluding them from participating as high status rock musicians.\"", "\"Women are mainly regarded as passive and private consumers of allegedly slick, prefabricated – hence, inferior – pop music..., excluding them from participating as high status rock musicians.\" One of the reasons that there are rarely mixed gender bands is that \"bands operate as tight-knit units in which homosocial solidarity – social bonds between people of the same sex... – plays a crucial role.\"", "One of the reasons that there are rarely mixed gender bands is that \"bands operate as tight-knit units in which homosocial solidarity – social bonds between people of the same sex... – plays a crucial role.\" In the 1960s pop music scene, \"[s]inging was sometimes an acceptable pastime for a girl, but playing an instrument...simply wasn't done.\"", "In the 1960s pop music scene, \"[s]inging was sometimes an acceptable pastime for a girl, but playing an instrument...simply wasn't done.\" \"The rebellion of rock music was largely a male rebellion; the women—often, in the 1950s and '60s, girls in their teens—in rock usually sang songs as personæ utterly dependent on their macho boyfriends...\" Philip Auslander says that \"Although there were many women in rock by the late 1960s, most performed only as singers, a traditionally feminine position in popular music.\"", "\"The rebellion of rock music was largely a male rebellion; the women—often, in the 1950s and '60s, girls in their teens—in rock usually sang songs as personæ utterly dependent on their macho boyfriends...\" Philip Auslander says that \"Although there were many women in rock by the late 1960s, most performed only as singers, a traditionally feminine position in popular music.\" Though some women played instruments in American all-female garage rock bands, none of these bands achieved more than regional success.", "Though some women played instruments in American all-female garage rock bands, none of these bands achieved more than regional success. So they \"did not provide viable templates for women's on-going participation in rock\". In relation to the gender composition of heavy metal bands, it has been said that \"[h]eavy metal performers are almost exclusively male\" \"...[a]t least until the mid-1980s\" apart from \"...exceptions such as Girlschool\".", "In relation to the gender composition of heavy metal bands, it has been said that \"[h]eavy metal performers are almost exclusively male\" \"...[a]t least until the mid-1980s\" apart from \"...exceptions such as Girlschool\". However, \"...now [in the 2010s] maybe more than ever–strong metal women have put up their dukes and got down to it,\" \"carv[ing] out a considerable place for [them]selves\".", "However, \"...now [in the 2010s] maybe more than ever–strong metal women have put up their dukes and got down to it,\" \"carv[ing] out a considerable place for [them]selves\". When Suzi Quatro emerged in 1973, \"no other prominent female musician worked in rock simultaneously as a singer, instrumentalist, songwriter, and bandleader.\"", "When Suzi Quatro emerged in 1973, \"no other prominent female musician worked in rock simultaneously as a singer, instrumentalist, songwriter, and bandleader.\" According to Auslander, she was \"kicking down the male door in rock and roll and proving that a female musician ... and this is a point I am extremely concerned about ... could play as well if not better than the boys\". Other western musical ensembles A choir is a group of voices.", "Other western musical ensembles A choir is a group of voices. By analogy, sometimes a group of similar instruments in a symphony orchestra are referred to as a choir. For example, the woodwind instruments of a symphony orchestra could be called the woodwind choir. A group that plays popular music or military music is usually called a band; a drum and bugle corps is a type of the latter. These bands perform a wide range of music, ranging from arrangements of jazz orchestral, or popular music to military-style marches.", "These bands perform a wide range of music, ranging from arrangements of jazz orchestral, or popular music to military-style marches. Drum corps perform on brass and percussion instruments only. Drum and Bugle Corps incorporate costumes, hats, and pageantry in their performances.", "Drum and Bugle Corps incorporate costumes, hats, and pageantry in their performances. Other band types include: Brass bands: groups consisting of around 30 brass and percussion players; Jug bands; Mexican Mariachi groups typically consist of at least two violins, two trumpets, one Spanish guitar, one vihuela (a high-pitched, five-string guitar), and one Guitarrón (a Mexican acoustic bass that is roughly guitar-shaped), and one or more singers.", "Other band types include: Brass bands: groups consisting of around 30 brass and percussion players; Jug bands; Mexican Mariachi groups typically consist of at least two violins, two trumpets, one Spanish guitar, one vihuela (a high-pitched, five-string guitar), and one Guitarrón (a Mexican acoustic bass that is roughly guitar-shaped), and one or more singers. Mexican banda groups Marching bands and military bands, dating back to the Ottoman military bands.", "Mexican banda groups Marching bands and military bands, dating back to the Ottoman military bands. String bands See also All-female band Boy band Girl group Live band karaoke Music industry Percussion ensemble Musical collective References External links Bands and Musician Listing Vivre Musicale" ]

[ "Rudy Giuliani", "2000 U.S. Senate campaign" ]

[ "Margaret A. Mahoney was a Democratic politician from Ohio. She held a number of political positions and served in the state's House and Senate and was the first Democratic woman elected to the Ohio Senate and the first woman majority leader of the chamber. Mahoney was inducted into the Ohio Women's Hall of Fame in 1978.\n\nBiography\nBorn in Cleveland, Ohio, Mahoney attended evening classes at Cleveland's West High School of Commerce to graduate from high school. She graduated from John Marshall School of Law after working as a salesperson and a secretary. Mahoney was the legislative chair for a number of women's organizations, which led her to become interested in running for the state legislature. She was first elected to political office in 1938 as a member of the Ohio House of Representatives. Mahoney served in both chambers of the Ohio state legislature, and became the first Democratic woman elected to the Ohio Senate in 1942. She was from 1949 to 1950 the Senate President Pro Tem and Majority Leader, and was the first woman to hold that role. She also served on a number of committees including the Senate Rules Committee.\n\nIn March 1951, Mahoney was appointed Chief of the State Securities Division upon leaving the Senate. She held numerous political offices, often being the first woman to hold the position, including Director of the Department of Industrial Relations of Ohio from 1953 to 1957; and was a member of the Cleveland Civil Service Commission and the Director of the Department of Industrial Relations. She was a Presidential Elector and Delegate to the Democratic National Convention multiple times, and was the only woman on the Ohio State Council of Defense during World War II.\n\nAs of 2019, Mahoney is still the only woman to hold the top leadership position in the Ohio Senate.\n\nReferences\n\nOhio Democrats\nMembers of the Ohio House of Representatives\nYear of birth missing\nPossibly living people\nPeople from Cleveland Heights, Ohio\n20th-century American women politicians\nWomen state legislators in Ohio\nOhio state senators\nPresidents of the Ohio State Senate\n20th-century American politicians\nPoliticians from Cleveland", "Jerome M. Hughes (October 1, 1929 – June 26, 2015) was an American educator and politician.\n\nBackground\nHughes graduated from Cretin High School. He then received his bachelor's degree from University of St. Thomas, his master's degree from University of Minnesota, and his doctorate from Wayne State University. Hughes taught in high school and was a coach. He was a community educator administrator and public policy consultant with the St. Paul School District. He also taught at the University of Minnesota.\n\nPolitical career\nFrom Maplewood, Minnesota, Hughes was elected to the Senate in 1966, and served for 26 years in the body. He became chair of the education committee in 1973, and was elected President of the Senate in 1983, a position he would hold—save for during a special session in 1987—for the remainder of his time in office. Hughes was a Democrat. Hughes retired from the Senate in 1993.\n\nReferences\n\nPresidents of the Minnesota Senate\nMinnesota Democrats\n1929 births\n2015 deaths\nPoliticians from Saint Paul, Minnesota\nUniversity of St. Thomas (Minnesota) alumni\nWayne State University alumni\nUniversity of Minnesota alumni\nUniversity of Minnesota faculty" ]

[ "Rudolph William Louis Giuliani (, ; born May 28, 1944) is an American politician and disbarred attorney who served as the 107th Mayor of New York City from 1994 to 2001. He previously served as the United States Associate Attorney General from 1981 to 1983 and the United States Attorney for the Southern District of New York from 1983 to 1989. Giuliani led the 1980s federal prosecution of New York City mafia bosses as U.S. Attorney for the Southern District of New York.", "Giuliani led the 1980s federal prosecution of New York City mafia bosses as U.S. Attorney for the Southern District of New York. After a failed campaign for Mayor of New York City in the 1989 election, he succeeded in 1993, and was reelected in 1997, campaigning on a \"tough on crime\" platform. He led New York's controversial \"civic cleanup\" as its mayor from 1994 to 2001. Mayor Giuliani appointed an outsider, William Bratton, as New York City's new police commissioner.", "Mayor Giuliani appointed an outsider, William Bratton, as New York City's new police commissioner. Reforming the police department's administration and policing practices, they applied the broken windows theory, which cites social disorder, like disrepair and vandalism, for attracting loitering addicts, panhandlers, and prostitutes, followed by serious and violent criminals.", "Reforming the police department's administration and policing practices, they applied the broken windows theory, which cites social disorder, like disrepair and vandalism, for attracting loitering addicts, panhandlers, and prostitutes, followed by serious and violent criminals. In particular, Giuliani focused on removing panhandlers and sex clubs from Times Square, promoting a \"family values\" vibe and a return to the area's earlier focus on business, theater, and the arts.", "In particular, Giuliani focused on removing panhandlers and sex clubs from Times Square, promoting a \"family values\" vibe and a return to the area's earlier focus on business, theater, and the arts. As crime rates fell steeply, well ahead of the national average pace, Giuliani was widely credited, though later critics cite other contributing factors. In 2000, he ran against First Lady Hillary Clinton for a US Senate seat from New York, but left the race once diagnosed with prostate cancer.", "In 2000, he ran against First Lady Hillary Clinton for a US Senate seat from New York, but left the race once diagnosed with prostate cancer. For his mayoral leadership after the September11 attacks in 2001, he was called \"America's mayor\". He was named Time magazine's Person of the Year for 2001, and was given an honorary knighthood in 2002 by Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom.", "He was named Time magazine's Person of the Year for 2001, and was given an honorary knighthood in 2002 by Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom. In 2002, Giuliani founded a security consulting business, Giuliani Partners, and acquired, but later sold, an investment banking firm, Giuliani Capital Advisors. In 2005, he joined a law firm, renamed Bracewell & Giuliani.", "In 2005, he joined a law firm, renamed Bracewell & Giuliani. Vying for the Republican Party's 2008 presidential nomination, Giuliani was an early frontrunner, yet did poorly in the primary election, withdrew, and endorsed the party's subsequent nominee, John McCain. Declining to run for New York governor in 2010 and for the Republican presidential nomination in 2012, Giuliani focused on the activities of his business firms. In addition, he has often been engaged for public speaking, political commentary, and Republican campaign support.", "In addition, he has often been engaged for public speaking, political commentary, and Republican campaign support. Giuliani joined President Donald Trump's personal legal team in April 2018. His activities as Trump's attorney have drawn renewed media scrutiny, including allegations that he engaged in corruption and profiteering. In late 2019, Giuliani was reportedly under federal investigation for violating lobbying laws, and possibly several other charges, as a central figure in the Trump–Ukraine scandal, which resulted in Trump's first impeachment.", "In late 2019, Giuliani was reportedly under federal investigation for violating lobbying laws, and possibly several other charges, as a central figure in the Trump–Ukraine scandal, which resulted in Trump's first impeachment. Following the 2020 presidential election, he represented Trump in many lawsuits filed in attempts to overturn the election results, making false and debunked allegations about rigged voting machines, polling place fraud, and an international communist conspiracy.", "Following the 2020 presidential election, he represented Trump in many lawsuits filed in attempts to overturn the election results, making false and debunked allegations about rigged voting machines, polling place fraud, and an international communist conspiracy. As a consequence, his license to practice law was suspended in New York State in June 2021 and in the District of Columbia in July 2021.", "As a consequence, his license to practice law was suspended in New York State in June 2021 and in the District of Columbia in July 2021. Early life Giuliani was born in the East Flatbush section, then an Italian-American enclave, in New York City's borough of Brooklyn, the only child of working-class parents Helen (née D'Avanzo; 1909–2002) and Harold Angelo Giuliani (1908–1981), both children of Italian immigrants.", "Early life Giuliani was born in the East Flatbush section, then an Italian-American enclave, in New York City's borough of Brooklyn, the only child of working-class parents Helen (née D'Avanzo; 1909–2002) and Harold Angelo Giuliani (1908–1981), both children of Italian immigrants. Giuliani is of Tuscan descent on his father's side, as his paternal grandparents (Rodolfo and Evangelina Giuliani) were born in Montecatini Terme, Tuscany, Italy. He was raised a Roman Catholic.", "He was raised a Roman Catholic. He was raised a Roman Catholic. Harold Giuliani, a plumber and a bartender, had trouble holding a job, was convicted of felony assault and robbery, and served prison time in Sing Sing. Once released, he worked as an enforcer for his brother-in-law Leo D'Avanzo, who operated an organized crime-affiliated loan sharking and gambling ring at a restaurant in Brooklyn. The couple lived in East Flatbush until Harold died of prostate cancer in 1981, whereupon Helen moved to Manhattan's Upper East Side.", "The couple lived in East Flatbush until Harold died of prostate cancer in 1981, whereupon Helen moved to Manhattan's Upper East Side. When Giuliani was seven years old in 1951, his family moved from Brooklyn to Garden City South, where he attended the local Catholic school, St. Anne's. Later, he commuted back to Brooklyn to attend Bishop Loughlin Memorial High School, graduating in 1961.", "Later, he commuted back to Brooklyn to attend Bishop Loughlin Memorial High School, graduating in 1961. Giuliani attended Manhattan College in Riverdale, Bronx, where he majored in political science with a minor in philosophy and considered becoming a priest. Giuliani was elected president of his class in his sophomore year, but was not re-elected in his junior year. He joined the Phi Rho Pi college forensic fraternity and honor society. He graduated in 1965.", "He graduated in 1965. He graduated in 1965. Giuliani decided to forgo the priesthood and instead attended the New York University School of Law in Manhattan, where he made the NYU Law Review and graduated cum laude with a Juris Doctor degree in 1968. Giuliani started his political life as a Democrat. He volunteered for Robert F. Kennedy's presidential campaign in 1968. He also worked as a Democratic Party committeeman on Long Island in the mid-1960s and voted for George McGovern for president in 1972.", "He also worked as a Democratic Party committeeman on Long Island in the mid-1960s and voted for George McGovern for president in 1972. Legal career Upon graduation from law school, Giuliani clerked for Judge Lloyd Francis MacMahon, United States District Judge for the Southern District of New York. Giuliani did not serve in the military during the Vietnam War. His conscription was deferred while he was enrolled at Manhattan College and NYU Law.", "His conscription was deferred while he was enrolled at Manhattan College and NYU Law. Upon graduation from the latter in 1968, he was classified 1-A (available for military service), but in 1969 he was reclassified 2-A (essential civilian) as Judge MacMahon's law clerk. In 1970, Giuliani was reclassified 1-A but received a high 308 draft lottery number and was not called up for service. Giuliani switched his party registration from Democratic to Independent in 1975.", "Giuliani switched his party registration from Democratic to Independent in 1975. This occurred during a period of time in which he was recruited for a position in Washington, D.C. with the Ford administration: Giuliani served as the Associate Deputy Attorney General and chief of staff to Deputy Attorney General Harold \"Ace\" Tyler. His first high-profile prosecution was of Democratic U.S. Representative Bertram L. Podell (NY-13), who was convicted of corruption.", "His first high-profile prosecution was of Democratic U.S. Representative Bertram L. Podell (NY-13), who was convicted of corruption. Podell pleaded guilty to conspiracy and conflict of interest for accepting more than $41,000 in campaign contributions and legal fees from a Florida airline to obtain federal rights for a Bahama route. Podell, who maintained a legal practice while serving in Congress, said the payments were legitimate legal fees.", "Podell, who maintained a legal practice while serving in Congress, said the payments were legitimate legal fees. The Washington Post later reported: \"The trial catapulted future New York mayor Rudolph Giuliani to front-page status when, as assistant U.S. attorney, he relentlessly cross-examined an initially calm Rep. Podell. The congressman reportedly grew more flustered and eventually decided to plead guilty.\"", "The congressman reportedly grew more flustered and eventually decided to plead guilty.\" From 1977 to 1981, during the Carter administration, Giuliani practiced law at the Patterson, Belknap, Webb and Tyler law firm, as chief of staff to his former boss, Ace Tyler. In later years, Tyler became \"disillusioned\" by what Tyler described as Giuliani's time as US Attorney, criticizing several of his prosecutions as \"overkill\".", "In later years, Tyler became \"disillusioned\" by what Tyler described as Giuliani's time as US Attorney, criticizing several of his prosecutions as \"overkill\". On December 8, 1980, one month after the election of Ronald Reagan brought Republicans back to power in Washington, he switched his party affiliation from Independent to Republican.", "On December 8, 1980, one month after the election of Ronald Reagan brought Republicans back to power in Washington, he switched his party affiliation from Independent to Republican. Giuliani later said the switches were because he found Democratic policies \"naïve\", and that \"by the time I moved to Washington, the Republicans had come to make more sense to me.\" Others suggested that the switches were made in order to get positions in the Justice Department.", "Others suggested that the switches were made in order to get positions in the Justice Department. Giuliani's mother maintained in 1988 that he \"only became a Republican after he began to get all these jobs from them. He's definitely not a conservative Republican. He thinks he is, but he isn't. He still feels very sorry for the poor.\" In 1981, Giuliani was named Associate Attorney General in the Reagan administration, the third-highest position in the Department of Justice.", "In 1981, Giuliani was named Associate Attorney General in the Reagan administration, the third-highest position in the Department of Justice. As Associate Attorney General, Giuliani supervised the U.S. Attorney Offices' federal law enforcement agencies, the Department of Corrections, the Drug Enforcement Administration, and the United States Marshals Service. In a well-publicized 1982 case, Giuliani testified in defense of the federal government's \"detention posture\" regarding the internment of more than 2,000 Haitian asylum seekers who had entered the country illegally.", "In a well-publicized 1982 case, Giuliani testified in defense of the federal government's \"detention posture\" regarding the internment of more than 2,000 Haitian asylum seekers who had entered the country illegally. The U.S. government disputed the assertion that most of the detainees had fled their country due to political persecution, alleging instead that they were \"economic migrants\". In defense of the government's position, Giuliani testified that \"political repression, at least in general, does not exist\" under President of Haiti Jean-Claude Duvalier's regime.", "In defense of the government's position, Giuliani testified that \"political repression, at least in general, does not exist\" under President of Haiti Jean-Claude Duvalier's regime. In 1983, Giuliani was appointed to be U.S. Attorney for the Southern District of New York, which was technically a demotion but was sought by Giuliani because of his desire to personally litigate cases and because the SDNY is considered the highest profile United States Attorney's Office in the country, and as such, is often used by those who have held the position as a springboard for running for public office.", "In 1983, Giuliani was appointed to be U.S. Attorney for the Southern District of New York, which was technically a demotion but was sought by Giuliani because of his desire to personally litigate cases and because the SDNY is considered the highest profile United States Attorney's Office in the country, and as such, is often used by those who have held the position as a springboard for running for public office. It was in this position that he first gained national prominence by prosecuting numerous high-profile cases, resulting in the convictions of Wall Street figures Ivan Boesky and Michael Milken.", "It was in this position that he first gained national prominence by prosecuting numerous high-profile cases, resulting in the convictions of Wall Street figures Ivan Boesky and Michael Milken. He also focused on prosecuting drug dealers, organized crime, and corruption in government. He amassed a record of 4,152 convictions and 25 reversals. As a federal prosecutor, Giuliani was credited with bringing the perp walk, parading of suspects in front of the previously alerted media, into common use as a prosecutorial tool.", "As a federal prosecutor, Giuliani was credited with bringing the perp walk, parading of suspects in front of the previously alerted media, into common use as a prosecutorial tool. After Giuliani \"patented the perp walk\", the tool was used by increasing numbers of prosecutors nationwide. Giuliani's critics claimed that he arranged for people to be arrested, then dropped charges for lack of evidence on high-profile cases rather than going to trial.", "Giuliani's critics claimed that he arranged for people to be arrested, then dropped charges for lack of evidence on high-profile cases rather than going to trial. In a few cases, his arrests of alleged white-collar criminals at their workplaces with charges later dropped or lessened, sparked controversy, and damaged the reputations of the alleged \"perps\".", "In a few cases, his arrests of alleged white-collar criminals at their workplaces with charges later dropped or lessened, sparked controversy, and damaged the reputations of the alleged \"perps\". He claimed veteran stock trader Richard Wigton, of Kidder, Peabody & Co., was guilty of insider trading; in February 1987, he had officers handcuff Wigton and march him through the company's trading floor, with Wigton in tears.", "He claimed veteran stock trader Richard Wigton, of Kidder, Peabody & Co., was guilty of insider trading; in February 1987, he had officers handcuff Wigton and march him through the company's trading floor, with Wigton in tears. Giuliani had his agents arrest Tim Tabor, a young arbitrageur and former colleague of Wigton, so late that he had to stay overnight in jail before posting bond.", "Giuliani had his agents arrest Tim Tabor, a young arbitrageur and former colleague of Wigton, so late that he had to stay overnight in jail before posting bond. Within three months, charges were dropped against both Wigton and Tabor; Giuliani said, \"We're not going to go to trial. We're just the tip of the iceberg,\" but no further charges were forthcoming and the investigation did not end until Giuliani's successor was in place.", "We're just the tip of the iceberg,\" but no further charges were forthcoming and the investigation did not end until Giuliani's successor was in place. Giuliani's high-profile raid of the Princeton/Newport firm ended with the defendants having their cases overturned on appeal on the grounds that what they had been convicted of were not crimes.", "Giuliani's high-profile raid of the Princeton/Newport firm ended with the defendants having their cases overturned on appeal on the grounds that what they had been convicted of were not crimes. Mafia Commission trial In the Mafia Commission Trial, which ran from February 25, 1985, through November 19, 1986, Giuliani indicted eleven organized crime figures, including the heads of New York City's so-called \"Five Families\", under the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act (RICO) on charges including extortion, labor racketeering, and murder for hire.", "Mafia Commission trial In the Mafia Commission Trial, which ran from February 25, 1985, through November 19, 1986, Giuliani indicted eleven organized crime figures, including the heads of New York City's so-called \"Five Families\", under the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act (RICO) on charges including extortion, labor racketeering, and murder for hire. Time magazine called this \"Case of Cases\" possibly \"the most significant assault on the infrastructure of organized crime since the high command of the Chicago Mafia was swept away in 1943\", and quoted Giuliani's stated intention: \"Our approach is to wipe out the five families.\"", "Time magazine called this \"Case of Cases\" possibly \"the most significant assault on the infrastructure of organized crime since the high command of the Chicago Mafia was swept away in 1943\", and quoted Giuliani's stated intention: \"Our approach is to wipe out the five families.\" Gambino crime family boss Paul Castellano evaded conviction when he and his underboss, Thomas Bilotti, were murdered on the streets of Midtown Manhattan on December 16, 1985.", "Gambino crime family boss Paul Castellano evaded conviction when he and his underboss, Thomas Bilotti, were murdered on the streets of Midtown Manhattan on December 16, 1985. However, three heads of the Five Families were sentenced to 100 years in prison on January 13, 1987. Genovese and Colombo leaders, Tony Salerno and Carmine Persico received additional sentences in separate trials, with 70-year and 39-year sentences to run consecutively.", "Genovese and Colombo leaders, Tony Salerno and Carmine Persico received additional sentences in separate trials, with 70-year and 39-year sentences to run consecutively. He was assisted by three Assistant United States Attorneys: Michael Chertoff, the eventual second United States Secretary of Homeland Security and co-author of the Patriot Act; John Savarese, now a partner at Wachtell Lipton Rosen & Katz; and Gil Childers, a later deputy chief of the criminal division for the Southern District of New York and now managing director in the legal department at Goldman Sachs.", "He was assisted by three Assistant United States Attorneys: Michael Chertoff, the eventual second United States Secretary of Homeland Security and co-author of the Patriot Act; John Savarese, now a partner at Wachtell Lipton Rosen & Katz; and Gil Childers, a later deputy chief of the criminal division for the Southern District of New York and now managing director in the legal department at Goldman Sachs. According to an FBI memo revealed in 2007, leaders of the Five Families voted in late 1986 on whether to issue a contract for Giuliani's death.", "According to an FBI memo revealed in 2007, leaders of the Five Families voted in late 1986 on whether to issue a contract for Giuliani's death. Heads of the Lucchese, Bonanno, and Genovese families rejected the idea, though Colombo and Gambino leaders, Carmine Persico and John Gotti, encouraged assassination. In 2014, it was revealed by a former Sicilian Mafia member and informant, Rosario Naimo, that Salvatore Riina, a notorious Sicilian Mafia leader, had ordered a murder contract on Giuliani during the mid-1980s.", "In 2014, it was revealed by a former Sicilian Mafia member and informant, Rosario Naimo, that Salvatore Riina, a notorious Sicilian Mafia leader, had ordered a murder contract on Giuliani during the mid-1980s. Riina allegedly was suspicious of Giuliani's efforts prosecuting the American Mafia and was worried that he might have spoken with Italian anti-mafia prosecutors and politicians, including Giovanni Falcone and Paolo Borsellino, who were both murdered in 1992 in separate car bombings.", "Riina allegedly was suspicious of Giuliani's efforts prosecuting the American Mafia and was worried that he might have spoken with Italian anti-mafia prosecutors and politicians, including Giovanni Falcone and Paolo Borsellino, who were both murdered in 1992 in separate car bombings. According to Giuliani, the Sicilian Mafia offered $800,000 for his death during his first year as mayor of New York in 1994.", "According to Giuliani, the Sicilian Mafia offered $800,000 for his death during his first year as mayor of New York in 1994. Boesky, Milken trials Ivan Boesky, a Wall Street arbitrageur who had amassed a fortune of about $200million by betting on corporate takeovers, was originally investigated by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) for making investments based on tips received from corporate insiders, leading the way for the US Attorney's Office of the Southern District of New York to investigate as well.", "Boesky, Milken trials Ivan Boesky, a Wall Street arbitrageur who had amassed a fortune of about $200million by betting on corporate takeovers, was originally investigated by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) for making investments based on tips received from corporate insiders, leading the way for the US Attorney's Office of the Southern District of New York to investigate as well. These stock and options acquisitions were sometimes brazen, with massive purchases occurring only a few days before a corporation announced a takeover.", "These stock and options acquisitions were sometimes brazen, with massive purchases occurring only a few days before a corporation announced a takeover. Although insider trading of this kind was illegal, laws prohibiting it were rarely enforced until Boesky was prosecuted. Boesky cooperated with the SEC and informed on several others, including junk bond trader Michael Milken. Per agreement with Giuliani, Boesky received a -year prison sentence along with a $100million fine. In 1989, Giuliani charged Milken under the RICO Act with 98 counts of racketeering and fraud.", "In 1989, Giuliani charged Milken under the RICO Act with 98 counts of racketeering and fraud. In a highly publicized case, Milken was indicted by a grand jury on these charges. Mayoral campaigns Giuliani was U.S. Attorney until January 1989, resigning as the Reagan administration ended. He garnered criticism until he left office for his handling of cases, and was accused of prosecuting cases to further his political ambitions. He joined the law firm White & Case in New York City as a partner.", "He joined the law firm White & Case in New York City as a partner. He remained with White & Case until May 1990, when he joined the law firm Anderson Kill Olick & Oshinsky, also in New York City. 1989 Giuliani first ran for New York City mayor in 1989, when he attempted to unseat three-term incumbent Ed Koch.", "1989 Giuliani first ran for New York City mayor in 1989, when he attempted to unseat three-term incumbent Ed Koch. He won the September 1989 Republican Party primary election against business magnate Ronald Lauder, in a campaign marked by claims that Giuliani was not a true Republican after an acrimonious debate between the two men. In the Democratic primary, Koch was upset by Manhattan Borough president David Dinkins. In the general election, Giuliani ran as the fusion candidate of both the Republican and the Liberal parties.", "In the general election, Giuliani ran as the fusion candidate of both the Republican and the Liberal parties. The Conservative Party, which had often co-lined the Republican party candidate, withheld support from Giuliani and ran Lauder instead. Conservative Party leaders were unhappy with Giuliani on ideological grounds. They cited the Liberal Party's endorsement statement that Giuliani \"agreed with the Liberal Party's views on affirmative action, gay rights, gun control, school prayer and tuition tax credits\".", "They cited the Liberal Party's endorsement statement that Giuliani \"agreed with the Liberal Party's views on affirmative action, gay rights, gun control, school prayer and tuition tax credits\". During two televised debates, Giuliani framed himself as an agent of change, saying, \"I'm the reformer,\" that \"If we keep going merrily along, this city's going down,\" and that electing Dinkins would represent \"more of the same, more of the rotten politics that have been dragging us down\".", "During two televised debates, Giuliani framed himself as an agent of change, saying, \"I'm the reformer,\" that \"If we keep going merrily along, this city's going down,\" and that electing Dinkins would represent \"more of the same, more of the rotten politics that have been dragging us down\". Giuliani pointed out that Dinkins had not filed a tax return for many years and of several other ethical missteps, in particular a stock transfer to his son.", "Giuliani pointed out that Dinkins had not filed a tax return for many years and of several other ethical missteps, in particular a stock transfer to his son. Dinkins filed several years of returns and said the tax matter had been fully paid off. He denied other wrongdoing, saying \"what we need is a mayor, not a prosecutor,\" and that Giuliani refused to say \"the R-wordhe doesn't like to admit he's a Republican\".", "He denied other wrongdoing, saying \"what we need is a mayor, not a prosecutor,\" and that Giuliani refused to say \"the R-wordhe doesn't like to admit he's a Republican\". Dinkins won the endorsements of three of the four daily New York newspapers, while Giuliani won approval from the New York Post. In the end, Giuliani lost to Dinkins by a margin of 47,080 votes out of 1,899,845 votes cast, in the closest election in New York City's history.", "In the end, Giuliani lost to Dinkins by a margin of 47,080 votes out of 1,899,845 votes cast, in the closest election in New York City's history. The closeness of the race was particularly noteworthy considering the small percentage of New York City residents who are registered Republicans and resulted in Giuliani being the presumptive nominee for a rematch with Dinkins at the next election. 1993 Four years after his defeat to Dinkins, Giuliani again ran for mayor.", "1993 Four years after his defeat to Dinkins, Giuliani again ran for mayor. Once again, Giuliani also ran on the Liberal Party line but not the Conservative Party line, which ran activist George Marlin. Although crime had begun to fall during the Dinkins administration, Giuliani's campaign capitalized on the perception that crime was uncontrolled in the city following events such as the Crown Heights riot and the Family Red Apple boycott.", "Although crime had begun to fall during the Dinkins administration, Giuliani's campaign capitalized on the perception that crime was uncontrolled in the city following events such as the Crown Heights riot and the Family Red Apple boycott. The year prior to the election, Giuliani was a key speaker at a Patrolmen's Benevolent Association rally opposing Dinkins, in which Giuliani blamed the police department's low morale on Dinkins' leadership.", "The year prior to the election, Giuliani was a key speaker at a Patrolmen's Benevolent Association rally opposing Dinkins, in which Giuliani blamed the police department's low morale on Dinkins' leadership. The rally quickly devolved into a riot, with nearly 4,000 off-duty police officers storming the City Hall and blocking traffic on the Brooklyn Bridge.", "The rally quickly devolved into a riot, with nearly 4,000 off-duty police officers storming the City Hall and blocking traffic on the Brooklyn Bridge. In his pitch to lower crime rates in the city, Giuliani promised to focus police resources toward shutting down petty crimes and nuisances as a way of restoring the quality of life: Dinkins and Giuliani never debated during the campaign, because they were never able to agree on how to approach a debate.", "In his pitch to lower crime rates in the city, Giuliani promised to focus police resources toward shutting down petty crimes and nuisances as a way of restoring the quality of life: Dinkins and Giuliani never debated during the campaign, because they were never able to agree on how to approach a debate. Dinkins was endorsed by The New York Times and Newsday, while Giuliani was endorsed by the New York Post and, in a key switch from 1989, the Daily News.", "Dinkins was endorsed by The New York Times and Newsday, while Giuliani was endorsed by the New York Post and, in a key switch from 1989, the Daily News. Giuliani went to visit the Lubavitcher Rebbe, Rabbi Menachem Mendel Schneerson, seeking his blessing and endorsement. On election day, Giuliani's campaign hired off-duty cops, firefighters, and corrections officers to monitor polling places in Manhattan, Brooklyn, and The Bronx for cases of voter fraud.", "On election day, Giuliani's campaign hired off-duty cops, firefighters, and corrections officers to monitor polling places in Manhattan, Brooklyn, and The Bronx for cases of voter fraud. Despite objections from the Dinkins campaign, who claimed that the effort would intimidate Democratic voters, Police Commissioner Ray Kelly assigned an additional 52 police captains and 3,500 officers to monitor the city's polling places. Giuliani won by a margin of 53,367 votes. He became the first Republican elected Mayor of New York City since John Lindsay in 1965.", "He became the first Republican elected Mayor of New York City since John Lindsay in 1965. Similar to the election four years prior, Giuliani performed particularly well in the white ethnic neighborhoods in Brooklyn, Queens and Staten Island. Giuliani saw especially high returns in the borough of Staten Island, as a referendum to consider allowing the borough to secede from New York City was on the ballot.", "Giuliani saw especially high returns in the borough of Staten Island, as a referendum to consider allowing the borough to secede from New York City was on the ballot. 1997 Giuliani's opponent in 1997 was Democratic Manhattan Borough president Ruth Messinger, who had beaten Al Sharpton in the September 9, 1997 Democratic primary. In the general election, Giuliani once again had the Liberal Party and not the Conservative Party listing. Giuliani ran an aggressive campaign, parlaying his image as a tough leader who had cleaned up the city.", "Giuliani ran an aggressive campaign, parlaying his image as a tough leader who had cleaned up the city. Giuliani's popularity was at its highest point to date, with a late October 1997 Quinnipiac University Polling Institute poll showing him as having a 68 percent approval rating; 70 percent of New Yorkers were satisfied with life in the city and 64 percent said things were better in the city compared to four years previously. Throughout the campaign he was well ahead in the polls and had a strong fund-raising advantage over Messinger.", "Throughout the campaign he was well ahead in the polls and had a strong fund-raising advantage over Messinger. On her part, Messinger lost the support of several usually Democratic constituencies, including gay organizations and large labor unions. The local daily newspapersThe New York Times, Daily News, New York Post and Newsdayall endorsed Giuliani over Messinger.", "The local daily newspapersThe New York Times, Daily News, New York Post and Newsdayall endorsed Giuliani over Messinger. In the end, Giuliani won 58% of the vote to Messinger's 41%, and became the first registered Republican to win a second term as mayor while on the Republican line since Fiorello H. La Guardia in 1941. Voter turnout was the lowest in twelve years, with 38% of registered voters casting ballots.", "Voter turnout was the lowest in twelve years, with 38% of registered voters casting ballots. The margin of victory included gains in his share of the African American vote (20% compared to 1993's 5%) and the Hispanic vote (43% from 37%) while maintaining his base of white ethnic, Catholic and Jewish voters from 1993. Mayoralty Giuliani served as mayor of New York City from 1994 through 2001.", "Mayoralty Giuliani served as mayor of New York City from 1994 through 2001. Law enforcement In Giuliani's first term as mayor, the New York City Police Departmentat the instigation of Commissioner Bill Brattonadopted an aggressive enforcement/deterrent strategy based on James Q. Wilson's \"Broken Windows\" approach. This involved crackdowns on relatively minor offenses such as graffiti, turnstile jumping, cannabis possession, and aggressive panhandling by \"squeegee men\", on the theory that this would send a message that order would be maintained.", "This involved crackdowns on relatively minor offenses such as graffiti, turnstile jumping, cannabis possession, and aggressive panhandling by \"squeegee men\", on the theory that this would send a message that order would be maintained. The legal underpinning for removing the \"squeegee men\" from the streets was developed under Giuliani's predecessor, Mayor David Dinkins.", "The legal underpinning for removing the \"squeegee men\" from the streets was developed under Giuliani's predecessor, Mayor David Dinkins. Bratton, with Deputy Commissioner Jack Maple, also created and instituted CompStat, a computer-driven comparative statistical approach to mapping crime geographically and in terms of emerging criminal patterns, as well as charting officer performance by quantifying criminal apprehensions. Critics of the system assert that it creates an environment in which police officials are encouraged to underreport or otherwise manipulate crime data.", "Critics of the system assert that it creates an environment in which police officials are encouraged to underreport or otherwise manipulate crime data. An extensive study found a high correlation between crime rates reported by the police through CompStat and rates of crime available from other sources, suggesting there had been no manipulation. The CompStat initiative won the 1996 Innovations in Government Award from the Kennedy School of Government. During Giuliani's administration, crime rates dropped in New York City. The extent to which Giuliani deserves the credit is disputed.", "The extent to which Giuliani deserves the credit is disputed. Crime rates in New York City had started to drop in 1991 under previous mayor David Dinkins, three years before Giuliani took office. The rates of most crimes, including all categories of violent crime, made consecutive declines during the last 36 months of Dinkins's four-year term, ending a 30-year upward spiral. A small nationwide drop in crime preceded Giuliani's election, and some critics say he may have been the beneficiary of a trend already in progress.", "A small nationwide drop in crime preceded Giuliani's election, and some critics say he may have been the beneficiary of a trend already in progress. Additional contributing factors to the overall decline in New York City crime during the 1990s were the addition of 7,000 officers to the NYPD, lobbied for and hired by the Dinkins administration, and an overall improvement in the national economy. Changing demographics were a key factor contributing to crime rate reductions, which were similar across the country during this time.", "Changing demographics were a key factor contributing to crime rate reductions, which were similar across the country during this time. Because the crime index is based on that of the FBI, which is self-reported by police departments, some have alleged that crimes were shifted into categories the FBI does not collect.", "Because the crime index is based on that of the FBI, which is self-reported by police departments, some have alleged that crimes were shifted into categories the FBI does not collect. Some studies conclude that the decline in New York City's crime rate in the 1990s and 2000s exceeds all national figures and therefore should be linked with a local dynamic that was not present as such anywhere else in the country: what University of California, Berkeley sociologist Frank Zimring calls \"the most focused form of policing in history\".", "Some studies conclude that the decline in New York City's crime rate in the 1990s and 2000s exceeds all national figures and therefore should be linked with a local dynamic that was not present as such anywhere else in the country: what University of California, Berkeley sociologist Frank Zimring calls \"the most focused form of policing in history\". In his book The Great American Crime Decline, Zimring argues that \"up to half of New York's crime drop in the 1990s, and virtually 100 percent of its continuing crime decline since 2000, has resulted from policing.\"", "In his book The Great American Crime Decline, Zimring argues that \"up to half of New York's crime drop in the 1990s, and virtually 100 percent of its continuing crime decline since 2000, has resulted from policing.\" Bratton was featured on the cover of Time magazine in 1996. Giuliani reportedly forced Bratton out after two years, in what was seen as a battle of two large egos in which Giuliani was not tolerant of Bratton's celebrity. Bratton went on to become chief of the Los Angeles Police Department.", "Bratton went on to become chief of the Los Angeles Police Department. Giuliani's term also saw allegations of civil rights abuses and other police misconduct under other commissioners after Bratton's departure. There were police shootings of unarmed suspects, and the scandals surrounding the torture of Abner Louima and the killings of Amadou Diallo, Gidone Busch and Patrick Dorismond. Giuliani supported the New York City Police Department, for example by releasing what he called Dorismond's \"extensive criminal record\" to the public, including a sealed juvenile file.", "Giuliani supported the New York City Police Department, for example by releasing what he called Dorismond's \"extensive criminal record\" to the public, including a sealed juvenile file. City services The Giuliani administration advocated the privatization of the city's public schools, which he called \"dysfunctional\", and advocated the reduction of state funding for them. He advocated for a voucher-based system to promote private schooling. Giuliani supported protection for illegal immigrants.", "Giuliani supported protection for illegal immigrants. Giuliani supported protection for illegal immigrants. He continued a policy of preventing city employees from contacting the Immigration and Naturalization Service about immigration violations, on the grounds that illegal aliens should be able to take actions such as sending their children to school or reporting crimes to the police without fear of deportation. During his mayoralty, gay and lesbian New Yorkers received domestic partnership rights.", "During his mayoralty, gay and lesbian New Yorkers received domestic partnership rights. Giuliani induced the city's Democratic-controlled New York City Council, which had avoided the issue for years, to pass legislation providing broad protection for same-sex partners. In 1998, he codified local law by granting all city employees equal benefits for their domestic partners. 2000 U.S. Senate campaign Due to term limits, Giuliani was ineligible to run in 2001 for a third term as mayor. In November 1998, four-term incumbent Democratic U.S.", "In November 1998, four-term incumbent Democratic U.S. In November 1998, four-term incumbent Democratic U.S. Senator Daniel Patrick Moynihan announced his retirement and Giuliani immediately indicated an interest in running in the 2000 election for the now-open seat. Due to his high profile and visibility Giuliani was supported by the state Republican Party. Giuliani's entrance led Democratic Congressman Charles Rangel and others to recruit then-First Lady Hillary Clinton to run for Moynihan's seat, hoping she might combat his star power.", "Giuliani's entrance led Democratic Congressman Charles Rangel and others to recruit then-First Lady Hillary Clinton to run for Moynihan's seat, hoping she might combat his star power. An early January 1999 poll showed Giuliani trailing Clinton by ten points. In April 1999, Giuliani formed an exploratory committee in connection with the Senate run. By January 2000, polling for the race dramatically reversed, with Giuliani now pulling nine points ahead of Clinton, in part because his campaign was able to take advantage of several campaign stumbles by Clinton.", "By January 2000, polling for the race dramatically reversed, with Giuliani now pulling nine points ahead of Clinton, in part because his campaign was able to take advantage of several campaign stumbles by Clinton. Nevertheless, the Giuliani campaign was showing some structural weaknesses; so closely identified with New York City, he had somewhat limited appeal to normally Republican voters in Upstate New York.", "Nevertheless, the Giuliani campaign was showing some structural weaknesses; so closely identified with New York City, he had somewhat limited appeal to normally Republican voters in Upstate New York. The New York Police Department's fatal shooting of Patrick Dorismond in March 2000 inflamed Giuliani's already strained relations with the city's minority communities, and Clinton seized on it as a major campaign issue. By April 2000, reports showed Clinton gaining upstate and generally outworking Giuliani, who said his duties as mayor prevented him from campaigning more.", "By April 2000, reports showed Clinton gaining upstate and generally outworking Giuliani, who said his duties as mayor prevented him from campaigning more. Clinton was now eight to ten points ahead of Giuliani in the polls. Then followed four tumultuous weeks in which Giuliani learned he had prostate cancer and needed treatment; his extramarital relationship with Judith Nathan became public and the subject of a media frenzy; and he announced a separation from his wife Donna Hanover.", "Then followed four tumultuous weeks in which Giuliani learned he had prostate cancer and needed treatment; his extramarital relationship with Judith Nathan became public and the subject of a media frenzy; and he announced a separation from his wife Donna Hanover. After much indecision, on May 19, Giuliani announced his withdrawal from the Senate race. September 11 terrorist attacks Response Giuliani received nationwide attention in the aftermath of the September11 attacks.", "September 11 terrorist attacks Response Giuliani received nationwide attention in the aftermath of the September11 attacks. He made frequent appearances on radio and television on September11 and afterwardsfor example, to indicate that tunnels would be closed as a precautionary measure, and that there was no reason to believe the dispersion of chemical or biological weaponry into the air was a factor in the attack. In his public statements, Giuliani said: The 9/11 attacks occurred on the scheduled date of the mayoral primary to select the Democratic and Republican candidates to succeed Giuliani.", "In his public statements, Giuliani said: The 9/11 attacks occurred on the scheduled date of the mayoral primary to select the Democratic and Republican candidates to succeed Giuliani. The primary was immediately delayed two weeks to September 25. During this period, Giuliani sought an unprecedented three-month emergency extension of his term from January1 to April1 under the New York State Constitution (Article3 Section 25).", "During this period, Giuliani sought an unprecedented three-month emergency extension of his term from January1 to April1 under the New York State Constitution (Article3 Section 25). He threatened to challenge the law imposing term limits on elected city officials and run for another full four-year term, if the primary candidates did not consent to the extension of his mayoralty. In the end leaders in the State Assembly and Senate indicated that they did not believe the extension was necessary.", "In the end leaders in the State Assembly and Senate indicated that they did not believe the extension was necessary. The election proceeded as scheduled, and the winning candidate, the Giuliani-endorsed Republican convert Michael Bloomberg, took office on January 1, 2002, per normal custom. Giuliani claimed to have been at the Ground Zero site \"as often, if not more, than most workers... I was there working with them. I was exposed to exactly the same things they were exposed to.", "I was exposed to exactly the same things they were exposed to. So in that sense, I'm one of them.\" Some 9/11 workers have objected to those claims. While his appointment logs were unavailable for the six days immediately following the attacks, Giuliani logged 29 hours at the site over three months beginning September 17. This contrasted with recovery workers at the site who spent this much time at the site in two to three days.", "This contrasted with recovery workers at the site who spent this much time at the site in two to three days. When Saudi Prince Alwaleed bin Talal suggested the attacks were an indication that the United States \"should re-examine its policies in the Middle East and adopt a more balanced stand toward the Palestinian cause,\" Giuliani asserted, \"There is no moral equivalent for this act.", "When Saudi Prince Alwaleed bin Talal suggested the attacks were an indication that the United States \"should re-examine its policies in the Middle East and adopt a more balanced stand toward the Palestinian cause,\" Giuliani asserted, \"There is no moral equivalent for this act. There is no justification for it... And one of the reasons I think this happened is because people were engaged in moral equivalency in not understanding the difference between liberal democracies like the United States, like Israel, and terrorist states and those who condone terrorism.", "There is no justification for it... And one of the reasons I think this happened is because people were engaged in moral equivalency in not understanding the difference between liberal democracies like the United States, like Israel, and terrorist states and those who condone terrorism. So I think not only are those statements wrong, they're part of the problem.\" Giuliani subsequently rejected the prince's $10million donation to disaster relief in the aftermath of the attack.", "Giuliani subsequently rejected the prince's $10million donation to disaster relief in the aftermath of the attack. Emergency command center location and communications problems Giuliani has been widely criticized for his decision to locate the Office of Emergency Management headquarters on the 23rd floor inside the 7 World Trade Center building. Those opposing the decision perceived the office as a target for a terrorist attack in light of the previous terrorist attack against the World Trade Center in 1993. The office was unable to coordinate efforts between police and firefighters properly while evacuating its headquarters.", "The office was unable to coordinate efforts between police and firefighters properly while evacuating its headquarters. Large tanks of diesel fuel were placed in 7World Trade to power the command center. In May 1997, Giuliani put responsibility for selecting the location on Jerome M. Hauer, who had served under Giuliani from 1996 to 2000 before being appointed by him as New York City's first Director of Emergency Management.", "In May 1997, Giuliani put responsibility for selecting the location on Jerome M. Hauer, who had served under Giuliani from 1996 to 2000 before being appointed by him as New York City's first Director of Emergency Management. Hauer has taken exception to that account in interviews and provided Fox News and New York Magazine with a memo demonstrating that he recommended a location in Brooklyn but was overruled by Giuliani.", "Hauer has taken exception to that account in interviews and provided Fox News and New York Magazine with a memo demonstrating that he recommended a location in Brooklyn but was overruled by Giuliani. Television journalist Chris Wallace interviewed Giuliani on May 13, 2007, about his 1997 decision to locate the command center at the World Trade Center. Giuliani laughed during Wallace's questions and said that Hauer recommended the World Trade Center site and claimed that Hauer said the WTC site was the best location.", "Giuliani laughed during Wallace's questions and said that Hauer recommended the World Trade Center site and claimed that Hauer said the WTC site was the best location. Wallace presented Giuliani a photocopy of Hauer's directive letter. The letter urged Giuliani to locate the command center in Brooklyn, instead of lower Manhattan. The February 1996 memo read, \"The [Brooklyn] building is secure and not as visible a target as buildings in Lower Manhattan.\"", "The February 1996 memo read, \"The [Brooklyn] building is secure and not as visible a target as buildings in Lower Manhattan.\" In January 2008, an eight-page memo was revealed which detailed the New York City Police Department's opposition in 1998 to location of the city's emergency command center at the Trade Center site. The Giuliani administration overrode these concerns. The 9/11 Commission Report noted that lack of preparedness could have led to the deaths of first responders at the scene of the attacks.", "The 9/11 Commission Report noted that lack of preparedness could have led to the deaths of first responders at the scene of the attacks. The Commission noted that the radios in use by the fire department were the same radios which had been criticized for their ineffectiveness following the 1993 World Trade Center bombings. Family members of 9/11 victims have said these radios were a complaint of emergency services responders for years.", "Family members of 9/11 victims have said these radios were a complaint of emergency services responders for years. The radios were not working when Fire Department chiefs ordered the 343 firefighters inside the towers to evacuate, and they remained in the towers as the towers collapsed. However, when Giuliani testified before the 9/11 Commission he said the firefighters ignored the evacuation order out of an effort to save lives. Giuliani testified to the commission, where some family members of responders who had died in the attacks appeared to protest his statements.", "Giuliani testified to the commission, where some family members of responders who had died in the attacks appeared to protest his statements. A 1994 mayoral office study of the radios indicated that they were faulty. Replacement radios were purchased in a $33million no-bid contract with Motorola, and implemented in early 2001. However, the radios were recalled in March 2001 after a probationary firefighter's calls for help at a house fire could not be picked up by others at the scene, leaving firemen with the old analog radios from 1993.", "However, the radios were recalled in March 2001 after a probationary firefighter's calls for help at a house fire could not be picked up by others at the scene, leaving firemen with the old analog radios from 1993. A book later published by Commission members Thomas Kean and Lee H. Hamilton, Without Precedent: The Inside Story of the 9/11 Commission, argued that the commission had not pursued a tough enough line of questioning with Giuliani.", "A book later published by Commission members Thomas Kean and Lee H. Hamilton, Without Precedent: The Inside Story of the 9/11 Commission, argued that the commission had not pursued a tough enough line of questioning with Giuliani. An October 2001 study by the National Institute of Environmental Safety and Health said cleanup workers lacked adequate protective gear. Public reaction Giuliani gained international attention in the wake of the attacks and was widely hailed for his leadership role during the crisis.", "Public reaction Giuliani gained international attention in the wake of the attacks and was widely hailed for his leadership role during the crisis. Polls taken just six weeks after the attack showed a 79 percent approval rating among New York City voters. This was a dramatic increase over the 36 percent rating he had received a year earlier, which was an average at the end of a two-term mayorship. Oprah Winfrey called him \"America's Mayor\" at a 9/11 memorial service held at Yankee Stadium on September 23, 2001.", "Oprah Winfrey called him \"America's Mayor\" at a 9/11 memorial service held at Yankee Stadium on September 23, 2001. Other voices denied it was the mayor who had pulled the city together. \"You didn't bring us together, our pain brought us together and our decency brought us together. We would have come together if Bozo was the mayor,\" said civil rights activist Al Sharpton, in a statement largely supported by Fernando Ferrer, one of three main candidates for the mayoralty at the end of 2001.", "We would have come together if Bozo was the mayor,\" said civil rights activist Al Sharpton, in a statement largely supported by Fernando Ferrer, one of three main candidates for the mayoralty at the end of 2001. \"He was a power-hungry person,\" Sharpton also said. Giuliani was praised by some for his close involvement with the rescue and recovery efforts, but others argue that \"Giuliani has exaggerated the role he played after the terrorist attacks, casting himself as a hero for political gain.\"", "Giuliani was praised by some for his close involvement with the rescue and recovery efforts, but others argue that \"Giuliani has exaggerated the role he played after the terrorist attacks, casting himself as a hero for political gain.\" Giuliani has collected $11.4million from speaking fees in a single year (with increased demand after the attacks). Before September11, Giuliani's assets were estimated to be somewhat less than $2million, but his net worth could now be as high as 30 times that amount.", "Before September11, Giuliani's assets were estimated to be somewhat less than $2million, but his net worth could now be as high as 30 times that amount. He has made most of his money since leaving office. Time Person of the Year On December 24, 2001, Time magazine named Giuliani its Person of the Year for 2001. Time observed that, before 9/11, Giuliani's public image had been that of a rigid, self-righteous, ambitious politician.", "Time observed that, before 9/11, Giuliani's public image had been that of a rigid, self-righteous, ambitious politician. After 9/11, and perhaps owing also to his bout with prostate cancer, his public image became that of a man who could be counted on to unite a city in the midst of its greatest crisis. Historian Vincent J. Cannato concluded in September 2006: Aftermath For his leadership on and after September 11, Giuliani was given an honorary knighthood (KBE) by Queen Elizabeth II on February 13, 2002.", "Historian Vincent J. Cannato concluded in September 2006: Aftermath For his leadership on and after September 11, Giuliani was given an honorary knighthood (KBE) by Queen Elizabeth II on February 13, 2002. Giuliani initially downplayed the health effects arising from the September 11 attacks in the Financial District and lower Manhattan areas in the vicinity of the World Trade Center site. He moved quickly to reopen Wall Street, and it was reopened on September 17.", "He moved quickly to reopen Wall Street, and it was reopened on September 17. In the first month after the attacks, he said \"The air quality is safe and acceptable.\" Giuliani took control away from agencies such as the Federal Emergency Management Agency, the Army Corps of Engineers and the Occupational Safety and Health Administration, leaving the \"largely unknown\" city Department of Design and Construction in charge of recovery and cleanup. Documents indicate that the Giuliani administration never enforced federal requirements requiring the wearing of respirators.", "Documents indicate that the Giuliani administration never enforced federal requirements requiring the wearing of respirators. Concurrently, the administration threatened companies with dismissal if cleanup work slowed. In June 2007, Christie Todd Whitman, former Republican Governor of New Jersey and director of the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), reportedly said the EPA had pushed for workers at the WTC site to wear respirators but she had been blocked by Giuliani. She said she believed the subsequent lung disease and deaths suffered by WTC responders were a result of these actions.", "She said she believed the subsequent lung disease and deaths suffered by WTC responders were a result of these actions. However, former deputy mayor Joe Lhota, then with the Giuliani campaign, replied, \"All workers at Ground Zero were instructed repeatedly to wear their respirators.\" Giuliani asked the city's Congressional delegation to limit the city's liability for Ground Zero illnesses to a total of $350million.", "Giuliani asked the city's Congressional delegation to limit the city's liability for Ground Zero illnesses to a total of $350million. Two years after Giuliani finished his term, FEMA appropriated $1billion to a special insurance fund, called the World Trade Center Captive Insurance Company, to protect the city against 9/11 lawsuits.", "Two years after Giuliani finished his term, FEMA appropriated $1billion to a special insurance fund, called the World Trade Center Captive Insurance Company, to protect the city against 9/11 lawsuits. In February 2007, the International Association of Fire Fighters issued a letter asserting that Giuliani rushed to conclude the recovery effort once gold and silver had been recovered from World Trade Center vaults and thereby prevented the remains of many victims from being recovered: \"Mayor Giuliani's actions meant that fire fighters and citizens who perished would either remain buried at Ground Zero forever, with no closure for families, or be removed like garbage and deposited at the Fresh Kills Landfill,\" it said, adding: \"Hundreds remained entombed in Ground Zero when Giuliani gave up on them.\"", "In February 2007, the International Association of Fire Fighters issued a letter asserting that Giuliani rushed to conclude the recovery effort once gold and silver had been recovered from World Trade Center vaults and thereby prevented the remains of many victims from being recovered: \"Mayor Giuliani's actions meant that fire fighters and citizens who perished would either remain buried at Ground Zero forever, with no closure for families, or be removed like garbage and deposited at the Fresh Kills Landfill,\" it said, adding: \"Hundreds remained entombed in Ground Zero when Giuliani gave up on them.\" Lawyers for the International Association of Fire Fighters seek to interview Giuliani under oath as part of a federal legal action alleging that New York City negligently dumped body parts and other human remains in the Fresh Kills Landfill.", "Lawyers for the International Association of Fire Fighters seek to interview Giuliani under oath as part of a federal legal action alleging that New York City negligently dumped body parts and other human remains in the Fresh Kills Landfill. Post-mayoralty Politics Before 2008 election Since leaving office as mayor, Giuliani has remained politically active by campaigning for Republican candidates for political offices at all levels. When George Pataki became Governor in 1995, this represented the first time the positions of both Mayor and Governor were held simultaneously by Republicans since John Lindsay and Nelson Rockefeller.", "When George Pataki became Governor in 1995, this represented the first time the positions of both Mayor and Governor were held simultaneously by Republicans since John Lindsay and Nelson Rockefeller. Giuliani and Pataki were instrumental in bringing the 2004 Republican National Convention to New York City. He was a speaker at the convention, and endorsed President George W. Bush for re-election by recalling that immediately after the World Trade Center towers fell, Similarly, in June 2006, Giuliani started a website called Solutions America to help elect Republican candidates across the nation.", "He was a speaker at the convention, and endorsed President George W. Bush for re-election by recalling that immediately after the World Trade Center towers fell, Similarly, in June 2006, Giuliani started a website called Solutions America to help elect Republican candidates across the nation. After campaigning on Bush's behalf in the U.S. presidential election of 2004, he was reportedly the top choice for Secretary of Homeland Security after Tom Ridge's resignation.", "After campaigning on Bush's behalf in the U.S. presidential election of 2004, he was reportedly the top choice for Secretary of Homeland Security after Tom Ridge's resignation. When suggestions were made that Giuliani's confirmation hearings would be marred by details of his past affairs and scandals, he turned down the offer and instead recommended his friend and former New York Police Commissioner Bernard Kerik.", "When suggestions were made that Giuliani's confirmation hearings would be marred by details of his past affairs and scandals, he turned down the offer and instead recommended his friend and former New York Police Commissioner Bernard Kerik. After the formal announcement of Kerik's nomination, information about Kerik's pastmost notably, that he had ties to organized crime, had failed to properly report gifts he had received, had been sued for sexual harassment and had employed an undocumented alien as a domestic servantbecame known, and Kerik withdrew his nomination.", "After the formal announcement of Kerik's nomination, information about Kerik's pastmost notably, that he had ties to organized crime, had failed to properly report gifts he had received, had been sued for sexual harassment and had employed an undocumented alien as a domestic servantbecame known, and Kerik withdrew his nomination. On March 15, 2006, Congress formed the Iraq Study Group (ISG). This bipartisan ten-person panel, of which Giuliani was one of the members, was charged with assessing the Iraq War and making recommendations.", "This bipartisan ten-person panel, of which Giuliani was one of the members, was charged with assessing the Iraq War and making recommendations. They would eventually unanimously conclude that contrary to Bush administration assertions, \"The situation in Iraq is grave and deteriorating\" and called for \"changes in the primary mission\" that would allow \"the United States to begin to move its forces out of Iraq\".", "They would eventually unanimously conclude that contrary to Bush administration assertions, \"The situation in Iraq is grave and deteriorating\" and called for \"changes in the primary mission\" that would allow \"the United States to begin to move its forces out of Iraq\". On May 24, 2006, after missing all the group's meetings, including a briefing from General David Petraeus, former Secretary of State Colin Powell and former Army Chief of Staff Eric Shinseki, Giuliani resigned from the panel, citing \"previous time commitments\".", "On May 24, 2006, after missing all the group's meetings, including a briefing from General David Petraeus, former Secretary of State Colin Powell and former Army Chief of Staff Eric Shinseki, Giuliani resigned from the panel, citing \"previous time commitments\". Giuliani's fundraising schedule had kept him from participating in the panel, a schedule which raised $11.4million in speaking fees over fourteen months, and that Giuliani had been forced to resign after being given \"an ultimatum to either show up for meetings or leave the group\" by group leader James Baker.", "Giuliani's fundraising schedule had kept him from participating in the panel, a schedule which raised $11.4million in speaking fees over fourteen months, and that Giuliani had been forced to resign after being given \"an ultimatum to either show up for meetings or leave the group\" by group leader James Baker. Giuliani subsequently said he had started thinking about running for president, and being on the panel might give it a political spin.", "Giuliani subsequently said he had started thinking about running for president, and being on the panel might give it a political spin. Giuliani was described by Newsweek in January 2007 as \"one of the most consistent cheerleaders for the president's handling of the war in Iraq\" and as of June 2007, he remained one of the few candidates for president to unequivocally support both the basis for the invasion and the execution of the war.", "Giuliani was described by Newsweek in January 2007 as \"one of the most consistent cheerleaders for the president's handling of the war in Iraq\" and as of June 2007, he remained one of the few candidates for president to unequivocally support both the basis for the invasion and the execution of the war. Giuliani spoke in support of the removal of the People's Mujahedin of Iran (MEK, also PMOI, MKO) from the United States State Department list of Foreign Terrorist Organizations.", "Giuliani spoke in support of the removal of the People's Mujahedin of Iran (MEK, also PMOI, MKO) from the United States State Department list of Foreign Terrorist Organizations. The group was on the State Department list from 1997 until September 2012. They were placed on the list for killing six Americans in Iran during the 1970s and attempting to attack the Iranian mission to the United Nations in 1992.", "They were placed on the list for killing six Americans in Iran during the 1970s and attempting to attack the Iranian mission to the United Nations in 1992. Giuliani, along with other former government officials and politicians Ed Rendell, R. James Woolsey, Porter Goss, Louis Freeh, Michael Mukasey, James L. Jones, Tom Ridge, and Howard Dean, were criticized for their involvement with the group. Some were subpoenaed during an inquiry about who was paying the prominent individuals' speaking fees.", "Some were subpoenaed during an inquiry about who was paying the prominent individuals' speaking fees. Giuliani and others wrote an article for the conservative publication National Review stating their position that the group should not be classified as a terrorist organization. They supported their position by pointing out that the United Kingdom and the European Union had already removed the group from their terrorism lists. They further assert that only the United States and Iran still listed it as a terrorist group. However, Canada did not delist the group until December 2012.", "However, Canada did not delist the group until December 2012. 2008 presidential campaign In November 2006, Giuliani announced the formation of an exploratory committee toward a run for the presidency in 2008. In February 2007, he filed a \"statement of candidacy\" and confirmed on the television program Larry King Live that he was indeed running. Early polls showed Giuliani with one of the highest levels of name recognition ever recorded along with high levels of support among the Republican candidates.", "Early polls showed Giuliani with one of the highest levels of name recognition ever recorded along with high levels of support among the Republican candidates. Throughout most of 2007, he was the leader in most nationwide opinion polling among Republicans. Senator John McCain, who ranked a close second behind the New York Mayor, had faded, and most polls showed Giuliani to have more support than any of the other declared Republican candidates, with only former Senator Fred Thompson and former Governor Mitt Romney showing greater support in some per-state Republican polls.", "Senator John McCain, who ranked a close second behind the New York Mayor, had faded, and most polls showed Giuliani to have more support than any of the other declared Republican candidates, with only former Senator Fred Thompson and former Governor Mitt Romney showing greater support in some per-state Republican polls. On November 7, 2007, Giuliani's campaign received an endorsement from evangelist, Christian Broadcasting Network founder, and past presidential candidate Pat Robertson.", "On November 7, 2007, Giuliani's campaign received an endorsement from evangelist, Christian Broadcasting Network founder, and past presidential candidate Pat Robertson. This was viewed by political observers as a possibly key development in the race, as it gave credence that evangelicals and other social conservatives could support Giuliani despite some of his positions on social issues such as abortion and gay rights.", "This was viewed by political observers as a possibly key development in the race, as it gave credence that evangelicals and other social conservatives could support Giuliani despite some of his positions on social issues such as abortion and gay rights. Giuliani's campaign hit a difficult stretch during the last two months of 2007, when Bernard Kerik, whom Giuliani had recommended for the position of Secretary of Homeland Security, was indicted on 16 counts of tax fraud and other federal charges.", "Giuliani's campaign hit a difficult stretch during the last two months of 2007, when Bernard Kerik, whom Giuliani had recommended for the position of Secretary of Homeland Security, was indicted on 16 counts of tax fraud and other federal charges. The media reported that when Giuliani was the mayor of New York, he billed several tens of thousands of dollars of mayoral security expenses to obscure city agencies.", "The media reported that when Giuliani was the mayor of New York, he billed several tens of thousands of dollars of mayoral security expenses to obscure city agencies. Those expenses were incurred while he visited Judith Nathan, with whom he was having an extramarital affair (later analysis showed the billing to likely be unrelated to hiding Nathan). Several stories were published in the press regarding clients of Giuliani Partners and Bracewell & Giuliani who were in opposition to goals of American foreign policy.", "Several stories were published in the press regarding clients of Giuliani Partners and Bracewell & Giuliani who were in opposition to goals of American foreign policy. Giuliani's national poll numbers began steadily slipping and his unusual strategy of focusing more on later, multi-primary big states rather than the smaller, first-voting states was seen at risk. Despite his strategy, Giuliani competed to a substantial extent in the January 8, 2008, New Hampshire primary but finished a distant fourth with 9percent of the vote.", "Despite his strategy, Giuliani competed to a substantial extent in the January 8, 2008, New Hampshire primary but finished a distant fourth with 9percent of the vote. Similar poor results continued in other early contests, when Giuliani's staff went without pay in order to focus all efforts on the crucial late January Florida Republican primary. The shift of the electorate's focus from national security to the state of the economy also hurt Giuliani, as did the resurgence of McCain's similarly themed campaign.", "The shift of the electorate's focus from national security to the state of the economy also hurt Giuliani, as did the resurgence of McCain's similarly themed campaign. On January 29, 2008, Giuliani finished a distant third in the Florida result with 15percent of the vote, trailing McCain and Romney. Facing declining polls and lost leads in the upcoming large Super Tuesday states, including that of his home New York, Giuliani withdrew from the race on January 30, endorsing McCain.", "Facing declining polls and lost leads in the upcoming large Super Tuesday states, including that of his home New York, Giuliani withdrew from the race on January 30, endorsing McCain. Giuliani's campaign ended up $3.6million in arrears, and in June 2008 Giuliani sought to retire the debt by proposing to appear at Republican fundraisers during the 2008 general election, and have part of the proceeds go towards his campaign.", "Giuliani's campaign ended up $3.6million in arrears, and in June 2008 Giuliani sought to retire the debt by proposing to appear at Republican fundraisers during the 2008 general election, and have part of the proceeds go towards his campaign. During the 2008 Republican National Convention, Giuliani gave a prime-time speech that praised McCain and his running mate, Sarah Palin, while criticizing Democratic nominee Barack Obama.", "During the 2008 Republican National Convention, Giuliani gave a prime-time speech that praised McCain and his running mate, Sarah Palin, while criticizing Democratic nominee Barack Obama. He cited Palin's executive experience as a mayor and governor and belittled Obama's lack of same, and his remarks were met with wild applause from the delegates. Giuliani continued to be one of McCain's most active surrogates during the remainder of McCain's eventually unsuccessful campaign.", "Giuliani continued to be one of McCain's most active surrogates during the remainder of McCain's eventually unsuccessful campaign. After 2008 election Following the end of his presidential campaign, Giuliani's \"high appearance fees dropped like a stone\". He returned to work at both Giuliani Partners and Bracewell & Giuliani. His consultancy work included advising Keiko Fujimori with her presidential campaign during the 2011 Peruvian general election.", "His consultancy work included advising Keiko Fujimori with her presidential campaign during the 2011 Peruvian general election. Giuliani also explored hosting a syndicated radio show, and was reported to be in talks with Westwood One about replacing Bill O'Reilly before that position went to Fred Thompson (another unsuccessful 2008 GOP presidential primary candidate). During the March 2009 AIG bonus payments controversy, Giuliani called for U.S. Treasury Secretary Timothy Geithner to step down and said the Obama administration lacked executive competence in dealing with the ongoing financial crisis.", "During the March 2009 AIG bonus payments controversy, Giuliani called for U.S. Treasury Secretary Timothy Geithner to step down and said the Obama administration lacked executive competence in dealing with the ongoing financial crisis. Giuliani said his political career was not necessarily over, and did not rule out a 2010 New York gubernatorial or 2012 presidential bid.", "Giuliani said his political career was not necessarily over, and did not rule out a 2010 New York gubernatorial or 2012 presidential bid. A November 2008 Siena College poll indicated that although Governor David Patersonpromoted to the office via the Eliot Spitzer prostitution scandal a year beforewas popular among New Yorkers, he would have just a slight lead over Giuliani in a hypothetical matchup.", "A November 2008 Siena College poll indicated that although Governor David Patersonpromoted to the office via the Eliot Spitzer prostitution scandal a year beforewas popular among New Yorkers, he would have just a slight lead over Giuliani in a hypothetical matchup. By February 2009, after the prolonged Senate appointment process, a Siena College poll indicated that Paterson was losing popularity among New Yorkers, and showed Giuliani with a fifteen-point lead in the hypothetical contest.", "By February 2009, after the prolonged Senate appointment process, a Siena College poll indicated that Paterson was losing popularity among New Yorkers, and showed Giuliani with a fifteen-point lead in the hypothetical contest. In January 2009, Giuliani said he would not decide on a gubernatorial run for another six to eight months, adding that he thought it would not be fair to the governor to start campaigning early while the governor tries to focus on his job.", "In January 2009, Giuliani said he would not decide on a gubernatorial run for another six to eight months, adding that he thought it would not be fair to the governor to start campaigning early while the governor tries to focus on his job. Giuliani worked to retire his presidential campaign debt, but by the end of March 2009 it was still $2.4million in arrears, the largest such remaining amount for any of the 2008 contenders.", "Giuliani worked to retire his presidential campaign debt, but by the end of March 2009 it was still $2.4million in arrears, the largest such remaining amount for any of the 2008 contenders. In April 2009, Giuliani strongly opposed Paterson's announced push for same-sex marriage in New York and said it would likely cause a backlash that could put Republicans in statewide office in 2010. By late August 2009, there were still conflicting reports about whether Giuliani was likely to run.", "By late August 2009, there were still conflicting reports about whether Giuliani was likely to run. On December 23, 2009, Giuliani announced that he would not seek any office in 2010, saying \"The main reason has to do with my two enterprises: Bracewell & Giuliani and Giuliani Partners. I'm very busy in both.\" The decisions signaled a possible end to Giuliani's political career. During the 2010 midterm elections, Giuliani endorsed and campaigned for Bob Ehrlich and Marco Rubio.", "During the 2010 midterm elections, Giuliani endorsed and campaigned for Bob Ehrlich and Marco Rubio. On October 11, 2011, Giuliani announced that he was not running for president. According to Kevin Law, the Director of the Long Island Association, Giuliani believed that \"As a moderate, he thought it was a pretty significant challenge.", "According to Kevin Law, the Director of the Long Island Association, Giuliani believed that \"As a moderate, he thought it was a pretty significant challenge. He said it's tough to be a moderate and succeed in GOP primaries,\" Giuliani said \"If it's too late for (New Jersey Governor) Chris Christie, it's too late for me.\"", "He said it's tough to be a moderate and succeed in GOP primaries,\" Giuliani said \"If it's too late for (New Jersey Governor) Chris Christie, it's too late for me.\" At a Republican fund-raising event in February 2015, Giuliani said, \"I do not believe, and I know this is a horrible thing to say, but I do not believe that the president Obama loves America,\" and \"He doesn't love you. And he doesn't love me.", "And he doesn't love me. And he doesn't love me. He wasn't brought up the way you were brought up and I was brought up, through love of this country.\" In response to criticism of the remarks, Giuliani said, \"Some people thought it was racistI thought that was a joke, since he was brought up by a white mother... This isn't racism. This is socialism or possibly anti-colonialism.\"", "This is socialism or possibly anti-colonialism.\" This is socialism or possibly anti-colonialism.\" White House deputy press secretary Eric Schultz said he agreed with Giuliani \"that it was a horrible thing to say\", but he would leave it up to the people who heard Giuliani directly to assess whether the remarks were appropriate for the event. Although he received some support for his controversial comments, Giuliani said he also received several death threats within 48 hours.", "Although he received some support for his controversial comments, Giuliani said he also received several death threats within 48 hours. Relationship with Donald Trump Presidential campaign supporter Giuliani supported Donald Trump in the 2016 U.S. presidential election. He gave a prime time speech during the first night of the 2016 Republican National Convention. Earlier in the day, Giuliani and former 2016 presidential candidate Ben Carson appeared at an event for the pro-Trump Great America PAC. Giuliani also appeared in a Great America PAC ad entitled \"Leadership\".", "Giuliani also appeared in a Great America PAC ad entitled \"Leadership\". Giuliani's and Jeff Sessions's appearances were staples at Trump campaign rallies. During the campaign, Giuliani praised Trump for his worldwide accomplishments and helping fellow New Yorkers in their time of need. He defended Trump against allegations of racism, sexual assault, and not paying any federal income taxes for as long as two decades.", "He defended Trump against allegations of racism, sexual assault, and not paying any federal income taxes for as long as two decades. In August 2016, Giuliani, while campaigning for Trump, claimed that in the \"eight years before Obama\" became president, \"we didn't have any successful radical Islamic terrorist attack in the United States\". It was noted that 9/11 happened during George W. Bush's first term.", "It was noted that 9/11 happened during George W. Bush's first term. Politifact brought up four more counter-examples (the 2002 Los Angeles International Airport shooting, the 2002 D.C. sniper attacks, the 2006 Seattle Jewish Federation shooting and the 2006 UNC SUV attack) to Giuliani's claim. Giuliani later said he was using \"abbreviated language\". Giuliani was believed to be a likely pick for Secretary of State in the Trump administration.", "Giuliani was believed to be a likely pick for Secretary of State in the Trump administration. However, on December 9, 2016, Trump announced that Giuliani had removed his name from consideration for any Cabinet post. Advisor to the president The president-elect named Giuliani his informal cybersecurity adviser on January 12, 2017. The status of this informal role for Giuliani is unclear because, in November 2018, Trump created the Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency (CISA), headed by Christopher Krebs as director and Matthew Travis as deputy.", "The status of this informal role for Giuliani is unclear because, in November 2018, Trump created the Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency (CISA), headed by Christopher Krebs as director and Matthew Travis as deputy. In the weeks following his appointment, Giuliani was forced to consult an Apple Store Genius Bar when he \"was locked out of his iPhone because he had forgotten the passcode and entered the wrong one at least 10 times\", belying his putative expertise in the field.", "In the weeks following his appointment, Giuliani was forced to consult an Apple Store Genius Bar when he \"was locked out of his iPhone because he had forgotten the passcode and entered the wrong one at least 10 times\", belying his putative expertise in the field. In January 2017, Giuliani said he advised President Trump in matters relating to Executive Order 13769, which barred citizens of seven Muslim-majority countries from entering the United States for 90 days. The order also suspended the admission of all refugees for 120 days.", "The order also suspended the admission of all refugees for 120 days. Giuliani has drawn scrutiny over his ties to foreign nations, regarding not registering per the Foreign Agents Registration Act (FARA). Personal lawyer In mid April 2018, Giuliani joined Trump's legal team, which dealt with the special counsel investigation by Robert Mueller into Russian interference in the 2016 U.S. elections. Giuliani said his goal was to negotiate a swift end to the investigation.", "Giuliani said his goal was to negotiate a swift end to the investigation. In early May, Giuliani made public that Trump had reimbursed his personal attorney Michael Cohen $130,000 that Cohen had paid to adult-film actress Stormy Daniels for her agreement not to talk about her alleged affair with Trump. Cohen had earlier insisted he used his own money to pay Daniels, and he implied that he had not been reimbursed. Trump had previously said he knew nothing about the matter.", "Trump had previously said he knew nothing about the matter. Within a week, Giuliani said some of his own statements regarding this matter were \"more rumor than anything else\". Later in May 2018, Giuliani, who was asked on whether the promotion of the Spygate conspiracy theory is meant to discredit the special counsel investigation, said the investigators \"are giving us the material to do it.", "Later in May 2018, Giuliani, who was asked on whether the promotion of the Spygate conspiracy theory is meant to discredit the special counsel investigation, said the investigators \"are giving us the material to do it. Of course, we have to do it in defending the president... it is for public opinion\" on whether to \"impeach or not impeach\" Trump.", "Of course, we have to do it in defending the president... it is for public opinion\" on whether to \"impeach or not impeach\" Trump. In June 2018, Giuliani claimed that a sitting president cannot be indicted: \"I don't know how you can indict while he's in office. No matter what it is. If President Trump shot [then-FBI director] James Comey, he'd be impeached the next day.", "If President Trump shot [then-FBI director] James Comey, he'd be impeached the next day. Impeach him, and then you can do whatever you want to do to him.\" In June 2018, Giuliani also said Trump should not testify to the special counsel investigation because \"our recollection keeps changing\". In early July, Giuliani characterized that Trump had previously asked Comey to \"give him [then-national security adviser Michael Flynn] a break\".", "In early July, Giuliani characterized that Trump had previously asked Comey to \"give him [then-national security adviser Michael Flynn] a break\". In mid-August, Giuliani denied making this comment: \"What I said was, that is what Comey is saying Trump said.\" On August 19 on Meet the Press, Giuliani argued that Trump should not testify to the special counsel investigation because Trump could be \"trapped into perjury\" just by telling \"somebody's version of the truth. Not the truth.\"", "Not the truth.\" Not the truth.\" Giuliani's argument continued: \"Truth isn't truth.\" Giuliani later clarified that he was \"referring to the situation where two people make precisely contradictory statements\". In late July, Giuliani defended Trump by saying \"collusion is not a crime\" and that Trump had done nothing wrong because he \"didn't hack\" or \"pay for the hacking\".", "In late July, Giuliani defended Trump by saying \"collusion is not a crime\" and that Trump had done nothing wrong because he \"didn't hack\" or \"pay for the hacking\". He later elaborated that his comments were a \"very, very familiar lawyer's argument\" to \"attack the legitimacy of the special counsel investigation\".", "He later elaborated that his comments were a \"very, very familiar lawyer's argument\" to \"attack the legitimacy of the special counsel investigation\". He also described and denied several supposed allegations that have never been publicly raised, regarding two earlier meetings among Trump campaign officials to set up the June 9, 2016, Trump Tower meeting with Russian citizens. In late August, Giuliani said the June 9, 2016, Trump Tower \"meeting was originally for the purpose of getting information about Hillary Clinton\".", "In late August, Giuliani said the June 9, 2016, Trump Tower \"meeting was originally for the purpose of getting information about Hillary Clinton\". Additionally in late July, Giuliani attacked Trump's former personal lawyer Michael Cohen as an \"incredible liar\", two months after calling Cohen an \"honest, honorable lawyer\". In mid-August, Giuliani defended Trump by saying: \"The president's an honest man.\"", "In mid-August, Giuliani defended Trump by saying: \"The president's an honest man.\" It was reported in early September that Giuliani said the White House could and likely would prevent the special counsel investigation from making public certain information in its final report which would be covered by executive privilege. Also according to Giuliani, Trump's personal legal team is already preparing a \"counter-report\" to refute the potential special counsel investigation's report. Giuliani privately urged Trump in 2017 to extradite Fethullah Gülen.", "Giuliani privately urged Trump in 2017 to extradite Fethullah Gülen. In late 2019, Giuliani represented Venezuelan businessman Alejandro Betancourt, meeting with the Justice Department to ask not to bring charges against him. In an interview with Olivia Nuzzi in New York magazine, Giuliani, who is a Roman Catholic of Italian descent, said, \"Don't tell me I'm anti-Semitic if I oppose George Soros... I'm more of a Jew than Soros is.\" George Soros is a Hungarian-born Jew who survived The Holocaust.", "George Soros is a Hungarian-born Jew who survived The Holocaust. The Anti-Defamation League replied, \"Mr. Giuliani should apologize and retract his comments immediately unless he seeks to dog whistle to hardcore anti-Semites and white supremacists who believe this garbage.\" In the last days of the Trump administration, when White House aides were soliciting fees to lobby for presidential pardons, Giuliani said that while he'd heard that large fees were being offered, he did not work on clemency cases, saying \"I have enough money.", "In the last days of the Trump administration, when White House aides were soliciting fees to lobby for presidential pardons, Giuliani said that while he'd heard that large fees were being offered, he did not work on clemency cases, saying \"I have enough money. I'm not starving.\" As of February 16, 2021, Giuliani was reportedly not actively involved in any of Trump's pending legal cases.", "As of February 16, 2021, Giuliani was reportedly not actively involved in any of Trump's pending legal cases. Attempts to get Ukraine to carry out investigations Since at least May 2019, Giuliani has been urging Ukraine's newly elected president, Volodymyr Zelensky, to investigate the oil company Burisma, whose board of directors once included Joe Biden's son Hunter Biden, and to check for irregularities in Ukraine's investigation of Paul Manafort.", "Attempts to get Ukraine to carry out investigations Since at least May 2019, Giuliani has been urging Ukraine's newly elected president, Volodymyr Zelensky, to investigate the oil company Burisma, whose board of directors once included Joe Biden's son Hunter Biden, and to check for irregularities in Ukraine's investigation of Paul Manafort. He said such investigations would benefit his client's defense, and that his efforts had Trump's full support. Toward this end, Giuliani met with Ukrainian officials throughout 2019.", "Toward this end, Giuliani met with Ukrainian officials throughout 2019. In July 2019, Buzzfeed News reported that two Soviet-born Americans, Lev Parnas and Igor Fruman, were liaisons between Giuliani and Ukrainian government officials in this effort. Parnas and Fruman, prolific Republican donors, have neither registered as foreign agents in the United States, nor been evaluated and approved by the State Department. Giuliani responded, \"This (report) is a pathetic effort to cover up what are enormous allegations of criminality by the Biden family.\"", "Giuliani responded, \"This (report) is a pathetic effort to cover up what are enormous allegations of criminality by the Biden family.\" Yet by September 2019, there had been no clear evidence of wrongdoing by the Bidens. As of October 1, 2019, Giuliani hired former Watergate prosecutor Jon Sale to represent him in the House Intelligence Committee's impeachment investigation. The committee also issued a subpoena to Giuliani asking him to release documents related to the Ukraine scandal.", "The committee also issued a subpoena to Giuliani asking him to release documents related to the Ukraine scandal. The New York Times reported on October 11, 2019, that the United States Attorney for the Southern District of New York, which Giuliani had once led, was investigating him for violating lobbying laws related to his activities in Ukraine.", "The New York Times reported on October 11, 2019, that the United States Attorney for the Southern District of New York, which Giuliani had once led, was investigating him for violating lobbying laws related to his activities in Ukraine. The following month, Bloomberg News reported that the investigation could extend to bribery of foreign officials or conspiracy, and The Wall Street Journal reported Giuliani was being investigated for a possible profit motive in a Ukrainian natural gas venture. Giuliani has denied having any interest in a Ukrainian natural gas venture.", "Giuliani has denied having any interest in a Ukrainian natural gas venture. In late November, the Wall Street Journal reported that federal prosecutors had just issued subpoenas to multiple associates of Giuliani to potentially investigate certain individuals, apparently including Giuliani, on numerous potential charges, including money laundering, obstruction of justice, conspiracy to defraud the United States, making false statements to the federal government, and mail/wire fraud.", "In late November, the Wall Street Journal reported that federal prosecutors had just issued subpoenas to multiple associates of Giuliani to potentially investigate certain individuals, apparently including Giuliani, on numerous potential charges, including money laundering, obstruction of justice, conspiracy to defraud the United States, making false statements to the federal government, and mail/wire fraud. Parnas and Fruman were arrested for campaign finance violations while attempting to board a one-way flight to Frankfurt from Washington Dulles International Airport on October 9, 2019.", "Parnas and Fruman were arrested for campaign finance violations while attempting to board a one-way flight to Frankfurt from Washington Dulles International Airport on October 9, 2019. Giuliani was paid $500,000 to consult for Lev Parnas's company named \"Fraud Guarantee\". Republican donor and Trump supporter Long Island attorney Charles Gucciardo paid Giuliani on behalf of Fraud Guarantee in two $250,000 payments, in September and October 2018. Fruman eventually pled guilty in September 2021 to having solicited a contribution by a foreign national.", "Fruman eventually pled guilty in September 2021 to having solicited a contribution by a foreign national. In May 2019, Giuliani described Ukraine's chief prosecutor Yuriy Lutsenko as a \"much more honest guy\" than his predecessor, Viktor Shokin. After Lutsenko was removed from office, he said in September 2019 that he found no evidence of wrongdoing by the Bidens, and that he had met Giuliani about ten times.", "After Lutsenko was removed from office, he said in September 2019 that he found no evidence of wrongdoing by the Bidens, and that he had met Giuliani about ten times. Giuliani then reversed his stance, saying that Shokin is the one people \"should have spoken to\", while Lutsenko acted \"corruptly\" and \"is exactly the prosecutor that Joe Biden put in in order to tank the case\".", "Giuliani then reversed his stance, saying that Shokin is the one people \"should have spoken to\", while Lutsenko acted \"corruptly\" and \"is exactly the prosecutor that Joe Biden put in in order to tank the case\". In September 2019, as reports surfaced that a whistleblower was alleging high-level misconduct related to Ukraine, Giuliani went on CNN to discuss the story.", "In September 2019, as reports surfaced that a whistleblower was alleging high-level misconduct related to Ukraine, Giuliani went on CNN to discuss the story. When asked if he had tried to get Ukrainian officials to investigate Biden, he initially replied \"No, actually I didn't,\" but thirty seconds later said, \"Of course I did.\" In a later tweet he seemed to confirm reports that Trump had withheld military assistance funds scheduled for Ukraine unless they carried out the investigation.", "In a later tweet he seemed to confirm reports that Trump had withheld military assistance funds scheduled for Ukraine unless they carried out the investigation. He said, \"The reality is that the president of the United States, whoever he is, has every right to tell the president of another country you better straighten out the corruption in your country if you want me to give you a lot of money. If you're so damn corrupt that you can't investigate allegationsour money is going to get squandered.\"", "If you're so damn corrupt that you can't investigate allegationsour money is going to get squandered.\" Tom Bossert, a former Homeland Security Advisor in the Trump administration, described Giuliani's theory that Ukraine was involved in 2016 U.S. election interference as \"debunked\"; Giuliani responded that Bossert \"doesn't know what the hell he's talking about\".", "Tom Bossert, a former Homeland Security Advisor in the Trump administration, described Giuliani's theory that Ukraine was involved in 2016 U.S. election interference as \"debunked\"; Giuliani responded that Bossert \"doesn't know what the hell he's talking about\". On September 30, 2019, the House Intelligence Committee issued a subpoena to Giuliani asking him to release documents concerning the Ukraine scandal to Committee members by October 15, 2019.", "On September 30, 2019, the House Intelligence Committee issued a subpoena to Giuliani asking him to release documents concerning the Ukraine scandal to Committee members by October 15, 2019. On October 2, 2019, Steve Linick, the State Department's inspector general, delivered a 40-page packet of apparent disinformation regarding former vice president Joe Biden and former Ambassador to the Ukraine, Marie Yovanovitch, to Capitol Hill. Linick told congressional aides his office questioned Ulrich Brechbuhl, Pompeo's advisor about the origins of the packet.", "Linick told congressional aides his office questioned Ulrich Brechbuhl, Pompeo's advisor about the origins of the packet. Brechbuhl noted the packet came to him from Pompeo, who said it \"came over\", and Brechbuhl reportedly presumed it was from the White House. Later that day, Giuliani acknowledged he passed the packet to Pompeo regarding the Ukraine and attacks on Yovanovich. In a November 2019 interview he confirmed that he had \"needed Yovanovitch out of the way\" because she was going to make his investigations difficult.", "In a November 2019 interview he confirmed that he had \"needed Yovanovitch out of the way\" because she was going to make his investigations difficult. \"They (the State Department) told me they would investigate it,\" Giuliani added. Giuliani persuaded Trump to remove Yovanovich from office in spring 2019. By April 2021, the U.S attorney's office in Manhattan was investigating the role of Giuliani and his associates in Yovanovitch's removal.", "By April 2021, the U.S attorney's office in Manhattan was investigating the role of Giuliani and his associates in Yovanovitch's removal. U.S. ambassador to the European Union Gordon Sondland testified that Trump delegated American foreign policy on Ukraine to Giuliani. The late 2019 impeachment inquiry against Donald Trump centered around Giuliani's actions involving Ukraine. In the compiled testimony and in the December reports of the House Intelligence Committee, Giuliani's name was mentioned more than any but Trump's. Some experts suggested that Giuliani may have violated the Logan Act.", "Some experts suggested that Giuliani may have violated the Logan Act. On November 22, 2019, Giuliani sent a letter to Senator Lindsey Graham, Chairman of the Committee on the Judiciary, informing him of at least three witnesses from Ukraine who Giuliani claimed had direct oral, documentary, and recorded evidence of Democratic criminal conspiracy with Ukrainians to prevent Trump's election and, after his election, to remove him from office via contrived charges.", "On November 22, 2019, Giuliani sent a letter to Senator Lindsey Graham, Chairman of the Committee on the Judiciary, informing him of at least three witnesses from Ukraine who Giuliani claimed had direct oral, documentary, and recorded evidence of Democratic criminal conspiracy with Ukrainians to prevent Trump's election and, after his election, to remove him from office via contrived charges. Giuliani's letter also claims that the witnesses had evidence of the Biden family's involvement in bribery, money laundering, Hobbs Act extortion, and other possible crimes.", "Giuliani's letter also claims that the witnesses had evidence of the Biden family's involvement in bribery, money laundering, Hobbs Act extortion, and other possible crimes. The letter sought Graham's help obtaining U.S. visas for the witnesses to testify. The next month, Graham invited Giuliani to share his findings with the Judiciary Committee, and soon advised him \"to share what he got from Ukraine with the [intelligence community] to make sure it's not Russia propaganda\".", "The next month, Graham invited Giuliani to share his findings with the Judiciary Committee, and soon advised him \"to share what he got from Ukraine with the [intelligence community] to make sure it's not Russia propaganda\". Dmytry Firtash is a Ukrainian oligarch who is prominent in the natural gas sector. In 2017, the Justice Department characterized him as being an \"upper echelon (associate) of Russian organized crime\".", "In 2017, the Justice Department characterized him as being an \"upper echelon (associate) of Russian organized crime\". Since his 2014 arrest in Vienna, Austria at the request of American authorities, he has been living there on $155 million bail while fighting extradition to the United States on bribery and racketeering charges, and has been seeking to have the charges dropped.", "Since his 2014 arrest in Vienna, Austria at the request of American authorities, he has been living there on $155 million bail while fighting extradition to the United States on bribery and racketeering charges, and has been seeking to have the charges dropped. Firtash's attorneys obtained a September 2019 statement from Viktor Shokin, the former Ukrainian prosecutor general who was forced out under pressure from multiple countries and non-governmental organizations, as conveyed to Ukraine by Joe Biden.", "Firtash's attorneys obtained a September 2019 statement from Viktor Shokin, the former Ukrainian prosecutor general who was forced out under pressure from multiple countries and non-governmental organizations, as conveyed to Ukraine by Joe Biden. Shokin falsely asserted in the statement that Biden actually had him fired because he refused to stop his investigation into Burisma. Giuliani, who asserts he has \"nothing to do with\" and has \"never met or talked to\" Firtash, promoted the statement in television appearances as purported evidence of wrongdoing by the Bidens.", "Giuliani, who asserts he has \"nothing to do with\" and has \"never met or talked to\" Firtash, promoted the statement in television appearances as purported evidence of wrongdoing by the Bidens. Giuliani told CNN he met with a Firtash attorney for two hours in New York City at the time he was seeking information about the Bidens. Firtash is represented by Trump and Giuliani associates Joseph diGenova and his wife Victoria Toensing, having hired them on Parnas's recommendation in July 2019.", "Firtash is represented by Trump and Giuliani associates Joseph diGenova and his wife Victoria Toensing, having hired them on Parnas's recommendation in July 2019. The New York Times reported in November 2019 that Giuliani had directed Parnas to approach Firtash with the recommendation, with the proposition that Firtash could help provide damaging information on Biden, which Parna's attorney described was \"part of any potential resolution to [Firtash's] extradition matter\".", "The New York Times reported in November 2019 that Giuliani had directed Parnas to approach Firtash with the recommendation, with the proposition that Firtash could help provide damaging information on Biden, which Parna's attorney described was \"part of any potential resolution to [Firtash's] extradition matter\". Shokin's statement notes that it was prepared \"at the request of lawyers acting for Dmitry Firtash ('DF'), for use in legal proceedings in Austria\". Giuliani presented the Shokin statement during American television appearances.", "Giuliani presented the Shokin statement during American television appearances. Giuliani presented the Shokin statement during American television appearances. Bloomberg News reported on October 18 that during the summer of 2019 Firtash associates began attempting to dig up dirt on the Bidens in an effort to solicit Giuliani's assistance with Firtash's legal matters.", "Bloomberg News reported on October 18 that during the summer of 2019 Firtash associates began attempting to dig up dirt on the Bidens in an effort to solicit Giuliani's assistance with Firtash's legal matters. Bloomberg News also reported that its sources told them Giuliani's high-profile publicity of the Shokin statement had greatly reduced the chances of the Justice Department dropping the charges against Firtash, as it would appear to be a political quid pro quo.", "Bloomberg News also reported that its sources told them Giuliani's high-profile publicity of the Shokin statement had greatly reduced the chances of the Justice Department dropping the charges against Firtash, as it would appear to be a political quid pro quo. diGenova has said he has known U.S. Attorney General Bill Barr for thirty years, as they both worked in the Reagan Justice Department.", "diGenova has said he has known U.S. Attorney General Bill Barr for thirty years, as they both worked in the Reagan Justice Department. The Washington Post reported on October 22 that after they began representing Firtash, Toensing and diGenova secured a rare face-to-face meeting with Barr to argue the Firtash charges should be dropped, but he declined to intervene.", "The Washington Post reported on October 22 that after they began representing Firtash, Toensing and diGenova secured a rare face-to-face meeting with Barr to argue the Firtash charges should be dropped, but he declined to intervene. On October 18, The New York Times reported that weeks earlier, before his associates Parnas and Fruman were indicted, Giuliani met with officials with the criminal and fraud divisions of the Justice Department regarding what Giuliani characterized as a \"very, very sensitive\" foreign bribery case involving a client of his.", "On October 18, The New York Times reported that weeks earlier, before his associates Parnas and Fruman were indicted, Giuliani met with officials with the criminal and fraud divisions of the Justice Department regarding what Giuliani characterized as a \"very, very sensitive\" foreign bribery case involving a client of his. The Times did not name whom the case involved, but shortly after publication of the story Giuliani told a reporter it was not Firtash.", "The Times did not name whom the case involved, but shortly after publication of the story Giuliani told a reporter it was not Firtash. Two days later, the Justice Department said its officials would not have met with Giuliani had they known his associates were under investigation by the SDNY. On December 3, 2019, the House Intelligence Committee's report included phone records acquired via subpoenas, including numerous phone calls made by Giuliani between April and August 2019.", "On December 3, 2019, the House Intelligence Committee's report included phone records acquired via subpoenas, including numerous phone calls made by Giuliani between April and August 2019. Calls involved Giuliani in contact with Kurt Volker, Republican Representative and House Intelligence Committee Ranking Member Devin Nunes, Lev Parnas, numbers associated with the Office of Management and Budget and the White House switchboard, and an unidentified White House official whose phone number is referenced as \"-1\".", "Calls involved Giuliani in contact with Kurt Volker, Republican Representative and House Intelligence Committee Ranking Member Devin Nunes, Lev Parnas, numbers associated with the Office of Management and Budget and the White House switchboard, and an unidentified White House official whose phone number is referenced as \"-1\". Chairman Adam Schiff of the House Intelligence Committee announced after the report's release that his committee was investigating whether \"-1\" referred to President Trump, citing grand jury evidence from the trial of convicted Trump-associate Roger Stone in which the phone number \"-1\" was shown to have referred to Trump.", "Chairman Adam Schiff of the House Intelligence Committee announced after the report's release that his committee was investigating whether \"-1\" referred to President Trump, citing grand jury evidence from the trial of convicted Trump-associate Roger Stone in which the phone number \"-1\" was shown to have referred to Trump. Writing for The Washington Post, analyst Philip Bump reasoned that Giuliani's calls with \"-1\" are 'likely' calls with Trump citing that Giuliani speaks longer with \"-1\" than any other person, \"-1\" always calls Giuliani, and generally after Giuliani calls the White House switchboard, and timing of some of President Trump's actions shortly after Giuliani's calls with \"-1\" ended.", "Writing for The Washington Post, analyst Philip Bump reasoned that Giuliani's calls with \"-1\" are 'likely' calls with Trump citing that Giuliani speaks longer with \"-1\" than any other person, \"-1\" always calls Giuliani, and generally after Giuliani calls the White House switchboard, and timing of some of President Trump's actions shortly after Giuliani's calls with \"-1\" ended. In early December 2019, while the House Judiciary Committee began holding public hearings for the impeachment inquiry, Giuliani returned to Ukraine to interview former Ukrainian officials for a documentary series seeking to discredit the impeachment proceedings.", "In early December 2019, while the House Judiciary Committee began holding public hearings for the impeachment inquiry, Giuliani returned to Ukraine to interview former Ukrainian officials for a documentary series seeking to discredit the impeachment proceedings. U.S. officials told The Washington Post that Giuliani would have been considered a target of Russian intelligence efforts from early in Trump's presidency, and particularly after Giuliani turned his focus to Ukraine — a former Soviet republic under attack from Russia and with deep penetration by Russian intelligence services.", "U.S. officials told The Washington Post that Giuliani would have been considered a target of Russian intelligence efforts from early in Trump's presidency, and particularly after Giuliani turned his focus to Ukraine — a former Soviet republic under attack from Russia and with deep penetration by Russian intelligence services. Analysts say Trump's and Giuliani's habit of communicating over unencrypted lines makes it highly likely that foreign intelligence agencies could be listening in on the president's unsecured calls with Giuliani; and that foreign intelligence agencies often collect intelligence about a primary target through monitoring communications of other people who interact with that target.", "Analysts say Trump's and Giuliani's habit of communicating over unencrypted lines makes it highly likely that foreign intelligence agencies could be listening in on the president's unsecured calls with Giuliani; and that foreign intelligence agencies often collect intelligence about a primary target through monitoring communications of other people who interact with that target. In a December 2019 opinion piece, former FBI director, CIA director and federal judge William Webster wrote of \"a dire threat to the rule of law in the country I love\".", "In a December 2019 opinion piece, former FBI director, CIA director and federal judge William Webster wrote of \"a dire threat to the rule of law in the country I love\". In addition to chastising President Trump and attorney general Bill Barr, Webster wrote he was \"profoundly disappointed in another longtime, respected friend, Rudy Giuliani\" because his \"activities of late concerning Ukraine have, at a minimum, failed the smell test of propriety\".", "In addition to chastising President Trump and attorney general Bill Barr, Webster wrote he was \"profoundly disappointed in another longtime, respected friend, Rudy Giuliani\" because his \"activities of late concerning Ukraine have, at a minimum, failed the smell test of propriety\". Since 2005, Webster had served as the chair of the Homeland Security Advisory Council.", "Since 2005, Webster had served as the chair of the Homeland Security Advisory Council. NBC News reported in December 2020 that SDNY investigators, which were reported in late 2019 to be investigating Giuliani's activities, had discussed with Justice Department officials in Washington the possibility of acquiring Giuliani's emails, which might require headquarters approval due to protection by attorney–client privilege.", "NBC News reported in December 2020 that SDNY investigators, which were reported in late 2019 to be investigating Giuliani's activities, had discussed with Justice Department officials in Washington the possibility of acquiring Giuliani's emails, which might require headquarters approval due to protection by attorney–client privilege. The New York Times reported in February 2021 that the SDNY had requested a search warrant of Giuliani's electronic records in summer 2020, but were met with resistance from high-level political appointees in the Washington headquarters, ostensibly because the election was near, while career officials were supportive of the search warrant.", "The New York Times reported in February 2021 that the SDNY had requested a search warrant of Giuliani's electronic records in summer 2020, but were met with resistance from high-level political appointees in the Washington headquarters, ostensibly because the election was near, while career officials were supportive of the search warrant. The Justice Department generally avoids taking significant actions relating to political figures that might become public within sixty days of an election.", "The Justice Department generally avoids taking significant actions relating to political figures that might become public within sixty days of an election. Senior political appointees nevertheless opposed the effort after the election, noting Giuliani played a leading role in challenging the election results. The officials deferred the matter to the incoming Biden administration. Federal investigators in Manhattan executed search warrants on the early morning of April 28, 2021 at Giuliani's office and Upper East Side apartment, seizing his electronic devices and searching the apartment.", "Federal investigators in Manhattan executed search warrants on the early morning of April 28, 2021 at Giuliani's office and Upper East Side apartment, seizing his electronic devices and searching the apartment. FBI agents also executed a search warrant that day on Toensing's Washington, D.C.-area home and confiscated her cellphone.", "FBI agents also executed a search warrant that day on Toensing's Washington, D.C.-area home and confiscated her cellphone. In April 2021, Giuliani's attorney said investigators told him they had searched his client's iCloud account beginning in late 2019, later arguing to a judge that the search was illegal and so the subsequent raid on Giuliani's properties was \"fruit of this poisoned tree,\" demanding to review documents justifying the iCloud search.", "In April 2021, Giuliani's attorney said investigators told him they had searched his client's iCloud account beginning in late 2019, later arguing to a judge that the search was illegal and so the subsequent raid on Giuliani's properties was \"fruit of this poisoned tree,\" demanding to review documents justifying the iCloud search. In May 2021, the SDNY confirmed in a court filing that in late 2019 it obtained search warrants for Giuliani's iCloud account, and that of Toensing, as part of \"an ongoing, multi-year grand jury investigation into conduct involving Giuliani, Toensing, and others,\" and argued that attorneys for Giuliani and Toensing were not entitled to review the underlying documents of the warrants prior to any charges.", "In May 2021, the SDNY confirmed in a court filing that in late 2019 it obtained search warrants for Giuliani's iCloud account, and that of Toensing, as part of \"an ongoing, multi-year grand jury investigation into conduct involving Giuliani, Toensing, and others,\" and argued that attorneys for Giuliani and Toensing were not entitled to review the underlying documents of the warrants prior to any charges. Giuiliani and Toensing asserted their attorney-client privilege with clients may have been violated by the iCloud searches, which investigators disputed, saying they employed a \"filter team\" to prevent them from seeing information potentially protected by attorney-client privilege.", "Giuiliani and Toensing asserted their attorney-client privilege with clients may have been violated by the iCloud searches, which investigators disputed, saying they employed a \"filter team\" to prevent them from seeing information potentially protected by attorney-client privilege. Federal judge J. Paul Oetken days later ruled in favor of investigators regarding the warrant documents and granted their request for a special master to ensure attorney-client privilege was maintained.", "Federal judge J. Paul Oetken days later ruled in favor of investigators regarding the warrant documents and granted their request for a special master to ensure attorney-client privilege was maintained. The special master released more than 3,000 of Giuliani's communications to prosecutors in January 2022, agreeing to withhold forty messages for which Giuliani had asserted \"privilege and/or highly personal\" status and rejecting 37 such assertions.", "The special master released more than 3,000 of Giuliani's communications to prosecutors in January 2022, agreeing to withhold forty messages for which Giuliani had asserted \"privilege and/or highly personal\" status and rejecting 37 such assertions. The New York Times reported in February 2021 that the SDNY was scrutinizing Giuliani's association with Firtash in efforts to discredit the Bidens, and efforts to lobby the Trump administration on behalf of Ukrainian officials and oligarchs.", "The New York Times reported in February 2021 that the SDNY was scrutinizing Giuliani's association with Firtash in efforts to discredit the Bidens, and efforts to lobby the Trump administration on behalf of Ukrainian officials and oligarchs. Time reported in May 2021 it had spoken with three unidentified witnesses who said they were questioned by investigators, two of whom said they had worked with Giuliani while cooperating with investigators; one witness said investigators were particularly interested in Giuliani's association with Firtash.", "Time reported in May 2021 it had spoken with three unidentified witnesses who said they were questioned by investigators, two of whom said they had worked with Giuliani while cooperating with investigators; one witness said investigators were particularly interested in Giuliani's association with Firtash. United States intelligence community analysis released in March 2021 found that Ukrainian politician Andrii Derkach was among proxies of Russian intelligence who promoted and laundered misleading or unsubstantiated narratives about Biden \"to US media organizations, US officials, and prominent US individuals, including some close to former President Trump and his administration\".", "United States intelligence community analysis released in March 2021 found that Ukrainian politician Andrii Derkach was among proxies of Russian intelligence who promoted and laundered misleading or unsubstantiated narratives about Biden \"to US media organizations, US officials, and prominent US individuals, including some close to former President Trump and his administration\". Giuliani met with Derkach in December 2019. In April 2021, Forensic News reported that the SDNY investigation into Giuliani had expanded to include a criminal probe of Derkach and Andrii Artemenko.", "In April 2021, Forensic News reported that the SDNY investigation into Giuliani had expanded to include a criminal probe of Derkach and Andrii Artemenko. The New York Times confirmed weeks later that Derkach was the subject of a criminal investigation into foreign interference in the 2020 United States elections.", "The New York Times confirmed weeks later that Derkach was the subject of a criminal investigation into foreign interference in the 2020 United States elections. \"Federal prosecutors in Brooklyn have been investigating whether several Ukrainian officials helped orchestrate a wide-ranging plan to meddle in the 2020 presidential campaign, including using Rudolph W. Giuliani to spread their misleading claims about President Biden and tilt the election in Donald J. Trump's favor,\" the Times reported.", "\"Federal prosecutors in Brooklyn have been investigating whether several Ukrainian officials helped orchestrate a wide-ranging plan to meddle in the 2020 presidential campaign, including using Rudolph W. Giuliani to spread their misleading claims about President Biden and tilt the election in Donald J. Trump's favor,\" the Times reported. On June 8, 2021, CNN uncovered exclusive audio of a 2019 phone call from Giuliani to Ukraine, stating that \"Rudy Giuliani relentlessly pressured and coaxed the Ukrainian government in 2019 to investigate baseless conspiracies about then-candidate Joe Biden.\"", "On June 8, 2021, CNN uncovered exclusive audio of a 2019 phone call from Giuliani to Ukraine, stating that \"Rudy Giuliani relentlessly pressured and coaxed the Ukrainian government in 2019 to investigate baseless conspiracies about then-candidate Joe Biden.\" 2020 election lawsuits In November 2020, after Joe Biden was named president-elect, Trump placed Giuliani in charge of lawsuits related to alleged voter irregularities in the 2020 United States presidential election. Trump designated Giuliani to lead a legal team to challenge the election results.", "Trump designated Giuliani to lead a legal team to challenge the election results. This team—a self-described \"elite strike force\" that included Sidney Powell, Joseph diGenova, Victoria Toensing and Trump campaign attorney Jenna Ellis—appeared at a November 19 press conference in which they made numerous false and unsubstantiated assertions revolving around an international Communist conspiracy, rigged voting machines, and polling place fraud.", "This team—a self-described \"elite strike force\" that included Sidney Powell, Joseph diGenova, Victoria Toensing and Trump campaign attorney Jenna Ellis—appeared at a November 19 press conference in which they made numerous false and unsubstantiated assertions revolving around an international Communist conspiracy, rigged voting machines, and polling place fraud. Giuliani repeatedly publicly denounced the use of provisional ballots (in which the poll worker does not see the voter's name on the rolls, so the voter swears an affidavit oath that they are registered to vote), arguing that the practice enables fraud, although Giuliani himself had cast this type of ballot on October 31, 2020, in Manhattan.", "Giuliani repeatedly publicly denounced the use of provisional ballots (in which the poll worker does not see the voter's name on the rolls, so the voter swears an affidavit oath that they are registered to vote), arguing that the practice enables fraud, although Giuliani himself had cast this type of ballot on October 31, 2020, in Manhattan. By January 8, 2021, Trump and his team had lost 63 lawsuits.", "By January 8, 2021, Trump and his team had lost 63 lawsuits. A month later, Giuliani was no longer representing Trump in any pending cases, according to a Trump adviser. While Trump continued to fundraise, purportedly for his election-related legal fights, as of the end of July 2021 he had not given any of this money to Giuliani. In October 2021, in another context, Trump remarked: \"I do pay my lawyers when they do a good job.\"", "In October 2021, in another context, Trump remarked: \"I do pay my lawyers when they do a good job.\" In December 2021, two Georgia election workers, Ruby Freeman and Wandrea \"Shaye” Moss, sued Giuliani for defamation. Pennsylvania lawsuit One early lawsuit sought to invalidate up to 700,000 mail-in ballots and stop Pennsylvania from certifying its election results. Giuliani claimed to have signed affidavits attesting to voter fraud and election official misconduct in Pennsylvania and elsewhere.", "Giuliani claimed to have signed affidavits attesting to voter fraud and election official misconduct in Pennsylvania and elsewhere. Despite not having argued a case in any courtroom for over three decades, Giuliani applied for special permission to represent the Trump presidential campaign in the federal court of Pennsylvania. (In his application, he misrepresented his status with the District of Columbia Bar, claiming that he was a member in good standing, whereas D.C. had suspended him for nonpayment of fees.)", "(In his application, he misrepresented his status with the District of Columbia Bar, claiming that he was a member in good standing, whereas D.C. had suspended him for nonpayment of fees.) In his first day in court on the case, which was November 17, 2020, Giuliani struggled with rudimentary legal processes and was accused by lawyers for the Pennsylvania Secretary of State of making legal arguments that were \"disgraceful in an American courtroom\".", "In his first day in court on the case, which was November 17, 2020, Giuliani struggled with rudimentary legal processes and was accused by lawyers for the Pennsylvania Secretary of State of making legal arguments that were \"disgraceful in an American courtroom\". Judge Matthew Brann questioned how Giuliani could justify \"asking this court to invalidate some 6.8 million votes thereby disenfranchising every single voter in the commonwealth.\"", "Judge Matthew Brann questioned how Giuliani could justify \"asking this court to invalidate some 6.8 million votes thereby disenfranchising every single voter in the commonwealth.\" His federal lawsuit against Pennsylvania was dismissed with prejudice on November 21, 2020, with the judge citing \"strained legal arguments without merit and speculative accusations\" which were \"unsupported by evidence\". Giuliani and Jenna Ellis reacted by stating that the ruling \"helps\" the Trump campaign \"get expeditiously to the U.S. Supreme Court\".", "Giuliani and Jenna Ellis reacted by stating that the ruling \"helps\" the Trump campaign \"get expeditiously to the U.S. Supreme Court\". They also pointed out that the judge, Matthew W. Brann, was \"Obama-appointed\", though Brann is also a Republican and a former member of the right-leaning Federalist Society.", "They also pointed out that the judge, Matthew W. Brann, was \"Obama-appointed\", though Brann is also a Republican and a former member of the right-leaning Federalist Society. The Trump campaign appealed the lawsuit to the Third Circuit Court of Appeals, where a three-judge panel on November 27 rejected the Trump campaign's attempt to undo Pennsylvania's vote certification, because the Trump campaign's \"claims have no merit\".", "The Trump campaign appealed the lawsuit to the Third Circuit Court of Appeals, where a three-judge panel on November 27 rejected the Trump campaign's attempt to undo Pennsylvania's vote certification, because the Trump campaign's \"claims have no merit\". The panel also ruled that the District Court was correct in preventing the Trump campaign from conducting a second amendment of its complaint. An amendment would be pointless, ruled the judges, because the Trump campaign was not bringing facts before the court, and not even alleging fraud.", "An amendment would be pointless, ruled the judges, because the Trump campaign was not bringing facts before the court, and not even alleging fraud. Judge Stephanos Bibas highlighted that Giuliani himself told the district court that the Trump campaign \"doesn't plead fraud\", and that this \"is not a fraud case\". The panel concluded that neither \"specific allegations\" nor \"proof\" was provided in this case, and that the Trump campaign \"cannot win this lawsuit\".", "The panel concluded that neither \"specific allegations\" nor \"proof\" was provided in this case, and that the Trump campaign \"cannot win this lawsuit\". Giuliani and Ellis reacted to the appeals court ruling by condemning the \"activist judicial machinery in Pennsylvania\". Of the three Appeal Court judges, Stephanos Bibas, who delivered the opinion, was appointed by Trump himself, while judges D. Brooks Smith and Michael Chagares were appointed by Republican president George W. Bush.", "Of the three Appeal Court judges, Stephanos Bibas, who delivered the opinion, was appointed by Trump himself, while judges D. Brooks Smith and Michael Chagares were appointed by Republican president George W. Bush. Dominion and Smartmatic lawsuits As part of Giuliani's allegations that voting machines had been rigged, he made several false assertions about two rival companies, Dominion Voting Systems and Smartmatic.", "Dominion and Smartmatic lawsuits As part of Giuliani's allegations that voting machines had been rigged, he made several false assertions about two rival companies, Dominion Voting Systems and Smartmatic. These false claims included that Smartmatic owned Dominion; that Dominion voting machines used Smartmatic software; that Dominion voting machines sent vote data to Smartmatic at foreign locations; that Dominion was founded by the former socialist Venezuelan leader Hugo Chávez; and that Dominion is a \"radical-left\" company with connections to antifa. Both companies sued Giuliani and Fox News.", "Both companies sued Giuliani and Fox News. Both companies sued Giuliani and Fox News. Dominion filed a defamation lawsuit against Giuliani on January 25, 2021, seeking $1.3billion in damages, and separately sued Fox News for $1.6 billion. On February 4, 2021, Smartmatic also filed a lawsuit that accused Giuliani, Fox News, some hosts at Fox News, and Sidney Powell of engaging in a \"disinformation campaign\" against the company, and asked for $2.7billion in damages.", "On February 4, 2021, Smartmatic also filed a lawsuit that accused Giuliani, Fox News, some hosts at Fox News, and Sidney Powell of engaging in a \"disinformation campaign\" against the company, and asked for $2.7billion in damages. On September 10, 2021, Fox News told Giuliani that neither he nor his son Andrew would be allowed on their network for nearly three months.", "On September 10, 2021, Fox News told Giuliani that neither he nor his son Andrew would be allowed on their network for nearly three months. Attack on the Capitol On January 6, 2021, Giuliani spoke at a \"Save America March\" rally on the Ellipse that was attended by Trump supporters protesting the election results. He repeated conspiracy theories that voting machines used in the election were \"crooked\" and called for \"trial by combat\".", "He repeated conspiracy theories that voting machines used in the election were \"crooked\" and called for \"trial by combat\". Trump supporters subsequently stormed the U.S. Capitol in a riot that resulted in the deaths of five people, including a police officer, and temporarily disrupted the counting of the Electoral College vote. Giuliani had reportedly been calling Republican lawmakers to urge them to delay the electoral vote count in order to ultimately throw the election to Trump.", "Giuliani had reportedly been calling Republican lawmakers to urge them to delay the electoral vote count in order to ultimately throw the election to Trump. Giuliani attempted to contact Alabama Sen. Tommy Tuberville, a Trump ally, around 7:00p.m. on January 6, after the Capitol storming, to ask him to \"try to just slow it down\" by objecting to multiple states and \"raise issues so that we get ourselves into tomorrowideally until the end of tomorrow\".", "on January 6, after the Capitol storming, to ask him to \"try to just slow it down\" by objecting to multiple states and \"raise issues so that we get ourselves into tomorrowideally until the end of tomorrow\". However, Giuliani mistakenly left the message on the voicemail of another senator, who leaked the recording to The Dispatch. Rick Perlstein, a noted historian of the American conservative political movement, termed Giuliani's attempts to slow certification in the wake of the riot as treasonous. \"Sedition.", "\"Sedition. \"Sedition. Open and shut. He talked about the time that was being opened up. He was welcoming, and using, the violence. This needs to be investigated,\" Perlstein tweeted on January 11, 2021. Giuliani faced criticism for his appearance at the rally and the Capitol riot that followed it.", "Giuliani faced criticism for his appearance at the rally and the Capitol riot that followed it. Former Congressman and MSNBC host Joe Scarborough called for the arrest of Giuliani, President Trump, and Donald Trump Jr. Manhattan College president Brennan O'Donnell stated in a January7 open letter to the college community, \"one of the loudest voices fueling the anger, hatred, and violence that spilled out yesterday is a graduate of our College, Rudolph Giuliani.", "Former Congressman and MSNBC host Joe Scarborough called for the arrest of Giuliani, President Trump, and Donald Trump Jr. Manhattan College president Brennan O'Donnell stated in a January7 open letter to the college community, \"one of the loudest voices fueling the anger, hatred, and violence that spilled out yesterday is a graduate of our College, Rudolph Giuliani. His conduct as a leader of the campaign to de-legitimize the election and disenfranchise millions of votershas been and continues to be a repudiation of the deepest values of his alma mater.\"", "His conduct as a leader of the campaign to de-legitimize the election and disenfranchise millions of votershas been and continues to be a repudiation of the deepest values of his alma mater.\" On January 11, the New York State Bar Association, an advocacy group for the legal profession in New York state, announced that it was launching an investigation into whether Giuliani should be removed from its membership rolls, noting both Giuliani's comments to the Trump supporter rally at the Ellipse on January 6, and that it \"has received hundreds of complaints in recent months about Mr. Giuliani and his baseless efforts on behalf of President Trump to cast doubt on the veracity of the 2020 presidential election and, after the votes were cast, to overturn its legitimate results\".", "On January 11, the New York State Bar Association, an advocacy group for the legal profession in New York state, announced that it was launching an investigation into whether Giuliani should be removed from its membership rolls, noting both Giuliani's comments to the Trump supporter rally at the Ellipse on January 6, and that it \"has received hundreds of complaints in recent months about Mr. Giuliani and his baseless efforts on behalf of President Trump to cast doubt on the veracity of the 2020 presidential election and, after the votes were cast, to overturn its legitimate results\". Removal from the group's membership rolls would not directly disbar Giuliani from practicing law in New York.", "Removal from the group's membership rolls would not directly disbar Giuliani from practicing law in New York. New York State Sen. Brad Hoylman and lawyers' group Lawyers Defending American Democracy, also filed a complaints against Giuliani with the Attorney Grievance Committee of the First Judicial Department of the New York Supreme Court, which has the authority to discipline and disbar licensed New York lawyers.", "New York State Sen. Brad Hoylman and lawyers' group Lawyers Defending American Democracy, also filed a complaints against Giuliani with the Attorney Grievance Committee of the First Judicial Department of the New York Supreme Court, which has the authority to discipline and disbar licensed New York lawyers. Also on January 11, 2021, District of Columbia Attorney General Karl Racine said that he is looking at whether to charge Giuliani, along with Donald Trump Jr. and Representative Mo Brooks, with inciting the violent attack.", "Also on January 11, 2021, District of Columbia Attorney General Karl Racine said that he is looking at whether to charge Giuliani, along with Donald Trump Jr. and Representative Mo Brooks, with inciting the violent attack. On January 29, Giuliani falsely claimed that The Lincoln Project played a role in the organization of the Capitol riot. In response, Steve Schmidt announced that the group would be taking legal action against Giuliani for defamation.", "In response, Steve Schmidt announced that the group would be taking legal action against Giuliani for defamation. On March 5, 2021, Representative Eric Swalwell filed a civil lawsuit against Giuliani and three others (Donald Trump, Donald Trump Jr., and Representative Mo Brooks), seeking damages for their alleged role in inciting the Capitol riot. Giuliani was subpoenaed in January 2022 to testify before the House Select Committee on the January 6 Attack.", "Giuliani was subpoenaed in January 2022 to testify before the House Select Committee on the January 6 Attack. Suspension of law license On June 24, 2021, a New York appellate court suspended Giuliani's law license.", "Suspension of law license On June 24, 2021, a New York appellate court suspended Giuliani's law license. The panel of five justices found that there was \"uncontroverted\" evidence that Giuliani made \"demonstrably false and misleading statements to courts, lawmakers and the public\" and that \"These false statements were made to improperly bolster (Giuliani's) narrative that due to widespread voter fraud, victory in the 2020 United States presidential election was stolen from his client.\"", "The panel of five justices found that there was \"uncontroverted\" evidence that Giuliani made \"demonstrably false and misleading statements to courts, lawmakers and the public\" and that \"These false statements were made to improperly bolster (Giuliani's) narrative that due to widespread voter fraud, victory in the 2020 United States presidential election was stolen from his client.\" The court concluded that Giuliani's conduct \"immediately threatens the public interest and warrants interim suspension from the practice of law\".", "The court concluded that Giuliani's conduct \"immediately threatens the public interest and warrants interim suspension from the practice of law\". His license was also suspended in Washington D.C. on July 7, 2021.", "His license was also suspended in Washington D.C. on July 7, 2021. Giuliani Partners After leaving the New York City mayor's office, Giuliani founded a security consulting business, Giuliani Partners LLC, in 2002, a firm that has been categorized by multiple media outlets as a lobbying entity capitalizing on Giuliani's name recognition, and which has been the subject of allegations surrounding staff hired by Giuliani and due to the firm's chosen client base. Over five years, Giuliani Partners earned more than $100million.", "Over five years, Giuliani Partners earned more than $100million. In June 2007, he stepped down as CEO and Chairman of Giuliani Partners, although this action was not made public until December 4, 2007; he maintained his equity interest in the firm. Giuliani subsequently returned to active participation in the firm following the election. In late 2009, Giuliani announced that they had a security consulting contract with Rio de Janeiro, Brazil regarding the 2016 Summer Olympics.", "In late 2009, Giuliani announced that they had a security consulting contract with Rio de Janeiro, Brazil regarding the 2016 Summer Olympics. He faced criticism in 2012 for advising people once allied with Slobodan Milošević who had lauded Serbian war criminals. Bracewell & Giuliani In 2005, Giuliani joined the law firm of Bracewell & Patterson LLP (renamed Bracewell & Giuliani LLP) as a name partner and basis for the expanding firm's new New York office.", "Bracewell & Giuliani In 2005, Giuliani joined the law firm of Bracewell & Patterson LLP (renamed Bracewell & Giuliani LLP) as a name partner and basis for the expanding firm's new New York office. When he joined the Texas-based firm he brought Marc Mukasey, the son of Attorney General Michael Mukasey, into the firm. Despite a busy schedule, Giuliani was highly active in the day-to-day business of the law firm, which was a high-profile supplier of legal and lobbying services to the oil, gas, and energy industries.", "Despite a busy schedule, Giuliani was highly active in the day-to-day business of the law firm, which was a high-profile supplier of legal and lobbying services to the oil, gas, and energy industries. Its aggressive defense of pollution-causing coal-fired power plants threatened to cause political risk for Giuliani, but association with the firm helped Giuliani achieve fund-raising success in Texas.", "Its aggressive defense of pollution-causing coal-fired power plants threatened to cause political risk for Giuliani, but association with the firm helped Giuliani achieve fund-raising success in Texas. In 2006, Giuliani acted as the lead counsel and lead spokesmen for Bracewell & Giuliani client Purdue Pharma, the makers of OxyContin, during their negotiations with federal prosecutors over charges that the pharmaceutical company misled the public about OxyContin's addictive properties. The agreement reached resulted in Purdue Pharma and some of its executives paying $634.5million in fines.", "The agreement reached resulted in Purdue Pharma and some of its executives paying $634.5million in fines. Bracewell & Giuliani represented corporate clients before many U.S. government departments and agencies. Some clients have worked with corporations and foreign governments. Giuliani left the firm in January 2016, by \"amicable agreement\", and the firm was rebranded as Bracewell LLP.", "Giuliani left the firm in January 2016, by \"amicable agreement\", and the firm was rebranded as Bracewell LLP. Greenberg Traurig In January 2016, Giuliani moved to the law firm Greenberg Traurig, where he served as the global chairman for Greenberg's cybersecurity and crisis management group, as well as a senior advisor to the firm's executive chairman. In April 2018, he took an unpaid leave of absence when he joined Trump's legal defense team. He resigned from the firm on May 9, 2018.", "He resigned from the firm on May 9, 2018. Lobbying in Romania In August 2018, Giuliani was retained by Freeh Group International Solutions, a global consulting firm run by former FBI Director Louis Freeh, which paid him a fee to lobby Romanian president Klaus Iohannis to change Romania's anti-corruption policy and reduce the role of the National Anticorruption Directorate. Giuliani argued that the anti-corruption efforts had gone too far. Podcast In January 2020, Giuliani launched a podcast, Rudy Giuliani's Common Sense.", "Podcast In January 2020, Giuliani launched a podcast, Rudy Giuliani's Common Sense. Personal life Marriages and relationships Giuliani married Regina Peruggi, whom he had known since childhood, on October 26, 1968. The marriage was in trouble by the mid-1970s and they agreed to a trial separation in 1975. Peruggi did not accompany him to Washington when he accepted the job in the Attorney General's Office. Giuliani met local television personality Donna Hanover sometime in 1982, and they began dating when she was working in Miami.", "Giuliani met local television personality Donna Hanover sometime in 1982, and they began dating when she was working in Miami. Giuliani filed for legal separation from Peruggi on August 12, 1982. The Giuliani-Peruggi marriage legally ended in two ways: a civil divorce was issued by the end of 1982, while a Roman Catholic church annulment of the marriage was granted at the end of 1983, reportedly because Giuliani had discovered that he and Peruggi were second cousins.", "The Giuliani-Peruggi marriage legally ended in two ways: a civil divorce was issued by the end of 1982, while a Roman Catholic church annulment of the marriage was granted at the end of 1983, reportedly because Giuliani had discovered that he and Peruggi were second cousins. Alan Placa, Giuliani's best man, later became a priest and helped secure the annulment. Giuliani and Peruggi had no children. Giuliani married Hanover in a Catholic ceremony at St. Monica's Church in Manhattan on April 15, 1984.", "Giuliani married Hanover in a Catholic ceremony at St. Monica's Church in Manhattan on April 15, 1984. They had two children, Andrew and Caroline Rose, who is a filmmaker in the LGBTQ+ community and has described herself as \"multiverses apart\" from her father. Giuliani was still married to Hanover in May 1999 when he met Judith Nathan, a sales manager for a pharmaceutical company, at Club Macanudo, an Upper East Side cigar bar.", "Giuliani was still married to Hanover in May 1999 when he met Judith Nathan, a sales manager for a pharmaceutical company, at Club Macanudo, an Upper East Side cigar bar. By 1996, Donna Hanover had reverted to her professional name and virtually stopped appearing in public with her husband amid rumors of marital problems. Nathan and Giuliani formed an ongoing relationship. In summer 1999, Giuliani charged the costs for his NYPD security detail to obscure city agencies in order to keep his relationship with Nathan from public scrutiny.", "In summer 1999, Giuliani charged the costs for his NYPD security detail to obscure city agencies in order to keep his relationship with Nathan from public scrutiny. The police department began providing Nathan with city-provided chauffeur services in early 2000. By March 2000, Giuliani had stopped wearing his wedding ring. The appearances that he and Nathan made at functions and events became publicly visible, although they were not mentioned in the press.", "The appearances that he and Nathan made at functions and events became publicly visible, although they were not mentioned in the press. The Daily News and the New York Post both broke news of Giuliani's relationship with Nathan in early May 2000. Giuliani first publicly acknowledged her on May 3, 2000, when he said Judith was his \"very good friend\". On May 10, 2000, Giuliani held a press conference to announce that he intended to separate from Hanover.", "On May 10, 2000, Giuliani held a press conference to announce that he intended to separate from Hanover. Giuliani had not informed Hanover about his plans before the press conference. This was an omission for which Giuliani was widely criticized. Giuliani then went on to praise Nathan as a \"very, very fine woman\" and said about Hanover that \"over the course of some period of time in many ways, we've grown to live independent and separate lives.\"", "Giuliani then went on to praise Nathan as a \"very, very fine woman\" and said about Hanover that \"over the course of some period of time in many ways, we've grown to live independent and separate lives.\" Hours later Hanover said, \"I had hoped that we could keep this marriage together. For several years, it was difficult to participate in Rudy's public life because of his relationship with one staff member.\"", "For several years, it was difficult to participate in Rudy's public life because of his relationship with one staff member.\" Giuliani moved out of Gracie Mansion by August 2001 and into an apartment with a couple he was friends with. Giuliani filed for divorce from Hanover in October 2000, and a public battle broke out between their representatives. Nathan was barred by court order from entering Gracie Mansion or meeting his children before the divorce was final.", "Nathan was barred by court order from entering Gracie Mansion or meeting his children before the divorce was final. In May 2001, Giuliani's attorney revealed that Giuliani was impotent due to prostate cancer treatments and had not had sex with Nathan for the preceding year. \"You don't get through treatment for cancer and radiation all by yourself,\" Giuliani said. \"You need people to help you and care for you and support you.", "\"You need people to help you and care for you and support you. And I'm very fortunate I had a lot of people who did that, but nobody did more to help me than Judith Nathan.\" In a court case, Giuliani argued that he planned to introduce Nathan to his children on Father's Day 2001 and that Hanover had prevented this visit.", "In a court case, Giuliani argued that he planned to introduce Nathan to his children on Father's Day 2001 and that Hanover had prevented this visit. Giuliani and Hanover finally settled their divorce case in July 2002 after his mayoralty had ended, with Giuliani paying Hanover a $6.8million settlement and granting her custody of their children. Giuliani married Nathan on May 24, 2003, and gained a stepdaughter, Whitney. It was also Nathan's third marriage after two divorces.", "It was also Nathan's third marriage after two divorces. By March 2007, The New York Times and the Daily News reported that Giuliani had become estranged from both his son Andrew and his daughter Caroline. In 2014, he said his relationship with his children was better than ever, and was spotted eating and playing golf with Andrew. Nathan filed for divorce from Giuliani on April 4, 2018, after 15 years of marriage.", "Nathan filed for divorce from Giuliani on April 4, 2018, after 15 years of marriage. According to an interview with New York magazine, \"For a variety of reasons that I know as a spouse and a nurse... he has become a different man.\" The divorce was settled on December 10, 2019.", "The divorce was settled on December 10, 2019. The divorce was settled on December 10, 2019. In October 2020, following myriad joint public appearances, Giuliani confirmed that he is in a relationship with Maria Ryan, a nurse practitioner and hospital administrator whom his ex-wife Nathan has alleged to have been his mistress for an indeterminate period during their marriage. As of 2018, Ryan was married to United States Marine Corps veteran Robert Ryan, with Giuliani characterizing the couple as platonic friends in response to contemporaneous press inquiries.", "As of 2018, Ryan was married to United States Marine Corps veteran Robert Ryan, with Giuliani characterizing the couple as platonic friends in response to contemporaneous press inquiries. Prostate cancer In April 1981, Giuliani's father died, at age 73, of prostate cancer, at Memorial Sloan–Kettering Cancer Center. 19 years later, in April 2000, Giuliani, then aged 55, was diagnosed with prostate cancer following a prostate biopsy, after an elevated screening PSA.", "19 years later, in April 2000, Giuliani, then aged 55, was diagnosed with prostate cancer following a prostate biopsy, after an elevated screening PSA. Giuliani chose a combination prostate cancer treatment consisting of four months of neoadjuvant Lupron hormonal therapy, then low dose-rate prostate brachytherapy with permanent implantation of ninety TheraSeed radioactive palladium-103 seeds in his prostate in September 2000, followed two months later by five weeks of fifteen-minute, five-days-a-week external beam radiotherapy at Mount Sinai Medical Center, with five months of adjuvant Lupron hormonal therapy.", "Giuliani chose a combination prostate cancer treatment consisting of four months of neoadjuvant Lupron hormonal therapy, then low dose-rate prostate brachytherapy with permanent implantation of ninety TheraSeed radioactive palladium-103 seeds in his prostate in September 2000, followed two months later by five weeks of fifteen-minute, five-days-a-week external beam radiotherapy at Mount Sinai Medical Center, with five months of adjuvant Lupron hormonal therapy. COVID-19 On December 6, 2020, Trump announced that Giuliani had contracted COVID-19. Giuliani was admitted to MedStar Georgetown University Hospital the same day.", "Giuliani was admitted to MedStar Georgetown University Hospital the same day. He was discharged from the hospital on December 9. It was unclear when he received the positive test. In the days leading up to the announcement, Giuliani had been to multiple indoor hearings without wearing a mask, and requested that others remove their masks. The Arizona Legislature closed for one week starting on December 7, 2020, as 15 current and future members had met with Giuliani.", "The Arizona Legislature closed for one week starting on December 7, 2020, as 15 current and future members had met with Giuliani. He had also met with Republican legislators in Michigan and Georgia, potentially exposing them. Religious beliefs Giuliani has declined to comment publicly on his religious practice and beliefs, although he identifies religion as an important part of his life.", "Religious beliefs Giuliani has declined to comment publicly on his religious practice and beliefs, although he identifies religion as an important part of his life. When asked if he is a practicing Catholic, Giuliani answered, \"My religious affiliation, my religious practices and the degree to which I am a good or not-so-good Catholic, I prefer to leave to the priests.\"", "When asked if he is a practicing Catholic, Giuliani answered, \"My religious affiliation, my religious practices and the degree to which I am a good or not-so-good Catholic, I prefer to leave to the priests.\" Television appearances Giuliani was reportedly revealed to be the first unmasking on the seventh season of The Masked Singer, which caused judges Ken Jeong and Robin Thicke to storm off the set.", "Television appearances Giuliani was reportedly revealed to be the first unmasking on the seventh season of The Masked Singer, which caused judges Ken Jeong and Robin Thicke to storm off the set. Awards and honors In 1998, Giuliani received The Hundred Year Association of New York's Gold Medal Award \"in recognition of outstanding contributions to the City of New York\".", "Awards and honors In 1998, Giuliani received The Hundred Year Association of New York's Gold Medal Award \"in recognition of outstanding contributions to the City of New York\". House of Savoy: Knight Grand Cross (motu proprio) of the Order of Merit of Savoy (December 2001) For his leadership on and after September 11, Giuliani was made an honorary Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire by Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II on February 13, 2002.", "House of Savoy: Knight Grand Cross (motu proprio) of the Order of Merit of Savoy (December 2001) For his leadership on and after September 11, Giuliani was made an honorary Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire by Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II on February 13, 2002. Giuliani was named Time magazine's \"Person of the Year\" for 2001 In 2002, the Episcopal Diocese of New York gave Giuliani the Fiorello LaGuardia Public Service Award for Valor and Leadership in the Time of Global Crisis.", "Giuliani was named Time magazine's \"Person of the Year\" for 2001 In 2002, the Episcopal Diocese of New York gave Giuliani the Fiorello LaGuardia Public Service Award for Valor and Leadership in the Time of Global Crisis. Also in 2002, Former First Lady Nancy Reagan awarded Giuliani the Ronald Reagan Freedom Award. In 2002, he received the U.S. Senator John Heinz Award for Greatest Public Service by an Elected or Appointed Official, an award given out annually byJefferson Awards.", "Senator John Heinz Award for Greatest Public Service by an Elected or Appointed Official, an award given out annually byJefferson Awards. In 2003, Giuliani received the Academy of Achievement's Golden Plate Award In 2004, construction began on the Rudolph W. Giuliani Trauma Center at St. Vincent's Hospital in New York. In 2005, Giuliani received honorary degrees from Loyola College in Maryland and Middlebury College. In 2007, Giuliani received an honorary Doctorate in Public Administration from The Citadel, The Military College of South Carolina.", "In 2007, Giuliani received an honorary Doctorate in Public Administration from The Citadel, The Military College of South Carolina. In 2021, Middlebury announced that it was revoking the degree given to Giuliani. In 2006, Rudy and Judith Giuliani were honored by the American Heart Association at its annual Heart of the Hamptons benefit in Water Mill, New York. In 2007, Giuliani was honored by the National Italian American Foundation (NIAF), receiving the NIAF Special Achievement Award for Public Service.", "In 2007, Giuliani was honored by the National Italian American Foundation (NIAF), receiving the NIAF Special Achievement Award for Public Service. In 2007, Giuliani was awarded the Margaret Thatcher Medal of Freedom by the Atlantic Bridge. In the 2009 graduation ceremony for Drexel University's Earle Mack School of Law, Giuliani was the keynote speaker and recipient of an honorary degree. In 2021, Drexel announced that it was rescinding the degree. Giuliani was the Robert C. Vance Distinguished Lecturer at Central Connecticut State University in 2013.", "Giuliani was the Robert C. Vance Distinguished Lecturer at Central Connecticut State University in 2013. Doctor of Laws Honoris Causa, University of Rhode Island, 2003 (revoked January 2022) Media references In 1993, Giuliani made a cameo appearance as himself in the Seinfeld episode \"The Non-Fat Yogurt\", which is a fictionalized account of the 1993 mayoral election. Giuliani's scenes were filmed the morning after his real world election. In 2003, Rudy: The Rudy Giuliani Story was released starring actor James Woods as Giuliani.", "In 2003, Rudy: The Rudy Giuliani Story was released starring actor James Woods as Giuliani. In 2018, Giuliani was portrayed multiple times on Saturday Night Live by Kate McKinnon. McKinnon continued portraying him in 2019. In 2020, Giuliani made a cameo appearance on a Netflix true crime limited series' Fear City: New York vs The Mafia, talking about his role in leading the 1980s federal prosecution of the Five Families. In 2020, Giuliani made an unwitting appearance in Borat Subsequent Moviefilm.", "In 2020, Giuliani made an unwitting appearance in Borat Subsequent Moviefilm. In the mockumentary film, Giuliani agrees to an interview with Borat's \"daughter\", Tutar (played by actress Maria Bakalova), who is disguised as a reporter. When invited to Tutar's hotel room, Giuliani proceeds to lie on her bed and reach inside his trousers; they are immediately interrupted by Borat, who says: \"She 15. She too old for you.\"", "She too old for you.\" She too old for you.\" Giuliani later disregarded the accusation, calling it a \"complete fabrication\" and saying he was rather \"tucking in [his] shirt after taking off the recording equipment\". In 2021, Giuliani won two Razzie awards for his part in the film – for Worst Supporting Actor and, with his pants zipper for Worst Screen Combo.", "In 2021, Giuliani won two Razzie awards for his part in the film – for Worst Supporting Actor and, with his pants zipper for Worst Screen Combo. See also Disputes surrounding the 2020 United States presidential election results Electoral history of Rudy Giuliani Political positions of Rudy Giuliani Public image of Rudy Giuliani Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections Timeline of New York City, 1990s–2000s References Further reading Barrett, Wayne, (2000). Rudy! : An Investigative Biography of Rudolph Giuliani.", "Rudy! : An Investigative Biography of Rudolph Giuliani. : An Investigative Biography of Rudolph Giuliani. Basic Books; (Reprint by Diane Publishing Co.). Brodeur, Christopher X. (2002). Perverted Little Creep: Mayor Giuliani vs Mayor Brodeur. ExtremeNY books, . Dinkins, David N.; Knobler, Peter (2013). A Mayor's Life: Governing New York's Gorgeous Mosaic. PublicAffairs, Gonzalez, Juan, (2002). Fallout: The Environmental Consequences of the World Trade Center Collapse.", "Fallout: The Environmental Consequences of the World Trade Center Collapse. New Press, . Koch, Edward I. (1999). Giuliani: Nasty Man. Barricade Books. . Mandery, Evan (1999). The Campaign: Rudy Giuliani, Ruth Messinger, Al Sharpton, and the Race to Be Mayor of New York City. Westview Press, . Newfield, Jack, (2003). The Full Rudy: The Man, the Myth, the Mania. Thunder's Mouth Press, .", "Thunder's Mouth Press, . Thunder's Mouth Press, . Paterson, David \"Black, Blind, & In Charge: A Story of Visionary Leadership and Overcoming Adversity. \"Skyhorse Publishing. New York, New York, 2020. Polner, Robert, (2005). America's Mayor: The Hidden History of Rudy Giuliani's New York. Soft Skull Press, . Polner, Robert, (2007). America's Mayor, America's President? The Strange Career of Rudy Giuliani.", "The Strange Career of Rudy Giuliani. The Strange Career of Rudy Giuliani. [Preface by Jimmy Breslin] Soft Skull Press, .", "[Preface by Jimmy Breslin] Soft Skull Press, . External links La Guardia and Wagner Archives/The Giuliani Collection TPM infographic: Tracking Rudy Giuliani's Foreign Dealings Suspension of Giuliani's New York State law license — Attorney Grievance Committee for the Supreme Court of the State of New York Appellate Division |- |- |- |- |- 1944 births 20th-century Roman Catholics 21st-century Roman Catholics 21st-century American politicians American conspiracy theorists American male non-fiction writers American political writers American prosecutors American writers of Italian descent Bishop Loughlin Memorial High School alumni Businesspeople from New York City Catholics from New York (state) Donald Trump litigation Golden Raspberry Award winners Honorary Knights Commander of the Order of the British Empire Knights of the Order of Merit of Savoy Living people Manhattan College alumni American politicians of Italian descent Manhattan Institute for Policy Research Mayors of New York City New York (state) lawyers New York (state) Republicans New York University School of Law alumni Patterson Belknap Webb & Tyler people People associated with the September 11 attacks People stripped of honorary degrees State and local political sex scandals in the United States Time Person of the Year Trump administration controversies Trump–Ukraine scandal United States Associate Attorneys General United States Attorneys for the Southern District of New York Candidates in the 2008 United States presidential election Writers from Brooklyn" ]