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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cregneash#Cregneash#Living_museum#3 | « Cregneash » « Cregneash, Living museum » Annual Manx festivals are held in Cregneash and it is home to a flock of the rare four-horned Loaghtan sheep. |
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cregneash#Cregneash#Living_museum#4 | « Cregneash » « Cregneash, Living museum » Due to the village's relative isolation from other urban areas on the Island, it is one of the 26 Dark Sky Discovery Sites on the Isle of Man. |
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cregneash#Cregneash#Living_museum#5 | « Cregneash » « Cregneash, Living museum » St. Peter's Church in the centre of the village was built in 1878 and still holds regular worship services on Sundays. |
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cregneash#Cregneash#Manx_language#0 | « Cregneash » « Cregneash, Manx language » Manx as a community language disappeared on most of the Isle of Man in the late 19th century. However it "lingered longer in the more remote areas, such as Cregneash" Many of the last remaining native speakers of Manx that were recorded in the mid-20th century were raised in Cregneash and the surrounding areas. |
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cregneash#Cregneash#Manx_language#1 | « Cregneash » « Cregneash, Manx language » Manx language poet and author Edward Faragher was born and raised in the village, and wrote extensively about his experiences there, particularly focusing on the practices and attitudes of the older generations of the 19th century: |
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cregneash#Cregneash#Manx_language#2 | « Cregneash » « Cregneash, Manx language » I think it a great shame to Manx folk that cannot speak their native language. No doubt the old people of Cregneish were not like some others of their neighbours in the little sea-port towns, with the perery bane, keeir-lheeah knee breeches and carranes, but they were more innocent and kinder to one another; they all used to help one another to get the crops down, and in the harvest helped each other to cut the corn and stack it. There was no word about pay. |
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cregneash#Cregneash#Manx_language#3 | « Cregneash » « Cregneash, Manx language » Ned Maddrell, sometimes called the last native speaker of Manx, was brought up in the village. In the summer of 1947 Irish Taoiseach Éamon de Valera visited him at Harry Kelly's cottage in Cregneash as part of his trip to the Isle of Man. As a fluent speaker of Irish, he had a conversation with Ned Maddrell the youngest of the last remaining native speakers, with Maddrell speaking Manx and de Valera in Irish. Maddrell explained his views on the Manx language to de Valera: "I am a Manx nationalist…I don’t mean that we should cut adrift from the Empire, but I think we should preserve what is our own…” |
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cregneash#Cregneash#Manx_language#4 | « Cregneash » « Cregneash, Manx language » Recordings were later made by the Irish Folklore Commission of Maddrell speaking in Manx at his home in Glenchass near Port St Mary. |
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cregneash#Cregneash#In_the_media#0 | « Cregneash » « Cregneash, In the media » The historic village backdrop has been used in film and television shows. Waking Ned Devine was filmed on the Isle of Man and village scenes were shot in Cregneash, which stood in for the fictional Irish village of Tulaigh Mhór (Tullymore). |
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cregneash#Cregneash#In_the_media#1 | « Cregneash » « Cregneash, In the media » The Manx short film Solace in Wicca was shot in various Manx National Heritage locations including Cregneash. The short film was the first production to be shot entirely in Manx Gaelic. |
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cregneash#Cregneash#In_the_media#2 | « Cregneash » « Cregneash, In the media » Other films and television shows that were shot in Cregneash include Rocket's Island, Stormbreaker, Treasure Island, Keeping Mum, and Mindhorn. |
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cregneash#Cregneash#Images#1 | « Cregneash » « Cregneash, Images » Cummal Beg Visitor Centre (right) and Creg y Shee Tea Room (left) |
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chah_Gani#Chah_Gani#0 | « Chah Gani » « Chah Gani » Chah Gani (Persian: چاه گني, also Romanized as Chāh Ganī; also known as Chāganī, Chāganu, Chāgūnī, Chāh-e Gūnū, Chah Gooni, Chāh Gūnī, Chāh Gūnow, Chāh Gūnū, and Chākūni) is a village in Kuhestan Rural District, Rostaq District, Darab County, Fars Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 183, in 39 families. |
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshall_County,_Illinois#Marshall_County,_Illinois#0 | « Marshall County, Illinois » « Marshall County, Illinois » Marshall County is a county located in the U.S. state of Illinois. According to the 2010 census, it had a population of 12,640. Its county seat is Lacon. |
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshall_County,_Illinois#Marshall_County,_Illinois#1 | « Marshall County, Illinois » « Marshall County, Illinois » Marshall County is part of the Peoria, IL Metropolitan Statistical Area. |
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshall_County,_Illinois#Marshall_County,_Illinois#History#0 | « Marshall County, Illinois » « Marshall County, Illinois, History » Marshall County was formed in 1839 out of Putnam County. It was named in honor of John Marshall, Chief Justice of the United States Supreme Court, who died in 1835. |
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshall_County,_Illinois#Marshall_County,_Illinois#History#2 | « Marshall County, Illinois » « Marshall County, Illinois, History » Marshall County at the time of its creation |
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshall_County,_Illinois#Marshall_County,_Illinois#History#3 | « Marshall County, Illinois » « Marshall County, Illinois, History » Marshall County in 1843, when its eastern border was extended to bring it to its current size |
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshall_County,_Illinois#Marshall_County,_Illinois#Geography#0 | « Marshall County, Illinois » « Marshall County, Illinois, Geography » According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 399 square miles (1,030 km2), of which 387 square miles (1,000 km2) is land and 12 square miles (31 km2) (2.9%) is water. The county is distinctly bisected by the Illinois River, splitting the county into two uneven sections. |
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshall_County,_Illinois#Marshall_County,_Illinois#Geography#Climate_and_weather#0 | « Marshall County, Illinois » « Marshall County, Illinois, Geography, Climate and weather » In recent years, average temperatures in the county seat of Lacon have ranged from a low of 15 °F (−9 °C) in January to a high of 87 °F (31 °C) in July, although a record low of −27 °F (−33 °C) was recorded in January 1999 and a record high of 103 °F (39 °C) was recorded in July 2005. Average monthly precipitation ranged from 1.55 inches (39 mm) in January to 4.20 inches (107 mm) in May. |
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshall_County,_Illinois#Marshall_County,_Illinois#Demographics#0 | « Marshall County, Illinois » « Marshall County, Illinois, Demographics » As of the 2010 United States Census, there were 12,640 people, 5,161 households, and 3,549 families living in the county. The population density was 32.7 inhabitants per square mile (12.6/km2). There were 5,914 housing units at an average density of 15.3 per square mile (5.9/km2). The racial makeup of the county was 97.1% white, 0.4% Asian, 0.3% black or African American, 0.2% American Indian, 1.1% from other races, and 0.9% from two or more races. Those of Hispanic or Latino origin made up 2.5% of the population. In terms of ancestry, 43.0% were German, 16.7% were Irish, 14.4% were English, 7.2% were Italian, 6.2% were American, and 6.1% were Polish. |
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshall_County,_Illinois#Marshall_County,_Illinois#Demographics#1 | « Marshall County, Illinois » « Marshall County, Illinois, Demographics » Of the 5,161 households, 27.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 56.7% were married couples living together, 7.7% had a female householder with no husband present, 31.2% were non-families, and 26.8% of all households were made up of individuals. The average household size was 2.40 and the average family size was 2.88. The median age was 44.8 years. |
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshall_County,_Illinois#Marshall_County,_Illinois#Demographics#2 | « Marshall County, Illinois » « Marshall County, Illinois, Demographics » The median income for a household in the county was $49,116 and the median income for a family was $64,781. Males had a median income of $46,793 versus $28,549 for females. The per capita income for the county was $24,991. About 6.8% of families and 9.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 11.4% of those under age 18 and 7.0% of those age 65 or over. |
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshall_County,_Illinois#Marshall_County,_Illinois#Politics#0 | « Marshall County, Illinois » « Marshall County, Illinois, Politics » In its early days Marshall County was a swing county, voting for winning Whig candidate William Henry Harrison in 1840 but otherwise supporting the Democratic Party until 1852. Its reputation as a swing county was to be sustained with the growth of the Republican Party: it voted for the winning candidate in every election from 1852 to 1912 except 1884 and 1888. |
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshall_County,_Illinois#Marshall_County,_Illinois#Politics#1 | « Marshall County, Illinois » « Marshall County, Illinois, Politics » Since World War I, Marshall has generally been a strongly Republican county. Only two Democrats – Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1932 and 1936 plus Lyndon Johnson in 1964 – have gained an absolute majority in Marshall County over the past twenty-six elections, although Bill Clinton won pluralities in both his elections. |
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rostislav_of_Tmutarakan#Rostislav_of_Tmutarakan#0 | « Rostislav of Tmutarakan » « Rostislav of Tmutarakan » Rostyslav Volodymyrovych, Rostislav Vladimirovich (Ukrainian: Ростислав Володимирович, Russian: Ростислав Владимирович) (died 1066) was a landless prince (izgoi) from the Rurikid dynasty of Kievan Rus’. He was baptized as Mikhail. According to the Russian genealogist Nikolai Baumgarten, the mother of Rostislav was Oda of Stade, a daughter of the Stade Count Leopold. That claim is also supported by other historians. |
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rostislav_of_Tmutarakan#Rostislav_of_Tmutarakan#1 | « Rostislav of Tmutarakan » « Rostislav of Tmutarakan » At his younger age, Rostyslav ruled Rostov in the land of the Merya. His father Vladimir of Novgorod was the eldest son of Yaroslav I of Kiev. If Vladimir had not predeceased his father, he would have succeeded to the Kievan throne. Under the East Slavic house law, the early death of Rostislav's father made his descendants forfeit all claims to Kiev. |
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rostislav_of_Tmutarakan#Rostislav_of_Tmutarakan#2 | « Rostislav of Tmutarakan » « Rostislav of Tmutarakan » For five years after his father's death, Rostislav who was about 14 years old had no appanage. Finally, his uncles gave him Volhynia and Halych, where he stayed from 1057 and 1064, guarding the western frontier of the Rus' lands. According to Vasily Tatischev, it was there that he married Anna Lanke, the daughter of King Béla I of Hungary. Rostislav did not like the distant and meager land and, in 1064, assisted by his father's close friend Vyshata, seized the rich Tmutarakan on the Black Sea littoral, previously controlled by the House of Chernigov. |
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rostislav_of_Tmutarakan#Rostislav_of_Tmutarakan#3 | « Rostislav of Tmutarakan » « Rostislav of Tmutarakan » His predecessor, Gleb Svyatoslavich, escaped to his father, Svyatoslav II of Chernigov who was part of the Yaroslaviches triumvirate. The latter approached Tmutarakan with his army and Rostislav was forced to leave the city. Once Svyatoslav returned to Chernigov, Rostislav expelled Gleb once again from Tmutarakan and entered the city in triumph. During his brief rule, he subdued the local Circassians (also known as Kasogi) and other indigenous tribes. His success provoked the rivalry of neighboring Greek Chersonesos in Crimean peninsula, whose envoy poisoned him on 3 February 1066. |
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceraticelus_laetabilis#Ceraticelus_laetabilis#0 | « Ceraticelus laetabilis » « Ceraticelus laetabilis » Ceraticelus laetabilis is a species of dwarf spider in the family Linyphiidae. It is found in the United States and Canada. |
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceraticelus_laetabilis#Ceraticelus_laetabilis#Subspecies#0 | « Ceraticelus laetabilis » « Ceraticelus laetabilis, Subspecies » These two subspecies belong to the species Ceraticelus laetabilis: |
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lech_Dymarski#Lech_Dymarski#1 | « Lech Dymarski » « Lech Dymarski » Lech Dymarski (born 18 October 1949) is a Polish poet, opposition political activist in Communist Poland, state functionary in post-Communist Poland, member of regional legislature (Greater Poland Regional Assembly, 1998, 2002, 2006, 2010). |
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SuperStar_Search_Slovakia_(season_2)#SuperStar_Search_Slovakia_(season_2)#0 | « SuperStar Search Slovakia (season 2) » « SuperStar Search Slovakia (season 2) » SuperStar Search Slovakia (Slovak: Slovensko hľadá SuperStar) is a casting television show based on the popular British show Pop Idol. The show is a contest to determine the best young singer in Slovakia and is shown by the national TV network STV. The second season premiered in November 2005 with castings held in Banská Bystrica, Žilina, Bratislava and Košice. |
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SuperStar_Search_Slovakia_(season_2)#SuperStar_Search_Slovakia_(season_2)#Regional_auditions#0 | « SuperStar Search Slovakia (season 2) » « SuperStar Search Slovakia (season 2), Regional auditions » Auditions were held in Bratislava, Košice, Banská Bystrica, Žilina in the summer of 2005. |
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SuperStar_Search_Slovakia_(season_2)#SuperStar_Search_Slovakia_(season_2)#Divadlo#0 | « SuperStar Search Slovakia (season 2) » « SuperStar Search Slovakia (season 2), Divadlo » In Divadlo were 100 contestants. The contestants first emerged on stage in groups of 9 or 10 but performed solo unaccompanied, and those who did not impress the judges were cut after the group finished their individual performances. 40 contestants made it to the Semi-final. |
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SuperStar_Search_Slovakia_(season_2)#SuperStar_Search_Slovakia_(season_2)#Semi-final#0 | « SuperStar Search Slovakia (season 2) » « SuperStar Search Slovakia (season 2), Semi-final » The 40 contestants who reached this stage in this season were referred to in the show as the finalists. Below are the four semi-final and one Second Chance semi-final groups with contestants listed in their performance order. In each group, two people advanced to the next round, based on votes by the viewers. |
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SuperStar_Search_Slovakia_(season_2)#SuperStar_Search_Slovakia_(season_2)#Semi-final#Finals#0 | « SuperStar Search Slovakia (season 2) » « SuperStar Search Slovakia (season 2), Semi-final, Finals » Eleven contestants made it to the finals. The first single recorded by TOP 11 is called "So mnou môžeš rátať" (You can count on with me) and it was composed by judge Pavol Habera (music) and Slovak poem writer Daniel Hevier. Every final night has its theme. Audience can vote for contestants from the very beginning of the show, voting ends during result show on the same day. |
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grafton_Elliot_Smith#Grafton_Elliot_Smith#0 | « Grafton Elliot Smith » « Grafton Elliot Smith » Sir Grafton Elliot Smith Kt FRS FRSE FRCP (15 August 1871 – 1 January 1937) was an Australian-British anatomist, Egyptologist and a proponent of the hyperdiffusionist view of prehistory. He believed in the idea that cultural innovations occur only once and that they spread geographically. Based on this, he traced the origins of many cultural and traditional practices across the world, including the New World, to ideas that he believed came from Egypt and in some instances from Asia. An expert on brain anatomy, he was one of the first to study Egyptian mummies using radiological techniques. He took an interest in extinct humanoids and was embroiled in controversy over the authenticity of the Piltdown Man. |
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grafton_Elliot_Smith#Grafton_Elliot_Smith#Professional_career#0 | « Grafton Elliot Smith » « Grafton Elliot Smith, Professional career » Smith was born in Grafton, New South Wales to Stephen Sheldrick Smith who had moved to Australia from London in 1860 and Mary Jane, née Evans. He received his early education from Grafton Public School where his father was headmaster. When the family moved to Sydney in 1883 he went to Darlington Public School before joining Sydney Boys High School. He attended evening classes on physiology by Thomas Anderson Stuart and took an early interest in biology. In an autobiographical note Smith noted that Stuart had shown them the convolutions of the human brain and declared that nobody understood them fully. Smith decided at that point that he would work towards understanding them. Accordingly, he went to study medicine at the University of Sydney in 1888 and received a Doctor of Medicine in 1895, with a dissertation on the fore-brain of the monotremes) and developed an interest in the anatomy of the human brain. He received a James King travelling scholarship and went to St John's College, Cambridge, graduating BA in 1896. Afterwards he catalogued the human brain-collection of the British Museum. |
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grafton_Elliot_Smith#Grafton_Elliot_Smith#Professional_career#1 | « Grafton Elliot Smith » « Grafton Elliot Smith, Professional career » Smith obtained an appointment at the Cairo School of Medicine in 1900 on the suggestion of his anthropologist friend Alexander Macalister. Smith became archaeological advisor to the archaeological survey of Nubia in the wake of plans to construct the Aswan Dam which threatened to drown numerous archaeological sites. Smith conducted investigations on the brains of Egyptian mummies. He was one of the first to non-destructively use x-rays to study mummies. Smith took a special interest in the pathologies indicated in ancient skeletal remains. He noted for instance that many Egyptian skulls had biparietal thinning which had been common in European aristocrats in the past. Smith hypothesized this was the result of wearing heavy wigs or headgear. From 1909 to 1919 he was Professor in anatomy in Manchester, 1919–1937 he held the chair of Anatomy at the University College London. He was elected President of the Anatomical Society of Great Britain and Ireland for 1924 to 1927. During World War I he took an interest in the neurology of shell shock, visiting military hospitals and serving on the British General Medical Council. |
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grafton_Elliot_Smith#Grafton_Elliot_Smith#Professional_career#2 | « Grafton Elliot Smith » « Grafton Elliot Smith, Professional career » Smith was the leading specialist on the evolution of the brain of his day. Many of his ideas on the evolution of the primate brain still form the core of present scholarship. He proposed the following stages of development: |
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grafton_Elliot_Smith#Grafton_Elliot_Smith#Honours_and_awards#0 | « Grafton Elliot Smith » « Grafton Elliot Smith, Honours and awards » Smith was decorated by the Khedive of Egypt, Abbas Hilmy in 1909 with an Insignia of the Third Class of the Imperial Ottoman Order of the Osmaniah. He became Fellow of the Royal Society in 1907, FRCP, cross of the French Legion of Honour, and was knighted in 1934. In 1912 he received the Royal Medal of the Royal Society, in 1930 the Honorary Gold Medal of the Royal College of Surgeons, in 1936 the Huxley Memorial Medal from the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland. |
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grafton_Elliot_Smith#Grafton_Elliot_Smith#European_hypothesis#0 | « Grafton Elliot Smith » « Grafton Elliot Smith, European hypothesis » British anthropologists Arthur Keith and Grafton Elliot Smith both supported the European origin of humankind as opposed to models of Asian and African origin. In several of his works, Smith argued that Europe was the cradle of humanity, identifying a European Mediterranean race as the occupants of the original home of modern humans. His cradle was large, as he claimed the Mediterranean race had occupied the Levant, Egypt and western Europe, including the British Isles. He especially linked the Mediterranean race to the civilization of Egypt. Smith's arguments later became known as his theory of diffusionism. According to Smith and William James Perry, Egypt was the source of all cultural innovations and the ultimate source of human civilization. |
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grafton_Elliot_Smith#Grafton_Elliot_Smith#European_hypothesis#1 | « Grafton Elliot Smith » « Grafton Elliot Smith, European hypothesis » According to Smith, "Man did not become truly erect until his brain had developed in a very particular way to make it possible for him to use his hands". That line of reasoning reinforced the European origin of human, which Smith and Keith supported, as the mostly large brained specimens such as the Cro-Magnon had been found in Europe. |
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grafton_Elliot_Smith#Grafton_Elliot_Smith#European_hypothesis#Hyperdiffusionism#0 | « Grafton Elliot Smith » « Grafton Elliot Smith, European hypothesis, Hyperdiffusionism » The term 'hyperdiffusionism' seems to have been coined by the British archaeologist Glyn Daniel in his book The Idea of Prehistory (1962) with a somewhat derogatory intention. It was intended to represent extremes of diffusionism, a theme popular in early 20th century archaeology that itself has been subject to criticism. Smith believed that all megalithic phenomena, whether in Northwestern Europe, India, Japan or Mesoamerica, had originated in Ancient Egypt. "Small groups of people, moving mainly by sea, settled at certain places and there made rude imitations of the Egyptian monuments of the Pyramid Age." (Smith 1911, ix). Smith believed in a direct diffusion to Syria, Crete, East Africa, Southern Arabia and Sumer, and other areas were influenced by secondary diffusion. The Neolithic culture of Europe was derived from Egypt as well, according to Smith. He even interpreted a mummy from a Torres Strait island as definitely being indicative of an Egyptian influence. The concept of hyperdiffusionism is now referred to by more neutral terms (when referring to the Americas) such as Pre-Columbian trans-oceanic contact. |
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grafton_Elliot_Smith#Grafton_Elliot_Smith#European_hypothesis#Hyperdiffusionism#1 | « Grafton Elliot Smith » « Grafton Elliot Smith, European hypothesis, Hyperdiffusionism » Smith interpreted a small carving detail in Copán stela B as an elephant, an animal unknown in the New World. Alfred Maudslay had described the detail as being a stylized tapir. Smith argued that the carving shows an elephant with a mahout atop it. He went on to point out many Asian features in the sculpture in his book Elephants and ethnologists (1924). |
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grafton_Elliot_Smith#Grafton_Elliot_Smith#European_hypothesis#Hyperdiffusionism#Egypt#0 | « Grafton Elliot Smith » « Grafton Elliot Smith, European hypothesis, Hyperdiffusionism, Egypt » Egypt held a fortunate geographical position that made contacts to western Asia and the Mediterranean possible, while being safe from invasions. The fertile soil led to ample leisure, in art and the crafts could be cultivated. Smith believed that agriculture had originated in Egypt and only later spread to Mesopotamia. "The earliest cultivators of the soil in Egypt were in fact laying the foundations not merely of agriculture and irrigation but of all the arts and craft, the social organization and religious beliefs which became an integral part of the civilization that was being built up sixty centuries ago and in later ages was diffused throughout the world." (Smith 1911, 6) |
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grafton_Elliot_Smith#Grafton_Elliot_Smith#European_hypothesis#Hyperdiffusionism#Egypt#1 | « Grafton Elliot Smith » « Grafton Elliot Smith, European hypothesis, Hyperdiffusionism, Egypt » Artificial irrigation led to cooperation and the development of a central government that was based on professional knowledge, a rule of hydraulic engineers. The prosperity of everybody depended on a successful administration and a strong central government (cf. Karl Wittfogel's hydraulic hypothesis). Later on, the leading engineer became a sacred king (cf. Henri Frankfort) and a god (Osiris) after death. Ritual and magic formed the germs of the first sciences, of biology and physics. The building of tombs initiated the development of architecture. |
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grafton_Elliot_Smith#Grafton_Elliot_Smith#European_hypothesis#Hyperdiffusionism#Egypt#2 | « Grafton Elliot Smith » « Grafton Elliot Smith, European hypothesis, Hyperdiffusionism, Egypt » Other inventions of the Egyptians were: |
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grafton_Elliot_Smith#Grafton_Elliot_Smith#European_hypothesis#Hyperdiffusionism#Egypt#3 | « Grafton Elliot Smith » « Grafton Elliot Smith, European hypothesis, Hyperdiffusionism, Egypt » The invention of metallurgy was the most important, as it quickened the pace of invention, widened the scope of human endeavour, stimulated the advancement of arts and crafts, and awakened courage and the spirit of great adventure. The search for copper was to become the most important factor in the universal spread of civilisation. Prospectors settled in foreign countries and introduced agriculture, burial customs, and their religion as well. |
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grafton_Elliot_Smith#Grafton_Elliot_Smith#European_hypothesis#Hyperdiffusionism#Egypt#4 | « Grafton Elliot Smith » « Grafton Elliot Smith, European hypothesis, Hyperdiffusionism, Egypt » At first, Smith remained vague on the reasons for the spread of Egyptian influence to places without mineral deposits like Polynesia. However, in 1915 William James Perry, a professor of comparative religion at the University of Manchester, advanced the view that the "megalith-builders" were looking for pearls and precious stones, which Smith adopted as well. |
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grafton_Elliot_Smith#Grafton_Elliot_Smith#European_hypothesis#Hyperdiffusionism#Egypt#5 | « Grafton Elliot Smith » « Grafton Elliot Smith, European hypothesis, Hyperdiffusionism, Egypt » Smith did not believe that the spread of culture was necessarily connected to a certain race, in contrast to other diffusionists, like the German prehistorian Gustaf Kossinna. While he saw a racial affinity between the Egyptians and the first agriculturalists of southern Europe, both being of the "brown race," the spread of civilisation was mainly a spread of ideas, not of tribes or people. |
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grafton_Elliot_Smith#Grafton_Elliot_Smith#European_hypothesis#Hyperdiffusionism#Egypt#6 | « Grafton Elliot Smith » « Grafton Elliot Smith, European hypothesis, Hyperdiffusionism, Egypt » However, in The Ancient Egyptians and their Influence Upon the Civilization of Europe, written in 1911, he clearly demonstrates a steep rise in "Asiatic traits (Armenoid, Alpine, Celtic)," within the Egyptian aristocracy, to Dynastic Egypt itself (amongst other pre-historical phenomena). |
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grafton_Elliot_Smith#Grafton_Elliot_Smith#European_hypothesis#Hyperdiffusionism#History#0 | « Grafton Elliot Smith » « Grafton Elliot Smith, European hypothesis, Hyperdiffusionism, History » In the age of Colonialism, hyperdiffusionism proved attractive, as it showed how missionaries, engineers and prospectors had spread civilisation all over the earth, as the colonial nations believed that they were doing themselves. |
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grafton_Elliot_Smith#Grafton_Elliot_Smith#European_hypothesis#Hyperdiffusionism#History#1 | « Grafton Elliot Smith » « Grafton Elliot Smith, European hypothesis, Hyperdiffusionism, History » Later on, hyperdiffusionism supplied a single simple explanation of the complex process of neolithisation that made it attractive to amateur archaeologists worldwide. It could be used to retain a Eurocentric view on history in the face of increasing evidence for impressive autochthonous development, such as in Zimbabwe (Great Zimbabwe), Polynesia (Easter Island), and Micronesia (Nan Madol on the island of Pohnpei). |
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grafton_Elliot_Smith#Grafton_Elliot_Smith#European_hypothesis#Hyperdiffusionism#History#2 | « Grafton Elliot Smith » « Grafton Elliot Smith, European hypothesis, Hyperdiffusionism, History » Now, it is widely believed that the megalithic graves of Britain, Ireland, France, Portugal, the Netherlands, Denmark, northern Germany, and Poland are much older than the Egyptian pyramids, and the Mesoamerican pyramids are more recent and considered to be local cultural innovations. |
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grafton_Elliot_Smith#Grafton_Elliot_Smith#Private_life#0 | « Grafton Elliot Smith » « Grafton Elliot Smith, Private life » His father had migrated to New South Wales from London. He had attended a working men's college under John Ruskin and later became a teacher and headmaster in Grafton, New South Wales. His older brother (Stephen H. Smith) was later Director of Education in New South Wales; his younger brother (Stewart Arthur Smith) was Acting Professor of Anatomy at the University of Sydney. |
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grafton_Elliot_Smith#Grafton_Elliot_Smith#Private_life#1 | « Grafton Elliot Smith » « Grafton Elliot Smith, Private life » He married Kathleen Macreadie in 1902 just before moving to Cairo. During his time in London, he lived variously in Hampstead, Gower Street, and at Regent's Park. During his London years, he became a friend of Dr. W. H. R. Rivers. |
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grafton_Elliot_Smith#Grafton_Elliot_Smith#Private_life#2 | « Grafton Elliot Smith » « Grafton Elliot Smith, Private life » Smith's youngest son, Stephen Smith, died in an accident in 1936. Smith spent his final year in a nursing home in London. |
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grafton_Elliot_Smith#Grafton_Elliot_Smith#Private_life#3 | « Grafton Elliot Smith » « Grafton Elliot Smith, Private life » Grafton Smith died on New Year's Day 1 January 1937 at Broadstairs in Kent. |
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grafton_Elliot_Smith#Grafton_Elliot_Smith#Bibliography#0 | « Grafton Elliot Smith » « Grafton Elliot Smith, Bibliography » Warren Dawson's list of Smith's publications includes 434 publications. Among the most important are: |
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yokohama_College_of_Commerce#Yokohama_College_of_Commerce#0 | « Yokohama College of Commerce » « Yokohama College of Commerce » Yokohama College of Commerce (横浜商科大学, Yokohama shōka daigaku) is a private university in Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan. |
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yokohama_College_of_Commerce#Yokohama_College_of_Commerce#1 | « Yokohama College of Commerce » « Yokohama College of Commerce » The predecessor of the school was founded in 1941. It was chartered as a junior college in 1966 and became a four-year college two years later. A subsidiary one-year coursework campus was established in Midori-ku, Yokohama in 1995. |
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengal_Provincial_Muslim_League#Bengal_Provincial_Muslim_League#0 | « Bengal Provincial Muslim League » « Bengal Provincial Muslim League » The Bengal Provincial Muslim League (BPML) was the branch of the All India Muslim League in the British Indian province of Bengal. It was established in Dacca on 2 March 1912. Its official language was Bengali. The party played an important role in the Bengal Legislative Council and in the Bengal Legislative Assembly, where two of the Prime Ministers of Bengal were from the party. It was vital to the creation of the Dominion of Pakistan, particularly after its election victory in 1946. |
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengal_Provincial_Muslim_League#Bengal_Provincial_Muslim_League#1 | « Bengal Provincial Muslim League » « Bengal Provincial Muslim League » In 1929, a faction of the party broke away as the Praja Party. Members of the BPML later became prominent statesmen of Pakistan and Bangladesh, including holding offices such as the Prime Minister of Pakistan (Sir Khawaja Nazimuddin, Mohammad Ali of Bogra, Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy and Nurul Amin), Governor General of Pakistan (Sir Khawaja Nazimuddin), Chief Minister of East Bengal (Sir Khawaja Nazimuddin, Nurul Amin, A. K. Fazlul Huq and Ataur Rahman Khan), President of Bangladesh (Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, Mohammad Mohammadullah and Khondaker Mostaq Ahmad), Vice President of Bangladesh (Syed Nazrul Islam) and Prime Minister of Bangladesh (Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, Tajuddin Ahmad, Muhammad Mansur Ali and Ataur Rahman Khan). |
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengal_Provincial_Muslim_League#Bengal_Provincial_Muslim_League#Background#0 | « Bengal Provincial Muslim League » « Bengal Provincial Muslim League, Background » Eastern Bengal and Assam was the birthplace of the Muslim League in 1906. The League was created as a response to the growth of Hindu nationalist movements in India, particularly in Bengal after the 1905 partition. It was formed at the All India Muhammadan Educational Conference, which was aimed at promoting liberal education among Indian Muslims. In 1912, the British government annulled the partition. The annulment was not well-received among many in the Muslim population. |
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengal_Provincial_Muslim_League#Bengal_Provincial_Muslim_League#Formation#0 | « Bengal Provincial Muslim League » « Bengal Provincial Muslim League, Formation » The founders of the BPML were Nawab Sir Khwaja Salimullah, Syed Nawab Ali Chowdhury, Sir Abdul Halim Ghaznavi, Justice Sir Zahid Suhrawardy, Abul Kashem, Wahid Hossain and Abdur Rasul. Many members were concurrently members of the Indian National Congress. A. K. Fazlul Huq was elected as its president in 1915. |
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengal_Provincial_Muslim_League#Bengal_Provincial_Muslim_League#Language#0 | « Bengal Provincial Muslim League » « Bengal Provincial Muslim League, Language » The BPML adopted Bengali as its official language. All its resolutions were published in Bengali. In contrast, the central leadership of the Muslim League were mostly Urdu-speaking. |
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengal_Provincial_Muslim_League#Bengal_Provincial_Muslim_League#Dyarchy#0 | « Bengal Provincial Muslim League » « Bengal Provincial Muslim League, Dyarchy » In the period of dyarchy (1919-1935), the BPML had many factions. One of the notable factions led by A. K. Fazlul Huq favored cooperation with the British government to achieve self-rule. Another faction led by Maniruzzaman Islamabadi supported non-cooperation and the Khilafat movement. |
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengal_Provincial_Muslim_League#Bengal_Provincial_Muslim_League#Provincial_autonomy#0 | « Bengal Provincial Muslim League » « Bengal Provincial Muslim League, Provincial autonomy » The BPML won 40 seats in the Bengal Legislative Assembly during the 1937 election. It supported Krishak Sramik Party leader A. K. Fazlul Huq's government. In 1940, the All India Muslim League adopted the Lahore Resolution which included references to a sovereign state in eastern India. In 1941, the BPML withdrew support for Huq's government. Its chief leader between 1937 and 1946 was Sir Khawaja Nazimuddin, a trusted confidante of All India Muslim League president Muhammad Ali Jinnah. In 1943, Nazimuddin unseated the Huq-Syama coalition, formed government and became the Prime Minister of Bengal. The conservative Nazimuddin ministry grappled with the effects of World War II, including the Bengal famine of 1943. Factional infighting increased within the BPML. The Nazimuddin ministry collapsed in 1945 and Governor's rule was imposed. The party's control passed on to a more liberal and centrist faction, which included leaders H. S. Suhrawardy and Mohammad Ali of Bogra. In the 1946 election, the BPML won a majority of 114/250 seats in the Bengal Legislative Assembly, compared to 28/60 in Sind, 75/175 in Punjab, 17/150 in the North-West Frontier Province, 54/228 in the United Provinces, 34/152 in Bihar, 31/108 in Assam, 30/175 in Bombay Presidency, 29/215 in Madras Presidency, and 4/60 in Orissa. The result in Bengal, with 45% of seats won by the BPML, was among the largest mandates for the League. The Suhrawardy ministry lasted until the partition of India in 1947. Suhrawardy mooted the proposal for a United Bengal, but the Mountbatten Plan failed to take it into account. Suhrawardy also faced bitterness to his plans from Nazimuddin and could not count on the cooperation of Nazimuddin's ally Jinnah. |
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VF-43#VF-43#0 | « VF-43 » « VF-43 » VF-43 was a Fighter Squadron of the U.S. Navy. The squadron was originally established as Fighter Squadron 74A (VF-74A) on 1 May 1945, it was redesignated Fighter Squadron 74 (VF-74) on 1 August 1945, redesignated VF-1B on 15 November 1946, redesignated VF-21 on 1 September 1948, redesignated as Attack Squadron 43 (VA-43) Challengers on 1 July 1959 and Fighter Squadron 43 (VF-43) on 1 June 1973. It was disestablished on 1 July 1994. |
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VF-43#VF-43#Operational_history#0 | « VF-43 » « VF-43, Operational history » VF-1B was assigned to Carrier Air Group One (CVBG-1), aboard USS Midway and was embarked on Midway's first deployment from 29 October 1947 to 11 March 1948 to the Mediterranean. |
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VF-43#VF-43#Operational_history#1 | « VF-43 » « VF-43, Operational history » VF-21 was assigned to Carrier Air Group Six (CVG-6) and deployed to the Mediterranean aboard USS Midway from 9 January to 5 May 1952. |
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VF-43#VF-43#Operational_history#2 | « VF-43 » « VF-43, Operational history » VF-21 was assigned to Air Task Group 181 (ATG-181) aboard USS Forrestal from 24 January to 31 March 1956 during her shakedown cruise in the Atlantic, and aboard USS Bennington for a Western Pacific deployment from 15 October 1956 to 22 May 1957. |
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VF-43#VF-43#Operational_history#3 | « VF-43 » « VF-43, Operational history » VF-21 was assigned to Carrier Air Group 8 (CVG-8) aboard the USS Ranger in 1957 and served on Ranger's shakedown cruise from 4 October to 6 December 1957. This would be VF-21's last deployment. |
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VF-43#VF-43#Operational_history#4 | « VF-43 » « VF-43, Operational history » On 1 July 1959 VF-21 was redesignated as Attack Squadron 43 (VA-43) and became a fleet replacement squadron for the F-11 Tiger and later the A-4 Skyhawk. The squadron subsequently adopted the moniker of the "Challengers" in 1961. |
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VF-43#VF-43#Operational_history#5 | « VF-43 » « VF-43, Operational history » In June 1973, the squadron was redesignated as Fighter Squadron FORTY-THREE (VF-43) and was assigned as an Atlantic Fleet adversary squadron at NAS Oceana, Virginia in support of training Atlantic Fleet fighter squadrons collocated at NAS Oceana. In this role, the squadron would fly the A-4F/J and TA-4F/J Skyhawk II, the T-38A Talon, the F-16N Fighting Falcon, and the F-21A Kfir, the latter being an Israeli-built modification of the Dassault Mirage 5. The squadron also conducted instrument proficiency training and spin training in the T-2C Buckeye. Following the end of the Cold War and subsequent reductions in the U.S. defense budget, VF-43 was identified for disestablishment. Following VF-43's inactivation in July 1994, its mission was assumed by strike fighter and fighter composite squadrons in the Naval Air Reserve. At NAS Oceana, this mission is primarily accomplished by Fighter Composite Squadron 12 (VFC-12). |
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VF-43#VF-43#Home_port_assignments#0 | « VF-43 » « VF-43, Home port assignments » The squadron was assigned to these home ports: |
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Fontainebleau_(1814)#Treaty_of_Fontainebleau_(1814)#0 | « Treaty of Fontainebleau (1814) » « Treaty of Fontainebleau (1814) » The Treaty of Fontainebleau was an agreement established in Fontainebleau, France, on 11 April 1814 between Napoleon and representatives of Austria, Russia and Prussia. The treaty was signed in Paris on 11 April by the plenipotentiaries of both sides and ratified by Napoleon on 13 April. With this treaty, the allies ended Napoleon's rule as emperor of the French and sent him into exile on Elba. |
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Fontainebleau_(1814)#Treaty_of_Fontainebleau_(1814)#Prelude#0 | « Treaty of Fontainebleau (1814) » « Treaty of Fontainebleau (1814), Prelude » In the War of the Sixth Coalition (1812–1814), a coalition of Austria, Prussia, Russia, Sweden, the United Kingdom and a number of German states drove Napoleon out of Germany in 1813. In 1814, while the United Kingdom, Spain and Portugal invaded France across the Pyrenees; Russia, Austria and their allies invaded France across the Rhine and, after the Battle of Paris, entered into negotiations with members of the French government for the abdication of Napoleon. |
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Fontainebleau_(1814)#Treaty_of_Fontainebleau_(1814)#Prelude#1 | « Treaty of Fontainebleau (1814) » « Treaty of Fontainebleau (1814), Prelude » On 31 March, the Coalition issued a declaration to the French nation: |
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Fontainebleau_(1814)#Treaty_of_Fontainebleau_(1814)#Prelude#2 | « Treaty of Fontainebleau (1814) » « Treaty of Fontainebleau (1814), Prelude » The allied powers having occupied Paris, they are ready to receive the declaration of the French nation. They declare, that if it was indispensable that the conditions of peace should contain stronger guarantees when it was necessary to enchain the ambition of Napoleon, they would become more favourable when, by a return to a wiser government, France itself offers the assurance of repose. The allied sovereigns declare, in consequence, that they will no longer treat with Napoleon nor with any of his family; that they respect the integrity of old France, as it existed under its legitimate kings—they may even go further, for they always profess the principle, that for the happiness of Europe it is necessary that France should be great and powerful; that they recognise and will guarantee such a constitution as the French nation may give itself. They invite, consequently, the senate to appoint a provisional government, which may provide for the necessities of administration, and establish such a constitution as may be fitting for the French people. The intentions which I have just expressed are common to me with all the allied powers. Alexander, Paris, 31st March 1814 : Three P.M. |
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Fontainebleau_(1814)#Treaty_of_Fontainebleau_(1814)#Prelude#3 | « Treaty of Fontainebleau (1814) » « Treaty of Fontainebleau (1814), Prelude » On 1 April, Russian Emperor Alexander I addressed the French Sénat conservateur in person and laid out similar terms as were in the previous day's declaration. As a gesture of good will, he announced that 150,000 French prisoners of war who had been held by the Russians since the French invasion of Russia, two years earlier, would be released immediately. The next day, the Senate agreed to the Coalition's terms and passed a resolution deposing Napoleon. They also passed a decree dated 5 April, justifying their actions, and ending: |
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Fontainebleau_(1814)#Treaty_of_Fontainebleau_(1814)#Prelude#4 | « Treaty of Fontainebleau (1814) » « Treaty of Fontainebleau (1814), Prelude » ...the senate declares and decrees as follows :—1. Napoleon Buonaparte is cast down from the throne, and the right of succession in his family is abolished. 2. The French people and army are absolved from their oath of fidelity to him. 3. The present decree shall be transmitted to the departments and armies, and proclaimed immediately in all the quarters of the capital. |
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Fontainebleau_(1814)#Treaty_of_Fontainebleau_(1814)#Prelude#5 | « Treaty of Fontainebleau (1814) » « Treaty of Fontainebleau (1814), Prelude » On 3 April 1814, word reached Napoleon, who was at the Palace of Fontainebleau, that the French Senate had dethroned him. As the Coalition forces had made public their position that their quarrel was with Napoleon and not the French people, he called their bluff and abdicated in favour of his son, with the Empress Marie-Louise as regent. |
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Fontainebleau_(1814)#Treaty_of_Fontainebleau_(1814)#Prelude#6 | « Treaty of Fontainebleau (1814) » « Treaty of Fontainebleau (1814), Prelude » Three plenipotentiaries took this conditional abdication to the Coalition sovereigns: |
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Fontainebleau_(1814)#Treaty_of_Fontainebleau_(1814)#Prelude#7 | « Treaty of Fontainebleau (1814) » « Treaty of Fontainebleau (1814), Prelude » The allied powers having proclaimed that the Emperor Napoleon is the sole obstacle to the re-establishment of peace in Europe, – the Emperor Napoleon, faithful to his oath, declares that he is ready to descend from the throne, to quit France, and even life itself, for the good of the country, which is inseparable from the rights of his son, of the regency of the Empress, and of the maintenance of the laws of the empire. |
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Fontainebleau_(1814)#Treaty_of_Fontainebleau_(1814)#Prelude#8 | « Treaty of Fontainebleau (1814) » « Treaty of Fontainebleau (1814), Prelude » While the plenipotentiaries were travelling to deliver their message, Napoleon heard that Auguste Marmont had placed his corps in a hopeless position and that their surrender was inevitable. The Coalition sovereigns were in no mood to compromise and rejected Napoleon's offer. Emperor Alexander stated: |
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Fontainebleau_(1814)#Treaty_of_Fontainebleau_(1814)#Prelude#9 | « Treaty of Fontainebleau (1814) » « Treaty of Fontainebleau (1814), Prelude » A regency with the Empress and her son, sounds well, I admit; but Napoleon remains – there is the difficulty. In vain will he promise to remain quiet in the retreat which will be assigned to him. You know even better than I his devouring activity, his ambition. Some fine morning he will put himself at the head of the regency, or in its place: then the war will recommence, and all Europe will be on fire. The very dread of such an occurrence will oblige the Allies to keep their armies on foot, and thus frustrate all their intentions in making peace. |
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Fontainebleau_(1814)#Treaty_of_Fontainebleau_(1814)#Prelude#10 | « Treaty of Fontainebleau (1814) » « Treaty of Fontainebleau (1814), Prelude » With the rejection of his conditional abdication and no military option left to him, Napoleon bowed to the inevitable: |
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Fontainebleau_(1814)#Treaty_of_Fontainebleau_(1814)#Prelude#11 | « Treaty of Fontainebleau (1814) » « Treaty of Fontainebleau (1814), Prelude » The allied powers having declared that the Emperor Napoleon is the sole obstacle to the re-establishment of a general peace in Europe, the Emperor Napoleon, faithful to his oath, declares that he renounces, for himself and his heirs the throne of France and Italy; and that there is no personal sacrifice, not even that of life itself, which he is not willing to make for the interests of France. |
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Fontainebleau_(1814)#Treaty_of_Fontainebleau_(1814)#Prelude#12 | « Treaty of Fontainebleau (1814) » « Treaty of Fontainebleau (1814), Prelude » Over the next few days, with Napoleon's reign over France now at an end, the formal treaty was negotiated and signed by the plenipotentiaries in Paris on 11 April and ratified by Napoleon on 13 April. |
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Fontainebleau_(1814)#Treaty_of_Fontainebleau_(1814)#Terms#0 | « Treaty of Fontainebleau (1814) » « Treaty of Fontainebleau (1814), Terms » The agreement contained a total of 21 articles. Based on the most significant terms of the accord, Napoleon was stripped of his powers as ruler of the French Empire, but both Napoleon and Marie-Louise were permitted to preserve their respective titles as emperor and empress. Moreover, all of Napoleon's successors and family members were prohibited from attaining power in France. |
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Fontainebleau_(1814)#Treaty_of_Fontainebleau_(1814)#Terms#1 | « Treaty of Fontainebleau (1814) » « Treaty of Fontainebleau (1814), Terms » The treaty also established the island of Elba as a separate principality to be ruled by Napoleon. Elba's sovereignty and flag were guaranteed recognition by foreign powers in the accord, but only France was allowed to assimilate the island. |
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Fontainebleau_(1814)#Treaty_of_Fontainebleau_(1814)#Terms#2 | « Treaty of Fontainebleau (1814) » « Treaty of Fontainebleau (1814), Terms » In another tenet of the agreement, the Duchy of Parma, the Duchy of Placentia and the Duchy of Guastalla were ceded to Empress Marie-Louise. Moreover, a direct male descendant of Empress Marie-Louise would be known as the Prince of Parma, Placentia, and Guastalla. In other parts of the treaty, Empress Josephine's annual income was reduced to 1,000,000 francs and Napoleon had to surrender all of his estates in France to the French crown, and submit all crown jewels to France. He was permitted to take with him 400 men to serve as his personal guard. |
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Fontainebleau_(1814)#Treaty_of_Fontainebleau_(1814)#Terms#3 | « Treaty of Fontainebleau (1814) » « Treaty of Fontainebleau (1814), Terms » The signatories were Caulaincourt, Duke of Vicenza, Marshal MacDonald, Duke of Tarentum, Marshal Ney, Duke of Elchingen, Prince Metternich, Count Nesselrode, and Baron Hardenberg. |
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Fontainebleau_(1814)#Treaty_of_Fontainebleau_(1814)#British_opposition#0 | « Treaty of Fontainebleau (1814) » « Treaty of Fontainebleau (1814), British opposition » The British position was that the French nation was in a state of rebellion and that Napoleon was a usurper. Castlereagh explained that he would not sign on behalf of the king of the United Kingdom because to do so would recognise the legitimacy of Napoleon as emperor of the French and that to exile him to an island over which he had sovereignty, only a short distance from France and Italy, both of which had strong Jacobin factions, could easily lead to further conflict. |
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Fontainebleau_(1814)#Treaty_of_Fontainebleau_(1814)#Theft_of_document#0 | « Treaty of Fontainebleau (1814) » « Treaty of Fontainebleau (1814), Theft of document » In 2005, two Americans, former history professor John William Rooney (74) and Marshall Lawrence Pierce (44), were charged by a French court for stealing a copy of the Treaty of Fontainebleau from the French National Archives between 1974 and 1988. The theft came to light in 1996, when a curator of the French National Archives discovered that Pierce had put the document up for sale at Sotheby's. Rooney and Pierce pleaded guilty in the United States and were fined ($1,000 for Rooney and $10,000 for Pierce). However, they were not extradited to France to stand trial there. The copy of the treaty and a number of other documents (including letters from King Louis XVIII of France) that were checked out from the French National Archives by Rooney and Pierce were returned to France by the United States in 2002. |
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Flanagan_(academic)#Bill_Flanagan_(academic)#0 | « Bill Flanagan (academic) » « Bill Flanagan (academic) » William F. Flanagan (born 1960/1961) is a Canadian academic. In March 2020, his appointment was announced as the next president of the University of Alberta, succeeding David H. Turpin in July 2020. He previously served as the dean of the faculty of law at Queen's University from to 2005 to 2019. |
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Flanagan_(academic)#Bill_Flanagan_(academic)#1 | « Bill Flanagan (academic) » « Bill Flanagan (academic) » Flanagan was born in Edmonton, Alberta, the son of two teachers. In his teen years, he worked as a page in the Canadian House of Commons, where his maternal uncle Jack Horner was a Member of Parliament. He attended Carleton University where he earned a Bachelor of Arts degree, then the University of Toronto Faculty of Law, earning a J.D. degree in 1985. He also earned a DEA from the University of Paris in 1986 and a master's degree in law from Columbia Law School in 1989. In 1987, he served as a law clerk for Supreme Court of Canada justice Willard Estey. He joined Queen's University's faculty of law in 1991. He taught international trade and investment, property law and corporate law, and founded the International Law Spring Program at the International Study Centre in the United Kingdom at Queen's University. |