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68927201

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stefan%20Kisieli%C5%84ski

Stefan Kisieliński

Stefan Kisieliński (13 December 1901 – 9 March 1951) was a Polish footballer. He played in six matches for the Poland national football team from 1926 to 1928. References External links 1901 births 1951 deaths Polish footballers Poland international footballers Place of birth missing Association footballers not categorized by position

2812429

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS%20Blue%20%28DD-387%29

USS Blue (DD-387)

USS Blue (DD-387), a , was the first United States Navy ship of that name, in honor of Rear Admiral Victor Blue (1865–1928). Blue served during World War II. She was launched 27 May 1937 by Norfolk Naval Shipyard; sponsored by Miss Kate Lilly Blue, sister of Rear Adm. Blue; and commissioned 14 August 1937, Lieutenant Commander J. Wright in command. Service history Inter-War period After spending her first year in shakedown and training cruises along the east coast and in the Caribbean, Blue sailed for the Pacific in August 1938 to become flagship of Destroyer Division 7, Battle Force. She exercised with the Battle Fleet in west coast waters until April 1940, when she accompanied her division to Pearl Harbor. Except for an overhaul at Puget Sound Navy Yard (February–March 1941) and exercises out of San Diego during April, she remained based at Pearl Harbor until war broke out as the flagship of Destroyer Division Seven of Destroyer Squadron Four. World War II Pearl Harbor The Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor 7 December 1941 caught Blue in port, but she safely made her way to sea with only four ensigns on board. She served with the offshore patrol in the approaches to Pearl Harbor during December 1941-January 1942. 1942 Blue joined for air attacks on Wotje, Maloelap, Kwajalein Atolls, Marshall Islands on 1 February 1942, and the Wake Island attack on 24 February. During March–June 1942 Blue escorted convoys between Pearl Harbor and San Francisco and then proceeded to Wellington, New Zealand, where she arrived 18 July. Blue joined Task Group 62.2 (TG 62.2) for the Battle of Guadalcanal on 7 August, providing fire-support and screening. Although present, she took no active part in the Battle of Savo Island on 9 August, but helped with evacuation of survivors from that was severely damaged in the battle. After patrolling off Nouméa, New Caledonia, from 13 to 17 August, Blue returned to Guadalcanal, arriving 21 August. At 0359, 22 August, while patrolling in "Ironbottom Sound" she was torpedoed by the . The explosion wrecked Blues main engines, shafts, and steering gear, as well as killing nine men and wounding 21. Throughout 22 and 23 August, unsuccessful attempts were made to tow Blue to Tulagi. She was scuttled at 2221 on 23 August 1942 after all attempts to save her failed. Awards Blue received five battle stars for her service in World War II. References Brown, David. Warship Losses of World War Two. Arms and Armour, London, Great Britain, 1990. . External links navsource.org: USS Blue hazegray.org: USS Blue Bagley-class destroyers World War II destroyers of the United States Ships present during the attack on Pearl Harbor Shipwrecks in Ironbottom Sound 1937 ships Ships built in Portsmouth, Virginia Maritime incidents in August 1942 Scuttled vessels

1779652

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmonton%E2%80%94Spruce%20Grove

Edmonton—Spruce Grove

Edmonton—Spruce Grove was a federal electoral district in Alberta, Canada, that was represented in the House of Commons of Canada from 2004 to 2015. It was a suburban riding in Edmonton. The electoral district was created in 2003 from St. Albert, Edmonton Southwest and Edmonton West ridings. It was abolished in 2013. Most of the Edmonton portion became part of a recreated Edmonton West, with a small portion transferring to Edmonton Centre. The suburban portion became part of Sturgeon River—Parkland. Member of Parliament This riding elected the following Member of Parliament: Its only Member of Parliament for the duration of the riding's existence was Rona Ambrose, a former columnist and communication consultant, who was first elected to Parliament in the 2004 election as a member of the Conservative Party of Canada. She served as the Minister of Public Works and Government Services, Minister of the Environment, Minister of Intergovernmental Affairs, Minister of Labour, Minister responsible for the Status of Women, Minister of Western Economic Diversification, President of the Queen's Privy Council for Canada, and Minister of Health most recently. In the 2004-2005 parliamentary session, she served as a member of the Legislative Committee on Bill C-38, Standing Committee on Finance, Standing Committee on Foreign Affairs and International Trade, and the Subcommittee on Fiscal Imbalance of the Standing Committee on Finance. After the riding was dissolved in 2013, Ambrose went on to seek election in the new riding of Sturgeon River—Parkland in 2015, which she won. Election results Note: Change based on redistributed results. Conservative vote is compared to the total of Progressive Conservative and Canadian Alliance vote in 2000. See also List of Canadian federal electoral districts Past Canadian electoral districts References Expenditures - 2008 Expenditures - 2004 Notes Defunct Alberta federal electoral districts Politics of Edmonton Spruce Grove

24729063

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vijay%20Award%20for%20Icon%20of%20the%20Year

Vijay Award for Icon of the Year

The Vijay Award for Icon of the Year is given by STAR Vijay as part of its annual Vijay Awards ceremony for Tamil (Kollywood) films. This category has been retired since 2007. The list Here is a list of the award winners and the films for which they won. See also Tamil cinema Cinema of India References Icon

15791415

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vielle-Adour

Vielle-Adour

Vielle-Adour is a commune in the Hautes-Pyrénées department in south-western France. See also Communes of the Hautes-Pyrénées department References Communes of Hautes-Pyrénées

14418923

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verena%20Diener

Verena Diener

Verena Diener (born 27 March 1949 in Winterthur) is a Swiss politician. A member of the Green Liberal Party of Switzerland she represented the canton of Zürich in the National Council from 1987 to 1998 and in the Council of States from 2007 to 2015. From 1995 to 2007, she was a member of the cantonal government of Zurich. In 2004, Diener left the Green Party, founding the Green Liberal Party together with National Councillor and former president of the Zurich Green Party, Martin Bäumle. In the second round of the 2007 Council of States elections in Zurich, Diener won the majority before Swiss People's Party chairman Ueli Maurer. Diener's seat is one of five (out of 46) not held by members of the parties represented in the Swiss Federal Council (besides fellow Green Liberal, Markus Stadler of Uri, Werner Luginbühl of Canton of Bern and the two of the Green Party, Robert Cramer of Geneva and Luc Recordon of Vaud). External links http://www.verenadiener.ch 1949 births Living people Members of the Council of States (Switzerland) Members of the National Council (Switzerland) People from Winterthur Women members of the National Council (Switzerland) Women members of the Council of States (Switzerland) Green Party of Switzerland politicians 20th-century Swiss women politicians 21st-century Swiss women politicians 21st-century Swiss politicians

59812203

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan%20Gargiulo

Juan Gargiulo

Juan Pablo Gargiulo (born 16 January 1992) is an Argentine footballer who plays as a defender for Eccellenza side Albenga. Club career Gargiulo started his career in his home town club Aldosivi, playing in the Primera B Nacional. He signed to Spain in 2016 to lower league team Quintanar del Rey. He spent here only 7 months, before he was sold to Marbella. On the next day, the Segunda División B team loaned him to Italian Lega Pro side Mantova. At the end of 2016–17 season, Serie D side Albissola signed him. On 30 July 2019, he joined Eccellenza side Albenga. References Sources 1992 births Living people People from Mar del Plata Association football defenders Argentine footballers Argentine expatriate footballers Argentine expatriate sportspeople in Spain Argentine expatriate sportspeople in Italy Expatriate footballers in Spain Expatriate footballers in Italy Primera Nacional players Serie C players Serie D players Aldosivi footballers Marbella FC players Mantova 1911 players Albissola 2010 players

61026600

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montrel%20Meander

Montrel Meander

Montrel Meander (born September 20, 1994) is an American football linebacker for the Cleveland Browns of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at Grambling State. Professional career Cleveland Browns Meander was signed by the Cleveland Browns as an undrafted free agent on May 4, 2018. He was waived on September 1, 2018 and was signed to the practice squad the next day. Oakland Raiders On November 30, 2018, the Oakland Raiders signed Meander off the Browns practice squad. Meander was waived by the Raiders on June 11, 2019. New York Jets On June 12, 2019, Meander was claimed off waivers by the New York Jets. He was waived on August 20, 2019. Cleveland Browns (second stint) On August 21, 2019, Meander was claimed off waivers by the Cleveland Browns. Meander was waived by the Browns on August 31, 2019. Meander was drafted in the 6th round during phase four in the 2020 XFL Draft by the Dallas Renegades. The Browns re-signed Meander to their practice squad on October 22, 2019. The Browns signed Meander to their reserve/futures list on December 30, 2019. Meander was waived by the Browns on September 5, 2020. The Browns re-signed Meander to their practice squad on September 6, 2020. The Browns promoted him to their active roster on September 16, 2020. He was waived by the Browns on September 28, 2020, and re-signed to the Browns' practice squad on September 30, 2020. He was elevated to the active roster on December 26 and January 2, 2021, for the team's weeks 16 and 17 games against the New York Jets and Pittsburgh Steelers, and reverted to the practice squad after each game. He was placed on the practice squad/COVID-19 list by the Browns on January 7, 2021, and restored to the practice squad two days later. Meander signed a reserve/futures contract with the Browns on January 18, 2021. The Browns waived Meander on August 16, 2021, but re-signed him on August 20, 2021. The Browns placed Meander on injured reserve on August 23, 2021. References External links Cleveland Browns bio Grambling State Tigers bio 1994 births Living people American football cornerbacks Cleveland Browns players Grambling State Tigers football players New York Jets players Oakland Raiders players Players of American football from Texas Sportspeople from Amarillo, Texas

40271578

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JustChange

JustChange

JustChange is a local giving circle of philanthropists that provides small grants for "initiatives proposed by individuals or organizations that produce positive outcomes for the community whether from a social, environmental or economic (equity and equality) perspective." JustChange uses a board crowd-funding model and awards $1,000 grant bimonthly to a project and person. History The 11 member group from Ottawa came together with the plan to pool together funds every month and donate it to a person, group or organization in Ottawa with a good idea that will have a positive social, economic or environmental impact on the city. The first call for ideas was launched in November 2012. Past recipients include Sisters Achieving Excellence, a literacy program for at-risk women; EcoEquitable, and their project, bumbrella, which converts lost umbrellas into bicycle seat covers; and BibzGame, a program that gives young women training in website building and game development. Board members The JustChange board members include: Mitchell Kutney, Louis Zuniga, Jesse Cressman-Dickinson, Alex Carr, Kasia Polanska, Ivy So, Davis Carr, Albert Thibodeau, Read Guernsey, Joshua Gillmore and Brittany Fritsch. References Philanthropic organizations based in Canada Grants (money) Microfinance

2367832

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1990%20NFL%20season

1990 NFL season

The 1990 NFL season was the 71st regular season of the National Football League. To increase revenue, the league, for the first time since , reinstated bye weeks, so that all NFL teams would play their 16-game schedule over a 17-week period. Furthermore, the playoff format was expanded from 10 teams to 12 teams by adding another wild card from each conference, thus adding two more contests to the postseason schedule; this format remained in use until 2019 (there were four division spots and two wild card spots available with realignment in 2002). During four out of the five previous seasons, at least one team with a 10–6 record missed the playoffs, including the 11–5 Denver Broncos in 1985; meanwhile, the 10–6 San Francisco 49ers won Super Bowl XXIII, leading for calls to expand the playoff format to ensure that 10–6 teams could compete for a Super Bowl win. Ironically, the first sixth-seeded playoff team would not have a 10–6 record, but instead, the New Orleans Saints, with an 8–8 record, took the new playoff spot. The season ended with Super Bowl XXV when the New York Giants defeated the Buffalo Bills 20–19 at Tampa Stadium. This would be the first Super Bowl appearance for Buffalo, who would represent the AFC in the next three Super Bowls. First full season under NFL Commissioner Tagliabue This was the first full season for Paul Tagliabue as the league's Commissioner, after taking over from Pete Rozelle midway through the previous season. On October 8, the league announced that the Super Bowl Most Valuable Player Award would be named the Pete Rozelle Trophy in the former commissioner's honor. Player movement Transactions On April 2, 1990, Elvis Patterson signed as a Plan B free agent with the Los Angeles Raiders. He was waived on September 3 and later re-signed. He became a special teams standout and earned the nickname Ghost. He was a special teams captain for three years. Trades On September 25, 1990, the Dallas Cowboys traded Steve Walsh to the New Orleans Saints for the Saint's first and third round picks in the 1991 NFL Draft and a second round pick (that could become a first round pick based on performance) in the 1992 NFL Draft. Retirements Dallas Cowboys competitor Ed "Too Tall" Jones announced his retirement on June 5, 1990. Draft The 1990 NFL Draft was held from April 22 to 23, 1990 at New York City's Marriott Marquis. With the first pick, the Indianapolis Colts selected quarterback Jeff George from the University of Illinois. Selecting seventeenth overall, the Dallas Cowboys would draft Emmitt Smith, who would retire as the NFL's all-time leading rusher. Officiating changes Dick Jorgensen, who had been the referee in the previous season's Super Bowl XXIV, was diagnosed in May during the offseason with a rare blood disorder. He died five months later on October 10. For the remainder of the 1990 season, NFL officials wore a black armband on their left sleeve with the white number 60 to honor Jorgensen. Ben Dreith (a referee in the AFL from 1966-69, and the NFL since the merger) and Fred Wyant (a referee since 1971), were demoted to line judge. Dreith later filed a complaint to the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission after the league fired him after the 1990 season, citing age discrimination as the reason for both his demotion to line judge and his dismissal. Dreith and the NFL would later agree in 1993 to a $165,000 settlement, plus court costs and attorney fees. Gerald Austin, the side judge for Super Bowl XXIV, and Tom White, were promoted to referee. White became the first official to be promoted to referee after only one season of NFL experience since Jerry Markbreit in 1977 (Tommy Bell (1962) and Brad Allen (2014) were hired straight into the NFL as referees). After one season with having 16 officiating crews in 1989, it was reduced back to 15 crews in 1990 to handle the weekly workload of 14 games (if there were no teams with a bye week). Ed Hochuli was hired as a back judge (now field judge) and assigned to Howard Roe's crew. Hochuli was promoted to referee two years later. Major rule changes The rule for unnecessary roughness penalties is clarified so that any player who butts, spears, or rams an opponent risks immediate disqualification. The penalty for an illegal forward pass beyond the line of scrimmage is enforced from the spot where any part of the passer's body is beyond the line when the ball is released. The following changes are made to try to speed up the game: the time interval on the Play Clock (the time limit the offensive team has to snap the ball between plays) after time outs and other administrative stoppages has been reduced from 30 seconds to 25 seconds (the time interval between plays remains the same at 45 seconds); whenever a player goes out of bounds, other than in the last two minutes of the first half and the last five minutes of the second half or overtime, the game clock immediately starts when the ball is spotted for the next play and the Referee signals it is ready for play; and other than in the last two minutes of the first half and the last five minutes of the second half or overtime the game clock also starts following all declined penalties. This was the first season in which NFL teams officially had a bye week; the last time was in 1966, when the league had an odd number of teams at 15. 1990 deaths Chet Adams, a three-time AAFC champion with the Cleveland Browns died on October 28, 1990 Fritz Barzilauskas, a first round selection in the 1947 NFL Draft died on November 30, 1990 Former tackle Frank Cope died on October 8, 1990 Halfback Tom Harmon died on March 15, 1990 Offensive lineman Rufus Mayes died on January 9 Darryl Usher, a member of the Phoenix Cardinals in the 1989 NFL season was shot and killed on February 24, 1990, in Phoenix, Arizona at age 25. On December 21, 1990, Chicago Bears rookie Fred Washington was killed in a car accident. He was a member of the 1984 Texas 4A State Football Champion Denison YellowJackets and was voted defensive player of the year. Members of the Pro Football Hall of Fame Football coach George Allen died on December 31. Bronko Nagurski, also a member of the College Football Hall of Fame, died on January 7, 1990 Preseason American Bowl A series of National Football League pre-season exhibition games that were held at sites outside the United States, a total of four games were held in 1990. Regular season Scheduling formula Highlights of the 1990 season included: Porkchop Bowl: A third game in the heated rivalry between the Dallas Cowboys and Philadelphia Eagles, following the Bounty Bowl of 1989, took place in 1990. Known as the "Porkchop Bowl". The game got its name because Eagles head coach Buddy Ryan choked on a pork chop in the week leading up to the game, Philadelphia won this game as well, 21–20. Thanksgiving: Two games were played on Thursday, November 22, featuring Denver at Detroit and Washington at Dallas, with Detroit and Dallas winning. Final standings Tiebreakers Cincinnati finished ahead of Houston and Pittsburgh in the AFC Central based on best head-to-head record (3–1 to Oilers’ 2–2 to Steelers’ 1–3). Houston was the third AFC Wild Card based on better conference record (8–4) than Seattle (7–5) and Pittsburgh (6–6). Philadelphia finished ahead of Washington in the NFC East based on better division record (5–3 to Redskins’ 4–4). Tampa Bay was second in NFC Central based on best head-to-head record (5–1) against Detroit (2–4), Green Bay (3–3), and Minnesota (2–4). Detroit finished third in the NFC Central based on best net division points (minus 8) against Green Bay (minus 40). Green Bay finished ahead of Minnesota in the NFC Central based on better conference record (5–7 to Vikings’ 4–8). The L.A. Rams finished ahead of Atlanta in the NFC West based on net points in division (plus 1 to Falcons’ minus 31). Playoffs Notable events For the first time in NFL history, two teams (the 49ers and the Giants) would start the season 10–0. This would not be equalled until 2009 when the Colts and the Saints both reached 13–0, and was also equalled in 2015 by the Panthers and Patriots. Records, milestones, and notable statistics Week 3 September 24, 1990 – Thurman Thomas of the Buffalo Bills rushed for 214 yards versus the New York Jets. It was the second highest total in the history of Monday Night Football. Week 6 October 14, 1990 – Joe Montana set a 49ers record by throwing for 476 yards in one game and throwing six touchdown passes. Jerry Rice set a 49ers record with 5 touchdown receptions and 30 points in one game. October 14, 1990 - Barry Word of the Kansas City Chiefs rushes for a team-record 200 yards against the Detroit Lions at Arrowhead. Kansas City won 43–24. Week 10 November 11, 1990: Derrick Thomas set the NFL single game record of seven quarterback sacks, a feat which occurred against Seattle's Dave Krieg on 1990 Veterans Day. Despite this feat, Krieg eluded a blitzing Thomas on the game's last play and threw a touchdown pass to Paul Skansi, which gave the Seahawks a 17–16 win. The record came close to being matched with three occasions of players reaching six sacks, once by Thomas himself in 1998. Week 15 December 16, 1990: Warren Moon threw for 527 yards against Kansas City on December 16, 1990, the second-most passing yards ever in a single game. Statistical leaders Team Awards Coaching changes Offseason Atlanta Falcons: Jerry Glanville was named the permanent replacement, after Marion Campbell was fired after the first 12 games of 1989, and Jim Hanifan served as interim for the final four games. Houston Oilers: Jack Pardee replaced Jerry Glanville. Los Angeles Raiders: Art Shell became the permanent head coach. Shell served as interim for the last 12 games in 1989 after Mike Shanahan was fired after the first four. New England Patriots: Rod Rust replaced the fired Raymond Berry. New York Jets: Bruce Coslet replaced the fired Joe Walton. Phoenix Cardinals: Joe Bugel was named the permanent replacement, after Gene Stallings was fired after the first 11 games of 1989, and Hank Kuhlmann served as interim for the final five games. In-season Cleveland Browns: Bud Carson was fired after nine games, and Jim Shofner served as interim for the final seven games. Tampa Bay Buccaneers: Ray Perkins was fired after 13 games, and Richard Williamson served as interim for the final three games. Stadium changes With New England Patriots founder Billy Sullivan no longer owning the team, having it sold to Victor Kiam in 1988 and Sullivan Stadium being taken over by Robert Kraft, the venue was renamed Foxboro Stadium. Uniforms changes Individual teams The Atlanta Falcons unveiled new uniforms, switching both their primary jerseys and helmets from red to black. This was the first time the Falcons wore black jerseys since 1970, and the first time they had ever worn black helmets. The New York Jets added black trim to their logo, numbers, and stripes on their pants, and changed their face masks from white to black. They also added green pants to be worn with their white jerseys. The Phoenix Cardinals began wearing red pants with their white jerseys at the request of coach Joe Bugel. The San Diego Chargers began wearing navy pants with their white jerseys. In Week 16 with the Gulf War looming closer, American flag decals were added to the back of the helmets of all players. Media changes This was the first season under a new four-year deal with TNT to televise Sunday night football games during the first half of the season. ABC, CBS, NBC, and ESPN each signed four-year contracts to renew their rights for Monday Night Football, the NFC package, and the AFC package, and Sunday Night Football during the second half of the season, respectively. ABC was also given the TV rights to televise the two additional playoff games. References NFL Record and Fact Book () NFL History 1981–1990 (Last accessed December 8, 2007) Total Football: The Official Encyclopedia of the National Football League () National Football League seasons National Football League

47918303

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercedes%20Gleitze

Mercedes Gleitze

Mercedes Carey (née Gleitze; 18 November 1900 – 9 February 1981) was a British professional swimmer. She was the first person to swim the Straits of Gibraltar and the first British woman to swim the English Channel. The name of Mercedes Gleitze was used to market Rolex's new waterproof case, the "Oyster". She established endurance records for swimming including a record of 46 hours in 1932. She was able to raise funds to found the Mercedes Gleitze Homes in Leicester via sponsorship. The Mercedes Gleitze charity is now linked to the Family Action charity. Early life Mercedes Gleitze was born to Heinrich and Anna (born Kurr) Gleitze in 1900 in the English south-coastal town of Brighton. She and her two elder sisters came from German heritage and Mercedes spent time with her grandparents in Herzogenaurach in Bavaria and two years studying at the Maria Stern Convent School in Nördlingen. Her father was a German immigrant from the county of Göttingen. He was a baker and her mother taught languages. Swimming achievements With her bilingual background and education Gleitze became a secretary and stenographer in central London exploiting her talent for languages. In her spare time she started swimming in the River Thames. Her first significant record was for 10 hr 45 min she spent swimming in the Thames. This was the longest time for a woman in 1923. She attracted attention when, at the eighth attempt, she became the first English woman to swim the English Channel, on 7 October 1927. The record was in doubt when in the following days another woman, Dr. Dorothy Cochrane Logan (using her professional name, Mona McLennan), claimed to have swum the channel faster. Her version of events proved to be a fabrication but the effect of this hoax undermined Gleitze's claim. Under pressure from the media she agreed to undertake a "vindication swim" even though the water was much colder than when Channel swimming is normally attempted. Gleitze failed to complete the swim but her endurance of the cold convinced all that the original record should stand. Gleitze made not only her name but also that of Rolex's Oyster watch. The watch withstood her second swim and this was used to launch an advertising campaign in Britain. Rolex still uses Gleitze's name in their publicity. Gleitze was sponsored for these record attempts and in 1928 she was able to open the first Mercedes Gleitze Home in 1933. This was a large house in Leicester that was converted into flats for homeless families. She was supported in her work by the Rotary Club which was undertaking a scheme to move unemployed people from the north of England to Leicester where they could find work. Gleitze continued to break records and she became the first person to swim the Straits of Gibraltar between Europe and Africa. Gleitze travelled to Australia, New Zealand and South Africa to establish new records for swimming. Besides swimming the 100 miles around the Isle of Man and becoming the first person to swim to Robben Island and back to Cape Town she also staged feats of endurance swimming. When she first took the endurance swimming record it stood at 26 hours. Over several years she extended this record in public swimming baths where crowds would attend and encourage her by singing together. Gleitze married engineer Patrick Carey in Dover in 1930 with the American swimming twins Bernice and Phyllis Zittenfeld as bridesmaids. The ceremony was covered by British newsreels where Gleitze announced that she was off to swim the Hellespont instead of going on honeymoon. Gleitze continued to extend her endurance record to 45 hours the following year. In 1932 she retired after again extending the record finally to 46 hours. Endorsements Gleitze gathered a large number of companies who were keen to be associated with her achievements. Consumers were asked to toast her with Paddy Whiskey when they were not drinking Lipton's Tea which had reputedly helped her "beat the channel". She appeared at a corset demonstration for Kellett's and at the showing of the, now lost, 1927 silent film Swim Girl, Swim which starred Bebe Daniels and a fellow swimmer Gertrude Ederle. There were unproductive rumours that Gleitze might star in a film. Gleitze also recommended Be-ze-be honey and bathing caps as well as her enduring role as a brand ambassador for Rolex watches. Celebrity Gleitze became a celebrity and she was regularly the subject of stories. The newspaper that most adopted a tabloid approach to her was the Daily Mirror that hinted that Gleitze was using her charity's funds inappropriately. The paper challenged the charity to allow its accounts to be audited and offered to pay for the cost. The papers also reported on believed or invented stories of rivalry between Gleitze and other swimmers. Millie Hudson who went with her to Gibraltar was said to be a rival and Gleitze was said to have annoyed Lottie Shoemmell who was an American swimmer by refusing to race her across the Channel. Later life After her retirement from swimming Gleitze became a housewife, had three children, and became increasingly reclusive, lying about her past to her neighbours and not discussing her achievements with her family. She died aged 80, on 9 February 1981, in a hospital in London. Legacy Besides her three children and many swimming records Gleitze founded several homes that were used by homeless British people during the 1930s. In 1939 they were used for homeless Czech people. The buildings were destroyed in Second World War bombing in 1940, however an organisation continues to administer her charity and it continues Gleitze's desire to alleviate the effects of homelessness. Rolex still use Gleitze's achievement (2010) in their publicity. In 2010 the Rolex company was running adverts featuring swimming the channel, their watch, and the figure of a woman in a swimming costume. The advert does not mention Gleitze, nor does it mention that she did not complete a Channel swim whilst wearing the watch. The advert shows the swimmer wearing the watch on her wrist although when Gleitze attempted to carry the watch across the Channel she had it tied around her neck. In 2022 the film Vindication Swim, about Gleitze's 1927 English Channel swim, was released. It was written and directed by Elliott Hasler, and starred Kirsten Callaghan as Gleitze. In January 2022 a blue plaque for Gleitze was unveiled at her birthplace in Freshfield Road, Brighton. References External links 1900 births 1981 deaths Sportspeople from Brighton People from Leicester Female long-distance swimmers English people of German descent British female swimmers English Channel swimmers

3052829

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward%20Taylor%20%28disambiguation%29

Edward Taylor (disambiguation)

Edward Taylor (c. 1642–1729) was a colonial American poet, physician, and pastor. Edward Taylor may also refer to: Arts and entertainment Edward Taylor (music writer) (1784–1863), English singer, writer on music, and Gresham Professor of Music Edward R. Taylor (1838–1911), English artist and educator Edward Taylor (scriptwriter) (born 1931), writer of the BBC radio comedy series The Men from the Ministry Eddie Taylor (1923–1985), American blues guitarist and singer Eddie Taylor Jr. (1972-2019), American blues guitarist and singer (son of above) Politics Edward Robeson Taylor (1838–1923), mayor of San Francisco E. Leland Taylor (1885–1948), mayor of Louisville, Kentucky Edward T. Taylor (1858–1941), U.S. Representative from Colorado Edward L. Taylor Jr. (1869–1938), U.S. Representative from Ohio Edward Taylor (MP for Canterbury) (1774–1843), British politician Teddy Taylor (1937–2017), British politician Ted Taylor (politician) (1906–1982), New Zealand lawyer and diplomat Religion Edward Thompson Taylor (1793–1871), American Methodist clergyman Edward Taylor (priest) (1921–1982), Archdeacon of Warwick Science Edward Burnett Taylor (1832–1917), British anthropologist Edward Harrison Taylor (1889–1978), American herpetologist Edward C. Taylor (1923–2017), American chemist Sports Ted Taylor (footballer) (1887–1956), former England national football team and Huddersfield Town F.C. goalkeeper Edward Taylor (rugby union) (1907–1959), Scottish rugby player Edward Taylor (cricketer) (1845–1902), English cricketer Other Edward Taylor (Alamo defender) (1812–1836) Edward Thornton Taylor (1850–?), Canadian soldier Edward O. Taylor (1912–1984), American bridge player E. P. Taylor (1901–1989), Canadian businessman and creator of the gated community See also Ed Taylor (disambiguation) Edmund Taylor (disambiguation) Edwin Taylor (disambiguation) Ted Taylor (disambiguation)

16271988

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%BCy%20District

Chüy District

Chüy () is a district of Chüy Region in northern Kyrgyzstan. Its area is , and its resident population was 54,622 in 2021. The district surrounds the city of Tokmok, but does not include it. The administrative seat lies at Tokmok. Geography Chüy District is located in the eastern part of Chüy Valley. Its southern part spreads into Kyrgyz Ala-Too mountains. The river Chu (Chüy) and its tributaries Shamshy, Kegeti, etc. dominate the hydrology. There are a number of glaciers feeding tributaries in Kyrgyz Ala-Too such as Shamshy Glacier, Kel-Ter, etc. The climate is continental. Demographics As of 2009, Chüy District included 38 villages. Its population, according to the Population and Housing Census of 2009, was 47,017. Ethnic composition According to the 2009 Census, the ethnic composition (de jure population) of the Chüy District was: Rural communities and villages In total, Chüy District include 38 settlements in 10 rural communities (). Each rural community can consist of one or several villages. The rural communities and settlements in the Chüy District are: Ak-Beshim (seat: Ak-Beshim; incl. Jangy-Jol and Kalygul) Burana (seat: Döng-Aryk; incl. Alga, Burana and Meenetkech) Chüy (seat: Chüy; incl. Aral and Sadovy) Ibraimov (seat: Koshoy; incl. Kara-Oy, Kyzyl-Asker, Lenin, Lenin-Jol and Taldy-Bulak) Iskra (seat: Kara-Döbö; incl. Vostochny, Jangy-Turmush, Zheleznodorozhnoye and Iskra) Kegeti (seat: Kegeti; incl. Arpa-Tektir, Akmatbek, Sovet and Chapaev) Kosh-Korgon (seat: Kosh-Korgon) On Bir-Jylga (seat: Progress; incl. Kayyrma, Madaniyat and Onbir-Jylga) Saylyk (seat: Saylyk; incl. Vinogradnoye and Jangy-Chek) Shamshy (seat: Shamshy; incl. Chong-Jar, Kosh-Kashat and Karagul) Famous people born in Chüy District Ashyraaly Botaliev, born in 1906, opera and drama artist Djamankul Djenchuraev, born in 1907, Kyrgyz and Soviet writer, border guard Asankan Djumakmatov, born in 1923, orchestral conductor Sultan Ibraimov, born in 1927, politician Kalmyrza Sarpek uulu, born in 1866, akyn See also Krasnyy Most References External links Tokmok (ru) Districts of Chuy Region

10966898

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxi

Anxi

Anxi may refer to: Anxi County (), Quanzhou, Fujian Guazhou County (), formerly Anxi County, in Jiuquan, Gansu Guazhou Town, formerly Anxi Town (), in what is now Guazhou County Protectorate General to Pacify the West, a Central-Asian military government established by Tang Dynasty Arsacid Empire, rendered as Anxi in historical Chinese writings Anxi., a song from Kelly Lee Owens' self-titled album.

62738584

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moritz%20Baer

Moritz Baer

Moritz Baer (born 16 May 1997) is a German ski jumper. He made his FIS Ski Jumping Continental Cup debut in September 2016, made his first podium in September 2018 in Midtstubakken, and won his first race in January 2019 in Klingenthal. He made his FIS Ski Jumping World Cup debut in the 2018–19 Four Hills Tournament, finishing 44th in Oberstdorf. He collected his first World Cup points with a 29th place in January 2019 in Sapporo, and broke the top 20 for the first time when finishing 19th in Nizhny Tagil in December 2019. He represents the sports club SF Gmund-Dürbach. References 1997 births Living people German male ski jumpers Place of birth missing (living people)

53345171

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas%20Glanville%20Taylor

Thomas Glanville Taylor

Thomas Glanville Taylor (22 November 1804 – 4 May 1848) was an English astronomer who worked extensively at the Madras Observatory and produced the Madras Catalogue of Stars from around 1831 to 1839. Life He was the son of Thomas Taylor, assistant at the Royal Greenwich Observatory, and his wife Susannah née Glanville, born at Ashburton, Devon. John Pond, the Astronomer Royal, suggested that the young boy choose a career in astronomy and he joined the observatory in 1820. From August 1822 he was in charge of making transit observations, and his ability was noted by Sir Edward Sabine. Taylor then worked on Stephen Groombridge's star catalogue. Taylor was appointed director of the East India Company's observatory at Madras, arriving there on 15 September 1830. He brought with him new equipment including transit telescopes and a mural circle. He worked with four Indian assistants, who took observations when he went to join the Great Trigonometrical Survey. Taylor collaborated with John Caldecott of the Travancore observatory to make observations on the magnetic field, especially the magnetic equator, of the earth around 1837. A Fellow of the Royal Astronomical Society and the Royal Society (elected 10 February 1842) Taylor helped establish an observatory at Doddabetta in Ootacamund. He was suffering from tuberculosis when he went to visit his ailing daughter in England in 1848. She died in April, and he himself died a month later, in Southampton. He was succeeded at the Madras Observatory by William Stephen Jacob (1813–-1862). Works Taylor began the publication of the Madras General Catalogue of Stars which was praised by Sir George Airy. His catalogues were of importance in navigation and in the Trigonometrical Survey for determining longitude as well as latitude. Family Taylor married Eliza Baratty, daughter of Colonel Eley, on 4 July 1832. They had three sons and a daughter. References External links Results Of Astronomical Observations Made At The Honorable The East India Company's Observatory At Madras, Vol.1 For The Year 1831, Volume IV A General Catalogue of the Principal Fixed Stars from observations made at the Honorable, The East India Company's Observatory at Madras 1804 births 1848 deaths 19th-century British astronomers Fellows of the Royal Society People from Ashburton, Devon

19898908

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C3%B3lka%20Kozodawska

Wólka Kozodawska

Wólka Kozodawska is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Piaseczno, within Piaseczno County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. References Villages in Piaseczno County

5003801

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black%20Hill%20%28California%29

Black Hill (California)

Black Hill is a mountain situated in Morro Bay, California, part of Morro Bay State Park. It one of a series of volcanic plugs called the Nine Sisters. Monterey Pine forest There is a forest of Monterey Pine (Pinus radiata) trees on Black Hill, called Fleming's Forest, planted by John Fleming, a park superintendent. Fleming was working on another project and ordered twice as many trees as he needed, thinking that he would not get his entire order. Nevertheless, he received it in full and used the surplus on Black Hill. Many of the trees have died or are dying from pine pitch canker, a fungal disease which also threatens the Monterey pine's remnant native groves in Cambria and on the Monterey Peninsula. References External links Nine Sisters Morro Bay Landforms of San Luis Obispo County, California Volcanic plugs of California Hills of California

31574588

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suma%20Kumanovo

Suma Kumanovo

SUMA Tower building is the highest building in Kumanovo, North Macedonia. The building has 18 floors of residential space, plus 2 floors of commercial space where a modern shopping center is located alongside offices of engineering companies, organizations etc. Buildings and structures in Kumanovo

43010539

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Best%20Before%20Records

Best Before Records

Best Before Records is a British boutique independent record label based in London, England. Best Before Records's artists are generally considered Alternative, Pop Punk, alternative rock, but some also include elements of various genres of metal. Some of their most well-known artists include or included ACODA, Mutiny On The Bounty, 22, The Chapman Family, Sharks, Dananananaykroyd, Johnny Foreigner, The Pistolas, The Heights and in 2014 signing Death and the Penguin, American Fangs and Press to MECO. The label's functions include sourcing new artists, producing albums, marketing/promoting and securing international licensees in the North American, European, Australian and Asian markets. The company provides traditional record company services along with (for some) management, digital marketing/promotion, production and manufacturing services catered to each artists individual requirements. History Best Before Records was launched in 2004 as part of a subsidy under the Channelfly and Mama Group corporate. In December 2009 Mama Group was acquired by HMV who had shown no interest in this part of the corporation therefore the label Best Before Records was taken over by label manager Anthony Shaw and became a fully independent label distributed by PIAS Entertainment Group in the UK and Europe. After separating from its parent company, it continued to develop a strong label identity and effectively launching several new artist careers including ‘Dananananaykroyd’, ‘Johnny Foreigner’, 'The Heights' and ‘The Morning After Girls’. Taking on further bands like Sharks, 22, Mutiny On The Bounty, ACODA and most recently Death and the Penguin, American Fangs and Press to MECO. In 2015, Best Before Records changed worldwide distribution to The Orchard and released several new albums. Artists Artists that have been signed, or are currently signed, to the label Press to MECO 22 American Fangs ACODA. Dananananaykroyd Death and the Penguin Johnny Foreigner (active with Alcopop! Records UK) Mutiny On The Bounty Sharks The Chapman Family The Heights The Morning After Girls The Pistolas Releases References British independent record labels Companies based in the London Borough of Lambeth Best Before Records artists Alternative rock record labels Indie rock record labels Hardcore record labels

6754932

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George%20Burns%20Comedy%20Week

George Burns Comedy Week

George Burns Comedy Week is a comedy anthology television series broadcast in the United States by CBS as part of its 1985 fall lineup, hosted by George Burns. Overview As he was age 89 when the show premiered, George Burns was billed as the oldest person ever to "star" in a television series. Burns had been around television in one way or another since shortly after its inception; like many old-time radio stars he had brought his routine over more-or-less intact from the older medium. However, his actual role in this series was rather slight; aside from lending his name, introducing the night's program, and providing an occasional voice-over narration, Burns was not involved in any of the episodes as an actor and those who tuned in expecting to see him as such were disappointed. Several well-known comedians appeared in episodes of this show, including Joe Piscopo, Robert Klein, Don Rickles, Martin Mull, Don Knotts, and Howard Hesseman. The show is probably best known for two particular segments, one being "Christmas Carol II: The Sequel" in which an adult Tiny Tim has come to exhibit many of the characteristics once defining his father's old boss, Ebenezer Scrooge, and another starring Valerie Perrine and Harvey Korman in what proved to be the pilot for their short lived sitcom, Leo & Liz in Beverly Hills. Episodes Reception George Burns Comedy Week did poorly in the Nielsen ratings and was last broadcast on Christmas night 1985. It marked Burns' last ongoing role in a television series, although he continued to appear as a guest on programs for the next nine years, until suffering a serious fall at age 98 which ended his active performing career (Burns died at age 100). References Brooks, Tim and Marsh, Earle, The Complete Directory to Prime Time Network and Cable TV Shows External links 1985 American television series debuts 1985 American television series endings CBS original programming 1980s American comedy television series 1980s American anthology television series Television series by Universal Television English-language television shows

9651857

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramsey%20%28UK%20Parliament%20constituency%29

Ramsey (UK Parliament constituency)

Ramsey was a parliamentary constituency in Huntingdonshire, which elected one Member of Parliament (MP) to the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. It was also known as North Huntingdonshire. History The constituency was created as the Northern or Ramsey Division upon the abolition of the two member Huntingdonshire constituency under the Redistribution of Seats Act 1885. It was one of two county divisions of Huntingdonshire (the other being the Southern or Huntingdon Division). It was abolished under the Representation of the People Act 1918 when it was re-combined with Huntingdon and Huntingdonshire was re-established as a single member constituency. The division was a predominantly rural area. In addition it included some suburbs of Peterborough and the small towns of Ramsey and St. Ives, as well as part of the Fens. The Liberal strength in the constituency came from the freeholders of Peterborough (who could vote in Ramsey), the working class Peterborough suburban vote and the smallholders of the Fens. However the area was mostly Conservative, with the rural population under the influence of the largest local landowner Lord de Ramsey. Except for the 1906 general election the Conservative Party won every election in the constituency. In the 1885 general election one of the former Conservative MPs for the undivided county of Huntingdonshire, William Fellowes was elected the first member from the division. In July 1887 his father, Edward Fellowes, was created the 1st Lord de Ramsey - shortly before his death on 9 August 1887. William Fellowes was thereby elevated to the peerage and vacated his seat in the House of Commons. The Fellowes family continued to dominate the representation of the division. A younger son of the 1st Baron, the Honourable Ailwyn Fellowes was elected to replace his brother. Fellowes retained the seat until he was defeated in the Liberal landslide in the 1906 general election. The Liberal MP elected in 1906, Alexander Boulton, was a Canadian lawyer (who later in his career helped found the English-Speaking Union). He was not able to secure re-election in either of the 1910 elections. He was defeated by the fourth and last MP for the constituency, the Conservative Oliver Locker-Lampson. During the First World War Locker-Lampson served with the R.N.A.S. Armoured Car Unit and also represented the Ministry of Information in various countries. He was involved in France, Belgium, Russia, Romania, Turkey and Persia between 1914 and 1919. He received the Orders of Leopold of Belgium and St Vladimir of Russia amongst other decorations. Boundaries The Sessional Divisions of Hurstingstone, Norman Cross, and Ramsey. Members of Parliament Election results Elections in the 1880s Fellowes was elevated to the peerage, becoming Lord De Ramsey, causing a by-election. Elections in the 1890s Elections in the 1900s Elections in the 1910s See also Parliamentary representation from Huntingdonshire List of former United Kingdom Parliamentary constituencies References Sources Boundaries of Parliamentary Constituencies 1885-1972, compiled and edited by F.W.S. Craig (Parliamentary Reference Publications 1972) Social Geography of British Elections 1885-1910. by Henry Pelling (Macmillan 1967) Who's Who of British Members of Parliament: Volume I 1832-1885, edited by M. Stenton (The Harvester Press 1976) Who's Who of British Members of Parliament, Volume II 1886-1918, edited by M. Stenton and S. Lees (Harvester Press 1978) Who's Who of British Members of Parliament, Volume III 1919-1945, edited by M. Stenton and S. Lees (Harvester Press 1979) Politics of Huntingdonshire Parliamentary constituencies in the East of England (historic) Constituencies of the Parliament of the United Kingdom established in 1885 Constituencies of the Parliament of the United Kingdom disestablished in 1918

9681786

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morton%20Tubor

Morton Tubor

Morton H. Tubor (April 29, 1917 – August 22, 2019) was an American film editor and sound editor. In both capacities, he worked mostly in low budget horror and exploitation films. As a film editor, he worked on Francis Ford Coppola's Dementia 13 (1963), Jack Hill's Switchblade Sisters (1975), and Paul Bartel's Cannonball (1976), among other films. He also edited Samuel Fuller's relatively big budget The Big Red One (1980). As a sound editor, many of his credits were for television documentaries, including several National Geographic and Time-Life specials. He was the sound editor for Peter Bogdanovich's Nickelodeon (1976). References External links 1917 births 2019 deaths American centenarians American film editors Men centenarians

38524424

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mordella%20hamata

Mordella hamata

Mordella hamata is a species of beetle in the genus Mordella of the family Mordellidae, which is part of the superfamily Tenebrionoidea. It was discovered in 1801. References Beetles described in 1801 hamata

9314576

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espoonlahti

Espoonlahti

Espoonlahti (Finnish) or Esboviken (Swedish) (literally The Bay of Espoo or Espoo Bay) is one of the five major urban areas of Espoo, a city in Finland. It lies along the south-western coast of Espoo, bounded to the west by the bay of the same name, to the south by the shores of the Gulf of Finland, to the west by the Finnoo (Finnå) valley, to the east of the municipal border of Kirkkonummi, and to the north by the forests of Espoo central forest area. This total area of about 4,800 hectares is further divided into areas called Soukka, Suvisaaristo, Kaitaa, Nöykkiö, Latokaski and Saunalahti, with one greater center called Espoonlahden keskus ( Espoonlahti center). Areas known as Laurinlahti, Ylä-Kivenlahti, Ala-Kivenlahti and Iivisniemi are also part of the Espoonlahti district. Yet another name pertinent to this area is Kanta-Espoonlahti (Espoonlahti Proper), which includes Espoonlahden keskus, Soukanmäki (Soukka Hill), Kivenlahti, Laurinlahti and Soukanniemi (Soukka Peninsula). History Areas along the Bay of Espoonlahti as well as the shores and islands of the Gulf of Finland belong to the oldest inhabited parts of Espoo with traces of human presence reaching to the Bronze Age. Certain pollens in sediment samples from Lake Hannusjärvi indicate permanent inhabitation and agriculture in and around the Bay of Finnoonlahti area about year 1000. The oldest villages in Espoonlahti are those of Soukka and Kivenlahti. They were important enough to be marked by their Swedish names Sökö and Stensvik on maps as early as in 1540. Espoonlahti Bay provided an important route for the Hanse trade ships and for those of the farmer salesmen from Espoo inland villages. Like all Espoo this area was still a typical rural area in the 1860s - only seldom disturbed by any industrial activity. The vast majority of changes that lead to modern Espoonlahti started with a great influx of new inhabitants after World War II. Things started to move rapidly after the Soviet Union returned the neighbouring Porkkala in 1956. The 1960s saw joined regional planning efforts between architects and housing companies who aimed to plan and build entire housing areas at one go. Those for the Soukka - Kivenlahti area were drawn by Alvar Aalto in 1964, while plans made for Laurinlahti by Espoo planners were successfully opposed by local residents assisted by the brothers Suomalainen. The most northerly point of Espoonlahti on the Bay of Espoonlahti is Saunalahti (Bastvik), whose urbanisation started in 2001 with asphatisation old roads and was followed in 2002 by intensive construction work of mainly residential buildings. Modern times With more than 52 000 inhabitants Espoonlahti is today the second largest of Espoo urban centers. It is a markedly residential area that in 2004 was able to employ 39% of its inhabitants. Espoonlahti center is characterized by a tree lined shopping street Espoonlahdenkatu, where most of the services are found. Among them is the shopping center Lippulaiva built in 1994, the market place, several banks and some small restaurants. The swimming hall, health center and Espoonlahti Church are all found close by. As Espoonlahden keskus is one of the planned stations of the western branch of the Helsinki metropolitan area underground (Länsimetro), further urban development is planned here. It includes several residential buildings, facilities for cultural services and an addition to Lippulaiva, which lies in the vicinity of the future underground station. See also Districts of Espoo References Kylä, keskiaika Itämeren rannalla. Espoon kaupunginmuseon tutkimuksia 10. Helsinki 2008. . (A village, Middle Ages on the shores of the Baltic Sea) In Finnish. Matti J. Lahti: Espoo maalaispitäjästä suurkauppalaksi. Espoo-sarja. Pieksämäki 1975. . In Finnish. Johanna Pekkanen - Virve Heininen: Kuninkaankartanosta kaupungiksi. Viisi vuosisataa espoolaiselämää. AtlasArt, Riga 2013. . In Finnish. Notes Districts of Espoo

998893

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinetochore

Kinetochore

A kinetochore (, ) is a disc-shaped protein structure associated with duplicated chromatids in eukaryotic cells where the spindle fibers attach during cell division to pull sister chromatids apart. The kinetochore assembles on the centromere and links the chromosome to microtubule polymers from the mitotic spindle during mitosis and meiosis. The term kinetochore was first used in a footnote in a 1934 Cytology book by Lester W. Sharp and commonly accepted in 1936. Sharp's footnote reads: "The convenient term kinetochore (= movement place) has been suggested to the author by J. A. Moore", likely referring to John Alexander Moore who had joined Columbia University as a freshman in 1932. Monocentric organisms, including vertebrates, fungi, and most plants, have a single centromeric region on each chromosome which assembles a single, localized kinetochore. Holocentric organisms, such as nematodes and some plants, assemble a kinetochore along the entire length of a chromosome. Kinetochores start, control, and supervise the striking movements of chromosomes during cell division. During mitosis, which occurs after the amount of DNA is doubled in each chromosome (while maintaining the same number of chromosomes) in S phase, two sister chromatids are held together by a centromere. Each chromatid has its own kinetochore, which face in opposite directions and attach to opposite poles of the mitotic spindle apparatus. Following the transition from metaphase to anaphase, the sister chromatids separate from each other, and the individual kinetochores on each chromatid drive their movement to the spindle poles that will define the two new daughter cells. The kinetochore is therefore essential for the chromosome segregation that is classically associated with mitosis and meiosis. Structure of Kinetochore The kinetochore contains two regions: an inner kinetochore, which is tightly associated with the centromere DNA and assembled in a specialized form of chromatin that persists throughout the cell cycle; an outer kinetochore, which interacts with microtubules; the outer kinetochore is a very dynamic structure with many identical components, which are assembled and functional only during cell division. Even the simplest kinetochores consist of more than 19 different proteins. Many of these proteins are conserved between eukaryotic species, including a specialized histone H3 variant (called CENP-A or CenH3) which helps the kinetochore associate with DNA. Other proteins in the kinetochore adhere it to the microtubules (MTs) of the mitotic spindle. There are also motor proteins, including both dynein and kinesin, which generate forces that move chromosomes during mitosis. Other proteins, such as Mad2, monitor the microtubule attachment as well as the tension between sister kinetochores and activate the spindle checkpoint to arrest the cell cycle when either of these is absent. The actual set of genes essential for kinetochore function varies from one species to another. Kinetochore functions include anchoring of chromosomes to MTs in the spindle, verification of anchoring, activation of the spindle checkpoint and participation in the generation of force to propel chromosome movement during cell division. On the other hand, microtubules are metastable polymers made of α- and β-tubulin, alternating between growing and shrinking phases, a phenomenon known as dynamic instability. MTs are highly dynamic structures, whose behavior is integrated with kinetochore function to control chromosome movement and segregation. It has also been reported that the kinetochore organization differs between mitosis and meiosis and the integrity of meiotic kinetochore is essential for meiosis specific events such as pairing of homologous chromosomes, sister kinetochore monoorientation, protection of centromeric cohesin and spindle-pole body cohesion and duplication. In animal cells The kinetochore is composed of several layers, observed initially by conventional fixation and staining methods of electron microscopy, (reviewed by C. Rieder in 1982) and more recently by rapid freezing and substitution. The deepest layer in the kinetochore is the inner plate, which is organized on a chromatin structure containing nucleosomes presenting a specialized histone (named CENP-A, which substitutes histone H3 in this region), auxiliary proteins, and DNA. DNA organization in the centromere (satellite DNA) is one of the least understood aspects of vertebrate kinetochores. The inner plate appears like a discrete heterochromatin domain throughout the cell cycle. External to the inner plate is the outer plate, which is composed mostly of proteins. This structure is assembled on the surface of the chromosomes only after the nuclear envelope breaks down. The outer plate in vertebrate kinetochores contains about 20 anchoring sites for MTs (+) ends (named kMTs, after kinetochore MTs), whereas a kinetochore's outer plate in yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) contains only one anchoring site. The outermost domain in the kinetochore forms a fibrous corona, which can be visualized by conventional microscopy, yet only in the absence of MTs. This corona is formed by a dynamic network of resident and temporary proteins implicated in the spindle checkpoint, in microtubule anchoring, and in the regulation of chromosome behavior. During mitosis, each sister chromatid forming the complete chromosome has its own kinetochore. Distinct sister kinetochores can be observed at first at the end of G2 phase in cultured mammalian cells. These early kinetochores show a mature laminar structure before the nuclear envelope breaks down. The molecular pathway for kinetochore assembly in higher eukaryotes has been studied using gene knockouts in mice and in cultured chicken cells, as well as using RNA interference (RNAi) in C. elegans, Drosophila and human cells, yet no simple linear route can describe the data obtained so far. The first protein to be assembled on the kinetochore is CENP-A (Cse4 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae). This protein is a specialized isoform of histone H3. CENP-A is required for incorporation of the inner kinetochore proteins CENP-C, CENP-H and CENP-I/MIS6. The relation of these proteins in the CENP-A-dependent pathway is not completely defined. For instance, CENP-C localization requires CENP-H in chicken cells, but it is independent of CENP-I/MIS6 in human cells. In C. elegans and metazoa, the incorporation of many proteins in the outer kinetochore depends ultimately on CENP-A. Kinetochore proteins can be grouped according to their concentration at kinetochores during mitosis: some proteins remain bound throughout cell division, whereas some others change in concentration. Furthermore, they can be recycled in their binding site on kinetochores either slowly (they are rather stable) or rapidly (dynamic). Proteins whose levels remain stable from prophase until late anaphase include constitutive components of the inner plate and the stable components of the outer kinetocore, such as the Ndc80 complex, KNL/KBP proteins (kinetochore-null/KNL-binding protein), MIS proteins and CENP-F. Together with the constitutive components, these proteins seem to organize the nuclear core of the inner and outer structures in the kinetochore. The dynamic components that vary in concentration on kinetochores during mitosis include the molecular motors CENP-E and dynein (as well as their target components ZW10 and ROD), and the spindle checkpoint proteins (such as Mad1, Mad2, BubR1 and Cdc20). These proteins assemble on the kinetochore in high concentrations in the absence of microtubules; however, the higher the number of MTs anchored to the kinetochore, the lower the concentrations of these proteins. At metaphase, CENP-E, Bub3 and Bub1 levels diminish by a factor of about three to four as compared with free kinetochores, whereas dynein/dynactin, Mad1, Mad2 and BubR1 levels are reduced by a factor of more than 10 to 100. Whereas the spindle checkpoint protein levels present in the outer plate diminish as MTs anchor, other components such as EB1, APC and proteins in the Ran pathway (RanGap1 and RanBP2) associate to kinetochores only when MTs are anchored. This may belong to a mechanism in the kinetochore to recognize the microtubules' plus-end (+), ensuring their proper anchoring and regulating their dynamic behavior as they remain anchored. A 2010 study used a complex method (termed "multiclassifier combinatorial proteomics" or MCCP) to analyze the proteomic composition of vertebrate chromosomes, including kinetochores. Although this study does not include a biochemical enrichment for kinetochores, obtained data include all the centromeric subcomplexes, with peptides from all 125 known centromeric proteins. According to this study, there are still about one hundred unknown kinetochore proteins, doubling the known structure during mitosis, which confirms the kinetochore as one of the most complex cellular substructures. Consistently, a comprehensive literature survey indicated that there had been at least 196 human proteins already experimentally shown to be localized at kinetochores. Function The number of microtubules attached to one kinetochore is variable: in Saccharomyces cerevisiae only one MT binds each kinetochore, whereas in mammals there can be 15–35 MTs bound to each kinetochore. However, not all the MTs in the spindle attach to one kinetochore. There are MTs that extend from one centrosome to the other (and they are responsible for spindle length) and some shorter ones are interdigitated between the long MTs. Professor B. Nicklas (Duke University), showed that, if one breaks down the MT-kinetochore attachment using a laser beam, chromatids can no longer move, leading to an abnormal chromosome distribution. These experiments also showed that kinetochores have polarity, and that kinetochore attachment to MTs emanating from one or the other centrosome will depend on its orientation. This specificity guarantees that only one chromatid will move to each spindle side, thus ensuring the correct distribution of the genetic material. Thus, one of the basic functions of the kinetochore is the MT attachment to the spindle, which is essential to correctly segregate sister chromatids. If anchoring is incorrect, errors may ensue, generating aneuploidy, with catastrophic consequences for the cell. To prevent this from happening, there are mechanisms of error detection and correction (as the spindle assembly checkpoint), whose components reside also on the kinetochores. The movement of one chromatid towards the centrosome is produced primarily by MT depolymerization in the binding site with the kinetochore. These movements require also force generation, involving molecular motors likewise located on the kinetochores. Chromosome anchoring to MTs in the mitotic spindle Capturing MTs During the synthesis phase (S phase) in the cell cycle, the centrosome starts to duplicate. Just at the beginning of mitosis, both centrioles in each centrosome reach their maximal length, centrosomes recruit additional material and their nucleation capacity for microtubules increases. As mitosis progresses, both centrosomes separate to establish the mitotic spindle. In this way, the spindle in a mitotic cell has two poles emanating microtubules. Microtubules are long proteic filaments with asymmetric extremes, a "minus"(-) end relatively stable next to the centrosome, and a "plus"(+) end enduring alternate phases of growing-shrinking, exploring the center of the cell. During this searching process, a microtubule may encounter and capture a chromosome through the kinetochore. Microtubules that find and attach a kinetochore become stabilized, whereas those microtubules remaining free are rapidly depolymerized. As chromosomes have two kinetochores associated back-to-back (one on each sister chromatid), when one of them becomes attached to the microtubules generated by one of the cellular poles, the kinetochore on the sister chromatid becomes exposed to the opposed pole; for this reason, most of the times the second kinetochore becomes attached to the microtubules emanating from the opposing pole, in such a way that chromosomes are now bi-oriented, one fundamental configuration (also termed amphitelic) to ensure the correct segregation of both chromatids when the cell will divide. When just one microtubule is anchored to one kinetochore, it starts a rapid movement of the associated chromosome towards the pole generating that microtubule. This movement is probably mediated by the motor activity towards the "minus" (-) of the motor protein cytoplasmic dynein, which is very concentrated in the kinetochores not anchored to MTs. The movement towards the pole is slowed down as far as kinetochores acquire kMTs (MTs anchored to kinetochores) and the movement becomes directed by changes in kMTs length. Dynein is released from kinetochores as they acquire kMTs and, in cultured mammalian cells, it is required for the spindle checkpoint inactivation, but not for chromosome congression in the spindle equator, kMTs acquisition or anaphase A during chromosome segregation. In higher plants or in yeast there is no evidence of dynein, but other kinesins towards the (-) end might compensate for the lack of dynein. Another motor protein implicated in the initial capture of MTs is CENP-E; this is a high molecular weight kinesin associated with the fibrous corona at mammalian kinetochores from prometaphase until anaphase. In cells with low levels of CENP-E, chromosomes lack this protein at their kinetochores, which quite often are defective in their ability to congress at the metaphase plate. In this case, some chromosomes may remain chronically mono-oriented (anchored to only one pole), although most chromosomes may congress correctly at the metaphase plate. It is widely accepted that the kMTs fiber (the bundle of microtubules bound to the kinetochore) is originated by the capture of MTs polymerized at the centrosomes and spindle poles in mammalian cultured cells. However, MTs directly polymerized at kinetochores might also contribute significantly. The manner in which the centromeric region or kinetochore initiates the formation of kMTs and the frequency at which this happens are important questions, because this mechanism may contribute not only to the initial formation of kMTs, but also to the way in which kinetochores correct defective anchoring of MTs and regulate the movement along kMTs. Role of Ndc80 complex MTs associated to kinetochores present special features: compared to free MTs, kMTs are much more resistant to cold-induced depolymerization, high hydrostatic pressures or calcium exposure. Furthermore, kMTs are recycled much more slowly than astral MTs and spindle MTs with free (+) ends, and if kMTs are released from kinetochores using a laser beam, they rapidly depolymerize. When it was clear that neither dynein nor CENP-E is essential for kMTs formation, other molecules should be responsible for kMTs stabilization. Pioneer genetic work in yeast revealed the relevance of the Ndc80 complex in kMTs anchoring. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the Ndc80 complex has four components: Ndc80p, Nuf2p, Spc24p and Spc25p. Mutants lacking any of the components of this complex show loss of the kinetochore-microtubule connection, although kinetochore structure is not completely lost. Yet mutants in which kinetochore structure is lost (for instance Ndc10 mutants in yeast) are deficient both in the connection to microtubules and in the ability to activate the spindle checkpoint, probably because kinetochores work as a platform in which the components of the response are assembled. The Ndc80 complex is highly conserved and it has been identified in S. pombe, C. elegans, Xenopus, chicken and humans. Studies on Hec1 (highly expressed in cancer cells 1), the human homolog of Ndc80p, show that it is important for correct chromosome congression and mitotic progression, and that it interacts with components of the cohesin and condensin complexes. Different laboratories have shown that the Ndc80 complex is essential for stabilization of the kinetochore-microtubule anchoring, required to support the centromeric tension implicated in the establishment of the correct chromosome congression in high eukaryotes. Cells with impaired function of Ndc80 (using RNAi, gene knockout, or antibody microinjection) have abnormally long spindles, lack of tension between sister kinetochores, chromosomes unable to congregate at the metaphase plate and few or any associated kMTs. There is a variety of strong support for the ability of the Ndc80 complex to directly associate with microtubules and form the core conserved component of the kinetochore-microtubule interface. However, formation of robust kinetochore-microtubule interactions may also require the function of additional proteins. In yeast, this connection requires the presence of the complex Dam1-DASH-DDD. Some members of this complex bind directly to MTs, whereas some others bind to the Ndc80 complex. This means that the complex Dam1-DASH-DDD might be an essential adapter between kinetochores and microtubules. However, in animals an equivalent complex has not been identified, and this question remains under intense investigation. Verification of kinetochore–MT anchoring During S-Phase, the cell duplicates all the genetic information stored in the chromosomes, in the process termed DNA replication. At the end of this process, each chromosome includes two sister chromatids, which are two complete and identical DNA molecules. Both chromatids remain associated by cohesin complexes until anaphase, when chromosome segregation occurs. If chromosome segregation happens correctly, each daughter cell receives a complete set of chromatids, and for this to happen each sister chromatid has to anchor (through the corresponding kinetochore) to MTs generated in opposed poles of the mitotic spindle. This configuration is termed amphitelic or bi-orientation. However, during the anchoring process some incorrect configurations may also appear: monotelic: only one of the chromatids is anchored to MTs, the second kinetochore is not anchored; in this situation, there is no centromeric tension, and the spindle checkpoint is activated, delaying entry in anaphase and allowing time for the cell to correct the error. If it is not corrected, the unanchored chromatid might randomly end in any of the two daughter cells, generating aneuploidy: one daughter cell would have chromosomes in excess and the other would lack some chromosomes. syntelic: both chromatids are anchored to MTs emanating from the same pole; this situation does not generate centromeric tension either, and the spindle checkpoint will be activated. If it is not corrected, both chromatids will end in the same daughter cell, generating aneuploidy. merotelic: at least one chromatid is anchored simultaneously to MTs emanating from both poles. This situation generates centromeric tension, and for this reason the spindle checkpoint is not activated. If it is not corrected, the chromatid bound to both poles will remain as a lagging chromosome at anaphase, and finally will be broken in two fragments, distributed between the daughter cells, generating aneuploidy. Both the monotelic and the syntelic configurations fail to generate centromeric tension and are detected by the spindle checkpoint. In contrast, the merotelic configuration is not detected by this control mechanism. However, most of these errors are detected and corrected before the cell enters in anaphase. A key factor in the correction of these anchoring errors is the chromosomal passenger complex, which includes the kinase protein Aurora B, its target and activating subunit INCENP and two other subunits, Survivin and Borealin/Dasra B (reviewed by Adams and collaborators in 2001). Cells in which the function of this complex has been abolished by dominant negative mutants, RNAi, antibody microinjection or using selective drugs, accumulate errors in chromosome anchoring. Many studies have shown that Aurora B is required to destabilize incorrect anchoring kinetochore-MT, favoring the generation of amphitelic connections. Aurora B homolog in yeast (Ipl1p) phosphorilates some kinetochore proteins, such as the constitutive protein Ndc10p and members of the Ndc80 and Dam1-DASH-DDD complexes. Phosphorylation of Ndc80 complex components produces destabilization of kMTs anchoring. It has been proposed that Aurora B localization is important for its function: as it is located in the inner region of the kinetochore (in the centromeric heterochromatin), when the centromeric tension is established sister kinetochores separate, and Aurora B cannot reach its substrates, so that kMTs are stabilized. Aurora B is frequently overexpressed in several cancer types, and it is currently a target for the development of anticancer drugs. Spindle checkpoint activation The spindle checkpoint, or SAC (for spindle assembly checkpoint), also known as the mitotic checkpoint, is a cellular mechanism responsible for detection of: correct assembly of the mitotic spindle; attachment of all chromosomes to the mitotic spindle in a bipolar manner; congression of all chromosomes at the metaphase plate. When just one chromosome (for any reason) remains lagging during congression, the spindle checkpoint machinery generates a delay in cell cycle progression: the cell is arrested, allowing time for repair mechanisms to solve the detected problem. After some time, if the problem has not been solved, the cell will be targeted for apoptosis (programmed cell death), a safety mechanism to avoid the generation of aneuploidy, a situation which generally has dramatic consequences for the organism. Whereas structural centromeric proteins (such as CENP-B), remain stably localized throughout mitosis (including during telophase), the spindle checkpoint components are assembled on the kinetochore in high concentrations in the absence of microtubules, and their concentrations decrease as the number of microtubules attached to the kinetochore increases. At metaphase, CENP-E, Bub3 and Bub1 levels decreases 3 to 4 fold as compared to the levels at unattached kinetochores, whereas the levels of dynein/dynactin, Mad1, Mad2 and BubR1 decrease >10-100 fold. Thus at metaphase, when all chromosomes are aligned at the metaphase plate, all checkpoint proteins are released from the kinetochore. The disappearance of the checkpoint proteins out of the kinetochores indicates the moment when the chromosome has reached the metaphase plate and is under bipolar tension. At this moment, the checkpoint proteins that bind to and inhibit Cdc20 (Mad1-Mad2 and BubR1), release Cdc20, which binds and activates APC/CCdc20, and this complex triggers sister chromatids separation and consequently anaphase entry. Several studies indicate that the Ndc80 complex participates in the regulation of the stable association of Mad1-Mad2 and dynein with kinetochores. Yet the kinetochore associated proteins CENP-A, CENP-C, CENP-E, CENP-H and BubR1 are independent of Ndc80/Hec1. The prolonged arrest in prometaphase observed in cells with low levels of Ndc80/Hec1 depends on Mad2, although these cells show low levels of Mad1, Mad2 and dynein on kinetochores (<10-15% in relation to unattached kinetochores). However, if both Ndc80/Hec1 and Nuf2 levels are reduced, Mad1 and Mad2 completely disappear from the kinetochores and the spindle checkpoint is inactivated. Shugoshin (Sgo1, MEI-S332 in Drosophila melanogaster) are centromeric proteins which are essential to maintain cohesin bound to centromeres until anaphase. The human homolog, hsSgo1, associates with centromeres during prophase and disappears when anaphase starts. When Shugoshin levels are reduced by RNAi in HeLa cells, cohesin cannot remain on the centromeres during mitosis, and consequently sister chromatids separate synchronically before anaphase initiates, which triggers a long mitotic arrest. On the other hand, Dasso and collaborators have found that proteins involved in the Ran cycle can be detected on kinetochores during mitosis: RanGAP1 (a GTPase activating protein which stimulates the conversion of Ran-GTP in Ran-GDP) and the Ran binding protein called RanBP2/Nup358. During interphase, these proteins are located at the nuclear pores and participate in the nucleo-cytoplasmic transport. Kinetochore localization of these proteins seem to be functionally significant, because some treatments that increase the levels of Ran-GTP inhibit kinetochore release of Bub1, Bub3, Mad2 and CENP-E. Orc2 (a protein that belongs to the origin recognition complex -ORC- implicated in DNA replication initiation during S phase) is also localized at kinetochores during mitosis in human cells; in agreement with this localization, some studies indicate that Orc2 in yeast is implicated in sister chromatids cohesion, and when it is eliminated from the cell, spindle checkpoint activation ensues. Some other ORC components (such orc5 in S. pombe) have been also found to participate in cohesion. However, ORC proteins seem to participate in a molecular pathway which is additive to cohesin pathway, and it is mostly unknown. Force generation to propel chromosome movement Most chromosome movements in relation to spindle poles are associated to lengthening and shortening of kMTs. One of the features of kinetochores is their capacity to modify the state of their associated kMTs (around 20) from a depolymerization state at their (+) end to polymerization state. This allows the kinetochores from cells at prometaphase to show "directional instability", changing between persistent phases of movement towards the pole (poleward) or inversed (anti-poleward), which are coupled with alternating states of kMTs depolymerization and polymerization, respectively. This kinetochore bi-stability seem to be part of a mechanism to align the chromosomes at the equator of the spindle without losing the mechanic connection between kinetochores and spindle poles. It is thought that kinetochore bi-stability is based upon the dynamic instability of the kMTs (+) end, and it is partially controlled by the tension present at the kinetochore. In mammalian cultured cells, a low tension at kinetochores promotes change towards kMTs depolymerization, and high tension promotes change towards kMTs polymerization. Kinetochore proteins and proteins binding to MTs (+) end (collectively called +TIPs) regulate kinetochore movement through the kMTs (+) end dynamics regulation. However, the kinetochore-microtubule interface is highly dynamic, and some of these proteins seem to be bona fide components of both structures. Two groups of proteins seem to be particularly important: kinesins which work like depolymerases, such as KinI kinesins; and proteins bound to MT (+) ends, +TIPs, promoting polymerization, perhaps antagonizing the depolymerases effect. KinI kinesins are named "I" because they present an internal motor domain, which uses ATP to promote depolymerization of tubulin polymer, the microtubule. In vertebrates, the most important KinI kinesin controlling the dynamics of the (+) end assembly is MCAK. However, it seems that there are other kinesins implicated. There are two groups of +TIPs with kinetochore functions. The first one includes the protein adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) and the associated protein EB1, which need MTs to localize on the kinetochores. Both proteins are required for correct chromosome segregation. EB1 binds only to MTs in polymerizing state, suggesting that it promotes kMTs stabilization during this phase. The second group of +TIPs includes proteins which can localize on kinetochores even in absence of MTs. In this group there are two proteins that have been widely studied: CLIP-170 and their associated proteins CLASPs (CLIP-associated proteins). CLIP-170 role at kinetochores is unknown, but the expression of a dominant negative mutant produces a prometaphase delay, suggesting that it has an active role in chromosome alignment. CLASPs proteins are required for chromosome alignment and maintenance of a bipolar spindle in Drosophila, humans and yeast. References External links Cell biology Organelles Mitosis Meiosis

5710928

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airdrie%20Thunder

Airdrie Thunder

The Airdrie Thunder are a Junior "B" Ice Hockey team based in Airdrie, Alberta, Canada. They are members of the North Division of the Heritage Junior B Hockey League (HJHL). They play their home games at Ron Ebbesen Arena. History Division titles won: 2005, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2019 League Championships won: 1997, 2000, 2019 Alberta Provincial entries: 1997, 2000, 2005, 2019 Alberta Provincial titles: 2019 Keystone Cup titles: none The Airdrie Thunder developed an intense rivalry with their former divisional counterparts, the Okotoks Bisons. The Thunder handed the Bisons their only two losses in the 2005–06 season, while the four victories for Okotoks were the only four games the Thunder lost. The Bisons eliminated the Thunder in the league semi-finals. The two rivals also met in the 2005 HJHL finals, with Okotoks again coming out the victors in a tough five-game series. Despite losing the championship, the Thunder qualified for the Alberta Provincials, held in Calgary but failed to advance to the medal round. Airdrie's best season to date was 1999–2000, when they captured their second league title in four years before going on to win the silver medal at the Alberta Provincial Junior B Hockey Championship, which was also hosted by the Thunder. The Thunder have played in the North Division since 2011–12. In recent years the Thunder have developed a heated rivalry with the Red Deer Vipers. The Vipers and Thunder have now met in three consecutive playoff series. The Thunder knocked off Red Deer in seven games in the 2016 north semi-final. The Vipers have exacted revenge twice since, beating Airdrie in six games in the 2017 north semi-final and 2018 north final. Season-by-season record Note: GP = Games played, W = Wins, L = Losses, T = Ties, OTL = Overtime Losses, Pts = Points, GF = Goals for, GA = Goals against, PIM = Penalties in minutes See also List of ice hockey teams in Alberta External links Official website of the Airdrie Thunder Ice hockey teams in Alberta Airdrie, Alberta

26725119

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conus%20moluccensis

Conus moluccensis

{{Speciesbox | taxon = Conus moluccensis | image = Conus moluccensis 1.jpg | image2 = Conus moluccensis 2.jpg | image_caption = Apertural and abapertural views of shell of Conus moluccensis'' Kuester, H.C., 1838 | authority = Küster, 1838 | synonyms_ref = | synonyms = Conus (Phasmoconus) moluccensis Küster, 1838 · accepted, alternate representation Conus grondini Larue, 1995 (unavailable name: proposed conditionally) Conus merleti Mayissian, 1974 Conus moluccensis f. merleti Mayissian, 1974 (unavailable name: infrasubspecific rank) Conus moluccensis moluccensis Küster, 1838 Conus stainforthii Reeve, 1843 Fulgiconus moluccensis (Küster, 1838) Fulgiconus moluccensis f. merleti (Mayissian, 1974) (unavailable name: infrasubspecific rank) Phasmoconus merleti (Mayissian, 1974) Phasmoconus moluccensis (Küster, 1838) | display_parents = 3 }}Conus moluccensis, common name the Molucca cone, is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Conidae, the cone snails and their allies. Like all species within the genus Conus, these snails are predatory and venomous. They are capable of "stinging" humans, therefore live ones should be handled carefully or not at all. Subspecies Conus moluccensis marielae Rehder & Wilson, 1975: synonym of Conus marielae Rehder & Wilson, 1975 Conus moluccensis moluccensis Küster, 1838: synonym of Conus moluccensis Küster, 1838 Conus moluccensis vappereaui Monteiro, 2009:Monteiro (2009). Visaya 2(5): 88–90. synonym of Conus vappereaui Monteiro, 2009 Description The size of an adult shell varies between 30 mm and 60 mm. The coronated shell is yellowish white, marbled and streaked with chestnut, with minute revolving lines of granules, which are often somewhat articulated red-brown and white. Distribution This species occurs in the Indian Ocean off the Mascarene Basin; off Fiji, Indo-China, Indonesia, Maldives, New Caledonia, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Solomon Islands; off Australia (Queensland). References Küster, H.C. 1838. Die Gattung Conus. 121 in Küster, H.C., Martini, F.W. & Chemnitz, J.H. (eds). Systematisches Conchylien-Cabinet. Nürnberg : Bauer & Raspe Vol. 4. Reeve, L.A. 1843. Monograph of the genus Conus. pls 1–39 in Reeve, L.A. (ed.). Conchologica Iconica. London : L. Reeve & Co. Vol. 1. Mayissian, S. 1974. Coquillages de Nouvelle-Caledonie et Melanesie. Place of publishing unknown : Privately published 72 pp., 28 pls. Cernohorsky, W.O. 1974. The taxonomy of some Indo-Pacific Mollusca with description of a new species. Part 2. Records of the Auckland Institute and Museum 11: 121–142, 38 figs Röckel, D., Korn, W. & Kohn, A.J. 1995. Manual of the Living Conidae. Volume 1: Indo-Pacific Region. Wiesbaden : Hemmen 517 pp. Monteiro A. (2009) A new subspecies of Conus moluccensis Küster, 1838 (Mollusca: Gastropoda) from Tahiti''. Visaya 2(5): 88–90. Puillandre N., Duda T.F., Meyer C., Olivera B.M. & Bouchet P. (2015). One, four or 100 genera? A new classification of the cone snails. Journal of Molluscan Studies. 81: 1–23 External links The Conus Biodiversity website Cone Shells – Knights of the Sea moluccensis Gastropods described in 1838

2606979

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy%20Cross%20College%20%28Indiana%29

Holy Cross College (Indiana)

Holy Cross College is a private, Catholic, co-educational, residential institution of higher education administered by members of the Congregation of Holy Cross in Notre Dame, Indiana. The college was founded by the Holy Cross Brothers in 1966. History Holy Cross College was initially established in 1966 by the Mid-West Province of the Brothers of the Holy Cross as a two-year junior college, primarily to educate Holy Cross Brothers. Lay male students from the surrounding area started enrolling in 1967 and the college became coeducational in the fall of 1968. The first president and dean was John Driscoll, C.S.C. Originally, Holy Cross College only offered a two year degree, and students would then go on to top tier institutions like Notre Dame, Purdue, or Princeton. Over time, Holy Cross College increased its enrollment and academic offerings, and started to offer four year bachelor degree and many students would complete their education there and the institution became a destination in its own right. In 2013, the College received a record donation of $2 million dollars from Guy Gundlach and the Elkhart County Community Foundation, aimed at providing scholarships to family and spouses of fallen veterans. David Tyson became president in 2017 and set to repair the school's finances and reorganize the school. Thanks to a sell of land to the University of Notre Dame and a reorganization of the curriculum, the College saw its financial situation improve and its enrollment increase. Under his direction, the school reinstated the two-year program aimed at students wishing to transfer to other schools like Notre Dame, as well as a three-year program for highly motivated students, in addition to new faculty hires and. In 2020, it received a $1 million grant from the Lilly Endowment Inc. through the Charting the Future of Indiana’s Colleges and Universities program. Academics The college's baccalaureate program focuses on experiential learning, founded upon a program of Four Pillars: Service Learning, Global Perspectives, Professional Internship, Classroom Experience which culminates in a Capstone Presentation. Each student completes the same multidisciplinary core courses. Electives may be taken which allows each student to gain knowledge and experience preferred areas of interest. Students have academic advisors for each major and minor they are pursuing. Students may take courses at any of the local universities participating in the Northern Indiana Consortium for Education (NICE). After amassing 30 credit hours (typically after the first year of studies), students may take classes at the University of Notre Dame at no extra cost, provided they maintain at least a 3.0 grade point average. Current accreditation at the Baccalaureate level includes ten Bachelor of Arts degrees and 17 minors. As of 2018, Business , Psychology, and Communications were the most popular major, although History and Liberal Arts have received favorable reviews. The student-faculty ratio is 12:1, and the 93.4% of classes have fewer than 20 students. Rankings For 2022, was ranked 23rd in Regional Colleges Midwest, 27th in Best Value Schools, and 13th in Top Performers on Social Mobility by U.S. News & World Report. Student life Students take part in the about 500 student clubs and organizations across the tri-campus community (including Notre Dame and Saint Mary's). The college's intramural sports, include flag football, volleyball, basketball, and pickleball. Holy Cross hosts its Student Government, which is composed of the Executive Board, the Programming Board, and the Student Senate. The Social Concerns Committee plays an important role in the student's body volunteering and social service causes. Holy Cross students can be members of the University of Notre Dame Marching Band. Campus ministry is described as "Distinctively Catholic, Open to All" Mass is offered on weekdays at 12:25 p.m. and Sundays at 7:30 p.m. Adoration takes place on Tuesday nights from 7:00 p.m. until midnight. Confession is offered during the first hour of adoration on Tuesdays, along with before and after mass on Fridays. Mission Team The Mission Team is a faith development program. This team forms a critical mass of faith-filled students who contribute dynamic leadership and vitality to the school. They act as a catalyst for stirring up the interest and spiritual yearnings of the rest of the college. Housing Holy Cross has six residence halls for students: four male residence halls and two female residence halls. The six residence halls are: Anselm, Basil, James, North, Pulte, and South. Anselm Hall and Basil Hall are traditional male dorms, James Hall and North Hall are traditional female dorms, and Pulte Hall and South hall are apartment-style male dorms. In addition to the residence halls on campus, upperclassmen are allowed to live off-campus in a co-ed apartment complex called University Edge, located roughly one mile north of Holy Cross. Athletics Holy Cross College teams are known as the Saints. The college is a member of the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics (NAIA), primarily competing in the Chicagoland Collegiate Athletic Conference (CCAC). The HCC men's lacrosse team competes in the Great Lakes Lacrosse League. Men's sports include basketball, golf, lacrosse, tennis, and soccer; while women's sports include basketball, golf, tennis, and soccer. Basketball games are covered by the Regional Radio Sports Network. Bob Schermerhorn coached the basketball team for three seasons and led the team to 32 wins and their first Chicagoland Collegiate Athletic Conference post-season tournament victory in 2012 before retiring the following year Intramural sports Holy Cross offers students the opportunity to play intramural sports, including flag football, basketball, indoor volleyball, and ultimate frisbee. Additionally, kickball, dodgeball, and sand volleyball tournaments are held throughout the year. Holy Cross students are also eligible to try out for Club Sports teams at the University of Notre Dame. Additionally, students, faculty, and staff members at Holy Cross or Saint Mary's College may participate in Notre Dame's Bookstore Basketball Tournament, the largest 5-on-5 tournament in the country held every spring. In 2012, a team from Holy Cross won the championship, a feat that had never before been accomplished. This same team then defended their title, winning the championship in 2013 and 2014 as well. International experience Holy Cross College requires all Bachelor of Arts students to go on a global immersion experience and costs are covered by tuition. There are three primary locations: Uganda Peru India Alternative programs for psychology students are available in the form of an international psychology conference, while theology students may opt to travel to Rome, Italy as part of a course entitled "Rome Through The Ages". Additionally, the Campus Ministry department, in conjunction with the University of Notre Dame, offers a pilgrimage to Montreal, Canada, each fall break to visit the St. Joseph Oratory. Many miracles have occurred at this famous shrine established through the efforts of Holy Cross Brother St. André Bessette, the first saint of the Congregation of Holy Cross and patron of Holy Cross College. List of Presidents John Driscoll, C.S.C., (1966 – 1987) James Leik, C.S.C., (1987 – 1988) (acting) David Naples, C.S.C., (1988 – 1990) Raphael Wilson, C.S.C., (1990 – 1992) (acting) Richard Gilman, C.S.C., (1992 – 2010) John Paige, C.S.C., (2011 – 2017) David Tyson, C.S.C. (2017–present) Notable alumni Skip Holtz ’84 - Son of Lou Holtz. Coach of the Louisiana Tech Football Team. Jeffrey Smoke- 2004 U.S. Olympic Kayak racer and two-time gold medalist in the Pan American Games. Rudy Ruettiger - Football player for University of Notre Dame. His life story inspired the movie Rudy. Timothy J. DeGeeter - Member of the Ohio House of Representatives and mayor of Parma, Ohio Tim Fitzpatrick - Actor, Just Married, Just for Kicks, Big Fat Liar. William Albert Wack - bishop of the Diocese of Pensacola–Tallahassee Philip Metres - writer (poet, translator, scholar, and essayist Joseph Fischer - member of the Kentucky House of Representatives Son Jong-hyun - South Korean footballer who last played as a midfielder for Louisville City Wayne Healy, Marty Lloyd, Jim Bonaccorsi - members of the Freddy Jones Band References External links Official website Official athletics website Official University Edge website Holy Cross universities and colleges Catholic universities and colleges in Indiana Liberal arts colleges in Indiana Notre Dame, Indiana Education in St. Joseph County, Indiana Buildings and structures in St. Joseph County, Indiana Educational institutions established in 1966 1966 establishments in Indiana Association of Catholic Colleges and Universities Roman Catholic Diocese of Fort Wayne–South Bend Chicagoland Collegiate Athletic Conference

68535609

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Belgian%20European%20Film%20Award%20winners%20and%20nominees

List of Belgian European Film Award winners and nominees

This is a list of Belgian European Film Award winners and nominees. This list details the performances of Belgian actors, actresses, and films that have either been submitted or nominated for, or have won, a European Film Award. Categories Best Film Best Comedy European Discovery of the Year Best Animated Feature Film Best Short Film Best Documentary Best Director Best Actor Best Actress Best Composer Best Screenwriter Best Cinematographer Best European Co-Producer People's Choice Award for Best European Film Young Audience Award European University Film Award See also List of Belgian submissions for the Academy Award for Best International Feature Film References External links Nominees and winners at the European Film Academy website European Film Awards Belgium European Film Awards European Film Awards

33494538

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominika%20Cibulkov%C3%A1%20career%20statistics

Dominika Cibulková career statistics

This is a list of the main career statistics of the professional Slovak tennis player Dominika Cibulková. Significant finals Grand Slam finals Singles: 1 (1 runner-up) WTA Tour Championships finals Singles: 1 (1 title) Tier I / Premier Mandatory & Premier 5 finals Singles: 3 (3 runner-ups) WTA career finals Singles: 21 (8 titles, 13 runner-ups) Doubles: 3 (1 title, 2 runner-ups) Team competitions: 1 (1 title) ITF Circuit finals Singles: 6 (2 titles, 4 runner-ups) Doubles: 1 (1 runner–up) Performance timelines Singles Doubles Grand Slam singles tournament seedings Best Grand Slam tournament results details Fed Cup participation This table shows Cibulková's participation for Slovakia Fed Cup team up to 17, April 2016. Source: fedcup.com Singles (20–11) Doubles (1–8) Record against other players Record against top 10 players Cibulková's record against players who have been ranked in the top 10 (correct to 14 July 2021): No. 1 wins Top 10 wins WTA Tour career earnings *As of October 1, 2018 References External links Official website Cibulkova, Dominika

12927067

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soar%20y%20mynydd

Soar y mynydd

Soar-y-mynydd or Soar y mynydd is a Calvinist Methodist chapel near the eastern extremity of the large parish of Llanddewi Brefi, Ceredigion. Its often-repeated claim to fame is that it is the remotest chapel in all Wales (“capel mwyaf pellennig/anghysbell Cymru gyfan”). Its name is Welsh for ‘Zoar of the mountain’. Zoar or its Welsh equivalent Soar is a not uncommon chapel name in Wales which derives from the mention in Genesis 19:20–30 of the place which served as a sanctuary for Lot and his daughters and which was spared by God when the cities of Sodom and Gomorrah were destroyed. Location Soar-y-mynydd stands in the valley of the river Camddwr in the Cambrian Mountains, near the furthest east point of Ceredigion (National Grid Reference SN 7847 5328). It is some eight miles south-east of Tregaron on the road to Llyn Brianne. Calvinistic Methodists The Calvinistic Methodists are a Welsh Protestant revivalist movement forming the Presbyterian Church of Wales. They trace their origins back to the evangelism and preaching of George Whitefield and especially Howell Harris in the late 1730s and 40s. They formed a separate body from the Church of England and from other Methodists after 1821, when their Rules of Discipline were published, followed in 1823 by their Confession of Faith based on the predestinationist Five Points of Calvinism. The working language of the Calvinistic Methodists has always been Welsh, and the services at Soar-y-mynydd are held in Welsh. History The chapel was built in 1822, immediately following the independence of the Calvinistic Methodists. The prime mover was Rev. Ebenezer Richard, minister at Tregaron and father of peace campaigner Henry Richard, with his trustees, and the land was provided by John Jones, the then farmer at Nant-llwyd lower down the valley of the river Camddwr. It served the people of the sheep farms for several miles round about. The congregation had fallen to 2 in 1968 and Soar was threatened with closure, but since 1973 its status has been secured. Since its formal reopening in that year, publicity has meant that some well-attended summer services with visiting preachers are now held on the last Sunday in August. The chapel also now attracts artistic attention; it was painted for example by Ogwyn Davies in 1993, and has featured in poems for example by Harri Webb and Iwan Llwyd. Architecture and environment Soar-y-mynydd is a simple Cadw grade II*-listed building is made of local rubble stone collected from riverbeds and ruined farmsteads in the area. It is whitewashed on the outside. It consists of a traditional rectangular side-wall façade chapel at the northern end, attached to a small two-storey house with two chimney-stacks on the ridge, under a single slate roof; the house is now derelict. The chapel is entered on the longer east side through two pairs of doors, and the pulpit is located between the two doorways. A prominent feature is the painted scroll above the pulpit with the text “Duw cariad yw”, i.e. ‘God is love’ (First Epistle of John 4:8 and 4:16), dating from 1911. The local school met in the chapel-house until the 1940s. The chapel enclosure is walled in stone and skirted by mature trees. On the east side of the building is a graveyard, the oldest apparent stone being from 1856. The most conspicuous is the most recent (2001), that of Professor John Griffiths, a prominent London cancer surgeon. Sources and literature Cadw (1997) Listed buildings detail report, records 18943 (building) and 18950 (outbuilding and wall). Evans, Dyfed (1955) Soar y Mynydd. Y Cymro, 8 September 1955. Evans, John (1904) Hanes Methodistiaeth rhan ddeheuol Sir Aberteifi, 1735–1900. Dolgellau: E. W. Evans. Gruffydd, William John, pseud. ‘Elerydd’, ed. (1994) Tua Soar. Capel Soar y Mynydd. [3rd edition (or printing) 1997.] Jones, Evan (1979) Cymdogaeth Soar-y-mynydd. Swansea/Abertawe: Christopher Davies (Cyfres cynefin). Jones, Huw, ed. Lyn Ebenezer (2007) Bugail olaf y Cwm. Llanrwst: Gwasg Carreg Gwalch. Perrin, Jim (2008) Country diary: Soar y Mynydd. The Guardian, 26 July 2008. Richards, E. E. (Lynne) (2004) Soar y Mynydd. Cardiganshire Family History Society Journal 3.9 (October), 202–205. References External links General: Coates, Richard (2017) Soar-y-mynydd, Ceredigion. University of the West of England Repository.. Hicks, Gareth (2007) Ceredigion chapels database: Llanddewi Brefi. . Rees, Ben (2010) Soar-y-Mynydd. Cymanfa’r Sul 2010. Web-page of Cymdeithas Dydd yr Arglwydd yng Nghymru. . Pike, David E. (2011) Soar-y-Mynydd: revival at the remotest chapel in Wales. . Photos of Soar-y-mynydd and the surrounding area today. . In-text reference: Methodist churches in Wales Grade II* listed churches in Ceredigion

69986245

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Futagozuka%20Kofun%20%28Osaka%29

Futagozuka Kofun (Osaka)

The is a Kofun period keyhole-shaped burial mound, located in the Yamaga neighborhood of the town of Taishi, Minamikawachi District, Osaka in the Kansai region of Japan. The tumulus was designated a National Historic Site of Japan in 1956, with the area under protection extended in 2019. It is the one of the , a group of 30 kofun, five of which have been designated as imperial tombs by the Imperial Household Agency. Overview The Futagozuka Kofun is an unusual , which is shaped like two conjoined squares, when viewed from above. It is located on a hill at the foot of Mount Nijō in the Kongō Range in southeastern part of Osaka Prefecture. Each tumulus is 25 meters on a side, and are connected in parallel along a northeast–southwest axis for a total length of about 66 meters. No fukiishi or haniwa have been found on the tumuli, although there is evidence of a moat. The horizontal-type stone burial chambers are almost the same shape and size on the east and west tumuli and both open to the southwest. The surface of one of the burial chambers retains traces of plastered walls. Inside each burial chamber was a house-shaped stone sarcophagus of almost the same shape and size with a semi-cylindrical lid stone with protrusion for hanging by ropes. Each has a length of about 2.2 meters, a width of about 1 meter, and a height of about 0.7 meters. The tumulus has been robbed in antiquity, and only some fragments of pottery and iron nails have survived of the grave goods. The tumulus estimated to date from the first half of the 7th century, or the end of the Kofun period, into the Asuka period. There is a tradition that the Futagozuka Kofun is the true tomb of the 33rd Empress Suiko (died 628 AD) and her son Prince Takeda (died 593? AD), although the Imperial Household Agency has proclaimed the 200 meters to the west to be her official grave site. The Futagozuka Kofun is located about 14 minutes by car from Kaminotaishi Station on the Kintetsu Minami-Osaka Line. Total length 66 meters: Eastern rectangular portion 25 X 25 meters, 4.8 meters high, 3-tier Western rectangular portion 25 X 25 meters, 6 meters high, 3-tier Gallery See also List of Historic Sites of Japan (Osaka) References External links Taishi Town home page Taishi Tourist Information History of Osaka Prefecture Taishi, Osaka Historic Sites of Japan Archaeological sites in Japan Kofun

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian%20Kennedy%20%28basketball%29

Brian Kennedy (basketball)

Brian Kennedy is an American college basketball coach and current head coach for the NJIT Highlanders men's basketball team. Playing career Kennedy grew up in Rumson, New Jersey and attended Christian Brothers Academy. In college, Kennedy his playing career with Princeton before transferring and completing his college career at Monmouth. Coaching career Upon graduation, Kennedy took over his family's basketball business, The Hoop Group, one of the largest instructional basketball camps in the United States. He stayed in that role until 1997 when he joined the staff at DePaul as an assistant until 2002. From 2002 to 2009, Kennedy left coaching and worked in the financial sector. Kennedy returned to coaching in 2009 as an assistant at NJIT under Jim Engles, and upon Engles departure to Columbia, Kennedy was elevated to the head coach. Personal life Kennedy's uncle is Pat Kennedy the former head coach at Iona, Florida State, DePaul, Montana and Towson. Kennedy served as an assistant on his uncle's staff at DePaul. Head coaching record NCAA DI References Year of birth missing (living people) Living people American men's basketball coaches American men's basketball players Basketball coaches from New Jersey Basketball players from New Jersey Christian Brothers Academy (New Jersey) alumni College men's basketball head coaches in the United States DePaul Blue Demons men's basketball coaches Monmouth Hawks men's basketball players NJIT Highlanders men's basketball coaches People from Rumson, New Jersey Princeton Tigers men's basketball players Sportspeople from Monmouth County, New Jersey

46276408

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homebody

Homebody

Homebody or Homebodies may refer to: Books Homebody (novel) 1988 horror novel by Orson Scott Card 1988 Homebody, 1993 novel by Louise Titchener Homebody/Kabul, play by Tony Kushner Homebodies, 1954 book of illustrations by Charles Addams Film and TV Homebodies (film), horror comedy about pensioners against developers, 1974 "Homebodies", season 4 episode of CSI: Crime Scene Investigation Music "Homebody", song by Bush from The Chemicals Between Us "Homebody", song by Zox from Take Me Home

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army%20of%20Northern%20Virginia

Army of Northern Virginia

The Army of Northern Virginia was the primary military force of the Confederate States of America in the Eastern Theater of the American Civil War. It was also the primary command structure of the Department of Northern Virginia. It was most often arrayed against the Union Army of the Potomac. Origin The name Army of Northern Virginia referred to its primary area of operation, as did most Confederate States Army names. The Army originated as the Army of the Potomac, which was organized on June 20, 1861, from all operational forces in northern Virginia. On July 20 and July 21, the Army of the Shenandoah and forces from the District of Harpers Ferry were added. Units from the Army of the Northwest were merged into the Army of the Potomac between March 14 and May 17, 1862. The Army of the Potomac was renamed Army of Northern Virginia on March 14. The Army of the Peninsula was merged into it on April 12, 1862. Robert E. Lee's biographer, Douglas S. Freeman, asserts that the army received its final name from Lee when he issued orders assuming command on June 1, 1862. However, Freeman does admit that Lee corresponded with Joseph E. Johnston, his predecessor in army command, prior to that date and referred to Johnston's command as the Army of Northern Virginia. Part of the confusion results from the fact that Johnston commanded the Department of Northern Virginia (as of October 22, 1861) and the name Army of Northern Virginia can be seen as an informal consequence of its parent department's name. Jefferson Davis and Johnston did not adopt the name, but it is clear that the organization of units as of March 14 was the same organization that Lee received on June 1, and thus it is generally referred to today as the Army of Northern Virginia, even if that is correct only in retrospect. In addition to Virginians, it included regiments from all over the Confederacy, some from as far away as Georgia, Texas and Arkansas. One of the most well known was the Texas Brigade, made up of the 1st, 4th, and 5th Texas, and the 3rd Arkansas, which distinguished themselves in numerous battles, such as during their fight for the Devil's Den at the Battle of Gettysburg. Command under Brigadier General P. G. T. Beauregard The first commander of the Army of Northern Virginia was General P. G. T. Beauregard (under its previous name, the Confederate Army of the Potomac) from June 20 to July 20, 1861. His forces consisted of six brigades, with various militia and artillery from the former Department of Alexandria. During his command, Gen. Beauregard is noted for creating the battle flag of the army, which came to be the primary battle flag for all corps and forces under the Army of Northern Virginia. The flag was designed due to confusion during battle between the Confederate "Stars and Bars" flag and the flag of the United States. Beauregard continued commanding these troops as the new First Corps under Gen. J. E. Johnston as it was joined by the Army of the Shenandoah on July 20, 1861, when command was relinquished to General J. E. Johnston. The following day this army fought its first major engagement in the First Battle of Manassas. Command under General J. E. Johnston With the merging of the Army of the Shenandoah, Gen. Joseph E. Johnston took command from July 20, 1861, until May 31, 1862. Corps organization under Johnston 1861 First Corps – commanded by General P.G.T. Beauregard Second Corps – commanded by Maj. Gen. G. W. Smith Wing organization under Johnston 1862 Left Wing – commanded by Maj. Gen. D. H. Hill Center Wing – commanded by Maj. Gen. James Longstreet Right Wing – commanded by Maj. Gen. John B. Magruder Reserve – commanded by Maj. Gen. G. W. Smith Under the command of Johnston, the Army immediately entered into the First Battle of Manassas. On October 22, 1861, the Department of Northern Virginia was officially created, officially ending the Army of the Potomac. The department comprised three districts: Aquia District, Potomac District, and the Valley District. In April 1862, the department was expanded to include the Departments of Norfolk and the Peninsula (of Virginia). Gen. Johnston was eventually forced into maneuvering the Army southward to the defenses of Richmond during the opening of the Peninsula Campaign, where it conducted delay and defend tactics until Johnston was severely wounded at the Battle of Seven Pines. During the months after the First Battle of Bull Run, Johnston organized his Shenandoah Army and Beauregard's Potomac Army into two divisions under a unified command with Gustavus Smith and James Longstreet as division commanders. Beauregard quarreled with Johnston and was transferred to the Western theater over the winter months. Jackson was sent to the Shenandoah Valley in October 1861, initially with his own old Stonewall Brigade and later with two other brigades from Western Virginia. Several newly arrived brigades were added to Johnston's army in late 1861-early 1862. When the Peninsula Campaign began, Johnston took his army down to the Richmond environs where it was merged with several smaller Confederate commands, including a division led by D.H. Hill as well as Benjamin Huger's Department of Norfolk, John Magruder's Army of the Peninsula, and miscellaneous brigades and regiments pulled from various Southern states. Richard Ewell was elevated to division command in the spring of 1862 and sent to join Jackson in the Valley. On May 27, an additional new division was created and led by A.P. Hill consisting of several new brigades from the Carolinas, Georgia, and Virginia, soon augmented with James Archer's brigade from Smith's division. At Seven Pines, Longstreet and Smith served as temporary wing commanders, and operational control of their divisions went to Brig. Gen William H.C. Whiting and Brig. Gen Richard H. Anderson. Temporary command under Major General G. W. Smith Maj. Gen. Gustavus Woodson Smith commanded the ANV on May 31, 1862, following the wounding of Gen. J. E. Johnston during the Battle of Seven Pines. With Smith seemingly having a nervous breakdown, President Jefferson Davis drafted orders to place Gen. Robert E. Lee in command the following day. Command under General R. E. Lee On June 1, 1862, its final and most famous leader, General Robert E. Lee, took command after Johnston was wounded and Smith suffered what may have been a nervous breakdown at the Battle of Seven Pines. William Whiting received permanent command of Smith's division, while Richard Anderson reverted to brigade command. Longstreet served as a wing commander for part of the Seven Days Battles and Anderson had operational command of the division at Glendale. The cavalry, organized into a division on August 17, 1862, and into a corps on September 9, 1863, was commanded by Maj. Gen. J.E.B. Stuart until May 11, 1864 (the day he was mortally wounded). The cavalry corps was then temporarily split into divisions, but was merged again on August 11, 1864, under command of Lt. Gen. Wade Hampton III. The Reserve Artillery was commanded by Brig. Gen. William N. Pendleton for most of the war. During the Seven Days Battles, Lee had eleven separate divisions under his command. Aside from the original core army that had been led by Johnston, there were assorted other commands from the Richmond area and North Carolina, as well as Jackson's Valley Army. The inexperience and poor coordination of the army led to the failure of Lee's plans to destroy the Army of the Potomac. As soon as the Seven Days Battles were over, Lee reorganized his army into two corps commanded by Jackson and Longstreet. He removed several generals who had turned in a less-than-inspiring performance in the Seven Days Battles, including John Magruder and Benjamin Huger. Jackson had five divisions, the commands of A.P. Hill, Ewell, D.H. Hill, and Winder. Longstreet had six divisions commanded by Richard Anderson (formerly Benjamin Huger's division), Cadmus M. Wilcox, James L. Kemper (each commanding half of Longstreet's former division), John Bell Hood (formerly William Whiting's division), David Rumph Jones, and Lafayette McLaws. D.H. Hill's and McLaws's divisions were left behind in the Richmond area and did not participate in the Northern Virginia campaign. The army was also joined for the Northern Virginia and Maryland Campaigns by Nathan G. Evans's independent South Carolina brigade and a North Carolina brigade led by Brig. Gen Thomas Drayton. During the Maryland Campaign, D.H. Hill rejoined the main army along with Lafayette McLaws. Kemper's division was merged with the division of David R. Jones, a more senior, experienced officer, and Kemper reverted to brigade command. In addition, Robert Ransom commanded two brigades from the Department of North Carolina. At Antietam, Longstreet commanded the divisions of Anderson, McLaws, Jones, Hood, and Ransom while Jackson had the divisions of John R. Jones, Alexander Lawton, A.P. Hill, and D.H. Hill. The Northern Virginia and Maryland Campaigns still showed numerous defects in the organization and leadership of the Army of Northern Virginia, particularly the high rate of straggling and desertion during the invasion of Maryland. Lee had fewer than 40,000 men on the field at Antietam, the smallest his army would be until the Appomattox Campaign, and the battle was largely fought on autopilot with minimal involvement by the senior officers in the army. During the Fredericksburg Campaign, Longstreet had the divisions of Anderson, Hood, McLaws, Ransom, and George Pickett, who had just returned to action after months of convalescence from a wound sustained at the Battle of Gaines's Mill. Jackson had the divisions of D.H. Hill, A.P. Hill, Jubal Early, and Elisha Paxton. Robert Ransom's division returned to North Carolina after Fredericksburg. D.H. Hill also departed after quarreling with Lee. In the Chancellorsville Campaign, Longstreet was sent with Pickett and Hood to the Richmond area. His other two divisions remained with the main army; they were directly commanded by Lee during this time. Robert Rodes took over D.H. Hill's division. Jackson was mortally wounded during the Battle of Chancellorsville. Afterwards, Lee divided the army into three corps with three divisions each. Longstreet got the divisions of Pickett, McLaws, and Hood; A.P. Hill got the divisions of Harry Heth, William D. Pender, and Richard Anderson; and Richard Ewell (returning to action after almost a year of recovering from the loss of a leg at Second Bull Run) got the divisions of Robert Rodes, Jubal Early, and Edward "Allegheny" Johnson. A Fourth Corps, under Lt. Gen. Richard H. Anderson, was organized on October 19, 1864; on April 8, 1865, it was merged into the Second Corps. The commanders of the first three corps changed frequently in 1864 and 1865. By the time of the Pennsylvania invasion, Lee had fixed the organizational defects that plagued the army during its early campaigns and the straggling problems of the Maryland Campaign did not repeat themselves. After taking over command in mid-1862, Lee began preparing to lead the Army of Northern Virginia for the first time. However, his aggressiveness to attack the Union led to the loss of many troops especially at the Battle of Antietam, which ended up being a turning point in the war for the Union. After the costly victories during the Seven Days Battles and at Second Manassas in August 1862, Lee had now lost a total of 30,000 of his approximately 92,000 troops within three months of becoming the Confederate's top general. Lee then planned to take his troops north into Maryland to destroy a critical railroad bridge across the Susquehanna River at Harrisburg in a letter written to President Davis. Lee even questioned his own plan, as he wrote, "I am aware that the movement is attended with much risk, yet I do not consider success impossible..." In addition, historians question Lee's aggressiveness to move his army to Maryland. "There can be no sort of doubt that Lee underestimated the exhaustion of his army after Second Manassas. That is, in reality, the major criticism of the Maryland operation: he carried worn-out men across the Potomac." His men were also underarmed and underfed, so the journey to Maryland added to the overall exhaustion. Once Lee arrived in Maryland and was preparing for Antietam, he made another controversial decision. Against the advice from General Longstreet and Jackson, Lee split his troops into four parts to attack the Union from different fronts. Clearly outnumbered and opposed to Lee's plan, Longstreet stated, "General, I wish we could stand still and let the damned Yankees come to us!" As the fighting played out on September 17, 1862, known as the bloodiest single-day battle in American history, the battles at Dunker Church and Burnside's Bridge proved to be too much for Lee and his Confederate army. Luckily for Lee, the arrival of A.P. Hill's troops and the mixture of McClellan's and Burnside's sluggishness, saved Lee's Army of Northern Virginia and allowed them to barely hold off the Union in Maryland. Corps organization under Lee Although the Army of Northern Virginia swelled and shrank over time, its units of organization consisted primarily of corps, earlier referred to as "wings" or "commands": First Corps (Longstreet's Corps) Second Corps (Jackson's Corps in 1862/1863) Third Corps (A.P. Hill's Corps) Fourth Corps (Anderson's Corps) Cavalry Corps Campaigns and battles The Army fought in a number of campaigns and battles, including: On April 9, 1865, the Army of Northern Virginia surrendered to the Army of the Potomac at Appomattox Court House, effectively ending the Civil War, with General Lee signing the papers of surrender to General Ulysses S. Grant. The day after his surrender, Lee issued his Farewell Address to the Army of Northern Virginia. Organization of the Army Department of Northern Virginia, October 22, 1861 The Military Department of Northern Virginia was embattled on October 22, 1861. The department initially consisted of three districts under the overall command of General Joseph E. Johnston. On February 28, 1862, there were 47,617 soldiers present for duty to the military district. The Cavalry Brigade was provided from the Potomac's Military District and under direct control from the Defense District. The artillery formed an Artillery Corps with 109 cannons. Organization April 30, 1862 The Army of Northern Virginia was established on March 14, 1862, again under Johnston. Though the military department stayed existent its role changed into an administrative division for most of the war. At the outset of the Peninsula Campaign the Army of Northern Virginia had more than 55,633 soldiers. The cannon was assigned to the brigades, as well as the Reserve's artillery. Nominally, Jackson's Corps in the Shenandoah Valley, was subordinate to the Army. Since Jackson led his own campaign at the time of the Peninsula Campaign and was not under Lee's direct command this overview does not include his three divisions. The Army's organization soon proved inept in the course of the Peninsula Campaign. The corps-like structure was rearranged before the Seven Days Battle to converge with the requirements of actual command. In the course of this battle the Army featured two Corps; Jackson's and Magruder's, with four and three divisions respectively, and three actual divisions with five to six brigades. Also the Defense District of North Carolina answered directly to the Army as well as the Reserve Artillery with six battalions and the cavalry with six regiments. The army's complete strength was about 90,000 soldiers. The exact strength cannot be determined, because only a few notes for actual provisionings survived. The estimated strength results, if not explicitly noted, from in-battle dispatches. Organization at the setout of the Northern Virginia Campaign The Seven Days Battle showed the Army still suffered from insufficient organization in army command. General Lee subdivided the army again, but this time only with single commands. He introduced a corps-like structure of command, and as an intermediate army management he named the left and right wing. The Army was organized on August 28, 1862, as follows. The Army's Reserve Artillery consisted of one regiment and two battalions. They stayed in the area of Richmond in the course of the whole Northern Virginia Campaign and only returned on September 3, 1862, to the Army. Major General Hill's Division also remained in the eastern parts of Richmond with the order to bind McClellan's attention as long as possible. As it became predictable that the Army of the Potomac would soon be transferred to support Pope, Lee ordered the Division north. Hill never entered battle in the campaign. A total of about 54,000 soldiers saw action throughout the campaign. Organization at the beginning of the Maryland Campaign The Army's losses before and following the Battle of Second Manassas needed to be replaced before the Maryland Campaign could commence. While fundamental changes in the Army's command structure were not necessary, General Lee exchanged divisions and brigades or added additional strength to some. The wings of the Army were now officially called 'Corps'. In the Maryland Campaign the Army was subdivided as follows. While organization of the corps was found to be generally reliable, the corps' subdivision into four or five divisions hampered overall ease of command. General Lee had already considered before the Battle of Antietam to slim down the overall structure, but intended there be no changes in leadership. The Confederate Congress authorized the establishment of the Corps, and President Davis affirmed the assignment of the commanders and promoted Major Generals Longstreet and Jackson to Lieutenant Generals. General Lee announced this in Special Order 234 on November 6, 1862. About 60,000 soldiers served at the Maryland Campaign. Fredericksburg and Chancellorsville In the days following the Battle of Chancellorsville there were no changes in the army's command structure or hierarchy. The army replaced its own losses with new recruits and soldiers returning to duty. Lee made demands that all regiments had to be consolidated solely with recruits originating from their corresponding home states. Following the Battle of Fredericksburg the Army of Northern Virginia could muster over 72.497 soldiers not counting other personnel. Not figuring into this overall number is the fact that Lee had made the decision to station a whole division and a single cavalry brigade at Shenandoah Valley for protection at this time and these troops are missing from the total estimates. During the autumn of 1862 lasting throughout the following winter the army faced the Army of the Potomac at Rappahannock. Thereout arose a new problem: Because of the necessity to always show its presence to the enemy there were only limited supplies available for the army from the surrounding villages and towns. Any army at these times supplied itself along the way while moving across the theater of war. Even ordering supplies through the use of the rail, if it was an available option at all, took up considerable time and efforts and supply treks by wagons were potentially prone to enemy assaults. This left Lee with few options and therefore he gave the special order on December 24, 1862, to move half of his artillery into the hinterlands to have his horses better supplied. He forbade to assign all of the horses to any other task than official assignments. On February 15, 1863, Lee rearranged his artillery. Six battalions were assigned to both corps, and the reserve was composed out of two more battalions. The Confederate War Department strongly suggested in position papers to Lee dating from the February 18th, 1862 to station two divisions at the Atlantic coast. Lee was not averse to any such demands, probably very much on the contrary, because of the tight position he was in with the general lack of provisions, so he gave orders to General Longstreet to have it done so. Both of the assigned divisions only returned to join the Army of Northern Virginia again following the Battle of Chancellorsville. The army was composed at this battle out of over 61.500 soldiers. Organization from May 30, 1863, until April 9, 1865 Lee took Jackson's death as an opportunity to subdivide the North Virginia Corps again. President Jefferson Davis agreed to the subdivision and ordered Lee in his Special Order Nr. 146 to reorganize the Army. Lee ordered the artillery battalions of the Reserve Artillery to serve directly with the Corps for the duration of the Gettysburg Campaign. The Army of Northern Virginia now comprised a total of 75,054 soldiers at the Battle of Gettysburg. The army fielded more than 241 cannons following the Battle of Gettysburg. On September 9, General Lee had to dispatch the First Corps to Braxton Bragg's Army of Tennessee. Following this the army was resubordinated again. Changes were not significant; only the cavalry saw important reorganization. The Army's strength was then 55,221 soldiers. The changes in command until December 31, 1863, were only minor. Cooke's Brigade was assigned to serve with Heth's Division, Hampton's Division grew by a cavalry brigade and the Third Corps gained an additional artillery battalion. Imboden's Command remained at Shenandoah Valley and was taken over by Major General Early as the Defense District of Shenandoah Valley. The strength of the army was 54,715 men on December 31. The organization of the Army of Northern Virginia did not change until the end of the war. The Army featured several corps, the corps featured several divisions, and the artillery was divided between the corps. The strength of the Army grew in the first six months from about 46,380 to 62,230 soldiers. The army was assigned in July to the Defense District of North Carolina and Richmond. In the course of the Richmond-Petersburg Campaign the number of soldiers temporarily grew to 82,633 while parts of the Army were under the command by Lieutenant General Early in Shenandoah Valley. In 1864 the Army of Northern Virginia fought against the more than twice as strong Potomac-, James- and Shenandoah Army in Grant's Overland Campaign, Early's Raid against the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, the Richmond-Petersburg Campaign, and Shenandoah Campaign in the Shenandoah Valley. The Army's organization for January 31, 1865 because 69,659 soldiers were fit for battle, but a minimum of 4,500 had no rifles. Defeat and surrender Following Lieutenant General A.P. Hill's death on April 2, 1865, the Third Corps was dissolved and assigned to the First Corps. On April 9, 1865, General Lee surrendered. One day later he thanked his men and his officers for their bravery and sturdiness and announced the dismissal of all troops on their word of honor in General Order No. 9. The listings of the Army of Northern Virginia say that 28,231 soldiers were dismissed on their word of honor on April 10, 1865. See also Confederate States Army Flags of the Confederate States of America Modern display of the Confederate battle flag Notes References Eicher, John H., and Eicher, David J., Civil War High Commands, Stanford University Press, 2001, . Douglas S. Freeman|Freeman, Douglas S., R. E. Lee, A Biography (4 volumes), Scribners, 1934. Freeman, Douglas S. R. E. Lee. A Biography. 4. Bde., Charles Scribner's Sons, New York und London 1934f. online here Freeman, Douglas S. Lee's Lieutenants. A Study in Command. 3 Bde., Scribners, New York 1942–1944. Katcher, Philip R. N. & Youens, Michael: The Army of Northern Virginia - Osprey Verlag 1975 Men at Arms Series Book Nr. 37 - Katcher, Philip R. N. & Volstad Ron: American Civil War Armies 1 - Confederate Troops - Osprey Verlag 1986 Men at Arms Series Book Nr. 170 - Katcher, Philip R. N. & Volstad Ron: American Civil War Armies 3 - Specialist Troops - Osprey Verlag 1987 Men at Arms Series Book Nr. 179 - Silkenat, David. Raising the White Flag: How Surrender Defined the American Civil War. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2019. . United States. War Dept.: The War of the Rebellion: a Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies. Govt. Print. Off., Washington 1880–1901, online here. Further reading [http://uapress.ua.edu/product/Small-but-Spartan-Vol.,4736.aspx “A Small but Spartan Vol.: The Florida Brigade in Lee’s Army of Northern Virginia,] by Zack C. Waters and James C. Edmonds, 2010, published by the University of Alabama Press Young, III, Alfred C. Lee's Army During the Overland Campaign: A Numerical Study'' (Louisiana State University Press; 2013) 400 pages; argues that Lee's Army was far larger in strength and suffered much higher casualties than previously believed. External links 1861 establishments in the Confederate States of America 1865 disestablishments in the Confederate States of America Eastern Theater of the American Civil War Northern Virginia Military units and formations established in 1861 Military units and formations disestablished in 1865 Northern Virginia P. G. T. Beauregard Joseph E. Johnston Robert E. Lee

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamadou%20Diarra%20%28footballer%2C%20born%201997%29

Mamadou Diarra (footballer, born 1997)

Mamadou Diarra (born 20 December 1997), is a Senegalese professional footballer who plays as a centre-back for Giresunspor. Professional career A youth product of the Senegalese club ASC Jaraaf, Diarra began his senior career with the Turkish club Boluspor. After a stint with Bursaspor, he transferred to Giresunspor in on 30 August 2020. He made his professional debut with Giresunspor in a 1–0 Süper Lig loss to Alanyaspor on 13 September 2021. International career Diarra is a youth international for Senegal, having captained the Senegal U20s in 2017. References External links 1997 births Living people Sportspeople from Dakar Senegalese footballers Senegal youth international footballers Giresunspor footballers Bursaspor footballers Boluspor footballers TFF First League players TFF Second League players Association football defenders Senegalese expatriate footballers Senegalese expatriates in Turkey Expatriate footballers in Turkey

4673170

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbie%20as%20the%20Princess%20and%20the%20Pauper

Barbie as the Princess and the Pauper

Barbie as the Princess and the Pauper is a 2004 computer animated musical fantasy film. It was released to video on September 28, 2004, and made its television premiere on Nickelodeon on November 14, 2004. This film is the first musical in the Barbie series. It was directed by William Lau and stars the voice of Kelly Sheridan as the Barbie protagonists, Anneliese and Erika. The plot is loosely inspired by the 1881 Mark Twain novel The Prince and the Pauper, and it is the first Barbie film that completely excludes fantastic elements (fairies, magic, mermaids, etc), which were a usual part of Barbie franchise. It is generally considered to be one of the greatest films in the franchise and has secured a strong cult following. Songs for the film were written by Amy Powers, Megan Cavallari and Rob Hudnut, who also executive produced the film. Plot In an unnamed kingdom, a blonde princess and a brunette pauper are born at the same time. Several years later, Princess Anneliese is betrothed by her mother, Queen Genevieve, to the wealthy King Dominick to save the nearly bankrupt royal treasury; however, she is in love with her young tutor Julian. The Pauper Erika is an indentured servant, working off her parents' debt at Madame Carp's Dress Emporium, but dreams of becoming a singer and seeing the world. Unbeknownst to the Queen, the reason behind the kingdom's bankruptcy is her adviser Preminger has been stealing gold, emptying the royal mines. Upon learning from his henchmen, Nick and Nack, that the Queen has arranged Anneliese's marriage to King Dominick, he decides to make Anneliese 'mysteriously disappear', which will cancel the engagement; after which Preminger can pretend he has found the Princess, earning her hand in marriage, and allowing him to accede the throne and become king-himself. Julian takes Anneliese for a day out into the kingdom so that she can be free for once; there, she witnesses the poverty caused by the kingdom’s bankruptcy. Anneliese hears Erika, who is performing in the street to earn money for herself, but Madame Carp collects it as part of her debt. Anneliese and Erika meet and learn they are identical, apart from their hair color and the crown-shaped birthmark on Anneliese's shoulder. The two bond over their shared troubles and become fast friends. That night, Anneliese and her cat Serafina are abducted by Nick and Nack, who leave a forged letter saying she ran away. Julian, doubting the letter, asks Erika to impersonate the Princess, saving the engagement while he investigates Anneliese's disappearance. Preminger is surprised when Erika, disguised as Anneliese, presents herself at the palace. King Dominick introduces himself to the disguised Erika; over time, the two fall in love, but Erika worries about what will happen if she is found out. The real Anneliese escapes Nick and Nack, but is turned away from the palace because the guards think the Princess (Erika) is already inside. Mistaking Anneliese for Erika, Madame Carp forces Anneliese into her shop and locks her inside. A suspicious Julian follows Preminger to the house where Anneliese was being kept and overhears Preminger's plans, but is discovered and captured. Anneliese has Serafina take her ring and a tag from the dress shop so someone can find her; unfortunately, Preminger and his dog Midas intercept her. Preminger takes Anneliese to the mines where she is imprisoned with Julian after Nick and Nack cause a cave-in. Preminger returns to the palace, where he exposes Erika as a fake and has her imprisoned. Preminger convinces the Queen that Anneliese is dead and that they must marry to save the kingdom; with no other options, she reluctantly agrees. Erika escapes the dungeon by singing a lullaby, causing the guard to fall asleep, and taking his keys. She bumps into King Dominick who tells her that he doesn't believe Preminger's claims about her. Meanwhile, Anneliese and Julian find out how to restore the kingdom's resources with some geodes filled with crystals; the two then confess their love for each other. Erika's barking cat, Wolfie, unearths a mine shaft and the group escapes by flooding the room and floating towards the surface in a barrel. At the Queen and Preminger's wedding, Anneliese arrives, proves her identity with her birthmark, and reveals the truth about Preminger. After a brief chase, Preminger is arrested along with Nick and Nack. Anneliese tells her mother that she wants to marry Julian and that they can help save the kingdom. Soon after, the kingdom’s prosperity is restored thanks to the crystals in the mine. Madame Carp goes out of business; and—with her debt finally paid—Erika leaves to become a renowned singer. After touring the world, Erika reunites with Dominick after realizing where her heart is and deciding to return home to marry him. Anneliese and Erika have a double wedding and they and their husbands ride off in a carriage together. Voice cast Soundtrack This film is the first musical in the series of Barbie CGI films. The entire soundtrack (including popular duets and the opening orchestral theme) can be found on the "Barbie Sings! The Princess Movie Song Collection" CD, released by Mattel in 2004. The songs in the film are, in chronological order, as follows. Free - Performed by Julie Stevens (Erika) & Melissa Lyons (Anneliese) How Can I Refuse? - Performed by Martin Short (Preminger) Written in Your Heart (Prelude) - Performed by Julie Stevens (Erika) I Am a Girl Like You - Performed by Julie Stevens (Erika) & Melissa Lyons (Anneliese) To Be a Princess - Performed by Alessandro Juliani (Julian) & Julie Stevens (Erika) The Cat's Meow - Performed by Julie Stevens (Erika) How Can You Refuse? - Performed by Martin Short (Preminger) If You Love Me for Me - Performed by Julie Stevens (Erika) & Mark Luna (Dominick) Written in Your Heart (finale) - Performed by Julie Stevens (Erika) & Melissa Lyons (Anneliese) I'm on My Way - Performed by Sara Niemietz Reception DVD Verdict called it "wholesome entertainment" with "sweet songs tunefully sung" though lacking in grown-up humor. Entertainment Weekly scored it a B+, noting a generally "feminist" story, and DVD extras including seven sing-along tracks. TV Guide scored it 2.5/4, praising the "peppy score" and classic story as distinguishing an otherwise "ordinary Mattel-icized version of the classic tale". Home Media release The DVD and VHS was released on September 28, 2004 and distributed by Lionsgate Home Entertainment. The re-release was released on January 5, 2010 by Universal Studios. The DVD also included a CD containing seven songs from the film soundtrack. Video game A video game for Game Boy Advance, PC, and Macintosh was released in 2004 by Vivendi Universal Games. In the Game Boy Advance title, the plot follows that of the movie: players must thwart Preminger's attempt to take over the kingdom by marrying Anneliese. Players control four characters: Anneliese, Erika, Serafina, and Wolfie. References External links Barbie as the Princess and the Pauper at the Universal Pictures Home Entertainment portal 2004 direct-to-video films 2004 computer-animated films 2000s American animated films 2000s musical fantasy films Barbie films 2000s children's animated films 2000s English-language films Films about princesses Films based on The Prince and the Pauper Lionsgate films Lionsgate animated films American children's animated fantasy films American direct-to-video films American children's animated musical films Canadian direct-to-video films Canadian independent films Canadian animated feature films Animated films based on novels 2000s children's fantasy films American musical fantasy films Canadian musical fantasy films Films set in England Films set in palaces Canadian films American films 2004 films Films directed by William Lau

7615985

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archidamus%20V

Archidamus V

Archidamus V () was the 27th of the Kings of Sparta of the Eurypontid line, reigning during 228 and 227 BC. He was the son of Eudamidas II and Agesistrata and through him the grandson of Archidamus IV, after whom he was named. After his brother Agis IV was murdered in 241 BC, he fled to Messenia. In 228 (or 227) he was ordered back to Sparta by King Cleomenes III of the Agiad line, who had no counterpart on the throne by then, after the death of Eudamidas III, the son of Agis IV. He was assassinated shortly afterwards. Polybius claims that he was killed by Cleomenes. References 3rd-century BC rulers 3rd-century BC Spartans Eurypontid kings of Sparta 220s BC deaths Year of birth unknown 3rd-century BC murdered monarchs

67128843

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andeimalva

Andeimalva

Andeimalva is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Malvaceae. Its native range is Peru to Chile. Species: Andeimalva chilensis Andeimalva machupicchensis Andeimalva mandonii Andeimalva peruviana Andeimalva spiciformis References Malvaceae Malvaceae genera

3420619

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Directorial%20system

Directorial system

A directorial republic is a country ruled by a college of several people who jointly exercise the powers of a head of state and/or a head of government. In political history, the term directory, in French , is applied to high collegial institutions of state composed of members styled director. The most important of these by far was the Directory of 1795–1799 in France. The system was inspired by the Pennsylvania Constitution of 1776, which prominently featured a collegial 12-member Supreme Executive Council with a primus inter pares President. Variants of this form of government, based on the French model, were also established in the European regions conquered by France during the French Revolutionary Wars. In the past, Uruguay, Yugoslavia (after 1974), Ukraine (1918), and other countries were ruled by directories. The government of the Soviet Union could in some ways be characterized as a directory, but it developed in a much different pattern discussed in the article on Communist states. The sole country now using this form of government is Switzerland (and to a lesser extent, San Marino), where directories rule all levels of administration, federal, cantonal and municipal. The Swiss Federal Council is elected by the Parliament for four years (its members cannot be dismissed), and is composed of seven members, among whom one is president and one is vice-president on a rotating basis, although these positions are symbolic in normal circumstances. There is no relationship of confidence between Parliament and the Federal Council. It is a shared system of government that reflects and represents the heterogeneity and multiethnicity of the Swiss people. Direct popular elections are used at the local level. Definition A directorial system is a system of government in which the executive power is split among a select number of individuals who are, or de facto are, equals. Some have argued that diarchies such as Andorra are directorial as executive power is held between more than one person. Israel's parliamentary system, a codified, streamlined variant of the Westminster System under which executive power is vested directly in the multi-person Cabinet (in contrast to the President acting on the advice of the Cabinet, as in a normal Westminster System) can be seen as semi-directorial. Examples Current Switzerland: Federal Council and equivalent executives of each canton San Marino: Captains Regent Former Pennsylvania SFR Yugoslavia Uruguay's National Council of Government Ukrainian People's Republic French Directory Soviet Union The Town's Legates Junta and the High Government Junta in Costa Rica New England Confederation See also Politics of Switzerland Politics of San Marino Political system Government of Switzerland Government of San Marino Executive (government) Collegiality French Directory References Republic Collective heads of state Power sharing

36863656

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20Crosse%20%28MP%29

Robert Crosse (MP)

Robert Crosse (died 1611), was an English politician. Crosse was a member (MP) of the Parliament of England for Minehead in 1586, Yarmouth, Isle of Wight in 1593 and Saltash in 1601. After the Union of the Crowns in 1603, many courtiers travelled to Northamptonshire at this time to greet the queen and her children, seeking royal favour. Lord Buckhurst wrote on 21 June 1603 that he and the Lord Keeper Thomas Egerton were travelling "to do our duties to the Queen, the Prince, and Princess, all the world flying beforehand to see her". Robert Crosse complained that Elizabeth Raleigh had persuaded him to make an "idle journey" to meet the queen and she had received "but idle graces". References 16th-century births 1611 deaths English MPs 1586–1587 English MPs 1593 English MPs 1601 Members of the pre-1707 English Parliament for constituencies in Cornwall

5609952

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sellevision

Sellevision

Sellevision (2000) a novel is the first work published by Augusten Burroughs, author of the best-selling books Running with Scissors, Dry, and Magical Thinking. Unlike Burroughs’ subsequent memoirs, Sellevision is a work of fiction. Sellevision is a comedy that contains themes of greed and obsession. It is about four people, Max Andrews, Peggy Jean Smythe, Leigh, and Bebe, and their lives, all linked together with Sellevision, a television company. Burroughs wrote the novel when he was getting sober. “I woke up one morning hung over, and I sat down and I wrote something,” Burroughs said in an interview. “It was two pages and it made me laugh, and I hadn’t laughed for years at that point, and that turned out to be the first couple pages of my first book, which was Sellevision. It’s a novel about the home shopping world, that whole world—and, I didn’t know what I had written. But it amused me, so I kept on writing, and I wrote until very late that night. And I drank a little bit less. And the same thing the next day. Again, I had no idea what I was doing or where it was coming from, but by the seventh day, I was not drinking at all.“ Characters Max Andrews Only main male character. Is fired from Sellevision after accidentally showing his genitals on live TV. Peggy Jean Smythe Considered the “top host” at Sellevision, she turns to Valium and alcohol after receiving stalking e-mails. Bebe Friedman An older, single woman who finally finds her soulmate, only to find out that they might be “closer” than they thought. Leigh Bushmoore One of the younger hosts on Sellevision, she is entangled in an affair with her married boss. Adaptations The film rights to Sellevision were optioned by former Home Shopping Network CEO Mark Bozek. Some actresses mentioned as signing on with the project included Carrie Fisher, Julia Louis-Dreyfus, and Kristin Davis. It was announced on September 10, 2009 that Bryan Fuller and Bryan Singer were pitching Sellevision to NBC as a TV series. Fuller was writing the project, and Singer was on board to direct. In the TV adaptation, “we will keep true to the tone of the book, and most of the characters will be the same,” Fuller said. External links References 2000 American novels

3613751

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ex%20Machina

Ex Machina

Ex Machina is a portion of the phrase deus ex machina, meaning "god from the machine". It may refer to: Fiction Ex Machina (comics), a comic book series by Brian K. Vaughan and Tony Harris Ex Machina (film), a 2014 British science fiction film Ex Machina (Star Trek), a 2004 Star Trek novel by Christopher L. Bennett Appleseed Ex Machina, a 2007 anime film and the sequel to the 2004 film Appleseed Ex Machina (role-playing game), a post cyberpunk role-playing game Music Ex machina (group), German music group Ex Machina (Man or Astro-man? EP), a 1998 EP by Man or Astro-man? Companies Ex Machina, a theatre company founded by director Robert Lepage in Quebec City, Canada Ex Machina, a French 3D animation studio, also known as Sogitec See also Deus ex machina (disambiguation)

68610340

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upendranath%20Bhattacharya

Upendranath Bhattacharya

Upendranath Bhattacharya is an Indian Bengali writer. His books This list is incomplete: Rabindra Kabya Parikrama Rabindra Natya Parikrama Banger Beer Santan Prithibir Ashcharjya Bangla Sahityer Sankshipta Itibritta Banglar Baul O Baul Gaan Banglar Baul Gaan Awards He won Rabindra Puraskar for his musicology 'Banglar Baul Gaan' in 1959 References External links http://libnet.vidyasagar.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=26174 https://bn.m.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0:4990010055253_-_Banglar_Baul_O_Baul_Gan,_Bhattacharya,_Upendranath,_1182p,_LANGUAGE._LINGUISTICS._LITERATURE,_bengali_(1951).pdf Indian writers Bengali writers Recipients of the Rabindra Puraskar

42224963

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/What%20Every%20Woman%20Wants%20%28retail%20chain%29

What Every Woman Wants (retail chain)

What Every Woman Wants (sometimes abbreviated to WEWW, and later styled as What Everyone Wants) was a British chain of discount stores. In 1971, it was founded by Vera and Gerald Weisfeld in Glasgow, and became a national chain in 1990, after being sold by the Weisfelds for £50 million to Brown & Jackson. History Over 130 stores were opened in Britain, in towns such as Blackburn, Leyland, Ormskirk, Hartlepool, and Swansea. Openings for What Everyone Wants and Brunswick Shoes in Accrington were planned, but never happened. Their television commercials used the hook from the song by Status Quo of 1979, "Whatever You Want". In 1990, the Weisfelds sold What Everyone Wants to Amber Day, a company run by Philip Green. After selling, the Weisfelds founded a new discount department store in Glasgow, named Weisfelds, in 1994. Located in the old Goldbergs buildings (Goldbergs having closed in 1990), it had a similar style and range of merchandise to their original WEWW business. However, the venture failed to repeat the success of the original and closed in 1999; the buildings eventually fell into dereliction and were purchased by Selfridges who later sold the site. The 130-store What Everyone Wants chain was sold to Tradegro in August 2002, but went into administration the following month. It underwent numerous change of owners, including Philip Green, before Brown and Jackson took ownership at the end. When Brown and Jackson sold it to Tradegro Daan Venter took on the role as CEO and changed the name to Everyone Wants and used the slogan 'Value, Style and Quality'. They eventually closed all stores during March 2003, after no buyers offered enough money for the administrators to agree to sell. One of the first stores to close was the main store in Argyle Street, Glasgow, and one of the last was in Irvine, North Ayrshire References Defunct retail companies of the United Kingdom Retail companies of Scotland Companies based in Glasgow Defunct companies of Scotland Retail companies established in 1971 Retail companies disestablished in 2003 1971 establishments in Scotland 2003 disestablishments in Scotland Scottish brands British companies disestablished in 2003 British companies established in 1971

24879417

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EHF%20Challenge%20Trophy

EHF Challenge Trophy

The EHF Challenge Trophy is an international handball tournament for developing handball nations. There is both a male and female tournaments. Men's tournaments Women's tournaments References External links European Handball Federation official website European Handball Federation competitions

12882481

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hopea%20acuminata

Hopea acuminata

Hopea acuminata is a species of plant in the family Dipterocarpaceae. It is endemic to the Philippines. Locally called manggachapui and also dalingdingan, it is a hard straight grained wood that was used to build the early Manila galleons; it having qualities of being so dense as to not be affected by wood boring insects and one supposes marine worms. References acuminata Endemic flora of the Philippines Trees of the Philippines Taxonomy articles created by Polbot Taxa named by Elmer Drew Merrill Vulnerable flora of Asia

64596153

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkas%2C%20Republic%20of%20Dagestan

Arkas, Republic of Dagestan

Arkas () is a rural locality (a selo) in Buynaksky District, Republic of Dagestan, Russia. The population was 1,676 as of 2010. There are 5 streets. Geography Arkas is located 25 km south of Buynaksk (the district's administrative centre) by road. Arykhkent is the nearest rural locality. References Rural localities in Buynaksky District

25072508

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel%20Wheeler

Daniel Wheeler

Daniel Wheeler (1771–1840) was a Quaker. Biography Daniel Wheeler, British Quaker, minister, teacher and missionary in Russia and the South Pacific. 1771 Born 27 November 1771 to William and Sarah Wheeler in London, England 1777 His father William Wheeler dies. 1783 Midshipman, Royal Navy. Mother Sarah Wheeler passes away. 1781 - 1796 Served in army 1790 Joined Quakers 1796 Settled in Handsworth Woodhouse near Sheffield, began in seed trade 1798 Received as a member of the Quakers 1809 Moved to a country farm with sister's family 1816 Accepted as Quaker minister 1817 Met with Russian Czar Alexander I and became manager of imperial farms at Ohkta near St. Petersburg, Russia 1818 22 June 1818 moved 20 members of his family and others to his farm at Shoosharry, Russia (Shushari) 1818 - 1828, Ohkta and Shoosharry farms, of swamp drained and became model farms. 1828 - 1831 Visited England: made missionary voyage in Polynesia and Australasia 1831 Returned to Shoosharry (Shushari, Russia) where 500 employees worked under supervision of his son William. 1833 - departs London for 'voyage of concern' to Australia and the Pacific 1835 - visits Society Islands 1836 - visits Hawaiian Islands 1838 - returns to London from Pacific voyage 1839 - Missionary tour in North America 1839 - Book edition of journal and letters from the Pacific published in London 1840 Died 12 June 1840 in New York after illness during the sea voyage to America. Buried in Friend's cemetery on Orchard St. New York 1835 - 1839 Letters Journals published 1842 Memoirs published by his son 2014 - Daniel Wheeler's name is given to an alley in Shushary, a suburb in the South of St. Petersburg, Russia (Вилеровский переулок; 59.811636, 30.360407). See also :Category:Quakers by century References Extracts from the Letters and Journal of Daniel Wheeler: While Engaged in a Religious Visit to the Inhabitants of Some of the Islands of the Pacific Ocean, Van Diemen's Land, New South Wales, and New Zealand, Accompanied by His Son, Charles Wheeler, published 1840 Memoirs of the Life and Gospel Labors of the Late Daniel Wheeler, Harvey & Dutton, 1 January 1842, ASIN: B002BQL15, Yoriginally published 1842. Quaker Pioneers in Russia, Cornell University Library, 1 June 2009, Originally published 1902. Memoirs of the life and gospel labours of Daniel Wheeler, a minister of the society of Friends by Daniel Wheeler (Originally published 1843) External links Adherents.com's Famous Quakers Page Jenny's Famous Quakers Page English Quakers Converts to Quakerism 1771 births 1840 deaths Quaker missionaries Protestant missionaries in Russia Protestant missionaries in French Polynesia Protestant missionaries in Hawaii Protestant missionaries in Australia Protestant missionaries in New Zealand English Protestant missionaries

28098541

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars%20%26%20Avril

Mars & Avril

Mars & Avril (French: Mars et Avril) is a 2012 Canadian science fiction film starring Jacques Languirand, Caroline Dhavernas, Paul Ahmarani and Robert Lepage. The movie, based on the photo-novels of the same name published by Sid Lee & la Pastèque, is written, produced and directed by Martin Villeneuve. The film was shot on a budget of C$2.3 million and featured numerous green screen effects. Belgian comic book artist François Schuiten is the production designer, former ILM Senior Compositor Carlos Monzon worked as VFX supervisor, and Benoît Charest composed the original score. The film was financed by Telefilm Canada, SODEC, Les Productions du 8e Art and the Harold Greenberg Fund, and is distributed in Canada by Alliance Vivafilm (now owned by eOne) and in the United States by Gaiam. The official trailer was released in Quebec theatres and on Alliance Vivafilm's YouTube channel on 21 December 2011. The world premiere took place on 2 July 2012 at the 47th Karlovy Vary International Film Festival, Czech Republic (the film was selected in the section "Another View" for its unique artistic approach in both form and content). Since then, the film has been screened in twenty other major cinema events around the globe and has received 10 nominations. Martin Villeneuve was nominated for "Best Adapted Screenplay" at the 2013 Canadian Screen Awards, and he also won an "Imaging the Future Award" at the Neuchâtel International Fantasy Film Festival in Switzerland. In addition, Villeneuve gave a TED Talk about his film at TED2013 in Long Beach, California, thereby becoming the first speaker to come out of Québec. Synopsis In Montréal, in the near future, humanity is about to set foot on Mars. Jacob Obus (Jacques Languirand), a charismatic musician, takes pride in slowing down time by playing instruments inspired by women's bodies, designed by his friend, Arthur (Paul Ahmarani). A love triangle develops when Jacob and Arthur both fall in love with Avril (Caroline Dhavernas), a young photographer. Enter Eugène Spaak (Robert Lepage), inventor, cosmologist and Arthur's father, who unveils a new theory about man's desire to reach Mars and helps Jacob find the true meaning of life and love. Cast Production Development In 2005, Robert Lepage optioned the rights to Martin Villeneuve's Mars et Avril photo novels through his Quebec city-based motion picture company, Films Ex æquo (who had already produced The Far Side of the Moon in 2003), with the intent of adapting them into a science fiction feature film. While Villeneuve was to write the script, Lepage was attached to the project as producer and as an actor. A year later, Lepage shut down Films Ex æquo. Nevertheless, he strongly encouraged Villeneuve to produce and direct the film himself. Villeneuve took over the project, while Lepage remained involved as an actor and creative producer. In 2008, SODEC, Telefilm Canada, The Harold Greenberg Fund and Alliance Vivafilm decided to finance the production. Due to the film's significant amount of visual effects, an extensive year of pre-production was necessary. In pre-production, Schuiten made some sketches of the sets and, in post-production, he oversaw the visual coherence of the whole film while acting as art direction consultant. Since the film was to be shot almost entirely on green screen, in only 25 days and on a very tight budget of C$2.3 million, preparation was key to making it work. The 1200 shots were hand-drawn as storyboards and then edited with the dialogues in a detailed, two-hour-long animatic that mapped out every detail before shooting. Villeneuve went to Brussels in May 2008 to work with Schuiten, then Schuiten came to Montreal twice to follow up: in September 2008 and December 2011. Throughout filming and post-production, the two men touch-based as often as they could through Skype. A brainstorming session between Villeneuve and Schuiten is available as the audio commentary on the DVD. Design In 2007, Villeneuve contacted famed Belgian comic book artist François Schuiten, who accepted the position of production designer. Schuiten had already worked on such films as Toto le Héros, The Golden Compass and Mr. Nobody. The filmmaker wanted the source of his inspiration to play a direct role in the creation of the film rather than try to mimic his style. For a scene taking place inside the Temple of Cosmologists, Schuiten agreed to have a 3D model made of the futuristic auditorium from Fever in Urbicand, a volume in his Les Cités Obscures series. Villeneuve had this image in mind when writing the photo novel. For the shooting of this scene, extras were chosen who looked like the characters from Schuiten's graphic novel. Villeneuve could not afford to have the imaginary musical instruments used in the film built, so he went to Cirque du Soleil CEO Guy Laliberté and convinced him to buy them before they were even made. When Laliberté saw Villeneuve's TED Talk on 7 June 2013, he offered the filmmaker the "Gravophone" which is seen in the talk. Laliberté has thereby financed the creation of the instruments sculpted by artist Dominique Engel. Casting Most of the actors who appeared in the photo novels (most notably Jacques Languirand, Robert Lepage, Paul Ahmarani and Stéphane Demers) reprised their roles in the film, with the exception of Marie-Josée Croze (who portrayed the lead female character in the books), due to a schedule conflict. Caroline Dhavernas, who along with Croze was a roommate of Villeneuve during his college years, was then hired to play the part of Avril. Her mother Michèle Deslauriers, provided the Montreal Teleportation Service's voice in the film (she is also the voice of the real life metro service). Filming Principal photography The film was almost entirely shot on green screen, in 25 days, using the RED digital camera. Since Robert Lepage only had a few days available for filming, Villeneuve turned his character into a hologram and had another actor wearing a green hood stand in for his scenes during principal photography. An avant-garde 3D capturing technique was used to integrate him virtually into his scenes as a hologram. Six cameras were trained on Lepage's head while a mime, Jean Asselin, portrayed the body. The character became a cosmologist whose research into virtual technologies has extended to bold experiments on himself. His head is actually a hologram, with all of his ideas, memories and thoughts stored electronically. Additionally, in order to work around Lepage's extremely tight schedule, principal photography took place in Montreal in two segments; the first was in September 2008, and the second in April 2009. This was radio host Jacques Languirand's first leading role in a feature film. Nearly 80 years old at the time, and being hard of hearing, he wore an ear-piece so that his wife, Nicole Dumais, could feed him his lines off set. When performing on the stage of the Liquid Pub with the band of old musicians played by Marcel Sabourin, André Montmorency and Gabriel Gascon, all cultural icons of Quebec like himself, they received a standing ovation from the 50 extras present during the shooting that lasted several minutes. The first assistant director had to stop the applause so as not fall behind schedule. The Martian backgrounds were taken by photographer Denis McCready in the Mojave Desert using a panoramic film camera. The exact location is near Trona Pinnacles where several sci-fi movies and TV series were filmed including Battlestar Galactica, Star Trek V: The Final Frontier, The Gate II, Lost in Space and Planet of the Apes. The scene where Jacob and Arthur are leaving for Mars is inspired by one of Villeneuve's childhood memories: when he was 4 or 5 years old, his older brothers (including Denis Villeneuve) put him in a box and made him believe that he made a space travel on his way to Mars. Editing By the end of 2009, the editing of a first cut was assembled. In 2010, Martin Villeneuve searched for new investments in order to complete the 550 VFX shots involved in the film. In early 2011, Anne-Marie Gélinas and Benoît Beaulieu joined Villeneuve as producers. Telefilm Canada and Alliance Vivafilm both accepted to raise their initial investment, and so did Robert Lepage and Lynda Beaulieu though their new Quebec city-based motion picture company, Les Productions du 8e Art. At this point, Pierre Even and Marie-Claude Poulin from Item 7 also joined the team as executive producers. Re-shoot In March 2011, exactly two years after principal photography was completed, a re-shoot took place at Lepage's request. The scene in which Jacob and Avril make love was shot in Languirand's actual bedroom. The final cut of the film was completed during the summer of the same year. Montreal-based post-production company Vision Globale (under the supervision of former ILM Senior Compositor Carlos Monzon) then started the visual effects and sound design. Music Benoît Charest was tasked with scoring the music. Charest's score was composed according to Johannes Kepler's cosmological theory, Harmonices Mundi, in which the harmony of the universe is determined by the motion of celestial bodies, referenced in the film's opening voiced by Robert Lepage. Marketing and related works The official trailer was released in Quebec theatres and on Alliance Vivafilm's YouTube channel on 21 December 2011. The official poster, designed by François Schuiten, was revealed online on 11 March 2012, once the film was entirely completed. The first in a series of production videos unveiling the film's creation was released online 16 August 2012. A 22-minute "Making of" was aired on ARTV in October 2012 in order to promote the release of the film, and is now available . TED Talk On 27 February 2013, Martin Villeneuve gave a TED Talk about Mars et Avril at TED2013, thereby becoming the very first French Canadian speaker invited to this prestigious event that took place in Long Beach, California. Prior to his talk, the opening sequence of the film was shown, as well as a three minute overview of the steps leading from the green screen to the final images. Martin Villeneuve's talk, "How I made an impossible film," was released on TED.com on 7 June 2013, and a month later was added to TED's movie magic list, featuring famed directors such as James Cameron and J. J. Abrams. The talk has been viewed more than a million times across all platforms and subtitled in 30 languages. Since then, Mars et Avril has been referred to as the "Impossible Film". Release The world premiere took place on 2 July 2012 at the 47th Karlovy Vary International Film Festival in the Czech Republic (the film was selected in the section "Another View" for its "unique" artistic approach in both form and content). In Canada, the film was first shown at the Atlantic Film Festival in Halifax, Nova Scotia on 15 September 2012. Mars et Avril was given a theatrical release in Quebec on 12 October 2012. Festivals 27 September 2014: Festival du Film Canadien, Dieppe (closing gala) 22 March 2014: FICG Festival Internacional de Cine, Guadalajara, Mexico 29 September 2013: Lund Fantastisk Film Festival, Lund, Sweden 22 September 2013: UTOPIA — Tel-Aviv International Festival of Fantastic Film, Tel-Aviv 22 September 2013: Festival de Cinéma de la Ville de Québec & Vitesse Lumière 9 July 2013: Neuchâtel International Fantastic Film Festival 5 May 2013: Sci-Fi London Film Festival, London 14 April 2013: Imagine Film Festival, Amsterdam 3 April 2013: Brussels International Fantastic Film Festival, ("7th Orbit" 2013 international competition) 23 February 2013: Rendez-vous du cinéma québécois, Montreal, Quebec, Canada 11 February 2013: Boston Sci-Fi Film Festival, Boston (opening film) 6 December 2012: Monsters and Martians International Film Festival, Toronto (opening film) 1 December 2012: Whistler Film Festival (Section / Film Type: "Discoveries") 21 October 2012: Mumbai Film Festival, India 11 October 2012: Festival du Nouveau Cinéma, Montreal (opening film of the FOCUS section) 5 October 2012: Mill Valley Film Festival, California (U.S. premiere) 29 September 2012: Calgary International Film Festival (closing gala) 17 September 2012: Cinéfest Sudbury International Film Festival 15 September 2012: Atlantic Film Festival in Halifax (Canadian premiere) 2 July 2012: Karlovy Vary International Film Festival, (World premiere; section "Another View") Distribution Domestic home media, streaming, and soundtrack The DVD of the film as well as the digital version on iTunes were released in Canada through Alliance Vivafilm on 19 March 2013, along with Benoît Charest's original soundtrack and the trailer music composed by Ramachandra Borcar. Following Charest's Félix win of Album of the Year on 22 October 2013 at the ADISQ Gala, a limited edition of 300 vinyl records were released by Simone Records as a nod to the retro-futuristic look of the film. International distribution In September 2013, Mars et Avril was sold to the U.S. and is now available on Amazon, on iTunes, on Google Play and on GaiamTV. The film is also available on iTunes in the UK, and all across Francophone Europe, among other digital platforms. Reception Commercial performance In February 2016, it was announced that the crew members, for the first time ever in their career, had received a cheque for a film they made with a deferred pay. An art-house indie film that makes its money back is probably a first in Quebec. This is thanks to the work of the American distributor, but mainly to Martin Villeneuve's TED Talk which attracts many viewers to see the film online on platforms such as iTunes and Amazon. Critical response Mars et Avril received generally positive reviews after its release in Quebec. The film also received mostly positive reviews upon its release in the international festival circuit, starting with a world premiere in Karlovy Vary. Brendan Kelly from The Gazette gave it 4.5 stars out of 5 and called it "light-hearted and inspired!" He wrote: "There's a sly wit at work here — that's one of the reasons I so liked Mars et Avril. It doesn't take itself too seriously while tackling some pretty weighty themes, like the nature of inspiration, the relationship between love and sensuality and the notion of how music can set you free. (…) An extraordinary universe that's remarkably inventive and impossible to forget." Mark Adams from Screen Daily was also quite enthusiastic, and described the settings as a "stunning futuristic Montreal, lovingly produced via the special effects, creating an unworldly and dreamy future city that fits perfectly with the graphic novel style." But Adams also noted that "the audience for the film will be relatively niche. This type of esoteric sci-fi — such as Enki Bilal's 2004 film Immortal (Ad Vitam) — works well in France and with fans of comics anthology Metal Hurlant and similar graphic novels, but rarely breaks out into the mainstream." In his review for Sight & Sound, Anton Bitel was ecstatic: "My favourite film of the festival (and one of the year!) was Martin Villeneuve’s Mars et Avril, an oneiric ‘space opera’ of a kind that, had he had access to CGI, no doubt Jean Cocteau would have made. So much in this film is vibrantly original and odd. How many future-set films exist that are in no way dystopian, that feature not a single moment of violence, and that have a 75-year-old virgin musician as their hero? (…) With its robot bartenders, dream machines, teleportation devices, missions to Mars and sleek steampunk sets, Villeneuve’s astonishing debut has all the furnishings of science fiction, yet in breaking down the barriers between science, art, philosophy and religion it becomes something much more than a mere genre piece. It’s a meta-cosmo-poem with musical accompaniment, photographic imagery and much male longing and loneliness – which makes it a pioneering exploration of the outer limits not just of Canadian filmmaking in particular (which has never before produced something so grandly rich and strange) and cinema in general, but also of the SF and fantasy genres themselves, here made to accommodate the broadest of human concerns." Online reviews also praised the film. Writing for Twitch Film, Shelagh M. Rowan-Legg claimed that it "deserves greater attention", adding: "Oh, what a wonderful, rich, glorious treat of a film Mars et Avril is. A sci-fi steam-punk romance with a terrific score, it is a delight to the senses. Visually stunning, melodramatic in its storytelling, and unafraid to delve into deep philosophical musings." Esther Inglis-Arkell from sci-fi authority io9 gave it her two thumbs up: "Mars et Avril is a movie that will surprise you. It has to, as every time it seems to go one way, it will twist off in a new direction. It will also give your eyes a good time (…) It looks beautiful and it looks different. This movie took seven years to make and inspired a TED talk about how to make an 'impossible' film. It's also one of the most beautiful, and immersive, science fiction worlds on film." Jay Seaver from efilmcritic.com called it a "thoroughly funky French-Canadian sci-fi!", and wrote: "All of this put together is a small, colorful delight – the funny bits come and go quickly enough to get their chuckles and not wear out their welcome, the whole thing is pretty, and the story that eventually gets told has some heft to it without ever losing sight of the film's goal of being entertaining." Upon the DVD release, Scott A. Gray from Exclaim! encouraged viewers to bring the film home and wrote: "With his bold, breath-taking big screen debut, Martin Villeneuve has proven himself a vital new voice for intelligent and emotional science fiction. Based on his graphic novels, Mars et Avril is a stunning accomplishment, not just for a first-time filmmaker, but for the genre, and especially for a project with such a modest budget. Its distinct visual grandeur is matched (and surpassed) only by the boundless creativity and thoughtfulness of the story – this is a piece of motion art absolutely brimming with ideas. (…) Mars et Avril is an absolute must-see for viewers more interested in engaging with thought-provoking concepts than passively watching generic linear action unfold." Accolades Awards 11 February 2013: Boston Sci-Fi Film Festival, United States – Honorable mention for "incredible post-production work". 9 July 2013: Neuchâtel International Fantastic Film Festival, Switzerland (international competition) – Imaging the Future Award. 22 October 2013: Benoît Charest won the Félix in the category "Album of the year – original soundtrack" at the ADISQ Gala. Nominations Canadian Screen Awards, 2013: Achievement in Music – Original Score (Benoît Charest) Achievement in Overall Sound (Pascal Beaudin, Daniel Bisson, Luc Boudrias, Olivier Calvert) Achievement in Visual Effects (Vision Globale) Best Adapted Screenplay (Martin Villeneuve) Jutra Awards 2013: Best Art Direction (François Schuiten, Élisabeth Williams, Martin Tessier, Patrick Sioui) Best Sound (Pascal Beaudin, Luc Boudrias, Olivier Calvert) Best Costume Design (Mariane Carter) Best Hairstyling (Richard Hansen) Best Score (Benoît Charest) 23 February 2013: Rendez-vous du cinéma québécois, Montreal, Quebec, Canada – In competition for the Gilles-Carle Award. 9 July 2013: Neuchâtel International Fantastic Film Festival, Switzerland (international competition) – Narcisse Award for Best Feature Film. References External links Canadian science fiction films Canadian films Films based on Canadian comics Live-action films based on comics French-language films Quebec films Films shot in Montreal Mars in film 2012 science fiction films 2012 films

67645357

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese%20Red%20List

Japanese Red List

The Japanese is the Japanese domestic counterpart to the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. The national Red List is compiled and maintained by the Ministry of the Environment, alongside a separate Red List for marine organisms. Similarly drawing on the relevant scientific authorities, NGOs, and local governments, the Ministry of the Environment also prepares and publishes a that provides further information on species and habitats. The first Red List was published by the then Environmental Agency as part of the first Red Data Book in 1991; in 2020, the fifth edition of the fourth version of the Red List was published. In line with the Marine Biodiversity Conservation Strategy, decided upon by the Ministry in 2011, in 2017 the first Marine Life Red List was published, excluding species subject to international agreements, such as those within the remit of the Western and Central Pacific Fisheries Commission (WCPFC) (e.g., Pacific bluefin tuna) and International Whaling Commission (IWC), species under evaluation by the Fisheries Agency, smaller Cetaceans, and those already evaluated for the Red List. With the renewed focus on evaluating the rarity or otherwise of marine life in line with the National Biodiversity Strategy 2012–2020, using the same evaluation criteria and categories as the Ministry of the Environment, and working in collaboration with the Ministry, the Fisheries Agency has also produced a Red List of marine resources and smaller Cetaceans, excluding species subject to international agreements, such as those in the remit of the WCPFC and IWC. Evaluations of 94 species were published in 2017, all falling outside the rankings (i.e., being of Least Concern), other than Pleuronichthys japonicus (Data Deficient). The Red List (and Red Data Book) itself has no legal force but is intended to be used to provide information and to serve as a "warning to society". Appropriate action may be taken under the 1992 Conservation of Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora Act [ja]. Classification As of the 2020 edition, thirteen taxa are used for classification purposes by the Ministry of the Environment: Fauna Flora Five further taxa are used for the Marine Life Red List: The following categories are used to indicate organisms' conservation status specifically within Japan; where a species or subspecies is endemic, the status EX (Extinct) is indicative of its global status. Statistics Extinct taxa Mammals: Hokkaido wolf (Canis lupus hattai), Japanese wolf (Canis lupus hodophilax), Japanese river otter (Lutra lutra nippon), Hokkaido river otter (Lutra lutra whiteleyi), Okinawa flying fox (Pteropus loochoensis) , (Rhinolophus pumilus miyakonis), Bonin pipistrelle (Pipistrellus sturdeei) Birds: Crested shelduck (Tadorna cristata) , Ryukyu wood pigeon (Columba jouyi) , Bonin wood pigeon (Columba versicolor) , Bonin nankeen night heron (Nycticorax caledonicus crassirostris) , Iwo Jima rail (Porzana cinerea brevipes) , Daito buzzard (Buteo buteo oshiroi), Ryukyu kingfisher (Todiramphus miyakoensis), Tristram's woodpecker (Dryocopus javensis richardsi), Izu Peregrine falcon (Falco peregrinus furuitii), Daito varied tit, (Poecile varius orii), Mukojima white-eye (Apalopteron familiare familiare), Daito wren (Troglodytes troglodytes orii), Bonin thrush (Cichlopasser terrestris) , Southern Ryukyu robin (Luscinia komadori subrufus), Bonin grosbeak (Chaunoproctus ferreorostris) Brackish and Freshwater Fish: Green sturgeon (Acipenser medirostris), Gnathopogon elongatus suwae, Amur stickleback (Pungitius kaibarae) Insects: Ishikawatrechus intermedius, Rakantrechus elegans, Prodaticus satoi [ja], Macroplea japana Molluscs: Ogasawarana chichijimana , Ogasawarana habei , Ogasawarana rex , Assiminea sp. D, Hirasea diplomphalus latispira, Hirasea eutheca , Hirasea goniobasis , Hirasea hypolia , Hirasea major , Hirasea nesiotica liobasis, Hirasea planulata biconcava, Hirasea planulata planulata, Hirasea profundispira , Hirasea sinuosa , Hirasiella clara , Lamprocystis hahajimana pachychilus, Trochochlamys ogasawarana , Vitrinula chichijimana , Vitrinula hahajimana Other Invertebrates: Compressalges nipponiae Vascular Plants: Elatostema lineolatum var. majus, Ranunculus gmelinii, Rubus hatsushimae, Flemingia strobilifera, Lespedeza hisauchii, Euphrasia insignis insignis var. omiensis, Euphrasia insignis insignis var. pubigera, Euphrasia multifolia var. kirisimana, Cirsium toyoshimae, Aletris makiyataroi, Burmannia coelestris, Thismia tuberculata, Eriocaulon cauliferum, Cyperus diaphanus, Cyperus procerus, Fimbristylis leptoclada var. takamineana, Fimbristylis pauciflora, Acanthephippium striatum Algae: Chara fibrosa var. brevibracteata, var. hakonensis, Nitella minispora, Porphyra angusta Lichens: Erioderma tomentosum, Heterodermia angustiloba, Heterodermia leucomelos, Siphula ceratites Fungi: Agaricus hahashimensis, Albatrellus cantharellus, Camarophyllus microbicolor, Chlorophyllum agaricoides, Circulocolumella hahashimensis, Clitocybe castaneofloccosa, Collybia matris, Coprinus boninensis, Cyathus boninensis, Ganoderma colossus, Gymnopilus noviholocirrhus, Hygrocybe macrospora, Hygrocybe miniatostriata, Lactarius ogasawarashimensis, Lentinus lamelliporus, Lepiota boninensis, Leptoglossum boninense, Lycoperdon henningsii, Pleurotus cyatheae, Pluteus daidoi, Pluteus horridilamellus, Psathyrella boninensis, Pyrrhoglossum subpurpureum, Rhodophyllus brunneolus, Russula boninensis Coral: Merulina coral (Boninastrea boninensis) Prefectural Red Lists Localized Red Lists and Red Data are also prepared and published by a number of Prefectural Governments, including those of Hokkaidō and Okinawa. See also Natural Habitat Conservation Areas (Japan) Wildlife Protection Areas (Japan) Convention on Biological Diversity Wildlife of Japan References External links 2020 Japanese Red List 2020 and Previous Japanese Red Lists MOE Marine Organisms Red List JFA Marine Organisms Red List IUCN Red List ja:レッドリスト#日本におけるレッドリスト Nature conservation in Japan Biota by conservation status system Lists of biota Biological databases

2157781

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-%C3%89tienne%20Montucla

Jean-Étienne Montucla

Jean-Étienne Montucla (5 September 1725 – 18 December 1799) was a French mathematician and historian. Montucla was born at Lyon, France. In 1754 he published an anonymous treatise on quadrature, Histoire des recherches sur la quadrature du cercle. Montucla's deep interest in history of mathematics became apparent with his publication of Histoire des Mathématiques, the first part appearing in 1758. According to George Sarton, the Histoire is a history of the mathematical sciences, and might almost be called a history of science from the mathematical angle, even as many histories of medicine are to some extent histories of science written from the medical angle. He was appointed intendant-secretary of Grenoble in 1758, secretary to the expedition for colonizing Cayenne in 1764, and chief architect and censor-royal for mathematical books in 1765. In 1778 he re-edited Jacques Ozanam's Recreations mathématiques, afterwards published in English by Charles Hutton (4 vols, London, 1803). The French Revolution deprived him of his income and left him in great destitution. The offer in 1795 of a mathematical chair in one of the schools of Paris was declined on account of his infirm health. He was still in dire circumstances in 1798, when he published a second edition of the first part of his Histoire. After his death, his Histoire was completed by Jérôme Lalande, and published at Paris in 1799–1802 (4 vols). Ivor Grattan-Guinness described the Histoire as a milestone: His first volume covered Greek, Roman, and Eastern traditions, while the second covered geometry, mechanics and optics up to the seventeenth century. Forty years later the second edition began to appear, although the author then died and task of completion fell to Jérôme Lalande. With the help of various colleagues, he completed the third volume and wrote the fourth within four years. The first two volumes covered the same material as before, while the other two handled all aspects of the eighteenth century; the whole encompassed around 3000 pages, including indexes (themselves an excellent feature)...One curious feature of the work, especially in chapters on applied mathematics, is the lack of mathematical symbolism in the text: Montucla and Lalande were often content with a verbal account of the work without entering into symbolic renderings. Of course many basic aspects of the history of mathematics were thus left out. References External links 1725 births 1799 deaths Scientists from Lyon 18th-century French mathematicians Members of the French Academy of Sciences Historians of mathematics

24507890

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gymnopilus%20rugulosus

Gymnopilus rugulosus

Gymnopilus rugulosus is a species of mushroom in the family Cortinariaceae. Phylogeny This species is in the spectabilis-imperialis infrageneric grouping of the genus Gymnopilus. References External links Gymnopilus rugulosus at Index Fungorum rugulosus

60030244

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paolo%20Odescalchi

Paolo Odescalchi

Paolo Odescalchi (died February 8, 1585) was a Roman Catholic prelate who served as Bishop of Penne e Atri (1568–1572), Apostolic Nuncio to Naples (1560–1561 and 1566–1569), and Apostolic Nuncio to Switzerland (1553–1560). Biography Paolo Odescalchi was born in Como, Italy. In 1553, he was appointed during the papacy of Pope Julius III as Apostolic Nuncio to Switzerland. On 15 Jun 1560, he was appointed during the papacy of Pope Pius IV as Apostolic Nuncio to Naples; he resigned from the position on 4 Sep 1561. In Dec 1566, he was once again appointed during the papacy of Pope Pius V as Apostolic Nuncio to Naples. On 27 Feb 1568, he was appointed during the papacy of Pope Pius V as Bishop of Penne e Atri and resigned as Apostolic Nuncio to Naples in February 1569. He served as Bishop of Penne e Atri until his resignation in 1572. He died in 1585. Episcopal succession While bishop, he was the principal consecrator of: Giambattista de Benedictis, Bishop of Penne e Atri (1572); and the principal co-consecrator of: References External links and additional sources (for Chronology of Bishops) (for Chronology of Bishops) (for Chronology of Bishops) (for Chronology of Bishops) (for Chronology of Bishops) 16th-century Italian Roman Catholic bishops Bishops appointed by Pope Julius III Bishops appointed by Pope Pius IV Bishops appointed by Pope Pius V 1585 deaths Apostolic Nuncios to the Kingdom of Naples Apostolic Nuncios to Switzerland People from Como

45091336

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadence%20Design%20Systems%2C%20Inc.%20v.%20Avanti%20Corp

Cadence Design Systems, Inc. v. Avanti Corp

Cadence Design Systems, Inc. v. Avanti Corp was a major legal battle between two semiconductor companies, Cadence Design Systems and Avanti Corporation, that lasted for more than six years, and was fought over stolen technology. The criminal case concluded with Avanti executives pleading no contest to trade-secret theft, conspiracy to commit trade-secret theft, receiving stolen property, and securities fraud, and several receiving jail time. To acquire Avanti, Synopsys paid about $55 million in golden handshake payments to these same executives. Synopsys then paid an additional $265 million to Cadence to settle the remaining civil suit and $26.1 million to Silvaco to settle two of three Silvaco's suits against Meta Software and its President filed in 1995 and inherited by Avanti. The case resulted in a number of legal precedents. Case History Avanti was a defendant in a long running legal battle with Cadence Design Systems, of which BusinessWeek said "The Avant! case is probably the most dramatic tale of white-collar crime in the history of Silicon Valley." In this case, Cadence and the district attorney claimed that Avanti was founded on stolen Cadence code, and Avanti denied it. The case started when a Cadence engineer noticed that the Avanti code exactly reproduced a particular bug that Cadence code exhibited earlier. After finding more similarities, Cadence called the district attorney, Julius Finkelstein. Finkelstein, who was a computer science major and interested in white collar crime, got a warrant. A search revealed considerable Cadence code on Avanti computers and those of consultants it had hired. The ensuing legal battle lasted for more than six years. Cadence would get an injunction against a particular Avanti product, and Avanti would promptly replace it with one with a new name. Cadence would claim this new product was still tainted, and the battle continued. However, this was also a criminal case as well as a civil case, and eventually it came to trial. At this point the Avanti executives (Gerald Hsu and six others) pleaded no contest to charges of trade secret theft, conspiracy to commit trade secret theft, receiving stolen property, and securities fraud. Avanti and the executives paid at this point about $195 million in restitution to Cadence with an additional $40+ million in fines personally to the State. Of the six defendants, One was completely exonerated with no criminal record. One served a three month probation, with a misdemeanor record. Three served some time in a minimal security facility, working half the time outside, and receiving a criminal record. One served time in San Quentin, then transferred to a minimal security facility, with a criminal record. This cleared the way for the civil suit to proceed. During this litigation, Avanti was bought by Synopsys, which paid Cadence about $265 million more to end all litigation. Soon after the settlement, in Cadence Design Systems, Inc. v. Avant! Corp., 29 Cal. 4th 215, 57 P.3d 647, 127 Cal. Rptr. 2d 169 (2002), the California Supreme Court upheld the lower court's earlier decision. Synopsys then paid an additional $26.1 million to Silvaco to settle two of three Silvaco's suits against Meta Software, earlier purchased by Avanti, and its president. The lawsuits were filed in 1995 and inherited by Avanti. References From FindLaw, one of the many legal decisions in the case. In this case the lower court had ruled that although Cadence had shown they were likely to win at trial, this was still not enough for a preliminary injunction. Here, on appeal, the 9th circuit court of appeals overturns that decision and grants the injunction. The case was filled with this type of legal maneuvering. EEDesign article about the final settlement. 2004 in United States case law

25497151

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saaba

Saaba

Saaba is a town in the Boussouma Department of Boulgou Province in south-eastern Burkina Faso. As of 2005, the town has a population of 2511. References Populated places in the Centre-Est Region Boulgou Province

53604058

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Smith%20%28bishop%20of%20Killala%20and%20Achonry%29

John Smith (bishop of Killala and Achonry)

John Smith was an Irish Anglican priest in Ireland in the seventeenth century. A native of Athboy, he was educated at Trinity College, Dublin. He became the Rector of Inniskeen in 1635. He was Archdeacon of Ardfert from 1664 to 1666 when he became Dean of Limerick. He was appointed to the episcopate as Bishop of Killala and Achonry in 1679 but died the following year on 7 March. References Archdeacons of Ardfert Deans of Limerick Bishops of Killala and Achonry Alumni of Trinity College Dublin People from Wells, Somerset 1680 deaths Year of birth missing

730299

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faustin%20Twagiramungu

Faustin Twagiramungu

Faustin Twagiramungu (born 14 August 1944) is a Rwandan politician. He was Prime Minister from 1994 until his resignation in 1995, the first head of government appointed after the Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF) captured Kigali. He then exiled himself to Belgium. Early life and career Twagiramungu was born on 14 August 1944 in Cyangugu prefecture. Although Hutu in origin, Twagiramungu rejects the ethnic label and prefers to see himself as a Rwandan. Twagiramungu speaks Kinyarwanda, French, Swahili and English. Twagiramungu studied and worked in Quebec, Canada, from 1968 to 1976, during which time he experienced Quebec separatism and met with René Lévesque. After returning to Rwanda, he ran a transportation company called Magasins Généraux du Rwanda (MAGERWA). Political career Twagiramungu rose to political prominence after the democratic opening in Rwanda in 1991, as the chairman of a new political party, the Republican Democratic Movement (). MDR joined the multiparty government set up in April 1992, and a MDR politician, Dismas Nsengiyaremye, became the Prime Minister. However, in July 1993, MDR was split between two factions headed by Nsengiyaremye and Twagiramungu, who both wanted to be the Prime Minister in the anticipated Broad-Based Transitional Government (BBTG), a post which was to be decided prior to the signing of the Arusha Accords. Twagiramungu's faction was weak, but he succeeded thanks to support from the other political parties. The Arusha Accords were signed on 4 August 1993, and Twagiramungu was chosen to be the Prime Minister. The BBTG was never installed. Prime Minister after the genocide In July 1994, Twagiramungu finally became Prime Minister in the Arusha-inspired "Government of National Unity" set up by the RPF after taking power in wake of the Rwandan genocide. His appointment was tinged with symbolism for many Rwandans, as he was the son-in-law of Grégoire Kayibanda. After taking office, Twagiramungu was faced with the vexing problem of human rights abuses by the RPF. Like interior minister Seth Sendashonga, he believed there had to be a certain amount of tolerance, but was worried when there seemed to be no end in sight. According to the historian Gérard Prunier who has discussed the issue with Twagiramungu at length, "The Hutu ministers were so conscious of the potential catastrophe their eventual resignations could cause that they swallowed it all in the name of national unity. Until the Kibeho slaughter pushed them over the brink." The tension within the administration came to a head when Twagiramungu called for an "extraordinary council of ministers on security matters" which met on 23 August 1995 and ended two days later when Paul Kagame—the de facto leader of Rwanda and the RPF—made a sardonic comment and left the room. On 28 August, Twagiramungu decided to resign, and four other ministers were fired the next day, including Sendashonga. Twagiramungu was put under house arrest, but managed to leave the country by the end of the year. Opposition in exile In Brussels in March 1996, Twagiramungu and Sendashonga set up an exiled opposition party called the Democratic Forces for Resistance (). FRD was officially launched in April 1997. On 16 May 1998, Sendashonga, who had survived an earlier attempt on his life, was assassinated in Nairobi. Twagiramungu denounced the murder and accused the Rwandan government of culpability. In 2001, a Kenyan court found that the murder was political and blamed the Rwandan government. In 1998, FRD invited four other exiled movements (RDR, , and UNAR) to form the Union of Rwandan Democratic Forces (), which wanted to press for a new power-sharing agreement along the lines of the Arusha Accords, and Twagiramungu was slated to be its president from 1998 to 2002. RNLM and UNAR were both old monarchist parties, seen to represent Tutsi interests, but they soon abandoned the alliance. As president of UFDR, Twagiramungu reportedly worked as if he was alone, creating "a party within a party", and was distanced even from the majority of his own party, the FRD. He was also unpopular with the old guard of the RDR "because of his leading role in the Rwandan opposition to Juvénal Habyarimana's government and his position in the moderate section of the MDR." Twagiramungu resigned from the presidency in December 2001 and "essentially detached himself from the opposition movements". On 10 December 2002, Twagiramungu announced that he would be a candidate in the Rwandan presidential election of 2003. Running on a platform of full employment, regional security, and progressive taxation, he accused the government of attempting to silence his views. He was forced to stand as an independent as his political party, the MDR, was banned. In the final count, he placed second (out of three) with 3.62 percent of the vote. He did not accept the result, claiming that Paul Kagame was leading the country towards a one-party system. The elections were widely condemned as fraudulent by outside observers. Twagiramungu left Rwanda immediately after the election, fearing arrest. In 2010, Twagiramungu founded a "new political trend" called the Rwandan Dream Initiative (RDI). In early 2014, RDI teamed up with three other parties (PS-Imberakuri, and FDLR) to form the Coalition of Political Parties for Change (CPC). The inclusion of FDLR was a point of controversy. The coalition was reportedly falling apart before the end of the year. On 4 April 2014, only two days after Kagame had visited Brussels, Twagiramungu was informed by Belgian police and state security that his life was in danger, and his house was provided with police protection for four days. The Globe and Mail reported that "there is mounting evidence that Mr. Kagame's agents are involved in organized efforts to kill exiled dissidents". References External links 1944 births Living people People from Western Province, Rwanda People of the Rwandan genocide Rwandan democracy activists Rwandan exiles Rwandan expatriates in Belgium Hutu people Prime Ministers of Rwanda Independent politicians in Rwanda Candidates for President of Rwanda

42597417

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014%20Anzac%20Test

2014 Anzac Test

The 2014 Anzac Test was a rugby league test match played between Australia and New Zealand at Allianz Stadium in Sydney on 2 May 2014. It was the 15th Anzac Test played between the two nations since the first was played under the Super League banner in 1997. It was also the first Test match played in Sydney since the 2010 Four Nations tournament. A Women's All Stars Match which is the Women's rugby league version of the game was played as the main curtain raiser for the Test, which was won 24-0 by the Women's All Stars. Pre-game In the lead up to the test, Australia named an expected team, though Jarryd Hayne, a revelation in the unfamiliar position of centre during the 2013 World Cup, was unavailable through injury and was replaced by Canterbury's Josh Morris who was playing along his twin brother, St George Illawarra winger Brett. The twins were playing their fourth test alongside each other, and their first in Australia. Melbourne's incumbent Kangaroo halfback Cooper Cronk won a well publicised battle with Manly's Daly Cherry-Evans for the halfback role, though Cherry-Evans was chosen as a reserve being able to cover the halves, hooker or lock. Melbourne hooker Cameron Smith was playing in his 38th test for Australia and his 14th as captain. Coach Tim Sheens named experienced North Queensland Cowboys back Brent Tate as the squads 18th man. Brisbane Broncos utility player and fresh reserve Matt Gillett was the only player on debut for the Kangaroos, replacing injured Broncos team mate Sam Thaiday. New Zealand however were in trouble with a number of players missing from the 2013 World Cup Final loss to Australia in November. Not selected were the likes of Kevin Locke (languishing in the New Zealand Warriors NSW Cup side thanks to the presence of England fullback Sam Tomkins at the club), Manu Vatuvei, Kieran Foran, Jared Waerea-Hargreaves, Isaac Luke and Sonny Bill Williams. While Foran and Luke were injured and Williams had made himself unavailable, the biggest shock were the omissions of powerhouse winger Vatuvei and Sydney Roosters premiership winning front rower Waerea-Hargreaves. The Kiwis featured five players on debut as Kearney publicly stated they were looking to the future. Playing their first test match for the Kiwis were Manly's Peta Hiku (fullback), Warriors Ben Henry and Siliva Havili (hooker and reserve), West Tigers' Martin Taupau, and Penrith's Isaac John who was playing for the Panthers NSW Cup affiliate the Windsor Wolves when selected. Although it was his debut for NZ, John had previous international experience having represented the Cook Islands at the 2013 World Cup. Another debutante Kenny Bromwich was named as NZ's 18th man. Due to the relative inexperience of the New Zealanders, and that the Kangaroos were aiming for their 16th straight test win to equal the record of the teams that won 16 straight from 1979-1983, the Australians were short priced odds to win their 14th Anzac Test since the first was held under the Super League banner in 1997 (though as a SL game, the Australian Rugby League (ARL) did not count it as an official Australian test). Many critics felt the game would be an easy win for Australia and the Kiwis were given little chance of pulling off what would have been an upset win. National Anthems TBA - New Zealand National Anthem TBA - Australia National Anthem Squads 1 Replaced originally selected Sam Thaiday who withdrew due to injury. Match Summary See also References External links Anzac Test Rugby league in Sydney International rugby league competitions hosted by Australia Anzac Test Anzac Test

5730271

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cook%20Door

Cook Door

Cook Door is a chain of fast food restaurants based in Cairo, Egypt. It is one of Egypt's fast food chains along with Smiley's Grill and Mo'men. History Cook Door, founded in 1988, gained popularity within the Egyptian market/youth. Starting from just one branch in Heliopolis, until recently expanding within the last few years to multiple branches including other governorates. Outlets Egypt Alexandria, 2 Assuit Cairo Damietta El Mahalla El Kubra Giza Hurghada Ismailia Mansoura Marsa Matrouh North Coast (Marina) Port Said Sharm El Sheikh Suez Tanta Zagazig Arab World Jeddah Riyadh Kuwait City Doha (Airport Branch & Villagio Branch (inside the Gondolania Park beside the Tutti Fruitty Shop) Dubai (AlBarsha) See also List of fast food restaurants in Egypt References External links Cook Door’s homepage Cook Door’s menu Companies based in Cairo Restaurants in Egypt Fast-food chains of Egypt Restaurants established in 1988 Egyptian brands

6785009

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20volcanoes%20in%20the%20United%20States

List of volcanoes in the United States

A list of volcanoes in the United States and its territories. Alaska American Samoa Arizona California Colorado Hawaii Idaho Illinois Louisiana Michigan Mississippi Missouri Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico Northern Mariana Islands Oregon South Dakota Texas Utah Virginia Washington Wyoming See also Geothermal energy in the United States List of Cascade volcanoes List of large volume volcanic eruptions in the Basin and Range Province List of volcanoes in Canada List of volcanoes in Mexico List of volcanoes in Russia List of volcanic craters in Alaska List of volcanic craters in Arizona List of lava flows in Arizona List of Yellowstone geothermal features References External links 2018 Update to the U.S. Geological Survey National Volcanic Threat Assessment - maps and ratings for each potentially active volcano Lists of landforms of the United States United States of America United States geology-related lists

9296980

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%27s%20Theatre%2C%20Edinburgh

King's Theatre, Edinburgh

The King's Theatre is a theatre in Edinburgh, Scotland. History of the theatre The King's became famous for being a venue belonging to the theatre empire Howard & Wyndham. The theatre was originally commissioned by the Edinburgh Building Company Ltd, chaired by Robert C. Buchanan. The King's was built as a rival to the successful Royal Lyceum Theatre, which had been established for over twenty years. Buchanan was experienced in the industry as he already managed a large number of provincial variety theatres, however this was his most ambitious project yet. The foundation stone was laid on 18 August 1906 by Andrew Carnegie, with copies of the current newspaper and coins buried underneath. During construction the owners experienced financial troubles being unable to pay the final costs to the contractor William Stewart Cruikshank and to the architects, surveyors and lawyers, at which stage the operating rights were transferred to a new King's Theatre Company, of which Cruikshank was a major shareholder. Buchanan was managing director and he took on the day-to-day running of the King's, with Cruikshank's son A. Stewart Cruikshank as manager. An attempt to sell the theatre to Howard & Wyndham Ltd chaired by Michael Simons, and therefore clear the debts, failed and the Cruikshank family decided to run it themselves with A Stewart Cruikshank becoming managing director in June 1908. The building opened to audiences for the first time on 8 December 1906, with a festive production of "Cinderella" with Violet Englefield as the Prince and Phyllis Dare as Cinderella. The theatre began a successful career as a variety touring house with later visits from Carl Rosa Opera and Richard D'Oyly Carte's company. Under Cruikshank the bill of fare was widened to include drama, musicals, large scale pantomime, revues and opera. Cruikshank later realised that his theatre was at a disadvantage by not being part of a larger circuit. In 1928 he sold his theatre to Howard and Wyndham, becoming managing director of the group under the chairmanship of Ernest Simons. Cruikshank, by now one of the leading theatre directors in Britain, became chairman in 1944 on the passing of Ernest Simons. In 1934 A. Stewart Cruikshank decided it would be worth experimenting with a summer season in Edinburgh along the lines of seaside entertainment. The show, known as The Half Past Eight, had already been a great success at the theatre's Howard & Wyndham namesake in Glasgow, where comic Jack Edge performed to full houses for fourteen weeks. Edge was brought over to Edinburgh to open the show, but with meagre audiences it flopped and lasted just six weeks. Howard and Wyndham brought in Charles and Ilona Ross to produce their winter pantomimes. Charles Ross knew that the normal closing the theatre for the summer was wasting an opportunity, and he wanted to revive the summer show which had failed previously. Cruikshank was at first sceptical, but in 1937 he gave in, and gave the show four weeks to succeed or he would close it. Ross could not find a big star to front the show, and it seemed it was to fail once again. He eventually tracked down a young fairly unknown comic called Dave Willis. Willis was just what Ross had been looking for. The Half Past Eight show opened on 31 May 1937, and was billed as 'An after dinner light revue of song, dance and laughter – also starring Cliff Harley, Florence Hunter and the Charles Ross Girls'. At first, only a few hundred came to see the show, and by the end of the third week Cruikshank was about to close the production. What happened next was not to be expected. News of the show spread by word of mouth and by the end of the following week, the King's was packed nightly with standing room only. The program changed every week. There were big opening and finale numbers with the dancers in sequinned and feathered dresses, and Dave Willis was a hard working individual appearing throughout most of the show. By 1941, the show had stretched to twenty-eight weeks. When Willis moved to open a Glasgow version of the show, Harry Gordon took over. Subsequent stars were Stanley Baxter, Rikki Fulton and Jimmy Logan. In 1948 the theatre suffered a terrible blow when A. Stewart Cruikshank was killed in a car accident at the age of 72. However, in true theatre terms, the show must go on, and Howard and Wyndham ensured this was the case. Over the years capacity audiences had taken its toll on the King's auditorium, the King's was soon crying out for refurbishment. In 1950 the glass canopy was replaced by a more modern design. Then attention was turned to improving the interior. The King's closed for ten months, during which time underwent some dramatic structural alterations internally. The building was redecorated, the uppermost balcony was demolished, and then the rake of the Upper Circle was increased and extended back. The sight lines had now been much improved, and this had resulted in the capacity being reduced dramatically. The theatre was opened partially for the 1951 Edinburgh Festival, with its Dress Circle closed off. It was closed once more for refurbishment works to be completed. The King's finally reopened again on 14 December 1951 with the pantomime "Puss in Boots". Over the 1950s and '60s the variety productions continued their success. It was in 1960 that the first Edinburgh Gang Show took to the stage. Over 100 Boy Scouts enthusiastically performed their first Ralph Reader Gang Show to great acclaim which then started an annual tradition for both the Scouts of Edinburgh and for the King's Theatre, as they prepared for pantomime season. The show continues today with over 200 young people aged between 8 and 25 from Scouting and Girl Guiding in Edinburgh regularly taking part. By the late 1960s, the increasing popularity of television meant that fees for stars were ever increasing, and this spelled the end of theatre. Without subsidy, large theatres such as the King's were doomed, and many would not live to tell the tale. In 1969, the theatre was offered and sold by Howard & Wyndham to Edinburgh City Council, to secure the theatre's future and its part in Edinburgh International Festivals and as a venue for Scottish Opera. At this time the King's was the most prominent theatre in the city, with the larger Empire now used for bingo, and the huge Playhouse still being used as a super-cinema. In 1970 the theatre was designated as a Category A listed building In 1985 the council invested £1.25m in the King's. The woodwork, carpets, glass and marble were restored, and in the auditorium the aisles were widened, and new seats more akin to a multiplex cinema were installed, and the apron and orchestra pit were increased. The theatre is home to Edinburgh's mainstream annual pantomime, which is produced by Qdos Entertainment. The theatre is now run by the Capital Theatres which also controls the Festival Theatre. The theatre is also an important venue over the Festival period. Plans are now underway for a new refurbishment scheme to bring the theatre up to modern day standards. The building The theatre's interior and exterior were designed separately. James Davidson designed the building itself. He was a well known Coatbridge architect who designed many churches, schools, banks and offices in Lanarkshire and the King's is typical of his Lanarkshire municipal building design. The building's facade is distinctly symmetrical, and looks more like the offices of an insurance company than a theatre. The building originally had a glass canopy spanning over the pavements, however this was replaced with a more modern design in the mid 20th century. The facade has neatly arranged double windows, and a central feature design with pillars, bay windows and a semi-circular window above the entrance. The interior of the King's was designed by J.D. Swanston, a Kirkcaldy architect with many theatres to his credit, including the King's Theatre, Kirckaldy. Swanston repeated much of the styling and layout of that theatre, opened in 1904, in his design of the Edinburgh King's. As you enter the foyers, an arrangement of mahogany, heavily carved door frames, stained glass, pilasters with marble and parquet floors greets you. The auditorium originally had seating for 2,500, with tip up seats in the stalls and circles, and upholstered benches with metal arm rests in the top Balcony. After a number of alterations the auditorium now seats 1,350, just over half the original capacity. The design in the auditorium is a feast for the eyes. The boxes are arranged over three levels, and are tiered neatly on top of each other. The sight lines in the theatre were poor as the architects were not as experienced as others in the same field. Some of the boxes had abysmal views of the stage, and the Balcony looked out on the plasterwork above the proscenium rather than the stage itself. These were however, small criticisms as the theatre's qualities far outweighed the faults. In 2013 a mural was added in the central ceiling roundel, designed by John Byrne, to disguise cracked plasterwork. The theatre plans a major rebuild in 2020–2021 to improve access and facilities. Sources Book - Scotland's Splendid Theatres Book - Guide to British Theatres Theatre Website (see below) See also Edinburgh amateur theatre List of theatres in Scotland References External links King's Theatre, Edinburgh on Arthur Lloyd website Theatre Website Edinburgh Cinemas & Theatres Location on Google Maps Satellite view of Theatre Theatres in Edinburgh Category A listed buildings in Edinburgh 1906 establishments in Scotland Theatres completed in 1906 Listed theatres in Scotland

26706669

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lysaker%20Bridge%20sabotage

Lysaker Bridge sabotage

The Lysaker Bridge sabotage (, lit. 'The Lysaker Action') was a sabotage action in World War II which occurred in Norway on the night between 13 and 14 April 1940 when a bridge at Lysaker, bordering Oslo, was blown up. Background Lysaker was, and still is, an important transport hub situated near the mouth of the river Lysakerelva, which forms the border between Bærum and Oslo (in 1940: Bærum and Aker). The Drammen Line railway crosses Lysakerelva with its own bridge at Lysaker, as does the European route E18 highway. The highway is the main connection between Oslo and western parts of Norway. On 9 April 1940, Nazi Germany invaded then-neutral Norway in Operation Weserübung. Oslo Airport, Fornebu, situated very close to Lysaker, was especially crucial in the quick attack, while the highway was crucial to German troop transport. Also on 9 April, Nazi Vidkun Quisling staged a coup d'etat. Incident The sabotage occurred on the night between 13 and 14 April 1940, when Oluf Reed-Olsen and the brothers Leif Moe and Kåre Moe blew up the bridge at Lysaker. According to Reed Olsen's memoirs, the saboteurs had been recruited by British intelligence and were part of a coordinated action against four bridges north of Oslo. The goal was to relieve the German pressure on the Norwegian front lines and allow a respite for new position to be established. The saboteurs were accustomed to using dynamite for civilian purposes, but had no saboteur training. The action, using some 30 kg of stolen dynamite, blew a hole in the roadway of the bridge and rendered it temporarily impassable for traffic. The actions against the other bridges, one between Drammen and Hønefoss, and two more at Sandvika, were exposed in the preparatory phase and two men arrested by the Germans. The incident was linked to a speech made by J. H. Marshall-Cornwall in BBC the day before, in which he encouraged Norwegians to destroy telephone and road connections. The reason this particular bridge was chosen, was an amassing of Norwegian troops near Sollihøgda west of Oslo. German troops were concentrated in Oslo, and a military excursion to the woody areas around Sollihøgda could be imminent. Consequences The sabotage contributed to the surfacing of the Administrative Council. This council consisted of a group of prominent men who had come together already on 12 April to discuss a Norwegian administration without Vidkun Quisling. Then, on 14 April, Supreme Court Justice Paal Berg, County Governor Ingolf Elster Christensen and Bishop Eivind Berggrav appeared in the now Nazi-controlled Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation radio to lament the sabotage. Their messages were recorded and rerun throughout the day, and contained calls to cease violent resistance. The official Broadcasting Corporation policy since the Nazi usurping was similar: to spread a calm attitude in the people. Nikolaus von Falkenhorst also spoke in Norwegian radio, and blamed British broadcasts for stirring up a sentiment and will to sabotage in the Norwegian people. The same attitude was conveyed by Edvard Sylou-Creutz in his Norwegian-language broadcast from German soil. Germans also faced the fact that they actively had to promote more cooperation with the existing establishment than did Quisling. Curt Bräuer was instrumental in installing the Administrative Council, though he promised Adolf Hitler that Quisling would be a part of it. The Administrative Council replaced Quisling's coup government already on the next day, 15 April. Ingolf Elster Christensen chaired it. However, it became short-lived. Bräuer was fired for not securing Quisling a seat, and the Reichskommissariat Norwegen took over, disestablishing the council on 25 September. For the Norwegian resistance movement in general, the bridge sabotage showed a possible path of action. Official Norwegian (government in exile) policy was to be careful with sabotage; this was essentially given up later, in 1944. Many other groups conducted organized sabotage from an earlier point. The saboteurs Reed-Olsen and Kåre Moe had to flee Norway; this happened by boat from Bestumkilen on 2 September. References 1940 in transport 1940 in Norway Military history of Norway during World War II Bærum

40407428

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard%20Beke

Richard Beke

Richard Beke (1630–1707), of Westminster and Ford, Dinton, Buckinghamshire, was an English politician. He was a Member (MP) for Elgin and Nairn in 1656, for Amersham on 8 February 1659, for Aylesbury in 1689 and for Wendover in 1690, 1695 and 1698. Biography Richard Beke was son of Henry Beke (who was sheriff (20th King Charles I) and also one of the parliament committee for the same county), and Frances, daughter of John Billyard, Merchant Taylor, of London. It is likely that Major Richard Beck either had an estate in Yorkshire, or some military appointment in that part of the kingdom, as he was named a visitor of the college erected by the protector Oliver Cromwell, at Durham. The Lord Protector Richard Cromwell had a great regard for Richard Beke, giving him the command of his life-guard, and knighting him. At the Restoration he was briefly in favour, and was a colonel in the army. Later he was in the commission of the peace, and also a commissioner of appeals: he represented Aylesbury once, in 1689, and Wendover twice in the parliaments of King William and Mary. He died 29 November 1707, aged 78, and was buried in the church of Dinton, in Buckinghamshire, in which parish he had a seat. Family On 7 February 1656 Richard Beck married Levina, the daughter of Roger Whitstone and Catherine sister of the Lord Protector Oliver Cromwell. The wedding was a grand occasion attended by the extended Cromwell family including the Lord Protector. On 1 July 1667, Beke married Jane, daughter of Lord Charles Powlett of Abbott's Anne, Hampshire. Beke married his third wife, Elizabeth the third daughter of Sir Thomas Lee, of Hartwell, in Bucks on 10 February 1684. She died 20 May 1737, aged 74 years, and is also buried in Dinton church, Beck and Elizabeth had three daughters: Ann, who married to Mark Antonie. Elizabeth, who died young. Mary, who married to John Baynes serjeant-at-law. References Notes Sources 1630 births 1707 deaths People from Aylesbury Vale English MPs 1659 English MPs 1689–1690 English MPs 1690–1695 English MPs 1695–1698 English MPs 1698–1700

207184

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolai%20Kibalchich

Nikolai Kibalchich

Nikolai Ivanovich Kibalchich (, ,, Mykola Ivanovych Kybalchych; 19 October 1853 – April 3, 1881) was a Russian revolutionary of Ukrainian-Serbian origin who took part in the assassination of Tsar Alexander II as the main explosive expert for Narodnaya Volya (the People's Will), and was also a rocket pioneer. He was a distant cousin of revolutionary Victor Serge. Early life Born in Korop, Krolevetsky Uyezd, Chernigov Governorate (present-day Ukraine) in 1853 into a clerical family, Kibalchich was the son of an Orthodox parish priest. He entered a gymnasium in 1864 but was later admitted to a seminary. But he returned to secondary school and finishing it with a silver medal several years later. In 1871 he entered St Petersburg Institute of Railway Engineers and in 1873 he entered Saint Petersburg Emperor Military Medical Academy to study medicine and worked on experiments into pulsed rocket propulsion. Biography In October 1875, Kibalchich was arrested for lending a prohibited book to a peasant. He spent 3 years in prison before being sentenced to 2 months imprisonment. He went on to join Narodnaya Volya in 1878, becoming their main explosives expert. In March 1881, he was charged with taking part in the assassination of Alexander II. All through the night from February 28 to March 1, Mykolaj and his assistants - the Fleet Lieutenant Sukhnanov and Mikhail Grachvesky – worked without rest preparing the missile shells. The Peoples Will members had to be quick. Andrei Zhelyabov, who was to direct the missile throwers in an attempt on the life of the Emperor Alexander II, had been arrested on 27 February. If the Tsar survived the explosion, Zhelyabov was to kill him with a dagger. Zhelyabov's arrest on the eve of the assassination attempt came as a complete surprise, although alarming rumors had appeared in February that the police were up to something. The plan was in jeopardy. There was no one to warn the Narodnaya-Volya people. Nikolai Kletochnikov, assistant to the file clerk of the Third (Security) Department, bearer of a Saint Stanislav Order, who had often warned the Narodniks about the gathering dangers, had been arrested at the end of January. By the morning of March 1 four projectiles were ready. One of them killed Alexander II on March 1, 1881, on the embankment of the Yekaterininsky Canal in Saint Petersburg. Kibalchich was arrested on March 17. "When his men came to see Kibalchich as his appointed counsel for the defense," said V.N Gerard in his statement to the special committee of the senate, "I was surprised above all by the fact that his mind was occupied with completely different things with no bearing on the present trial. He seems to be immersed in research on some aeronautic missile; he thirsted for a possibility to write down his mathematical calculations involved in the discovery. He wrote them down and submitted them to the authorities." In a note written in his prison cell, Kibalchich proposed a manned jet air-navigating apparatus. He examined the design of powder rocket engine, controlling the flight by changing engines angle, the pro note is dated March 23. He produced this scientific work truly at death's door. On March 26, General Komarov, Chief of the Gendarmery Department, informed the Police Department: "Pursuant to the request from Nikolai Kibalchich, the son of the priest, who is accused of high treason, I have the honor to present hereby his design of an aeronautic device." The brief written in the report said: "To be filed with the March 1 dossier and to give this to scientists for consideration now would hardly be expedient since this can only give rise to a lot of wanton talk. Kibalchich’s design was put in an envelope, sealed and filed. The inventor was told that his design would be handed over to scientists for examination. Kibalchich awaited for their answer. The month of March was at an end, with two days left before execution. On March 31 Kibalchich wrote this solicitation address to the Minister of Interior: “By instruction of your Excellency my design of an aeronautic apparatus has been submitted for the consideration of technical committee; could your Excellency direct that I be allowed to meet with any of the committee members on the matter of this design not later than tomorrow morning or at least to receive a written answer from the experts who have examined my design, also no longer than tomorrow. I also ask your Excellency for permission for me, before I die, to meet with all my comrades in the trial or at least with Zhelyabov and Perovskaya." All the requests were ignored. Execution and legacy At 7:50 am on the sunny spring morning of April 3 two “chariots of shame” with the condemned prisoners rode out of the house of the detention to Shpalernaya Street. Zhelyabov was in the first, and by his side was Rysakov, who had tossed the first bomb at the coach of Alexander II and then betrayed his comrades during the interrogation. Kibalchich, Perovskaya and Mikhailov were in the second. The hands and feet of the condemned were tied to the seats. Each had on his chest a black plaque with the white colored inscription: “A regicide”. At 9:21 am the executioner removed the foot stool from under the feet of Kibalchich. Mikhailov, Perovskaya, Zhelyabov and Rysakov were executed after him. Thus, Kybalchych and other Narodnaya Volya plotters including Sophia Perovskaya, Andrei Zhelyabov, Nikolai Rysakov and Timofei Mikhailov were hanged on April 3, 1881. The fate of the invention, mentioned in Kybalchych's last letter, proved to be as tragic as that of its 27-year-old creator. Kibalchich's design was buried in the archives of Police Department, but the tsar authorities failed to consign the name of the inventor and his idea to oblivion. The trial and execution of the Narodniks had wide repercussions around the world. Much was said and written about Kibalchich's design abroad and all kinds of conjectures were made about the essence of the invention and its subsequent fate. In 1917, Nikolai Rynin rediscovered the manuscript in the archives and published an account of it 1918 in the historic magazine Byloye (Былое, The Past). In 1891, similar ideas were developed independently by the German engineer Hermann Ganswindt. After WWII, Stanislaw Ulam proposed a nuclear pulse propulsion scheme which was studied in Project ORION. The International Astronomical Union honoured the rocketry pioneer by naming a crater on the moon Kibalchich's crater(Kibal'chich). Located at 3.0° N 146.5° W, the Moon's far side. Final letter The Dream of a propulsive device by a Scientist that was stolen by death "I, Nikolai Kibalchich, am writing down this design in prison with several days to go before my execution. I believed in the practicability of my idea and this belief sustains me in my appalling situation by scientists and specialists who show my idea to be practicable, I will feel happy in the knowledge that I have rendered an immense service to my country and mankind. I will then calmly meet death, knowing that my idea will not die with me but will remain with mankind for which I prepared to sacrifice my life. That is why I pray to those scientists who will examine my design that they treat it with the utmost seriousness and good faith and let me know their answer as soon as possible. First and foremost I need it necessary to note that, when at large, I did not have time to elaborate my design in details and prove its feasibility mathematically. Now it is, of course impossible for me to obtain the materials necessary for that. Consequently, this task that of substantiating my design with mathematical calculation will have to be done by those experts into whose hands my design will find its way. Besides, I am not familiar with the mass of similar design which have, appeared lately; that is to say I am aware of the idea behind those designs but I am not familiar with the way whereby the inventors hope to carry them out. As far as I know, however my idea has not yet been proposed by anyone else. In my thought about an aeronautic machine I have concentrated mainly on this question: what force has to be applied in order to set such machine in motion? In my opinion it is slowly burning explosive substances that can provide such a force. In fact, the combustion of explosive substance results with a comparative rapidity in large quantity of gases possessing a huge energy at the instance of their formation. But can one use the energy of gases, formed by explosive ignition, to perform work of any duration? This is possible only if the huge energy of explosive combustion, rather than last instantaneously, will be generated during a more or less prolonged period of time." Legacy In the April 1918 issue of the Byloye magazine, Nikolai Rynin published Kibalchich's description of a manned, rocket-propelled ship, from his final letter. The letter had been filed in police archives until Rynin fished it out, after hearing rumors of the design. References External links Croft, Lee B. Nikolai Ivanovich Kibalchich: Terrorist Rocket Pioneer. IIHS. 2006. . Encyclopedia of Astrobiology, Astronomy and Spaceflight Nikolai Rynin Interplanetary Flight and Communication Vol.2 No.4 pp36. Washington, D.C.: NASA and NSF, 1971 Суд над цареубийцами. Дело 1-го марта 1881 года. Под редакцией В.В.Разбегаева. Изд. им. Н.И.Новикова. С-Пб том 1 и 2. 2014., 1853 births 1881 deaths People from Korop People from Krolevetsky Uyezd Narodniks Narodnaya Volya Russian scientists Russian inventors Early rocketry Early spaceflight scientists Executed Russian people Executed revolutionaries People executed by the Russian Empire by hanging Russian people of Serbian descent

31354981

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hopkins%20%26%20Allen

Hopkins & Allen

Hopkins & Allen Arms Company was an American firearms manufacturing company based in Norwich, Connecticut, that was founded in 1868 by Charles W. Allen, Charles A. Converse, Horace Briggs, Samuel S. Hopkins and Charles W. Hopkins. The Hopkins brothers ran the day-to-day operations of the company until it went bankrupt in 1916 and was subsequently bought by Marlin-Rockwell. History Hopkins & Allen was founded in 1868 as a firearms manufacturer by Charles W. Allen, Charles A. Converse, Horace Briggs, Samuel S. Hopkins and Charles W. Hopkins.In 1874 Converse sold his interest in the company to brothers William and Milan Hulbert, giving the Hulberts 50% of the company's assets and capital. The company became the exclusive maker of Merwin Hulbert revolvers as a result of this and assembly of these revolvers was conducted in a separate area of the plant devoted to M&H revolvers. Following the bankruptcy of the Hulbert brothers in 1896, Hopkins & Allen went bankrupt in 1898. The company was reorganized as Hopkins & Allen Arms Company but lost its factory and machinery in a fire in 1900. In 1905 the entire warehouse was robbed of all its inventory. The factory was rebuilt in 1901 and Hopkins & Allen would go on to produce 40,000 firearms a year. In 1902, the company acquired Forehand Arms Company, for whom it had been making revolvers under contract. The company was awarded a contract to build Mauser rifles for the Belgian Army early in World War I, but the contract fell apart after Germany invaded Belgium. Although the company continued to manufacture firearms, it never financially recovered and went bankrupt in 1916 with Marlin-Rockwell purchasing its machinery, inventory and designs in 1917. Manufacturing In addition to the Merwin Hulbert revolvers, Hopkins & Allen manufactured a variety of spur trigger single-action revolvers in .22, .32, and .38 calibers with trade names such as ACME, American Eagle, Blue Jacket, Captain Jack, Chichester, Defender, Dictator, Imperial Arms Co., Monarch, Mountain Eagle, Ranger, Tower's Police Safety, Universal, and XL, and later hinged-frame double-action models. Hopkins & Allen manufactured revolvers for Forehand & Wadsworth under contract as well as shotguns, rifles, and derringers for various sporting goods stores. References Manufacturing companies established in 1868 Firearm manufacturers of the United States Defunct firearms manufacturers Privately held companies based in Connecticut Defunct manufacturing companies based in Connecticut Guns of the American West

18923549

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kortala

Kortala

Kortala is a village and municipality in the Balakan Rayon of Azerbaijan. It has a population of 2,996. The municipality consists of the villages of Kortala, Biçiqarbinə, and Qarahacılı. References Populated places in Balakan District

32022270

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simcha%20Elberg

Simcha Elberg

Rabbi Simcha Elberg (known as שמחה עלבערג in Hebrew) (1915–1995) was a renowned Talmudic scholar and the chairman on the executive board of the Union of Orthodox Rabbis for 25 years. He was also on the executive committee of Agudath Israel of America. Rabbi Elberg was born in Poland and ordained as a Rabbi in Warsaw by Rabbi Menachem Ziemba. He studied at Warsaw's Emek Halacha Yeshiva, where his main teacher was Rabbi Natan Spigelglas. He edited the yeshivah's journal, as a means to combat Haskalah, or Enlightenment. He went to the Montreaux yeshivah between 1935 and 1936 and then moved to Paris as a correspondent for the orthodox press. He enrolled at the Sorbonne, but in 1939 returned to Warsaw for his sister's wedding, which coincided with the invasion by the Nazis. Rabbi Elberg was able to flee, making his way through Poland, then Lithuania and then to Russia. From Vladivostok he sailed to Japan and then to Shanghai, where he arrived on September 1941 with the Mir Yeshiva. His parents, brother, sisters and his teacher Rabbi Natan Spigelglas were all sent to Treblinka where they were murdered. Rabbi Menachem Ziemba was killed in the Warsaw Ghetto. In Shanghai, he married Miriam Slutsker whose father, Rabbi Yehuda Selig Slutsker settled with his wife Dina in Harbin, Manchuria, China, after World War I. The Elbergs returned to Paris after the war, and Simcha defended a dissertation regarding slavery among Jews in ancient times at the Sorbonne. He came to New York in 1947 and served as editor of HaPardes, a journal of Talmudic academics. He was fundamental on certifying Coca-Cola for Passover. Works In addition to editing the monthly HaPardes journal, Rabbi Elberg authored several books on his own: "Varshah shel ma'lah" detailing pre-World War II Warsaw (Published in Bene Barak, 1969), וורשא של מעלה "Imrei Simcha" detailing Jewish philosophy (New York, 1989), אמרי שמחה "Minchas Bikkurim" Talmudic novallae (Warsaw, 1939), מנחת ביכורים Jubilee book celebrating the fifty year anniversary of HaPardes, ספר היובל הפרדס "Shalmei Simcha" (5 volumes), שלמי שמחה Much of the archives of HaPardes (הפרדס) has been preserved on Hebrewbooks.org. Notes and references External links Simcha Elberg on WorldCat 1915 births 1995 deaths American Haredi rabbis 20th-century American rabbis

10088254

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Property%20Law%20of%20the%20People%27s%20Republic%20of%20China

Property Law of the People's Republic of China

The Property Law of the People's Republic of China () is a property law adopted by the National People's Congress in 2007 (on March 16) that went into effect on October 1, 2007. The law covers the creation, transfer, and ownership of property in the mainland of the People's Republic of China (PRC) and is part of an ongoing effort by the PRC to gradually develop a civil code. it contains all aspects of property law in the PRC's legal system. The law was drafted quite differently from the usual legislative process in the PRC where laws are drafted behind closed doors, over 14 000 public submissions were considered for over a decade before the law was adopted and put into effect. In developing civil law in the PRC mainland, the PRC government has used the German Pandectist system of classification under which the property law corresponds to the law on real rights, which is the term used in Chinese for the official name of the law. Passage The drafting of the law involved considerable controversy. The proposed bill caused quite a stir since it was first published in 2002, was subsequently deferred, and yet again failed in its reading at the National People's Congress (NPC) of 2006 because of disputes over its content. It finally went through its eighth reading in 2007. Many in the Chinese legal community feared that creating a single law to cover both state property and private property would facilitate privatization and asset stripping of state-owned enterprises. The draft law was subject to a constitutional challenge. Legal scholars, notably Gong Xiantian of Peking University, argued that it violated the constitutional characterization of the PRC as a socialist state. The law was originally scheduled to be adopted in 2005, but was removed from the legislative agenda following these objections. The final form of the law contains a number of additions to address these objections. On March 8, 2007, the Property Law was formally introduced at the NPC. Vice-Chairman Wang Zhaoguo told the Congress that the law will "safeguard the fundamental interests of the people", and the law is an attempt at adapting to new "economic and social realities" in China. The law was adopted on March 16, the final day of the two-week session of congress, with the backing of 96.9% of the 2,889 legislators attending, with 2799 for, 52 against, and 37 abstentions. In his final address to the 2007 Session, NPC Chairman Wu Bangguo declared "the Private Property Law and the Corporate Taxation law are two of the most important laws in the new economic system of Socialism with Chinese characteristics, we must attempt to learn these laws fully through various methods." Description The Property Law contains 5 parts, 19 chapters and 247 articles. The parts deal with the following topics: Part One - General Provisions Part Two - Ownership Part Three - Usufructs Part Four - Security Interest in Property Part Five - Possession. The main purpose of the law is stated in Article 1. "This Law is enacted in accordance with the Constitution for the purpose of upholding the basic economic system of the State, maintaining the order of the socialist market economy, defining the attribution of things, giving play to the usefulness of things and protecting the property right of obligees." Article 9 states, "The creation, alteration, transfer or extinction of the property right shall become valid upon registration according to law; otherwise it shall not become valid, unless otherwise provided for by law. Registration of ownership of all the natural resources which are owned by the State in accordance with law may be dispensed with." The law covers all of the three property types within the People's Republic of China, which are state, collective, and private which are defined in Chapter 5 of the law. Chapter 4, Article 40 of the law divides property rights into three types: ownership rights, use rights, and security rights. The law goes into detail about the legal rights associated with any of these three types. The law does not change the system of land tenure by which the state owns all land. However, in formalizing existing practice, individuals can possess a land-use right, which is defined in Chapter 10 of the law. The law defines this land-use right in terms of the civil law concept of usufruct. Response Some press reports have characterized this law as the first piece of legislation in the People's Republic of China to cover an individual's right to own private assets, although this is incorrect as the right to private property was written into the Constitution of the People's Republic of China in 2004. The amendment states "Citizens' lawful private property is inviolable." See also Chinese property law Intellectual property in the People's Republic of China Nail houses land reform Notes References External links An English translation of the Property Law of the PRC on the NPC's official website English translation, Lehman, Lee & Xu, LLP Text in Chinese Draft text in Chinese China Introduces Landmark Property Law, Guardian Unlimited China passes new law on property, BBC, Friday, 16 March 2007, 02:51 GMT. Property law of China

52390038

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reynaldo%20Pati%C3%B1o

Reynaldo Patiño

Reynaldo Patiño is a Salvadoran former swimmer. He competed in the Men's 4 × 100 metre freestyle relay at the 1972 Summer Olympics. References Year of birth missing (living people) Living people Salvadoran male swimmers Olympic swimmers of El Salvador Swimmers at the 1972 Summer Olympics Place of birth missing (living people)

57269525

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somatolophia%20ectrapelaria

Somatolophia ectrapelaria

Somatolophia ectrapelaria is a species of geometrid moth in the family Geometridae. It is found in North America. The MONA or Hodges number for Somatolophia ectrapelaria is 6945. References Further reading Ourapterygini Articles created by Qbugbot Moths described in 1908

41279393

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton%20Treuer

Anton Treuer

Anton Treuer is an American academic and author specializing in the Ojibwe language and American Indian studies. He is professor of Ojibwe at Bemidji State University, Minnesota and a 2008 Guggenheim Fellow. Early life and education Anton Treuer was born in Washington, D.C. in 1969 to Robert and Margaret Treuer. Robert Treuer was an Austrian Jew and Holocaust survivor. Margaret Treuer was an enrolled member of the White Earth Ojibwe Nation and a lifelong resident of the Leech Lake Reservation. She was a tribal judge and was the first female Indian attorney in the State of Minnesota. Anton Treuer grew up in and around the Leech Lake Reservation in Minnesota and went to high school in Bemidji. He was awarded a BA from Princeton in 1991 and an MA in 1994 and PhD in 1996 from the University of Minnesota. Academic career and work Anton Treuer has authored or edited 18 books. He also edits the only academic journal about the Ojibwe language, the Oshkaabewis Native Journal. After serving as Assistant Professor of History at the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee from 1996-2000, Treuer returned to his home town of Bemidji as Professor of Ojibwe, a position he still holds today. Treuer's publications and academic work have remained very broad. The Assassination of Hole in the Day was a major historical research project. Everything You Wanted to Know About Indians But Were Afraid to Ask is designed as a broadly accessible general reader book on American Indians. He has also published extensively in linguistics and Ojibwe language. He is widely recognized as one of the most prolific scholars of Ojibwe, and at the forefront of a movement to textualize this formerly oral language in hopes of preserving and revitalizing it. Treuer has also worked extensively with the Ojibwe language immersion efforts underway in Minnesota, Wisconsin, and Ontario. He is part of a team of scholars developing Rosetta Stone for Ojibwe with the Mille Lacs Band of Ojibwe. Ceremonial life Anton Treuer is also widely known for his volunteer work at Ojibwe ceremonies, where he helps officiate at medicine dance and ceremonial drums in Minnesota and Wisconsin. The Ojibwe maintain a vibrant musical and religious tradition, and Treuer is often acknowledged to be one of the youngest knowledgeable teachers and leaders of such ceremonies. His service in this area was recently detailed in an article by Mary Pember that appeared in Al Jazeera. Publications Everything You Wanted to Know About Indians But Were Afraid to Ask St. Paul: Minnesota Historical Society Press, 2012. Living Our Language: Ojibwe Tales and Oral Histories (ed.), Minnesota Historical Society Press, 2001 The Assassination of Hole in the Day, Borealis, 2012 Ojibwe in Minnesota. St. Paul, Minnesota Historical Society, 2010. Atlas of Indian Nations, National Geographic Society, 2014 Warrior Nation: A History of the Red Lake Ojibwe "The Language Warrior's Manifesto: How to Keep Our Languages Alive No Matter the Odds," Minnesota Historical Society Press, 2020. Awards Sally Ordway Irvine Award for Distinguished Service in Education, 2011 References External links 1969 births 20th-century linguists 21st-century linguists Bemidji State University faculty Date of birth missing (living people) Living people Native American linguists Native American studies Ojibwe people People from Washington, D.C. Princeton University alumni University of Minnesota alumni

15352898

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great%20Plain%20of%20the%20Koukdjuak

Great Plain of the Koukdjuak

The Great Plain of the Koukdjuak is located in the Qikiqtaaluk Region, Nunavut within the Canadian Arctic. It is the namesake of the Koukdjuak River in western Baffin Island on the southeastern coast of Foxe Basin. It stretches from Cory Bay to Hantzsch Bay, and then inland. Geography The plain is about long, wide and has an area of . It is characterized as a broad, flat, water-logged lowland with a tidal zone that may extend as far as inland. The Plain's boundaries include raised beach ridges inland and granite outcrops to the south. Its tundra covers clay soils, limestone and shale bedrock. Fauna It is notable for migratory bird and wildlife (Barren-ground caribou crossing) habitat. The plain supports the largest goose colony in the world. It is a breeding ground or habitat for lesser snow geese, Canada geese, long-tailed ducks, king eider, common eider, and Atlantic brant. It is a natural habitat for shorebirds, such as the red phalarope. It is classified as an Important Bird Area, an International Biological Program designated site and a Key Habitat Site. Conservation status Dewey Soper Migratory Bird Sanctuary (federal) Ramsar Site (Wetland of International Significance) Bowman Bay Wildlife Sanctuary References External links Map Foxe Basin Landforms of Baffin Island Wetlands of Qikiqtaaluk Region Natural history of Nunavut Ramsar sites in Qikiqtaaluk Region Important Bird Areas of Qikiqtaaluk Region Plains of Qikiqtaaluk Region Important Bird Areas of Arctic islands

59324359

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Matrimonial%20Momentum

The Matrimonial Momentum

"The Matrimonial Momentum" is the first episode of the ninth season, and 184th episode overall of The Big Bang Theory. It first aired on CBS on September 21, 2015. Plot Leonard and Penny elope in Las Vegas, live streaming the ceremony for friends at home. Leonard wrote a touching cosmology-based wedding vow while Penny recites "You've Got a Friend in Me" from Leonard's favorite movie, Toy Story. Sheldon, confused and hurt by Amy's indecision about their relationship, insults her before all their friends while watching the wedding stream at Howard and Bernadette's house. Amy openly breaks up with him, upon which all leave except for Howard and Stuart, who actually see the wedding to the end. When Leonard and Penny kiss after he carries her over the threshold, Penny is still bothered that Leonard kissed Mandy two years ago and is outraged to hear they work together. They argue on their return home and both go to their respective apartments alone. Sheldon calls his mother to return his great-grandmother's ring which he had intended for Amy, but Mary tells him to wait. He also briefly considers dating Mandy to hurt Amy and is outraged to learn that Penny knew she was unhappy and did not defend him. Reception Ratings The episode was watched live by 18.20 million viewers, and had a ratings share of 4.7, during its original broadcast. The episode attracted 2,661,000 viewers upon its British premiere, making it the most watched programme on E4 for the week. Critical response In 2019, Screen Rant rated it the worst episode of the series. Jesse Schedeen of IGN rated the episode 8.2, complimenting how the episode set-up ongoing drama, as well as Amy and Sheldon's break-up. Schedeen criticized the episode's lack of humour. Caroline Preece of Den of Geek similarly criticizes that the episode is "devoid of any laughs at all" and ends on "a sour note". Preece commented that Sheldon is "unrepentantly awful" and described the wedding as "cute" and a "brave choice" by the writers, but questioned after their breakup: "what was the point?" References External links "The Matrimonial Momentum" at CBS.com 2015 American television episodes The Big Bang Theory episodes

3864722

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuvash%20dragon

Chuvash dragon

Verechelen (Chuvash: Вӗрӗҫӗлен (; ) or Вӗриҫӗлен, Вӗриҫлен, Вриҫлен, Russian: Вереселень) also known as Chuvash dragons which are winged fire-breathing and shape shifting dragons. The legend originates with the ancestral people of the Chuvashians. The name means invisible snake. These differ from their Turkic counterparts (such as Zilant), as they are supposed to reflect the pre-Islamic mythology of Volga Bulgaria. Varieties Chuvash dragon is Věri Şělen (Вӗри Ҫӗлен, lit. "fire snake"). Like the Russian Gorynych, the creature has multiple heads and leaves a fiery wake when flying. The wood demon Arşuri (Арçури; Russian: Арзюри; Turkish: Arçura) often turns into a snake, but more often he looks like Şüräle. The Iranian dragon, Ajdaha (Аçтаха), is also mentioned from time to time, probably due to Iranian influence to Volga Bulgaria. Legends According to one legend, when the Bulgars came to found the town of Bilär, they discovered a big snake living in the area. When they decided to kill it, the snake begged for peace and asked Allah to give her wings. Once she got wings, the snake flew away from Bilär. Another great snake, or dragon, was said to live in a pagan tower temple at Alabuğa. Although the Bulgars adopted Islam as early as the tenth century, the snake allegedly survived until the time of Tamerlane's invasion. Ibn Fadlan, who visited Volga Bulgaria in the 10th century, referred to numerous snakes, especially on trees. Once he saw a big fallen tree, which was longer than a hundred ells. Ibn Fadlan wrote that he'd seen a big snake at the trunk that had been almost as large as the tree itself. The Bulgars allayed his fears, assuring him that the snake was not dangerous. See also List of dragons in mythology and folklore References Чӑваш халӑх пултарулӑхӗ: Мифсем, легендӑсем, халапсем. — Шупашкар: Чӑваш кӗнеке изд-ви, 2004. Turkic legendary creatures Chuvash folklore European dragons Shapeshifting Culture of Chuvashia

22025702

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phnom%20Kulen

Phnom Kulen

Phnom Kulen (, , ), also called Kulen Mountain, is a mountain range and a part of Phnom Kulen National Park in Siem Reap Province, Cambodia. Geography Rather than a hill range, Phnom Kulen is an isolated chain of small mountain plateaux of moderate height lying south of the Dângrêk Mountains. The range stretches for about in a WNW–ESE direction and is located some north of Siem Reap. Its highest point is and its height is quite regular, averaging all along the range. Geologically Phnom Kulen is formed of sandstone. It was important as a quarry in Angkorian times, the major quarries being located in the southeastern angle of the massif. Protected area There is a sanctuary in the area, Phnom Kulen National Park, straddling the districts of Svay Leu and Va Rin. Its purpose is recreational and scientific in order to preserve the natural scenic features of Phnom Kulen mountain, like some famous waterfalls. The park is located about to the north of the provincial town of Siem Reap. Tentative List entry for World Heritage nomination This site was added to Cambodia's national Tentative List for World Heritage on March 27, 2020 (originally proclaimed December 1, 1992) , to be nominated under World Heritage criteria (iii) (iv) and (v). The effort continued in 2016 when over 300 families were removed from already crowded areas and existing facilities for tourists were upgraded. Description The Phnom Kulen mountain range is located northwards from Angkor Wat. Its name means "mountain of the lychees". There is a sacred hilltop site on top of the range. Phnom Kulen is considered a holy mountain in Cambodia, of special religious significance to Hindus and Buddhists who come to the mountain in pilgrimage. Near these mountains is Preah Ang Thom, a 16th-century Buddhist monastery notable for the giant reclining Buddha, the country's largest. The Samré tribe was formerly living at the edge of Phnom Kulen, quarrying sandstone and transporting it to the royal sites. History Phnom Kulen has major symbolic importance for Cambodia as the birthplace of the ancient Khmer Empire, for it was at Phnom Kulen that King Jayavarman II proclaimed independence from Java in 802 CE. Jayavarman II initiated the Devaraja cult of the king, a linga cult, in what is dated as 804 CE and declaring his independence from Java of whom the Khmer had been a vassalage state (whether this is actually "Java", the Khmer chvea used to describe Champa, or "Lava" (a Lao kingdom) is debated, as well as the legend that he was earlier held as a ransom of the kingdom in Java. See Higham's The Civilization of Angkor for more information about the debate). During the Angkorian era the relief was known as Mahendraparvata (the mountain of Great Indra). Phnom Kulen was further developed under the rule of Udayadityavarman II, who made it the capital of his empire and constructed many temples and residences as well as the 1000 Lingas at Kbal Spean. At its peak, the Kulen development was larger than modern-day Phnom Penh and one of the largest cities in the 11th-century world. It would later be eclipsed by Angkor, but still served a vital role, as its water irrigated the entire region. The Khmer Rouge used the location as a final stronghold as their regime came to an end in 1979 in the Cambodian–Vietnamese War. Sights Chup Preah is a stream flowing into the mountain's valley. Kulen Mountain has two waterfalls. The first is between high and wide. There is a shallow pond below it. The second waterfall is high and wide. This pours into a larger area of water which is popular to visit and swim in. These sizes apply to the dry and rainy seasons although the current will be weaker in the dry season. Kbal Spean is known for its carvings representing fertility and its waters which hold special significance to Hindus. Just under the water's surface over 1000 small linga carvings are etched into the sandstone riverbed. The waters are regarded as holy, given that Jayavarman II chose to bathe in the river, and had the river diverted so that the stone bed could be carved. Carvings include a stone representation of the Hindu god Vishnu lying on his serpent Ananta, with his wife Lakshmi at his feet. A lotus flower protrudes from his navel bearing the god Brahma. The river then ends with a waterfall and a pool. Preah Ang Thom houses a large statue of Buddha. It was built in the 16th century and is high. Preah Ang Thom is the sacred and worshipping god for Kulen Mountain. There are also two large Cham Pa trees nearby. Besides Preah Ang Thom, Chhok Ruot, footprints of Preah Bat Choan Tuk, Peung Chhok, Peung Ey So and Peung Ey Sey, can also be seen. The Linga is along the river of Siem Reap and has a lot of figures of Yoni and Linga spreading out at the bottom of the river. The Terrace of Sdach Kum Ling has a small brick-built ruined temple in its centre. It was covered by lava for hundreds of years. Srah Damrei is a large, sandstone sculpture of an elephant. It is joined by several other smaller sculptures which have been dated to the 8th or 9th centuries. It is accessible by motor bike and take approximately one hour from the waterfall. Peung Tbal is a large rock site which has carvings of the Hindu gods Vishnu, Shiva, Brahma, and Ganesh. This site was made around the time of the 8th or 9th centuries. The site is near to the village of Anlong Thom. Peung Aysey is another site located inside of the jungle of Kulen and contains more rock carvings of Hindu gods and is said to have been a meditation place for rishis. See also Phnom Kulen National Park References Bibliography External links page on Phnom Kulen from the official website of Kingdom of Cambodia www.peaceofangkorphoto.com Andy Brouwer's blog on the less-visited angkorian temples of Phnom Kulen Phnom Kulen video destination guide on YouTube Kulen Geography of Siem Reap province

22608458

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koporye%20Bay

Koporye Bay

The Koporye Bay (Russian: Копорская губа, Koporskaya Guba) is a 12 km-long bay on the southern coast of the Gulf of Finland. It is up to 26 km wide and 20 meters deep. The shore is low and rocky; the hinterland is woody. It is part of Russia's Leningrad Oblast. The only major settlement is the town of Sosnovy Bor. The Voronka and Sista Rivers drain into the bay. It is named after the medieval fortress of Koporye which lies slightly to the south. Bays of the Baltic Sea Bays of Leningrad Oblast

39396011

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wye%20Racecourse

Wye Racecourse

Wye Racecourse (29 May 1849 – June 1975) was a British horse racing venue, situated in East Kent between Ashford and Canterbury about 600 yards south of Wye railway station. The first racing in Wye took place on 29 May 1849 at the Crown. Originally, racing took place over fences and on the flat, but in 1878 the course moved to Harville Farm and flat racing ceased. Steeplechases, however, continued to be held in September, January, March, and May. The last racing took place at Wye on 2 May 1974 and the course closed permanently in June 1975. The Jockey Club had insisted upon changes to the course in August 1974, including changing the camber of the bottom turn and improving the grandstand. However, the owners were unable to fund these changes, leading to closure. Wye was a very small, oval track, less than 1 mile (1.6 km) round. The land is now farmed, although some evidence of the racecourse can still be seen from satellite photographs. References Horse racing venues in England Defunct horse racing venues in England 1849 establishments in England 1975 disestablishments in England Sports venues completed in 1849

33827253

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma%C3%ABl%20Lebrun

Maël Lebrun

Maël Lebrun (born April 17, 1991) is a French professional basketball player who plays for French Pro A league club STB Le Havre. References 1991 births Living people French men's basketball players Orléans Loiret Basket players Sportspeople from Nice STB Le Havre players Small forwards Shooting guards

30471334

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tapling%20Collection

Tapling Collection

The Tapling Collection of postage stamps was donated to the British Museum from the estate of Thomas Tapling in 1891. The probate value of the Tapling collection was set at £12,000 but on arrival Richard Garnett (assistant keeper of Printed Books) estimated their value at more than £50,000 and described the bequest as the most valuable gift since the Grenville Library in 1847 (equivalent to £24,000,000 in 2011). It is held in the Philatelic Collections of the British Library and selected items are on permanent public exhibition. The collection covers the period 1840 to 1890 with some items up to 1900 added subsequently and recorded on the album pages. As of January 2009 the stamps were held in 72 boxes and the postal stationery part held in 113 albums and seven boxes. Highlights The collection features these rarities: Gold Coast: 1883 (May) 1d on 4d magenta, unique Great Britain: 1858-79 1d red, plate 77, one of a few known Hawaii: 1851-52 2 cents to 13 cents (both types), the "Missionaries" India: 1854 4 annas blue and pale red, error head inverted, two used on a cover, unique Mauritius: 1847 1d red used on cover and 2d blue, the "Post Office" issue Spain: 1851 2 reales, error of colour, one of three known Switzerland: Zurich: 1843 4 rappen, the unique unsevered horizontal strip of five Uruguay: 1858 120 centavos blue and 180 centavos green, in tête beche pairs, two of five known Western Australia: 1854-55 4d blue, error frame inverted The collection also includes a significant number of colour varieties of early United States postal issues. See also British Library Philatelic Collections List of postage stamps References and sources References Sources External links British Library Philatelic Collections

67327328

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variable-pitch%20propeller

Variable-pitch propeller

Variable-pitch propeller can refer to: Variable-pitch propeller (marine) Variable-pitch propeller (aeronautics)

56818259

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radu%20Motreanu

Radu Motreanu

Radu Motreanu (born 22 June 1998) is a Romanian professional footballer who plays as a defenderfor CSC Dumbrăvița. He played for the Romania U-17 team between 2012 and 2016. Early life Radu Motreanu was born and raised in Timișoara, Timiș County of Romania. He is the only son of Dana Motreanu (b. 1968). He began his football career as a junior at Poli Timișoara at an early age and grew up inside the team until he was moved to the senior team in 2015. He attended the local Sports High-School of Timișoara where he graduated in 2017. He is currently a student at the West University of Timișoara in Sports specialization. He is a good friend of the Romanian gymnast Diana Bulimar. References External links 1998 births Living people Sportspeople from Timișoara Romanian footballers Association football defenders Romania youth international footballers Liga II players ACS Poli Timișoara players SSU Politehnica Timișoara players

2426547

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affective%20forecasting

Affective forecasting

Affective forecasting (also known as hedonic forecasting, or the hedonic forecasting mechanism) is the prediction of one's affect (emotional state) in the future. As a process that influences preferences, decisions, and behavior, affective forecasting is studied by both psychologists and economists, with broad applications. History Kahneman and Snell began research on hedonic forecasts in the early 1990s, examining its impact on decision making. The term "affective forecasting" was later coined by psychologists Timothy Wilson and Daniel Gilbert. Early research tended to focus solely on measuring emotional forecasts, while subsequent studies began to examine the accuracy of forecasts, revealing that people are surprisingly poor judges of their future emotional states. For example, in predicting how events like winning the lottery might affect their happiness, people are likely to overestimate future positive feelings, ignoring the numerous other factors that might contribute to their emotional state outside of the single lottery event. Some of the cognitive biases related to systematic errors in affective forecasts are focalism, hot-cold empathy gap, and impact bias. Applications While affective forecasting has traditionally drawn the most attention from economists and psychologists, their findings have in turn generated interest from a variety of other fields, including happiness research, law, and health care. Its effect on decision making and well-being is of particular concern to policy-makers and analysts in these fields, although it also has applications in ethics. For example, the tendency to underestimate our ability to adapt to life-changing events has led to legal theorists questioning the assumptions behind tort damage compensation. Behavioral economists have incorporated discrepancies between forecasts and actual emotional outcomes into their models of different types of utility and welfare. This discrepancy also concerns healthcare analysts, in that many important health decisions depend upon patients' perceptions of their future quality of life. Overview Affective forecasting can be divided into four components: predictions about valence (i.e. positive or negative), the specific emotions experienced, their duration, and their intensity. While errors may occur in all four components, research overwhelmingly indicates that the two areas most prone to bias, usually in the form of overestimation, are duration and intensity. Immune neglect is a form of impact bias in response to negative events, in which people fail to predict how much their psychological immune system will hasten their recovery. On average, people are fairly accurate about predicting which emotions they will feel in response to future events. However, some studies indicate that predicting specific emotions in response to more complex social events leads to greater inaccuracy. For example, one study found that while many women who imagine encountering gender harassment predict feelings of anger, in reality, a much higher proportion report feelings of fear. Other research suggests that accuracy in affective forecasting is greater for positive affect than negative affect, suggesting an overall tendency to overreact to perceived negative events. Gilbert and Wilson posit that this is a result of our psychological immune system. While affective forecasts take place in the present moment, researchers also investigate its future outcomes. That is, they analyze forecasting as a two-step process, encompassing a current prediction as well as a future event. Breaking down the present and future stages allow researchers to measure accuracy, as well as tease out how errors occur. Gilbert and Wilson, for example, categorize errors based on which component they affect and when they enter the forecasting process. In the present phase of affective forecasting, forecasters bring to mind a mental representation of the future event and predict how they will respond emotionally to it. The future phase includes the initial emotional response to the onset of the event, as well as subsequent emotional outcomes, for example, the fading of the initial feeling. When errors occur throughout the forecasting process, people are vulnerable to biases. These biases disable people from accurately predicting their future emotions. Errors may arise due to extrinsic factors, such as framing effects, or intrinsic ones, such as cognitive biases or expectation effects. Because accuracy is often measured as the discrepancy between a forecaster's present prediction and the eventual outcome, researchers also study how time affects affective forecasting. For example, the tendency for people to represent distant events differently from close events is captured in the construal level theory. The finding that people are generally inaccurate affective forecasters has been most obviously incorporated into conceptualizations of happiness and its successful pursuit, as well as decision making across disciplines. Findings in affective forecasts have stimulated philosophical and ethical debates, for example, on how to define welfare. On an applied level, findings have informed various approaches to healthcare policy, tort law, consumer decision making, and measuring utility (see below sections on economics, law, and health). Newer and conflicting evidence suggests that intensity bias in affective forecasting may not be as strong as previous research indicates. Five studies, including a meta-analysis recovers evidence that overestimation in affective forecasting is partly due to the methodology of past research. Their results indicate that some participants misinterpreted specific questions in affective forecasting testing. For example, one study found that undergraduate students tended to overestimate experienced happiness levels when participants were asked how they were feeling in general with and without reference to the election, compared to when participants were asked how they were feeling specifically in reference to the election. Findings indicated that 75%-81% of participants asked general questions misinterpreted them. After clarification of tasks, participants were able to more accurately predict the intensity of their emotions Major sources of errors Because forecasting errors commonly arise from literature on cognitive processes, many affective forecasting errors derive from and are often framed as cognitive biases, some of which are closely related or overlapping constructs (e.g. projection bias and empathy gap). Below is a list of commonly cited cognitive processes that contribute to forecasting errors. Major sources of error in emotion Impact bias One of the most common sources of error in affective forecasting across various populations and situations is the impact bias, the tendency to overestimate the emotional impact of a future event, whether in terms of intensity or duration. The tendencies to overestimate intensity and duration are both robust and reliable errors found in affective forecasting. One study documenting the impact bias examined college students participating in a housing lottery. These students predicted how happy or unhappy they would be one year after being assigned to either a desirable or an undesirable dormitory. These college students predicted that the lottery outcomes would lead to meaningful differences in their own level of happiness, but follow-up questionnaires revealed that students assigned to desirable or undesirable dormitories reported nearly the same levels of happiness. Thus, differences in forecasts overestimated the impact of the housing assignment on future happiness. Some studies specifically address "durability bias," the tendency to overestimate the length of time future emotional responses will last. Even if people accurately estimate the intensity of their future emotions, they may not be able to estimate the duration of them. Durability bias is generally stronger in reaction to negative events. This is important because people tend to work toward events they believe will cause lasting happiness, and according to durability bias, people might be working toward the wrong things. Similar to impact bias, durability bias causes a person to overemphasize where the root cause of their happiness lies. The impact bias is a broad term and covers a multitude of more specific errors. Proposed causes of impact bias include mechanisms like immune neglect, focalism, and misconstruals. The pervasiveness of impact bias in affective forecasts is of particular concern to healthcare specialists, in that it affects both patients' expectations of future medical events as well as patient-provider relationships. (See health.) Expectation effects Previously formed expectations can alter emotional responses to the event itself, motivating forecasters to confirm or debunk their initial forecasts. In this way, the self-fulfilling prophecy can lead to the perception that forecasters have made accurate predictions. Inaccurate forecasts can also become amplified by expectation effects. For example, a forecaster who expects a movie to be enjoyable will, upon finding it dull, like it significantly less than a forecaster who had no expectations. Sense-making processes Major life events can have a huge impact on people's emotions for a very long time but the intensity of that emotion tends to decrease with time, a phenomenon known as emotional evanescence. When making forecasts, forecasters often overlook this phenomenon. Psychologists have suggested that emotion does not decay over time predictably like radioactive isotopes but that the mediating factors are more complex. People have psychological processes that help dampen the emotion. Psychologists have proposed that surprising, unexpected, or unlikely events cause more intense emotional reaction. Research suggests that people are unhappy with randomness and chaos and that they automatically think of ways to make sense of an event when it is surprising or unexpected. This is related to immune neglect in that when these unwanted acts of randomness occur people become upset and try to find meaning or to cope with the event. The way that people try to make sense of the situation can be considered a coping strategy made by the body. This idea differs from immune neglect due to the fact that this is more of momentary idea. Immune neglect tries to cope with the event before it even happens. One study documents how sense-making processes decrease emotional reaction. The study found that a small gift produced greater emotional reactions when it was not accompanied by a reason than when it was, arguably because the reason facilitated the sense-making process, dulling the emotional impact of the gift. Researchers have summarized that pleasant feelings are prolonged after a positive situation if people are uncertain about the situation. People fail to anticipate that they will make sense of events in a way that will diminish the intensity of the emotional reaction. This error is known as ordinization neglect. For example, ("I will be ecstatic for many years if my boss agrees to give me a raise") an employee might believe, especially if the employee believes the probability of a raise was unlikely. Immediately after having the request approved, the employee may be thrilled but with time the employees make sense of the situation (e.g., "I am a very hard worker and my boss must have noticed this") thus dampening the emotional reaction. Immune neglect Gilbert et al. originally coined the term "immune neglect" (or "immune bias") to describe a function of the psychological immune system. Immune neglect refers to forecasters' unawareness of their tendency to adapt to and cope with negative events. Unconsciously the body will identify a stressful event and try to cope with the event or try to avoid it. Bolger & Zuckerman found that coping strategies vary between individuals and are influenced by their personalities. They assumed that since people generally do not take their coping strategies into account when they predict future events, that people with better coping strategies should have a bigger impact bias, or a greater difference between their predicted and actual outcome. For example, asking someone who is afraid of clowns how going to a circus would feel may result in an overestimation of fear because the anticipation of such fear causes the body to begin coping with the negative event. Hoerger et al. examined this further by studying college students' emotions for football games. They found that students who generally coped with their emotions instead of avoiding them would have a greater impact bias when predicting how they'd feel if their team lost the game. They found that those with better coping strategies recovered more quickly. Since the participants did not think about their coping strategies when making predictions, those who actually coped had a greater impact bias. Those who avoided their emotions, felt very closely to what they predicted they would. In other words, students who were able to deal with their emotions were able to recover from their feelings. The students were unaware that their body was actually coping with the stress and this process made them feel better than not dealing with the stress. Hoerger ran another study on immune neglect after this, which studied both daters' and non-daters' forecasts about Valentine's Day, and how they would feel in the days that followed. Hoerger found that different coping strategies would cause people to have different emotions in the days following Valentine's Day, but participants' predicted emotions would all be similar. This shows that most people do not realize the impact that coping can have on their feelings following an emotional event. He also found that, not only did immune neglect create a bias for negative events, but also for positive ones. This shows that people continually make inaccurate forecasts because they do not take into account their ability to cope and overcome emotional events. Hoerger proposed that coping styles and cognitive processes are associated with actual emotional reactions to life events. A variant of immune neglect also proposed by Gilbert and Wilson is the region-beta paradox, where recovery from more intense suffering is faster than recovery from less intense experiences because of the engagement of coping systems. This complicates forecasting, leading to errors. Contrarily, accurate affective forecasting can also promote the region-beta paradox. For example, Cameron and Payne conducted a series of studies in order to investigate the relationship between affective forecasting and the collapse of compassion phenomenon, which refers to the tendency for people's compassion to decrease as the number of people in need of help increases. Participants in their experiments read about either 1 or a group of 8 children from Darfur. These researchers found that people who are skilled at regulating their emotions tended to experience less compassion in response to stories about 8 children from Darfur compared to stories about only 1 child. These participants appeared to collapse their compassion by correctly forecasting their future affective states and proactively avoiding the increased negative emotions resulting from the story. In order to further establish the causal role of proactive emotional regulation in this phenomenon, participants in another study read the same materials and were encouraged to either reduce or experience their emotions. Participants instructed to reduce their emotions reported feeling less upset for 8 children than for 1, presumably because of the increased emotional burden and effort required for the former (an example of the region-beta paradox). These studies suggest that in some cases accurate affective forecasting can actually promote unwanted outcomes such as the collapse of compassion phenomenon by way of the region-beta paradox. Positive vs negative affect Research suggests that the accuracy of affective forecasting for positive and negative emotions is based on the distance in time of the forecast. Finkenauer, Gallucci, van Dijk, and Pollman discovered that people show greater forecasting accuracy for positive than negative affect when the event or trigger being forecast is more distant in time. Contrarily, people exhibit greater affective forecasting accuracy for negative affect when the event/trigger is closer in time. The accuracy of an affective forecast is also related to how well a person predicts the intensity of his or her emotions. In regard to forecasting about both positive and negative emotions, Levine, Kaplan, Lench, and Safer have recently shown that people can in fact predict the intensity of their feelings about events with a high degree of accuracy. This finding is contrary to much of the affective forecasting literature currently published, which the authors suggest is due to a procedural artifact in how these studies were conducted. Another important affective forecasting bias is fading affect bias, in which the emotions associated with unpleasant memories fade more quickly than the emotion associated with positive events. Major sources of error in cognition Focalism Focalism (or the "focusing illusion") occurs when people focus too much on certain details of an event, ignoring other factors. Research suggests that people have a tendency to exaggerate aspects of life when focusing their attention on it. A well-known example originates from a paper by Kahneman and Schkade, who coined the term "focusing illusion" in 1998. They found that although people tended to believe that someone from the Midwest would be more satisfied if they lived in California, results showed equal levels of life satisfaction in residents of both regions. In this case, concentrating on the easily observed difference in weather bore more weight in predicting satisfaction than other factors. There are many other factors that could have contributed to the desire to move to the Midwest but the focal point for their decisions was weather. Various studies have attempted to "defocus" participants, meaning instead of focusing on that one factor they tried to make the participants think of other factors or to look at the situation in a different lens. There were mixed results dependent upon methods used. One successful study asked people to imagine how happy a winner of the lottery and a recently diagnosed HIV patient would be. The researchers were able to reduce the amount of focalism by exposing participants to detailed and mundane descriptions of each person's life, meaning that the more information the participants had on the lottery winner and the HIV patient the less they were able to only focus on few factors, these participants subsequently estimated similar levels of happiness for the HIV patient as well as the lottery-winner. As for the control participants, they made unrealistically disparate predictions of happiness. This could be due to the fact that the more information that is available the less likely it is one will able to ignore contributory factors. Time discounting Time discounting (or time preference) is the tendency to weigh present events over future events. Immediate gratification is preferred to delayed gratification, especially over longer periods of time and with younger children or adolescents. For example, a child may prefer one piece of candy now(1 candy/0 seconds=infinity candies/second) instead of five pieces of candy in four months(5 candies/10540800 seconds≈0.00000047candies/second). The bigger the candies/second, the more people like it. This pattern is sometimes referred to as hyperbolic discounting or "present bias" because people's judgements are bias toward present events. Economists often cite time discounting as a source of mispredictions of future utility. Memory Affective forecasters often rely on memories of past events. When people report memories for past events they may leave out important details, change things that occurred, and even add things that have not happened. This suggests the mind constructs memories based on what actually happened, and other factors including the person's knowledge, experiences, and existing schemas. Using highly available, but unrepresentative memories, increases the impact bias. Baseball fans, for example, tend to use the best game they can remember as the basis for their affective forecast of the game they are about to see. Commuters are similarly likely to base their forecasts of how unpleasant it would feel to miss a train on their memory of the worst time they missed the train Various studies indicate that retroactive assessments of past experiences are prone to various errors, such as duration neglect or decay bias. People tend to overemphasize the peaks and ends of their experiences when assessing them (peak/end bias), instead of analyzing the event as a whole. For example, in recalling painful experiences, people place greater emphasis on the most discomforting moments as well as the end of the event, as opposed to taking into account the overall duration. Retroactive reports often conflict with present-moment reports of events, further pointing to contradictions between the actual emotions experienced during an event and the memory of them. In addition to producing errors in forecasts about the future, this discrepancy has incited economists to redefine different types of utility and happiness (see section on economics). Another problem that can arise with affective forecasting is that people tend to remember their past predictions inaccurately. Meyvis, Ratner, and Levav predicted that people forget how they predicted an experience would be beforehand, and thought their predictions were the same as their actual emotions. Because of this, people do not realize that they made a mistake in their predictions, and will then continue to inaccurately forecast similar situations in the future. Meyvis et al. ran five studies to test whether or not this is true. They found in all of their studies, when people were asked to recall their previous predictions they instead write how they currently feel about the situation. This shows that they do not remember how they thought they would feel, and makes it impossible for them to learn from this event for future experiences. Misconstruals When predicting future emotional states people must first construct a good representation of the event. If people have a lot of experience with the event then they can easily picture the event. When people do not have much experience with the event they need to create a representation of what the event likely contains. For example, if people were asked how they would feel if they lost one hundred dollars in a bet, gamblers are more likely to easily construct an accurate representation of the event. "Construal level theory" theorizes that distant events are conceptualized more abstractly than immediate ones. Thus, psychologists suggest that a lack of concrete details prompts forecasters to rely on more general or idealized representations of events, which subsequently leads to simplistic and inaccurate predictions. For example, when asked to imagine what a 'good day' would be like for them in the near future, people often describe both positive and negative events. When asked to imagine what a 'good day' would be like for them in a year, however, people resort to more uniformly positive descriptions. Gilbert and Wilson call bringing to mind a flawed representation of a forecasted event the misconstrual problem. Framing effects, environmental context, and heuristics (such as schemas) can all affect how a forecaster conceptualizes a future event. For example, the way options are framed affects how they are represented: when asked to forecast future levels of happiness based on pictures of dorms they may be assigned to, college students use physical features of the actual buildings to predict their emotions. In this case, the framing of options highlighted visual aspects of future outcomes, which overshadowed more relevant factors to happiness, such as having a friendly roommate. Projection bias Overview Projection bias is the tendency to falsely project current preferences onto a future event. When people are trying to estimate their emotional state in the future they attempt to give an unbiased estimate. However, people's assessments are contaminated by their current emotional state. Thus, it may be difficult for them to predict their emotional state in the future, an occurrence known as mental contamination. For example, if a college student was currently in a negative mood because he just found out he failed a test, and if the college student forecasted how much he would enjoy a party two weeks later, his current negative mood may influence his forecast. In order to make an accurate forecast the student would need to be aware that his forecast is biased due to mental contamination, be motivated to correct the bias, and be able to correct the bias in the right direction and magnitude. Projection bias can arise from empathy gaps (or hot/cold empathy gaps), which occur when the present and future phases of affective forecasting are characterized by different states of physiological arousal, which the forecaster fails to take into account. For example, forecasters in a state of hunger are likely to overestimate how much they will want to eat later, overlooking the effect of their hunger on future preferences. As with projection bias, economists use the visceral motivations that produce empathy gaps to help explain impulsive or self-destructive behaviors, such as smoking. An important affective forecasting bias related to projection bias is personality neglect. Personality neglect refers to a person's tendency to overlook their personality when making decisions about their future emotions. In a study conducted by Quoidbach and Dunn, students' predictions of their feelings about future exam scores were used to measure affective forecasting errors related to personality. They found that college students who predicted their future emotions about their exam scores were unable to relate these emotions to their own dispositional happiness. To further investigate personality neglect, Quoidbach and Dunn studied happiness in relation to neuroticism. People predicted their future feelings about the outcome of the 2008 US presidential election between Barack Obama and John McCain. Neuroticism was correlated with impact bias, which is the overestimation of the length and intensity of emotions. People who rated themselves as higher in neuroticism overestimated their happiness in response to the election of their preferred candidate, suggesting that they failed to relate their dispositional happiness to their future emotional state. The term "projection bias" was first introduced in the 2003 paper "Projection Bias in Predicting Future Utility" by Loewenstein, O'Donoghue and Rabin. Market Applications to Projection Bias The novelty of new products oftentimes overexcites consumers and results in the negative consumption externality of impulse buying. To counteract such, Loewenstein recommends offering "cooling off" periods for consumers. During such, they would have a few days to reflect about their purchase and appropriately develop a longer-term understanding of the utility they receive from it. This cooling off period could also benefit the production side by diminishing the need for a sales-person to "hype" certain products. Transparency between consumers and producers would increase as "sellers will have an incentive to put buyers in a long-run average mood rather than an overenthusiastic state". By implementing Loewentstein's recommendation, firms that understand projection bias should minimize information asymmetry; such would diminish the negative consumer externality that comes from purchasing an undesirable good and relieve sellers from extraneous costs required to exaggerate the utility of their product. The application of this solution extends past a seller's market into other fields like politics. A Rasmussen Study of 2014 found that only 4% of likely U.S. voters believe that politicians keep their campaign promises whereas 83% do not. This distrust in the American political system results in a variety of negative externalities. On the consumer side, voters must sort through an extensive amount of contradictory and false information to develop an informed decision about a candidate. On the production side, "the cost of a bid for Congress [has risen] 555% from 1984 to 2012". The cost of politics is rising, yet the approval ratings of candidates is falling: Trump's approval ratings have dropped since his election throughout the entire voter base and among his most ardent supporters. The increased amount of information available to voters during the campaigning cycle does not guarantee satisfaction during candidacy. Now, voters are prone to information overload and projection bias during campaigns as they have to sift through a growing amount of negative and overhyped advertisements rather than being presented with facts about political platforms. Life-Cycle Consumption Projection bias influences the life-cycle of consumption. The immediate utility obtained from consuming particular goods exceeds the utility of future consumption. Consequently, projection bias causes "a person to (plan to) consume too much early in life and too little late in life relative to what would be optimal". Graph 1 displays decreasing expenditures as a percentage of total income from 20 to 54. The period following where income begins to decline can be explained by retirement. According to Loewenstein's recommendation, a more optimal expenditure and income distribution is displayed in Graph 2. Here, income is left the same as in Graph 1, but expenditures are recalculated by taking the average percentage of expenditures in terms of income from ages 25 to 54 (77.7%) and multiplying such by income to arrive at a theoretical expenditure. The calculation is only applied to this age group because of unpredictable income before 25 and after 54 due to school and retirement. Food waste When buying food, people often wrongly project what they will want to eat in the future when they go shopping, which results in food waste. Major sources of error in motivation Motivated reasoning Generally, affect is a potent source of motivation. People are more likely to pursue experiences and achievements that will bring them more pleasure than less pleasure. In some cases, affective forecasting errors appear to be due to forecasters strategic use of their forecasts a means to motivate them to obtain or avoid the forecasted experience. Students, for example, might predict they would be devastated if they failed a test as a way to motivate them to study harder for it. The role of motivated reasoning in affective forecasting has been demonstrated in studies by Morewedge and Buechel (2013). Research participants were more likely to overestimate how happy they would be if they won a prize, or achieved a goal, if they made an affective forecast while they could still influence whether or not they achieved it than if they made an affective forecast after the outcome had been determined (while still in the dark about whether they knew if they won the prize or achieved the goal). In economics Economists share psychologists' interests in affective forecasting insomuch as it affects the closely related concepts of utility, decision making, and happiness. Utility Research in affective forecasting errors complicate conventional interpretations of utility maximization, which presuppose that to make rational decisions, people must be able to make accurate forecasts about future experiences or utility. Whereas economics formerly focused largely on utility in terms of a person's preferences (decision utility), the realization that forecasts are often inaccurate suggests that measuring preferences at a time of choice may be an incomplete concept of utility. Thus, economists such as Daniel Kahneman, have incorporated differences between affective forecasts and later outcomes into corresponding types of utility. Whereas a current forecast reflects expected or predicted utility, the actual outcome of the event reflects experienced utility. Predicted utility is the "weighted average of all possible outcomes under certain circumstances." Experienced utility refers to the perceptions of pleasure and pain associated with an outcome. Khaneman and Thaler provide an example of "the hungry shopper," in which case the shopper takes pleasure in the purchase of food due to their current state of hunger. The usefulness of such purchasing is based upon their current experience and their anticipated pleasure in fulfilling their hunger. Decision making Affective forecasting is an important component of studying human decision making. Research in affective forecasts and economic decision making include investigations of durability bias in consumers and predictions of public transit satisfaction. In relevance to the durability bias in consumers, a study was conducted by Wood and Bettman, that showed that people make decisions regarding the consumption of goods based on the predicted pleasure, and the duration of that pleasure, that the goods will bring them. Overestimation of such pleasure, and its duration, increases the likelihood that the good will be consumed. Knowledge on such an effect can aid in the formation of marketing strategies of consumer goods. Studies regarding the predictions of public transit satisfaction reveal the same bias. However, with a negative impact on consumption, due to their lack of experience with public transportation, car users predict that they will receive less satisfaction with the use of public transportation than they actually experience. This can lead them to refrain from the use of such services, due to inaccurate forecasting. Broadly, the tendencies people have to make biased forecasts deviate from rational models of decision making. Rational models of decision making presume an absence of bias, in favor of making comparisons based on all relevant and available information. Affective forecasting may cause consumers to rely on the feelings associated with consumption rather than the utility of the good itself. One application of affective forecasting research is in economic policy. Knowledge that forecasts, and therefore, decisions, are affected by biases as well as other factors (such as framing effects), can be used to design policies that maximize the utility of people's choices. This approach is not without its critics, however, as it can also be seen to justify economic paternalism. Prospect theory describes how people make decisions. It differs from expected utility theory in that it takes into account the relativity of how people view utility and incorporates loss aversion, or the tendency to react more strongly to losses rather than gains. Some researchers suggest that loss aversion is in itself an affective forecasting error, since people often overestimate the impact of future losses. Happiness and well-being Economic definitions of happiness are tied to concepts of welfare and utility, and researchers are often interested in how to increase levels of happiness in the population. The economy has a major influence on the aid that is provided through welfare programs because it provides funding for such programs. Many welfare programs are focused on providing assistance with the attainment of basic necessities such as food and shelter. This is may be due to the fact that happiness and well-being is best derived from personal perceptions of one's ability to provide these necessities. This statement is supported by research that states after basic needs have been met, income has less of an impact on perceptions of happiness. Additionally, the availability of such welfare programs can enable those that are less fortunate to have additional discretionary income. Discretionary income can be dedicated to enjoyable experiences, such as family outings, and in turn, provides an additional dimension to their feelings and experience of happiness. Affective forecasting provides a unique challenge to answering the question regarding the best method for increasing levels of happiness, and economists are split between offering more choices to maximize happiness, versus offering experiences that contain more objective or experienced utility. Experienced utility refers to how useful an experience is in its contribution to feelings of happiness and well-being. Experienced utility can refer to both material purchases and experiential purchases. Studies show that experiential purchases, such as a bag of chips, result in forecasts of higher levels of happiness than material purchases, such as the purchase of a pen. This prediction of happiness as a result of a purchase experience exemplifies affective forecasting. It is possible that an increase in choices, or means, of achieving desired levels of happiness will be predictive of increased levels of happiness. For example, if one is happy with their ability to provide themselves with both a choice of necessities and a choice of enjoyable experiences they are more likely to predict that they will be more happy than if they were forced to choose between one or the other. Also, when people are able to reference multiple experiences that contribute to their feelings of happiness, more opportunities for comparison will lead to a forecast of more happiness. Under these circumstances, both the quantity of choices and the quantity of experienced utility have the same effect on affective forecasting, which makes it difficult to choose a side of the debate on which method is most effective in maximizing happiness. Applying findings from affective forecasting research to happiness also raises methodological issues: should happiness measure the outcome of an experience, or the satisfaction experienced as result of the choice made based upon a forecast? For example, although professors may forecast that getting tenure would significantly increase their happiness, research suggests that in reality, happiness levels between professors who are or are not awarded tenure are insignificant. In this case happiness is measured in terms of the outcome of an experience. Affective forecasting conflicts such as this one have also influenced theories of hedonic adaptation, which compares happiness to a treadmill, in that it remains relatively stable despite our forecasts. In law Similar to how some economists have drawn attention to how affective forecasting violates assumptions of rationality, legal theorists point out that inaccuracies in, and applications of, these forecasts have implications in law that have remained overlooked. The application of affective forecasting, and its related research, to legal theory reflects a wider effort to address how emotions affect the legal system. In addition to influencing legal discourse on emotions, and welfare, Jeremy Blumenthal cites additional implications of affective forecasting in tort damages, capital sentencing and sexual harassment. Tort damages Jury awards for tort damages are based on compensating victims for pain, suffering, and loss of quality of life. However, findings in affective forecasting errors have prompted some to suggest that juries are overcompensating victims, since their forecasts overestimate the negative impact of damages on the victims' lives. Some scholars suggest implementing jury education to attenuate potentially inaccurate predictions, drawing upon research that investigates how to decrease inaccurate affective forecasts. Capital sentencing During the process of capital sentencing, juries are allowed to hear victim impact statements (VIS) from the victim's family. This demonstrates affective forecasting in that its purpose is to present how the victim's family has been impacted emotionally and, or, how they expect to be impacted in the future. These statements can cause juries to overestimate the emotional harm, causing harsh sentencing, or to underestimate harm, resulting in inadequate sentencing. The time frame in which these statements are present also influences affective forecasting. By increasing the time gap between the crime itself and sentencing (the time at which victim impact statements are given), forecasts are more likely to be influenced by the error of immune neglect (See Immune neglect) Immune neglect is likely to lead to underestimation of future emotional harm, and therefore results in inadequate sentencing. As with tort damages, jury education is a proposed method for alleviating the negative effects of forecasting error. Sexual harassment In cases involving sexual harassment, judgements are more likely to blame the victim for their failure to react in a timely fashion or their failure to make use of services that were available to them in the event of sexual harassment. This is because prior to the actual experience of harassment, people tend to overestimate their affective reactions as well as their proactive reactions in response to sexual harassment. This exemplifies the focalism error (See Focalism) in which forecasters ignore alternative factors that may influence ones' reaction, or failure to react. For example, in their study Woodzicka and LaFrance studied women's predictions of how they would react to sexual harassment during an interview. Forecasters overestimated their affective reactions of anger, while underestimating the level of fear they would experience. They also overestimated their proactive reactions. In Study 1, participants reported that they would refuse to answer questions of a sexual nature and, or, report the question to the interviewer's supervisor. However, in Study 2, of those who had actually experienced sexual harassment during an interview, none of them displayed either proactive reaction. If juries are able to recognize such errors in forecasting, they may be able to adjust such errors. Additionally, if juries are educated on other factors that may influence the reactions of those who are victims of sexual harassment, such as intimidation, they are more likely to make more accurate forecasts, and less likely to blame victims for their own victimization. In health Affective forecasting has implications in health decision making and medical ethics and policy. Research in health-related affective forecasting suggests that nonpatients consistently underestimate the quality of life associated with chronic health conditions and disability. The so-called "disability paradox" states the discrepancy between self-reported levels of happiness amongst chronically ill people versus the predictions of their happiness levels by healthy people. The implications of this forecasting error in medical decision making can be severe, because judgments about future quality of life often inform health decisions. Inaccurate forecasts can lead patients, or more commonly their health care agent, to refuse life-saving treatment in cases when the treatment would involve a drastic change in lifestyle, for example, the amputation of a leg. A patient, or health care agent, who falls victim to focalism would fail to take into account all the aspects of life that would remain the same after losing a limb. Although Halpern and Arnold suggest interventions to foster awareness of forecasting errors and improve medical decision making amongst patients, the lack of direct research in the impact of biases in medical decisions provides a significant challenge. Research also indicates that affective forecasts about future quality of life are influenced by the forecaster's current state of health. Whereas healthy individuals associate future low health with low quality of life, less healthy individuals do not forecast necessarily low quality of life when imagining having poorer health. Thus, patient forecasts and preferences about their own quality of life may conflict with public notions. Because a primary goal of healthcare is maximizing quality of life, knowledge about patients' forecasts can potentially inform policy on how resources are allocated. Some doctors suggest that research findings in affective forecasting errors merit medical paternalism. Others argue that although biases exist and should support changes in doctor-patient communication, they do not unilaterally diminish decision-making capacity and should not be used to endorse paternalistic policies. This debate captures the tension between medicine's emphasis on protecting the autonomy of the patient and an approach that favors intervention in order to correct biases. Improving forecasts Individuals who recently have experienced an emotionally charged life event will display the impact bias. The individual predicts they will feel happier than they actually feel about the event. Another factor that influences overestimation is focalism which causes individuals to concentrate on the current event. Individuals often fail to realize that other events will also influence how they currently feel. Lam et al. (2005) found that the perspective that individuals take influences their susceptibility to biases when making predictions about their feelings. A perspective that overrides impact bias is mindfulness. Mindfulness is a skill that individuals can learn to help them prevent overestimating their feelings. Being mindful helps the individual understand that they may currently feel negative emotions, but the feelings are not permanent. The Five Factor Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ) can be used to measure an individual's mindfulness. The five factors of mindfulness are observing, describing, acting with awareness, non-judging of inner experience, and non-reactivity to inner experience. The two most important factors for improving forecasts are observing and acting with awareness. The observing factor assesses how often an individual attends to their sensations, emotions, and outside environment. The ability to observe allows the individual to avoid focusing on one single event, and be aware that other experiences will influence their current emotions. Acting with awareness requires assessing how individuals tend to current activities with careful consideration and concentration. Emanuel, Updegraff, Kalmbach, and Ciesla (2010) stated that the ability to act with awareness reduces the impact bias because the individual is more aware that other events co-occur with the present event. Being able to observe the current event can help individuals focus on pursuing future events that provide long-term satisfaction and fulfillment. See also Daniel Gilbert George Loewenstein Happiness economics Hedonic treadmill List of cognitive biases List of memory biases Prospect theory Welfare economics References Further reading On the projection bias External links Daniel Gilbert "Why are we happy?" (video lecture), TED.com, Retrieved 2009-08-29 Psychlopedia on Affective Forecasting Daniel Gilbert, video interview Affective forecasting on Psychology Today Psychological methodology Behavioral economics

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl%20Fredriksens%20Transport

Carl Fredriksens Transport

Carl Fredriksens Transport was the code name for an operation during the occupation of Norway by Nazi Germany to help Jews and other persecuted Norwegians escape persecution, deportation, and murder in death camps. Background The Nazi regime in Norway implemented its part of the Holocaust through a series of steps, starting with registration, then confiscation, internment and concentration, and ultimately deportation of Jews, primarily to Auschwitz. Some Jews had fled Norway to Sweden earlier in the war, but most had stayed in their homes until October 26, 1942. At that point, most men were arrested and detained in prison camps, while women and children were ordered to report to the nearest police station on a daily basis. The escape operation Although the Norwegian resistance movement had maintained a network of escape routes to Sweden, they were unprepared to deal with the urgent plight of Jews who faced deportation. In addition, simultaneously with the arrest and deportation of Jews in 1942, the Gestapo launched an offensive to identify and apprehend members of the Norwegian resistance. This put pressure both on the viability and capacity of existing escape routes. Carl Fredriksens Transport (named after Norway's King Haakon VII whose real name was Christian Frederik Carl Georg Valdemar Axel) came into being when four Jewish Norwegians appeared on the doorstep of nursery owner Rolf A. Syversen, asking for help. Through one of the leaders of Milorg, Ole Berg, Syversen contacted Alf Tollef Pettersen, who had been fired from the Norwegian police force for refusing to pledge loyalty to the Quisling regime. Pettersen had been hired to manage transportation and was intimately familiar with the roads from Oslo to the border to Sweden through Østfold. What started with a few nighttime drives turned into a large-scale operation. The group accepted all refugees, but charged those who could afford it 180 kroner. In time, the Norwegian resistance group Sivorg put its clandestine network and financial resources behind it. Pettersen, his wife Gerd, Syversen, and the resistance leader Reidar Larsen managed the operation. Altogether about 1,000 refugees were moved to safety, of whom approximately 500 were Jewish. The name Carl Fredriksens Transport was based on the original name of the exiled Norwegian king Haakon VII, who was Carl, son of Fredrik, but also sounded like a common Norwegian name. After having found their way to Syversen's nursery near Carl Berners plass in Oslo, refugees were loaded on the backs of trucks, and covered by a tarp. Children were often sedated. Gerd Pettersen forged bills of lading and other necessary documents. Sivorg's network along the route would monitor German or border police patrols. The route varied somewhat, but would typically end up near Orderudseter, just a few hundred yards short of the Swedish border. The refugees would walk this last distance. The operation started in late November 1942. About ten truckloads a week went to the border and back in the dark of night, mostly with headlights off. By mid-January, the network had been infiltrated by Norwegian collaborators and had to be shut down. The Pettersens made a successful dash for the border in a sedan, breaking the axle just as they crossed into Sweden. Rolf Syversen stayed in Oslo, but was arrested for an unrelated matter in June. He was executed at Trandumskogen in November 1944. Commemoration Although this was the largest rescue operation in Norway during World War II, it was virtually unknown for decades. In order to maintain operational security, the refugees were not aware that they were part of a larger scheme, and their rescuers' identities were kept secret in any event. Ragnar Ulstein, a historian who specialized in the stream of refugees from Norway to Sweden, uncovered the most important features during an interview with Alf Tollef Pettersen. Oslo Jewish Museum has continued the research started by Ulstein and interviewed Gerd Pettersen before she died. In September 2010, a commemorative plaque and cast-iron truck were unveiled at the turn-off to the private road that went to the Swedish border. Filmmaker Robert Murphree is working to create a movie about the operation, historian Mats Tangestuen at Oslo Jewish Museum is writing a book, and artist Victor Lind is creating a public space at the site of Syversen's nursery he is calling "This is a Good Place" (Dette er et fint sted). A bicycle ride, named after the operation, takes place in mid-August from Fetsund, along the original route and to the border crossing to Sweden. The Pettersen's granddaughter Ane Munkeby arranges the ride. Aftermath In 2018 Marte Michelet mentioned a "Reidar Larsen" in her book; in 2021 she apologised for having made analyses of a name-fellow of Reidar Larsen. References The Holocaust in Norway Rescue of Jews during the Holocaust The Holocaust and Sweden

34294635

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1918%E2%80%9319%20Manchester%20United%20F.C.%20season

1918–19 Manchester United F.C. season

The 1918–19 season was Manchester United's fourth and final season in the non-competitive War League during the First World War. With the ongoing First World War, once again Manchester United played non-competitive war league football. In the principal tournament they contested the Lancashire Section, in a 30-game season. In the subsidiary tournament they contested Group C of the Lancashire Section, in a group of four teams. However, none of these were considered to be competitive football, and thus their records are not recognised by the Football League. Lancashire Section Principal Tournament Lancashire Section Subsidiary Tournament Group C References Manchester United F.C. seasons Manchester United

42772543

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central%20International%20League

Central International League

The Central International League was a four–team minor baseball league that played in 1912. A Class C level league, the Central International League played only the 1912 season, with the Duluth White Sox winning the league championship. In 1913, the league expanded and was renamed to become the Northern League. History It featured four teams: the Duluth White Sox, Superior Red Sox, Grand Forks Flickertails and Winnipeg Maroons. Duluth won the league's championship in 1912, with a record of 58–41. Superior (51–54) placed second, ten games behind. Grand Forks (50–55) was third and Winnipeg (50–59) was last. In 1913, the league expanded to include clubs in Minneapolis, St. Paul, Virginia, and Winona, Minnesota, and its name changed to the Northern League. 10–year major league veteran Joe Sommer managed Superior and Otto Krueger, who spent seven years in the majors, managed Winnipeg. Tracy Baker, who played for the Boston Red Sox in 1911, played in the league. Cities represented Duluth, MN: Duluth White Sox 1912 Grand Forks, ND: Grand Forks Flickertails 1912 Superior, WI: Superior Red Sox 1912 Winnipeg, MB: Winnipeg Maroons 1912 Standings & statistics 1912 Central International League schedule No Playoff Scheduled. No Individual Stats Available. References Defunct minor baseball leagues in the United States Baseball leagues in Minnesota Baseball leagues in North Dakota Baseball leagues in Wisconsin Defunct baseball leagues in Canada 1912 establishments in the United States 1912 disestablishments in the United States Sports leagues established in 1912 Sports leagues disestablished in 1912

69639209

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kane%20Hamidou%20Baba

Kane Hamidou Baba

Kane Hamidou Baba (; 10 April 1954 – 28 December 2021) was a Mauritanian politician. A member of the Union of Democratic Forces, he served in the National Assembly from 2006 to 2013. He died in a traffic collision in Las Palmas, Spain, on 28 December 2021, at the age of 67. References 1954 births 2021 deaths Mauritanian politicians Members of the National Assembly (Mauritania) Union of Democratic Forces (Mauritania) politicians People from Trarza Region

29809653

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dreams%20Come%20True%20%28CANT%20album%29

Dreams Come True (CANT album)

Dreams Come True is the debut studio album by American experimental rock project CANT, released on September 13, 2011 on Terrible Records and Warp. Recorded and produced by Grizzly Bear bass guitarist Chris Taylor, the album is primarily a solo album with contributions from Twin Shadow's George Lewis Jr. Regarding the decision to record a solo album, Taylor noted, "Between producing records for other bands and writing records with my band, I think I started to feel this need to pursue something that was just something that I was interested in, that I didn’t have to discuss with other people. I just didn’t want to deal with compromising." Background and recording After extensive touring in support of Grizzly Bear's third studio album, Veckatimest (2009), the band undertook a hiatus from band-related activities. During this time, bassist and producer Chris Taylor began working on solo material, stating, "I felt like doing something where I could pursue my own angle on things. [Dreams Come True]'s a fairly different-sounding record from Grizzly Bear." During the writing and recording of Dreams Come True, Taylor collaborated with Twin Shadow's George Lewis Jr., with Taylor noting, "I had absolutely no idea what the record would end up sounding like. [...] I just kind of threw myself into this thing: I wrote three-quarters of the record in a week-and-a-half with George Twin Shadow." Regarding his contributions, Taylor stated, "I love the way George makes his things. His take on pop music is really impressive, really 'up my alley'. I just really enjoy how he approaches music, and it seemed like it was really in line with what kind of music I was into at the time, and what I was hoping to do myself." The resulting recordings differed from Taylor's work with Grizzly Bear, with Taylor noting, "It's just such different music. Which is what I wanted to do, of course, but it still shocked me when I came out with it. I felt very new to me. I didn't know how to make sense of it, at first. It was challenging. But I like a good challenge." Writing and composition Regarding the album's lyrical content, Chris Taylor noted, "I just wanted to do something different: exploring different types of making music, different ways of writing lyrics. With each song I decided I would try and tell a specific story. I really like lyricist who can tell stories: Neil Young, Otis Redding, The-Dream. [...] I was dealing with some tough stuff. So, the fact that it came out sounding on the dark and dissonant wasn't something that was surprising to me; but I wasn't trying to make a dark record as much as I was trying to make something that felt like a release." Reception Allmusic's Gregory Heaney gave the album a positive review, stating, "What’s really special here is that Taylor is always able to keep things from getting abrasive, allowing the album to swirl around listeners without pushing them away. This focus on approachability over impenetrability makes Dreams Come True not only a welcoming debut, but a fantastic entry point into the more experimental side of electronic music." Drowned in Sound issued the album with a positive review, stating, "At its heart CANT feels more like a bedroom pop project, trading grandiosity for the introverted, and the collective for the personal. Having heard Taylor’s fingerprints over a dozen fine records, it’s great to finally hear one that he can call his own." Pitchfork Media gave the album a mixed review, stating, "There's a nagging feeling that the aesthetic compositions here are like bubbles - they float by with solid-looking, effervescent charm, but burst upon closer inspection." However, they praised the album's final two tracks, noting "The record is most gripping at its last breath: The end of "Rises Silent" and "Bericht" find Taylor alone with a piano, shorn of the stylistic trickery. The result is disarmingly tender, adding a few heartfelt minutes of warmth and personal connection, something lacking in the rest of Dreams' gloss." Track listing "Too Late, Too Far" "Believe" "The Edge" "BANG" "(brokencollar)" "She Found a Way Out" "Answer" "Dreams Come True" "Rises Silent" "Bericht" Personnel CANT Chris Taylor - all vocals, various instruments George Lewis Jr. - various instruments Additional musicians Thomas Hedlund - additional drums and percussion (1, 2 and 9) Guillermo E. Brown - additional percussion (9) Dave Treut - additional drums (9) Aaron Parks - piano (9 and 10) Recording personnel Chris Taylor - producer, recording, mixing Jake Aron - assistant mixing engineer Artwork Nick Kapros - photography Samantha West - photography Drew Heffron - design References 2011 albums Albums produced by Chris Taylor (Grizzly Bear musician) Warp (record label) albums

26728135

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boxing%20at%20the%202010%20South%20American%20Games%20%E2%80%93%20Men%27s%2051kg

Boxing at the 2010 South American Games – Men's 51kg

The Men's 51 kg event at the 2010 South American Games had its quarterfinals held on March 23, the semifinals on March 25 and the final on March 27. Medalists Results Main Bracket References Report 51kg M

61602332

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vecihe%20Ta%C5%9F%C3%A7%C4%B1

Vecihe Taşçı

Vecihe Taşçı (1905–2002) was a Turkish female rower and tennis player for Fenerbahçe S.K. in Istanbul. She was one of the first female sport rowers and tennis players in Turkey. Private life Vecihe Taşçı was born in Istanbul, then Ottoman Empire, in 1905. She died in Istanbul in 2002. Sports career She started her sports career sport rowing at the Fenerbahçe Rowing. She became one of the first female sport rowers in Turkey along with the Özdil sisters Fitnat (1910–993), Nezihe (1911–1984) and Melek (1916– ). She and her teammates were known as unrivaled in coxless four rowing, and won multiple times Istanbul and Turkish championships. In 1927, she began tennis playing. She played with the spouses and daughters of the Fenerbahçe S.K. members at tennis courts in Kuşdili, Kadıköy until the 1940s. She was one of the first female tennis players in Turkey. References 1905 births Sportspeople from Istanbul Turkish female rowers Fenerbahçe Rowing rowers Turkish female tennis players 2002 deaths

51625119

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017%20Hertfordshire%20County%20Council%20election

2017 Hertfordshire County Council election

The 2017 Hertfordshire County Council election took place on 4 May 2017 as part of the 2017 local elections in the United Kingdom. All 78 councillors were elected from electoral divisions which returned one county councillor each by first-past-the-post voting for a four-year term of office. Boundary changes to the electoral divisions took effect at this election after a review of the county by the Local Government Boundary Commission for England increasing the number of seats on the council from 77 to 78. Election results Results by electoral division Broxbourne (6 Seats) Dacorum (10 Seats) East Herts (10 Seats) Hertsmere (7 seats) North Herts (9 seats) St Albans (10 seats) Stevenage (6 seats) Three Rivers (6 seats) Watford (6 seats) Welwyn Hatfield (8 seats) Changes before 2021 References 2017 2017 English local elections 2010s in Hertfordshire

33845189

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fawzi%20Abdel%20A%27al

Fawzi Abdel A'al

Fawzi Abdel A'al (; born 1971) is a prosecutor and a Libyan politician born in the city of Misrata in 1971. He was named Interior Minister on 22 November 2011 by Abdurrahim El-Keib. Prior to the 2011 Libyan civil war Fawzi worked as a prosecutor at the Misratta Central Court. Fawzi lost one of his brothers during the 2011 civil war. On 26 August 2012, he resigned from his post due to criticisms against him concerning the attacks on Sufi Muslim shrines and other violent events that occurred in Libya. References Interior ministers of Libya Living people Members of the National Transitional Council Members of the Interim Government of Libya 1971 births People of the First Libyan Civil War Libyan Sunni Muslims People from Misrata

16568607

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Elastic%20Band

The Elastic Band

The Elastic Band was a Welsh rock music group band, formed in Cardiff in the 1960s. They were one of the exponents of the UK psychedelic rock scene from the late 1960s and featured Andy Scott who would go on to become guitarist with Sweet. Other members were August Eadon (Gus) who went by the name Ted Yeadon when he was a member of Elastic Band, Sean Jenkins (drums) and Mike Scott (bass - Andy's brother). The band broke up in 1970 when Yeadon accepted an offer to join Love Affair. The band is favourable by Mapes. Gus Eadon joined the band Zzebra in 1974. Personnel Former members Andy Scott – guitars (1968–1971) Mike Scott – bass (1968–1971) Sean Jenkins – drums (1968–1971) Ted Yeadon – organ, piano, flute, congas, harmonica, vocals (1968–1971) Discography They released an album Expansions on Life (1969) on the Decca Nova label. Album tracks: Side 1 "Mother Goose" "Last Person in the Bar" "Crabtree Farm" "Has Anybody Seen Her?" "Dear John" Side 2 "Room Full of Room" "That's Nice" "Life Still Goes On" "Sad Jazz" "Mapes's Sonatra" "Sunrise Work Till Sunset" Personnel Ted Yeadon – organ, piano, flute, harmonica, congas, vocals Andy Scott – guitar Mike Scott – bass, tenor saxophone Sean Jenkins – drums, claves References Welsh psychedelic rock music groups Welsh rock music groups Welsh hard rock musical groups Musical groups from Cardiff Musical groups established in 1968 Musical groups disestablished in 1971 1968 establishments in Wales

40908918

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oiticica%20Dam

Oiticica Dam

The Oiticica Dam is an earth fill embankment dam currently under construction between the rivers Seridó and Piranhas-Açu, in the southwest Brazilian state of Rio Grande do Norte. The main purpose is water storage. Its construction began in 2013 and was initially scheduled for completion in August 2015. It is projected to be the third largest man-made dam in Rio Grande do Norte. Construction suffered various delays, and by July 2019, only 74% of the work is complete. References Dams under construction Dams in Rio Grande do Norte Earth-filled dams

5311980

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mstislav%20of%20Kiev

Mstislav of Kiev

Mstislav of Kiev may refer to: Mstislav I of Kiev (1076 – 1132) Mstislav II of Kiev (died 1172) Mstislav III of Kiev (died 1223)

8257299

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Sun%20Shines%20Brighter

The Sun Shines Brighter

The Sun Shines Brighter is the second studio album from English band Ultra, released on 24 October 2006, seven years after their debut album Ultra. The lineup consists of James Hearn, vocals and piano; Michael Harwood, vocals and guitar; Nick Keynes, bass; and Jon O'Mahony, drums and percussion. The majority of the songs were written by the four original members of the band who reunited in 2005 to write and record it. James Hearn wrote "Happiness". Former member Alistair Griffin wrote "Don't Let Go" and "In Your Smile", and also co-wrote "Feeling Alive". Griffin's vocals have been used on "In Your Smile" and "Feeling Alive", although these appear to have been recorded some time previously, before he re-recorded the versions which are included on his own 2004 solo album Bring It On. The album was recorded in London and Italy, on the band's own Goldust label. Producer credits include Ian Stanley (who produced their first album), Claudio Guidetti and Ash Howes. Track listing References External links The Sun Shines Brighter on Discogs 2006 albums Albums produced by Ian Stanley Ultra (British band) albums

64363283

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence%20Underwood

Lawrence Underwood

Lawrence Underwood (1871 – February 2, 1939) was an American stage and screen actor, writer, and director. He played in many movies, including Old Lady 31, The Phantom Buster and King of the Royal Mounted. Selected filmography Twisted Triggers (1926) References External links Lawrence Underwood on IMDb 1871 births 1939 deaths People from Albia, Iowa Male actors from Iowa American male stage actors Male actors from Los Angeles 20th-century American male actors

23068729

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U46619

U46619

U46619 is a stable synthetic analog of the endoperoxide prostaglandin PGH2 first prepared in 1975, and acts as a thromboxane A2 (TP) receptor agonist. It potently stimulates TP receptor-mediated, but not other prostaglandin receptor-mediated responses in various in vitro preparations. and exhibits many properties similar to thromboxane A2, including shape change and aggregation of platelets and smooth muscle contraction. U46619 is a vasoconstrictor that mimics the hydroosmotic effect of vasopressin. References Prostaglandins

6365632

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daron%20Malakian%20and%20Scars%20on%20Broadway

Daron Malakian and Scars on Broadway

Daron Malakian and Scars on Broadway (previously known as just Scars on Broadway) is an American rock band founded by Daron Malakian of the metal band System of a Down. The band's self-titled debut album was released in July 2008. In late 2008, the band entered a hiatus, with Malakian citing a lack of enthusiasm and "his heart not being into touring" as the primary reasons for the band's cessation. Despite reforming with various line-up changes in 2010 and 2012 and announcing a second album, the band ceased any further announcements by 2013. In April 2018, Malakian announced that the band would be releasing their second album titled Dictator in July 2018. History Self-titled debut album (2005–2008) In December 2005, Malakian stated in an interview that he "could release ten solo records tomorrow." He revealed that he has "tons of material laying around", as well as his plans for the future: "After these albums [Mezmerize and Hypnotize] I'm gonna go off and do something on my own, just like Serj." Following System of a Down's hiatus in May 2006, Malakian announced his latest project — Scars on Broadway — a band which would include System of a Down drummer John Dolmayan and himself. Malakian stated "I haven't decided if I'm going to make it a revolving door of musicians or one solid band but it all revolves around my writing." After Malakian and Dolmayan experimented with different musicians, for a period of nine months in 2007 the band took form and forged its sound in intense rehearsals and recording sessions under Malakian's direction at his home studio and Sunset Sound; with musicians Danny Shamoun on keyboards, Dominic Cifarelli on bass, and Franky Perez on guitar and backing vocals. The band begun recording their debut album in September 2007. The band's website featured a countdown timer, counting down to 15:00 PST on March 28, 2008. Additionally, above the timer, in quotation marks was the phrase "They say it's all about to end." When the countdown ended, the song "They Say" was made available on the site and their Myspace account. Scars on Broadway played their first live show April 11, 2008 at the Whisky a Go Go in Los Angeles. They also played with Metallica at KFMA Day 2008 in Tucson, Arizona. On January 22, 2008, Scars on Broadway were announced to be performing at the Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival on April 26, 2008. They also performed at the sixteenth annual KROQ Weenie Roast. On May 2, 2008, the band announced that their debut album, Scars on Broadway, would be released on July 28, 2008. A week later, the band was signed to Interscope Records. The first single would be the aforementioned "They Say", which would receive radio airplay, and be made available on Guitar Hero 5 and as a downloadable track on Rock Band. The music video for the track was released on June 27. In July, the band announced a headlining tour set for October 2008. Scars on Broadway was released on July 28, 2008, to generally favorable reviews and debuted at No. 17 on the Billboard charts. A second single, "World Long Gone", was released on September 8, and featured a music video directed by filmmaker Joel Schumacher. Hiatus, reformation, and second hiatus (2008–2018) In late 2008, Malakian announced that the headlining tour to promote the album's release, which included an appearance on Jimmy Kimmel Live!, would be cancelled with no plans of rescheduling. Malakian cited personal reasons as the reason behind the cancellations. Malakian later cited burn-out of touring as an additional factor behind the cancellations. Interviews with both Cifarelli and Dolmayan suggested that the band was finished. When asked later in May 2009 if the band would ever record or perform again, drummer John Dolmayan stated: "I'm not sure, but I do miss it." In August 2009, Dolmayan, Perez, Shamoun, and Cifarelli as Scars on Broadway traveled to Iraq for a USO tour across the US army bases, without Malakian. Their setlist consisted of covers as well as a few Scars on Broadway songs. Perez stated on his Twitter that "the Scars tunes sound amazing but they're not the same without D..." On October 31, 2009, Malakian performed with Perez, Dolmayan, and System of a Down bassist Shavo Odadjian for Odadjian's Halloween party at Roxie Theater. The group performed a System of a Down song ("Suite-Pee"), a Scars on Broadway song ("They Say") as well as an untitled song. On April 10, 2010, the band announced their return show. On May 2, Scars on Broadway played a sold out show at The Troubadour in West Hollywood. The band performed all of the songs off their first album (except for "Kill Each Other / Live Forever"), as well as a new song "Talkin' Shit". They also played a cover song "Forever My Queen" by the band Pentagram. System of a Down bassist Shavo Odadjian accompanied and played 3rd guitar for "Cute Machines" and "They Say". On July 29, 2010, a new song titled "Fucking" was released on SoundCloud, using a special feature where users had to share the song on social media to unlock the download. On August 20, 2010, Scars on Broadway played a sold out show at the Avalon in Hollywood. The first 500 people in line at the concert received a free copy of the single on vinyl. A music video for "Fucking" was later released in March 2011, using footage from the concert. In February 2012 a preview of a new song called "Guns Are Loaded" was released. In August, Dolmayan announced his departure, but stated the album was still scheduled for release "in the next 3 to 4 months". In September 2012, an accompanying EP was announced to come out around the release of their second album as well. The band also performed at the Epicenter Festival in Irvine, Ca. with new drummer Jules Pampena. However, Perez was not present, and later confirmed he had left the band as well. Malakian later talked about the upcoming album in November 2012, mentioning new songs "Dictator", "Till the End", and "Fuck n Kill". Malakian also noted he will perform the entirety of the new album by himself. Despite plans for an untitled album to be out early 2013 mentioned at live shows, no new information regarding the album was given until 2018. Dictator (2018–present) On April 16, 2018, Malakian announced the lead single from the second album would be released on April 23. The band was re-branded as "Daron Malakian and Scars on Broadway". Regarding the change, Malakian stated, "Nobody quit [the band]. When I first started Scars, I always said that it would be different line-ups from album to album. Depends on the type of direction I want to take. Different musicians work for different styles. That is partly why I added my name in front of the band's." On April 23, 2018, Malakian released the official video of the song "Lives", also releasing the release date of the band's second album, titled Dictator, on July 20, 2018. The song is meant to commemorate the Armenian genocide and celebrate its survivors. The "Lives" music video featured guitarist Orbel Babayan, bassist Niko Chantziantoniou, and drummer Roman Lomtadze, who later joined the band as touring members. The album was recorded in 2012, with Malakian explaining the delay by saying "Not knowing what's happening with System has kept me from putting my own stuff out. Too much time has passed, and I'm really excited to finally get some music out finally." Malakian stated that the new album could have been System of a Down music, however members of the band couldn't agree on musical direction. Malakian also confirmed that "Gie mou", a song originally sung by Stamatis Kokotas, was going to be in the album. Additionally, he revealed that he was working with a full band for the band's third release, scheduled to begin recording in August. Musical style From its early days, Daron Malakian always addressed the project as just rock, and "a lot more rock driven, although there will be some metal influences in the System of a Down style". Malakian stated, "I think a System fan will be able to relate to the music, but there's a few different directions I want to take, whether it be a little bit more ethnic or sometimes electronic." In a later interview, Malakian stated that the music would be influenced by classic rock acts such as David Bowie, Brian Eno, Neil Young, and Roxy Music. He also stated that he shifted his songwriting from System of a Down's "frazzled metal" to more song-based work, which was inspired by Neil Young and David Bowie. "I don't feel we're the mosh-pit band," said Malakian. "That's just where I'm comfortable as a writer right now," he said, hinting at the band's rock over metal music approach. He also stated his intentions for the band to "have their own identity" from System of a Down, while still maintaining the same "thematic and sonic territory". Band members Current Daron Malakian — lead vocals, lead guitar, bass, keyboards (2006–2008, 2010–present), drums (2012–present) Touring members Orbel Babayan - rhythm guitar, backing vocals, sampler (2018–present) Niko Chantziantoniou - bass (2018–present) Roman Lomtadze - drums (2018–present) Former John Dolmayan — drums (2006–2009, 2010–2012) Franky Perez — rhythm guitar, backing vocals (2008–2009, 2010) Danny Shamoun — keyboards, piano, percussion (2008–2009, 2010–2012) Former touring members Dominic Cifarelli — bass, backing vocals (The Chronicles of Israfel, ex-Pulse Ultra) (2008–2009, 2010–2012) Jules Pampena — drums (2012) Timeline Discography Studio albums Singles Music videos References External links Musical groups established in 2003 Musical groups from Los Angeles Interscope Records artists