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<s>[INST] What Are Medications for Asthma? [/INST] There are two types of asthma medications. Controller medications are for long-term control of persistent asthma. They help reduce the inflammation in the lungs that is behind asthma attacks. Controller medications should be taken every day whether someone is having symptoms or not. Controller medications include inhaled corticosteroids (the main type of medication), leukotriene inhibitors, methylxanthines, and cromolyn sodium. Rescue medications are taken after an asthma attack has begun. They stop the attack. Rescue medications include beta-agonists and anticholinergics, as well as systemic (pills or injectable) corticosteroids. Knowing which medication is which is very important because a controller medication will not give immediate relief if someone is having an asthma attack. Controller medications should not be stopped just because a person feels fine and has not had an asthma attack for a while. Feeling fine usually means that the controller is working to keep airways free from inflammation. Also, if a controller medication is stopped and a person starts experiencing asthma symptoms again, those symptoms are harder to control. If the controller medication seems to have stopped symptoms, a person can talk to his or her doctor about changing the dose or medication. Talking with a doctor about possible side effects is important. For some people, allergy shots can help control asthma symptoms. For more complete information on medications, visit Understanding Asthma Medications. For both controller and rescue inhaler medications to be effective, they need to be properly administered so that the medication can reach the deeper parts of the lungs where they are needed. It is important to receive teaching from a health-care provider in the correct use of handheld inhaler devices. Source: emedicinehealth. Link: https://www.emedicinehealth.com/asthma_faqs/article_em.htm#what_are_medications_for_asthma. Field: Lung Disease. Disease: Asthma </s>

<s>[INST] What are the types of diabetes? [/INST] What are the types of diabetes? Type 1 diabetes Type 1 diabetes accounts for about 5% of all diagnosed cases of diabetes. Type 1 is usually diagnosed in children and young adults, although it can occur at any time. People with type 1 diabetes must use insulin from an injection or a pump to manage their diabetes. Type 2 diabetes Type 2 diabetes accounts for about 95% of all cases diagnosed in adults. Several studies have shown that healthy eating, regular physical activity, and weight loss used with medication if prescribed, can help control complications from type 2 diabetes or can prevent or delay the onset of type 2 diabetes. Gestational diabetes Gestational diabetes is diagnosed in 2 to 10% of pregnant women. Gestational diabetes can cause health problems during pregnancy for both the child and mother. Children whose mothers had gestational diabetes have an increased risk of developing obesity and type 2 diabetes. Although gestational diabetes often goes away after pregnancy, about half of all women who have gestational diabetes get type 2 diabetes later in life. Source: UIHC ORG. Link: https://uihc.org/health-topics/diabetes-frequently-asked-questions#:~:text=People%20with%20diabetes%20have%20high,lead%20to%20other%20serious%20problems.. Field: Endocrine. Disease: Diabetes </s>

<s>[INST] What are the symptoms of diabetes? [/INST] Being very thirsty Urinating often Feeling very hungry Feeling very tired Losing weight without trying Sores that heal slowly Dry, itchy skin Feelings of pins and needles in your feet Losing feeling in your feet Blurry eyesight Some people with diabetes don’t have any of these signs or symptoms. The only way to know if you have diabetes is to have your doctor do a blood test. Source: UIHC ORG. Link: https://uihc.org/health-topics/diabetes-frequently-asked-questions#:~:text=People%20with%20diabetes%20have%20high,lead%20to%20other%20serious%20problems.. Field: Endocrine. Disease: Diabetes </s>

<s>[INST] How is diabetes diagnosed? [/INST] Urine analysis A urine analysis may show high blood sugar. But a urine test alone does not diagnose diabetes. Your health care provider may suspect that you have diabetes if your blood sugar level is higher than 200 mg/dL. To confirm the diagnosis, one or more of the following tests must be done. Blood tests Fasting blood glucose test, hemoglobin A1c test, and oral glucose tolerance test are blood test that can be done to diagnose diabetes. Screening Screening for type 2 diabetes in people who have no symptoms is recommended for: overweight children who have other risk factors for diabetes (starting at age 10), overweight adults (BMI greater than 25) who have other risk factors, and adults over age 45. Source: UIHC ORG. Link: https://uihc.org/health-topics/diabetes-frequently-asked-questions#:~:text=People%20with%20diabetes%20have%20high,lead%20to%20other%20serious%20problems.. Field: Endocrine. Disease: Diabetes </s>

<s>[INST] What risk factors increase the likelihood of diabetes? [/INST] Being overweight or obese Having a parent, brother, or sister with diabetes Being African American, American Indian, Asian American, Pacific Islander, or Hispanic American/Latino heritage Having a prior history of gestational diabetes or birth of at least one baby weighing more than 9 pounds Having high blood pressure measuring 140/90 or higher Having abnormal cholesterol with HDL ("good") cholesterol is 35 or lower, or triglyceride level is 250 or higher Being physically inactive—exercising fewer than three times a week Source: UIHC ORG. Link: https://uihc.org/health-topics/diabetes-frequently-asked-questions#:~:text=People%20with%20diabetes%20have%20high,lead%20to%20other%20serious%20problems.. Field: Endocrine. Disease: Diabetes </s>

<s>[INST] What can be done to reduce the risk of diabetes? [/INST] Research has shown that the following lifestyle modifications can prevent, or at least delay the onset of type 2 diabetes among people at risk of diabetes: Eating fewer high fat and high calorie foods Losing at least 5%-7% of body weight (if overweight) Being physically active for 150 minutes every week Source: UIHC ORG. Link: https://uihc.org/health-topics/diabetes-frequently-asked-questions#:~:text=People%20with%20diabetes%20have%20high,lead%20to%20other%20serious%20problems.. Field: Endocrine. Disease: Diabetes </s>

<s>[INST] What is diabetes? [/INST] Diabetes is a disease in which blood glucose (sugar) levels are above normal. Plant foods which are mostly sugars and starches (carbohydrates) are turned into glucose, or sugar, for our bodies to use for energy. The pancreas, an organ that lies near the stomach, makes a hormone called insulin to help glucose get into the cells of our bodies. When you have diabetes, your body either does not make enough insulin or cannot use its own insulin as well as it should. This causes sugar to build up in your blood. Diabetes can cause serious health complications including heart disease, blindness, kidney failure, and lower-extremity amputations. Diabetes is the 6th leading cause of death in the United States. Source: DPBH. Link: https://dpbh.nv.gov/Programs/Diabetes/dta/FAQs/Diabetes_-_FAQs/. Field: Endocrine. Disease: Diabetes </s>

<s>[INST] What are symptoms of diabetes? [/INST] Individuals who think they might have diabetes should visit a physician for diagnosis. They might have SOME or NONE of the following symptoms: Frequent urination Excessive thirst Unexplained weight loss Extreme hunger Sudden vision changes Tingling or numbness in hands or feet Feeling very tired much of the time Very dry skin Sores that are slow to heal More infections than usual Source: DPBH. Link: https://dpbh.nv.gov/Programs/Diabetes/dta/FAQs/Diabetes_-_FAQs/. Field: Endocrine. Disease: Diabetes </s>

<s>[INST] What are the types of diabetes? [/INST] Type 1 diabetes Type 2 diabetes Gestational diabetes Source: DPBH. Link: https://dpbh.nv.gov/Programs/Diabetes/dta/FAQs/Diabetes_-_FAQs/. Field: Endocrine. Disease: Diabetes </s>

<s>[INST] What are the risk factor for diabetes? [/INST] Risk factors for type 2 diabetes (diabetes mellitus) include: Have prediabetes 45 years of age or older Obesity Have a parent, brother, or sister with type 2 diabetes Physically active less tha 3 times per week Have ever had gestational diabetes (diabetes during pregnancy) or given birth to a baby who weighed more than 9 pounds Are African American, Hispanic/Latino American, American Indian, or Alaska Native (some Pacific Islanders and Asian Americans are also at higher risk) If you have non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, may be at risk for type 2 diabetes Source: DPBH. Link: https://dpbh.nv.gov/Programs/Diabetes/dta/FAQs/Diabetes_-_FAQs/. Field: Endocrine. Disease: Diabetes </s>

<s>[INST] What is the treatment for diabetes [/INST] People with diabetes must take responsibility for their day-to-day care, and keep blood glucose levels from going too low or too high. People with diabetes should see a health care provider who will monitor their diabetes control and help them learn to manage their diabetes. A diabetes health care team is also recommended. The patient and primary care provider are leaders of the team. Other members of the team might include endocrinologists, who may specialize in diabetes care; ophthalmologists for eye examinations; podiatrists for routine foot care; and dietitians and diabetes educators who teach the skills needed for daily diabetes management. Source: DPBH. Link: https://dpbh.nv.gov/Programs/Diabetes/dta/FAQs/Diabetes_-_FAQs/. Field: Endocrine. Disease: Diabetes </s>

<s>[INST] What is Diabetes Self-Management Education (DSME) [/INST] Diabetes Self-Management Education (DSME) is an ongoing process to facilitate a person’s knowledge, skill, and ability for self-care. This process incorporates the needs, goals, and life experiences of the person with diabetes and is guided by evidence-based standards. Objectives are to support informed and shared decision making, self-care behaviors, problem solving, and active collaboration with the health care team to improve clinical outcomes, health status, and quality of life. Diabetes educators and others in the health care team can help people living with or at risk for diabetes to:[1][2] Understand the diabetes disease process and the risks and benefits of treatment options. Incorporate healthy eating behaviors into their lifestyles. Incorporate physical activity into their lifestyles. Understand how to use medications safely and effectively. Perform self-monitoring of blood pressure when prescribed. Perform self-monitoring of blood glucose when prescribed and demonstrate how to interpret and use the results for self-management decision making. Understand how to prevent, detect, and treat high and low blood glucose. Understand self-management needs during illness or medical procedures. Prevent, detect, and treat chronic diabetes complications. Develop personal strategies to address psychosocial issues and concerns. Develop personal strategies to promote health and behavior change Source: DPBH. Link: https://dpbh.nv.gov/Programs/Diabetes/dta/FAQs/Diabetes_-_FAQs/. Field: Endocrine. Disease: Diabetes </s>

<s>[INST] What is prediabetes? [/INST] A person with prediabetes has a blood sugar level higher than normal, but not high enough for a diagnosis of diabetes. He or she is at higher risk for developing type 2 diabetes and other serious health problems, including heart disease, and stroke. Without lifestyle changes to improve their health, 15% to 30% of people with prediabetes will develop type 2 diabetes within five years. A person with certain risk factors is more likely to develop prediabetes and type 2 diabetes. These risk factors include: age, especially after 45 years of age; being overweight or obese; a family history of diabetes; having an African American, Hispanic/Latino, American Indian, Asian American, or Pacific Islander racial or ethnic background; a history of diabetes while pregnant (gestational diabetes) or having given birth to a baby weighing nine pounds or more; and being physically active less than three times a week. Source: DPBH. Link: https://dpbh.nv.gov/Programs/Diabetes/dta/FAQs/Diabetes_-_FAQs/. Field: Endocrine. Disease: Diabetes </s>

<s>[INST] What should my blood sugar be? [/INST] The American Diabetes Association recommends a blood glucose range of 80-130 before meals and less than 180 about 2 hours after a meal. This range should place your A1c under 7. Source: Maury Regional Health. Link: https://www.mauryregional.com/our-services/diabetes/diabetes-frequently-asked-questions. Field: Endocrine. Disease: Diabetes </s>

<s>[INST] What is an A1c? [/INST] A Hemoglobin A1c is a 2-3 month average of your blood sugars. This result gives you a good idea of how well your diabetes is being managed/controlled. The American Diabetes Association recommends an A1c of less than 7 to keep the risk of complications low. Source: Maury Regional Health. Link: https://www.mauryregional.com/our-services/diabetes/diabetes-frequently-asked-questions. Field: Endocrine. Disease: Diabetes </s>

<s>[INST] What can I eat if I have diabetes? [/INST] You can eat just about anything you want. It is about knowing proper portion sizes and how much you are putting on your plate. A dietitian can help you learn to count carbohydrates and with meal planning that is specific for you. Source: Maury Regional Health. Link: https://www.mauryregional.com/our-services/diabetes/diabetes-frequently-asked-questions. Field: Endocrine. Disease: Diabetes </s>

<s>[INST] Why does it matter if my blood sugar is 120 or 200? [/INST] It is very important to keep your blood sugar level under control. When your blood sugar level is high, it can cause damage in your veins and arteries. This damage could lead to complications later such as heart attacks, strokes, kidney disease, neuropathies, vision problems, etc. Source: Maury Regional Health. Link: https://www.mauryregional.com/our-services/diabetes/diabetes-frequently-asked-questions. Field: Endocrine. Disease: Diabetes </s>

<s>[INST] What foods have carbohydrates? [/INST] Fruits, starchy vegetables, milk, yogurt, rice, cereals, bread and other grains all have carbs and give you important nutrients. Many snack foods, such as pretzels, chips and popcorn, have carbs. Sweets, including regular soda, cakes, candy and cookies, also contain carbohydrates. Be sure to check the nutrition label on each food item to determine carbohyrdate content. Source: Maury Regional Health. Link: https://www.mauryregional.com/our-services/diabetes/diabetes-frequently-asked-questions. Field: Endocrine. Disease: Diabetes </s>

<s>[INST] Do I need to follow a low carb diet? [/INST] Carbohydrates are an important part of a healthy diet. With diabetes, watching portion sizes and getting most of your carbs from fruits, vegetables, whole grains and low fat milk and yogurt is key. Besides counting carbs, people with diabetes can also benefit from eating lower fat, high fiber foods and just enough calories to maintain a healthy weight. Source: Maury Regional Health. Link: https://www.mauryregional.com/our-services/diabetes/diabetes-frequently-asked-questions. Field: Endocrine. Disease: Diabetes </s>

<s>[INST] If it is sugar free, I can eat as much as I want, right? [/INST] Sugar free foods can be part of a healthy meal plan in small amounts. Keep in mind though that some of these foods still have carbs (in the form of other sweeteners such as sorbitol, isomalt, and mannitol) and may affect your blood glucose levels. Many sugar free foods have calories and carbohydrates and lots of fat. Make sure you read the nutrition labels. Source: Maury Regional Health. Link: https://www.mauryregional.com/our-services/diabetes/diabetes-frequently-asked-questions. Field: Endocrine. Disease: Diabetes </s>

<s>[INST] How do you treat type 2 diabetes? [/INST] When you have type 2 diabetes, you first need to eat a healthy diet, stay physically active and lose any extra weight. If these lifestyle changes cannot control your blood sugar, you also may need to take pills and other injected medication, including insulin. Eating a healthy diet, being physically active, and losing any extra weight is the first line of therapy. “Diet and exercise“ is the foundation of all diabetes management because it makes your body’s cells respond better to insulin (in other words, it decreases insulin resistance) and lowers blood sugar levels. If you cannot normalize or control the blood sugars with diet, weight loss and exercise, the next treatment phase is taking medicine either orally or by injection. Diabetes pills work in different ways – some lower insulin resistance, others slow the digestion of food or increase insulin levels in the blood stream. The non-insulin injected medications for type 2 diabetes have a complicated action but basically lower blood glucose after eating. Insulin therapy simply increases insulin in the circulation. Don’t be surprised if you have to use multiple medications to control the blood sugar. Multiple medications, also known as combination therapy is common in the treatment of diabetes! If one medication is not enough, you medical provider may give you two or three or more different types of pills. Insulin or other injected medications also may be prescribed. Or, depending on your medical condition, you may be treated only with insulin or injected medication therapy. Many people with type 2 diabetes have elevated blood fats (high triglycerides and cholesterol) and blood pressure, so you may be given medications for these problems as well. Source: Diabetes Education Online. Link: https://dtc.ucsf.edu/types-of-diabetes/type2/understanding-type-2-diabetes/type-2-diabetes-faqs/. Field: Endocrine. Disease: Diabetes </s>

<s>[INST] Can type 2 diabetes go away? And if my blood sugar becomes normal, do I still have diabetes? [/INST] Type 2 diabetes is a genetic condition or pre-disposition that doesn’t change with treatment. But diabetes is defined as an elevated blood sugar. When your blood sugar is normal with no treatment, then the diabetes is considered to have gone away. However, even when the blood sugars are controlled, because type 2 diabetes is a genetic condition, the predisposition for diabetes always exists. High blood sugars can come back. If you have type 2 diabetes and the blood sugar is controlled during treatment (diet, exercise and medications), it means that the treatment plan is working. You are getting the good blood sugar because of the treatment – NOT because diabetes predisposition has gone away. You will need to continue your treatment; otherwise your blood sugar will go back up. Source: Diabetes Education Online. Link: https://dtc.ucsf.edu/types-of-diabetes/type2/understanding-type-2-diabetes/type-2-diabetes-faqs/. Field: Endocrine. Disease: Diabetes </s>

<s>[INST] Will I need to take insulin if I have type 2 diabetes? [/INST] Maybe. Historically, 30% or more of people with type 2 diabetes required insulin therapy. However there are many new drugs available that may delay or prevent the need for insulin therapy. It is expected that fewer and fewer individuals will need insulin replacement to control their blood sugars. Source: Diabetes Education Online. Link: https://dtc.ucsf.edu/types-of-diabetes/type2/understanding-type-2-diabetes/type-2-diabetes-faqs/. Field: Endocrine. Disease: Diabetes </s>

<s>[INST] As someone with type 2 diabetes, do I turn into a type 1 diabetic when I take insulin? [/INST] No. Taking insulin does not mean that you have type 1 diabetes. Your type of diabetes is determined by your genetics, not by the type of therapy. Source: Diabetes Education Online. Link: https://dtc.ucsf.edu/types-of-diabetes/type2/understanding-type-2-diabetes/type-2-diabetes-faqs/. Field: Endocrine. Disease: Diabetes </s>

<s>[INST] If I have type 2 diabetes and take insulin, do I have to take it forever? [/INST] Not necessarily. If you can lose weight, change your diet, increase your activity level, or change your medications you may be able to reduce or stop insulin therapy. Under certain circumstances, you may only need insulin temporarily – such as during pregnancy, acute illness, after surgery or when treated with drugs that increase their body’s resistance to the action of insulin (such as prednisone or steroids). Often the insulin therapy can be stopped after the event or stress is over. Source: Diabetes Education Online. Link: https://dtc.ucsf.edu/types-of-diabetes/type2/understanding-type-2-diabetes/type-2-diabetes-faqs/. Field: Endocrine. Disease: Diabetes </s>

<s>[INST] Will exercise help my diabetes? [/INST] Exercise is very beneficial in the management of type 2 diabetes. Always consult with your doctor about exercise guidelines, to exercise safely and reduce risks. Source: Diabetes Education Online. Link: https://dtc.ucsf.edu/types-of-diabetes/type2/understanding-type-2-diabetes/type-2-diabetes-faqs/. Field: Endocrine. Disease: Diabetes </s>

<s>[INST] If I have type 2 diabetes can I stop taking diabetes medications if I eliminate candy and cookies from my diet? [/INST] If you eliminate concentrated sources of carbohydrates (foods that turn into sugar in your blood stream) like candy and cookies, you may be able to reduce or eliminate the need for diabetes medications. Everyone with type 2 diabetes will benefit from an improved diet, but you may still need other interventions, such as increased physical activity, weight loss or medications to keep your blood sugars in the target range. Check with your doctor about any diabetes medication dose adjustments that may be required if you change your diet. Source: Diabetes Education Online. Link: https://dtc.ucsf.edu/types-of-diabetes/type2/understanding-type-2-diabetes/type-2-diabetes-faqs/. Field: Endocrine. Disease: Diabetes </s>

<s>[INST] Do I need to monitor my blood sugar when I have type 2 diabetes? [/INST] You may feel fine, but that is no guarantee that your blood sugar levels are in the target range. Remember, diabetic complications do not appear right away. And complications may develop even when the blood sugar is only slightly elevated. Regular blood sugar monitoring can help you keep your blood sugars in control and prevent serious damage to your eyes, kidneys and nerves. If your sugar levels are out of line, consult your doctor. Source: Diabetes Education Online. Link: https://dtc.ucsf.edu/types-of-diabetes/type2/understanding-type-2-diabetes/type-2-diabetes-faqs/. Field: Endocrine. Disease: Diabetes </s>

<s>[INST] Are my children at risk? [/INST] Yes. Type 2 diabetes is a genetic disease. The risk is highest when multiple family members have diabetes, and if the children also are overweight, sedentary and have the other risk factors for type 2 diabetes. Your child has a 10-15% chance of developing type 2 diabetes when you have type 2 diabetes. And if one identical twin has type 2 diabetes, there is a 75% likelihood of the other twin developing type 2 diabetes also. Source: Diabetes Education Online. Link: https://dtc.ucsf.edu/types-of-diabetes/type2/understanding-type-2-diabetes/type-2-diabetes-faqs/. Field: Endocrine. Disease: Diabetes </s>

<s>[INST] Can type 2 diabetes be prevented? [/INST] Results of the Diabetes Prevention Program-DPP Although we cannot change your genetic risk for developing type 2 diabetes, we do know that even modest exercise and weight loss can delay or prevent the development of type 2 diabetes. A landmark research study in the United States, the Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP) was completed in 2002 and showed that when people modified their risk factors for type 2 diabetes, they reduced their chance of developing the condition. Similar results have been shown in Finland. In the DPP study, people with pre-diabetes were enrolled and assigned to 3 different treatments: Intensive lifestyle changes – exercise (30 minutes, 5 days a week), a healthy diet, and weight loss (loss of 7% of initial weight) The diabetes drug, Metformin An inactive placebo disguised as Metformin The group that made lifestyle changes was 58% less likely to develop diabetes compared to the placebo group. And the group that took Metformin was 31% less likely to develop diabetes compared to the placebo group. In other words – lifestyle changes and Metformin therapy can delay or prevent the onset of type 2 diabetes. Lifestyle changes (weight loss, healthy diet and activity) are the most effective intervention. Source: Diabetes Education Online. Link: https://dtc.ucsf.edu/types-of-diabetes/type2/understanding-type-2-diabetes/type-2-diabetes-faqs/. Field: Endocrine. Disease: Diabetes </s>

<s>[INST] What are the symptoms of Diabetes Mellitus? [/INST] Signs and symptoms of diabetes include: Intense thirst. Frequent urination, particularly at night. Unexplained weight loss. Increased appetite. Fatigue. Slow-healing wounds. The symptoms of Type 1 diabetes may develop rapidly over days and weeks. In contrast, those with type 2 diabetes may not be aware of their condition as the symptoms may only be evident later. Source: Gleneagles Hospital. Link: https://gleneagles.com.my/articles/7-most-commonly-asked-diabetes-questions. Field: Endocrine. Disease: Diabetes </s>

<s>[INST] What are the causes of Diabetes Mellitus? [/INST] Insulin, a hormone produced by the pancreas (a gland behind the stomach), regulates high level of glucose in the blood. Food that is digested is converted to glucose and rapidly absorbed into the bloodstream when you eat. An increase in blood sugar causes the pancreas to produce and secrete insulin to absorb glucose. Without insulin, glucose cannot be broken to produce energy. In diabetes, your body is either unable to produce enough insulin or use the insulin produced. Source: Gleneagles Hospital. Link: https://gleneagles.com.my/articles/7-most-commonly-asked-diabetes-questions. Field: Endocrine. Disease: Diabetes </s>

<s>[INST] What are the risk factors of Diabetes Mellitus? [/INST] Certain factors increase a person’s risk of developing diabetes. Risk factors for Type 1 diabetes: Family history of type 1 diabetes (genetic predisposition). Younger age – higher likelihood of being diagnosed as a child, teenager, or young adult. Risk factors for Type 2 diabetes: Family history of type 2 diabetes. Overweight. Unhealthy diet. Physically inactive. Smoking. Source: Gleneagles Hospital. Link: https://gleneagles.com.my/articles/7-most-commonly-asked-diabetes-questions. Field: Endocrine. Disease: Diabetes </s>

<s>[INST] Do people with diabetes have sugar present in their urine? [/INST] Normally, when blood sugar (glucose) rises to a level above 0.25mg/ml in the blood, sugar will appear in the urine. This condition is known as glucosuria. Source: Gleneagles Hospital. Link: https://gleneagles.com.my/articles/7-most-commonly-asked-diabetes-questions. Field: Endocrine. Disease: Diabetes </s>

<s>[INST] Are people with diabetes restricted from consuming sugar? [/INST] Diabetes is not caused only by sugar consumption. However, you should still limit your intake of sugary beverages and sweets. Understandably, people get confused about the role of sugary foods and beverages in diabetes. This may be due to the fact that the food you consume is digested and converted into a form of sugar known as glucose. In diabetes, your body is either unable to produce enough insulin or use the insulin produced. Therefore, the excess glucose remains in the blood and your blood sugar level increases. Source: Gleneagles Hospital. Link: https://gleneagles.com.my/articles/7-most-commonly-asked-diabetes-questions. Field: Endocrine. Disease: Diabetes </s>

<s>[INST] Can insulin cure diabetes? [/INST] Insulin does not cure diabetes; it is used to treat diabetes. People with type 1 diabetes are required to inject insulin as their body is unable to produce insulin. On the other hand, type 2 diabetes can be treated with oral medications but may also require insulin, particularly if other medications are not effective at maintaining your blood sugar levels within a healthy range. Source: Gleneagles Hospital. Link: https://gleneagles.com.my/articles/7-most-commonly-asked-diabetes-questions. Field: Endocrine. Disease: Diabetes </s>

<s>[INST] Are people with diabetes more prone to cold and other illnesses? [/INST] High blood sugars weaken the person's immunity and result in more frequent infections such as colds, skin infections, urine infections, boils, and abscesses. Hence, it is important to have good glucose control. Source: Gleneagles Hospital. Link: https://gleneagles.com.my/articles/7-most-commonly-asked-diabetes-questions. Field: Endocrine. Disease: Diabetes </s>

<s>[INST] What are the symptoms of diabetes? [/INST] People who think they might have diabetes must visit a physician for diagnosis. They might have SOME or NONE of the following symptoms: Frequent urination Excessive thirst Unexplained weight loss Extreme hunger Sudden vision changes Tingling or numbness in hands or feet Feeling very tired much of the time Dry skin Sores that are slow to heal Frequent and recurrent infections Source: NYC Health. Link: https://www.nyc.gov/site/doh/health/health-topics/diabetes-faq.page. Field: Endocrine. Disease: Diabetes </s>

<s>[INST] What are the types and risk factors of diabetes? [/INST] Type 1 Diabetes, previously called insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus or juvenile-onset diabetes, may account for 5% to 10% of all diagnosed cases of diabetes. Risk factors are less well defined for type 1 diabetes than for type 2 diabetes, it is believed to happen after the body is exposed to an environmental trigger which then causes the body to attack the cells in the pancreas that make insulin. Type 2 Diabetes, previously called non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus or adult-onset diabetes, may account for about 90% to 95% of all diagnosed cases of diabetes. Risk Factors for Type 2 Diabetes include: older age (45 years and older) overweight and obesity family history of diabetes history of gestational diabetes history of delivering a baby weighing more than 9 lbs. impaired glucose tolerance physical inactivity race/ethnicity (African Americans, Hispanic/Latino Americans, American Indians, and some Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders are at particularly high risk for type 2 diabetes.) high blood pressure (140/90 mm Hg) low HDL cholersterol (<35 mg/dl) and elevated triglyceride level (>250 mg/dl) history of cardiovascular disease women with polycystic kidney disease Source: NYC Health. Link: https://www.nyc.gov/site/doh/health/health-topics/diabetes-faq.page. Field: Endocrine. Disease: Diabetes </s>

<s>[INST] What is the treatment for diabetes? [/INST] Management strategies should be planned along with a qualified health care team. In addition, quitting smoking is very important for people with diabetes since the majority of people with diabetes die from heart disase and stroke. Treatment of Type 1 Diabetes: Treatment requires a regimen that typically includes a carefully monitored diet, planned physical activity, routine home blood glucose testing, and insulin injections. Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes: Treatment typically includes diet control, regular physical activity, medications taken by mouth or by injection, and for some, routine home blood glucose testing. Source: NYC Health. Link: https://www.nyc.gov/site/doh/health/health-topics/diabetes-faq.page. Field: Endocrine. Disease: Diabetes </s>

<s>[INST] What is diabetes? [/INST] According to the American Diabetes Association, diabetes is a disease in which the body does not produce or properly use insulin. Insulin is a hormone that is needed to convert sugar, starches and other food into energy needed for daily life. The cause of diabetes continues to be a mystery, although both genetics and enviromental factors such as obesity and lack of exercise appear to play a role. Source: Western Illinois University. Link: https://www.wiu.edu/coehs/dfmh/bella_hearst/faq.php. Field: Endocrine. Disease: Diabetes </s>

<s>[INST] What are the differences between type 1, type 2 and gestational diabetes? [/INST] Type 1 Diabetes: Type 1 Diabetes has previously been called insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) and juvenile-onset diabetes. Type 1 diabetes develops when the body's immune system destroys pancreatic beta cells, the only cells that make the hormone insulin that regulate blood glucose. This form of diabetes usually strikes children and young adults, although disease onset can occur at any age. It is estimated that 5-10% of Americans who are diagnosed with diabetes have Type 1. Type 2 Diabetes: Type 2 Diabetes has previously been called non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) and adult-onset diabetes. Appoximately 90-95% (17 million) of Americans who are diagnosed with diabetes have type 2 diabetes. It usually begins as insulin resistance, a disorder in which the cells do not use insulin properly. As the need for insulin rises, the pancreas gradually loses its ability to produce insulin. Type 2 diabetes is associated with older age, obesity, family history of diabetes, prior history of gestational diabetes, impaired glucose tolerance, physical inactivity, and race/ethnicity. It is increasingly being diagnosed in children and adolescents. Gestational Diabetes: Gestational Diabetes affects about 4% of all pregnant women - about 135,000 cases in the United States each year. Gestational diabetes occurs more frequently among African Americans, Hispanic/Latino Americans, and Native Americans. It is also more common among obese women and women with a family history of diabetes. During pregnancy, gestational diabetes requires treatment to normalize maternal blood glucose levels to avoid complications in the infant. After pregnancy 5-10% of women with gestational diabetes are found to have Type 2 diabetes and women with gestational diabetes have a 20-50% chance of developing diabetes in the next 5-10 years. Source: Western Illinois University. Link: https://www.wiu.edu/coehs/dfmh/bella_hearst/faq.php. Field: Endocrine. Disease: Diabetes </s>

<s>[INST] What are symptoms of diabetes? [/INST] Often diabetes goes undiagnosed because many of its symptoms are subtle. Recent studies indicate that the early detection and treatment of diabetes can decrease the chance of developing the complications of diabetes. *Some symptoms include: Frequent Urination Excessive Thirst Extreme Hunger Unusual Weight Loss Increased Fatigue Irritability Blurry Vision Source: Western Illinois University. Link: https://www.wiu.edu/coehs/dfmh/bella_hearst/faq.php. Field: Endocrine. Disease: Diabetes </s>

<s>[INST] What are long-term consequences of uncontrolled diabetes? [/INST] Uncontrolled blood sugar affects many organs of the body. Therefore, failure to control diabetes may lead to heart disease, kidney disease, blindness, amputations, and stroke. Source: Western Illinois University. Link: https://www.wiu.edu/coehs/dfmh/bella_hearst/faq.php. Field: Endocrine. Disease: Diabetes </s>

<s>[INST] What is type 2 diabetes? [/INST] Type 2 diabetes is a disease in which your body cannot produce enough insulin or properly use the insulin it makes. Insulin is a hormone that controls the amount of glucose (sugar) in your blood, and if you have type 2 diabetes, glucose builds up in your blood rather than being used for energy. Type 2 diabetes can be managed, but if untreated or not properly managed, it can have serious health complications, including: Heart and blood vessel disease Nerve damage Eye disease Kidney disease Alzheimer’s disease Skin and mouth conditions (bacterial and fungal infections and gum infections) Hearing problems Osteoporosis Source: Canadian Task Force. Link: https://canadiantaskforce.ca/tools-resources/type-2-diabetes-2/type-2-diabetes-patient-faq/. Field: Endocrine. Disease: Diabetes </s>

<s>[INST] What are the differences between type 1, type 2, and gestational diabetes? [/INST] Type 1 diabetes occurs when the pancreas is unable to produce any insulin and generally begins in childhood or adolescence. Type 2 diabetes occurs when the pancreas does not produce enough insulin or properly use the insulin it makes and generally occurs in adulthood. Gestational diabetes is a temporary condition that occurs during pregnancy and can increase your risk of type 2 diabetes later in life. Source: Canadian Task Force. Link: https://canadiantaskforce.ca/tools-resources/type-2-diabetes-2/type-2-diabetes-patient-faq/. Field: Endocrine. Disease: Diabetes </s>

<s>[INST] What causes type 2 diabetes? [/INST] When many lifestyle factors start affecting the function of your pancreas, this can increase your risk of developing type 2 diabetes. These lifestyle factors include being overweight, having high blood pressure, and having high cholesterol. Genetic factors also contribute to having diabetes; people with a family history of the disease have an increased risk of developing diabetes. Source: Canadian Task Force. Link: https://canadiantaskforce.ca/tools-resources/type-2-diabetes-2/type-2-diabetes-patient-faq/. Field: Endocrine. Disease: Diabetes </s>

<s>[INST] What is body-mass index (BMI) and how is it related to type 2 diabetes? [/INST] BMI is a measure of body fat based on a formula that calculates the ratio of your height and weight. It can tell you if your body weight is in the overweight or obese category. Being overweight or obese can increase your risk of developing type 2 diabetes. Source: Canadian Task Force. Link: https://canadiantaskforce.ca/tools-resources/type-2-diabetes-2/type-2-diabetes-patient-faq/. Field: Endocrine. Disease: Diabetes </s>

<s>[INST] What are the symptoms of type 2 diabetes? [/INST] Common symptoms of diabetes include: Unusual thirst Frequent urination Weight change (gain or loss) Extreme fatigue or lack of energy Blurred vision Frequent and recurring infections Cuts that are slow to heal Tingling or numbness in the hands and/or feet Source: Canadian Task Force. Link: https://canadiantaskforce.ca/tools-resources/type-2-diabetes-2/type-2-diabetes-patient-faq/. Field: Endocrine. Disease: Diabetes </s>

<s>[INST] Is it possible to have diabetes without having any symptoms? [/INST] Yes, type 2 diabetes often develops in middle age over a period of months to years, and the symptoms may be non-existent or very mild; some people may just feel that they are getting “old.” Source: Canadian Task Force. Link: https://canadiantaskforce.ca/tools-resources/type-2-diabetes-2/type-2-diabetes-patient-faq/. Field: Endocrine. Disease: Diabetes </s>

<s>[INST] Is type 2 diabetes life-threatening? [/INST] Type 2 diabetes can be managed, but if untreated or not properly managed, it can have serious health complications, including: Nerve damage, causing pain, tingling, or a loss of feeling Digestion problems due to nerve damage Kidney damage or kidney failure Increased risk of heart attack and stroke Vision problems, including trouble seeing (especially at night), light sensitivity, or blindness Sores and infections in the feet or skin, leading to amputations of the limbs Source: Canadian Task Force. Link: https://canadiantaskforce.ca/tools-resources/type-2-diabetes-2/type-2-diabetes-patient-faq/. Field: Endocrine. Disease: Diabetes </s>

<s>[INST] Can type 2 diabetes be prevented? [/INST] Sometimes the development of type 2 diabetes can be slowed down or prevented by making lifestyle changes, especially through modest weight loss (about 5% if you are overweight) and by increasing physical activity; however, not everyone will avoid developing diabetes. A lot also depends on family history and other factors, but positive lifestyle habits will decrease the need for medication and increase quality of life. Other positive lifestyle habits include: Eating a healthy diet, which includes adequate fruits, vegetables, and fibre and minimizes fat, salt, and alcohol intake Ensuring adequate control over blood pressure and cholesterol Not smoking Source: Canadian Task Force. Link: https://canadiantaskforce.ca/tools-resources/type-2-diabetes-2/type-2-diabetes-patient-faq/. Field: Endocrine. Disease: Diabetes </s>

<s>[INST] Should I get screened for type 2 diabetes? [/INST] To view the Canadian Task Force on Preventive Health Care (CTFPHC)’s screening recommendations for adults without symptoms of diabetes, please consult our Type 2 Diabetes Risk Calculator for Patients. Your risk level is calculated based upon factors such as: Age BMI category Waist circumference Physical activity Diet (fruits and vegetables) Use of high blood pressure medications History of having elevated blood glucose Family history of diabetes Source: Canadian Task Force. Link: https://canadiantaskforce.ca/tools-resources/type-2-diabetes-2/type-2-diabetes-patient-faq/. Field: Endocrine. Disease: Diabetes </s>

<s>[INST] Why are these recommendations important? [/INST] Type 2 diabetes is a serious condition that affects the whole body and reduces quality of life through immediate symptoms like fatigue, weight changes, and excess thirst. It also increases the risk of complications such as: Heart disease Kidney failure Blindness Nerve damage Amputations of limbs However, it has been demonstrated that people who manage and control their diabetes in its early stages can minimize the risk of these complications. Source: Canadian Task Force. Link: https://canadiantaskforce.ca/tools-resources/type-2-diabetes-2/type-2-diabetes-patient-faq/. Field: Endocrine. Disease: Diabetes </s>

<s>[INST] What are the benefits of screening for type 2 diabetes? [/INST] Early diagnosis of type 2 diabetes allows for early management with diet, exercise, and medication (if necessary) that can delay the onset or reduce the risk of developing diabetic complications. Source: Canadian Task Force. Link: https://canadiantaskforce.ca/tools-resources/type-2-diabetes-2/type-2-diabetes-patient-faq/. Field: Endocrine. Disease: Diabetes </s>

<s>[INST] Are there any harms associated with screening for type 2 diabetes? [/INST] Some people may be anxious about being tested for type 2 diabetes, and people who are diagnosed may experience anxiety related to their diagnosis. Source: Canadian Task Force. Link: https://canadiantaskforce.ca/tools-resources/type-2-diabetes-2/type-2-diabetes-patient-faq/. Field: Endocrine. Disease: Diabetes </s>

<s>[INST] What is the best way to screen for type 2 diabetes? [/INST] The CTFPHC selected the A1C test as the preferred screening test because the small blood sample needed can be taken at any time of the day and it is as accurate as other tests. The A1C test is a simple lab test that reflects your average blood glucose level over the past 3 months. A small blood sample to check your A1C can be taken at any time of the day. The test is commonly used to diagnose type 1 and type 2 diabetes and to assess how those already diagnosed with diabetes are managing the disease. You can eat and drink normally prior to the test, as it does not require fasting. Acceptable alternative tests are the fasting glucose measurement and the glucose tolerance test. Source: Canadian Task Force. Link: https://canadiantaskforce.ca/tools-resources/type-2-diabetes-2/type-2-diabetes-patient-faq/. Field: Endocrine. Disease: Diabetes </s>

<s>[INST] How is type 2 diabetes treated? [/INST] Type 2 diabetes can be treated with: Physical activity A healthy diet Medication and/or insulin A combination of these treatments The type of treatment you engage in depends on your blood glucose levels. All people with type 2 diabetes should follow a healthy lifestyle. Some may require oral medication as well to better control their blood glucose levels. Insulin is prescribed to patients when their type 2 diabetes becomes more severe. Source: Canadian Task Force. Link: https://canadiantaskforce.ca/tools-resources/type-2-diabetes-2/type-2-diabetes-patient-faq/. Field: Endocrine. Disease: Diabetes </s>

<s>[INST] Can type 2 diabetes be cured? [/INST] No, but it can be managed with a healthy lifestyle and medication. Source: Canadian Task Force. Link: https://canadiantaskforce.ca/tools-resources/type-2-diabetes-2/type-2-diabetes-patient-faq/. Field: Endocrine. Disease: Diabetes </s>

<s>[INST] My older relative had diabetes and it was not treated. What has changed? [/INST] Well-designed, longterm studies have conclusively shown that uncontrolled diabetes places people at very high risk for health complications, while controlled diabetes is protective. Source: Canadian Task Force. Link: https://canadiantaskforce.ca/tools-resources/type-2-diabetes-2/type-2-diabetes-patient-faq/. Field: Endocrine. Disease: Diabetes </s>

<s>[INST] What is diabetes? [/INST] Diabetes is a serious, chronic disease characterized by chronic elevation of blood glucose and disturbance of carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism that occurs either when the pancreas does not produce enough insulin or when the body cannot effectively use the insulin it produces. Raised blood glucose, a common effect of uncontrolled diabetes, may, over time, lead to serious damage to the heart, blood vessels, eyes, kidneys and nerves. Diabetes is not only a disease in itself, but also an intermediate stage for many other conditions. Diabetes is one of the leading causes of blindness, heart attacks, strokes, renal failure and lower limb amputations worldwide. Source: HEMOCUE. Link: https://www.hemocue.com/en/health-areas/diabetes/what-is-diabetes-faq. Field: Endocrine. Disease: Diabetes </s>

<s>[INST] What is pre-diabetes? [/INST] Pre-diabetes means that the blood sugar levels are higher than normal, but not to the levels to diagnose diabetes. Pre-diabetes is the term used for individuals with IFG and/or IGT and/or HbA1c 5.7-6.4% (39-47 mmol/mol). People with pre-diabetes are more likely to develop diabetes within 10 years and there is also an increased risk for cardiovascular disease. Source: HEMOCUE. Link: https://www.hemocue.com/en/health-areas/diabetes/what-is-diabetes-faq. Field: Endocrine. Disease: Diabetes </s>

<s>[INST] Main Types of Diabetes [/INST] Diabetes can be classified into the following general categories: Type 1 diabetes (T1D) (due to autoimmune β-cell destruction, usually leading to absolute insulin deficiency). T1D was previously Type 2 diabetes (T2D) (due to a progressive loss of β-cell insulin secretion frequently on the background of insulin resistance) Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) (diabetes diagnosed in the second or third trimester of pregnancy that was not clearly overt diabetes prior to gestation) Specific types of diabetes due to other causes, e.g., monogenic diabetes syndromes (such as neonatal diabetes and maturity-onset diabetes of the young [MODY]), diseases of the exocrine pancreas (such as cystic fibrosis), and drug- or chemical-induced diabetes (such as with glucocorticoid use, in the treatment of HIV/AIDS, or after organ transplantation) Source: HEMOCUE. Link: https://www.hemocue.com/en/health-areas/diabetes/what-is-diabetes-faq. Field: Endocrine. Disease: Diabetes </s>

<s>[INST] Which tests are used to diagnose diabetes and pre-diabetes? [/INST] There are three types of tests routinely performed to diagnose pre-diabetes and diabetes. Fasting Plasma Glucose Test (FPG) Just prior to having this test run, the patient must fast (nothing to eat or drink except water) for eight hours. The health care provider draws blood from the patient. Then the plasma (the fluid part of the blood) is combined with other substances to determine the amount of glucose in the plasma, as measured in mg/dL. The chart below contains the FPG test's blood glucose ranges for prediabetes and diabetes and describes what each diagnosis means. HbA1C (A1C or glycosylated hemoglobin test) The A1C test can be used for the diagnosis of both prediabetes and diabetes. The average blood glucose for the past 2 to 3 months is measured with HbA1c. This test is more convenient because no fasting is required. An A1C of 5.7% to 6.4% means that there is a high risk for the development of diabetes and that the patient has pre-diabetes. Diabetes is diagnosed when the A1C is 6.5% or higher. Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT) The test measures how well the body handles a standard amount of glucose. The health care provider draws the patient's blood before and two hours after the patient drinks a large, premeasured beverage containing glucose. Then, the doctor can compare the before-and-after glucose levels contained in the person's plasma to see how well the body processed the sugar. These levels are measured in mg/dL. The chart below contains the OGTT's blood glucose ranges for prediabetes and diabetes and describes what each diagnosis means. Source: HEMOCUE. Link: https://www.hemocue.com/en/health-areas/diabetes/what-is-diabetes-faq. Field: Endocrine. Disease: Diabetes </s>

<s>[INST] How can diabetes be monitored?; [/INST] Except the home monitoring, performed by the patient at home, the most common test for type 2 diabetes is the HbA1c. The HbA1c (A1C or glycosylated hemoglobin) test provides a picture of the average blood sugar control for the past two to three months. Blood sugar is measured by the amount of glycosylated hemoglobin (A1C) in the blood. Source: HEMOCUE. Link: https://www.hemocue.com/en/health-areas/diabetes/what-is-diabetes-faq. Field: Endocrine. Disease: Diabetes </s>

<s>[INST] What is glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c)? [/INST] Glucose binds to a specific part of hemoglobin and HbA1c (Hemoglobin A1c), glycated hemoglobin is formed. Initially, the reaction between glucose and hemoglobin is reversible (labile HbA1c), but ultimately an irreversible and stable HbA1c is formed. The average life span of red blood cells is 2-3 months. HbA1c reflects the average blood sugar control for the past two to three months. For a given HbA1c level, the preceding 30 days contribute substantially more (50%) to the HbA1c level, than glucose levels 90-120 days earlier (10%). It does not take 120 days to detect a clinically meaningful change. ~94% of total hemoglobin is non-glycated while ~6% is glycated, ~5% of glycated hemoglobin is HbA1c. Source: HEMOCUE. Link: https://www.hemocue.com/en/health-areas/diabetes/what-is-diabetes-faq. Field: Endocrine. Disease: Diabetes </s>

<s>[INST] How can HbA1c measurement aid diabetes management? [/INST] It can improve diabetes decision making, patient compliance and outcomes. HbA1c is widely used as the most important marker for routine monitoring of long-term glycemic status in patients with diabetes. HbA1c is used as measure of future risk for the development of diabetes complications. HbA1c or Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG) is measured for diagnosing diabetes. Source: HEMOCUE. Link: https://www.hemocue.com/en/health-areas/diabetes/what-is-diabetes-faq. Field: Endocrine. Disease: Diabetes </s>

<s>[INST] How do you get T1D? [/INST] T1D occurs when your immune system attacks and destroys the insulin-producing beta cells of the pancreas. As the body becomes incapable of creating insulin, T1D symptoms start to appear, such as extreme thirst, frequent urination, weight loss, and fatigue. Source: JDRF. Link: https://www.jdrf.org/t1d-resources/about/faq/. Field: Endocrine. Disease: Diabetes </s>

<s>[INST] Who is at risk for T1D? [/INST] Type 1 diabetes doesn’t discriminate. It affects people of all races, ethnicities, ages, and socioeconomic backgrounds. Although the exact causes of T1D are unknown, researchers have discovered possible genetic, environmental, and immune factors that may lead to a higher risk of developing the condition. Source: JDRF. Link: https://www.jdrf.org/t1d-resources/about/faq/. Field: Endocrine. Disease: Diabetes </s>

<s>[INST] How is T1D diagnosed? [/INST] A type 1 diabetes diagnosis can happen suddenly and unexpectedly. T1D often initially presents itself as the flu or malaise, but physicians must be quick to spot the telltale signs and symptoms of a possible T1D diagnosis. Tools used to determine a positive T1D diagnosis include blood glucose tests, an HbA1C test, and a ketone test Source: JDRF. Link: https://www.jdrf.org/t1d-resources/about/faq/. Field: Endocrine. Disease: Diabetes </s>

<s>[INST] What is insulin? [/INST] Insulin is a hormone the human body makes to helps regulate blood-sugar levels throughout the day and night. Because their bodies produce too little or no insulin, people with T1D rely on insulin therapy to help manage their blood-glucose levels. The food you eat, stress, illness, excitement, and several other factors can all affect glucose levels, requiring insulin for stabilization. Source: JDRF. Link: https://www.jdrf.org/t1d-resources/about/faq/. Field: Endocrine. Disease: Diabetes </s>

<s>[INST] What is hypoglycemia? [/INST] Hypoglycemia is the medical term for low blood sugar (low blood glucose). Your body, especially your brain, depends on glucose to work. Too little sugar in your blood causes problems that can sometimes be serious. Symptoms of low blood sugar include: Feeling sweaty, shaky, or hungry Dizziness Having trouble seeing clearly Getting disoriented To treat mild to moderate hypoglycemia, you must ingest glucose in the form of fast-acting carbohydrates. When hypoglycemia is severe, a form of glucagon may be needed. Source: JDRF. Link: https://www.jdrf.org/t1d-resources/about/faq/. Field: Endocrine. Disease: Diabetes </s>

<s>[INST] What is hyperglycemia? [/INST] Hyperglycemia is the medical term for high blood sugar (high blood glucose). It happens when your body has too little insulin to use the sugar in your blood. To treat hyperglycemia, you must administer insulin. Symptoms of high blood sugar include: Being extremely thirsty Urinating (peeing) a lot Feeling very tired Having trouble seeing or concentrating Experiencing stomach pain, nausea, or vomiting Having sweet-smelling or “fruity” breath Prolonged hyperglycemia can lead to a life-threatening condition called diabetic ketoacidosis, or DKA. Source: JDRF. Link: https://www.jdrf.org/t1d-resources/about/faq/. Field: Endocrine. Disease: Diabetes </s>

<s>[INST] What is diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)? [/INST] What is diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)? Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is a serious condition in which an insulin-deprived body seeks energy from stored fat. Ketones are caused by the breakdown of fat when there isn’t enough insulin to allow the glucose (sugar) into your cells for energy. When ketones build up, the result is acidosis (too much acid in the blood). If not treated, this can lead to death. Source: JDRF. Link: https://www.jdrf.org/t1d-resources/about/faq/. Field: Endocrine. Disease: Diabetes </s>

<s>[INST] What is time-in-range (TIR)? [/INST] Time-in-range (TIR) is a measurement that tells you what percentage of the day your blood sugars are in your goal range. Today, the measure of TIR has become a potentially more valuable method of assessing blood sugar management thanks to the development of continuous glucose monitors (CGM). While using a CGM, you’ll work with your healthcare team to determine the appropriate goal range for your blood sugar levels. TIR tells you how often you’re actually within that goal range. Source: JDRF. Link: https://www.jdrf.org/t1d-resources/about/faq/. Field: Endocrine. Disease: Diabetes </s>

<s>[INST] How does T1D affect daily life? [/INST] How does T1D affect daily life? Type 1 diabetes is a disease that requires 24-7 management. But thanks to advancements in medication types and delivery methods, people with T1D can live long, happy lives with proper care and disease management. Source: JDRF. Link: https://www.jdrf.org/t1d-resources/about/faq/. Field: Endocrine. Disease: Diabetes </s>

<s>[INST] How do you manage or treat T1D? [/INST] Type 1 diabetes is managed through use of insulin. People with T1D must work closely with their medical team to find the right insulin type and treatment for their condition. Treatment for T1D also includes monitoring and lifestyle choices in addition to insulin. Blood-sugar monitoring, carbohydrate counting, exercise and diet, and regular medical checkups are all essential to mitigate the effects of T1D. Source: JDRF. Link: https://www.jdrf.org/t1d-resources/about/faq/. Field: Endocrine. Disease: Diabetes </s>

<s>[INST] What are the different types of insulin? [/INST] There are many types of insulin. These include rapid-acting, regular, intermediate-acting, long-acting, ultra-long acting, and inhaled. Source: JDRF. Link: https://www.jdrf.org/t1d-resources/about/faq/. Field: Endocrine. Disease: Diabetes </s>

<s>[INST] How do you administer insulin? [/INST] Insulin is administered via injection, insulin pump, inhaler, or artificial pancreas system/automated insulin delivery system. Source: JDRF. Link: https://www.jdrf.org/t1d-resources/about/faq/. Field: Endocrine. Disease: Diabetes </s>

<s>[INST] How does an insulin pump work? [/INST] Insulin pumps are small, wearable devices individually programmed to deliver insulin into the body at numerous intervals throughout the day and night. They are used in place of multiple daily injections (MDI) of insulin. Insulin pumps release a low, steady flow of insulin 24 hours a day (basal insulin), as well as extra doses of insulin (boluses) to accommodate rises in blood sugar as needed (e.g., when one eats). Source: JDRF. Link: https://www.jdrf.org/t1d-resources/about/faq/. Field: Endocrine. Disease: Diabetes </s>

<s>[INST] How does a continuous glucose monitor (CGM) work? [/INST] Continuous Glucose Monitors (CGMs) are small, wearable devices that continuously measure a person’s blood-glucose levels. They are used in place of traditional glucose meters and regular finger sticks. A sensor just under the skin measures the tissue-glucose levels in real time; CGMs are mostly worn on the upper arm or abdomen. The levels are then relayed to a receiver, smartphone or watch, or insulin pump which displays the readings. Source: JDRF. Link: https://www.jdrf.org/t1d-resources/about/faq/. Field: Endocrine. Disease: Diabetes </s>

<s>[INST] What is an artificial pancreas system/automated insulin delivery system? [/INST] An artificial pancreas system has three main components: an insulin pump, a continuous glucose monitor (CGM), and an algorithm (the “brain” that determines the best insulin dose to help keep you in range”). It measures glucose and adjusts insulin automatically–it gives less insulin when blood sugar is low and more insulin when blood sugar is high. Source: JDRF. Link: https://www.jdrf.org/t1d-resources/about/faq/. Field: Endocrine. Disease: Diabetes </s>

<s>[INST] Can you get T1D from eating too much sugar? [/INST] No! That is a common misconception about T1D. T1D is an autoimmune disease. Nothing can currently be done to prevent type 1 diabetes. Source: JDRF. Link: https://www.jdrf.org/t1d-resources/about/faq/. Field: Endocrine. Disease: Diabetes </s>

<s>[INST] Can people with T1D drink alcohol? [/INST] Yes. But having type 1 diabetes means that in addition to consuming responsibly, you will also need to understand the effect of alcohol on blood sugar and keep an eye on it while drinking. Moderate amounts of alcohol may cause blood sugar to rise, but excess alcohol can actually decrease your blood sugar level, which can be dangerous for people with T1D. People with T1D should only drink while eating food. Source: JDRF. Link: https://www.jdrf.org/t1d-resources/about/faq/. Field: Endocrine. Disease: Diabetes </s>

<s>[INST] Is there anything people with T1D can’t eat? [/INST] A healthy, balanced diet is key to managing T1D. Thanks to modern insulin, CGMs, insulin pumps, and automated insulin delivery systems, people with T1D have little to no restriction on what types of foods they can eat. Source: JDRF. Link: https://www.jdrf.org/t1d-resources/about/faq/. Field: Endocrine. Disease: Diabetes </s>

<s>[INST] Can people with T1D play sports? [/INST] People living with type 1 diabetes (T1D) can and should experience the benefits of sports and exercise. Physical activity is great for your body and has positive effects on your mind—and T1D should not prevent anyone from reaping the benefits. Exercising with T1D does require extra preparation, but by following some guidelines, everyone can incorporate sports and exercise into their life. Source: JDRF. Link: https://www.jdrf.org/t1d-resources/about/faq/. Field: Endocrine. Disease: Diabetes </s>

<s>[INST] How can I travel safely with T1D? [/INST] The most important advice for a traveler with type 1 diabetes is be Pack roughly twice as many supplies as you think you will need. Be sure to have cooling packs for insulin storage. Check with your health insurance to ensure you have coverage at your destination. Wear a medical ID bracelet and always keep your emergency contact information with you. If flying, keep your diabetes-related supplies, equipment, and medication with you in a carry-on bag. Insulin in a checked bag can freeze or get damaged. Consult the TSA guidelines for travelers with medical conditions. Source: JDRF. Link: https://www.jdrf.org/t1d-resources/about/faq/. Field: Endocrine. Disease: Diabetes </s>

<s>[INST] How can I have a safe pregnancy with T1D? [/INST] Pregnancy with type 1 diabetes can directly impact the health of the child and the mother. Having T1D well-managed at conception is key to a safe and healthy pregnancy. You should also create a pregnancy plan. Many women choose to work with a team that includes an endocrinologist, primary care doctor, and an OB-GYN, preferably one who has experience with T1D pregnancies. Most experts recommend having an HbA1c at or below 6 percent before you conceive and maintaining that range throughout your pregnancy. It’s also important early in the planning stages to consider wearing a continuous glucose monitor (CGM) to help you maintain healthy blood-glucose levels. Source: JDRF. Link: https://www.jdrf.org/t1d-resources/about/faq/. Field: Endocrine. Disease: Diabetes </s>

<s>[INST] How can I prepare my child with T1D for school?v [/INST] School can be overwhelming for students living with type 1 diabetes (T1D), as well as their parents and caregivers. It is important for teachers and educators to be aware of T1D so they can ensure the safety and well-being of the student. Source: JDRF. Link: https://www.jdrf.org/t1d-resources/about/faq/. Field: Endocrine. Disease: Diabetes </s>

<s>[INST] How can I prepare my child with T1D for college? [/INST] The transition from high school to living independently with type 1 diabetes will bring a lot of new learning experiences, challenges to overcome, and adventures. Creating a diabetes management plan allows your child to have a system in place to aid in managing their T1D no matter what new or stressful situations they encounter. Source: JDRF. Link: https://www.jdrf.org/t1d-resources/about/faq/. Field: Endocrine. Disease: Diabetes </s>

<s>[INST] Is there a cure for T1D? [/INST] Not yet, but thanks to decades of JDRF-funded research, we know what is necessary for finding cures for T1D: Turn off the autoimmune attack that destroys the insulin-producing beta cells Restore insulin production inside or replace them with cells from outside the body To accomplish that, JDRF has three priority areas of research: Global Universal Screening There’s a simple blood test that can detect T1D autoantibodies, an established marker of risk of developing T1D—and ensuring more people have access to it can have a transformative effect on the landscape of T1D research and save lives at the same time. Disease-Modifying Therapies T1D is a progression. There are people whose own immune system has begun attacking the insulin producing beta cells, but they are not symptomatic yet. There are also people who have had T1D for decades and have lost nearly all insulin production. Disease-modifying therapies are aimed at helping everyone with T1D—regardless of where they are on the disease continuum. In 2022, the first-ever disease-modifying therapy for individuals at risk of developing T1D was approved by the FDA. This was a watershed moment for the T1D community and puts us on the critical pathway to finding cures and, one day, preventing T1D entirely. Cell Therapies Thanks to recent advances, people with T1D could one day be freed from their blood-glucose monitors and insulin injections for years, or even decades. JDRF’s Cell Therapies Program invests in research and clinical trials to develop and deliver life-changing therapies that place healthy, insulin-producing beta or islet cells back into the bodies of people with T1D. Source: JDRF. Link: https://www.jdrf.org/t1d-resources/about/faq/. Field: Endocrine. Disease: Diabetes </s>

<s>[INST] What are some of the complications people with T1D can develop? [/INST] Having T1D can increase your risk for additional health problems, particularly if blood glucose levels aren’t well-managed. The longer you have T1D, the higher your risk becomes for developing complications like kidney disease, eye disease, and cardiovascular disease. Source: JDRF. Link: https://www.jdrf.org/t1d-resources/about/faq/. Field: Endocrine. Disease: Diabetes </s>

<s>[INST] What is the difference between type 1 diabetes and type 2 diabetes? [/INST] Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune condition. Usually the onset is abrupt and symptoms are obvious. Type 1 diabetes is more commonly diagnosed in children and young adults but can occur at any age. Type 1 diabetes is always treated with insulin. Type 2 diabetes is the form of diabetes that is related to ageing, family history and lifestyle factors (overweight and inactivity). It occurs when the insulin is not working effectively (insulin resistance) or the pancreas does not produce sufficient insulin (or a combination of both). Most people with diabetes have type 2. It usually develops in adults over the age of 45 years but it is increasingly occurring at a younger age. Type 2 diabetes is treated with healthy eating, exercise and weight control. Tablets and insulin may also be required. Source: Diabetes Victoria. Link: https://www.diabetesvic.org.au/diabetes-faq. Field: Endocrine. Disease: Diabetes </s>

<s>[INST] What is pre-diabetes? [/INST] Impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) and impaired fasting glucose (IFG) are both conditions where blood glucose levels are higher then normal but not high enough for a diagnosis of type 2 diabetes. The term 'pre-diabetes' is also sometimes used to describe these conditions. Source: Diabetes Victoria. Link: https://www.diabetesvic.org.au/diabetes-faq. Field: Endocrine. Disease: Diabetes </s>

<s>[INST] What are the symptoms of diabetes? [/INST] Symptoms of type 1 diabetes can include excessive thirst and urination, unexplained weight loss, weakness and fatigue. Symptoms of type 2 are similar to those for type 1 diabetes. However, some people with type 2 diabetes do not have any symptoms at all. For others the first indication may be a complication of diabetes such as a heart attack, vision problems, or a foot ulcer. Source: Diabetes Victoria. Link: https://www.diabetesvic.org.au/diabetes-faq. Field: Endocrine. Disease: Diabetes </s>

<s>[INST] Is diabetes serious? [/INST] Diabetes is serious. Diabetes can cause serious complications. For example: People with diabetes are up to two times more likely to develop heart disease and stroke. Diabetic retinopathy causes 17 per cent of all blindness and vision impairment and is the most common form of blindness in adults 20–74 years. The rate of lower limb amputation is 15 times higher in people with diabetes than those without diabetes. Diabetes is the leading cause of kidney failure. People with diabetes develop kidney damage at three times the rate of those who do not have diabetes. People with diabetes are at similar risk of death to smokers. Over five years people with diabetes are twice as likely to die as people with normal glucose tolerance. Source: Diabetes Victoria. Link: https://www.diabetesvic.org.au/diabetes-faq. Field: Endocrine. Disease: Diabetes </s>

<s>[INST] What can I do to prevent type 2 diabetes? [/INST] Maintaining a healthy weight, being physically active and following a healthy eating plan can reduce a person's risk of developing type 2 diabetes. Source: Diabetes Victoria. Link: https://www.diabetesvic.org.au/diabetes-faq. Field: Endocrine. Disease: Diabetes </s>

<s>[INST] How can type 2 diabetes be managed? [/INST] People with diabetes need to work with a team of health care professionals, which includes their doctor, diabetes educator and dietitian. They should also work closely with their doctor for regular checks of eyes, kidneys, feet, blood pressure, blood lipids, body weight and blood glucose levels. Maintaining a healthy lifestyle can also help reduce the risk of developing the complications of diabetes. This means being physically active most days, maintaining a healthy weight, adopting healthy eating with fruit, vegetables and low fat foods and not smoking. People with type 1 diabetes need insulin for the rest of their lives. Some people with type 2 diabetes can manage their condition with regular physical activity, healthy eating and loss of excess weight. Others may need tablets and/or insulin injections as well. Source: Diabetes Victoria. Link: https://www.diabetesvic.org.au/diabetes-faq. Field: Endocrine. Disease: Diabetes </s>

<s>[INST] How can I check if I have diabetes? [/INST] Diabetes can only be diagnosed with a blood glucose test ordered by a GP or specialist and performed at a laboratory. You can assess your risk for type 2 diabetes by taking the Australian Type 2 Diabetes Risk Assessment test. The tool assesses a person's risk of developing type 2 diabetes within the next five years, based on a score for risk factors. Those with a score of 15 or more are encouraged to see their GP and to consider participating in a Lifestyle modification program, such as the Life! Program. Source: Diabetes Victoria. Link: https://www.diabetesvic.org.au/diabetes-faq. Field: Endocrine. Disease: Diabetes </s>

<s>[INST] What should my blood sugar be when I wake up (fasting) and before meals? What about after? [/INST] For most people with diabetes, the American Diabetes Association recommends a fasting or before-meals blood glucose (or blood sugar) goal of 70–130 mg/dl. One to two hours after eating, a postprandial blood sugar reading at or under 180 mg/dl is recommended. Source: Eating Well. Link: https://www.eatingwell.com/article/290863/top-common-questions-about-diabetes/. Field: Endocrine. Disease: Diabetes </s>