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Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
up inside and really don't let kind of the common denominator of standardized approaches
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Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
to things slow you down.
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Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
So you mentioned planaria being in some sense immortal. What's the role of death in life?
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Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
What's the role of death in this whole process we have? Is it, when you look at biological
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Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
systems, is death an important feature, especially as you climb up the hierarchy of competency?
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Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
Boy, that's an interesting question. I think that it's certainly a factor that promotes
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Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
change and turnover and an opportunity to do something different the next time for a
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Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
larger scale system. So apoptosis, it's really interesting. I mean, death is really interesting
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Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
in a number of ways. One is like you could think about like what was the first thing
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Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
to die? That's an interesting question. What was the first creature that you could say
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Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
actually died? It's a tough thing because we don't have a great definition for it. So
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Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
if you bring a cabbage home and you put it in your fridge, at what point are you going
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Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
to say it's died, right? So it's kind of hard to know. There's one paper in which I talk
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Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
about this idea that, I mean, think about this and imagine that you have a creature
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Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
that's aquatic, let's say it's a frog or something or a tadpole, and the animal dies,
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Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
in the pond it dies for whatever reason. Most of the cells are still alive. So you could
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Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
imagine that if when it died, there was some sort of breakdown of the connectivity between
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Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
the cells, a bunch of cells crawled off, they could have a life as amoebas. Some of them
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Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
could join together and become a xenobot and twiddle around, right? So we know from planaria
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Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
that there are cells that don't obey the Hayflick limit and just sort of live forever. So you
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Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
could imagine an organism that when the organism dies, it doesn't disappear, rather the individual
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Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
cells that are still alive, crawl off and have a completely different kind of lifestyle
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Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
and maybe come back together as something else, or maybe they don't. So all of this,
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Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
I'm sure, is happening somewhere on some planet. So death in any case, I mean, we already kind
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Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
of knew this because the molecules, we know that when something dies, the molecules go
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Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
through the ecosystem, but even the cells don't necessarily die at that point, they
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Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
might have another life in a different way. You can think about something like HeLa, right?
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Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
The HeLa cell line, you know, that has this, that's had this incredible life. There are
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Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
way more HeLa cells now than there ever been, than there, than there were when, when she
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Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
was alive.
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Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
It seems like as the organisms become more and more complex, like if you look at the
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Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
mammals, their relationship with death becomes more and more complex. So the survival imperative
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Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
starts becoming interesting and humans are arguably the first species that have invented
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Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
the fear of death. The understanding that you're going to die, let's put it this way,
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Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
like long, so not like instinctual, like, I need to run away from the thing that's going
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Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
to eat me, but starting to contemplate the finiteness of life.
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Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
Yeah. I mean, one thing, so, so one thing about the human light, cognitive light cone
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Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
is that for the first, as far as we know, for the first time, you might have goals that
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Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
are longer than your lifespan, that are not achievable, right? So if you're, if you are,
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Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
let's say, and I don't know if this is true, but if you're a goldfish and you have a 10
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Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
minute attention span, I'm not sure if that's true, but let's say, let's say there's some
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Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
organism with a, with a short kind of cognitive light cone that way, all of your goals are
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Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
potentially achievable because you're probably going to live the next 10 minutes. So whatever
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Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
goals you have, they are totally achievable. If you're a human, you could have all kinds
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Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
of goals that are guaranteed not achievable because they just take too long, like guaranteed
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Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
you're not going to achieve them. So I wonder if, you know, is that, is that a, you know,
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Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
like a perennial, you know, sort of thorn in our, in our psychology that drives some,
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Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
some psychosis or whatever? I have, I have no idea. Another interesting thing about that,
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Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
actually, I've been thinking about this a lot in the last couple of weeks, this notion
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Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
of giving up. So you would think that evolutionarily, the most adaptive way of being is that you
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Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
go, you, you, you, you fight as long as you physically can. And then when you can't, you
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Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
can't, and there's in, there's this photograph, there's videos you can find of insects are
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Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
crawling around where like, you know, like, like most of it is already gone, and it's
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Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
still sort of crawling, you know, like, Terminator style, right? Like, as far as as long as you
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Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
physically can, you keep going. Mammals don't do that. So a lot of mammals, including rats,
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Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
have this thing where when, when they think it's a hopeless situation, they literally
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Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
give up and die when physically, they could have kept going. I mean, humans certainly
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Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
do this. And there's, there's some like, really unpleasant experiments that the this guy forget
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Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
his name did with drowning rats, where if he where where rats normally drown after a
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Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
couple of minutes, but if you teach them that if you just tread water for a couple of minutes,
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Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
you'll get rescued, they can tread water for like an hour. And so right, and so they literally
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Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
just give up and die. And so evolutionarily, that doesn't seem like a good strategy at
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Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
all evolutionarily, since why would you like, what's the benefit ever of giving up, you
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#02:47:49.920
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
just do what you can, and you know, one time out of 1000, you'll actually get rescued, right?
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Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
But this issue of actually giving up suggests some very interesting metacognitive controls
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Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
where you've now gotten to the point where survival actually isn't the top drive. And
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Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
that for whatever, you know, there are other considerations that have like taken over.
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Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
And I think that's uniquely a mammalian thing. But then I don't know.
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Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
Yeah, the Camus, the existentialist question of why live, just the fact that humans commit
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Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
suicide is a really fascinating question from an evolutionary perspective.
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Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
And what was the first and that's the other thing, like, what is the simplest system,
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Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
whether whether evolved or natural or whatever, that is able to do that? Right? Like, you
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Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
can think, you know, what other animals are actually able to do that? I'm not sure.
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Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
Maybe you could see animals over time, for some reason, lowering the value of survive
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Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
at all costs, gradually, until other objectives might become more important.
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Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
Maybe. I don't know how evolutionarily how that how that gets off the ground. That just
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Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
seems like that would have such a strong pressure against it, you know. Just imagine, you know,
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Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
a population with a lower, you know, if you were a mutant in a population that had less
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Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
of a less of a survival imperative, would you put your genes outperform the others?
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Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
Is there such a thing as population selection? Because maybe suicide is a way for organisms
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Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
to decide themselves that they're not fit for the environment? Somehow?
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Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
Yeah, that's a that's a really contrary, you know, population level selection is a kind
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Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
of a deep controversial area. But it's tough because on the face of it, if that was your
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Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
genome, it wouldn't get propagated because you would die and then your neighbor who didn't
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Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
have that would would have all the kids.
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Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
It feels like there could be some deep truth there that we're not understanding. What about
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Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
you yourself as one biological system? Are you afraid of death?
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Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
To be honest, I'm more concerned with especially now getting older and having helped a couple
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Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
of people pass. I think about what's a what's a good way to go? Basically, like nowadays,
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Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
I don't know what that is, I, you know, sitting in a, you know, a facility that sort of tries
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#02:50:14.880
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
to stretch you out as long as you can, that doesn't seem that doesn't seem good. And there's
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Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
not a lot of opportunities to sort of, I don't know, sacrifice yourself for something useful,
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Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
right? There's not terribly many opportunities for that in modern society. So I don't know,
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Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
that's that's that's more of I'm not I'm not particularly worried about death itself.
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Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
But I've seen it happen. And and it's not it's not pretty. And I don't know what what
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#02:50:38.040
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
a better what a better alternative is.
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Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
So the existential aspect of it does not worry you deeply? The fact that this ride ends?
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Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
No, it began. I mean, the ride began, right? So there was I don't know how many billions
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Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
of years before that I wasn't around. So that's okay.
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Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
But isn't the experience of life? It's almost like feels like you're immortal. Because the
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