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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_412_in_Missouri#U.S._Route_412_in_Missouri#0 | « U.S. Route 412 in Missouri » « U.S. Route 412 in Missouri » U.S. Route 412 (US 412) enters the state of Missouri from Arkansas near Cardwell. The highway leaves the state into Tennessee concurrent with I-155 near Caruthersville. |
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_412_in_Missouri#U.S._Route_412_in_Missouri#Route_description#0 | « U.S. Route 412 in Missouri » « U.S. Route 412 in Missouri, Route description » US 412 enters the state from Arkansas after crossing the St. Francis River. The highway enters into the small town of Cardwell before turning to the north. In Kennett, the highway turns back to the east, concurrent with Route 84. In Hayti, US 412 has an interchange with I-55 and travels concurrent with I-155. The two highways cross the Mississippi River on the Caruthersville Bridge into Tennessee. |
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_Augusto_de_Oliveira#Carlos_Augusto_de_Oliveira#0 | « Carlos Augusto de Oliveira » « Carlos Augusto de Oliveira » Carlos Augusto de Oliveira (born 1974 in Brazil) is a Brazilian film director who has lived in Denmark since 2000. |
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_Augusto_de_Oliveira#Carlos_Augusto_de_Oliveira#1 | « Carlos Augusto de Oliveira » « Carlos Augusto de Oliveira » De Oliveira had his introduction to the film industry in 1992 but studied architecture in Rio de Janeiro before moving to Denmark in 2000 to study film and media in Copenhagen. He joined the film network and alternative film school Super16 in 2003 and graduated in 2006 with Three Summers. |
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_Augusto_de_Oliveira#Carlos_Augusto_de_Oliveira#2 | « Carlos Augusto de Oliveira » « Carlos Augusto de Oliveira » His first feature film, Rosa Morena (2011), received the Prêmio Itamaraty award from the Brazilian Ministry of Foreign Affairs at São Paulo and won him a nomination for Best Director at the Danish Robert Awards. |
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lujo,_%C3%81lava#Lujo,_Álava#0 | « Lujo, Álava » « Lujo, Álava » Lujo is a hamlet and council located in the municipality of Aiara, in Álava province, Basque Country, Spain. As of 2020, it has a population of 3. |
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lujo,_%C3%81lava#Lujo,_Álava#Geography#0 | « Lujo, Álava » « Lujo, Álava, Geography » Lujo is located 52km northwest of Vitoria-Gasteiz. |
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tufting#Tufting#0 | « Tufting » « Tufting » Tufting is a type of textile weaving in which a thread is inserted on a primary base. It is an ancient technique for making warm garments, especially mittens. After the knitting is done, short U-shaped loops of extra yarn are introduced through the fabric from the outside so that their ends point inwards (e.g., towards the hand inside the mitten). |
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tufting#Tufting#1 | « Tufting » « Tufting » Usually, the tuft yarns form a regular array of "dots" on the outside, sometimes in a contrasting color (e.g., white on red). On the inside, the tuft yarns may be tied for security, although they need not be. The ends of the tuft yarns are then frayed, so that they will subsequently felt, creating a dense, insulating layer within the knitted garment. |
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tufting#Tufting#2 | « Tufting » « Tufting » A Tufting Gun is a tool commonly used to automate the tufting process, more specifically in the realm of rug making. The yarn is fed through a hollow needle, that penetrates the stretched cloth backing for a modifiable length. |
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tufting#Tufting#3 | « Tufting » « Tufting » They can usually create two types of rugs, a cut or loop pile. A cut pile rug’s yarn is snipped every other loop into the backing, creating a “U” shape from the side profile, while a loop pile rug isn’t snipped and creates a continuous “M” or “W”. Tufting guns are useful tools for both mass production and home use due to its flexibility in scale and color variation. |
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milena_Govich#Milena_Govich#0 | « Milena Govich » « Milena Govich » Milena Govich (/ˈɡoʊvɪtʃ/ GOH-vitch; born October 29, 1976) is an American actress, director, singer, dancer, and musician, best known for portraying NYPD Detective Nina Cassady on the television series Law & Order. |
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milena_Govich#Milena_Govich#Early_life_and_education#0 | « Milena Govich » « Milena Govich, Early life and education » Govich was born in Norman, Cleveland County, Oklahoma. Both of her parents, Dr. Bruce Michael Govich, who died in 1998, and Dr. Marilyn Green Govich, are professors of music: Bruce worked at University of Oklahoma and Marilyn currently teaches voice at the University of Central Oklahoma. Her father was Serbian and her mother is of Scottish and English ancestry. Her aunt, Milica Govich, is also an actress who has appeared on Broadway, television, and film. |
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milena_Govich#Milena_Govich#Early_life_and_education#1 | « Milena Govich » « Milena Govich, Early life and education » Milena graduated from Norman High School in 1994 as valedictorian of her class. She followed her academic parents by graduating from the University of Central Oklahoma, once again graduating valedictorian with a double-degree in performance and pre-medical studies, and a minor in dance and violin. After graduation, Govich moved to New York City to pursue an acting career. |
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milena_Govich#Milena_Govich#Career#0 | « Milena Govich » « Milena Govich, Career » Govich has appeared on Broadway in the musical revival of Cabaret, joining the 1998–2004 production in December 2000. She began in the role of Lulu, featuring her singing, dancing, and playing violin, and was the understudy and eventual replacement for the lead role, Sally Bowles. Govich also performed on Broadway in the 2002 musical revival of The Boys from Syracuse and in the musical Good Vibrations. She starred as Millie in the first regional production of Thoroughly Modern Millie. In July 2012, Govich starred in the title role of Sweet Charity at The Lyric Theatre. |
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milena_Govich#Milena_Govich#Career#1 | « Milena Govich » « Milena Govich, Career » On television, Govich first gained national attention in the United States as Gabby in the pilot episode of CBS's Love Monkey, then as the prostitute/con-artist Candy on Rescue Me. She also starred in the Dick Wolf-produced series Conviction and then starred on Wolf's flagship series, Law & Order, as Detective Nina Cassady. She played the role for one season. |
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milena_Govich#Milena_Govich#Career#2 | « Milena Govich » « Milena Govich, Career » She has been featured or recurred on numerous other television shows: as New Orleans District Attorney Lyndsey Swann in the 20th Century Fox Television show K-Ville; as Assistant District Attorney Tracy Hunt on the CBS series The Defenders; and as Regina Turner on Make It or Break It. |
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milena_Govich#Milena_Govich#Career#3 | « Milena Govich » « Milena Govich, Career » She played a leading role on the MTV drama, Finding Carter. |
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milena_Govich#Milena_Govich#Career#4 | « Milena Govich » « Milena Govich, Career » Govich has also appeared in several films, including 2004's Bad Behavior, 2006's In Love, 2009's Sordid Things, 2011's A Novel Romance, starring opposite Steve Guttenberg, and Lucky N#mbr, starring opposite Method Man. |
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milena_Govich#Milena_Govich#Career#Law_&_Order#0 | « Milena Govich » « Milena Govich, Career, Law & Order » Govich played the part of Jessica Rossi on the short-lived 2006 NBC legal drama Conviction, created by Dick Wolf. The day after that show was cancelled, Wolf invited her to join the cast of Law & Order for the 17th season, which premiered on September 22, 2006. Govich played Det. Nina Cassady, who joined the cast as the junior partner when Jesse L. Martin's character, Det. Ed Green, was elevated to senior partner upon the retirement of Det. Joe Fontana, who was portrayed by Dennis Farina. Govich guest-starred on the Law & Order episode "Flaw" (Season 16, Episode 2) in 2005, joining a list of Law & Order cast regulars who did the same before having a starring role in the series. Reuters reported on June 1, 2007, that Govich would be replaced by Jeremy Sisto. |
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milena_Govich#Milena_Govich#Directing#0 | « Milena Govich » « Milena Govich, Directing » Govich was one of eight filmmakers selected for the American Film Institute's Directing Workshop for Women, mentored by Paul Feig. Her directorial debut short film, Temporary (which gained her acceptance into AFI) has won multiple awards on the film festival circuit. |
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milena_Govich#Milena_Govich#Directing#1 | « Milena Govich » « Milena Govich, Directing » Her upcoming short film, Unspeakable, written by David Cornue, is currently in post-production. It will serve as an episodic proof of concept for a one-hour TV drama, also written by Cornue. As of May 2020, it remains unreleased. |
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milena_Govich#Milena_Govich#Directing#2 | « Milena Govich » « Milena Govich, Directing » Twelve years after leaving Law & Order, Govich reunited with Wolf as a director and co-executive producer for his CBS series FBI. |
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milena_Govich#Milena_Govich#Personal_life#0 | « Milena Govich » « Milena Govich, Personal life » Govich is married to David Cornue, a writer, composer and film producer. They have no children. |
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milena_Govich#Milena_Govich#Personal_life#1 | « Milena Govich » « Milena Govich, Personal life » On October 10, 2008, Govich sang the U.S. national anthem at the New Jersey Devils home opener at the Prudential Center in Newark, New Jersey. She has also appeared twice on tour as the guest performer with Chinese pop star Fei Xiang. |
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naiyarat_Thanawaigoses#Naiyarat_Thanawaigoses#0 | « Naiyarat Thanawaigoses » « Naiyarat Thanawaigoses » Naiyarat Thanawaigoses (Thai: นัยรัตน์ ธนไวทย์โกเศส), nicknamed Pang (แป้ง; born 1990/1991) is a Thai YouTuber, known for video game live streaming on her YouTube channel, zbing z. She began making videos in 2014, and has since become one of the most popular live streamers in Thailand, with over 14 million subscribers as of 2018. |
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frans_Hals_catalogue_raisonn%C3%A9,_1989#Frans_Hals_catalogue_raisonné,_1989#0 | « Frans Hals catalogue raisonné, 1989 » « Frans Hals catalogue raisonné, 1989 » The following is the list of 145 paintings indexed as autograph by Frans Hals, written by the art historian and Hals specialist Claus Grimm in 1989. The list is by catalogue number and is more or less in order of creation, starting from around 1610 when Hals began painting on his own. Most of these works are still considered autograph, though one has since been reattributed to Judith Leyster. In addition to this list, Grimm added comments and additional entries to Seymour Slive's lists of lost and doubtful paintings. He also rejected several Slive attributions, making his list is considerably shorter. The autograph catalogue entries are as follows: |
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Agust%C3%ADn_Maza_University#Juan_Agustín_Maza_University#0 | « Juan Agustín Maza University » « Juan Agustín Maza University » The Juan Agustín Maza University is a private university located in Las Cañas district, Guaymallén department in Mendoza, Argentina. It was founded on May 4, 1960 as a non-for-profit organization. |
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Agust%C3%ADn_Maza_University#Juan_Agustín_Maza_University#Schools#1 | « Juan Agustín Maza University » « Juan Agustín Maza University, Schools » This Argentine university, college, or tertiary institution related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by . |
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dasient#Dasient#0 | « Dasient » « Dasient » Dasient was an internet security company headquartered in Sunnyvale, California. It was founded in 2008 and launched its first product in June 2009. Dasient was acquired by Twitter in January 2012. |
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dasient#Dasient#Products#0 | « Dasient » « Dasient, Products » Dasient provides cloud-based anti-malware services for protecting businesses against web-based malware and malvertising. |
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dasient#Dasient#Products#1 | « Dasient » « Dasient, Products » Dasient's Web Malware Analysis Platform uses a dynamic, behavioral-based engine - based on sophisticated algorithms and anomaly detection technology - to defend against the latest attacks using up-to-date intelligence about malware. This platform includes a system of highly instrumented virtual machines to simulate what actual users would experience when visiting a particular web page or viewing a specific online ad. |
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dasient#Dasient#History#0 | « Dasient » « Dasient, History » The company was founded by former Google personnel Neil Daswani and Shariq Rizvi, and former McKinsey strategy consultant Ameet Ranadive. |
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dasient#Dasient#History#1 | « Dasient » « Dasient, History » Dasient was named by Network World as one of ten startups to watch in 2010. |
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dasient#Dasient#History#2 | « Dasient » « Dasient, History » The company received seed funding from Mike Maples, ex-Verisign CEO Stratton Sclavos, and ex-3Com/Palm chairman Eric Benhamou. In February 2011, it was announced that Google Ventures invested in Dasient. |
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dasient#Dasient#History#3 | « Dasient » « Dasient, History » Dasient was acquired by Twitter in January 2012. |
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhynchohyalus#Rhynchohyalus#0 | « Rhynchohyalus » « Rhynchohyalus » Rhynchohyalus natalensis, the glasshead barreleye, is a species of barreleye found in oceans around the world at depths from 247 to 549 metres (810 to 1,801 ft). This species grows to a length of 16 centimetres (6.3 in) SL. It and the brownsnout spookfish are the only vertebrates known to employ mirrors, in addition to lenses, to focus the images in its eyes. This fish, apart from its fluid filled dome and its mirrors, has four eyes that can see in 360°. |
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Fellows#Alex_Fellows#0 | « Alex Fellows » « Alex Fellows » Alex Fellows (born 1979) is a Canadian cartoonist, illustrator, and painter, based in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. |
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Fellows#Alex_Fellows#Background#0 | « Alex Fellows » « Alex Fellows, Background » Fellows' first comic, Blank Slate, was published online in 2002. With the help of a Xeric Grant, he later published a graphic novel. |
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Fellows#Alex_Fellows#Background#1 | « Alex Fellows » « Alex Fellows, Background » In 2011, he won the Doug Wright Award for Best Emerging Talent for his comic, Spain and Morocco. He had also been nominated for the award in 2005 Spain & Morocco was published in 2014 by Conundrum Press. |
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debra_M._Sari%C3%B1ana#Debra_M._Sariñana#0 | « Debra M. Sariñana » « Debra M. Sariñana » Debra M. Sariñana is an American educator and politician serving as a member of the New Mexico House of Representatives from the 21st district, which includes a portion of Bernalillo County. |
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debra_M._Sari%C3%B1ana#Debra_M._Sariñana#Early_life_and_education#0 | « Debra M. Sariñana » « Debra M. Sariñana, Early life and education » Sariñana was born and raised in Albuquerque, New Mexico. She earned a Bachelor of Science degree in education from New Mexico State University in 1983 and a Master of Arts in mathematics education from the University of New Mexico in 2007. |
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debra_M._Sari%C3%B1ana#Debra_M._Sariñana#Career#0 | « Debra M. Sariñana » « Debra M. Sariñana, Career » Sariñana served in the United States Air Force Reserves from 1984 to 1990 as a medical service specialist. Prior to entering politics, she was a math teacher at Manzano High School. In the November 8, 2016 Democratic primary for the 21st district of the New Mexico House of Representatives, Sariñana defeated incumbent Idalia Lechuga-Tena. She took office in January 2017. |
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ending_Chronicle#The_Ending_Chronicle#0 | « The Ending Chronicle » « The Ending Chronicle » The Ending Chronicle (終わりのクロニクル, Owari no Chronicle, literally Chronicle of the End) is a light novel series written by Minoru Kawakami (川上 稔) and illustrated by Satoyasu (さとやす). It had 14 volumes published from 2003 to 2005 by Dengeki Bunko. It takes place in the past of Horizon in the Middle of Nowhere, another of Kawakami's light novel series. The series takes place in the second era of a six-stage universe, with Kawakami's other works (including Horizon in the Middle of Nowhere) encompassing the other five. |
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ending_Chronicle#The_Ending_Chronicle#Plot#0 | « The Ending Chronicle » « The Ending Chronicle, Plot » 1945 – The end of World War II. It was a year that would be forever engraved in human history, but it was also the year when another war that does not have a special place in the pages of history ended. Those who knew of it named it the Concept War (概念戦争, Gainen Sensou). |
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ending_Chronicle#The_Ending_Chronicle#Plot#1 | « The Ending Chronicle » « The Ending Chronicle, Plot » Sixty years later, 2005. After the death of his grandfather, the high school student Mikoto Sayama, vice-president of the Taka-Akita Academy's Student Council, is suddenly summoned by the giant corporation IAI. There, he is informed of the existence of the UCAT institution and his grandfather's deep involvement with it and the Concept War. His grandfather and UCAT fought against ten alternate worlds called Gears (G/ギア, Gia) that existed separate to this one. These worlds were not parallel, they existed in multiple phases atop each other like a planetary orbit. They could approach each other and interact and affect each other on a set cycle, so when this fact was discovered, they began an all out war among themselves to destroy each other. With the world at stake, his grandfather took part on this war in order to destroy other worlds. Therefore, sixty years ago, Sayama's grandfather and his comrades destroyed all the Gears from the 1st to the 10th and at the end only this world, the world known as Low-Gear, survived. |
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ending_Chronicle#The_Ending_Chronicle#Plot#2 | « The Ending Chronicle » « The Ending Chronicle, Plot » Carrying on his back the phrase "the surname Sayama indicates a villain" and all the hatred, Mikoto Sayama begins the last negotiation with the other Gears survivors, the Leviathan Road (全竜交渉 (レヴァイアサンロード), Revuaiasan Rōdo), in order to save Low-Gear from a new crisis. What is the crisis that approaches Low-Gear, this world in which the survivors of the other worlds live? And what is the meaning of the Leviathan Road which was left to Sayama Mikoto in order to avoid that crisis? Can this world truly reach a conclusion that will not bring its own end despite having ended so many other worlds? When Sayama Mikoto faces the emotions of those who were once defeated, what answer will he give? |
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ending_Chronicle#The_Ending_Chronicle#Media#Light_novels#0 | « The Ending Chronicle » « The Ending Chronicle, Media, Light novels » Owari no Chronicle began as serial light novel series run in Dengeki Bunko Magazine in 2003. When it finished on December 10, 2005, it had 14 compilation volumes covering seven separate arcs published by ASCII Media Works' imprint Dengeki Bunko. By 2008, it was #44 in the overall ranking from 1979 to 2008 of top-selling light novels by series with 1,300,000 estimated copies sold. |
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ending_Chronicle#The_Ending_Chronicle#Media#Drama_CD#0 | « The Ending Chronicle » « The Ending Chronicle, Media, Drama CD » A Drama CD was released after the main series ended, on March 31, 2006. |
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ending_Chronicle#The_Ending_Chronicle#Media#Music#0 | « The Ending Chronicle » « The Ending Chronicle, Media, Music » A series of music albums were released by Voltage of Imagination and Tenky, named GET SET - TEAM LEVIATHAN CHRONICLE (released on August 25, 2008), AHEAD - TEAM LEVIATHAN CHRONICLE (released on November 5, 2008), BREAK - TEAM LEVIATHAN CHRONICLE (released on April 28, 2009) and GO AHEAD - TEAM LEVIATHAN CHRONICLE (released on August 14, 2009). |
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ending_Chronicle#The_Ending_Chronicle#Reception#0 | « The Ending Chronicle » « The Ending Chronicle, Reception » The Ending Chronicle ranked two times in the top ten of the Takarajimasha's annual light novel guide book Kono Light Novel ga Sugoi!, a list of the most popular light novels and their characters according to their readers: fifth in 2006 and seventh in 2007. Between the 2005 and 2007 issues of Kono Light Novel ga Sugoi!, main character Mikoto Sayama ranked three times, third place in 2005, second place in 2006 and finally he was the No. 1 ranked male light novel character in the 2007 issue. |
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komoka_Kings#Komoka_Kings#0 | « Komoka Kings » « Komoka Kings » The Komoka Kings are a Canadian junior ice hockey team based in Komoka, Ontario, Canada. They play in the Western division of the Greater Ontario Junior Hockey League. |
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komoka_Kings#Komoka_Kings#History#0 | « Komoka Kings » « Komoka Kings, History » In 1968, the Petrolia Jets joined the Border Cities Junior "B" league. Although not much is known about the league prior to '68, it is thought that the team originated in the "Bluewater Junior "C" Hockey League" by OHA historians. When the BCJCHL became the Great Lakes Junior C Hockey League in 1970, the Jets stayed on board. In 1972, the Jets moved up to Western Junior "B", but were sent back to Junior "C" in 1984. In 1989, the Jets came back to the Western "B". |
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komoka_Kings#Komoka_Kings#History#1 | « Komoka Kings » « Komoka Kings, History » The Petrolia Jets moved to Forest, Ontario in 2008. Their name was changed to the Lambton Shores Predators, to match the name of the local minor hockey system. |
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komoka_Kings#Komoka_Kings#History#2 | « Komoka Kings » « Komoka Kings, History » During the summer of 2017, the Predators relocated and became the Komoka Kings and now play out of the Komoka Wellness Centre. The Kings first regular season home game in Komoka was against the Sarnia Legionnaires and ended in a 3-3 2OT tie. Captain Andrew Kim scored 2 goals and Isaac McLean added 1. |
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Two_Scotland#BBC_Two_Scotland#0 | « BBC Two Scotland » « BBC Two Scotland » BBC Two Scotland (Scottish Gaelic: BBC Dhà Alba) was the national variation of BBC Two for BBC Scotland. It was broadcast via digital television and was the sister Scottish channel of BBC One Scotland and Gaelic-language BBC Alba. Unlike BBC One Scotland, which broadcasts its own continuity with only rare exceptions, BBC Two Scotland would opt in and out of BBC Two network continuity throughout the day. |
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Two_Scotland#BBC_Two_Scotland#History#0 | « BBC Two Scotland » « BBC Two Scotland, History » Prior to digital switchover, 'BBC Two Scotland' and 'BBC Two Scotland (Digital)' were listed as separate channels by some guides, but were effectively the same channel, broadcasting identical feeds as part of the transition to digital television. |
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Two_Scotland#BBC_Two_Scotland#History#1 | « BBC Two Scotland » « BBC Two Scotland, History » On 24 February 2019, the BBC launched the BBC Scotland channel, a new autonomous service that broadcasts a nightly lineup of Scottish programming. In preparation for its launch, BBC Two Scotland was discontinued and replaced by the national version beginning 18 February. BBC Scotland officially broadcasts from 19:00 to 00:00 nightly, but simulcasts BBC Two daily from 12:00 to 19:00, and may opt out for sport and political broadcasts of regional interest during this period. BBC Two Scotland remained on the Sky EPG on channel 970 until 28 February 2019. From 18 to 27 February 2019, BBC Two Scotland simulcasted BBC Two (England region). |
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Two_Scotland#BBC_Two_Scotland#Programming#0 | « BBC Two Scotland » « BBC Two Scotland, Programming » Similarly to BBC One Scotland, BBC Two Scotland offered differing programming from the UK-wide network specifically aimed at Scottish viewers. Often, this was more specialised programming such as Artworks Scotland, Holyrood Live and the Gaelic strands branded as BBC Two (Dhà) Alba. |
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Two_Scotland#BBC_Two_Scotland#Programming#1 | « BBC Two Scotland » « BBC Two Scotland, Programming » During the daytime and overnight schedules, BBC Scotland replaced some of the national education programming for shows better targeted at the separate Scottish education system and replacing some politics strands with coverage of Scottish politics. BBC Sport Scotland would sometimes use BBC Two Scotland to broadcast live coverage of more minority sports, such as athletics and shinty, with some sports such as mountain biking and cross-country showcased in The Adventure Show. |
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Two_Scotland#BBC_Two_Scotland#Programming#2 | « BBC Two Scotland » « BBC Two Scotland, Programming » Additionally, on Sunday nights, BBC Two Scotland had become the regular home for Sportscene's highlights of the SPFL, preceding Match of the Day 2. |
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Two_Scotland#BBC_Two_Scotland#Programming#3 | « BBC Two Scotland » « BBC Two Scotland, Programming » The Music Show was launched on BBC Two Scotland in November 2005, presented by Shantha Roberts. Its programming included live performances from a wide range of musical styles, with bands filmed around the country at different venues and unusual locations, rather than in the studio. Musical styles included indie, jazz, folk, funk, hip hop and electro pop. Its last shows were broadcast in November 2014. |
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Two_Scotland#BBC_Two_Scotland#Programming#4 | « BBC Two Scotland » « BBC Two Scotland, Programming » Other examples of BBC Two Scotland programmes include: |
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cella,_Burkina_Faso#Cella,_Burkina_Faso#0 | « Cella, Burkina Faso » « Cella, Burkina Faso » Cella is a town in the Tenkodogo Department of Boulgou Province in south-eastern Burkina Faso. As of 2005, the town has a population of 1,731. |
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fast_Food_Rockers#Fast_Food_Rockers#0 | « Fast Food Rockers » « Fast Food Rockers » Fast Food Rockers were a British pop group known only for their novelty music. The band met at a fast-food convention in Folkestone in summer 2003. |
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fast_Food_Rockers#Fast_Food_Rockers#Career#0 | « Fast Food Rockers » « Fast Food Rockers, Career » Their most successful hit was their 2003 release "Fast Food Song", which parodies the traditional folk melody "A Ram Sam Sam". The Dutch DJ Eric Dikeb claims to have made a Dutch song out of that traditional melody in 2001, called "Pizzahaha", explaining that at that moment, he was taking part in the Dutch television show Big Diet, in which contestants had to lose as much weight as they could over a few months. Dikeb claims to have come up with the idea to use the names of his favourite fast-food restaurants in the song. The same fast-food restaurant lyrics and tune, together with hand signals, are a scout camp-fire song which pre-dates Dikeb's claim by a number of decades. "Pizzahaha" did not make it to the Dutch charts, but in Belgium the band Dynamite made a big hit out of it, with a Belgian version called "De Pizzadans". It also topped the charts in Germany, called "Burgerdance", by DJ Otzi. |
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fast_Food_Rockers#Fast_Food_Rockers#Career#1 | « Fast Food Rockers » « Fast Food Rockers, Career » The Fast Food Rockers' version, adapted by Mike Stock, Steve Crosby and Sandy Rass, was the first release of independent record label Better The Devil Records. The song mentioned Pizza Hut, Kentucky Fried Chicken and McDonald's. In June 2003 it reached #2 in the UK Singles Chart and number 1 in Scotland, despite the criticism of cultural analysts who lamented the "collapse of culture into product placement". The single would go on to sell 150,000 copies in the UK, and was in the year-end Top 40. |
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fast_Food_Rockers#Fast_Food_Rockers#Career#2 | « Fast Food Rockers » « Fast Food Rockers, Career » The band had its own mascot, a giant blue dog called "Hotdog" (performed by Adrian Reed) who followed the band around and appeared in all three music videos. |
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fast_Food_Rockers#Fast_Food_Rockers#Career#3 | « Fast Food Rockers » « Fast Food Rockers, Career » The band traveled in a gaudily decorated van with print on the side reading "Happy Wheels." |
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fast_Food_Rockers#Fast_Food_Rockers#Career#4 | « Fast Food Rockers » « Fast Food Rockers, Career » Their second single, "Say Cheese (Smile Please)", reached #10. |
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fast_Food_Rockers#Fast_Food_Rockers#Career#5 | « Fast Food Rockers » « Fast Food Rockers, Career » In 2003, there were rumours that the band did not sing on their own records. However, in an interview with CBBC Newsround, Lucy stated she "trained for three years at a performing arts school, Ria's been in the business for a long time, Martin's been in the business for a long time and we're very proud to say we do sing on [this] song". |
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fast_Food_Rockers#Fast_Food_Rockers#Career#6 | « Fast Food Rockers » « Fast Food Rockers, Career » After their attempt at a Christmas single only reached #25, and an album that failed to make the charts, their management company decided to drop the band in March 2004. |
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fast_Food_Rockers#Fast_Food_Rockers#Career#7 | « Fast Food Rockers » « Fast Food Rockers, Career » After the disbandment, the band members found non-music-related jobs, and in 2006, former band member Martin Rycroft was poached from his bar-tending job to take part in the Channel 4/E4 show Boys Will Be Girls, where three former male popstars (including Russ Spencer from Scooch) tried to convincingly create a new girl band by former Brother Beyond star Nathan Moore. |
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perrigo-Holmes_House#Perrigo-Holmes_House#0 | « Perrigo-Holmes House » « Perrigo-Holmes House » The Perrigo-Holmes House is a historic residence located in Boone, Iowa, United States. Joel C. Perrigo was a Vermont native who worked for several different railroads, including the Chicago and North Western, which probably brought him to Boone. He also had extensive land holdings in the county. Adoniram J. Holmes was a local attorney who was elected the mayor of Boone before being elected to the United States House of Representatives as a Republican. He represented Iowa's 10th congressional district before serving as the Sergeant at Arms of the United States House of Representatives. He and his wife Emma bought the house right after he was elected to congress. Perrigo had the two-story, frame high-style Italianate house built around 1871. The "L" shaped structure features paired brackets under the eaves, and the front porch is located in the inside angle. A barn, believed to be a contemporary of the house, is also part of historic listing. It is one of a few town barns left in Boone. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1994. |
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire#First_Bulgarian_Empire#0 | « First Bulgarian Empire » « First Bulgarian Empire » The First Bulgarian Empire (Church Slavonic: блъгарьско цѣсарьствиѥ, romanized: blagarysko tsesarystviye) was a medieval Bulgar-Slavic and later Bulgarian state that existed in Southeastern Europe between the 7th and 11th centuries AD. It was founded in 680–681 after part of the Bulgars, led by Asparuh, moved south to the northeastern Balkans. There they secured Byzantine recognition of their right to settle south of the Danube by defeating – possibly with the help of local South Slavic tribes – the Byzantine army led by Constantine IV. During the 9th and 10th century, Bulgaria at the height of its power spread from the Danube Bend to the Black Sea and from the Dnieper River to the Adriatic Sea and became an important power in the region competing with the Byzantine Empire. It became the foremost cultural and spiritual centre of south Slavic Europe throughout most of the Middle Ages. |
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire#First_Bulgarian_Empire#1 | « First Bulgarian Empire » « First Bulgarian Empire » As the state solidified its position in the Balkans, it entered into a centuries-long interaction, sometimes friendly and sometimes hostile, with the Byzantine Empire. Bulgaria emerged as Byzantium's chief antagonist to its north, resulting in several wars. The two powers also enjoyed periods of peace and alliance, most notably during the Second Arab Siege of Constantinople, where the Bulgarian army broke the siege and destroyed the Arab army, thus preventing an Arab invasion of Southeastern Europe. Byzantium had a strong cultural influence on Bulgaria, which also led to the eventual adoption of Christianity in 864. After the disintegration of the Avar Khaganate, the country expanded its territory northwest to the Pannonian Plain. Later the Bulgarians confronted the advance of the Pechenegs and Cumans, and achieved a decisive victory over the Magyars, forcing them to establish themselves permanently in Pannonia. |
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire#First_Bulgarian_Empire#2 | « First Bulgarian Empire » « First Bulgarian Empire » The ruling Bulgars and other non-Slavic tribes in the empire gradually mixed and adopted the prevailing Slavic language, thus gradually forming the Bulgarian nation from the 7th to the 10th century. Since the 10th century, the demonym Bulgarian gained prevalence and became permanent designations for the local population, both in literature and in common parlance. The development of Old Church Slavonic literacy had the effect of preventing the assimilation of the South Slavs into neighbouring cultures, while stimulating the formation of a distinct Bulgarian identity. |
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire#First_Bulgarian_Empire#3 | « First Bulgarian Empire » « First Bulgarian Empire » After the adoption of Christianity, Bulgaria became the cultural center of Slavic Europe. Its leading cultural position was further consolidated with the adoption of the Glagolitic alphabet, the invention of the Early Cyrillic alphabet shortly after in the capital Preslav, and the literature produced in Old Bulgarian soon began spreading north. Old Bulgarian became the lingua franca of much of Eastern Europe and it came to be known as Old Church Slavonic. In 927, the fully independent Bulgarian Patriarchate was officially recognized. |
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire#First_Bulgarian_Empire#4 | « First Bulgarian Empire » « First Bulgarian Empire » During the late 9th and early 10th centuries, Simeon I achieved a string of victories over the Byzantines. Thereafter, he was recognized with the title of Emperor, and proceeded to expand the state to its greatest extent. After the annihilation of the Byzantine army in the Battle of Anchialus in 917, the Bulgarians laid siege to Constantinople in 923 and 924. The Byzantines eventually recovered, and in 1014, under Basil II "the Bulgar Slayer", a crushing defeat was inflicted on the Bulgarians at the Battle of Kleidion. By 1018, the last Bulgarian strongholds had surrendered to the Byzantine Empire, and the First Bulgarian Empire had ceased to exist. It was succeeded by the Second Bulgarian Empire in 1185. |
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire#First_Bulgarian_Empire#Nomenclature#3 | « First Bulgarian Empire » « First Bulgarian Empire, Nomenclature » The First Bulgarian Empire became known simply as Bulgaria since its recognition by the Byzantine Empire in 681. Some historians use the terms Danube Bulgaria, First Bulgarian State, or First Bulgarian Tsardom (Empire). |
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire#First_Bulgarian_Empire#Nomenclature#4 | « First Bulgarian Empire » « First Bulgarian Empire, Nomenclature » Between 681 and 864 the country is also called by modern historians as the Bulgarian Khanate, or the Bulgar Khaganate, from the Turkic title of khan/khagan borne by its rulers. It is often further specified as the Danube Bulgarian Khanate, or Danube Bulgar Khanate in order to differentiate it from Volga Bulgaria, which emerged from another Bulgar group. |
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire#First_Bulgarian_Empire#Nomenclature#5 | « First Bulgarian Empire » « First Bulgarian Empire, Nomenclature » From the country's Christianization in 864 and the assumption of the imperial title by its rulers in 917/927, the country is also referred to as the Principality of Bulgaria. In English-language sources, the country is often known as the Bulgarian Empire. |
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire#First_Bulgarian_Empire#Background#The_Balkans_during_the_early_Migration_Period#0 | « First Bulgarian Empire » « First Bulgarian Empire, Background, The Balkans during the early Migration Period » Parts of the eastern Balkan Peninsula were in antiquity inhabited by the Thracians who were a group of Indo-European tribes. The whole region as far north as the Danube River was gradually incorporated into the Roman Empire by the 1st century AD. The decline of the Roman Empire after the 3rd century AD and the continuous invasions of Goths and Huns left much of the region devastated, depopulated and in economic decline by the 5th century. The surviving eastern half of the Roman Empire, called by later historians the Byzantine Empire, could not exercise effective control in these territories other than in the coastal areas and certain cities in the interior. Nonetheless, it never relinquished the claim to the whole region up to the Danube. A series of administrative, legislative, military and economic reforms somewhat improved the situation but despite these reforms disorder continued in much of the Balkans. The reign of Emperor Justinian I (r. 527–565) saw temporary recovery of control and reconstruction of a number of fortresses but after his death the empire was unable to face the threat of the Slavs due to the significant reduction of revenue and manpower. |
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire#First_Bulgarian_Empire#Background#Slavic_migrations_to_the_Balkans#0 | « First Bulgarian Empire » « First Bulgarian Empire, Background, Slavic migrations to the Balkans » The Slavs, of Indo-European origin, were first mentioned in written sources to inhabit the territories to the north of the Danube in the 5th century AD but most historians agree that they had arrived earlier. The group of Slavs that came to be known as the South Slavs was divided into Antes and Sclaveni who spoke the same language. The Slavic incursions in the Balkans increased during the second half of Justinian I's reign and while these were initially pillaging raids, large-scale settlement began in the 570s and 580s. This migration is associated with the arrival of the Avars who settled in the plains of Pannonia between the rivers Danube and Tisza in the 560s subjugating various Bulgar and Slavic tribes in the process. |
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire#First_Bulgarian_Empire#Background#Slavic_migrations_to_the_Balkans#1 | « First Bulgarian Empire » « First Bulgarian Empire, Background, Slavic migrations to the Balkans » Consumed in bitter wars with the Persian Sasanian Empire in the east, the Byzantines had few resources with which to confront the Slavs. The Slavs came in large numbers and the lack of political organisation made it very difficult to stop them because there was no political leader to defeat in battle and thereby force their retreat. As the wars with Persia persisted, the 610s and 620s saw a new and even larger migration wave with the Slavs penetrating further south into the Balkans, reaching Thessaly, Thrace and Peloponnese and raiding some islands in the Aegean Sea. The Byzantines held out in Salonica and a number of coastal towns but beyond these areas the imperial authority in the Balkans disappeared. |
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire#First_Bulgarian_Empire#Background#The_Bulgars#0 | « First Bulgarian Empire » « First Bulgarian Empire, Background, The Bulgars » The Bulgars (also Bulghars, Bulgari, Bolgars, Bolghars, Bolgari, Proto-Bulgarians) were Turkic semi-nomadic warrior tribes that flourished in the Pontic–Caspian steppe and the Volga region during the 7th century. They became known as nomadic equestrians in the Volga-Ural region, but some researchers say that their ethnic roots can be traced to Central Asia. They spoke a form of Turkic as their main language. The Bulgars included the tribes of Onogurs, Utigurs and Kutrigurs, among others. |
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire#First_Bulgarian_Empire#Background#The_Bulgars#1 | « First Bulgarian Empire » « First Bulgarian Empire, Background, The Bulgars » The first clear mention of the Bulgars in written sources dates from 480, when they served as the allies of the Byzantine Emperor Zeno (r. 474–491) against the Ostrogoths although an obscure reference to Ziezi ex quo Vulgares, with Ziezi being an offspring of Biblical Shem, son of Noah, is in the Chronography of 354. In the 490s the Kutrigurs had moved west of the Black Sea while the Utigurs inhabited the steppes to the east of them. In the first half of the 6th century, the Bulgars occasionally raided the Byzantine Empire but in the second half of the century the Kutrigurs were subjugated by the Avar Khaganate and the Utigurs came under the rule of the Western Turkic Khaganate. |
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire#First_Bulgarian_Empire#Background#The_Bulgars#2 | « First Bulgarian Empire » « First Bulgarian Empire, Background, The Bulgars » As the power of the Western Turks faded in the 600s the Avars reasserted their domination over the Bulgars. Between 630 and 635 Khan Kubrat of the Dulo clan managed to unite the main Bulgar tribes and to declare independence from the Avars, creating a powerful confederation called Old Great Bulgaria, also known as Patria Onoguria, between the Black Sea, the Sea of Azov and the Caucasus. Kubrat, who was baptised in Constantinople in 619, concluded an alliance with the Byzantine Emperor Heraclius (r. 610–641) and the two countries remained in good relations until Kubrat's death between 650 and 663. Kubrat fought with the Khazars in the east but after his demise Old Great Bulgaria disintegrated under strong Khazar pressure in 668 and his five sons parted with their followers. The eldest Batbayan remained in his homeland as Kubrat's successor and eventually became a Khazar vassal. The second brother Kotrag migrated to the middle Volga region and founded Volga Bulgaria. The third brother Asparuh led his people west to the lower Danube. The fourth one, Kuber, initially settled in Pannonia under Avar suzerainty but revolted and moved to the region of Macedonia, while the fifth brother Alcek settled in central Italy. |
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire#First_Bulgarian_Empire#History#Establishment_and_consolidation#0 | « First Bulgarian Empire » « First Bulgarian Empire, History, Establishment and consolidation » The Bulgars of Asparuh moved westwards to what is now Bessarabia, subdued the territories to the north of the Danube in modern Wallachia, and established themselves in the Danube Delta. In the 670s they crossed the Danube into Scythia Minor, nominally a Byzantine province, whose steppe grasslands and pastures were important for the large herd stocks of the Bulgars in addition to the grazing grounds to the west of the Dniester River already under their control. In 680 the Byzantine Emperor Constantine IV (r. 668–685), having recently defeated the Arabs, led an expedition at the head of a huge army and fleet to drive off the Bulgars but suffered a disastrous defeat at the hands of Asparuh at Onglos, a swampy region in or around the Danube Delta where the Bulgars had set a fortified camp. The Bulgars advanced south, crossed the Balkan Mountains and invaded Thrace. In 681, the Byzantines were compelled to sign a humiliating peace treaty, forcing them to acknowledge Bulgaria as an independent state, to cede the territories to the north of the Balkan Mountains and to pay an annual tribute. In his universal chronicle the Western European author Sigebert of Gembloux remarked that the Bulgarian state was established in 680. This was the first state that the empire recognised in the Balkans and the first time it legally surrendered claims to part of its Balkan dominions. The Byzantine chronicler Theophanes the Confessor wrote of the treaty: |
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire#First_Bulgarian_Empire#History#Establishment_and_consolidation#1 | « First Bulgarian Empire » « First Bulgarian Empire, History, Establishment and consolidation » ... the Emperor [Constantine IV] signed peace with them [the Bulgars], and agreed to pay them tribute for shame of the Romans and for our many sins. For it was wondrous for faraway and close peoples to hear that he, who made everyone pay him tribute – to the east and to the west, to the north and to the south, had been defeated by these unclean and newly emerged people. |
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire#First_Bulgarian_Empire#History#Establishment_and_consolidation#2 | « First Bulgarian Empire » « First Bulgarian Empire, History, Establishment and consolidation » The relations between the Bulgars and the local Slavs is a matter of debate depending on the interpretation of the Byzantine sources. Vasil Zlatarski asserts that they concluded a treaty but most historians agree that they were subjugated. The Bulgars were superior organisationally and militarily and came to dominate politically the new state but there was cooperation between them and the Slavs for the protection of the country. The Slavs were allowed to retain their chiefs, to abide to their customs and in return they were to pay tribute in kind and to provide foot soldiers for the army. The Seven Slavic tribes were relocated to the west to protect the frontier with the Avar Khaganate, while the Severi were resettled in the eastern Balkan Mountains to guard the passes to the Byzantine Empire. The number of Asparuh's Bulgars is difficult to estimate. Vasil Zlatarski and John Van Antwerp Fine Jr. suggest that they were not particularly numerous, numbering some 10,000, while Steven Runciman considers that the tribe must have been of considerable dimensions. The Bulgars settled mainly in the north-east, establishing the capital at Pliska, which was initially a colossal encampment of 23 km2 protected with earthen ramparts. |
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire#First_Bulgarian_Empire#History#Establishment_and_consolidation#3 | « First Bulgarian Empire » « First Bulgarian Empire, History, Establishment and consolidation » To the north-east the war with the Khazars persisted and in 700 Khan Asparuh perished in battle with them. Despite this setback the consolidation of the country continued under Asparuh's successor, Khan Tervel (r. 700–721). In 705 he assisted the deposed Byzantine Emperor Justinian II in regaining his throne in return for the Zagore region of Northern Thrace, the first expansion of Bulgaria to the south of the Balkan mountains. In addition Tervel obtained the title Caesar and, having been enthroned alongside the Emperor, received the obeisance of the citizenry of Constantinople and numerous gifts. However, three years later, Justinian tried to regain the ceded territory by force, but his army was defeated at Anchialus. Skirmishes continued until 716 when Khan Tervel signed an important agreement with Byzantium that defined the borders and the Byzantine tribute, regulated trade relations and provided for the exchange of prisoners and fugitives. When the Arabs laid siege to Constantinople in 717–718 Tervel dispatched his army to help the besieged city. In the decisive battle before the Walls of Constantinople the Bulgarians slaughtered between 22,000 and 30,000 Arabs forcing them to abandon the undertaking. Most historians primarily attribute the Byzantine–Bulgarian victory with stopping the Arab offensives against Europe. |
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire#First_Bulgarian_Empire#History#Internal_instability_and_struggle_for_survival#0 | « First Bulgarian Empire » « First Bulgarian Empire, History, Internal instability and struggle for survival » With the demise of Khan Sevar (r. 738–753) the ruling Dulo clan died out and the Khanate fell into a long political crisis during which the young country was on the verge of destruction. In just fifteen years seven Khans reigned, and all of them were murdered. The only surviving sources of this period are Byzantine and present only the Byzantine point of view of the ensuing political turmoil in Bulgaria. They describe two factions struggling for power – one that sought peaceful relations with the Empire, which was dominant until 755, and one that favoured war. These sources present the relations with the Byzantine Empire as the main issue in this internal struggle and do not mention the other reasons, which could have been more important for the Bulgarian elite. It is likely that the relationship between the politically dominant Bulgars and the more numerous Slavs was the main issue behind the struggle but there is no evidence about the aims of the rival factions. Zlatarski speculates that the old Bulgar military aristocracy was leaning towards war while other Bulgars supported by the majority of the Slavs were inclined for peace with Byzantium. |
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire#First_Bulgarian_Empire#History#Internal_instability_and_struggle_for_survival#1 | « First Bulgarian Empire » « First Bulgarian Empire, History, Internal instability and struggle for survival » The internal instability was used by the "soldier Emperor" Constantine V (r. 741–775), who launched nine major campaigns aiming to eliminate Bulgaria. Having contained the Arab threat during the first part of his reign, Constantine V was able to concentrate his forces on Bulgaria after 755. He defeated the Bulgarians at Marcellae in 756, Anchialus in 763 and Berzitia in 774, but lost the Battle of the Rishki Pass in 759 in addition to hundreds of ships lost to storms in the Black Sea. The Byzantine military successes further exacerbated the crisis in Bulgaria, but also rallied together many different factions to resist the Byzantines, as shown at the council of 766 when the nobility and the "armed people" denounced Khan Sabin with the words "Thanks to you, the Romans will enslave Bulgaria!". In 774 Khan Telerig (r. 768–777) tricked Constantine V into revealing his spies at the Bulgarian court in Pliska and had them all executed. The next year Constantine V died during a retaliatory campaign against Bulgaria. Despite being able to defeat the Bulgarians several times the Byzantines were able neither to conquer Bulgaria, nor to impose their suzerainty and a lasting peace, which is a testimony to the resilience, fighting skills and ideological coherence of the Bulgarian state. The devastation brought to the country by the nine campaigns of Constantine V firmly rallied the Slavs behind the Bulgars and greatly increased the dislike of the Byzantines, turning Bulgaria into a hostile neighbour. The hostilities continued until 792 when Khan Kardam (r. 777–803) achieved an important victory in the battle of Marcellae, forcing the Byzantines once again to pay tribute to the Khans. As a result of the victory, the crisis was finally overcome, and Bulgaria entered the new century stable, stronger, and consolidated. |
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire#First_Bulgarian_Empire#History#Territorial_expansion#0 | « First Bulgarian Empire » « First Bulgarian Empire, History, Territorial expansion » During the reign of Krum (r. 803–814) Bulgaria doubled in size and expanded to the south, west and north, occupying the vast lands along the middle Danube and Transylvania, becoming European medieval great power during the 9th and 10th century along with the Byzantine and Frankish Empires. Between 804 and 806 the Bulgarian armies thoroughly eliminated the Avar Khaganate, which had suffered a crippling blow by the Franks in 796, and a border with the Frankish Empire was established along the middle Danube or Tisza. Prompted by the Byzantine moves to consolidate their hold on the Slavs in Macedonia and northern Greece and in response to a Byzantine raid against the country, the Bulgarians confronted the Byzantine Empire. In 808 they raided the valley of the Struma River, defeating a Byzantine army, and in 809 captured the important city of Serdica (modern Sofia). In 811 the Byzantine Emperor Nicephorus I launched a massive offensive against Bulgaria, seized, plundered and burned down the capital Pliska but on the way back the Byzantine army was decisively defeated in the battle of the Varbitsa Pass. Nicephorus I himself was slain along with most of his troops, and his skull was lined with silver and used as a drinking cup. Krum took the initiative and in 812 moved the war towards Thrace, capturing the key Black Sea port of Messembria and defeating the Byzantines once more at Versinikia in 813 before proposing a generous peace settlement. However, during the negotiations the Byzantines attempted to assassinate Krum. In response, the Bulgarians pillaged Eastern Thrace and seized the important city of Adrianople, resettling its 10,000 inhabitants in "Bulgaria across the Danube". Krum made extensive preparations to capture Constantinople: 5,000 iron-plated wagons were built to carry the siege equipment; the Byzantines even pleaded for help from the Frankish Emperor Louis the Pious. Due to the sudden death of Krum on 14 April 814, however, the campaign was never launched. Khan Krum implemented legal reforms and issued the first known written law code of Bulgaria that established equal rules for all peoples living within the country's boundaries, intending to reduce poverty and to strengthen the social ties in his vastly enlarged state. |
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire#First_Bulgarian_Empire#History#Territorial_expansion#1 | « First Bulgarian Empire » « First Bulgarian Empire, History, Territorial expansion » Krum's successor Khan Omurtag (r. 814–831) concluded a 30-year peace treaty with the Byzantines, thus allowing both countries to restore their economies and finance after the bloody conflicts in the first decade of the century, establishing the border along the Erkesia trench between Debeltos on the Black Sea and the valley of the Maritsa River at Kalugerovo. To the west the Bulgarians were in control of Belgrade (whose modern name was first known as Alba Bulgarica) by the 820s and the northwestern boundaries with the Frankish Empire were firmly settled along the middle Danube by 827. To the north-east Omurtag fought the Khazars along the Dnieper River, which was the easternmost limit of Bulgaria. Extensive building was undertaken in the capital Pliska, including the construction of a magnificent palace, pagan temples, ruler's residence, fortress, citadel, water-main, and bath, mainly from stone and brick. Omurtag started in 814 persecution of Christians, in particular against the Byzantine prisoners of war settled north of the Danube. Menologion of Basil II, glorifies Basil as a warrior defending Orthodox Christendom against the attacks of the pagan Bulgars. The expansion to the south and south-west continued under Omurtag's successors under the guidance of the capable kavhan (First Minister) Isbul. During the short reign of Khan Malamir (r. 831–836), the important city of Philippopolis (Plovdiv) was incorporated into the country. Under Khan Presian (r. 836–852), the Bulgarians took most of Macedonia, and the borders of the country reached the Adriatic Sea near Valona and Aegean Sea. Byzantine historians do not mention any resistance against the Bulgarian expansion in Macedonia, leading to the conclusion that the expansion was largely peaceful. With this, Bulgaria had become the dominant power in the Balkans. The advances further west was blocked by the development of a new Slavic state under Byzantine patronage, the Principality of Serbia. Between 839 and 842 the Bulgarians waged war on the Serbs but did not make any progress. Historian Mark Whittow asserts that the claim for a Serb victory in that war in De Administrando Imperio was wishful Byzantine thinking, but notes that any Serb submission to the Bulgarians went no further than the payment of tribute. |
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire#First_Bulgarian_Empire#History#Territorial_expansion#2 | « First Bulgarian Empire » « First Bulgarian Empire, History, Territorial expansion » The reign of Boris I (r. 852–889) began with numerous setbacks. For ten years the country fought against the Byzantine Empire, Eastern Francia, Great Moravia, the Croats and the Serbs forming several unsuccessful alliances and changing sides. Around August 863 there was a period of 40 days of earthquakes and there was a lean harvest, which caused famine throughout the country. To cap it all, there was an incursion of locusts. Yet, despite all the military setbacks and natural disasters, the skilful diplomacy of Boris I prevented any territorial losses and kept the realm intact. In this complex international situation Christianity had become attractive as a religion by the mid 9th-century because it provided better opportunities for forging reliable alliances and diplomatic ties. Taking this into account, as well as a variety of internal factors, Boris I converted to Christianity in 864, assuming the title Knyaz (Prince). Taking advantage of the struggle between the Papacy in Rome and the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople, Boris I brilliantly manoeuvred to assert the independence of the newly established Bulgarian Church. To check the possibility of Byzantine interference in the internal matters of Bulgaria, he sponsored the disciples of the brothers Cyril and Methodius to create literature in Old Bulgarian language. Boris I dealt ruthlessly with the opposition to the Christianisation of Bulgaria, crushing a revolt of the nobility in 866 and overthrowing his own son Vladimir (r. 889–893) after he attempted to restore the traditional religion. In 893 he convened the Council of Preslav where it was decided that the capital of Bulgaria was to be moved from Pliska to Preslav, the Byzantine clergy was to be banished from the country and replaced with Bulgarian clerics, and Old Bulgarian language was to replace the Greek in liturgy. Bulgaria was to become the principal threat to the stability and security of the Byzantine Empire in the 10th century. |
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire#First_Bulgarian_Empire#History#Golden_Age#0 | « First Bulgarian Empire » « First Bulgarian Empire, History, Golden Age » The decisions of the Council of Preslav brought an end to the Byzantine hopes to exert influence over the newly Christianized country. In 894 the Byzantines moved the Bulgarian market from Constantinople to Thessaloniki, affecting the commercial interests of Bulgaria and the principle of Byzantine–Bulgarian trade, regulated under the Treaty of 716 and later agreements on the most favoured nation basis. The new Prince, Simeon I (r. 893–927), who came to be known as Simeon the Great, declared war and defeated the Byzantine army in Thrace. The Byzantines turned for aid to the Magyars, who at the time inhabited the steppes to the north-east of Bulgaria. The Magyars scored two victories over the Bulgarians and pillaged Dobrudzha but Simeon I allied with the Pechenegs further east and in 895 the Bulgarian army inflicted a crushing defeat on the Magyars in the steppes along the Southern Bug River. At the same time, the Pechenegs advanced westwards and prevented the Magyars from returning to their homeland. The blow was so heavy that the Magyars were forced to migrate west, eventually settling in the Pannonian Basin, where they eventually established the Kingdom of Hungary. In 896 the Byzantines were routed in the decisive battle of Boulgarophygon and pleaded for peace that confirmed the Bulgarian domination of the Balkans, restored the status of Bulgaria as a most favoured nation, abolished the commercial restrictions and obliged the Byzantine Empire to pay annual tribute. The peace treaty remained in force until 912 although Simeon I did violate it following the sack of Thessaloniki in 904, extracting further territorial concessions in Macedonia. |
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire#First_Bulgarian_Empire#History#Golden_Age#1 | « First Bulgarian Empire » « First Bulgarian Empire, History, Golden Age » In 913 the Byzantine emperor Alexander provoked a bitter war after resolving to discontinue paying an annual tribute to Bulgaria. However, the military and ideological initiative was held by Simeon I, who was seeking casus belli to fulfil his ambition to be recognized as Emperor (in Bulgarian, Tsar) and to conquer Constantinople, creating a joint Bulgarian–Roman state. In 917, the Bulgarian army dealt a crushing defeat to the Byzantines at the battle of Achelous, resulting in Bulgaria's total military supremacy in the Balkans. In the words of Theophanes Continuatus "a bloodshed occurred, that had not happened in centuries", and Leo the Deacon witnessed piles of bones of perished soldiers on the battlefield 50 years later. The Bulgarians built on their success with further victories at Katasyrtai in 917, Pegae in 921 and Constantinople in 922. The Bulgarians also captured the important city of Adrianople in Thrace and seized the capital of the Theme of Hellas, Thebes, deep in southern Greece. Following the disaster at Achelous, Byzantine diplomacy incited the Principality of Serbia to attack Bulgaria from the west, but this assault was easily contained. In 924, the Serbs ambushed and defeated a small Bulgarian army, provoking a major retaliatory campaign that ended with Bulgaria's annexation of Serbia at the end of that year. Further expansion in the Western Balkans was checked by King Tomislav of Croatia, who was a Byzantine ally and defeated a Bulgarian invasion in 926. Simeon I was aware that he needed naval support to conquer Constantinople and in 922 sent envoys to the Fatimid caliph Ubayd Allah al-Mahdi Billah in Mahdia to negotiate the assistance of the powerful Arab navy. The caliph sent representatives to Bulgaria to arrange an alliance but his emissaries were captured en route by the Byzantines near the Calabrian coast. The Byzantine Emperor Romanos I Lekapenos managed to avert a Bulgarian–Arab alliance by showering the Arabs with generous gifts. The war dragged on until Simeon I's death in May 927. By then Bulgaria controlled almost all Byzantine possessions in the Balkans, but without a fleet did not attempt to storm Constantinople. |
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire#First_Bulgarian_Empire#History#Golden_Age#2 | « First Bulgarian Empire » « First Bulgarian Empire, History, Golden Age » Both countries were exhausted by the huge military efforts that had taken a heavy toll on the population and economy. Simeon's successor Peter I (r. 927–969) negotiated a favourable peace treaty. The Byzantines agreed to recognize him as Emperor of Bulgaria and the Bulgarian Orthodox Church as an independent Patriarchate, as well as to pay an annual tribute. The peace was reinforced with a marriage between Peter and Romanos's granddaughter Irene Lekapene. This agreement ushered in a period of 40 years of peaceful relations between the two powers. During the first years of his reign, Peter I faced revolts by two of his three brothers, John in 928 and Michael in 930, but both were quelled. During most of his subsequent rule until 965, Peter I presided over a Golden Age of the Bulgarian state in a period of political consolidation, economic expansion and cultural activity. |