j-chim/pii-pile-chunk3-300000-350000-tagged

texts sequence	meta dict	scores sequence	avg_score float64 0 0.25	num_sents int64 5 5	tagged_pii_results list
[ "The present invention relates to clinical and/or surgical training apparatus. ", "Apparatus of this type is illustrated in Cooper et al., ", "U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "5,775,916.", "\nAccording to the present invention, there is provided clinical and/or surgical training apparatus comprising:\na plurality of simulations of body structures, the simulations being a set of simulations of a particular part of the anatomy and being of increasing anatomical complexity and/or presenting increasing clinical or surgical difficulty; and\nmeans for receiving at least one of the simulations so that a surgical and/or a clinical technique may be practiced.", "\nThe receiving means may comprise a housing, for example one which provides a simulation of at least party of a body.", "\nThe simulations may be simulations of internal body structures.", "\nThe simulations may include different simulations of the gall bladder, such as with different thicknesses of gall bladder wall.", "\nAt least one of the simulations may include a simulation of a foreign body. ", "For example, different simulations may incorporate different sizes of foreign body.", "\nDifferent simulations may incorporate different degrees of toughness and respectability of fibers.", "\nThe simulations could be mounted on adjustable supports.", "\nThe present invention also comprises a clinical and/or training method using apparatus according to the invention.", "\nThe present invention also comprises a clinical and/or training method using apparatus according to the invention." ]	{ "pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds" }	[ 0, 0.017857142857142856, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]	0.00119	5	[ { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 132, "entity_type": "PERSON", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 119 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 138, "entity_type": "LOCATION", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 134 } ]
[ "The present invention relates to the provision of video mail and/or messages in a telecommunications system and, more particular to the playback and the playback-control of the video mail and/or messages from a cellular handset receiver.", "\nReceiving and reviewing voicemail can be a cumbersome process, especially in a business setting or other situation where a substantial amount of voice mail is received. ", "One of the complications arises in that the voicemail messages are serially recorded and during the playback, if a portion of the message is missed, the user needs to back-up to re-listen to the message. ", "Portions of a voicemail message may require repeated review to capture the actual message. ", "This can be due to a variety of reasons including, but not limited to, background noises, poor pronunciation, rapid talking, and garbled audio due to interference in the transmitting, receiving or playback technologies. ", "Using older technology, a user's only option was to restart the playback of the voicemail message. ", "This technique is inadequate in that the user is required to replay the entire message even though only a small portion of the voicemail message may need to be repeated\nA technique that has been introduced to the market for voicemail messages is a rewind-like capability. ", "This technique allows the user to press a button, such as a key on a telephone keypad, to rewind the message for a duration the of playback time. ", "For instance, pressing the [3] key will rewind a message 6 seconds and then resume playback from that point. ", "Additional rewinding can be obtained by pressing the key repeatedly. ", "This technique provides some improvement in the art by allowing a user to “go back” in the playback of a message to re-listen to a missed portion of the message. ", "However, this technique still lacks much needed capabilities in the ability to review and playback voicemail messages as will be further described.", "\nWith the introduction of video messaging and video mail into telecommunications systems, the complexities associated with the playback of messages are even more so exaggerated. ", "One of the reasons that the complexities are exaggerated is that the volume of data included in a video message is substantially greater than a voicemail message. ", "Thus, to rewind the playback of a video message, a significant amount of data must either be buffered at the playback end or retransmitted by the source end. ", "Thus, there is a need in the art for a solution that enables flexibility in the playback of video messages but that is not over burdensome on bandwidth or memory storage requirements.", "\nAnother complexity with providing flexibility in the playback of video messages is maintaining synchronization of the video and the audio content. ", "If this content is stored separately, the complexities associated with flexible playback can be significant.", "\nAnother complexity with providing flexibility in the playback of video messages is that not only may a user need to re-listen to audio content that may have been missed, but the user may actually need to review the video content, pause the video content to take notes, or search the video message for a particular portion of the video and/or audio content. ", "Current techniques available in the market do not provide the flexibility needed to meet these needs.", "\nThus, there is a need in the art for a solution that allows a user a wide range of flexibility in the playback and review of video messages. ", "Within the cellular telecommunications environment where bandwidth is a premium, such a solution needs to provide this flexibility in a bandwidth efficient manner. ", "These and other needs in the art are addressed by the present invention described herein." ]	{ "pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds" }	[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]	0	5	[ { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 1505, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 1486 } ]
[ "culate b(-6).", "\n75\nLet c(l) = l*2 - 56l + 518. ", "Give c(14).", "\n-70\nLet k(b) = 80b + 2742. ", "Give k(-34).", "\n22\nLet j(w) = -w3 + 91w*2 - 60w - 2705. ", "Determine j(90).", "\n-5\nLet o(f) = 2503f + 12514. ", "What is o(-5)?", "\n-1\nLet u(z) = 49z + 36. ", "Calculate u(18).", "\n918\nLet f(q) = 4q2 - 165q + 35. ", "Determine f(41).", "\n-6\nLet x(g) = -455g + 55054. ", "Give x(121).", "\n-1\nLet o(r) = -15r + 377. ", "Give o(29).", "\n-58\nLet s(o) = -257o + 4629. ", "Give s(18).", "\n3\nLet m(g) = g2 + 39g - 595. ", "Give m(-50).", "\n-45\nLet v(r) = 34r - 109. ", "What is v(3)?", "\n-7\nLet l(b) = -45b - 489. ", "What is l(-11)?", "\n6\nLet d(k) = -11595k - 255097. ", "What is d(-22)?", "\n-7\nLet m(b) = -2331b*2 - 14009b - 135. ", "What is m(-6)?", "\n3\nLet t(i) = -i*3 - 51i*2 - 69i + 1414. ", "Give t(-49).", "\n-7\nLet v(d) = 2d2 - 21d + 22. ", "Determine v(13).", "\n87\nLet f(y) = -y3 + y2 + 4y - 24. ", "Calculate f(-10).", "\n1036\nLet g(x) = -75x + 56. ", "Give g(1).", "\n-19\nLet n(h) = 17h - 522. ", "Determine n(31).", "\n5\nLet c(g) = 2g*2 + 9707g - 22. ", "Calculate c(0).", "\n-22\nLet s(q) = -q*3 - 87q*2 - 65q + 1838. ", "What is s(-86)?", "\n32\nLet r(n) = -n*2 - 4n + 187. ", "Give r(12).", "\n-5\nLet l(z) = -7z2 - 40z - 46. ", "What is l(-2)?", "\n6\nLet k(m) = m*3 + 51m*2 + 267m + 1674. ", "Determine k(-46).", "\n-28\nLet a(r) = -610r - 7914. ", "What is a(-13)?", "\n16\nLet v(t) = -19t - 143. ", "Give v(-7).", "\n-10\nLet u(j) = 7j2 - 153j - 15. ", "Determine u(23).", "\n169\nLet x(g) = -g*3 + 73g*2 + 54g + 1463. ", "Determine x(74).", "\n-17\nLet w(t) = -4t2 + 95t - 150. ", "Determine w(22).", "\n4\nLet r(m) = 275m + 1108. ", "Calculate r(-4).", "\n8\nLet k(q) = 17q + 762. ", "Calculate k(-45).", "\n-3\nLet n(u) = u*2 - 353u - 2105. ", "What is n(-6)?", "\n49\nLet j(r) = 7r + 93. ", "What is j(-13)?", "\n2\nLet u(z) = -2z*2 + 430z - 12331. ", "What is u(181)?", "\n-23\nLet n(u) = -200u - 35594. ", "Give n(-178).", "\n6\nLet x(l) = -50l*2 - 4506l - 528. ", "Calculate x(-90).", "\n12\nLet m(u) = 35u - 152. ", "Calculate m(7).", "\n93\nLet g(l) = 2l*2 - 42l + 16. ", "Determine g(21).", "\n16\nLet d(m) = -3448m + 3451. ", "Calculate d(1).", "\n3\nLet d(t) = 2t*3 + 27t*2 - 13t + 21. ", "Give d(-14).", "\n7\nLet t(u) = -8u3 - 10u*2 - 11u + 19. ", "Determine t(-3).", "\n178\nLet t(s) = -32s - 158. ", "Calculate t(-10).", "\n162\nLet q(v) = -v3 - 11v*2 - 18v + 10. ", "Give q(-9).", "\n10\nLet o(b) = -12b - 1528. ", "Give o(-128).", "\n8\nLet c(s) = 10s - 605. ", "Calculate c(60).", "\n-5\nLet q(v) = -309v - 2614. ", "Give q(-7).", "\n-451\nLet h(g) = -6g*3 + 27g*2 + 142g + 12. ", "Calculate h(-4).", "\n260\nLet x(s) = 170s + 2379. ", "Calculate x(-14).", "\n-1\nLet o(v) = -70v + 42. ", "Give o(-6).", "\n462\nLet h(c) = -c*3 - 22c*2 - 66c - 153. ", "Give h(-19).", "\n18\nLet k(b) = b*2 - 94b + 10. ", "Determine k(0).", "\n10\nLet d(x) = -93x - 742. ", "Give d(-8).", "\n2\nLet n(z) = -65z - 412. ", "Determine n(-6).", "\n-22\nLet a(x) = x*3 + 69x*2 + 485x - 20. ", "What is a(-8)?", "\n4\nLet y(l) = 8l3 - 293l*2 - 103l - 302. ", "Calculate y(37).", "\n-6\nLet i(x) = x*3 + 11x*2 - 80x - 810. ", "Calculate i(-12).", "\n6\nLet x(g) = 154g3 + 21g + 20. ", "Calculate x(-1).", "\n-155\nLet x(h) = -64h - 3671. ", "Give x(-57).", "\n-23\nLet s(i) = 34i*2 - 850i + 8. ", "What is s(25)?", "\n8\nLet n(f) = 825f + 37153. ", "Give n(-45).", "\n28\nLet j(h) = -h2 - 11h - 2. ", "What is j(-15)?", "\n-62\nLet a(o) = 878o + 4395. ", "What is a(-5)?", "\n5\nLet s(p) = -108p - 40. ", "Give s(-1).", "\n68\nLet l(c) = 12c - 106. ", "Calculate l(-5).", "\n-166\nLet o(n) = -744n + 113083. ", "Determine o(152).", "\n-5\nLet x(h) = -2046h - 44996. ", "Determine x(-22).", "\n16\nLet w(l) = 22l + 72. ", "Give w(-4).", "\n-16\nLet z(g) = -110g2 + 3g + 16. ", "Give z(-2).", "\n-430\nLet x(c) = 101c - 71. ", "Calculate x(-3).", "\n-374\nLet r(z) = 9z*2 + 825z + 3286. ", "Give r(-4).", "\n130\nLet b(f) = -33f + 406. ", "Determine b(5).", "\n241\nLet z(x) = x2 + 17x - 155. ", "What is z(-23)?", "\n-17\nLet j(o) = o*2 + 51o - 241. ", "Determine j(-56).", "\n39\nLet w(g) = -728g - 42231. ", "Determine w(-58).", "\n-7\nLet b(g) = -336g - 647. ", "Give b(-4).", "\n697\nLet u(v) = -815v + 3286. ", "Calculate u(4).", "\n26\nLet c(i) = -2i*2 - 23i + 1393. ", "What is c(22)?", "\n-81\nLet r(z) = 907z + 929. ", "Calculate r(-1).", "\n22\nLet c(l) = -96l*2 + 3263l + 35. ", "Give c(34).", "\n1\nLet n(k) = -22k3 + 2k*2 - 5k + 1. ", "Calculate n(1).", "\n-24\nLet f(v) = -2v2 + 50v + 116. ", "What is f(28)?", "\n-52\nLet f(b) = -b*3 + 4b*2 - 77b + 872. ", "Determine f(8).", "\n0\nLet p(f) = f*3 - 32f*2 - 38f + 172. ", "Determine p(33).", "\n7\nLet g(r) = r*2 - 6r + 84. ", "What is g(7)?", "\n91\nLet o(n) = 95n - 559. ", "Give o(6).", "\n11\nLet a(f) = 2f*3 - 60f*2 - 129f + 23. ", "Determine a(32).", "\n-9\nLet n(v) = 13v - 9. ", "What is n(-1)?", "\n-22\nLet j(m) = -2m*2 - 7752m + 31033. ", "What is j(4)?", "\n-7\nLet p(o) = 237o + 1435. ", "Calculate p(-6).", "\n13\nLet t(a) = -a2 + 31a + 23. ", "Calculate t(20).", "\n243\nLet q(d) = -d*2 - 30d - 179. ", "What is q(-15)?", "\n46\nLet p(t) = -t*2 + 8t + 272. ", "Calculate p(22).", "\n-36\nLet k(p) = 691p - 3475. ", "What is k(5)?", "\n-20\nLet v(l) = 182l + 18. ", "Calculate v(0).", "\n18\nLet f(d) = -2d2 - 166d + 6214. ", "Determine f(-111).", "\n-2\nLet n(l) = -l*3 + 2l*2 + 5l - 3. ", "Determine n(0).", "\n-3\nLet k(v) = 2v3 - 12v*2 - 5v + 57. ", "What is k(9)?", "\n498\nLet w(d) = 4d2 - 47d + 14. ", "Give w(11).", "\n-19\nLet x(l) = -136l. ", "Calculate x(0).", "\n0\nLet w(v) = -v3 - 20v*2 - 32v - 541. ", "Give w(-21).", "\n572\nLet z(a) = a*3 - 5a + 2. ", "Calculate z(0).", "\n2\nLet b(l) = -319l - 12110. ", "Give b(-38).", "\n12\nLet m(c) = c3 + 6c*2 + 127c + 354. ", "Determine m(-3).", "\n0\nLet t(i) = i*3 + 43i*2 + 30i + 36. ", "Determine t(0).", "\n36\nLet w(c) = c*3 - 40c*2 + 173c - 22. ", "Determine w(35).", "\n-92\nLet o(d) = -d*3 + 56d*2 - 256d + 26. ", "What is o(51)?", "\n-25\nLet x(h) = 7h2 - 15h + 6. ", "Calculate x(2).", "\n4\nLet c(b) = 6b2 + 86b - 13. ", "Give c(-15).", "\n47\nLet o(k) = 9k3 + 4k*2 + 6k - 16. ", "Calculate o(2).", "\n84\nLet w(f) = 3f3 + 56f*2 - 83f - 56. ", "Give w(-20).", "\n4\nLet r(t) = -246t + 87079. ", "Give r(354).", "\n-5\nLet s(j) = -j2 + 57j - 506. ", "What is s(44)?", "\n66\nLet z(w) = 3w3 - 209w*2 - 47w - 1608. ", "Determine z(70).", "\n2\nLet a(r) = 1523r - 18278. ", "Determine a(12).", "\n-2\nLet j(s) = -470s + 1882. ", "Calculate j(4).", "\n2\nLet z(g) = -2g2 + 6g + 6. ", "Calculate z(5).", "\n-14\nLet o(x) = 150x3 + 6x*2 - 2x - 7. ", "Calculate o(-1).", "\n-149\nLet l(h) = 10h3 - 6h*2 + 10h + 12. ", "Determine l(3).", "\n258\nLet l(w) = -33w - 1441. ", "Determine l(-43).", "\n-22\nLet y(g) = -757g + 20. ", "Calculate y(0).", "\n20\nLet c(x) = 2x3 + 35x*2 + 21x + 46. ", "Calculate c(-17).", "\n-22\nLet y(r) = 4r2 - 131r - 75. ", "Determine y(33).", "\n-42\nLet c(g) = -6g2 + 3g. ", "What is c(2)?", "\n-18\nLet a(q) = -q*3 + 40q*2 - 259q + 27. ", "Determine a(8).", "\n3\nLet y(q) = q - 13. ", "What is y(5)?", "\n-8\nLet q(d) = 98d + 1128. ", "Give q(-8).", "\n344\nLet n(i) = 24i*2 - 3528i - 98. ", "Determine n(147).", "\n-98\nLet v(y) = 922y - 51633. ", "What is v(56)?", "\n-1\nLet l(w) = w3 + 101w*2 + 2478w - 57. ", "What is l(-42)?", "\n-57\nLet k(g) = -327g - 767. ", "Determine k(-3).", "\n214\nLet o(n) = -n3 - 6n2 + n + 10. ", "Determine o(-5).", "\n-20\nLet m(c) = c2 - 17c + 49. ", "What is m(5)?", "\n-11\nLet a(l) = l3 - 225l*2 + 12655l - 116. ", "What is a(111)?", "\n-5\nLet l(z) = -270z - 4338. ", "What is l(-16)?", "\n-18\nLet o(d) = -3d*3 + 51d*2 + 4d + 96. ", "Determine o(17).", "\n164\nLet k(w) = -10w2 + 19w + 49. ", "Give k(-3).", "\n-98\nLet b(x) = 894x - 4468. ", "Determine b(5).", "\n2\nLet l(c) = c3 - 4c*2 - 32c - 9. ", "Determine l(9).", "\n108\nLet f(l) = l*2 + 704l + 121882. ", "What is f(-307)?", "\n3\nLet x(r) = -r*2 + 5r + 341. ", "Determine x(21).", "\n5\nLet t(r) = 198r - 2823. ", "Calculate t(14).", "\n-51\nLet p(a) = a3 - 30a*2 - 24a - 134. ", "Give p(31).", "\n83\nLet w(k) = -213k + 1343. ", "Calculate w(6).", "\n65\nLet b(k) = -3k*2 - 166k - 630. ", "Calculate b(-4).", "\n-14\nLet b(f) = -121f - 724. ", "Give b(-6).", "\n2\nLet f(v) = -3v*2 + 6v - 17. ", "Calculate f(-10).", "\n-377\nLet w(x) = 647x + 704. ", "What is w(-1)?", "\n57\nLet z(d) = -2d - 214. ", "What is z(-27)?", "\n-160\nLet v(b) = -509b - 5081. ", "What is v(-10)?", "\n9\nLet n(i) = i2 - 29i - 114. ", "Calculate n(29).", "\n-114\nLet q(d) = d*3 + 15d*2 - 14d - 77. ", "What is q(-15)?", "\n133\nLet g(d) = -d*3 + 10d*2 - 2d - 5. ", "What is g(8)?", "\n107\nLet a(z) = 2z2 + 42z - 1. ", "Give a(-6).", "\n-181\nLet p(l) = -4l2 + 181l + 495. ", "Give p(48).", "\n-33\nLet u(i) = i*2 + 2i - 7043. ", "Give u(-85).", "\n12\nLet w(i) = i*2 + 197i - 1011. ", "Determine w(5).", "\n-1\nLet i(f) = 508f + 5087. ", "What is i(-10)?", "\n7\nLet l(q) = -21q - 127. ", "What is l(-6)?", "\n-1\nLet a(u) = -u*2 + 20u - 32. ", "Give a(8).", "\n64\nLet u(a) = -a*3 + 32a*2 - 284a + 1779. ", "What is u(23)?", "\n8\nLet q(r) = 3r2 - 156r - 337. ", "What is q(54)?", "\n-13\nLet u(y) = -y*3 + 4y*2 + 65y - 18. ", "Give u(10).", "\n32\nLet h(a) = -89a - 1475. ", "What is h(-18)?", "\n127\nLet b(l) = -l3 - 22l*2 - 23l - 30. ", "Calculate b(-21).", "\n12\nLet c(q) = -39*q - 4172. 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[ "The invention relates to the art of non-volatile electronic memory. ", "It finds particular application where low power consumption, and/or low writing voltage requirements are advantageous. ", "Furthermore, the invention finds application where stored data must not be affected by radiation.", "\nMemory devices play an important role in modern microelectronic systems. ", "For example, memory devices store instruction sets, programs, and/or data for computer processors. ", "Electronic systems use memory devices for example, when performing calculations, signal processing, or data analysis. ", "There are many different memory architectures used for storing information. ", "For example, some moving surface memories store data in the form of magnetic dipoles. ", "Magnetic tapes and discs are examples of these kinds of memory devices. ", "Compact disks store information by varying optical characteristics of points on the surface of the disk. ", "Semiconductor memories typically hold information in the form of charges or electrical potentials in transistor circuits. ", "Transistor based memory devices are inexpensive, relatively small and are compatible with an on-chip addressing circuitry. ", "Therefore, semiconductor memories made of transistors have become the most popular devices for data storage in systems that require a high read/write speed and a compact device size. ", "Nowadays, semiconductor memories find broad applications in areas, which range from computer systems to telecommunications, commercial and military avionics systems, consumer electronics, and advanced weapon systems. ", "In these applications, it is expected that the memories can be accessed at a high speed, exhibit low power consumption, and can be operated at a low driving voltage. ", "Furthermore, these memories must be immune to environmental disturbances, for example, radiation and mechanical shock. ", "While semiconductor memories have achieved many of these goals, their performance is not ideal in some respects. ", "For example, the energy efficiency of some read/write memories is relatively poor, and most transistor memories are sensitive to radiation.", "\nSemiconductor memories are characterized as read-only memory (ROM) and random access memory (RAM). ", "ROM is programmed once, for example, when a machine is being manufactured at a factory or when the ROM itself is being manufactured. ", "From that point onward, data can only be read out of a ROM device. ", "In RAM, data is both written to and read from the device as the requirements of an application dictate. ", "RAM can either be static mode (SRAM) or dynamic mode (DRAM) devices. ", "In SRAM, information is stored, for example by setting up the logic state of a bistable flip-flop. ", "In DRAM, data is stored through the charging of a capacitor. ", "Typically, the information stored in these RAMs is lost if the supply power is turned off. ", "Therefore, these memories devices are called volatile memories. ", "There are memory devices that retain information even after power is removed from them. ", "These devices are known as nonvolatile memories. ", "Nonvolatile memories store information either in a transistor matrix that is connected according to a prescribed mapping relation or in floating gates of MOS transistors. ", "In the latter case, the information stored in a memory cell can be changed by applying an ultraviolet light or an electrical signal to remove charge from or add charge to the floating gate. ", "The floating gate MOS memories in which the contents of the cells can be altered through the use of an electrical signal are called flash memories.", "\nFlash memories are capable of retaining information with the supply power off. ", "Therefore flash memory is widely applied in applications that require low power consumption. ", "Digital cameras, wireless communication apparatuses, computers, as well as many portable electronic systems all use flash memories as their major data storage apparatus. ", "While flash memories have many advantages as nonvolatile memories, their energy efficiency is relatively poor during the programming process. ", "Flash memories write data by injecting charges into floating gates, which are surrounded by dielectric layers used to keep the charges from leaking away. ", "While these dielectric layers are effective in blocking charges from escaping, they also form a high barrier that shields charges from being injected into the floating gate during a data writing process. ", "In the writing/erasing process of flash memories, charges have to penetrate through the dielectrics either by hot carrier injection or by a quantum mechanical conduction process called Fowler-Nordheim tunneling. ", "These injection/tunneling processes generally require a high electric field to help carriers overcome the potential barrier of the shielding dielectrics. ", "The dielectrics are insulators. ", "Therefore, the efficiency of these injection/tunneling processes is poor. ", "For example, in the currently available flash memory technology, the thickness of the dielectrics is in the order of tens of an angstrom. ", "The percentage of charges that can penetrate through these thick dielectrics, to reach the floating gate, is generally lower than 1%. ", "The low efficiency, and the requirement of a high supply voltage, limits the usefulness of flash memories, especially in applications that require a low supply voltage and low power consumption.", "\nIn addition to energy efficiency, one of the major drawbacks of semiconductor memories is that they are sensitive to radiation. ", "Traditional semiconductor memories store information in the form of charges or electrical potentials in transistors. ", "These charges and electrical potentials are very sensitive to radiation. ", "In order to prevent the contents of semiconductor memories from being damaged by radiation, special protection layers or device structures need to be applied. ", "However, these approaches typically require more complicated fabrication processes or packaging that introduce a higher cost. ", "The development of a simple, radiation-hard memory is therefore important for many applications. ", "For example aircraft, spacecraft, medical equipment and equipment that, as a side effect of operation, generates radiation all require or can benefit from the use of radiation-hard memory devices.", "\nIn order to address the above-described issues, a low power, nonvolatile Microelectromechanical (MEMs) memory cell operative to store data has been developed. ", "This memory cell comprises a first cantilever including a conductive portion, and a second cantilever having an insulated portion and a conductive portion, the second cantilever positioned, at least in part, in overlapping relation to the first cantilever.", "\nA writing process of the memory cell includes a sequential moving or bending and releasing of the cantilevers to place them in a selected orientation. ", "For example, where the first cantilever starts out as an upper cantilever and the second cantilever starts out as a lower cantilever, the writing process comprises moving, bending or flexing the second cantilever out of a movement or bending path of the first cantilever, moving, bending or flexing the first cantilever out of a returning path of the second cantilever, releasing the second cantilever, thereby allowing the second cantilever to follow the returning path of the second cantilever, releasing the first cantilever, thereby allowing the first cantilever to follow a return path of the first cantilever, whereby the first cantilever becomes a lower cantilever and the second cantilever becomes an upper cantilever.", "\nData or information is encoded in the selected orientation.", "\nThe memory cell is used in memory devices. ", "For example, a memory device based on the memory cell comprises a plurality of memory cells, each memory cell comprising a first cantilever, a second cantilever and a cantilever actuator, and a control circuit operative to drive the cantilever actuators to sequentially move or bend and release the first and second cantilevers so as to place the first and second cantilevers in one of a first overlapping relation, and a second overlapping relation.", "\nThe memory device is used to make electronic devices. ", "For example, an electronic device that takes advantage of the memory cell comprises at least one memory device, the at least one memory device comprising a plurality of memory cells, each memory cell comprising a first cantilever, a second cantilever and a cantilever actuator. ", "Additionally, the electronic device comprises computational hardware operative to, at least one of, read data from and write data to, the at least one memory device, and an output device operative to present a work product of the computational hardware. ", "For example, the output device can be a xerographic print engine.", "\nOne advantage of the present invention resides in the energy efficiency of the writing process of the memory cell. ", "For example, moving or bending the cantilevers can be accomplished through the use of electrostatic force. ", "Therefore, writing can be accomplished by charging and discharging a pair of movable capacitors. ", "The energy efficiency of such a process is much higher than that of, for example, a flash memory.", "\nAnother advantage of the present invention is found in the radiation immunity of the memory cell. ", "Data is stored in the physical positions of the cantilevers. ", "The physical positions of the cantilevers are unaffected by radiation.", "\nYet another advantage of the present invention is that the memory cell can be manufactured in a simple fabrication process that results in a lower device cost. ", "For example, Multi-polysilicon MEMs structures are easier to fabricate than EEPROM (Electrically Erasable and Programmable Random Access Memory) cells, which require very delicate floating gate structures.", "\nStill other advantages of the present invention will become apparent to those skilled in the art upon a reading and understanding of the detail description below." ]	{ "pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds" }	[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.01, 0.015037593984962405, 0.014925373134328358, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.005847953216374269, 0, 0.006802721088435374, 0.0125, 0, 0.0058823529411764705, 0, 0, 0, 0.0047169811320754715, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]	0.001037	5	[]
[ "---\nabstract: 'Computing a (shortest) path between two vertices in a graph is one of the most fundamental primitive in graph algorithmics. ", "In recent years, the study of paths in temporal graphs, that is, graphs where the vertex set remains static but the edge set may change over time, gained more and more attention. ", "In a nutshell, temporal paths have to respect time, that is, they may only move forward in time. ", "More formally, the time edges used by a temporal path either need to have increasing or non-decreasing time stamps. ", "In is well known that computing temporal paths is polynomial-time solvable. ", "We study a natural variant, where temporal paths may only dwell a certain given amount of time steps in any vertex, which we call restless temporal paths. ", "This small modification creates a significant change in the computational complexity of the task of finding temporal paths. ", "We show that finding restless temporal paths is -complete and give a thorough analysis of the (parameterized) computational complexity of this problem. ", "In particular, we show that problem remains computationally hard on temporal graphs with three layers and is -hard when parameterized by the feedback vertex number of the underlying graph. ", "On the positive side, we give an efficient (FPT) algorithm to find short restless temporal paths that has an asymptotically optimal running time assuming the Exponential Time Hypothesis.'", "\nauthor:\n- Arnaud Casteigts\n- 'Anne-Sophie Himmel[^1]'\n- 'Hendrik Molter[^2]'\n- Philipp Zschoche\nbibliography:\n- 'literature.bib'\n- 'diss.bib'\ntitle: The Computational Complexity of Finding Temporal Paths under Waiting Time Constraints\n---\n\nIntroduction\n============\n\nChecking connectivity and computing shortest paths between vertices in a graph is one of the most important tasks in graph algorithmics, both as a direct problem setting and as a subroutine for numerous other applications. ", "On static graphs, this problem has been studied for decades.", "\n\nThe study of paths and connectivity in temporal graphs, that is, graphs where the vertex set remains static but the edge set may change over time, gained more and more attention in the recent years. ", "Intuitively, a temporal path (sometimes also called “journey”) is a path through a temporal graph that “respects” time, that is, the time edges it uses have increasing or non-decreasing time stamps. ", "Even with this informal description we can already see that temporal paths have some properties that usual paths in static (undirected) graphs to not have.", "\n\n- Temporal paths are “directed” even in undirected temporal graphs: Since the time stamps of the time edges used by the path have to increase (or may not decrease), it is not necessarily possible to traverse a temporal path in the opposite direction. ", "This implies that the relation of “being connected” between vertices is not symmetric in a temporal graph.", "\n\n- Temporal paths cannot necessarily be “composed”: If there is a temporal path from a vertex $v$ to a vertex $w$ and a temporal path from vertex $w$ to a vertex $u$, there is not necessarily a temporal path from $v$ to $u$, since the path from $w$ to $u$ might be “too early”. ", "This implies that the relation of “being connected” between vertices is not transitive in a temporal graph.", "\n\nThis puts some challenges on designing algorithms to check connectivity that are not present in the static setting. ", "We are in a somewhat similar situation when we want to compute “shortest” temporal paths. ", "There are several canonical notions of a “shortest” or “optimal” temporal path. ", "We informally describe the three most important ones in the following.", "\n\n- A shortest temporal path is a temporal path between two vertices that uses a minimum number of time edges.", "\n\n- A fastest temporal path is a temporal path between two vertices with a minimum difference between the time stamps of the first and last time edge used by the path.", "\n\n- A foremost temporal path is a temporal path between two vertices with a minimum time stamp on its last time edge.", "\n\nEach one of these optimal temporal paths have some properties that shortest paths in static graphs do not have, in particular, a “subpath” of an optimal path is not necessarily optimal. ", "Furthermore, we have that also temporal walks, that is, temporal paths that visit the same vertex multiple times, may be optimal (at least in the case of “fastest” and “foremost”). ", "This makes computing optimal temporal paths, while still being polynomial-time solvable for the above three mentioned optimality criteria, more challenging than computing their static counterpart.", "\n\nIn this paper, we consider yet another natural type of temporal paths, which we call restless temporal paths. ", "Intuitively, a restless temporal path cannot stay in any vertex longer than some given time period $\\Delta$. Consider the following motivating example. ", "In a disease spreading scenarios it is very natural to model the spreading process with a temporal network, where vertices correspond to individuals and time edges to for example physical contact, where infections can happen [@Hol16]. ", "Many diseases have the property that infected individuals can recover (or die) after some fixed time period and are immune afterwards[^3], the disease travels along restless paths: It has to infect another individual before its current host recovers. ", "If we assume that a recovered person is immune to the disease afterwards, then the disease cannot infect a host twice. ", "Hence, it has to travel along a path with bounded waiting times. ", "This model for temporal paths has not received much attention of late. ", "It has been considered as a natural variant for temporal paths [@HS12; @PS11], but only recently this model was studied from a computational perspective [@Him+19; @Zsc17; @Him18] where, however, mainly restless temporal walks are considered. ", "Restless temporal walks, that is, temporal paths with restricted maximum waiting times that may visit vertices multiple times can be found in polynomial time [@Him+19]. ", "In this paper, we focus on restless temporal paths, that is, any vertex can be visited at most once. ", "Surprisingly and in stark contrast to both restless temporal walks and non-restless temporal paths, we show that it is -complete (even in very restricted cases) to decide whether there exist a restless temporal path between two vertices.", "\n\nRelated Work {#sec:path:related}\n------------\n\nTo the best of our knowledge, temporal paths and walks were first considered by @GCV91 in the context of information flow over time. ", "Other early work on temporal paths includes @Ber96, where they were also considered in the context of network flows, and the work of @KKK02, where they were considered in the context of connectivity and separation problems.", "\n\nMore systematic work with a focus on computing (optimal) temporal paths as an algorithmic primitive (as opposed to a subroutine) was conducted for example by @XFJ03, @Wu+16, and @Him+19. ", "They give polynomial time algorithms for finding optimal temporal paths for several optimality criteria. ", "@Cas+15b studied the problem from a distributed computing perspective.", "\n\nMaximum waiting times have been considered as a natural variant for temporal paths [@HS12; @PS11], however only recently this model has been studied from an algorithmic standpoint [@Him+19] and only in the context of temporal walks, where in particular, they show that restless temporal walks can be computed in polynomial time. ", "@Cas+15a studied temporal paths with maximum waiting times in the context of analysing the expressivity of temporal graphs. ", "In the context of temporal flows, a concent somewhat similar to maximum waiting times, called “vertex buffers”, has been considered by @Akr+19a.", "\n\nFurther work related to temporal paths and connectivity in temporal graphs includes research on temporal spanners and temporally connected graphs [@AF16; @Akr+17; @CPS19; @MMS19], temporal graph exploration [@BZ19; @FMS13; @ES18; @AMS19; @Akr+19b; @Erl+19; @EHK15], temporal separators [@KKK02; @Ber96; @MMS19; @Flu+19a; @Zsc+19], modifying temporal graphs to increase or decrease connectivity [@Enr+19; @EMS19], and a temporal version of the <span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Traveling Sales Person</span> problem [@MS16].", "\n\nOur Contributions and Organization of the Paper\n-----------------------------------------------\n\nTo the best of our knowledge, we are the first to establish -completeness of the problem of computing a restless temporal path between two vertices. ", "We show that the problem is -complete even if the input temporal graph has only three layers. ", "The reduction we present also implies some running time lower bounds based on the Exponential Time Hypothesis. ", "We further show that finding restless temporal paths is -hard when parameterized by the feedback vertex number of the underlying graph of the input temporal graph. ", "On the positive side, we show that finding restless temporal paths of bounded length (that is, number of time edges) is fixed-parameter tractable with respect to the length bound. ", "We also discuss some implications of this result for structural parameterizations.", "\n\nIn \\[sec:path:prelims\\] we formally introduce all necessary concepts related to temporal paths that we need in this work, we formally define our problem setting and report some basic observations about the problem. ", "In \\[sec:path:hardness\\] we present our main computational hardness results. ", "In \\[sec:fptalg\\] we present our algorithmic results. ", "We conclude in \\[sec:path:conclusion\\].", "\n\nPreliminaries {#sec:path:prelims}\n=============\n\nIn this section, we formally introduce the most important concepts related to temporal graphs, paths, and walks and give the formal problem definition of [<span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Restless Temporal $(s,z)$-Path</span>]{}and [<span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Short Restless Temporal $(s,z)$-Path</span>]{}.", "\n\nWe start with some basic mathematical definitions. ", "We refer to an interval as a contiguous ordered set of discrete time steps. ", "Formally, an interval is an ordered set $$I=[a,b]:=\\{n \\mid n \\in {\\mathbb{N}}\\wedge a \\leq n \\leq b \\},$$where $a,b \\in {\\mathbb{N}}$. Further, let $[a]:=[1,a]$.\n\nStatic Graphs\n-------------\n\nWe use standard notation from (static) graph theory [@Die16]. ", "Unless stated otherwise, we assume graphs in this thesis to be undirected and simple. ", "To clearly distinguish them from temporal graphs, they are sometimes referred to as static graphs. ", "Given a (static) graph $G=(V,E)$ with $E\\subseteq \\binom{V}{2}$, we denote by $V(G):=V$ and $E(G):=E$ the sets of its vertices and edges, respectively. ", "We call two vertices $u,v\\in V$ adjacent if $\\{u,v\\}\\in E$. Two edges $e_1,e_2\\in E$ are adjacent if $e_1\\cap e_2\\neq \\emptyset$. For some vertex subset $v'\\subseteq V$, we denote by $G[V']$ the induced subgraph of $G$ on the vertex set $V'$, that is, $G[V']=(V',E')$ where $E' = \\{\\{v,w\\}\\mid \\{v,w\\}\\in E\\wedge v\\in V'\\wedge w\\in V'\\}$.\n\nTemporal Graphs\n---------------\n\nSince temporal graph theory and temporal graph algorithmics are still rather young research fields, notation and terminology is not yet completely standardized and in the literature one can find many synonyms for terminology or mathematically equivalent definitions that use different notation [@LVM18; @CF13a; @CF13b; @Hol15; @HS12; @Boc+14; @Mic16; @Cas+12]. ", "In the following we introduce the notation and terminology we use in this paper.", "\n\nTemporal graphs are graphs where the edge set may change over a discrete set of time steps. ", "We model a temporal graph as a vertex set together with an ordered list of edge set over this vertex set.", "\n\nAn (undirected, simple) temporal graph is a tuple ${\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{G}=(V, E_1, E_2, \\ldots, E_{\\ensuremath{\\ell}})}\\xspace}$ (or [$\\mathcal{G}=(V, (E_i)_{i\\in[{\\ensuremath{\\ell}}]})$]{}for short), with $E_i\\subseteq\\binom{V}{2}$ for all $i\\in[{\\ensuremath{\\ell}}]$.\n\nWe call ${\\ensuremath{\\ell}}({\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{G}}\\xspace}) := {\\ensuremath{\\ell}}$ the lifetime of ${\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{G}}\\xspace}$. As with static graphs, we assume all temporal graphs in this thesis to be undirected and simple.", "\n\nWe call the graph $G_i({\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{G}}\\xspace}) = (V, E_i({\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{G}}\\xspace}))$ the [layer]{} $i$ of ${\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{G}}\\xspace}$ where $E_i({\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{G}}\\xspace}) := E_i$. If $E_i=\\emptyset$, then $G_i$ is a trivial layer. ", "We call layers $G_i$ and $G_{i+1}$ adjacent. ", "We call $i$ a [time step]{}. ", "If an edge $e$ appears at time $i$, that is, $e\\in E_i$, we say that $e$ has time stamp $i$. We further denote $V({\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{G}}\\xspace}):=V$. The underlying graph ${\\ensuremath{G_\\downarrow ({\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{G}}\\xspace})}\\xspace}$ of ${\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{G}}\\xspace}$ is defined as ${\\ensuremath{G_\\downarrow ({\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{G}}\\xspace})}\\xspace} := (V, \\bigcup_{i=1}^{{\\ensuremath{\\ell}}({\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{G}}\\xspace})} E_i({\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{G}}\\xspace}))$. To improve readability, we remove $({\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{G}}\\xspace})$ from the introduced notations whenever it is clear from the context.", "\n\nFor every $v\\in V$ and every [time step]{}$t\\in [{\\ensuremath{\\ell}}]$, we denote the appearance of vertex $v$ at time $t$ by the pair $(v,t)$. For evey $t\\in [{\\ensuremath{\\ell}}]$ and every $e\\in E_t$ we call the pair $(e,t)$ a time edge. ", "We assume that the size (for example when referring to input sizes in running time analyzes) of ${\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{G}}\\xspace}$ is $\|{\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{G}}\\xspace}\|:=\|V\|+\\sum_{i=1}^{\\ensuremath{\\ell}}\|E_i\|$, that is, we do not assume that we have compact representations of temporal graphs.", "\n\nTemporal Walks and Paths {#sec:path:def}\n------------------------\n\nIntuitively, a temporal path (sometimes also called “journey”) is a path through a temporal graph that respects time, that is, the time edge is uses have non-decreasing time stamps. ", "A temporal walk may visit the same vertex multiple times. ", "Formally, these two concepts are defined as follows.", "\n\n\\[def:temppath\\] A temporal walk of length $n$ from vertex $s$ to vertex $z$ in a temporal graph ${\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{G}=(V, (E_i)_{i\\in[{\\ensuremath{\\ell}}]})}\\xspace}$ is a sequence $$P =\\big( (\\{s=v_0,v_1\\}, t_1), (\\{v_1, v_2\\}, t_2), \\dots, (\\{v_{n-1}, v_n=z\\}, t_{n} ) \\big)$$ of edges together with time stamps such that for all $i\\in[n]$ we have that $\\{v_{i-1},v_i\\}\\in E_i$ and for all $i\\in [n-1]$ we have that $t_i \\leq t_{i+1}$. Moreover, we call $P$ a temporal path of length $n$ if $v_i\\neq v_j$ for all $i, j\\in \\{0,\\ldots,n\\}$ with $i\\neq j$.\n\nGiven a temporal path $P=\\big( (\\{v_0,v_1\\}, t_1), (\\{v_1, v_2\\}, t_2), \\dots, (\\{v_{n-1}, v_n\\}, t_{n} ) \\big)$, we denote the set of vertices visited by $P$ by $V(P)=\\{v_0,v_1,\\ldots,v_n\\}$.\n\nRestless Temporal Walks and Paths {#sec:path:defrestless}\n---------------------------------\n\nA restless temporal path is not allowed to wait an arbitrary amount of time in a vertex, but has to leave any vertex it visits within the next $\\Delta$-window, for some given value for $\\Delta$. Analogue to the non-restless case, a restless temporal walk may visit a vertex multiple times. ", "Formally, they are defined as follows.", "\n\n\\[def:rtemppath\\] A ${\\ensuremath{\\Delta}}$-restless temporal walk of length $n$ from vertex $s$ to vertex $z$ in a temporal graph ${\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{G}=(V, (E_i)_{i\\in[{\\ensuremath{\\ell}}]})}\\xspace}$ is a sequence $P =\\big( (\\{s=v_0,v_1\\}, t_1), (\\{v_1, v_2\\}, t_2), \\dots, (\\{v_{n-1}, v_n=z\\}, t_{n} ) \\big)$ of edges together with time stamps such that for all $i\\in[n]$ we have that $\\{v_{i-1},v_i\\}\\in E_i$ and for all $i\\in [n-1]$ we have that $t_i \\leq t_{i+1} \\leq t_i + {\\ensuremath{\\Delta}}$. Moreover, we call $P$ a $\\Delta$-restless temporal path of length $n$ if $v_i\\neq v_j$ for all $i, j\\in \\{0,\\ldots,n\\}$ with $i\\neq j$. We say that $P$ respects the waiting time ${\\ensuremath{\\Delta}}$.\n\nHaving this definition at hand, we are ready to define the main decision problem of this work.", "\n\nWe also consider a variant, where we want to find $\\Delta$-restless paths of a certain maximum length.", "\n\n[<span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Restless Temporal $(s,z)$-Path</span>]{}is the special case of [<span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Restless Temporal $(s,z)$-Path</span>]{}for $k=\|V\|-1$, since no $\\Delta$-restless temporal path in a graph ${\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{G}=(V, (E_i)_{i\\in[{\\ensuremath{\\ell}}]})}\\xspace}$ can have length more than $\|V\|-1$. Furthermore, both [<span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Restless Temporal $(s,z)$-Path</span>]{}and [<span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Short Restless Temporal $(s,z)$-Path</span>]{}are clearly contained in since, given a temporal path, we can easily verify in polynomial time whether it is $\\Delta$-restless.", "\n\nParameterized Complexity\n------------------------\n\nWe use standard notation and terminology from parameterized complexity theory [@DF13; @FG06; @Nie06; @Cyg+15] and give here a brief overview of the most important concepts that are used in this thesis. ", "A parameterized problem is a language $L\\subseteq \\Sigma^* \\times {\\mathbb{N}}$, where $\\Sigma$ is a finite alphabet. ", "We call the second component the parameter of the problem. ", "A parameterized problem is fixed-parameter tractable (in the complexity class ) if there is an algorithm that solves each instance $(I, r)$ in $f(r) \\cdot \|I\|^{O(1)}$ time, for some computable function $f$. A decidable parameterized problem $L$ admits a polynomial kernel if there is a polynomial-time algorithm that transforms each instance $(I,r)$ into an instance $(I', r')$ such that $(I,r)\\in L$ if and only if $(I',r')\\in L$ and $\|(I', r')\|\\in r^{O(1)}$. If a parameterized problem is hard for the parameterized complexity class , then it is (presumably) not in . ", "The complexity classes is closed under parameterized reductions, which may run in -time and additionally set the new parameter to a value that exclusively depends on the old parameter. ", "We employ the cross-composition framework by @BJK14 to refute the existence of a polynomial kernel for a parameterized problem under the assumption that [$\\not\\subseteq$ /]{}, the negation of which would cause a collapse of the polynomial-time hierarchy to the third level. ", "In order to formaly introduce the framework, we need some definitions.", "\n\nAn equivalence relation $R$ on the instances of some problem $L$ is a polynomial equivalence relation if\n\n1. ", " one can decide for each two instances in time polynomial in their sizes whether they belong to the same equivalence class, and\n\n2. ", " for each finite set $S$ of instances, $R$ partitions the set into at most $(\\max_{x \\in S} \|x\|)^{O(1)}$ equivalence classes.", "\n\nUsing this, we can now define OR-cross-compositions and AND-cross-compositions.", "\n\nAn OR-cross-composition of a problem $L\\subseteq \\Sigma^$ into a parameterized problem $P$ (with respect to a polynomial equivalence relation $R$ on the instances of $L$) is an algorithm that takes $n$ $R$-equivalent instances $x_1,\\ldots,x_n$ of $L$ and constructs in time polynomial in $\\sum_{i=1}^n \|x_i\|$ an instance $(x,k)$ of $P$ such that\n\n1. ", " $k$ is polynomially upper-bounded in $\\max_{1\\leq i\\leq n}\|x_i\|+\\log(n)$ and\n\n2. ", " $(x,k)$ is a [yes]{}-instance of $P$ if and only if there is an $i\\in [n]$ such that $x_{i}$ is a [yes]{}-instance of $L$.\n\nIf an -hard problem $L$ OR-cross-composes into a parameterized problem $P$, then $P$ does not admit a polynomial kernel, unless [$\\subseteq$ /]{} [@BJK14].", "\n\nBasic Observations\n------------------\n\nIt is easy to observe that computational hardness of [<span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Restless Temporal $(s,z)$-Path</span>]{}for some fixed value of $\\Delta$ implies hardness for all larger values of $\\Delta$. This allows us to construct hardness reductions for small fixed values of $\\Delta$ and still obtain general hardness results.", "\n\n\\[obs:path:delta\\] For every fixed $\\Delta$, the problem [<span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Restless Temporal $(s,z)$-Path</span>]{}on instances $({\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{G}}\\xspace}, s,z,\\Delta+1)$ is at least as hard as [<span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Restless Temporal $(s,z)$-Path</span>]{}on instances $({\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{G}}\\xspace}, s,z,\\Delta)$.\n\nThe result immediately follows from the observation that a temporal graph ${\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{G}}\\xspace}$ contains a $\\Delta$-restless [temporal $(s,z)$-path]{} if and only if the temporal graph ${\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{G}}\\xspace}'$ contains a $(\\Delta+1)$-restless [temporal $(s,z)$-path]{}, where ${\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{G}}\\xspace}'$ is obtained from ${\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{G}}\\xspace}$ by inserting one trivial layer after every $\\Delta$ consecutive layers.", "\n\nFurthermore, we can show that [<span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Restless Temporal $(s,z)$-Path</span>]{}does not admit a polynomial kernel when parameterized by the number $\|V\|$ of vertices.", "\n\n\\[prop:path:nopk\\] [<span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Restless Temporal $(s,z)$-Path</span>]{}parameterized by the number $\|V\|$ of vertices does not admit a polynomial kernel for all $\\Delta\\ge 1$ unless [$\\subseteq$ /]{}.", "\n\nWe provide an OR-cross-composition from [<span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Restless Temporal $(s,z)$-Path</span>]{}onto itself. ", "We define an equivalence relation $R$ as follows: Two instances $({\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{G}=(V, (E_i)_{i\\in[{\\ensuremath{\\ell}}]})}\\xspace},s,z,\\Delta)$ and $({\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{G}}\\xspace}'=(V', (E'_i)_{i\\in[{\\ensuremath{\\ell}}']}),s',z',\\Delta')$ are equivalent under $R$ if and only if $\|V\|=\|V'\|$ and $\\Delta=\\Delta'$. Clearly, $R$ is a polynomial equivalence relation.", "\n\nNow let $({\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{G}}\\xspace}_1=(V_1, (E_{1,i})_{i\\in[{\\ensuremath{\\ell}}_1]}),s_1,z_1,\\Delta_1),\\ldots,({\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{G}}\\xspace}_n=(V_n, (E_{n,i})_{i\\in[{\\ensuremath{\\ell}}_n]}),s_n,z_n,\\Delta_n)$ be $R$-equivalent instances of [<span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Restless Temporal $(s,z)$-Path</span>]{}. ", "We construct a temporal graph ${\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{G}}\\xspace}^\\star=(V^\\star, (E^\\star_{i})_{i\\in[{\\ensuremath{\\ell}}^\\star]})$ as follows. ", "Let $\|V^\\star\|=\|V_1\|$ and $s^\\star, z^\\star\\in V^\\star$. We identify all vertices $s_i$ with $i\\in[n]$ with each other and with $s^\\star$, that is, $s^\\star=s_1=\\ldots=s_n$. Analogously, we identify all vertices $z_i$ with $i\\in[n]$ with each other and with $z^\\star$, that is, $z^\\star=z_1=\\ldots=z_n$. We arbitrarily identify the remaining vertices of the instances with the remaining vertices from $V^\\star$, that is, let $V^\\star\\setminus\\{s^\\star,z^\\star\\}=V_1\\setminus\\{s_1,z_1\\}=\\ldots=V_n\\setminus\\{s_n,z_n\\}$. Now let $E^\\star_1=E_{1,1}, E^\\star_2=E_{1,2}, \\ldots, E^\\star_{{\\ensuremath{\\ell}}_1}=E_{1,{\\ensuremath{\\ell}}_1}$. Intuitively, the first instance $({\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{G}}\\xspace}_1=(V_1, (E_{1,i})_{i\\in[{\\ensuremath{\\ell}}_1]})$ essentially forms the first ${\\ensuremath{\\ell}}_1$ layers of ${\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{G}}\\xspace}^\\star$. Then we introduce $\\Delta_1+1$ trivial layers, that is, $E^\\star_{{\\ensuremath{\\ell}}_1+1}=E^\\star_{{\\ensuremath{\\ell}}_1+2}=\\ldots=E^\\star_{{\\ensuremath{\\ell}}_1+\\Delta+1}=\\emptyset$. Then we continue in the same fashion with the second instance and so on. ", "We have that ${\\ensuremath{\\ell}}^\\star=\\sum_{i\\in[n]} {\\ensuremath{\\ell}}_i + (n-1)\\cdot(\\Delta_1+1)$. Finally, we set $\\Delta^\\star=\\Delta_1$.\n\nThis instance can be constructed in polynomial time and the number of vertices is the same as the vertices of the input instances, hence $\|V^\\star\|$ is polynomially upper-bounded by a maximum size of an input instance. ", "Furthermore, it is easy to check that ${\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{G}}\\xspace}^\\star$ contains a $\\Delta^\\star$-restless [temporal $(s^\\star,z^\\star)$-path]{} one if and only if there is an $i\\in[n]$ such that ${\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{G}}\\xspace}_i$ contains a $\\Delta_i$-restless [temporal $(s_i,z_i)$-path]{}. ", "This follows from the fact that all instances are separated in time by $\\Delta_1+1$ trivial layers, hence no $\\Delta^\\star$-restless [temporal $(s^\\star,z^\\star)$-path]{} can use time edges from different original instances. ", "Since [<span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Restless Temporal $(s,z)$-Path</span>]{}is -hard (\\[thm:probRestlessPath:NPh\\]) the result follows.", "\n\nOptimality Concepts for Temporal Paths {#subs:path:opt}\n--------------------------------------\n\nIn contrast to the static setting, there are several canonical notions of a “shortest” or “optimal” temporal path. ", "We informally describe the three most important ones in the following and then give their formal definitions.", "\n\n- A shortest* temporal path is a temporal path between two vertices that uses a minimum number of time edges.", "\n\n- A fastest temporal path is a temporal path between two vertices with a minimum difference between the time stamps of the first and last time edge used by the path.", "\n\n- A foremost temporal path is a temporal path between two vertices with a minimum time stamp on its last time edge.", "\n\nFormally they are defined as follows.", "\n\nLet ${\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{G}=(V, (E_i)_{i\\in[{\\ensuremath{\\ell}}]})}\\xspace}$ be a temporal graph with two vertices $s,z\\in V$ and let $P =\\big( (\\{s=v_0,v_1\\}, t_1), (\\{v_1, v_2\\}, t_2), \\dots, (\\{v_{n-1}, v_n=z\\}, t_{n} ) \\big)$ be a [temporal $(s,z)$-path]{}. ", "We call $P$\n\n- a shortest [temporal $(s,z)$-path]{}, if there is no [temporal $(s,z)$-path]{} $$P' =\\big( (\\{s=v_0,v_1'\\}, t_1'), (\\{v_1', v_2'\\}, t_2'), \\dots, (\\{v_{n'-1}', v'_{n'}=z\\}, t'_{n'} ) \\big)$$ with $n'<n$ in ${\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{G}}\\xspace}$,\n\n- a fastest [temporal $(s,z)$-path]{}, if there is no [temporal $(s,z)$-path]{} $$P' =\\big( (\\{s=v_0,v_1'\\}, t_1'), (\\{v_1', v_2'\\}, t_2'), \\dots, (\\{v_{n'-1}', v'_{n'}=z\\}, t'_{n'} ) \\big)$$ with $t'_{n'}-t'_1<t_n-t_1$ in ${\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{G}}\\xspace}$, and\n\n- a foremost [temporal $(s,z)$-path]{}, if there is no [temporal $(s,z)$-path]{} $$P' =\\big( (\\{s=v_0,v_1'\\}, t_1'), (\\{v_1', v_2'\\}, t_2'), \\dots, (\\{v_{n'-1}', v'_{n'}=z\\}, t'_{n'} ) \\big)$$ with $t'_{n'}<t_n$ in ${\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{G}}\\xspace}$.\n\nThese concepts transfer to $\\Delta$-restless temporal paths in a straight forward way. ", "For an overview on further optimality concepts for temporal graphs we refer to @Him18 [@Him+19].", "\n\nStrict vs. Non-Strict Temporal Paths\n------------------------------------\n\nHere, we want to briefly discuss the concept of strict temporal paths and how it differs from the model we use here. ", "In contrast to a (non-strict) temporal path (see \\[def:temppath\\]), a the edges used by a strict temporal path need to have strictly increasing time stamps. ", "Strict restless paths are defined in an analogous way. ", "In this paper, we focus on non-strict temporal paths. ", "However, we remark that for some problem setting, the two models can behave quite differently [@Zsc+19]. ", "One obvious difference is that the length of a strict temporal path in a temporal graph in upper-bounded by the lifetime of the temporal graph, which allows for some tractability results for temporal graph with small lifetime, where it is often not clear whether similar results also hold for the non-strict temporal path model [@Zsc+19].", "\n\nHardness Results for Restless Temporal Paths {#sec:path:hardness}\n============================================\n\nIn this section we thorougly analyse the computational hardness of [<span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Restless Temporal $(s,z)$-Path</span>]{}which of course transfers also to [<span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Short Restless Temporal $(s,z)$-Path</span>]{}.", "\n\nNP-Hardness for few Layers\n--------------------------\n\nWe start by showing that [<span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Restless Temporal $(s,z)$-Path</span>]{}is -complete even if the lifetime of the input temporal graph is constant.", "\n\n\\[thm:probRestlessPath:NPh\\] [<span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Restless Temporal $(s,z)$-Path</span>]{}is -complete for all ${\\ensuremath{\\Delta}}\\ge 1$ and ${\\ensuremath{\\ell}}\\ge \\Delta+2$ even if every edge has only one time stamp.", "\n\nWe show this result by a reduction from the -complete [<span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Exact $(3,4)$-SAT</span>]{}problem [@Tov84]. ", "The problem [<span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Exact $(3,4)$-SAT</span>]{}asks whether a given formula $\\phi$ is satisfiable and is in conjunctive normal form where each clause has exactly three literals and each variable appears in exactly four clauses.", "\n\nLet $\\phi$ be an instance of [<span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Exact $(3,4)$-SAT</span>]{}with $n$ variables and $m$ clauses. ", "We construct a temporal graph ${\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{G}=(V, (E_i)_{i\\in[{\\ensuremath{\\ell}}]})}\\xspace}$ with ${\\ensuremath{\\ell}}=3$ (note that to get larger values for ${\\ensuremath{\\ell}}$, we can simply append trivial layers to the constructed instance) consisting of a series of variable gadgets followed by a dedicated vertex $s_n$ and then a series of clause gadgets. ", "It is constructed in a way such that for $\\Delta=1$, any $\\Delta$-restless temporal $(s,z)$-path has to visit a vertex $s_n$ and each possible $\\Delta$-restless temporal $(s,s_n)$-path represents exactly one variable assignment for the formula $\\phi$. Further we show that for any $\\Delta$-restless temporal $(s,s_n)$-path it holds that it can only be extended to a $\\Delta$-restless temporal $(s,z)$-path if and only if the $\\Delta$-restless temporal $(s,s_n)$-path represents a satisfying assignment for the formula $\\phi$.\n\n[Variable Gadget.]{} ", "We start by adding a vertex $s$ to the vertex set $V$ of ${\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{G}}\\xspace}$. For each variable $x_i$ with $i \\in [n]$ of $\\phi$, we add 9 fresh vertices to $V$: $x_i^{(1)}$, $x_i^{(2)}$, $x_i^{(3)}$, $x_i^{(4)}$, $\\bar x_i^{(1)}$, $\\bar x_i^{(2)}$, $\\bar x_i^{(3)}$, $\\bar x_i^{(4)}$, and $s_i$. Each variable $x_i$ is represented by a gadget consisting two disjoint path segments of four vertices each. ", "One path segment is formed by $x_i^{(1)}$, $x_i^{(2)}$, $x_i^{(3)}$, and $x_i^{(4)}$ in that order and the second path segment is formed by $\\bar x_i^{(1)}$, $\\bar x_i^{(2)}$, $\\bar x_i^{(3)}$, and $\\bar x_i^{(4)}$ in that order. ", "The connecting edges all appear exclusively at time step one, that is, $\\{x_i^{(1)}, x_i^{(2)}\\}$, $\\{x_i^{(2)}, x_i^{(3)}\\}$, and $\\{x_i^{(3)}, x_i^{(4)}\\}$ are added to $E_1$. Analogously for the edges connecting $\\bar x_i^{(1)}$, $\\bar x_i^{(2)}$, $\\bar x_i^{(3)}$, and $\\bar x_i^{(4)}$. Intuitively, if a $\\Delta$-restless temporal $(s,z)$-path passes the first segment, then this corresponds to setting the variable $x_i$ to . ", "If it passes the second segment, then the variable is set to . ", "For all $i \\in [n-1]$ we add the edges $\\{x_i^{(4)},s_i\\}$, $\\{\\bar x_i^{(4)},s_i\\}$, $\\{s_i,\\bar x_{i+1}^{(1)}\\}$, and $\\{s_i,\\bar x_{i+1}^{(1)}\\}$ to $E_1$ and, additionally, we add $\\{s,x_{1}^{(1)}\\}$, $\\{s,\\bar x_{1}^{(1)}\\}$, $\\{x_{n}^{(4)},s_n\\}$, and $\\{\\bar x_{n}^{(4)},s_n\\}$ to $E_1$. We can observe that there are exactly $2^n$ different temporal $(s,s_n)$-paths at time step one. ", "Intuitively, each path represents exactly one variable assignment for the formula $\\phi$. [Clause Gadget.]{} ", "We add a vertex $z$ to $V$. For each clause $c_j$ with $j \\in [m]$ we add a fresh vertex $c_j$ to $V$. We further add a vertex $s'$ to $V$ and add the edge $\\{s_n,s'\\}$ to $E_2$. Let $x_i$ (or $\\bar x_i$) be a literal that appears in clause $c_j$ and let this be the $k$th appearance of variable $x_i$ in $\\phi$. Then, we add the edges $\\{c_j, x_i^{(k)}\\}, \\{x_i^{(k)},c_{j+1}\\}$ (or $\\{c_j, \\bar x_i^{(k)}\\}, \\{\\bar x_i^{(k)},c_{j+1}\\}$) to $E_3$ (where $c_{m+1} = z$). ", "Finally, we add the edge $\\{s',c_1\\}$ to $E_3$. Hence, there are exactly $3^m$ different temporal $(s',z)$-paths at time step three. ", "Each path must visit the clause vertices $c_1,\\ldots,c_m$ in the given order by construction.", "\n\nFinally, we set ${\\ensuremath{\\Delta}}=1$. This finishes the construction, for a visualization see \\[fig:pathred1\\]. ", "It is easy to check that every edge in the constructed temporal graph has only one time step and that the temporal graph can be computed in polynomial time.", "\n\n(Sl) at (-3,1) [$s$]{}; (X1l) at (3,-1) [$x_1$]{}; (X2l) at (13,-1) [$x_2$]{}; (X3l) at (23,-1) [$x_3$]{}; (S) at (-2,1) ; (A1) at (0,0) ; (A2) at (2,0) ; (A3) at (4,0) ; (A4) at (6,0) ; (A5) at (0,2) ; (A6) at (2,2) ; (A7) at (4,2) ; (A8) at (6,2) ; (S2) at (8,1) ; (B1) at (10,0) ; (B2) at (12,0) ; (B3) at (14,0) ; (B4) at (16,0) ; (B5) at (10,2) ; (B6) at (12,2) ; (B7) at (14,2) ; (B8) at (16,2) ; (S3) at (18,1) ; (C1) at (20,0) ; (C2) at (22,0) ; (C3) at (24,0) ; (C4) at (26,0) ; (C5) at (20,2) ; (C6) at (22,2) ; (C7) at (24,2) ; (C8) at (26,2) ; (S4) at (28,1) ; (SN) at (38,1) ; (SNl) at (39.2,1) [$s_n$]{};\n\n(SP) at (36,-2.5) ; (SPl) at (37,-2.5) [$s'$]{};\n\n(CC1) at (32,-5) ; (CC1l) at (32,-5.8) [$c_1$]{};\n\n(CCi) at (20,-5) ; (CCil) at (20,-5.8) [$c_i$]{}; (CCii) at (14,-5) ; (CCiil) at (14,-5.8) [$c_{i+1}$]{};\n\n(Zl) at (-3,-5) [$z$]{}; (Z) at (-2,-5) ;\n\n\\(S) – (A1); (A1) – (A2); (A2) – (A3); (A3) – (A4); (A4) – (S2); (S) – (A5); (A5) – (A6); (A6) – (A7); (A7) – (A8); (A8) – (S2);\n\n(S2) – (B1); (B1) – (B2); (B2) – (B3); (B3) – (B4); (B4) – (S3); (S2) – (B5); (B5) – (B6); (B6) – (B7); (B7) – (B8); (B8) – (S3);\n\n(S3) – (C1); (C1) – (C2); (C2) – (C3); (C3) – (C4); (C4) – (S4); (S3) – (C5); (C5) – (C6); (C6) – (C7); (C7) – (C8); (C8) – (S4);\n\n(S4) – (30,0); (S4) – (30,2); (SN) – (36,0); (SN) – (36,2);\n\n(SN) – (SP); (SP) – (CC1);\n\n(CCi) – (C7); (CCii) – (C7); (CCi) – (B3); (CCii) – (B3); (CCi) – (A4); (CCii) – (A4);\n\n(CC1) – (30,-4.5); (CC1) – (30,-4); (CC1) – (30,-3.4);\n\n(CCi) – (22,-4.5); (CCi) – (22,-4); (CCi) – (22,-3.4);\n\n(CCii) – (12,-4.5); (CCii) – (12,-4); (CCii) – (12,-3.4);\n\n\\(Z) – (0,-4.5); (Z) – (0,-4); (Z) – (0,-3.4);\n\n[Correctness.]{} ", "Now we can show that $\\phi$ is satisfiable if and only if ${\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{G}}\\xspace}$ has a $\\Delta$-restless temporal $(s,z)$-path.", "\n\n[$(\\Rightarrow)$:]{}Let us assume there is a satisfying assignment for formula $\\phi$. Then we construct a $\\Delta$-restless temporal path from vertex $s$ to $z$ as follows. ", "Starting from $s$, for each variable $x_i$ of $\\phi$ the $\\Delta$-restless temporal path passes through the variables $x_i^{(1)}$, $x_i^{(2)}$, $x_i^{(3)}$, and $x_i^{(4)}$, if $x_i$ is set to , and $\\bar x_i^{(1)}$, $\\bar x_i^{(2)}$, $\\bar x_i^{(3)}$, and $\\bar x_i^{(4)}$, if $x_i$ is set to , at time step one. ", "The $\\Delta$-restless temporal path arrives at time step one in the vertex $s_n$. In time step two it goes from $s_n$ to $s'$.\n\nAt time step three, the $\\Delta$-restless temporal path can be extended to $c_1$. In each clause $c_j$ for $j \\in [m]$ there is at least one literal $x_i$ (or $\\bar x_i$) that is evaluated to . ", "Let $c_j$ be the $k$th clause in which $x_i$ appears. ", "We have that, depending on whether $x_i$ is set to (or ), the vertex $x^{(k)}_i$ (or $\\bar x^{(k)}_i$) has not been visited so far. ", "Hence, the $\\Delta$-restless temporal path can be extended from $c_j$ to $c_{j+1}$ (or to $z$ for $j = m$) at time step three via $x^{(k)}_i$ (or $\\bar x^{(k)}_i$). ", "Thus, there exists a $\\Delta$-restless temporal $(s,z)$-path in ${\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{G}}\\xspace}$.\n\n[$(\\Leftarrow)$:]{}Let us assume that there exists a $\\Delta$-restless temporal $(s,z)$-path in the constructed temporal graph ${\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{G}}\\xspace}$. Note that any $\\Delta$-restless temporal $(s,z)$-path must reach $s_n$ in time step one because the variable gadget has only edges at time step one and the waiting time ${\\ensuremath{\\Delta}}=1$ prevents the path to enter the clause gadget (which only has edges at time step three) before using the edge $\\{s_n, s'\\}$ at time step two.", "\n\nIt is easy to see that for the first part of the $\\Delta$-restless temporal graph from $s$ to $s_n$ it holds that for each $i\\in [n]$, it visits either vertices $x_i^{(1)}$, $x_i^{(2)}$, $x_i^{(3)}$, and $x_i^{(4)}$, or vertices $\\bar x_i^{(1)}$, $\\bar x_i^{(2)}$, $\\bar x_i^{(3)}$, and $\\bar x_i^{(4)}$. In the former case we set $x_i$ to and in the latter case we set $x_i$ to . ", "We claim that this produces a satisfying assignment for $\\phi$. In time step three, the part of the $\\Delta$-restless temporal path from $s'$ to $z$ has to pass vertices $c_1,c_2,\\ldots,c_m$ to reach $z$. The $\\Delta$-restless temporal path passes exactly one variable vertex $x_i^{(k)}$ (or $\\bar x^{(k)}_i$) when going from $c_j$ to $c_{j+1}$ (and finally from $c_m$ to $z$) that has not been visited so far and that corresponds to a variable that appears in the clause $c_j$ for the $k$th time. ", "The fact that the variable vertex was not visited implies that we set the corresponding variable to a truth value that makes it satisfy clause $c_j$. This holds for all $j \\in [m]$. Hence, each clause is satisfied by the constructed assignment and, consequently, $\\phi$ is satisfiable.", "\n\nThe reduction presented in the proof of \\[thm:probRestlessPath:NPh\\] also yields a running time lower bound assuming the Exponential Time Hypothesis (ETH) [@IP01; @IPZ01].", "\n\n\\[cor:path:eth\\] [<span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Restless Temporal $(s,z)$-Path</span>]{} does not admit a $f({\\ensuremath{\\ell}})^{o(\|{\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{G}}\\xspace}\|)}$-time algorithm for any computable function $f$ unless the ETH fails.", "\n\nFirst, note that any [<span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">3-SAT</span>]{}formula with $m$ clauses can be transformed into an equisatisfiable [<span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Exact $(3,4)$-SAT</span>]{} formula with $O(m)$ clauses [@Tov84]. ", "The reduction presented in the proof of \\[thm:probRestlessPath:NPh\\] produces an instance of [<span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Restless Temporal $(s,z)$-Path</span>]{} with a temporal graph of size $\|{\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{G}}\\xspace}\|\\in O(m)$ and ${\\ensuremath{\\ell}}=3$. Hence an algorithm for [<span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Restless Temporal $(s,z)$-Path</span>]{} with running time $f({\\ensuremath{\\ell}})^{o(\|{\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{G}}\\xspace}\|)}$ for some computable function $f$ would imply the existence of an $2^{o(m)}$-time algorithm for [<span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">3-SAT</span>]{}. ", "This is a contradiction to the ETH [@IP01; @IPZ01].", "\n\n-Hardness for Feedback Vertex Number\n------------------------------------\n\nIn the following, we show that parameterizing [<span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Restless Temporal $(s,z)$-Path</span>]{}with structural graph parameters of the underlying graph of the input temporal graph presumably does not yield fixed-parameter tractability for a large number of popular parameters.", "\n\n\\[thm:probRestlessPath:W1hFVS\\] [<span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Restless Temporal $(s,z)$-Path</span>]{}parameterized by the feedback vertex number of the underlying graph is -hard for all ${\\ensuremath{\\Delta}}\\ge 1$ even if every edge has only one time stamp.", "\n\nWe present a parameterized reduction from [<span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Multicolored Clique</span>]{}where, given a $k$-partite graph $H=(U_1\\uplus U_2\\uplus\\ldots\\uplus U_k, F)$, we are asked to decide whether $H$ contains a clique of size $k$. [<span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Multicolored Clique</span>]{}is known to be -hard when parameterized by the clique size $k$ [@Fel+09; @Cyg+15].", "\n\nLet $(H=(U_1\\uplus U_2\\uplus\\ldots\\uplus U_k, F),k)$ be an instance of [<span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Multicolored Clique</span>]{}. ", "For each $i,j\\in[k]$ with $i<j$ let $F_{i,j} = \\{\\{u,v\\}\\in F \\mid u\\in U_i \\wedge v\\in U_j\\}$ be the set of edges between vertices in $U_i$ and $U_j$. We assume that $k\\ge 3$, otherwise we can solve the instance in polynomial time. ", "Without loss of generality, we assume that for all $i,j,i',j'\\in[k]$ with $i<j$ and $i'<j'$ we have that $\|F_{i,j}\|=\|F_{i',j'}\|=m$ for some $m\\in{\\mathbb{N}}$. Note that if this is not the case, we add new vertices and single edges to increase the cardinality of some set $F_{i,j}$ and this does not introduce new cliques since $k\\ge 3$. We further assume that without loss of generality that $\|U_1\|=\|U_2\|=\\ldots=\|U_k\|=n$ for some $n\\in{\\mathbb{N}}$. If this is not the case, we can add additional isolated vertices to increase the cardinality of some set $U_i$. We construct a temporal graph ${\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{G}=(V, (E_i)_{i\\in[{\\ensuremath{\\ell}}]})}\\xspace}$ with two distinct vertices $s,z\\in V$ such that there is a $\\Delta$-restless [temporal $(s,z)$-path]{} in ${\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{G}}\\xspace}$ if and only if $H$ contains a clique of size $k$. Furthermore, we show that the underlying graph ${\\ensuremath{G_{\\downarrow}}\\xspace}$ of ${\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{G}}\\xspace}$ has a feedback vertex number in $O(k^2)$.\n\n[Vertex Selection Gadgets.]{} ", "For each set $U_i$ with $i\\in[k]$ of the vertex set of $H$ we create the following gadget. ", "Let $U_i = \\{u_1^{(i)}, u_2^{(i)}, \\ldots, u_{n}^{(i)}\\}$. We create a path of length $k\\cdot n + n + 1$ on fresh vertices $w_1^{(i)},v_{1,1}^{(i)}, v_{1,2}^{(i)}, \\ldots, v_{1,k}^{(i)},w_2^{(i)}, v_{2,1}^{(i)}, \\ldots, v_{n,k}^{(i)},w_{n+1}^{(i)}$. Intuitively, this path contains a segment of length $k$ for each vertex in $U_i$ which are separated by the vertices $w_j^{(i)}$, and the construction will allow a $\\Delta$-restless [temporal $(s,z)$-path]{} to skip exactly one of these segments, which is going to correspond to selecting this vertex for the clique.", "\n\nFormally, for each vertex $u_j^{(i)}\\in U_i$ we create $k$ vertices $v_{j,1}^{(i)}, v_{j,2}^{(i)}, \\ldots, v_{j,k}^{(i)}$, which we call the segment corresponding to $u_j^{(i)}$. ", "We further create vertices $w_1^{(i)}, w_2^{(i)}, \\ldots, w_{n+1}^{(i)}$. For all $j\\in[n]$ and $x\\in [k-1]$ we connect vertices $v_{j,x}^{(i)}$ and $v_{j,x+1}^{(i)}$ with an edge at time $(i-1)\\cdot n + j$ and we connect $w_j^{(i)}$ with $v_{j,1}^{(i)}$ and $w_{j+1}^{(i)}$ with $v_{j,k}^{(i)}$ at time $(i-1)\\cdot n + j$ each. ", "Lastly, we introduce a “skip vertex” $s^{(i)}$ that will allow a $\\Delta$-restless [temporal $(s,z)$-path]{} to skip one path segment of length $k$ that corresponds to one of the vertices in $U_i$. For each $j\\in[n+1]$, we connect vertices $s^{(i)}$ and $w_{j}^{(i)}$ with an edge at time $(i-1)\\cdot n+j$.\n\nNow we connect the gadgets for all $U_i$’s in sequence, that is, a $\\Delta$-restless [temporal $(s,z)$-path]{} passes through the gadgets one after another, selecting one vertex of each part $U_i$. Formally, for all $i\\in [k-1]$, we connect vertices $w_{n+1}^{(i)}$ and $w_{1}^{(i+1)}$ with an edge at time $i\\cdot n + 1$. It is easy to check that the set $\\{s^{(1)}, s^{(2)}, \\ldots, s^{(k)}\\}$ forms a feedback vertex set of size $k$ for the vertex selection gadgets. ", "The vertex selection gadget is visualized in \\[fig:pathred2\\].", "\n\n(Sl) at (-3,-1) [$s$]{}; (S) at (-3,0) ; (S1) at (18,4) ; (S1l) at (18,4.8) [$s^{(1)}$]{}; (W1) at (0,0) ; (W1l) at (-.3,-1) [$w_1^{(1)}$]{}; (A1) at (2,0) ; (A1l) at (2,-1) [$v_{1,1}^{(1)}$]{}; (A2) at (4,0) ; (A2l) at (4,-1) [$v_{1,2}^{(1)}$]{}; (A3) at (6,0) ; (A3l) at (6,-1) [$v_{1,3}^{(1)}$]{}; (Ak) at (10,0) ; (Akl) at (10,-1) [$v_{1,k}^{(1)}$]{}; (W2) at (12,0) ; (W2l) at (12.3,-1) [$w_2^{(1)}$]{}; (B1) at (14,0) ; (B2) at (16,0) ; (B3) at (18,0) ; (Bk) at (22,0) ; (W3) at (24,0) ; (W3l) at (24,-1) [$w_3^{(1)}$]{}; (C1) at (26,0) ; (Dk) at (34,0) ; (Wn) at (36,0) ; (Wnl) at (36,-1) [$w_n^{(1)}$]{}; (Wnn) at (40,0) ; (Wnnl) at (40,-1) [$w_1^{(2)}$]{};\n\n\\(S) – (W1); (W1) – (A1); (A1) – (A2); (A2) – (A3); (A3) – (7.2,0); (Ak) – (8.8,0); (Ak) – (W2);\n\n(W2) – (B1); (B1) – (B2); (B2) – (B3); (B3) – (19.2,0); (Bk) – (20.8,0); (Bk) – (W3);\n\n(W3) – (C1); (C1) – (28,0);\n\n(Dk) – (32,0); (Dk) – (Wn);\n\n(Wn) – (Wnn); (Wnn) – (42,0); (Wnn) – (41.8,0.6);\n\n(W1) – (S1); (W2) – (S1); (W3) – (S1); (Wn) – (S1);\n\n[Validation Gadgets.]{} ", "A $\\Delta$-restless [temporal $(s,z)$-path]{} has to pass through the validation gadgets after it passed through the vertex selection gadgets. ", "Intuitively, this should only be possible if the selected vertices form a clique. ", "We construct the gadget in the following way.", "\n\nFor each $i,j\\in[k]$ with $i<j$ let the edges in $F_{i,j}$ be ordered in an arbitrary way, that is, $F_{i,j} = \\{e_1^{(i,j)}, e_2^{(i,j)},\\ldots, e_{m}^{(i,j)}\\}$. We create two paths of length $2m$ on fresh vertices $v_{1,1}^{(i,j)}, v_{1,2}^{(i,j)}, v_{2,1}^{(i,j)},$ $v_{2,2}^{(i,j)}, \\ldots, v_{m,2}^{(i,j)}$ and $v_{1,3}^{(i,j)}, v_{1,4}^{(i,j)}, v_{2,3}^{(i,j)}, v_{2,4}^{(i,j)}, \\ldots, v_{m,4}^{(i,j)}$, respectively. ", "Intuitively, the first path selects an edge from $U_i$ to $U_j$ and the transition to the second path should only be possible if the two endpoints of the selected edge are selected in the corresponding vertex selection gadgets.", "\n\nFormally, for each edge $e_h^{(i,j)}\\in F_{i,j}$ we create four vertices $v_{h,1}^{(i,j)}, v_{h,2}^{(i,j)}, v_{h,3}^{(i,j)}, v_{h,4}^{(i,j)}$. Furthermore, we introduce three extra vertices $s_1^{(i,j)},s_2^{(i,j)},s_3^{(i,j)}$. For all $h\\in[m]$ we connect vertices $v_{h,1}^{(i,j)}$ and $v_{h,2}^{(i,j)}$ with an edge at time $y_{i,j} + 2h-1$, we connect vertices $v_{h,1}^{(i,j)}$ and $s_1^{(i,j)}$ with an edge at time $y_{i,j} + 2h-1$, we connect vertices $v_{h,3}^{(i,j)}$ and $v_{h,4}^{(i,j)}$ with an edge at time $y_{i,j} + 2h-1$, we connect vertices $v_{h,3}^{(i,j)}$ and $s_3^{(i,j)}$ with an edge at time $y_{i,j} + 2h-1$, and if $h<m$, we connect vertices $v_{h,2}^{(i,j)}$ and $v_{h+1,1}^{(i,j)}$ with an edge at time $y_{i,j} + 2h$ and we connect vertices $v_{h,4}^{(i,j)}$ and $v_{h+1,3}^{(i,j)}$ with an edge at time $y_{i,j} + 2h$, where $y_{i,j}=k\\cdot n+2m\\cdot (i\\cdot j+\\frac{1}{2}\\cdot i\\cdot (i-1)-1)$ (the value of $y_{i,j}$ can be interpreted as a “time offset” for the validation gadget for $F_{i,j}$, the value is computed by adding all time steps needed in validation gadget for $F_{i',j'}$ with $i'<j'$, $i'\\le i$, $j'\\le j$, and $(i',j')\\neq (i,j)$). ", "Next, for each edge $e_h^{(i,j)}= \\{u_a^{(i)},u_b^{(j)}\\}\\in F_{i,j}$ we connect vertices $s_1^{(i,j)}$ and $v_{a,j}^{(i)}$ (from the vertex selection gadget for $U_i$) with an edge at time $y_{i,j} + 2h-1$, we connect vertices $s_2^{(i,j)}$ and $v_{a,j}^{(i)}$ with an edge at time $y_{i,j} + 2h-1$, we connect vertices $s_2^{(i,j)}$ and $v_{b,i}^{(j)}$ (from the vertex selection gadget for $U_j$) with an edge at time $y_{i,j} + 2h-1$, and we connect vertices $s_3^{(i,j)}$ and $v_{b,i}^{(j)}$ with an edge at time $y_{i,j} + 2h-1$.\n\nNow we connect the gadgets for all $F_{i,j}$’s in sequence, that is, a $\\Delta$-restless [temporal $(s,z)$-path]{} passes through the gadgets one after another, selecting one edge of each part $F_{i,j}$ of the edge set $F$. Formally, for each $i,j\\in[k]$ with $i<j$, if $i< j-1$, we connect vertices $v_{m,4}^{(i,j)}$ and $v_{1,1}^{(i+1,j)}$ with an edge at time $y_{i+1,j}$, and if $i= j-1<k-1$, we connect vertices $v_{m,4}^{(i,j)}$ and $v_{1,1}^{(i,j+1)}$ with an edge at time $y_{i,j+1}$. It is easy to check that the set $\\{s^{(1,2)}_1, s^{(1,2)}_2, s^{(1,2)}_3, s^{(1,3)}_1, \\ldots, s^{(1,k)}_3, \\ldots s^{(k-1,k)}_3\\}$ forms a feedback vertex set of size $3\\cdot \\binom{k}{2}$ for the validation gadgets. ", "The validation gadget is visualized in \\[fig:pathred3\\].", "\n\nFinally, we create two new vertices $s$ and $z$, we connect vertices $s$ and $w_1^{(1)}$ (the “first” vertex of the vertex selection gadgets) with an edge at time one, we connect vertices $s$ and $s^{(1)}$ (the “skip vertex” of the first vertex selection gadget) with an edge at time one, and we connect $z$ and $v_{m,4}^{(k-1,k)}$ (the “last” vertex of the validation gadgets) with an edge at time $k\\cdot n+m\\cdot (3k^2+5k+3)$. We further connect vertices $w_{n+1}^{(k)}$ and $v_{1,1}^{(1,2)}$ (connecting the vertex selection gadgets and the validation gadgets) with an edge at time $k\\cdot n$. Finally, we set $\\Delta=1$. This completes the contruction. ", "It is easy to check that ${\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{G}}\\xspace}$ can be constructed in polynomial time and that the feedback vertex number of ${\\ensuremath{G_{\\downarrow}}\\xspace}$ is at most $k+3\\cdot\\binom{k}{2}$ and that every edge has only one time stamp.", "\n\n(A11) at (0,0) ; (A12) at (0,-2) ; (A21) at (0,-4) ; (A22) at (0,-6) ; (A31) at (0,-8) ; (A32) at (0,-10) ; (A41) at (0,-12) ; (A41l) at (-2,-12) [$v_{h,1}^{(i,j)}$]{}; (A42) at (0,-14) ; (Am1) at (0,-20) ; (Am2) at (0,-22) ;\n\n(S1) at (8,-11) ; (S2) at (14,-11) ; (S3) at (20,-11) ; (S1l) at (9,-12.6) [$s_1^{(i,j)}$]{}; (S2l) at (14,-12.6) [$s_2^{(i,j)}$]{}; (S3l) at (19,-12.6) [$s_3^{(i,j)}$]{};\n\n(B11) at (28,0) ; (B12) at (28,-2) ; (B21) at (28,-4) ; (B22) at (28,-6) ; (B31) at (28,-8) ; (B32) at (28,-10) ; (B41) at (28,-12) ; (B41l) at (30,-12) [$v_{h,3}^{(i,j)}$]{}; (B42) at (28,-14) ; (Bm1) at (28,-20) ; (Bm2) at (28,-22) ;\n\n(A11) – (A12); (A12) – (A21); (A21) – (A22); (A22) – (A31); (A31) – (A32); (A32) – (A41); (A41) – (A42); (A42) – (0,-15.6); (Am1) – (0,-18.4); (Am1) – (Am2);\n\n(B11) – (B12); (B12) – (B21); (B21) – (B22); (B22) – (B31); (B31) – (B32); (B32) – (B41); (B41) – (B42); (B42) – (28,-15.6); (Bm1) – (28,-18.4); (Bm1) – (Bm2);\n\n(A11) – (S1); (A21) – (S1); (A31) – (S1); (A41) – (S1); (Am1) – (S1);\n\n(B11) – (S3); (B21) – (S3); (B31) – (S3); (B41) – (S3); (Bm1) – (S3);\n\n(Vij) at (9,-2) ; (Vji) at (19,-2) ; (Vijl) at (7.4,-3.6) [$v_{a,j}^{(i)}$]{}; (Vjil) at (20.6,-3.6) [$v_{b,i}^{(j)}$]{};\n\n(Vij) – (S1); (Vij) – (S2); (Vji) – (S2); (Vji) – (S3);\n\n(Uil) at (10,1) [$U_i$]{}; (Ujl) at (18,1) [$U_j$]{};\n\n(Vij) – (13,-2) – (10,0) – (7,-2) – (Vij); (Vji) – (21,-2) – (18,0) – (15,-2) – (Vji); (13,-2) – (15,-2); (7,-2) – (6,-2); (21,-2) – (22,-2);\n\n(A11) – (-2,0); (Bm2) – (30,-22);\n\n[Correctness.]{} ", "Now we show that $H$ contains a clique of size $k$ if and only if there is a $\\Delta$-restless temporal path from $s$ to $z$ in ${\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{G}}\\xspace}$.\n\n[$(\\Rightarrow)$:]{}Assume that $H$ contains a clique of size $k$ and let $X\\subseteq V(H)$ with $\|X\| = k$ be the set of vertices that form the clique in $H$. Now we show how to construct a $\\Delta$-restless [temporal $(s,z)$-path]{} in ${\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{G}}\\xspace}$. Note that since $H$ is $k$-partite, we have that $\|U_i\\cap X\|=1$ for all $i\\in [k]$. The temporal path starts at vertex $s$ in ${\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{G}}\\xspace}$ and then first passes through the vertex selection gadgets. ", "If $u_j^{(i)}\\in X$ for some $i\\in [k]$ and $j\\in [n]$, then the temporal path skips the segment corresponding to $u_j^{(i)}$ in the vertex selection gadget for $U_i$. More formally, the temporal path follows the vertices $w_1^{(i)},v_{1,1}^{(i)}, v_{1,2}^{(i)}, \\ldots,v_{1,k}^{(i)}, w_2^{(i)},\\ldots, v_{j-1,k}^{(i)}, w_{j}^{(i)}, s^{(i)}, w_{j+1}^{(i)}, v_{j+1,1}^{(i)}, \\ldots, v_{n,k}^{(i)}, w_{n+1}^{(i)}$ in that order, that is, it skips vertices $v_{j,1}^{(i)}, v_{j,2}^{(i)}, \\ldots, v_{j,k}^{(i)}$. It is easy to check that the time labels of the edges in the vertex selection gadget allow for a restless temporal path as described that respects the waiting time ${\\ensuremath{\\Delta}}$.\n\nIn the validation gadget for $F_{i,j}$ with $i<j$, the path “selects” the edge $(U_i\\cap X)\\cup(U_j\\cap X)\\in F_{i,j}$ that connects the vertices from the parts $U_i$ and $U_j$ that are contained in the clique $X$. Let $(U_i\\cap X)\\cup(U_j\\cap X)=\\{u_a^{(i)},u_b^{(j)}\\}=e_h^{(i,j)}\\in F_{i,j}$. Formally, the path follows vertices $v_{1,1}^{(i,j)}, v_{1,2}^{(i,j)}, v_{2,1}^{(i,j)}, v_{2,2}^{(i,j)}, \\ldots, v_{h,1}^{(i,j)}, s_1^{(i,j)},v_{a,j}^{(i)},s_2^{(i,j)},v_{b,i}^{(j)}, s_3^{(i,j)},v_{h,4}^{(i,j)}, v_{h+1,3}^{(i,j)}, v_{h+1,4}^{(i,j)}, \\ldots, v_{m,4}^{(i,j)}$ in that order. ", "Note that vertices $v_{a,j}^{(i)}$ and $v_{b,i}^{(j)}$ have not been used by the path in the vertex selection gadgets, since they appear in the segments that were skipped by the temporal path in the corresponding vertex selection gadgets. ", "Furthermore, since the clique in $H$ only contains one edge that connects vertices from $U_i$ and $U_j$, the vertices $v_{a,j}^{(i)}$ and $v_{b,i}^{(j)}$ have not been used by the temporal path in an earlier validation gadget. ", "It is easy to check that the time labels of the edges in the validation gadget allow for a $\\Delta$-restless temporal path as described. ", "After the last validation gadget the path arrives at vertex $z$. Hence, we have found a $\\Delta$-restless [temporal $(s,z)$-path]{} in ${\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{G}}\\xspace}$.\n\n[$(\\Leftarrow)$:]{}Assume that we are given a $\\Delta$-restless [temporal $(s,z)$-path]{} in ${\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{G}}\\xspace}$. We now show that $H$ contains a clique of size $k$.\n\nAfter starting at $s$, the $\\Delta$-restless temporal path first passes the vertex selection gadgets. ", "Here, we need to make the important observation, that for each $i\\in[k]$, any $\\Delta$-restless [temporal $(s,z)$-path]{} has to “skip” at least one segment corresponding to one vertex $u^{(i)}_j\\in U_i$ in the vertex selection gadget corresponding to $U_i$, otherwise the temporal path cannot traverse the validation gadgets. ", "More formally, assume for contradiction that there is a $\\Delta$-restless [temporal $(s,z)$-path]{} and an $i\\in[k]$ such that the temporal path visits all vertices in the vertex selection gadget corresponding to $U_i$. Let $j\\in[k]$ with $j\\neq i$. Assume that $i<j$ (the other case works analogous). ", "We claim that the temporal path cannot traverse the validation gadget for $F_{i,j}$. For the temporal path to go from $s^{(i,j)}_1$ to $s^{(i,j)}_2$ by construction it has to visit at least one vertex from the vertex selection gadget for $U_i$. If all vertices have already been visited, that would mean the $\\Delta$-restless [temporal $(s,z)$-path]{} visits one vertex twice—a contradiction.", "\n\nThe waiting time ${\\ensuremath{\\Delta}}$ prevents the temporal path from “skipping” more than one segment. ", "More formally, any $\\Delta$-restless [temporal $(s,z)$-path]{} arrives at the “skip vertex” $s^{(i)}$ of the vertex selection gadget for $U_i$ at time $(i-1)\\cdot n + j$, for some $j\\in[k-1]$. By construction this means the path visits $w_j^{(i)}$, then $s^{(i)}$, and then has to continue with $w_{j+1}^{(i)}$ since there is only one time edge the path can use without violating the waiting time $\\Delta$. It follows that the temporal path skips exactly the segment corresponding to $u_j^{(i)}\\in U_i$.\n\nThis implies that any $\\Delta$-restless [temporal $(s,z)$-path]{} that traverses the vertex selection gadgets leaves exactly one segment of every vertex selection gadget unvisited. ", "Let the set $X = \\{u^{(i)}_j\\in U_i \\mid i\\in[k] \\wedge j\\in[n] \\wedge v_{j,1} \\text{ is an unvisited vertex.}\\}$ be the set of vertices corresponding to the segments that are “skipped” by the given $\\Delta$-restless [temporal $(s,z)$-path]{}. ", "It is easy to check that $\|X\|=k$. We claim that $X$ is a clique in $H$.\n\nAssume for contradiction that it is not. ", "Then there are two vertices $u_{i'}^{(i)}, u_{j'}^{(j)}\\in X$ such that the edge $\\{u_{i'}^{(i)}, u_{j'}^{(j)}\\}$ is not in $F$. Assume that $i<j$. We show that then the $\\Delta$-restless [temporal $(s,z)$-path]{} is not able to pass through the validation gadget for $F_{i,j}$. By assumption we have that $\\{u_{i'}^{(i)}, u_{j'}^{(j)}\\}\\notin F_{i,j}$. Note that the validation gadget is designed in a way that the first path “selects” an edge from $F_{i,j}$ and then the waiting time of one enforces that a $\\Delta$-restless [temporal $(s,z)$-path]{} can only move from the first path to the second path of a validation gadget if the two endpoints of the selected edge are vertices whose corresponding segments in the vertex selection gadget were skipped. ", "We have seen that for every $U_i$ with $i\\in[k]$, the path segment corresponding to exactly one vertex of that set was skipped. ", "Since $\\{u_{i'}^{(i)}, u_{j'}^{(j)}\\}\\notin F_{i,j}$, we have that for every edge in $F_{i,j}$ that the segment corresponding to at least one of the two endpoint of the edge was not skipped. ", "Hence, we have that the $\\Delta$-restless temporal path cannot pass through the validation gadget of $F_{i,j}$ and cannot reach $z$—a contradiction.", "\n\nAn FPT-Algorithm for Short Restless Temporal Path {#sec:fptalg}\n=================================================\n\nIn this section, we discuss how to find optimal restless temporal paths. ", "Of course, we have by \\[thm:probRestlessPath:NPh\\] that it is NP-hard to find optimal restless temporal paths for all optimality criteria introduced in \\[subs:path:opt\\]. ", "However, the problem of finding restless temporal path with a certain quality introduces a natural parameter to the problem, which we want to discuss here.", "\n\nFrom \\[thm:probRestlessPath:NPh\\] we can deduce that there is not much hope for fast or foremost restless temporal paths, since the instance constructed in the reduction has lifetime ${\\ensuremath{\\ell}}= 3$ and hence the duration as well as the arrival time of any restless temporal path in this instance is at most three. ", "However, we can observe that in all our reductions (the one of \\[thm:probRestlessPath:NPh\\] and the one of \\[thm:probRestlessPath:W1hFVS\\]) the length of $\\Delta$-restless [temporal $(s,z)$-path]{} is unbounded. ", "We defined [<span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Short Restless Temporal $(s,z)$-Path</span>]{}as the problem of finding restless temporal path of bounded length, and indeed it is known that [<span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Short Restless Temporal $(s,z)$-Path</span>]{}is fixed-parameter tractable when parameterized by the length bound $k$.\n\nIn this section, we show that there is a ${5.181}^{k}\\cdot\|{\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{G}}\\xspace}\|^{O(1)}$ algorithm for [<span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Short Restless Temporal $(s,z)$-Path</span>]{}, where $k$ is the length bound of the path. ", "Note that from \\[cor:path:eth\\] it follows that this algorithm is asymptotically optimal, unless the ETH fails. ", "Formally, our goal is to show the following theorem.", "\n\n\\[thm:fpt-length\\] [<span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Short Restless Temporal $(s,z)$-Path</span>]{}can be solved in ${5.181}^{k}\\cdot\|{\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{G}}\\xspace}\|\\cdot{\\ensuremath{\\Delta}}$ time.", "\n\nThe actual proof of \\[thm:fpt-length\\] is deferred to the end of this section. ", "In the nutshell, we first reduced the [[<span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Short Restless Temporal $(s,z)$-Path</span>]{}]{} to a problem on directed graphs, where identify which objects (in the directed graph) exactly describe a [${\\ensuremath{\\Delta}}$-restless temporal $(s,z)$-path]{} in the given temporal graph. ", "Then, we introduce a new problem called [<span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Independent Path</span>]{}, which can capture the nature of or desired objects. ", "Given a directed graph $D$ with two distinct vertices $s$ and $z$ and a linear matroid $M$, the [<span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Independent Path</span>]{} problem asks whether there is a [$(s,z)$-dipath]{} in $D$ whose vertices form an independent set in the matroid $M$ (see \\[sec:ipp\\]). ", "Then, to solve [[<span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Short Restless Temporal $(s,z)$-Path</span>]{}]{}, we develop a fixed-parameter algorithm for [<span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Independent Path</span>]{} parameterized by the length of a shortest witness.", "\n\nWe introduce a so-called ${\\ensuremath{\\Delta}}$-$(s,z)$-expansion of for two vertices $s$ and $z$ of a temporal graphs with waiting-times. ", "That is, a time-expanded version of the temporal graph which reduces reachability questions to directed graphs. ", "In the literature, similar approaches have been applied several times. ", "However, to the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that waiting-times are respected. ", "In a nutshell, the ${\\ensuremath{\\Delta}}$-$(s,z)$-expansion has essentially for each vertex $v$ at most ${\\ensuremath{\\ell}}$ many copies $v_1,\\dots, v_{{\\ensuremath{\\ell}}}$ and if a [$(s,z)$-dipath]{} visits $v_i$ means the corresponding [${\\ensuremath{\\Delta}}$-restless temporal $(s,z)$-walk]{} visits $v$ at time $i$, where ${\\ensuremath{\\ell}}$ is the time horizon.", "\n\n\\[def:expansion\\] Let ${\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{G}=(V, (E_i)_{i\\in[{\\ensuremath{\\ell}}]})}\\xspace}$ be a temporal graph with two distinct vertices $s,z \\in V$ such that $\\{s,z\\} \\not \\in E_t$, for all $t \\in [{\\ensuremath{\\ell}}]$. Let ${\\ensuremath{\\Delta}}\\le{\\ensuremath{\\ell}}$. The ${\\ensuremath{\\Delta}}$-$(s,z)$-expansion of ${\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{G}}\\xspace}$ is the directed graph $D=(V',E')$ with $$\\begin{aligned}\n V' :=&\\ \\{s,z\\} \\cup \\left\\{ v^{t}\\ \\middle\\vert\\ v \\in e, e \\in E_t, v \\not \\in \\{ s, z \\} \\right\\}, \\\\\n E' :=&\\ E_s \\cup E_z \\cup \\left\\{(v^i,w^t) \\ \\middle\\vert\\ v^i \\in V' \\setminus \\{ s, z \\}, \\{v,w\\} \\in E_t, 0 \\leq t-i \\leq {\\ensuremath{\\Delta}}\\right\\}, \\\\\n E_s :=&\\ \\left\\{ (s,v^t) \\ \\middle\\vert\\ \\{s,v\\} \\in E_t, \\right\\}, \\text{and} \\\\\n E_z :=&\\ \\left\\{(v^i,z) \\ \\middle\\vert\\ v^i \\in V' \\setminus \\{ s, z \\}, \\{v,z\\} \\in E_t, 0 \\leq t-i \\leq {\\ensuremath{\\Delta}}\\right\\}.\\end{aligned}$$ Furthermore, we define $V'(s) := \\{ s \\}$, $V'(z) := \\{ z \\}$, and $V'(v) := \\{ v^{t} \\in V' \\mid t \\in [{\\ensuremath{\\ell}}] \\}$, for all $v \\in V \\setminus \\{s,z\\}$.\n\nNext, we show that a ${\\ensuremath{\\Delta}}$-$(s,z)$-expansion of a temporal graph can be computed efficiently.", "\n\n\\[lem:exp-runtime\\] Given a temporal graph ${\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{G}=(V, (E_i)_{i\\in[{\\ensuremath{\\ell}}]})}\\xspace}$, two distinct vertices $s,z\\in V$, and ${\\ensuremath{\\Delta}}\\le{\\ensuremath{\\ell}}$, we can compute its ${\\ensuremath{\\Delta}}$-$(s,z)$-expansion $D$ with $\|V(D)\| \\in O(\|{\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{G}}\\xspace}\|)$ in $O(\|{\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{G}}\\xspace}\|\\cdot {\\ensuremath{\\Delta}})$ time.", "\n\nLet $V' := \\{s,z\\}$ and $E'$ be empty in the beginning. ", "We will fill up $V'$ and $E'$ simultaneously. ", "In order to that efficiently, we will maintain for each vertex $v\\in V$ a ordered list $L_v$ such that $t \\in L_v$ if and only if $v^t \\in V'$. We assume that $\|V\| \\leq \\sum_{i=1}^{\\ensuremath{\\ell}}\|E_i\|$, because vertices which are isolated in every layer are irrelevant for the ${\\ensuremath{\\Delta}}$-$(s,z)$-expansion and can be erased in linear time.", "\n\nWe proceed as follows. ", "For each $t \\in \\{1,\\dots,{\\ensuremath{\\ell}}\\}$ (in ascending order), we iterate over $E_t$. For each $\\{v,w\\} \\in E_t$, we distinguish into three cases.", "\n\n($w=s$):\n\n: We add $v^t$ to $V'$, $(s,v^t)$ to $E'$, and add $t$ to $L_v$. This can be done in constant time.", "\n\n($w=z$):\n\n: We add $v^t$ to $V'$, and add $t$ to $L_v$. Now we iterate over all $i \\in L_v$ (in descending order) and add $(v^i,z)$ to $E'$ until $ t - i > {\\ensuremath{\\Delta}}$. This can be done in $O({\\ensuremath{\\Delta}})$ time.", "\n\n($\\{s,z\\} \\cap \\{v,w\\} = \\emptyset$):\n\n: We add $v^t,w^t$ to $V'$, and add $t$ to $L_v$ and $L_w$. Now we iterate over $i\\in L_v$ (in descending order) and add $(v^i,w^t)$ to $E'$ until $ t - i > {\\ensuremath{\\Delta}}$. Afterwards, we iterate over $i\\in L_w$ (in descending order) and add $(w^i,v^t)$ to $E'$ until $ t - i > {\\ensuremath{\\Delta}}$. This can be done in $O({\\ensuremath{\\Delta}})$ time.", "\n\nObserve that after this procedure the digraph $D=(V',E')$ is the ${\\ensuremath{\\Delta}}$-$(s,z)$-expansion of ${\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{G}}\\xspace}$ and that we added at most $2$ vertices for each time-edge in ${\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{G}}\\xspace}$. Hence, $V' \\leq \|{\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{G}}\\xspace}\|$. This gives a overall running time of $O(\|{\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{G}}\\xspace}\|\\cdot{\\ensuremath{\\Delta}})$.\n\nIt is easy to see that there is a [${\\ensuremath{\\Delta}}$-restless temporal $(s,z)$-walk]{} in the temporal graph if and only if there is a [$(s,z)$-dipath]{} in the ${\\ensuremath{\\Delta}}$-$(s,z)$-expansion. ", "Next, we identify the necessary side constraint to identify [${\\ensuremath{\\Delta}}$-restless temporal $(s,z)$-path]{}s in the ${\\ensuremath{\\Delta}}$-$(s,z)$-expansion.", "\n\n\\[lem:exp-correct\\] Let ${\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{G}=(V, (E_i)_{i\\in[{\\ensuremath{\\ell}}]})}\\xspace}$ be a temporal graph, $s,z \\in V$ two distinct vertices, ${\\ensuremath{\\Delta}}\\le{\\ensuremath{\\ell}}$, and $D=(V',E')$ the ${\\ensuremath{\\Delta}}$-$(s,z)$-expansion of ${\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{G}}\\xspace}$. There is a [${\\ensuremath{\\Delta}}$-restless temporal $(s,z)$-path]{} in ${\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{G}}\\xspace}$ of length $k$ if and only if there is an [$(s,z)$-dipath]{} $P'$ in $D$ of length $k$ such that for all $v \\in V$ it holds that $\|V'(v) \\cap V(P')\| \\leq 1$.\n\n($\\Rightarrow$): Let $P = \\big( (\\{s,v_1\\}, t_1), (\\{v_1, v_2\\}, t_2), \\dots, (\\{v_{k'-1},z\\}, t_{k'} ) \\big)$ be a [${\\ensuremath{\\Delta}}$-restless temporal $(s,z)$-path]{} in ${\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{G}}\\xspace}$ of length $k$. We can inductively construct an [$(s,z)$-dipath]{} $P'$ in $D$. Observe that $P_1' := (s,v_1^{t_1}))$ is an [$(s,v_1^{t_1})$-dipath]{} of length $1$ in $D$, because the arc $(s,v_1^{t_1})$ is in $E_s$ of $D$. Now let $i \\in [k'-2]$ and $P'_i$ be an [$(s,v_i^{t_i})$-dipath]{} of length $i$ such that\n\nfor all $j \\in [i]$, we have that $\|V'(v_j) \\cap V(P'_i)\| = 1$, and\n\nfor all $v \\in V \\setminus \\{s,v_1,\\dots,v_i\\}$, we have that $\|V'(v) \\cap V(P'_i)\| = 0$.\n\nIn order to get an [$(s,v_{i+1}^{t_{i+1}})$-dipath]{} $P'_{i+1}$ of length $i+1$, we extend $P'_{i}$ by the arc $(v_i^{t_i},v_{i+1}^{t_{i+1}})$. Observe, that $v_{i+1}^{t_{i+1}} \\in V'$ because of the time-edge $(\\{v_i,v_{i+1}\\},t_{i+1})$ in ${\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{G}}\\xspace}$ and that the arc $(v_i^{t_i},v_{i+1}^{t_{i+1}}) \\in E'$, because we have $0 \\leq t_{i+1} - t_i \\leq \\beta(v_i)$. Observe that\n\nfor all $j \\in [i+1]$, we have that $\|V'(v_j) \\cap V(P'_{i+1})\| = 1$, and\n\nfor all $v \\in V \\setminus \\{s,v_1,\\dots,v_{i+1}\\}$, we have that $\|V'(v) \\cap V(P'_{i+1})\| = 0$.\n\nHence, we have an [$(s,v_{k'-1}^{t_{k'-1}})$-dipath]{} $P'_{k-1}$ of length $k-1$ satisfying (i) and (ii) which can be extended (in a similar way) to an [$(s,z)$-dipath]{} of length $k$ such that for all $v \\in V$ it holds that $\|V'(v) \\cap V(P')\| \\leq 1$.\n\n($\\Leftarrow$): Let $P'$ be a [$(s,z)$-dipath]{} in $D$ of length $k$ such that for all $v \\in V$ it holds that $\|V'(v) \\cap V(P')\| \\leq 1$. Let $V(P') = \\{ s,v_1^{t_1},\\dots,v_{k-1}^{t_{k-1}},z\\}$. Observe that an arc from $s$ to $v_1^{t_1}$ in $D$ implies that there is a time-edge $(\\{s,v_1\\},t_1)$ in ${\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{G}}\\xspace}$. Similarly, an arc from $v_i^{t_i}$ to $v_{i+1}^{t_{i+1}}$ implies that there is a time-edge $(\\{v_i,v_{i+1}\\},t_{i+1})$ in ${\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{G}}\\xspace}$ and that $0 \\leq t_{i+1} - t_i \\leq \\beta(v_i)$, for all $i \\in [k-2]$. Moreover, an arc from $v_{k-1}^{t_{k-1}}$ to $z$ implies that there is some $t_{k}$ such that there is a time-edge $(\\{v_k,z\\},t_{k})$ in ${\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{G}}\\xspace}$ with $0 \\leq t_{k} - t_{k-1} \\leq \\beta(v_{k-1})$. Hence, $P = \\big( (\\{s,v_1\\}, t_1), (\\{v_1, v_2\\}, t_2), \\dots, (\\{v_{k'-1},z\\}, t_{k'} ) \\big)$ is a [${\\ensuremath{\\Delta}}$-restless temporal $(s,z)$-walk]{} of length $k$ in ${\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{G}}\\xspace}$. Finally, $\|V'(v) \\cap V(P')\| \\leq 1$, for all $v \\in V$, implies that $v_i \\not = v_j$ for all $i,j \\in \\{0,\\dots,k\\}$ with $i \\not = j$. Thus, $P$ is a [${\\ensuremath{\\Delta}}$-restless temporal $(s,z)$-path]{} of length $k$.\n\nIndependent Path Problem {#sec:ipp}\n------------------------\n\nIn this section, we introduce a problem, [<span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Independent Path</span>]{}. ", "To do so, we need some notations first.", "\n\nWe use standard terminology from matroid theory [@Oxl92]. ", "A pair $(U,{\\mathcal{I}})$, where $U$ is the ground set and ${\\mathcal{I}}\\subseteq 2^U$ is a family of independent sets, is a matroid if the following holds:\n\n- $\\emptyset \\in {\\mathcal{I}}$,\n\n- if $A' \\subseteq A$ and $A \\in {\\mathcal{I}}$, then $A' \\in {\\mathcal{I}}$, and\n\n- if $A,B \\in {\\mathcal{I}}$ and $\|A\| < \|B\|$, then there is an $x \\in B \\setminus A$ such that $A \\cup \\{x\\} \\in {\\mathcal{I}}$.\n\nAn inclusion-wise maximal independent set $A\\in {\\mathcal{I}}$ of a matroid $M=(U,I)$ is a basis. ", "The cardinality of the bases of $M$ is called the rank of $M$. The uniform matroid of rank $r$ on $U$ is the matroid $(U,{\\mathcal{I}})$ with ${\\mathcal{I}}=\\{S\\subseteq U\\mid \|S\|\\leq r\\}$. A matroid $(U,{\\mathcal{I}})$ is linear or representable over a field $\\mathbb F$ if there is a matrix $A$ with entries in $\\mathbb F$ and the columns labeled by the elements of $U$ such that $S \\in {\\mathcal{I}}$ if and only if the columns of $A$ with labels in $S$ are linearly independent over $\\mathbb F$. Such a matrix $A$ is called a representation of $(U,{\\mathcal{I}})$.\n\n[Does there exist an $(s,z)$-dipath $P$ of length at most $k$ in $D$ such that $V(P) \\in {\\mathcal{I}}$?]{} ", "For the reminder of this section, whenever we speak about independent sets, these are independent sets of a matroid and not a set of vertices which induce an edgeless graph.", "\n\nWe will reduce the [[<span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Short Restless Temporal $(s,z)$-Path</span>]{}]{} problem to [<span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Independent Path</span>]{} and then develop an efficient algorithm for [<span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Independent Path</span>]{}. ", "As a subroutine it will be necessary that we restrict the independent sets of a matroid to not exceed a specific size. ", "An $k$-truncation of a matroid $(U,{\\mathcal{I}})$ is a matroid $(U,\\{ X \\in {\\mathcal{I}}\\mid \|X\| \\leq k \\})$ such that all independent sets are of size at most $k$. The $k$-truncation of a linear matroid is also a linear matroid [@Mar09].", "\n\nIn our reduction from [[<span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Short Restless Temporal $(s,z)$-Path</span>]{}]{} to [<span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Independent Path</span>]{} we basically use \\[def:expansion\\] and a $(k+1)$-truncated partition matroid where we can pick at most one element from each partition. ", "Two general approaches are know to compute a representation for a $k$-truncate of a linear matroid—one is randomized [@Mar09] and one is deterministic [@LMPS18].[^4] Both approaches require a large field implying that one operation over that field is rather slow. ", "Furthermore, for the special case of a traversal matroid a quasi-polynomial[^5] algorithm is known. ", "However, for our specific matroid we employ the Vandermonde matrix to compute a representation over a small finite field. ", "Note that our approach also outperforms the more general algorithms of @LMPS18 and @Mar09 in terms of running time.", "\n\n\\[lem:rep\\] Given a universe $U$ of size $n$, a partition $P_1 \\uplus \\dots \\uplus P_q = U$, and a natural number $k$, we can compute a representation $A_M$ for the matroid $$\\begin{aligned}\n M = \\Big(U, \\Big\\{ X \\subseteq U \\ \\Big\\vert\\ \|X\| \\leq k \n \\text{ and } \\forall i \\in [q] \\colon \|X \\cap P_i\| \\leq 1 \\Big\\}\\Big)\n \\end{aligned}$$ over a prime field $\\mathbb F$ in $O(k\\cdot n)$ time, such that we can compute one operation over $\\mathbb F$ in constant time.", "\n\nWithout loss of generality we assume that $q \\leq n$. Let $p$ be a prime number with $q \\leq p \\leq 2q$. Such a prime exists by the folklore Betrand-Chebyshev Theorem and can be computed in $O(n)$ time using Lagarias-Odlyzko Method [@TCH12]. ", "To perform one operation on the prime field $\\mathbb F_p$, one can first perform the primitive operation in $\\mathbb Z$ and them take the result modulo $p$. Hence, we can compute one operation over $\\mathbb F_p$ in constant time, because $p \\in O(n)$ is small and we assume the RAM model of compution.", "\n\nLet $x_1,\\dots,x_q$ be pair-wise distinct elements from $\\mathbb F_p$. To compute an $(k \\times n)$-matrix $A_M$ as representation for $M$ over $\\mathbb F_p$, we compose (column-wise) for each element $u \\in P_i$ the vector $\\mathbf v_i := \\begin{pmatrix}x_i^0 & x_i^1 & \\dots & x_i^{k-1} \\end{pmatrix}^T$, where $i \\in [q]$. That gives a running time of $O(k \\cdot n)$ operations over $\\mathbb F_p$, since we can compute $\\mathbf v_i$ in $O(k)$ operations over $\\mathbb F_p$.\n\nIt remains to show that $A_M$ is a representation of $M$. Let $X \\subseteq U$. If there is an $i \\in [p]$ such that $\|X \\cap P_i\| > 1$, then the corresponding columns of $A_M$ are linearly dependent, because we have the vector $\\mathbf v_i$ twice. ", "Now we assume that for all $i \\in [q]$ we have $\|X \\cap P_i\| \\leq 1$. Furthermore, if $\|X\| > k$, then we know that the corresponding columns of $A_M$ are linearly dependent, because $A_M$ is an $(k \\times n)$-matrix. ", "We can observe that if $\|X\| = k$, then the corresponding columns in $A_M$ form a Vandermonde matrix, whose determinat is known to be non-zero. ", "Hence, if $\|X\| \\leq k$, then the corresponding columns in $A_M$ are linearly independent. ", "Thus, $A_M$ is a representation of $M$.\n\nNow, we are ready to state our reduction from [[<span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Short Restless Temporal $(s,z)$-Path</span>]{}]{} to [<span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Independent Path</span>]{}.", "\n\n\\[lem:tpp-to-ipp\\] Given an instance $({\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{G}}\\xspace},s,z,k,{\\ensuremath{\\Delta}})$ of [[<span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Short Restless Temporal $(s,z)$-Path</span>]{}]{}, we can compute in $O({\\ensuremath{\\Delta}}\\cdot \|{\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{G}}\\xspace}\|)$ time an instance $(D,s,z,A_M)$ of [<span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Independent Path</span>]{} such that\n\n(i) $M$ has rank $k+1$, and\n\n(ii) $({\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{G}}\\xspace},s,z,k,{\\ensuremath{\\Delta}})$ is a [yes]{}-instance if and only if $(D,s,z,A_M)$ is a [yes]{}-instance and contains an independent [$(s,z)$-dipath]{} of length at most $k$,\n\nwhere one operation over the finite field of $A_M$ can be computed in constant time.", "\n\nLet $({\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{G}=(V, (E_i)_{i\\in[{\\ensuremath{\\ell}}]})}\\xspace},s,z,k,{\\ensuremath{\\Delta}})$ be an instance of [[<span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Short Restless Temporal $(s,z)$-Path</span>]{}]{}. ", "We construct an instance $(D,s,z,A_M,k)$ of [<span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Independent Path</span>]{} in the following way. ", "Let digraph $D = (V',E')$ be the ${\\ensuremath{\\Delta}}$-$(s,z)$-expansion of ${\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{G}}\\xspace}$ which can be computed, by \\[lem:exp-runtime\\], in $O(\|{\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{G}}\\xspace}\|\\cdot{\\ensuremath{\\Delta}})$ time such that $V' \\in O(\|{\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{G}}\\xspace}\|)$. Observe that $\\bigcup_{v \\in V} V'(v)$ is a partition of $V'$. Now, we construct a representation $A_M$ (over a finite field where we can perform one operation in constant time) of the matroid $$\\begin{aligned}\n M = \\Big(V', \\big\\{ X \\subseteq V' \\ \\big\\vert\\ \|X\| \\leq k+1 \\text{ and } \\forall v \\in V \\colon \|X \\cap V'(v)\| \\leq 1 \\big\\} \\Big)\n \\end{aligned}$$ in $O(k\\cdot\|{\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{G}}\\xspace}\|)$ time by \\[lem:rep\\]. ", "Note that $M$ is an $(k+1)$-truncated partition matroid and hence has rank $k+1$. This completes the construction and gives us an overall running time of $O(\\max\\{k,{\\ensuremath{\\Delta}}\\}\\cdot \|{\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{G}}\\xspace}\|)$.\n\nWe now claim $({\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{G}}\\xspace},s,z,k,{\\ensuremath{\\Delta}})$ is a [yes]{}-instance if and only if $(D,s,z,A_M)$ is a [yes]{}-instance and contains an independent [$(s,z)$-dipath]{} of length at most $k$.\n\n[$(\\Leftarrow)$:]{}Let $P$ be a [${\\ensuremath{\\Delta}}$-restless temporal $(s,z)$-path]{} of length $k' \\leq k$ in ${\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{G}}\\xspace}$. Then, by \\[lem:exp-correct\\] there is an [$(s,z)$-dipath]{} $P'$ of length $k'$ such that for all $v \\in V$ it holds that $\|V'(v) \\cap V(P')\| \\leq 1$. Since $\|V(P')\| = k'+1 \\leq k+1$, we know that $V(P')$ is an independent set of $M$. Thus, $P'$ is a witness of length at most $k$ for $(D,s,z,A_M)$ being a [yes]{}-instance.", "\n\n[$(\\Rightarrow)$:]{}Let $P'$ be an [$(s,z)$-dipath]{} of length $k' \\leq k$ in $D$ such that $V(P')$ is an independent set of $M$. Clearly, for $v \\in V$ it holds that $\|V'(v) \\cap V(P')\| \\leq 1$. Then, by \\[lem:exp-correct\\], there is a [${\\ensuremath{\\Delta}}$-restless temporal $(s,z)$-path]{} of length $k'$ in ${\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{G}}\\xspace}$.\n\nFrom \\[lem:tpp-to-ipp\\] it is intermediately clear that the lower-bounds of \\[cor:path:eth,thm:probRestlessPath:NPh\\] translate to [<span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Independent Path</span>]{}.", "\n\n\\[cor:ipp-hard\\] [<span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Independent Path</span>]{} is NP-hard and unless the ETH fails there is no $2^{o(n)}$-time algorithm for it, where $n$ is the number of vertices.", "\n\n### An FPT-Algorithm for [<span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Independent Path</span>]{}\n\nIn this section, we provide a fixed-parameter algorithm for [<span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Independent Path</span>]{} parameterized by rank $r$ of the matroid which is, by \\[cor:ipp-hard\\], asymptotically optimal, unless the ETH fails.", "\n\n\\[thm:fpt-ipp\\] An instance $(D,s,z,A_M)$ of [<span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Independent Path</span>]{} can be solved in time of $O(2^{\\omega r}m)$ operations over the field $\\mathbb F$, where $\\mathbb F$ is the field of $A_M$, $r$ is rank of $M$, $m$ is the number of edges in $D$, and $\\omega < 2.373$ is an upper-bound for the matrix multiplication exponent.", "\n\nThe proof of \\[thm:fpt-ipp\\] is deferred to the end of this section. ", "Later \\[thm:fpt-ipp\\] will follow from \\[lem:fpt-ipp-time,lem:fpt-ipp-correct\\]. ", "The idea of our algorithm follows the algorithm of @FLPS16 for <span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">$k$-Path</span> and independently from us @AJKS19 showed an algorithm which runs in $2^{O(\\omega r)} n^{O(1)}$ time for [<span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Independent Path</span>]{} and @LMPSZ18 provided a dynamic program, running in $5.18^{r} n^{O(1)}$ time, for the special case of [<span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Independent Path</span>]{} when the matroid given in the input is a transversal matroid. ", "Note that both, the algorithm of @AJKS19 and @LMPSZ18 are also based on the idea of @FLPS16. ", "However, in contrast to @AJKS19 and @LMPSZ18, we show that the algorithm behind \\[thm:fpt-ipp\\] runs in linear time.", "\n\nThe main tool of our algorithm are representative families of independent sets.", "\n\n\\[def:qrep\\] Given a matroid $(U,{\\mathcal{I}})$, and a family $\\mathcal S \\subseteq 2^U$, we say that a subfamily $\\widehat{\\mathcal S} \\subseteq \\mathcal S$ is a $q$-representative for $\\mathcal S$ if, for each set $Y \\subseteq U$ of size at most $q$, it holds that:\n\n- if there is a set $X \\in \\mathcal S$ with $X \\uplus Y \\in {\\mathcal{I}}$,\n\n- then there is a set $\\widehat X \\in \\widehat{\\mathcal S}$ with $\\widehat X \\uplus Y \\in {\\mathcal{I}}$.\n\nFor linear matroids, we can compute small representative families efficiently. ", "Formally, the following is known.", "\n\n\\[thm:eff-rep-fam\\] Let $M = (U,{\\mathcal{I}})$ be a linear matroid of rank $r=p + q$ given together with its representation $A_M$ over field $\\mathbb F$. Let $\\mathcal S$ be a $p$-family of independents of $M$. Then a $q$-representative family $\\widehat{\\mathcal S} \\subseteq \\mathcal S$ of size at most $r \\choose p$ can be found in $O\\left({r \\choose p}tp^\\omega + t{r \\choose q}^{\\omega-1}\\right)$ operations over $\\mathbb F$, where $\\omega < 2.373$ is the matrix multiplication exponent.", "\n\nWe are now ready to give the pseudo-code of the algorithm behind \\[thm:fpt-ipp\\] (see \\[alg:fpt-ipp\\]).", "\n\n$T[v,i] \\gets \\emptyset$, for all $v \\in V$ and $i \\in [r-1]$.\\[line:init-start\\] $T[s,0] \\gets \\{s\\}$.\\[line:init-end\\] (\\[line:for-r\\])[$i\\gets1$ $r-1$]{}[ (\\[line:yes\\])[$T[z,i] \\not=\\emptyset$]{}[ ]{} ]{}\n\n\\[lem:fpt-ipp-correct\\] \\[alg:fpt-ipp\\] is correct.", "\n\nLet $\\mathcal P_{w,i} := \\{ X \\in {\\mathcal{I}}\\mid $ there is an [$(s,w)$-dipath]{} $P$ of length $i$ such that $V(P)=X \\}$, for all $w \\in V$ and $i \\in [r-1]$. Observe that $\\mathcal P_{w,i}$ is an $(i+1)$-family of independent sets. ", "We show by induction that after iteration $i$ of the for-loop in \\[line:for-r\\] the entry $T[w,i]$ is an $(r-i)$-representative of $\\mathcal P_{w,i}$, for all $w \\in V$ and $i \\in [r-1]$. Then the correctness follows, since we check after each of these iterations whether $T[w,i]$ is non-empty (\\[line:yes\\]). ", "Observe that $\\mathcal P_{s,0} = \\{ s \\}$ and $\\mathcal P_{v,0} = \\emptyset$ for all $v \\in V \\setminus \\{s\\}$. Hence, the entries of $T$ computed in \\[line:init-start,line:init-end\\] fulfill our induction hypothesis.", "\n\nNow let $i \\in [r-1]$ be the current iteration of the for-loop in \\[line:for-r\\] and assume that for all $j < i$ we have that $T[w,j]$ is an $(r-j)$-representative of $\\mathcal P_{w,j}$, for all $w \\in V$. Fix a vertex $w \\in V$. We first show that if there is an $X \\in T[i,w]$, then there is an [$(s,w)$-dipath]{} $P_w$ of length $i$ such that $X=V(P_w) \\in {\\mathcal{I}}$. Observe that in \\[line:N-start,line:N-end\\] we look at each possible predecessor $v\\in V$ of $w$ in an [$(s,w)$-dipath]{} of length $i$, take each set $X' \\in T[v,i-1]$ and check whether $X' \\cup \\{w\\}$ is an independent set of size $i+1$. If this is the case, we add it to $\\mathcal N_{w,i}$. After \\[line:compress\\], we have that $T[w,i] \\subseteq \\mathcal N_{w,i}$. Since $X' \\in T[v,i-1]$, we know that there is an [$(s,v)$-dipath]{} $P_v$ of length $i-1$ with $X' = V(P)$. Thus, if there is an $X \\in T[i,w]$, then there is an [$(s,w)$-dipath]{} $P_w$ of length $i$ such that $X=V(P_w) \\in {\\mathcal{I}}$\n\nNow let $X \\in \\mathcal P_{w,i}$ and $Y \\subseteq V(D)$ a set of vertices of size at most $r - i -1$ such that $X \\cap Y = \\emptyset$ and $X \\uplus Y \\in {\\mathcal{I}}$. Hence, there is an [$(s,w)$-dipath]{} $P$ of length $i$ such that $V(P) = X$. Let $v$ be the predecessor of $w$ in $P$. Let $P_v$ be the [$(s,v)$-dipath]{} of length $i-1$ induced by $P$ without $w$. Hence, $V(P_v) \\in \\mathcal P_{v,i-1}$. Moreover, $V(P_v) \\cap (Y \\cup \\{ v \\}) = \\emptyset$ and $V(P_v) \\uplus (Y \\cup \\{ w \\}) \\in {\\mathcal{I}}$. Since $T[v,i-1]$ is an $(r-i+1)$-representative family of $\\mathcal P_{v,i-1}$, we know that there is an $\\widehat{X} \\in T[v,i-1]$ such that $\\widehat{X} \\cap (Y \\cup \\{ w \\}) = \\emptyset$ and $\\widehat{X} \\cup (Y \\cup \\{ w \\}) \\in {\\mathcal{I}}$. In \\[line:N-start,line:N-end\\] we add $\\widehat{X} \\cup \\{w \\}$ to $\\mathcal N_{w,i}$. Let $X' := \\widehat{X} \\cup \\{w \\}$ and note that $X' \\cap Y = \\emptyset$ and $X' \\uplus Y \\in {\\mathcal{I}}$. Since $T[w,i]$ is an $(r-i)$-representative family of $\\mathcal N_{w,i}$, we know that there is an $\\widehat{X'} \\in T[w,i]$ such that $\\widehat{X'} \\cap Y = \\emptyset$ and $X' \\uplus Y \\in {\\mathcal{I}}$. Thus, $T[w,i]$ is an $(r-i)$-representative of $\\mathcal P_{w,i}$.\n\nNext, we show that \\[alg:fpt-ipp\\] is actually a fixed-parameter algorithm parameterized by the length of a shortest witness.", "\n\n\\[lem:fpt-ipp-time\\] \\[alg:fpt-ipp\\] runs in time of $O(2^{\\omega r}\\cdot m)$ operations over $\\mathbb F$, where $\\mathbb F$ is the field of $A_M$, $r$ is the rank of the matroid, $m$ is the number of edges, and $\\omega = 2.373$ is an upper-bound for the matrix multiplication exponent.", "\n\nWithout loss of generality we assume to have a total ordering on $V$. We represent a subset of $V$ as a sorted string. ", "Hence, union and intersection of two sets of size at most $r$ takes $O(r)$ time. ", "We can thus look up and store sets of size at most $r$ in a trie in $O(r)$ time. ", "Note that we do not have the time to completely initialize the arrays of size $\|V\|$ in each trie node. ", "Instead, we will initialize each array cell of a trie node at its first access. ", "To keep track of the already initialized cells, we use sparse sets over $V$ which allows membership test, insertion, and deletion of elements in constant time [@BL93][^6].", "\n\nWe denote the in-neighborhood of a vertex $w$ by $N^-(w) := \\{ v \\in V \\mid (v,w) \\in E \\}$. Furthermore, let $H_{i,w}$ be the running time of \\[line:N-start,line:N-end\\] in iteration $i$ of the for-loop in \\[line:for-r\\], and $R_{i,w}$ be the running time of \\[line:compress\\] in iteration $i$ of the for-loop in \\[line:for-r\\]. ", "Then we can run \\[alg:fpt-ipp\\] in time of $O\\left( \\sum_{i=1}^{r-1} \\sum_{w \\in V} H_{i,w} + \\sum_{i=1}^{r-1} \\sum_{w \\in V} R_{i,w} \\right)$ operations over $\\mathbb F$. Let $i \\in [r-1]$ and $w \\in V$. In the $i$-th iteration of the for-loop in \\[line:for-r\\], $\|T[v,j]\| \\leq {r \\choose j+1}$ for all $j < i$ and $v \\in V$, since we used \\[thm:eff-rep-fam\\] in prior iterations. ", "Hence, $\|\\mathcal N_{w,i}\| \\leq {r \\choose j+1} \|N^-(w)\|$ and $H_{i,w} \\in O({r \\choose j+1} \|N^-(w)\| \\cdot r^\\omega)$, because the independence test can be done via matrix multiplication. ", "Thus, $$\\begin{aligned}\n &O\\left( \n \\sum_{i=1}^{r-1} \\sum_{w \\in V} H_{i,w}\n \\right)\\\\\n \\iff &O\\left( \n \\sum_{i=1}^{r-1} \\sum_{w \\in V} \n \|N^-(w)\|{r \\choose j+1} \\cdot r^\\omega\n \\right)\\\\\n \\iff &O\\left( \n \\sum_{i=1}^{r-1} m {r \\choose j+1} \\cdot r^\\omega\n mr^{3\\omega} \\sum_{i=1}^{r-1} {r \\choose j+1} \n \\right)\\\\\n \\iff &O\\left( \n 2^{r+o(r)}m \n \\right).", "\n \\end{aligned}$$ Moreover, by \\[thm:eff-rep-fam\\], we have $$\\begin{aligned}\n & O\\left( \\sum_{i=1}^{r-1} \\sum_{w \\in V} R_{i,w} \\right)\\\\\n \\iff& O\\left( \\sum_{i=1}^{r-1} \\sum_{w \\in V} \n \|N^-(w)\| {r \\choose i}{r \\choose i+1}(i+1)^\\omega +\n \|N^-(w)\| {r \\choose i}{r \\choose r-i-1}^{\\omega-1}\n \\right)\\\\\n \\iff& O\\left( \\sum_{i=1}^{r-1} \\sum_{w \\in V} \n \|N^-(w)\| {r \\choose i}{r \\choose i+1}(i+1)^\\omega +\n \\sum_{i=1}^{r-1} \\sum_{w \\in V}\n \|N^-(w)\| {r \\choose i}{r \\choose r-i-1}^{\\omega-1}\n \\right)\\\\\n \\iff& O\\left( \\sum_{i=1}^{r-1} \n m {r \\choose i}{r \\choose i+1}(i+1)^\\omega +\n \\sum_{i=1}^{r-1} \n m {r \\choose i}{r \\choose r-i-1}^{\\omega-1}\n \\right)\\\\\n \\iff& O\\left( rm (r+1)^{2\\omega} \\sum_{i=1}^{r-1} \n {r \\choose i}{r \\choose i+1} +\n rm\n \\sum_{i=1}^{r-1} \n {r \\choose i}{r \\choose r-i-1}^{\\omega-1}\n \\right)\\\\\n \\iff& O\\left( rm (r+1)^{2\\omega} 2^{2r} +\n rm\n 2^{2r(\\omega-1)}\n \\right)\\\\\n \\iff& O\\left(\n 2^{2r+o(r)}m + 2^{\\omega r + o(r)}m\n \\right)\\\\\n \\iff& O\\left(\n 2^{\\omega r+o(r)}m\n \\right).", "\n \\end{aligned}$$\n\nThus, we can run \\[alg:fpt-ipp\\] in time of $O\\left(2^{\\omega r+o(r)}m\\right) \\in O\\left(2^{\\omega r}m\\right)$ operations over $\\mathbb F$.\n\nNow, \\[thm:fpt-ipp\\] follows from \\[lem:fpt-ipp-time,lem:fpt-ipp-correct\\]. ", "Finally, this equips us with the last piece towards the proof of \\[thm:fpt-length\\].", "\n\nLet $I = ({\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{G}=(V, (E_i)_{i\\in[{\\ensuremath{\\ell}}]})}\\xspace},s,z,k,{\\ensuremath{\\Delta}})$ be an instance of [[<span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Short Restless Temporal $(s,z)$-Path</span>]{}]{}. ", "Note that \\[alg:fpt-ipp\\] is parameter oblivious thus does not know the length of shortest witness in advance. ", "Hence, start by $k=1$ and increase $k$ iteratively until the following procedure reports $I$ is a [yes]{}-instance or $k$ reaches $\|V\|$. In the latter case, we can conclude that $I$ is a [no]{}-instance.", "\n\nNow assume that $k$ is fixed. ", "To decide whether there is a witness of length $k$ of $I$ being a [yes]{}-instance, we first use \\[lem:tpp-to-ipp\\] to compute an instance $I' = (D,s,z,A_M)$ of [<span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Independent Path</span>]{} in $O(\|{\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{G}}\\xspace}\|\\cdot{\\ensuremath{\\Delta}})$ time, where we can compute one operation over the field $\\mathbb F$ of $A_M$ in constant time and the matroid $M$ which is represented by $A_M$ is of rank $k+1$. Note that $I'$ is a [yes]{}-instance if and only if there is witness of length $k$ for $I$ being a [yes]{}-instance. ", "Second, we solve $I'$ by \\[thm:fpt-ipp\\] in $O(2^{\\omega (k+1)}\\cdot \|{\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{G}}\\xspace}\|\\cdot{\\ensuremath{\\Delta}})$ time.", "\n\nThus, we have an overall running time of $O(5.181^k \\cdot \|{\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{G}}\\xspace}\|\\cdot{\\ensuremath{\\Delta}})$.\n\nFPT Results for Structural Paramerters\n--------------------------------------\n\nThe fixed-parameter tractability result of \\[thm:fpt-ipp\\] has some interesting implications for structural parameterizations. ", "We can observe that any path of a graph can contain at most twice as many vertices as the vertex cover number of the graph (plus one), since we cannot visit two vertices outside of the vertex cover directly after another. ", "Essentially the same observation can be made in the temporal setting. ", "If we consider the vertex cover number $\\text{vc}_\\downarrow$ of the underlying graph, we can deduce that any restless temporal path can have length at most $2\\text{vc}_\\downarrow+1$. From a classification standpoint, we can improve this a little further by observing that the length of any restless temporal path is bounded by the length of any path of the underlying graph. ", "The length of a path in the underlying graph can be bounded by $2^{O(\\text{td}_\\downarrow)}$ [@ND12], where $\\text{td}_\\downarrow$ is the treedepth of the underlying graph. ", "Hence, we get the following observation.", "\n\n[<span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Restless Temporal $(s,z)$-Path</span>]{}is fixed-parameter tractable when parameterized by the treedepth $\\text{td}_\\downarrow$ of the underlying graph.", "\n\n\\[thm:probRestlessPath:W1hFVS\\] implies that we presumably cannot hope to improve this result much, at least not from a classification standpoint.", "\n\nConclusion {#sec:path:conclusion}\n==========\n\nIn this work we have analyzed the (parameterized) computational complexity of [<span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Restless Temporal $(s,z)$-Path</span>]{}. ", "Other than its non-restless counterpart or the “walk-version”, this problem turns out to be computationally hard, even in quite restricted cases. ", "On the positive side, we give an FPT-algorithm to find short restless temporal paths and we could identify structural parameters of the underlying graph that allow for fixed-parameter algorithms.", "\n\n[^1]: Supported by the DFG, project FPTinP (NI 369/16).", "\n\n[^2]: Supported by the DFG, project MATE (NI 369/17).", "\n\n[^3]: This is a standard assumption in the SIR-model (Susceptible-Infected-Recovered), a canonical spreading model for diseases that give immunity upon recovery [@New18; @Bar16].", "\n\n[^4]: For both algorithms, a representation of the original matroid must be given.", "\n\n[^5]: in the rank of the matroid\n\n[^6]: The same tool set was also applied by @BTZ19.", "\n" ]	{ "pile_set_name": "ArXiv" }	[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.010582010582010581, 0.008146639511201629, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.00425531914893617, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.02066115702479339, 0.005917159763313609, 0, 0, 0.01098901098901099, 0.008968609865470852, 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"recognizer_identifier": "UsLicenseRecognizer_140094861023792", "recognizer_name": "UsLicenseRecognizer" }, "score": 0.3, "start": 48917 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 48927, "entity_type": "US_DRIVER_LICENSE", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "UsLicenseRecognizer_140094861023792", "recognizer_name": "UsLicenseRecognizer" }, "score": 0.3, "start": 48924 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 48935, "entity_type": "US_DRIVER_LICENSE", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "UsLicenseRecognizer_140094861023792", "recognizer_name": "UsLicenseRecognizer" }, "score": 0.3, "start": 48932 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 48942, "entity_type": "US_DRIVER_LICENSE", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "UsLicenseRecognizer_140094861023792", "recognizer_name": "UsLicenseRecognizer" }, "score": 0.3, "start": 48939 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 48950, "entity_type": "US_DRIVER_LICENSE", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "UsLicenseRecognizer_140094861023792", "recognizer_name": "UsLicenseRecognizer" }, "score": 0.3, "start": 48947 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 48957, "entity_type": "US_DRIVER_LICENSE", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "UsLicenseRecognizer_140094861023792", "recognizer_name": "UsLicenseRecognizer" }, "score": 0.3, "start": 48954 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 48965, "entity_type": "US_DRIVER_LICENSE", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "UsLicenseRecognizer_140094861023792", "recognizer_name": "UsLicenseRecognizer" }, "score": 0.3, "start": 48962 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 48972, "entity_type": "US_DRIVER_LICENSE", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "UsLicenseRecognizer_140094861023792", "recognizer_name": "UsLicenseRecognizer" }, "score": 0.3, "start": 48969 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 48980, "entity_type": "US_DRIVER_LICENSE", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "UsLicenseRecognizer_140094861023792", "recognizer_name": "UsLicenseRecognizer" }, "score": 0.3, "start": 48977 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 48987, "entity_type": "US_DRIVER_LICENSE", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "UsLicenseRecognizer_140094861023792", "recognizer_name": "UsLicenseRecognizer" }, "score": 0.3, "start": 48984 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 48995, "entity_type": "US_DRIVER_LICENSE", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "UsLicenseRecognizer_140094861023792", "recognizer_name": "UsLicenseRecognizer" }, "score": 0.3, "start": 48992 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 49002, "entity_type": "US_DRIVER_LICENSE", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "UsLicenseRecognizer_140094861023792", "recognizer_name": "UsLicenseRecognizer" }, "score": 0.3, "start": 48999 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 49010, "entity_type": "US_DRIVER_LICENSE", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "UsLicenseRecognizer_140094861023792", "recognizer_name": "UsLicenseRecognizer" }, "score": 0.3, "start": 49007 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 49017, "entity_type": "US_DRIVER_LICENSE", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "UsLicenseRecognizer_140094861023792", "recognizer_name": "UsLicenseRecognizer" }, "score": 0.3, "start": 49014 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 49073, "entity_type": "US_DRIVER_LICENSE", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "UsLicenseRecognizer_140094861023792", "recognizer_name": "UsLicenseRecognizer" }, "score": 0.3, "start": 49070 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 49080, "entity_type": "US_DRIVER_LICENSE", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "UsLicenseRecognizer_140094861023792", "recognizer_name": "UsLicenseRecognizer" }, "score": 0.3, "start": 49078 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 49087, "entity_type": "US_DRIVER_LICENSE", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "UsLicenseRecognizer_140094861023792", "recognizer_name": "UsLicenseRecognizer" }, "score": 0.3, "start": 49084 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 49094, "entity_type": "US_DRIVER_LICENSE", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "UsLicenseRecognizer_140094861023792", "recognizer_name": "UsLicenseRecognizer" }, "score": 0.3, "start": 49092 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 49101, "entity_type": "US_DRIVER_LICENSE", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "UsLicenseRecognizer_140094861023792", "recognizer_name": "UsLicenseRecognizer" }, "score": 0.3, "start": 49098 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 49108, "entity_type": "US_DRIVER_LICENSE", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "UsLicenseRecognizer_140094861023792", "recognizer_name": "UsLicenseRecognizer" }, "score": 0.3, "start": 49106 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 49115, "entity_type": "US_DRIVER_LICENSE", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "UsLicenseRecognizer_140094861023792", "recognizer_name": "UsLicenseRecognizer" }, "score": 0.3, "start": 49112 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 49122, "entity_type": "US_DRIVER_LICENSE", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "UsLicenseRecognizer_140094861023792", "recognizer_name": "UsLicenseRecognizer" }, "score": 0.3, "start": 49120 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 49136, "entity_type": "US_DRIVER_LICENSE", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "UsLicenseRecognizer_140094861023792", "recognizer_name": "UsLicenseRecognizer" }, "score": 0.3, "start": 49134 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 49144, "entity_type": "US_DRIVER_LICENSE", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "UsLicenseRecognizer_140094861023792", "recognizer_name": "UsLicenseRecognizer" }, "score": 0.3, "start": 49141 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 49151, "entity_type": "US_DRIVER_LICENSE", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "UsLicenseRecognizer_140094861023792", "recognizer_name": "UsLicenseRecognizer" }, "score": 0.3, "start": 49149 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 49158, "entity_type": "US_DRIVER_LICENSE", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "UsLicenseRecognizer_140094861023792", "recognizer_name": "UsLicenseRecognizer" }, "score": 0.3, "start": 49155 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 49165, "entity_type": "US_DRIVER_LICENSE", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "UsLicenseRecognizer_140094861023792", "recognizer_name": "UsLicenseRecognizer" }, "score": 0.3, "start": 49163 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 49172, "entity_type": "US_DRIVER_LICENSE", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "UsLicenseRecognizer_140094861023792", "recognizer_name": "UsLicenseRecognizer" }, "score": 0.3, "start": 49169 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 49179, "entity_type": "US_DRIVER_LICENSE", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "UsLicenseRecognizer_140094861023792", "recognizer_name": "UsLicenseRecognizer" }, "score": 0.3, "start": 49177 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 49186, "entity_type": "US_DRIVER_LICENSE", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "UsLicenseRecognizer_140094861023792", "recognizer_name": "UsLicenseRecognizer" }, "score": 0.3, "start": 49183 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 49193, "entity_type": "US_DRIVER_LICENSE", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "UsLicenseRecognizer_140094861023792", "recognizer_name": "UsLicenseRecognizer" }, "score": 0.3, "start": 49191 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 49207, "entity_type": "US_DRIVER_LICENSE", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "UsLicenseRecognizer_140094861023792", "recognizer_name": "UsLicenseRecognizer" }, "score": 0.3, "start": 49205 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 49345, "entity_type": "US_DRIVER_LICENSE", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "UsLicenseRecognizer_140094861023792", "recognizer_name": "UsLicenseRecognizer" }, "score": 0.3, "start": 49343 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 49359, "entity_type": "US_DRIVER_LICENSE", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "UsLicenseRecognizer_140094861023792", "recognizer_name": "UsLicenseRecognizer" }, "score": 0.3, "start": 49357 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 49373, "entity_type": "US_DRIVER_LICENSE", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "UsLicenseRecognizer_140094861023792", "recognizer_name": "UsLicenseRecognizer" }, "score": 0.3, "start": 49371 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 49387, "entity_type": "US_DRIVER_LICENSE", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "UsLicenseRecognizer_140094861023792", "recognizer_name": "UsLicenseRecognizer" }, "score": 0.3, "start": 49385 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 49593, "entity_type": "US_DRIVER_LICENSE", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "UsLicenseRecognizer_140094861023792", "recognizer_name": "UsLicenseRecognizer" }, "score": 0.3, "start": 49590 } ]
[ "Q:\n\nscrlayer-scrpage - chapter on even pages, section on odd pages in scrreprt\n\nI want to have a headings layout as in Anthony Knapp's Lie Groups, i.e. I want to have\n\nthe chapter on even, and the current section on odd pages. ", "I'm using the scrreprt class and tried using this solution:\n\\usepackage[\n automark,\n autooneside=false,\n headsepline,\n ]\n {scrlayer-scrpage}\n \\clearpairofpagestyles\n \\cfoot{\\pagemark}\n \\chead{\\headmark}\n \\renewcommand\\chaptermarkformat{\\thechapter.\\enskip}\n\nbut this only seems to work in the book class. ", "Also I want to have the page numbers on the bottom but I already go that myself.", "\n\nA:\n\nYou can use the internal command \\Ifthispageodd and test if the page is even or odd, and then set the running heading as you like:\n\n\\documentclass{scrreprt}\n\\usepackage{blindtext}% only for dummy text\n\n\\usepackage[\n automark,\n autooneside=false,% <- if you want to use \\leftmark and \\rightmark in a one sided document\n headsepline=true\n]{scrlayer-scrpage}\n\\pagestyle{scrheadings}\n\\cohead{\\Ifthispageodd{\\leftmark}{\\rightmark}}\n\\cfoot{\\pagemark}\n\n\\begin{document}\n\n\\blinddocument\n\\end{document}\n\n" ]	{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }	[ 0.004405286343612335, 0, 0, 0 ]	0.001101	5	[ { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 134, "entity_type": "PERSON", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 119 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 953, "entity_type": "LOCATION", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 944 } ]
[ "Esterified estrogens\n\nEsterified estrogens (EEs), sold under the brand names Estratab and Menest among others, is an estrogen medication which is used hormone therapy for menopausal symptoms and low sex hormone levels in women, to treat breast cancer in both women and men, and to treat prostate cancer in men. ", "It is formulated alone or in combination with methyltestosterone. ", "It is taken by mouth.", "\n\nSide effects of EEs include nausea, breast tension, edema, and breakthrough bleeding among others. ", "It is an estrogen, or an agonist of the estrogen receptors, the biological target of estrogens like estradiol. ", "EEs are a prodrug mainly of estradiol and to a lesser extent of equilin.", "\n\nEEs were introduced for medical use by 1970. ", "They are available in only a few countries, such as Chile and the United States. ", "They have also been marketed in Argentina and Switzerland in the past.", "\n\nMedical uses\nEEs are used in hormone therapy for menopausal symptoms, female hypogonadism, ovariectomy, and primary ovarian failure and in the treatment of breast cancer and prostate cancer.", "\n\nAvailable forms\nEEs are available in the form of 0.3 mg, 0.625 mg, 1.25 mg, and 2.5 mg oral tablets. ", "Estratest is a combination formulation of 1.25 mg EEs with 2.5 mg methyltestosterone.", "\n\nSide effects\n\nPharmacology\n\nEEs consist primarily of sodium estrone sulfate and sodium equilin sulfate, and are very similar to conjugated estrogens (CEEs,conjugated equine estrogens; brand name Premarin). ", "However, EEs and CEEs differ in the sources of their contents and in the percentages of their constituents; CEEs consist of approximately 53% sodium estrone sulfate and 25% sodium equilin sulfate, while EEs contain about 75 to 85% sodium estrone sulfate and 6 to 11% sodium equilin sulfate. ", "EEs have been found to produce similar serum levels of estrone and estradiol relative to CEEs, although with higher levels of estrone and lower levels of equilin. ", "One study found that the risk of venous thrombosis may be less with EEs relative to CEEs.", "\n\nChemistry\n\nEEs contain synthetic, plant-derived estrogens and are manufactured from soybeans and yams.", "\n\nHistory\nEEs were introduced for medical use by 1970.", "\n\nSociety and culture\n\nGeneric names\nEstrogens, esterified is the generic name of the drug and its . ", "It is also known as esterified estrogens.", "\n\nBrand names\nEEs are marketed under a variety of brand names including Amnestrogen, Estragyn, Estratab, Evex, Femibel, Femogen, Menest, Neo Estrone Tab, and Oestro-Feminal alone, and, in combination with methyltestosterone, under the brand names Covaryx, Delitan, Eemt, Essian, Estratest, Feminova-T, Menogen, and Syntest.", "\n\nAvailability\n\nEEs are or have been marketed in Argentina, Chile, Switzerland, and the United States. ", "Both EEs and the combination of EEs and methyltestosterone are listed as being marketed only in Chile and the United States as of present.", "\n\nSee also\n Esterified estrogens/methyltestosterone\n Estrogenic substances\n Conjugated estriol\n List of combined sex-hormonal preparations\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Antigonadotropins\nCategory:Combination drugs\nCategory:Estranes\nCategory:Estrogens\nCategory:Hormonal antineoplastic drugs\nCategory:Ketones\nCategory:Organic sodium salts\nCategory:Prodrugs\nCategory:Sulfate esters" ]	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }	[ 0.003215434083601286, 0, 0, 0, 0.009009009009009009, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.004784688995215311, 0.006872852233676976, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.02786377708978328, 0, 0, 0.002702702702702703 ]	0.002269	5	[ { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 725, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 721 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 784, "entity_type": "LOCATION", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 779 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 806, "entity_type": "LOCATION", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 789 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 849, "entity_type": "LOCATION", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 840 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 865, "entity_type": "LOCATION", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 854 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 2162, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 2158 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 2455, "entity_type": "PERSON", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 2440 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 2683, "entity_type": "LOCATION", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 2674 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 2690, "entity_type": "LOCATION", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 2685 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 2703, "entity_type": "LOCATION", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 2692 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 2726, "entity_type": "LOCATION", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 2709 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 2829, "entity_type": "LOCATION", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 2824 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 2851, "entity_type": "LOCATION", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 2834 } ]
[ "Investigation of bend loss in single mode fibers with ultra-high-resolution photon-counting optical time domain reflectometer.", "\nAn intensity peak associated with fiber bending could be detected thanks to the use of an ultra-high-resolution photon-counting optical time domain reflectometer (OTDR) setup. ", "The peak intensity is shown to be dependent on the curvature radius and angular distance of the bend. ", "To account for such peaks, we propose a model based on modal mismatching and coupling inside the bend region and show that the model is highly consistent with the acquired data. ", "Combining the information of the bend peak and bend loss, and taking advantage of the high dependence of the peak value with the local modal field parameter, the technique could be employed as an optical fiber local-parameter characterization method." ]	{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }	[ 0, 0.005649717514124294, 0, 0, 0 ]	0.00113	5	[]
[ "Q:\n\nVisual Studio 2015 Update 1 spamming localhost\n\nI installed Visual Studio Update 1 yesterday and now when running ASP.NET services locally on IIS (not the express version). ", "I am seeing hundreds of requests per second to the address \n http://localhost:49155/vshub/ca9dea4b016f45c68a6a8c1a07809eb4/DataWarehouseModule/dataWarehouse/getStatus/ \n\nWhat is causing this and is it preventable?", "\n\nA:\n\nAnother option for preventing fiddler from chewing up your CPU is write a rule in fiddler to ignore those requests. ", "Goto Rules > Customize Rules... find the function OnBeforeRequest and add \nif(oSession.oRequest.headers[\"host\"]==\"localhost:49155\"){\n oSession[\"ui-hide\"] = \"true\";\n}\n\nso mine looks like this:\nstatic function OnBeforeRequest(oSession: Session) {\n if(oSession.oRequest.headers[\"host\"]==\"localhost:49155\"){\n oSession[\"ui-hide\"] = \"true\";\n }\n}\n\nas @matrixugly pointed out the port can be different depending on the version of VS. ", "@tedd-hansen's solution might be better across all versions of visual studio.", "\nif(oSession.oRequest.headers[\"host\"].StartsWith(\"localhost\") \n && oSession.", "PathAndQuery.", "StartsWith(\"/vshub/\")) {\n oSession[\"ui-hide\"] = \"true\";\n}\n\nHere's some discussion about this issue on github to get a better understanding of what's going on; https://github.com/aspnet/Mvc/issues/3655\nHere's another post on SO for the same issue; visual studio 2015 vshub is spamming fiddler\n\nA:\n\nThis is the debugger sending information back to VSHub process. ", "It's internal communication between the two processes so that part of the debugger data collection can happen out-of-process.", "\nIt helps with debugger tooltips, performance information, the historical debugging experience and more. ", "As such there's no way to turn it off without seriously crippling the advanced debugger features.", "\nYou can turn some of these features off (though other features may still rely on Vshub to do out-of-process work in the background):\nTools > Options > Debugging > General > [ ] Enable Diagnostic Tools while debugging\nThe communication is purely local and doesn't pose a serious overhead or issue. ", "Is there a specific reason you want to get rid of it? ", "Tools like Fiddler can be configured to filter on process, so ignoring this traffic should be simple.", "\n\nA:\n\nSince this has turned into ways to make Fiddler ignore the requests, the easiest way I've found is to go to the Filters tab, Request Headers section, check the \"Hide if URL contains\" box and enter \"/vshub/\". ", "\n\n" ]	{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }	[ 0.005649717514124294, 0, 0, 0.004524886877828055, 0.012987012987012988, 0, 0, 0.005494505494505495, 0, 0, 0, 0.0033333333333333335, 0, 0.009900990099009901, 0.014018691588785047, 0 ]	0.003494	5	[ { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 96, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 87 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 515, "entity_type": "PERSON", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 511 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 1235, "entity_type": "PERSON", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 1229 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 1392, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 1388 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 1902, "entity_type": "LOCATION", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 1897 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 2012, "entity_type": "NRP", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 2002 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 2187, "entity_type": "PERSON", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 2180 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 2322, "entity_type": "PERSON", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 2315 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 1327, "entity_type": "URL", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "UrlRecognizer_140094861343568", "recognizer_name": "UrlRecognizer" }, "score": 0.6, "start": 1286 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 125, "entity_type": "URL", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "UrlRecognizer_140094861343568", "recognizer_name": "UrlRecognizer" }, "score": 0.5, "start": 118 } ]
[ "Peter Hammers - The Nursery Rhyme Collections\n\nThe Nursery Rhymes Collections 1-4 contain a total of 277 children's songs. ", "Each double CD album showcases the highest quality children's music ever recorded with a total playing time in excess of 10 hours!", "\n\nPeter Hammers (Full Audio and Lyrics)\n\n(We've got our hammers and we're going to\nhave some fun.", "\nWe're going to pick up\nour first hammer\nand we're going to do\nsome work.", "\nHere we go)\n\nPeter hammers with one hammer,\nOne hammer, one hammer\nPeter hammers with one hammer\nAll day long\n\n(That's very good.", "\nNow we're going to do it\nagain with two hammers,\npick up our second\nhammer and use both hands\nand off we go\ntogether)\n\nPeter hammers with two hammers\nTwo hammers, two hammers\nPeter hammers with two hammers\nAll day long\n\n(Now we are going\nto use our third hammer,\nhammer number three,\none in each hand and\nwe're going\nto use a foot, too)\n\nPeter hammers with three hammers\nThree hammers, three hammers\nPeter hammers with three hammers\nAll day long\n\n(We are working hard.", "\nNow we are going to\nuse our fourth hammer,\nhammer number four,\none in each hand\nand one on each foot,\ntoo)\n\nPeter hammers with four hammers\nFour hammers, four hammers\nPeter hammers with four hammers\nAll day long\n\n(Hammer number five,\nour fifthhammer.", "\nWe've used our\ntwo hands,\nwe've used\nour two feet,\nwhat are we going to use now?", "\nShould we nod our head?)", "\n\nPeter hammers with five hammers\nFive hammers, five hammers\nPeter hammers with five hammers\nAll day long\n\n(We've used five hammers,\none, two, three, four, and five!", "\nThat was tiring, wasn't it?)", "\n\nNEW: Free Download Of The Week!", "\n\nYou will find one free song per week, along with our featured artist of the week: Free Nursery Rhymes Download.", "\nYou can download the track for one week, then it will be replaced by another song. ", "So make sure to visit the site once per week, you don't wanna miss these songs! ", "For more information, ’behind-the-scenes’ videos and more visit our Facebook page." ]	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }	[ 0.008130081300813009, 0, 0.030927835051546393, 0, 0, 0.0021321961620469083, 0.00398406374501992, 0, 0, 0.006060606060606061, 0, 0, 0.008849557522123894, 0, 0, 0 ]	0.003755	5	[ { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 77, "entity_type": "PERSON", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 0 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 252, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 244 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 267, "entity_type": "PERSON", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 254 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 1384, "entity_type": "PERSON", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 1379 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 1684, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 1676 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 1755, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 1747 } ]
[ "\nGitHub Impervious to Super Missiles - craigkerstiens\nhttp://discursive.com/2012/03/16/github-impervious-to-super-missiles/\n======\nawj\nI honestly don't find this reasoning very convincing. ", "Mostly because it seems\nto be mistakenly equating Github with Git. _", "All_ of the issues presented on\nboth sides (i.e. \"why are we depending on this third party\" and \"I don't want\nto go back to <propriety whatever>\") could be addressed with an in-house git\nrepository. ", "Sure that creates new problems, but if the concern is about using\n_Github_ turning things into an argument about _Git_ is just wasting time.", "\n\nAlso, statements like \"Listen, Github is how software is done right now\" are\njust _screaming_ for unnecessary confrontation and useless sideline arguments.", "\nI agree that Git is more effective (for most use cases) than any centralized\nVCS I've seen, but turning that _opinion_ into a bald assertion is just going\nto cause arguments you really shouldn't be having.", "\n\n~~~\nglennericksen\nGitHub is great because you get to use git. ", "I don't think that you can\nentirely separate them from each other, or craft an argument for the\nadvantages of GitHub without somehow mentioning git. ", "The vulnerability in\nGitHub clearly matters. ", "It was a potentially explosive issue, but GitHub\nissued a prompt and appropriate mea culpa, while resolving the problem. ", "Also,\nit stirred the pot in the Rails community, with many coming up with safeguards\nagainst the potential mass assignment vulnerability. ", "Although I disagree with\nhis downplaying of the problem, I certainly don't have plans of going anywhere\nelse, which I think is the spirit of what the author was trying to convey.", "\n\n~~~\nawj\n> GitHub is great because you get to use git.", "\n\nThat's exactly my point. ", "The article seems to be confusing a concern about\n_Github_ for a concern about _Git_ and then spends most of its time addressing\nthe latter. ", "I can (and do!) ", "use Git without using Github. ", "If my organization\ndecides that Github is too much of a risk, that doesn't necessarily mean we'll\nbe dropping Git.", "\n\n------\nEstragon\n\n > This sort of stuff happens to every hosted service you\n > use, 95% of the time you don’t hear about it because it \n > is a real hostile and the company just pays some ransom \n > demand in exchange for not being screwed.", "\n \n\nOr you don't hear about it because the hostile is quietly making hay from the\nvulnerability in some other way. ", "Like spying on private github repositories.", "\nThe fact that github was hacked \"by a friendly\" doesn't mean it was _only_\nhacked by him.", "\n\n~~~\nchimeracoder\nI believe GitHub was able to tell which public keys had been added using this\nexploit (because with this vulnerability, the log files should still be\nintact). ", "So we/they can safely say that _this_ vulnerability was not exploited\nmaliciously.", "\n\nSure, there may be others we haven't heard of, but that's potentially true\nabout any service.", "\n\n------\ntuxcanfly\n> “Those DVCS kids, they got just what they deserved, won’t it be great when\n> we can get back to a real VCS like Perforce”.", "\n\nThis entire article is based on the false dichotomy that either we use get\nalong with github as it is or go back to svn.", "\n\nGiven the number of projects which directly pull code from github and execute\nit on production machines, it is not unreasonable to expect basic security\nfrom a hosting provider. ", "I don't see why github should be given a second\nchance.", "\n\n~~~\nbradleyland\nIt also conflates DVCS (specifically, git) with the attack at Github. ", "The\nsecurity incident at Github had zero to do with DVCS in any way, shape, or\nform. ", "Were Github to have been SVNHub, built on Rails, and lacking mass\nassignment controls, the same attack could have occurred.", "\n\n------\nnjs12345\nNot to mention that GitHub also has an excellent self-hosted product:\n<https://enterprise.github.com/>\n\n------\nboonez123\nGithub wasn't hacked. ", "Github had a programming error. ", "The RAILS docs clearly\nstate to be careful of mass assignment. ", "It's a known issue.", "\n\nYour product is only as good as the people who build it. ", "Github devs are\namazing I'm sure, however it just takes one moment of, \"Sheesh, why am I\nwasting these lines of code when I can consolidate it into one line.\"", "\n\n------\ntimobrien\nOMFJesus, you people take my blog way too seriously. ", "Of course I understand\nthe issues you all raised, but this is a story (and not even a 100% accurate\nstory because the jackass I work with would find out).", "\n\n------\naiscott\nIt's weird how this article treats Git and Github as synonymous.", "\n\nGithub's rails bug really had nothing to do with Git itself.", "\n\n~~~\naaronblohowiak\nThere was not a rails bug! ", "It is that way _by design_. ", "Now, it is a terrible\ndefault but it was not a bug.", "\n\n~~~\nmcdillon\nDesigned bugs are still bugs.", "\n\n~~~\naaronblohowiak\nNo, one is naïveté and the other is ignorance. ", "Big difference.", "\n\n------\ndrivebyacct2\nWhy are we still talking about this? ", "Besides the reasons listed are flat out\nwrong in multiple places. ", "Not sure if it's the result of seeing the PR a week,\ntwo weeks later... 1 is completely moot. ", "If a friendly can hack it, so can\nSomalian pirates. ", "2 is just inaccurate. ", "3 is applauding something that should\nnever be necessary. ", "4 is missing the point entirely, as is 5. ", "6 is just\nstupid, it's not a response to \"host your own Git repo\".", "\n\n\"GitHub is a DVCS\". ", "Is the author aware that GitHub is... just Git... and that\npeople can host their own Git repos manually? 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[ "An epoxy resin may be in the form of a liquid or of a solid, depending on its epoxy equivalent weight. ", "A solid epoxy resin may be used for coatings by applying a solution of it to an object and evaporating the solvent (see Australian Pat. ", "No. ", "205,972) or by melting a catalyzed powder on the object. ", "But it is not practical to use a solid epoxy resin as a potting or casting compound since a solvent cannot evaporate from deep within the casting and a melt of the resin would tend to polymerize prematurely.", "\nWhile liquid epoxy resins would therefore be much more suitable as casting and potting compounds than solids resins, until now it has been difficult to control the flexibility of liquid epoxy resins. ", "Plasticizers have been tried but they are extractable and the resin gradually becomes less and less flexible. ", "Flexible hardeners have also been tried but they are expensive and give only a narrow range of flexibility.", "\nWhile drying oils are easily made compatible with solid epoxies (see Canadian Pat. ", "No. ", "518,956 and Australian Pat. ", "No. ", "205,972), efforts to incorporate drying oils into liquid epoxy resins to flexibilize them have failed to produce a clear resin." ]	{ "pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds" }	[ 0, 0.007352941176470588, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.03571428571428571, 0, 0 ]	0.003313	5	[ { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 233, "entity_type": "NRP", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 223 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 1003, "entity_type": "NRP", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 995 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 1035, "entity_type": "NRP", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 1025 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 1039, "entity_type": "PERSON", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 1036 } ]
[ "American Legion Post 285 will hold a “very brief” memorial service at Hebron Cemetery at 9:45am on Monday, May 25. ", "There will be no parade. ", "Those attending are asked to practice social distancing and take the usual precautions under current guidelines.", "\n\nThe Fairfield County Genealogical Society chapter meeting will be held on Thursday, June 18, 2020, at the Genealogical Research Library, 503 Lenwood Dr., Lancaster. ", "Refreshments at 6:30, meeting at 7:00 p.m., followed by a program by Cheryl Bash on “Tracing to the Mayflower”. ", "All are welcome. ", "Please be advised that this event is dependent on the Covid virus restrictions in place at that time." ]	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }	[ 0.017391304347826087, 0, 0, 0.017964071856287425, 0.008928571428571428, 0, 0 ]	0.006326	5	[ { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 113, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 99 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 350, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 327 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 416, "entity_type": "PERSON", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 407 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 438, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 434 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 460, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 451 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 498, "entity_type": "PERSON", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 487 } ]
[ "[Conformational peculiarities of nuclear protein HMGB1 and specificity of its interaction with DNA].", "\nChanges in the secondary structure of DNA and non-histone chromosomal protein HMGB1 were studied by circular dichroism and UV spectroscopy. ", "We have demonstrated that the HMGBI protein is able to change its secondary structure upon binding to DNA. ", "We estimated the proportion of bound protein on the assumption that there were two spectrally distinguishable forms of the HMGB1 in solution. ", "The bound protein fraction decreases with increasing protein to DNA ratios (r) from 0.48 at r = 0.13 to 0.06 at r = 2.43. ", "It has been shown that HMGB1 is able to induce considerable changes in DNA structure even when the amount of the protein directly associated with DNA is low." ]	{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }	[ 0.01, 0.014184397163120567, 0, 0.007042253521126761, 0, 0.006369426751592357 ]	0.006266	5	[]
[ "\n\nSouth Africa Education Department bans Open Source Software - scmurcott\nhttp://www.webaddict.co.za/2013/10/09/south-africa-education-department-bans-open-source-software/\n\n======\nanjalimullanyny\nResponse from SA Dept of Basic Education:\n[http://www.education.gov.za/Newsroom/MediaReleases/tabid/347...](http://www.education.gov.za/Newsroom/MediaReleases/tabid/347/ctl/Details/mid/2327/ItemID/3820/Default.aspx)\n\n------\nNux\nVery interesting. ", "If this is true someone got some nice pocket money from\nMicrosoft for this one.", "\n\n" ]	{ "pile_set_name": "HackerNews" }	[ 0.013544018058690745, 0.012658227848101266, 0 ]	0.008734	5	[ { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 170, "entity_type": "URL", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "UrlRecognizer_140094861343568", "recognizer_name": "UrlRecognizer" }, "score": 0.6, "start": 72 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 109, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "DateRecognizer_140094861343904", "recognizer_name": "DateRecognizer" }, "score": 0.6, "start": 99 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 302, "entity_type": "URL", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "UrlRecognizer_140094861343568", "recognizer_name": "UrlRecognizer" }, "score": 0.6, "start": 238 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 409, "entity_type": "URL", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "UrlRecognizer_140094861343568", "recognizer_name": "UrlRecognizer" }, "score": 0.6, "start": 303 } ]
[ "Oedipus Mayor\n\nOedipus Mayor () is a 1996 Colombian tragedy film, produced by Tomás Zapata and Jorge Sánchez, directed by Jorge Alí Triana. ", "Set in strife-ridden, 20th-century Colombia, the film is a modern-day interpretation of Sophocles' classical Greek tragedy Oedipus Rex. ", "The film was selected as the Colombian entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 69th Academy Awards, but was not accepted as a nominee.", "\n\nPlot\nSet amidst the rebel wars (representing the Theban plagues) of contemporary Colombia, young Mayor Edipo must mediate a peace deal between conflicting guerrilla groups and the army. ", "It is raining when he leaves. ", "His journey is interrupted when he gets into a shoot-out on a lonely bridge. ", "Returning fire, Edipo somehow escapes. ", "As soon as he gets to town he hears that a prominent leader Layo was brutally slain. ", "No one knows who shot him. ", "Meanwhile, a blind coffin-maker Tiresias wanders town making dire prophecies concerning Edipo's future. ", "It is he who tells the mayor that Layo was murdered by a family member. ", "Edipo's fate is sealed when he gets involved with the beautiful and much older Yocasta, a woman who last had sex thirty years before with her husband Layo. ", "She got pregnant and bore a son ... tragedy ensues.", "\n\nCast\nJorge Perugorria - Edipo\nÁngela Molina - Yocasta\nFrancisco Rabal - Tiresias\nJairo Camargo - Creonte\nJorge Martínez de Hoyos - Priest\nMiriam Colón - Deyanira\nJuan Sebastián Aragón - Police Commander\nArmando Gutiérrez - Army Captain\nMarcela Agudelo - \nFabiana Medina - Guerrilla Child\nJuan Carlos Arango - AUC Commander\nMagali Caicedo\nManuel José Chávez - Guerrilla Child\nSigifredo Vega\nAlfonso Ortiz - Landowners\nHéctor Rivas\nAndrés Felipe Martínez\nRaúl Santa\nSalomón Vega\nJaime Forero\nCarlos Vega\n\nSee also\n List of submissions to the 69th Academy Awards for Best Foreign Language Film\n List of Colombian submissions for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n \n\nCategory:1996 films\nCategory:Colombian films\nCategory:Spanish-language films\nCategory:1990s war films\nCategory:Films based on works by Sophocles\nCategory:Films set in Colombia\nCategory:Incest in film\nCategory:1990s political films\nCategory:Works based on Oedipus Rex" ]	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }	[ 0.02127659574468085, 0.007352941176470588, 0.014084507042253521, 0.005319148936170213, 0, 0, 0, 0.011764705882352941, 0, 0.009615384615384616, 0.013888888888888888, 0.01282051282051282, 0, 0.01641025641025641 ]	0.008038	5	[ { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 22, "entity_type": "PERSON", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 0 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 42, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 38 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 52, "entity_type": "NRP", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, 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[ "Ian Madigan has revealed that he is considering a return to Ireland after almost four seasons away and would be open to playing for any of the Irish provinces.", "\n\nMadigan has been plying his trade in France and England since leaving Leinster in 2016, spending a campaign with Bordeaux-Begles in the Top 14 before moving to Bristol, where he has spent the last two-and-a-half seasons.", "\n\nHowever, after playing a key role in Bristol's promotion from the Championship in 2018, Madigan has seen his game-time become increasingly limited, and with his contract set to expire in the summer, he is considering his options.", "\n\nSpeaking to The Left Wing, Independent.ie's rugby podcast, Madigan said that although he is still fighting for a starting place with Pat Lam's side, he is thinking about the prospect of returning to Ireland - and would play for any of the four provinces.", "\n\n\"My contract is up in Bristol at the end of the season,\" Madigan said.", "\n\n\"I'm going through that process at the moment and maybe potentially looking at coming back home, all the Irish provinces are going as strong as ever and you would love to be involved there again, but you just have to wait and see.", "\n\n\"I'd be open to playing at any of the provinces, be that Leinster, Munster, Connacht or Ulster. ", "There are great things going on with Andy Friend in Connacht and Dan McFarland in Ulster. ", "Munster and Leinster are strong as ever, it would be a joy to play with any of the provinces.\"", "\n\nMadigan hasn't added to his 30 international caps since leaving for France after the tour of South Africa in 2016, and admits that he has looked on with a degree of envy as other players took his place in the Ireland squad.", "\n\n\"You'd be lying if you said you weren't looking at how guys were getting on at other clubs, and the grass is always greener,\" he said.", "\n\n\"But at the same time, I do my best to be forward-focused and not dwell on the past too much. ", "I have a strong belief in the decisions I've made once I have made them. ", "It's about getting on with it then, I'm not one to be dwelling on what might have been.\"", "\n\nMadigan has seen himself more involved with Bristol over the last few weeks, especially in their European Challenge Cup campaign, and is hoping to play a bigger part going forward before he decides his future.", "\n\n\"It has been a frustrating few months,\" Madigan said.", "\n\n\"I was out of favour towards the end of last season and then got a few opportunities at the start of this year but I didn't really help myself. ", "I was trying to force things to force my way back in. ", "I could have played better at the start of the season. ", "Things are kind of turning back in my favour now, I've started a couple of games and been back in the 23. ", "Hopefully, the second half of the season is more favourable to me.\"", "\n\nOnline Editors" ]	{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }	[ 0.006289308176100629, 0.013513513513513514, 0.008658008658008658, 0.0078125, 0.013888888888888888, 0, 0.02040816326530612, 0.022222222222222223, 0.02127659574468085, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.009478672985781991, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]	0.005616	5	[ { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 11, "entity_type": "PERSON", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 0 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 67, "entity_type": "LOCATION", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 60 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 93, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": 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[ "Albany Catholic\n\nWhere religion and politics meet\nin New York's Capital Region . . . ", "and beyond.", "\n\nSaturday, September 30, 2006\n\nARISE\n\nToday’s Albany Times Union reports on the upcoming meeting of ARISE.", "\n\nMore than 30 religious and community organizations will meet Tuesday night at Christ the King Church to discuss what ARISE calls its \"21st Century Futures Campaign.\"", "\n\nARISE, which stands for A Regional Initiative Supporting Empowerment, is a faith-based community organization that aims to shape new policies, rather than provide services under the status quo.", "\n\n\"We work to change systemic problems of the poor and unemployed and those in need of help,\" said President Dick Dana, who is a geologist for the state Department of Environmental Conservation and a member of the First Unitarian Universalist Society of Albany.", "\n\n\"We live in a culture that actively discourages the democratic process,\" said Dana, but ARISE wants to tap the latent power of people in congregations who might be hesitant about getting involved.", "\n\nYou can learn more here. ", "Albany Catholic encourages all religious congregations to get involved in this process.", "\n\nFriday, September 29, 2006\n\nDaughters of Abraham Book Club\n\nReligion & Ethics Newsweekly, seen locally on WMHT-TV at 6:00 a.m. on Sunday, has a feature this week on the Daughters of Abraham Book Club.", "\n\nIn Cambridge, Massachusetts, Jewish, Muslim and Christian women gather together once a month to talk about the books they've read -- not the latest bestsellers -- but works that focus on the Abrahamic faiths. ", "Known as the \"Daughters of Abraham,\" this interfaith book club was the brainchild of Edie Howe, a lawyer turned divinity student, who established the reading group in an effort to foster a better understanding of the commonalities and differences found in Judaism, Christianity and Islam in the aftermath of 9-11.", "\n\nBetty Rollin looks at how the \"Daughters of Abraham\" helps its members learn more about each of the three religions -- and also establish better insights and relationships among themselves. ", "According to Howe, \"I believe it is very important for Jews, Christians and Muslims to learn about each other. ", "If you look in the world today there is profound misunderstanding and there is an enormous amount of prejudice and this book group is my undertaking to try to reduce that to the extent that I am able.\"", "\n\nAlbany Catholic realizes that not everyone will rise at 6 a.m. to watch the show, or will know how to program their video recorders, so we offer this link to the transcript of the show. ", "No need to thank us now.", "\n\nRespect Life Sunday, Part 3\n\nThe U.S. Conference of Catholic Bishops has issued a news release regarding Respect Life Sunday:\n\nIn a statement marking Respect Life Sunday, celebrated in Catholic parishes this year on October 1, Cardinal William H. Keeler welcomed “true advances” in respect for human life in our society. ", "He also criticized recent developments that, while “hailed as forms of technical progress” by some, are “regressive and harmful in their effects on human life.”", "\n\nCardinal Keeler, Archbishop of Baltimore, is Chairman of the Committee for Pro-Life Activities at the U.S. Conference of Catholic Bishops.", "\n\nAmong the “signs of progress” welcomed by the Cardinal are the “enthusiastic involvement” of young people in pro-life education and activism, and “the growing number of youth committed to living chastely until marriage,” a trend that has helped reduce abortions. ", "He noted shifts in public opinion against abortion, spurred in part by “the public debate on partial-birth abortion,” and against the use of the death penalty.", "\n\nAmong negative developments the Cardinal cited FDA approval of the abortion drug RU-486 and the Plan B “emergency contraceptive,” which can harm women as well as unborn human lives. “", "In the field of stem cell research,” he added, “the genuine and growing promise of treatments using adult stem cells is often downplayed or ignored, while exaggerated or even fraudulent claims are made for avenues that require destroying early human lives.” ", "Citing the example of a “Stem Cell Research and Cures Initiative” on the November ballot in Missouri, he said the initiative claims to ban human cloning but “would actually elevate the cloning of human embryos for destructive research to the status of a constitutional right.”", "\n\nThursday, September 28, 2006\n\nHaiti\n\nThe chairman of the U.S. Conference of Catholic Bishops’ (USCCB) committee on international policy is strongly urging the House of Representatives to pass key provisions in H.R. 6142, a bill that would help stimulate economic growth and combat poverty in developing countries such as Haiti.", "\n\nIn a letter sent to House representatives, Bishop Thomas G. Wenski of Orlando (FL) calls particular attention to Part III of the resolution, the Haitian Hemispheric Opportunity through Partnership Encouragement (HOPE) Act as a critical tool for helping Haiti’s struggling textile manufacturing industry.", "\n\n“This important legislation is part of our moral imperative to care for the least among us and reflects the deep-rooted humanitarian concerns of the American people,” Bishop Wenski said. “", "It also offers a meaningful path for many vulnerable people in Haiti to become true partners in their own future.", "\n\n“As Haiti continues to rebuild essential services, democratic institutions and effective law enforcement, those communities that know only daily violence and fear need meaningful opportunities to build a different future for themselves and their children,” Bishop Wenski added. “", "The HOPE Act contained in H.R. 6142 will offer important investment incentives for the one remaining sector that can offer employment opportunities for Haiti’s poor. ", "These opportunities are vital in helping Haitians battle instability and build a hopeful future. ", "They merit your full support.”", "\n\nYou can learn more here. ", "Albany Catholic urges you to contact your representatives today.", "\n\nWednesday, September 27, 2006\n\nYou're invited\n\nThe Capital District Community Loan Fund invites you to a discussion about Affordable and Effective Marketing on Friday, September 29, 8:30 to 10 am at 255 Orange Street in Albany.", "\n\nJoin Lissa D'Aquanni of the Chocolate Gecko, Christine Urzan of the Olde Judge Mansion B&B and Eric Dahl of the non profit Community Realty for a lively peer conversation on free or low cost outreach ideas.", "\n\nIf you don't have money for a big name advertising campaign or public relations firm, but need to promote your small business or non profit this meeting is for you. ", "Bring an idea to share!", "\n\nLight breakfast provided. ", "Please call to RSVP at 436-8586.", "\n\nThe Capital District Community Loan Fund's annual celebration to honor investors and borrowers will be held on Monday, October 23 at 5:30 pm at the NYSUT office, 800 Troy Schenectady Road. ", "Call Louise at 436-8586 if you'd like to take an ad in the program journal, have a display table or donate something to the auction.", "\n\nTuesday, September 26, 2006\n\nPope Benedict\n\nWe received the following notice from the editors at Commonweal magazine:\n\nToday, Pope Benedict XVI met with representatives from Muslim-majority countries that maintain diplomatic links with the Vatican \"in order to strengthen the bonds of friendship and solidarity between the Holy See and Muslim communities throughout the world.\" ", "Benedict said he hoped \"to reiterate today all the esteem and the profound respect that I have for Muslim believers.\"", "\n\nHow did he get to this point? ", "To help make sense of the pope's remarks on Islam and their aftermath, Commonweal presents an interview with Kevin Madigan, SJ, president of the Institute for the Study of Religions and Cultures at the Pontifical Gregorian University in Rome, available only on our Web site.", "\n\nMadigan tackles several important questions surrounding the controversy:\n\nCan one make sweeping statements about Islam's views on violence and religious tolerance relying solely on the Qur'an?", "\n\nWould it be correct to say that, as the pope does, God is absolutely transcendent for Muslims? ", "What is the view of the Qur'an when it comes to natural theology and to reason?", "\n\nAre the pope's comments indicative of a change in the Holy See's policy towards Islam. ", "Do they indicate a more hard-line, reciprocity-based approach?", "\n\nWill the damage be corrected by the clarifications issued by the Holy See and the personal apology of the pope?", "\n\nRespect Life Sunday, Part 2\n\nThe Respect Life Program begins anew each year on Respect Life Sunday, the first Sunday in October. ", "The program is highlighted in liturgies and marked by special events. ", "The U.S. Conference of Catholic Bishops has some resources here.", "\n\nSunday, September 24, 2006\n\nRespect Life Sunday, Part 1\n\nCatholics in Alliance for the Common Good has sent us the following announcement for Respect Life Sunday:\n\nOn October 1, Catholics from around the country will observe \"Respect Life Sunday\" - a day on which we remember in particular the Catholic call to promote and defend the life and dignity of the human person. ", "It is also an opportunity for us to recommit ourselves to working to end affronts to human life like abortion, war, poverty and torture.", "\n\nCatholics in Alliance for the Common Good has created a bulletin insert to help inform parishioners about the Catholic call to protect human life and dignity. ", "You may download the insert by clicking here or here. ", "Please ask your pastor or parish office to place it in the parish bulletin for the weekend of September 30 - October 1st. ", "If this is not possible, then we suggest you print out copies for distribution in the vestibule area of your Church or to hand out after Mass on Labor Day weekend.", "\n\nWe would also appreciate if you would drop a quick note to Eric McFadden at emcfadden@thecatholicalliance.org to let us know the parish and diocese in which the insert is being distributed. ", "We would also like to know how it is being distributed.", "\n\nThank you so much for your commitment to Catholic Social Teaching and the mission of Catholics in Alliance for the Common Good.", "\n\nSaturday, September 23, 2006\n\nProvoke Radio\n\nProvoke Radio, a program about faith and justice, produced by the Maryland Province of the Society of Jesus (Jesuits). ", "It's available for listening on-demand on the Internet or in a pod-cast for hand-held devices as well here.", "\n\nProvoke believes the desire for social justice has long been a central theme, not only of our own Roman Catholic tradition, but of all the world religions. ", "Provoke starts with that desire and engages you from the vantage of your own faith. ", "As we explore issues of social justice and ethics, we do so within the context of inter-religious dialogue, and in the process, discover a rich treasure of common values.", "\n\nProvoke believes communications is a mighty tool in the promotion of justice. ", "In a world where many voices are absent from the more powerful media, Provoke tackles issues that affect the poor and marginalized throughout the world. ", "And in so doing, provides a voice for the voiceless.", "\n\nIn the end, Provoke is not interested in being just another talk show where both guests and listeners express their opinions about what the \"Other\" should do to solve a problem. ", "Provoke speaks eloquently to the individual, calling forth a profound and personal response to issues of the day. ", "Provoke serves first to raise consciousness and inspire thoughtful reflection. ", "Only after that do we hope to motivate action in our listeners. ", "Because when all is said and done, we know that living faith requires loving action.", "\n\nThursday, September 21, 2006\n\nThe ACLU\n\nWe have gotten some e-mail from people who like to kick the ACLU, and for those who might feel the same way, we thought you would be interested in the following from their website. ", "We think you will be surprised.", "\n\n+ + + + + + + + + +\n\nThe ACLU is fully engaged in defending a broad range of constitutional rights, including rights related to freedom of religion and belief. ", "It is sometimes wrongly imagined that the ACLU does not vigorously protect rights of freedom of religion, particularly of Christians. ", "The following recent cases illustrate just how wrong these misconceptions are. ", "Although the cases listed below are under the categories of \"Christians\" and \"non-Christian\" (representing the religious beliefs of those who were defended), constitutional rights belong to everyone and not only to people ofparticular religious faiths. ", "The ACLU is also proud of its work defending the rights of everyone by ensuring that the Establishment Clause is fully respected.", "\n\nRhode Island ACLU (2006) filed an appeal in federal court on behalf of an inmate who was barred from preaching during Christian religious services, something he had done for the past seven years under the supervision and support of prison clergy. ", "The prisoner, Wesley Spratt, believes his preaching is a calling from God. ", "Prison officials cited vague and unsubstantiated security reasons for imposing the preaching ban on Mr. Spratt. ", "The ACLU argued that the ban violates Mr. Spratt's religious freedoms guaranteed to prisoners under federal law.", "\n\nThe ACLU of Nevada (2005) defended the free exercise rights and free speech rights of evangelical Christians to preach on the sidewalks of the Strip in Las Vegas.", "\n\nThe ACLU of New Mexico (2005) joined forces with the American Family Association to succeed in freeing a preacher, Shawn Miller, from the Roosevelt County jail, where he was held for 109 days for street preaching. ", "The ACLU became involved at the request of Miller's wife, Theresa.", "\n\nThe ACLU of New Jersey (2005) filed a a motion to submit a friend-of-the-court brief on behalf of Olivia Turton, a second-grade student who was forbidden from singing \"Awesome God\" in a voluntary, after-school talent show. ", "The only restriction on the student's selection for the talent show was that it be \"G-rated.\" ", "The case, filed in federal court, is Turton, et al. ", "v. Frenchtown Elementary School, et al.", "\n\nTuesday, September 19, 2006\n\nTime to act\n\nNETWORK, a Catholic social justice lobby, has sent out an action alert asking our help with two matters. ", "One is the minimum wage, of which we have written several times. ", "The other is the Oman Free Trade Act:\n\nThe Oman trade agreement, an agreement with a small sultanate, whose record of human trafficking and forced labor has been noted by State Department reports, is totally unworthy of a legislative body of a nation supposedly dedicated to freedom and human rights. ", "Oman’s provisions mirror those of CAFTA. ", "Consequently, it has met heavy resistance from labor groups, environmentalists and social justice groups who fault the treaty on labor and human rights grounds.", "\n\nMonday, September 18, 2006\n\nCandidate questionnaire\n\nWe received the following Action Alert from the New York State Catholic Conference:\n\nOn September 13 the New York State Catholic Conference mailed a candidate questionnaire to all of the state candidates for elective office, surveying them on a variety of issues of importance to the Church. (", "You may view the candidate questionnaire here.)", "\n\nThe purpose of this project is not to endorse one candidate over another or to tell Catholics how to vote, but rather, to inform Catholic citizens as to where each candidate stands on issues of concern. ", "We plan to broadly disseminate and publicize the results of this survey in order to promote voter awareness and understanding.", "\n\nThe success of this project is dependent upon the receipt of responses from the hundreds of candidates running for the State Senate, Assembly Governor, Lieutenant Governor, Attorney General, and Comptroller. ", "Please contact the candidates who seek to represent you and urge that they complete the survey and send it back to us as soon as possible.", "\n\nWe won. (", "Sort of?)", "\n\nLast week we told you about Timothy’s Law, which would establish coverage for mental health and chemical dependence services on par with physical health benefits under insurance plans. ", "The Senate passed the bill on Friday, but apparently Governor George Pataki has not agreed to sign it, and it may differ from a previously passed Asembly version, which would require the two houses of the legislature to work out any differences. ", "Albany Catholic will keep you posted on developments.", "\n\nFriday, September 15, 2006\n\nWounds of war\n\nSouthern Rensselaer Neighbors for Peace is sponsoring a talk Help Greater Albany Heal from the Wounds of War, Wednesday, September 20th,7-9pm at the East Greenbush Community Library, 10 Community Way, East Greenbush, NY.", "\n\nEdward Tick, Ph.D., PTSD expert and author will read from and discuss his book, War and the Soul: Healing our Nation's Veterans from Post-traumatic Stress Disorder.", "\n\nFor more information contact Hervie Harris of the Southern Rensselaer Neighbors for Peace at 518-732-7141.", "\n\nPolitical responsibility\n\nIn a news release called Pastors, parishes and political responsibility, the New York State Catholic Conference renews its call to Catholic citizens to inform themselves on the critical issues of the day and to exercise their right to vote.", "\n\nThe role and responsibilities of Catholics in public life have been the subject of much discussion throughout our nation in recent months. ", "Catholics, virtually alone among religious denominations, are often made to feel that we should not allow our deeply held beliefs to help shape our positions on political issues. ", "The notion that Catholics should separate their religious and moral beliefs from their actions as policy makers or voters is incorrect on its face. ", "All people are obligated to vote according their informed conscience, and religious beliefs play a critical role in the formation of the conscience.", "\n\nIn the United States of America, all citizens are blessed to have the opportunity to vote for our political leaders. ", "This is not a responsibility to be taken lightly, and the New York State Catholic Conference renews its call to Catholic citizens to inform themselves on the critical issues of the day and to exercise their right to vote. ", "These issues include, but are not limited to, the respect for the sanctity of human life from the moment of conception until natural death, issues of war and peace, the education and formation of children, the needs of the poor, oppressed and vulnerable, and access to health care for all people, particularly the elderly and infirm.", "\n\nIn the document Faithful Citizenship: A Call to Catholic Political Responsibility, the bishops of the United States remind us of the role of the church in the public square. “", "The Church is called to educate Catholics about our social teaching, highlight the moral dimensions of public policies, participate in debates on matters affecting the common good, and witness to the Gospel through our services and ministries. ", "The Catholic community’s participation in public affairs does not undermine, but enriches the political process and affirms genuine pluralism. ", "Leaders of the Church have the right and duty to share Catholic teaching and to educate Catholics on the moral dimensions of public life, so that they may form their consciences in light of the truth.”", "\n\nBut the document goes further than asserting the rights of Catholics to participate in the political process. ", "It notes that such participation is obligatory. “", "In the Catholic tradition, responsible citizenship is a virtue; participation in the political process is a moral obligation. ", "All believers are called to faithful citizenship, to become informed, active, and responsible participants in the political process.”", "\n\nThe entire release is here. ", "Albany Catholic will be addressing this issue often in the coming weeks as we head to the general election in November.", "\n\nThursday, September 14, 2006\n\nHunger Monday\n\nThe Hunger Action Network has big plans for Monday.", "\n\nJoin Us for Hunger Action Network’s Annual Meeting, Monday, September 18th in Albany\n\nWe hope you will join us for our upcoming Annual Meeting and Conference to be held on Monday, September 18th in Albany. ", "This year’s meeting will focus on how to build a stronger hunger movement, starting with raising the welfare grant for the poorest of the poor. ", "We will also discuss other economic security initiatives, such as universal health care, community food security, and job creation.", "\n\nOur keynote speaker will be Professor William DiFazio who will be speaking on his recent book Ordinary Poverty: A Little Food and Cold Storage. ", "In this trenchant and groundbreaking work, DiFazio presents the results of welfare reform—from ending entitlements to diminished welfare benefits -- through the eyes and voices of those who were most directly affected by it. ", "Ordinary Poverty concludes with a program to guarantee universal rights to a living wage as a crucial way to end poverty. ", "Ultimately, DiFazio articulates the form a true poor people's movement would take -- one that would link the interests of all social movements with the interests of ending poverty.", "\n\nYou are welcome to attend as a Hunger Action member and supporter, a coalition member, a citizen advocate, or simply as an interested individual. ", "We especially encourage low-income individuals to attend and share their insights.", "\n\nWednesday, September 13, 2006\n\nDarfur Sunday\n\nA global day for Darfur is scheduled worldwide this Sunday, September 17. ", "A large rally is scheduled in New York City.", "\n\nMulti-platinum, award-winning duo Big & Rich and popular rock group O.A.R. will appear at “Save Darfur Now: Voices to End Genocide” in New York City on September 17 (www.savedarfur.org/now). ", "The rally will be held in the East Meadow of New York’s Central Park and will be the centerpiece event in a global day for Darfur (www.dayfordarfur.org), as individuals across the globe will call for the immediate deployment of U.N. peacekeepers to Darfur, Sudan.", "\n\n“Save Darfur Now: Voices to End Genocide” will be held at the East Meadow in Central Park near the intersection of 5th Avenue and 97th Street. ", "The rally will coincide with the 61st meeting of the United Nations General Assembly, and activists and entertainers will call on the United Nations to deploy a Chapter VII-mandated peacekeeping force to Darfur immediately.", "\n\nBefore he was pope\n\nAlmost four years ago, in September 2002, Catholic News Service reported that then-Cardinal Joseph Ratzinger said a U.S. attack on Iraq would not be morally justifiable.", "\n\nVATICAN CITY (CNS) -- It would not be moral for the United States, acting alone or with only a few allies, to attack Iraq before a new round of inspections of Iraq's arsenal, said Cardinal Joseph Ratzinger.", "\n\nThe cardinal, prefect of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith, said the United Nations, while not perfect, is the body chosen by the world community to judge the legitimacy of war.", "\n\nAs long as the United Nations and most of its member nations support weapons inspections instead of immediate military action, the United States does not have a right to act unilaterally, the cardinal told reporters after a speech on politics and morality.", "\n\nThe cardinal's comments were reported Sept. 21 in the Italian Catholic newspaper Avvenire. ", "His office did not confirm his remarks, but distributed the text of his speech in Trieste, Italy.", "\n\nAsked by reporters if U.S. military action against Iraq could be justified morally, he answered, \"Certainly not in this situation.\"", "\n\nThe entire article is available here. ", "We at Albany Catholic are not aware of those views changing since the cardinal became pope. ", "And for the record, you should not forget that the inspectors he referred to left Iraq because President Bush called them back, not because, as some have claimed, Saddam Hussein kicked them out.", "\n\nTuesday, September 12, 2006\n\nThe priests of 9/11\n\nFather Edward J. Burns, Executive Director of the Secretariat for Vocations and Priestly Formation for the U.S. Conference of Catholic Bishops, has written an article entitled The Priests of September 11, 2001: Men of Word and Sacrament.", "\n\nFather Kevin Smith, a chaplain with the Nassau County Fire Department, received word from his secretary to turn on the news. ", "In learning of the situation at the World Trade Center, he picked up his brother, Patrick, a firefighter in New York City, and proceeded to the WTC. ", "As he describes in \"We Were There . . .\" ", "he came upon Father Mychal Judge's body after the collapse of the first tower. ", "Not recognizing the man, he simply verifies his death, blesses the body, and continues on his mission. ", "After the collapse of the tower, he learns that rescue workers had continued to carry the body of Father Judge to an office building. ", "Father Smith looked for them, was taken to the body that he could then identify, and asked that Father Judge be taken to St. Peter's Church. ", "It was there that Father Judge's body was placed near the altar in the sanctuary. ", "Father Smith went to the first pew—and prayed.", "\n\nMaryknoll missioner, Father Raymond Nobiletti, MM, pastor of Transfiguration Parish in New York, was one of the first priests on the scene after the attacks of the World Trade Center. ", "A photographer captured the priest ministering to a woman who was severely burned. ", "Moments after the photo was taken, the south tower of the WTC fell. ", "Father Nobiletti and the others photographed were stunned and dazed by the force of the collapsed building. ", "The second photograph shows Father Nobiletti, still wearing his stole, covered in soot and ashes.", "\n\nThe entire article is on the website of the USCCB here. ", "These stories and others have been collected into a booklet entitled September 11, 2001, We Were There . . .: ", "Catholic Priests, How They Responded, In Their Own Words, illustrating how some priests fulfilled their role as men of word and sacrament during the events of September 11, 2001. ", "It is available online at www.usccb.org/vocations/wewerethere.shtml\n\nMonday, September 11, 2006\n\n9/11 follow-up\n\nMatthew 24:24For there shall arise false Christs, and false prophets, and shall shew great signs and wonders; insomuch that, if it were possible, they shall deceive the very elect.", "\n\nMatthew 7:15Beware of false prophets, which come to you in sheep's clothing, but inwardly they are ravening wolves.", "\n\nAlready you probably have thought how this relates to the political leaders of those with whom you disagree. ", "Now take a few minutes to think about how it might relate to those politicians with whom you do agree.", "\n\nRemembering 9/11\n\nCatholic New York, the newspaper of the archdiocese of New York, has an article on priests who were in New York on 9/11 and what they recall of that terrible day.", "\n\nFather James P. Hayes, S.S.S., is pastor of St. Andrew's Church near One Police Plaza. ", "On 9/11 he went to the World Trade Center site, where he saw a group of firefighters from Rescue 5 suiting up to enter the South Tower; he said a prayer with them and went with them into the building, where he searched through stores in the mall looking for victims. ", "He said that he came out minutes after the second plane hit. ", "All of the Rescue 5 firefighters died.", "\n\nIn the same issue, Father Bob Pagliari, C.SS.R., Ph.D., writes about the anniversary of 9/11:\n\nSo we must look to the spiritual leaders of our time, Christian, Jewish, Muslim, etc., ", "to preach harmony over hatred. ", "We must trust that they will impart to everyone in the pews this wisdom of the marriage between faith and love. ", "What God has joined together let no one put asunder.", "\n\nWe were in New York on that fateful day five years ago and will never forget it. ", "Let us honor the sacrifice of all who died by speaking of those events with honesty and self-reflection, and let us not use those events for purposes contrary to our heritage as Catholics and Americans.", "\n\nSunday, September 10, 2006\n\nThe American Conservative\n\nAmong the reasons we at Albany Catholic like The American Conservative magazine are its commitment to its principles, regardless of who is in political office. ", "Another is its willingness to listen to other voices, as evidenced by its most recent issue.", "\n\nWhat is Left? ", "What is Right? ", "Does it Matter?", "\n\nSince its inception, The American Conservative has been dealing with questions of what Right and Left mean in the modern context and to what extent the terms even apply anymore.", "\n\nCommentary memorably took up similar issues in a 1976 symposium, and, 30 years later, in a time of renewed ideological flux, we think a reconsideration is in order. ", "In the interest of hosting a lively discussion, we chose contributors from across the political spectrum and asked for their thoughts on the following questions:\n\n1. ", "Are the designations \"liberal\" and \"conservative\" still useful? ", "Why or why not?", "\n\n2. ", "Does a binary Left/Right political spectrum describe the full range of ideological options? ", "Is it still applicable?", "\n\nTimothy’s Law\n\nThe New York State Catholic Conference is urging people to contact their State Senators regarding this important piece of legislation.", "\n\nPlease take action today to see that Timothy’s Law is enacted when the Senate returns to session this week. ", "This important legislation would establish that coverage for mental health and chemical dependence services must be on par with physical health benefits under insurance plans. ", "The Assembly has overwhelmingly passed Timothy’s Law (A2912A/Tonko) but to date the Senate has not acted on it. ", "Health insurance plans and health maintenance organizations frequently limit access to behavioral health services by restricting the number of visits and/or requiring higher co-payments than required for access to general health services. ", "The case of Timothy O’Clair, a Schenectady boy who committed suicide in his home after not getting adequate mental health treatment due to lack of coverage, clearly illustrates the ultimate cost that barriers to treatment can exact. ", "Please call or email your Senator today.", "\n\nClick here, then click on Take Action at the bottom right side of the page. ", "A pop-up box will give you more information and allow you to send an e-mail to your State senator.", "\n\nSaturday, September 09, 2006\n\nIn memoriam\n\nThe Times Union reports that thousands of mourners are expected to fill Saratoga Springs this weekend and Monday for the wake and funeral of Trooper Joseph Longobardo of Middle Grove.", "\n\nSaratoga Springs High School officials were told that 5,000 to 10,000 people are expected to attend the wake from 2 to 4 p.m. and 7 to 9 p.m. Saturday and Sunday. ", "The wake is being held in the high school auditorium, at 3 Blue Streak Blvd., ", "which holds about 1,300 people, according to district officials.", "\n\nFor the funeral at 11 a.m. Monday at St. Clements Roman Catholic Church, 231 Lake Ave., ", "police departments from across the Capital Region will help city police with traffic. ", "The church holds about 800 people, police said. ", "Burial will follow at the Gerald B.H. Solomon Saratoga National Cemetery, Saratoga.", "\n\nTo donate: The New York State Trooper Foundation established two funds to accept donations in response to the shootings of Longobardo and fellow Trooper Donald H. Baker Jr. The Trooper Joseph A. Longobardo Memorial Fund benefits Longobardo's family. ", "The second is named for Baker. ", "Donations pay for enhancements to the State Police Mobile Response Team, to which both troopers were assigned. ", "Make checks payable to NYS Trooper Foundation, and send to 3 Airport Park Blvd., ", "Latham, NY 12110. ", "Designate the name of the fund in the memo section of the check.", "\n\nResources\n\nChurches for Middle East Peace has Prayer and Study Resources for your church here. ", "It includes a statement by the Patriarch and Local Heads of Churches in Jerusalem on Christian Zionism. ", "The Catholic, Episcopalian, Lutheran and Syrian Orthodox leaders write critically of the “Christian Zionist” movement, affirm that “Israelis and Palestinians are capable of living together within peace, justice and security,” and “call upon all Churches that remain silent, to break their silence and speak for reconciliation with justice in the Holy Land.”", "\n\nThursday, September 07, 2006\n\nThe War Prayer\n\nIf you never have read Mark Twain’s The War Prayer, read it this weekend before the fifth anniversary of 9/11. ", "If you have read it before, read it again, and share it with your friends.", "\n\nTwain apparently dictated it around 1904-05; it was rejected by his publisher, and was found after his death among his unpublished manuscripts. ", "It was first published in 1923 in Albert Bigelow Paine's anthology, Europe and Elsewhere.", "\n\nThe story is in response to a particular war, namely the Philippine-American War of 1899-1902, which Twain opposed.", "\n\nWednesday, September 06, 2006\n\nThis just in . . .", "\n\nWalt Chura will lead Thomas Merton in the Mountains, the 11th Annual Contemplative Retreat at Pyramid Life Center in Paradox, New York, September 8-10, 2006. ", "The all inclusive cost is $120 per person.", "\n\nFor information about registration or accommodations, call 518-585-7545, e-mail monicaplc@aol.com or visit www.pyramidlife.org\n\nThe retreat is co-sponsored by the International Thomas Merton Society (ITMS) and the Thomas Merton Society of the Capital Region. ", "Walt is the past Chair of the Retreats Committee of the ITMS and Coordinator of the TMSCR, past Director of Adult Faith Formation at St. Francis Chapel in Albany and has taught at Siena College and the College of St. Rose. ", "He also is part of the Emmaus House/Albany Catholic Worker extended community and a Secular Franciscan.", "\n\nWhile the weekend will include talks on Merton’s contemplative spirituality and peacemaking and intervals of common prayer, Walt says he will be guided by Merton’s proposal for a good retreat of leaving you extended silent periods without organized activity . . . ", "and more time simply to get oneself back into one’s right mind . . . ", "even for those who find silence and solitude oppressive: there is a certain value in just disciplining oneself to be ˜empty and to spend time doing nothing . . .", "\n\nBy coincidence, we also just learned of a column about Merton by John Dear, a Jesuit priest and peace activist whose book, The Sound of Listening: A Retreat Journal from Thomas Merton's Hermitage was republished this week by Wipf and Stock publishers. ", "The column is available here from National Catholic Reporter.", "\n\nMerton based his life on prayer, contemplation and mysticism. ", "But here he turned down a counterintuitive avenue. ", "He practiced contemplation not to turn an escapist's eye toward wars and dominations and imperial aggrandizements, but to discover the path toward communing with the living God and loving one another in peace.", "\n\nWhich is to say, Merton invites us to become contemplatives, mystics of nonviolence. ", "Contemplation, meditation, adoration and communion take us into the presence of the God of peace. ", "They teach us of the nonviolence of Jesus. ", "In other words, the spiritual life begins with contemplative nonviolence. ", "God disarms our hearts of inner violence and transforms us into people of Gospel nonviolence. ", "We learn to let go of violence and resentments. ", "Merton took this work very seriously, and wants us to do the same.", "\n\nThen God sends us on a mission of disarming love. ", "We grant clemency and forgiveness to everyone. ", "We move from anger, revenge and violence to compassion, mercy and nonviolence. ", "We radiate personally the peace we seek politically. \"", "What is important in nonviolence is the contemplative truth that is not seen,\" Merton writes. \"", "The radical truth of reality is that we are all one.\" ", "Merton spent his life looking for that radical truth, and invites us to do likewise, despite the world's blindness.", "\n\nMerton shows us a thing or two more. ", "By his example we learn that we should be students and teachers of nonviolence. ", "Merton was a great teacher. ", "But more, he was the eternal student. ", "He constantly studied, learned, searched in every intellectual byway for the truth of nonviolence.", "\n\nJust do it\n\nNETWORK, a national Catholic social justice lobby, is urging Catholics to take action to raise the federal minimum wage.", "\n\nCall and email your Representative and Senators, urge them to propose and pass a “clean” minimum wage bill this session.", "\n\nThe Capitol switchboard number is 202-224-3121. ", "You can email via NETWORK’s web site at http://capwiz.com/networklobby/issues/alert/?alertid=9002566&type=CO\n\nPoverty data, released August 27th, verifies that the gap between the ultra-wealthy and almost all working families continued to widen in 2005. ", "Congress gave themselves a pay hike, and further reduced taxes on the wealthiest earlier this session. ", "Yet, they seem unwilling to lift full-time low-wage workers to a level which would still leave a family of four below the poverty level.", "\n\nWe call on Congress to be righteous, as the prophet Ezekiel outlines for us, the righteous one “does not oppress anyone, but restores to the debtor his pledge, … gives bread to the hungry, … does not take advance or accrued interest, withholds his hand from iniquity, executes true justice … acting faithfully.” (", "Ezekiel 18: 5-9)\n\nTuesday, September 05, 2006\n\nFollow-up on the news\n\nLast week, we reported on legislation that would have created an easy to navigate database tracking about $2.5 trillion of government spending -- contracts, grants, insurance, loans and financial assistance. ", "It was headed for almost certain passage until someone in the Senate resorted to secrecy to stop an open government bill. ", "Now, you can learn what happened:\n\nPerhaps there's hope for the battle for public disclosure in the U.S. Senate after all. ", "Oh, the bill that would have created an easy to navigate database to keep track of $2.5 trillion in federal spending -- contracts, grants, insurance payments and the like -- still has an obstacle or two in the way of passage. ", "But at least the culprits who resorted to secretly derailing it have been outed.", "\n\nSunday, September 03, 2006\n\nLabor Day, 4\n\nAn article in America magazine, titled Justice in Executive Compensation, addresses some important issues for American Catholics to think about this Labor Day weekend. ", "It is written by Edward M. Welch, an attorney and a professor in the School of Labor and Industrial Relations at Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan.", "\n\nThe [former] Federal Reserve chairman, Alan Greenspan, has spoken about “infectious greed” in American corporate leadership. ", "Business Week has pointed out that while rank-and-file wages increased over the last decade by just 36 percent, pay for chief executive officers climbed 340 percent. ", "The magazine commented, “When C.E.O.’s can clear $1 billion during their tenures, executive pay is clearly too high.” ", "A commission appointed by the business-oriented Conference Board has similarly noted the public’s anger over excessive executive compensation. ", "It argued that limits must be instituted in order to restore the confidence that the American public has lost in corporations.. . ", ".Estimates indicate the C.E.O.’s of large American corporations make 400 to 500 times the compensation of average workers. ", "This is up from about 42 times the average compensation in 1980 and 15 to 20 times the average compensation in Japan and Germany today.", "\n\nThe author goes on to suggest solutions to this problem based on principles of Catholic social justice. ", "A good read on a rainy day here in upstate New York.", "\n\nSaturday, September 02, 2006\n\nLabor Day, 3\n\nThis Labor Day, Catholics in Alliance for the Common Good and Pax Christi USA are honoring the contributions of workers by promoting the message of Catholic Social Teaching throughout the Catholic community. ", "They are inviting you to join their effort by distributing a special Labor Day bulletin insert in your parish.", "\n\nFor many people, Labor Day provides a much-needed break from the rigors of our busy work weeks. ", "As we gather with friends and family this Labor Day, we also are reminded of our Catholic responsibility to honor and support those who work hard to keep our society and our economy healthy - especially those who work hard but remain in poverty.", "\n\nFriday, September 01, 2006\n\nLabor Day, 2\n\nWe continue our reflections on Labor Day with this article comparing the salaries of some CEOs with those of army privates.", "\n\nAs soldiers have died in displaying personal patriotism, the pay gap between soldiers and defense CEOs has exploded. ", "Before 9/11, the gap between CEOs of publicly traded companies and army privates was already a galling 190 to 1. ", "Today, it is 308 to 1. ", "The average army private makes $25,000 a year. 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[ "Yachting Pages\n\nYachting Pages is a superyacht business with a range of products aimed at captains and crew, shipyards, refit yards and all within the superyacht industry. ", "Yachting Pages is available either in its original printed form, or online. ", "Since the first edition of Yachting Pages was released in 2004, the book has grown rapidly into an established superyacht directory.", "\n\nThe annual print directory is available in three separate editions:\n\nMediterranean, Europe, Africa & Middle East\nUSA, the Americas & Caribbean\nAustralasia, Asia Pacific & Far East\n\nThe Port Maps section at the front of every edition totals over 350 detailed maps of the world's superyacht marinas. ", "Copies of the printed directory are hand delivered free of charge directly to superyachts by uniformed crew, and also to superyacht marinas and land-based superyacht businesses in over 92 countries.", "\n\nThe Company\n\nYachting Pages was founded in May 2003 from current CEO Steve Crowe's spare bedroom in Antibes, France, with only one other member of staff. ", "The company is now based in Bristol, United Kingdom with 34 staff members, many of whom are multi-lingual. ", "\n\nThe first copy of Yachting Pages was launched at the Genoa Charter Show, in May 2004. ", "\n\nSince then, growth of the business has created more products: Yachtingpages.com, Yachting Pages Refit, Yachting Pages Delivers and Superyacht Owners' Guide (SYOG). ", "\n\nAwards\n\nQueens award for Enterprise: International Trade 2009. ", "\nEADP European B2B Award 2009\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n Yachting Pages\n\nCategory:Directories\nCategory:Yachting" ]	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }	[ 0.005813953488372093, 0.013157894736842105, 0.007575757575757576, 0.013333333333333334, 0, 0.00641025641025641, 0, 0.011363636363636364, 0.024096385542168676, 0, 0 ]	0.007432	5	[ { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 310, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 306 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 391, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 385 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 463, "entity_type": "LOCATION", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 450 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 471, "entity_type": "LOCATION", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 465 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 535, "entity_type": "LOCATION", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 524 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 929, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 921 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 960, "entity_type": "PERSON", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 947 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 985, "entity_type": "LOCATION", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 978 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 993, "entity_type": "LOCATION", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 987 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 1067, "entity_type": "LOCATION", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 1060 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 1083, "entity_type": "LOCATION", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 1069 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 1223, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 1215 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 1450, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 1446 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 1304, "entity_type": "URL", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "UrlRecognizer_140094861343568", "recognizer_name": "UrlRecognizer" }, "score": 0.5, "start": 1287 } ]
[ "\n\nAsk HN: Idea Feedback - Mobile Sportsbar/Pub Trivia - throwaway_90210\n\nGiven ideas are a dime a dozen, here's one I had the other day. ", " At Buffalo Wild Wings and some other venues I've seen BuzzTime Trivia, it's a location based trivia game that people can play at the venue using controllers on the table while monitoring results on TVs around the restaurant.<p>BuzzTime seems married to their hardware business, and from the little pricing information I've found, it's pretty expensive for an owner/proprietor to get it installed (@ $10-15K setup + monthly subscription fees for content packages at over $300/mo.). ", " I would venture this price point is too expensive for many venues who are interested but scared to commit to the initial investment to see if it helps business.<p>Given the mass proliferation of smart phones with network connections, what about a more affordable version that uses phone instead of the table top terminals?<p>The idea would be:<p>- Players check into the venue (something similar to 4square to reasonably ensure the player is at the actual location) to play. ", " Ideally you do the entire game in the browser without requiring a native app to start.<p>- Compete for prizes, prestige at the venue by playing against others. ", " Start with just once devoted niche like Monday Night Football fans to start before branching out. ", " Perhaps the trivia is curtailed to the venue's location and oppposing teams: e.g. Green Bay, WI trivia along with Packers and Broncos questions.<p>- Provide a dashboard app for owners to hook up and show game activity in the venue. ", " Make it skinnable and allow them to integrate their current promotions, specials, etc.<p>- Integrate with the usual social media channels to increase visibility for the venue through players that participate<p>- Price it as an affordable SaaS type offering with just a monthly service fee that can be cancelled at any time.<p>I'm thinking of contacting some restaurant managers but before doing so, I thought I'd post it out to HN to see if others have some feedback. ", " Any feedback is welcome. ", "Perhaps there are ways to make it more fun, etc. ", " Perhaps it won’t be any fun at all! ", " This definitely feels like a vitamin and not a pain killler, as they say, but Buzztime shows there is a market at least. ", " I’m not trying to build the next Google, only instead find a profitable niche for a small company that allows me to work independently.<p>I have no idea how feasible it is from a technology perspective yet, but I'm hoping a real time, multi-user trivia app on current mobile browsers is possible.<p>Thanks!", "\n======\ndbcfd\nAs both a developer and a bar owner, yes.", "\n\nI had stayed away from buzztime due to the hardware requirements, however, the\niphone app intrigues me. ", "Not enough to put up the cash for buzztime, but\nintriguing nonetheless.", "\n\nTrivia is a great way to bring patrons to a venue, but works best when prizes\nand some sort of mc are involved. ", "The quiz alone is fun for patrons that are\nthere, but doesn't necessarily draw significantly more patrons. ", "The app would\nneed two modes, a constant running game for leaderboard, and an event mode,\nwhich could allow managers to set start/stop times with prizes, localized to\nthe venue. ", "It'd be great if it could integrate with an mc, who can tailor\nquestions based on venue crowd.", "\n\nIt's very feasible from a technology perspective. ", "I've been working on another\nweb based geo location app using Scala/Lift, and this isn't much of a stretch.", "\n\nIf you decide to go down this road, shoot me a message. ", "Be more than glad to\nhelp from either a developer or restaurant owner perspective.", "\n\n------\nwaterside81\nIt's not a crazy idea. ", "The technology component probably isn't your biggest\nobstacle - selling is. ", "You'll most likely have to spend a lot of time (&\nmoney?) ", "hitting the pavement, talking to bar owners / managers etc. ", "Getting\nbig chains to sign up en masse would help of course.", "\n\n------\nrgarcia\nIt looks like buzztime has an iphone app? ", "<http://www.buzztime.com/iphone-\nplaymaker>\n\n~~~\nthrowaway_90210\nThey do have an iPhone app, but it only works at a venue that has already\npurchased the system. ", "I can't see them doing something like this since it\nwould cannibalize their hardware business and anger customers who shelled out\nfor the full system.", "\n\n------\nJulianMiller520\ncurrently working on something in this space ;-)\n\n------\nbmelton\nI like the idea, and have considered doing something with it if only because\nI'm friends with a few bar owners who have complained about how painful trivia\nnight is.", "\n\nIn fact, the best trivia nights are not the BuzzTime ones, but the smaller\nones that don't have hardware at all.", "\n\nAll you really need is a database of trivia questions that the hosts can\nretrieve from, and a way to mark which questions that host has used before.", "\nIdeally, you could let the host tailor the questions to his crowd so that, at\na sports bar, you weren't asking a ton of questions about Justin Bieber, and\nthat sort of thing.", "\n\n~~~\ncallmeed\nI've been thinking of hacking together a trivia question builder that\ncontinually scrapes/parses Wikipedia articles to build the questions.", "\n\nFor example you could take pages like\n[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_League_Baseball_Most_Valu...](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_League_Baseball_Most_Valuable_Player_Award)\nor\n[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Record_of_the_...](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Record_of_the_Year)\n\nAnd build a ton of multiple choice questions just from the tables of past\nwinners.", "\n\n~~~\nmapster\nbuild this. ", "a great mobile app idea!", "\n\n" ]	{ "pile_set_name": "HackerNews" }	[ 0, 0.002074688796680498, 0, 0.006211180124223602, 0, 0.008583690987124463, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.00819672131147541, 0.003257328990228013, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.009345794392523364, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.01694915254237288, 0.006211180124223602, 0, 0.00392156862745098, 0.008771929824561403, 0, 0.005714285714285714, 0.006493506493506494, 0.009925558312655087, 0.038461538461538464, 0, 0 ]	0.003353	5	[ { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 133, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 120 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 557, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 550 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 1440, "entity_type": "LOCATION", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 1431 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 1444, "entity_type": "LOCATION", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 1442 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 1857, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 1850 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 2218, "entity_type": "PERSON", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 2211 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 3993, "entity_type": "PERSON", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 3962 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 4938, "entity_type": "PERSON", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 4925 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 3993, "entity_type": "URL", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "UrlRecognizer_140094861343568", "recognizer_name": "UrlRecognizer" }, "score": 0.6, "start": 3962 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 5220, "entity_type": "URL", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "UrlRecognizer_140094861343568", "recognizer_name": "UrlRecognizer" }, "score": 0.6, "start": 5156 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 5298, "entity_type": "URL", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "UrlRecognizer_140094861343568", "recognizer_name": "UrlRecognizer" }, "score": 0.6, "start": 5221 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 5368, "entity_type": "URL", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "UrlRecognizer_140094861343568", "recognizer_name": "UrlRecognizer" }, "score": 0.6, "start": 5304 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 5433, "entity_type": "URL", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "UrlRecognizer_140094861343568", "recognizer_name": "UrlRecognizer" }, "score": 0.6, "start": 5369 } ]
[ "TRANSLATION\n\nEMYJIA\n\nFriday, 3 February 2017\n\nMiss bee Providore , Bandung\n\nOnce in\nmy instagram, did popped out the name of MISSBEE_PROVIDORE. ", "The only\nthings that grabbed my attention, to pay a visit to the place was their outdoor\ngreen house cafe design.", "\n\nSuggestion from friends, rumored how great and how nice\nthe food there. ", "It desired me lot.", "\n\nAround 5 pm , when the sun still on shift, can\nclearly witness the design and building very well. ", "6 pm when the sun about to\nset, that’s is another kind of feeling. ", "7 pm , the sun disappear but slowly the\ndimmed environment lighted by the bulb and candle , created prefect romantic\natmosphere.", "\n\nMiss Bee cafe upper floor, the down floor another small cafe.#D*nm the orange spoiler cones\n\nOOTD in front the glass house.", "\n\n“Why I can tell so clearly about it from 5\npm until 7 pm ?” ", "Not so pround to tell I waited for my seat in the greenhouse\nsince 5 pm until 7 pm. ", "What to do when the environment is just too nice , the\ncustomer refused to say bye. ", "I came to experience the greenhouse dining, so I\ndecide to keep my ego , refuse to dine indoor. #", "the indoor design dint\noverwhelmed me.", "\n\nOpened the vintage design menu, wide range of choices, from beverage to main meal, to dessert and breakfast. ", "Beautiful environment, nice food presentation, good service, generous portion ,of course the price “gorgeous”. ", "The range of the spent per person main meal with beverage ,should be minimum around 100 k – 120 k, don’t forget the 15 % tax. ", "The cakes and dessert was in front the counter, can pick according to what available by the day. ", "If you kind of person used to have a little dessert after meal, make sure to have at least 2 red notes of 100k rupiah in your purse before dining here.", "\n\nOne of the things, I found interesting\nwas, the waitress handed us a piece of\npaper. ", "Kinda survey paper after meal. ", "Its very sweet initiative from café toward\ntheir customer.", "\n\nA good new here, there are some promotion,\ndiscount, free items, luckly draw..etc. ", "It keep changing according to season.", "\nFor latest promotion please follow their instagram. ", "By uploading your picture\nwith beverage/food #MISSBEE_PROVIDORE , you can get yourself a TOTEbag." ]	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }	[ 0.013888888888888888, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.008, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.006622516556291391, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]	0.00114	5	[ { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 27, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 21 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 44, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 29 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 64, "entity_type": "LOCATION", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 55 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 74, "entity_type": "LOCATION", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 67 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 360, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 349 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 451, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 447 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 518, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 514 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 812, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 808 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 823, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 819 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 898, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 894 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 909, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 905 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 1573, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 1566 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 2021, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 2015 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 1982, "entity_type": "URL", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "UrlRecognizer_140094861343568", "recognizer_name": "UrlRecognizer" }, "score": 0.5, "start": 1974 } ]
[ "Q:\n\nXCode import statement and subdirectories\n\nI'm running into an import issue that as a relative newcomer to the Objective-C/C++/XCode world I haven't seen before.", "\nI'd like to include this library with my project: https://github.com/jdkoftinoff/jdksmidi\nBut, it seems like no matter how I try to add it to the project, I get errors when I try to import:\n#import \"jdksmidi/world.h\"\n(No such file or directory)\nI can import without the jdksmidi subdirectory, but since inside all of the headers included with the library, the author uses the same syntax with the subdirectory, I'm stuck.", "\nSimplified question: how do I add the library to my project so that I can use the #import \"jdksmidi/___FILE____.h\" format and not throw compiler errors?", "\nThanks\n\nA:\n\nYou probably need to adjust your User Header Search Paths (USER_HEADER_SEARCH_PATHS) in your build settings. ", "Make sure that the folder containing jdksmidi is in the path. ", " Hope that helps.", "\n\n" ]	{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }	[ 0, 0.004739336492890996, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]	0.000677	5	[ { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 255, "entity_type": "URL", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "UrlRecognizer_140094861343568", "recognizer_name": "UrlRecognizer" }, "score": 0.6, "start": 216 } ]
[ "Efficacy of intravitreal triamcinolone for the treatment of macular edema secondary to branch retinal vein occlusion in eyes with or without grid laser photocoagulation.", "\nTo evaluate the efficacy of primary and secondary (following grid laser photocoagulation) intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide (IVTA) injection for the treatment of macular edema associated with branch retinal vein occlusion (BRVO). ", "Eyes with macular edema secondary to BRVO and best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) worse than 20/40 were included. ", "Eyes eligible for Branch Retinal Vein Occlusion Study (BVOS) guidelines received grid laser treatment first. ", "Those that were not improved at least two lines following grid laser or that did not meet those guidelines received 4 mg IVTA injection. ", "The efficacy of IVTA treatment was assessed by analyzing the change in BCVA and reduction in central macular thickness (CMT) measured by optical coherence tomography. ", "Intraocular pressure (IOP) spikes and other complications were recorded. ", "The data from 37 eyes were included; in 12 of them IVTA injection was given after grid laser while 25 of them received IVTA as a primary treatment. ", "Mean follow-up was 9.6 +/- 4.5 months. ", "BCVA was 0.06 +/- 0.30 and 0.17 +/- 0.50 in the primary and secondary IVTA injection groups, respectively. ", "In the primary injection group, there was a statistically significant gain in BCVA throughout the follow-up (P < 0.05), while a small increase in BCVA was noted only at the third month visit in the secondary IVTA injection group (P = 0.04). ", "Average CMT were 434.8 +/- 122.1microm and 389.0 +/- 171.9 microm before IVTA injection in the two groups, respectively. ", "In the primary IVTA injection group, CMT decreased at 1 month following IVTA injection and remained statistically significant until the sixth month visit (P < 0.05). ", "In the secondary IVTA injection group, a slight reduction in CMT was noted only in the first month visit (P = 0.02). ", "Pre-IVTA BCVA was found to be the single statistically significant predictor of BCVA gain following IVTA injection. ", "In 8 patients (21.6%), the IOP increased above 25 mmHg postoperatively, and was successfully managed by medical treatment. ", "Endophthalmitis did not develop in any of the patients. ", "IVTA injection produced a significant reduction of macular edema in eyes with BRVO either with or without prior grid laser treatment. ", "Reduction of CMT increased the BCVA in most of the eyes receiving IVTA primarily, while only a slight improvement of BCVA was found in eyes with prior grid laser. ", "The IVTA effect was transient. ", "Larger studies are necessary to find the best approach (either grid laser or IVTA) to patients with macular edema associated with BRVO." ]	{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }	[ 0, 0.004273504273504274, 0, 0, 0.0072992700729927005, 0.011976047904191617, 0.0136986301369863, 0.013513513513513514, 0, 0.009345794392523364, 0.004149377593360996, 0.008264462809917356, 0.018072289156626505, 0.008547008547008548, 0.008620689655172414, 0.008130081300813009, 0, 0.007462686567164179, 0.006134969325153374, 0.03225806451612903, 0.007407407407407408 ]	0.008055	5	[ { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 400, "entity_type": "PERSON", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 396 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 444, "entity_type": "PERSON", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 440 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 1188, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 1178 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 1481, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 1466 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 1576, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 1565 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 1720, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 1713 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 1806, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 1791 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 1923, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 1908 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 2196, "entity_type": "PERSON", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 2181 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 2319, "entity_type": "PERSON", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 2315 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 2699, "entity_type": "PERSON", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 2695 } ]
[ "Q:\n\nITK + VTK + Qt on VS2012 - Windows 8\n\nI am creating a project for Image Registration. ", "I had to use windows 8 for executing it. ", "I checked my code with Mac OSX it works perfectly but i have a problem in finding the headers i have used (ITK AND VTK) in Windows it was clearly available in usr/local/include in Mac. ", "But after building the Qt and VTK AND ITK all in VS 2012 Professional 64 bit. ", "I still couldnt find a way to include the headers in Qt Pro\nMy pro file looks like this\n#-------------------------------------------------\n#\n# Project created by QtCreator 2013-09-18T14:03:47\n#\n#-------------------------------------------------\n\nQT += core gui\n\ngreaterThan(QT_MAJOR_VERSION, 4): QT += widgets\n\nTARGET = ImageRegistration\nTEMPLATE = app\n\nLIBS += -L/C:/Toolkits/itk-4.4.2/bin/lib/Release/\\\n-lITKVtkGlue-4.4\\\n-lITKBiasCorrection-4.4\\\n-lITKBioCell-4.4\\\n-lITKCommon-4.4\\\n-lITKDICOMParser-4.4\\\n-litkdouble-conversion-4.4\\\n-lITKEXPAT-4.4\\\n-lITKFEM-4.4\\\n-litkgdcmCommon-4.4\\\n-litkgdcmDICT-4.4\\\n-litkgdcmDSED-4.4\\\n-litkgdcmIOD-4.4\\\n-litkgdcmjpeg8-4.4\\\n-litkgdcmjpeg12-4.4\\\n-litkgdcmjpeg16-4.4\\\n-litkgdcmMSFF-4.4\\\n-litkgdcmuuid-4.4\\\n-lITKgiftiio-4.4\\\n-litkhdf5_cpp-4.4\\\n-litkhdf5-4.4\\\n-lITKIOBioRad-4.4\\\n-lITKIOBMP-4.4\\\n-lITKIOCSV-4.4\\\n-lITKIOGDCM-4.4\\\n-lITKIOGE-4.4\\\n-lITKIOGIPL-4.4\\\n-lITKIOHDF5-4.4\\\n-lITKIOImageBase-4.4\\\n-lITKIOIPL-4.4\\\n-lITKIOJPEG-4.4\\\n-lITKIOLSM-4.4\\\n-lITKIOMesh-4.4\\\n-lITKIOMeta-4.4\\\n-lITKIONIFTI-4.4\\\n-lITKIONRRD-4.4\\\n-lITKIOPNG-4.4\\\n-lITKIOSiemens-4.4\\\n-lITKIOSpatialObjects-4.4\\\n-lITKIOStimulate-4.4\\\n-lITKIOTIFF-4.4\\\n-lITKIOTransformBase-4.4\\\n-lITKIOTransformHDF5-4.4\\\n-lITKIOTransformInsightLegacy-4.4\\\n-lITKIOTransformMatlab-4.4\\\n-lITKIOVTK-4.4\\\n-lITKIOXML-4.4\\\n-litkjpeg-4.4\\\n-lITKKLMRegionGrowing-4.4\\\n-lITKLabelMap-4.4\\\n-lITKMesh-4.4\\\n-lITKMetaIO-4.4\\\n-litkNetlibSlatec-4.4\\\n-lITKniftiio-4.4\\\n-lITKNrrdIO-4.4\\\n-litkopenjpeg-4.4\\\n-lITKOptimizers-4.4\\\n-lITKOptimizersv4-4.4\\\n-lITKPath-4.4\\\n-litkpng-4.4\\\n-lITKPolynomials-4.4\\\n-lITKQuadEdgeMesh-4.4\\\n-lITKReview-4.4\\\n-lITKSpatialObjects-4.4\\\n-lITKStatistics-4.4\\\n-litksys-4.4\\\n-litktiff-4.4\\\n-litkv3p_lsqr-4.4\\\n-litkv3p_netlib-4.4\\\n-litkvcl-4.4\\\n-lITKVideoCore-4.4\\\n-lITKVideoIO-4.4\\\n-litkvnl_algo-4.4\\\n-litkvnl-4.4\\\n-lITKVNLInstantiation-4.4\\\n-lITKVTK-4.4\\\n-lITKWatersheds-4.4\\\n-litkzlib-4.4\\\n-lITKznz-4.4\n\nINCLUDEPATH+= C:/Toolkits/itk-4.4.2\nDEPENDPATH+= C:/Toolkits/itk-4.4.2\n\nLIBS += -L/C:/Users/Venky/Desktop/Image_Registration_Files/ImageRegistration/macos/ \\\n-lboost_filesystem\\\n-lboost_system\\\n-lhdf5\\\n-lhdf5_cpp\\\n-lscilscore\\\n-lscilsdomainmodel\\\n-lscilsgenericio\\\n-lscilshdf5io\\\n-llibz\n\nINCLUDEPATH+=C:/Users/Venky/Desktop/Image_Registration_Files/ImageRegistration/boost\nDEPENDPATH+=C:/Users/Venky/Desktop/Image_Registration_Files/ImageRegistration/boost\n\nINCLUDEPATH+=C:/Users/Venky/Desktop/Image_Registration_Files/ImageRegistration/scils\nDEPENDPATH+=C:/Users/Venky/Desktop/Image_Registration_Files/ImageRegistration/scils\n\nINCLUDEPATH+=C:/Users/Venky/Desktop/Image_Registration_Files/ImageRegistration/hdf5\nDEPENDPATH+=C:/Users/Venky/Desktop/Image_Registration_Files/ImageRegistration/hdf5\n\nINCLUDEPATH+=C:/Users/Venky/Desktop/Image_Registration_Files/ImageRegistration/hdf5-static\nDEPENDPATH+=C:/Users/Venky/Desktop/Image_Registration_Files/ImageRegistration/hdf5-static\n\nLIBS += -L/C:/Toolkits/vtk-5.10/bin/bin/Release/\\\n-lQVTK\\\n-lvtkalglib\\\n-lvtkCharts\\\n-lvtkCommon\\\n-lvtkDICOMParser\\\n-lvtkexoIIc\\\n-lvtkexpat\\\n-lvtkFiltering\\\n-lvtkfreetype\\\n-lvtkftgl\\\n-lvtkGenericFiltering\\\n-lvtkGeovis\\\n-lvtkGraphics\\\n-lvtkhdf5_hl\\\n-lvtkhdf5\\\n-lvtkHybrid\\\n-lvtkImaging\\\n-lvtkInfovis\\\n-lvtkIO\\\n-lvtkjpeg\\\n-lvtklibxml2\\\n-lvtkmetaio\\\n-lvtkNetCDF_cxx\\\n-lvtkNetCDF\\\n-lvtkpng\\\n-lvtkproj4\\\n-lvtkRendering\\\n-lvtksqlite\\\n-lvtksys\\\n-lvtktiff\\\n-lvtkverdict\\\n-lvtkViews\\\n-lvtkVolumeRendering\\\n-lvtkWidgets\\\n-lvtkzlib\n\nINCLUDEPATH+= C:/Toolkits/vtk-5.10\nDEPENDPATH+= C:/Toolkits/vtk-5.10\n\nINCLUDEPATH+=$$PWD\n\nSOURCES += main.cpp\\\n ImageRegistrationImplementation.cpp\\\nlistWidget.cpp\\\noverlayview.cpp \\\ntransforms.cpp \\\nmodel.cpp \\\nimageviewer.cpp\n\nHEADERS += ImageRegistrationImplementation.h\\\nlistWidget.h\\\n overlayview.h \\\n transforms.h \\\n model.h \\\n imageviewer.h\n\nFORMS += ImageRegistration.ui\n\n\nI have included the installation directory of the ITK and VTK. ", "I couldnt include the path where the headers are as i couldnt find everyone of them. ", "I even tried copying the headers from my Mac to the the installed itk and vtk directory without any success. ", "It would be great if anyone exactly tell me how to link the headers in Qt Creator.", "\n\nA:\n\nI was able to include after building the \"INSTALL\" folder seperately\n\n" ]	{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }	[ 0.011111111111111112, 0, 0, 0, 0.004134366925064599, 0, 0, 0.012195121951219513, 0 ]	0.003049	5	[ { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 161, "entity_type": "PERSON", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 154 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 314, "entity_type": "PERSON", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 311 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 372, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 368 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 695, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 694 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 3313, "entity_type": "PERSON", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 3310 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 4393, "entity_type": "PERSON", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 4390 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 4539, "entity_type": "PERSON", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 4529 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 28, "entity_type": "US_DRIVER_LICENSE", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "UsLicenseRecognizer_140094861023792", "recognizer_name": "UsLicenseRecognizer" }, "score": 0.3, "start": 22 } ]
[ "Typical mission plan interface software for a general unmanned vehicle (UxV) allows operators to control the UxVs via a graphical user interface that includes various input and output options for feedback and control of the UxV mission. ", "The graphical user interface typically provides a three-dimensional presentation that includes latitude, longitude, and altitude information in the display output relating to a proposed plan of the UxV. The software also allows monitoring current missions in progress. ", "This includes updating way points, aborting plans, allowing manual override, and so forth. ", "The graphical user interface must satisfy several requirements such as being user-friendly, allowing three-dimensional mission planning, allowing upload of the plan to the UxV, and allowing manual override based on operator input. ", "The graphical user interface can be split into several sections that convey different information to the operator that in some cases can be adjusted. ", "For instance, a plan control section shows UxV component status, manual override status, and readings from on-board instruments. ", "During a mission, the UxV reports on data relevant to its position, attitude, and heading, for example. ", "This data can be presented to the operator via the interface using an instrument panel display and coordinate mapping system, for example. ", "One issue with current UxV interface software is that new plans or alternative options to existing plans are developed and evaluated off line and uploaded to the UxV after review and approval. ", "After loading, it may be determined that the UxV could no longer carry out the proposed plan due to the delay in the development of an alternative option and its subsequent evaluation." ]	{ "pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds" }	[ 0.004219409282700422, 0, 0, 0.004329004329004329, 0, 0, 0.009615384615384616, 0, 0.0051813471502590676, 0.005434782608695652 ]	0.002878	5	[]
[ "Q:\n\nIn Node.js/Express, how do I automatically add this header to every \"render\" response?", "\n\nI have many of these \"controllers\": \napp.get('/',function(req,res){\n var stuff = { 'title': 'blah' };\n res.render('mytemplate',stuff);\n}); \n\nNotice res.render? ", "I want to add this header to every response header I make:\nX-XSS-Protection: 0\nHow can I add that response header automatically?", "\n\nA:\n\nYou probably want to use app.use with your own middleware:\napp.use(function(req, res, next) {\n res.header('X-XSS-Protection', 0);\n next();\n});\n\nA:\n\n// global controller\napp.get('/*',function(req,res,next){\n res.header('X-XSS-Protection' , 0 );\n next(); // http://expressjs.com/guide.html#passing-route control\n});\n\nJust make sure this is the first controller you add, order is significant.", "\n\nA:\n\nFor express 4.x, the idiomatic way is as follows:\nImplementation\n// no mount path; executed for every request.", "\napp.use(function (req, res, next) {\n res.set('X-XSS-Protection', 0);\n next();\n});\n\nTest\ndescribe('Response Headers', function () {\n it('responds with header X-XSS-Protection: 0', function (done) {\n hippie(app)\n .get('/any/route/you/can/think/of')\n .expectHeader('X-XSS-Protection', 0)\n .end(done);\n });\n});\n\nDev Dependencies (for tests to work)\n% npm install --save-dev mocha hippie\n\nRelevant Documentation\n\nApplication Level Middleware\nres.set\n\n" ]	{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }	[ 0, 0.005813953488372093, 0, 0.002457002457002457, 0, 0.0021598272138228943 ]	0.001738	5	[ { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 167, "entity_type": "PERSON", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 158 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 230, "entity_type": "PERSON", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 201 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 707, "entity_type": "URL", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "UrlRecognizer_140094861343568", "recognizer_name": "UrlRecognizer" }, "score": 0.6, "start": 662 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 135, "entity_type": "URL", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "UrlRecognizer_140094861343568", "recognizer_name": "UrlRecognizer" }, "score": 0.5, "start": 129 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 207, "entity_type": "URL", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "UrlRecognizer_140094861343568", "recognizer_name": "UrlRecognizer" }, "score": 0.5, "start": 201 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 255, "entity_type": "URL", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "UrlRecognizer_140094861343568", "recognizer_name": "UrlRecognizer" }, "score": 0.5, "start": 249 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 425, "entity_type": "URL", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "UrlRecognizer_140094861343568", "recognizer_name": "UrlRecognizer" }, "score": 0.5, "start": 419 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 459, "entity_type": "URL", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "UrlRecognizer_140094861343568", "recognizer_name": "UrlRecognizer" }, "score": 0.5, "start": 453 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 575, "entity_type": "URL", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "UrlRecognizer_140094861343568", "recognizer_name": "UrlRecognizer" }, "score": 0.5, "start": 569 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 917, "entity_type": "URL", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "UrlRecognizer_140094861343568", "recognizer_name": "UrlRecognizer" }, "score": 0.5, "start": 911 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 955, "entity_type": "URL", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "UrlRecognizer_140094861343568", "recognizer_name": "UrlRecognizer" }, "score": 0.5, "start": 949 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 1370, "entity_type": "URL", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "UrlRecognizer_140094861343568", "recognizer_name": "UrlRecognizer" }, "score": 0.5, "start": 1364 } ]
[ "Q:\n\nhow to add to a 2 dimensional array from file contents?", "\n\nI have several lines of 5 different values each in a file, and I want to create a 2 dimensional array using that file where each array inside the main array has 5 values and I want to add the the values into the array until 20 sub arrays exist in the main array or the end of the file is reached\nWith my code however, there is no existing output at all and I don't know what happened\n#include <iostream>\n#include <fstream>\n\nconst int row = 20;\nconst int column = 5;\n\nusing namespace std;\nint main()\n{\n double temperature[row][column];\n\n double temp;\n\n ifstream inFile;\n inFile.open(\"grades1.txt\");\n if (inFile) //if the input file to be read open successfully then goes on\n {\n while (inFile >> temp) //reads through file\n { //adds answers to the array\n // Inserting the values into the temperature array\n for (int i = 0; i < row; i++)\n {\n for(int j = 0; j < column; j)\n {\n temperature[i][j] = temp;\n }\n }\n }\n\n for(int i=0; i<row; i++) //This loops on the rows.", "\n {\n for(int j=0; j<column; j++) //This loops on the columns\n {\n cout << temperature[i][j] << \" \";\n }\n cout << endl;\n }\n }\n}\n\nThis is the temperature file I am using\n61.4 89.5 62.6 89.0 100.0\n99.5 82.0 79.0 91.0 72.5\n\nIf anyone could find the error in my code to fix it, that would be really helpful\n\nA:\n\nWith the way you have written your loops, every number read from the file is assigned to all the elements of the array. ", "However, only the last number read will be retained when you exit from the while loop.", "\nThe code to read the number needs to be in the innermost loop.", "\nfor (int i = 0; i < row; ++i)\n{\n for(int j = 0; j < column; ++j)\n {\n if ( inFile >> temp )\n {\n temperature[i][j] = temp;\n }\n }\n}\n\nWhen the end of the file is reached, you would like to be able stop further attempts to read. ", "It will be better to use a function to read the data and return from the function when the EOF is reached or there is any other kind of error in reading the data.", "\nWhile at it, you might as well use a function to print the data.", "\n#include <iostream>\n#include <fstream>\n\nconst int row = 20;\nconst int column = 5;\n\nusing namespace std;\n\nint readData(ifstream& inFile, double temperature[row][column])\n{\n for (int i = 0; i < row; ++i)\n {\n for(int j = 0; j < column; ++j)\n {\n double temp;\n if ( inFile >> temp )\n {\n temperature[i][j] = temp;\n }\n else\n {\n return i;\n }\n }\n }\n\n return row;\n}\n\nvoid printData(double temperature[][column], int numRows)\n{\n for(int i=0; i<numRows; i++)\n {\n for(int j=0; j<column; j++)\n {\n cout << temperature[i][j] << \" \";\n }\n cout << endl;\n }\n}\n\nint main()\n{\n ifstream inFile;\n inFile.open(\"grades1.txt\");\n if (inFile)\n {\n double temperature[row][column] = {};\n int numRows = readData(inFile, temperature);\n printData(temperature, numRows);\n }\n}\n\n" ]	{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }	[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.006172839506172839, 0, 0 ]	0.000686	5	[ { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 2868, "entity_type": "PERSON", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 2857 } ]
[ "India boasts highest ratio of women airline pilots\n\nIndia has the highest ratio of women airline pilots worldwide at 12.4 per cent, compared to about five per cent globally, Xinhua news agency quoted local media as reporting Wednesday.", "\n\nAccording to English daily The Times of India, the number of women pilots has nearly doubled over the past four years. ", "At present, there are 1,092 women pilots in India out of the total 8,797, as compared to 586 out of the total 5,050 pilots in 2014.", "\n\nQuoting figures from the International Society of Women Airline Pilots, the report said there were 7,409 women pilots worldwide, which was just 5.2 per cent of the total pilot workforce. ", "Also, India is said to have witnessed the maximum growth in the number of women commercial pilots in recent times.", "\n\nIndia’s official carrier Air India, too, boasts active participation of women pilots as there are about 280 women pilots in the airline, representing nearly 12.8 per cent of its entire pilot workforce." ]	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }	[ 0.00851063829787234, 0.008264462809917356, 0, 0.005291005291005291, 0, 0.0049261083743842365 ]	0.004499	5	[ { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 5, "entity_type": "LOCATION", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 0 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 57, "entity_type": "LOCATION", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 52 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 234, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 225 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 256, "entity_type": "NRP", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 249 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 262, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 257 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 353, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 334 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 404, "entity_type": "LOCATION", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 399 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 485, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 481 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 685, "entity_type": "LOCATION", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 680 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 794, "entity_type": "LOCATION", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 789 } ]
[ "Phoenix staffers' film wins top prize at 48 Hour Film Festival\n\nAs we alluded to before, today is the day we all convert from analog to digital television (even though most of us are already converted by now). ", "It's fitting, then, that this week the local edition of the 48-hour Film Festival awarded \"Conversion,\" a short that depicts the horrors of \"going digital,\" best film. ", "The short was directed by Scott Palmer, previously profiled here, and stars, among others, our own Kevin Banks and Sara Faith Alterman. ", "Take a look at some stills after the jump, courtesy of Glasseye :" ]	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }	[ 0, 0, 0.022058823529411766, 0.015384615384615385 ]	0.009361	5	[ { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 62, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 41 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 94, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 89 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 105, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 98 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 244, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 235 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 277, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 270 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 416, "entity_type": "PERSON", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 404 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 488, "entity_type": "PERSON", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 477 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 512, "entity_type": "PERSON", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 493 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 577, "entity_type": "LOCATION", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 569 } ]
[ "If buying clothes is your favorite pastime, we’ve got the deals to keep your fashion habit from breaking the bank. ", "Whether you’re looking to fill your closet with cheap clothes or inexpensive accessories, there are always ways to save.", "\n\nWhen to Shop for Clothes\n\nOne of the best times to shop for clothing deals is at the end of the season, especially the end of winter and the end of summer. ", "As retailers make room for new items, you’ll find deep discounts on last season’s clothes. ", "Black Friday and Cyber Monday are usually good times to buy men’s and women’s online clothing, but if you’re looking for formal wear, check back after the holidays when there is less demand. ", "The new year will also feature cheap workout clothes for women and men as retailers try to cash in on New Year’s fitness resolutions. ", "The other big time to buy apparel is during back to school sales in August and September. ", "You’ll find plenty of deals on children’s clothing, but retailers also often feature cheap baby clothes along with deals for mom and dad.", "\n\nWhere to Shop for Cheap Clothes\n\nIf you’re brand loyal, be sure to get to know the ins and outs of your favorite clothing retailer. ", "Most stores offer discounts in the range of 10% to 20% off your first purchase when you sign up for their newsletters or emails. ", "Liking a store’s social media accounts can often score you discount codes as well. ", "Some stores, like Gap, Old Navy and Kohl’s, offer frequent store “cash” events, earning you coupons for future purchases once you spend over a specific amount. ", "If your entire wardrobe is from a single store, you might also consider signing up for the store credit card, which often offer exclusive discounts to members. ", "Finally, check and see if there’s a loyalty program you can join. ", "Many are free, and they all offer benefits and often advanced notice on sales events.", "\n\nHow to Find Deals on Accessories\n\nOnce your wardrobe is set, you may be on the lookout for discounts on accessories. ", "If you’re looking for jewelry and watch deals, check out the sales in March, August and September. ", "Since there are no gift-giving holidays in these months, retailers may be more desperate to make a sale. ", "If you’re after cheap shoes, you’re likely to find shoe deals, especially on sneakers and tennis shoes, in November, right after the back-to-school sales when retailers want to clear way for winter boots. ", "Meanwhile, you’ll find the lowest prices on boots at the end of the winter season. ", "If shoes are your thing, you’ll also want to consider joining a loyalty program at your favorite retailer. ", "You can often earn points, coupons and other discounts at a variety of shoe stores when you sign up for their rewards programs.", "\n\nAbout Slickdeals\n\nSlickdeals is the leading crowdsourced shopping platform:" ]	{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }	[ 0, 0, 0.006329113924050633, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.00625, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]	0.000547	5	[ { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 338, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 317 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 368, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 351 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 390, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 373 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 471, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 460 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 512, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 506 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 686, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 674 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 882, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 876 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 896, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 887 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 2044, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 2039 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 2052, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 2046 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 2066, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 2057 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 2123, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 2111 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 2288, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 2280 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 2370, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 2364 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 2459, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 2431 } ]
[ "Kempton Howard Park\n\nKempton Howard Park is located in the Blake-Jones area of Riverdale, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. ", "It is located on the southwest corner of Strathcona Avenue and Blake Street, directly adjacent to the Eastview Neighbourhood Community Centre, home of the Eastview Boys & Girls Clubs of Canada.", "\n\nThe park has a variety of outdoor amenities, including a baseball diamond, an outdoor wading pool and a playground. ", " The park's primary use is for baseball games, and has a wired field screen as a part of the baseball diamond, open year-round for the public. ", "The baseball diamond is listed under the Classification C type, given its relatively small size and unirrigated turf.", "\n\nHistory \nThe park's original name was Eastview Park, however, after a tragic slaying of a local youth worker in December 2003, the park was renamed in his honour. ", "The official renaming of the park took place on May 11, 2007, with a local councillor, as well as several community and family members of the slain worker in attendance. ", "This park has since been adopted as a playground not only for the youth in the Boys & Girls Club, but for the kids and youth of the Blake/Boultbee community as well. ", "Kempton Howard (whom the park was named after) was an active staff member of the Boys & Girls Club before his passing.", "\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n \n Eastview Neighbourhood Community Centre Official Website\n Toronto's Historical Plaques: Kempton Howard Park\n\nCategory:Parks in Toronto" ]	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }	[ 0.02586206896551724, 0.010362694300518135, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.012048192771084338, 0.01694915254237288, 0.011976047904191617 ]	0.00772	5	[ { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 7, "entity_type": "LOCATION", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 0 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 19, "entity_type": "LOCATION", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 8 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 40, "entity_type": "LOCATION", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 29 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 88, "entity_type": "LOCATION", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 79 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 97, "entity_type": "LOCATION", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 90 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 106, "entity_type": "LOCATION", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 99 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 114, "entity_type": "LOCATION", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 108 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 545, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 541 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 737, "entity_type": "LOCATION", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 724 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 811, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 798 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 909, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 897 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 1199, "entity_type": "PERSON", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 1185 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 1400, "entity_type": "LOCATION", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 1393 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 1430, "entity_type": "LOCATION", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 1423 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 1469, "entity_type": "LOCATION", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 1462 } ]
[ "Q:\n\nConversion of C# decimal values of System.", "Array in into string\n\nI have a very strange problem in C# application. ", "The problem is consistent, but only on one remote computer. ", "The data below contains decimal numbers. ", "I perform the following simplified operation:\nArray data = (Array)get_data(); // array of decimals\nStringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();\nsb.", "Append(data.", "GetValue(0));\nstring s = sb.", "ToString();\n\nThis converts numbers like 14.62 into \"14,62\", i.e comma instead of dot. ", "Later, when I parse this string into double, it generates errors. ", "How to prevent this? ", "\nPlease note, that I don't have access to that remote computer. ", "I can only adjust the program's code, and then send a new installer. ", "\n\nA:\n\nStringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();\n\nsb.", "Append(((double)data.", "GetValue(0)).ToString(CultureInfo.", "InvariantCulture));\n\nSee: http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/shxtf045(v=vs.110).aspx\n\n" ]	{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }	[ 0.021739130434782608, 0, 0, 0, 0.014084507042253521, 0.08333333333333333, 0, 0.011627906976744186, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.02, 0.047619047619047616, 0, 0.02197802197802198 ]	0.013774	5	[ { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 412, "entity_type": "PERSON", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 404 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 889, "entity_type": "URL", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "UrlRecognizer_140094861343568", "recognizer_name": "UrlRecognizer" }, "score": 0.6, "start": 841 } ]
[ "[Effect of passive smoking on the level of selected metals in deciduous teeth].", "\nThe cigarette smoke is a significant source of heavy metals, which after being absorbed into the human organism, may be accumulated in a calcified tissue. ", "The accumulation process may be also a result of a passive exposure to the cigarette smoke. ", "As the hard tissues of deciduous teeth are relatively stable in chemical composition, they are widely used as the indicators of the exposure to heavy metals in children. ", "This project is aimed to estimate the effect of passive smoke on the levels of selected toxic and essential elements in deciduous teeth. ", "The research material consisted of 386 deciduous teeth. ", "Out of this, 205 teeth were from the children exposed to the cigarette smoke in the apartments. ", "The levels of cadmium, copper, iron, manganese, lead, zinc, calcium and magnesium were determined using atomic absorption spectrometer with flame atomization. ", "It was concluded that the exposure to the cigarette smoke in children is a factor producing the changes in the levels of selected toxic and essential elements in deciduous teeth. ", "This particularly results in the higher levels of cadmium, copper, lead and zinc, which are the permanent constituents of the cigarette smoke, and the lower levels of manganese, calcium and magnesium. ", "Moreover, the disturbed gradient of lead levels dependent on the tooth type is observed in the children exposed to the cigarette smoke in the apartments." ]	{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }	[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]	0	5	[ { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 832, "entity_type": "NRP", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 823 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 1300, "entity_type": "NRP", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 1291 } ]
[ "Central District (Bahar County)\n\nThe Central District of Bahar County () is a district (bakhsh) in Bahar County, Hamadan Province, Iran. ", "At the 2006 census, its population was 49,138, in 12,227 families. ", " The District has one city: Bahar. ", "The District has two rural districts (dehestan): Abrumand Rural District and Simineh Rud Rural District.", "\n\nReferences \n\nCategory:Bahar County\nCategory:Districts of Hamadan Province" ]	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }	[ 0, 0, 0, 0.009615384615384616, 0 ]	0.001923	5	[ { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 16, "entity_type": "LOCATION", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 0 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 30, "entity_type": "LOCATION", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 18 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 53, "entity_type": "LOCATION", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 33 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 69, "entity_type": "LOCATION", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 57 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 111, "entity_type": "LOCATION", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 99 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 129, "entity_type": "LOCATION", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 113 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 135, "entity_type": "LOCATION", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 131 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 148, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 144 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 216, "entity_type": "LOCATION", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 208 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 236, "entity_type": "LOCATION", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 231 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 250, "entity_type": "LOCATION", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 242 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 284, "entity_type": "LOCATION", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 276 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 310, "entity_type": "LOCATION", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 287 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 341, "entity_type": "LOCATION", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 315 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 377, "entity_type": "LOCATION", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 365 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 416, "entity_type": "LOCATION", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 400 } ]
[ "Closing the postfracture care gap using administrative health databases: design and implementation of a randomized controlled trial.", "\nPostfracture care is suboptimal, and strategies to address this major care gap are urgently required. ", "Case management is effective but is resource intensive and difficult to deliver to a widely scattered population. ", "We describe the design and successful implementation of a randomized controlled trial (NCT00594789), which uses provincial administrative health databases to notify eligible physicians and patients after a major osteoporotic fracture that such fractures warrant additional assessment or pharmacologic treatment to prevent subsequent fractures. ", "Men and women aged 50 yr or older residing in the Province of Manitoba, Canada, with a recently reported clinical fracture (hip, spine, humerus, and forearm) from medical claims data, and without recent bone mineral density (BMD) testing (in the last 3 yr) or osteoporosis therapy (in the last year), were randomized to 3 groups: group 1 received usual care, group 2 (physicians only) had mailed notification to the primary care physicians (alert letter, BMD requisition, and management flowchart), and group 3 (physicians and patient) had both physician notifications and patient notification (alert letter). ", "During the initial 10 mo (from June 2008 to March 2009), 2901 fracture patients meeting the inclusion criteria were randomized. ", "Groups were well balanced. ", "Direct costs related to the initiative (programming, case identification, and mailings) were Canadian dollars (CAD$)12,379 during the pilot phase, which translates to CAD$6.50 per notification (groups 2 and 3). ", "Ongoing costs (which exclude the initial programming costs) are estimated at CAD$1.25 per notification. ", "This postfracture intervention, based on medical claims data, provides an easy way to enhance postfracture care. ", "The approach is scalable, can be delivered to a widely scattered population, and requires minimal infrastructure. ", "This low-cost intervention may complement more resource-intensive programs based on case managers." ]	{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }	[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.001639344262295082, 0, 0.037037037037037035, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]	0.003223	5	[ { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 717, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 712 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 763, "entity_type": "LOCATION", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 739 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 771, "entity_type": "LOCATION", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 765 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 948, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 935 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 991, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 978 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 1343, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 1334 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 1357, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 1347 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 1559, "entity_type": "NRP", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 1551 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 1580, "entity_type": "PERSON", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 1569 } ]
[ "Q:\n\nHow do I create a new Joda DateTime truncated to the last hour?", "\n\nI am pulling timestamps from a file that I want to create a new DateTime for, but I want to create the DateTime at the floor of the hour (or any Joda Period will do).", "\nHow Can I do this?", "\n\nA:\n\nWohoo, found it. ", "Simple like everything in Joda once I traced down the calls.", "\nDateTime dt = new DateTime().hourOfDay().roundFloorCopy();\n\n" ]	{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }	[ 0.014925373134328358, 0, 0, 0, 0.016666666666666666, 0.01639344262295082 ]	0.007998	5	[ { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 66, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 53 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 204, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 196 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 305, "entity_type": "LOCATION", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 301 } ]
[ "Thursday, June 28, 2012\n\nSCOTUS Upholds 99% of ACA\n\nMaybe Roberts looked into the abyss and noted it was critically eyeing him, especially in the wake of Citizen's United and the execrable Arizona v the United States ruling from three days ago. ", "And Roberts withdrew, not liking what he saw.", "\n\nA few minutes ago, the Supreme Court handed down one of the most important rulings in its history and one of the most surprising: After judicial activist blathering by Scalia about broccoli, the High Court handed down its decision, largely along party lines, to uphold the Affordable Care Act, or ACA.", "\n\nWhat was surprising was that the swing vote wasn't Justice Anthony Kennedy, who votes with the court's right wingers at least 80% of the time, but Chief Justice John Roberts. ", "Roberts joined Justices Elena Kagan, Sonia Sotomayor, Stephen Breyer and Ruth Bader Ginsberg to form the majority opinion while, typically, Scalia, Kennedy, Thomas and Alito ruled to strike down the health care law.", "\n\nAll that remains to be seen now is how fast the Jim DeMints, Michele Bachmanns and Steve Kings denounce Bush appointee Roberts and to complain for the first time ever that he was a federal judge for just two years before being nominated to succeed Rehnquist as Chief Justice. ", "For good measure, maybe Peter King will denounce him as a Muslim and right wing bloggers will accuse him of being a homosexual.", "\n\nIt'll also be amusing to hear Mitt Romney's tepid response to the upholding of a law obviously based on his own piece of shit health care \"reform\" here in Massachusetts. ", "If he denounces the ruling, then he denounces his much-ballyhooed RomneyCare. ", "If he cheers the ruling, then he winds up cheering President Obama's signature piece of domestic legislation. ", "Either way, his response will be just as wimpy and pandering as it was after the Arizona v the United States ruling.", "\n\nSo El Pandero, to borrow a phrase from Jon Stewart, will do as Romney does: Huddle with his advisors and decide to say a little or a lot of nothing. ", "Romney painted himself into a corner years ago over this issue and he knows he's been checkmated by both the administration and the Supreme Court.", "\n\nSpeaking for myself, the only good thing about this ruling is in it serving as a spiked cudgel with which to beat conservatives and libertarians over their pointy heads all day long. ", "But at the end of the day, we're left with a health care system that insisted from the start in keeping already bloated HMOs and Big Pharma on the playing field, leaves an onerous US tax code-enforced mandate in place (that the SCOTUS said we can simply ignore although it's unclear whether they have any sway over the existing federal tax code since it wasn't directly up for a ruling) and does little if anything about runaway health care premiums.", "\n\nThe next step, obviously, is in electing enough real Democrats and progressives to Congress this November to repeal ObamaCare and replace it with a single payer health care system.", "\n\nBut, since we're indisputably the shit-stupidest nation in galactic history, there's about as much chance of that happening as Rush Limbaugh winning a platinum medal in women's figure skating.", "\n\nBut for now, those with preexisting conditions are covered and are guaranteed reimbursements if HMOs don't spend at least 80% of premiums on health care coverage, virtually the only things in the ACA worth keeping. ", "But the fight isn't over and the only thing the SCOTUS has done is give some breathing room for people who have difficulty breathing and would otherwise be in danger of having coverage jerked out from under their feet by health providers whose shareholders have a problem with actually fulfilling its alleged function." ]	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }	[ 0.012244897959183673, 0.022222222222222223, 0.013201320132013201, 0.011299435028248588, 0.037209302325581395, 0.02158273381294964, 0.007874015748031496, 0.005813953488372093, 0.01282051282051282, 0.00909090909090909, 0, 0.019867549668874173, 0.0136986301369863, 0, 0.0022222222222222222, 0.005494505494505495, 0.005154639175257732, 0.004608294930875576, 0 ]	0.010758	5	[ { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 23, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 0 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 65, 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[ "PARIS April 15, 2008 -- Shortly after we moved to Paris, my son, Luke, cut his lip in a fall at school. ", "I rushed him to the emergency room of a suburban Paris hospital, where a nurse asked my name and address and a doctor quickly stitched up his cut. ", "When I tried to pay, the cashier asked me to call the following week because the \"computer is slow.\" ", "A bill eventually arrived in the mail for the equivalent of $60.", "\n\nThe same week I took Luke to have his stitches removed at a clinic where a doctor spent nearly an hour with him first softening a scab on the cut. ", "This time, the clerk was apologetic as she handed me the bill, explaining she was sure my American health insurance would reimburse some of the cost. ", "The total bill: $7.50.", "\n\nAs presidential candidates hammer out proposals to deal with the increasing millions of uninsured Americans, I know which health plan I'll choose: the French one.", "\n\nThe World Health Organization has named the French health care system the best in the world. (", "The U.S. ranked 37th). ", "It's physician-rich, boasting one doctor for approximately every 430 people, compared with a doctor for every1,230 residents in the U.S. (and French docs tend to charge significantly less). ", "The average life expectancy is two years longer than the U.S. And while the system is one of the most expensive in the world, costing $3,500 per person, it's far less than the $6,100 spend per capita in the U.S.\n\nI've had a unique opportunity to see both systems up close and personal: I had breast cancer in California nine years ago and a recurrence in Paris this year. ", "I received excellent care in both places, though looking back now my California oncologist's office was a bit of a meat market — always packed with patients, from the seemingly not-so-sick to some a step from the grave — a time-consuming disadvantage of living in a much larger country with a lower doctor-to-patient ratio.", "\n\nMy French doctors and nurses have been sensitive, skillful, caring — and not so harried.", "\n\nBut the biggest difference has been money.", "\n\nMy top-level health insurance paid for most of my U.S. care, but it was often a struggle to shake loose the money. ", "I was frequently stuck in the middle of disputes between the company and my hospital and doctors over \"agreed to fees.\"", "\n\nContinually dunned by the hospital for fees and facing multiple complaining phone calls to my insurance company, I sometimes simply caved in and wrote checks to cover bills that I knew were the insurance company's responsibility — part of a wearing-down strategy I was convinced was deliberate.", "\n\nHere in France I have a green carte vitale— literally a \"life card\" or social security card that provides entree to the system. ", "It's funded by worker contributions and other taxes. ", "My husband (and our family) is covered through his work with a French subsidiary of a U.S. company, and so is everyone else; coverage is universal. ", "The French are responsible for co-pays, but some 80% of them have supplemental private insurance to cover the co-pay. ", "People least able to pay and those with chronic or serious illnesses often have the best coverage. ", "Because I'm being treated for cancer, I'm cent pour cent —100%—covered.", "\n\nThe effect of a system where hospitals and doctors don't worry about getting stiffed by a patient or an insurance company seems to be a far more relaxed, generous system. ", "When my surgeon discussed breast surgery here, he suggested that I stay in the hospital five days. \"", "Of course I can do it the American way, kind of an outpatient situation,\" he told me, apparently not wanting to sound unsophisticated. \"", "But I don't like pain.\"", "\n\nMaternity stays for a normal delivery are a minimum of five days, not the 48 hours mandated by U.S. federal legislation in 1998 after many insurance companies insisted stays be even shorter.", "\n\nI've always had health insurance in the U.S. And yet the few times I'd had to walk into an American emergency room I've always felt a thief who seems to be expected to sign over all worldly goods before any medical care can begin, regardless of the state of agony someone might be in. ", "French doctors address problems immediately and aren't constrained by approvals from some medical decision maker in a distant insurance office.", "\n\nYears ago, my husband had to wait several hours in Manhattan emergency room as administrators tracked down someone in our out-of-state insurance company who would approve (and therefore agree to cover the bill for) antibiotic treatment for a horrifying infection in his face that doctors were concerned could have been flesh-eating strep.", "\n\nThere's no question you'll be treated in France. ", "Everyone is. ", "The nation pays the bills and the hospitals don't get stiffed. ", "It's an all-encompassing cradle-to-grave system. ", "My fear now is that I won't be able to even get insurance when and if I return to the states, much less be able to afford it.", "\n\n\"The French health care system has a lot of lessons for the U.S.,\" said Northern Arizona University Professor Paul V. Dutton, who has studied both extensively for his book \"Differential Diagnoses: A Comparative History of Health Care Problems and Solutions in the U.S. and France.\"", "\n\n\"There seems to be a feeling that Britain's socialized health system is the only one we can look at because it's English, it's the mother country. ", "But in fact, the French share many of the same values that American consumers seek, like choice of physician and freedom from insurance company authorization of medical decisions. ", "The French system is already far more similar to the American ideal,\" Dutton said.", "\n\nExcept it works.", "\n\nMary Cline is a freelance writer and editor in Paris. ", "She's using her married name for a change because of fears that she won't be able to obtain U.S. health insurance when she returns to the states if insurers track down this article." ]	{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }	[ 0.018867924528301886, 0, 0, 0, 0.006711409395973154, 0, 0, 0, 0.010416666666666666, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.007067137809187279, 0, 0, 0.012195121951219513, 0, 0.017857142857142856, 0 ]	0.001662	5	[ { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 5, "entity_type": "LOCATION", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 0 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 20, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 6 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 57, "entity_type": 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[ "Q:\n\nIs there some way to request peer review on an edit?", "\n\nI just edited this answer, I just reached 2000+ reputation and the edit got immediately accepted. ", "Is there some way to turn this off?", "\nI´m fairly sure this was a good edit, but I have done bad edits before, like the one for this answer, where I removed all incorrect information, which was most of the answer. ", "That edit was correctly rejecte by peer review, because \"This edit deviates from the original intent of the post. ", "Even edits that must make drastic changes should strive to preserve the goals of the post's owner.\"", "\nI learned from that and will try to avoid doing something like that again, this is not possible without peer review, I felt unsure about that edit, but didn´t know about that reason to reject it and thought it would be fine, because I only removed incorrect information.", "\nI usually feel fairly sure about my edits, but there are some cases where I am unsure and where I would prefer to have someone else approve it via peer review.", "\nIs there a feature like that? ", "If not, then I would like to suggest such a feature. ", "It could work similar to how the \"community wiki\" checkbox works, then I could tick a checkbox that sends the edit to the review queue, rather than being imidiately accepted, whenever I feel unsure about an edit, or simply don´t want to make a final decision, I´m not perfect, I make mistakes.", "\nAdding a feature like that would make it possible to learn from mistakes, even at higher reputation levels. ", "In my case I feel like it´s too early to ALWAYS have the edit accepted without peer review, because I´m still learning and I reached this much reputation too quickly to fully understand the rules. ", "I´m bound to make mistakes and I don´t want anyone else to suffer for it.", "\nI do feel confident enough to decide when an edit feels a bit risky though, so I think simply having the option to have an edit peer reviewed would be enough.", "\nAlternatively I could just never make any edits if I´m not completely sure if they are good, but in that case I would no longer have the opportunity to learn if an edit is good, or not, so a lot of future edits that would be good would never be made, because I was unsure.", "\n\nA:\n\nYou can't suggest reviews anymore now that you've reached 2000 reputation. ", "The system (and the users who voted for your posts) trusts you to have learned how editing works by now, by having your suggested edits approved or rejected, and by seeing the edits of other users who have earned the same privilege as you.", "\nAnd frankly, the system seems to be working as expected! ", "You've noticed that some of your edits were rejected, and have learned why. ", "But as everyone knows, with great power comes great responsibility. ", "Now that you can edit posts without having your changes approved by other users, you should only make edits that you're feeling confident about.", "\nSimilar feature requests have popped up from time to time on Meta Stack Exchange, like here. ", "It doesn't look like revoking your own privileges is going to be implemented.", "\n\nA:\n\nWrigglenite's answer covers the feature request side of things so I'll just address the act of editing itself:\n\nIs there some way to request peer review on an edit?", "\n\nYou already are!...kinda. ", "Every edit you make bumps that question to the front page, complete with a little 'modified by <UserName>' message and link that takes users directly to the post you edited. ", "So in a way, your edits are still pushed up to be reviewed by the community. ", "All that's changed is that we trust you enough to make those edits immediately, instead of first holding them back for community review.", "\n\nI´m still learning and I reached this much reputation too quickly to fully understand the rules. ", "I´m bound to make mistakes and I don´t want anyone else to suffer for it.", "\n\nYou'll be fine. ", "It may seem daunting, but don't fret - edits are important, but are fairly trivial to change, update, or roll back - there's not a whole lot that can go terribly wrong. ", "If it helps, the Help Center gives some general guidance:\n\nWhen should I edit posts?", "\nAny time you feel you can make the post better, and are inclined to do so. ", "Editing is encouraged!", "\nSome common reasons to edit are:\n\nto fix grammatical or spelling mistakes\nto clarify the meaning of a post without changing it\nto correct minor mistakes or add addendums / updates as the post ages\nto add related resources or hyperlinks\n\nTiny, trivial edits are discouraged - try to make the post significantly better when you edit, correcting all problems that you observe.", "\n\nIf you feel it's a good edit, go ahead and make the judgement call. ", "If you miss something, or introduce a typo etc, someone else will just edit it again, or (worst case) roll it back. ", "You can see all your revisions on your profile (here), so if you want to check back a day or two later and see if anything changed, you can.", "\n\n" ]	{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }	[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.005076142131979695, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.010638297872340425, 0, 0, 0.07142857142857142, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]	0.002125	5	[ { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 103, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 99 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 2265, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 2261 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 4804, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 4801 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 3225, "entity_type": "URL", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "UrlRecognizer_140094861343568", "recognizer_name": "UrlRecognizer" }, "score": 0.5, "start": 3220 } ]
[ "Q:\n\njQuery autocomplete - How to handle extra data?", "\n\nI'm struggling with the following problem. ", "I use the jQuery autocomplete plugin to get a list of suggested values from the server. ", "The list would look like this:\n\nUsername1\|UserId1\nUsername2\|UserId2\n\nSo if I start typing \"U\", a list of \"Username1\" and \"Username2\" pops up, as expected. ", "I could chose the first item and the <input>'s value would become \"Username1\", but what I really want to send to the server is the user ID.", "\nCan I somehow get a hold of the ID that is following the user name? ", "I intend to do the form post on change of the text box. ", "Maybe I'm just too blind to see it in the docs or to find it on Google?", "\n\nA:\n\nUse the result method of the autocomplete plugin to handle this. ", "The data is passed as an array to the callback and you just need to save data[1] somewhere. ", "Something like this:\n$(\"#my_field\").autocomplete(...).result(function(event, data, formatted) {\n if (data) {\n $(\"#the_id\").attr(\"value\", data[1]);\n }\n});\n\n" ]	{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }	[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.014084507042253521, 0, 0, 0 ]	0.00128	5	[]
[ "Pre-wedding and post-wedding photo shoots may soon be passe. ", "For, wedding photographers in the country say they’re taken aback by a new, and rather uncomfortable, trend that’s emerging: of couples asking for nude/semi-nude photo shoots on the wedding night.", "Guragon-based Priyanka Sachar, who does couple shoots, recently got a request from a groom-to-be in Lucknow. \"", "He wanted an intimate photo shoot – a couple shoot – with nude poses on his wedding night. ", "I had to turn down the request, because I was not comfortable doing something like that,\" says Priyanka, adding, \"It’s not as though nude photography does not happen. ", "In fact, boudoir photography is fairly common, where a woman may want to capture the best of herself. ", "And it is done very tastefully. ", "But clicking a couple on their wedding night - I’m not sure if the couple is actually being kinky or just wants pictures for themselves?\" ", "Faizan Patel, a Delhi-based photographer also recalls a request from a nude photoshoot for a couple earlier this year. \"", "And this was supposed to be a pre-wedding shoot!\" ", "says Faizan, who also turned down the request, \"And since the request was coming from the guy, I asked him to first check with the girl if she would be okay with something like this. ", "I, for one, was not comfortable with the idea,\" he explains, \"Also, if I cannot share my work with others, or online, it does not add to my profile. ", "So it did not make sense for me to do a shoot like that.", "\"While wedding photographers says that couples kissing in their wedding pictures is fairly common in India now, couples wanting to pose in the buff on their wedding night isn’t. \" ", "So far, we’ve had various kinds of photography being adopted into wedding photography. ", "For example, fashion photography became a part of wedding shoots some years ago. ", "Then, there was candid photography. ", "Nude photography was the only element that hadn’t been incorporated so far at Indian wedding,\" says Sushant, a Delhi-based wedding photographer, who cannot quite believe this is for real.", "Nitin Dangwal, another wedding photographer based in Chandigarh, says the farthest he’s gone is doing a post-wedding photo shoot for a couple in the hotel bedroom. \"", "But it was a fun shoot. ", "There are things you can do in a hotel banquet hall or at the wedding venue, and there are things you can do in a bedroom. ", "Like getting them to pose with a pillow, or on the sofa. ", "So, that was the idea of that shoot. ", "But a nude photoshoot? ", "No,\" he says. ", "Recalling a similar request from a couple in Mumbai a year ago, city-based photographer Yashwant Dhwaj Shah says, \"The couple was getting married in Mumbai and got my number from a common friend. ", "While they had hired a set of photographers from Mumbai to shoot their wedding functions, they wanted me to shoot some special moments of their wedding night, which was at a beach resort near Mumbai. ", "Just to refuse them politely, I quoted a very high amount as my fees, but they agreed even to that! ", "Finally, I turned down the offer saying I wasn’t comfortable accompanying a newly married couple on their wedding night and shooting their private moments. ", "The thought itself was quite weird.", "\"Not everyone though is averse to the idea. ", "Amit Mahendru says he shot a semi-nude pre-wedding photoshoot for an NRI couple at a city club located on the outskirts of Lucknow in March this year. \"", "To say that I was comfortable doing it would be far from the truth, in fact there were many embarrassing moments between the shots, where the couple were more forthcoming than I was actually prepared for,” says Amit, who says he charged a bomb for the shoot.(By Team KT)" ]	{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }	[ 0, 0, 0.00909090909090909, 0, 0.005988023952095809, 0, 0, 0, 0.008333333333333333, 0, 0.00546448087431694, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.0053475935828877, 0.012121212121212121, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.00510204081632653, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.013157894736842105, 0.003703703703703704 ]	0.00207	5	[ { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 256, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 239 }, { 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[ "New Technology and Innovative Gadgets\n\nEvery time Facebook acquires a new app or drops billions of dollars on someone else's work, the internet becomes abuzz with criticisms, claiming that these moves are a harbinger of the end for the billion-dollar company. ", "However, the cunning Mark Zuckerberg actually has been planning his next move with these new toys all along; something that goes beyond that big blue social giant that propelled him to success.", "\n\nDeveloped to aid the brave men and women of our fire department, the C-Thru Smoke Diving Helmet harnesses a vast array of technologies to help aid rescuers when combating a blaze -- including augmented reality, noise cancellation, improved communications, and a thermal-optic camera.", "\n\nImagine scientists shooting solar panels in to space – enough to span 9\nfootball fields – for the sole purpose of being assembled by robots, in\norder to construct an object capable of capturing solar power. ", "Then,\nhaving the harnessed energy being beamed back to Earth through the use\nof radio waves – allowing a vehicle fitted with a solar receiver to\ncapture enough energy to move about on land. ", "The U.S. Navy is hoping to introduce such a device, and it may just cure our energy woes.", "\n\nWith a handful of DIY remedies and a large amount of costly options, taking your tunes on the go --or even in the shower -- are limited, until now. ", "With The All Purpose Bluetooth Speaker by Abco Tech, you can get an all-in-one convenient, Bluetooth speaker system that is both portable and highly audible, all at a pretty decent price.", "\n\nIt's April Fools day already and what better way to ring in Spring than by hurling outlandish pranks at one another, all for the sake of good fun? ", "The celebrated holiday is center stage for web and tech companies looking to add a little satire to their products, and today was no exception. ", "Cast your gullibility aside and join me as we take a look at a round-up of 2014's best tech April Fools Pranks.", "\n\nImagine having a search engine at your disposal that allows you to enter your own picture as its query. ", "WIth Huiiz -- an upcoming, innovative facial recognition search engine -- you can do just that. ", "Simply drag and drop an image yourself, and you'll be presented with all the places you face has been plastered on the web -- places you may not even be aware of.", "\n\nThe Glowfaster smart jacket is the latest contender in ‘health\nconscious’ wearable technologies. ", "This innovative idea utilizes health-tech features (heart rate sensor, GPS tracking) and presents them in a new,\nmotivational, way. ", "With other wearable technologies on the horizon, how will the Glowfaster stack up?", "\n\nWhen you read the word Soylent, it may conjure up images of Charlton Heston and a dystopian future. ", "However, Rob Rhinehart hopes to change that. ", "Soylent is actually a food substitute, crafted with several ingredients that intend to give its consumers all\nof the necessary nutrients and calories required for a single day. ", "Thus, a few cups of Soylent a day is all you need to sustain yourself.", "\n\nWhether you’re a budding amateur, someone who’s looking to dip their\ntoes into the professional world, or even just an individual looking to\ndabble in the world of videography – a few things are for certain: you’re\ngoing to need your very own camera, lights, and audio equipment. ", "Also,\nyou’re most likely going to need it on a budget.", "Here's what I recommend:\n\nSamsung recently revealed two new, \"hands on\", videos for their\nupcoming products to give users an in-depth look at their newest technology. ", "The Gear 2 and Gear Fit are the latest in wearable technology, and are\ncrammed with so many features that it seems almost unbelievable -- while the\nGalaxy S5 is bringing up the rear with latest innovations in smart phone\ntechnology.", "\n\nAds from advertisers that take advantage of inventors may appear on our pages. ", "We have a difficult time blocking them all. ", "Many of our advertisers provide valuable services. ", "But be careful! ", "Before using any invention service provider, do your research and make sure you are really getting what you need. ", "Start your research by reviewing Invention Cons, Scams and Other Problems .", "\n\nAdvertisers are our main source of revenue. ", "When we link to certain sites, we may receive a small commission for sales using our links. ", "The opinions expressed on our website reflect the unbiased opinions of our reviewers. 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[ "package com.lhjz.portal.config;\n\nimport org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.", "Autowired;\nimport org.springframework.context.annotation.", "Configuration;\nimport org.springframework.messaging.simp.config.", "ChannelRegistration;\nimport org.springframework.messaging.simp.config.", "MessageBrokerRegistry;\nimport org.springframework.web.socket.config.annotation.", "AbstractWebSocketMessageBrokerConfigurer;\nimport org.springframework.web.socket.config.annotation.", "EnableWebSocketMessageBroker;\nimport org.springframework.web.socket.config.annotation.", "StompEndpointRegistry;\n\nimport com.lhjz.portal.component.", "WsChannelInterceptor;\nimport com.lhjz.portal.component.", "WsHandshakeInterceptor;\n\n@Configuration\n@EnableWebSocketMessageBroker\npublic class WsConfig extends AbstractWebSocketMessageBrokerConfigurer {\n\n\t@Autowired\n\tWsChannelInterceptor channelInterceptor;\n\n\t@Autowired\n\tWsHandshakeInterceptor wsHandshakeInterceptor;\n\n\t@Override\n\tpublic void configureMessageBroker(MessageBrokerRegistry config) {\n\n\t\tconfig.enableSimpleBroker(\"/channel\", \"/direct\", \"/blog\");\n\t\tconfig.setApplicationDestinationPrefixes(\"/chat\");\n\t}\n\n\t@Override\n\tpublic void registerStompEndpoints(StompEndpointRegistry registry) {\n\n\t\tregistry.addEndpoint(\"/ws\", \"/ws-lock\").setAllowedOrigins(\"\").addInterceptors(wsHandshakeInterceptor)\n\t\t\t\t.withSockJS();\n\n\t}\n\n\t/* \n\t * 消息传输参数配置 \n\t /\n\t//\t@Override\n\t//\tpublic void configureWebSocketTransport(WebSocketTransportRegistration registry) {\n\t//\t\tregistry.setMessageSizeLimit(8192) //设置消息字节数大小 \n\t//\t\t\t\t.setSendBufferSizeLimit(8192)//设置消息缓存大小 \n\t//\t\t\t\t.setSendTimeLimit(10000); //设置消息发送时间限制毫秒 \n\t//\t}\n\n\t/* \n\t * 输入通道参数设置 \n\t /\n\t@Override\n\tpublic void configureClientInboundChannel(ChannelRegistration registration) {\n\t\t//\t\tregistration.taskExecutor().corePoolSize(4) //设置消息输入通道的线程池线程数 \n\t\t//\t\t\t\t.maxPoolSize(8)//最大线程数 \n\t\t//\t\t\t\t.keepAliveSeconds(60);//线程活动时间 \n\t\tregistration.interceptors(channelInterceptor);\n\t}\n\n\t//\t/* \n\t//\t * 输出通道参数设置 \n\t//\t */\n\t//\t@Override\n\t//\tpublic void configureClientOutboundChannel(ChannelRegistration registration) {\n\t//\t\t//\t\tregistration.taskExecutor().corePoolSize(4).maxPoolSize(8);\n\t//\t\tregistration.interceptors(channelInterceptor);\n\t//\t}\n\n}" ]	{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }	[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.01020408163265306, 0, 0, 0, 0.007203667321545514 ]	0.001741	5	[ { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 751, "entity_type": "PERSON", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 743 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 1228, "entity_type": "PERSON", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 1197 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 1320, "entity_type": "PERSON", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 1309 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 26, "entity_type": "URL", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "UrlRecognizer_140094861343568", "recognizer_name": "UrlRecognizer" }, "score": 0.5, "start": 8 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 76, "entity_type": "URL", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "UrlRecognizer_140094861343568", "recognizer_name": "UrlRecognizer" }, "score": 0.5, "start": 40 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 134, "entity_type": "URL", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "UrlRecognizer_140094861343568", "recognizer_name": "UrlRecognizer" }, "score": 0.5, "start": 104 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 203, "entity_type": "URL", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "UrlRecognizer_140094861343568", "recognizer_name": "UrlRecognizer" }, "score": 0.5, "start": 166 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 274, "entity_type": "URL", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "UrlRecognizer_140094861343568", "recognizer_name": "UrlRecognizer" }, "score": 0.5, "start": 237 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 350, "entity_type": "URL", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "UrlRecognizer_140094861343568", "recognizer_name": "UrlRecognizer" }, "score": 0.5, "start": 310 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 449, "entity_type": "URL", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "UrlRecognizer_140094861343568", "recognizer_name": "UrlRecognizer" }, "score": 0.5, "start": 409 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 536, "entity_type": "URL", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "UrlRecognizer_140094861343568", "recognizer_name": "UrlRecognizer" }, "score": 0.5, "start": 496 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 596, "entity_type": "URL", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "UrlRecognizer_140094861343568", "recognizer_name": "UrlRecognizer" }, "score": 0.5, "start": 577 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 652, "entity_type": "URL", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "UrlRecognizer_140094861343568", "recognizer_name": "UrlRecognizer" }, "score": 0.5, "start": 633 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 1072, "entity_type": "URL", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "UrlRecognizer_140094861343568", "recognizer_name": "UrlRecognizer" }, "score": 0.5, "start": 1063 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 1213, "entity_type": "URL", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "UrlRecognizer_140094861343568", "recognizer_name": "UrlRecognizer" }, "score": 0.5, "start": 1202 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 1471, "entity_type": "URL", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "UrlRecognizer_140094861343568", "recognizer_name": "UrlRecognizer" }, "score": 0.5, "start": 1460 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 1892, "entity_type": "URL", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "UrlRecognizer_140094861343568", "recognizer_name": "UrlRecognizer" }, "score": 0.5, "start": 1876 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 2148, "entity_type": "URL", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "UrlRecognizer_140094861343568", "recognizer_name": "UrlRecognizer" }, "score": 0.5, "start": 2132 } ]
[ "At the 210 Hancock property in Ithaca’s Northside neighborhood, site prep is taking place. ", "The site is being graded and excavation is now underway for subsurface utilities installation (water and sewer pipes, the teal tubes stacked in the photos). ", "INHS is conducting vibration monitoring while all this goes on, although the pile installation won’t start for another couple weeks, running foe about three weeks, mid-late August to mid September. ", "Contractor Lecesse Construction will be installing 10-15 piles per day with a hydraulic hammer, between the hours of 8 AM and 4 PM. ", "If the Voice’s Facebook inbox during the demolition phase this past spring was any indication, some very zealous neighbors will be providing breathless live coverage.", "\n\nAll in all, the contractor issue set INHS back about three months, but the grant funding is accommodating and rental agreements won’t be signed until the project is much closer to completion, late spring or summer 2017. ", "For those who meet the affordable income brackets (breakdowns here), the rental interest form is here. ", "The 54 apartments and the 5 rental townhomes should be ready to go by this time next year." ]	{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }	[ 0.02197802197802198, 0, 0, 0.007575757575757576, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]	0.003694	5	[ { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 37, "entity_type": "LOCATION", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 31 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 49, "entity_type": "LOCATION", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 40 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 379, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 359 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 410, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 393 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 444, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 412 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 576, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 542 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 652, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 636 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 810, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 792 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 948, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 937 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 963, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 952 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 1157, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 1148 } ]
[ "So here we are, hurtling towards the end of January, the month of self-flagellation and resolutions to do things better. ", "How many of us declared that this year – no, honestly! – ", "this year will be the one in which we finally lose the extra weight and save some money?", "\n\nBut what about the academy itself? ", "Universities could certainly benefit from a health check and a good look at their finances, but they should also consider a third popular resolution: to drink less. ", "We know the damaging effect that booze can have on our students, but what about us faculty members?", "\n\nIt’s no secret that academics drink a lot. ", "Evening seminars, book launches, special lectures – all are invariably accompanied by booze; normally after the event, often beforehand and sometimes even during the proceedings. ", "At the richer universities, one can easily get by without ever getting a round in, thanks to the near-endless stream of free wine (it always seems to be wine) during the week.", "\n\nOther workplaces – and I write as someone who took several years out to work in those famously restrained industries, media and publishing – generally save it for the Christmas party, closing a deal, or an occasion of note, such as a good financial quarter or payday.", "\n\nBut in academia, alcohol is ever-present. ", "We don’t just partake at night: I’ve been to many seminars starting at 5pm, offering wine from the start. ", "If you want to take part fully in the research culture of a university – talks, seminars, events, panels – it’s hard to avoid drinking while doing so.", "\n\nThere are plenty of benefits to having drinks at these events, of course. ", "As a PhD student, I find it much easier to approach big-name professors during relaxed wine receptions than in front of hostile audiences at conferences. ", "Striking up a conversation seems far less intimidating when each of us has a glass in hand, seemingly on a level playing field despite the difference in our career progress. ", "Without this psychological prop, I worry that I might fall into the category of “pushy PhD” rather than “genuinely curious new entrant to the field”.", "\n\nBooze is the reward at the end of a long day of papers – you can feel the prickle of anticipation as the caterers clatter and jingle in the background of a mediocre presentation. ", "For some this is a social pleasure, but others seem desperately in need of a fix, like smokers just off a train, cigarette in hand before they get to the ticket barriers.", "\n\nWe know that young people, including students, are drinking less than they used to. ", "But at the same time older, middle-class drinkers are accidentally consuming too much, one relaxing glass of wine at a time.", "\n\nI’m not suggesting that academia forces people into alcoholism. ", "But since starting my graduate studies at a Russell Group institution, I’ve been struck by the effects of the regular small amounts that add up to more than I’d like to think. ", "I actually lost weight during the early days of my PhD, thanks to the “two glasses of wine and a handful of crisps” menu offered at these functions.", "\n\nThere are many problems in academia, including stress, long hours, isolation, bullying and a variety of mental health issues. ", "Drinking too much can exacerbate these and have lasting negative effects.", "\n\n\n\nThen there’s the personal and professional fallout. ", "When drink plays a prominent role in departmental socialising, there’s a clear risk of favouritism among those who share a tipple on a regular basis.", "\n\nEarly career researchers who wish to drink less often – maybe for personal reasons, maybe because socialising is one of the first things to go in the publish-or-perish culture of many universities – can find themselves out of the loop, socially and otherwise, as the lines between personal and professional become blurred.", "\n\nMost of us drink at manageable levels, just a couple of glasses at a time. ", "The problem is that we do it so often. ", "But why is there so much alcohol in academia? ", "And why isn’t there the same amount in other, similarly stressful sectors?", "\n\nJoin the higher education network for more comment, analysis and job opportunities, direct to your inbox. ", "Follow us on Twitter @gdnhighered. ", "And if you have an idea for a story, please read our guidelines and email your pitch to us at highereducationnetwork@theguardian.com" ]	{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }	[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.006493506493506494, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.005681818181818182, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.02857142857142857, 0.007575757575757576 ]	0.001342	5	[ { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 4265, "entity_type": "EMAIL_ADDRESS", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "EmailRecognizer_140094861343664", "recognizer_name": "EmailRecognizer" }, "score": 1, "start": 4227 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 51, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 33 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 62, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 53 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 159, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 150 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 187, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 178 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 963, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 955 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 1029, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 1016 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 1141, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 1132 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 1221, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 1197 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 1231, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 1225 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 1305, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 1300 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 1349, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 1346 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 2927, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 2913 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 3097, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 3087 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 4265, "entity_type": "URL", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "UrlRecognizer_140094861343568", "recognizer_name": "UrlRecognizer" }, "score": 0.5, "start": 4250 } ]
[ "Transcript for Political crises sweep the state of Virginia\n\nAnd good evening. ", "Thanks for joinings on on this Saturday. ", "I'm Tom llamas. ", "And we begin tonight with the new developments on the political crisis in the state of Virginia. ", "Embattled governor Ralph Northam still not stepping down, but breaking his silence after last week's news conference, where he admitted to appearing in blackface back in 1984. ", "He attended a state trooper's funeral service today. ", "That scandal sparked by th racist photo he says wasn't him ending up on his yearbook page. ", "With lieutenant governor Justin Fairfax also refusing to budge from office. ", "Nearly all of Virginia democratic leaders and lawmakers and the 2020 presidential candidates intensify their calls for him to go. ", "Ax's Zachary kiesch STA off. ", "Reporter: For the first time in seven chaotic days, governo Ralph Northam emerging from seclusion, paying his respects at the funeral of a fallen officer. ", "Tonight, the governor also breaking his silence. ", "In an interview with the \"Washington post\" saying, he refuses to resign for admitting to wearing blackface and the racist photo that appears on his yearbook page. ", "It was offensive, racist and able. ", "Reporter: Adding, the \"Humbling\" experience better positions him to push an agenda of racial reconciliation. ", "He went on to recount an unnamed black lawmaker who explained to him that a white person who makes a mistake gets a second chance, while a black person might not, saying, it helped \"To better understand why someone of white privilege has the opies they have when an African American doesn't.\" ", "I used just a little bit of shoe Polish to put on my cheeks. ", "The reason I used a very little bit, you cannot get shoe Polish off. ", "Reporter: At last week's press conference I asked why someone, who grew up in the south and is the governor of Virginia, wouldn't already understand these issues. ", "Do you think as a grown adult that it's problematic that you need to have it explained to you that blackface is offensive? ", "No. ", "You know, I'm not a person of color and people of color perience different things, it cts them different ways. ", "Reporter: Tonight, the man in line to succeed Northam, lieutenant governor Justin Fairfax, now being accused of sexual assault by two women. ", "Fairfax has been given an ultimatum -- resign or face impeachment. ", "The articles of impeachment under theonstitution are very clear. ", "High crimes and misdem this clearly meets that threshold. ", "Reporter: The second alleged victim to come forward, Meredith Watson, claiming Fairfax raped her when the two were classmates at duke university nearly two decades ago. ", "He was drinking, she wasn't drinking. ", "She knew things were changing when he got up and locked the door, turned out the light, raped her. ", "Reporter: Her attorney releasing an e-mail she says Watson sent to a friend in 2016 claiming Fairfax raped her. ", "The lieutenant governor denies the allegation, saying, \"It is demonstrably false. ", "I have never forced myself on anyone, ever.\" ", "Any messages for the citizens of Virginia? ", "We'll have our say. ", "I'm confident in the truth. ", "All right, Zachary joins us live from Richmond. ", "That Virginia delegate saying he'll introduce the articles of the impeachment against lieutenant governor Fairfax on Monday. ", "But is that expected to go anywhere? ", "Tom, critics of impeachment that according to the Virginia constitution it has to be for crimes committed in the office. ", "That's just one option. ", "It can also include misdemeanors or high crimes. ", "His advisers tell us he has no plans of stepping down. 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[ "Following attendance, Russlene Waukechon and Beverley Shirley reviewed HB1 and what the proposed legislative budget recommendations would mean for the TexShare database budget.", "\n\nBeverley outlined the TexShare budget over the next biennium and what choices the EIWG face in selecting database resources for the core menu this year and for the next 2 years. ", "Due to loss of funding, the EIWG must make decisions regarding what resources have to be retained for this subscription year and what could not be renewed with the funds available this subscription year. ", "Database usage statistics and vendor renewal policies, were reviewed by the group as renewal decisions for FY 11 and FY12 must be made soon. ", "Dropping packages was discussed.", "\n\nLosing General Revenue also directly impacts the amount of federal funding TSLAC will receive which could have gone to support TexShare.", "\n\nBeverley discussed how libraries were to pick up $ 4 million in fees to make up the difference in the loss of funding for the databases. ", "Concern was expressed that libraries may not be able to increase their fees especially among community colleges.", "\n\nLisa Hebert and Karen Blankenship both stated they would look at cutting database subscriptions held by their libraries over cutting TexShare databases.", "\n\nHeritageQuest was mentioned as a key resource for libraries esp. ", "public libraries.", "\n\nRusslene offered to create a table with renewal information and options for what could be cut in order to make our budget goal for this year. ", "A new poll in Doodle will be created to poll the EIWG in order to arrive at a consensus on what will not be renewed for July, 2011.", "\n\nA bid for 2012 was discussed and how people will need to plan for travel to Austin." ]	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }	[ 0.017045454545454544, 0.005555555555555556, 0, 0, 0, 0.007246376811594203, 0.007194244604316547, 0, 0.01948051948051948, 0, 0, 0.006944444444444444, 0.007633587786259542, 0.011764705882352941 ]	0.005919	5	[ { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 40, "entity_type": "PERSON", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 22 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 61, "entity_type": "PERSON", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 45 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 74, "entity_type": "PERSON", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 71 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 328, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 319 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 353, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 337 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 479, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 457 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 557, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 535 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 671, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 666 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 1131, "entity_type": "PERSON", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 1120 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 1153, "entity_type": "PERSON", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 1136 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 1364, "entity_type": "PERSON", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 1356 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 1496, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 1487 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 1628, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 1618 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 1644, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 1640 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 1712, "entity_type": "LOCATION", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 1706 } ]
[ "---\nauthor:\n- '[^1]'\ntitle: Dynamical picture for the exotic XYZ states\n---\n\nIntroduction\n============\n\nThe most reliable prediction of the quark model is the spectrum of conventional hadrons composed either from quark-antiquark (mesons) or from three quarks (baryons). ", "These states have been observed in experiments and their properties have been carefully studied by experimentalists as well as theorists for a long time. ", "However, this situation has been changed since 2003 with the discovery of many charmonium- and bottomonium-like XYZ states that do not fit the simple quark-antiquark interpretation. ", "The specific feature of these states is that their masses are close to meson-meson thresholds. ", "There are several theoretical interpretations of them, e.g., as hadronic molecules, tetraquarks, threshold cusps, etc. (", "for review, see Refs.", " [@Lebed:2016hpi; @Nielsen:2009uh; @Klempt:2007cp]).", "\n\nThe $Y$ states are neutral with quantum numbers $J^{PC}=1^{--}$ of charmonium but not the simple $c\\bar c$ charmonium. ", "Among the observed Y states are $Y(4005)$, $Y(4260)$, $Y(4360)$, etc. ", "The $Z$ states ($Z_c$ and $Z_b$) are basically charged, for example, $Z_c^+$ has quark content $c\\bar c u\\bar d$ so it is certainly exotic state. ", "The $Z_b^+$ has quark content $b\\bar b u\\bar d$. The $X$ states are the non-$q\\bar q$ mesons but other than the $Y's$ and $Z's$. The most famous is the $X(3872)$ with quantum numbers $J^{PC}=1^{++}$.\n\nWe present a dynamical approach for description of the multi-quark states that is based on an effective interaction Lagrangian describing the coupling of hadrons to their constituent quarks. ", "We give a brief sketch of our results on the decay widths of some exotic four-quark states obtained within this framework and published in series of our papers of Refs.", " [@Dubnicka:2010kz; @Dubnicka:2011mm; @Goerke:2016hxf; @Goerke:2017svb; @Gutsche:2017twh; @Gutsche:2016cml].", "\n\nFirst, we explore the consequences of treating the $X(3872)$ meson as a tetraquark bound state. ", "We calculate the decay widths of the observed channels and conclude that for reasonable values of the size parameter of the $X(3872)$ one finds consistency with the available experimental data. ", "Then we have critically checked the tetraquark picture for the $Z_c(3900)$ state by analyzing its strong decays. ", "We found that $Z_c(3900)$ has a much more stronger coupling to $DD^\\ast$ than to $J/\\psi\\pi$ that is in discord with experiment. ", "As an alternative we have employed a molecular-type four-quark current to describe the decays of the $Z_c(3900)$ state as the charged particle in the isotriplet. ", "We found that a molecular-type current gives the values of the above decays in accordance with the experimental observation. ", "By using molecular-type four-quark currents for the recently observed resonances $Z_b(10610)$ and $Z_b(10650)$, we have calculated their two-body decay rates into a bottomonium state plus a light meson as well as into B-meson pairs.", "\n\nDynamical picture for multiquark states: covariant confined quark model\n=======================================================================\n\nThe main assumption of approach is that hadrons interact via quark exchange only. ", "The interaction Lagrangian is written as $$\\begin{aligned}\n{\\cal L}_{{\\rm int}} &=& g_H \\cdot H(x)\\cdot J_H(x),\n\\qquad\\qquad\\text{where the quark currents are given by}\\\\[2ex]\n%\n J_M(x) &=& \n\\int\\!\\! ", "dx_1 \\!\\!\\int\\!\\! ", "dx_2\\,\nF_M (x;x_1,x_2) \\cdot \\bar q^a_1(x_1)\\, \\Gamma_M \\,q^a_2(x_2)\n \\hspace{2cm} \\text{Meson}\n\\\\[2ex]\nJ_B(x) &=& \\int\\!\\! ", "dx_1 \\!\\!\\int\\!\\! ", "dx_2 \\!\\!\\int\\!\\! ", "dx_3\\,\nF_B (x;x_1,x_2,x_3) \\hspace{3.4cm} \\text{Baryon}\n\\\\\n&&\n\\times\\, \\Gamma_1 \\, q^{a_1}_{1}(x_1) \\,\n\\Big( q^{a_2}_{2}(x_2)C \\, \\Gamma_2 \\, q^{a_3}_{3}(x_3)\\Big)\n\\cdot \\varepsilon^{a_1a_2a_3}\n\\\\\n&&\\\\\n J^\\mu_T(x) &=&\n\\int\\!\\! ", "dx_1\\ldots\\int\\!\\! ", "dx_4\\,\n F_T (x;x_1,\\ldots,x_4) \\hspace{3.1cm} \\text{Tetraquark}\n\\\\\n&&\n\\times\\, \n\\Big(q_1^{a_1}(x_1)\\, C\\Gamma_1\\, q_2^{a_2}(x_2)\n\\Big) \\cdot\n\\Big(\\bar q_3^{a_3}(x_3)\\, \\Gamma_2 C\\, \\bar q_4^{a_4}(x_4)\n\\Big)\\cdot\n\\varepsilon^{a_1a_2c} \\varepsilon^{a_3a_4c}.\\end{aligned}$$ Here, the $F(x;x_1,\\ldots,x_n)$ are the vertex functions characterizing the distribution of quarks inside the hadron. ", "The matrix elements of the physical processes are described by the Feynman diagrams which are convolution of the quark propagators and vertex functions. ", "The details of all calculations may be found in our published papers of Refs.", " [@Dubnicka:2010kz; @Dubnicka:2011mm; @Goerke:2016hxf; @Goerke:2017svb; @Gutsche:2017twh; @Gutsche:2016cml]. ", "For illustration, we show in Fig.", " \\[fig:X-mass\\] the tetraquark self-energy diagram which is needed for the determination of coupling constant $g_T$ in the interaction Lagrangian.", "\n\n![", "Tetraquark self-energy diagram[]{data-label=\"fig:X-mass\"}](fig_mass)\n\nA narrow charmonium–like state $X(3872)$ was observed in 2003 in the exclusive decay process $B^\\pm\\to K^\\pm\\pi^+\\pi^- J/\\psi$ [@Choi:2003ue]. ", "A mass was found to be very close to the $D^0D^{\\ast\\,0}$ threshold and width less than 2.3 MeV. The state was confirmed in B-decays by the BaBar experiment [@Aubert:2004fc] and in $p\\overline{p}$ production by the Tevatron experiments CDF [@Acosta:2003zx] and DØ[@Abazov:2004kp]. ", "From the angular analysis performed by several collaborations it was shown that the $X(3872)$ state has the quantum number $J^{PC}=1^{++}$. Then it was found that the branching ratios of the modes $X \\to \\pi^+\\pi^- J/\\psi$ and $X \\to \\pi^+\\pi^-\\pi^0 J/\\psi$ are almost the same that imply strong isospin violation. ", "There are several different interpretations of the $X(3872)$ in the literature: a molecule bound state ($D^0\\overline{D}^{\\ast\\,0}$), threshold cusps, hybrids and glueballs.", "\n\nWe employed the diquark-antidiquark interpretation suggested in Ref.", " [@Maiani:2004vq] and performed an independent analysis of the properties of the $X(3872)$ within our covariant confined quark model in the papers Refs.", " [@Dubnicka:2010kz; @Dubnicka:2011mm]. ", "The quark content was chosen as $[cq]_{S=0}\\,[\\bar c \\bar q]_{S=1} + [cq]_{S=1}\\,[\\bar c \\bar q]_{S=0}$, $(q=u,d)$ [@Maiani:2004vq] . ", "The physical states are suppossed to be a linear superposition of the $X_u$ and $X_d$ states according to $$X_l\\equiv X_{\\rm low} = X_u\\, \\cos\\theta + X_d\\, \\sin\\theta,\n\\qquad\nX_h\\equiv X_{\\rm high} = - X_u\\, \\sin\\theta + X_d\\, \\cos\\theta.$$ The mixing angle $\\theta$ is determined from fitting the ratio of branching ratios of the $X-$decays into $J/\\psi+2\\pi$ and $J/\\psi+3\\pi$.\n\nThe diagrams describing the strong decays $\\Gamma(X\\to J/\\psi+n\\,\\pi)$ (n=2,3) and $X\\to D^0\\bar D^0\\pi^0 $ are shown in Fig.", " \\[fig:X-strong\\]. ", "The diagrams describing the radiative decays $\\Gamma(X\\to J/\\psi+\\gamma)$ are shown in Fig.", " \\[fig:X-rad\\].", "\n\n ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n ![", "Diagrams describing the strong X-decays[]{data-label=\"fig:X-strong\"}](fig_XJV \"fig:\") ![", "Diagrams describing the strong X-decays[]{data-label=\"fig:X-strong\"}](fig_XDD \"fig:\")\n ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\n ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n ![", "Diagrams describing the radiative X-decays[]{data-label=\"fig:X-rad\"}](fig_XJgam_a \"fig:\") ![", "Diagrams describing the radiative X-decays[]{data-label=\"fig:X-rad\"}](fig_XJgam_b \"fig:\")\n \\[2ex\\] ![", "Diagrams describing the radiative X-decays[]{data-label=\"fig:X-rad\"}](fig_XJgam_c \"fig:\") ![", "Diagrams describing the radiative X-decays[]{data-label=\"fig:X-rad\"}](fig_XJgam_d \"fig:\")\n ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nThe only free parameter is the so-called size parameter $\\Lambda_X$ which appears in the vertex function $F_T(x;x_1,\\ldots,x_4)$. We plot the dependence of the calculated decay widths on this parameter in Fig.", " \\[fig:X-width\\] in quite large range of $\\Lambda_X\\in [2.5-4]$ GeV.\n\n -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n ![", "Dependence of the strong (left panel) and radiative (right panel) decay widths onthe size parameter[]{data-label=\"fig:X-width\"}](fig_width-X \"fig:\") ![", "Dependence of the strong (left panel) and radiative (right panel) decay widths onthe size parameter[]{data-label=\"fig:X-width\"}](fig_X_elem \"fig:\")\n -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nFinally, we compare the obtained results for the ratios of decay widths with the available experimental data. ", "One can see that there is reasonable agreement in the case of the strong decays and very good agreement in the case of the radiative decays. ", "$$\\frac{\\Gamma(X\\to D^0\\bar D^0 \\pi^0)}\n {\\Gamma(X\\to J/\\psi\\pi^+\\pi^-)} = \n\\left\\{\\begin{array}{lr} 4.5 \\mbox{ $\\pm$} 0.2 & \\mbox{theor} \\\\[1.5ex]\n 10.5 \\mbox{$\\pm$} 4.7 & \\mbox{expt}\n \\end{array} \\right\|,\n\\qquad\n\\frac{\\Gamma(X\\to J/\\psi + \\gamma)}\n {\\Gamma(X\\to J/\\psi+2\\pi)} =\n\\left\\{\\begin{array}{lr} 0.15 \\mbox{ $\\pm$} 0.03 & \\mbox{theor} \\\\[1.5ex]\n 0.14 \\mbox{$\\pm$} 0.05 & \\mbox{expt}\n \\end{array} \\right\|.$$\n\n \n=\n\nThe BESIII Collaboration [@Ablikim:2013mio] observed a structure in the $\\pi^\\pm J/\\psi$ mass spectrum of the process $ e^+e^-\\to \\pi^+ \\underbrace{\\pi^-J/\\psi}_{Z_c^-} $. ", "It was named as the $Z_c(3900)$ state with a mass near 3.9 GeV and a width around of 50 MeV. This state was confirmed by the Belle Collaboration [@Liu:2013dau]. ", "Recently, the D0 Collaboration presented evidence for the exotic charged $Z_c(3900)$ in semi-inclusive weak decays of $b$-flavored hadrons [@Abazov:2018cyu]. ", "This structure can be interpreted as a new charged charmonium-like state. ", "Mode with $D\\bar D^\\ast$ in the final state was studied by the BESIII Collaboration [@Ablikim:2013xfr]. ", "A distinct charged structure was observed in the $ (D\\bar D^\\ast)^\\mp $ invariant mass distribution of the process $ e^+e^-\\to \\pi^\\pm \\underbrace{(D\\bar D^\\ast)^\\mp}_{Z_c^\\mp} $. ", "The angular distribution of the $\\pi Z_c(3885)$ system favors a $J^P = 1^+$ quantum number assignment for the new structure. ", "The ratio of partial widths was determined as $$\\frac{\\Gamma(Z_c(3885)\\to D\\bar D^\\ast)}{\\Gamma(Z_c(3900)\\to\\pi J/\\psi)}\n=6.2\\pm 1.1 \\pm 2.7$$\n\nAssuming that the $Z_c$ the charged partner of the $X(3872)$ state one can write down a tetraquark-type current: $$J^\\mu = \\frac{i}{\\sqrt{2}}\\varepsilon_{abc}\\varepsilon_{dec}\n\\left[ (u^T_a C\\gamma_5 c_b)(\\bar d_d\\gamma^\\mu C \\bar c^T_e)\n - (u^T_a C\\gamma^\\mu c_b)(\\bar d_d\\gamma_5 C \\bar c^T_e)\\right]$$ In Ref.", " [@Goerke:2016hxf] we have used the nonlocal generalization of this tetraquark current to calculate a number of the $Z_c(399)$ two-body decay widths of the process $1^+(p,\\mu) \\to 1^-(q_1,\\nu)+ 0^-(q_2)$. It was found that, in our model, the leading Lorentz metric structure in the matrix elements describing the decays $Z_c^(3900)\\to\\bar DD^{\\ast}$ vanishes analytically. ", "This results in a significant suppression of these decay widths by the smallness of the relevant phase space factor ${\\bf\|q\|}^5$. Since the experimental data [@Ablikim:2013xfr] show that the $Z_c(3900)$ has a much more stronger coupling to $DD^\\ast$ than to $J/\\psi\\pi$, one has to conclude that the tetraquark-type current for the $Z_c(3900)$ is in discord with experiment.", "\n\nAs an alternative we have employed a molecular-type four-quark current to describe the decays of the $Z_c(3900)$ state: $$J^\\mu = \\frac{1}{\\sqrt{2}} \n\\left[ (\\bar d \\gamma_5 c) (\\bar c\\gamma^\\mu u)\n +(\\bar d \\gamma^\\mu c)(\\bar c\\gamma_5 u) \\right].$$ In this case we found that for a relatively large size parameter $\\Lambda_{Z_c} \\sim 3.3$ GeV one can obtain the partial widths of the decays $Z_c^+(3900)\\to\\bar DD^{\\ast}$ at the order $\\sim 15$ MeV for each mode. ", "At the same time the partial widths for decays $Z_c^+(3900)\\to J/\\psi\\pi^+\\,, \\eta_c\\rho^+$ are suppressed by a factor of $6-7$ in accordance with experimental data [@Ablikim:2013xfr]. ", "If the $\\Lambda_{Z_c}$ is varied in the limits $\\Lambda_{Z_c}=3.3 \\pm 1.1$ GeV then one has $$\\begin{aligned}\n \\Gamma(Z^+_c\\to J/\\psi+\\pi^+) &=& (1.8 \\pm 0.3)\\,\\text{MeV}\\,,\n \\hspace{0.7cm}\n \\Gamma(Z^+_c\\to \\bar D^0 + D^{\\ast\\, +}) = (10.0^{+1.7}_{-1.4})\\,\\text{MeV}\\,,\n\\nonumber\\\\[1.2ex]\n\\Gamma(Z^+_c\\to\\eta_c+\\rho^+) &=& (3.2^{+0.5}_{-0.4})\\,\\text{MeV}\\,,\n \\hspace{1.05cm}\n\\Gamma(Z^+_c\\to \\bar D^{\\ast\\, 0} + D^+) = (9.0^{+1.6}_{-1.3})\\,\\text{MeV}\\,.\\end{aligned}$$ Preliminary data from BESIII cited in [@Yuan:2018inv] were reported for the ratio $$R(Z) = \\frac{\\mathcal{B}(Z_c(3900)\\to\\rho\\eta_c)}\n {\\mathcal{B}(Z_c(3900)\\to\\pi J/\\psi)} = 2.1 \\pm 0.8.$$ They agree very well with our finding $R(Z) = 1.8 \\pm 0.4$.\n\n and \n=====\n\nA few years ago the Belle Collaboration [@Belle:2011aa] reported on the observation of two charged bottomoniumlike resonances in the mass spectra of $\\pi^{\\pm}\\Upsilon(nS)$ ($n=1,2,3$) and $\\pi^{\\pm}h_b(mP)$ ($m=1,2$) in the decays $\\Upsilon(5S)\\to\\Upsilon(nS)\\pi^+\\pi^-, h_b(mP)\\pi^+\\pi^-$. The measured masses and widths were given by $$\\begin{aligned}\n M_{Z_b} &=& (10607.2 \\pm 2.0 ) \\ \\text{MeV}\\,, \\qquad \n \\Gamma_{Z_b} = ( 18.4 \\pm 2.4 ) \\ \\mathrm{MeV}\\,,\n\\nonumber\\\\\nM_{Z'_b} &=& ( 10652.2 \\pm 1.5) \\ \\mathrm{MeV}\\,, \\qquad \n\\Gamma_{Z'_b} = ( 11.5 \\pm 2.2 ) \\ \\mathrm{MeV}\\,.", "\n\\label{eq:Belle-1} \\end{aligned}$$ and the quantum numbers are $I^G(J^P)=1^+(1^+)$. The existence of these two states was later confirmed by the same collaboration [@Garmash:2014dhx; @Garmash:2015rfd] in differing decay channels. ", "In the paper [@Garmash:2015rfd] the Belle Collaboration reported on the results of an analysis of the three-body processes $e^+e^-\\to B\\bar B\\pi^\\pm, B\\bar B^\\ast\\pi^\\pm$, and $ B^\\ast\\bar B^\\ast\\pi^\\pm$. It was found that the transitions $Z^\\pm_b(10610)\\to [B\\bar B^\\ast + c.c.]^\\pm$ and $Z^\\pm_b(10650)\\to [B^\\ast\\bar B^\\ast]^\\pm$ dominate among the corresponding final states.", "\n\nSince the masses of the $Z^+_b(10610)$ and $Z_b^\\prime(10650)$ are very close to the respective $B^\\ast\\bar B$ (10604 MeV) and $B^\\ast\\bar B^\\ast$ (10649 MeV) thresholds, it was suggested in Ref.", " [@Bondar:2011ev] that they have molecular-type binding structures. ", "$$J^\\mu_{Z_b^+} = \\frac{1}{\\sqrt{2}} \n\\left[ (\\bar d \\gamma_5 b) (\\bar b \\gamma^\\mu u)\n +(\\bar d \\gamma^\\mu b)(\\bar b \\gamma_5 u) \\right]\\,, \n\\qquad\nJ^{\\mu\\nu}_{Z_b^{\\prime +}} = \\varepsilon^{\\mu\\nu\\alpha\\beta} \n(\\bar d \\gamma_\\alpha b) (\\bar b \\gamma_\\beta u).$$ Such a choice guarantees that the $Z_b$-state can only decay to the $[\\bar B^\\ast B+c.c.]$ pair whereas the $Z'_b$-state can decay only to a $\\bar B^\\ast B^\\ast$ pair. ", "Decays into the $BB$-channels are forbidden. ", "Due to $G$-parity conservation $Z_b\\to \\Upsilon+\\rho$, $ Z_b\\to \\eta_b + \\pi$, $ Z_b\\to \\chi_{b1} + \\pi$, $ Z_b\\to h_b + \\rho$. The decay $Z_b\\to \\chi_{b1} + \\rho$ is not allowed kinematically.", "\n\nThere are therefore only the three allowed decays: $Z^+_b \\to \\Upsilon+\\pi^+$, $Z^+_b \\to h_b+\\pi^+$ and $Z^+_b \\to \\eta_b+\\rho^+$. The only two new parameters are the size parameters of the two exotic $Z_b(Z'_b)$ states. ", "As a guide to adjust them we take the experimental values of the largest branching fractions presented by Belle: $${\\cal B}(Z_b^+\\to [B^+ \\bar B^{\\ast\\,0} + \\bar B^0 B^{\\ast\\,+}]) \n= 85.6^{+1.5+1.5}_{-2.0-2.1}\\,\\%\\,,\n\\qquad \n {\\cal B}(Z_b^{\\prime +} \\to \\bar B^{\\ast\\,+} B^{\\ast\\,0})\n = 73.7^{+3.4+2.7}_{-4.4-3.5}\\,\\%\\,.$$\n\nBy using the central values of these branching rates and total decay widths we find the central values of our size parameters $\\Lambda_{Z_b} =3.45$ GeV and $\\Lambda_{Z'_b}=3.00$ GeV. Allowing them to vary in the interval $ \\Lambda_{Z_b} =3.45\\pm 0.05 $ GeV and $ \\Lambda_{Z'_b}=3.00\\pm 0.05 $ GeV we obtain the values of various decay widths.", "\n\n ----------------------------------- ------------------------------- -------------------------------------\n Channel \n $Z_b(10610)$ $Z'_b(10650)$\n $\\Upsilon(1S)\\pi^+$ $5.9\\pm 0.4$ $9.5^{+0.7}_{-0.6}$\n $h_b(1P)\\pi^+$ $(0.14\\pm 0.01)\\cdot 10^{-1}$ $0.74^{+0.05}_{-0.04}\\cdot 10^{-3}$\n $\\eta_b \\rho^+$ $4.4\\pm 0.3$ $7.5^{+0.6}_{-0.5}$\n $B^+\\bar{B}^{0}+\\bar{B}^0B^{+}$ $20.7^{+1.6}_{-1.5}$ $-$\n $B^{+}\\bar{B}^{0}$ $-$ $17.1^{+1.5}_{-1.4}$\n ----------------------------------- ------------------------------- -------------------------------------\n\n : $Z_b(10610)$ and $Z'_b(10610)$: numerical results[]{data-label=\"tab-1\"}\n\n Theory Belle Expt.", "\n --------------- ---------------------- -------------\n $Z_b(10610)$ $30.9^{+2.3}_{-2.1}$ $25 \\pm 7$\n $Z'_b(10650)$ $34.1^{+2.8}_{-2.5}$ $ 23 \\pm 8$\n\n : $Z_b(10610)$ and $Z'_b(10610)$: Total widths, MeV []{data-label=\"tab-2\"}\n\nAcknowledgments\n===============\n\nI am grateful to the organizers of International Workshop on QCD, theory and experiment (QCD$@$Work) for invitation and hospitality in Matera. 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[ "1. ", "Field of the Invention\nThe present invention relates to a bolt and a nut preventing seizure and biting in screwing the bolt into the nut.", "\n2. ", "Description of the Related Art\nA bolt provided with a guide portion at the tip portion of a bolt shank has been known. ", "Such a bolt is appropriately adjusted an orientation of the bolt with respect to the nut and is able to screw the bolt into the nut even in a case where the bolt is inserted into the nut with their axes not being aligned with each other.", "\nAs an example of the above-described bolt, a bolt disclosed in U.S. application Ser. ", "No. ", "6,120,227 has been known. ", "FIG. ", "9 illustrates the bolt. ", "In this conventional bolt, a constant diameter cylindrical part 4 with a diameter smaller than a bolt shank 2 is provided at the tip portion of the bolt shank 2 having a screw thread 1 formed thereon via a short tapered inclined part 3. ", "A complete screw thread 5 is formed on the constant diameter cylindrical part 4. ", "In the example illustrated in FIG. ", "9, an edge tapered part 6 is further provided at the other end of the constant diameter cylindrical part 4.", "\nIn general, it is difficult to form a complete screw thread on the tapered inclined part 3 between the bolt shank 2 and the constant diameter cylindrical part 4. ", "Therefore, an incomplete screw thread 9 having a height lower than that of the complete screw thread is likely to form on the inclined part.", "\nAs described in FIG. ", "9, an incomplete screw thread 10 is also formed in an opening of a female screw 7 of the nut. ", "The height of the incomplete screw thread 10 is lower than that of a screw thread 8 of the female screw 7 and the crest thereof is sharper than that of the screw thread 8.", "\nTherefore, when a bolt is inserted into a nut with their axes not being aligned with each other, the incomplete screw thread 9 of the bolt easily bites in the incomplete screw thread 10 of the nut as shown in FIG. ", "10, and then resulting in the occurrence of the seizure.", "\nAn object of the present invention is to provide a bolt and a nut capable of appropriately adjusting the orientation of the bolt and then fastening the bolt and the nut without fastening defects such as slipping and seizure and the like even when the bolt is obliquely inserted into the nut.", "\nThe bolt according to the present invention is a bolt comprising a head part; and a shank part extending from the head part,\nwherein the shank part comprises a first constant diameter cylindrical part having a first diameter which is constant along the axial direction and having a screw thread with a predetermined pitch formed on the side surface thereof; a transition part having a tapered shape with a diameter gradually decreasing with distance from the head part in the axial direction, concentrically extending from the tip portion of the first constant diameter cylindrical part, and having a screw thread with a predetermined pitch on the side surface thereof; a cylindrical connection part having a diameter smaller than the first diameter in the axial direction and concentrically extending from the tip portion of the transition part; and a second constant diameter cylindrical part having a second diameter which is constant and smaller than the first diameter in the axial direction, concentrically extending from the tip portion of the cylindrical connection part, and having a screw thread with a predetermined pitch on the side surface thereof, and a crest of the screw thread formed on the side surface of the transition part is truncated.", "\nSince the crest of the thread screw formed on the side surface of the transition part is truncated, the biting between the screw thread of the nut and the screw thread formed on the transition part can be prevented even when the bolt is inserted into the nut with their axes not being aligned with each other. ", "Accordingly, it is possible to appropriately adjust an orientation of the bolt with respect to the nut. ", "In addition, since the orientation of the bolt can be appropriately adjusted, it is possible to easily screw the bolt." ]	{ "pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds" }	[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.2, 0, 0, 0, 0.02857142857142857, 0, 0, 0, 0.045454545454545456, 0, 0, 0.004651162790697674, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]	0.010718	5	[ { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 568, "entity_type": "LOCATION", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 564 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 999, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 998 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 1431, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 1430 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 1912, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 1910 } ]
[ "Q:\n\nHangfire is not running all my scheduled jobs\n\nI'm using Hangfire 1.5.3 in a ASP.NET MVC project with many scheduled jobs, more than 1.7k. ", "A time ago I detected that some jobs are not running when they suppose to run. ", "If I run any of this scheduled jobs manually they work perfectly. ", "Also, I noticed that my list of succeed jobs is near 130 millions and I'm getting timeouts trying to access this list through the Hangfire dashboard and recently I'm getting timeouts trying to access the Hangfire dashboard. ", "Is there a safe way to clear my Hangfire's tables without removing my scheduled jobs? ", "or is there a better solution?", "\n\nA:\n\nI finally updated Hangfire to version 1.6.15, the first time that my scheduled jobs ran, one job did not run and I have to run it manually but after that every job has ran fine \n\n" ]	{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }	[ 0.013986013986013986, 0, 0, 0.008928571428571428, 0, 0, 0.005405405405405406 ]	0.004046	5	[ { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 677, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "DateRecognizer_140094861343904", "recognizer_name": "DateRecognizer" }, "score": 0.95, "start": 671 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 88, "entity_type": "URL", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "UrlRecognizer_140094861343568", "recognizer_name": "UrlRecognizer" }, "score": 0.5, "start": 81 } ]
[ "Q:\n\nMaking boxes at the head of a formal proposal.", "\n\nI'm working on making a proposal. ", "The proposal should have boxes as follows from the MS-Word template, but I'd like to use LaTeX for better output quality. ", "I can think of screen capturing from MS-Word and use \\includegraphics, but I believe I have a better choice. ", "\nHow can I make a sequence of text and boxes using LaTeX?", "\n\nA:\n\nHere's a possibility, fine tune the vertical spacing.", "\n\\documentclass{article}\n\n\\usepackage[scale]{tgheros}\n\n\\begin{document}\n\n\\begin{flushleft}\\sffamily\n\\begin{center}\n\\large\\bfseries NSF EPSCoR PROJECT DESCRIPTION\n\\end{center}\n\\medskip\n{\\bfseries\\hspace{\\fboxrule}\\hspace{\\fboxsep}Title}\\\\\n\\framebox[\\textwidth][l]{Hello World}\\\\\n{\\bfseries\\hspace{\\fboxrule}\\hspace{\\fboxsep}Lead Investigator}\\\\\n\\framebox[\\textwidth][l]{Investigator}\\\\\n{\\bfseries\\hspace{\\fboxrule}\\hspace{\\fboxsep}Institution}\\\\\n\\framebox[\\textwidth][l]{Institution XYZ}\n\\end{flushleft}\n\n\\end{document}\n\n" ]	{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }	[ 0, 0, 0.00819672131147541, 0.009174311926605505, 0.017543859649122806, 0, 0.007692307692307693 ]	0.006087	5	[ { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 251, "entity_type": "PERSON", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 244 } ]
[ "I’ve written a few posts about visits and events connected to Lincoln Castle over the past couple of years, including the wonderful, German-style Christmas Market held annually in the castle grounds. ", "But perhaps the most important events of recent years were in 2015, which focused on the 800 year anniversary of the signing of the Magna Carta by King John at Runneymede in 1215.", "\n\n19th century coloured wood engraving of king John signing the Magna Carta. ", "Public Domain\n\nThat Lincoln should become so involved with the Magna Carta anniversary is understandable, since one of only four of the remaining original documents from Runneymede is held at Lincoln Castle – on loan from Lincoln Cathedral. ", "Two are held at the British Library and one at Salisbury Cathedral.", "\n\nThe Magna Carta anniversary involved lots of events throughout the summer in Lincoln, including the Barons’ Trail and the amazing sand sculptures displayed in the castle bailey. ", "They all did wonders for tourism in the city and gave everything a very holiday feel.", "\n\nThis year, Lincoln is celebrating another anniversary, that of the Battle of Lincoln Fair (also known as the Second Battle of Lincoln) which took place in and around Lincoln Castle in 1217. ", "This event is also linked to the infamous King John, even though he’d died the previous year.", "\n\nThis event is being held over two separate weekends and we went along to the first part yesterday, Sunday May 21. ", "This one was held in the castle bailey and presented the preparations for battle. ", "The second part, the actual reenactment of the battle itself, will be next weekend from Saturday to Monday, May 27-29 (Bank Holiday weekend here in the UK).", "\n\nAs with the Barons’ Trail of 2015, this anniversary is made fun for the city and its many visitors by having a Knights’ Trail throughout the central areas of the city. ", "It’s a great activity for kiddies (and adults!) ", "to hunt all 37 of the knights out. ", "The knights are already in place, and we started photographing them yesterday. ", "I hope to do a post about them all soon. ", "The photo of Nicola de la Haye (or Nicholaa de la Haye, according to some sources) at the top of this post is one of them.", "\n\nI don’t intend to do a full post about Lincoln Castle itself here: that’s set for a future date. ", "But I’ll just say a little about it before I show photos of the event.", "\n\nLincoln Castle was built in 1068 on the orders of William the Conquerer. ", "It stand on the site of the Roman fortress and settlement of Lindum Colonia (which dates from around AD60) in ‘uphill Lincoln’. ", "This elevated position ensures the castle has commanding views of the surrounding countryside and can also be seen for miles – as can the nearby Cathedral. ", "It is probable that, prior to the Roman fort, a Celtic settlement once occupied the site, which I’ll discuss another time.", "\n\nThe castle at Lincoln was one of the finest Norman castles in the country. ", "It consists of an outer curtain wall (with an excellent Wall Walk along the top) along which are two gates – the East and West Gates, the former having a barbican, or fortified entrance. ", "Three towers stand along the walls, two of them built on top of mottes (mounds or small hills, often man-made for the purpose). ", "The two towers sitting on mottes are the Lucy Tower and the Observatory Tower, the one without a motte is Cobb Hall, at the north-east corner of the wall.", "\n\nInside the curtain wall is a large bailey (courtyard) in which there are three buildings of more recent origins. ", "The first part of the Old Prison dates from 1788 and was completed in 1848. ", "The Court House, which is still used today, dates from 1826, and the Heritage Skills Centre is a real baby, having only been officially opened in 2013. ", "It’s the only new building within the castle walls for 150 years. ", "It lies immediately behind the Law Courts:\n\nHere are a few more photos of the castle, most taken from the Wall Walk. ", "Some look down at the bailey, one or two at places beyond the castle, others along the wall itself:\n\nLincoln Cathedral from the Wall Walk\n\nBailey with Law Courts in the background\n\nLooking down on the East Gate\n\nBailey and Prison\n\nBailey with Old Prison and Observatory Tower in the background\n\nLaw Courts through the trees\n\nThe Back of the Old Prison with Observarory Tower and Cathedral in the background\n\nLooking back at Lucy Tower\n\nKnights’ horses waiting to take part in the demonstations\n\nThe motte beneath the Observatory Tower\n\nLaw Courts\n\nI’ll save the detail and views inside the different towers for another time.", "\n\nTents and stalls were set up in the bailey for this event. ", "Some of the attractions included ‘having a go’ at archery and instruction on the use and importance of the crossbow. ", "A number of stalls showed foods and weapons of the time and there were birds of prey trained for hunting on display. ", "We missed the actual presentation of the different birds of prey as we were up on top of the wall at the time. ", "Still, we heard the falconer announce that he couldn’t allow the birds to fly at present because of the peregrines nesting on the cathedral – who would see his birds as competition and we could end up witnessing an airborne battle!", "\n\nHere are a few photos of attractions and displays from around the Bailey, from ground level:\n\nAnd here are a few of two of the demonstrations we watched. ", "The fist was of knights (comically) preparing for battle.", "\n\nGarbing a knight in his gambeson – a padded, defensive jacket, often made of canvas stuffed with wool\n\nGarbing the knight in his chain mail armour.", "\n\nPractising fighting techniques\n\nHow to form a shield wall.", "\n\nAttack and defence in a shield wall\n\nThe second was of three mounted knights displaying their skills in attacking their opponents – one of the ‘opponents’ being a cabbage, which represented the head of a Norman knight. ", "😀 The smaller of the three horses was included to demonstrate the type of horse/pony used prior to Norman times. ", "It’s the type that was used by the Vikings and is the only breed to be found in Iceland today.", "\n\nFinally, here are a few photos of Nicola de la Haye (the constable of the castle) and an episode with a French envoy who had come to persuade her to surrender the castle to the French invaders who intended to put their own Prince Louis on the English throne. ", "In doing that, they would simply depose the son of King John – the nine-year-old Henry III. ", "The French were supported in this by the barons who had rebelled against King John. ", "Nicola adamantly refuses and, as the French have already landed in England, she prepares the castle garrison for forthcoming battle:\n\nAnd absolutely lastly, the Battle of Lincoln Fair was named from the festivities that followed in Lincoln after the French were defeated in the battle. ", "This drawing, by Matthew Paris in the 13th century, shows the death of the French commander as the French flee from the castle. ", "It also shows the importance of the crossbow.", "\n\nShare this:\n\nLike this:\n\nLikeLoading...\n\nAbout milliethom\n\nI am a reader and writer of historical fiction with a keen interest in the Earth's history and all it involves, both physically and socially. ", "I like nothing better than to be outdoors, especially in faraway places, and baking is something I do when my eyes need respite from my computer screen.", "\n\n22 Responses to The Battle of Lincoln Fair (1): Preparations\n\nWell I have decided that another castle has to be added to my ever growing list of places to visit one day. ", "I do enjoy the history you tell of the places you visit Millie and I was pleased to see that it wasn’t you or your likeness in the first photo.", "\nAlso I learned the word bailey. ", "I have a grandson called Bailey and I didn’t know his name referred to an area within a castle..you see that’s the trouble with living in a country that doesn’t have castles or for that matter a long history…so thanks for the education on so many levels..\n\nI’m glad that wasn’t me on that first photo, too, Michael! ", "The lady looks just a bit stiff. ", "Nicola de la Haye is quite famous around this area for the stand she made. ", "It was very unusual to have a woman in charge of a castle, and she proved her worth.", "\nI like the name Bailey, although I’ve never heard it as a forename before. ", "I like unusual names. ", "🙂 And I’m glad you’ve found a new meaning for the word.", "\nWe have so many castles here, Michael, and even I still have lots I want to visit. ", "I’ve also got lots of blog posts waiting to be written up from the last couple of years trips. ", "Lincoln and Newark are just my ‘locals’. ", "Lol We live only a few miles form each. ", "I’ll pop onto your blog tomorrow and read a story or two. ", "😀 Thanks for the kind words about my post. ", "Much appreciated.", "\n\nThanks Millie, I enjoy reading your discoveries….not sure if my granson knows his name is associated with a castle wall….I have been reading of the terrible attack in Manchester, one thing has stuck with me, the reports of the wonderful reaction of people from all walks of life to the attack, the response from what I read has been wonderful. ", "It makes you realise that inherent in mankind is the capacity for good, compassion and love.", "\n\nYes, we must never allow evil to destroy our faith in the goodness and love there is in the world. ", "Those who commit these atrocities are extremely few compared to the millions of beautiful and caring people. ", "Evil will never prevail.", "\n\nI realised when I reached the end that the explanation would have been better at the beginning. ", "By that time I was ready for bed and too tired to change it! ", "Lol It was a long post – thank you for reading! ", "😀\n\nThank you. ", "Jack. ", "My history/travel posts seem to be getting longer and longer, so I think I’ll have to curtail them somehow. ", "Perhaps I’m just adding too many photos. ", "My media file is almost at its limit again (and that’s after I’ve edited and resized like mad) so I really am going to have to ‘upgrade’ very soon.", "\n\nThanks Charlotte. ", "Lincoln is an interesting city and we’ve lived in this area since the 1990s (I’m a Southport girl, originally). ", "There are always events of some sort at the castle – which i suppose I could say for most castles – but Lincoln made a big thing out of the Magna Carta anniversary, and now with this battle. ", "It should be an interesting summer for visitors. ", "The Christmas Market is one of the best in the country, especially as it’s in and around the castle – very atmospheric at night. ", "🙂\n\nAh, it’s been far too long since I’ve enjoyed a wall walk around a castle. ", "Or a demonstration of Medieval arms, for that matter. ", "Thanks for the vicarious experience! ", "I liked the bit about crossbows, especially. ", "They gave great advantage in terms of not needing as much skill as the longbow, but boy, that reload time could literally be a killer!", "\n\nYou’re right, the crossbow took less ‘muscle power’ to operate than the longbow and was very effective against opponents wearing plate armour, but it took far too long to reload. 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[ "Season passes for AFC Mobile’s 2017 Gulf Coast Premier League season will go on sale Wednesday, April 12 at 10 a.m.\n\nSeason passes allow entrance to all 2017 home games, including any exhibition games. ", "Season passes can only be purchased online at www.afcmobile.net.", "\n\nSeason passes will be available for pick up at the ticket booth at the first game of the season (May 14th) or any game after..\n\nThe home schedule for AFC Mobile is as follows:\n\n5/14 – Gulf Coast Texans – 7:00 PM\n\n6/10 – Biloxi City FC – 7:00 PM\n\n6/24 – Louisiana Fire SC – 7:00 PM\n\n7/1 – Gaffa FC – 7:00 PM\n\n7/7 – CD Motagua of NOLA – 7:00 PM\n\nABOUT AFC Mobile\n\nAFC Mobile was formed in 2015 to strengthen the soccer community in Mobile by bringing a high level soccer team to the largest municipality along the Gulf Coast between St. Petersburg and New Orleans. ", "AFC Mobile aims to provide local players an opportunity to continue to play the game at a competitive level, as well as to give the soccer community and City of Mobile a team to call their own.", "\n\nCONTACT:\n\nMitchell Kahalley\n\nmkahalley@afcmobile.net\n\n(251) 272-9507\n\n-END-\n\nLike this: Like Loading..." ]	{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }	[ 0.009900990099009901, 0.015625, 0.005309734513274336, 0.010362694300518135, 0.02857142857142857 ]	0.013954	5	[ { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 1076, "entity_type": "EMAIL_ADDRESS", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "EmailRecognizer_140094861343664", "recognizer_name": "EmailRecognizer" }, "score": 1, "start": 1053 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 6, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 0 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 35, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", 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[ "About Me\n\nWelcome to my little corner of the world. ", "A place where I share thoughts on the third love of my life. ", "Books. ", "The places I've explored are most wondrous and spectacular. ", "I've traveled the world. ", "I've crossed the oceans, visited far away lands. ", "My journeys to exotic new worlds have been some of my most amazing and memorable travels. ", "Worlds where magic and dragons exist. ", "Let your mind wander, for the possibilities are endless within the pages of a book.himscute@yahoo.com(In case you might want to email me)" ]	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }	[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.0072992700729927005 ]	0.000811	5	[ { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 483, "entity_type": "EMAIL_ADDRESS", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "EmailRecognizer_140094861343664", "recognizer_name": "EmailRecognizer" }, "score": 1, "start": 460 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 483, "entity_type": "URL", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "UrlRecognizer_140094861343568", "recognizer_name": "UrlRecognizer" }, "score": 0.5, "start": 474 } ]
[ "A seat belt device is a device that is included in a vehicle such as a car and protects a passenger and generally includes a seat belt retractor. ", "The seat belt retractor is a wind-up machine that winds up and houses a seat belt when the seat belt device is not being used and applies a specified tensile force to the seat belt when the seat belt device is being used.", "\nFormerly, a type of a seat belt retractor which winds up a seat belt by the force of a spring has been used; however, since, in this type of a seat belt retractor, a tensile force applied to a seat belt depends on the pull-out length of the seat belt, it has been difficult to apply a suitable tensile force to the seat belt. ", "Thus, a seat belt retractor employing an electric motor has also recently been used. ", "Also, a seat belt retractor has been controlled by a computer included in a seat belt device to apply a specified tensile force to a seat belt. ", "Hereinafter, the computer that is included in the seat belt device and controls the seat belt retractor is referred to herein as a seat belt control device.", "\nThe seat belt control device is a kind of ECU (Electronic Control Unit) which is a computer that control car fittings and/or the like. ", "Since an ECU is operated by the power of an in-vehicle battery, an in-vehicle battery voltage may be decreased to make it impossible to start an engine when an ECU continues to be operated in a non-charged state. ", "Thus, there is the technology of shifting an ECU to a sleep mode when a vehicle is in a specified state. ", "The sleep mode refers to the state in which the power consumption of an ECU is lower than that in a normal operation mode and specifically encompasses a standby mode in which an oscillator which constitutes an ECU is stopped, a slow clock mode in which an operation is performed with a low frequency oscillator different from that in a normal operation, and an intermittent mode in which a computer is intermittently operated at specific time intervals. ", "Currently, a method of reducing power consumption by drastically stopping the functions of a computer and executing only a minimal function (such as a function relating to wake-up) is used. ", "In addition, once a specified wake-up signal is input into an ECU in a sleep mode state, the sleep mode of the ECU is canceled and returns to a normal operation mode.", "\nIn a motor drive device that drives the electric motor of a seat belt retractor, a function must be protected from an increase in the temperature of a transistor. ", "Thus, there is a technology that performs motor drive limitation in order to suppress an increase in the temperature of a transistor to a specific value or less.", "\nPatent Literature 1 discloses a motor control device for a seat belt retractor, which confirms, prior to driving a motor beforehand, that drive limitation is not performed during driving a motor, and drives the motor only when there are no problems. ", "The motor control device for a seat belt retractor of Patent Literature 1 compares a counter value varying depending on variation in the temperature of a switching element with a preset threshold value and performs drive limitation when the counter value is more than the preset threshold value.", "\nPatent Literature 2 discloses a seat belt control device which can precisely detect the overheated state of a drive circuit. ", "Patent Literature 2 discloses the technology of interrupting power supply from a power source to protect the drive circuit from being overheated when the overheated state of the drive circuit is detected. ", "Circuit protection means according to Patent Literature 2 is, for example, hardware such as a temperature-sensitive field effect transistor.", "\nPatent Literature 3 discloses an occupant restraint device wherein, when a motor is in an overheated state, a physical sensation alarm (first alarm) is stopped, the operation of an overheat protection function is avoided even at a penalty in the physical sensation alarm, and an occupant can surely be restrained at the time of important occupant restraint (second alarm), from the viewpoint of occupant protection. ", "The overheat protection function according to Patent Literature 3 is hardware such as a thermal protector. ", "The thermal protector is a device for preventing burnout which occurs when the coil temperature of a motor is more than a specified heatproof temperature." ]	{ "pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds" }	[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.006024096385542169, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.007142857142857143, 0, 0, 0 ]	0.000598	5	[ { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 461, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 453 } ]
[ "Q:\n\nHow to interpret 喜んでもらえて私も嬉しいです\n\nIn reply to my thank-you-message I received the following: \n\n喜んでもらえて私も嬉しいです。", "\n\nCan it be interpreted as \"I am glad that you enjoyed it\"?", "\n\nA:\n\nYes. ", "Exactly. ", "^_^ There are other subtle ways someone might choose to translate this, but your interpretation is spot on.", "\n\n" ]	{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }	[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]	0	5	[]
[ "Q:\n\nSimple PIPE program does reads strange characters\n\nI have created a straightforward program with processes that does one very basic thing: the child writes, the father reads.", "\nStrangely, the father only read strange characters and I do not know why (I've been trying for past hour to deduct why, but no success.", "\n#include <unistd.h>\n#include <stdio.h>\n#include <stdlib.h>\n\n// cp = Child -> Parent, pc = Parent -> child\nint cp[2], pc[2];\nint main (){\n char str[13]=\"Hello World\";\n char received[13];\n pid_t pid;\n pid = fork();\n if (pid == -1){\n printf(\"An error occured!\\n\");\n exit(1);\n }\n int res = pipe(cp);\n if (res == -1){\n printf(\"Error when creating pipe!..\\n\");\n exit(1);\n }\n //pipe(pc);\n if (pid==0){\n // Child process\n close(cp[0]);\n write(cp[1], str, 10);\n close(cp[1]);\n exit(0);\n }else{\n // Parent process\n close(cp[1]);\n read(cp[0], received, 10);\n close(cp[0]);\n printf(\"We received from child: %s\\n\", received);\n exit(1);\n }\n return 0;\n}\n\nExamples of outputs:\n1) We received from child: @\n2) We received from child: �XCV�\n\nA:\n\nYour main problem is that you create your pipe after that you fork your process.", "\nint cp[2];\nint res = pipe(cp); // create the pipe before\nif (res == -1) {\n perror(\"pipe()\");\n return 1;\n}\npid_t pid = fork(); // so child and parent share the same pipe\nif (pid == -1) {\n perror(\"fork()\");\n return 1;\n}\n\nA tutorial about pipe grant by codekaizer.", "\n\nread() is used to read bytes from a file descriptor. ", "It will not add a nul byte at the end of the buffer.", "\nYou must put it yourself:\nchar received[42];\nssize_t n = read(cp[0], received, sizeof received - 1);\nif (n == -1) {\n perror(\"read()\");\n return 1;\n}\nreceived[n] = '\\0';\nprintf(\"%s\\n\", received);\n\n" ]	{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }	[ 0, 0, 0.0020898641588296763, 0.0072992700729927005, 0, 0, 0.0049504950495049506 ]	0.002049	5	[ { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 283, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 274 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 579, "entity_type": "LOCATION", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 569 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 847, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 845 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 1023, "entity_type": "PERSON", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 1013 } ]
[ "\n\nYour Bank Balance is at Zero - karjaluoto\nhttp://www.ideasonideas.com/2010/11/your-bank-balance-is-at-zero/\n\n======\nklochner\nIt strikes me that choosing to rent over owning is the antithesis to the theme\nof \"Zen and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance\" (recommended book).", "\n\nThe driving metaphor comes from the contrast between (effectively) renting a\nBMW motorcycle (since they are hard to repair), and owning a simpler model\nthat can be maintained by oneself.", "\n\nThe stated benefit is greater autonomy and satisfaction derived through taking\nownership and solving one's own problems - a more classical approach to life.", "\nRather than taking a \"fix this for me\" attitude, you see the world as\nsomething that you have control over.", "\n\nPersonally, I've found it very satisfying every time I'm able to repair\nsomething in my car, which I've owned for 8 years.", "\n\n~~~\nsudont\nThe parts are sourced from a retailer. ", "You're just pushing the \"fix this for\nme\" up one level and ignoring the entire inextricable chains of production.", "\n\nThe sense of control is a false one. ", "Is there control in the availability of\nparts, or their manufacture?", "\n\n~~~\nklochner\nThat's a false dilemma - the choice isn't between full-service rentals and\nforging my own steel from ore I dig out of the ground.", "\n\nIncreasing one's autonomy has value, whether or not you ever reach full\nautonomy.", "\n\n~~~\nsudont\nOh, it does, definitely. ", "But it's more along the lines of being able to deal\nwith increasingly large daily emergencies. ", "Being able to forge steel would be\nan apocalypse-sized emergency.", "\n\nAs an ego-booster, I'm not so sure. ", "Since everything is so connected, why\ngloat? ", "As someone who has actually _built_ a car from scrap metal and a loose\nengine, I feel that there isn't much difference between putting a pre-made\npart in a car yourself, or having someone else do it. ", "Everything's a\ntinkertoy.", "\n\n------\nseanc\nPeople buy things for all kinds of reasons that aren't discussed in the\narticle.", "\n\nConvenience!", "\n\nFor me this is a prime motivator. ", "I have sufficient demands on my time that\nadded expense of owning a car is worth the 20 minutes it would take to access\nthe closest virtu-car, and the 90 minutes I save every day driving in stead of\nbusing.", "\n\nI have enough space in my house for cold storage and a freezer. ", "This means I\ncan buy food in bulk and don't have to go to store as often.", "\n\nSecurity!", "\n\nLandlords kick tenants out out now and then. ", "Rents can go up all of a sudden.", "\nMy family rented for a long time when I was a kid, and we got booted out of\nseveral houses when the landlord decided not to renew to lease for one reason\nor another; wanted to give the house to a relative, wanted a pile more rent,\net. ", "cet.", "\n\nAgency!", "\n\nFor some people home improvement and 'puttering around the house' is a big\nsource of pleasure and recreation. ", "Many people express themselves with the\nwork of their hands, and owning tools and infrastructure to build things and\nso forth is important too them.", "\n\nFinally, NRP's planet money has a great blog about the issue of buying vs.\nrenting housing: [http://www.npr.org/blogs/money/2010/11/05/131105373/the-\nfrid...](http://www.npr.org/blogs/money/2010/11/05/131105373/the-friday-\npodcast-finally-an-apology#more)\n\ntl;dr: this is about way more than money. ", "It's about personal value choices\n\n~~~\nsatishf\nA great blog post from Tim Ellis on buying vs renting:\n[http://www.getrichslowly.org/blog/2007/07/16/renting-vs-\nbuyi...](http://www.getrichslowly.org/blog/2007/07/16/renting-vs-buying-the-\nrealities-of-home-buying/)\n\n~~~\nlotharbot\nIt should be noted that Tim wrote this near the peak of the housing bubble in\nSeattle (Kenmore neighborhood). ", "The house he identified for $425k in that\npiece would now sell for about $300k, which puts monthly costs at about 25%\nmore expensive than renting instead of 78% more expensive.", "\n\nIn a completely average, non-bubble housing market, buying (counting\ninsurance, taxes and breaks, maintenance, etc.) ", "is about 20% more expensive\nthan renting in the short term, but after 5-10 years of inflation and rent\nincreases, renting becomes more expensive. ", "There's a definite tradeoff between\nshort-term savings with no equity but high flexibility vs. long-term savings\nwith equity and permanence. ", "That tradeoff was slanted heavily in favor of\nrenting in Kenmore, WA in 2007, but as Tim's conclusion notes, it is not\nalways so; whatever your situation, \"run the numbers ... and do what works for\nyou.\"", "\n\n------\ncube\nA few months back I realized one main aspect of travel, I tremendously enjoy:\nthe lack of stuff. ", "Traveling around with just one suitcase of clothes and my\nlaptop opened my eyes: Of all the stuff I own, everything I really needed for\nmy every day life was right there with me. ", "And it is so easily replaceable...\n\nI never was a big gatherer, but since then I really cut down on buying things.", "\nIn addition to that I'm getting rid of my things, some are easier to lose some\nare harder to give away or sell, but in the end it feels great. ", "I actually\nfind it liberating to stand in a store and _not_ buy the fancy item which\nwould inevitably be degraded to be clutter on the shelf in a few weeks. ", "The\nmoney I spend goes into the few things I really use all the time, like my\niPhone. ", "I also eat better. ", "All in all I'd say it made me a happier person.", "\n\n~~~\nmrtron\nI moved to Asia for 5 months and found the same thing.", "\n\nI brought a big suitcase full of items, but probably only used a backpack\nfull. ", "I purchased local clothes (for cheap) that were better suited to the\nclimate and everything else was easily replaceable.", "\n\nI also agree investing heavily into a few key items is important. ", "My Macbook\nwas irreplaceable. ", "I wish I spent more on a better camera, it was a good one\nbut I used it enough to justify getting a great one.", "\n\nNow that I am back I realize I have a lot of stuff that is completely\nunnecessary. ", "It is surprisingly difficult to get rid of, but I am donating it\nin chunks.", "\n\n------\ntheBobMcCormick\nIt's rather interesting and jarring to me to see how many of the reply's in\nthis thread are so aggressively defensive of the very idea that owning more\nstuff might not always be better than _not_ owning more stuff.", "\n\nI've been watching a marathon of back episodes of \"Hoarders\"\n(<http://www.aetv.com/hoarders/index.jsp>) on NetFlix streaming, and it's\nsomewhat startling to me how much some of the replies here sound like the\ndefensive responses of some of the hoarders in the show.", "\n\n~~~\npyre\nI think that these threads always end up being more about ideology than hard\nfacts. ", "There are a lot of people that enjoy not being 'tied down' and being\n'free and easy,' which things like 'having kids' or 'owning a house' tend to\nprevent. ", "It then becomes more of a decision to pursue a particular lifestyle\nthan anything else.", "\n\nThat said, the reaction of the people on Hoarders tend to be defensive\nreactions due to not wanting to deal with the issue at hand (i.e. extreme\nprocrastination). ", "Which is probably why most of them pick up their hoarding\nhabits after the loss of a close loved one (usually a parent). ", "They don't want\nto deal with the loss, so they are constantly pushing it away, and not dealing\nwith it.", "\n\n{edit} This tends to bleeding into everything else in their lives. ", "They live\nfor the momentary thrill of acquiring things, while not bothering with 'the\nboring stuff' like cleaning their house, or sorting their acquired items, or\neven deciding which items are/aren't worthless.", "\n\n------\njtbigwoo\n_Somebody_ has to own the stuff you're renting. ", "If I'm a renter I'm just\npassing along the responsibility to someone else. ", "If the vast majority of us\nare renters rather than owners, who has incentive to do any maintenance or\nimprovement? ", "The landlord and her employees will do the minimum cosmetic fixes\nto keep rents increasing. ", "The residents have no reason to keep the place nice\n--they can just move on. ", "This article is not an indictment of our disposable\nculture. ", "It's an amplification of that culture to encompass our whole lives.", "\n\nLook, I think we fill our lives with too much stuff, but refusing to take an\nownership stake in housing, transportation, etc. ", "will lead to worse outcomes,\nnot better.", "\n\n~~~\ncjy\n\"If the vast majority of us are renters rather than owners, who has incentive\nto do any maintenance or improvement?\"", "\n\nThis doesn't make sense. ", "The remaining owners will still compete for renters.", "\nIf my landlord does a bad job, I will find a better landlord. ", "In fact, you can\nargue that concentrating ownership makes maintenance more efficient. ", "My\nlandlord has much more experience at plumbing, painting, installing appliances\netc. ", "than I ever would.", "\n\n~~~\nfr0sty\nRenting introduces a Principal-Agent problem[1] because the owner's incentives\nare not entirely in line with yours. ", "Maximum profit is realized by doing the\nminimum amount of repairs necessary to keep people from moving out. ", "Switching\napartments is not free (in time, money or effort) so the bar a landlord has to\nclear is only 'not bad enough to leave'. ", "I doubt homeowners would choose the\nsame standard.", "\n\n[1] <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principal-agent_problem>\n\n~~~\npotatolicious\nYour logic is sound, but my observation in reality does not match.", "\n\nThere are slumlords - but that's usually caused by a compression in supply\n(e.g., when I was in college, any place near school had notorious landlords).", "\nWhen supply is open though, everything works out.", "\n\nYou have your uber-cheap rentals where nothing will ever get fixed, and then\nyou have your more premium rentals where they'll turnaround a stove in 24\nhours or less. ", "Like all markets, a low-end and high-end are established and\nwork just peachy.", "\n\nOf course, this is not geographically true everywhere - especially when you\nintroduce artificial supply and demand factors (rent control, anyone?).", "\n\n------\njleyank\nHaving lost money on 3 of the 4 houses we've owned, I can confidently state\nthat if you can't see staying in the same house when switching jobs you're\nbetter off renting. ", "Houses might be \"investments you can live in\", but they\nare a long-term investment. ", "The US favors home ownership, but that is not the\ncase, say, in Canada. ", "Do the math, and see which investment provides the\nbetter return for your time window. ", "But invest it somewhere...\n\n------\nsosuke\nWhat about building a greater than zero balance for your loved ones or\nchildren? ", "If you never save and always rent you will never be able to pass\nanything along to the next generation creating another set of folks that have\nto start from zero.", "\n\nWhen I hear these arguments I always figure they already have a great enough\nbalance to counteract these issues or have no loved ones to pass along equity\ntoo.", "\n\n~~~\ncake\nI'm not sure he's saying you shouldn't save. ", "You could leave a good amount of\ncapital to your kids too without owning a house.", "\n\n~~~\nmsquared\nHmm. ", "While this is definitely true, I think you stand to leave more to your\nchildren if you own, opposed to renting. ", "If your rent is comparable to\nmortgage (assumption, I know) you will wind up paying less after the mortgage\nis over. ", "If you die at 80, and start paying rent at 20, that's 60 years of\nrent, compared to, say, a 30-year mortgage. ", "That's 30 more years of rent.", "\n\nI know, I know, someone is going to say \"well, what about upkeep and\nmaintenance and killing rats and xyz?\" ", "The way I'm seeing this (which, by the\nby, is originating completely from a 3-beer-deep opinionated loudmouth) is\nthat it's negligible compared to the fact that you are investing your money in\nsomething that is of material value.", "\n\n------\nerikstarck\nI think this news item from yesterday is related:\n\n[http://www.calculatedriskblog.com/2010/11/ny-fed-\ncontinued-d...](http://www.calculatedriskblog.com/2010/11/ny-fed-continued-\ndecline-in-consumer.html) \"Since its peak in the third quarter of 2008, nearly\n$1 trillion has been shaved from outstanding consumer debts.\" \"", "So are\nconsumers becoming more frugal? ", "Yes. ", "Holding aside defaults, they are indeed\nreducing their debts at a pace not seen over the last ten years.\"", "\n\nLooks like we're moving from a loan-and-own economy to an age of access, where\nyou only pay for access to stuff (aka \"rent\").", "\n\nI can only go as far as to my self.", "\n\nI don't buy CDs anymore, I pay for access to Spotify.", "\n\nI don't buy books anymore, I pay for access to an ebook on my Kindle (although\nit's a one time fee).", "\n\nI don't buy DVDs, I pay to get access to an online stream.", "\n\nAnd so forth.", "\n\n------\nrbranson\nI feel as though with all things, there is a balance. ", "I know people who are\naddicted to \"stuff\" and always keep acquiring huge piles of things. ", "There is\nan optimistic point of minimalism though. ", "Ownership is a commitment that can\npay dividends or it can put you in shackles, a bit like human relationships.", "\nSo, consider every purchase in this light and you might find the optimal point\nof \"stuff.\"", "\n\n~~~\nkarjaluoto\nPrecisely. ", "I'm not against owning things; I just question whether we need to\nown everything.", "\n\n------\nniels\nI recently sold my huge apartment + furnitures, don't have a car anymore. ", "I\nreally felt owning these things were limiting my freedom and having a huge\ncost both economically as well as mentally. ", "I'm really excited about embarking\non a more minimalistic lifestyle, where I think twice about the cost of\nownership. ", "I now have more money and more freedom. ", "Great article.", "\n\n~~~\neru\nI have moved to Britain recently and did not take much stuff. ", "Most of what I\ndo have is replaceable.", "\n\nSometimes I feel more uprooted than liberated by the lack of stuff.", "\n\n~~~\ntomedme\nI have recently offloaded a whole bunch of stuff, streamlining my possessions\nbefore going travelling - and it is weird at first. ", "My feelings are definitely\na mix of uprooted and liberated, in equal measures.", "\n\n------\nulysses\nIn SunDog, you'd start out without much cash, but you also started with a\nspaceship. ", "Now, in order to keep the spaceship you had to fulfill a contract.", "\nTo fulfill that contract, you had to make money to keep the ship going, and\nyou had to explore a bunch of planets. ", "The spaceship was reasonably roomy,\ncould land on planets, and had a large all-terrain vehicle for exploring the\nsurface and bringing back cargo.", "\n\nI could see not needing an apartment, if I had an FTL spaceship like that.", "\n\n~~~\nteamonkey\nThe same was true in Elite. ", "In Elite II you inherited (tax free) from a\nrecently-deceased relative 100 credits plus an Eagle starship.", "\n\nDespite the game's apparent freedom, it only gives you one option - to take\nthe ship and go. ", "You can't, for example, sell the expensive space ship, re-\ninvest it into the fish processing plant you work in and use the proceeds to\nlive like a king on the poverty-stricken planet.", "\n\n------\nnoonespecial\nLink is broken, here:\n\n[http://www.ideasonideas.com/2010/11/your-bank-balance-is-\nat-...](http://www.ideasonideas.com/2010/11/your-bank-balance-is-at-zero/)\n\n------\njoshrule\nWhile I've spent years reading this message in various places (most recently\nat <http://mnmlist.com> and <http://farbeyondthestars.com>), I'm always\nrefreshed by it.", "\n\nPerhaps it's not the author's main point, but living lightly means we have\nmore time to invest in the things and experiences that interest us, and that\nis a good thing.", "\n\n------\nmlok\nThere is an interesting video from Khan Academy related to this: \"The math of\nrenting vs. buying a home. ", "Challenging the notion that it is always better to\nbuy.\" [", "http://www.khanacademy.org/video/renting-vs--buying-a-\nhome?p...](http://www.khanacademy.org/video/renting-vs--buying-a-\nhome?playlist=Finance)\n\n~~~\ntheBobMcCormick\nThat's interesting to see it actually analyzed by someone with Mr. Khan's math\nskills. ", "Not to mention the spreadsheet liked to from the 3rd video in the\nrenting-vs-buying looks like it be a useful tool for running the comparison in\nyour own local market/circumstances.", "\n\n------\nbrc\nI'd just like to post that I agree with the comment from 'Russ' in the\narticle.", "\n\nThis article is a one-sided exploration of the buy-vs-rent debate. ", "It doesn't\nexplore all of the emotional connotations of owning something durable, and\noverweights certain experiences from the point of view of the author, when\nthis cannot possible apply to a population of people.", "\n\nFinally, as Russ comments - it's wrong to sneer at the purchase of a handbag\nor BMW - the person might be spending their money on a combination of quality\nproduct and brand, but once you start getting into the argument of purchasing\nx is right, and purchasing y is wrong- you're arguing simply from a relative\npoint of view. ", "As long as the transaction was not done under duress, where is\nthe problem? ", "My neighbour spends all his money on sailing. ", "I find it a waste\nof money, but he clearly gets enjoyment from it. ", "Who is right? ", "Is it remotely\npossible for me to suggest that buying a sailboat is wrong? ", "Wrong to who? ", "As\ncompared to what? ", "Free choices are just that.", "\n\nOwning a house in a falling market may seem like a foolish position, and for\nmany, perhaps it is. ", "But that goes to assume that the person owning a house\ndoes it for purely financial reasons, which, again, is wrong. ", "Another\nneighbour of mine is an old lady in her 80's who owns her house and lives by\nherself. ", "By any object measure she'd be better off selling the house and both\ninvesting and spending the considerable cash that would generate. ", "But she\nenjoys her garden and the memories of a house that once contained her husband\nand family over the span of 40 years. ", "Is she wrong to hold this position?", "\nFinancially perhaps, but perhaps the currency aspect means very little to her\nin comparison with pleasure of her little piece of land with a house on it.", "\nShe could sell her house, rent a nice retirement apartment and afford a\naround-the-world cruise. ", "A rental-is-best mindset would recommend this view.", "\nHow can I tell her she is wrong and someone else is right?", "\n\n------\nS_A_P\nI generally like the idea that we should take some time to assess what is\nimportant in life. ", "I dont, however think there is a one size fits all answer\nto what we should own and what we should rent, or how we should spend our\nmoney. ", "I have read posts similar to this before, and they can seem to smack of\nsome sense of condescension. ", "I sense a bit at the end with the Louis\nVutton/BMW comments.", "\n\nLike I said, it is great to encourage others to evaluate what is a need vs a\nwant, but I dont necessarily think something should be considered a cage just\nbecause it is purchased or unnecessary for life.", "\n\n------\naelaguiz\nThis article mirrors an implicit assumption that I see in a lot of these anti-\nmaterialist articles - that being that accumulation is the desired result of\nthe undesired (and presumably unfulfilling), all dreaded, \"work.\" ", "For some of\nus accumulation of material possessions is a welcome side effect of a highly\nfulfilling passion which is \"work.\" ", "When I say work I say it with a prideful\npassion in my voice, not with disdain at the damned capitalists for forcing me\ninto this materialist trap. ", "I love my work first, but the car is nice too.", "\nPerhaps the author just needs to find some purpose.", "\n\n~~~\nkarjaluoto\nI'm quite convinced I have found some purpose. ", "For that matter, I quite like\nmy work.", "\n\nWhat concerns me is the idea that so many feel they need to own something, in\norder to enjoy it.", "\n\n~~~\naelaguiz\nI think that class of people is attempting to fill a void in their life with\npossessions, but that doesn't imply that all or even most ownership is\nunhealthy/bad. ", "If you are buying things to find fulfillment you might as well\neat the money, but if you are fulfilled and buying things (responsibly) - I\napplaud you.", "\n\n------\nicefox\nI know that there is just _way_ too much profit in the monthly payments, but a\ncar company that somehow forced you to pay in cash woudl quickly create a\nstatus symbol for itself.", "\n\n------\nkarjaluoto\nI'd really encourage anyone interested in this discussion to read this\ncomment: <http://bit.ly/adXv1l>\n\nI believe it gets a little closer to the heart of what I was working to convey\n--particularly as the discussion seemed to later spiral into a primarily\nfinancial one.", "\n\n------\nhenryw\nmy favorite part of the article:\n\nFew of us want to die, as evidenced by such statements as, “if I die…” (like\nthere’s some possibility of an alternative). ", "I hate to break it to you, but\nthe only real variables are how and when. ", "Other than that, we’re probably best\nto accept that you and I are both just toast. ", "I find a kind of liberty in this\nknowledge. ", "In fact, it suggests that most of the things I fret over are\nlargely inconsequential, and that I shouldn’t squander these moments.", "\n\n" ]	{ "pile_set_name": "HackerNews" }	[ 0.003676470588235294, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.04, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.009966777408637873, 0.012853470437017995, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.0049261083743842365, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.03333333333333333, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.00749063670411985, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.00684931506849315, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.00909090909090909, 0, 0.0058823529411764705, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.00980392156862745, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.006944444444444444, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.009433962264150943, 0, 0, 0.0110803324099723, 0, 0.01680672268907563, 0, 0.01984126984126984, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.0030581039755351682, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 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[ "That is a question all of us have, I guess its because when they were planning the routes other countries were chosen for familiarity. ", "Anyways, its a matter of time they visit there maybe even this season.", "\n\nI'm curious what the typical experience is for live sightings/spoiling for the seasons. ", "Though I've watched the show every season since the beginning, S18 was my first time viewing this forum, and so my first experience with live information was the excellent work done in the Australia legs for the first episodes.", "\n\nI'm wondering if that level of detail was the exception rather than the rule, and the current status of information (or lack thereof) about progress with S19 is more typical.", "\n\nNo criticism intended of the many people doing great work to track what's going on, just wondering if I got spoiled by having last season be my first experience tuning in here!", "\n\nI'm curious what the typical experience is for live sightings/spoiling for the seasons. ", "Though I've watched the show every season since the beginning, S18 was my first time viewing this forum, and so my first experience with live information was the excellent work done in the Australia legs for the first episodes.", "\n\nI'm wondering if that level of detail was the exception rather than the rule, and the current status of information (or lack thereof) about progress with S19 is more typical.", "\n\nNo criticism intended of the many people doing great work to track what's going on, just wondering if I got spoiled by having last season be my first experience tuning in here!", "\n\nYes. ", "It is very rare to get such detailed information for an entire leg, usually we only have little scraps to work with and try to piece together.", "\n\nlovetherace, as far as I know, leg 1 of TAR 18 was the most completely spoiled leg ever. ", "We (and I do not mean me personally) even knew about the flight being diverted to Hawaii as it occurred. ", "In sum some people did some excellent work for last season's filming in both Australia and in China, and I still applaud them to this day.", "\n\nI'm curious what the typical experience is for live sightings/spoiling for the seasons. ", "Though I've watched the show every season since the beginning, S18 was my first time viewing this forum, and so my first experience with live information was the excellent work done in the Australia legs for the first episodes.", "\n\nI'm wondering if that level of detail was the exception rather than the rule, and the current status of information (or lack thereof) about progress with S19 is more typical.", "\n\nNo criticism intended of the many people doing great work to track what's going on, just wondering if I got spoiled by having last season be my first experience tuning in here!", "\n\nYes. ", "It is very rare to get such detailed information for an entire leg, usually we only have little scraps to work with and try to piece together.", "\n\nEven in Season 18, once the teams left China (or maybe it was India), we had few reports about where the teams had gone. ", "Reports were sketchy and subject to misleading interpretation. ", "Kisha and Jen were seen in Switzerland, but didn't seem to be racing. ", "There was some speculation that the teams had gone to Spain since the Cowboys were seen in the Madrid airport. ", "A lot of the destinations didn't get settled until the season preview clips started coming out.", "\n\nI haven't been here that many seasons, but I've never seen as much spoiler information as for the Australian legs. ", "The Chinese legs after that were near the top of the list as well. ", "This season is more typical of the last 5 or 6 seasons and might even be a little better than average.", "\n\nIs there a reason why foreign versions haven't come over to the western hemisphere? (", "Obviously not counting Latin America TAR and TAR Brazil.)", "\n\nPeople don't be mad at me but I think reason they haven't visited in USA and Canada is because they're not as interesting as Asian or African countries. ", "And USA is hard to get in too! ", "Latin America is maybe considered too dangerous But some TAR-like shows have visited in western hemisphere like French Pekin Express and Finnish Reitti 44.", "\n\nThat's been somewhat of a debate over time. ", "I am not sure that anyone knows the actual rule if there is one.", "\n\nWhat I do know is that no one has ever done more than 7 and that they are always allowed to do at least six. ", "In TAR13 when there were only 9 roadblocks Andrew did 6 and Dan did 3. ", "This seems to rule out a 50/50 rule. ", "There have been many occasions where one member did 7 so 6 is not the absolute rule. ", "Although it did seem that in TAR18 they attempted to force each to do 6. ", "A +/- 1 rule would fit all of these cases as well, so maybe that is the main guideline.", "\n\nThat's been somewhat of a debate over time. ", "I am not sure that anyone knows the actual rule if there is one.", "\n\nWhat I do know is that no one has ever done more than 7 and that they are always allowed to do at least six. ", "In TAR13 when there were only 9 roadblocks Andrew did 6 and Dan did 3. ", "This seems to rule out a 50/50 rule. ", "There have been many occasions where one member did 7 so 6 is not the absolute rule. ", "Although it did seem that in TAR18 they attempted to force each to do 6. ", "A +/- 1 rule would fit all of these cases as well, so maybe that is the main guideline.", "\n\n(This is all from TAR7 on)\n\nThe answer is 50/50 at this point. ", "It can change season to season just as certain rules are adjusted each year to make things more competitive. ", "It has basically been 50/50 for sometime since Nate (I believe) did them all for his team seasons back. ", "Sometimes during the course of the Race production will let u know how RB's are to be handled. ", "For example, most recently a rule change has occured whereby teams who are on a self-drive task are not allowed to just hire a taxi to follow. ", "Now teams can essentially follow each other but they cannot simply get in a car and not have to navigate to some extent.", "\n\nThe answer is 50/50 at this point. ", "It can change season to season just as certain rules are adjusted each year to make things more competitive. ", "It has basically been 50/50 for sometime since Nate (I believe) did them all for his team seasons back. ", "Sometimes during the course of the Race production will let u know how RB's are to be handled.", "\n\nThen what happened in TAR13? ", "And they changed the rules after TAR5 where all the females only did one.", "\n\nWith the caveat that FF's, and the double RB's in some finales may play a role, as does the Express Pass.", "\n\nLion is right about the new rules! ", "We saw the non taxi following and non-ferns in 17/18...although there is some hope that Ferns may not be totally dead.", "\n\nIn the last season, we saw clues saying So and SO MUST do the RoadBlock...so there is clearly a rule in place. ", "But a 7/6 split seems the most likely to allow for odd numbers.", "\n\nI\n\nLogged\n\n\"Our fans are pretty good. ", "They don't give away too much. ", "Sometimes people love dropping spoilers, but our fans are good. ", "They tend to do it in such a way that doesn't ruin it for fans who don't want to know.", "\"--Phil Keoghan\n\nThe Bowling Mom rules basically hasn't changed, but there have been slight variations to account for the actual number of RBs, or for special leg formats in some seasons.", "\n\nOne way to see this is to track how teams decide, and what they are shown saying on camera (and the viewer knowing what that team's RB balance is at that moment. 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[ "The arch– of archipelago is the same as in words likearchangel and archbishop: derived from the Greek word archos, it essentially means “ruler”, “chief”, or “first and foremost”. ", "It’s also the same arch– we have in words like patriarch (in the sense of a “ruling” father, or an earliest ancestor), anarachy(literally “without a leader”), and even archaeology (which is the study, quite literally, of our “first” artefacts).", "\n\nThe –pelago part,meanwhile, comes from the Greek word for the sea, pelagos, which is similarly the origin of a whole bunch of fairly esoteric geographical terms like bathypelagic. ", "Put these two halves together, and you end up with a word that literally means something like “chief sea”.", "\n\nThe Aegean was (for obvious geographical reasons) the “chief” sea of the Ancient Greeks, so (for obvious etymological reasons) the word archipelago simply began life as another name for it. ", "This was also the meaning that the word had when it first appeared in English back in 1503—but how did we get from there to the meaning we have today?", "\n\nIf you know your European geography, you’ll know that the Aegean Sea is absolutely full of islands. ", "Well, not exactly full, because then there’d be no water. ", "But there are, nevertheless, quite a few of them:\n\nIn fact, from the Adelfoi group in the west to the tiny rocky outcrop of Zourafa, there are almost 2,500 islands in the Aegean Sea that together form one-eighth of Greece’s entire land area and are home to one-seventh of the Greek population. ", "So, yes—that’s a lot of islands. ", "And explorers in the sixteenth century knew it.", "\n\nThanks to the Aegean’s notably island-studded appearance on maps and navigational charts, when ever more daring journeys of exploration began to be made in the 1500s and 1600s, its name, archipelago, began to be used as a byword for any newly-discovered patch of water that likewise appeared full of islands.", "\n\nThese broken landes and ilandes, being very many in number, do seeme to make there an Archipelagus, which as they all differ in greatnesse, forme, and fashion, one from another, so are they in goodnesse, couloure, and soyle [soil] muche unlike.", "\n\nBy the 1600s, however, this meaning had altered so that archipelago no longer referred to an island-strewn stretch of water, but to the islands themselves—as in this English translation of the Portuguese explorer Fernão Mendes Pinto’s journey to southeast Asia:\n\nFor then he might have means, with less charge, to shut up the Straights of Cincapura [Singapore] … and so stop our Ships from passing to the Seas of China … and the Molucques; whereby he might have the profit of all the Drugs which came from that great Archipelague.", "\n\nPinto’s account was translated into English in 1633, and the meaning of archipelago his remained unchanged ever since." ]	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }	[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.006802721088435374, 0, 0, 0, 0.0040650406504065045, 0.011278195488721804, 0 ]	0.001476	5	[ { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 62, "entity_type": "PERSON", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 49 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 101, "entity_type": "NRP", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 96 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 472, "entity_type": "NRP", "recognition_metadata": { 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[ "Entertain yourself: casino games that play into your hands\n\nWe’ve all got our favourite sports, TV shows, films, music and other forms of entertainment. ", "When it comes to getting our kicks, we normally either turn on the TV, get out a book, head out to a gig or go to the big match. ", "It makes sense. ", "What a lot of people don’t tend to realise, though, is that there are a number of online casino games out there that offer both the excitement of your favourite forms of entertainment and all the fun of the slots in one place!", "\n\nSo, what sort of slots games are we talking about? ", "Let’s take a look at some of the most popular, shall we?", "\n\n1/ Football\n\nIt probably comes as no surprise that the most popular sport on the planet can be found on online casino tables across the internet. ", "But, just in case you weren’t aware, now you are! ", "In fact, there are so many different variations on this particular theme that, if you weren’t careful, you could end up getting engrossed and end up missing the results. ", "It is probably best to play these in pre-season in that case!", "\n\n2/ Horse Racing\n\nEveryone loves a flutter on the gee-gees and, thanks to the triumph of tech, there’s no need to don your thickest jacket and deepest pockets to experience a taste of the track! ", "Most online casinos offer small minimum bets and today’s simulators are so advanced that it can sometimes feel like you’re watching the real thing. ", "If you’re into your horse racing then you’ll definitely be into these games.", "\n\n3/ Aliens\n\nPeople have always been transfixed by the thought of alien life being out there. ", "From Close Encounters of the Third Kind to The X-Files and everything in between it is why this genre of films and TV programmes have been so successful. ", "It is also why they continue to dominate the small and large screens. ", "When it comes to the casino screens, these games are just as enticing, with all the action-packed adventure and suspense you could possibly want. ", "Expect lots of flying saucers, eerie sounds, lights and plenty of special effects. ", "Who would be disappointed by that?", "\n\n4/ Bingo\n\nIf you’re into your bingo, nothing quite beats being able to shout ‘full house’ before anyone else. ", "The problem is, the bingo halls aren’t always open. ", "However, online casinos are, meaning you can watch out for one little duck, ride the Brighton Line and even bang on the drum in the comfort of your own home whenever you feel like it. ", "Hey, you can even shout ‘full house’ if you want (just keep the noise down if you’ve got neighbours!).", "\n\n5/ Ancient History\n\nAnother firm favourite that has stuck around for as long as most of us can remember. ", "The Romans, Ancient Greeks, Mayans and, of course, the Ancient Egyptians – everyone has their favourite historical civilisation. ", "We watch TV shows and films that cover their story (truthfully or not), films that do the same thing, and even learn about them at school. ", "It is one of only a few classes some of us enjoyed! ", "There are so many casino games out there that are centred around these subjects that you’ll almost definitely have seen a few out there already. ", "And when you do find one that you love, it’s pretty difficult to tear yourself away!" ]	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }	[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.007751937984496124, 0.007194244604316547, 0, 0, 0 ]	0.000515	5	[ { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 1046, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 1036 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 1309, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 1304 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 2624, "entity_type": "NRP", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 2618 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 2640, "entity_type": "NRP", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 2626 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 2648, "entity_type": "NRP", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 2642 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 2686, "entity_type": "NRP", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 2665 } ]
[ "\n270 S.W.2d 666 (1954)\nAlma MILLER, Respondent,\nv.\nT. A. BERRY and Arve Berry, Appellants.", "\nNo. ", "7227.", "\nSpringfield Court of Appeals. ", "Missouri.", "\nAugust 7, 1954.", "\nRehearing Denied September 7, 1954.", "\n667 Lawrence E. Scruggs, Malden, Mo., Bradley & Noble, Kennett, Mo., for defendants-appellants.", "\nRiddle & Baker, Malden, Mo., for plaintiff-respondent.", "\nSTONE, Judge.", "\nThis is an action by plaintiff to enjoin obstruction of a private road across defendants' land. ", "Defendants appeal from a decree granting the requested injunctive relief.", "\nPlaintiff owns a tract of 40 acres (NE¼ SE¼ of Section 13, Township 22N, Range 9E in Dunklin County, Missouri), which plaintiff and her husband, Marshall Miller, who died in 1946, acquired in 1932 as tenants by the entirety. ", "Defendants own a tract of 40 acres (SE ¼ SE¼ of Section 13, Township 22N, Range 9E), onto which they moved as tenants during February, 1941, and which they acquired by purchase during October, 1948. ", "Plaintiff's tract (hereinafter called the Miller tract) adjoins defendants' tract (hereinafter called the Berry tract) on the north. ", "The roadway in dispute (hereinafter referred to as the claimed roadway) runs in a general northerly and southerly direction between the house in the southwest part of the Miller tract and the south side of the Berry tract. ", "There are two gates across the claimed roadway, one where it passes through a fence on the north boundary line of the Berry tract, and one where it passes through another fence near the south boundary line of the Berry tract and connects with a road running in a general easterly direction to Malden, Missouri.", "\nPlaintiff asserts a prescriptive right (denied by defendants) to use the claimed roadway, predicated on the contention, as stated in her petition, \"that the plaintiff and those under whom she claims have been in actual, adverse, continuous, hostile, open and notorious use of said roadway under claim of right for a period of more than 10 years\" prior to obstruction of the roadway by defendants on December 9, 1951. ", "The determinative issue upon this appeal is as to whether plaintiff's use of the claimed roadway has been permissive or adverse, and thus whether plaintiff has used the road under license revocable at the will of defendants or adversely so that her use has ripened into a perscriptive right.", "\nSince plaintiff seeks only to enjoin obstruction of the claimed roadway, this court has appellate jurisdiction. ", "Burnett v. Sladek, Mo.App., ", "251 S.W.2d 397, 398; Smith v. Santarelli, 355 Mo. 1047, 199 S.W.2d 411; Chapman v. Schearf, 360 Mo. 551, 229 S.W.2d 552. ", "It is our duty upon appeal to try the case de novo; and, although we accord due deference to the findings of the trial chancellor [Marshall v. Callahan, Mo.App., ", "229 S.W.2d 730, 732(1)], we must accept the responsibility of weighing the evidence and reaching our own conclusions, [Ash Grove Lime & Portland Cement Co. v. White, 361 Mo. 1111, 238 S.W.2d 368, 370(1); Oliver L. Taetz, Inc. v. Groff, 363 Mo. 825, 253 S.W.2d 824, 828(1); Faire v. Burke, 363 Mo. 562, 252 S.W.2d 289, 290(1); Cross v. Gimlin, Mo.Sup., ", "256 S.W.2d 812, 813(3)].", "\nAlthough defendants insisted that the claimed roadway was not open and was not used, at least for vehicular traffic, when they moved onto the Berry tract in February, 1941, plaintiff adduced substantial evidence tending to establish that the road had been used by all who desired to do so from about 1937, when materials for construction of the house on the Miller tract were hauled over this road, until December 9, 1951, when defendants closed one of the \"gaps\" by driving a post in the middle of the road. ", "And, the fair import of defendants' testimony is that the claimed roadway had been used continuously and without objection from the Spring of 1941 to December, 1951, so the record justifies the conclusion that there had been open, visible, continuous and uninterrupted use of the claimed roadway for the prescriptive period of ten years.", "\nThere can be no doubt but that an easement may be created or acquired by 668 prescription, when all of the requirements of that doctrine[1] are met and satisfied. [", "Restatement of Law of Property, Vol. ", "V, Section 457, p. 2923; Jacobs v. Brewster, 354 Mo. 729, 190 S.W.2d 894, 896(2); Smith v. Santarelli, Mo.App., ", "207 S.W.2d 543, 545(1)]; but, long-continued use alone will not create a prescriptive right [Pitzman v. Boyce, 111 Mo. 387, 392-393, 19 S.W. 1104, 1105; George v. Crosno, Mo.App., ", "254 S.W.2d 30, 34(6); Gerstner v. Payne, 160 Mo.App. ", "289, 142 S.W. 794, 795]. ", "For, the use which will create an easement by prescription is substantially the same in quality and characteristics as the adverse possession which will give title to real estate [Roberts v. Quisenberry, 362 Mo. 404, 242 S.W.2d 26, 29; Sanford v. Kern, 223 Mo. 616, 122 S.W. 1051, 1056(7)], and thus must be not only open, visible, continuous and uninterrupted for the required period but also adverse and under claim of right [Kelsey v. City of Shrewsbury, 335 Mo. 79, 71 S.W.2d 730, 731(1); Horton v. Gentry, 357 Mo. 694, 210 S.W.2d 72, 75(2); Hilgert v. Werner, 346 Mo. 1171, 145 S.W.2d 359, 361; George v. Crosno, supra, 254 S.W.2d loc. ", "cit. ", "34-35(6); Riebold v. Smith, Mo.App., ", "150 S.W.2d 599, 602(3)]. \"", "Mere use of a passage over another's land for a long time with his knowledge is not necessarily an adverse use\" [Anthony v. Kennard Bldg. ", "Co., 188 Mo. 704, 87 S.W. 921, 925]; and, \"(i)f permissive in its inception, then such permissive character, being stamped on the use at the outset, will continue of the same nature, and no adverse user can arise until a distinct and positive assertion of a right hostile to the owner, and brought home to him, can transform a subordinate and friendly holding into one of an opposite nature\" [Pitzman v. Boyce, 111 Mo. loc. ", "cit. ", "392, 19 S.W. loc. ", "cit. ", "1105]. \"* * * (", "M)erely permissive use of land cannot ripen into an easement.\" ", "Seested v. Applegate, Mo.App., ", "26 S.W.2d 796, 799(9).[2]\nConceding in her brief \"that the various elements of * * * user must be shown by clear and convincing proof,\" plaintiff leans heavily upon the principle, as stated in Fassold v. Schamburg, 350 Mo. 464, 166 S.W.2d 571, 572(2), that: \"`* * * the burden is upon the claimant to show the adverse character of the use; but in the absence of some showing that the use was permissive in its origin it is well settled that when one claims an easement by prescription and shows an open, continuous, visible, and uninterrupted use for the period of the 10-year statute of limitation, the burden is cast upon the landowner to show that the use was permissive, rather than adverse, if he claims it to have been so.'\" (", "Emphasis ours.) ", "Although stated occasionally without specific reference to the emphasized qualification[3], examination of the Missouri cases in which the quoted doctrine has been considered reveals that the principle, as stated, frequently has been qualified by some such phrase as \"in the absence of some showing that the use was permissive\"[4] and usually has been applied where there has been a complete failure of proof that the user was permissive.[5]\n669 The instant case is not one in which there is an \"absence of some showing\" or a failure of proof that the user was permissive. ", "Frank Raab, one of the three Raab heirs who owned the Berry tract from the death of their father in October, 1928, to the date of conveyance of that tract to defendants in October, 1948, and who during that period had charge of the tract for the heirs, testified for defendants. ", "Raab stated that \"a year or two before he (Miller) died\" in 1946\"I think * * a little before\" 1945plaintiff's husband, Marshall Miller, \"came to me and told me there had been some heavy hauling over the road (obviously referring, as shown by Raab's subsequent testimony, to another north-and-south road parallel with, and just east of, the east boundary line of the Berry tract), and that it was so bad that he couldn't get in and out with his own car and he wanted (to know) if it would be alright with me to go through the field and * * * I told him to go ahead but he would have to close the gates, and I told him it was to be understood that there was to be no road there.\" ", "Witness Raab did not fix more definitely the date of this conversation with plaintiff's husband; and, since Raab was positive that the claimed roadway had not been used by the Millers prior to that conversation, it might have been at an earlier date for, as we have indicated, other evidence tended to establish use of the claimed roadway since about 1937. ", "Mrs. Arve Berry, one of the defendants, testified that \"Mrs. Miller said that Frank (Raab) give him (Mr. Miller) a right to go through that field,\" again that \"she (plaintiff) said Mr. Raab gave them the right,\" and further that \"it was several times along years back that Frank (Raab) gave her (plaintiff) permission to go through the place, but I don't know just what year it was.\"", "\nPlaintiff's counsel objected, \"because of the dead man's statute\" (Section 491.010 RSMo 1949, V.A.M.S.), to any testimony by witness Raab concerning his conversation with plaintiff's husband; and, although this question has not been briefed or argued on appeal and we are not asked to rule and do not rule it, there is grave doubt as to the competency of this testimony.[6] And, in view of the further fact that the testimony of defendants and their witnesses was, in certain respects, conflicting and unsatisfactory, we would not be persuaded by their testimony alone and would not rest our conclusion on that basis. ", "However, defendants' evidence to the effect that the use of the claimed roadway by plaintiff and her husband had been permissive was confirmed by plaintiff's evidence. ", "When first asked whether \"you just had permission of the man on the Berry land to go through there,\" plaintiff replied that \"he never said anything to me about doing that.\" ", "But, when subsequently asked, \"Well, he gave you permission to go through there?\", ", "plaintiff answered, \"No, sirhe gave my husband the permission\"; and, in response to the next question, \"Mr. Rapp (Raab) gave your husband permission to go through this farm?\", ", "plaintiff said, \"My husband had the permission.\" ", "Plaintiff's counsel objected to the last quoted question \"as hearsay\"; and, after conceding in their brief upon appeal that \"it is true that she (plaintiff) did testify that Raab gave her husband `the permission,'\" counsel succinctly dispose of this very significant testimony by adding \"that testimony was objected to as hearsay and should be disregarded by this court as it was by the trial judge.\"", "\nHowever, we cannot brush aside this testimony so easily and treat of it so 670 lightly. ", "In the first place, the record does not demonstrate that plaintiff's statement that \"my husband had the permission\" was hearsay evidence, i. e., that plaintiff thereby was relating what her husband had told her rather than testifying from personal knowledge, which obviously she might have had. ", "See definitions of \"hearsay evidence\" in Black's Law Dictionary (4th Ed.), ", "p. 852; 1 Bouvier's Law Dict., ", "Rawle's Third Revision, pp. ", "1429-1430; Cottonseed Delinting Corp. v. Roberts Brothers, Mo.Sup., ", "218 S.W.2d 592, 594(5). ", "Plaintiff's counsel have suggested no reason why, and no basis on which, we could or should conclude that the wholly unexplained but nevertheless unequivocal assertion by plaintiff, apparently as a fact of which she had personal knowledge, that \"my husband had the permission,\" should be rejected as hearsay.", "\nBut, assuming without so finding that plaintiff's quoted statements simply reflected what her husband had told her, this testimony still would not be incompetent. ", "For, statements of a deceased declarant against or in disparagement of his pecuniary or proprietary interest are clearly admissible.[7] It has been held specifically that declarations by a landowner bearing upon whether his use of a way over an adjacent tract has been permissive or adverse are competent [Auxier v. Horn, Mo.Sup., ", "213 S.W. 100, 103(2); Daw v. Lally, 213 Mass. 578, 100 N.E. 1024], and that statements by one joint tenant may be considered against the other joint tenant also [First Baptist Church & Society of Norwich, N. Y. v. Letson, 144 Misc. ", "286, 258 N.Y.S. 493, 497(4)]. ", "We cannot follow the suggestion of her counsel that plaintiff's testimony that \"my husband had the permission\" be disregarded.", "\nAlthough permissive use of the claimed roadway by one person would not foreclose another from acquiring a prescriptive easement by adverse use [28 C.J.S., Easements, § 14d. (", "1), pp. ", "655-656], it may be noted, as perhaps in further confirmation of defendants' evidence that use of the claimed roadway was permissive in origin and character, that Mrs. Ann Jeffers, plaintiff's sister who with her husband lived on the Berry tract from 1936 to 1941, stated that \"Mr. Robb (Raab) gave me and my husband the right to go through there\" over the claimed roadway, and that, when asked whether \"the only right you had was the permission you received from Mr. Robb (Raab),\" Mrs. Jeffers answered, \"Yes, sir.\"", "\nCareful consideration of all of the competent evidence bearing upon use of the claimed roadway by plaintiff and her husband impels, we believe, the conclusion that such use was permissive in origin and character; that plaintiff did no more than make \"a case of good neighborly conduct to pass over (defendants') land, amounting to a mere license revokable at pleasure\" [Anson v. Tietze, 354 Mo. 552, 190 S.W.2d 193, 199; Anthony v. Kennard Bldg. ", "Co., supra, 87 S.W. loc. ", "cit. ", "926, Auxier v. Horn, supra, 213 S.W. loc. ", "cit. ", "103-104]; and that, prior to obstruction of the claimed roadway, there had been no \"distinct and positive assertion of a right hostile to the owner, and brought home to him, (to) transform a subordinate and friendly holding into one of an opposite nature\" (Pitzman v. Boyce, 111 Mo. loc. ", "cit. ", "392, 19 S.W. loc. ", "cit. ", "1105).", "\nIn reaching this conclusion, we also have in mind that, although each case must be determined on its own facts, the tendency is to restrict the right of one to acquire a prescriptive easement over the land of another (28 C.J.S., Easements, § 18, pp. ", "663-664; Zinser v. Lucks, 361 Mo. 671, 235 S.W.2d 844, 848); that there is authority 671 for the proposition that, in case of doubt or uncertainty as to the character of the use, it will be presumed to have been permissive [39 C.J.S., Highways, § 23, p. 942; Anson v. Tietze, supra, 190 S.W.2d loc. ", "cit. ", "199(13)]; and, that doubts arising as to intention of the parties must be resolved in favor of the free and untrammeled use of the land [Marshall v. Callahan, supra, 229 S.W.2d loc. ", "cit. ", "734(4); Gardner v. Maffitt, 335 Mo. 959, 74 S.W.2d 604, 607(5), 95 A.L.R. 452].", "\nSince plaintiff's case was submitted solely on the theory that she had an easement by prescription and not on the theory that the claimed roadway was a way of necessity, the evidence offered by both parties upon the question as to whether or not there is a north-and-south road running parallel with, and just east of, the east boundary line of the Berry tract, which might afford ingress to and egress from the Miller tract, is not germane to the issue upon appeal. ", "Necessity is not the basis for establishing a prescriptive easement (Roberts v. Quisenberry, supra, 242 S.W.2d loc. ", "cit. ", "28); and, \"mere convenience or a shorter route is not sufficient to create or convey a right or easement, or impose burdens on land other than those granted * * *.\" [", "Marshall v. Callahan, supra, 229 S.W.2d loc. ", "cit. ", "734(6)]. ", "See also George v. Crosno, supra, 254 S.W.2d loc. ", "cit. ", "34(4).", "\nHaving concluded that the use of the claimed roadway by plaintiff and her husband was permissive rather than adverse and that, therefore, such use did not ripen into a prescriptive easement, it follows that the permanent injunction should not have been granted and that the cause must be reversed and remanded with directions to dismiss plaintiff's bill for want of equity.", "\nMcDOWELL, P. J., and BLAIR, J., concurs.", "\nNOTES\n[1] \"The four essential facts for the plaintiffs to prove in order to sustain their claim to an easement by prescription are, first, user for the prescribed period; second, that the user was adverse; third, that it was under a claim of right; fourth, notice to the owner of the user, and of its character and of the claims of right.\" ", "Roberts v. Quisenberry, 362 Mo. 404, 242 S.W.2d 26, 28(2); Novinger v. Shoop, Mo.Sup., ", "201 S.W. 64, 67; Anthony v. Kenard Bldg. ", "Co., 188 Mo. 704, 87 S.W. 921, 924.", "\n[2] To the same effect, see Anson v. Tietze, 354 Mo. 552, 190 S.W.2d 193, 199; Auxier v. Horn, Mo.Sup., ", "213 S.W. 100; Freed v. Greathouse, 238 Mo.App. ", "470, 181 S.W.2d 41, 43(5); 28 C.J.S., Easements, § 14d. (", "1), p. 655; 17 Am.", "Jur., ", "Easements, Sec. ", "67, pp. ", "978-979.", "\n[3] Meryl Realty & Investment Co. v. Schnmacher, Mo.Sup., ", "264 S.W. 368, 369(1); Meyer v. Everett, Mo.App., ", "235 S.W.2d 130, 136(2).", "\n[4] Fassold v. Schamburg, 350 Mo. 464, 166 S.W.2d 571, 572(2); Faulkner v. Hook, 300 Mo. 135, 254 S.W. 48, 50; Gerstner v. Payne, 160 Mo.App. ", "289, 142 S.W. 794, 795(1).", "\n[5] Fassold v. Schamburg, supra, 166 S.W.2d loc. ", "cit. ", "572; Novinger v. Shoop, supra, 201 S.W. loc. ", "cit. ", "67; Smith v. Santarelli, Mo.App., ", "207 S.W.2d 543, 545(2); Wallach v. Stetina, Mo.App., ", "28 S.W.2d 389, 391. ", "Cf. ", "Plaza v. Flak, 7 N.J. 215, 81 A.2d 137, 140, 27 A.L.R.2d 324, 330(7), where it was said that \"(t)he burden of proof remains upon the plaintiff to establish the prescription by the preponderance of the evidence.\"", "\n[6] See and compare Bussen v. Del Commune, 239 Mo.App. ", "859, 199 S.W.2d 13, 19-20(4, 5, 8, 9); Eaton v. Curtis, 319 Mo. 660, 4 S.W.2d 819, 823(6); Stone v. Wandling, 307 Mo. 160, 270 S.W. 315, 317(4); Edmonds v. Scharff, 279 Mo. 78, 213 S.W. 823, 825(2, 3).", "\n[7] Stoff v. Schuetze, 293 Mo. 635, 240 S.W. 139, 144(2); Coshow v. Otey, Mo.Sup., ", "222 S.W. 804, 805-807(1); Boynton v. Miller, 144 Mo. 681, 46 S.W. 754, 755(2); Meier v. Meier, 105 Mo. 411, 430-431, 16 S.W. 223, 228; Anderson v. McPike, 86 Mo. 293, 299(4); Cape County Sav. ", "Bank v. Wilson, 225 Mo.App. ", "14, 34 S.W.2d 981, 985(7); Wigmore on Evidence (3rd Ed.), ", "Vol. ", "5, Sections 1458 and 1459(1), pp. ", "263-265; Id., Vol. ", "6, Section 1778, pp. ", "205-211; 31 C.J.S., Evidence, § 219c., ", "pp. ", "963-964; 20 Am.", "Jur., ", "Evidence, Section 581, pp. ", "488-490.", "\n" ]	{ "pile_set_name": "FreeLaw" }	[ 0.05555555555555555, 0, 0, 0.03225806451612903, 0, 0, 0, 0.020618556701030927, 0.01818181818181818, 0, 0, 0, 0.004424778761061947, 0, 0.022556390977443608, 0.008968609865470852, 0.0064516129032258064, 0, 0, 0, 0.03571428571428571, 0.01652892561983471, 0.012345679012345678, 0.017045454545454544, 0, 0.00392156862745098, 0, 0, 0, 0.03571428571428571, 0.005555555555555556, 0.05660377358490566, 0, 0.0093603744149766, 0, 0.02702702702702703, 0, 0.014492753623188406, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.001366120218579235, 0, 0, 0.010752688172043012, 0.007331378299120235, 0.0056022408963585435, 0.015665796344647518, 0.0016155088852988692, 0.005952380952380952, 0, 0, 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[ "#!", "/bin/bash\n# \\\nexec vsim -64 -do \"$0\"\n\nset TB tb\nset VSIM_FLAGS \"-gTEST=\\\"MEM_DPI\\\"\"\nset MEMLOAD \"PRELOAD\"\n\nsource ./tcl_files/config/vsim.tcl\n" ]	{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }	[ 0, 0.018518518518518517 ]	0.009259	5	[ { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 163, "entity_type": "URL", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "UrlRecognizer_140094861343568", "recognizer_name": "UrlRecognizer" }, "score": 0.5, "start": 156 } ]
[ "Brawlhalla Patch 3.0 – Cannon Update!", "\n\nHello and welcome to Brawlhalla Patch 3.0! ", "In this momentous update we’re adding Cannon, new Legend Sidra, and getting over our excitement over launching Brawlhalla on Steam and PS4! ", "It’s a big week for Brawlhalla players everywhere, and we’re excited for this next chapter.", "\n\nBrawlhalla has launched!", "\n\nBrawlhalla has officially launched on Steam and PS4! ", "Now that we’ve launched, we’re going to continue building up the game based on player feedback just like we always have. ", "Expect more updates, more Legends, more weapons, more features, and more content as we continue to make Brawlhalla bigger and better. ", "Thank you for playing!", "\n\nNew Legend and Weapon!", "\n\nCannon and our new Legend Sidra launch today! ", "Cannon is a heavy hitting weapon with big blows, and powerful blasts. ", "We’re excited to see what the community does with Cannon, (post those combos!) ", "and we hope everyone will have fun with this new addition to the weapon arsenal of Brawlhalla.", "\n\nCannon has arrived and is now part of the Brawlhalla armory.", "\n\nSidra the Corsair Queen is now available to play!", "\n\nWeapons: Cannon & Sword\n\nStats: 6/4/6/6 (Strength, Dexterity, Defense, Speed)\n\nMallhalla\n\nSidra launches with three new skins available in Mallhalla.", "\n\nPirate Queen Sidra – “Undisputed sovereign of the seas.”", "\n\nAtlantean Sidra – “ The true treasure of the depths.”", "\n\nKraken Sidra – “Often the last sight unfortunate sailors see before being dragged to the depths.”", "\n\nBrawl of the Week – 3v3 Brawlball!", "\n\n3v3 Brawlball.", "\n\nQueue solo or with friends!", "\n\nFirst to three scores win.", "\n\nUser Interface\n\nMaking right or up directional inputs on the main menu while over the rightmost tile with now step into the top-right corner menu.", "\n\nAdded new UI sounds.", "\n\nArt and Animation\n\nMinor animation tweak to certain frames on Spear’s Neutral Air, Dash, and Landing animation to improve layering for certain costumes.", "\n\nGamePad Support\n\nAdded support for USB Gamepad for Windows.", "\n\nNew Legend Rotation\n\nThis week’s new Legend Rotation features Asuri, Bodvar, Cross, Diana, Mirage, and Ragnir.", "\n\nBug Fixes\n\nFixed bug where the charge star at the beginning of a lot of heavy attacks would not appear.", "\n\nFixed axe rendering bugs on Arcanium Ulgrim.", "\n\nFixed an issue where characters with tails have the tails face the wrong way during the “Be A Hero” taunt.", "\n\nFixed typo in the offline tutorial rewards warning.", "\n\nFixed loin cloth layering issues with Roland the Victorious skin.", "\n\nFixed a bug in team matchmaking lobbies with a local guest where it would let you pick any color that you owned for both characters, and locking in would then result in the server correcting you to use team colors if the chosen skins were identical or too similar in silhouette shape. ", "It will now correctly force you into using team colors before locking in in this situation.", "\n\nFixed a rare bug in Friendly 2v2 matchmaking and any team-based Brawls of the Week where the opposing team could appear as a different color in the Match Preview than they would during the game.", "\n\nFixed a rare bug in Friendly 2v2 matchmaking and any team-based Brawls of the Week where the opposing team could get set to Team Blue during a color conflict even if your team was Blue, Cyan, Green, Community Colors, or Skyforged. ", "The opposing team will now be set to Team Red in those situations.", "\n\nFixed a rare visual bug on powers like Yumiko Down Hammer that could display dissipation special effects at the wrong position when interrupted.", "\n\nPS4 – Fixed a bug in Ember’s bow side signature where the wolf would disappear.", "\n\nPS4 – Fixed a missing gold coins display in the tutorial complete screen.", "\n\nPS4 – Fixed some blurriness on some graphics.", "\n\nPS4 Update Timing Note\n\nBrawlhalla 3.0 will release on PS4 shortly after it releases on PC. ", "As we continue to patch on both PC and PS4 we are aiming to bring patch times closer and closer together. ", "Thanks for your patience, and for playing!" ]	{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }	[ 0.02702702702702703, 0.022222222222222223, 0.014285714285714285, 0.01098901098901099, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.014285714285714285, 0.012658227848101266, 0, 0, 0.0196078431372549, 0.013245033112582781, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.034482758620689655, 0, 0, 0.045454545454545456, 0.006493506493506494, 0.01639344262295082, 0.026785714285714284, 0, 0.021739130434782608, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.00510204081632653, 0.012875536480686695, 0.015151515151515152, 0.00684931506849315, 0.012345679012345678, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]	0.007348	5	[ { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 236, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 226 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 723, "entity_type": "LOCATION", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 711 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 736, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 731 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 1048, "entity_type": "LOCATION", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 1043 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 1188, "entity_type": "LOCATION", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 1183 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 1241, "entity_type": "PERSON", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 1232 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 1261, "entity_type": "LOCATION", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 1256 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 1469, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 1461 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 1970, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 1959 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 2005, "entity_type": "LOCATION", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 2000 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 2401, "entity_type": "PERSON", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 2395 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 3350, "entity_type": "PERSON", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 3332 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 3500, "entity_type": "PERSON", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 3496 } ]
[ "Abdurahman Abubakar\n\nAbdurahman Abubakar (born 3 August 1990) is a Qatari professional footballer who currently plays as a defender for Umm Salal in the Qatar Stars League.", "\n\nHonours\n\nClub \nEl Jaish SC\nWinner\n Qatar Crown Prince Cup: 2014\n Qatari Stars Cup: 2012–13\n\nRunner-up\n Qatar Stars League: 2011–12, 2013–14\n\nExternal links \n \n\nCategory:1990 births\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:Qatari footballers\nCategory:El Jaish SC players\nCategory:Qatar SC players\nCategory:Al Kharaitiyat SC players\nCategory:Umm Salal SC players\nCategory:Qatar international footballers\nCategory:Association football defenders\nCategory:2015 AFC Asian Cup players\nCategory:Naturalised citizens of Qatar\nCategory:Qatari people of Saudi Arabian descent\nCategory:Qatar Stars League players\nCategory:Qatari Second Division players" ]	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }	[ 0.029069767441860465, 0.007898894154818325 ]	0.018484	5	[ { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 40, "entity_type": "PERSON", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 0 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 60, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 47 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 73, "entity_type": "NRP", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 67 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 145, "entity_type": "PERSON", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 136 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 236, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 232 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 263, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 256 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 312, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 305 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 392, "entity_type": "NRP", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 386 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 483, "entity_type": "PERSON", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 469 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 539, "entity_type": "LOCATION", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 534 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 680, "entity_type": "LOCATION", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 675 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 696, "entity_type": "NRP", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 690 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 720, "entity_type": "NRP", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 707 } ]
[ "E-Gift Card\n\nWinter Cardinals by Whistler Studios for Windham Fabrics\n\nFabric > Browse by Company Name > Windham Fabrics > Winter Cardinals by Whistler Studios for Windham Fabrics\nWinter Cardinals by Whistler Studios is an understated, but artful collection of birds and outside scenes that are evocative of the season. ", "Containing a wonderful array of winter berries, snow, and wood grain, in addition to the main birds and birdhouse patterns, this collection will be sure to warm you up from the cold!" ]	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }	[ 0.015625, 0 ]	0.007813	5	[ { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 358, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 352 } ]
[ " IN THE SUPREME COURT OF IOWA\n No. ", "08–0180\n\n Filed July 1, 2011\n\n\nJOHN PAVONE and SIGNATURE\nMANAGEMENT GROUP, L.L.C.,\n\n Appellees,\n\nvs.\n\nGERALD M. KIRKE and WILD ROSE\nENTERTAINMENT, L.L.C.,\n\n Appellants.", "\n\n\n On review from the Iowa Court of Appeals.", "\n\n\n\n Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Polk County, Arthur E.\n\nGamble, Judge.", "\n\n\n\n The owners and operators of a casino appeal from an adverse\n\ndistrict court judgment entered against them on a contract claim.", "\n\nCOURT OF APPEALS DECISION VACATED; DISTRICT COURT\nJUDGMENT AFFIRMED.", "\n\n\n\n Mark McCormick, David Swinton, and David W. Nelmark of Belin\n\nMcCormick, P.C. (trial and appellate counsel), Des Moines, Brent B.\n\nGreen and Mariclare Thinnes Culver of Duncan, Green, Brown &\n\nLangeness (appellate counsel), Des Moines, and Thomas D. Waterman\n\n(until withdrawal) of Lane & Waterman LLP (appellate counsel),\n\nDavenport, for appellants.", "\n\f 2\n\n Maurice B. Nieland of Rawlings, Nieland, Killinger, Ellwanger,\n\nJacobs, Mohrhauser & Nelson, L.L.P., Sioux City, Stanley E. Munger and\n\nJay E. Denne of Munger, Reinschmidt & Denne, L.L.P., Sioux City, and\n\nGlenn L. Norris of Hawkins & Norris, P.C., Des Moines, for appellees.", "\n\f 3\n\nWIGGINS, Justice.", "\n\n A district court jury determined the owners and operators of a\n\ncasino breached a management agreement and awarded damages to the\n\nprospective management team. ", "The owners and operators appealed the\n\nverdict. ", "We transferred the case to the court of appeals. ", "The court of\n\nappeals reversed the judgment of the district court. ", "On further review,\n\nwe find the district court did not commit any error in the trial of the\n\nmatter. ", "Accordingly, we vacate the decision of the court of appeals and\n\naffirm the judgment of the district court.", "\n\n I. Facts.", "\n\n In 2003 John Pavone returned to Iowa with the intent to manage\n\ncasinos through his company, Signature Management Group, L.L.C.\n\n(SMG). ", " Pavone had extensive experience in the gaming and\n\nhospitality/hotel industries. ", "At about the same time, Gerald Kirke and\n\nDr. Michael Richards formed Wild Rose Entertainment, L.L.C. (Wild\n\nRose), with the intent to obtain gaming licenses, and subsequently,\n\ndevelop and own new casinos throughout Iowa. ", " Prior to forming Wild\n\nRose, Kirke and Richards had no experience in the gaming industry.", "\n\n On April 29, 2004, Pavone entered into a consulting agreement\n\nwith Wild Rose to assist Wild Rose in obtaining gaming licenses in the\n\ncounties surrounding the Des Moines area. ", "The consulting agreement\n\nalso provided, if Wild Rose obtained a gaming license, Wild Rose would\n\nengage in good faith negotiations with SMG for SMG to manage the newly\n\ndeveloped casino. ", "Thus, with Pavone’s assistance, Wild Rose turned its\n\nfocus to obtaining gaming licenses in the state of Iowa.", "\n\n One city that was interested in providing gaming was the city of\n\nOttumwa. ", " On July 15, Pavone sent an email to Kirke asking to meet\n\nwith him and discuss their future business relationship should the\n\f 4\n\nOttumwa nonprofit organization seeking the license choose to collaborate\n\nwith Wild Rose. ", "Subsequently, on July 19, Pavone met with Kirke and\n\nRichards at a restaurant Kirke owned, and they discussed SMG’s future\n\nbusiness relationship with Wild Rose. ", "Pavone claims that at this meeting\n\nthe parties generally agreed SMG would manage all casinos Wild Rose\n\noperated. ", " Kirke admits the parties discussed an eventual partnership\n\nbut claims the specific terms of an agreement were not discussed.", "\n\n After this meeting, Pavone met with his attorney, Ryan Ross, and\n\ninstructed him to contact Wild Rose’s attorney, Jim Krambeck, about\n\nmemorializing the parties’ agreement. ", "Subsequently, on July 28, Ross\n\nsent Krambeck a number of “discussion points” which he believed were\n\nthe terms the parties had agreed to and asked Krambeck to confirm the\n\ngenerally agreed upon terms so he could begin to memorialize the\n\nagreement. ", "One of the discussion points included a right of first refusal\n\nin favor of SMG with regard to managing the Ottumwa casino or any\n\nother casino for which Wild Rose obtained a gaming license.", "\n\n On August 3, Wild Rose Ottumwa (a subsidiary of Wild Rose) and\n\nthe Ottumwa nonprofit organization executed three agreements—a\n\nmemorandum of intent, a gaming development agreement, and an\n\noperator’s contract. ", " Within the “scope of work” portion of the\n\nmemorandum of intent it states, “Wild Rose shall manage the facility for\n\na fee equal to 2% of revenue plus 10% of operating income, not to exceed\n\n4% of revenue pursuant to a management agreement.” ", "In early August,\n\nPavone learned of these agreements and was concerned that Wild Rose\n\nhad named itself manager of the Ottumwa casino rather than SMG.", "\n\nPavone discussed his concerns with Kirke and Richards and was told not\n\nto worry because the parties would execute an agreement ensuring SMG\n\nwould manage the Ottumwa casino.", "\n\f 5\n\n Throughout August, September, and October, Ross and Krambeck\n\nregularly conversed and exchanged numerous drafts of a proposed\n\nagreement between SMG and Wild Rose. ", " Ross’s first draft of the\n\nagreement was entitled “Letter of Intent.” ", " The draft detailed both\n\nPavone’s provision of future consulting services to Wild Rose as well as\n\nPavone’s management of the Ottumwa casino, should Wild Rose obtain a\n\ngaming license. ", " On September 20, Krambeck suggested the parties\n\nexecute a straightforward consulting agreement as well as a separate\n\nletter of intent or option agreement pertaining to the future ownership\n\nand management arrangements, should Wild Rose receive any gaming\n\nlicenses. ", "Krambeck also provided another draft of the agreement with\n\nhis corrections simply entitled “Agreement.” ", "The parties never executed\n\ntwo separate agreements, and on October 22, 2004, the parties executed\n\na document, entitled “Agreement,” that is the subject of this lawsuit. ", "The\n\nparties to the agreement were SMG, Wild Rose, Pavone, and Kirke.", "\n\n The October 22 agreement states the material terms and\n\nconditions by which Pavone will provide consulting services to Wild Rose\n\nthrough the opening of a casino in Ottumwa, as well as the ownership\n\nand management relationship between the parties upon the opening of\n\nthe Ottumwa casino and other casino projects within the state of Iowa.", "\n\nThe first two paragraphs of the agreement concern the consulting\n\nservices Pavone is to provide Wild Rose prior to a license award for the\n\nOttumwa casino and through the opening of the Ottumwa casino.", "\n\nParagraph three of the October agreement states in pertinent part:\n\n 3. ", "Ownership in Ottumwa Project and Management\n Entity. ", "If Wild Rose is awarded a license to operate a casino\n in Ottumwa, Iowa, then upon completion of the development\n of the Ottumwa Project, the parties shall grant and convey\n an interest to each other as follows:\n\f 6\n A. Management Agreement. ", "Upon completion of the\n Ottumwa Project, Wild Rose shall enter into an\n exclusive management agreement with an entity to be\n solely owned by Pavone (subject to rights of Wild Rose\n under paragraph C below) for the management of the\n Ottumwa Project. ", "This Management Agreement shall\n provide for an annual management fee equal to four\n percent (4%) of the Adjusted Gross Revenue of the\n Ottumwa Project. ", " The terms of the Management\n Agreement shall be similar to the terms of the gaming\n development agreement between Wild Rose and the\n City of Ottumwa, Iowa.", "\n\n Paragraph five of the October agreement provides:\n\n 5. ", "Future Casino Development Opportunities.", "\n\n A. First Look and Good Faith Negotiation as to Future\n Casino Development and Management Opportunities.", "\n\n i. If Wild Rose has the opportunity to develop or\n operate any other casino in Iowa, Wild Rose will use\n good faith best efforts to involve SMG when the\n opportunity is first known, and to negotiate in good\n faith a Management Agreement consistent with the\n terms outlined in Wild Rose’s gaming development\n agreement with the City of Ottumwa, Iowa. ", "It being\n understood that the award of any management\n agreement must also be satisfactory to third party\n community and non-profit organizations. ", "And it being\n further understood that any casino in the Central Iowa\n area will likely require the involvement of a\n management company, other than SMG.", "\n\n Ross testified the October agreement established a binding\n\nconsulting and management relationship and established a good-faith\n\nrelationship between the parties for future projects within Iowa.", "\n\nConversely, Krambeck testified the October agreement established a\n\nbinding consulting agreement and a nonbinding letter of intent\n\nconcerning the parties’ relationship in connection with any future\n\ngaming opportunities. ", " Whatever the parties’ true intent, Wild Rose\n\nplaced the October 22 agreement within its application to the Iowa\n\f 7\n\nRacing and Gaming Commission (IRGC) for a gaming license in\n\nOttumwa.", "\n\n On November 2, 2004, the referendum to allow gaming in the\n\ncounties surrounding Des Moines failed. ", "The next morning, Pavone met\n\nwith Kirke, Richards, and others to discuss their business strategy going\n\nforward. ", "They collectively decided to attempt to obtain a gaming license\n\nin Emmetsburg in addition to Ottumwa. ", "Moreover, Kirke and Richards\n\ntold Pavone that the October agreement, which originally only covered\n\nthe Ottumwa casino, would also apply to the Emmetsburg casino.", "\n\nAccordingly, Wild Rose placed the October 22 agreement in its\n\napplication to the IRGC for a gaming license in Emmetsburg. ", " Kirke\n\nclaims Wild Rose placed the October agreement in the Emmetsburg\n\napplication merely to demonstrate to the IRGC that it had a consulting\n\nagreement with SMG and intended to enter into a management\n\nagreement with SMG for the Emmetsburg casino at a later time.", "\n\n Subsequently, on November 10, Pavone and Wild Rose submitted\n\nits Ottumwa and Emmetsburg applications to the IRGC. ", " Both of the\n\napplications represented under oath that SMG would be managing the\n\nOttumwa and Emmetsburg casinos by stating:\n\n The facility operations will be managed by Signature\n Management Group, L.L.C. (SMG). ", "John Pavone, founder\n and president of SMG, has been a proactive leader in the\n Iowa gaming industry since 1989. ", "He was co-founder and\n former president of the Iowa Riverboat Association and\n served as Iowa’s representative for the American Gaming\n Association. ", "Pavone will be responsible for ensuring that the\n resort is built and managed with adherence to the highest\n standards in the industry for quality and operations.", "\n\n On December 8, an accountant for the Division of Criminal\n\nInvestigation (DCI), in connection with doing a background check with\n\nthe IRGC, sent a letter to DCI Special Agent David Button detailing a\n\f 8\n\nnumber of questions Wild Rose needed to answer for the accountant to\n\ncomplete his analysis of Wild Rose’s Ottumwa and Emmetsburg\n\napplications. ", "One of the accountant’s questions stated, “Agreement with\n\nPavone and Signature Management Group, LLC (SMG) makes reference\n\nto the Ottumwa project not Emmetsburg. ", " I assume this is just an\n\noversight in assembling the two applications. ", " Need to get copy of\n\nEmmetsburg Agreement with SMG.” ", " Richards received this document\n\nand in response to this question, he claims he sent a copy of the\n\nOctober 22, 2004 agreement to Button.", "\n\n On January 28, 2005, Button sent a follow-up email to Richards\n\nstating:\n\n I’m responsible for the class D background on Signature Mgt\n for the DCI. ", "I’m in possession of the agreement between\n Wild Rose and SMG for the Ottumwa project [i.e., the\n October 22, 2004 Agreement], but do not have the agreement\n for the Emmetsburg project. ", "Are the agreements identical?", "\n\n For my report, I will need a copy of the agreement for\n Emmetsburg. . . .", "\n\nRichards forwarded this email to Pavone and discussed it with him. ", "As a\n\nresult of this conversation, Richards and Pavone agreed to provide the\n\nDCI with “additional information.” ", "Subsequently, Pavone asked Ross to\nbegin conversing with Krambeck about drafting such a document.", "\n\nMoreover, Button never received a response from Wild Rose with regard\n\nto his January 28 email.", "\n\n On February 4, Ross emailed Krambeck:\n\n John Pavone contacted me today, it appears that he and\n Mike [Richards] agreed that Signature and Wild Rose will\n enter into a new letter of intent for Emmetsburg using the\n same form as the letter of intent on file with DCI as to the\n Ottumwa property (signed by the parties on 10-2[2]-04).", "\n\f 9\n I anticipate that there would be date changes and a few\n other minor changes, but that the existing letter of intent is\n to [ ] otherwise be fine for Emmetsburg.", "\n\n ....\n\n John has asked me to prepare a draft management\n agreement for the parties review next week. ", "I will get\n something put together and get you a copy to look at.", "\n\nKrambeck never revised the October 22, 2004 agreement to apply to\n\nEmmetsburg. ", "Subsequently on February 21, 2005, Ross drafted a more\n\ndetailed management agreement using an Isle of Capri casino\n\nmanagement agreement as a template and forwarded the draft to\n\nKrambeck for his review. ", "A few days later, Krambeck responded to the\n\ndraft with numerous discussion points, indicating Wild Rose was not\n\npleased with a number of items in the agreement.", "\n\n On February 16, the IRGC held an informational meeting for the\n\ngaming license applicants about further information the applicants\n\nneeded to provide to the IRGC. ", "At this meeting, Wild Rose was asked\n\nwhether they had a management agreement. ", "Wild Rose responded, “[W]e\n\nare negotiating it.” ", "Moreover, on March 2, Wild Rose sent a letter to the\n\nIRGC stating:\n\n The management agreement between Signature Management\n Group and Wild Rose Entertainment is currently under\n review with our attorneys and will be provided once it has\n been executed between the parties. ", "As stated in the license\n applications, this agreement will be consistent with the\n terms as reflected within the agreement dated October 22,\n 200[4] and will be applicable to both projects managed for\n Wild Rose Entertainment in Ottumwa and Emmetsburg by\n the Signature Management Group.", "\n\n On March 14, Ross sent Krambeck a second draft of the agreement\n\naddressing most of Wild Rose’s initial concerns and complaints. ", " On\n\nMarch 18, Ross, Pavone, Richards, and Krambeck held a conference call\n\nto discuss the length of the management agreement and the amount of\n\f 10\n\npayment SMG was to receive. ", " Ross felt the parties were close to an\n\nagreement at this time. ", " However, as the negotiations continued to\n\nprogress through March and April, Wild Rose allegedly continued to\n\ndemand more and more concessions from Pavone. ", " At trial, Pavone\n\ndescribed the negotiations deteriorating as follows:\n\n My goal was to satisfy whatever DCI needed and so that\n Dr. Richards and I would get this issue moving forward, and\n then it became kind of a downhill slide on a, quote,\n renegotiation of everything, and that became a very, very\n long and very painful process for us of not understanding\n what was happening.", "\n\n Sometime between late January and late March, Wild Rose hired\n\nKevin Preston as an operations consultant. ", " Preston had extensive\n\nexperience in the gaming industry and had experience as a general\n\nmanager of a casino. ", " Ross and Pavone learned that while they were\n\nnegotiating the management agreement, Wild Rose was also negotiating a\n\ngeneral manager agreement with Preston. ", "Kirke and Richards claim that\n\nif they received a gaming license for the Ottumwa casino, they planned to\n\nhire Preston as its general manager, who would in turn report to\n\nPavone/SMG as the company charged with the overall management of\n\nthe facilities. ", " After Pavone learned Wild Rose was planning on hiring\n\nPreston as the Ottumwa casino’s general manager, he confronted Kirke\n\nand Richards about it in a meeting. ", "At some point during the meeting,\n\nKirke allegedly asked Pavone, “[W]hy should I pay you 4 percent if I could\n\nget somebody to do it for $160,000 a year and 2 percent?” ", "From this\n\npoint on, Pavone felt Wild Rose was attempting to get out of the\n\nOctober 22, 2004 agreement and squeeze Pavone/SMG out of the\n\nmanagement deal. ", "As the negotiations wore on, Ross also felt Wild Rose\n\f 11\n\nwas stalling until after it received a gaming license from the IRGC, after\n\nwhich they could sever their ties with Pavone/SMG.", "\n\n By late April 2005, Ross and Pavone began to worry that they had\n\nmade misrepresentations to the IRGC about who was going to manage\n\nthe Ottumwa and Emmetsburg facilities. ", "Accordingly, Pavone told Ross\n\nthat he felt he needed to notify the IRGC that the parties did not, as of\n\nthat date, have a management agreement.", "\n\n Ross notified Krambeck that Pavone would be contacting the IRGC\n\nand informing the IRGC the parties’ had not yet renegotiated a\n\nmanagement agreement for the Ottumwa and Emmetsburg facilities.", "\n\nSubsequently, on May 3, 2005, Pavone sent a letter to the IRGC stating:\n\n This correspondence is in response to the request by the\n IRGC staff for an executed copy of the management\n agreement between Wild Rose Ottumwa, LLC and the\n Signature Management Group, L.L.C. for casino operations\n in Emmetsburg Iowa and Ottumwa Iowa. ", " During our\n meeting with IRGC Staff on February 16th 2005, we were\n asked to provide the commission staff with an executed copy\n of the management agreement consistent with the terms and\n conditions as outlined between the parties within the letter\n of intent dated October 22nd 2004. ", "This agreement is\n contained within our license application as submitted to the\n IRGC.", "\n\n After several weeks of negotiations the parties have\n unfortunately failed to reach an agreement between the\n parties. ", " Signature Management Group, L.L.C. remains\n hopeful that the parties may be able to reach an agreement\n that will be acceptable to both parties however given the\n state of current negotiations; I would be less than candid if\n Signature did not express its doubts as to the successful\n resolution of this matter.", "\n\n I am proud of my relationship with the IRGC and my many\n years of service within the Iowa gaming and legislative\n communities and certainly hope that the current situation\n with Wild Rose Ottumwa, LLC will not affect my ongoing\n ability to continue as a valued member of the Iowa gaming\n and legislative families.", "\n\f 12\n\n The IRGC viewed this letter as a notification that they would not be\n\nreceiving a management agreement from Wild Rose to review before they\n\nmade their gaming license determinations. ", "Kirke believed Pavone sent\n\nthis letter in an attempt to prevent Wild Rose from receiving gaming\n\nlicenses for both the Ottumwa and Emmetsburg casinos. ", "In response to\n\nthis letter, the parties suspended negotiations on a management\n\nagreement until after the IRGC awarded the gaming licenses.", "\n\n On March 11, the IRGC announced which applicants would receive\n\ngaming licenses. ", " Wild Rose did not receive a gaming license for\n\nOttumwa, but was awarded a license for the development of the\n\nEmmetsburg casino. ", "Subsequently, on May 24, Wild Rose sent a letter\n\nto Pavone terminating the October 22, 2004 agreement and any future\n\nrelationship between the parties. ", "The Emmetsburg casino opened at the\n\nend of May 2006. ", " At the time of the casino’s opening, Wild Rose\n\nEntertainment, L.L.C. was the manager of the facilities and Preston was\n\nthe acting general manager.", "\n\n II. ", "Procedural History.", "\n\n On March 31, 2006, Pavone and SMG filed a civil action against\n\nKirke and Wild Rose alleging they breached the October 22, 2004\n\nagreement, as well as numerous other claims. ", "The case proceeded to a\n\njury trial, and after SMG completed its case-in-chief, Kirke and Wild Rose\n\nfiled a motion for a directed verdict. ", "In ruling on the motion, the district\n\ncourt allowed the breach of contract claims pertaining to paragraphs 3A\n\nand 5A of the October agreement to be presented to the jury, but\n\nsustained Kirke’s and Wild Rose’s motion on Pavone’s and SMG’s\n\nremaining claims. ", " After Kirke’s and Wild Rose’s case-in-chief, they\n\nrenewed their motion for a directed verdict on the remaining claims,\n\nwhich the court overruled.", "\n\f 13\n\n On September 6, 2007, the jury returned a verdict finding Wild\n\nRose breached both paragraphs 3A and 5A of the October agreement.", "\n\nThe jury awarded Pavone and SMG ten million dollars in damages. ", "Kirke\n\nand Wild Rose filed a motion for judgment notwithstanding the verdict or\n\nfor a new trial. ", " On December 31, the district court overruled this\n\nmotion.", "\n\n Kirke and Wild Rose filed a notice of appeal. ", "We transferred the\n\ncase to the court of appeals. ", "The court of appeals reversed the judgment\n\nin favor of Pavone and SMG and remanded the case for entry of judgment\n\nin favor of Kirke and Wild Rose. ", "The court of appeals found, as a matter\n\nof law, paragraph 3A of the October agreement constituted an\n\nunenforceable agreement to agree and that the record was devoid of any\n\nevidence that Kirke and Wild Rose breached its contractual duty of good\n\nfaith negotiations under paragraph 5A of the October agreement.", "\n\nConsequently, the court of appeals concluded the district court erred in\n\noverruling Kirke’s and Wild Rose’s motion for a directed verdict on\n\nPavone’s and SMG’s paragraphs 3A and 5A breach of contract claims.", "\n\nPavone and SMG filed an application for further review, which we\n\ngranted.", "\n\n III. ", "Issues Raised on Appeal.", "\n\n Kirke and Wild Rose raise numerous issues on appeal. ", "They are:\n\n(1) whether the district court erred in overruling Kirke’s and Wild Rose’s\n\nmotion for directed verdict on Pavone’s and SMG’s paragraph 3A breach\n\nof contract claim; (2) whether the statute of frauds precluded testimony\n\nthe parties orally agreed paragraph 3A of the contract would apply to the\n\nEmmetsburg casino; (3) whether the district court erred in overruling\n\nKirke’s and Wild Rose’s motion for directed verdict on Pavone’s and\n\nSMG’s paragraph 5A breach of contract claim; (4) whether the district\n\f 14\n\ncourt erred in instructing the jury Pavone and SMG could recover\n\nexpectation damages on its paragraph 5A breach of contract claim, as\n\nopposed to reliance damages; (5) whether Pavone’s and SMG’s claims are\n\nbarred because the IRGC never approved a management agreement\n\nbetween the parties; (6) whether the district court erred in allowing the\n\njury to award damages for a period of as much as thirty years because\n\nthe extension of the contract for such a period was speculative; and (7)\n\nwhether the district court erred in denying Kirke’s and Wild Rose’s\n\nmotion for a new trial because the jury’s verdict was inconsistent.", "\n\n IV. ", "Whether the District Court Erred in Overruling Kirke’s and\nWild Rose’s Motion for Directed Verdict on Pavone’s and SMG’s\nParagraph 3A Breach of Contract Claim.", "\n\n A. Scope of Review. ", " We review a district court’s ruling on a\n\nmotion for directed verdict for correction of errors at law. ", " Deboom v.\n\nRaining Rose, Inc., 772 N.W.2d 1, 5 (Iowa 2009). “", "A directed verdict is\n\nrequired ‘only if there was no substantial evidence to support the\n\nelements of the plaintiff’s claim.’ ” ", "Id. (quoting Bellville v. Farm Bureau\n\nMut. ", "Ins. ", "Co., 702 N.W.2d 468, 472 (Iowa 2005)). ", "Evidence is substantial\n\n“[w]hen reasonable minds would accept the evidence as adequate to\n\nreach the same findings.” ", " Easton v. Howard, 751 N.W.2d 1, 5 (Iowa\n\n2008). ", " “Where reasonable minds could differ on an issue, directed\n\nverdict is improper and the case must go to the jury.” ", "Stover v. Lakeland\n\nSquare Owners Ass’n, 434 N.W.2d 866, 873 (Iowa 1989). ", "Thus, our role\n\nis to determine whether the trial court correctly determined if there was\n\nsubstantial evidence to submit the issue to the jury. ", "Easton, 751 N.W.2d\n\nat 5. ", "In doing so, we must “view the evidence in the light most favorable\n\nto the nonmoving party and take into consideration all reasonable\n\ninferences that could be fairly made by the jury.” ", "Id.\n\f 15\n\n Our review is limited to those grounds raised in the moving party’s\n\nmotion for a directed verdict. ", "Royal Indem. ", "Co. v. Factory Mut. ", "Ins. ", "Co.,\n\n786 N.W.2d 839, 844 (Iowa 2010). ", " “Error must be raised with some\n\nspecificity in a directed verdict motion.” ", "Id. at 845. ", "Furthermore, “[a]\n\nmotion for judgment notwithstanding the verdict must stand on grounds\n\nraised in the directed verdict motion.” ", "Id. Thus, on appeal from such\n\njudgment, our review is limited to those grounds raised in the directed\n\nverdict motion. ", "Id.\n\n B. Analysis. ", "The district court instructed the jury on the law the\n\njury should use to determine if the parties entered into a binding\n\nagreement. ", "The instructions provided:\n\n Instruction No. ", "10\n\n Concerning their claim for breach of contract, plaintiffs\n must prove all of the following numbered propositions:\n\n 1. ", "The existence of a contract.", "\n\n 2. ", "The terms of the contract.", "\n\n 3. ", "The plaintiffs have done what the contract required.", "\n\n 4. ", "The defendants breached the contract in one or\n both of the following ways:\n\n a. In failing to enter into and perform a\n management agreement of the Emmetsburg\n casino under paragraph 3(A) of the October 22,\n 2004 agreement.", "\n\n b. In failing to use good faith best efforts to\n negotiate a management agreement for the\n Emmetsburg casino under paragraph 5(A) of\n the October 22, 2004 agreement.", "\n\n 5. ", "The amount of any damage defendants have\n caused.", "\n\n If the plaintiffs have failed to prove any of these\n numbered propositions, the plaintiffs are not entitled to\n damages. ", "If the plaintiffs have proved all of these numbered\n propositions, they are entitled to damages in some amount.", "\n\f 16\n Instruction No. ", "11\n\n The existence of a binding contract requires a meeting\nof the minds on the material terms. ", "This means the parties\nmust agree upon the same things in the same sense.", "\n“Material” terms are those that are significant to the\ncontract. ", "You are to determine if a contract existed from the\nwords and acts of the parties, together with all reasonable\ninferences you may draw from the surrounding\ncircumstances.", "\n\n A binding contract may be oral or written or may be\ninferred from the conduct of the parties. ", "Plaintiffs contend\nParagraph 3(A) of the October 22, 2004 agreement was orally\nmodified to include Emmetsburg and that Paragraph 5(A)\nincludes Emmetsburg. ", "Neither real nor apparent intention\nthat a promise be legally binding is essential to the formation\nof a contract, but an intention that a promise shall not be\nbinding prevents the formation of a contract. ", "An expression\nof willingness to enter into a contract is not an offer if the\nparty to whom it is addressed knows or has reason to know\nthat the person making it does not intend to be bound until\nthe conclusion of further negotiations. ", "Manifestations of\nassent that are sufficient to form a contract will not be\nprevented from being binding by the fact that the parties also\nstate an intention to prepare a written memorial of their\nagreement; but the circumstances may show that the\nagreements are preliminary negotiations.", "\n\n You shall also consider whether the parties intended to\nbe bound prior to the execution of a separate formal written\nmanagement contract. ", "The factors you may consider as to\nwhether the parties intended to be bound before the\nexecution of a separate, formal written management contract\ninclude but are not limited to the following:\n\n 1. ", "Whether the contract is of a class usually found to\nbe in writing.", "\n\n 2. ", "Whether it is of a type needing a formal writing for\nits full expression.", "\n\n 3. ", "Whether it has few or many details.", "\n\n 4. ", "Whether the amount involved is large or small.", "\n\n 5. ", "Whether the contract is common or unusual.", "\n\n 6. ", "Whether all details have been agreed upon or some\nremain unresolved.", "\n\f 17\n 7. ", "Whether the negotiations show a further writing\nwas discussed or contemplated.", "\n\n Instruction No. ", "12\n\n Wild Rose claims that sections 3(A) and 5(A) of the\nOctober 22, 2004 agreement are merely non-binding\nagreements to agree. ", "In determining whether the October\nagreement is a binding contract or merely a non-binding\nagreement to agree, you shall consider the following\nprinciples:\n\n A binding contract must contain mutual assent. ", "The\nmode of assent is termed offer and acceptance. ", "An offer is a\nmanifestation of willingness to enter into a bargain. ", "A\nbinding contract requires acceptance of the offer.", "\nAcceptance of the offer is indicated by a manifestation of\nassent to the terms of the offer made by the party to whom it\nis addressed in a manner invited or required by the offer.", "\nMutual assent is based on objective evidence, not the hidden\nintent of the parties.", "\n\n A binding contract generally does not exist when the\nparties agree to a contract on a basis to be settled in the\nfuture. ", "An agreement to agree to enter into a contract is of\nno effect unless all of the material terms and conditions are\nagreed on and no material terms and conditions are left to\nfuture negotiations.", "\n\n However, a contract need not contain definitely and\nspecifically every fact in detail to which the parties may\nagree. ", "The contract need only be certain and unequivocal in\nits material terms. ", "Absolute certainly is not required. ", "Only\nreasonable certainty is necessary.", "\n\n The jury must determine whether the October\nagreement contained mutual assent with reasonable\ncertainty to all of its material terms or whether it is merely a\nnon-binding agreement to agree on a basis to be settled in\nfuture negotiations.", "\n\n Instruction No. ", "13\n\n Parties may have a meeting of the minds as to the\nmaterial terms of a portion or portions of a contract but not\nas to others. ", "The fact that a meeting of the minds occurred\nas to the material terms of some portion or portions of a\ncontract does not mean that there was a meeting of the\nminds as to all portions of the alleged contract.", "\n\f 18\n You may not award damages based on a section of an\n alleged contract as to which you do not find that there was a\n meeting of the minds.", "\n\n Instruction No. ", "14\n\n In determining the terms of the contract, you may\n consider the following:\n\n 1. ", "The intent of the parties along with a reasonable\n application of the surrounding circumstances.", "\n\n 2. ", "The intent expressed in the language used prevails\n over any secret intention of either party.", "\n\n 3. ", "The intent may be shown by the practical\n construction of a contract by the parties and by the\n surrounding circumstances.", "\n\n 4. ", "You must attempt to give meaning to all language\n of a contract. ", "Because an agreement is to be interpreted as\n a whole, assume that all of the language is necessary. ", "An\n interpretation which gives a reasonable, effective meaning to\n all terms is preferred to an interpretation which leaves a part\n of the contract unreasonable or meaningless.", "\n\n 5. ", "The meaning of a contract is the interpretation a\n reasonable person would give it if they were acquainted with\n the circumstances both before and at the time the contract\n was made.", "\n\n 6. ", "Ambiguous language in a written contract is\n interpreted against the party who selected it.", "\n\n 7. ", "Where general and specific terms in the contract\n refer to the same subject, the specific terms control.", "\n\n Kirke and Wild Rose failed to raise on appeal any error in the\n\ninstructions given to the jury on the breach of contract claims.", "\n\nTherefore, right or wrong, the instructions become the law of the case.", "\n\nNorthrup v. Miles Homes, Inc., 204 N.W.2d 850, 856 (Iowa 1973).", "\n\n On our review of the record, we find under the instructions given to\n\nthe jury, that substantial evidence is contained in the record to support\n\nthe jury’s findings that the October 22, 2004 agreement is a binding\n\nmanagement agreement between the parties. ", "A jury could find that the\n\f 19\n\nagreement contains all the material terms and that the parties intended\n\nto be bound by those terms. ", " The agreement identified the parties as\n\nPavone, SMG, Wild Rose, and Kirke. ", "The purpose of the agreement was\n\nfor Pavone and SMG to provide management services to Kirke and Wild\n\nRose for the Emmetsburg casino. ", " The agreement specified that Wild\n\nRose would own the casino. ", "The duration of the agreement, through the\n\nincorporation by reference of the Ottumwa Gaming Development\n\nAgreement, was for an initial term of ten years, which could be extended\n\nfor three-year terms at the option of Wild Rose for a term of up to thirty\n\nyears. ", "The agreement set forth the compensation of the manager would\n\nbe four percent of adjusted gross revenue together with an equity swap\n\nand reciprocal buy-sell agreements. ", " Additionally, the agreement\n\ncontained a clause allowing termination for cause.", "\n\n Finally, the jury could have found Kirke’s and Wild Rose’s\n\nmanifestation of assent for the agreement in the application filed with the\n\nIRGC. ", " The application publicly acknowledged “[t]he facility operations\n\nwill be managed by Signature Management Group, LLC. . . . ", "Pavone will\n\n[be] responsible for ensuring the resort is built and managed with\n\nadherence to the highest standards in the industry for quality and\n\noperations.” ", " Even though Kirke and Wild Rose backed off its\n\nmanifestation of assent for an Emmetsburg management agreement\n\nwhen pressed, a reasonable person could conclude they had agreed to\n\nthe Emmetsburg deal when it first communicated its deal to the\n\ncommission and later reneged by attempting to negotiate new terms.", "\n\n It is true that Kirke and Wild Rose presented evidence that this\n\nagreement was only an agreement to agree. ", "Kirke and Wild Rose relied\n\nheavily on a letter Pavone wrote to the IRGC on May 3, 2005, indicating\n\nthe parties did not have a management agreement as of May 3, 2005. ", "As\n\f 20\n\ndid the district court, we do not view this one letter to be dispositive of\n\nthis issue. ", "We must consider the record as a whole in the light most\n\nfavorable to the nonmoving party and take into consideration all\n\nreasonable inferences that could be fairly made by the jury when\n\ndetermining if substantial evidence supports a verdict. ", " Easton, 751\n\nN.W.2d at 5. ", "We agree with the district court, when it overruled Kirke’s\n\nand Wild Rose’s posttrial motion and stated:\n\n A reasonable finder of fact could conclude that Wild Rose\n agreed to enter into and perform a management agreement\n with Pavone on these terms and that no other terms were\n essential to the transaction. ", "As Pavone puts it, Wild Rose\n was going to own and Pavone was going to manage. ", "Wild\n Rose later determined it wanted concessions from plaintiff.", "\n For example, Wild Rose wanted the ability to hire and fire\n key management employees. ", "This is evidenced by the fact\n Gary Kirke hired Kevin Preston as general manager of the\n casino without consulting Pavone. ", "However, a reasonable\n jury could conclude that Pavone’s agreement to manage the\n casino addressed this issue. ", " A jury could reasonably\n conclude that the authority to manage the casino included\n the authority to control the hiring and termination of key\n management employees. ", "A reasonable finder of fact could\n conclude that when Pavone refused to surrender control of\n management employees to the owner, the defendants refused\n to enter into and perform a management agreement on the\n material terms set forth in the October Agreement thereby\n breaching paragraph 3(A) of the contract. ", " This was a\n legitimate jury question. ", "Defendants are not entitled to\n judgment notwithstanding the verdict.", "\n\n In other words, the jury could have decided from this record that\n\nthe parties had a binding contract as of October 22; that Kirke and Wild\n\nRose reneged on its contractual obligations and sought to renegotiate the\n\ndeal; and that when Pavone realized that Kirke and Wild Rose reneged\n\nand would not enter into a formal agreement, Pavone informed the IRGC\n\nthat, as of May 3, the parties did not have an agreement due to Kirke’s\n\nand Wild Rose’s failure to honor the October 22 agreement. ", "As Pavone’s\n\nletter stated, the application as filed with the IRGC stated that Pavone\n\f 21\n\nand SMG were going to manage the Emmetsburg casino and the\n\nOctober 22 agreement was the management agreement the parties\n\nagreed to follow. ", "In order to avoid any misrepresentations in the original\n\napplication, Pavone wrote the May 3 letter to inform the IRGC that Kirke\n\nand Wild Rose would no longer abide by the October 22 agreement and\n\nthat the IRGC should be aware of that change of circumstances. ", "In the\n\ncontext of the record as a whole, the jury was not required to construe\n\nthe May 3 letter to mean the parties never had a management agreement.", "\n\n For these reasons, we affirm the decision of the district court and\n\nvacate the decision of the court of appeals on this issue.", "\n\n V. Whether the Statute of Frauds Precluded Testimony the\nParties Orally Agreed Paragraph 3A of the Contract Would Apply to\nthe Emmetsburg Casino.", "\n\n A. Scope of Review. ", " Kirke and Wild Rose argue the statute of\n\nfrauds precluded Pavone’s testimony that the parties orally agreed\n\nparagraph 3A of the contract would apply to the Emmetsburg casino.", "\n\n“We review a decision by the district court to admit oral evidence of a\n\ncontract under an exception to the statute of frauds for correction of\n\nerrors at law.” ", "Kolkman v. Roth, 656 N.W.2d 148, 151 (Iowa 2003).", "\n B. Analysis. ", " The district court overruled the statute of fraud\n\nobjections, finding the statute of frauds did not apply because the\n\ndecision to allow Pavone and SMG to manage the Emmetsburg casino\n\ncould be performed within one year of its making, or alternatively, the\n\nstatute of frauds was satisfied because there were written affirmations of\n\nthe parties’ oral agreement.", "\n\n On appeal, Kirke and Wild Rose argue the October agreement was\n\nfor a fixed period of more than one year, bringing it within the statute of\n\f 22\n\nfrauds. ", "Wild Rose also argues the writings identified by the court were\n\nnot sufficient to satisfy the statute of frauds.", "\n\n Iowa’s statute of frauds provides:\n\n Except when otherwise specially provided, no evidence\n of the following enumerated contracts is competent, unless it\n be in writing and signed by the party charged or by the\n party’s authorized agent:\n\n ....\n\n 4. ", "Those that are not to be performed within one year\n from the making thereof.", "\n\nIowa Code § 622.32 (2003). “", "The Iowa statute of frauds does not render\n\noral promises invalid. ", " Rather, the statute is a rule of evidence that\n\nrenders incompetent oral proof of such promises.” ", " Olson v. Nextel\n\nPartners, Inc., 317 F. Supp. ", "2d 972, 978 (S.D. Iowa 2004).", "\n\n In deciding whether a particular oral contract is\n governed by the [performance within one year] rule, the\n question is not whether performance must actually be\n completed within a year but whether it would be possible to\n perform the contract within that time frame. ", "Put another\n way, “[c]ontracts of uncertain duration are simply excluded;\n the provision covers only those contracts whose performance\n cannot possibly be completed within a year.”", "\n\nGarland v. Branstad, 648 N.W.2d 65, 71 (Iowa 2002) (citations omitted)\n\n(quoting Restatement (Second) of Contracts § 130 cmt. ", "a, at 328 (1981));\n\naccord Johnson v. Ward, 265 N.W.2d 746, 747 (Iowa 1978).", "\n\n First, we must determine whether the statute of frauds applies to\n\nthis case. ", " Kirke and Wild Rose claim the statute of frauds applies\n\nbecause the October agreement could not possibly be performed within\n\none year. ", " However, they are focused on the wrong agreement. ", " The\n\nagreement at issue is the oral agreement to modify the October\n\nagreement to apply to the Emmetsburg casino, not the October\n\nagreement itself. ", " It is clear that this oral modification agreement was\n\f 23\n\npossible of being performed within one year. ", "Moreover, the fact that the\n\nOctober agreement was included within the Emmetsburg application on\n\nNovember 10, 2004, is strong evidence that this oral agreement was, in\n\nfact, performed a few days after its making.", "\n\n Thus, we conclude the oral modification agreement between the\n\nparties falls outside the scope of the statute of frauds because it was\n\ncapable of being performed within one year.", "\n\n VI. ", "Whether the District Court Erred in Overruling Kirke’s and\nWild Rose’s Motion for Directed Verdict on Pavone’s and SMG’s\nParagraph 5A Breach-of-Contract Claim.", "\n\n A. Scope of Review. ", "The basis for Kirke’s and Wild Rose’s motion\n\nfor directed verdict was that there was insufficient evidence to support a\n\nfinding Kirke and Wild Rose failed to negotiate in good faith under\n\nparagraph 5A. Thus, the scope of review is the same as in division IV of\n\nthis opinion.", "\n\n B. Analysis. ", " The court instructed the jury on this issue as\n\nfollows:\n\n Paragraph 5(A) of the October 22, 2004 agreement\n imposes upon the defendants a duty of good faith in the\n negotiation of a management agreement for future casino\n developments including Emmetsburg. ", "A party breaches a\n duty of good faith by violating community standards of\n decency, fairness, and reasonableness.", "\n\n The fact the parties may have failed to reach an\n agreement as to material terms of a management contract\n regarding Emmetsburg other than those terms the plaintiffs\n contend were required by Paragraph 5(A) of the October\n agreement does not necessarily mean that the defendants\n acted in bad faith.", "\n\n You shall consider all of the surrounding facts and\n circumstances in determining whether the defendants\n breached a duty of good faith.", "\n\f 24\n\nKirke and Wild Rose did not appeal the instruction. ", "Accordingly, it is the\n\nlaw of the case. ", "Northrup, 204 N.W.2d at 856.", "\n\n Viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to Pavone and\n\nSMG under the instructions given, and taking into consideration all\n\nreasonable inferences that could be made by the jury, we conclude there\n\nwas substantial evidence by which the jury could conclude Wild Rose\n\nrefused to negotiate in good faith.", "\n\n In the October agreement, the parties agreed on the following\n\nmajor terms: (1) Wild Rose would enter into an exclusive management\n\nagreement with SMG; (2) SMG’s management fee would equal four\n\npercent of the adjusted gross revenue of the Emmetsburg project; and\n\n(3) the period of the management agreement would last until March 31,\n\n2014, and thereafter SMG would have the right to renew the agreement\n\nfor succeeding three-year-periods, with the last period terminating on\n\nMarch 31 of the 30th year following commencement of operations. ", "The\n\njury could have found the negotiations for the Emmetsburg management\n\nagreement wore on for months and every time Pavone and SMG believed\n\nthey were close to an agreement, Kirke and Wild Rose would raise new\n\nobjections or demand more concessions.", "\n\n The jury could also conclude from the evidence that Kirke and Wild\n\nRose were stalling the negotiations while attempting to negotiate a more\n\nbeneficial management agreement with Preston. ", " This is supported by\n\nPavone’s testimony that Kirke asked him, “[W]hy should I pay you 4\n\npercent if I could get somebody to do it for $160,000 a year and 2\n\npercent?”", "\n\n Moreover, the jury could have also found that as the attorneys for\n\nthe parties exchanged numerous drafts of the management agreement,\n\nKirke and Wild Rose forced Pavone and SMG to concede terms that the\n\f 25\n\nparties had already agreed to in the October agreement. ", "For example, in\n\nthe fourth draft and subsequent drafts of the proposed Emmetsburg\n\nmanagement agreement, the term was for ten years with no right to\n\nrenew the agreement and the management fee was 3.24 percent of\n\nadjusted gross revenue. ", "Finally, the jury could have inferred a lack of\n\ngood faith on Kirke’s and Wild Rose’s part due to Kirke’s and Wild Rose’s\n\ntermination of their relationship with Pavone and SMG shortly after they\n\nreceived a gaming license. ", "This fact could have supported a finding that\n\nKirke and Wild Rose never intended to enter into a formal management\n\nagreement with Pavone and SMG and were simply using Pavone and\n\nSMG to procure a gaming license for the Emmetsburg casino.", "\n\n For these reasons, we affirm the decision of the district court and\n\nvacate the decision of the court of appeals on this issue.", "\n\n VII. ", "Whether the District Court Erred in Instructing the Jury\nPavone and SMG Could Recover Expectation Damages on Its\nParagraph 5A Breach-of-Contract Claim, as Opposed to Reliance\nDamages.", "\n\n Kirke and Wild Rose next argues the district court erred in\n\ninstructing the jury Pavone and SMG could recover expectation damages\n\non its paragraph 5A breach-of-contract claim, as opposed to reliance\n\ndamages. ", " The court submitted this case with special interrogatories.", "\n\nThe first interrogatory asked the jury to determine if Kirke and Wild Rose\n\nbreached paragraph 3A of the October 22 agreement. ", "The jury answered\n\nyes to this interrogatory. ", " The second interrogatory asked the jury to\n\ndetermine if Kirke and Wild Rose breached paragraph 5A of the\n\nOctober 22 agreement. ", "The jury also answered yes to this interrogatory.", "\n\n Kirke and Wild Rose did not appeal the right of Pavone and SMG to\n\nrecover expectation damages for a breach of paragraph 3A. Therefore,\n\nthe award of expectation damages is proper for a breach of paragraph 3A.\n\f 26\n\nThus, it makes no difference under this record that the jury may have\n\nawarded expectation damages for a breach of paragraph 5A because\n\nPavone and SMG were entitled to expectation damages for a breach of\n\nparagraph 3A.\n\n Accordingly, we need not reach this issue because any error in the\n\ninstructions would be harmless.", "\n\n VIII. ", "Whether Pavone’s and SMG’s Claims Are Barred Because\nthe IRGC Never Approved a Management Agreement Between the\nParties.", "\n\n In its motion for judgment notwithstanding the verdict, Kirke and\n\nWild Rose stated the evidence was insufficient to submit paragraphs 3A\n\nand 5A claims because Iowa law requires IRGC approval of any\n\nmanagement agreement, and no such approval was ever received. “", "We\n\nreview the denial of a motion for judgment notwithstanding the verdict\n\nfor correction of errors at law.” ", " Van Sickle Constr. ", "Co. v. Wachovia\n\nCommercial Mortg., ", "Inc., 783 N.W.2d 684, 687 (Iowa 2010). ", "However, it\n\nappears we need not reach the merits of this issue because Kirke and\n\nWild Rose have failed to preserve this issue for review.", "\n\n “A motion for judgment notwithstanding the verdict must stand on\ngrounds raised in the directed verdict motion.” ", "Royal Indem. ", "Co., 786\n\nN.W.2d at 845; accord Van Sickle Constr. ", "Co., 783 N.W.2d at 687 (“[T]he\n\nmotion for judgment notwithstanding the verdict must rely on the\n\nmatters raised in a previous motion for directed verdict.”); ", "Dutcher v.\n\nLewis, 221 N.W.2d 755, 760 (Iowa 1974) (“A motion for judgment\n\nnotwithstanding the verdict cannot be sustained on any ground not\n\nasserted in an earlier motion for directed verdict.”). ", " “On appeal from\n\nsuch judgment, review by an appellate court is limited to those grounds\n\f 27\n\nraised in the directed verdict motion.” ", "Royal Indem. ", "Co., 786 N.W.2d at\n\n845.", "\n\n At the close of Pavone’s and SMG’s case-in-chief, Wild Rose filed a\n\nmotion for directed verdict. ", "This motion did not raise the issue of the\n\nIRGC’s approval. ", "Subsequently, at the close of Kirke’s and Wild Rose’s\n\ncase-in-chief, they renewed their motion for directed verdict on the same\n\ngrounds as previously identified. ", "The court overruled the motion.", "\n\n After the jury returned a verdict in favor of Pavone and SMG, Kirke\n\nand Wild Rose filed a motion for judgment notwithstanding the verdict,\n\nfor the first time raising its IRGC-approval argument. ", "Therefore, because\n\nKirke’s and Wild Rose’s IRGC-approval argument is not based on\n\ngrounds raised in its directed verdict motion, Kirke and Wild Rose failed\n\nto preserve this issue for appellate review.", "\n\n Kirke and Wild Rose argue it preserved error on this issue based\n\non its general statement that “no reasonable jury could find that the\n\nOctober agreement was a binding management agreement” in its motion\n\nfor a directed verdict. ", "Kirke and Wild Rose also claim that the principles\n\nunderlying the error preservation rules have been satisfied here because\n\nthe IRGC-approval issue was brought to the attention of the district court\n\nand ruled on in the motion for judgment notwithstanding the verdict.", "\n\nHowever, the statement in Kirke’s and Wild Rose’s motion for directed\n\nverdict is too general to preserve the IRGC-approval issue. ", " See, e.g.,\n\nRoyal Indem. ", "Co., 786 N.W.2d at 845 (“Error must be raised with some\n\nspecificity in a directed verdict motion.”).", "\n\n Consequently, we refuse to consider the merits of this issue due to\n\nKirke’s and Wild Rose’s failure to preserve it for appellate review.", "\n\f 28\n IX. ", "Whether the District Court Erred in Allowing the Jury to\nAward Damages for a Period of as Much as Thirty Years Because the\nExtension of the Contract for Such a Period Was Speculative.", "\n\n A. Scope of Review. ", "Kirke and Wild Rose argue the district court\n\nerred in allowing the jury to award damages for a period of as much as\n\nthirty years because the extension of the contract for such a period was\n\nspeculative. ", "We review a claim that the district court gave an instruction\n\nnot supported by the evidence for correction of errors at law. ", "Summy v.\n\nCity of Des Moines, 708 N.W.2d 333, 340 (Iowa 2006). “", "We review the\n\nrelated claim that the trial court should have given a party’s requested\n\ninstructions for abuse of discretion.” ", "Id. It is reversible error to submit\n\nan instruction that has no support in the record. ", "Waits v. United Fire &\n\nCas. ", "Co., 572 N.W.2d 565, 575 (Iowa 1997). ", " “ ‘When considering\n\nwhether evidentiary support for an instruction exists, we give the\n\nevidence the most favorable construction it will bear.’ ” ", " Id. (quoting\n\nHughes v. Massey-Ferguson, Inc., 522 N.W.2d 294, 295 (Iowa 1994)).", "\n\n B. Analysis. ", " The jury awarded Pavone and SMG ten million\n\ndollars in expectation damages resulting from Kirke’s and Wild Rose’s\n\nbreaches of paragraphs 3A and 5A of the October agreement. ", "Kirke and\n\nWild Rose argue the district court erred in failing to instruct the jury that\nPavone and SMG could recover damages only for the initial term of the\n\ncontract and thereby allowed the jury to award speculative damages\n\nbeyond the initial term of the alleged agreement. ", "In response, Pavone\n\nand SMG claim sufficient evidence supports the agreement was for a\n\nthirty-year term, and alternatively, there is no basis to conclude the jury\n\nawarded thirty years worth of expectancy damages.", "\n\n “There is a distinction between proof of the fact that damages have\n\nbeen sustained and proof of the amount of those damages.” ", " Olson v.\n\nNieman’s, Ltd., 579 N.W.2d 299, 309 (Iowa 1998). ", " If the evidence is\n\f 29\n\nspeculative and uncertain whether damages have been sustained,\n\ndamages are denied. ", "Id. However, if the uncertainty merely lies in the\n\namount of damages sustained, “ ‘recovery may be had if there is proof of\n\na reasonable basis from which the amount can be inferred or\n\napproximated.’ ” ", " Id. (quoting Orkin Exterminating Co. v. Burnett, 160\n\nN.W.2d 427, 430 (Iowa 1968)). ", "Thus, some speculation on the amount of\n\ndamages sustained is acceptable; however, overly speculative damages\n\ncannot be recovered. ", "Id.\n\n There is a reasonable basis in the record from which the amount of\n\ndamages awarded by the jury can be inferred or approximated. ", "At trial,\n\nthere was testimony that, for the first five years of the Emmetsburg\n\ncasino management agreement between the parties, it was conservatively\n\nprojected Pavone and SMG would earn $6,597,029 in management fees.", "\n\nThis management fee projection was included in the Emmetsburg\n\napplication to the IRGC. ", "Assuming the casino’s revenue remained flat for\n\nthe next three years, the projected management fees for eight years—the\n\nshortest period Kirke and Wild Rose argued for—would total\n\n$10,889,108, which is $889,108 more than what the jury awarded\n\nPavone and SMG. ", "Moreover, Pavone testified that at 3.2 percent, Pavone\n\nand SMG would have earned approximately $9.7 million in management\n\nfees over the initial ten-year term of the management agreement.", "\n\n We agree with the district court when it held,\n\n The parties may have their theories as to how the jury\n arrived at a damage figure of $10 Million, but the bottom line\n is that the damages awarded by the jury fall within a\n reasonable verdict range based on this record and it is\n impossible to know what duration the jury found. ", "This\n finding inheres in the verdict.", "\n\f 30\n\n Accordingly, we find the court did not error in the manner in which\n\nit submitted the damage issue.", "\n\n X. Whether the District Court Erred in Denying Kirke’s and\nWild Rose’s Motion for a New Trial Because the Jury’s Verdict Was\nInconsistent.", "\n\n A. Preservation of Error. ", "We have serious doubts as to whether\n\nKirke and Wild Rose preserved error on this issue. ", "In its motion for a\n\nnew trial, Kirke and Wild Rose argued there was an inconsistency\n\nbetween the verdicts on Pavone’s and SMG’s paragraphs 3A and 5A\n\nclaims, which requires a new trial. ", "Pavone and SMG argue Kirke and\n\nWild Rose failed to preserve this claim for review. ", " They base this\n\nargument on the fact that Kirke and Wild Rose failed to object to the jury\n\ninstructions and/or to the verdict forms that were given, as well as failed\n\nto propose any alternative jury instructions and/or verdict forms that\n\nwould have required the jury to find liability on either the paragraph 3A\n\nor paragraph 5A claim, but not both.", "\n\n Instruction 10 told the jury that it could find Kirke and Wild Rose\n\nbreached the contract by finding a breach of paragraph 3A and\n\nparagraph 5A. The special interrogatories also did not preclude a finding\nby the jury of a violation of both paragraphs. ", "Kirke and Wild Rose failed\n\nto object to the submission of the instructions in this manner. ", "The court\n\nclearly instructed the jury that it could find for Pavone and SMG on both\n\nclaims. ", "The manner in which the court instructed the jury caused the\n\nalleged inconsistent verdict and Kirke and Wild Rose should have\n\nforeseen the problem. ", "A review of the proposed instructions would have\n\nindicated that the alleged inconsistent verdict was not only possible, but\n\nprobable.", "\n\n Our rules of civil procedure require\n\f 31\n all objections to giving or failing to give any instruction must\n be made in writing or dictated into the record, out of the\n jury’s presence, specifying the matter objected to and on\n what grounds. ", "No other grounds or objections shall be\n asserted thereafter, or considered on appeal.", "\n\nIowa R. Civ. ", "P. 1.924 (emphasis added). ", "The purpose of the rule is to\n\nenable trial counsel to correct any errors in the instructions before the\n\ncourt submits the case to the jury. ", "Briney v. Tri-State Mut. ", "Grain Dealers\n\nFire Ins. ", "Co., 254 Iowa 673, 688, 117 N.W.2d 889, 897 (1962). ", "It would\n\nbe unfair to approve a trial tactic to allow counsel to implant a ground for\n\na new trial should the jury verdict later prove objectionable.", "\n\n In light of our doubt, we will still reach the merits of this issue. ", "In\n\nthe future, counsel should make the appropriate objection when it is\n\nclear the instructions invite inconsistent verdicts.", "\n\n B. Scope of Review. ", "In its motion for a new trial, Kirke and Wild\n\nRose argued there was an inconsistency between the verdicts on Pavone’s\n\nand SMG’s paragraphs 3A and 5A claims, which requires a new trial.", "\n\nThe district court overruled this motion, finding there was no\n\ninconsistency between the verdicts. “", "The scope of our review of a district\n\ncourt’s ruling on a motion for new trial depends on the grounds raised in\n\nthe motion.” ", "Channon v. United Parcel Serv., ", "Inc., 629 N.W.2d 835, 859\n\n(Iowa 2001). ", " “ ‘To the extent the motion is based on a discretionary\n\nground, we review it for an abuse of discretion. ", " But if the motion is\n\nbased on a legal question, our review is on error.’ ” ", "Id. (quoting Roling v.\n\nDaily, 596 N.W.2d 72, 76 (Iowa 1999)). ", " Here, one of the underlying\n\ngrounds for Kirke’s and Wild Rose’s motion for a new trial was based on\n\na claim of inconsistent answers in the verdict.", "\n\n Generally, the trial court has some discretion when faced\n with inconsistent answers in a verdict. ", " However, the\n question whether a verdict is inconsistent so as to give rise\n to the exercise of that discretion is a question of law.", "\n Therefore, we review the district court’s conclusion as to\n\f 32\n whether answers are inconsistent for correction of errors at\n law.", "\n\nClinton Physical Therapy Servs., ", "P.C. v. John Deere Health Care, Inc., 714\nN.W.2d 603, 609 (Iowa 2006) (citations omitted). ", " Therefore, we will\n\nreview this issue for corrections of error at law.", "\n\n C. Analysis. ", "Jury verdicts can be in the form of a general verdict,\n\nspecial verdict, or general verdict with special interrogatories. ", "Id. at 610.", "\n\n“A special verdict consists entirely of questions that elicit special written\n\nanswers to resolve the material issues of fact in the case, and the court\n\nthen enters judgment based on the findings made by the jury.” ", " Id.;\n\naccord Iowa R. Civ. ", "P. 1.933; Pexa v. Auto Owners Ins. ", "Co., 686 N.W.2d\n\n150, 160 (Iowa 2004). ", " The jury’s answers become special written\n\nfindings of fact. ", " Clinton Physical Therapy Servs., ", "714 N.W.2d at 610.", "\n\nThe jury does not enter a general verdict and does not consider the effect\n\nof its special findings. ", " Id. “Instead, the court enters judgment by\n\napplying the law to the findings.” ", "Id.\n\n Here, the district court submitted a special verdict form to the jury,\n\nwhich asked the following questions:\n\n 1. ", "Do you find the defendants breached Paragraph 3(A) of\n the October 22, 2004 agreement?", "\n\n Answer: Yes ____\n\n No ____\n\n 2. ", "Do you find the defendants breached paragraph 5(A) of\n the October 22, 2004 agreement?", "\n\n Answer: Yes ____\n\n No ____\n\n [If your answers to both Special Interrogatories 1 and 2 are\n “no” do not answer any more questions. ", "If your answers to\n either or both of Special Interrogatories 1 and 2 is “yes”\n answer Special Interrogatories Nos. ", "3 and 4.]", "\n\f 33\n 3. ", "State the amount of damages caused by the breach?", "\n\n Answer: _____________\n\n 4. ", "Do you find defendant Gerald M. Kirke individually liable\n for any breach of contract by defendant Wild Rose\n Entertainment, L.L.C., under a personal guarantee?", "\n\n Answer: Yes ____\n\n No ____\n\n In response to questions one and two, the jury found Kirke and\n\nWild Rose breached both paragraphs 3A and 5A of the October\n\nagreement. ", "In response to question three, the jury awarded Pavone and\n\nSMG ten million dollars in damages. ", "In response to question four, the\n\njury answered yes. ", "Accordingly, the district court entered judgment for\n\nten million dollars in favor of Pavone and SMG against Kirke and Wild\n\nRose.", "\n\n After the return of the verdict, Kirke and Wild Rose filed a motion\n\nfor a new trial, claiming the jury’s answers to questions one and two were\n\ninconsistent. ", "The district court overruled this motion, finding the jury’s\n\nanswers could be read in a consistent manner.", "\n\n Kirke and Wild Rose argue the conflicting theories of breach under\n\nparagraphs 3A and 5A of the October agreement are inconsistent with\n\none another, meaning if the jury found a breach under paragraph 3A it\n\ncould not have logically found a breach under paragraph 5A. Kirke and\n\nWild Rose make this argument claiming that for the jury to find a breach\n\nunder paragraph 3A it necessarily had to find paragraph 3A constituted\n\na binding management contract for the Emmetsburg casino. ", "Therefore,\n\nfor the jury to find a breach under paragraph 5A it necessarily had to\n\nfind Kirke’s and Wild Rose’s bad faith negotiations prevented the parties\n\nfrom entering into a management agreement for the Emmetsburg casino.", "\n\f 34\n\nThus, Kirke and Wild Rose argue the jury’s special written findings of\n\nfact are fatally inconsistent, necessitating a new trial.", "\n\n In the case of special verdicts, the district court enters judgment\n\nbased on the jury’s special written findings of fact. ", " Clinton Physical\n\nTherapy Servs., ", "714 N.W.2d at 611. ", "The evidence presented at trial must\n\nsupport each of the jury’s findings of fact. ", "Id. Furthermore, the jury’s\n\nfindings of fact cannot be internally inconsistent. ", "Id.; accord Bangs v.\n\nPioneer Janitorial of Ames, Inc., 570 N.W.2d 630, 632 (Iowa 1997) (“If a\n\nverdict is internally inconsistent . . . ", "and there is no way to determine the\n\njury’s intent, the proper remedy is a new trial.”); ", "89 C.J.S. Trial § 992, at\n\n603 (2001) (stating, when findings in special verdicts “are utterly and\n\nirreconcilably inconsistent with, or repugnant to, each other, they\n\nneutralize, nullify, or destroy each other”). ", "If the jury’s special findings of\n\nfact are internally inconsistent with each other, the district court may\n\neither send the jury back for additional deliberations or grant a new trial.", "\n\nIowa R. Civ. ", "P. 1.934 (providing if answers to interrogatories are\n\ninconsistent court can either send the jury back or order new trial);\n\nClinton Physical Therapy Servs., ", "714 N.W.2d at 612–13 (recognizing the\n\nrules governing internally inconsistent special interrogatory answers\n\napply equally to internally inconsistent answers in a special verdict).", "\n\nHowever, “[i]f the answers are not inconsistent, the court . . . ", "is permitted\n\nto enter judgment consistent with the jury’s answers.” ", "Clinton Physical\n\nTherapy Servs., ", "714 N.W.2d at 613. ", " Accordingly, on review, we must\n\nfirst determine whether an internal inconsistency in the jury’s answers to\n\nthe special verdict exists.", "\n\n “[A] verdict is not inconsistent if it can be harmonized in a\n\nreasonable manner consistent with the jury instructions and the\n\nevidence in the case, including fair inferences drawn from the evidence.”", "\n\f 35\n\nId.; accord Hoffman v. Nat’l Med. ", "Enters., ", "Inc., 442 N.W.2d 123, 126–27\n\n(Iowa 1989). ", "This test recognizes the court must consider how the jury\n\ncould have viewed the evidence and how that view of the evidence fits\n\ninto the requirements of the instructions, when determining whether two\n\nanswers are internally inconsistent. ", "Clinton Physical Therapy Servs., ", "714\n\nN.W.2d at 613 (citing 66 C.J.S. New Trial § 82, at 172 (1998)). ", "In the\n\nend, “two answers are not inconsistent if they can be harmonized under\n\nthe evidence and the instructions.” ", "Clinton Physical Therapy Servs., ", "714\n\nN.W.2d at 613. “", "When, under this analysis, two answers or findings by\n\nthe jury would compel the rendition of different judgments, the answers\n\nare inconsistent.” ", "Id.; accord Hoffman, 442 N.W.2d at 127 (“Only where\n\nthe verdicts are so logically and legally inconsistent that they cannot be\n\nreconciled will they be set aside.”). ", " When deciding if a verdict is\n\ninconsistent, we liberally construe the jury’s verdict to give effect to the\n\njury’s intention and harmonize the jury’s answers if possible. ", "Hoffman,\n\n442 N.W.2d at 126. ", "We also must determine whether the verdicts can be\n\nreconciled in a manner reasonably consistent with the evidence and the\n\njury instructions. ", "Id. at 126–27.", "\n\n We find the jury’s special interrogatory answers can be harmonized\n\nin a reasonable manner consistent with the jury instructions and the\n\nevidence in the case, including fair inferences drawn from the evidence.", "\n\nThe instructions given by the court allowed the jury to find a breach of\n\nparagraphs 3A and 5A. The instructions did not make such a finding\n\nmutually exclusive.", "\n\n The jury could have concluded the October 22 agreement was a\n\nbinding management agreement. ", " The jury could have also concluded\n\nthat another document had to be executed by the parties to include the\n\nnonmaterial terms normally found in an integrated agreement. ", "The jury\n\f 36\n\ncould have further found that the parties needed to submit the later\n\ndocument to the IRGC. ", "Finally, the jury could have concluded that Kirke\n\nand Wild Rose breached paragraph 5A of the agreement by not\n\nnegotiating a formal final agreement in good faith with Pavone and SMG.", "\n\nAs we previously held, the record contained substantial evidence that the\n\nOctober 22 agreement was a binding management agreement and that\n\nKirke and Wild Rose did not conduct any negotiations after October 22 in\n\ngood faith.", "\n\n Accordingly, the district court was correct for denying Kirke’s and\n\nWild Rose’s motion for a new trial on this ground.", "\n\n XI. ", "Disposition.", "\n\n The district court did not commit any error in the trial of this\n\nmatter; therefore, we vacate the decision of the court of appeals and\n\naffirm the judgment of the district court.", "\n\n COURT OF APPEALS DECISION VACATED; DISTRICT COURT\n\nJUDGMENT AFFIRMED.", "\n\n All justices concur except Appel, Waterman, and Mansfield, JJ.,", "\n\nwho take no part.", "\n\f" ]	{ "pile_set_name": "FreeLaw" }	[ 0.01282051282051282, 0.014563106796116505, 0.02, 0.022727272727272728, 0, 0, 0.025, 0.031055900621118012, 0.03278688524590164, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.027777777777777776, 0, 0.017937219730941704, 0.01, 0.005405405405405406, 0.02127659574468085, 0.01818181818181818, 0, 0.007782101167315175, 0.030864197530864196, 0.017391304347826087, 0, 0.016574585635359115, 0.012, 0.010526315789473684, 0.0045662100456621, 0, 0.013333333333333334, 0.017045454545454544, 0.014218009478672985, 0.0125, 0.005263157894736842, 0.007407407407407408, 0, 0, 0.028985507246376812, 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[ "Connexin 26 (Cx26) is a member of a widely expressed family of proteins that form intercellular transmembrane channels or gap junctions. ", "Pathogenic mutations in the Cx26 gene have been identified in both autosomal dominant and recessive forms of non- syndromic hereditary hearing impairment (NHHI). ", "Mutations within Cx26 may account for 20 percent of all childhood deafness with a carrier rate as high as 2.8 percent. ", "Although, Cx26 mutations have been identified in humans, naturally occurring mutations of the Cx26 have not been detected in animal models. ", "Development of an animal model of Cx26 dysfunction has been attempted using gene knockout technology. ", "However, mice homozygous for targeted deletion of Cx26 die in utero, thus precluding analysis of Cx26 dysfunction in the adult. ", "As a first step towards deciphering the role of Cx26 in hearing, this study will test the hypothesis that constitutive expression of Cx26 is required for auditory function in an adult animal and thus transient disruption of its function would result in transient hearing impairment. ", "This hypothesis will be tested through the development and characterization of two separate animal models of Cx26 dysfunction, using established procedures that will sidestep the developmental restrictions upon Cx26 expression. ", "The common principle that underlies induction of Cx26 dysfunction in the proposed animal models is the introduction of a dominant negative allele that is extra- chromosomal or stably integrated and subsequent in vivo expression to nullify protein product of the endogenous wild type Cx26 allele. ", "The transgene will be introduced locally within the cochlear of an adult rat using cationic liposomes or as an inducible, stably integrated transgene in a transgenic mouse. ", "In vivo expression of the extra-chromosomal or stably integrated transgene will be followed by physiological and histopathological analysis of the inner ear. ", "The development and characterization of these animal models with Cx26 dysfunction will contribute significantly towards understanding the role of Cx26 in hearing under normal and pathologic conditions." ]	{ "pile_set_name": "NIH ExPorter" }	[ 0.014598540145985401, 0, 0.008403361344537815, 0.007142857142857143, 0.00980392156862745, 0.015625, 0.007067137809187279, 0.008771929824561403, 0.0033783783783783786, 0, 0, 0.009950248756218905 ]	0.007062	5	[]
[ "This is the Apple iMac that could have been: Apple Lisa gets modernised\n\nThe Apple iMac has always been in the limelight as every new model recreates desktop computer design. ", "We've gone from a square box all the way to a metallic slither of 5K resolution. ", "But what if the original shape had remained?", "\n\nThis is what German tech site Curved wondered before creating its own concept of just such a machine.", "\n\nEssentially the design uses the box shape of the Apple Lisa machine but gives it a 21st century makeover with the design feel of the new MacBook Air.", "\n\nThe components that make up this retro machine were taken from a 2014 MacBook Air and adapted to fit in the bent aluminium frame that is shaped like the Lisa Mac. ", "Despite looking old-school there's even a touchscreen built-in so the mouse and keyboard can be ditched if you like. ", "We say you, but good luck getting one since they're not being mass produced.", "\n\nThe concept iMac features 128GB of SSD storage, 4 or 8GB of RAM and an Intel i7 CPU all wrapped up in the same aluminium used for MacBooks, iPhone and iPads. ", "There's even a slot for microSD where the disk drive was on the original machine, as well as a FaceTime camera. ", "If it were available it would come in silver, grey and gold.", "\n\nWhile this isn't a machine that can be bought right now imagine this thing on Kickstarter, it would go through the roof. ", "You listening Apple?" ]	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }	[ 0.011428571428571429, 0, 0, 0.009708737864077669, 0.006622516556291391, 0.012121212121212121, 0, 0, 0.025, 0.008928571428571428, 0, 0.008130081300813009, 0.05 ]	0.010149	5	[ { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 320, "entity_type": "NRP", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 314 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 498, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 484 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 622, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 618 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 714, "entity_type": "PERSON", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 702 } ]
[ "Centralian dtella\n\nThe Centralian dtella (Gehyra montium) is a species of gecko endemic to Australia.", "\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Gehyra\nCategory:Reptiles described in 1982\nCategory:Geckos of Australia" ]	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }	[ 0, 0 ]	0	5	[ { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 100, "entity_type": "LOCATION", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 91 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 165, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 161 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 194, "entity_type": "LOCATION", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 185 } ]
[ "Diesel Ban May Sway Opponents Of Power Plant\n\nOctober 6, 2001\|By Jeremy Milarsky Staff Writer\n\nDEERFIELD BEACH — A deal in the works between top officials at City Hall and a Houston-based power company may remove a critical sticking point for people who oppose plans for a 510-megawatt energy plant here.", "\n\nDeerfield Beach Mayor Al Capellini said representatives of Enron Corp. last month asked to make minor changes to their financial agreement with the city. ", "In exchange, Capellini wants the company to abandon plans to use diesel fuel as a backup power source for their proposed power plant on Green Road just east of Florida's Turnpike.", "\n\nThat's an important condition for government officials in Coral Springs and other North Broward cities, who fear that diesel fuel emissions would pollute the air in the region. ", "Enron's plans call for the plant to be fueled primarily by natural gas, which is relatively clean, but they want to be able to use diesel fuel in case the gas runs out.", "\n\n\"If they want to open up their [financial] agreement, they would have to remove the diesel fuel part of their plant,\" Capellini said.", "\n\nThe financial agreement calls for Enron to pay the city $1.5 million in fees before they build the plant, and at least $1.7 million in property taxes annually. ", "Enron last week paid the first $500,000 of the fees, but they have asked for a different payment schedule, Capellini said.", "\n\nEnron officials want to be able to burn diesel fuel as a backup power source because currently, only one natural gas pipeline operates in Florida. ", "But two other pipelines -- one coming across the Gulf of Mexico and the other coming from the Bahamas -- are in the works.", "\n\nEnron might be willing to drop their plans for diesel fuel, but only if \"one or both\" of those pipelines works by the time they build their plant, said Eric Thode, a company spokesman.", "\n\n\"Functionally, the plant is an ambulance service,\" Thode said. \"", "It has to be able to be used at a moment's notice.\"", "\n\nIf Capellini were to convince Enron Corp. to drop the diesel fuel portion of their plans, it would represent a political victory for him and his city. ", "That's because the mayor of Coral Springs, one of the cities that has challenged the state's intention to give Enron an air-quality permit, has said that he will back off if they drop their plans to burn diesel fuel.", "\n\nSo far, Coral Springs has declined to take as aggressive a stance as neighboring Coconut Creek, where government attorneys sued Deerfield Beach on July 13. ", "Coconut Creek attorneys argue that a conflict in zoning laws made it illegal for Deerfield Beach city officials to approve the Enron plant the way they did.", "\n\nBroward Circuit Judge Leonard Stafford dismissed the lawsuit last month because he said Coconut Creek had not followed proper procedure, but allowed the city to change the suit and file again. 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[ "PSLV Rocket set to launch fifth Indian Navigation Satellite on Wednesday\n\nIndia’s Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle is standing tall atop its launch pad for liftoff on Wednesday at 4:01 UTC with the fifth satellite in the Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System. ", "PSLV, flying in its XL configuration with six strap-on boosters, will be tasked with a 19.5-minute ascent mission into a sub-GTO orbit from where the satellite will make its way into Geosynchronous Orbit, joining the four satellites launched in the last two and a half years.", "\n\nThe Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System is planned to reach its fully operational capability later this year when its seventh satellite is launched, delivering navigation services to the Indian territory and surrounding areas. ", "Unlike other navigation systems such as GPS, the Russian Glonass, Chinese Beidou and Europe’s Galileo that all provide global coverage, IRNSS is designed to only deliver regional services – reducing the number of satellites in the constellation.", "\n\nIRNSS has been initiated to provide India with independent access to navigation data without relying on the aforementioned foreign programs. ", "The system uses seven satellites – four in inclined Geosynchronous Orbits and three in Geostationary Orbit above the equator to deliver continuous services to its service area.", "\n\nThe system is designed to be compatible with the US Global Positioning System and Europe’s upcoming Galileo constellation using navigation signals in S-Band and at L5. ", "The deployed constellation will only cover India and surrounding regions with high-accuracy services available about 1,500 Kilometers beyond the Indian territory.", "\n\nPhoto: Indian Space Research Organization\n\nIRNSS-1E weighs in at 1,425 Kilograms, including over 800kg of maneuvering propellant, and is outfitted with a highly accurate Rubidium atom clock that is used to generate the precise timing needed for conditioning navigation signals. ", "The Spacecraft will support Standard Positioning Service that is open to all users as well as Restrictive Service with high accuracy that is only provided to authorized users. ", "The system will provide an accuracy of 10 to 20 meters.", "\n\nAfter IRNSS-1E begins operation, the satellite constellation will enter its Initial Operational Capability phase with first services being provided to users.", "\n\nBuild-up of the four-stage PSLV XL rocket was completed last year. ", "PSLV makes use of a combination of solid-fueled and liquid rocket engines, taking advantage of the raw power of solid propellants and the maneuverability and accuracy of liquid-fueled engines.", "\n\nLaunch vehicle integration started with the assembly of the large first stage, a 20.34-meter long Solid Rocket Motor that is 2.8 meters in diameter and has a mass of 168,200 Kilograms. ", "Once the first stage segments were stacked, it had its six Solid Rocket Boosters installed, each being 13.5 meters long and one meter in diameter with a mass of about 14 metric tons.", "\n\nThe next step was the installation of the second stage, a liquid-fueled stage – 12.8 meters long and 2.8 meters in diameter with a mass of 46,000 Kilograms, sporting a single Vikas engine.", "\n\nStacked atop the second stage, PS3 is again solid-fueled, measuring 2.02 meters in diameter and 3.54 meters in length with a mass of 7,800 Kilograms. ", "Finally, the 2.6-meter long liquid-fueled fourth stage was installed on the stack, is powered by a pair of L-2-5 engines consuming two metric tons of propellant.", "\n\nWith PSLV assembled, an extensive set of tests was performed before the IRNSS-1E satellite was mated atop the fourth stage and the rocket was rolled to its launch pad. ", "Final clearance for the long two-day countdown operation was given on Sunday when the Mission Readiness Review and Launch Authorization Board confirmed the readiness of all systems for Wednesday’s mission, to kick off a year with up to eight launches of PSLV and the larger GSLV.", "\n\nCountdown & Launch Sequence\n\nPhoto: Indian Space Research Organization\n\nCountdown operations started at 4:01 UTC on Monday as part of a 48-hour sequence that is filled with a number of operations to configure the rocket for flight. ", "The lengthy countdown procedure includes propellant loading on the liquid-fueled stages and extensive checkouts of the rocket and spacecraft as well as preparations of India’s Ground Network of Tracking Stations needed for the flight and the initial operations of the spacecraft once in orbit.", "\n\nBeginning countdown operations, teams started the hazardous process of loading the fourth stage with Monomethylhydrazine fuel which was completed within about six hours allowing teams to transition to oxidizer loading on the fourth stage that is being filled with MON-3 (Mixed Oxides of Nitrogen) in the evening hours on Monday. ", "The next tanks to be filled will be the Roll Control Thruster tanks on the first stage that also receive MMH and MON-3 propellants. ", "On Tuesday, the second stage will receive its propellant load – 40,700 Kilograms of Unsymmetrical Dimethylhydrazine and Nitrogen Tetroxide.", "\n\nOn Wednesday, over the final hours of the countdown, teams perform hands-on work to close out the launch vehicle and launch pad facilities while the launch team monitors all systems of the launcher and the spacecraft, putting the vehicle through a last set of electrical, communications and control systems checks before pressing into the final countdown sequence. ", "Also, the Mobile Service Structure will be rolled back to its launch position.", "\n\nPhoto: Indian Space Research Organization\n\nTeams will evacuate the launch area for the final countdown operation that includes a set of testing operations on the electrical and flight control system of the PSLV that also receives its software for the 19.5-minute ascent mission. ", "Over the final minutes of the countdown, the launcher pressurizes its propellant tanks for flight, transitions to internal power and enables its flight control system in launch mode for PS1 ignition at T-0.", "\n\nWhen clocks hit zero, the PS1 stage will fire its ignition system followed by ignition commands issued to two pairs of Solid Rocket Boosters at T+0.42 and T+0.62 seconds, creating a total thrust of 700,600 Kilogram-force. ", "Jumping off its launch pad, PSLV will climb vertically for a short moment before pitching over to start flying south-east across the Indian Ocean, aligning itself with its planned ascent trajectory headed for a sub-GTO type orbit.", "\n\nThe remaining two Solid Rocket Boosters begin firing at T+25 seconds when PSLV will be 2.7 Kilometers in altitude, increasing the total thrust of the vehicle to 803 metric tons, further accelerating the launcher. ", "Each of the boosters burns for 49.5 seconds, but to ensure a clean separation and off-shore impact, PSLV will hold the ground-lit boosters until T+1 minute and ten seconds when they will be separated in pairs, 0.2 seconds apart at an altitude of 24 Kilometers. ", "The air-lit boosters will tail-off for separation one minute and 32 seconds into the flight.", "\n\nPhoto: Indian Space Research Organization\n\nThe massive first stage will continue firing, delivering 496 metric tons of thrust as it burns through 138,000 Kilograms of solid propellant in just 105 seconds, lofting the vehicle to an altitude of 56 Kilometers and a speed of 2.4km/s. Separation of the first stage is expected one minute and 51 seconds into the flight with second stage ignition an instant later. ", "The Vikas 4 engine of the second stage will soar up to a thrust of 81,500 Kilogram-force for a burn of just over 2.5 minutes. ", "Starting the second stage burn, the vehicle will transition from a pre-determined attitude profile flown during PS1 to Closed Loop Control to dynamically adjust its flight profile based on measured navigation data in order to meet its cutoff targets.", "\n\nAt T+3 minutes and 18 seconds, the vehicle will have reached an altitude of 112 Kilometers, making it safe to separate the protective payload fairing since aerodynamic forces no longer present a danger to the satellite at that altitude. ", "The second stage will conclude its burn and separate at T+4:23, reaching an altitude of 134 Kilometers and a speed of 5.37km/s.\n\nThird stage ignition occurs one second after staging, starting a burn of 113 seconds during which the stage will deliver 24,900 Kilogram-force of thrust. ", "After burnout of the third stage, PSLV will keep holding onto the stage for the nominal Stage 3-4 coast phase that is designed to allow the stack to gain altitude ahead of the fourth stage burn. ", "It also allows the third stage to tail off any residual thrust to ensure a safe separation. ", "The coast lasts from T+6:17 to T+10:06, a period during which the stack climbs from 137 to 186 Kilometers.", "\n\nSeparation of the third stage is expected ten minutes and six seconds into the flight followed ten seconds later by the ignition of the fourth stage’s L-2-5 engines on a burn of eight minutes and 19 seconds. ", "IRNSS-1E is targeting an insertion orbit of 284 by 20,657 Kilometers at an inclination of 19.2 degrees. ", "Cutoff of the fourth stage is expected at T+18 minutes and 43 seconds.", "\n\nIRNSS-1E will be separated from the PSLV at T+19 minutes and 20 seconds at an altitude of 503 Kilometers and an insertion speed of 9.6km/s.\n\nVery shortly after separation, the satellite will deploy its two power-generating solar arrays, establish communications with ground stations and stabilize its three-axis orientation. 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[ "Making Oregon Paid Sick Leave Easy\n\nBreakfast Briefing\n\nDate and Time\n\n2.18.16\n\nMaking Oregon Paid Sick Leave Easy Join us for breakfast and a discussion on hot HR topics. ", "This complimentary event is a great opportunity to network and talk with other HR professionals and our expert lawyers in an informal and collaborative setting to get the information you need to stay in the know. ", "This month:\n\nThe 2015 Oregon Legislative session was groundbreaking in labor and employment law, as it saw the passage of only the fourth mandatory paid sick leave in the United States. ", "The Oregon Paid Sick Leave (“OPSL”) law is the largest expansion of employee rights and employer obligations in the state since the passage of the Oregon Family Leave Act in 1995. ", "Are you prepared to rise with the Paid Sick Leave tide in 2016? ", "Our experienced counsel will advise you how to not only survive OPSL, but to be the HR Hero at your company who makes implementation look easy.", "\n\nWelcome to the Fisher Phillips website. ", "We hope you will take a moment to get to know us better, learn about what sets us apart from other firms, and review our commitment to providing excellent client service on every matter we handle.", "\n\nWe are proud of our tradition of inclusion, and are working to expand upon it. ", "We recruit, hire, develop, retain, and promote the best attorneys and staff at all levels – regardless of race, color, ethnicity, gender, religion, age, LGBTQ identification, marital status, disability, background, or viewpoint." ]	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }	[ 0, 0, 0, 0.011111111111111112, 0.015625, 0.006993006993006993, 0.023809523809523808, 0, 0, 0.0043859649122807015 ]	0.006192	5	[ { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 395, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 385 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 406, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 402 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 569, "entity_type": "LOCATION", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 552 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 604, "entity_type": "PERSON", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 600 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 749, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 745 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 813, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 809 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 883, "entity_type": "PERSON", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 879 } ]
[ "Old Gaol Building (Ingwavuma)\n\nThe Old Gaol Building is a historic wood and iron building dating from the 1900s in Ingwavuma, KwaZulu-Natal Province, South Africa. ", "The building is located near the welfare buildings. ", "In 2004, the building was restored as part of a project run by Nansindlela School. ", "H.C. Lugg, Chief Native Commissioner of Natal in the 1930s, described the Old Gaol as it was in 1920 in his book A Natal Family Looks Back as follows:\n\n\"The gaol, like the court house, was also constructed of wood and iron. ", " One day its walls were blown down, but soon re-erected by the convicts. ", " Any attempt by a prisoner to escape, was followed by a hue and cry in which the convicts took part, never failing to get their man.\"", "\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Defunct prisons in South Africa\nCategory:Buildings and structures in KwaZulu-Natal" ]	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }	[ 0.012195121951219513, 0, 0.012048192771084338, 0.004464285714285714, 0, 0, 0.009523809523809525 ]	0.005462	5	[ { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 28, "entity_type": "PERSON", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 19 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 111, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 102 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 124, "entity_type": "LOCATION", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 115 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 148, "entity_type": "LOCATION", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 126 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 162, "entity_type": "LOCATION", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 150 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 223, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 219 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 308, "entity_type": "PERSON", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 299 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 322, "entity_type": "NRP", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 316 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 357, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 348 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 399, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 395 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 530, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 523 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 780, "entity_type": "LOCATION", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 768 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 831, "entity_type": "LOCATION", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 818 } ]
[ "St. Barnabas Episcopal Church (Montrose, Iowa)\n\nSt. Barnabas Episcopal Church is a former church building in the Episcopal Diocese of Iowa located in Montrose, Iowa, United States. ", "It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986. ", "The building is now called St. Barnabas Wedding Chapel.", "\n\nHistory\nThe congregation was founded as Grace Church and initially shared space with the local Methodist Episcopal Church. ", "Land for the present church was secured in 1867 and funds were raised for the building. ", "Construction began in 1869 and the main part of the sanctuary was completed in 1871. ", "Local craftsmen built the church in blue-gray limestone, which was quarried away. ", "Matthew Richardson, J.S. Lakin, and J.N. Ballou finished the interior, which included its furnishings. ", "The name of the congregation was changed to St. Barnabas in 1881. ", "The women of the parish raised the money for the bell tower and narthex, which were built c. 1902. ", "A second-hand bell had been given by a St. Louis parish and hung on a frame structure at the Methodist Church until this tower was built. ", "St. Barnabas was never a parish in its own right, but was a mission that was served from St. Luke's in Fort Madison or St. John's in Keokuk.", "\n\nThe church remained in use until it closed in 1960. ", "An attempt was made to move the town library to the old church in 1974. ", "The church was deconsecrated and some of its contents were given to active churches. ", "The building was also vandalized and the churchyard was used to graze horses for a time. ", "The old church sat empty until the Montrose Township Historical Society was formed in 1981 and began to restore it. ", "In addition to serving as a wedding chapel, the facility hosts annual Memorial Day and Christmas programs.", "\n\nArchitecture\nThe rectangular structure measures about . ", "There is a small chancel and vestry-room on the rear of the building. ", "The bell tower, which gives the building a Norman Gothic appearance, rises to a height of . ", "The blue-gray limestone on the main body of the church is rough cut and irregularly coursed. ", "The limestone on the tower is lighter in color and it is square cut, irregularly faced ashlar. ", "The side elevations are three bays in length and each contain a lancet window. ", "The bays are divided by stepped pilasters that are also located on the corners of the building. ", "Three lancet windows are grouped together and are located on the back wall of the chancel. 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"recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 945 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 999, "entity_type": "LOCATION", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 990 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 1101, "entity_type": "PERSON", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 1093 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 1188, "entity_type": "LOCATION", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 1178 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 1204, "entity_type": "LOCATION", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 1192 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 1228, "entity_type": "LOCATION", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 1222 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 1280, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 1276 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 1352, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 1348 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 1618, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 1614 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 1740, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 1731 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 1933, "entity_type": "PERSON", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 1920 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 2568, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 2564 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 2666, "entity_type": "LOCATION", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 2662 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 2710, "entity_type": "LOCATION", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 2706 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 2742, "entity_type": "LOCATION", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 2732 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 2748, "entity_type": "LOCATION", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 2744 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 2818, "entity_type": "LOCATION", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 2814 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 2878, "entity_type": "LOCATION", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, 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[ "University Lecturer\n\nMA University of Cambridge\nPhD University of Cambridge\n\nHigh-Temperature Materials\n\nThe ongoing drive for improved fuel efficiency and reduced emissions from gas-turbine aeroengines continues to demand new materials capable of tolerating ever higher service temperatures. ", "At present, the majority of these applications are served by nickel-base superalloys, but new materials are now also being considered as potential successors to these alloys in many applications.", "\n\nNickel-base superalloys\n\nThe outstanding combination of properties of nickel-base superalloys has led to their widespread use in hot-section aeroengine components. ", "By developing an improved understanding of the relationship between the alloy composition, microstructure and properties, and how these are influenced by the processing and service conditions, we are developing new alloys with superior properties than their predecessors.", "\n\nNovel high-temperature materials\n\nNovel materials that may provide viable alternatives to nickel-base superalloys in high-temperature applications such as aeroengines are also being investigated. ", "While no material improves on conventional nickel-base superalloys in all regards, an understanding of the conditions that must be tolerated by individual components is leading to the identification and development of novel materials that may enable higher temperatures, stresses, longer lives or lighter components to be achieved.", "\n\nIn-situ characterization of phase transformations\n\nModern diffraction-based techniques using neutron and synchrotron sources such as the ISIS and ILL neutron sources and the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility offer powerful methods for the in-situ characterisation of crystal structures in metals and alloys. ", "With these methods, phase transformations and deformation behaviour are being studied on timescales of milliseconds and with very high resolution, providing unique insights into these processes.", "\n\nReciprocal lattice point of a fundamental reflection from a fourth-generation single-crystal nickel-base superalloy obtained by synchrotron X-ray diffraction" ]	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }	[ 0.0034129692832764505, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.00949367088607595, 0, 0 ]	0.001434	5	[]
[ "---\ntitle: HDF5 Data Layer\n---\n\n# HDF5 Data Layer\n\n* Layer type: `HDF5Data`\n* [Doxygen Documentation](http://caffe.berkeleyvision.org/doxygen/classcaffe_1_1HDF5DataLayer.html)\n* Header: [`./include/caffe/layers/hdf5_data_layer.hpp`](https://github.com/BVLC/caffe/blob/master/include/caffe/layers/hdf5_data_layer.hpp)\n* CPU implementation: [`./src/caffe/layers/hdf5_data_layer.cpp`](https://github.com/BVLC/caffe/blob/master/src/caffe/layers/hdf5_data_layer.cpp)\n* CUDA GPU implementation: [`./src/caffe/layers/hdf5_data_layer.cu`](https://github.com/BVLC/caffe/blob/master/src/caffe/layers/hdf5_data_layer.cu)\n\n## Parameters\n\n* Parameters (`HDF5DataParameter hdf5_data_param`)\n* From [`./src/caffe/proto/caffe.proto`](https://github.com/BVLC/caffe/blob/master/src/caffe/proto/caffe.proto):\n\n{% highlight Protobuf %}\n{% include proto/HDF5DataParameter.txt %}\n{% endhighlight %}\n" ]	{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }	[ 0.010262257696693273 ]	0.010262	5	[ { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 658, "entity_type": "PERSON", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 641 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 174, "entity_type": "URL", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "UrlRecognizer_140094861343568", "recognizer_name": "UrlRecognizer" }, "score": 0.6, "start": 102 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 315, "entity_type": "URL", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "UrlRecognizer_140094861343568", "recognizer_name": "UrlRecognizer" }, "score": 0.6, "start": 233 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 460, "entity_type": "URL", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "UrlRecognizer_140094861343568", "recognizer_name": "UrlRecognizer" }, "score": 0.6, "start": 382 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 608, "entity_type": "URL", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "UrlRecognizer_140094861343568", "recognizer_name": "UrlRecognizer" }, "score": 0.6, "start": 531 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 787, "entity_type": "URL", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "UrlRecognizer_140094861343568", "recognizer_name": "UrlRecognizer" }, "score": 0.6, "start": 718 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 528, "entity_type": "URL", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "UrlRecognizer_140094861343568", "recognizer_name": "UrlRecognizer" }, "score": 0.5, "start": 520 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 713, "entity_type": "URL", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "UrlRecognizer_140094861343568", "recognizer_name": "UrlRecognizer" }, "score": 0.5, "start": 704 } ]
[ "YUI.add('aui-form-field-tests', function(Y) {\n\n var suite = new Y.Test.", "Suite('aui-form-field');\n\n suite.add(new Y.Test.", "Case({\n name: 'Form Field Tests',\n\n tearDown: function() {\n if (this._field) {\n this._field.destroy();\n }\n },\n\n 'should return field content': function() {\n this._field = new Y.FormField();\n\n Y.Assert.isNotNull(this._field.get('content'));\n Y.Assert.isTrue(this._field.get('content').hasClass('form-field'));\n },\n\n 'should only allow array of fields as the nestedFields attribute': function() {\n this._field = new Y.FormField();\n\n Y.Assert.areEqual(0, this._field.get('nestedFields').length);\n\n this._field.set('nestedFields', 1);\n Y.Assert.areEqual(0, this._field.get('nestedFields').length);\n\n this._field.set('nestedFields', [1, 2]);\n Y.Assert.areEqual(0, this._field.get('nestedFields').length);\n\n this._field.set('nestedFields', [1, new Y.FormField()]);\n Y.Assert.areEqual(0, this._field.get('nestedFields').length);\n\n this._field.set('nestedFields', [new Y.FormField(), new Y.FormField()]);\n Y.Assert.areEqual(2, this._field.get('nestedFields').length);\n },\n\n 'should render nested fields inside content': function() {\n this._field = new Y.FormField({\n nestedFields: [new Y.FormField(), new Y.FormField()]\n });\n\n Y.Assert.areEqual(2, this._field.get('content').all('.form-field').size());\n\n this._field.set('nestedFields', [new Y.FormField()]);\n Y.Assert.areEqual(1, this._field.get('content').all('.form-field').size());\n },\n\n 'should remove nested fields': function() {\n var nestedField = new Y.FormField();\n\n this._field = new Y.FormField({\n nestedFields: [nestedField, new Y.FormField()]\n });\n Y.one('#container').append(this._field.get('content'));\n\n this._field.removeNestedField(nestedField);\n Y.Assert.areEqual(1, this._field.get('nestedFields').length);\n Y.Assert.areEqual(1, this._field.get('content').all('.form-field').size());\n\n this._field.removeNestedField(new Y.FormField());\n Y.Assert.areEqual(1, this._field.get('nestedFields').length);\n Y.Assert.areEqual(1, this._field.get('content').all('.form-field').size());\n },\n\n 'should add nested fields': function() {\n var nestedField = new Y.FormField();\n\n this._field = new Y.FormField({\n nestedFields: [new Y.FormField(), new Y.FormField()]\n });\n Y.one('#container').append(this._field.get('content'));\n\n this._field.addNestedField(1, nestedField);\n Y.Assert.areEqual(3, this._field.get('nestedFields').length);\n Y.Assert.areSame(nestedField, this._field.get('nestedFields')[1]);\n },\n\n 'should render title and help text': function() {\n var helpNode,\n titleNode;\n\n this._field = new Y.FormField({\n help: 'Help 1',\n title: 'Title 1'\n });\n helpNode = this._field.get('content').one('.form-field-help');\n titleNode = this._field.get('content').one('.form-field-title');\n\n Y.Assert.areEqual('Help 1', helpNode.get('text'));\n Y.Assert.areEqual('Title 1', titleNode.get('text'));\n },\n\n 'should render title and help text when they are updated': function() {\n var helpNode,\n titleNode;\n\n this._field = new Y.FormField({\n help: 'Help 1',\n title: 'Title 1'\n });\n\n this._field.set('help', 'Help 2');\n this._field.set('title', 'Title 2');\n\n helpNode = this._field.get('content').one('.form-field-help');\n titleNode = this._field.get('content').one('.form-field-title');\n\n Y.Assert.areEqual('Help 2', helpNode.get('text'));\n Y.Assert.areEqual('Title 2', titleNode.get('text'));\n }\n }));\n\n Y.Test.", "Runner.add(suite);\n}, '', {requires: ['aui-form-field', 'test']});\n" ]	{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }	[ 0, 0, 0.0024319066147859923, 0 ]	0.000608	5	[ { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 1460, "entity_type": "PERSON", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 1448 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 1947, "entity_type": "PERSON", "recognition_metadata": 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"recognizer_identifier": "UrlRecognizer_140094861343568", "recognizer_name": "UrlRecognizer" }, "score": 0.5, "start": 466 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 496, "entity_type": "URL", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "UrlRecognizer_140094861343568", "recognizer_name": "UrlRecognizer" }, "score": 0.5, "start": 488 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 668, "entity_type": "URL", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "UrlRecognizer_140094861343568", "recognizer_name": "UrlRecognizer" }, "score": 0.5, "start": 664 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 703, "entity_type": "URL", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "UrlRecognizer_140094861343568", "recognizer_name": "UrlRecognizer" }, "score": 0.5, "start": 692 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 727, "entity_type": "URL", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "UrlRecognizer_140094861343568", "recognizer_name": "UrlRecognizer" }, "score": 0.5, "start": 719 }, { 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"UrlRecognizer_140094861343568", "recognizer_name": "UrlRecognizer" }, "score": 0.5, "start": 943 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 978, "entity_type": "URL", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "UrlRecognizer_140094861343568", "recognizer_name": "UrlRecognizer" }, "score": 0.5, "start": 970 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 1032, "entity_type": "URL", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "UrlRecognizer_140094861343568", "recognizer_name": "UrlRecognizer" }, "score": 0.5, "start": 1024 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 1062, "entity_type": "URL", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "UrlRecognizer_140094861343568", "recognizer_name": "UrlRecognizer" }, "score": 0.5, "start": 1058 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 1098, "entity_type": "URL", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "UrlRecognizer_140094861343568", "recognizer_name": "UrlRecognizer" }, "score": 0.5, "start": 1087 }, { 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[ "Cytochrome P4503A4 metabolic activity, methadone blood concentrations, and methadone doses.", "\nWe examined in vivo the influence of cytochrome P4503A4 (CYP3A4) activity, measured by the 30 min plasma 1'OH-midazolam/midazolam ratio after oral administration of 7.5 mg midazolam, on the methadone steady-state trough plasma concentrations in a group of 32 patients in methadone maintenance treatment. ", "Patients were grouped as receiving 'low' (up to 99 mg/day, n = 10), 'high' (100-199 mg/day, n = 11) and 'very high' (> or = 200 mg/day, n = 11) doses of methadone, and the CYP3A4 metabolic activity was compared between the three groups. (", "S)-methadone and (R,S)-methadone, but not (R)-methadone, concentrations to dose ratios significantly correlated with the midazolam ratios (r(2) = -0.17, P = 0.018; r(2) = -0.14, P = 0.032; r(2) = -0.10, P = 0.083, respectively), with a 76% higher CYP3A4 activity in the very high-dose group as compared with the low-dose group. ", "Significant differences in the CYP3A4 activity were calculated between the three groups (P = 0.0036), and group-to-group comparisons, using the Bonferroni correction, showed a significant difference between the low-dose and the very high-dose group (P = 0.0039), between the high-dose and the very high-dose group (P = 0.0064), but not between the low-dose and the high-dose group (P = 0.070). ", "The higher CYP3A4 activity measured in patients receiving very high methadone doses could contribute to the need for higher doses in some patients, due to an increased metabolic clearance. ", "This, however, must be confirmed by a prospective study." ]	{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }	[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.0025380710659898475, 0, 0 ]	0.000363	5	[ { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 189, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 183 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 836, "entity_type": "PERSON", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 831 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 1117, "entity_type": "PERSON", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 1107 } ]
[ "Q:\n\nUsing GridSplitter as an expander, am I doing this right?", "\n\nI'm trying to create a a screen with hidden Journal screen on right hand side. ", "I would like it to expand when clicked and hide when clicked again. ", "Also would like it to be able to slide it left and right so user can see both screens if want to. ", "Also would like to call the function to expand right screen from outside of the View. ", "Ok, so this what I have done so far:\non the XAML side:\n<Grid x:Name=\"grdWorkArea\" >\n <Grid.", "ColumnDefinitions>\n <ColumnDefinition Width=\"\" Name=\"MainWindow\"/>\n <ColumnDefinition Width=\"8\" />\n <ColumnDefinition Width=\"0\" Name=\"JournalWindow\"/>\n </Grid.", "ColumnDefinitions>\n\n <ContentControl Name=\"ContentMain\" Content=\"{Binding Path=CurrentViewModel}\"/>\n <Rectangle Grid.", "Column=\"1\" VerticalAlignment=\"Stretch\" HorizontalAlignment=\"Stretch\" Fill=\"LightGray\"/>\n <GridSplitter PreviewMouseDown=\"GridSplitter_PreviewMouseDown\" Grid.", "Column=\"1\" Grid.", "Row=\"0\" HorizontalAlignment=\"Stretch\">\n <GridSplitter.", "Style>\n <Style TargetType=\"{x:Type GridSplitter}\">\n <Setter Property=\"Background\">\n <Setter.", "Value>\n <ImageBrush Stretch=\"None\" ImageSource=\"/Views;component/Images/ToggleWorkflow.png\"/>\n </Setter.", "Value>\n </Setter>\n </Style>\n </GridSplitter.", "Style>\n </GridSplitter>\n <ContentControl Grid.", "Column=\"2\" Name=\"ContentJournal\" Content=\"{Binding Path=CurrentViewModel}\"/>\n </Grid>\n\non the View back end code:\nbool journalExpanded;\njournalExpanded = false;\n\nprivate void GridSplitter_PreviewMouseDown(object sender, MouseButtonEventArgs e)\n {\n if(journalExpanded)\n {\n MainWindow.", "Width = new GridLength(1, GridUnitType.", "Star); \n JournalWindow.", "Width = new GridLength(0);\n journalExpanded = false;\n }\n else\n {\n MainWindow.", "Width = new GridLength(0);\n JournalWindow.", "Width = new GridLength(1, GridUnitType.", "Star);\n journalExpanded = true;\n }\n }\n\nSo this works fantastic I can move splitter manually or click splitter and Left screen expands or hides. ", "But I need to be able to call GridSplitter_PreviewMouseDown from outside of this View. ", "Basically on the top of the screen I have a TopBar which contains button btnJournal. ", "When I click it I would like Journal to expand. ", "So I decided to move this function to MainWindowViewModel and bind columns width to properties: \non the XAML side:\n<Grid x:Name=\"grdWorkArea\" HorizontalAlignment=\"Stretch\">\n <Grid.", "ColumnDefinitions>\n <ColumnDefinition Width=\"{Binding Path=MainWindowWidth}\" Name=\"MainWindow\"/>\n <ColumnDefinition Width=\"8\" />\n <ColumnDefinition Width=\"{Binding Path=JournalWindowWidth}\" Name=\"JournalWindow\"/>\n </Grid.", "ColumnDefinitions>\n\n <ContentControl Grid.", "Column=\"0\" Name=\"ContentMain\" Content=\"{Binding Path=CurrentViewModel}\"/>\n\n <Rectangle Grid.", "Column=\"1\" VerticalAlignment=\"Stretch\" Fill=\"LightGray\"/>\n <GridSplitter PreviewMouseUp=\"clickJournalExpand\" Grid.", "Column=\"1\" Grid.", "Row=\"0\" HorizontalAlignment=\"Stretch\">\n <GridSplitter.", "Style>\n <Style TargetType=\"{x:Type GridSplitter}\">\n <Setter Property=\"Background\">\n <Setter.", "Value>\n <ImageBrush Stretch=\"None\" ImageSource=\"/Views;component/Images/ToggleWorkflow.png\"/>\n </Setter.", "Value>\n </Setter>\n </Style>\n </GridSplitter.", "Style>\n </GridSplitter>\n\n <ContentControl Name=\"JournalMain\" Content=\"{Binding Path=JournalVM}\" Grid.", "Column=\"2\" VerticalAlignment=\"Stretch\" /> \n </Grid>\n\nAnd on the View back end code:\nprivate void clickJournalExpand(object sender, MouseButtonEventArgs e)\n {\n var vm = (MainWindowViewModel)this.", "DataContext;\n vm.clkJournalExpand.", "Execute(null);\n }\n\nIn the MainWindowViewModel:\nprivate string _MainWindowWidth = \"\";\nprivate string _JournalWindowWidth = \"0\";\n\npublic ICommand clkJournalExpand\n {\n get\n {\n return clickJournalExpand ?? (", "clickJournalExpand = new RelayCommand(() => ObeyclickJournalExpand()));\n }\n }\n\nprivate void ObeyclickJournalExpand()\n {\n if (JournalExpanded)\n {\n\n MainWindowWidth = \"\";\n JournalWindowWidth = \"0\";\n //JournalExpanded = false;\n }\n else\n {\n MainWindowWidth = \"0\";\n JournalWindowWidth = \"\";\n //journalExpanded = true;\n }\n JournalExpanded = !", "JournalExpanded;\n }\n\nSo this works ok when I click spliiter. ", "When I move splitter it stops working and it not react to clicks as well. ", "The event fires but the Left screen doesn't expand. ", "When I restart program it works again until I move splitter.", "\nI'm very new to Wpf and Xaml and probably doing this completely wrong. ", "Could some one give me direction what I'm doing wrong here? ", "\n\nA:\n\nMost likely cause of such behavior is the way the GridSplitter works. ", "If I'm not mistaken, once you move the splitter, it sets Width values for corresponding columns (or Height for rows). ", "The key part of that is that it uses DependencyObject's SetValue method, and not SetCurrentValue. ", "The problem with the former is that it behaves differently depending on the mode of the binding set on the corresponding property - if that mode supports target-to-source direction (TwoWay and OneWayToSource modes), it updates the source, otherwise (OneWay and OneTime modes) it overwrites the property value source and sets it to local, effectively \"breaking\" the binding.", "\nNow since you don't explicitly specify the binding mode, the default is used (which is OneWay for ColumnDefinition.", "Width property). ", "Hence it \"breaks\" once you move the splitter.", "\nIn order to get it to work as expected it should be sufficient to explicitly set the binding modes to TwoWay:\n<ColumnDefinition Width=\"{Binding Path=MainWindowWidth, Mode=TwoWay}\"\n Name=\"MainWindow\"/>\n<ColumnDefinition Width=\"8\" />\n<ColumnDefinition Width=\"{Binding Path=JournalWindowWidth, Mode=TwoWay}\"\n Name=\"JournalWindow\"/>\n\n" ]	{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }	[ 0, 0.012345679012345678, 0, 0, 0, 0.00980392156862745, 0.004629629629629629, 0.02158273381294964, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.006172839506172839, 0, 0, 0.0031446540880503146, 0.02564102564102564, 0, 0.016666666666666666, 0.03773584905660377, 0.02564102564102564, 0, 0, 0.011764705882352941, 0.020833333333333332, 0.005235602094240838, 0.0036101083032490976, 0.018867924528301886, 0.009708737864077669, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.006172839506172839, 0, 0, 0, 0.024390243902439025, 0.00851063829787234, 0.006437768240343348, 0.015625, 0, 0.019230769230769232, 0, 0.013888888888888888, 0, 0, 0.00847457627118644, 0.02040816326530612, 0.005361930294906166, 0.008620689655172414, 0.058823529411764705, 0, 0.010958904109589041 ]	0.008153	5	[ { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 668, "entity_type": "PERSON", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 643 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 1746, "entity_type": "PERSON", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 1726 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 1852, "entity_type": "PERSON", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 1832 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 2516, "entity_type": "NRP", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 2510 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 4152, "entity_type": "PERSON", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 4132 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 4329, "entity_type": "NRP", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 4314 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 4371, "entity_type": "PERSON", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 4353 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 4684, "entity_type": "NRP", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 4669 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 4722, "entity_type": "PERSON", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 4704 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 4829, "entity_type": "NRP", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 4814 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 4867, "entity_type": "PERSON", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 4849 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 5830, "entity_type": "NRP", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 5816 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 1391, "entity_type": "URL", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "UrlRecognizer_140094861343568", "recognizer_name": "UrlRecognizer" }, "score": 0.5, "start": 1374 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 3723, "entity_type": "URL", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "UrlRecognizer_140094861343568", "recognizer_name": "UrlRecognizer" }, "score": 0.5, "start": 3706 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 4232, "entity_type": "URL", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "UrlRecognizer_140094861343568", "recognizer_name": "UrlRecognizer" }, "score": 0.5, "start": 4227 } ]
[ "/\n Copyright (c) 2016 The WebRTC project authors. ", "All Rights Reserved.", "\n \n Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style license\n * that can be found in the LICENSE file in the root of the source\n * tree. ", "An additional intellectual property rights grant can be found\n * in the file PATENTS. ", " All contributing project authors may\n * be found in the AUTHORS file in the root of the source tree.", "\n /\n\n#include \"modules/desktop_capture/win/d3d_device.h\"\n\n#include <utility>\n\n#include \"rtc_base/logging.h\"\n\nnamespace webrtc {\n\nusing Microsoft::WRL::ComPtr;\n\nD3dDevice::D3dDevice() = default;\nD3dDevice::D3dDevice(const D3dDevice& other) = default;\nD3dDevice::D3dDevice(D3dDevice&& other) = default;\nD3dDevice::~D3dDevice() = default;\n\nbool D3dDevice::Initialize(const ComPtr<IDXGIAdapter>& adapter) {\n dxgi_adapter_ = adapter;\n if (!", "dxgi_adapter_) {\n RTC_LOG(LS_WARNING) << \"An empty IDXGIAdapter instance has been received.\";", "\n return false;\n }\n\n D3D_FEATURE_LEVEL feature_level;\n // Default feature levels contain D3D 9.1 through D3D 11.0.", "\n _com_error error = D3D11CreateDevice(\n adapter.", "Get(), D3D_DRIVER_TYPE_UNKNOWN, nullptr,\n D3D11_CREATE_DEVICE_BGRA_SUPPORT \| D3D11_CREATE_DEVICE_SINGLETHREADED,\n nullptr, 0, D3D11_SDK_VERSION, d3d_device_.GetAddressOf(), &feature_level,\n context_.GetAddressOf());\n if (error.", "Error() !", "= S_OK \|\| !", "d3d_device_ \|\| !", "context_) {\n RTC_LOG(LS_WARNING) << \"D3D11CreateDeivce returns error \"\n << error.", "ErrorMessage() << \" with code \"\n << error.", "Error();\n return false;\n }\n\n if (feature_level < D3D_FEATURE_LEVEL_11_0) {\n RTC_LOG(LS_WARNING)\n << \"D3D11CreateDevice returns an instance without DirectX \"\n \"11 support, level \"\n << feature_level << \". ", "Following initialization may fail.\";", "\n // D3D_FEATURE_LEVEL_11_0 is not officially documented on MSDN to be a\n // requirement of Dxgi duplicator APIs.", "\n }\n\n error = d3d_device_.As(&dxgi_device_);\n if (error.", "Error() !", "= S_OK \|\| !", "dxgi_device_) {\n RTC_LOG(LS_WARNING)\n << \"ID3D11Device is not an implementation of IDXGIDevice, \"\n \"this usually means the system does not support DirectX \"\n \"11. ", "Error \"\n << error.", "ErrorMessage() << \" with code \" << error.", "Error();\n return false;\n }\n\n return true;\n}\n\n// static\nstd::vector<D3dDevice> D3dDevice::EnumDevices() {\n ComPtr<IDXGIFactory1> factory;\n _com_error error =\n CreateDXGIFactory1(__uuidof(IDXGIFactory1),\n reinterpret_cast<void*>(factory.", "GetAddressOf()));\n if (error.", "Error() !", "= S_OK \|\| !", "factory) {\n RTC_LOG(LS_WARNING) << \"Cannot create IDXGIFactory1.\";", "\n return std::vector<D3dDevice>();\n }\n\n std::vector<D3dDevice> result;\n for (int i = 0;; i++) {\n ComPtr<IDXGIAdapter> adapter;\n error = factory->EnumAdapters(i, adapter.", "GetAddressOf());\n if (error.", "Error() == S_OK) {\n D3dDevice device;\n if (device.", "Initialize(adapter)) {\n result.push_back(std::move(device));\n }\n } else if (error.", "Error() == DXGI_ERROR_NOT_FOUND) {\n break;\n } else {\n RTC_LOG(LS_WARNING)\n << \"IDXGIFactory1::EnumAdapters returns an unexpected \"\n \"error \"\n << error.", "ErrorMessage() 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[ "\n\nGoogle+ Circles Need to be Turned Upside Down - joshuahays\nhttp://www.baekdal.com/media/google-circles-need-to-be-turned-upside-down/06B7CAF0D6994EFAA43801D329A2A97AD2742888748B6C740F8AA1A8B8D711B3\n\n======\njoejohnson\nI think this idea doesn't address Google's main reason for designing circles\nthe way they did it: privacy. ", "People want to be able to control who sees what.", "\nNot, the other way around.", "\n\n" ]	{ "pile_set_name": "HackerNews" }	[ 0.006134969325153374, 0, 0, 0 ]	0.001534	5	[ { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 173, "entity_type": "MEDICAL_LICENSE", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "MedicalLicenseRecognizer_140094861343616", "recognizer_name": "MedicalLicenseRecognizer" }, "score": 1, "start": 164 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 197, "entity_type": "URL", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "UrlRecognizer_140094861343568", "recognizer_name": "UrlRecognizer" }, "score": 0.6, "start": 59 } ]
[ "Send this page to someone via email\n\nPrime Minister Justin Trudeau won’t say whether he thinks Western alienation is growing because of the ongoing dispute over Trans Mountain.", "\n\nInstead, he said some politicians are “trying to foment negative sentiments.”", "\n\nREAD MORE: Group preparing Trans Mountain legal challenge argues government’s mind already made up\n\n“I think there are politicians trying to exploit it,” Trudeau said when asked specifically whether he thinks Western alienation is growing in a year-end interview with the West Block’s Mercedes Stephenson.", "\n\n“But I know that Canadians right across the country understand that we need to be there for each other if we’re going to succeed — that when folks are facing a tough time, whether it’s in Alberta or elsewhere, we need to support them.”", "\n\nWATCH BELOW: Natural Resources minister says Alberta workers need support, announces $1.6B for oil and gas industry\n\n5:22 Natural Resources minister says Alberta workers need support, announces $1.6B for oil and gas industry Natural Resources minister says Alberta workers need support, announces $1.6B for oil and gas industry\n\nYears of delays and political uncertainty forced Kinder Morgan to give up on trying to build its planned expansion of the Trans Mountain pipeline this past spring.", "\n\nStory continues below advertisement\n\nIn response, the federal government bought the existing pipeline and its assets for $4.5 billion, not including the future cost of actually expanding it.", "\n\nBut while construction was supposed to get underway in the summer, an injunction from the Federal Court slammed on the brakes.", "\n\nREAD MORE: Tensions run high at Calgary pro-pipeline rally as council declares support for oil industry\n\nThat injunction said the Liberals had not adequately consulted Indigenous people about the project, and that the former government environmental review of it was fundamentally flawed for not assessing the marine impact of increased tanker traffic.", "\n\nIn October, the government announced the National Energy Board would complete an additional marine review of the project, to be completed by Feb. 22, 2019.", "\n\nIt also announced it would redo consultations with the 117 Indigenous stakeholders involved — but has refused to say when that will wrap up.", "\n\nAll of that means work on the pipeline is indefinitely on hold.", "\n\nWATCH BELOW: Scheer won’t commit to helping Alberta with rail car purchase\n\n8:38 Scheer won’t commit to helping Alberta with rail car purchase Scheer won’t commit to helping Alberta with rail car purchase\n\nAnd Albertans have shown their anger by booing Trudeau, Finance Minister Bill Morneau and Calgary Mayor Naheed Nenshi on Monday when he spoke in French, which appeared to be a response to comments from Quebec Premier Francois Legault earlier this month calling Alberta crude “dirty energy” and rebuking suggestions the deceased Energy East project could be revived.", "\n\nStory continues below advertisement\n\nWATCH BELOW: Justin Trudeau on rail cars as ‘a possible solution’ for Alberta oil woes\n\n1:34 Justin Trudeau on rail cars as ‘a possible solution’ for Alberta oil woes Justin Trudeau on rail cars as ‘a possible solution’ for Alberta oil woes\n\nDespite that, Trudeau said, he doesn’t think people from either province actually have negative feelings toward the others.", "\n\n“I haven’t met a lot of Albertans who genuinely wish ill of Quebecers and I haven’t met many Quebecers at all who wish ill of Albertans,” he said. ", "Tweet This\n\n“I have seen politicians of various stripes in various places, trying to foment negative sentiments and play the kinds of divisive cards that we’ve seen in the past. ", "That’s not my job as prime minister.”", "\n\nWATCH BELOW: Could Energy East pipeline project be revived?", "\n\n1:55 Could Energy East pipeline project be revived? ", "Could Energy East pipeline project be revived?", "\n\nHe also ruled out reviving Energy East or any other running east-west pipeline unless the private sector puts forward an idea.", "\n\nStory continues below advertisement\n\n“It’s not up to the federal government to revive a pipeline project that, for market-based reasons, the company decided to withdraw,” he said, noting as well that on the Trans Mountain project, “we’re getting closer than we ever have before but there’s still a lot of work to do.”", "\n\nWATCH BELOW: Justin Trudeau on why it’s on the private sector to revive any east-west pipelines\n\n0:40 Justin Trudeau on why it’s on the private sector to revive any east-west pipelines Justin Trudeau on why it’s on the private sector to revive any east-west pipelines\n\nAlberta Premier Rachel Notley has demanded the federal government step in with cash for rail cars to help the province transport its glut of oil to international markets. ", "Proponents say such a move would help Alberta oil get higher prices, instead of the discounts it sells for now to its only market: America.", "\n\nTrudeau said that option continues to be on the table. ", "However, he raises questions about why the federal government should pay for rail cars to help that industry but not pay for them for others, like farmers who are also dealing with problems getting grain and agricultural products to market.", "\n\nStory continues below advertisement\n\n“Our officials are engaged very much with the Alberta government and we’re looking at that as a possible solution,” Trudeau said. “", "We’ve heard from farmers and others who are concerned with picking one important commodity over the others, we know farmers have had challenges getting their product to port as well.”", "\n\n“If rail cars end up being the right solution, then we’ll be happy to participate.”", "\n\nWATCH: Trudeau discusses Alberta oil crisis and Western alienation" ]	{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }	[ 0.005681818181818182, 0, 0.006514657980456026, 0, 0.006072874493927126, 0, 0.0078125, 0, 0.006369426751592357, 0, 0, 0.010471204188481676, 0.009900990099009901, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 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[ "Women all over the world are confronted with many difficult choices during pregnancy and child birth. ", "Wrong choices often result in unfavorable outcomes for expectant mothers and their babies, a situation which is common in developing countries. ", "Cultural practices, beliefs and taboos are often implicated in determining the care received by mothers during pregnancy and child birth which is an important determinant of maternal mortality. ", "This study explored the traditional practices associated with pregnancy and childbirth in Shama District of the Western Region, Ghana. ", "A qualitative study consisting of six focus group discussions of between eight and ten participants per group and eight in-depth interviews were held over a period of one month. ", "The purpose was to explore local foods that are forbidden for pregnant women and why, herbal medicine use during pregnancy and child birth and reasons for choosing home or hospital delivery. ", "The findings show that pregnant women are forbidden from taking nutritious foods such as snails, ripe plantain, okra and many others for fear of complications during pregnancy and child birth. ", "Herbal medicines are frequently used by pregnant women and traditional birth attendants to induce labour, augment and control bleeding during labour. ", "Traditional beliefs and practices as well as negative attitude of health workers are found to reduce health utilization by pregnant women. ", "Health education concerning traditional practices that are detrimental to the health of pregnant women should be emphasized during ANC visits.", "\n\nPrata, N., Bell, S., Holston, M. and Quaiyum, M.A. (2014) Is Attendant at Delivery Associated with the Use of Interventions to Prevent Postpartum Hemorrhage at Home Births? ", "The Case of Bangladesh. ", "BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 14, 24. ", "http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2393-14-24" ]	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }	[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.006666666666666667, 0, 0.007042253521126761, 0.022857142857142857, 0, 0.02631578947368421, 0.024390243902439025 ]	0.006234	5	[ { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 544, "entity_type": "LOCATION", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 530 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 566, "entity_type": "LOCATION", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 548 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 573, "entity_type": "LOCATION", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 568 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 751, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 742 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 1613, "entity_type": "PERSON", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 1606 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 1625, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 1621 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 1798, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 1796 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 1845, "entity_type": "URL", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "UrlRecognizer_140094861343568", "recognizer_name": "UrlRecognizer" }, "score": 0.6, "start": 1804 } ]
[ "Full Details\n\nIf trying to avoid wearing those NHS prescription glasses is leading to the early onset of squinting wrinkles, then...\n\nTAKE A LOOK\n\nAT TODAY'S\n\nDEAL!", "\n\nWe’re offering you a £59 voucher to spend on designer glasses with prescription or non-prescription lenses at eye-sale.com for just £9, saving you 85% offeye-sale.com’s prices (correct as of 5.4.14).", "\n\nFounded in 2011 with the goal of making dashing designer frames available for everyone, eye-sale.com’s gorgeous frames come inclusive of high-quality optical prescription lenses. ", "With a huge range of styles to suit every face shape and fashion, today’s deal offers you the chance to choose a pair from brands including Gucci, Dior, Valentino, Moschino, Fendi, Jean Paul Gaultier and more. ", "What are you waiting for?" ]	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }	[ 0.006097560975609756, 0.004975124378109453, 0.0055248618784530384, 0.023809523809523808, 0 ]	0.008081	5	[ { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 155, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 150 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 380, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 376 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 615, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 610 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 743, "entity_type": "PERSON", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 725 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 362, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "DateRecognizer_140094861343904", "recognizer_name": "DateRecognizer" }, "score": 0.6, "start": 356 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 287, "entity_type": "URL", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "UrlRecognizer_140094861343568", "recognizer_name": "UrlRecognizer" }, "score": 0.5, "start": 275 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 331, "entity_type": "URL", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "UrlRecognizer_140094861343568", "recognizer_name": "UrlRecognizer" }, "score": 0.5, "start": 316 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 465, "entity_type": "URL", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "UrlRecognizer_140094861343568", "recognizer_name": "UrlRecognizer" }, "score": 0.5, "start": 453 } ]
[ "SAP Security Notes – February 2018: SAP Security Notes February 2018 addressed several vulnerabilities including High-Risk flaws.", "\n\nSAP has released February 2018 Patches that addressed some high-risk vulnerabilities in its software, a total of 26 Security Notes (5 high-, 19 medium- and 2 low-risk). ", "Once again, the missing authorization check is the most common vulnerability type this month.", "\n\nThe Security Notes SAP addresses three cross-site scripting (XSS) vulnerabilities, two directory traversal flaws, two information disclosure bugs, two missing authorization checks, one unrestricted file upload, and other issues.", "\n\nAffected products are the Internet Graphics Server (IGS), NetWeaver System Landscape Directory, HANA Extended Application Services, ABAP File Interface, SAP CRM, ERP Financials Information System, Netweaver Portal, Netweaver Java Web Application, CRM WebClient UI, BI Launchpad, and SAP HANA.", "\n\n“On 13th of February 2018, SAP Security Patch Day saw the release of 11 Security Notes. ", "Additionally, there were 3 updates to previously released security notes.” ", "reads the advisory published by SAP.", "\n\nSAP also addressed previous Security Notes that includes an incorrect authorization check in ERP Logistics, a cross-site request forgery (CSRF) vulnerability in SAP Sybase, and a flaw that ties the way the SAP Note Assistant handles digitally signed notes.", "\n\nThree critical vulnerabilities were reported by Mathieu Geli, Vahagn Vardanyan, and Vladimir Egorov, researchers at ERPScan security firm.", "\n\nThe details of the issues fixed thanks to the support of the researchers are:\n\nA Missing Authentication check vulnerability in SAP NetWeaver System Landscape Directory (CVSS Base Score: 8.3 CVE-2018-2368). ", "Update is available in SAP Security Note 2565622. ", "An attacker can use Missing authorization check vulnerability for access to a service without any authorization procedures and use service functionality that has restricted access. ", "This can lead to an information disclosure, privilege escalation and other attacks.", "\n\nCVE-2018-2368). ", "Update is available in SAP Security Note 2565622. ", "An attacker can use Missing authorization check vulnerability for access to a service without any authorization procedures and use service functionality that has restricted access. ", "This can lead to an information disclosure, privilege escalation and other attacks. ", "A Directory Traversal vulnerability in SAP Internet Sales (CVSS Base Score: 6.6 CVE-2018-2380). ", "Update is available in SAP Security Note 2547431. ", "An attacker can use Directory traversal to access to arbitrary files and directories located in a SAP-server file system including application source code, configuration and system files. ", "It allows to obtain critical technical and business-related information stored in a vulnerable SAP-system.", "\n\nCVE-2018-2380). ", "Update is available in SAP Security Note 2547431. ", "An attacker can use Directory traversal to access to arbitrary files and directories located in a SAP-server file system including application source code, configuration and system files. ", "It allows to obtain critical technical and business-related information stored in a vulnerable SAP-system. ", "An Information Disclosure vulnerability in SAP HANA (CVSS Base Score: 5.3 CVE-2018-2369). ", "Update is available in SAP Security Note 2572940. ", "An attacker can use Information disclosure vulnerability for revealing additional information (system data, debugging information, etc) which will help to learn about a system and to plan other attacks.", "\n\nThe most severe vulnerability addressed by the security updates is a missing authentication check in SAP NetWeaver System Landscape Directory tracked as CVE-2018-2368, which received a CVSS base score of 8.3.", "\n\nThe flaw could be exploited by an attacker to access a service without any authorization, a circumstance that could lead to several attacks, including the privilege escalation and information disclosure,\n\n“A Missing Authentication check vulnerability in SAP NetWeaver System Landscape Directory (CVSS Base Score: 8.3 CVE-2018-2368). ", "Update is available in SAP Security Note 2565622. ", "An attacker can use Missing authorization check vulnerability for access to a service without any authorization procedures and use service functionality that has restricted access. ", "This can lead to an information disclosure, privilege escalation and other attacks.” ", "continues ERPScan.", "\n\nThe updates also addressed:\n\nA Directory Traversal vulnerability in SAP Internet Sales (CVSS Base Score: 6.6 CVE-2018-2380) that could be exploited by an attacker to use Directory traversal to access to arbitrary files and directories located in a SAP-server file system including application source code, configuration and system files.", "\n\nCVE-2018-2380) that could be exploited by an attacker to use Directory traversal to access to arbitrary files and directories located in a SAP-server file system including application source code, configuration and system files. ", "An Information Disclosure vulnerability in SAP HANA (CVSS Base Score: 5.3 CVE-2018-2369). ", "that could be exploited by an attacker for revealing additional information (system data, debugging information, etc).", "\n\nOther vulnerabilities addressed this month included a directory traversal (CVE-2018-2367) in SAP ABAP File Interface (CVSS base score: 6.6) and a directory traversal (CVE-2018-2380) in SAP Internet Sales (CVSS base score: 6.6).", "\n\nFurther info related to the flaws addressed by SAP are available on the company blog.", "\n\nPierluigi Paganini\n\n(Security Affairs – SAP Security Notes February 2018, cybersecurity)\n\nShare this...\n\nLinkedin Reddit Pinterest\n\nShare On" ]	{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }	[ 0.015503875968992248, 0, 0, 0, 0.027210884353741496, 0, 0, 0, 0.003875968992248062, 0.014285714285714285, 0.004807692307692308, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.010416666666666666, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.009523809523809525, 0.0029850746268656717, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.0058997050147492625, 0.004329004329004329, 0, 0, 0.004366812227074236, 0, 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[ "Chris Naumoff was destined for great things from a young age. ", "An Australian youth international footballer, he made his professional debut for Sydney FC at just 18.", "\n\nThen, after three years with the club, a dream offer emerged from Spanish side Numancia.", "\n\n\"I flew over, was put into my apartment and saw the world at my feet,\" the 21-year-old said.", "\n\nBut Naumoff's dream came crashing down. ", "After an electrocardiogram (ECG), Numancia's cardiologist diagnosed him with Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy, also known as HCM, a genetically inherited disease which can cause sudden death when the heart is put under extreme exertion.", "\n\n\"Obviously it was a total shock, which I wish upon no one to see their dreams come crashing down within a day,\" Naumoff said.", "\n\nUntil this year, cardiac screening and ECG tests were recommended by Football Federation Australia, but not mandatory.", "\n\nUnder the latest Minimum Medical Standards agreement, each A-League Club must ensure that a 12-lead-resting ECG test is conducted in a player's first year with a club, and at least once every two years thereafter.", "\n\nFFA said that every player who played during the 2015-16 Season completed such a health check.", "\n\n\"The prescribed pre-competition medical assessment declaration form specifically noted that the medical assessment includes a 12-lead-resting ECG. ", "The form must be signed by the player and club doctor.", "\n\n\"Every contracted player who played in the A-League last year completed this form.\"", "\n\nNaumoff alleges he was not given an ECG at any time in his three years at Sydney FC until February this year, while the 2015-16 season was still underway.", "\n\n\"We were informed the day before training that we were to be called into training to have an ECG test done for that reason. ", "Obviously, each and every player had that test done. ", "I heard nothing back from the results. ", "So as you would guess, I thought everything was fine,\" Naumoff said.", "\n\nAs he would find out months later in Spain, everything was not fine.", "\n\n\"The results [in February] did show that there was something wrong with my heart and that I did need further testing. ", "I wasn't made aware of this. ", "Why that's the case? ", "I'm not sure. ", "But this is definitely a thing that's on the results and something that should have been taken further at the time.\"", "\n\nNaumoff went on to play six more games for Sydney FC. ", "He said he'll never know how close he came to death during those matches.", "\n\nSydney FC said the club was \"saddened\" by Naumoff's decision not to continue playing.", "\n\n\"As a club, Sydney FC does not disclose the confidential medical records of its players to the public. ", "At the end of the 2015-16 A-League Season, the club offered Christopher Naumoff a new 12 month contract for the 2016-17 season. ", "Christopher did not accept the offer from the club. ", "Sydney FC is saddened by the untimely retirement of Christopher and wishes him well in his future endeavours,\" the club said in a statement.", "\n\nBut Naumoff said he is still seeking clarification as to whether Sydney FC knew he had the disease.", "\n\n\"The question was asked and in terms of getting an answer from whoever needs to answer these questions, (it) is still up in the air,\" he said.", "\n\nProfessional Footballers' Association Chief Executive John Didulica believes cardiac screening is an issue that must be tackled by all stakeholders, especially the clubs, but believes that Chris Naumoff's case seems to have slipped through the cracks.", "\n\n\"Thankfully in Chris's situation the standards that existed in Spain caught his specific condition and we've been able to intervene before what would have been a terrible event,\" Didulica said.", "\n\n\"I don't think these testing regimes are about pointing the finger or about apportioning accountability to any one person,\" he added.", "\n\n\"I think, as an industry, we all have to accept what responsibilities we have to young professionals, young people, be they boys or girls putting their livelihoods or their health of the hands of clubs and federations. 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[ "Posts Tagged ‘MLB’\n\nThursday night, I walk out of my work at 10pm and it takes two people over half an hour to scrape enough ice off my car that I can even get into the driver’s side door. ", "The ice is so bad the roads are a mess, trees lie across streets and just about everywhere in Barrie is blacked out. ", "It’ll take two days of sun and mid-teens weather to melt all the ice off my car.", "\n\nSaturday. ", "One week until the Toronto Blue Jays season opener, an away game against Tampa Bay. ", "The ice is still on my car, but summer feels like it’s almost here.", "\n\nIt’s been an eventful 12 months for the Blue Jays, crazier than anything in recent memory and alternately frustrating and liberating. ", "There was Bautista’s dinger in game five – followed by the all-timer of bat flips, and what deserves to be a statue in front of the Rogers Centre – and drama over his contract demands, There was lights-out pitching performances by Marcus Stroman and David Price last summer and Price signing a contract with Boston worth more money than some stadiums cost to build. ", "There have been commemorative magazines and books and hours (days, even!) ", "worth of content on this team and for once, it’s not all doom and gloom.", "\n\nGoddamnit, how I miss baseball.", "\n\nThe news today is Aaron Sanchez will be pitching in the rotation. ", "This weekend, it was how Edwin Encarnacion will likely be playing on opening day. ", "Not too long ago, more than a few players defended Jose Bautista after Goose Gossage squawked about something he probably he still hasn’t seen. ", "Meanwhile, Josh Donaldson is on the cover of a video game and spoke eloquently about domestic abuse. ", "Right now, there are only a couple of gloomy clouds on the horizon – mostly relating to Bautista and Encarnacion’s contract status – How can you not love this team?", "\n\nI assume there are haters out there in the media. ", "As I wrote a while back, I’m a little more selective in who I read these days: I’ll read everyone at Blue Jays Nation, occasionally listen to Definitely Not JaysTalk and avoid the sports pages and Fan 590 with a vengeance. ", "It’s certainly helped a bunch of things for me, like how I’m not angry about whatever the media’s fanning up today. ", "Of course, getting blocked by Jeff Blair was nice, also.", "\n\nIn the back of my mind, I sort of have an idea how I hope this season will go. ", "I’d love to see them stay healthy and competitive for the whole year, obviously, but I also think Stroman is primed for a great season. ", "I’d like to think Donaldson will be as good as last year, but I hope Troy Tulowitzki hits a little better. ", "I’ll miss Kawasaki’s outsized personality, Buehrle’s quiet dependability and the sheer electricity of watching Price pitch. ", "At the same time, I’m looking forward to watching Drew Storen and JA Happ pitch. ", "Really though, I’m just glad the Jays are back in my life for another summer.", "\n\nYesterday, the Jays beat the Detroit Tigers by 15-1, just absolutely crushing them. ", "It was a hell of a day at the plate for everybody (except Tulowitzki, who struck out four times), but especially for Edwin Encarnacion, who hit three home runs. ", "Which is, holy shit, a lot of dingers. ", "It’s great and I love it.", "\n\nRight now – an hour or two before Sunday’s game against the Tigers – Toronto’s record is 73-56. ", "They’re a game and half up in the AL East, are planning on selling playoff tickets for the first time in decades and everybody #LovesThisTeam. ", "Even the grouchy Toronto sports media (who, you’ll notice, aren’t calling on Gibbons’ firing any longer).", "\n\nThings are swell, which is a weird kind of feeling to have about the team this late in the season. ", "Normally by this point, I’ve seen the Jays live a few times and they’re out of the pennant race, so it’s easy to get tickets and wander around the Dome.", "\n\nNot so this year. ", "Not only has security been amped up, but also it’s harder to get around the stadium these days. ", "I’ve been told that the Flight Deck (nee Windows Restaurant) is being sold as standing room only seats. ", "No more dropping ten bucks on 500 seats and spending the day down in the patio.", "\n\nEarlier in the summer, my buddy Eric and I decided to hit the Canadian Baseball Hall of Fame instead of watching a game; since then tickets have become expensive on the re-sale market and almost sold out from the box office. ", "I’ve been waiting until I can see them live before I write about this team, but I won’t be seeing a game until September (I’m planning on seeing two, actually).", "\n\nI’m just glad I can get to a game at all, since the Jays are a hot ticket this summer. ", "And just about everybody I know has some strong take on how cool this team is. ", "The guy at work who’s never mentioned sports at all before now says he loves baseball, all the bars in town suddenly have big Jays flags they trot out for games and the local bakery has broken out a Jays-themed birthday cake, complete with a big logo in the middle and what looks like basepaths around the trim.", "\n\nThe big difference between this team now and back in June is basically just two players, both of whom are fan favourites and are really, really good. ", "One is Troy Tulowitzki who replaced Jose Reyes at shortstop and the other is ace pitcher David Price, picked up from Detroit at the deadline.", "\n\nAlthough Tulo hasn’t been hitting as well as he did in Colorado – .300/.348/.471 there vs .227/.331/.373 here – but is still a blast to watch. ", "In his first game as a Jay, Tulo smacked a dinger off of Philadelphia’s Jerome Williams. ", "He’s only hit three more since then, but I’ve quickly seen a spike in people wearing his jersey. ", "He’s a popular fella.", "\n\nPrice, on the other hand, is a blast to watch. ", "Not only is he the best pitcher on the team, but he’s arguably one of the best in baseball: a 2.42 ERA, a 5.4 WAR (per Baseball-Reference) and about 10 strikeouts per nine innings. ", "I think my favourite start of his came against the Los Angeles Angels a week or so ago, when he struck out nine through eight innings, including Mike Trout twice. ", "For the first time in a long time, the Jays have a pitcher who gives a feeling that anything can happen with a start, even a no-hitter.", "\n\nTwo things have marked Toronto this summer. ", "The first is the Jays, who were eight games back in the AL East on July 28. ", "The other is Drake, who found himself in a hip-hop beef after Meek Mills accused him of using ghostwriters. ", "Both struck back with force: the Jays ripped off a win streak and jumped three teams to lead the division within a month; Drake dropped “Back to Back,” and took Mills to the cleaners both in a record and on the stage at OVO Fest. ", "Fittingly, Drake’s album art was a photo of Joe Carter rounding the bases after hitting the series-clinching home run in the 1993 World Series.", "\n\nYes, it was a shot at noted Phillies fan Mills, but in another sense it’s fitting; just like Drake, the Jays have bounced back with a vengeance. ", "It’s going to be a fun September.", "\n\nA little over a month ago, things looked pretty bad for the Jays. ", "When I last wrote about them, they were 13-15, writers were calling for John Gibbons’ firing, and Bautista was getting thrown under the bus for some reason. ", "Now? ", "Things are a lot better and the chorus has slowed down a little bit.", "\n\nGoing into Monday’s game against the Mets, the Jays have won 11 games straight. ", "They ripped into Boston, staging a late-game comeback on Friday, an extra-winning win on Saturday and a crushing 13-5 win on Sunday. ", "It was pretty cool and couldn’t have come against a better opponent; by weekend’s end, there was drama between the Red Sox and their manager John Farrell.", "\n\nSo things have been good. ", "The Jays are hitting, even as injuries limit the amount of at-bats Bautista and Edwin Encarnacion get. ", "But the rest of the order is hitting. ", "Take Josh Donaldson: he hit a dinger in the 11th on Saturday to put the Jays ahead for good. ", "And this month he’s hitting .327/.357/.462. ", "And Russell Martin is hitting .324/.395/.676, too!", "\n\nBut really, the guy I keep thinking about is Jose Reyes. ", "Right after the win streak started, the big story was over some dumb comments from Jays broadcast Jerry Howarth made on the dumb Fan morning show hosted by a guy once fired for being a homophobic jerk on the air.", "\n\nEssentially, Howarth said Reyes was declining by the game and it was really tragic and so forth. ", "And while Reyes isn’t the player he once was, he’s still been a decent player for the Jays. ", "At the time of Howarth’s remarks, Reyes was hitting .284/.299/.353. ", "This month alone, he’s hitting .333/.393/.490, with his only two home runs this season.", "\n\nIt goes deeper than that, too. ", "Just a couple of days after Howarth’s remarks, Reyes’ basically won a game for the Jays. ", "Down 4-6 in the bottom of the ninth, Reyes knocked in Munenori Kawasaki, stole second and third, then scored on a Chris Colabello single. ", "And he’s supposed to be depressing to watch? ", "Hell, I find even reading the game log exciting.", "\n\nSee, the thing about this team is that it’s pitching sometimes isn’t all there, but it can hit its way out games when that happens. ", "Between Donaldson, Martin, Bautista and Encarnacion, Toronto has a wealth of slugging, not to mention complementary bats that Gibbons can platoon and use depending on the opposing pitcher.", "\n\nWhich is what I’m finding I love about this team. ", "I enjoy good pitching as much as the next fan, but truthfully, it’s rad to see the Jays hit a bunch and knock in a ton of runs. ", "As cool as it is to see Buehrle pitch a succinct, quick game, it’s a lot of fun to see Donaldson hit one into the former Windows Restaurant or Martin knock one into the seats. ", "It’s even cool to see Kawasaki – someone who isn’t really all that good, really – hit a ground-rule double in the ninth of a close game.", "\n\nAnd that’s maybe the thing to remember about this team: they’re at least one arm short of making a real run for the AL East (probably), but when they’re hitting, they can really hit. ", "And frankly, it makes them a lot more fun to watch right now than the Yankees or Rays.", "\n\nRight now, the Jays are in the cellar. ", "They’re 13-15 and in last place. ", "Funny: it wasn’t long ago they were in first and I was going crazy over Jose Bautista again. ", "Funny how things change in a month. ", "Hell, just two weeks ago, there was snow on the ground and today I sat outside and read in short sleeves bare feet.", "\n\nAnd things have changed for the Jays. ", "Their youth movement wasn’t paying off quite as well as everyone hoped. ", "Their bullpen has struggled and, at times, so has their offence. ", "All of which means it’s time for that annual Toronto tradition, when hockey minds slip into something more comfortable for summer weather – a loose fitting T-shirt, I imagine, and a pair of jorts – and diagnose the problems of Canada’s lone baseball team.", "\n\nWhy here’s Steve Simmons weighing in on if John Gibbons should be fired! ", "Here’s Jeff Blair, making the same argument! ", "Spoiler: both say it’s not his fault. ", "And I’m sure Michael Grange had a bad opinion somewhere recently, too, although I can’t find it at the moment. ", "On Twitter, perhaps?", "\n\nFiring Gibbons is the kind of move sportswriters love to pontificate about because it seems like a power play: you’re not producing, so you’re gone. ", "It’s a big bang, the kind of simple, big solution everyone always has for the Jays. ", "And while I agree with Simmons and Blair for once, just writing a column asking that question is throwing fuel on the fire.", "\n\nShould Gibbons lose his job? ", "No, of course not. ", "There are problems with the Jays, but they’re not really huge problems and, further, they’re not problems Gibbons has any real control over. ", "They include slow starts by some players, young rookies not playing like established veterans and a couple of bullpen meltdowns.", "\n\nOne thing that’s not a problem is their offense, which is the MLB’s best. ", "Forget blowing this team up, they’re blowing around the bases! ", "They’ve scored more than anyone, are sixth in OPS, and average over five runs per game. ", "That’s pretty good! ", "And not something you’d get from Toronto’s Finest. ", "Writes Simmons:\n\nNext on the list is Jose (K) Bautista. ", "K for strikeouts which he is doing too much of… The slow start for Bautista is nothing new — he will find his way, he always does — but his inability to get hits in key situations has factored in games.", "\n\nBautista did show he can still make a difference late Monday night against the Yankees. ", "He got a key hit, scored a large run, did what he is paid to do and hasn’t done enough of yet this season.", "\n\nThank god for reasonable voices in the Toronto media, like Andrew Stoeten or Arden Zwelling. ", "And especially Mike Wilner. ", "I’m usually hot-and-cold on JaysTalk, but man, he’s had some incredible calls this season and he takes ’em like a champ.", "\n\n(I think my favourite was when someone earnestly asked if he’d ever tried to play professional baseball, since he likes the sport so much. ", "Not in an accusatory way, more like they just couldn’t understand why he never tried. ", "Wilner asked if he was getting set up, but it never veered into “you can’t if you didn’t” territory, somehow.)", "\n\nAnyway, I expect the Jays will recover and it’s not all Doom and Gloom. ", "This is a team that can hit and has been all season. ", "Their bullpen’s been iffy, but I imagine it’ll settle down. ", "Look at RA Dickey, who is 1-3 with a 4.50 ERA, but pitched a gem the other night. ", "Look at how young this team suddenly is: 12 players are 26 and under, 27 of them under 30. ", "It’s going to take some time for everything to gel and until then I have faith their offense will hit them out of some lousy pitching nights.", "\n\nA few Fridays ago, me and maybe 17 thousand of my closest friends caught a Jays game at the Rogers Centre. ", "It was a fun game: RA Dickey pitched well, settling down after allowing two dingers in the first two innings and Brett Lawrie caught a pitch in the face, then slid into second a few minutes later because why the hell wouldn’t he. ", "I enjoyed myself. ", "It was one of those late summer games that felt fun, even if the lineup was all second-stringers and AAA callups and the results didn’t really matter. ", "It was a feeling I had for most of this Jays season.", "\n\nLast winter, the Jays revamped the team, adding a great young shortstop, another good pitcher and a guy who’d pitched a perfect game once. ", "Then, in a separate deal, they added a Cy Young-winning pitcher for good measure. ", "This came on top of an already a promising young team: in 2012, the Jays had hung in there until a disastrous injury streak blew their season to shreds. ", "They had dangerous hitters like Jose Bautista and Edwin Encarnación. ", "Hanging out in centre field is Colby Rasmus, who alternately disappeared and played like a beast.", "\n\nThe big expected question mark was hanging out at third: Lawrie, who has a ton of potential and a ton of rage. ", "He’s like the guy who knows what he wants and knows he can do it, but when he tries, everything just slips through his fingers like sand. ", "As it turned out, there were more pressing concerns this year than him, but watching Lawrie progress was an interesting experience. ", "There were times when he seemed like everything was coming together and there were times when it seemed like everything was falling apart, like when he banged up a water cooler.", "\n\nIndeed, the biggest question this season is “what happened?” ", "As in, what happened to the team that 19 different ESPN Experts thought would win the AL East. ", "Hell, four people even had them in the World Series (one even had them winning!).", "\n\nIt’s a question I’m kind of tired of hearing about. ", "This summer, sports talk radio was brimming with angst and loathing, with pundits picking at everything and offering their expertise. ", "Some people had better ideas than others; some people even held out hope the Jays could compete until mid-May. But by the time Canada Day rolled around, it didn’t matter what any of them had to say. ", "Between injuries, problems with the starting rotation and an overtaxed bullpen, this wasn’t the Jays season. ", "The moments that stick in my mind are the ugly ones: JP Arencibia dropping knuckleballs in the home opener, Rasmus walking back to the dugout after yet another strikeout and Jose Reyes exploding at an umpire.", "\n\nThe only positive thing standing out is the legend of Munenori Kawasaki. ", "Called up from Buffalo in late April, he had a memorable year and, improbably, became a fan favourite here in the GTA. ", "An example: against Baltimore on May 26, Toronto went into the ninth inning down by three runs. ", "They rallied: Arencibia knocked in Encarnación, Mark DeRosa scored Adam Lind. ", "With two out and runners on first and third, Kawasaki hit a line drive, scoring the game-winning run. ", "His postgame interview went viral; I actually remember it getting more coverage than the game itself. ", "He had other moments: a game-tying home run (his only one of the year) in June, getting four hits against Baltimore in September, knocking in two runs (with another scoring on an error) in the ninth against Cleveland in July. ", "By the time I saw the Jays in late September, Kawasaki – who hit just .229/.326/.308 over the year – was playing at DH. ", "His 66 jersey was all over, too: I’m sure I saw more of those around than I did Reyes, Buehrle or Encarnación jerseys.", "\n\nSo, what happens from here? ", "I don’t really know. ", "Some of my friends think the Jays should fire Gibbons. ", "My dad thinks both Gibbons and Alex Anthopoulos. ", "I don’t think Toronto needs such a drastic change: pitchers have bad seasons, injuries can strike any time and sometimes they can all happen at once. ", "It wasn’t bad management that led to Reyes getting hurt early in the season and Brett Lawrie getting hurt before it even began. ", "But there are gaps: Arencibia’s struggled and barely remains more than a replacement-level player and the pitching rotation often seemed ragged: Happ was constantly lackluster, Josh Johnson’s battled injuries and an ERA that rose above 6.00 and quick fixes like Chien-Ming Wang often went down in flames.", "\n\nFor me, the big takeaway from this season is the disastrous effects of hype. ", "Toronto went into this season riding a crest of anticipation and hyperbole, in no small encouraged by the also Rogers-owned Sportsnet radio and TV stations. ", "They were hyped to the heavens and sold as a winning team. ", "The ads for the Jays had them posing on a stage in front of wild crowds as Metric’s Stadium Love boomed in the background. ", "The implication was celebration before anything had been achieved. ", "Funny how that one turned out: when things didn’t go swimmingly, people felt scorned and turned on the Jays. ", "As the sportswriter cliche goes, that’s why they play the games.", "\n\nRemember how four ESPN staff picked the Jays to win it all? ", "The same number of people had Boston making the playoffs. ", "Nobody had them winning anything. ", "It’s like William Goldman says: “Nobody knows anything.”", "\n\nAnd I suppose Boston is the flip side to this season. ", "They went from worst to first, poaching the Jays old manager in the process, and had all the success people thought would go Toronto’s way. ", "Maybe some part of me is supposed to be upset about them winning, maybe I’m supposed to still feel angry at John Farrell. ", "Truth be told: I don’t really care anymore. ", "He didn’t want to be in Toronto so he left. ", "Personally, I’ve have fired him for losing control of the clubhouse, but I don’t have any sympathy for him either. ", "I just don’t care. ", "Last night, for the first time in a few years, I turned the World Series clinching game off early and went to bed. ", "2013 wasn’t a great baseball season, but at least the new one is only a few months away.", "\n\nThe other day I found out an interesting fact about the Toronto Blue Jays: their win over Baltimore on June 22 put them over .500 for the first time in nearly a year. ", "I’d forgotten it’d been that long since the Jays had been, well, good. ", "But then again, I was feeling positive about them even as the season was going to pieces.", "\n\nRight now, every team in the AL East is above .500. ", "It’s a meat grinder of a division, a marathon, all those comforting old cliches. ", "It’s pretty damn exciting, folks. ", "After what happened throughout April and May, if you had asked what my hopes for the season were, I’d have said just getting t0 .500 would be amazing but I’d have expected something like 75 wins, tops. ", "As it goes now, the Jays have 38 and are two games above .500.", "\n\nBut even though things went south for the Jays pretty early, there was fun, shining moments. ", "Filling this year’s Rajai Davis role – aka the role player inexplicably playing well and winning over fans – is Munenori Kawasaki. ", "Last year, Kawasaki was unassuming for Seattle, hitting .192/.257/.202 in a little over 100 at bats. ", "When Jose Reyes went down with a turned ankle early this season, Kawasaki was called up from AAA Buffalo. ", "I don’t think anyone really expected much of anything.", "\n\nWhile he’s hitting better in 2013, with a .341 OBP, Kawasaki is endearing himself locally by coming across as a fun, personable player. ", "He’s given a memorable interview, played catch with fans and danced inside an airplane. ", "Given some of the recent attitude to come out of the Jays locker room, this is a breath of fresh air. ", "He’s not spouting mean-spirited jokes like Escobar did last fall. ", "He doesn’t come across like Brett Lawrie, who cares so much he loses his shit. ", "I don’t think it’s projecting too much to assume most people see Kawasaki as the everyman, getting his chance in the bigs and making the most of it: he comes across as more human than most of this loaded Jays team. ", "It’s a lot more fun to root for someone like him than someone you expect the best from. ", "When he hit a stand-up triple against Colorado on the 19th, the crowd was as into it as anything I’ve seen all season.", "\n\nAnd the fans are into it. ", "The Jays started this season, as they usually do, with a sellout crowd. ", "This has, as it usually does, as the season has gone on. ", "But the TV ratings are showing an interesting trend. ", "Let’s break it down, point by point:\n\nAs the Jays started winning games, the ratings started climbing: 604,000 for a game against the Rangers on June 14, then 686,000 on June 18. ", "Last Friday, their win over Baltimore cracked 900,000.", "\n\nI haven’t seen numbers for the weekend series against Baltimore, but I’m really curious if it’s kept going up.", "\n\nThe big win streak ended against Tampa on Monday night in a 4-1 loss, but that’s okay. ", "It’s just nice to see the Jays mattering again, to see the team back in the thick of things and interest in the team starting to pick up again. ", "Reyes is coming back sometime soon and hopefully JA Happ follows. ", "Maybe another streak is on the horizon or at least a chance to move out of last place.", "\n\nI’ll be the first to admit I don’t know much about the Jays minor league ties. ", "I know who Travis d’Arnaud is (even drafted him in a keeper league last spring) and I’m a fan of Moises Sierra, but once I get any deeper than them, I’m hopelessly out of my element. ", "This is why I’m not sure how to parse the proposed trade for RA Dickey.", "\n\nThe trade as it stands rumoured: Toronto gets Dickey, the NY Mets get d’Arnaud and pitching prospect Noah Syndergaard. ", "Dickey is coming off a 20-win, 2.73 ERA, Cy Young-winning season. ", "He posted career bests in ERA, WHIP (1.053) and K/BB (4.26). ", "He’ll be a free agent next year and while his value has never been higher, he’ll cost the Jays just $5 million in salary next year. ", "By any stretch, he’s a bargain.", "\n\nBut to get him, Toronto has to trade two of its most highly touted prospects. ", "D’Arnaud has long been called their catcher of the future and their best prospect. ", "Coming in just behind him on the Baseball America rankings is Syndergaard, not only their highest-rated pitching prospect, but a projected number-one starter in a few seasons time. ", "Last season, pitching in AA A-level Lansing, Syndergaard went 8-5 with a 2.60 ERA and 1.080 WHIP. ", "He was one of the team’s best pitchers.", "\n\nThe question then looks something like this: is it worth getting a top-flight pitcher, just coming into his own, for two highly rated prospects. ", "On a macro level, it seems a fair enough trade to me: the 2013 Jays rotation is formable (Ricky Romero, Josh Johnson, Mark Buehrle, Dickey and probably JA Happ in some order) and while it maybe hurts down the line, this year’s team looks all the better. ", "But it’s not exactly that simple.", "\n\nAfter this season, Dickey is a free agent. ", "As a Cy Young winning pitcher just coming off his best seasons yet, he’s bound to get a huge jump in salary. ", "The Jays could try to sign him to an extension, but it’s hard to blame him for cashing in on a career highlights. ", "Another wrinkle is his age: Dickey is 38 years old. ", "True, he relies on knuckleballs and probably has a few years left in him (Tim Wakefield pitched until he was 44) but it’s fair to wonder if he’ll still put up as good numbers in a few seasons. ", "Wakefield was still pitching well into his late 30s (his 2005 season, when he was 38, has his second-best WAR) but his last few seasons were pretty rough.", "\n\nIt seems the trade is best broken down like this: A Cy Young-winning pitcher who’s old, but probably has a few good seasons left in him, for two unproven (but highly touted) prospects, one of whom is getting over a serious knee injury. ", "Again, seems fair to me. ", "I’d rather see Toronto make a run at this year’s postseason with a deep roster than wait and constantly be a few players and a few wins short.", "\n\nFor what it’s worth, maybe the best measure of this trade is what’s happening online: Jays fans are freaking out online and in the comment sections of blogs, saying the team is giving up too much. ", "And over at Mets blogs and the like, fans are saying the Mets aren’t getting enough! 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[ "Rolabogan (album)\n\nRolabogan is the first and only album by Argentine pop group Rolabogan, released in 2006 (see 2006 in music). ", "All songs were used as soundtracks for telenovela El Refugio (de los Sueños), starring group members Piru Sáez, Belén Scalella, María Fernanda Neil, Francisco Bass and Jorge Maggio. \"", "Bailo\", \"No Voy a Parar\", \"Motivos\" and \"Cada Puesta al Sol\" were released as singles. ", "Rolabogan has not since released a new album.", "\n\nTrack listing\n\nPersonnel \n Piru Sáez – vocals, guitar, composer\n Belén Scalella – vocals\n María Fernanda Neil – vocals\n Francisco Bass – vocals\n Jorge Maggio – vocals, back vocals\n\nSingles\n\nExternal links \n Rolabogan at YouTube\n Rolabogan at the CD Universe\n Rolabogan at Last.fm\n\nCategory:2006 albums" ]	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }	[ 0.015503875968992248, 0.0273224043715847, 0.011494252873563218, 0, 0.009900990099009901 ]	0.012844	5	[ { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 69, "entity_type": "NRP", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 60 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 107, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 103 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 117, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 113 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 239, "entity_type": "PERSON", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 230 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 255, "entity_type": "PERSON", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 241 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 276, "entity_type": "PERSON", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 263 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 292, "entity_type": "PERSON", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 278 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 309, "entity_type": "PERSON", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 297 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 525, "entity_type": "PERSON", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 511 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 555, "entity_type": "PERSON", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 542 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 580, "entity_type": "PERSON", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 566 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 603, "entity_type": "PERSON", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 591 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 725, "entity_type": "URL", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "UrlRecognizer_140094861343568", "recognizer_name": "UrlRecognizer" }, "score": 0.5, "start": 718 } ]
[ "NEW YORK (Reuters) - Ben Chico, 67, a Republican in California, says his annoyance with Democrats morphed into full-blown outrage when he heard they might try to impeach President Donald Trump after the Nov. 6 elections.", "\n\nEden Stramer, 23, a North Dakota Democrat, says the possibility of abortions becoming illegal again leaves her fuming.", "\n\nAnd Pattie Blair, 74, a Democratic voter in Phoenix, says anger washes over her every time she sees Trump on television.", "\n\n“It’s the most negative, blackest place to find yourself,” Blair said. “", "It’s like being in a bucket you can’t get yourself out of – a hand keeps pushing you back in every time you try to surface.”", "\n\nAcross the country, people are seething. ", "After a vitriolic 2016 presidential election, anger continues to dominate public discourse, from raucous protests with huge crowds to incensed social media debates that tear families and friendships apart.", "\n\nThat anger will drive voters to the polls in next month’s elections - and greater rage among Democratic voters could give the party’s candidates a boost, Reuters/Ipsos polling data shows.", "\n\nThe poll, which gathered emotional responses from more than 21,000 people over two months, found Democrats are most angry about the Trump administration’s now abandoned practice of separating undocumented immigrant families at the U.S.-Mexican border, the potential for Russian interference in future U.S. elections and the Republican president himself.", "\n\nRepublicans are most angry about the potential for Congress to try to remove Trump through impeachment, undocumented immigrants coming into the country and the mainstream news media.", "\n\nWhile the midterm elections are for thousands of posts from state officials to governors, the focus is on control of the U.S. Congress. ", "Opinion polls show Democrats have a chance at achieving the net gain of 23 seats they need to win a majority in the House of Representatives. ", "They have a longer shot at the Senate, where they need a gain of two seats, but are defending 26 seats, including 10 in states Trump won in 2016.", "\n\nAngry Americans will be more likely to vote, and Democrats are generally more angry about their hot-button issues than Republicans, according to the Reuters/Ipsos data.", "\n\nThat is a change from two years ago, when Republicans and Democrats were equally furious, said Nicholas Valentino, a voter behavior expert at the University of Michigan who collaborated on the poll and analyzed the results for Reuters.", "\n\nSlideshow ( 4 images )\n\nThe data suggests Democratic candidates could get a turnout boost that exceeds expectations, he said, possibly tipping the scale for them in tight races.", "\n\n“That’s what happened in 2016,” Valentino said. “", "A lot of people who were predicted to stay home were very angry at (presidential candidate) Hillary Clinton and the Democrats, and they showed up to the surprise of everyone.”", "\n\n‘CIVIL WAR’\n\nIn Arizona and other states with competitive races, voters interviewed by Reuters bemoaned rampant partisan anger. ", "Many said it makes them more eager to vote.", "\n\nTim Leatherby, 57, a former Marine, said he was concerned the country was plunging toward a “civil war.”", "\n\n“I did my time in the fight and I don’t want to fight again here,” said Leatherby, who said he would vote for Republican Martha McSally in Arizona’s Senate race, one of the key battles that will decide control of that chamber.", "\n\nBrian Carson, 46, a public speaking coach, echoed that sentiment.", "\n\n“We’re learning more efficient ways to hate each other more quickly, and that is disappointing to me,” he said.", "\n\nValentino said this is true - Americans overall appear to have been angrier in 2016 and 2018 than they were in past election cycles, according to similar polling that dates back to 1980.", "\n\n“Other previous elections have been pretty intense,” he said. “", "But the emotions that people expressed were much more positive, even during years when the country was in recession.”", "\n\nSlideshow ( 4 images )\n\nThe poll, conducted from Aug. 17 to Oct. 7, asked respondents to rate their emotional responses – including their level of anger, bitterness, worry, fear, hope, relief and satisfaction – toward Trump, the U.S. Senate’s confirmation of Supreme Court Justice Brett Kavanaugh, the news media, immigration and other issues. ", "It also collected respondents’ voting history and political interest.", "\n\nOn a scale of 1 to 10 - with 10 being extreme anger – college-educated Democrats registered an average 8.4 over the issue of family separations at the border, a policy the Trump administration discontinued in June after images of youngsters in cages sparked outrage at home and abroad. [", "nL1N1TM10P] Democrats in general were a 7.6 toward Trump, with Democratic women more angry than men.", "\n\n“Every time a woman comes up in conversation, he has to talk about their appearance,” said Lisa Mol, 58, a Democrat from Michigan. “", "I want to poke his eyes out so he can’t see.”", "\n\nRepublicans aged 55 and older were an average of 7.9 in anger over illegal immigration, and Republican men were 7.6 over the possibility of Trump getting impeached. ", "Although theoretically Democrats could start impeachment proceedings if they controlled the House, the party’s leaders have been clear this is not on the immediate agenda. [", "nL2N1WR1B0]\n\nDemocratic women expressed a collective 7.3 in anger when asked about the possibility that abortion could become illegal in the United States, while Republican women polled at 4.1 on that question. ", "Democrats’ concern was fired up by Kavanaugh’s arrival on the Supreme Court, where he could provide a decisive fifth vote on the nine-justice court if it were being asked to pare back abortion rights or even overturn the 1973 ruling legalizing abortion, Roe v. Wade.", "\n\nThe survey period included the Senate committee hearing where Kavanaugh denied allegations by university professor Christine Blasey Ford that he had sexually assaulted her when they were in high school, and his confirmation by the Senate.", "\n\nDemocrats were much more angry about the Senate’s handling of his confirmation than Republicans or independents, the poll found.", "\n\nValentino said the data showed the controversy over Kavanaugh would energize Democratic voters more than Republicans in the midterm elections, despite assertions by Republican leaders that their base is more fired up about it.", "\n\nAnger is motivating voting interest more than hope or fear, according to the Reuters/Ipsos poll, which was conducted online and in English throughout the United States. ", "It collected 21,027 responses.", "\n\nIn North Dakota, Stramer said her anger has pushed her to get more informed. ", "She said she would vote next month for Senator Heidi Heitkamp, a Democrat struggling to defend her seat.", "\n\nMeantime, she fills her journal with her reflections and frustrations.", "\n\n“I tend to write about things that make me mad, and then I don’t have to have those arguments,” Stramer said. “", "I could fight with people, but in my opinion, it doesn’t change anything. ", "Posting stuff online doesn’t change anything.”", "\n\nBut, she added, “I am going to vote, of course.”", "\n\nGRAPHIC: American anger tmsnrt.rs/2yx11rw\n\nReuters election coverage: here" ]	{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }	[ 0.013636363636363636, 0.008333333333333333, 0.00819672131147541, 0.013513513513513514, 0, 0, 0, 0.005291005291005291, 0.0028169014084507044, 0.005434782608695652, 0.007246376811594203, 0.007042253521126761, 0.013793103448275862, 0.0058823529411764705, 0.012658227848101266, 0, 0.0196078431372549, 0.005714285714285714, 0.007692307692307693, 0, 0.018867924528301886, 0.013157894736842105, 0.014925373134328358, 0, 0.005319148936170213, 0, 0, 0.008670520231213872, 0, 0.0034602076124567475, 0.01, 0.007462686567164179, 0, 0.005988023952095809, 0.005780346820809248, 0.004739336492890996, 0.007518796992481203, 0.0125, 0.007692307692307693, 0.008771929824561403, 0.005847953216374269, 0, 0.012658227848101266, 0.009615384615384616, 0, 0.008849557522123894, 0, 0, 0, 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[ "Tyrosine hydroxylase expression in rat olfactory bulb transplants: an electron microscope study.", "\nJuxtaglomerular (JG) neurons of rat olfactory bulb (OB) have been shown to express tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), the rate-limiting enzyme in the catecholamine synthesis pathway. ", "These JG neurons act as inhibitory dopaminergic interneurons, modulating the incoming signal from the primary olfactory afferents. ", "The JG neurons, comprised of periglomerular, external tufted, and short axon cells, stop expressing TH after lesions of the olfactory nerve or closure of the nares, both of which cause a loss of functional input. ", "Upon reinnervation by a continuously regenerating olfactory nerve, these cells resume their expression of TH. ", "In order to study deafferentation and subsequent reinnervation within this system, our laboratory utilizes a transplantation model. ", "Sections from transplant (TX) OBs are reacted for TH using immunocytochemical localization protocols and studied by light- and especially electron microscopy (EM). ", "Autoradiography of tritiated thymidine-labeled tissue was performed to confirm donor origin of the TX OBs. ", "Although the architecture of the TX OB is somewhat disrupted and the TH-positive cells were not as uniform in their arrangement as they are in the normal OB, we found that the TH cells in the TH OB had a morphology similar to the JG cells observed in normal OB. ", "These TH cells were also found to receive synaptic contacts with host olfactory nerve axons as well as make and receive contacts with the processes of donor neurons. ", "These, synaptic contacts were formed within areas that resemble the glomeruli of normal olfactory bulb, suggesting that the inhibitory synaptic pathway is reestablished within the TX OB. ", "These findings also suggested that host olfactory axons formed a functional contact with the TH cells, possibly inducing them to express this enzyme. ", "This study implies that the TX OB retains a level of plasticity that enables it to recapitulate part of the interneuronal arrangement observed in the normal system." ]	{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }	[ 0, 0.017045454545454544, 0.007633587786259542, 0.009389671361502348, 0.00909090909090909, 0, 0.018292682926829267, 0.009345794392523364, 0.019083969465648856, 0.006024096385542169, 0.0053475935828877, 0.006666666666666667, 0 ]	0.008302	5	[ { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 112, "entity_type": "PERSON", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 97 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 891, "entity_type": "NRP", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 888 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 1739, "entity_type": "LOCATION", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 1737 } ]
[ "Friday, 7 November 2014\n\nThe Nigerian Navy has arrested 31 suspected oil thieves and impounded\n200 drums laden with substance suspected to be by-product of illegally\nrefined crude oil, during its raid in Port Harcourt, Rivers State.", "\n\nCommander of the Nigeria Navy Ship (NNS) Pathfinder, Commodore Godwin\nOchai, said the arrests were made during a raid, adding that another\n2,000 drums used for transporting and distributing the illegal product\nwere also impounded during the raid.", "\n\nHe made the disclosure while handing over the suspects to officers\nand men of the Nigerian Security and Civil Defence Corps (NSCDC) in Port\nHarcourt, on Thursday.", "\n\nOchai, who was represented at the handing by Leiutenant-Commodore\nAbdullateef Mahmud, explained that troops stormed the area after it got\nintelligence report of activities of oil thieves, who hid under the\ncover of the busy Slaughter Market to carry out their illegal\nactivities.", "\n\nHe said the Navy also impounded nine wooden and speed boats during\nthe raid, adding, “Based on intelligence and timely report that\nsuspected crude oil thieves were operating in this area; troops stormed\nthe area in our mandate to stop attacks on the nation’s oil\ninstallations.", "\n\n“On Wednesday, at about 0430 hours, we raided Slaughter area and\nimpounded about 200 drums containing suspected by-product of illegally\nrefined crude oil.", "\n\n“We also impounded about 2, 000 empty drums used for distribution and\ntransporting of products, and nine wooden and speed boats used for\ntheir illegal business. ", "After the raid, we were able to arrest 31 male\nsuspects involved in oil theft and bunkering.”", "\n\nOchai said the Navy would continue with its 24-hour surveillance of\nthe waterways in its bid to stop oil theft, pipeline vandalism and sea\npiracy, urging the public to provide timely information that would lead\nto the arrest of those undermining Nigeria’s maritime safety and the\neconomy.", "\n\nHead of NSCDC Intelligence and Investigation Unit, Henry Nwaorie,\nsaid the corps would investigate and charge the suspects to court, if\nfound culpable." ]	{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }	[ 0.008620689655172414, 0.008064516129032258, 0.018292682926829267, 0.0071174377224199285, 0.0035842293906810036, 0.00641025641025641, 0, 0, 0.006896551724137931, 0.013071895424836602 ]	0.007206	5	[ { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 23, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 0 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 217, "entity_type": "LOCATION", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 204 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 231, "entity_type": "LOCATION", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 219 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 308, "entity_type": "PERSON", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 296 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 628, "entity_type": "LOCATION", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 615 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 641, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 633 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 648, "entity_type": "PERSON", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 643 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 727, "entity_type": "PERSON", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 709 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 1214, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 1205 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 1235, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 1219 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 1616, "entity_type": "PERSON", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 1611 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 1662, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 1655 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 1864, "entity_type": "LOCATION", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 1857 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 1964, "entity_type": "PERSON", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 1951 } ]
[ "Francesco Mancini (composer)\n\nFrancesco Mancini (16 January 1672 – 22 September 1737) was a Neapolitan composer.", "\n\nBiography\nHe was an important teacher and managed to obtain his greatest duty during Alessandro Scarlatti's absence from the Neapolitan court, between 1702 and 1708. ", "In this period he was Director of the Conservatorio di S Maria di Loreto as well as being first organist and maestro of the Capella Reale. ", "His assistant was Giuseppe Porsile.", "\n\nWorks\nHis works include 29 operas (including L’Idaspe fedele), sonatas, 7 serenatas, 12 oratorios and more than 200 secular cantatas in addition to assorted sacred music and a small amount of instrumental music. ", "Today he is best known for his recorder sonatas.", "\n\nRecordings\nMissa Septimus SSATB [25'46\"]. ", "Currende, cond. ", "Erik Van Nevel. ", "KTC4031\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nHOASM\n\nCategory:1672 births\nCategory:1737 deaths\nCategory:Italian male classical composers\nCategory:Italian Baroque composers\nCategory:Musicians from Naples\nCategory:Italian opera composers\nCategory:Male opera composers\nCategory:Settecento composers\nCategory:18th-century male musicians" ]	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }	[ 0.017699115044247787, 0.005952380952380952, 0.007194244604316547, 0.02857142857142857, 0.004672897196261682, 0, 0, 0, 0.0625, 0.006211180124223602 ]	0.01328	5	[ { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 17, "entity_type": "PERSON", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 0 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 47, "entity_type": "PERSON", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 30 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 65, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 50 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 85, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 68 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 103, "entity_type": "NRP", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 93 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 221, "entity_type": "PERSON", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 199 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 249, "entity_type": "NRP", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 239 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 453, "entity_type": "PERSON", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 437 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 672, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 667 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 788, "entity_type": "PERSON", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 774 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 891, "entity_type": "NRP", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 884 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 933, "entity_type": "NRP", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 926 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 999, "entity_type": "NRP", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 992 } ]
[ "Simon Cowell Regrets Not Becoming A Father ‘Sooner’\n\nSimon Cowell has been showing off his ‘softer’ side since the birth of his first child, Eric Philip, on Valentine’s Day. ", "Prior to Eric’s birth, the music mogul was very open about his distaste for certain aspects of fatherhood, it seems like now he only has one regret — not becoming a father sooner!", "\n\nWho knew that the normally hard-shelled Simon Cowell, 54, would turn out to be a great big teddy bear underneath? ", "HollywoodLife.com was just as surprised as the rest of the world when Simon openly showed affection for his baby boy, Eric Philip, all over social media. ", "Now, sources close to Simon reveal that his one and only regret about fatherhood is not having children earlier.", "\n\nSimon Cowell — Regrets Not Having Children Sooner\n\nSimon & Lauren Leave Hospital With Eric\n\nOn Feb. 14 the world’s toughest critic became a father when his girlfriend Lauren Silverman, 38, went into labor while alone in New York City. ", "Even though Simon was busy filming one of his many reality competition shows in the UK, he was quick to charter a jet and make his way back across the pond just in time for the birth of his first son. ", "Eric, named after Simon’s father, has really brought out a softer side of Simon, and sources close to the music mogul reveal he wishes it had happened sooner.", "\n\n“Simon is a changed man, he’s been telling people he wish he’d started this sooner because it’s the best thing that’s ever happened to him,” the source revealed EXCLUSIVELY to HollywoodLife.com. “", "He’s been texting tons of pictures out and says he can’t wait to take Eric back to London to show him off.”", "\n\nSimon Hopes To Raise Eric In The UK\n\nEveryone knows that Simon is a busy, busy guy traveling all over the place what with all of his reality competition shows, boy bands, and other endeavours. ", "Meanwhile, his girlfriend Lauren is well-rooted in New York City where her life includes also being a mom to her first son, 7-year-old Adam Silverman. ", "While balancing things may be difficult for the first couple of years, our source reveals that Simon and Lauren are hoping to raise Eric in the UK.", "\n\n“He has quite a lot of business in England but also has homes all over the place and business in the states as well,” a source close to the couple tells HollywoodLife.com. ", "They are thinking once its time for schooling that the England is the answer but the first couple years they will travel with Eric all over the place based on Simon’s busy schedule.”", "\n\nHey HollyMoms — Do you think Simon should raise Eric in the UK? 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[ "Q:\n\nHow can I add multiple timezones to loki?", "\n\nThe solution for freya no longer works as there is no com.canonical.indicator\n\nA:\n\nThe new datetime indicator doesn't have this feature yet.", "\n\n" ]	{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }	[ 0, 0, 0 ]	0	5	[ { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 68, "entity_type": "PERSON", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 63 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 116, "entity_type": "URL", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "UrlRecognizer_140094861343568", "recognizer_name": "UrlRecognizer" }, "score": 0.5, "start": 100 } ]
[ "Chronic pruritus (CP) is a burdensome symptom affecting approximately one-fifth of the global population[@R1] that leads to an impairment of quality of life[@R2]. ", "The Global Burden of Disease study has determined that pruritus is one of the world's 50 most common interdisciplinary disorders and that it demonstrates an especially high burden on the elderly[@R3]. ", "Because of the multifactorial nature of this symptom and its multitude of possible origins, a diagnostic workup and therapeutic approach are of high complexity[@R4]. ", "Multimodal medical and nursing care is required, including the identification and treatment of the underlying cause, a symptomatic antipruritic therapy, treatment of the skin lesions arising from chronic scratching, and management of secondary sleep disorders, if any are present[@R5],[@R6]. ", "In addition, affected individuals often develop psychological disorders, such as anxiety and depression, or deprive themselves of social contact due to shame from incontrollable scratching or visible skin lesions[@R7]. ", "Adjuvant psychological or psychiatric management may thus be necessary. ", "Because of the complexity of the symptom, as well as the multidisciplinary requirements for its management, it is imperative to maintain a well-structured network of care providers from both dermatological offices and specialized itch centers to achieve optimal care. ", "This article aims to define the needs and priorities of CP management, analyze obstacles in the care of these patients, and highlight possible improvements in treatment approaches.", "\n\nPatients with CP: who are they?", "\n===============================\n\nCP is a multifactorial, heterogenous condition affecting patients of all backgrounds. ", "When considering larger cohorts of patients with CP, it becomes clear that there is no uniform profile for the affected patients. ", "The patient population is highly heterogenous in terms of age, patient groups (children, pregnant women, adults, and seniors), medical history, skin lesions, cause for the pruritus, and sensory pruritus characteristics[@R4]. ", "CP can develop in association with several diseases. ", "To better assist in the categorization of CP, the International Forum for the Study of Itch (IFSI) has proposed a classification system based on the clinical presentation and underlying disease. ", "Patients are divided into 3 clinical groups, namely those with an inflammatory skin condition (IFSI I), those with pruritus without skin alterations (IFSI II), and those with chronic scratch lesions (eg, prurigo nodularis; IFSI III). ", "Patients can also be further categorized based on the underlying etiological cause for their pruritus, ranging from dermatological, systemic, neurological, psychiatric, and multifactorial to unknown causes[@R8]. ", "These classification systems serve to assist the attending physician in choosing the necessary diagnostic procedures and targeted therapies in each case (Figure [1](#F1){ref-type=\"fig\"}).", "\n\n![", "Clinical and etiological classification of chronic pruritus. ", "Adapted from Ständer et al[@R5]. ", "For the management of patients with chronic pruritus, the IFSI developed a classification system, in which patients are divided according to their clinical presentation into those presenting predominantly with an inflammatory skin condition (IFSI group I), those with pruritus in apparently normal skin (IFSI group II) and, finally, those with pruritus accompanied by chronic scratch lesions (IFSI group III). ", "Regarding its etiology, chronic pruritus can be attributed to dermatological, systemic, neurological, somatoform, multifactorial, or unknown causes. ", "These classification systems provide guidance to the attending physician on the diagnostic and therapeutic approach to the patient with chronic pruritus. ", "IFSI indicates International Forum for the Study of Itch. ", "Adaptations are themselves works protected by copyright. ", "So in order to publish this adaptation, authorization must be obtained both from the owner of the copyright in the original work and from the owner of copyright in the translation or adaptation.](itx-2-e6-g001){#F1}\n\nDespite the heterogenous patient characteristics, most CP patients report experiencing a moderate or high itch intensity. ", "Moreover, CP induces many secondary conditions, such as sleep disorders, depression, anxiety, feelings of shame due to visible skin lesions, and a substantial impairment in quality of life, in up to 70% of the affected individuals[@R2],[@R4],[@R9]. ", "Interestingly, most patients share similar therapeutic goals, which are not limited solely to relief from itch[@R10].", "\n\nCP patients: what are their needs?", "\n==================================\n\nTherapeutic goals can be compiled by means of a comprehensive questionnaire for an assessment of the treatment benefit. ", "One such questionnaire is called the Patient Benefit Index (PBI), of which there are currently several different versions available for a large variety of dermatological and nondermatological disorders. ", "It was validated in 2009 for patients with CP (PBI-P)[@R10]--[@R12]. ", "Patients complete a Patient Needs Questionnaire (PNQ) pretreatment and the Patient Benefit Questionnaire (PBQ) posttreatment so that a weighted, patient-reported benefit can be calculated. ", "The PBI-P's 27 items refer to aspects of psychosocial life and physical factors.", "\n\nThe therapeutic goals of \\>2500 pruritus patients who completed the PBI-P were recently analyzed in a comprehensive study[@R13]. ", "It was found that therapeutic goals related to the diagnosis and medical therapy, such as the reduction of pruritus or confidence in the therapy, were regarded as either important or very important by nearly all subjects. ", "The average needs of pruritus patients are apparently higher than those of other general dermatological patients, such as those with atopic dermatitis[@R14]. ", "When analyzing the therapeutic needs of CP patients, it also seems to be necessary to differentiate them, for example, by their sex or according to their IFSI classification category. ", "It has been shown, that the reduction of itch-related symptoms (depressive feeling, nervousness, or burning sensations) is more important to women, whereas men attempt to improve social contacts, partnership, and sex life. ", "Patients with either pruritus and scratch lesions (eg, prurigo nodularis) or inflamed, pruritic skin evaluated various therapeutic goals, including being \"pain-free,\" as being significantly more important than patients with noninflamed, pruritic skin[@R13].", "\n\nManagement in the dermatological office\n=======================================\n\nMany patients with CP visit a dermatologist due to itch-inducing dermatoses or the presence of scratch lesions. ", "The dermatologist thus has a pivotal role in the management of CP patients. ", "By collaborating with local physicians of other specialties, dermatological practices can initiate the first steps toward performing diagnostics and thereby reduce the volume of patients in specialized itch centers. ", "Pruritus is in fact the most common symptom in dermatology. ", "It is estimated that approximately one-third of patients presenting to a general dermatology office report having experienced itch within the last week, and a majority of these suffer from CP despite previous therapeutic measures[@R15]. ", "Interestingly, 62% of the patients described this symptom as the reason for their seeking of a medical consultation, whereas 38% presented with other dermatological issues (eg, skin tumors) and did not associate this symptom with their visit to the doctor. ", "The attending dermatologist should therefore actively screen for pruritus to prevent the oversight of a pruritic condition that would result in it being left untreated[@R15].", "\n\nHowever, taking a comprehensive medical history, including causal factors, concomitant diseases, current medication, and reactive diseases (eg, depression and anxiety), and performing a complete physical examination can be challenging due to the limited time frame of a patient visit. ", "To address this issue, a standardized questionnaire has been developed by the National Working Group on Pruritus Research (Arbeitsgemeinschaft Pruritusforschung, AGP), which can be completed by the patient before the medical consultation (eg, in the waiting room)[@R16].", "\n\nNot only the pruritus itself, but also the accompanying conditions such as sleep impairment, and mental distress, impact the quality of life, according to 88% of patients. ", "These factors should be taken into account when preparing a therapeutic plan. ", "The patient needs should be queried and addressed, since sleep deprivation and a disruption of the everyday life are the major concerns of many of the affected. ", "Moreover, as shown by inquiries via the PNQ, both treatment of the pruritic condition and associated skin alterations and an explanation of the diagnostic procedures used for identification of the underlying cause are of high priority to patients[@R6],[@R13].", "\n\nBefore referring a patient to a specialized center, dermatological offices should take a detailed medical history (eg, using structured surveys, as mentioned above), perform the necessary basic diagnostic procedures (eg, blood tests, common mycological diagnostics, histology, and direct immunofluorescence), and initiate basic therapeutic measures (eg, basic skin care, topical therapy, and antihistamines) even before the diagnostic procedures are concluded. ", "If these measures prove to be ineffective, the physician may opt for a more target-specific therapy once the diagnostic findings are known.", "\n\nManagement in the specialized itch center\n=========================================\n\nSpecialized itch centers offering inpatient and outpatient care play an important role in the management of CP patients, especially when they are refractory to common therapies. ", "An interdisciplinary approach to the diagnosis and treatment that includes various medical specialties (eg, dermatology, internal medicine, neurology, psychosomatics, psychiatry, and pediatrics) is desirable due to the multifactorial nature of CP[@R4]. ", "Such centers are rare and it is necessary for more and more itch clinics to be established, similar to pain clinics.", "\n\nOf note, inpatient treatment may be required in certain instances. ", "From a medical point of view inpatient care is indicated when the origin of the CP is highly complex and its clarification requires extensive diagnostic procedures, which may be difficult or take a long time to obtain in an ambulatory setting. ", "In addition, if there is a suspicion of a malignancy-associated pruritus (eg, if b-symptoms are present and the CP is present for \\<1 y) a battery of imaging procedures (eg, thoracic x-ray, ultrasound of the abdomen and lymph node stations, thoracoabdominal CT) can swiftly be performed in inpatients and thus avoid delays in the diagnosis of a potential life-threatening condition. ", "Psychosocial factors may also constitute an indication for inpatient care. ", "Patients with suicide ideation or those experiencing high suffering or severe sleep impairment due to the CP benefit from inpatient care. ", "Specialists from other fields, in particular psychiatrists, psychosomatics, and psychologists, are of great importance for these patients. ", "In addition, the environment, in which the patient is inserted, may contribute to perpetuate the CP, for example, pruritus due to a scabies infestation in patients with living conditions with poor hygiene. ", "Those too benefit from inpatient care.", "\n\nExisting itch centers have developed a digital matrix for the routine care management of the patients, which allows a feasible and concise patient management and, in addition, is in use for the development of a diagnostic and therapeutic plan, allowing for the individual treatment of CP. ", "This system is based partially on modular patient questionnaires. ", "On the basis of a consensus reached by an international group dedicated to research on the assessment of pruritus[@R6],[@R17], patients are asked to complete questionnaires on the clinical features of the pruritus (ie, its characteristics and their medical history), pruritus intensity \\[eg, visual analog scale (VAS)\\], their quality of life \\[eg, ItchyQol or the Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI)\\], anxiety, and depression \\[eg, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS)\\], and, as mentioned above, the PBI (Table [1](#T1){ref-type=\"table\"}). ", "Some of these questionnaires are sent to the patients before their first visit, while the remaining questionnaires are completed onsite via a tablet computer. ", "Although the questionnaire regarding the medical history and therapeutic goals should be completed during the initial consultation, the remaining questionnaires should be filled out also during follow-up visits since they serve as documentation on the progression of the symptom and its response to treatment. ", "An assessment of the responses to the PNQ at the beginning of the therapy enables the assignment of therapeutic goals and serves as the basis for discussion and shared objectives. ", "A survey of the achieved goals via the PBQ can facilitate the identification of particular problems in the treatment efficacy. ", "Data entry via tablet computers, which have proven to be user-friendly and cost-effective[@R19], allows for the immediate transfer of the data to the patient file in the local electronic hospital information system, thus providing the attending physician with a simple and relevant overview that can be used to quickly assess the course of the treatment. ", "In addition, the system may indicate the need for further treatment, depending on the pathologic scores of specific scales (eg, psychosomatic consultation if patients show high anxiety or depression scores).", "\n\n###### \n\nOverview of tools used for measuring pruritus.", "\n\n![](", "itx-2-e6-g002)\n\nA structured collection of the physician-assessed medical history and course of the CP is vital for ensuring a targeted diagnosis and efficient treatment (Table [2](#T2){ref-type=\"table\"})[@R4]. ", "To better facilitate the proceedings, it is desirable to perform the physician-assessed medical documentation in digital form by using a template available in the electronic hospital information system specifically developed for cases of CP. ", "The digital templates should be adapted to the initial and follow-up visits, as they constitute different needs. ", "The length, localization, quality of the symptoms, trigger factors, and skin findings, as well as the general medical history, prior therapies, and current medications, are recorded during the initial consultation. ", "During the follow-up visits, the principal focuses of the inquiry are, among other aspects, the course of skin findings and the therapy, including side effects and the severity of the pruritus. ", "Answers can be provided by utilizing a dropdown menu in the digital template containing predetermined responses or free-text fields. ", "Scores from the scales and questionnaires completed by patients before their visit (eg, the VAS, HADS, and DLQI) appear on the digital interface and allow for a quick but insightful overview of the patient's current condition[@R6].", "\n\n###### \n\nKey questions in the assessment of chronic pruritus.", "\n\n![](", "itx-2-e6-g003)\n\nUsing digital media in routine care assists in the development of a comprehensive database or registry for CP, which can prove to be valuable when targeting specific research questions. ", "Provided the patient has given their consent, their clinical data are subsequently transferred to a central, pseudonymized database[@R21]. ", "For quality assurance, the data of each case is first sent to a central storage unit for approval, where the consistency of the data and diagnosis are reviewed by a physician and, possibly, updated with regard to new test results (eg, laboratory findings and histology). ", "Data are only transferred to the central database once it has been validated. ", "This workflow ensures that all records are reviewed before their pseudonymization and that all data are current. ", "The Center for Chronic Pruritus at the University Hospital of Münster is an excellent example for a specialized center utilizing digital media to comprehensively assess CP patients and build a central database, in which there are currently \\>6700 individual entries.", "\n\nObstacles and hurdles\n=====================\n\nThere are still numerous obstacles to overcome in the health care system before patients with CP can be offered the best possible, or guideline-recommended, diagnosis and therapy. ", "Said obstacles may vary from country to country, reflecting local political mandates, such as the remuneration system for the provided care.", "\n\nBecause of the aging population, an increase in the number of patients with CP can be expected in the near future. ", "In addition, to save costs in the health care system, a trend in the centralization of services is taking place in many countries, diminishing outpatient care opportunities. ", "Moreover, dermatologists may be urged to invest in more lucrative fields such as operative or esthetic dermatology, leading to a decrease in interest in conservative dermatological topics. ", "For this reason, specialized itch centers should be available on a larger scale and made to work in closer connection with peripheral offices. ", "The appropriate training of attending internists and dermatologists constitutes the first important step needed to broaden quality care in the dermatological and general practitioners' offices.", "\n\nIn countries with a high number of CP patients receiving inpatient care, there is an increasing amount of difficulties emerging in this sector, including short hospitalization periods and the pressure to economize care. ", "These issues lead to limitations in the diagnosis and therapy of CP. ", "According to the health care system's remuneration scheme, a careful medical indication is essential to justify the costs of intensive dermatological diagnostic and therapeutic measures. ", "Advanced diagnostic procedures for inpatient care include the screening of neoplasms, which is essential for those with CP persisting 12 months or less. ", "In addition, an acute, symptomatic intervention may be indicated in cases of severe psychological strain and failure of outpatient therapeutic measures. ", "Supplementary remuneration would thus be desirable for specialized centers in the future to enable a reasonable inpatient stay.", "\n\nAnother aspect to consider is that many available treatments for refractory pruritus remain off-label, and are therefore often deferred in favor of over-the-counter medication or approved topical preparations[@R22]. ", "Off-label therapies may not be covered by patients' insurances or the health care system. ", "This is especially relevant for specialist offices, which might have higher regulatory and economic constraints compared with specialized centers.", "\n\nManagement of CP in particular patient groups, such as pregnant and breastfeeding women or children, represents an additional challenge. ", "Many systemic and topical therapies remain unapproved for these patient groups. ", "Randomized clinical trials targeting these groups are therefore necessary in the future to achieve better care.", "\n\nFuture perspectives\n===================\n\nThe introduction of technology to the management of CP is expected to greatly improve patient care. ", "It is conceivable that data and documentation collected between patients visits can be made accessible to a broad audience of interdisciplinary attending clinicians on a central platform. ", "The digital registration of all survey instruments that can be completed at both specialist offices and specialized itch centers is thus a goal to be strived for. ", "This could have particularly convenient results for the future, for example, for elderly patients receiving telemedicine consultations.", "\n\nCP is already a topic of discussion at important conferences and is the main focus at symposia for specialists, such as the World Congress on Itch (<http://www.itchforum.net>). ", "The next important step toward a better future in patient care consists of sensitizing health care insurance providers. ", "A better funding of outpatient care can decisively contribute to the optimization of general patient care, as well as the prevention of symptom chronicity and reactive mental distress with subsequent, time-consuming and possibly costly inpatient treatment methods. ", "At present, this is not the case and a further decline in the financial situation is expected due to sustained cost pressures.", "\n\nConclusions\n===========\n\nHigh-quality care for patients with CP remains a challenge for practitioners and the health care system. ", "An effective cooperation between specialized itch centers and dermatological offices is essential. ", "IT solutions, which better facilitate the assessment of this complex condition, should be adopted in the clinical routine. ", "In an era of regulatory and economic constraints, health care authorities should be sensitized to the present substandard care of patients with CP to make improvements.", "\n\nThe authors thank E.R. Burnett for proofreading and editing this manuscript.", "\n\nSupported by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF; No. ", "01KG1305 to SST) and by the European Academy for Dermatology and Venereology (EADV, No. ", "2016-012 to MP).", "\n\nConflicts of interest\n=====================\n\nThe authors declare that they have no financial conflict of interest with regard to the content of this report.", "\n\nSponsorships or competing interests that may be relevant to content are disclosed at the end of this article.", "\n\nPublished online 26 June 2017\n" ]	{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Central" }	[ 0.012269938650306749, 0.004975124378109453, 0.006024096385542169, 0.00684931506849315, 0.0045662100456621, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.0044444444444444444, 0, 0.005128205128205128, 0, 0.0047169811320754715, 0, 0, 0, 0.030303030303030304, 0.0024390243902439024, 0, 0, 0.017241379310344827, 0, 0.0029498525073746312, 0.012048192771084338, 0.008547008547008548, 0, 0, 0, 0.028985507246376812, 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[ "Q:\n\nCustom Lists - set row background color in a list depending on a column value\n\nStarting from this example:\nhttps://code.msdn.microsoft.com/office/Client-side-rendering-code-0a786cdd\nI would like to set the entire row background color depending on a column value.", "\n\nA:\n\nBelow example demonstrates how to customize List View in order to highlight list item rows. ", "\nAssume there is a Tasks list and depending on status, rows have to be highlighted using the corresponding color. ", " \nTemplate code:\nSP.SOD.executeFunc(\"clienttemplates.js\", \"SPClientTemplates\", function() {\n\n SPClientTemplates.", "TemplateManager.", "RegisterTemplateOverrides({\n OnPostRender: function(ctx) {\n\n var statusColors = {\n 'Not Started' : '#FFF1AD', \n 'In Progress' : '#FFD800',\n 'Completed' : '#01DF3A' \n };\n\n var rows = ctx.", "ListData.", "Row;\n for (var i=0;i<rows.length;i++)\n {\n var status = rows[i][\"Status\"];\n var rowId = GenerateIIDForListItem(ctx, rows[i]);\n var row = document.getElementById(rowId); \n row.style.backgroundColor = statusColors[status];\n }\n }\n }); \n\n});\n\nHow to apply the changes\nThere are at least two options how to apply the changes:\n\nUsing JSLink property\nPlace JavaScript template on page via Script Editor/Content Editor\nweb parts\n\nHere is how to apply the changes using the second option:\n\nSwitch the page into edit mode\nAdd Script Editor webpart right below the list view web part.", "\nPut the specified code by wrapping it using script tag code into the Script Editor, for example: <script type=\"text/javascript\">{Template JS code goes here}</script>\nSave the page\n\nResults\n\n" ]	{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }	[ 0.0037593984962406013, 0.01020408163265306, 0.008771929824561403, 0, 0.0625, 0, 0.1111111111111111, 0.004746835443037975, 0 ]	0.022344	5	[ { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 968, "entity_type": "PERSON", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 959 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 1058, "entity_type": "PERSON", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 1029 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 185, "entity_type": "URL", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "UrlRecognizer_140094861343568", "recognizer_name": "UrlRecognizer" }, "score": 0.6, "start": 111 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 496, "entity_type": "URL", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "UrlRecognizer_140094861343568", "recognizer_name": "UrlRecognizer" }, "score": 0.5, "start": 491 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 1040, "entity_type": "URL", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "UrlRecognizer_140094861343568", "recognizer_name": "UrlRecognizer" }, "score": 0.5, "start": 1029 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 1084, "entity_type": "URL", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "UrlRecognizer_140094861343568", "recognizer_name": "UrlRecognizer" }, "score": 0.5, "start": 1072 } ]
[ "[Cite as State v. Roebuck, 2014-Ohio-1708.]", "\n\n IN THE COURT OF APPEALS\n FIRST APPELLATE DISTRICT OF OHIO\n HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO\n\n\n\nSTATE OF OHIO, : APPEAL NO. ", "C-130350\n TRIAL NO. ", "B-1206599\n Plaintiff-Appellee, :\n O P I N I O N.\n vs. :\n\nDAVION ROEBUCK, :\n\n Defendant-Appellant. ", " :\n\n\n\n\nCriminal Appeal From: Hamilton County Court of Common Pleas\n\nJudgment Appealed From Is: Affirmed in Part, Sentences Vacated in Part, and\n Cause Remanded\n\nDate of Judgment Entry on Appeal: April 23, 2014\n\n\n\nJoseph T. Deters, Hamilton County Prosecuting Attorney, and Scott M. Heenan,\nAssistant Prosecuting Attorney, for Plaintiff-Appellee,\n\nRobert R. Hastings, Jr., for Defendant-Appellant.", "\n\n\n\n\nPlease note: this case has been removed from the accelerated calendar.", "\n\f O HIO F IRST D ISTRICT C OURT OF A PPEALS\n\n\n\nD INKELACKER , Presiding Judge.", "\n\n {¶1} Defendant-appellant Davion Roebuck pleaded guilty to three counts\n\nof aggravated robbery with gun specifications and one count of having a weapon\n\nwhile under a disability. ", " He was sentenced to four years in prison on each\n\naggravated-robbery count and to three years in prison for the disability charge. ", "The\n\ngun specifications added an additional three-year term to each aggravated-robbery\n\ncount. ", " The trial court ordered Roebuck to serve the aggravated-robbery terms\n\nconsecutively to one another, and the disability term concurrent to the first\n\naggravated-robbery count. ", "In addition, the trial court ordered him to serve his\n\nprison term in this case consecutively to the prison term he received in another case.", "\n\n {¶2} In one assignment of error, Roebuck claims that the trial court erred\n\nwhen it ordered him to serve consecutive prison terms without make the statutory\n\nfindings to support that determination. ", "The state concedes error on this point, and\n\nwe agree.", "\n\n {¶3} R.C. 2929.14(C)(4) requires that a trial court engage in a three-step\n\nanalysis in order to impose consecutive sentences. ", " State v. Alexander, 1st Dist.", "\n\nHamilton Nos. ", "C-110828 and C-110829, 2012-Ohio-3349, ¶ 15.", "\n\n First, the trial court must “find” that consecutive sentencing is necessary\n\n to protect the public from future crime or to punish the offender. ", "Next,\n\n the trial court must “find” that consecutive sentences are not\n\n disproportionate to the seriousness of the offender's conduct and to the\n\n danger the offender poses to the public. ", "Finally, the trial court must\n\n “find” that at least one of the following applies: (1) the offender\n\n committed one or more of the multiple offenses while awaiting trial or\n\n sentencing, while under a sanction imposed pursuant to R.C. 2929.16,\n 2\n\f O HIO F IRST D ISTRICT C OURT OF A PPEALS\n\n\n\n R.C. 2929.17, or R.C. 2929.18, or while under postrelease control for a\n\n prior offense; (2) at least two of the multiple offenses were committed as\n\n part of one or more courses of conduct, and the harm caused by two or\n\n more of the offenses was so great or unusual that no single prison term\n\n for any of the offenses committed as part of any of the courses of conduct\n\n adequately reflects the seriousness of the offender's conduct; or (3) the\n\n offender's history of criminal conduct demonstrates that consecutive\n\n sentences are necessary to protect the public from future crime by the\n\n offender.", "\n\nId. The court is not required to use “talismanic words” to comply with the statutory-\n\nfindings requirement; the court satisfies the requirements when the record reflects that\n\nthe court engaged in the required analysis and has considered the appropriate statutory\n\ncriteria. ", "When a trial court fails to make the required findings, the sentence imposed is\n\ncontrary to law and must be vacated. ", "Id. at ¶ 16; State v. Green, 1st Dist. ", "Hamilton Nos.", "\n\nC-120269 and C-120270, 2013-Ohio-1508, ¶ 6.", "\n\n {¶4} In this case, the trial court ordered that Roebuck serve consecutive\n\nprison terms without making the necessary findings to support that order. ", "Therefore,\n\nwe vacate the parts of the trial court’s judgment that ordered the sentences to be served\n\nconsecutively, and we remand this cause to the trial court for a hearing to consider\n\nwhether consecutive sentences are appropriate under the factors outlined in R.C.\n\n2929.14(C)(4). ", "The trial court’s judgment is affirmed in all other aspects.", "\n\n Judgment affirmed in part, sentences vacated in part, and cause remanded.", "\n\nFISCHER, and DEWINE, JJ., ", "concur.", "\n\nPlease note:\n The court has recorded its own entry on the date of the release of this opinion.", "\n 3\n\f" ]	{ "pile_set_name": "FreeLaw" }	[ 0.023255813953488372, 0.005050505050505051, 0.013513513513513514, 0, 0.018140589569160998, 0, 0.01, 0.005208333333333333, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.02631578947368421, 0.0625, 0.022727272727272728, 0, 0, 0.0028873917228103944, 0, 0, 0.02564102564102564, 0.07692307692307693, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.03571428571428571, 0, 0, 0 ]	0.009643	5	[ { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 25, "entity_type": "LOCATION", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 18 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 41, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { 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[ "---\nabstract: 'In this article we define and compute the Novikov Floer homology associated to a non-resonant magnetic field and a mechanical Hamiltonian on a flat torus $\\mathbb{T}^{2N}$. As a result, we deduce that this Hamiltonian system always has $2N+1$ contractible solutions, and generically even $2^{2N}$ contractible solutions. ", "Moreover if there exists a non-degenerate non-contractible solution then there necessarily exists another.'", "\naddress:\n- \|\n Urs Frauenfelder\\\n Department of Mathematics and Research Institute of Mathematics\\\n Seoul National University San 56-1 Shinrim-dong Kwanak-gu, Seoul 151-747, Korea \n- \|\n Will J. Merry\\\n Department of Mathematics\\\n ETH Zürich\n- \|\n Gabriel. ", "P. Paternain\\\n Department of Pure Mathematics and Mathematical Statistics\\\n University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0WB, England \nauthor:\n- 'Urs Frauenfelder, Will J. Merry and Gabriel P. Paternain'\nbibliography:\n- '\\\\string\"/Users/iLyX/Dropbox/Other useful files/willmacbibtex\\\\string\".bib'\ntitle: 'Floer homology for non-resonant magnetic fields on flat tori'\n---\n\nIntroduction\n============\n\nIn this paper we study existence and multiplicity results for periodic solutions of fixed period $\\tau$ of a system of $N$ interacting particles on the plane subject to a magnetic field. ", "We suppose that the magnetic field as well as the potential are periodic on the plane, so that we can carry out our study on the torus.", "\n\nLet us first describe our set-up for a single particle, i.e.the case $N=1$. We abbreviate by $\\mathbb{T}^{2}=\\mathbb{R}^{2}/\\mathbb{Z}^{2}$ the two dimensional torus. ", "We model the magnetic field via a 2-form $\\sigma\\in\\Omega^{2}(\\mathbb{T}^{2})$. If $\\pi\\colon T^{}\\mathbb{T}^{2}\\to\\mathbb{T}^{2}$ is the footpoint projection, consider the magnetic symplectic form, $$\\omega_{\\sigma}:=d\\lambda+\\pi^{}\\sigma$$ where $\\lambda=x_{1}dp_{1}+x_{2}dp_{2}$ is the Liouville 1-form on the cotangent bundle of the torus. ", "Abbreviate the circle of length $\\tau$ by $\\mathbb{S}_{\\tau}:=\\mathbb{R}/\\tau\\mathbb{Z}$. For $V\\in C^{\\infty}(\\mathbb{S}_{\\tau}\\times\\mathbb{T}^{2},\\mathbb{R})$ a $\\tau$-periodic time-dependent potential we define the $\\tau$-periodic Hamiltonian $H_{V}\\in C^{\\infty}(\\mathbb{S}_{\\tau}\\times T^{}\\mathbb{T}^{2},\\mathbb{R})$ by $$H_{V}(t,x,p)=\\frac{1}{2}\|p\|^{2}+V(t,x)$$ where the norm of $p$ is taken with respect to the flat metric on the torus. ", "The Hamiltonian vector field $X_{\\sigma,V}$ of $H_{V}$ with respect to the magnetic symplectic form is implicitly defined by the equation $$\\omega_{\\sigma}(X_{\\sigma,V},\\cdot)=-dH_{V}.$$ We are interested in $\\tau$-periodic solutions of $X_{\\sigma,V}$, i.e.solutions $w\\in C^{\\infty}(\\mathbb{S}_{\\tau},T^{}\\mathbb{T}^{2})$ of the ODE $$\\partial_{t}w=X_{\\sigma,V}(t,w).\\label{eq:ODE}$$ We denote by $\\mathcal{P}_{\\tau}(\\sigma,V)$ the moduli space of solutions. ", "Since the fundamental group of the two dimensional torus equals $\\pi_{1}(\\mathbb{T}^{2})=\\pi_{1}(T^{}\\mathbb{T}^{2})=\\mathbb{Z}^{2}$ we get a decomposition of this moduli space as $$\\mathcal{P}_{\\tau}(\\sigma,V)=\\bigcup_{h\\in\\mathbb{Z}^{2}}\\mathcal{P}_{\\tau}^{h}(\\sigma,V)$$ where $\\mathcal{P}_{\\tau}^{h}(\\sigma,V)$ denotes those elements in $\\mathcal{P}_{\\tau}(\\sigma,V)$ which represent $h$ in the fundamental group of $T^{}\\mathbb{T}^{2}$. In particular, $\\mathcal{P}_{\\tau}^{0}(\\sigma,V)$ denotes the contractible solutions.", "\n\nWe do not know if periodic solutions always exist. ", "However, we can prove their existence under the following non-resonance condition we explain next. ", "Denote by $\\mu=dx_{1}\\wedge dx_{2}$ the volume form on the two torus with respect to the flat metric. ", "Then we can write $\\sigma=a\\mu$ for some function $a\\in C^{\\infty}(\\mathbb{T}^{2},\\mathbb{R})$.\n\n\\[nonres1\\] We say that $\\sigma$ is non-resonant in period $\\tau$, if there exists $k\\in\\mathbb{Z}$ such that $$\\frac{2\\pi k}{\\tau}<a(x)<\\frac{2\\pi(k+1)}{\\tau},\\quad\\forall\\,\\, x\\in\\mathbb{T}^{2}.$$\n\nOur first main result for a single particle system is the following.", "\n\n**Assume that $\\sigma\\in\\Omega^{2}(\\mathbb{T}^{2})$ is non-resonant in period $\\tau$. Then for every $V\\in C^{\\infty}(\\mathbb{S}_{\\tau}\\times\\mathbb{T}^{2},\\mathbb{R})$ we have $\\#\\mathcal{P}_{\\tau}^{0}(\\sigma,V)\\geq3$. Moreover, for a generic potential $V$ it holds that $\\#\\mathcal{P}_{\\tau}^{0}(\\sigma,V)\\geq4$. \n\nIn general noncontractible solutions may not necessarily exist. ", "However, our second main result tells us that if a noncontractible and nondegenerate solution exists a second noncontractible one has to exist as well. ", "For that recall that if $\\phi_{\\sigma,V}^{t}$ denotes the flow of the Hamiltonian vector field $X_{\\sigma,V}$ and $w\\in\\mathcal{P}_{\\tau}(\\sigma,V)$, then $w$ is called nondegenerate if $$\\det(D\\phi_{\\sigma,V}^{\\tau}(w(0))-\\mathrm{Id})\\neq0.$$ Now we are in position to state our next main result for a single particle system.", "\n\n***Assume that $\\sigma\\in\\Omega^{2}(\\mathbb{T}^{2})$ is a non-resonant magnetic field in period $\\tau$, $V\\in C^{\\infty}(\\mathbb{S}_{\\tau}\\times\\mathbb{T}^{2},\\mathbb{R})$, and $w\\in\\mathcal{P}_{\\tau}^{h}(\\sigma,V)$ is nondegenerate for some $h\\neq0\\in\\pi_{1}(\\mathbb{T}^{2})$. Then it holds that $\\#\\mathcal{P}_{\\tau}^{h}(\\sigma,V)\\geq2$.\n\nWe next explain how Theorem A and Theorem B generalize to systems of $N$ interacting particles. ", "The configuration space of $N$ particles is given by the $2N$-dimensional torus $\\mathbb{T}^{2N}$. To keep track of our particles we choose for $1\\leq j\\leq N$ a torus $\\mathbb{T}_{j}^{2}=\\mathbb{T}^{2}$ and think of the $2N$-dimensional torus as $\\mathbb{T}^{2N}=\\prod_{j=1}^{N}\\mathbb{T}_{j}^{2}$. We denote by $\\mathtt{p}_{j}\\colon\\mathbb{T}^{2N}\\to\\mathbb{T}_{j}^{2}$ the canonical projection. ", "We generalize the notion of a non-resonant magnetic field to the many particle case as follows.", "\n\n\\[nonres2\\]A two form $\\sigma\\in\\Omega^{2}(\\mathbb{T}^{2N})$ is called non-resonant in period $\\tau$, if for $1\\leq j\\leq N$ there exist non-resonant in period $\\tau$ forms $\\sigma_{j}\\in\\Omega^{2}(\\mathbb{T}_{j}^{2})$ in the sense of Definition \\[nonres1\\] such that $\\sigma=\\sum_{j=1}^{N}\\mathtt{p}_{j}^{}\\sigma_{j}$.\n\nWe are now in position to generalize Theorem A to the case of $N$ particles.", "\n\n** ** Assume that $\\sigma\\in\\Omega^{2}(\\mathbb{T}^{2N})$ is non-resonant in period $\\tau$. Then for every $V\\in C^{\\infty}(\\mathbb{S}_{\\tau}\\times\\mathbb{T}^{2N},\\mathbb{R})$ we have $\\#\\mathcal{P}_{\\tau}^{0}(\\sigma,V)\\geq2N+1$. Moreover, for a generic potential $V$ it holds that $\\#\\mathcal{P}_{\\tau}^{0}(\\sigma,V)\\geq2^{2N}$\n\nOf course Theorem A+ immediately implies Theorem A by specializing to the case $N=1$. On the other hand Theorem A+ is not a consequence of Theorem A. Here the key point is that in Theorem A+ we do not need to assume that the potential is of product form, which means that our particles are allowed to interact with each other. ", "In the non interacting case, i.e. the case where the potential $V$ can be written as $V=\\sum_{j=1}^{N}\\mathtt{p}_{j}^{}V_{j}$ for potentials $V_{j}\\in C^{\\infty}(\\mathbb{S}_{\\tau}\\times\\mathbb{T}_{j}^{2},\\mathbb{R})$ Theorem A+ is an immediate consequence of Theorem A. In fact, in this case we get even the stronger lower bound $3^{N}$ for the number of solutions.", "\n\nSimilarly, Theorem B generalizes to the case of $N$ particles as follows.", "\n\n**Assume that $\\sigma\\in\\Omega^{2}(\\mathbb{T}^{2N})$ is a non-resonant magnetic field in period $\\tau$, $V\\in C^{\\infty}(\\mathbb{S}_{\\tau}\\times\\mathbb{T}^{2N},\\mathbb{R})$, and $w\\in\\mathcal{P}_{\\tau}^{h}(\\sigma,V)$ is nondegenerate for some $h\\neq0\\in\\pi_{1}(\\mathbb{T}^{2N})$. Then it holds that $\\#\\mathcal{P}_{\\tau}^{h}(\\sigma,V)\\geq2$.\n\nWe conclude this Introduction by briefly explaining our approach. ", "Unsurprisingly, we use a variant of Floer homology. ", "This semi-infinite dimensional Morse homology associates to this Hamiltonian system a chain complex $CF_{}^{h}(\\sigma,V,\\tau)$ which is generated by the elements of $\\mathcal{P}_{\\tau}^{h}(\\sigma,V)$ and defines a boundary operator by counting perturbed holomorphic cylinders which asymptotically converge to the periodic orbits. ", "A priori it is far form obvious that this recipe gives a well defined boundary operator. ", "Indeed, the question as to whether Floer’s boundary operator is well-defined or not depends on a difficult compactness result for the perturbed holomorphic curve equation, which cannot be expected to be true in full generality. ", "The main point of the present paper is that under the non-resonant condition from Definition \\[nonres1\\] we can establish this compactness result. ", "The usefulness of Floer homology stems from its invariance under perturbations. ", "If the magnetic field is a constant multiple $a_{0}\\mu$ of the volume form $\\mu$ (cf. ", "Definition \\[nonres1\\]) and $\\tau>0$ and $k\\in\\{0,1,2,\\dots,\\}$ are such that $$2\\pi k<\\tau\\left\|a_{0}\\right\|<2\\pi(k+1),$$ then for the special case $V\\equiv0$ we can directly compute the Floer homology $HF_{}^{h}(a_{0}\\mu,0,\\tau)$: $$HF_{}^{h}(a_{0}\\mu,0,\\tau)=\\begin{cases}\nH_{+2k}(\\mathbb{T}^{2};\\mathbb{Z}), & h=0,\\\\\n0, & h\\ne0.", "\n\\end{cases}\\label{eq:computation}$$ Theorems A and B are immediate consequences of and the aforementioned invariance properties of $HF_{}^{h}$. Strictly speaking the case $V\\equiv0$ is never non-degenerate. ", "It is however “weakly non-degenerate” in the sense that the Hamiltonian action functional is Morse-Bott. ", "In this case it is still possible to define the Floer homology; see Section \\[sec:Computing-the-Novikov\\] for more information. ", "Theorems A+ and B+ follow via a similar argument.", "\n\nOn a more technical level, there are two additional points of interest in our construction.", "\n\nThe symplectic form $\\omega_{\\sigma}$ is not atoroidal. ", "This means that the Hamiltonian action functional (cf. ) ", "is not real valued on the loop space of $T^{}\\mathbb{T}^{n}$, and one needs to use a suitable Novikov* cover. ", "Thus the Floer homology $HF_{}^{h}$ that we construct is actually a Novikov Floer homology.", "\n\n\\[lagrangian remark\\]As is well known, an alternative (more classical) approach to proving results like Theorems A and B is * the Lagrangian formulation where one studies a Lagrangian action functional on the (completed) loop space of $\\mathbb{T}^{2}$, and attempts to define a Morse homology for it. ", "When defined, this Morse homology should agree with the Floer homology. ", "For the flavours of Morse/Floer homology we use in this paper this result is due to Abbondandolo and Schwarz [@AbbondandoloSchwarz2006] and is explained in more detail in this setting in [@FrauenfelderMerryPaternain2012 Appendix A]. ", "In Section \\[sec:The-Lagrangian-Setting\\] we explain how the non-resonance condition from Definition \\[nonres1\\] implies that the Lagrangian action functional satisfies the Palais-Smale condition. ", "If $\\sigma$ is sufficiently small (more precisely, if one can take $k=0$ in Definition \\[nonres1\\]) then the Lagrangian action functional is also bounded below, and in this case one can recover Theorems A and B using this functional (see e.g. [@AbbondandoloMajer2006]). ", "However if $k>0$ in Definition \\[nonres1\\] then the Lagrangian action functional is no longer bounded below, and hence one cannot define a Morse homology with it. ", "In fact, shows that for $k>0$, the Floer homology is not the homology of a topological space (it is zero in degree zero) and hence one should not expect to be able to define a Morse homology for the Lagrangian action functional.", "\n\nThe results of this paper were announced in our earlier article [@FrauenfelderMerryPaternain2012].", "\n\nWe are grateful to Felix Schlenk for his helpful comments and discussions. ", "UF is supported by the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation and by the Basic Research fund 2010-0007669 funded by the Korean government. ", "WM is supported by an ETH Postdoctoral Fellowship.", "\n\nPreliminaries\n=============\n\nWe think of $\\mathbb{T}^{2N}$ as being embedded inside $\\mathbb{C}^{2N}$ as $S^{1}\\times\\dots\\times S^{1}$. We denote by $\\left\\langle \\cdot,\\cdot\\right\\rangle $ the standard Euclidean flat metric on $\\mathbb{T}^{2N}$, which comes from the real part of the Hermitian inner product on $\\mathbb{C}^{2N}$, and we denote by $$\\mathtt{j}=\\left(\\begin{array}{cc}\n & -\\mathrm{Id}\\\\\n\\mathrm{Id}\n\\end{array}\\right)$$ the canonical almost complex structure on $\\mathbb{C}^{2N}$.\n\nThe embedding $\\mathbb{T}^{2N}\\subset\\mathbb{C}^{2N}$ induces an embedding of the trivial bundle $T^{}\\mathbb{T}^{2N}$ inside $\\mathbb{C}^{4N}$. To minimize ambiguity, we write $\\left\\langle \\left\\langle \\cdot,\\cdot\\right\\rangle \\right\\rangle $ for the induced metric on $T^{}\\mathbb{T}^{2N}$ and $\\mathtt{J}$ for the corresponding almost complex structure on $T^{}\\mathbb{T}^{2N}$ (thus $\\left\\langle \\left\\langle \\cdot,\\cdot\\right\\rangle \\right\\rangle $ and $\\mathtt{J}$ are defined in the same way as $\\left\\langle \\cdot,\\cdot\\right\\rangle $ and $\\mathtt{j}$, but on $\\mathbb{C}^{4N}$ instead of $\\mathbb{C}^{2N}$). ", "We will freely use the “musical” isomorphism $v\\mapsto\\left\\langle v,\\cdot\\right\\rangle $ to identify $T\\mathbb{T}^{2N}$ with $T^{}\\mathbb{T}^{2N}$ without further comment. ", "Under this identification $\\left\\langle \\left\\langle \\cdot,\\cdot\\right\\rangle \\right\\rangle $ is the Sasaki metric on $T\\mathbb{T}^{2N}$.\n\nIn addition to the isometry $T\\mathbb{T}^{2N}\\cong T^{}\\mathbb{T}^{2N}$, the metric also determines a horizontal-vertical splitting* of the tangent bundle $TT^{}\\mathbb{T}^{2N}$: $$T_{(x,p)}T^{}\\mathbb{T}^{2N}\\cong T_{x}\\mathbb{T}^{2N}\\oplus T_{x}^{}\\mathbb{T}^{2N}\\label{eq:hv splitting}$$ which sends a tangent vector $\\xi$ to the pair $\\xi\\mapsto(D\\pi(\\xi),K(\\xi))$; here $K$ is the connection map associated to the Levi-Civita connection $\\nabla$ induced from $\\left\\langle \\cdot,\\cdot\\right\\rangle $. ", "In fact, under our embedding this corresponds to the splitting $\\mathbb{C}^{4N}\\cong\\mathbb{C}^{2N}\\oplus\\mathbb{C}^{2N}$. In particular, if we write $\\xi^{h}:=D\\pi(\\xi)$ and $\\xi^{v}:=K(\\xi)$ then one has $$\\left\\langle \\left\\langle \\xi,\\zeta\\right\\rangle \\right\\rangle =\\left\\langle \\xi^{h},\\zeta^{h}\\right\\rangle +\\left\\langle \\xi^{v},\\zeta^{v}\\right\\rangle .$$ Using this notation, the almost complex structure $\\mathtt{J}$ sends $(\\xi^{h},\\xi^{v})\\mapsto(-\\xi^{v},\\xi^{h})$. The almost complex structure $\\mathtt{J}$ is compatible* with the standard symplectic structure $d\\lambda$ in the sense that $$d\\lambda(\\mathtt{J}\\cdot,\\cdot)=\\left\\langle \\left\\langle \\cdot,\\cdot\\right\\rangle \\right\\rangle .$$\n\nNow let us introduce a closed 2-form $\\sigma$ on $\\mathbb{T}^{2N}$. Whilst all of what follows in this section is valid for any closed 2-form $\\sigma$, since in this article we will only work with product 2-forms $\\sigma=\\sum_{j=1}^{N}\\mathtt{p}_{j}^{}\\sigma_{j}$, where each $\\sigma_{j}\\in\\Omega^{2}(\\mathbb{T}^{2})$, we shall restrict to this case right away. ", "Such a 2-form $\\sigma$ is equivalent to an $N$-tuple $(a_{1},\\dots,a_{N})$ of smooth functions $a_{j}:\\mathbb{T}^{2}\\rightarrow\\mathbb{R}$, where $\\sigma_{j}=a_{j}\\mu$. Here $\\mu$ is the volume form on $\\mathbb{T}^{2}$ induced by $\\left\\langle \\cdot,\\cdot\\right\\rangle $.", "\n\nThe metric $\\left\\langle \\cdot,\\cdot\\right\\rangle $ allows us to associate to $\\sigma$ an endomorphism $Y_{\\sigma}$ of $T\\mathbb{T}^{2N}$, called the Lorentz force, via $$\\sigma_{x}(v,v')=\\left\\langle Y_{\\sigma}(x)\\cdot v,v'\\right\\rangle .$$\n\nWe denote by $\\mathcal{J}_{\\sigma}$ the open set of almost complex structures $J$ on $T^{}\\mathbb{T}^{2N}$ that are both compatible with $d\\lambda$ and tamed **** by $\\omega_{\\sigma}$ - this just means that the bilinear form $d\\lambda(J.,\\cdot)$ is both positive definite and symmetric, and the bilinear form $\\omega_{\\sigma}(J\\cdot,\\cdot)$ is positive definite (but not necessarily symmetric). ", "Unfortunately in general $\\mathtt{J}$ will not belong to $\\mathcal{J}_{\\sigma}$. This can be rectified by rescaling. ", "Given $A>0$ we define the rescaled almost complex structure $$\\mathtt{J}_{A}:=\\left(\\begin{array}{cc}\n & -\\tfrac{1}{A}\\cdot\\mathrm{Id}\\\\\nA\\cdot\\mathrm{Id}\n\\end{array}\\right).$$\n\n\\[unitame def\\]Fix $A,\\varepsilon>0$. Let $\\mathcal{U}(\\sigma,A,\\varepsilon)$ denote the set of almost complex structures $J\\in\\mathcal{J}_{\\sigma}$ which are uniformly tame in the sense that $$\\omega_{\\sigma}(J\\xi,\\xi)>\\frac{1}{4}d\\lambda(J\\xi,\\xi)\\ \\ \\ \\mbox{for all }\\xi\\in TT^{}\\mathbb{T}^{2N},\\label{eq:second}$$ and which satisfy $$\\left\\Vert J-\\mathtt{J}_{A}\\right\\Vert _{\\infty}<\\varepsilon.$$ A priori there is no reason why $\\mathcal{U}(\\sigma,A,\\varepsilon)$ should be non-empty. ", "However in [@FrauenfelderMerryPaternain2012 Lemma 2], we proved:\n\n\\[lem:uniformly tame\\]If $\\sigma=\\sum_{j=1}^{N}\\mathtt{p}_{j}^{}(a_{j}\\mu)$ and $A\\geq\\max_{1\\leq j\\leq N}\\left\\Vert a_{j}\\right\\Vert _{\\infty}$ then for any $0<\\varepsilon<\\tfrac{1}{7}$ the set $\\mathcal{U}(\\sigma,A,\\varepsilon)$ is open and non-empty. ", "More precisely, one has $$B(\\mathtt{J}_{A},\\varepsilon)\\subset\\mathcal{U}(\\sigma,A,\\varepsilon),$$ where $B(\\mathtt{J}_{A},\\varepsilon):=\\left\\{ J\\in\\mathcal{J}_{\\sigma}\\mid\\left\\Vert J-\\mathtt{J}_{A}\\right\\Vert _{\\infty}<\\varepsilon\\right\\} $.", "\n\nWe will also need the following easy result.", "\n\n\\[lem:AS bound\\]Suppose $J$ is an almost complex structure on $T^{}\\mathbb{T}^{2N}$ which is compatible with $d\\lambda$. Let $\\kappa_{J}$ denote the minimal positive eigenvalue of the positive symmetric operator $-\\mathtt{J}\\circ J$. Then for any $v\\in TT^{}\\mathbb{T}^{2N}$ one has $$\\left\\langle \\left\\langle v,v\\right\\rangle \\right\\rangle \\leq\\tfrac{1}{\\kappa_{J}}d\\lambda(Jv,v).$$\n\nA simple computation: $$\\begin{aligned}\nd\\lambda(Jv,v) & =d\\lambda(\\mathtt{J}Jv,\\mathtt{J}v)\\\\\n & =\\left\\langle \\left\\langle Jv,\\mathtt{J}v\\right\\rangle \\right\\rangle \\\\\n & =\\left\\langle \\left\\langle -\\mathtt{J}\\circ Jv,v\\right\\rangle \\right\\rangle \\\\\n & \\geq\\kappa_{J}\\left\\langle \\left\\langle v,v\\right\\rangle \\right\\rangle .\\end{aligned}$$\n\nGiven $\\tau>0$ we write $\\mathcal{L}_{\\tau}\\mathbb{T}^{2N}=C^{\\infty}(\\mathbb{S}_{\\tau},\\mathbb{T}^{2N})$. For each $h\\in\\mathbb{Z}^{2N}=\\pi_{1}(\\mathbb{T}^{2N})$ we write $\\mathcal{L}_{\\tau}^{h}\\mathbb{T}^{2N}$ for the component of $\\mathcal{L}_{\\tau}\\mathbb{T}^{2N}$ of loops belonging to the homotopy class $h$. We write $\\mathcal{L}_{\\tau}T^{}\\mathbb{T}^{2N}$ for the free loop space of the cotangent bundle. ", "We define the $L^{2}$-inner products $\\left\\langle \\cdot,\\cdot\\right\\rangle _{2}$ on $\\mathcal{L}_{\\tau}\\mathbb{T}^{2N}$ and $\\left\\langle \\left\\langle \\cdot.\\cdot\\right\\rangle \\right\\rangle _{2}$ on $\\mathcal{L}_{\\tau}T^{}\\mathbb{T}^{2N}$ using the metrics $\\left\\langle \\cdot,\\cdot\\right\\rangle $ and $\\left\\langle \\left\\langle \\cdot,\\cdot\\right\\rangle \\right\\rangle $ respectively. ", "Thus $$\\left\\langle \\left\\langle \\xi,\\zeta\\right\\rangle \\right\\rangle _{2}:=\\int_{0}^{\\tau}\\left\\langle \\left\\langle \\xi(t),\\zeta(t)\\right\\rangle \\right\\rangle dt.$$ Let us now rephrase the non-resonance condition in a way that will be more convenient later on. ", "Given $\\gamma\\in\\mathcal{L}_{\\tau}\\mathbb{T}^{2N}$, we denote by $F_{\\sigma}^{\\gamma}\\in\\Gamma(\\gamma^{}\\mbox{End}(T\\mathbb{T}^{2N}))$ the unique solution to the Cauchy problem $$\\nabla_{t}F_{\\sigma}^{\\gamma}(t)=F_{\\sigma}^{\\gamma}(t)\\circ Y_{\\sigma}(\\gamma(t)),\\ \\ \\ F_{\\sigma}^{\\gamma}(0)=\\mathrm{Id}.\\label{eq:F sigma}$$ Since $Y_{\\sigma}$ is antisymmetric, the operator $F_{\\sigma}^{\\gamma}$ is an orthogonal transformation. ", "If $\\sigma=\\sum_{j=1}^{N}\\mathtt{p}_{j}^{}(a_{j}\\mu)$ and $$b_{j}^{\\gamma}(t):=\\int_{0}^{t}a_{j}(\\mathtt{p}_{j}(\\gamma(s)))ds$$ then one has for $(v_{1},\\dots,v_{2N})\\in T\\mathbb{T}^{2N}$ that $$F_{\\sigma}^{\\gamma}(t)(v_{1},\\dots,v_{2N})=\\left(\\exp(b_{1}^{\\gamma}(t)\\mathtt{j})(v_{1},v_{2}),\\dots,\\exp(b_{N}^{\\gamma}(t)\\mathtt{j})(v_{2N-1},v_{2N})\\right)$$ where here $\\mathtt{j}$ is the complex structure on $\\mathbb{T}^{2}$ (not $\\mathbb{T}^{2N}$), and each pair $(v_{2j-1},v_{2j})$ is thought of as belonging to $T\\mathbb{T}^{2}$. The following lemma is therefore straightforward.", "\n\n\\[lem:reform of nonres\\]Suppose $\\sigma=\\sum_{j=1}^{N}\\mathtt{p}_{j}^{}\\sigma_{j}$. Then $\\sigma$ is non-resonant in period $\\tau$ (in the sense of Definitions \\[nonres1\\] and \\[nonres2\\]) if and only if there exists $\\varepsilon>0$ such that for any curve $\\gamma\\in\\mathcal{L}_{\\tau}\\mathbb{T}^{2N}$ and all $v\\in T_{\\gamma(\\tau)}\\mathbb{T}^{2N}$, one has $$\\left\|(F_{\\sigma}^{\\gamma}(\\tau)-\\mathrm{Id})v\\right\|\\geq\\varepsilon\\left\|v\\right\|.\\label{eq:alt nonres}$$\n\n\\[more general nonres\\]Of course, one can still define $F_{\\sigma}^{\\gamma}$ even when $\\sigma$ is not of the form $\\sum_{j=1}^{N}\\mathtt{p}_{j}^{}\\sigma_{j}$. The construction in Section \\[sec:Defining-the-Novikov\\] would go through without any changes if we took as the definition of non-resonance rather than Definitions \\[nonres1\\] and \\[nonres2\\], which thus allows us to define the Floer homology groups $HF_{}^{h}(\\sigma,V,\\tau)$ for magnetic forms that are not of the form $\\sigma=\\sum_{j=1}^{N}\\mathtt{p}_{j}^{}\\sigma_{j}$. Nevertheless, we do not know how to calculate $HF_{}^{h}(\\sigma,V,\\tau)$ unless $\\sigma$ is of this form, which is why Theorem A+ and Theorem B+ are stated for product magnetic forms.", "\n\n\\[sec:Defining-the-Novikov\\]Defining the Novikov Floer homology\n===============================================================\n\nThe Novikov framework\n---------------------\n\nConsider the 1-form $a_{\\sigma}\\in\\Omega^{1}(\\mathcal{L}_{\\tau}\\mathbb{T}^{2N})$ defined by $$a_{\\sigma}(\\gamma)(\\xi):=\\int_{\\mathbb{S}_{\\tau}}\\sigma(\\partial_{t}\\gamma,\\xi)dt.\\label{eq:a sigma}$$ Since $\\sigma$ is closed, $a_{\\sigma}$ is closed, and thus for each $h\\in\\mathbb{Z}^{2N}\\cong\\pi_{1}(\\mathbb{T}^{2N})$ we can define a map $\\Phi_{\\sigma}^{h}:\\pi_{1}(\\mathcal{L}_{\\tau}^{h}\\mathbb{T}^{2N})\\rightarrow\\mathbb{R}$ by $$\\Phi_{\\sigma}^{\\alpha}([f]):=\\int_{S^{1}}f^{}a_{\\sigma}=\\int_{S^{1}\\times\\mathbb{S}_{\\tau}}f^{}\\sigma,$$ where we think of a map $f:S^{1}\\rightarrow\\mathcal{L}_{\\tau}^{h}\\mathbb{T}^{2N}$ representing an element $[f]\\in\\pi_{1}(\\mathcal{L}_{\\tau}^{h}\\mathbb{T}^{2N})$ also as a map $f:S^{1}\\times\\mathbb{S}_{\\tau}\\rightarrow\\mathbb{T}^{2N}$.\n\nGiven $h\\in\\mathbb{Z}^{2N}$, thought of as a lattice in $\\mathbb{R}^{2N}$, let $\\widetilde{\\gamma}_{h}:[0,1]\\rightarrow\\mathbb{R}^{2N}$ be defined by $$\\widetilde{\\gamma}_{h}(t):=th.\\label{eq:reference loop}$$ Let $\\gamma_{h}\\in\\mathcal{L}_{1}^{h}\\mathbb{T}^{2N}$ denote the projection $\\gamma_{h}=q\\circ\\widetilde{\\gamma}_{h}$, where $\\mathtt{q}:\\mathbb{R}^{2N}\\rightarrow\\mathbb{T}^{2N}$ denotes the universal cover. ", "Denote by $$\\Gamma_{\\sigma}^{h}:=\\pi_{1}(\\mathcal{L}_{\\tau}^{h}\\mathbb{T}^{2N})/\\ker(\\Phi_{\\sigma}^{h}).$$ Then $\\Gamma_{\\sigma}^{h}$ is a finitely generated free abelian group, $\\Gamma_{\\sigma}^{h}\\cong\\mathbb{Z}^{m}$ for some $m$. $\\Gamma_{\\sigma}^{h}$ is cyclic if and only if $[a_{\\sigma}]\\in H^{1}(\\mathcal{L}_{\\tau}\\mathbb{T}^{2N};\\mathbb{Z})$ is an integral class (see [@Farber2004 Lemma 2.1]), that is, if and only if $\\sigma\\in H^{2}(\\mathbb{T}^{2N};\\mathbb{Z})$ is integral. ", "Let $Q:\\mathbb{L}_{\\tau}^{h}(\\mathbb{T}^{2N},\\sigma)\\rightarrow\\mathcal{L}_{\\tau}^{h}\\mathbb{T}^{2N}$ denote the covering space of $\\mathcal{L}_{\\tau}^{h}\\mathbb{T}^{2N}$ with deck transformation group $\\Gamma_{\\sigma}^{h}$. We call $Q$ a finite integration cover for* $\\sigma$ of $\\mathcal{L}_{\\tau}^{h}\\mathbb{T}^{2N}$. An element of $\\mathbb{L}_{\\tau}^{h}(\\mathbb{T}^{2N},\\sigma)$ is an equivalence class $[\\gamma,z]$ of a pair $(\\gamma,z)$, where $\\gamma\\in\\mathcal{L}_{\\tau}^{h}\\mathbb{T}^{2N}$ and $z:[0,1]\\times\\mathbb{S}_{\\tau}\\rightarrow\\mathbb{T}^{2N}$ satisfies $$z(0,t)=\\gamma_{h}(t/\\tau),\\ \\ \\ z(1,t)=\\gamma(t),\\label{eq:bdy cdn-1}$$ and the equivalence relation is given by $$(\\gamma,z_{0})\\sim(\\gamma,z_{1})\\ \\ \\ \\Leftrightarrow\\ \\ \\ [z_{0}\\sharp z_{1}^{-}]\\in\\ker(\\Phi_{\\sigma}^{h}),\\label{eq:equiv relation}$$ where $z_{1}^{-}(s,t):=z_{1}(s,-t)$, and $[z_{0}\\sharp z_{1}^{-}]$ denotes the element of $\\pi_{1}(\\mathcal{L}_{\\tau}^{h}\\mathbb{T}^{2N})$ containing the map $S^{1}\\times\\mathbb{S}_{\\tau}\\rightarrow\\mathbb{T}^{n}$ obtained by gluing $z_{0}$ and $z_{1}^{-}$ along $\\gamma_{h}$.\n\n\\[weakly exact remark\\]Note for $h=0$ one has $\\Phi_{\\sigma}^{0}\\equiv0$ since the lift of $\\sigma$ to the universal cover $\\mathbb{R}^{2N}$ of $\\mathbb{T}^{2N}$ is necessarily exact, and hence $\\int_{S^{2}}f^{}\\sigma=0$ for any map $f:S^{2}\\rightarrow\\mathbb{T}^{2N}$. Thus for $h=0$ the space $\\mathbb{L}_{\\tau}^{0}(\\mathbb{T}^{2N},\\sigma)$ is exactly $\\mathcal{L}_{\\tau}^{0}\\mathbb{T}^{2N}$.\n\nThe action of $\\Gamma_{\\sigma}^{h}$ on the fibre $Q^{-1}(\\gamma)$ is given by $(f,[\\gamma,z])\\mapsto[\\gamma,z\\sharp f]$, where $f:S^{1}\\times\\mathbb{S}_{\\tau}\\rightarrow\\mathbb{T}^{2N}$ is a representative of $f\\in\\Gamma_{\\sigma}^{h}$, and $z\\sharp f:[0,1]\\times\\mathbb{S}_{\\tau}\\rightarrow\\mathbb{T}^{2N}$ is (a smooth reparametrization of) the map $$(z\\sharp f)(s,t):=\\begin{cases}\nz(2r,t), & 0\\leq r\\leq1/2,\\\\\nf(2r-1,t), & 1/2\\leq r\\leq1.", "\n\\end{cases}\\label{eq:action of fibre}$$ It follows directly from the definition that the one-form $Q^{}a_{\\sigma}\\in\\Omega^{1}(\\mathbb{L}_{\\tau}^{h}(\\mathbb{T}^{2N},\\sigma))$ is exact. ", "In fact, if $\\mathcal{A}_{\\sigma}:\\mathbb{L}_{\\tau}^{h}(\\mathbb{T}^{2N},\\sigma)\\rightarrow\\mathbb{R}$ is defined by $$\\mathcal{A}_{\\sigma}([\\gamma,z]):=\\int_{[0,1]\\times\\mathbb{S}_{\\tau}}z^{}\\sigma,\\label{eq:A sigma}$$ then we have $$Q^{}a_{\\sigma}=d\\mathcal{A}_{\\sigma}.$$ Note that $$\\mathcal{A}_{\\sigma}([\\gamma,z\\#f])=\\mathcal{A}_{\\sigma}([\\gamma,z])+\\Phi_{\\sigma}^{h}(f).$$ Let $\\Lambda_{\\sigma}^{h}$ denote the *$\\mathbb{Z}_{2}$*-Novikov ring $$\\Lambda_{\\sigma}^{h}=\\left\\{ \\sum_{k=0}^{\\infty}c_{k}f_{k}\\mid c_{k}\\in\\mathbb{Z}_{2},\\ f_{k}\\in\\Gamma_{\\sigma}^{h},\\ \\Phi_{\\sigma}^{h}(f_{k})\\rightarrow-\\infty\\mbox{ as }k\\rightarrow\\infty\\right\\} ;\\label{eq:novikov ring}$$ The fact that $\\Gamma_{\\sigma}^{h}$ is a finitely generated free abelian group implies that $\\Lambda_{\\sigma}^{h}$ is always a field ([@HoferSalamon1995 Theorem 4.1]).", "\n\n\\[projective line\\]Note that $\\mathbb{L}_{\\tau}^{h}(\\mathbb{T}^{2N},\\sigma)$ and $\\Lambda_{\\sigma}^{h}$ depend only on the projective line in $H^{2}(\\mathbb{T}^{2N};\\mathbb{R})$ determined by $\\sigma$, that is, on $\\{t[\\sigma]\\,:\\, t\\in\\mathbb{R}\\backslash\\{0\\}\\}\\subset H^{2}(\\mathbb{T}^{2N};\\mathbb{R})$. Indeed, it suffices to observe that $\\ker(\\Phi_{t\\sigma+d\\theta}^{h})=\\ker(\\Phi_{\\sigma}^{h})$ for each $t\\in\\mathbb{R}\\backslash\\{0\\}$ and each $\\theta\\in\\Omega^{1}(\\mathbb{T}^{2N})$.\n\nIt will be convenient to view these covering spaces also as covering spaces of the free loop space $\\mathcal{L}_{\\tau}^{h}T^{}\\mathbb{T}^{2N}$ of $T^{}\\mathbb{T}^{2N}$. To this end, given $h\\in\\mathbb{Z}^{2N}$, we denote by $\\widehat{Q}:\\mathbb{L}_{\\tau}^{h}(T^{}\\mathbb{T}^{2N},\\sigma)\\rightarrow\\mathcal{L}_{\\tau}^{h}T^{}\\mathbb{T}^{2N}$ the cover whose fibre $\\widehat{Q}^{-1}(w)$ over $w\\in\\mathcal{L}_{\\tau}^{h}T^{}\\mathbb{T}^{2N}$ is simply the fibre $Q^{-1}(\\pi\\circ w)$ for the cover $Q:\\mathbb{L}_{\\tau}^{h}(\\mathbb{T}^{2N},\\sigma)\\rightarrow\\mathcal{L}_{\\tau}^{h}\\mathbb{T}^{2N}$ defined above. ", "In other words, $\\mathbb{L}_{\\tau}^{h}(T^{}\\mathbb{T}^{2N},\\sigma)$ consists of equivalence classes $[w,z]$ of pairs $(w,z)$, where $w\\in\\mathcal{L}_{\\tau}^{h}T^{}\\mathbb{T}^{n}$ and $z$ satisfies (with $\\gamma$ replaced by $\\pi\\circ w$), and the equivalence relation is the same as . ", "Note that the group of deck transformations of $\\mathbb{L}_{\\tau}^{h}(T^{}\\mathbb{T}^{2N},\\sigma)$ is again $\\Gamma_{\\sigma}^{h}$, and the action $(f,[w,z])\\rightarrow[w,z\\sharp f]$ of $\\Gamma_{\\sigma}^{f}$ on the fibre $\\widehat{Q}^{-1}(w)$ is the same as in .", "\n\nNext, given a smooth potential $V\\in C^{\\infty}(\\mathbb{S}_{\\tau}\\times\\mathbb{T}^{2N},\\mathbb{R})$, let $H_{V}\\in C^{\\infty}(\\mathbb{S}_{\\tau}\\times T^{}\\mathbb{T}^{2N},\\mathbb{R})$ be defined by $$H_{V}(t,x,p)=\\frac{1}{2}\\left\|p\\right\|^{2}+V(t,x).$$ We define the Hamiltonian action functional* $\\mathcal{A}_{V}:\\mathcal{L}_{\\tau}^{h}T^{}\\mathbb{T}^{2N}\\rightarrow\\mathbb{R}$ by $$\\mathcal{A}_{V}(w):=\\int_{\\mathbb{S}_{\\tau}}w^{}\\lambda-\\int_{0}^{\\tau}H_{V}(t,w)dt.\\label{eq:HAF}$$ It is well known that the set of critical points of $\\mathcal{A}_{V}$ corresponds precisely to the set $\\mathcal{P}_{\\tau}(\\sigma=0,V)$ of solutions to the ODE (with $\\sigma=0$). ", "Fix $h\\in\\mathbb{Z}^{2N}$, and define $$\\mathcal{A}_{\\sigma,V}:\\mathbb{L}_{\\tau}^{h}(T^{}\\mathbb{T}^{2N},\\sigma)\\rightarrow\\mathbb{R};$$ by $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\mathcal{A}_{\\sigma,V}([w,z]) & :=\\mathcal{A}_{V}(\\widehat{Q}([w,z]))+\\mathcal{A}_{\\sigma}([\\pi\\circ w,z])\\\\\n & =\\int_{\\mathbb{S}_{\\tau}}w^{}\\lambda-\\int_{0}^{\\tau}H_{V}(t,w)dt+\\int_{[0,1]\\times\\mathbb{S}_{\\tau}}z^{}\\sigma.\\end{aligned}$$ Then $$\\mathcal{A}_{\\sigma,V}([w,z\\sharp f])=\\mathcal{A}_{\\sigma,V}([w,z])+\\Phi_{\\sigma}^{h}(f),\\ \\ \\ \\mbox{for }f\\in\\Gamma_{\\sigma}^{h},$$ and it is not hard to check that the set $\\mbox{Crit}_{\\tau}^{h}(\\mathcal{A}_{\\sigma,V})$ of critical points of $\\mathcal{A}_{\\sigma,V}$ on $\\mathbb{L}_{\\tau}^{h}(T^{}\\mathbb{T}^{2N},\\sigma)$ is simply the preimage $\\widehat{Q}^{-1}(\\mathcal{P}_{\\tau}^{h}(\\sigma,V))$: $$\\mbox{Crit}_{\\tau}^{h}(\\mathcal{A}_{\\sigma,V})=\\left\\{ [w,z]\\in\\mathbb{L}_{\\tau}^{h}(\\mathbb{T}^{2N},\\sigma)\\mid w\\in\\mathcal{P}_{\\tau}^{h}(\\sigma,V)\\right\\} .$$ Recall that a critical point $[w,z]$ of $\\mathcal{A}_{\\sigma,V}$ is said to be non-degenerate if $$\\det(D\\phi_{\\sigma,V}^{\\tau}(w(0))-\\mathrm{Id})\\neq0,\\label{eq:non deg eq}$$ where $\\phi_{\\sigma,V}^{t}$ denotes the flow of $X_{\\sigma,V}$.\n\nWe say that the triple $(\\sigma,V,\\tau)$ is non-degenerate if every element of $\\mbox{Crit}_{\\tau}^{h}(\\mathcal{A}_{\\sigma,V})$ is non-degenerate (for all $h\\in\\mathbb{Z}^{2N})$. Equivalently, $(\\sigma,V,\\tau)$ is non-degenerate if and only if $\\mathcal{A}_{\\sigma,V}:\\mathbb{L}_{\\tau}^{h}(T^{}\\mathbb{T}^{2N},\\sigma)\\rightarrow\\mathbb{R}$ is a Morse function for all $h\\in\\mathbb{Z}^{2N}$.\n\nThe next result is very standard; a proof for $\\sigma=0$ can be found in [@Weber2002 Theorem 1.1], and the same argument goes through with only minor changes in the general case.", "\n\n\\[thm:transversality\\]For a given closed 2-form $\\sigma\\in\\Omega^{2}(\\mathbb{T}^{2N})$ and a given $\\tau>0$, the set of potentials $V\\in C^{\\infty}(\\mathbb{S}_{\\tau}\\times\\mathbb{T}^{2N},\\mathbb{R})$ for which $(\\sigma,V,\\tau)$ is non-degenerate, is of second category in $C^{\\infty}(\\mathbb{S}_{\\tau}\\times\\mathbb{T}^{2N},\\mathbb{R})$.\n\nSet $$\\mathcal{F}_{\\tau}^{h}(\\sigma,V;\\delta):=\\left\\{ w\\in\\mathcal{L}_{\\tau}^{h}T^{}\\mathbb{T}^{2N}\\mid\\left\\Vert \\partial_{t}w-X_{\\sigma,V}(t,w)\\right\\Vert _{2}\\leq\\delta\\right\\} .$$ The following lemma explains why the non-resonance condition from Definition \\[nonres1\\] is important.", "\n\n\\[lem:condition\\]Assume $\\sigma$ is non-resonant in period $\\tau$, and let $\\varepsilon>0$ be such that holds. ", "Then for all $w=(\\gamma,p)\\in\\mathcal{F}_{\\tau}^{h}(\\sigma,V;\\delta)$ one has $$\\left\\Vert p\\right\\Vert _{\\infty}\\leq\\left(\\sqrt{\\tau}+\\frac{\\sqrt{2\\tau}}{\\varepsilon}\\right)(\\delta+\\sqrt{\\tau}\\left\\Vert \\nabla V\\right\\Vert _{\\infty}).\\label{eq:linftiy bound}$$\n\nIn terms of the horizontal vertical splitting one has $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\partial_{t}w-X_{\\sigma,V}(t,w) & =\\left(\\begin{array}{c}\n\\partial_{t}\\gamma-p\\\\\n\\nabla_{t}p+Y_{\\sigma}(\\gamma)p+\\nabla V_{t}(\\gamma)\n\\end{array}\\right)\\label{eq:the symp gradient}\\end{aligned}$$ and hence $$\\left\\Vert \\partial_{t}w-X_{\\sigma,V}(t,w)\\right\\Vert _{2}^{2}=\\int_{0}^{\\tau}\\left\|\\nabla_{t}p+Y_{\\sigma}(\\gamma)p+\\nabla V_{t}(\\gamma)\\right\|^{2}dt+\\int_{0}^{\\tau}\\left\|\\partial_{t}\\gamma-p\\right\|^{2}dt.$$ Fix $w\\in\\mathcal{F}_{\\tau}^{h}(\\sigma,V;\\delta)$. Since $T^{}\\mathbb{T}^{2N}\\cong\\mathbb{T}^{2N}\\times\\mathbb{R}^{2N}$ is a trivial vector bundle, it makes sense to consider the path $y=(\\gamma(0),\\eta):[0,\\tau]\\rightarrow T^{}\\mathbb{T}^{2N}$ by $$\\eta(t):=F_{\\sigma}^{\\gamma}(t)\\cdot p(t),$$ where $F_{\\sigma}^{\\gamma}(t)$ was defined in . ", "Observe that $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\nabla_{t}\\eta & =(\\nabla_{t}F_{\\sigma}^{\\gamma})\\cdot p+F_{\\sigma}^{\\gamma}\\cdot\\nabla_{t}p\\\\\n & =F_{\\sigma}^{\\gamma}(\\nabla_{t}p+Y_{\\sigma}(\\gamma)p),\\end{aligned}$$ Since $F_{\\sigma}^{\\gamma}(t)$ is an orthogonal transformation of $T_{\\gamma(t)}\\mathbb{T}^{2N}$, we have $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\int_{0}^{\\tau}\\left\|\\nabla_{t}\\eta(t)\\right\|^{2}dt & =\\int_{0}^{\\tau}\\left\|\\nabla_{t}p+Y_{\\sigma}(\\gamma)p\\right\|^{2}dt\\\\\n & \\leq2\\left(\\int_{0}^{\\tau}\\left\|\\nabla_{t}p+Y_{\\sigma}(\\gamma)p+\\nabla V_{t}(\\gamma)\\right\|^{2}dt+\\int_{0}^{\\tau}\\left\|\\nabla V_{t}(\\gamma)\\right\|^{2}dt\\right)\\\\\n & \\leq2\\delta^{2}+2\\tau\\left\\Vert \\nabla V\\right\\Vert _{\\infty}^{2},\\end{aligned}$$ where we used $a^{2}\\leq2(a+b)^{2}+2b^{2}$. Thus in particular, $$\\mbox{dist}(y(0),y(\\tau))\\leq\\int_{0}^{\\tau}\\left\|\\nabla_{t}\\eta(t)\\right\|dt\\leq\\sqrt{\\tau}\\cdot\\sqrt{2\\delta^{2}+2\\tau\\left\\Vert \\nabla V\\right\\Vert _{\\infty}^{2}},\\label{eq:lower}$$ where $\\mbox{dist}$ is the distance measured with with respect to the metric $\\left\\langle \\left\\langle \\cdot,\\cdot\\right\\rangle \\right\\rangle $ on $T\\mathbb{T}^{2N}$. However since $$\\eta(0)=p(0),\\ \\ \\ \\eta(\\tau)=F_{\\sigma}^{\\gamma}(\\tau)\\cdot p(\\tau),$$ one has $$\\mbox{dist}(y(0),y(\\tau))\\geq\\left\|(F_{\\sigma}^{\\gamma}(\\tau)-\\mathrm{Id})p(0)\\right\|\\geq\\varepsilon\\left\|p(0)\\right\|,\\label{eq:upper}$$ where we are using the fact that $\\left\\langle \\cdot,\\cdot\\right\\rangle $ is flat to conclude that the $\\left\\langle \\left\\langle \\cdot,\\cdot\\right\\rangle \\right\\rangle $-geodesic running from $y(0)=(\\gamma(0),\\eta(0))$ to $y(\\tau)=(\\gamma(0),\\eta(\\tau))$ is the straight line in $T_{\\gamma(0)}\\mathbb{T}^{n}$ from $\\eta(0)$ to $\\eta(\\tau)$. Combining and we conclude that $$\\left\|p(0)\\right\|\\leq\\frac{\\sqrt{\\tau}}{\\varepsilon}\\sqrt{2\\delta^{2}+2\\tau\\left\\Vert \\nabla V\\right\\Vert _{\\infty}^{2}}\\leq\\frac{\\sqrt{2\\tau}}{\\varepsilon}(\\delta+\\sqrt{\\tau}\\left\\Vert \\nabla V\\right\\Vert _{\\infty}).$$ Next, given $s\\in\\mathbb{S}_{\\tau}$ one has $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\left\|\\left\|p(s)\\right\|-\\left\|p(0)\\right\|\\right\| & \\leq\\int_{0}^{s}\\left\|\\nabla_{t}(\\left\|p(t)\\right\|)\\right\|dt\\\\\n & \\leq\\int_{0}^{\\tau}\\frac{\\left\|\\left\\langle \\nabla_{t}p,p\\right\\rangle \\right\|}{\\left\|p\\right\|}dt\\\\\n & \\overset{()}{=}\\int_{0}^{\\tau}\\frac{\\left\|\\left\\langle \\nabla_{t}p+Y_{\\sigma}(\\gamma)p,p\\right\\rangle \\right\|}{\\left\|p\\right\|}dt\\\\\n & \\leq\\int_{0}^{\\tau}\\left\|\\nabla_{t}p+Y_{\\sigma}(\\gamma)p\\right\|dt\\\\\n & \\leq\\int_{0}^{\\tau}\\left\|\\nabla_{t}p+Y_{\\sigma}(\\gamma)p+\\nabla V_{t}(\\gamma)\\right\|dt+\\int_{0}^{\\tau}\\left\|\\nabla V_{t}(\\gamma)\\right\|dt\\\\\n & \\leq\\sqrt{\\tau}\\left(\\int_{0}^{\\tau}\\left\|\\nabla_{t}p+Y_{\\sigma}(\\gamma)p+\\nabla V_{t}(\\gamma)\\right\|^{2}dt\\right)^{1/2}+\\tau\\left\\Vert \\nabla V\\right\\Vert _{\\infty}\\\\\n & \\leq\\sqrt{\\tau}\\left(\\delta+\\sqrt{\\tau}\\left\\Vert \\nabla V\\right\\Vert _{\\infty}\\right),\\end{aligned}$$ where $()$ used the fact that $\\left\\langle Y_{\\sigma}(\\gamma)p,p\\right\\rangle =\\sigma_{\\gamma}(p,p)=0$. Thus $$\\max_{t\\in\\mathbb{S}_{\\tau}}\\left\|p(t)\\right\|\\leq\\left(\\sqrt{\\tau}+\\frac{\\sqrt{2\\tau}}{\\varepsilon}\\right)(\\delta+\\sqrt{\\tau}\\left\\Vert \\nabla V\\right\\Vert _{\\infty}).$$\n\nThe only place in the paper where it is crucial we are working on a torus $\\mathbb{T}^{n}$ is in the preceding lemma. ", "More precisely, and use the fact that $\\mathbb{T}^{n}$ is parallelizable and has a flat metric $\\left\\langle \\cdot,\\cdot\\right\\rangle $.", "\n\n\\[cor:finite\\]Suppose $\\sigma$ is non-resonant in period $\\tau$. Then for any potential $V\\in C^{\\infty}(\\mathbb{S}_{\\tau}\\times\\mathbb{T}^{2N},\\mathbb{R})$, the set $\\mathcal{P}_{\\tau}(\\sigma,V)$ is compact. ", "Thus if $(\\sigma,V,\\tau)$ is non-degenerate then $\\mathcal{P}_{\\tau}(\\sigma,V)$ is a finite set.", "\n\n\\[no non constant solutions\\]In fact, a similar argument shows that if $\\sigma$ is non-resonant in period $\\tau$ then $\\mathcal{P}_{\\tau}(\\sigma,0)$ has no non-constant solutions. ", "Indeed, if $w=(\\gamma,p)$ belongs to $\\mathcal{P}_{\\tau}(\\sigma,0)$ then it follows from that $p=0$ and that $\\gamma$ is constant (cf. ). ", "In particular, this shows that $\\mathcal{P}_{\\tau}^{h}(\\sigma,0)=\\emptyset$ for all $h\\ne0$.\n\nAs mentioned in Remark \\[more general nonres\\], Lemma \\[lem:condition\\], Corollary \\[cor:finite\\] and Remark \\[no non constant solutions\\] all go through if we take the validity of \\[eq:alt nonres\\] to be the definition of non-resonance.", "\n\n\\[sub:Moduli-spaces\\]Moduli spaces\n----------------------------------\n\nFrom now on we assume that $\\sigma$ is non-resonant in period $\\tau$, and $(\\sigma,V,\\tau)$ is non-degenerate. ", "Fix two critical points $[w^{-},z^{-}],[w^{+},z^{+}]\\in\\mbox{Crit}_{\\tau}^{h}(\\mathcal{A}_{\\sigma,V})$. Write $\\sigma=\\sum_{j=1}^{N}\\mathtt{p}_{j}^{}(a_{j}\\mu)$, and choose $A\\geq\\max_{1\\leq j\\leq N}\\left\\Vert a_{j}\\right\\Vert _{\\infty}$. We will work with paths $\\{J_{t}\\}_{t\\in\\mathbb{S}_{\\tau}}\\subset\\mathcal{U}(\\sigma,A,\\varepsilon_{0})$, where the set $\\mathcal{U}(\\sigma,A,\\varepsilon_{0})$ was defined in Definition \\[unitame def\\], and $\\varepsilon_{0}>0$ is a small constant to be specified later. ", "Lemma \\[lem:uniformly tame\\] shows that such paths $\\{J_{t}\\}$ exist, and moreover that a sufficiently small perturbation $\\{J'_{t}\\}$ of $\\{J_{t}\\}$ still belongs to $\\mathcal{U}(\\sigma,A,\\varepsilon_{0})$. This means that it makes sense to talk about a “generic” family $\\{J_{t}\\}\\subset\\mathcal{U}(\\sigma,A,\\varepsilon)$.\n\nDenote by $$\\mathcal{M}_{\\tau}^{h}([w^{-},z^{-}],[w^{+},z^{+}],\\sigma,V,\\{J_{t}\\})$$ the set of smooth maps $u:\\mathbb{R}\\times\\mathbb{S}_{\\tau}\\rightarrow T^{}\\mathbb{T}^{2N}$ which satisfy the Floer equation*:* $$\\partial_{s}u+J_{t}(u)(\\partial_{t}u-X_{\\sigma,V}(t,u))=0,\\label{eq:floer}$$ and which submit to the asymptotic conditions $$\\lim_{s\\rightarrow\\pm\\infty}u(s,t)=w^{\\pm}(t),\\ \\ \\ \\lim_{s\\rightarrow\\pm\\infty}\\partial_{s}u(s,t)=0,\\ \\ \\ \\mbox{uniformly in }t,$$ and which in addition satisfy $$[w^{+},z^{-}\\sharp(\\pi\\circ\\bar{u})]=[w^{+},z^{+}].$$ Here $\\bar{u}:[0,1]\\times\\mathbb{S}_{\\tau}\\rightarrow T^{}\\mathbb{T}^{2N}$ is the compactification of $u$ (such a map $\\bar{u}$ exists as the convergence of $u(s,t)$ to $w^{\\pm}(t)$ as $s\\rightarrow\\pm\\infty$ is exponentially fast due to the assumption that $[w^{\\pm},z^{\\pm}]$ are non-degenerate), and $z^{-}\\sharp(\\pi\\circ\\bar{u})$ denotes (a smooth reparametrization) of the map $$(z^{-}\\sharp(\\pi\\circ\\bar{u}))(r,t)=\\begin{cases}\nz^{-}(2r,t), & 0\\leq r\\leq1/2,\\\\\n(\\pi\\circ\\bar{u})(2r-1,t), & 1/2\\leq r\\leq1.", "\n\\end{cases}$$ We can consider $u\\in\\mathcal{M}_{\\tau}^{h}([w^{-},z^{-}],[w^{+},z^{+}],\\sigma,V,\\{J_{t}\\})$ as a map $\\widehat{u}:\\mathbb{R}\\rightarrow\\mathbb{L}_{\\tau}^{h}(T^{}\\mathbb{T}^{2N},\\sigma)$ as follows. ", "Write $u(s,t)=(x(s,t),p(s,t))$, and set $$\\widehat{u}(s):=[u(s,\\cdot),z(s)],\\label{eq:uhat}$$ where $z(s)$ is (a smooth reparametrization) of the cylinder obtained by gluing $z^{-}$ onto the cylinder $\\{x(r,t)\\}_{(r,t)\\in(-\\infty,s]\\times\\mathbb{S}_{\\tau}}$. Thus $\\widehat{u}$ is a flow line of $\\mathcal{A}_{\\sigma,V}$: $$\\partial_{s}\\widehat{u}+\\nabla_{J_{t}}\\mathcal{A}_{\\sigma,V}(\\widehat{u}(s))=0,$$ where $\\nabla_{J_{t}}\\mathcal{A}_{\\sigma,V}$ denotes the vector field on $\\mathbb{L}_{\\tau}^{h}(T^{}\\mathbb{T}^{2N},\\sigma)$ defined by $$\\nabla_{J_{t}}\\mathcal{A}_{\\sigma,V}([w,z]):=J_{t}(w)(\\partial_{t}w-X_{\\sigma,V}(t,w)).$$\n\n\\[lem:claim 1\\]If $u\\in\\mathcal{M}_{\\tau}^{h}([w^{-},z^{-}],[w^{+},z^{+}],\\sigma,V,\\{J_{t}\\})$ then $$\\left\\Vert \\partial_{s}u\\right\\Vert _{2}^{2}\\leq4\\sup_{t\\in\\mathbb{S}_{\\tau}}\\tfrac{1}{\\kappa_{J_{t}}}\\left(\\mathcal{A}_{\\sigma,V}([w^{-},z^{-}])-\\mathcal{A}_{\\sigma,V}([w^{+},z^{+}]\\right),$$ where $\\kappa_{J_{t}}>0$ denote the minimal positive eigenvalue of $-\\mathtt{J}\\circ J_{t}$, as in Lemma \\[lem:AS bound\\].", "\n\nWe compute: $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\left\\Vert \\partial_{s}u\\right\\Vert _{2}^{2} & \\overset{\\textrm{def}}{=}\\int_{-\\infty}^{\\infty}\\int_{0}^{\\tau}\\left\\langle \\left\\langle \\partial_{s}u,\\partial_{s}u\\right\\rangle \\right\\rangle dtds\\\\\n & \\leq\\sup_{t\\in\\mathbb{S}_{\\tau}}\\frac{1}{\\kappa_{J_{t}}}\\int_{-\\infty}^{\\infty}\\int_{0}^{\\tau}d\\lambda(J_{t}\\partial_{s}u,\\partial_{s}u)udtds\\\\\n & \\leq4\\sup_{t\\in\\mathbb{S}_{\\tau}}\\frac{1}{\\kappa_{J_{t}}}\\int_{-\\infty}^{\\infty}\\int_{0}^{\\tau}\\omega_{\\sigma}(J_{t}\\partial_{s}u,\\partial_{s}u)dtds\\\\\n & =4\\sup_{t\\in\\mathbb{S}_{\\tau}}\\frac{1}{\\kappa_{J_{t}}}\\left(\\lim_{s\\rightarrow-\\infty}\\mathcal{A}_{\\sigma,V}(\\widehat{u}(s))-\\lim_{s\\rightarrow\\infty}\\mathcal{A}_{\\sigma,V}(\\widehat{u}(s))\\right)\\\\\n & =4\\sup_{t\\in\\mathbb{S}_{\\tau}}\\frac{1}{\\kappa_{J_{t}}}\\left(\\mathcal{A}_{\\sigma,V}([w^{-},z^{-}])-\\mathcal{A}_{\\sigma,V}([w^{+},z^{+}])\\right).\\end{aligned}$$\n\nWe now wish to prove that the moduli spaces $\\mathcal{M}_{\\tau}^{h}([w^{-},z^{-}],[w^{+},z^{+}],\\sigma,V,\\{J_{t}\\})$ have good compactness properties. ", "The next result is an easy consequence of Lemma \\[lem:condition\\].", "\n\n\\[lem:claim 2\\]There exists a constant $T>0$ such that if $$u=(x,p)\\in\\mathcal{M}_{\\tau}^{h}([w^{-},z^{-}],[w^{+},z^{+}],\\sigma,V,\\{J_{t}\\})$$ then $$\\left\\Vert p(s,\\cdot)\\right\\Vert _{2}\\leq T\\left(1+\\left\\Vert \\partial_{s}u(s,\\cdot)\\right\\Vert _{2}\\right).$$\n\nThe following theorem is the central result of this section.", "\n\n\\[thm:AS1\\]There exists $\\varepsilon_{0}>0$ such that if $\\{J_{t}\\}_{t\\in\\mathbb{S}_{\\tau}}\\subset\\mathcal{U}(\\sigma,A,\\varepsilon_{0})$ then for any pair $(C,E)\\subseteq\\mathbb{R}\\times[0,\\infty)$, there exists a compact set $K(A,C,E)\\subseteq T^{}\\mathbb{T}^{2N}$ with the following property: Suppose $[w^{\\pm},z^{\\pm}]\\in\\mbox{\\emph{Crit}}_{\\tau}^{h}(\\mathcal{A}_{\\sigma,V})$ satisfy $$\\mathcal{A}_{\\sigma,V}([w^{-},z^{-}])\\leq C,$$ $$\\mathcal{A}_{\\sigma,V}([w^{-},z^{-}])-\\mathcal{A}_{\\sigma,V}([w^{+},z^{+}])\\leq E.$$ Then if $u\\in\\mathcal{M}_{\\tau}^{h}([w^{-},z^{-}],[w^{+},z^{+}],\\sigma,V,\\{J_{t}\\})$ one has $$u(\\mathbb{R}\\times\\mathbb{S}_{\\tau})\\subseteq K(A,C,E).$$\n\nTheorem \\[thm:AS1\\] can be proved following Abbondandolo and Schwarz’ method in [@AbbondandoloSchwarz2006], as we now explain. ", "The method has two distinct stages. ", "The first stage appears as Lemma 1.12 in [@AbbondandoloSchwarz2006], and asserts that under the hypotheses of the theorem, $ $there exists a constant $S(A,C,E)>0$ such that for any $u=(x,p)$ belonging to $\\mathcal{M}_{\\tau}^{h}([w^{-},z^{-}],[w^{+},z^{+}],\\sigma,V,\\{J_{t}\\})$, and any interval $\\mathbb{I}\\subseteq\\mathbb{R}$ it holds that $$\\left\\Vert p\|_{\\mathbb{I}\\times\\mathbb{S}_{\\tau}}\\right\\Vert _{2}\\leq S(C,E)\\left\|\\mathbb{I}\\right\|^{1/2},\\ \\ \\ \\left\\Vert \\nabla p\|_{\\mathbb{I}\\times\\mathbb{S}_{\\tau}}\\right\\Vert _{2}\\leq S(C,E)\\left(\\left\|\\mathbb{I}\\right\|^{1/2}+1\\right).\\label{eq:first stage}$$ A careful inspection of their proof shows that everything apart from Claim 1 and Claim 2 goes through verbatim in our case. ", "Claim 1 however is precisely the statement of Lemma \\[lem:claim 1\\], and Claim 2 is precisely the statement of Lemma \\[lem:claim 2\\]. ", "The second stage appears as Theorem 1.14 in [@AbbondandoloSchwarz2006]. ", "The proof then uses Calderon-Zygmund estimates for the Cauchy-Riemann operator, together with certain interpolation inequalities, to upgrade equation to the full statement of Theorem \\[thm:AS1\\]. ", "It is this stage that requires $\\sup_{t\\in\\mathbb{S}_{\\tau}}\\left\\Vert J_{t}-\\mathtt{J}_{A}\\right\\Vert $ to be sufficiently small (for some $A>0$), and thus which determines the constant $\\varepsilon_{0}>0$ referred to at the start of this section. ", "Anyway, provided that this is satisfied, the proof of this stage goes through word for word in our situation.", "\n\nThe Novikov chain complex\n-------------------------\n\nWe continue to assume that $\\sigma$ is non-resonant in period $\\tau$, and $(\\sigma,V,\\tau)$ is non-degenerate. ", "For each $w\\in\\mathcal{P}_{\\tau}^{h}(\\sigma,V)$, let $\\mu_{\\textrm{CZ}}(w)$ denote the Conley-Zehnder index **** of $w$. In order to define the Conley-Zehnder index we choose a vertical preserving symplectic trivialization (see [@AbbondandoloSchwarz2006]); the fact that $c_{1}(T^{}M,\\omega_{\\sigma})=0$ means that that the value of $\\mu_{\\textrm{CZ}}(w)$ is independent of this choice of trivialization. ", "Note however that our sign conventions match those of [@AbbondandoloSchwarz2010] not [@AbbondandoloSchwarz2006]. ", "The non-degeneracy condition * ** implies that $\\mu_{\\textrm{CZ}}(w)$ is always an integer.", "\n\nGiven $j\\in\\mathbb{Z}$ let $$\\mathcal{P}_{\\tau}^{h}(\\sigma,V)_{j}:=\\{w\\in\\mathcal{P}_{\\tau}^{h}(\\sigma,V)\\mid\\mu_{\\textrm{CZ}}(w)=j\\},$$ $$\\mbox{Crit}_{\\tau}^{h}(\\mathcal{A}_{\\sigma,V})_{j}:=\\{[w,z]\\in\\mbox{Crit}_{\\tau}^{h}(\\mathcal{A}_{\\sigma,V})\\mid\\mu_{\\textrm{CZ}}(w)=j\\}.$$ It follows from Theorem \\[thm:AS1\\] that for a generic family $\\{J_{t}\\}_{t\\in\\mathbb{S}_{\\tau}}\\subset\\mathcal{U}(\\sigma,A,\\varepsilon_{0})$ the moduli spaces $\\mathcal{M}_{\\tau}^{h}([w^{-},z^{-}],[w^{+},z^{+}],\\sigma,V,\\{J_{t}\\})$ all carry the structure of a $(\\mu_{\\textrm{CZ}}(w^{-})-\\mu_{\\textrm{CZ}}(w^{+}))$-dimensional manifold. ", "Moreover if $\\mu_{\\textrm{CZ}}(w^{-})=\\mu_{\\textrm{CZ}}(w^{+})+1$ then the quotient space $$\\mathcal{M}_{\\tau}^{h}([w^{-},z^{-}],[w^{+},z^{+}],\\sigma,V,\\{J_{t}\\})/\\mathbb{R}$$ is a finite set. ", "We define the Novikov Floer chain group as $$\\begin{aligned}\nCF_{j}^{h}(\\sigma,V,\\tau): & =\\left\\{ \\sum_{k=0}^{\\infty}c_{k}[w_{k},z_{k}]\\mid\\mu_{\\textrm{CZ}}(w_{k})=j,\\ \\mathcal{A}_{\\sigma,V}([w_{k},z_{k}])\\rightarrow\\infty\\mbox{ as }k\\rightarrow\\infty\\right\\} .\\\\\n & \\cong\\mathcal{P}_{\\tau}^{h}(\\sigma,V)_{j}\\otimes\\Lambda_{\\sigma}^{h}.\\end{aligned}$$ Thus $CF_{j}^{h}(\\sigma,V,\\tau)$ is a $\\#\\mathcal{P}_{\\tau}^{h}(\\sigma,V)_{j}$-dimensional vector space over $\\Lambda_{\\sigma}^{h}$ (note our assumptions imply $\\mathcal{P}_{\\tau}^{h}(\\sigma,V)$ is a finite set, cf. ", "Corollary \\[cor:finite\\]). ", "The boundary operator $\\partial_{J_{t}}:CF_{j}\\rightarrow CF_{j-1}$ is defined by $$\\partial_{J_{t}}([w,z]):=\\sum_{[w',z']\\in\\textrm{Crit}_{\\tau}^{h}(\\mathcal{A}_{\\sigma,V})_{j-1}}n([w,z],[w',z'])\\,[w',z'],\\ \\ \\ [w,z]\\in\\mbox{Crit}_{\\tau}^{h}(\\mathcal{A}_{\\sigma,V})_{j},$$ where $$n([w,z],[w',z']):=\\#_{2}\\mathcal{M}_{\\tau}^{h}([w,z],[w',z'],\\sigma,V,\\{J_{t}\\})/\\mathbb{R}.$$ The fact that the boundary operator is well defined (i.e. $\\partial_{J_{t}}([w,z])$ is a well defined element of $CF_{j-1}$) is an immediate consequence of Theorem \\[thm:AS1\\].", "\n\nA standard Floer-theoretic argument, as explained in [@HoferSalamon1995 Section 5], tells us that $\\partial_{J_{t}}\\circ\\partial_{J_{t}}=0$, and hence we may define the Novikov Floer homology **** $HF_{}^{h}(\\sigma,V,\\tau)$ to be the homology of the chain complex $\\{CF_{}^{h}(\\sigma,V,\\tau),\\partial_{J_{t}}\\}$. Moreover $HF_{}^{h}(\\sigma,V,\\tau)$ is independent (up to canonical isomorphism) of the choice family of almost complex structures $\\{J_{t}\\}_{t\\in\\mathbb{S}_{\\tau}}\\subset\\mathcal{U}(\\sigma,A,\\varepsilon_{0})$ (see for instance [@AbbondandoloSchwarz2006 Theorem 1.19]), which explains why we may safely omit it from our notation.", "\n\n\\[dealing with the degenerate case\\]Suppose that $\\sigma$ is non-resonant in period $\\tau$ but that $(\\sigma,V,\\tau)$ is degenerate. ", "By Theorem \\[thm:transversality\\] we can make an arbitrarily small perturbation of the potential $V$ to a new one $V'$ such that $(\\sigma,V',\\tau)$ is non-degenerate. ", "Moreover if $V''$ is another such perturbation then by Theorem \\[thm:continuations\\] below we have $HF_{}^{h}(\\sigma,V',\\tau)\\cong HF_{}^{h}(\\sigma,V'',\\tau)$. In other words, we can still define $HF_{}^{h}(\\sigma,V,\\tau)$ even when $(\\sigma,V,\\tau)$ is degenerate, by simply setting $$HF_{}^{h}(\\sigma,V,\\tau)\\overset{\\textrm{def}}{=}HF_{}^{h}(\\sigma,V',\\tau)$$ for any potential $V'$ such that $\\left\\Vert V-V'\\right\\Vert _{\\infty}$ is sufficiently small and such that $(\\sigma,V',\\tau)$ is non-degenerate.", "\n\nInvariance\n----------\n\nIn this section we prove invariance through exact deformations of the magnetic form $\\sigma$, and deformations of the potential $V$. Fix a **** 1-form $\\theta\\in\\Omega^{1}(\\mathbb{T}^{2N})$, and set $$\\sigma_{s}:=\\sigma+sd\\theta.$$ Fix $\\tau>0$ and assume that:\n\n- $\\sigma_{s}$ is non-resonant in period $\\tau$ for all $s\\in[0,1]$.\n\nNote that $\\Lambda_{\\sigma_{s}}^{h}\\equiv\\Lambda_{\\sigma}^{h}$ for all $s\\in[0,1]$ (cf. ", "Remark \\[projective line\\]). ", "Suppose $V_{0},V_{1}\\in C^{\\infty}(\\mathbb{S}_{\\tau}\\times\\mathbb{T}^{2N},\\mathbb{R})$. Set $$V_{s}:=(1-s)V_{0}+sV_{1}.$$ Assume that:\n\n- For generic $s\\in[0,1]$, and in particular for $s=0,1$, all the triples $(\\sigma_{s},V_{s},\\tau)$ are non-degenerate.", "\n\nUnder these conditions we have proved that the Floer homologies $HF_{}^{h}(\\sigma_{0},V_{0},\\tau)$ and $HF_{}^{h}(\\sigma_{1},V_{1},\\tau)$ are both well defined. ", "We now wish to prove they are isomorphic.", "\n\n\\[thm:continuations\\]Under the above assumptions there exists a continuation map $$\\Psi:CF_{}^{h}(\\sigma_{0},V_{0},\\tau)\\rightarrow CF_{}^{h}(\\sigma_{1},V_{1},\\tau)$$ inducing an isomorphism $$\\psi:HF_{}^{h}(\\sigma_{0},V_{0},\\tau)\\rightarrow HF_{}^{h}(\\sigma_{1},V_{1},\\tau).\\label{eq:first iso}$$\n\nThe key ingredient needed to prove Theorem \\[thm:continuations\\] is the following proposition, which proves energy estimates **** for certain $s$-dependent trajectories. ", "Fix a smooth cutoff function $\\beta:\\mathbb{R}\\rightarrow[0,1]$ satisfying $\\beta(s)\\equiv0$ for $s\\leq0$ and $\\beta(s)\\equiv1$ for $s\\geq1$, with $0\\leq\\beta'(s)\\leq2$ for all $s\\in\\mathbb{R}$.\n\n\\[prop:energy estimates\\]There exists $\\delta>0$ with the following property. ", "Suppose $0=s_{0}<s_{1}<\\dots<s_{N}=1$ satisfies $$\\max_{j}(s_{j+1}-s_{j})<\\delta,$$ and set $$\\beta_{j}(s):=s_{j}+\\beta(s)(s_{j+1}-s_{j}),$$ $$\\sigma_{s}^{j}:=\\sigma+\\beta_{j}(s)d\\theta,\\ \\ \\ \\sigma^{j}:=\\sigma_{s_{j}},$$ $$V_{s}^{j}(t,x):=V_{\\beta_{j}(s)}(t,x),\\ V^{j}:=V_{s_{j}}.$$ Then given any $E\\in\\mathbb{R}$ there exists $R(E)>0$ with the following property: for any $j=0,1,\\dots,N-1$, if $[w^{-},z^{-}]\\in\\mbox{\\emph{Crit}}_{\\tau}^{h}(\\mathcal{A}_{\\sigma^{j},V^{j}})$ and $[w^{+},z^{+}]\\in\\mbox{\\emph{Crit}}_{\\tau}^{h}(\\mathcal{A}_{\\sigma^{j+1},V^{j+1}})$ satisfy $$\\mathcal{A}_{\\sigma^{j},V^{j}}([w^{-},z^{+}])-\\mathcal{A}_{\\sigma^{j+1},V^{j+1}}([w^{+},z^{+}])\\leq E,$$ then given any solution $$u\\in\\mathcal{M}_{\\tau}^{h}([w^{-},z^{-}],[w^{+},z^{+}],\\sigma_{s}^{j},V_{s}^{j},\\{J_{t}\\})$$ (where the moduli space of $s$-dependent solutions is defined analogously to before) it holds that $$\\left\\Vert \\partial_{s}u\\right\\Vert _{2}^{2}\\leq R(E).$$\n\nFix $j\\in\\{0,1,\\dots,N-1\\}$. As in Section \\[sub:Moduli-spaces\\], it is convenient to interpret a map $u(s,t)=(x(s,t),p(s,t))$ as in the statement of the proposition also as a map $\\widehat{u}:\\mathbb{R}\\rightarrow\\mathbb{L}_{\\tau}^{h}(T^{}\\mathbb{T}^{2N},\\sigma)$ as in . ", "Thus $\\widehat{u}$ is a flow line of $\\mathcal{A}_{\\sigma_{s}^{j},V_{s}^{j}}$: $$\\partial_{s}\\widehat{u}+\\nabla_{J_{t}}\\mathcal{A}_{\\sigma_{s}^{j},V_{s}^{j}}(\\widehat{u}(s))=0.$$ Set $$\\Delta(u):=\\int_{-\\infty}^{\\infty}\\left\|\\left(\\frac{\\partial}{\\partial s}\\mathcal{A}_{\\sigma_{s}^{j},V_{s}^{j}}\\right)(\\widehat{u}(s))\\right\|ds.$$ We first bound $\\left\|\\Delta(u)\\right\|$ in terms of $\\left\\Vert \\partial_{s}u\\right\\Vert _{2}^{2}$. Note that $$\\left\|\\left(\\frac{\\partial}{\\partial s}\\mathcal{A}_{\\sigma_{s}^{j},V_{s}^{j}}\\right)(\\widehat{u}(s))\\right\|\\leq\\left\|\\int_{0}^{\\tau}\\left(\\frac{\\partial}{\\partial s}V_{s}^{j}\\right)(u(s,\\cdot))dt\\right\|+\\left\|\\left(\\frac{\\partial}{\\partial s}\\mathcal{A}_{\\sigma_{s}^{j}}\\right)([x(s,\\cdot),z(s)])\\right\|.$$ We can estimate the first term via $$\\left\|\\int_{0}^{\\tau}\\left(\\frac{\\partial}{\\partial s}V_{s}^{j}\\right)(u(s,\\cdot))dt\\right\|\\leq2\\delta\\tau\\left\\Vert V_{1}-V_{0}\\right\\Vert _{\\infty}.$$ For the second term we have $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\left\|\\left(\\frac{\\partial}{\\partial s}\\mathcal{A}_{\\sigma_{s}^{j}}\\right)([x(s,\\cdot),z(s)])\\right\| & \\leq2\\delta\\left\|\\int_{\\mathbb{S}_{\\tau}}x(s,\\cdot)^{}\\theta\\right\|+2\\delta\\left\|\\int_{S^{1}}\\gamma_{h}^{}\\theta\\right\|\\\\\n & \\leq2\\delta\\left\\Vert \\theta\\right\\Vert _{\\infty}\\left\\Vert \\partial_{t}x(s,\\cdot)\\right\\Vert _{1}+2\\delta\\left\|\\int_{S^{1}}\\gamma_{h}^{}\\theta\\right\|,\\end{aligned}$$ where the reference loops $\\gamma_{h}$ were defined in and $$\\left\\Vert \\partial_{t}x(s,\\cdot)\\right\\Vert _{1}:=\\int_{0}^{\\tau}\\left\|\\partial_{t}x(s,\\cdot)\\right\|dt.$$ We now estimate $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\left\\Vert \\partial_{t}x(s,\\cdot)\\right\\Vert _{1} & \\leq\\sqrt{\\tau}\\left\\Vert \\partial_{t}x(s,\\cdot)\\right\\Vert _{2}\\\\\n & \\leq\\sqrt{\\tau}\\left(1+\\left\\Vert \\partial_{t}x(s,\\cdot)\\right\\Vert _{2}^{2}\\right)\\\\\n & \\leq\\sqrt{\\tau}\\left(1+\\sup_{t\\in\\mathbb{S}_{\\tau}}\\left\\Vert J_{t}\\right\\Vert _{\\infty}^{2}\\left\\Vert \\partial_{s}u(s,\\cdot)\\right\\Vert _{2}^{2}+\\left\\Vert p(s,\\cdot)\\right\\Vert _{2}^{2}\\right),\\end{aligned}$$ where the last line follows from taking horizontal components of the equation $$\\partial_{t}u=J_{t}(u)\\partial_{s}u+X_{\\sigma_{s}^{j},V_{s}^{j}}(t,u)$$ (cf. ). ", "Set\n\n$$C_{1}:=2\\sqrt{\\tau}\\left\\Vert \\theta\\right\\Vert _{\\infty}$$ $$C_{2}:=\\sup_{t\\in\\mathbb{S}_{\\tau}}\\left\\Vert J_{t}\\right\\Vert _{\\infty}^{2},$$ $$C_{3}:=2\\sqrt{\\tau}\\left\\Vert \\theta\\right\\Vert _{\\infty}+2\\tau\\left\\Vert V_{1}-V_{0}\\right\\Vert _{\\infty}+2\\left\|\\int_{S^{1}}\\gamma_{h}^{}\\theta\\right\|.$$ We have shown $$\\Delta(u)\\leq C_{1}\\delta\\left\\Vert p\|_{[0,1]\\times\\mathbb{S}_{\\tau}}\\right\\Vert _{2}^{2}+C_{1}C_{2}\\delta\\left\\Vert \\partial_{s}u\\right\\Vert _{2}^{2}+C_{3}\\delta.$$ It follows from Lemma \\[lem:condition\\] that there exists a constant $T>0$ such that $$\\left\\Vert p\|_{[0,1]\\times\\mathbb{S}_{\\tau}}\\right\\Vert \\leq T(1+\\left\\Vert \\partial_{s}u\|_{[0,1]\\times\\mathbb{S}_{\\tau}}\\right\\Vert )$$ (cf. ", "Lemma \\[lem:claim 2\\]), and hence $$\\left\\Vert p\|_{[0,1]\\times\\mathbb{S}_{\\tau}}\\right\\Vert ^{2}\\leq3T^{2}(1+\\left\\Vert \\partial_{s}u\|_{[0,1]\\times\\mathbb{S}_{\\tau}}\\right\\Vert ^{2}).$$ and hence we can estimate $$\\Delta(u)\\leq(3C_{1}T^{2}+C_{1}C_{2})\\delta\\left\\Vert \\partial_{s}u\\right\\Vert _{2}^{2}+(3C_{1}T^{2}+C_{3})\\delta.$$ Next, the conclusion of Lemma \\[lem:claim 1\\] becomes: $$\\left\\Vert \\partial_{s}u\\right\\Vert _{2}^{2}\\leq4\\sup_{t\\in\\mathbb{S}_{\\tau}}\\tfrac{1}{\\kappa_{J_{t}}}(E+\\Delta(u)),$$ where as $\\kappa_{J_{t}}$ was defined in Lemma \\[lem:AS bound\\]. ", "Thus provided we choose $\\delta$ small enough such that $$4\\sup_{t\\in\\mathbb{S}_{\\tau}}\\tfrac{1}{\\kappa_{J_{t}}}(3C_{1}T^{2}+C_{1}C_{2})\\delta<\\tfrac{1}{2},$$ we obtain $$\\left\\Vert \\partial_{s}u\\right\\Vert _{2}^{2}\\leq8\\sup_{t\\in\\mathbb{S}_{\\tau}}\\tfrac{1}{\\kappa_{J_{t}}}(E+(3C_{1}T^{2}+C_{3})\\delta).$$ This completes the proof.", "\n\nProposition \\[prop:energy estimates\\] is precisely what is needed in order to extend Theorem \\[thm:AS1\\] to $s$-dependent trajectories (see [@AbbondandoloSchwarz2006 Lemma 1.21] - in particular the statements of Claim 1’ and Claim 2’). ", "One now applies a standard adiabatic argument to complete the proof of Theorem \\[thm:continuations\\]; see for instance [@Salamon1999] for more details.", "\n\n\\[sec:Computing-the-Novikov\\]Computing the Novikov Floer homology\n=================================================================\n\nHaving defined the Floer homology $HF_{}^{h}(\\sigma,V,\\tau)$ for any magnetic field $\\sigma$ which is non-resonant in period $\\tau$, and any potential $V$ (if $(\\sigma,V,\\tau)$ is degenerate then one first perturbs $V$, as in Remark \\[dealing with the degenerate case\\]), we now proceed to compute it.", "\n\nSuppose we work on $\\mathbb{T}^{2}$ with $\\sigma=a_{0}\\mu$ for some $a_{0}\\in\\mathbb{R}$ such that $a_{0}\\tau\\notin2\\pi\\mathbb{Z}$. By Remark \\[no non constant solutions\\] one has $\\mathcal{P}_{\\tau}^{h}(\\sigma,0)=\\emptyset$ whenever $h\\ne0$, and for $h=0$ one has $\\mathcal{P}_{\\tau}^{h}(\\sigma,0)\\cong\\mathbb{T}^{2}$. This immediately implies that $HF_{}^{h}(\\sigma,0,\\tau)=0$ for $h\\ne0$, since in this case $(\\sigma,0,\\tau)$ is vacuously non-degenerate when restricted to non-contractible critical points. ", "In the contractible component $(\\sigma,0,\\tau)$ is not* non-degenerate on the contractible component, since the critical set is diffeomorphic to $\\mathbb{T}^{2}$. So far if we wanted to compute $HF_{}^{0}(\\sigma,0,\\tau)$ we would first choose a small perturbation $V^{\\varepsilon}$ and then define $$HF_{}^{0}(\\sigma,0,\\tau)\\overset{\\textrm{def}}{=}HF_{}^{0}(\\sigma,V^{\\varepsilon},\\tau).\\label{eq:def}$$ However there is a much easier method. ", "Indeed, whilst $\\mathcal{A}_{\\sigma,0}$ is not a Morse function on $\\mathcal{L}_{\\tau}^{0}T^{}\\mathbb{T}^{2}$, it is a Morse-Bott function. ", "This gives an alternative way to compute $HF_{}^{0}(\\sigma,0,\\tau)$. One first picks an additional Morse function $f$ of the critical point set (in this case, a Morse function $f$ on $\\mathbb{T}^{2}$), and then counts gradient flow lines with cascades* of the pair $(\\mathcal{A}_{\\sigma,0},f)$. We emphasize that this is a particularly simple instance of Morse-Bott Floer homology, since there the critical manifold is connected. ", "The correct grading to assign in the Morse-Bott case is given by $$\\mu_{f}(w):=\\mu_{\\textrm{CZ}}(w)-\\tfrac{1}{2}\\dim_{w}\\mbox{Crit}(\\mathcal{A}_{a\\mu,0})+\\mbox{ind}_{f}(w),\\ \\ \\ \\mbox{for }w\\in\\mbox{Crit}(f)\\subset\\mbox{Crit}(\\mathcal{A}_{a\\mu,0}),$$ where $\\dim_{w}\\mbox{Crit}(\\mathcal{A}_{a\\mu,0})$ denotes the local dimension of $\\mbox{Crit}(\\mathcal{A}_{a\\mu,0})$ at $w$, and $\\mbox{ind}_{f}(w)$ denotes the Morse index of $w$ as a critical point of $f$. In our case this simplifies to $$\\mu_{f}(w)=\\mu_{0}-1+\\mbox{ind}_{f}(w),$$ where $\\mu_{0}\\in\\mathbb{Z}$ is the common value $$\\mu_{0}=\\mu_{\\textrm{CZ}}(\\mbox{constant loop}).\\label{eq:mu 0}$$\n\nAnyway, this gives a new Floer homology group $HF_{}^{0}(\\sigma,0,\\tau)^{\\textrm{MB}}$, which does not depend on the choice of Morse function. ", "Moreover for any sufficiently small perturbation $V^{\\varepsilon}$, one has $$HF_{}^{0}(\\sigma,0,\\tau)^{\\textrm{MB}}\\cong HF_{}^{0}(\\sigma,V^{\\varepsilon},\\tau).$$ We refer the reader to [@Frauenfelder2004 Appendix A] or [@BaeFrauenfelder2010 Section 2.3] for more information. ", "Since the critical manifold is simply $\\mathbb{T}^{2}$ in our case, we immediately obtain $$HF_{}^{0}(\\sigma,0,\\tau)\\cong H_{+\\mu_{0}-1}(\\mathbb{T}^{2};\\mathbb{Z}_{2})\\label{eq:index d}$$ where $\\mu_{0}$ was defined in . ", "In Lemma \\[lem:fourier\\] below we show that $\\mu_{0}=2k+1$ where $k$ is the unique integer such that $2\\pi k<\\left\|a_{0}\\right\|\\tau<2\\pi(k+1)$.\n\nNow suppose $\\sigma$ is non-resonant in period $\\tau$ and $V$ is any potential such that $(\\sigma,V,\\tau)$ is non-degenerate. ", "Let $a_{0}:=\\int_{\\mathbb{T}^{2}}\\sigma$. Then $a_{0}\\mu-\\sigma$ is exact, say $a_{0}\\mu-\\sigma=d\\theta$. Thus if we set $\\sigma_{s}:=\\sigma+sd\\theta$, and we choose a generic homotopy from $V_{s}$ from $V=V_{0}$ to $V^{\\varepsilon}=V_{1}$, we can apply Theorem \\[thm:continuations\\], together with and , to deduce that $$HF_{}^{h}(\\sigma,V,\\tau)\\cong HF_{}^{h}(a_{0}\\mu,0,\\tau)\\cong\\begin{cases}\nH_{+2k}(\\mathbb{T}^{2};\\mathbb{Z}), & h=0,\\\\\n0, & h\\ne0,\n\\end{cases},$$ where as before $k$ is the unique integer such that $2\\pi k<\\left\|a_{0}\\right\|\\tau<2\\pi(k+1)$. Theorems A and B now follow by standard arguments. ", "Indeed, if $(\\sigma,V,\\tau)$ is non-degenerate then since $\\mbox{rank}\\, HF_{}^{0}(\\sigma,V,\\tau)=\\mbox{rank}\\, H_{+2k}(\\mathbb{T}^{2};\\mathbb{Z}_{2})=4$, we immediately see that $\\#\\mathcal{P}_{\\tau}^{0}(\\sigma,V)$ is at least four. ", "The argument is more involved in the degenerate case, but standard; see for instance [@LeOno1996] or [@AlbersHein2013].", "\n\nFinally to deal with the case $N>1$ we first argue as above to see that if $\\sigma=\\sum_{j=1}^{N}\\mathtt{p}_{j}^{}(a_{j}\\mu)$ for constants $a_{j}\\in\\mathbb{R}$ such that $a_{j}\\tau\\notin2\\pi\\mathbb{Z}$ then $$HF_{}^{h}(\\sigma,0,\\tau)=\\begin{cases}\nH_{+2k}(\\mathbb{T}^{2N};\\mathbb{Z}), & h=0,\\\\\n0, & h\\ne0,\n\\end{cases}$$ where $k=\\sum_{j=1}^{N}k_{j}$ and $k_{j}$ is the unique integer such that $2\\pi k_{j}<\\left\|a_{j}\\right\|\\tau<2\\pi(k_{j}+1)$. Then in the general case where $\\sigma=\\sum_{j=1}^{N}\\mathtt{p}_{j}^{}\\sigma_{j}$, with each $\\sigma_{j}\\in\\Omega^{2}(\\mathbb{T}^{2})$ non-resonant, we use the exact non-resonant deformation $\\sigma_{s}:=\\sigma+sd\\theta$, where $\\theta=\\sum_{j=1}^{N}\\mathtt{p}_{j}^{}\\theta$, and $\\theta_{j}$ 1-form on $\\mathbb{T}^{2N}$ satisfying $$d\\theta_{j}=\\left(\\int_{\\mathbb{T}^{2}}\\sigma_{j}\\right)\\mu-\\sigma_{j}.$$ Now Theorems A+ and B+ follow similarly.", "\n\n\\[sec:The-Lagrangian-Setting\\]The Lagrangian setting\n====================================================\n\nIn this section we briefly outline the “Lagrangian” method, with the aim of explaining Remark \\[lagrangian remark\\] from the Introduction. ", "In this setting rather than working with the free loop space $\\mathcal{L}_{\\tau}\\mathbb{T}^{2N}$ we work with its Sobolev completion* $\\widetilde{\\mathcal{L}}_{\\tau}\\mathbb{T}^{2N}:=W^{1,2}(\\mathbb{S}_{\\tau},\\mathbb{T}^{2N})$. Unlike $\\mathcal{L}_{\\tau}\\mathbb{T}^{2N}$, the space $\\widetilde{\\mathcal{L}}_{\\tau}\\mathbb{T}^{2N}$ carries the structure of a Hilbert manifold, and therefore is much better suited for doing Morse homology. ", "In this section we use the Hilbert product $\\left\\langle \\cdot,\\cdot\\right\\rangle _{1,2}$ on $\\widetilde{\\mathcal{L}}_{\\tau}\\mathbb{T}^{2N}$ defined by $$\\left\\langle \\xi,\\zeta\\right\\rangle _{1,2}:=\\int_{0}^{\\tau}\\left\\langle \\xi(t),\\zeta(t)\\right\\rangle dt+\\int_{0}^{\\tau}\\left\\langle \\nabla_{t}\\xi,\\nabla_{t}\\zeta\\right\\rangle dt.$$ We restrict our attention to the contractible component $\\widetilde{\\mathcal{L}}_{\\tau}^{0}\\mathbb{T}^{2N}$; thus the functional $\\mathcal{A}_{\\sigma}$ from is well defined on $\\widetilde{\\mathcal{L}}_{\\tau}^{0}\\mathbb{T}^{2N}$ itself (cf. ", "Remark \\[weakly exact remark\\]). ", "As before fix a time dependent potential $V\\in C^{\\infty}(\\mathbb{S}_{\\tau}\\times\\mathbb{T}^{2N},\\mathbb{R})$ and set $$L_{V}(t,x,v):=\\frac{1}{2}\\left\|v\\right\|^{2}-V(t,x).$$ The Lagrangian action functional $\\mathcal{S}_{\\sigma,V}$ is defined as the sum $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\mathcal{S}_{\\sigma,V}(\\gamma): & =\\mathcal{S}_{V}(\\gamma)+\\mathcal{A}_{\\sigma}(\\gamma),\\end{aligned}$$ where $\\mathit{\\mathcal{S}_{V}}$ is the standard **** Lagrangian action functional\n\n$$\\mathcal{S}_{V}(\\gamma):=\\int_{0}^{\\tau}L_{V}(t,\\gamma(t),\\partial_{t}\\gamma(t))dt.$$ The following lemma is straightforward.", "\n\nA loop $\\gamma\\in\\widetilde{\\mathcal{L}}_{\\tau}^{0}\\mathbb{T}^{2N}$ is a critical point of $\\mathcal{S}_{\\sigma,V}$ if and only if there exists $w\\in\\mathcal{P}_{\\tau}^{0}(\\sigma,V)$ such that $\\pi\\circ w=\\gamma$.\n\nRecall that a $C^{1}$-functional $\\mathcal{S}:\\mathcal{M}\\rightarrow\\mathbb{R}$ on a Riemannian Hilbert manifold $\\mathcal{M}$ satisfies the Palais-Smale condition **** if every sequence $(x_{k})\\subseteq\\mathcal{M}$ for which $\\mathcal{S}(x_{k})$ is bounded and $\\left\\Vert d\\mathcal{S}(x_{k})\\right\\Vert \\rightarrow0$ admits a convergent subsequence (here $\\left\\Vert \\cdot\\right\\Vert $ denotes the dual norm on $T_{x_{k}}^{}\\mathcal{M}$). ", "We wish to prove:\n\n\\[thm:PS\\]Suppose $\\sigma$ is non-resonant in period $\\tau$. Then for any potential $V\\in C^{\\infty}(\\mathbb{S}_{\\tau}\\times\\mathbb{T}^{2N},\\mathbb{R})$, the functional $\\mathcal{S}_{\\sigma,V}$ satisfies the Palais-Smale condition.", "\n\nTo see this note that $$d\\mathcal{S}_{\\sigma,V}(\\gamma)[\\xi]=\\int_{0}^{\\tau}\\left\\langle -\\nabla_{t}\\partial_{t}\\gamma-Y_{\\sigma}(\\gamma)\\partial_{t}\\gamma-\\nabla V_{t}(\\gamma),\\xi\\right\\rangle dt,$$ and hence if $(\\gamma_{k})$ is a sequence such that $\\left\\Vert d\\mathcal{S}_{\\sigma,V}(\\gamma_{k})\\right\\Vert =o(1)$ then $$\\int_{0}^{\\tau}\\left\|\\nabla_{t}\\partial_{t}\\gamma_{k}+Y_{\\sigma}(\\gamma_{k})\\partial_{t}\\gamma_{k}+\\nabla V_{t}(\\gamma_{k})\\right\|^{2}dt=o(1).$$ Thus by an argument very similar to Lemma \\[lem:condition\\] one has that $$\\int_{0}^{\\tau}\\left\|\\partial_{t}\\gamma_{k}\\right\|^{2}dt=O(1).$$ Now the standard argument, which was originally due to Benci [@Benci1986], goes through, as explained in [@FrauenfelderMerryPaternain2012 Appendix A].", "\n\nIdeally one would like to use $\\mathcal{S}_{\\sigma,V}$ to define a Morse complex* $CM_{}^{0}(\\sigma,V,\\tau)$ whose generators are the critical points of $\\mathcal{S}_{\\sigma,V}$. The homology of this complex should compute the singular homology of the space $\\widetilde{\\mathcal{L}}_{\\tau}^{0}\\mathbb{T}^{2N}$. Moreover one expects that when defined, the homology $HM_{}^{0}(\\sigma,V,\\tau)$ should be isomorphic to the Floer homology $HF_{*}^{0}(\\sigma,V,\\tau)$. In our setting such a construction is possible if and only if the functional $\\mathcal{S}_{\\sigma,V}$ is bounded below. ", "We refer the reader to [@AbbondandoloMajer2006] for more information on the Morse complex, and to [@AbbondandoloSchwarz2006] for the idea behind the isomorphism between the Morse and Floer homologies. ", "Here we note only the following point.", "\n\nTake $N=1$ and $\\sigma=a\\mu$ for some $a\\in\\mathbb{R}$. Assume that $a\\tau\\notin2\\pi\\mathbb{Z}$, and consider the functional $\\mathcal{S}_{a\\mu,V}:\\widetilde{\\mathcal{L}}_{\\tau}^{0}\\mathbb{T}^{2N}\\rightarrow\\mathbb{R}$. Then the functional $\\mathcal{S}_{a\\mu,V}$ is bounded below if and only if $\\left\|a\\tau\\right\|<2\\pi$.\n\nThe fact that $\\mathcal{S}_{a\\mu,V}$ is bounded below for $\\left\|a\\tau\\right\|<2\\pi$ was proved in [@FrauenfelderMerryPaternain2012 Appendix A]. ", "Let us show that $\\mathcal{S}_{a\\mu,V}$ is not bounded below if $\\left\|a\\tau\\right\|>2\\pi$. It suffices to consider the case $V=0$. Let $\\widetilde{\\gamma}_{R}:\\mathbb{S}_{\\tau}\\rightarrow\\mathbb{R}^{2N}$ denote a circle of radius $R$ with centre the origin (explicitly $\\widetilde{\\gamma}_{R}(t):=Re^{2\\pi it/\\tau}$), and let $\\gamma_{R}:=\\mathtt{q}\\circ\\widetilde{\\gamma}_{R}$, where $\\mathtt{q}:\\mathbb{R}^{2N}\\rightarrow\\mathbb{T}^{2N}$ denotes the projection map of the universal cover. ", "Then $$\\mathcal{S}_{a\\mu,0}(\\gamma_{R})=\\frac{\\pi R^{2}}{\\tau}\\left(\\frac{2\\pi}{\\tau}-a\\right),$$ which for $a\\tau>2\\pi$ tends to $-\\infty$ as $R\\rightarrow\\infty$ (if $a<0$ one should consider $t\\mapsto\\widetilde{\\gamma}_{R}(\\tau-t)$ instead).", "\n\nFinally, we compute the index jump $d$ referred to in .", "\n\n\\[lem:fourier\\]Take $N=1$ and $\\sigma=a\\mu$ for some $a\\in\\mathbb{R}$. Assume that $a\\tau\\notin2\\pi\\mathbb{Z}$, and let $k_{0}\\in\\mathbb{Z}$ denote the unique integer such that $$2\\pi k_{0}<\\left\|a\\right\|\\tau<2\\pi(k_{0}+1).$$ Consider the functional $\\mathcal{A}_{a\\mu,0}:\\mathcal{L}_{\\tau}^{0}\\mathbb{T}^{2}\\rightarrow\\mathbb{R}$. Then the Conley-Zehnder index $\\mu_{0}$ of a constant solution is given by $$\\mu_{0}=2k_{0}+1.$$\n\nFor simplicity we take $\\tau=1$ and assume $a>0$ in what follows. ", "It is easier to make the computation on the Lagrangian side, and then use the classical result due originally to [@Duistermaat1976] that relates the Conley-Zehnder index with the Morse index of the corresponding solution on the Lagrangian side.", "\n\nMoreover to compute the Morse index it is convenient to use a Fourier expansion. ", "If $\\gamma\\in\\mathcal{L}_{0}\\mathbb{T}^{2}$ then we can write $$\\gamma(t)=\\sum_{k\\in\\mathbb{Z}}e^{2\\pi kt\\mathtt{j}}\\gamma_{k}.$$ Then one easily checks that $$\\mathcal{S}_{a\\mu,0}(\\gamma)=\\sum_{k\\in\\mathbb{Z}}\\left(2\\pi^{2}k^{2}-a\\pi k\\right)\\left\|\\gamma_{k}\\right\|^{2}.$$ From this we can read off that the Morse index of a constant solution is $$\\mbox{ind}_{\\mathcal{S}_{a\\mu,0}}(\\mbox{constant})=2\\cdot\\#\\left\\{ k\\in\\mathbb{Z}\\mid(2\\pi k-a)k<0\\right\\} =2k_{0},$$ where the $2$ comes from the fact that the Fourier series have complex coefficients. ", "The relation between this Morse index and the Conley-Zehnder index is given by $$\\mu_{\\textrm{CZ}}(w)=\\mbox{ind}_{\\mathcal{S}_{a\\mu,0}}(\\pi\\circ w)+\\frac{1}{2}\\dim_{w}\\mbox{Crit}(\\mathcal{A}_{a\\mu,0})$$ (see [@AbbondandoloPortaluriSchwarz2008 Section 4] for a detailed proof of this result in the case $\\sigma=0$, and see [@Merry2011a Theorem 4.4] for justification as to why this result still holds for non-zero $\\sigma$). 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"entity_type": "PERSON", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 65771 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 66451, "entity_type": "PERSON", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 66446 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 66541, "entity_type": "PERSON", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 66536 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 66907, "entity_type": "PERSON", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 66902 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 67176, "entity_type": "PERSON", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 67171 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 67491, "entity_type": "PERSON", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 67480 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 1503, "entity_type": "URL", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "UrlRecognizer_140094861343568", "recognizer_name": "UrlRecognizer" }, "score": 0.5, "start": 1497 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 2663, "entity_type": "URL", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "UrlRecognizer_140094861343568", "recognizer_name": "UrlRecognizer" }, "score": 0.5, "start": 2657 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 11729, "entity_type": "US_DRIVER_LICENSE", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "UsLicenseRecognizer_140094861023792", "recognizer_name": "UsLicenseRecognizer" }, 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[ "Sex-specific effects of long-term exposure to bisphenol-A on anxiety- and depression-like behaviors in adult mice.", "\nHumans are routinely exposed to low levels of bisphenol A (BPA), an environmental endocrine disruptor, which is widely used in the production of polycarbonate plastics. ", "The effects of perinatal exposure to BPA have been shown to affect various aspects of social behaviors such as anxiety and depression in adult offspring. ", "Because sex hormones play a critical role in neurobehavior in adulthood, it is possible that long-term exposure to BPA has widespread effects on these emotional behaviors in adulthood. ", "In the present study, adult mice were exposed to BPA at dosages of 0.04, 0.4, 4, 40 mg kg(-1)d(-1) for 12 weeks. ", "A behavioral assay was performed using the open field test (OFT), mirrored maze, the elevated plus maze (EPM), and the forced swim task. ", "The results showed that, after exposure to BPA at 0.4-40 mg kg(-1)d(-1), the number of open arm entries and the time spent in them in the elevated plus maze task were reduced in males but increased in females, and thus eliminating or reversing sex differences in these behaviors. ", "BPA at 0.04-40 mg kg(-1)d(-1) increased the immobility of male mice in the forced swimming test. ", "Furthermore, BPA (0.4-40 mg kg(-1)d(-1)) significantly decreased brain level of testosterone in males, but no significant influence was found in serum and the brain levels of estradiol in females. ", "Western blot analysis further indicated that BPA at 0.4, 4, or 40 mg kg(-1)d(-1) significantly down-regulated the protein level of estrogen receptor β (ERβ) in the hippocampus of the adult males but not females, and inhibited the protein level of GABA(A)α2 receptor in hippocampus of males but promoted that of females. ", "These results suggest that long-term exposure to BPA sex specifically affects anxiety- and depression-like behaviors in adult mice. ", "Changes in the levels of GABA(A)α2 receptor and ERβ proteins of hippocampus might be associated with BPA-induced changes in these emotional behaviors." ]	{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }	[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.0072992700729927005, 0.0035714285714285713, 0.010309278350515464, 0, 0.00625, 0, 0 ]	0.002286	5	[ { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 702, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 701 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 734, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 726 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 1505, "entity_type": "DATE_TIME", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "SpacyRecognizer_140094861343280", "recognizer_name": "SpacyRecognizer" }, "score": 0.85, "start": 1504 } ]

[ "The present invention relates to clinical and/or surgical training apparatus. ", "Apparatus of this type is illustrated in Cooper et al., ", "U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "5,775,916.", "\nAccording to the present invention, there is provided clinical and/or surgical training apparatus comprising:\na plurality of simulations of body structures, the simulations being a set of simulations of a particular part of the anatomy and being of increasing anatomical complexity and/or presenting increasing clinical or surgical difficulty; and\nmeans for receiving at least one of the simulations so that a surgical and/or a clinical technique may be practiced.", "\nThe receiving means may comprise a housing, for example one which provides a simulation of at least party of a body.", "\nThe simulations may be simulations of internal body structures.", "\nThe simulations may include different simulations of the gall bladder, such as with different thicknesses of gall bladder wall.", "\nAt least one of the simulations may include a simulation of a foreign body. ", "For example, different simulations may incorporate different sizes of foreign body.", "\nDifferent simulations may incorporate different degrees of toughness and respectability of fibers.", "\nThe simulations could be mounted on adjustable supports.", "\nThe present invention also comprises a clinical and/or training method using apparatus according to the invention.", "\nThe present invention also comprises a clinical and/or training method using apparatus according to the invention." ]

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[ "The present invention relates to the provision of video mail and/or messages in a telecommunications system and, more particular to the playback and the playback-control of the video mail and/or messages from a cellular handset receiver.", "\nReceiving and reviewing voicemail can be a cumbersome process, especially in a business setting or other situation where a substantial amount of voice mail is received. ", "One of the complications arises in that the voicemail messages are serially recorded and during the playback, if a portion of the message is missed, the user needs to back-up to re-listen to the message. ", "Portions of a voicemail message may require repeated review to capture the actual message. ", "This can be due to a variety of reasons including, but not limited to, background noises, poor pronunciation, rapid talking, and garbled audio due to interference in the transmitting, receiving or playback technologies. ", "Using older technology, a user's only option was to restart the playback of the voicemail message. ", "This technique is inadequate in that the user is required to replay the entire message even though only a small portion of the voicemail message may need to be repeated\nA technique that has been introduced to the market for voicemail messages is a rewind-like capability. ", "This technique allows the user to press a button, such as a key on a telephone keypad, to rewind the message for a duration the of playback time. ", "For instance, pressing the [3] key will rewind a message 6 seconds and then resume playback from that point. ", "Additional rewinding can be obtained by pressing the key repeatedly. ", "This technique provides some improvement in the art by allowing a user to “go back” in the playback of a message to re-listen to a missed portion of the message. ", "However, this technique still lacks much needed capabilities in the ability to review and playback voicemail messages as will be further described.", "\nWith the introduction of video messaging and video mail into telecommunications systems, the complexities associated with the playback of messages are even more so exaggerated. ", "One of the reasons that the complexities are exaggerated is that the volume of data included in a video message is substantially greater than a voicemail message. ", "Thus, to rewind the playback of a video message, a significant amount of data must either be buffered at the playback end or retransmitted by the source end. ", "Thus, there is a need in the art for a solution that enables flexibility in the playback of video messages but that is not over burdensome on bandwidth or memory storage requirements.", "\nAnother complexity with providing flexibility in the playback of video messages is maintaining synchronization of the video and the audio content. ", "If this content is stored separately, the complexities associated with flexible playback can be significant.", "\nAnother complexity with providing flexibility in the playback of video messages is that not only may a user need to re-listen to audio content that may have been missed, but the user may actually need to review the video content, pause the video content to take notes, or search the video message for a particular portion of the video and/or audio content. ", "Current techniques available in the market do not provide the flexibility needed to meet these needs.", "\nThus, there is a need in the art for a solution that allows a user a wide range of flexibility in the playback and review of video messages. ", "Within the cellular telecommunications environment where bandwidth is a premium, such a solution needs to provide this flexibility in a bandwidth efficient manner. ", "These and other needs in the art are addressed by the present invention described herein." ]

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[ "culate b(-6).", "\n75\nLet c(l) = l**2 - 56*l + 518. ", "Give c(14).", "\n-70\nLet k(b) = 80*b + 2742. ", "Give k(-34).", "\n22\nLet j(w) = -w**3 + 91*w**2 - 60*w - 2705. ", "Determine j(90).", "\n-5\nLet o(f) = 2503*f + 12514. ", "What is o(-5)?", "\n-1\nLet u(z) = 49*z + 36. ", "Calculate u(18).", "\n918\nLet f(q) = 4*q**2 - 165*q + 35. ", "Determine f(41).", "\n-6\nLet x(g) = -455*g + 55054. ", "Give x(121).", "\n-1\nLet o(r) = -15*r + 377. ", "Give o(29).", "\n-58\nLet s(o) = -257*o + 4629. ", "Give s(18).", "\n3\nLet m(g) = g**2 + 39*g - 595. ", "Give m(-50).", "\n-45\nLet v(r) = 34*r - 109. ", "What is v(3)?", "\n-7\nLet l(b) = -45*b - 489. ", "What is l(-11)?", "\n6\nLet d(k) = -11595*k - 255097. ", "What is d(-22)?", "\n-7\nLet m(b) = -2331*b**2 - 14009*b - 135. ", "What is m(-6)?", "\n3\nLet t(i) = -i**3 - 51*i**2 - 69*i + 1414. ", "Give t(-49).", "\n-7\nLet v(d) = 2*d**2 - 21*d + 22. ", "Determine v(13).", "\n87\nLet f(y) = -y**3 + y**2 + 4*y - 24. ", "Calculate f(-10).", "\n1036\nLet g(x) = -75*x + 56. ", "Give g(1).", "\n-19\nLet n(h) = 17*h - 522. ", "Determine n(31).", "\n5\nLet c(g) = 2*g**2 + 9707*g - 22. ", "Calculate c(0).", "\n-22\nLet s(q) = -q**3 - 87*q**2 - 65*q + 1838. ", "What is s(-86)?", "\n32\nLet r(n) = -n**2 - 4*n + 187. ", "Give r(12).", "\n-5\nLet l(z) = -7*z**2 - 40*z - 46. ", "What is l(-2)?", "\n6\nLet k(m) = m**3 + 51*m**2 + 267*m + 1674. ", "Determine k(-46).", "\n-28\nLet a(r) = -610*r - 7914. ", "What is a(-13)?", "\n16\nLet v(t) = -19*t - 143. ", "Give v(-7).", "\n-10\nLet u(j) = 7*j**2 - 153*j - 15. ", "Determine u(23).", "\n169\nLet x(g) = -g**3 + 73*g**2 + 54*g + 1463. ", "Determine x(74).", "\n-17\nLet w(t) = -4*t**2 + 95*t - 150. ", "Determine w(22).", "\n4\nLet r(m) = 275*m + 1108. ", "Calculate r(-4).", "\n8\nLet k(q) = 17*q + 762. ", "Calculate k(-45).", "\n-3\nLet n(u) = u**2 - 353*u - 2105. ", "What is n(-6)?", "\n49\nLet j(r) = 7*r + 93. ", "What is j(-13)?", "\n2\nLet u(z) = -2*z**2 + 430*z - 12331. ", "What is u(181)?", "\n-23\nLet n(u) = -200*u - 35594. ", "Give n(-178).", "\n6\nLet x(l) = -50*l**2 - 4506*l - 528. ", "Calculate x(-90).", "\n12\nLet m(u) = 35*u - 152. ", "Calculate m(7).", "\n93\nLet g(l) = 2*l**2 - 42*l + 16. ", "Determine g(21).", "\n16\nLet d(m) = -3448*m + 3451. ", "Calculate d(1).", "\n3\nLet d(t) = 2*t**3 + 27*t**2 - 13*t + 21. ", "Give d(-14).", "\n7\nLet t(u) = -8*u**3 - 10*u**2 - 11*u + 19. ", "Determine t(-3).", "\n178\nLet t(s) = -32*s - 158. ", "Calculate t(-10).", "\n162\nLet q(v) = -v**3 - 11*v**2 - 18*v + 10. ", "Give q(-9).", "\n10\nLet o(b) = -12*b - 1528. ", "Give o(-128).", "\n8\nLet c(s) = 10*s - 605. ", "Calculate c(60).", "\n-5\nLet q(v) = -309*v - 2614. ", "Give q(-7).", "\n-451\nLet h(g) = -6*g**3 + 27*g**2 + 142*g + 12. ", "Calculate h(-4).", "\n260\nLet x(s) = 170*s + 2379. ", "Calculate x(-14).", "\n-1\nLet o(v) = -70*v + 42. ", "Give o(-6).", "\n462\nLet h(c) = -c**3 - 22*c**2 - 66*c - 153. ", "Give h(-19).", "\n18\nLet k(b) = b**2 - 94*b + 10. ", "Determine k(0).", "\n10\nLet d(x) = -93*x - 742. ", "Give d(-8).", "\n2\nLet n(z) = -65*z - 412. ", "Determine n(-6).", "\n-22\nLet a(x) = x**3 + 69*x**2 + 485*x - 20. ", "What is a(-8)?", "\n4\nLet y(l) = 8*l**3 - 293*l**2 - 103*l - 302. ", "Calculate y(37).", "\n-6\nLet i(x) = x**3 + 11*x**2 - 80*x - 810. ", "Calculate i(-12).", "\n6\nLet x(g) = 154*g**3 + 21*g + 20. ", "Calculate x(-1).", "\n-155\nLet x(h) = -64*h - 3671. ", "Give x(-57).", "\n-23\nLet s(i) = 34*i**2 - 850*i + 8. ", "What is s(25)?", "\n8\nLet n(f) = 825*f + 37153. ", "Give n(-45).", "\n28\nLet j(h) = -h**2 - 11*h - 2. ", "What is j(-15)?", "\n-62\nLet a(o) = 878*o + 4395. ", "What is a(-5)?", "\n5\nLet s(p) = -108*p - 40. ", "Give s(-1).", "\n68\nLet l(c) = 12*c - 106. ", "Calculate l(-5).", "\n-166\nLet o(n) = -744*n + 113083. ", "Determine o(152).", "\n-5\nLet x(h) = -2046*h - 44996. ", "Determine x(-22).", "\n16\nLet w(l) = 22*l + 72. ", "Give w(-4).", "\n-16\nLet z(g) = -110*g**2 + 3*g + 16. ", "Give z(-2).", "\n-430\nLet x(c) = 101*c - 71. ", "Calculate x(-3).", "\n-374\nLet r(z) = 9*z**2 + 825*z + 3286. ", "Give r(-4).", "\n130\nLet b(f) = -33*f + 406. ", "Determine b(5).", "\n241\nLet z(x) = x**2 + 17*x - 155. ", "What is z(-23)?", "\n-17\nLet j(o) = o**2 + 51*o - 241. ", "Determine j(-56).", "\n39\nLet w(g) = -728*g - 42231. ", "Determine w(-58).", "\n-7\nLet b(g) = -336*g - 647. ", "Give b(-4).", "\n697\nLet u(v) = -815*v + 3286. ", "Calculate u(4).", "\n26\nLet c(i) = -2*i**2 - 23*i + 1393. ", "What is c(22)?", "\n-81\nLet r(z) = 907*z + 929. ", "Calculate r(-1).", "\n22\nLet c(l) = -96*l**2 + 3263*l + 35. ", "Give c(34).", "\n1\nLet n(k) = -22*k**3 + 2*k**2 - 5*k + 1. ", "Calculate n(1).", "\n-24\nLet f(v) = -2*v**2 + 50*v + 116. ", "What is f(28)?", "\n-52\nLet f(b) = -b**3 + 4*b**2 - 77*b + 872. ", "Determine f(8).", "\n0\nLet p(f) = f**3 - 32*f**2 - 38*f + 172. ", "Determine p(33).", "\n7\nLet g(r) = r**2 - 6*r + 84. ", "What is g(7)?", "\n91\nLet o(n) = 95*n - 559. ", "Give o(6).", "\n11\nLet a(f) = 2*f**3 - 60*f**2 - 129*f + 23. ", "Determine a(32).", "\n-9\nLet n(v) = 13*v - 9. ", "What is n(-1)?", "\n-22\nLet j(m) = -2*m**2 - 7752*m + 31033. ", "What is j(4)?", "\n-7\nLet p(o) = 237*o + 1435. ", "Calculate p(-6).", "\n13\nLet t(a) = -a**2 + 31*a + 23. ", "Calculate t(20).", "\n243\nLet q(d) = -d**2 - 30*d - 179. ", "What is q(-15)?", "\n46\nLet p(t) = -t**2 + 8*t + 272. ", "Calculate p(22).", "\n-36\nLet k(p) = 691*p - 3475. ", "What is k(5)?", "\n-20\nLet v(l) = 182*l + 18. ", "Calculate v(0).", "\n18\nLet f(d) = -2*d**2 - 166*d + 6214. ", "Determine f(-111).", "\n-2\nLet n(l) = -l**3 + 2*l**2 + 5*l - 3. ", "Determine n(0).", "\n-3\nLet k(v) = 2*v**3 - 12*v**2 - 5*v + 57. ", "What is k(9)?", "\n498\nLet w(d) = 4*d**2 - 47*d + 14. ", "Give w(11).", "\n-19\nLet x(l) = -136*l. ", "Calculate x(0).", "\n0\nLet w(v) = -v**3 - 20*v**2 - 32*v - 541. ", "Give w(-21).", "\n572\nLet z(a) = a**3 - 5*a + 2. ", "Calculate z(0).", "\n2\nLet b(l) = -319*l - 12110. ", "Give b(-38).", "\n12\nLet m(c) = c**3 + 6*c**2 + 127*c + 354. ", "Determine m(-3).", "\n0\nLet t(i) = i**3 + 43*i**2 + 30*i + 36. ", "Determine t(0).", "\n36\nLet w(c) = c**3 - 40*c**2 + 173*c - 22. ", "Determine w(35).", "\n-92\nLet o(d) = -d**3 + 56*d**2 - 256*d + 26. ", "What is o(51)?", "\n-25\nLet x(h) = 7*h**2 - 15*h + 6. ", "Calculate x(2).", "\n4\nLet c(b) = 6*b**2 + 86*b - 13. ", "Give c(-15).", "\n47\nLet o(k) = 9*k**3 + 4*k**2 + 6*k - 16. ", "Calculate o(2).", "\n84\nLet w(f) = 3*f**3 + 56*f**2 - 83*f - 56. ", "Give w(-20).", "\n4\nLet r(t) = -246*t + 87079. ", "Give r(354).", "\n-5\nLet s(j) = -j**2 + 57*j - 506. ", "What is s(44)?", "\n66\nLet z(w) = 3*w**3 - 209*w**2 - 47*w - 1608. ", "Determine z(70).", "\n2\nLet a(r) = 1523*r - 18278. ", "Determine a(12).", "\n-2\nLet j(s) = -470*s + 1882. ", "Calculate j(4).", "\n2\nLet z(g) = -2*g**2 + 6*g + 6. ", "Calculate z(5).", "\n-14\nLet o(x) = 150*x**3 + 6*x**2 - 2*x - 7. ", "Calculate o(-1).", "\n-149\nLet l(h) = 10*h**3 - 6*h**2 + 10*h + 12. ", "Determine l(3).", "\n258\nLet l(w) = -33*w - 1441. ", "Determine l(-43).", "\n-22\nLet y(g) = -757*g + 20. ", "Calculate y(0).", "\n20\nLet c(x) = 2*x**3 + 35*x**2 + 21*x + 46. ", "Calculate c(-17).", "\n-22\nLet y(r) = 4*r**2 - 131*r - 75. ", "Determine y(33).", "\n-42\nLet c(g) = -6*g**2 + 3*g. ", "What is c(2)?", "\n-18\nLet a(q) = -q**3 + 40*q**2 - 259*q + 27. ", "Determine a(8).", "\n3\nLet y(q) = q - 13. ", "What is y(5)?", "\n-8\nLet q(d) = 98*d + 1128. ", "Give q(-8).", "\n344\nLet n(i) = 24*i**2 - 3528*i - 98. ", "Determine n(147).", "\n-98\nLet v(y) = 922*y - 51633. ", "What is v(56)?", "\n-1\nLet l(w) = w**3 + 101*w**2 + 2478*w - 57. ", "What is l(-42)?", "\n-57\nLet k(g) = -327*g - 767. ", "Determine k(-3).", "\n214\nLet o(n) = -n**3 - 6*n**2 + n + 10. ", "Determine o(-5).", "\n-20\nLet m(c) = c**2 - 17*c + 49. ", "What is m(5)?", "\n-11\nLet a(l) = l**3 - 225*l**2 + 12655*l - 116. ", "What is a(111)?", "\n-5\nLet l(z) = -270*z - 4338. ", "What is l(-16)?", "\n-18\nLet o(d) = -3*d**3 + 51*d**2 + 4*d + 96. ", "Determine o(17).", "\n164\nLet k(w) = -10*w**2 + 19*w + 49. ", "Give k(-3).", "\n-98\nLet b(x) = 894*x - 4468. ", "Determine b(5).", "\n2\nLet l(c) = c**3 - 4*c**2 - 32*c - 9. ", "Determine l(9).", "\n108\nLet f(l) = l**2 + 704*l + 121882. ", "What is f(-307)?", "\n3\nLet x(r) = -r**2 + 5*r + 341. ", "Determine x(21).", "\n5\nLet t(r) = 198*r - 2823. ", "Calculate t(14).", "\n-51\nLet p(a) = a**3 - 30*a**2 - 24*a - 134. ", "Give p(31).", "\n83\nLet w(k) = -213*k + 1343. ", "Calculate w(6).", "\n65\nLet b(k) = -3*k**2 - 166*k - 630. ", "Calculate b(-4).", "\n-14\nLet b(f) = -121*f - 724. ", "Give b(-6).", "\n2\nLet f(v) = -3*v**2 + 6*v - 17. ", "Calculate f(-10).", "\n-377\nLet w(x) = 647*x + 704. ", "What is w(-1)?", "\n57\nLet z(d) = -2*d - 214. ", "What is z(-27)?", "\n-160\nLet v(b) = -509*b - 5081. ", "What is v(-10)?", "\n9\nLet n(i) = i**2 - 29*i - 114. ", "Calculate n(29).", "\n-114\nLet q(d) = d**3 + 15*d**2 - 14*d - 77. ", "What is q(-15)?", "\n133\nLet g(d) = -d**3 + 10*d**2 - 2*d - 5. ", "What is g(8)?", "\n107\nLet a(z) = 2*z**2 + 42*z - 1. ", "Give a(-6).", "\n-181\nLet p(l) = -4*l**2 + 181*l + 495. ", "Give p(48).", "\n-33\nLet u(i) = i**2 + 2*i - 7043. ", "Give u(-85).", "\n12\nLet w(i) = i**2 + 197*i - 1011. ", "Determine w(5).", "\n-1\nLet i(f) = 508*f + 5087. ", "What is i(-10)?", "\n7\nLet l(q) = -21*q - 127. ", "What is l(-6)?", "\n-1\nLet a(u) = -u**2 + 20*u - 32. ", "Give a(8).", "\n64\nLet u(a) = -a**3 + 32*a**2 - 284*a + 1779. ", "What is u(23)?", "\n8\nLet q(r) = 3*r**2 - 156*r - 337. ", "What is q(54)?", "\n-13\nLet u(y) = -y**3 + 4*y**2 + 65*y - 18. ", "Give u(10).", "\n32\nLet h(a) = -89*a - 1475. ", "What is h(-18)?", "\n127\nLet b(l) = -l**3 - 22*l**2 - 23*l - 30. ", "Calculate b(-21).", "\n12\nLet c(q) = -39*q - 4172. ", "Calculat" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "DM Mathematics" }

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[ "The invention relates to the art of non-volatile electronic memory. ", "It finds particular application where low power consumption, and/or low writing voltage requirements are advantageous. ", "Furthermore, the invention finds application where stored data must not be affected by radiation.", "\nMemory devices play an important role in modern microelectronic systems. ", "For example, memory devices store instruction sets, programs, and/or data for computer processors. ", "Electronic systems use memory devices for example, when performing calculations, signal processing, or data analysis. ", "There are many different memory architectures used for storing information. ", "For example, some moving surface memories store data in the form of magnetic dipoles. ", "Magnetic tapes and discs are examples of these kinds of memory devices. ", "Compact disks store information by varying optical characteristics of points on the surface of the disk. ", "Semiconductor memories typically hold information in the form of charges or electrical potentials in transistor circuits. ", "Transistor based memory devices are inexpensive, relatively small and are compatible with an on-chip addressing circuitry. ", "Therefore, semiconductor memories made of transistors have become the most popular devices for data storage in systems that require a high read/write speed and a compact device size. ", "Nowadays, semiconductor memories find broad applications in areas, which range from computer systems to telecommunications, commercial and military avionics systems, consumer electronics, and advanced weapon systems. ", "In these applications, it is expected that the memories can be accessed at a high speed, exhibit low power consumption, and can be operated at a low driving voltage. ", "Furthermore, these memories must be immune to environmental disturbances, for example, radiation and mechanical shock. ", "While semiconductor memories have achieved many of these goals, their performance is not ideal in some respects. ", "For example, the energy efficiency of some read/write memories is relatively poor, and most transistor memories are sensitive to radiation.", "\nSemiconductor memories are characterized as read-only memory (ROM) and random access memory (RAM). ", "ROM is programmed once, for example, when a machine is being manufactured at a factory or when the ROM itself is being manufactured. ", "From that point onward, data can only be read out of a ROM device. ", "In RAM, data is both written to and read from the device as the requirements of an application dictate. ", "RAM can either be static mode (SRAM) or dynamic mode (DRAM) devices. ", "In SRAM, information is stored, for example by setting up the logic state of a bistable flip-flop. ", "In DRAM, data is stored through the charging of a capacitor. ", "Typically, the information stored in these RAMs is lost if the supply power is turned off. ", "Therefore, these memories devices are called volatile memories. ", "There are memory devices that retain information even after power is removed from them. ", "These devices are known as nonvolatile memories. ", "Nonvolatile memories store information either in a transistor matrix that is connected according to a prescribed mapping relation or in floating gates of MOS transistors. ", "In the latter case, the information stored in a memory cell can be changed by applying an ultraviolet light or an electrical signal to remove charge from or add charge to the floating gate. ", "The floating gate MOS memories in which the contents of the cells can be altered through the use of an electrical signal are called flash memories.", "\nFlash memories are capable of retaining information with the supply power off. ", "Therefore flash memory is widely applied in applications that require low power consumption. ", "Digital cameras, wireless communication apparatuses, computers, as well as many portable electronic systems all use flash memories as their major data storage apparatus. ", "While flash memories have many advantages as nonvolatile memories, their energy efficiency is relatively poor during the programming process. ", "Flash memories write data by injecting charges into floating gates, which are surrounded by dielectric layers used to keep the charges from leaking away. ", "While these dielectric layers are effective in blocking charges from escaping, they also form a high barrier that shields charges from being injected into the floating gate during a data writing process. ", "In the writing/erasing process of flash memories, charges have to penetrate through the dielectrics either by hot carrier injection or by a quantum mechanical conduction process called Fowler-Nordheim tunneling. ", "These injection/tunneling processes generally require a high electric field to help carriers overcome the potential barrier of the shielding dielectrics. ", "The dielectrics are insulators. ", "Therefore, the efficiency of these injection/tunneling processes is poor. ", "For example, in the currently available flash memory technology, the thickness of the dielectrics is in the order of tens of an angstrom. ", "The percentage of charges that can penetrate through these thick dielectrics, to reach the floating gate, is generally lower than 1%. ", "The low efficiency, and the requirement of a high supply voltage, limits the usefulness of flash memories, especially in applications that require a low supply voltage and low power consumption.", "\nIn addition to energy efficiency, one of the major drawbacks of semiconductor memories is that they are sensitive to radiation. ", "Traditional semiconductor memories store information in the form of charges or electrical potentials in transistors. ", "These charges and electrical potentials are very sensitive to radiation. ", "In order to prevent the contents of semiconductor memories from being damaged by radiation, special protection layers or device structures need to be applied. ", "However, these approaches typically require more complicated fabrication processes or packaging that introduce a higher cost. ", "The development of a simple, radiation-hard memory is therefore important for many applications. ", "For example aircraft, spacecraft, medical equipment and equipment that, as a side effect of operation, generates radiation all require or can benefit from the use of radiation-hard memory devices.", "\nIn order to address the above-described issues, a low power, nonvolatile Microelectromechanical (MEMs) memory cell operative to store data has been developed. ", "This memory cell comprises a first cantilever including a conductive portion, and a second cantilever having an insulated portion and a conductive portion, the second cantilever positioned, at least in part, in overlapping relation to the first cantilever.", "\nA writing process of the memory cell includes a sequential moving or bending and releasing of the cantilevers to place them in a selected orientation. ", "For example, where the first cantilever starts out as an upper cantilever and the second cantilever starts out as a lower cantilever, the writing process comprises moving, bending or flexing the second cantilever out of a movement or bending path of the first cantilever, moving, bending or flexing the first cantilever out of a returning path of the second cantilever, releasing the second cantilever, thereby allowing the second cantilever to follow the returning path of the second cantilever, releasing the first cantilever, thereby allowing the first cantilever to follow a return path of the first cantilever, whereby the first cantilever becomes a lower cantilever and the second cantilever becomes an upper cantilever.", "\nData or information is encoded in the selected orientation.", "\nThe memory cell is used in memory devices. ", "For example, a memory device based on the memory cell comprises a plurality of memory cells, each memory cell comprising a first cantilever, a second cantilever and a cantilever actuator, and a control circuit operative to drive the cantilever actuators to sequentially move or bend and release the first and second cantilevers so as to place the first and second cantilevers in one of a first overlapping relation, and a second overlapping relation.", "\nThe memory device is used to make electronic devices. ", "For example, an electronic device that takes advantage of the memory cell comprises at least one memory device, the at least one memory device comprising a plurality of memory cells, each memory cell comprising a first cantilever, a second cantilever and a cantilever actuator. ", "Additionally, the electronic device comprises computational hardware operative to, at least one of, read data from and write data to, the at least one memory device, and an output device operative to present a work product of the computational hardware. ", "For example, the output device can be a xerographic print engine.", "\nOne advantage of the present invention resides in the energy efficiency of the writing process of the memory cell. ", "For example, moving or bending the cantilevers can be accomplished through the use of electrostatic force. ", "Therefore, writing can be accomplished by charging and discharging a pair of movable capacitors. ", "The energy efficiency of such a process is much higher than that of, for example, a flash memory.", "\nAnother advantage of the present invention is found in the radiation immunity of the memory cell. ", "Data is stored in the physical positions of the cantilevers. ", "The physical positions of the cantilevers are unaffected by radiation.", "\nYet another advantage of the present invention is that the memory cell can be manufactured in a simple fabrication process that results in a lower device cost. ", "For example, Multi-polysilicon MEMs structures are easier to fabricate than EEPROM (Electrically Erasable and Programmable Random Access Memory) cells, which require very delicate floating gate structures.", "\nStill other advantages of the present invention will become apparent to those skilled in the art upon a reading and understanding of the detail description below." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds" }

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[ "---\nabstract: 'Computing a (shortest) path between two vertices in a graph is one of the most fundamental primitive in graph algorithmics. ", "In recent years, the study of paths in temporal graphs, that is, graphs where the vertex set remains static but the edge set may change over time, gained more and more attention. ", "In a nutshell, temporal paths have to respect time, that is, they may only move forward in time. ", "More formally, the time edges used by a temporal path either need to have increasing or non-decreasing time stamps. ", "In is well known that computing temporal paths is polynomial-time solvable. ", "We study a natural variant, where temporal paths may only dwell a certain given amount of time steps in any vertex, which we call *restless temporal paths*. ", "This small modification creates a significant change in the computational complexity of the task of finding temporal paths. ", "We show that finding restless temporal paths is -complete and give a thorough analysis of the (parameterized) computational complexity of this problem. ", "In particular, we show that problem remains computationally hard on temporal graphs with three layers and is -hard when parameterized by the feedback vertex number of the underlying graph. ", "On the positive side, we give an efficient (FPT) algorithm to find *short* restless temporal paths that has an asymptotically optimal running time assuming the Exponential Time Hypothesis.'", "\nauthor:\n- Arnaud Casteigts\n- 'Anne-Sophie Himmel[^1]'\n- 'Hendrik Molter[^2]'\n- Philipp Zschoche\nbibliography:\n- 'literature.bib'\n- 'diss.bib'\ntitle: The Computational Complexity of Finding Temporal Paths under Waiting Time Constraints\n---\n\nIntroduction\n============\n\nChecking connectivity and computing shortest paths between vertices in a graph is one of the most important tasks in graph algorithmics, both as a direct problem setting and as a subroutine for numerous other applications. ", "On static graphs, this problem has been studied for decades.", "\n\nThe study of paths and connectivity in *temporal graphs*, that is, graphs where the vertex set remains static but the edge set may change over time, gained more and more attention in the recent years. ", "Intuitively, a temporal path (sometimes also called “journey”) is a path through a temporal graph that “respects” time, that is, the time edges it uses have increasing or non-decreasing time stamps. ", "Even with this informal description we can already see that temporal paths have some properties that usual paths in static (undirected) graphs to not have.", "\n\n- Temporal paths are “directed” even in *undirected* temporal graphs: Since the time stamps of the time edges used by the path have to increase (or may not decrease), it is not necessarily possible to traverse a temporal path in the opposite direction. ", "This implies that the relation of “being connected” between vertices is not symmetric in a temporal graph.", "\n\n- Temporal paths cannot necessarily be “composed”: If there is a temporal path from a vertex $v$ to a vertex $w$ and a temporal path from vertex $w$ to a vertex $u$, there is not necessarily a temporal path from $v$ to $u$, since the path from $w$ to $u$ might be “too early”. ", "This implies that the relation of “being connected” between vertices is not transitive in a temporal graph.", "\n\nThis puts some challenges on designing algorithms to check connectivity that are not present in the static setting. ", "We are in a somewhat similar situation when we want to compute “shortest” temporal paths. ", "There are several canonical notions of a “shortest” or “optimal” temporal path. ", "We informally describe the three most important ones in the following.", "\n\n- A *shortest* temporal path is a temporal path between two vertices that uses a minimum number of time edges.", "\n\n- A *fastest* temporal path is a temporal path between two vertices with a minimum difference between the time stamps of the first and last time edge used by the path.", "\n\n- A *foremost* temporal path is a temporal path between two vertices with a minimum time stamp on its last time edge.", "\n\nEach one of these optimal temporal paths have some properties that shortest paths in static graphs do not have, in particular, a “subpath” of an optimal path is not necessarily optimal. ", "Furthermore, we have that also temporal walks, that is, temporal paths that visit the same vertex multiple times, may be optimal (at least in the case of “fastest” and “foremost”). ", "This makes computing optimal temporal paths, while still being polynomial-time solvable for the above three mentioned optimality criteria, more challenging than computing their static counterpart.", "\n\nIn this paper, we consider yet another natural type of temporal paths, which we call *restless temporal paths*. ", "Intuitively, a restless temporal path cannot stay in any vertex longer than some given time period $\\Delta$. Consider the following motivating example. ", "In a disease spreading scenarios it is very natural to model the spreading process with a temporal network, where vertices correspond to individuals and time edges to for example physical contact, where infections can happen [@Hol16]. ", "Many diseases have the property that infected individuals can recover (or die) after some fixed time period and are immune afterwards[^3], the disease travels along restless paths: It has to infect another individual before its current host recovers. ", "If we assume that a recovered person is immune to the disease afterwards, then the disease cannot infect a host twice. ", "Hence, it has to travel along a path with bounded waiting times. ", "This model for temporal paths has not received much attention of late. ", "It has been considered as a natural variant for temporal paths [@HS12; @PS11], but only recently this model was studied from a computational perspective [@Him+19; @Zsc17; @Him18] where, however, mainly restless temporal walks are considered. ", "Restless temporal walks, that is, temporal paths with restricted maximum waiting times that may visit vertices multiple times can be found in polynomial time [@Him+19]. ", "In this paper, we focus on restless temporal paths, that is, any vertex can be visited at most once. ", "Surprisingly and in stark contrast to both restless temporal walks and non-restless temporal paths, we show that it is -complete (even in very restricted cases) to decide whether there exist a restless temporal path between two vertices.", "\n\nRelated Work {#sec:path:related}\n------------\n\nTo the best of our knowledge, temporal paths and walks were first considered by @GCV91 in the context of information flow over time. ", "Other early work on temporal paths includes @Ber96, where they were also considered in the context of network flows, and the work of @KKK02, where they were considered in the context of connectivity and separation problems.", "\n\nMore systematic work with a focus on computing (optimal) temporal paths as an algorithmic primitive (as opposed to a subroutine) was conducted for example by @XFJ03, @Wu+16, and @Him+19. ", "They give polynomial time algorithms for finding optimal temporal paths for several optimality criteria. ", "@Cas+15b studied the problem from a distributed computing perspective.", "\n\nMaximum waiting times have been considered as a natural variant for temporal paths [@HS12; @PS11], however only recently this model has been studied from an algorithmic standpoint [@Him+19] and only in the context of temporal walks, where in particular, they show that restless temporal walks can be computed in polynomial time. ", "@Cas+15a studied temporal paths with maximum waiting times in the context of analysing the expressivity of temporal graphs. ", "In the context of temporal flows, a concent somewhat similar to maximum waiting times, called “vertex buffers”, has been considered by @Akr+19a.", "\n\nFurther work related to temporal paths and connectivity in temporal graphs includes research on temporal spanners and temporally connected graphs [@AF16; @Akr+17; @CPS19; @MMS19], temporal graph exploration [@BZ19; @FMS13; @ES18; @AMS19; @Akr+19b; @Erl+19; @EHK15], temporal separators [@KKK02; @Ber96; @MMS19; @Flu+19a; @Zsc+19], modifying temporal graphs to increase or decrease connectivity [@Enr+19; @EMS19], and a temporal version of the Traveling Sales Person problem [@MS16].", "\n\nOur Contributions and Organization of the Paper\n-----------------------------------------------\n\nTo the best of our knowledge, we are the first to establish -completeness of the problem of computing a restless temporal path between two vertices. ", "We show that the problem is -complete even if the input temporal graph has only three layers. ", "The reduction we present also implies some running time lower bounds based on the Exponential Time Hypothesis. ", "We further show that finding restless temporal paths is -hard when parameterized by the feedback vertex number of the underlying graph of the input temporal graph. ", "On the positive side, we show that finding restless temporal paths of bounded length (that is, number of time edges) is fixed-parameter tractable with respect to the length bound. ", "We also discuss some implications of this result for structural parameterizations.", "\n\nIn \\[sec:path:prelims\\] we formally introduce all necessary concepts related to temporal paths that we need in this work, we formally define our problem setting and report some basic observations about the problem. ", "In \\[sec:path:hardness\\] we present our main computational hardness results. ", "In \\[sec:fptalg\\] we present our algorithmic results. ", "We conclude in \\[sec:path:conclusion\\].", "\n\nPreliminaries {#sec:path:prelims}\n=============\n\nIn this section, we formally introduce the most important concepts related to temporal graphs, paths, and walks and give the formal problem definition of [Restless Temporal $(s,z)$-Path]{}and [Short Restless Temporal $(s,z)$-Path]{}.", "\n\nWe start with some basic mathematical definitions. ", "We refer to an interval as a contiguous ordered set of discrete time steps. ", "Formally, an *interval* is an ordered set $$I=[a,b]:=\\{n \\mid n \\in {\\mathbb{N}}\\wedge a \\leq n \\leq b \\},$$where $a,b \\in {\\mathbb{N}}$. Further, let $[a]:=[1,a]$.\n\nStatic Graphs\n-------------\n\nWe use standard notation from (static) graph theory [@Die16]. ", "Unless stated otherwise, we assume graphs in this thesis to be *undirected* and *simple*. ", "To clearly distinguish them from temporal graphs, they are sometimes referred to as *static* graphs. ", "Given a (static) graph $G=(V,E)$ with $E\\subseteq \\binom{V}{2}$, we denote by $V(G):=V$ and $E(G):=E$ the sets of its vertices and edges, respectively. ", "We call two vertices $u,v\\in V$ *adjacent* if $\\{u,v\\}\\in E$. Two edges $e_1,e_2\\in E$ are *adjacent* if $e_1\\cap e_2\\neq \\emptyset$. For some vertex subset $v'\\subseteq V$, we denote by $G[V']$ the *induced* subgraph of $G$ on the vertex set $V'$, that is, $G[V']=(V',E')$ where $E' = \\{\\{v,w\\}\\mid \\{v,w\\}\\in E\\wedge v\\in V'\\wedge w\\in V'\\}$.\n\nTemporal Graphs\n---------------\n\nSince temporal graph theory and temporal graph algorithmics are still rather young research fields, notation and terminology is not yet completely standardized and in the literature one can find many synonyms for terminology or mathematically equivalent definitions that use different notation [@LVM18; @CF13a; @CF13b; @Hol15; @HS12; @Boc+14; @Mic16; @Cas+12]. ", "In the following we introduce the notation and terminology we use in this paper.", "\n\nTemporal graphs are graphs where the edge set may change over a discrete set of time steps. ", "We model a temporal graph as a vertex set together with an ordered list of edge set over this vertex set.", "\n\nAn (undirected, simple) *temporal graph* is a tuple ${\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{G}=(V, E_1, E_2, \\ldots, E_{\\ensuremath{\\ell}})}\\xspace}$ (or [$\\mathcal{G}=(V, (E_i)_{i\\in[{\\ensuremath{\\ell}}]})$]{}for short), with $E_i\\subseteq\\binom{V}{2}$ for all $i\\in[{\\ensuremath{\\ell}}]$.\n\nWe call ${\\ensuremath{\\ell}}({\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{G}}\\xspace}) := {\\ensuremath{\\ell}}$ the *lifetime* of ${\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{G}}\\xspace}$. As with static graphs, we assume all temporal graphs in this thesis to be undirected and simple.", "\n\nWe call the graph $G_i({\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{G}}\\xspace}) = (V, E_i({\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{G}}\\xspace}))$ the *[layer]{}* $i$ of ${\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{G}}\\xspace}$ where $E_i({\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{G}}\\xspace}) := E_i$. If $E_i=\\emptyset$, then $G_i$ is a *trivial* layer. ", "We call layers $G_i$ and $G_{i+1}$ *adjacent*. ", "We call $i$ a *[time step]{}*. ", "If an edge $e$ appears at time $i$, that is, $e\\in E_i$, we say that $e$ has *time stamp* $i$. We further denote $V({\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{G}}\\xspace}):=V$. The *underlying graph* ${\\ensuremath{G_\\downarrow ({\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{G}}\\xspace})}\\xspace}$ of ${\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{G}}\\xspace}$ is defined as ${\\ensuremath{G_\\downarrow ({\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{G}}\\xspace})}\\xspace} := (V, \\bigcup_{i=1}^{{\\ensuremath{\\ell}}({\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{G}}\\xspace})} E_i({\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{G}}\\xspace}))$. To improve readability, we remove $({\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{G}}\\xspace})$ from the introduced notations whenever it is clear from the context.", "\n\nFor every $v\\in V$ and every [time step]{}$t\\in [{\\ensuremath{\\ell}}]$, we denote the *appearance of vertex* $v$ *at time* $t$ by the pair $(v,t)$. For evey $t\\in [{\\ensuremath{\\ell}}]$ and every $e\\in E_t$ we call the pair $(e,t)$ a *time edge*. ", "We assume that the *size* (for example when referring to input sizes in running time analyzes) of ${\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{G}}\\xspace}$ is $|{\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{G}}\\xspace}|:=|V|+\\sum_{i=1}^{\\ensuremath{\\ell}}|E_i|$, that is, we do not assume that we have compact representations of temporal graphs.", "\n\nTemporal Walks and Paths {#sec:path:def}\n------------------------\n\nIntuitively, a temporal path (sometimes also called “journey”) is a path through a temporal graph that respects time, that is, the time edge is uses have non-decreasing time stamps. ", "A temporal walk may visit the same vertex multiple times. ", "Formally, these two concepts are defined as follows.", "\n\n\\[def:temppath\\] A *temporal walk* of length $n$ from vertex $s$ to vertex $z$ in a temporal graph ${\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{G}=(V, (E_i)_{i\\in[{\\ensuremath{\\ell}}]})}\\xspace}$ is a sequence $$P =\\big( (\\{s=v_0,v_1\\}, t_1), (\\{v_1, v_2\\}, t_2), \\dots, (\\{v_{n-1}, v_n=z\\}, t_{n} ) \\big)$$ of edges together with time stamps such that for all $i\\in[n]$ we have that $\\{v_{i-1},v_i\\}\\in E_i$ and for all $i\\in [n-1]$ we have that $t_i \\leq t_{i+1}$. Moreover, we call $P$ a *temporal path* of length $n$ if $v_i\\neq v_j$ for all $i, j\\in \\{0,\\ldots,n\\}$ with $i\\neq j$.\n\nGiven a temporal path $P=\\big( (\\{v_0,v_1\\}, t_1), (\\{v_1, v_2\\}, t_2), \\dots, (\\{v_{n-1}, v_n\\}, t_{n} ) \\big)$, we denote the set of vertices visited by $P$ by $V(P)=\\{v_0,v_1,\\ldots,v_n\\}$.\n\nRestless Temporal Walks and Paths {#sec:path:defrestless}\n---------------------------------\n\nA *restless* temporal path is not allowed to wait an arbitrary amount of time in a vertex, but has to leave any vertex it visits within the next $\\Delta$-window, for some given value for $\\Delta$. Analogue to the non-restless case, a restless temporal walk may visit a vertex multiple times. ", "Formally, they are defined as follows.", "\n\n\\[def:rtemppath\\] A *${\\ensuremath{\\Delta}}$-restless temporal walk* of length $n$ from vertex $s$ to vertex $z$ in a temporal graph ${\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{G}=(V, (E_i)_{i\\in[{\\ensuremath{\\ell}}]})}\\xspace}$ is a sequence $P =\\big( (\\{s=v_0,v_1\\}, t_1), (\\{v_1, v_2\\}, t_2), \\dots, (\\{v_{n-1}, v_n=z\\}, t_{n} ) \\big)$ of edges together with time stamps such that for all $i\\in[n]$ we have that $\\{v_{i-1},v_i\\}\\in E_i$ and for all $i\\in [n-1]$ we have that $t_i \\leq t_{i+1} \\leq t_i + {\\ensuremath{\\Delta}}$. Moreover, we call $P$ a *$\\Delta$-restless temporal path* of length $n$ if $v_i\\neq v_j$ for all $i, j\\in \\{0,\\ldots,n\\}$ with $i\\neq j$. We say that $P$ *respects* the waiting time ${\\ensuremath{\\Delta}}$.\n\nHaving this definition at hand, we are ready to define the main decision problem of this work.", "\n\nWe also consider a variant, where we want to find $\\Delta$-restless paths of a certain maximum length.", "\n\n[Restless Temporal $(s,z)$-Path]{}is the special case of [Restless Temporal $(s,z)$-Path]{}for $k=|V|-1$, since no $\\Delta$-restless temporal path in a graph ${\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{G}=(V, (E_i)_{i\\in[{\\ensuremath{\\ell}}]})}\\xspace}$ can have length more than $|V|-1$. Furthermore, both [Restless Temporal $(s,z)$-Path]{}and [Short Restless Temporal $(s,z)$-Path]{}are clearly contained in since, given a temporal path, we can easily verify in polynomial time whether it is $\\Delta$-restless.", "\n\nParameterized Complexity\n------------------------\n\nWe use standard notation and terminology from parameterized complexity theory [@DF13; @FG06; @Nie06; @Cyg+15] and give here a brief overview of the most important concepts that are used in this thesis. ", "A *parameterized problem* is a language $L\\subseteq \\Sigma^* \\times {\\mathbb{N}}$, where $\\Sigma$ is a finite alphabet. ", "We call the second component the *parameter* of the problem. ", "A parameterized problem is *fixed-parameter tractable* (in the complexity class ) if there is an algorithm that solves each instance $(I, r)$ in $f(r) \\cdot |I|^{O(1)}$ time, for some computable function $f$. A decidable parameterized problem $L$ admits a *polynomial kernel* if there is a polynomial-time algorithm that transforms each instance $(I,r)$ into an instance $(I', r')$ such that $(I,r)\\in L$ if and only if $(I',r')\\in L$ and $|(I', r')|\\in r^{O(1)}$. If a parameterized problem is hard for the parameterized complexity class , then it is (presumably) not in . ", "The complexity classes is closed under parameterized reductions, which may run in -time and additionally set the new parameter to a value that exclusively depends on the old parameter. ", "We employ the cross-composition framework by @BJK14 to refute the existence of a polynomial kernel for a parameterized problem under the assumption that [$\\not\\subseteq$ /]{}, the negation of which would cause a collapse of the polynomial-time hierarchy to the third level. ", "In order to formaly introduce the framework, we need some definitions.", "\n\nAn equivalence relation $R$ on the instances of some problem $L$ is a *polynomial equivalence relation* if\n\n1. ", " one can decide for each two instances in time polynomial in their sizes whether they belong to the same equivalence class, and\n\n2. ", " for each finite set $S$ of instances, $R$ partitions the set into at most $(\\max_{x \\in S} |x|)^{O(1)}$ equivalence classes.", "\n\nUsing this, we can now define OR-cross-compositions and AND-cross-compositions.", "\n\nAn *OR-cross-composition* of a problem $L\\subseteq \\Sigma^*$ into a parameterized problem $P$ (with respect to a polynomial equivalence relation $R$ on the instances of $L$) is an algorithm that takes $n$ $R$-equivalent instances $x_1,\\ldots,x_n$ of $L$ and constructs in time polynomial in $\\sum_{i=1}^n |x_i|$ an instance $(x,k)$ of $P$ such that\n\n1. ", " $k$ is polynomially upper-bounded in $\\max_{1\\leq i\\leq n}|x_i|+\\log(n)$ and\n\n2. ", " $(x,k)$ is a [*yes*]{}-instance of $P$ if and only if there is an $i\\in [n]$ such that $x_{i}$ is a [*yes*]{}-instance of $L$.\n\nIf an -hard problem $L$ OR-cross-composes into a parameterized problem $P$, then $P$ does not admit a polynomial kernel, unless [$\\subseteq$ /]{} [@BJK14].", "\n\nBasic Observations\n------------------\n\nIt is easy to observe that computational hardness of [Restless Temporal $(s,z)$-Path]{}for some fixed value of $\\Delta$ implies hardness for all larger values of $\\Delta$. This allows us to construct hardness reductions for small fixed values of $\\Delta$ and still obtain general hardness results.", "\n\n\\[obs:path:delta\\] For every fixed $\\Delta$, the problem [Restless Temporal $(s,z)$-Path]{}on instances $({\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{G}}\\xspace}, s,z,\\Delta+1)$ is at least as hard as [Restless Temporal $(s,z)$-Path]{}on instances $({\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{G}}\\xspace}, s,z,\\Delta)$.\n\nThe result immediately follows from the observation that a temporal graph ${\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{G}}\\xspace}$ contains a $\\Delta$-restless [temporal $(s,z)$-path]{} if and only if the temporal graph ${\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{G}}\\xspace}'$ contains a $(\\Delta+1)$-restless [temporal $(s,z)$-path]{}, where ${\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{G}}\\xspace}'$ is obtained from ${\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{G}}\\xspace}$ by inserting one trivial layer after every $\\Delta$ consecutive layers.", "\n\nFurthermore, we can show that [Restless Temporal $(s,z)$-Path]{}does not admit a polynomial kernel when parameterized by the number $|V|$ of vertices.", "\n\n\\[prop:path:nopk\\] [Restless Temporal $(s,z)$-Path]{}parameterized by the number $|V|$ of vertices does not admit a polynomial kernel for all $\\Delta\\ge 1$ unless [$\\subseteq$ /]{}.", "\n\nWe provide an OR-cross-composition from [Restless Temporal $(s,z)$-Path]{}onto itself. ", "We define an equivalence relation $R$ as follows: Two instances $({\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{G}=(V, (E_i)_{i\\in[{\\ensuremath{\\ell}}]})}\\xspace},s,z,\\Delta)$ and $({\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{G}}\\xspace}'=(V', (E'_i)_{i\\in[{\\ensuremath{\\ell}}']}),s',z',\\Delta')$ are equivalent under $R$ if and only if $|V|=|V'|$ and $\\Delta=\\Delta'$. Clearly, $R$ is a polynomial equivalence relation.", "\n\nNow let $({\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{G}}\\xspace}_1=(V_1, (E_{1,i})_{i\\in[{\\ensuremath{\\ell}}_1]}),s_1,z_1,\\Delta_1),\\ldots,({\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{G}}\\xspace}_n=(V_n, (E_{n,i})_{i\\in[{\\ensuremath{\\ell}}_n]}),s_n,z_n,\\Delta_n)$ be $R$-equivalent instances of [Restless Temporal $(s,z)$-Path]{}. ", "We construct a temporal graph ${\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{G}}\\xspace}^\\star=(V^\\star, (E^\\star_{i})_{i\\in[{\\ensuremath{\\ell}}^\\star]})$ as follows. ", "Let $|V^\\star|=|V_1|$ and $s^\\star, z^\\star\\in V^\\star$. We identify all vertices $s_i$ with $i\\in[n]$ with each other and with $s^\\star$, that is, $s^\\star=s_1=\\ldots=s_n$. Analogously, we identify all vertices $z_i$ with $i\\in[n]$ with each other and with $z^\\star$, that is, $z^\\star=z_1=\\ldots=z_n$. We arbitrarily identify the remaining vertices of the instances with the remaining vertices from $V^\\star$, that is, let $V^\\star\\setminus\\{s^\\star,z^\\star\\}=V_1\\setminus\\{s_1,z_1\\}=\\ldots=V_n\\setminus\\{s_n,z_n\\}$. Now let $E^\\star_1=E_{1,1}, E^\\star_2=E_{1,2}, \\ldots, E^\\star_{{\\ensuremath{\\ell}}_1}=E_{1,{\\ensuremath{\\ell}}_1}$. Intuitively, the first instance $({\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{G}}\\xspace}_1=(V_1, (E_{1,i})_{i\\in[{\\ensuremath{\\ell}}_1]})$ essentially forms the first ${\\ensuremath{\\ell}}_1$ layers of ${\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{G}}\\xspace}^\\star$. Then we introduce $\\Delta_1+1$ trivial layers, that is, $E^\\star_{{\\ensuremath{\\ell}}_1+1}=E^\\star_{{\\ensuremath{\\ell}}_1+2}=\\ldots=E^\\star_{{\\ensuremath{\\ell}}_1+\\Delta+1}=\\emptyset$. Then we continue in the same fashion with the second instance and so on. ", "We have that ${\\ensuremath{\\ell}}^\\star=\\sum_{i\\in[n]} {\\ensuremath{\\ell}}_i + (n-1)\\cdot(\\Delta_1+1)$. Finally, we set $\\Delta^\\star=\\Delta_1$.\n\nThis instance can be constructed in polynomial time and the number of vertices is the same as the vertices of the input instances, hence $|V^\\star|$ is polynomially upper-bounded by a maximum size of an input instance. ", "Furthermore, it is easy to check that ${\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{G}}\\xspace}^\\star$ contains a $\\Delta^\\star$-restless [temporal $(s^\\star,z^\\star)$-path]{} one if and only if there is an $i\\in[n]$ such that ${\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{G}}\\xspace}_i$ contains a $\\Delta_i$-restless [temporal $(s_i,z_i)$-path]{}. ", "This follows from the fact that all instances are separated in time by $\\Delta_1+1$ trivial layers, hence no $\\Delta^\\star$-restless [temporal $(s^\\star,z^\\star)$-path]{} can use time edges from different original instances. ", "Since [Restless Temporal $(s,z)$-Path]{}is -hard (\\[thm:probRestlessPath:NPh\\]) the result follows.", "\n\nOptimality Concepts for Temporal Paths {#subs:path:opt}\n--------------------------------------\n\nIn contrast to the static setting, there are several canonical notions of a “shortest” or “optimal” temporal path. ", "We informally describe the three most important ones in the following and then give their formal definitions.", "\n\n- A *shortest* temporal path is a temporal path between two vertices that uses a minimum number of time edges.", "\n\n- A *fastest* temporal path is a temporal path between two vertices with a minimum difference between the time stamps of the first and last time edge used by the path.", "\n\n- A *foremost* temporal path is a temporal path between two vertices with a minimum time stamp on its last time edge.", "\n\nFormally they are defined as follows.", "\n\nLet ${\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{G}=(V, (E_i)_{i\\in[{\\ensuremath{\\ell}}]})}\\xspace}$ be a temporal graph with two vertices $s,z\\in V$ and let $P =\\big( (\\{s=v_0,v_1\\}, t_1), (\\{v_1, v_2\\}, t_2), \\dots, (\\{v_{n-1}, v_n=z\\}, t_{n} ) \\big)$ be a [temporal $(s,z)$-path]{}. ", "We call $P$\n\n- a *shortest* [temporal $(s,z)$-path]{}, if there is no [temporal $(s,z)$-path]{} $$P' =\\big( (\\{s=v_0,v_1'\\}, t_1'), (\\{v_1', v_2'\\}, t_2'), \\dots, (\\{v_{n'-1}', v'_{n'}=z\\}, t'_{n'} ) \\big)$$ with $n'<n$ in ${\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{G}}\\xspace}$,\n\n- a *fastest* [temporal $(s,z)$-path]{}, if there is no [temporal $(s,z)$-path]{} $$P' =\\big( (\\{s=v_0,v_1'\\}, t_1'), (\\{v_1', v_2'\\}, t_2'), \\dots, (\\{v_{n'-1}', v'_{n'}=z\\}, t'_{n'} ) \\big)$$ with $t'_{n'}-t'_1<t_n-t_1$ in ${\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{G}}\\xspace}$, and\n\n- a *foremost* [temporal $(s,z)$-path]{}, if there is no [temporal $(s,z)$-path]{} $$P' =\\big( (\\{s=v_0,v_1'\\}, t_1'), (\\{v_1', v_2'\\}, t_2'), \\dots, (\\{v_{n'-1}', v'_{n'}=z\\}, t'_{n'} ) \\big)$$ with $t'_{n'}<t_n$ in ${\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{G}}\\xspace}$.\n\nThese concepts transfer to $\\Delta$-restless temporal paths in a straight forward way. ", "For an overview on further optimality concepts for temporal graphs we refer to @Him18 [@Him+19].", "\n\nStrict vs. Non-Strict Temporal Paths\n------------------------------------\n\nHere, we want to briefly discuss the concept of *strict* temporal paths and how it differs from the model we use here. ", "In contrast to a (non-strict) temporal path (see \\[def:temppath\\]), a the edges used by a strict temporal path need to have strictly increasing time stamps. ", "Strict restless paths are defined in an analogous way. ", "In this paper, we focus on non-strict temporal paths. ", "However, we remark that for some problem setting, the two models can behave quite differently [@Zsc+19]. ", "One obvious difference is that the length of a strict temporal path in a temporal graph in upper-bounded by the lifetime of the temporal graph, which allows for some tractability results for temporal graph with small lifetime, where it is often not clear whether similar results also hold for the non-strict temporal path model [@Zsc+19].", "\n\nHardness Results for Restless Temporal Paths {#sec:path:hardness}\n============================================\n\nIn this section we thorougly analyse the computational hardness of [Restless Temporal $(s,z)$-Path]{}which of course transfers also to [Short Restless Temporal $(s,z)$-Path]{}.", "\n\nNP-Hardness for few Layers\n--------------------------\n\nWe start by showing that [Restless Temporal $(s,z)$-Path]{}is -complete even if the lifetime of the input temporal graph is constant.", "\n\n\\[thm:probRestlessPath:NPh\\] [Restless Temporal $(s,z)$-Path]{}is -complete for all ${\\ensuremath{\\Delta}}\\ge 1$ and ${\\ensuremath{\\ell}}\\ge \\Delta+2$ even if every edge has only one time stamp.", "\n\nWe show this result by a reduction from the -complete [Exact $(3,4)$-SAT]{}problem [@Tov84]. ", "The problem [Exact $(3,4)$-SAT]{}asks whether a given formula $\\phi$ is satisfiable and is in conjunctive normal form where each clause has exactly three literals and each variable appears in exactly four clauses.", "\n\nLet $\\phi$ be an instance of [Exact $(3,4)$-SAT]{}with $n$ variables and $m$ clauses. ", "We construct a temporal graph ${\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{G}=(V, (E_i)_{i\\in[{\\ensuremath{\\ell}}]})}\\xspace}$ with ${\\ensuremath{\\ell}}=3$ (note that to get larger values for ${\\ensuremath{\\ell}}$, we can simply append trivial layers to the constructed instance) consisting of a series of variable gadgets followed by a dedicated vertex $s_n$ and then a series of clause gadgets. ", "It is constructed in a way such that for $\\Delta=1$, any $\\Delta$-restless temporal $(s,z)$-path has to visit a vertex $s_n$ and each possible $\\Delta$-restless temporal $(s,s_n)$-path represents exactly one variable assignment for the formula $\\phi$. Further we show that for any $\\Delta$-restless temporal $(s,s_n)$-path it holds that it can only be extended to a $\\Delta$-restless temporal $(s,z)$-path if and only if the $\\Delta$-restless temporal $(s,s_n)$-path represents a satisfying assignment for the formula $\\phi$.\n\n[*Variable Gadget.*]{} ", "We start by adding a vertex $s$ to the vertex set $V$ of ${\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{G}}\\xspace}$. For each variable $x_i$ with $i \\in [n]$ of $\\phi$, we add 9 fresh vertices to $V$: $x_i^{(1)}$, $x_i^{(2)}$, $x_i^{(3)}$, $x_i^{(4)}$, $\\bar x_i^{(1)}$, $\\bar x_i^{(2)}$, $\\bar x_i^{(3)}$, $\\bar x_i^{(4)}$, and $s_i$. Each variable $x_i$ is represented by a gadget consisting two disjoint path segments of four vertices each. ", "One path segment is formed by $x_i^{(1)}$, $x_i^{(2)}$, $x_i^{(3)}$, and $x_i^{(4)}$ in that order and the second path segment is formed by $\\bar x_i^{(1)}$, $\\bar x_i^{(2)}$, $\\bar x_i^{(3)}$, and $\\bar x_i^{(4)}$ in that order. ", "The connecting edges all appear exclusively at time step one, that is, $\\{x_i^{(1)}, x_i^{(2)}\\}$, $\\{x_i^{(2)}, x_i^{(3)}\\}$, and $\\{x_i^{(3)}, x_i^{(4)}\\}$ are added to $E_1$. Analogously for the edges connecting $\\bar x_i^{(1)}$, $\\bar x_i^{(2)}$, $\\bar x_i^{(3)}$, and $\\bar x_i^{(4)}$. Intuitively, if a $\\Delta$-restless temporal $(s,z)$-path passes the first segment, then this corresponds to setting the variable $x_i$ to . ", "If it passes the second segment, then the variable is set to . ", "For all $i \\in [n-1]$ we add the edges $\\{x_i^{(4)},s_i\\}$, $\\{\\bar x_i^{(4)},s_i\\}$, $\\{s_i,\\bar x_{i+1}^{(1)}\\}$, and $\\{s_i,\\bar x_{i+1}^{(1)}\\}$ to $E_1$ and, additionally, we add $\\{s,x_{1}^{(1)}\\}$, $\\{s,\\bar x_{1}^{(1)}\\}$, $\\{x_{n}^{(4)},s_n\\}$, and $\\{\\bar x_{n}^{(4)},s_n\\}$ to $E_1$. We can observe that there are exactly $2^n$ different temporal $(s,s_n)$-paths at time step one. ", "Intuitively, each path represents exactly one variable assignment for the formula $\\phi$. [*Clause Gadget.*]{} ", "We add a vertex $z$ to $V$. For each clause $c_j$ with $j \\in [m]$ we add a fresh vertex $c_j$ to $V$. We further add a vertex $s'$ to $V$ and add the edge $\\{s_n,s'\\}$ to $E_2$. Let $x_i$ (or $\\bar x_i$) be a literal that appears in clause $c_j$ and let this be the $k$th appearance of variable $x_i$ in $\\phi$. Then, we add the edges $\\{c_j, x_i^{(k)}\\}, \\{x_i^{(k)},c_{j+1}\\}$ (or $\\{c_j, \\bar x_i^{(k)}\\}, \\{\\bar x_i^{(k)},c_{j+1}\\}$) to $E_3$ (where $c_{m+1} = z$). ", "Finally, we add the edge $\\{s',c_1\\}$ to $E_3$. Hence, there are exactly $3^m$ different temporal $(s',z)$-paths at time step three. ", "Each path must visit the clause vertices $c_1,\\ldots,c_m$ in the given order by construction.", "\n\nFinally, we set ${\\ensuremath{\\Delta}}=1$. This finishes the construction, for a visualization see \\[fig:pathred1\\]. ", "It is easy to check that every edge in the constructed temporal graph has only one time step and that the temporal graph can be computed in polynomial time.", "\n\n(Sl) at (-3,1) [$s$]{}; (X1l) at (3,-1) [$x_1$]{}; (X2l) at (13,-1) [$x_2$]{}; (X3l) at (23,-1) [$x_3$]{}; (S) at (-2,1) ; (A1) at (0,0) ; (A2) at (2,0) ; (A3) at (4,0) ; (A4) at (6,0) ; (A5) at (0,2) ; (A6) at (2,2) ; (A7) at (4,2) ; (A8) at (6,2) ; (S2) at (8,1) ; (B1) at (10,0) ; (B2) at (12,0) ; (B3) at (14,0) ; (B4) at (16,0) ; (B5) at (10,2) ; (B6) at (12,2) ; (B7) at (14,2) ; (B8) at (16,2) ; (S3) at (18,1) ; (C1) at (20,0) ; (C2) at (22,0) ; (C3) at (24,0) ; (C4) at (26,0) ; (C5) at (20,2) ; (C6) at (22,2) ; (C7) at (24,2) ; (C8) at (26,2) ; (S4) at (28,1) ; (SN) at (38,1) ; (SNl) at (39.2,1) [$s_n$]{};\n\n(SP) at (36,-2.5) ; (SPl) at (37,-2.5) [$s'$]{};\n\n(CC1) at (32,-5) ; (CC1l) at (32,-5.8) [$c_1$]{};\n\n(CCi) at (20,-5) ; (CCil) at (20,-5.8) [$c_i$]{}; (CCii) at (14,-5) ; (CCiil) at (14,-5.8) [$c_{i+1}$]{};\n\n(Zl) at (-3,-5) [$z$]{}; (Z) at (-2,-5) ;\n\n\\(S) – (A1); (A1) – (A2); (A2) – (A3); (A3) – (A4); (A4) – (S2); (S) – (A5); (A5) – (A6); (A6) – (A7); (A7) – (A8); (A8) – (S2);\n\n(S2) – (B1); (B1) – (B2); (B2) – (B3); (B3) – (B4); (B4) – (S3); (S2) – (B5); (B5) – (B6); (B6) – (B7); (B7) – (B8); (B8) – (S3);\n\n(S3) – (C1); (C1) – (C2); (C2) – (C3); (C3) – (C4); (C4) – (S4); (S3) – (C5); (C5) – (C6); (C6) – (C7); (C7) – (C8); (C8) – (S4);\n\n(S4) – (30,0); (S4) – (30,2); (SN) – (36,0); (SN) – (36,2);\n\n(SN) – (SP); (SP) – (CC1);\n\n(CCi) – (C7); (CCii) – (C7); (CCi) – (B3); (CCii) – (B3); (CCi) – (A4); (CCii) – (A4);\n\n(CC1) – (30,-4.5); (CC1) – (30,-4); (CC1) – (30,-3.4);\n\n(CCi) – (22,-4.5); (CCi) – (22,-4); (CCi) – (22,-3.4);\n\n(CCii) – (12,-4.5); (CCii) – (12,-4); (CCii) – (12,-3.4);\n\n\\(Z) – (0,-4.5); (Z) – (0,-4); (Z) – (0,-3.4);\n\n[*Correctness.*]{} ", "Now we can show that $\\phi$ is satisfiable if and only if ${\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{G}}\\xspace}$ has a $\\Delta$-restless temporal $(s,z)$-path.", "\n\n[$(\\Rightarrow)$:]{}Let us assume there is a satisfying assignment for formula $\\phi$. Then we construct a $\\Delta$-restless temporal path from vertex $s$ to $z$ as follows. ", "Starting from $s$, for each variable $x_i$ of $\\phi$ the $\\Delta$-restless temporal path passes through the variables $x_i^{(1)}$, $x_i^{(2)}$, $x_i^{(3)}$, and $x_i^{(4)}$, if $x_i$ is set to , and $\\bar x_i^{(1)}$, $\\bar x_i^{(2)}$, $\\bar x_i^{(3)}$, and $\\bar x_i^{(4)}$, if $x_i$ is set to , at time step one. ", "The $\\Delta$-restless temporal path arrives at time step one in the vertex $s_n$. In time step two it goes from $s_n$ to $s'$.\n\nAt time step three, the $\\Delta$-restless temporal path can be extended to $c_1$. In each clause $c_j$ for $j \\in [m]$ there is at least one literal $x_i$ (or $\\bar x_i$) that is evaluated to . ", "Let $c_j$ be the $k$th clause in which $x_i$ appears. ", "We have that, depending on whether $x_i$ is set to (or ), the vertex $x^{(k)}_i$ (or $\\bar x^{(k)}_i$) has not been visited so far. ", "Hence, the $\\Delta$-restless temporal path can be extended from $c_j$ to $c_{j+1}$ (or to $z$ for $j = m$) at time step three via $x^{(k)}_i$ (or $\\bar x^{(k)}_i$). ", "Thus, there exists a $\\Delta$-restless temporal $(s,z)$-path in ${\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{G}}\\xspace}$.\n\n[$(\\Leftarrow)$:]{}Let us assume that there exists a $\\Delta$-restless temporal $(s,z)$-path in the constructed temporal graph ${\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{G}}\\xspace}$. Note that any $\\Delta$-restless temporal $(s,z)$-path must reach $s_n$ in time step one because the variable gadget has only edges at time step one and the waiting time ${\\ensuremath{\\Delta}}=1$ prevents the path to enter the clause gadget (which only has edges at time step three) before using the edge $\\{s_n, s'\\}$ at time step two.", "\n\nIt is easy to see that for the first part of the $\\Delta$-restless temporal graph from $s$ to $s_n$ it holds that for each $i\\in [n]$, it visits either vertices $x_i^{(1)}$, $x_i^{(2)}$, $x_i^{(3)}$, and $x_i^{(4)}$, or vertices $\\bar x_i^{(1)}$, $\\bar x_i^{(2)}$, $\\bar x_i^{(3)}$, and $\\bar x_i^{(4)}$. In the former case we set $x_i$ to and in the latter case we set $x_i$ to . ", "We claim that this produces a satisfying assignment for $\\phi$. In time step three, the part of the $\\Delta$-restless temporal path from $s'$ to $z$ has to pass vertices $c_1,c_2,\\ldots,c_m$ to reach $z$. The $\\Delta$-restless temporal path passes exactly one variable vertex $x_i^{(k)}$ (or $\\bar x^{(k)}_i$) when going from $c_j$ to $c_{j+1}$ (and finally from $c_m$ to $z$) that has not been visited so far and that corresponds to a variable that appears in the clause $c_j$ for the $k$th time. ", "The fact that the variable vertex was not visited implies that we set the corresponding variable to a truth value that makes it satisfy clause $c_j$. This holds for all $j \\in [m]$. Hence, each clause is satisfied by the constructed assignment and, consequently, $\\phi$ is satisfiable.", "\n\nThe reduction presented in the proof of \\[thm:probRestlessPath:NPh\\] also yields a running time lower bound assuming the Exponential Time Hypothesis (ETH) [@IP01; @IPZ01].", "\n\n\\[cor:path:eth\\] [Restless Temporal $(s,z)$-Path]{} does not admit a $f({\\ensuremath{\\ell}})^{o(|{\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{G}}\\xspace}|)}$-time algorithm for any computable function $f$ unless the ETH fails.", "\n\nFirst, note that any [3-SAT]{}formula with $m$ clauses can be transformed into an equisatisfiable [Exact $(3,4)$-SAT]{} formula with $O(m)$ clauses [@Tov84]. ", "The reduction presented in the proof of \\[thm:probRestlessPath:NPh\\] produces an instance of [Restless Temporal $(s,z)$-Path]{} with a temporal graph of size $|{\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{G}}\\xspace}|\\in O(m)$ and ${\\ensuremath{\\ell}}=3$. Hence an algorithm for [Restless Temporal $(s,z)$-Path]{} with running time $f({\\ensuremath{\\ell}})^{o(|{\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{G}}\\xspace}|)}$ for some computable function $f$ would imply the existence of an $2^{o(m)}$-time algorithm for [3-SAT]{}. ", "This is a contradiction to the ETH [@IP01; @IPZ01].", "\n\n-Hardness for Feedback Vertex Number\n------------------------------------\n\nIn the following, we show that parameterizing [Restless Temporal $(s,z)$-Path]{}with structural graph parameters of the underlying graph of the input temporal graph presumably does not yield fixed-parameter tractability for a large number of popular parameters.", "\n\n\\[thm:probRestlessPath:W1hFVS\\] [Restless Temporal $(s,z)$-Path]{}parameterized by the feedback vertex number of the underlying graph is -hard for all ${\\ensuremath{\\Delta}}\\ge 1$ even if every edge has only one time stamp.", "\n\nWe present a parameterized reduction from [Multicolored Clique]{}where, given a $k$-partite graph $H=(U_1\\uplus U_2\\uplus\\ldots\\uplus U_k, F)$, we are asked to decide whether $H$ contains a clique of size $k$. [Multicolored Clique]{}is known to be -hard when parameterized by the clique size $k$ [@Fel+09; @Cyg+15].", "\n\nLet $(H=(U_1\\uplus U_2\\uplus\\ldots\\uplus U_k, F),k)$ be an instance of [Multicolored Clique]{}. ", "For each $i,j\\in[k]$ with $i<j$ let $F_{i,j} = \\{\\{u,v\\}\\in F \\mid u\\in U_i \\wedge v\\in U_j\\}$ be the set of edges between vertices in $U_i$ and $U_j$. We assume that $k\\ge 3$, otherwise we can solve the instance in polynomial time. ", "Without loss of generality, we assume that for all $i,j,i',j'\\in[k]$ with $i<j$ and $i'<j'$ we have that $|F_{i,j}|=|F_{i',j'}|=m$ for some $m\\in{\\mathbb{N}}$. Note that if this is not the case, we add new vertices and single edges to increase the cardinality of some set $F_{i,j}$ and this does not introduce new cliques since $k\\ge 3$. We further assume that without loss of generality that $|U_1|=|U_2|=\\ldots=|U_k|=n$ for some $n\\in{\\mathbb{N}}$. If this is not the case, we can add additional isolated vertices to increase the cardinality of some set $U_i$. We construct a temporal graph ${\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{G}=(V, (E_i)_{i\\in[{\\ensuremath{\\ell}}]})}\\xspace}$ with two distinct vertices $s,z\\in V$ such that there is a $\\Delta$-restless [temporal $(s,z)$-path]{} in ${\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{G}}\\xspace}$ if and only if $H$ contains a clique of size $k$. Furthermore, we show that the underlying graph ${\\ensuremath{G_{\\downarrow}}\\xspace}$ of ${\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{G}}\\xspace}$ has a feedback vertex number in $O(k^2)$.\n\n[*Vertex Selection Gadgets.*]{} ", "For each set $U_i$ with $i\\in[k]$ of the vertex set of $H$ we create the following gadget. ", "Let $U_i = \\{u_1^{(i)}, u_2^{(i)}, \\ldots, u_{n}^{(i)}\\}$. We create a path of length $k\\cdot n + n + 1$ on fresh vertices $w_1^{(i)},v_{1,1}^{(i)}, v_{1,2}^{(i)}, \\ldots, v_{1,k}^{(i)},w_2^{(i)}, v_{2,1}^{(i)}, \\ldots, v_{n,k}^{(i)},w_{n+1}^{(i)}$. Intuitively, this path contains a segment of length $k$ for each vertex in $U_i$ which are separated by the vertices $w_j^{(i)}$, and the construction will allow a $\\Delta$-restless [temporal $(s,z)$-path]{} to skip exactly one of these segments, which is going to correspond to selecting this vertex for the clique.", "\n\nFormally, for each vertex $u_j^{(i)}\\in U_i$ we create $k$ vertices $v_{j,1}^{(i)}, v_{j,2}^{(i)}, \\ldots, v_{j,k}^{(i)}$, which we call the *segment corresponding to $u_j^{(i)}$*. ", "We further create vertices $w_1^{(i)}, w_2^{(i)}, \\ldots, w_{n+1}^{(i)}$. For all $j\\in[n]$ and $x\\in [k-1]$ we connect vertices $v_{j,x}^{(i)}$ and $v_{j,x+1}^{(i)}$ with an edge at time $(i-1)\\cdot n + j$ and we connect $w_j^{(i)}$ with $v_{j,1}^{(i)}$ and $w_{j+1}^{(i)}$ with $v_{j,k}^{(i)}$ at time $(i-1)\\cdot n + j$ each. ", "Lastly, we introduce a “skip vertex” $s^{(i)}$ that will allow a $\\Delta$-restless [temporal $(s,z)$-path]{} to skip one path segment of length $k$ that corresponds to one of the vertices in $U_i$. For each $j\\in[n+1]$, we connect vertices $s^{(i)}$ and $w_{j}^{(i)}$ with an edge at time $(i-1)\\cdot n+j$.\n\nNow we connect the gadgets for all $U_i$’s in sequence, that is, a $\\Delta$-restless [temporal $(s,z)$-path]{} passes through the gadgets one after another, selecting one vertex of each part $U_i$. Formally, for all $i\\in [k-1]$, we connect vertices $w_{n+1}^{(i)}$ and $w_{1}^{(i+1)}$ with an edge at time $i\\cdot n + 1$. It is easy to check that the set $\\{s^{(1)}, s^{(2)}, \\ldots, s^{(k)}\\}$ forms a feedback vertex set of size $k$ for the vertex selection gadgets. ", "The vertex selection gadget is visualized in \\[fig:pathred2\\].", "\n\n(Sl) at (-3,-1) [$s$]{}; (S) at (-3,0) ; (S1) at (18,4) ; (S1l) at (18,4.8) [$s^{(1)}$]{}; (W1) at (0,0) ; (W1l) at (-.3,-1) [$w_1^{(1)}$]{}; (A1) at (2,0) ; (A1l) at (2,-1) [$v_{1,1}^{(1)}$]{}; (A2) at (4,0) ; (A2l) at (4,-1) [$v_{1,2}^{(1)}$]{}; (A3) at (6,0) ; (A3l) at (6,-1) [$v_{1,3}^{(1)}$]{}; (Ak) at (10,0) ; (Akl) at (10,-1) [$v_{1,k}^{(1)}$]{}; (W2) at (12,0) ; (W2l) at (12.3,-1) [$w_2^{(1)}$]{}; (B1) at (14,0) ; (B2) at (16,0) ; (B3) at (18,0) ; (Bk) at (22,0) ; (W3) at (24,0) ; (W3l) at (24,-1) [$w_3^{(1)}$]{}; (C1) at (26,0) ; (Dk) at (34,0) ; (Wn) at (36,0) ; (Wnl) at (36,-1) [$w_n^{(1)}$]{}; (Wnn) at (40,0) ; (Wnnl) at (40,-1) [$w_1^{(2)}$]{};\n\n\\(S) – (W1); (W1) – (A1); (A1) – (A2); (A2) – (A3); (A3) – (7.2,0); (Ak) – (8.8,0); (Ak) – (W2);\n\n(W2) – (B1); (B1) – (B2); (B2) – (B3); (B3) – (19.2,0); (Bk) – (20.8,0); (Bk) – (W3);\n\n(W3) – (C1); (C1) – (28,0);\n\n(Dk) – (32,0); (Dk) – (Wn);\n\n(Wn) – (Wnn); (Wnn) – (42,0); (Wnn) – (41.8,0.6);\n\n(W1) – (S1); (W2) – (S1); (W3) – (S1); (Wn) – (S1);\n\n[*Validation Gadgets.*]{} ", "A $\\Delta$-restless [temporal $(s,z)$-path]{} has to pass through the validation gadgets after it passed through the vertex selection gadgets. ", "Intuitively, this should only be possible if the selected vertices form a clique. ", "We construct the gadget in the following way.", "\n\nFor each $i,j\\in[k]$ with $i<j$ let the edges in $F_{i,j}$ be ordered in an arbitrary way, that is, $F_{i,j} = \\{e_1^{(i,j)}, e_2^{(i,j)},\\ldots, e_{m}^{(i,j)}\\}$. We create two paths of length $2m$ on fresh vertices $v_{1,1}^{(i,j)}, v_{1,2}^{(i,j)}, v_{2,1}^{(i,j)},$ $v_{2,2}^{(i,j)}, \\ldots, v_{m,2}^{(i,j)}$ and $v_{1,3}^{(i,j)}, v_{1,4}^{(i,j)}, v_{2,3}^{(i,j)}, v_{2,4}^{(i,j)}, \\ldots, v_{m,4}^{(i,j)}$, respectively. ", "Intuitively, the *first path* selects an edge from $U_i$ to $U_j$ and the transition to the *second path* should only be possible if the two endpoints of the selected edge are selected in the corresponding vertex selection gadgets.", "\n\nFormally, for each edge $e_h^{(i,j)}\\in F_{i,j}$ we create four vertices $v_{h,1}^{(i,j)}, v_{h,2}^{(i,j)}, v_{h,3}^{(i,j)}, v_{h,4}^{(i,j)}$. Furthermore, we introduce three extra vertices $s_1^{(i,j)},s_2^{(i,j)},s_3^{(i,j)}$. For all $h\\in[m]$ we connect vertices $v_{h,1}^{(i,j)}$ and $v_{h,2}^{(i,j)}$ with an edge at time $y_{i,j} + 2h-1$, we connect vertices $v_{h,1}^{(i,j)}$ and $s_1^{(i,j)}$ with an edge at time $y_{i,j} + 2h-1$, we connect vertices $v_{h,3}^{(i,j)}$ and $v_{h,4}^{(i,j)}$ with an edge at time $y_{i,j} + 2h-1$, we connect vertices $v_{h,3}^{(i,j)}$ and $s_3^{(i,j)}$ with an edge at time $y_{i,j} + 2h-1$, and if $h<m$, we connect vertices $v_{h,2}^{(i,j)}$ and $v_{h+1,1}^{(i,j)}$ with an edge at time $y_{i,j} + 2h$ and we connect vertices $v_{h,4}^{(i,j)}$ and $v_{h+1,3}^{(i,j)}$ with an edge at time $y_{i,j} + 2h$, where $y_{i,j}=k\\cdot n+2m\\cdot (i\\cdot j+\\frac{1}{2}\\cdot i\\cdot (i-1)-1)$ (the value of $y_{i,j}$ can be interpreted as a “time offset” for the validation gadget for $F_{i,j}$, the value is computed by adding all time steps needed in validation gadget for $F_{i',j'}$ with $i'<j'$, $i'\\le i$, $j'\\le j$, and $(i',j')\\neq (i,j)$). ", "Next, for each edge $e_h^{(i,j)}= \\{u_a^{(i)},u_b^{(j)}\\}\\in F_{i,j}$ we connect vertices $s_1^{(i,j)}$ and $v_{a,j}^{(i)}$ (from the vertex selection gadget for $U_i$) with an edge at time $y_{i,j} + 2h-1$, we connect vertices $s_2^{(i,j)}$ and $v_{a,j}^{(i)}$ with an edge at time $y_{i,j} + 2h-1$, we connect vertices $s_2^{(i,j)}$ and $v_{b,i}^{(j)}$ (from the vertex selection gadget for $U_j$) with an edge at time $y_{i,j} + 2h-1$, and we connect vertices $s_3^{(i,j)}$ and $v_{b,i}^{(j)}$ with an edge at time $y_{i,j} + 2h-1$.\n\nNow we connect the gadgets for all $F_{i,j}$’s in sequence, that is, a $\\Delta$-restless [temporal $(s,z)$-path]{} passes through the gadgets one after another, selecting one edge of each part $F_{i,j}$ of the edge set $F$. Formally, for each $i,j\\in[k]$ with $i<j$, if $i< j-1$, we connect vertices $v_{m,4}^{(i,j)}$ and $v_{1,1}^{(i+1,j)}$ with an edge at time $y_{i+1,j}$, and if $i= j-1<k-1$, we connect vertices $v_{m,4}^{(i,j)}$ and $v_{1,1}^{(i,j+1)}$ with an edge at time $y_{i,j+1}$. It is easy to check that the set $\\{s^{(1,2)}_1, s^{(1,2)}_2, s^{(1,2)}_3, s^{(1,3)}_1, \\ldots, s^{(1,k)}_3, \\ldots s^{(k-1,k)}_3\\}$ forms a feedback vertex set of size $3\\cdot \\binom{k}{2}$ for the validation gadgets. ", "The validation gadget is visualized in \\[fig:pathred3\\].", "\n\nFinally, we create two new vertices $s$ and $z$, we connect vertices $s$ and $w_1^{(1)}$ (the “first” vertex of the vertex selection gadgets) with an edge at time one, we connect vertices $s$ and $s^{(1)}$ (the “skip vertex” of the first vertex selection gadget) with an edge at time one, and we connect $z$ and $v_{m,4}^{(k-1,k)}$ (the “last” vertex of the validation gadgets) with an edge at time $k\\cdot n+m\\cdot (3k^2+5k+3)$. We further connect vertices $w_{n+1}^{(k)}$ and $v_{1,1}^{(1,2)}$ (connecting the vertex selection gadgets and the validation gadgets) with an edge at time $k\\cdot n$. Finally, we set $\\Delta=1$. This completes the contruction. ", "It is easy to check that ${\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{G}}\\xspace}$ can be constructed in polynomial time and that the feedback vertex number of ${\\ensuremath{G_{\\downarrow}}\\xspace}$ is at most $k+3\\cdot\\binom{k}{2}$ and that every edge has only one time stamp.", "\n\n(A11) at (0,0) ; (A12) at (0,-2) ; (A21) at (0,-4) ; (A22) at (0,-6) ; (A31) at (0,-8) ; (A32) at (0,-10) ; (A41) at (0,-12) ; (A41l) at (-2,-12) [$v_{h,1}^{(i,j)}$]{}; (A42) at (0,-14) ; (Am1) at (0,-20) ; (Am2) at (0,-22) ;\n\n(S1) at (8,-11) ; (S2) at (14,-11) ; (S3) at (20,-11) ; (S1l) at (9,-12.6) [$s_1^{(i,j)}$]{}; (S2l) at (14,-12.6) [$s_2^{(i,j)}$]{}; (S3l) at (19,-12.6) [$s_3^{(i,j)}$]{};\n\n(B11) at (28,0) ; (B12) at (28,-2) ; (B21) at (28,-4) ; (B22) at (28,-6) ; (B31) at (28,-8) ; (B32) at (28,-10) ; (B41) at (28,-12) ; (B41l) at (30,-12) [$v_{h,3}^{(i,j)}$]{}; (B42) at (28,-14) ; (Bm1) at (28,-20) ; (Bm2) at (28,-22) ;\n\n(A11) – (A12); (A12) – (A21); (A21) – (A22); (A22) – (A31); (A31) – (A32); (A32) – (A41); (A41) – (A42); (A42) – (0,-15.6); (Am1) – (0,-18.4); (Am1) – (Am2);\n\n(B11) – (B12); (B12) – (B21); (B21) – (B22); (B22) – (B31); (B31) – (B32); (B32) – (B41); (B41) – (B42); (B42) – (28,-15.6); (Bm1) – (28,-18.4); (Bm1) – (Bm2);\n\n(A11) – (S1); (A21) – (S1); (A31) – (S1); (A41) – (S1); (Am1) – (S1);\n\n(B11) – (S3); (B21) – (S3); (B31) – (S3); (B41) – (S3); (Bm1) – (S3);\n\n(Vij) at (9,-2) ; (Vji) at (19,-2) ; (Vijl) at (7.4,-3.6) [$v_{a,j}^{(i)}$]{}; (Vjil) at (20.6,-3.6) [$v_{b,i}^{(j)}$]{};\n\n(Vij) – (S1); (Vij) – (S2); (Vji) – (S2); (Vji) – (S3);\n\n(Uil) at (10,1) [$U_i$]{}; (Ujl) at (18,1) [$U_j$]{};\n\n(Vij) – (13,-2) – (10,0) – (7,-2) – (Vij); (Vji) – (21,-2) – (18,0) – (15,-2) – (Vji); (13,-2) – (15,-2); (7,-2) – (6,-2); (21,-2) – (22,-2);\n\n(A11) – (-2,0); (Bm2) – (30,-22);\n\n[*Correctness.*]{} ", "Now we show that $H$ contains a clique of size $k$ if and only if there is a $\\Delta$-restless temporal path from $s$ to $z$ in ${\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{G}}\\xspace}$.\n\n[$(\\Rightarrow)$:]{}Assume that $H$ contains a clique of size $k$ and let $X\\subseteq V(H)$ with $|X| = k$ be the set of vertices that form the clique in $H$. Now we show how to construct a $\\Delta$-restless [temporal $(s,z)$-path]{} in ${\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{G}}\\xspace}$. Note that since $H$ is $k$-partite, we have that $|U_i\\cap X|=1$ for all $i\\in [k]$. The temporal path starts at vertex $s$ in ${\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{G}}\\xspace}$ and then first passes through the vertex selection gadgets. ", "If $u_j^{(i)}\\in X$ for some $i\\in [k]$ and $j\\in [n]$, then the temporal path skips the segment corresponding to $u_j^{(i)}$ in the vertex selection gadget for $U_i$. More formally, the temporal path follows the vertices $w_1^{(i)},v_{1,1}^{(i)}, v_{1,2}^{(i)}, \\ldots,v_{1,k}^{(i)}, w_2^{(i)},\\ldots, v_{j-1,k}^{(i)}, w_{j}^{(i)}, s^{(i)}, w_{j+1}^{(i)}, v_{j+1,1}^{(i)}, \\ldots, v_{n,k}^{(i)}, w_{n+1}^{(i)}$ in that order, that is, it skips vertices $v_{j,1}^{(i)}, v_{j,2}^{(i)}, \\ldots, v_{j,k}^{(i)}$. It is easy to check that the time labels of the edges in the vertex selection gadget allow for a restless temporal path as described that respects the waiting time ${\\ensuremath{\\Delta}}$.\n\nIn the validation gadget for $F_{i,j}$ with $i<j$, the path “selects” the edge $(U_i\\cap X)\\cup(U_j\\cap X)\\in F_{i,j}$ that connects the vertices from the parts $U_i$ and $U_j$ that are contained in the clique $X$. Let $(U_i\\cap X)\\cup(U_j\\cap X)=\\{u_a^{(i)},u_b^{(j)}\\}=e_h^{(i,j)}\\in F_{i,j}$. Formally, the path follows vertices $v_{1,1}^{(i,j)}, v_{1,2}^{(i,j)}, v_{2,1}^{(i,j)}, v_{2,2}^{(i,j)}, \\ldots, v_{h,1}^{(i,j)}, s_1^{(i,j)},v_{a,j}^{(i)},s_2^{(i,j)},v_{b,i}^{(j)}, s_3^{(i,j)},v_{h,4}^{(i,j)}, v_{h+1,3}^{(i,j)}, v_{h+1,4}^{(i,j)}, \\ldots, v_{m,4}^{(i,j)}$ in that order. ", "Note that vertices $v_{a,j}^{(i)}$ and $v_{b,i}^{(j)}$ have not been used by the path in the vertex selection gadgets, since they appear in the segments that were skipped by the temporal path in the corresponding vertex selection gadgets. ", "Furthermore, since the clique in $H$ only contains one edge that connects vertices from $U_i$ and $U_j$, the vertices $v_{a,j}^{(i)}$ and $v_{b,i}^{(j)}$ have not been used by the temporal path in an earlier validation gadget. ", "It is easy to check that the time labels of the edges in the validation gadget allow for a $\\Delta$-restless temporal path as described. ", "After the last validation gadget the path arrives at vertex $z$. Hence, we have found a $\\Delta$-restless [temporal $(s,z)$-path]{} in ${\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{G}}\\xspace}$.\n\n[$(\\Leftarrow)$:]{}Assume that we are given a $\\Delta$-restless [temporal $(s,z)$-path]{} in ${\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{G}}\\xspace}$. We now show that $H$ contains a clique of size $k$.\n\nAfter starting at $s$, the $\\Delta$-restless temporal path first passes the vertex selection gadgets. ", "Here, we need to make the important observation, that for each $i\\in[k]$, any $\\Delta$-restless [temporal $(s,z)$-path]{} has to “skip” at least one segment corresponding to one vertex $u^{(i)}_j\\in U_i$ in the vertex selection gadget corresponding to $U_i$, otherwise the temporal path cannot traverse the validation gadgets. ", "More formally, assume for contradiction that there is a $\\Delta$-restless [temporal $(s,z)$-path]{} and an $i\\in[k]$ such that the temporal path visits all vertices in the vertex selection gadget corresponding to $U_i$. Let $j\\in[k]$ with $j\\neq i$. Assume that $i<j$ (the other case works analogous). ", "We claim that the temporal path cannot traverse the validation gadget for $F_{i,j}$. For the temporal path to go from $s^{(i,j)}_1$ to $s^{(i,j)}_2$ by construction it has to visit at least one vertex from the vertex selection gadget for $U_i$. If all vertices have already been visited, that would mean the $\\Delta$-restless [temporal $(s,z)$-path]{} visits one vertex twice—a contradiction.", "\n\nThe waiting time ${\\ensuremath{\\Delta}}$ prevents the temporal path from “skipping” more than one segment. ", "More formally, any $\\Delta$-restless [temporal $(s,z)$-path]{} arrives at the “skip vertex” $s^{(i)}$ of the vertex selection gadget for $U_i$ at time $(i-1)\\cdot n + j$, for some $j\\in[k-1]$. By construction this means the path visits $w_j^{(i)}$, then $s^{(i)}$, and then has to continue with $w_{j+1}^{(i)}$ since there is only one time edge the path can use without violating the waiting time $\\Delta$. It follows that the temporal path skips exactly the segment corresponding to $u_j^{(i)}\\in U_i$.\n\nThis implies that any $\\Delta$-restless [temporal $(s,z)$-path]{} that traverses the vertex selection gadgets leaves exactly one segment of every vertex selection gadget unvisited. ", "Let the set $X = \\{u^{(i)}_j\\in U_i \\mid i\\in[k] \\wedge j\\in[n] \\wedge v_{j,1} \\text{ is an unvisited vertex.}\\}$ be the set of vertices corresponding to the segments that are “skipped” by the given $\\Delta$-restless [temporal $(s,z)$-path]{}. ", "It is easy to check that $|X|=k$. We claim that $X$ is a clique in $H$.\n\nAssume for contradiction that it is not. ", "Then there are two vertices $u_{i'}^{(i)}, u_{j'}^{(j)}\\in X$ such that the edge $\\{u_{i'}^{(i)}, u_{j'}^{(j)}\\}$ is not in $F$. Assume that $i<j$. We show that then the $\\Delta$-restless [temporal $(s,z)$-path]{} is not able to pass through the validation gadget for $F_{i,j}$. By assumption we have that $\\{u_{i'}^{(i)}, u_{j'}^{(j)}\\}\\notin F_{i,j}$. Note that the validation gadget is designed in a way that the first path “selects” an edge from $F_{i,j}$ and then the waiting time of one enforces that a $\\Delta$-restless [temporal $(s,z)$-path]{} can only move from the first path to the second path of a validation gadget if the two endpoints of the selected edge are vertices whose corresponding segments in the vertex selection gadget were skipped. ", "We have seen that for every $U_i$ with $i\\in[k]$, the path segment corresponding to exactly one vertex of that set was skipped. ", "Since $\\{u_{i'}^{(i)}, u_{j'}^{(j)}\\}\\notin F_{i,j}$, we have that for every edge in $F_{i,j}$ that the segment corresponding to at least one of the two endpoint of the edge was *not* skipped. ", "Hence, we have that the $\\Delta$-restless temporal path cannot pass through the validation gadget of $F_{i,j}$ and cannot reach $z$—a contradiction.", "\n\nAn FPT-Algorithm for Short Restless Temporal Path {#sec:fptalg}\n=================================================\n\nIn this section, we discuss how to find *optimal* restless temporal paths. ", "Of course, we have by \\[thm:probRestlessPath:NPh\\] that it is NP-hard to find optimal restless temporal paths for all optimality criteria introduced in \\[subs:path:opt\\]. ", "However, the problem of finding restless temporal path with a certain quality introduces a natural parameter to the problem, which we want to discuss here.", "\n\nFrom \\[thm:probRestlessPath:NPh\\] we can deduce that there is not much hope for fast or foremost restless temporal paths, since the instance constructed in the reduction has lifetime ${\\ensuremath{\\ell}}= 3$ and hence the duration as well as the arrival time of any restless temporal path in this instance is at most three. ", "However, we can observe that in all our reductions (the one of \\[thm:probRestlessPath:NPh\\] and the one of \\[thm:probRestlessPath:W1hFVS\\]) the length of $\\Delta$-restless [temporal $(s,z)$-path]{} is unbounded. ", "We defined [Short Restless Temporal $(s,z)$-Path]{}as the problem of finding restless temporal path of bounded length, and indeed it is known that [Short Restless Temporal $(s,z)$-Path]{}is fixed-parameter tractable when parameterized by the length bound $k$.\n\nIn this section, we show that there is a ${5.181}^{k}\\cdot|{\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{G}}\\xspace}|^{O(1)}$ algorithm for [Short Restless Temporal $(s,z)$-Path]{}, where $k$ is the length bound of the path. ", "Note that from \\[cor:path:eth\\] it follows that this algorithm is asymptotically optimal, unless the ETH fails. ", "Formally, our goal is to show the following theorem.", "\n\n\\[thm:fpt-length\\] [Short Restless Temporal $(s,z)$-Path]{}can be solved in ${5.181}^{k}\\cdot|{\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{G}}\\xspace}|\\cdot{\\ensuremath{\\Delta}}$ time.", "\n\nThe actual proof of \\[thm:fpt-length\\] is deferred to the end of this section. ", "In the nutshell, we first reduced the [[Short Restless Temporal $(s,z)$-Path]{}]{} to a problem on directed graphs, where identify which objects (in the directed graph) exactly describe a [${\\ensuremath{\\Delta}}$-restless temporal $(s,z)$-path]{} in the given temporal graph. ", "Then, we introduce a new problem called [Independent Path]{}, which can capture the nature of or desired objects. ", "Given a directed graph $D$ with two distinct vertices $s$ and $z$ and a linear matroid $M$, the [Independent Path]{} problem asks whether there is a [$(s,z)$-dipath]{} in $D$ whose vertices form an independent set in the matroid $M$ (see \\[sec:ipp\\]). ", "Then, to solve [[Short Restless Temporal $(s,z)$-Path]{}]{}, we develop a fixed-parameter algorithm for [Independent Path]{} parameterized by the length of a shortest witness.", "\n\nWe introduce a so-called *${\\ensuremath{\\Delta}}$-$(s,z)$-expansion* of for two vertices $s$ and $z$ of a temporal graphs with waiting-times. ", "That is, a time-expanded version of the temporal graph which reduces reachability questions to directed graphs. ", "In the literature, similar approaches have been applied several times. ", "However, to the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that waiting-times are respected. ", "In a nutshell, the ${\\ensuremath{\\Delta}}$-$(s,z)$-expansion has essentially for each vertex $v$ at most ${\\ensuremath{\\ell}}$ many copies $v_1,\\dots, v_{{\\ensuremath{\\ell}}}$ and if a [$(s,z)$-dipath]{} visits $v_i$ means the corresponding [${\\ensuremath{\\Delta}}$-restless temporal $(s,z)$-walk]{} visits $v$ at time $i$, where ${\\ensuremath{\\ell}}$ is the time horizon.", "\n\n\\[def:expansion\\] Let ${\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{G}=(V, (E_i)_{i\\in[{\\ensuremath{\\ell}}]})}\\xspace}$ be a temporal graph with two distinct vertices $s,z \\in V$ such that $\\{s,z\\} \\not \\in E_t$, for all $t \\in [{\\ensuremath{\\ell}}]$. Let ${\\ensuremath{\\Delta}}\\le{\\ensuremath{\\ell}}$. The *${\\ensuremath{\\Delta}}$-$(s,z)$-expansion* of ${\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{G}}\\xspace}$ is the directed graph $D=(V',E')$ with $$\\begin{aligned}\n V' :=&\\ \\{s,z\\} \\cup \\left\\{ v^{t}\\ \\middle\\vert\\ v \\in e, e \\in E_t, v \\not \\in \\{ s, z \\} \\right\\}, \\\\\n E' :=&\\ E_s \\cup E_z \\cup \\left\\{(v^i,w^t) \\ \\middle\\vert\\ v^i \\in V' \\setminus \\{ s, z \\}, \\{v,w\\} \\in E_t, 0 \\leq t-i \\leq {\\ensuremath{\\Delta}}\\right\\}, \\\\\n E_s :=&\\ \\left\\{ (s,v^t) \\ \\middle\\vert\\ \\{s,v\\} \\in E_t, \\right\\}, \\text{and} \\\\\n E_z :=&\\ \\left\\{(v^i,z) \\ \\middle\\vert\\ v^i \\in V' \\setminus \\{ s, z \\}, \\{v,z\\} \\in E_t, 0 \\leq t-i \\leq {\\ensuremath{\\Delta}}\\right\\}.\\end{aligned}$$ Furthermore, we define $V'(s) := \\{ s \\}$, $V'(z) := \\{ z \\}$, and $V'(v) := \\{ v^{t} \\in V' \\mid t \\in [{\\ensuremath{\\ell}}] \\}$, for all $v \\in V \\setminus \\{s,z\\}$.\n\nNext, we show that a ${\\ensuremath{\\Delta}}$-$(s,z)$-expansion of a temporal graph can be computed efficiently.", "\n\n\\[lem:exp-runtime\\] Given a temporal graph ${\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{G}=(V, (E_i)_{i\\in[{\\ensuremath{\\ell}}]})}\\xspace}$, two distinct vertices $s,z\\in V$, and ${\\ensuremath{\\Delta}}\\le{\\ensuremath{\\ell}}$, we can compute its ${\\ensuremath{\\Delta}}$-$(s,z)$-expansion $D$ with $|V(D)| \\in O(|{\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{G}}\\xspace}|)$ in $O(|{\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{G}}\\xspace}|\\cdot {\\ensuremath{\\Delta}})$ time.", "\n\nLet $V' := \\{s,z\\}$ and $E'$ be empty in the beginning. ", "We will fill up $V'$ and $E'$ simultaneously. ", "In order to that efficiently, we will maintain for each vertex $v\\in V$ a ordered list $L_v$ such that $t \\in L_v$ if and only if $v^t \\in V'$. We assume that $|V| \\leq \\sum_{i=1}^{\\ensuremath{\\ell}}|E_i|$, because vertices which are isolated in every layer are irrelevant for the ${\\ensuremath{\\Delta}}$-$(s,z)$-expansion and can be erased in linear time.", "\n\nWe proceed as follows. ", "For each $t \\in \\{1,\\dots,{\\ensuremath{\\ell}}\\}$ (in ascending order), we iterate over $E_t$. For each $\\{v,w\\} \\in E_t$, we distinguish into three cases.", "\n\n($w=s$):\n\n: We add $v^t$ to $V'$, $(s,v^t)$ to $E'$, and add $t$ to $L_v$. This can be done in constant time.", "\n\n($w=z$):\n\n: We add $v^t$ to $V'$, and add $t$ to $L_v$. Now we iterate over all $i \\in L_v$ (in descending order) and add $(v^i,z)$ to $E'$ until $ t - i > {\\ensuremath{\\Delta}}$. This can be done in $O({\\ensuremath{\\Delta}})$ time.", "\n\n($\\{s,z\\} \\cap \\{v,w\\} = \\emptyset$):\n\n: We add $v^t,w^t$ to $V'$, and add $t$ to $L_v$ and $L_w$. Now we iterate over $i\\in L_v$ (in descending order) and add $(v^i,w^t)$ to $E'$ until $ t - i > {\\ensuremath{\\Delta}}$. Afterwards, we iterate over $i\\in L_w$ (in descending order) and add $(w^i,v^t)$ to $E'$ until $ t - i > {\\ensuremath{\\Delta}}$. This can be done in $O({\\ensuremath{\\Delta}})$ time.", "\n\nObserve that after this procedure the digraph $D=(V',E')$ is the ${\\ensuremath{\\Delta}}$-$(s,z)$-expansion of ${\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{G}}\\xspace}$ and that we added at most $2$ vertices for each time-edge in ${\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{G}}\\xspace}$. Hence, $V' \\leq |{\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{G}}\\xspace}|$. This gives a overall running time of $O(|{\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{G}}\\xspace}|\\cdot{\\ensuremath{\\Delta}})$.\n\nIt is easy to see that there is a [${\\ensuremath{\\Delta}}$-restless temporal $(s,z)$-walk]{} in the temporal graph if and only if there is a [$(s,z)$-dipath]{} in the ${\\ensuremath{\\Delta}}$-$(s,z)$-expansion. ", "Next, we identify the necessary side constraint to identify [${\\ensuremath{\\Delta}}$-restless temporal $(s,z)$-path]{}s in the ${\\ensuremath{\\Delta}}$-$(s,z)$-expansion.", "\n\n\\[lem:exp-correct\\] Let ${\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{G}=(V, (E_i)_{i\\in[{\\ensuremath{\\ell}}]})}\\xspace}$ be a temporal graph, $s,z \\in V$ two distinct vertices, ${\\ensuremath{\\Delta}}\\le{\\ensuremath{\\ell}}$, and $D=(V',E')$ the ${\\ensuremath{\\Delta}}$-$(s,z)$-expansion of ${\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{G}}\\xspace}$. There is a [${\\ensuremath{\\Delta}}$-restless temporal $(s,z)$-path]{} in ${\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{G}}\\xspace}$ of length $k$ if and only if there is an [$(s,z)$-dipath]{} $P'$ in $D$ of length $k$ such that for all $v \\in V$ it holds that $|V'(v) \\cap V(P')| \\leq 1$.\n\n($\\Rightarrow$): Let $P = \\big( (\\{s,v_1\\}, t_1), (\\{v_1, v_2\\}, t_2), \\dots, (\\{v_{k'-1},z\\}, t_{k'} ) \\big)$ be a [${\\ensuremath{\\Delta}}$-restless temporal $(s,z)$-path]{} in ${\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{G}}\\xspace}$ of length $k$. We can inductively construct an [$(s,z)$-dipath]{} $P'$ in $D$. Observe that $P_1' := (s,v_1^{t_1}))$ is an [$(s,v_1^{t_1})$-dipath]{} of length $1$ in $D$, because the arc $(s,v_1^{t_1})$ is in $E_s$ of $D$. Now let $i \\in [k'-2]$ and $P'_i$ be an [$(s,v_i^{t_i})$-dipath]{} of length $i$ such that\n\nfor all $j \\in [i]$, we have that $|V'(v_j) \\cap V(P'_i)| = 1$, and\n\nfor all $v \\in V \\setminus \\{s,v_1,\\dots,v_i\\}$, we have that $|V'(v) \\cap V(P'_i)| = 0$.\n\nIn order to get an [$(s,v_{i+1}^{t_{i+1}})$-dipath]{} $P'_{i+1}$ of length $i+1$, we extend $P'_{i}$ by the arc $(v_i^{t_i},v_{i+1}^{t_{i+1}})$. Observe, that $v_{i+1}^{t_{i+1}} \\in V'$ because of the time-edge $(\\{v_i,v_{i+1}\\},t_{i+1})$ in ${\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{G}}\\xspace}$ and that the arc $(v_i^{t_i},v_{i+1}^{t_{i+1}}) \\in E'$, because we have $0 \\leq t_{i+1} - t_i \\leq \\beta(v_i)$. Observe that\n\nfor all $j \\in [i+1]$, we have that $|V'(v_j) \\cap V(P'_{i+1})| = 1$, and\n\nfor all $v \\in V \\setminus \\{s,v_1,\\dots,v_{i+1}\\}$, we have that $|V'(v) \\cap V(P'_{i+1})| = 0$.\n\nHence, we have an [$(s,v_{k'-1}^{t_{k'-1}})$-dipath]{} $P'_{k-1}$ of length $k-1$ satisfying (i) and (ii) which can be extended (in a similar way) to an [$(s,z)$-dipath]{} of length $k$ such that for all $v \\in V$ it holds that $|V'(v) \\cap V(P')| \\leq 1$.\n\n($\\Leftarrow$): Let $P'$ be a [$(s,z)$-dipath]{} in $D$ of length $k$ such that for all $v \\in V$ it holds that $|V'(v) \\cap V(P')| \\leq 1$. Let $V(P') = \\{ s,v_1^{t_1},\\dots,v_{k-1}^{t_{k-1}},z\\}$. Observe that an arc from $s$ to $v_1^{t_1}$ in $D$ implies that there is a time-edge $(\\{s,v_1\\},t_1)$ in ${\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{G}}\\xspace}$. Similarly, an arc from $v_i^{t_i}$ to $v_{i+1}^{t_{i+1}}$ implies that there is a time-edge $(\\{v_i,v_{i+1}\\},t_{i+1})$ in ${\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{G}}\\xspace}$ and that $0 \\leq t_{i+1} - t_i \\leq \\beta(v_i)$, for all $i \\in [k-2]$. Moreover, an arc from $v_{k-1}^{t_{k-1}}$ to $z$ implies that there is some $t_{k}$ such that there is a time-edge $(\\{v_k,z\\},t_{k})$ in ${\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{G}}\\xspace}$ with $0 \\leq t_{k} - t_{k-1} \\leq \\beta(v_{k-1})$. Hence, $P = \\big( (\\{s,v_1\\}, t_1), (\\{v_1, v_2\\}, t_2), \\dots, (\\{v_{k'-1},z\\}, t_{k'} ) \\big)$ is a [${\\ensuremath{\\Delta}}$-restless temporal $(s,z)$-walk]{} of length $k$ in ${\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{G}}\\xspace}$. Finally, $|V'(v) \\cap V(P')| \\leq 1$, for all $v \\in V$, implies that $v_i \\not = v_j$ for all $i,j \\in \\{0,\\dots,k\\}$ with $i \\not = j$. Thus, $P$ is a [${\\ensuremath{\\Delta}}$-restless temporal $(s,z)$-path]{} of length $k$.\n\nIndependent Path Problem {#sec:ipp}\n------------------------\n\nIn this section, we introduce a problem, [Independent Path]{}. ", "To do so, we need some notations first.", "\n\nWe use standard terminology from matroid theory [@Oxl92]. ", "A pair $(U,{\\mathcal{I}})$, where $U$ is the *ground set* and ${\\mathcal{I}}\\subseteq 2^U$ is a family of *independent sets*, is a *matroid* if the following holds:\n\n- $\\emptyset \\in {\\mathcal{I}}$,\n\n- if $A' \\subseteq A$ and $A \\in {\\mathcal{I}}$, then $A' \\in {\\mathcal{I}}$, and\n\n- if $A,B \\in {\\mathcal{I}}$ and $|A| < |B|$, then there is an $x \\in B \\setminus A$ such that $A \\cup \\{x\\} \\in {\\mathcal{I}}$.\n\nAn inclusion-wise maximal independent set $A\\in {\\mathcal{I}}$ of a matroid $M=(U,I)$ is a *basis*. ", "The cardinality of the bases of $M$ is called the *rank* of $M$. The *uniform matroid of rank $r$* on $U$ is the matroid $(U,{\\mathcal{I}})$ with ${\\mathcal{I}}=\\{S\\subseteq U\\mid |S|\\leq r\\}$. A matroid $(U,{\\mathcal{I}})$ is *linear* or *representable over a field $\\mathbb F$* if there is a matrix $A$ with entries in $\\mathbb F$ and the columns labeled by the elements of $U$ such that $S \\in {\\mathcal{I}}$ if and only if the columns of $A$ with labels in $S$ are linearly independent over $\\mathbb F$. Such a matrix $A$ is called a *representation* of $(U,{\\mathcal{I}})$.\n\n[Does there exist an $(s,z)$-dipath $P$ of length at most $k$ in $D$ such that $V(P) \\in {\\mathcal{I}}$?]{} ", "For the reminder of this section, whenever we speak about *independent sets*, these are independent sets of a matroid and not a set of vertices which induce an edgeless graph.", "\n\nWe will reduce the [[Short Restless Temporal $(s,z)$-Path]{}]{} problem to [Independent Path]{} and then develop an efficient algorithm for [Independent Path]{}. ", "As a subroutine it will be necessary that we restrict the independent sets of a matroid to not exceed a specific size. ", "An *$k$-truncation* of a matroid $(U,{\\mathcal{I}})$ is a matroid $(U,\\{ X \\in {\\mathcal{I}}\\mid |X| \\leq k \\})$ such that all independent sets are of size at most $k$. The $k$-truncation of a linear matroid is also a linear matroid [@Mar09].", "\n\nIn our reduction from [[Short Restless Temporal $(s,z)$-Path]{}]{} to [Independent Path]{} we basically use \\[def:expansion\\] and a $(k+1)$-truncated partition matroid where we can pick at most one element from each partition. ", "Two general approaches are know to compute a representation for a $k$-truncate of a linear matroid—one is randomized [@Mar09] and one is deterministic [@LMPS18].[^4] Both approaches require a large field implying that one operation over that field is rather slow. ", "Furthermore, for the special case of a traversal matroid a quasi-polynomial[^5] algorithm is known. ", "However, for our specific matroid we employ the Vandermonde matrix to compute a representation over a small finite field. ", "Note that our approach also outperforms the more general algorithms of @LMPS18 and @Mar09 in terms of running time.", "\n\n\\[lem:rep\\] Given a universe $U$ of size $n$, a partition $P_1 \\uplus \\dots \\uplus P_q = U$, and a natural number $k$, we can compute a representation $A_M$ for the matroid $$\\begin{aligned}\n M = \\Big(U, \\Big\\{ X \\subseteq U \\ \\Big\\vert\\ |X| \\leq k \n \\text{ and } \\forall i \\in [q] \\colon |X \\cap P_i| \\leq 1 \\Big\\}\\Big)\n \\end{aligned}$$ over a prime field $\\mathbb F$ in $O(k\\cdot n)$ time, such that we can compute one operation over $\\mathbb F$ in constant time.", "\n\nWithout loss of generality we assume that $q \\leq n$. Let $p$ be a prime number with $q \\leq p \\leq 2q$. Such a prime exists by the folklore Betrand-Chebyshev Theorem and can be computed in $O(n)$ time using Lagarias-Odlyzko Method [@TCH12]. ", "To perform one operation on the prime field $\\mathbb F_p$, one can first perform the primitive operation in $\\mathbb Z$ and them take the result modulo $p$. Hence, we can compute one operation over $\\mathbb F_p$ in constant time, because $p \\in O(n)$ is small and we assume the *RAM model of compution*.", "\n\nLet $x_1,\\dots,x_q$ be pair-wise distinct elements from $\\mathbb F_p$. To compute an $(k \\times n)$-matrix $A_M$ as representation for $M$ over $\\mathbb F_p$, we compose (column-wise) for each element $u \\in P_i$ the vector $\\mathbf v_i := \\begin{pmatrix}x_i^0 & x_i^1 & \\dots & x_i^{k-1} \\end{pmatrix}^T$, where $i \\in [q]$. That gives a running time of $O(k \\cdot n)$ operations over $\\mathbb F_p$, since we can compute $\\mathbf v_i$ in $O(k)$ operations over $\\mathbb F_p$.\n\nIt remains to show that $A_M$ is a representation of $M$. Let $X \\subseteq U$. If there is an $i \\in [p]$ such that $|X \\cap P_i| > 1$, then the corresponding columns of $A_M$ are linearly dependent, because we have the vector $\\mathbf v_i$ twice. ", "Now we assume that for all $i \\in [q]$ we have $|X \\cap P_i| \\leq 1$. Furthermore, if $|X| > k$, then we know that the corresponding columns of $A_M$ are linearly dependent, because $A_M$ is an $(k \\times n)$-matrix. ", "We can observe that if $|X| = k$, then the corresponding columns in $A_M$ form a Vandermonde matrix, whose determinat is known to be non-zero. ", "Hence, if $|X| \\leq k$, then the corresponding columns in $A_M$ are linearly independent. ", "Thus, $A_M$ is a representation of $M$.\n\nNow, we are ready to state our reduction from [[Short Restless Temporal $(s,z)$-Path]{}]{} to [Independent Path]{}.", "\n\n\\[lem:tpp-to-ipp\\] Given an instance $({\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{G}}\\xspace},s,z,k,{\\ensuremath{\\Delta}})$ of [[Short Restless Temporal $(s,z)$-Path]{}]{}, we can compute in $O({\\ensuremath{\\Delta}}\\cdot |{\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{G}}\\xspace}|)$ time an instance $(D,s,z,A_M)$ of [Independent Path]{} such that\n\n(i) $M$ has rank $k+1$, and\n\n(ii) $({\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{G}}\\xspace},s,z,k,{\\ensuremath{\\Delta}})$ is a [*yes*]{}-instance if and only if $(D,s,z,A_M)$ is a [*yes*]{}-instance and contains an independent [$(s,z)$-dipath]{} of length at most $k$,\n\nwhere one operation over the finite field of $A_M$ can be computed in constant time.", "\n\nLet $({\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{G}=(V, (E_i)_{i\\in[{\\ensuremath{\\ell}}]})}\\xspace},s,z,k,{\\ensuremath{\\Delta}})$ be an instance of [[Short Restless Temporal $(s,z)$-Path]{}]{}. ", "We construct an instance $(D,s,z,A_M,k)$ of [Independent Path]{} in the following way. ", "Let digraph $D = (V',E')$ be the ${\\ensuremath{\\Delta}}$-$(s,z)$-expansion of ${\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{G}}\\xspace}$ which can be computed, by \\[lem:exp-runtime\\], in $O(|{\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{G}}\\xspace}|\\cdot{\\ensuremath{\\Delta}})$ time such that $V' \\in O(|{\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{G}}\\xspace}|)$. Observe that $\\bigcup_{v \\in V} V'(v)$ is a partition of $V'$. Now, we construct a representation $A_M$ (over a finite field where we can perform one operation in constant time) of the matroid $$\\begin{aligned}\n M = \\Big(V', \\big\\{ X \\subseteq V' \\ \\big\\vert\\ |X| \\leq k+1 \\text{ and } \\forall v \\in V \\colon |X \\cap V'(v)| \\leq 1 \\big\\} \\Big)\n \\end{aligned}$$ in $O(k\\cdot|{\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{G}}\\xspace}|)$ time by \\[lem:rep\\]. ", "Note that $M$ is an $(k+1)$-truncated partition matroid and hence has rank $k+1$. This completes the construction and gives us an overall running time of $O(\\max\\{k,{\\ensuremath{\\Delta}}\\}\\cdot |{\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{G}}\\xspace}|)$.\n\nWe now claim $({\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{G}}\\xspace},s,z,k,{\\ensuremath{\\Delta}})$ is a [*yes*]{}-instance if and only if $(D,s,z,A_M)$ is a [*yes*]{}-instance and contains an independent [$(s,z)$-dipath]{} of length at most $k$.\n\n[$(\\Leftarrow)$:]{}Let $P$ be a [${\\ensuremath{\\Delta}}$-restless temporal $(s,z)$-path]{} of length $k' \\leq k$ in ${\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{G}}\\xspace}$. Then, by \\[lem:exp-correct\\] there is an [$(s,z)$-dipath]{} $P'$ of length $k'$ such that for all $v \\in V$ it holds that $|V'(v) \\cap V(P')| \\leq 1$. Since $|V(P')| = k'+1 \\leq k+1$, we know that $V(P')$ is an independent set of $M$. Thus, $P'$ is a witness of length at most $k$ for $(D,s,z,A_M)$ being a [*yes*]{}-instance.", "\n\n[$(\\Rightarrow)$:]{}Let $P'$ be an [$(s,z)$-dipath]{} of length $k' \\leq k$ in $D$ such that $V(P')$ is an independent set of $M$. Clearly, for $v \\in V$ it holds that $|V'(v) \\cap V(P')| \\leq 1$. Then, by \\[lem:exp-correct\\], there is a [${\\ensuremath{\\Delta}}$-restless temporal $(s,z)$-path]{} of length $k'$ in ${\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{G}}\\xspace}$.\n\nFrom \\[lem:tpp-to-ipp\\] it is intermediately clear that the lower-bounds of \\[cor:path:eth,thm:probRestlessPath:NPh\\] translate to [Independent Path]{}.", "\n\n\\[cor:ipp-hard\\] [Independent Path]{} is NP-hard and unless the ETH fails there is no $2^{o(n)}$-time algorithm for it, where $n$ is the number of vertices.", "\n\n### An FPT-Algorithm for [Independent Path]{}\n\nIn this section, we provide a fixed-parameter algorithm for [Independent Path]{} parameterized by rank $r$ of the matroid which is, by \\[cor:ipp-hard\\], asymptotically optimal, unless the ETH fails.", "\n\n\\[thm:fpt-ipp\\] An instance $(D,s,z,A_M)$ of [Independent Path]{} can be solved in time of $O(2^{\\omega r}m)$ operations over the field $\\mathbb F$, where $\\mathbb F$ is the field of $A_M$, $r$ is rank of $M$, $m$ is the number of edges in $D$, and $\\omega < 2.373$ is an upper-bound for the matrix multiplication exponent.", "\n\nThe proof of \\[thm:fpt-ipp\\] is deferred to the end of this section. ", "Later \\[thm:fpt-ipp\\] will follow from \\[lem:fpt-ipp-time,lem:fpt-ipp-correct\\]. ", "The idea of our algorithm follows the algorithm of @FLPS16 for $k$-Path and independently from us @AJKS19 showed an algorithm which runs in $2^{O(\\omega r)} n^{O(1)}$ time for [Independent Path]{} and @LMPSZ18 provided a dynamic program, running in $5.18^{r} n^{O(1)}$ time, for the special case of [Independent Path]{} when the matroid given in the input is a transversal matroid. ", "Note that both, the algorithm of @AJKS19 and @LMPSZ18 are also based on the idea of @FLPS16. ", "However, in contrast to @AJKS19 and @LMPSZ18, we show that the algorithm behind \\[thm:fpt-ipp\\] runs in linear time.", "\n\nThe main tool of our algorithm are representative families of independent sets.", "\n\n\\[def:qrep\\] Given a matroid $(U,{\\mathcal{I}})$, and a family $\\mathcal S \\subseteq 2^U$, we say that a subfamily $\\widehat{\\mathcal S} \\subseteq \\mathcal S$ is a *$q$-representative for $\\mathcal S$* if, for each set $Y \\subseteq U$ of size at most $q$, it holds that:\n\n- if there is a set $X \\in \\mathcal S$ with $X \\uplus Y \\in {\\mathcal{I}}$,\n\n- then there is a set $\\widehat X \\in \\widehat{\\mathcal S}$ with $\\widehat X \\uplus Y \\in {\\mathcal{I}}$.\n\nFor linear matroids, we can compute small representative families efficiently. ", "Formally, the following is known.", "\n\n\\[thm:eff-rep-fam\\] Let $M = (U,{\\mathcal{I}})$ be a linear matroid of rank $r=p + q$ given together with its representation $A_M$ over field $\\mathbb F$. Let $\\mathcal S$ be a $p$-family of independents of $M$. Then a $q$-representative family $\\widehat{\\mathcal S} \\subseteq \\mathcal S$ of size at most $r \\choose p$ can be found in $O\\left({r \\choose p}tp^\\omega + t{r \\choose q}^{\\omega-1}\\right)$ operations over $\\mathbb F$, where $\\omega < 2.373$ is the matrix multiplication exponent.", "\n\nWe are now ready to give the pseudo-code of the algorithm behind \\[thm:fpt-ipp\\] (see \\[alg:fpt-ipp\\]).", "\n\n$T[v,i] \\gets \\emptyset$, for all $v \\in V$ and $i \\in [r-1]$.\\[line:init-start\\] $T[s,0] \\gets \\{s\\}$.\\[line:init-end\\] (\\[line:for-r\\])[$i\\gets1$ $r-1$]{}[ (\\[line:yes\\])[$T[z,i] \\not=\\emptyset$]{}[ ]{} ]{}\n\n\\[lem:fpt-ipp-correct\\] \\[alg:fpt-ipp\\] is correct.", "\n\nLet $\\mathcal P_{w,i} := \\{ X \\in {\\mathcal{I}}\\mid $ there is an [$(s,w)$-dipath]{} $P$ of length $i$ such that $V(P)=X \\}$, for all $w \\in V$ and $i \\in [r-1]$. Observe that $\\mathcal P_{w,i}$ is an $(i+1)$-family of independent sets. ", "We show by induction that after iteration $i$ of the for-loop in \\[line:for-r\\] the entry $T[w,i]$ is an $(r-i)$-representative of $\\mathcal P_{w,i}$, for all $w \\in V$ and $i \\in [r-1]$. Then the correctness follows, since we check after each of these iterations whether $T[w,i]$ is non-empty (\\[line:yes\\]). ", "Observe that $\\mathcal P_{s,0} = \\{ s \\}$ and $\\mathcal P_{v,0} = \\emptyset$ for all $v \\in V \\setminus \\{s\\}$. Hence, the entries of $T$ computed in \\[line:init-start,line:init-end\\] fulfill our induction hypothesis.", "\n\nNow let $i \\in [r-1]$ be the current iteration of the for-loop in \\[line:for-r\\] and assume that for all $j < i$ we have that $T[w,j]$ is an $(r-j)$-representative of $\\mathcal P_{w,j}$, for all $w \\in V$. Fix a vertex $w \\in V$. We first show that if there is an $X \\in T[i,w]$, then there is an [$(s,w)$-dipath]{} $P_w$ of length $i$ such that $X=V(P_w) \\in {\\mathcal{I}}$. Observe that in \\[line:N-start,line:N-end\\] we look at each possible predecessor $v\\in V$ of $w$ in an [$(s,w)$-dipath]{} of length $i$, take each set $X' \\in T[v,i-1]$ and check whether $X' \\cup \\{w\\}$ is an independent set of size $i+1$. If this is the case, we add it to $\\mathcal N_{w,i}$. After \\[line:compress\\], we have that $T[w,i] \\subseteq \\mathcal N_{w,i}$. Since $X' \\in T[v,i-1]$, we know that there is an [$(s,v)$-dipath]{} $P_v$ of length $i-1$ with $X' = V(P)$. Thus, if there is an $X \\in T[i,w]$, then there is an [$(s,w)$-dipath]{} $P_w$ of length $i$ such that $X=V(P_w) \\in {\\mathcal{I}}$\n\nNow let $X \\in \\mathcal P_{w,i}$ and $Y \\subseteq V(D)$ a set of vertices of size at most $r - i -1$ such that $X \\cap Y = \\emptyset$ and $X \\uplus Y \\in {\\mathcal{I}}$. Hence, there is an [$(s,w)$-dipath]{} $P$ of length $i$ such that $V(P) = X$. Let $v$ be the predecessor of $w$ in $P$. Let $P_v$ be the [$(s,v)$-dipath]{} of length $i-1$ induced by $P$ without $w$. Hence, $V(P_v) \\in \\mathcal P_{v,i-1}$. Moreover, $V(P_v) \\cap (Y \\cup \\{ v \\}) = \\emptyset$ and $V(P_v) \\uplus (Y \\cup \\{ w \\}) \\in {\\mathcal{I}}$. Since $T[v,i-1]$ is an $(r-i+1)$-representative family of $\\mathcal P_{v,i-1}$, we know that there is an $\\widehat{X} \\in T[v,i-1]$ such that $\\widehat{X} \\cap (Y \\cup \\{ w \\}) = \\emptyset$ and $\\widehat{X} \\cup (Y \\cup \\{ w \\}) \\in {\\mathcal{I}}$. In \\[line:N-start,line:N-end\\] we add $\\widehat{X} \\cup \\{w \\}$ to $\\mathcal N_{w,i}$. Let $X' := \\widehat{X} \\cup \\{w \\}$ and note that $X' \\cap Y = \\emptyset$ and $X' \\uplus Y \\in {\\mathcal{I}}$. Since $T[w,i]$ is an $(r-i)$-representative family of $\\mathcal N_{w,i}$, we know that there is an $\\widehat{X'} \\in T[w,i]$ such that $\\widehat{X'} \\cap Y = \\emptyset$ and $X' \\uplus Y \\in {\\mathcal{I}}$. Thus, $T[w,i]$ is an $(r-i)$-representative of $\\mathcal P_{w,i}$.\n\nNext, we show that \\[alg:fpt-ipp\\] is actually a fixed-parameter algorithm parameterized by the length of a shortest witness.", "\n\n\\[lem:fpt-ipp-time\\] \\[alg:fpt-ipp\\] runs in time of $O(2^{\\omega r}\\cdot m)$ operations over $\\mathbb F$, where $\\mathbb F$ is the field of $A_M$, $r$ is the rank of the matroid, $m$ is the number of edges, and $\\omega = 2.373$ is an upper-bound for the matrix multiplication exponent.", "\n\nWithout loss of generality we assume to have a total ordering on $V$. We represent a subset of $V$ as a sorted string. ", "Hence, union and intersection of two sets of size at most $r$ takes $O(r)$ time. ", "We can thus look up and store sets of size at most $r$ in a trie in $O(r)$ time. ", "Note that we do not have the time to completely initialize the arrays of size $|V|$ in each trie node. ", "Instead, we will initialize each array cell of a trie node at its first access. ", "To keep track of the already initialized cells, we use *sparse sets* over $V$ which allows membership test, insertion, and deletion of elements in constant time [@BL93][^6].", "\n\nWe denote the *in-neighborhood* of a vertex $w$ by $N^-(w) := \\{ v \\in V \\mid (v,w) \\in E \\}$. Furthermore, let $H_{i,w}$ be the running time of \\[line:N-start,line:N-end\\] in iteration $i$ of the for-loop in \\[line:for-r\\], and $R_{i,w}$ be the running time of \\[line:compress\\] in iteration $i$ of the for-loop in \\[line:for-r\\]. ", "Then we can run \\[alg:fpt-ipp\\] in time of $O\\left( \\sum_{i=1}^{r-1} \\sum_{w \\in V} H_{i,w} + \\sum_{i=1}^{r-1} \\sum_{w \\in V} R_{i,w} \\right)$ operations over $\\mathbb F$. Let $i \\in [r-1]$ and $w \\in V$. In the $i$-th iteration of the for-loop in \\[line:for-r\\], $|T[v,j]| \\leq {r \\choose j+1}$ for all $j < i$ and $v \\in V$, since we used \\[thm:eff-rep-fam\\] in prior iterations. ", "Hence, $|\\mathcal N_{w,i}| \\leq {r \\choose j+1} |N^-(w)|$ and $H_{i,w} \\in O({r \\choose j+1} |N^-(w)| \\cdot r^\\omega)$, because the independence test can be done via matrix multiplication. ", "Thus, $$\\begin{aligned}\n &O\\left( \n \\sum_{i=1}^{r-1} \\sum_{w \\in V} H_{i,w}\n \\right)\\\\\n \\iff &O\\left( \n \\sum_{i=1}^{r-1} \\sum_{w \\in V} \n |N^-(w)|{r \\choose j+1} \\cdot r^\\omega\n \\right)\\\\\n \\iff &O\\left( \n \\sum_{i=1}^{r-1} m {r \\choose j+1} \\cdot r^\\omega\n mr^{3\\omega} \\sum_{i=1}^{r-1} {r \\choose j+1} \n \\right)\\\\\n \\iff &O\\left( \n 2^{r+o(r)}m \n \\right).", "\n \\end{aligned}$$ Moreover, by \\[thm:eff-rep-fam\\], we have $$\\begin{aligned}\n & O\\left( \\sum_{i=1}^{r-1} \\sum_{w \\in V} R_{i,w} \\right)\\\\\n \\iff& O\\left( \\sum_{i=1}^{r-1} \\sum_{w \\in V} \n |N^-(w)| {r \\choose i}{r \\choose i+1}(i+1)^\\omega +\n |N^-(w)| {r \\choose i}{r \\choose r-i-1}^{\\omega-1}\n \\right)\\\\\n \\iff& O\\left( \\sum_{i=1}^{r-1} \\sum_{w \\in V} \n |N^-(w)| {r \\choose i}{r \\choose i+1}(i+1)^\\omega +\n \\sum_{i=1}^{r-1} \\sum_{w \\in V}\n |N^-(w)| {r \\choose i}{r \\choose r-i-1}^{\\omega-1}\n \\right)\\\\\n \\iff& O\\left( \\sum_{i=1}^{r-1} \n m {r \\choose i}{r \\choose i+1}(i+1)^\\omega +\n \\sum_{i=1}^{r-1} \n m {r \\choose i}{r \\choose r-i-1}^{\\omega-1}\n \\right)\\\\\n \\iff& O\\left( rm (r+1)^{2\\omega} \\sum_{i=1}^{r-1} \n {r \\choose i}{r \\choose i+1} +\n rm\n \\sum_{i=1}^{r-1} \n {r \\choose i}{r \\choose r-i-1}^{\\omega-1}\n \\right)\\\\\n \\iff& O\\left( rm (r+1)^{2\\omega} 2^{2r} +\n rm\n 2^{2r(\\omega-1)}\n \\right)\\\\\n \\iff& O\\left(\n 2^{2r+o(r)}m + 2^{\\omega r + o(r)}m\n \\right)\\\\\n \\iff& O\\left(\n 2^{\\omega r+o(r)}m\n \\right).", "\n \\end{aligned}$$\n\nThus, we can run \\[alg:fpt-ipp\\] in time of $O\\left(2^{\\omega r+o(r)}m\\right) \\in O\\left(2^{\\omega r}m\\right)$ operations over $\\mathbb F$.\n\nNow, \\[thm:fpt-ipp\\] follows from \\[lem:fpt-ipp-time,lem:fpt-ipp-correct\\]. ", "Finally, this equips us with the last piece towards the proof of \\[thm:fpt-length\\].", "\n\nLet $I = ({\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{G}=(V, (E_i)_{i\\in[{\\ensuremath{\\ell}}]})}\\xspace},s,z,k,{\\ensuremath{\\Delta}})$ be an instance of [[Short Restless Temporal $(s,z)$-Path]{}]{}. ", "Note that \\[alg:fpt-ipp\\] is *parameter oblivious* thus does not know the length of shortest witness in advance. ", "Hence, start by $k=1$ and increase $k$ iteratively until the following procedure reports $I$ is a [*yes*]{}-instance or $k$ reaches $|V|$. In the latter case, we can conclude that $I$ is a [*no*]{}-instance.", "\n\nNow assume that $k$ is fixed. ", "To decide whether there is a witness of length $k$ of $I$ being a [*yes*]{}-instance, we first use \\[lem:tpp-to-ipp\\] to compute an instance $I' = (D,s,z,A_M)$ of [Independent Path]{} in $O(|{\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{G}}\\xspace}|\\cdot{\\ensuremath{\\Delta}})$ time, where we can compute one operation over the field $\\mathbb F$ of $A_M$ in constant time and the matroid $M$ which is represented by $A_M$ is of rank $k+1$. Note that $I'$ is a [*yes*]{}-instance if and only if there is witness of length $k$ for $I$ being a [*yes*]{}-instance. ", "Second, we solve $I'$ by \\[thm:fpt-ipp\\] in $O(2^{\\omega (k+1)}\\cdot |{\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{G}}\\xspace}|\\cdot{\\ensuremath{\\Delta}})$ time.", "\n\nThus, we have an overall running time of $O(5.181^k \\cdot |{\\ensuremath{\\mathcal{G}}\\xspace}|\\cdot{\\ensuremath{\\Delta}})$.\n\nFPT Results for Structural Paramerters\n--------------------------------------\n\nThe fixed-parameter tractability result of \\[thm:fpt-ipp\\] has some interesting implications for structural parameterizations. ", "We can observe that any path of a graph can contain at most twice as many vertices as the vertex cover number of the graph (plus one), since we cannot visit two vertices outside of the vertex cover directly after another. ", "Essentially the same observation can be made in the temporal setting. ", "If we consider the vertex cover number $\\text{vc}_\\downarrow$ of the underlying graph, we can deduce that any restless temporal path can have length at most $2\\text{vc}_\\downarrow+1$. From a classification standpoint, we can improve this a little further by observing that the length of any restless temporal path is bounded by the length of any path of the underlying graph. ", "The length of a path in the underlying graph can be bounded by $2^{O(\\text{td}_\\downarrow)}$ [@ND12], where $\\text{td}_\\downarrow$ is the treedepth of the underlying graph. ", "Hence, we get the following observation.", "\n\n[Restless Temporal $(s,z)$-Path]{}is fixed-parameter tractable when parameterized by the treedepth $\\text{td}_\\downarrow$ of the underlying graph.", "\n\n\\[thm:probRestlessPath:W1hFVS\\] implies that we presumably cannot hope to improve this result much, at least not from a classification standpoint.", "\n\nConclusion {#sec:path:conclusion}\n==========\n\nIn this work we have analyzed the (parameterized) computational complexity of [Restless Temporal $(s,z)$-Path]{}. ", "Other than its non-restless counterpart or the “walk-version”, this problem turns out to be computationally hard, even in quite restricted cases. ", "On the positive side, we give an FPT-algorithm to find short restless temporal paths and we could identify structural parameters of the underlying graph that allow for fixed-parameter algorithms.", "\n\n[^1]: Supported by the DFG, project FPTinP (NI 369/16).", "\n\n[^2]: Supported by the DFG, project MATE (NI 369/17).", "\n\n[^3]: This is a standard assumption in the *SIR-model* (Susceptible-Infected-Recovered), a canonical spreading model for diseases that give immunity upon recovery [@New18; @Bar16].", "\n\n[^4]: For both algorithms, a representation of the original matroid must be given.", "\n\n[^5]: in the rank of the matroid\n\n[^6]: The same tool set was also applied by @BTZ19.", "\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "ArXiv" }

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[ "Q:\n\nscrlayer-scrpage - chapter on even pages, section on odd pages in scrreprt\n\nI want to have a headings layout as in Anthony Knapp's Lie Groups, i.e. I want to have\n\nthe chapter on even, and the current section on odd pages. ", "I'm using the scrreprt class and tried using this solution:\n\\usepackage[\n automark,\n autooneside=false,\n headsepline,\n ]\n {scrlayer-scrpage}\n \\clearpairofpagestyles\n \\cfoot*{\\pagemark}\n \\chead{\\headmark}\n \\renewcommand\\chaptermarkformat{\\thechapter.\\enskip}\n\nbut this only seems to work in the book class. ", "Also I want to have the page numbers on the bottom but I already go that myself.", "\n\nA:\n\nYou can use the internal command \\Ifthispageodd and test if the page is even or odd, and then set the running heading as you like:\n\n\\documentclass{scrreprt}\n\\usepackage{blindtext}% only for dummy text\n\n\\usepackage[\n automark,\n autooneside=false,% <- if you want to use \\leftmark and \\rightmark in a one sided document\n headsepline=true\n]{scrlayer-scrpage}\n\\pagestyle{scrheadings}\n\\cohead{\\Ifthispageodd{\\leftmark}{\\rightmark}}\n\\cfoot*{\\pagemark}\n\n\\begin{document}\n\n\\blinddocument\n\\end{document}\n\n" ]

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[ "Esterified estrogens\n\nEsterified estrogens (EEs), sold under the brand names Estratab and Menest among others, is an estrogen medication which is used hormone therapy for menopausal symptoms and low sex hormone levels in women, to treat breast cancer in both women and men, and to treat prostate cancer in men. ", "It is formulated alone or in combination with methyltestosterone. ", "It is taken by mouth.", "\n\nSide effects of EEs include nausea, breast tension, edema, and breakthrough bleeding among others. ", "It is an estrogen, or an agonist of the estrogen receptors, the biological target of estrogens like estradiol. ", "EEs are a prodrug mainly of estradiol and to a lesser extent of equilin.", "\n\nEEs were introduced for medical use by 1970. ", "They are available in only a few countries, such as Chile and the United States. ", "They have also been marketed in Argentina and Switzerland in the past.", "\n\nMedical uses\nEEs are used in hormone therapy for menopausal symptoms, female hypogonadism, ovariectomy, and primary ovarian failure and in the treatment of breast cancer and prostate cancer.", "\n\nAvailable forms\nEEs are available in the form of 0.3 mg, 0.625 mg, 1.25 mg, and 2.5 mg oral tablets. ", "Estratest is a combination formulation of 1.25 mg EEs with 2.5 mg methyltestosterone.", "\n\nSide effects\n\nPharmacology\n\nEEs consist primarily of sodium estrone sulfate and sodium equilin sulfate, and are very similar to conjugated estrogens (CEEs,conjugated equine estrogens; brand name Premarin). ", "However, EEs and CEEs differ in the sources of their contents and in the percentages of their constituents; CEEs consist of approximately 53% sodium estrone sulfate and 25% sodium equilin sulfate, while EEs contain about 75 to 85% sodium estrone sulfate and 6 to 11% sodium equilin sulfate. ", "EEs have been found to produce similar serum levels of estrone and estradiol relative to CEEs, although with higher levels of estrone and lower levels of equilin. ", "One study found that the risk of venous thrombosis may be less with EEs relative to CEEs.", "\n\nChemistry\n\nEEs contain synthetic, plant-derived estrogens and are manufactured from soybeans and yams.", "\n\nHistory\nEEs were introduced for medical use by 1970.", "\n\nSociety and culture\n\nGeneric names\nEstrogens, esterified is the generic name of the drug and its . ", "It is also known as esterified estrogens.", "\n\nBrand names\nEEs are marketed under a variety of brand names including Amnestrogen, Estragyn, Estratab, Evex, Femibel, Femogen, Menest, Neo Estrone Tab, and Oestro-Feminal alone, and, in combination with methyltestosterone, under the brand names Covaryx, Delitan, Eemt, Essian, Estratest, Feminova-T, Menogen, and Syntest.", "\n\nAvailability\n\nEEs are or have been marketed in Argentina, Chile, Switzerland, and the United States. ", "Both EEs and the combination of EEs and methyltestosterone are listed as being marketed only in Chile and the United States as of present.", "\n\nSee also\n Esterified estrogens/methyltestosterone\n Estrogenic substances\n Conjugated estriol\n List of combined sex-hormonal preparations\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Antigonadotropins\nCategory:Combination drugs\nCategory:Estranes\nCategory:Estrogens\nCategory:Hormonal antineoplastic drugs\nCategory:Ketones\nCategory:Organic sodium salts\nCategory:Prodrugs\nCategory:Sulfate esters" ]

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[ "Investigation of bend loss in single mode fibers with ultra-high-resolution photon-counting optical time domain reflectometer.", "\nAn intensity peak associated with fiber bending could be detected thanks to the use of an ultra-high-resolution photon-counting optical time domain reflectometer (OTDR) setup. ", "The peak intensity is shown to be dependent on the curvature radius and angular distance of the bend. ", "To account for such peaks, we propose a model based on modal mismatching and coupling inside the bend region and show that the model is highly consistent with the acquired data. ", "Combining the information of the bend peak and bend loss, and taking advantage of the high dependence of the peak value with the local modal field parameter, the technique could be employed as an optical fiber local-parameter characterization method." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "Q:\n\nVisual Studio 2015 Update 1 spamming localhost\n\nI installed Visual Studio Update 1 yesterday and now when running ASP.NET services locally on IIS (not the express version). ", "I am seeing hundreds of requests per second to the address \n http://localhost:49155/vshub/ca9dea4b016f45c68a6a8c1a07809eb4/DataWarehouseModule/dataWarehouse/getStatus/ \n\nWhat is causing this and is it preventable?", "\n\nA:\n\nAnother option for preventing fiddler from chewing up your CPU is write a rule in fiddler to ignore those requests. ", "Goto Rules > Customize Rules... find the function OnBeforeRequest and add \nif(oSession.oRequest.headers[\"host\"]==\"localhost:49155\"){\n oSession[\"ui-hide\"] = \"true\";\n}\n\nso mine looks like this:\nstatic function OnBeforeRequest(oSession: Session) {\n if(oSession.oRequest.headers[\"host\"]==\"localhost:49155\"){\n oSession[\"ui-hide\"] = \"true\";\n }\n}\n\nas @matrixugly pointed out the port can be different depending on the version of VS. ", "@tedd-hansen's solution might be better across all versions of visual studio.", "\nif(oSession.oRequest.headers[\"host\"].StartsWith(\"localhost\") \n && oSession.", "PathAndQuery.", "StartsWith(\"/vshub/\")) {\n oSession[\"ui-hide\"] = \"true\";\n}\n\nHere's some discussion about this issue on github to get a better understanding of what's going on; https://github.com/aspnet/Mvc/issues/3655\nHere's another post on SO for the same issue; visual studio 2015 vshub is spamming fiddler\n\nA:\n\nThis is the debugger sending information back to VSHub process. ", "It's internal communication between the two processes so that part of the debugger data collection can happen out-of-process.", "\nIt helps with debugger tooltips, performance information, the historical debugging experience and more. ", "As such there's no way to turn it off without seriously crippling the advanced debugger features.", "\nYou can turn some of these features off (though other features may still rely on Vshub to do out-of-process work in the background):\nTools > Options > Debugging > General > [ ] Enable Diagnostic Tools while debugging\nThe communication is purely local and doesn't pose a serious overhead or issue. ", "Is there a specific reason you want to get rid of it? ", "Tools like Fiddler can be configured to filter on process, so ignoring this traffic should be simple.", "\n\nA:\n\nSince this has turned into ways to make Fiddler ignore the requests, the easiest way I've found is to go to the Filters tab, Request Headers section, check the \"Hide if URL contains\" box and enter \"/vshub/\". ", "\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

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[ "Peter Hammers - The Nursery Rhyme Collections\n\nThe Nursery Rhymes Collections 1-4 contain a total of 277 children's songs. ", "Each double CD album showcases the highest quality children's music ever recorded with a total playing time in excess of 10 hours!", "\n\nPeter Hammers (Full Audio and Lyrics)\n\n(We've got our hammers and we're going to\nhave some fun.", "\nWe're going to pick up\nour first hammer\nand we're going to do\nsome work.", "\nHere we go)\n\nPeter hammers with one hammer,\nOne hammer, one hammer\nPeter hammers with one hammer\nAll day long\n\n(That's very good.", "\nNow we're going to do it\nagain with two hammers,\npick up our second\nhammer and use both hands\nand off we go\ntogether)\n\nPeter hammers with two hammers\nTwo hammers, two hammers\nPeter hammers with two hammers\nAll day long\n\n(Now we are going\nto use our third hammer,\nhammer number three,\none in each hand and\nwe're going\nto use a foot, too)\n\nPeter hammers with three hammers\nThree hammers, three hammers\nPeter hammers with three hammers\nAll day long\n\n(We are working hard.", "\nNow we are going to\nuse our fourth hammer,\nhammer number four,\none in each hand\nand one on each foot,\ntoo)\n\nPeter hammers with four hammers\nFour hammers, four hammers\nPeter hammers with four hammers\nAll day long\n\n(Hammer number five,\nour fifthhammer.", "\nWe've used our\ntwo hands,\nwe've used\nour two feet,\nwhat are we going to use now?", "\nShould we nod our head?)", "\n\nPeter hammers with five hammers\nFive hammers, five hammers\nPeter hammers with five hammers\nAll day long\n\n(We've used five hammers,\none, two, three, four, and five!", "\nThat was tiring, wasn't it?)", "\n\nNEW: Free Download Of The Week!", "\n\nYou will find one free song per week, along with our featured artist of the week: Free Nursery Rhymes Download.", "\nYou can download the track for one week, then it will be replaced by another song. ", "So make sure to visit the site once per week, you don't wanna miss these songs! ", "For more information, ’behind-the-scenes’ videos and more visit our Facebook page." ]

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[ "\nGitHub Impervious to Super Missiles - craigkerstiens\nhttp://discursive.com/2012/03/16/github-impervious-to-super-missiles/\n======\nawj\nI honestly don't find this reasoning very convincing. ", "Mostly because it seems\nto be mistakenly equating Github with Git. _", "All_ of the issues presented on\nboth sides (i.e. \"why are we depending on this third party\" and \"I don't want\nto go back to <propriety whatever>\") could be addressed with an in-house git\nrepository. ", "Sure that creates new problems, but if the concern is about using\n_Github_ turning things into an argument about _Git_ is just wasting time.", "\n\nAlso, statements like \"Listen, Github is how software is done right now\" are\njust _screaming_ for unnecessary confrontation and useless sideline arguments.", "\nI agree that Git is more effective (for most use cases) than any centralized\nVCS I've seen, but turning that _opinion_ into a bald assertion is just going\nto cause arguments you really shouldn't be having.", "\n\n~~~\nglennericksen\nGitHub is great because you get to use git. ", "I don't think that you can\nentirely separate them from each other, or craft an argument for the\nadvantages of GitHub without somehow mentioning git. ", "The vulnerability in\nGitHub clearly matters. ", "It was a potentially explosive issue, but GitHub\nissued a prompt and appropriate mea culpa, while resolving the problem. ", "Also,\nit stirred the pot in the Rails community, with many coming up with safeguards\nagainst the potential mass assignment vulnerability. ", "Although I disagree with\nhis downplaying of the problem, I certainly don't have plans of going anywhere\nelse, which I think is the spirit of what the author was trying to convey.", "\n\n~~~\nawj\n> GitHub is great because you get to use git.", "\n\nThat's exactly my point. ", "The article seems to be confusing a concern about\n_Github_ for a concern about _Git_ and then spends most of its time addressing\nthe latter. ", "I can (and do!) ", "use Git without using Github. ", "If my organization\ndecides that Github is too much of a risk, that doesn't necessarily mean we'll\nbe dropping Git.", "\n\n------\nEstragon\n\n > This sort of stuff happens to every hosted service you\n > use, 95% of the time you don’t hear about it because it \n > is a real hostile and the company just pays some ransom \n > demand in exchange for not being screwed.", "\n \n\nOr you don't hear about it because the hostile is quietly making hay from the\nvulnerability in some other way. ", "Like spying on private github repositories.", "\nThe fact that github was hacked \"by a friendly\" doesn't mean it was _only_\nhacked by him.", "\n\n~~~\nchimeracoder\nI believe GitHub was able to tell which public keys had been added using this\nexploit (because with this vulnerability, the log files should still be\nintact). ", "So we/they can safely say that _this_ vulnerability was not exploited\nmaliciously.", "\n\nSure, there may be others we haven't heard of, but that's potentially true\nabout any service.", "\n\n------\ntuxcanfly\n> “Those DVCS kids, they got just what they deserved, won’t it be great when\n> we can get back to a real VCS like Perforce”.", "\n\nThis entire article is based on the false dichotomy that either we use get\nalong with github as it is or go back to svn.", "\n\nGiven the number of projects which directly pull code from github and execute\nit on production machines, it is not unreasonable to expect basic security\nfrom a hosting provider. ", "I don't see why github should be given a second\nchance.", "\n\n~~~\nbradleyland\nIt also conflates DVCS (specifically, git) with the attack at Github. ", "The\nsecurity incident at Github had zero to do with DVCS in any way, shape, or\nform. ", "Were Github to have been SVNHub, built on Rails, and lacking mass\nassignment controls, the same attack could have occurred.", "\n\n------\nnjs12345\nNot to mention that GitHub also has an excellent self-hosted product:\n<https://enterprise.github.com/>\n\n------\nboonez123\nGithub wasn't hacked. ", "Github had a programming error. ", "The RAILS docs clearly\nstate to be careful of mass assignment. ", "It's a known issue.", "\n\nYour product is only as good as the people who build it. ", "Github devs are\namazing I'm sure, however it just takes one moment of, \"Sheesh, why am I\nwasting these lines of code when I can consolidate it into one line.\"", "\n\n------\ntimobrien\nOMFJesus, you people take my blog way too seriously. ", "Of course I understand\nthe issues you all raised, but this is a story (and not even a 100% accurate\nstory because the jackass I work with would find out).", "\n\n------\naiscott\nIt's weird how this article treats Git and Github as synonymous.", "\n\nGithub's rails bug really had nothing to do with Git itself.", "\n\n~~~\naaronblohowiak\nThere was not a rails bug! ", "It is that way _by design_. ", "Now, it is a terrible\ndefault but it was not a bug.", "\n\n~~~\nmcdillon\nDesigned bugs are still bugs.", "\n\n~~~\naaronblohowiak\nNo, one is naïveté and the other is ignorance. ", "Big difference.", "\n\n------\ndrivebyacct2\nWhy are we still talking about this? ", "Besides the reasons listed are flat out\nwrong in multiple places. ", "Not sure if it's the result of seeing the PR a week,\ntwo weeks later... 1 is completely moot. ", "If a friendly can hack it, so can\nSomalian pirates. ", "2 is just inaccurate. ", "3 is applauding something that should\nnever be necessary. ", "4 is missing the point entirely, as is 5. ", "6 is just\nstupid, it's not a response to \"host your own Git repo\".", "\n\n\"GitHub is a DVCS\". ", "Is the author aware that GitHub is... just Git... and that\npeople can host their own Git repos manually? (", "Or their own mini-GitHub clone\ngitlab?)", "\n\n" ]

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[ "An epoxy resin may be in the form of a liquid or of a solid, depending on its epoxy equivalent weight. ", "A solid epoxy resin may be used for coatings by applying a solution of it to an object and evaporating the solvent (see Australian Pat. ", "No. ", "205,972) or by melting a catalyzed powder on the object. ", "But it is not practical to use a solid epoxy resin as a potting or casting compound since a solvent cannot evaporate from deep within the casting and a melt of the resin would tend to polymerize prematurely.", "\nWhile liquid epoxy resins would therefore be much more suitable as casting and potting compounds than solids resins, until now it has been difficult to control the flexibility of liquid epoxy resins. ", "Plasticizers have been tried but they are extractable and the resin gradually becomes less and less flexible. ", "Flexible hardeners have also been tried but they are expensive and give only a narrow range of flexibility.", "\nWhile drying oils are easily made compatible with solid epoxies (see Canadian Pat. ", "No. ", "518,956 and Australian Pat. ", "No. ", "205,972), efforts to incorporate drying oils into liquid epoxy resins to flexibilize them have failed to produce a clear resin." ]

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[ "American Legion Post 285 will hold a “very brief” memorial service at Hebron Cemetery at 9:45am on Monday, May 25. ", "There will be no parade. ", "Those attending are asked to practice social distancing and take the usual precautions under current guidelines.", "\n\nThe Fairfield County Genealogical Society chapter meeting will be held on Thursday, June 18, 2020, at the Genealogical Research Library, 503 Lenwood Dr., Lancaster. ", "Refreshments at 6:30, meeting at 7:00 p.m., followed by a program by Cheryl Bash on “Tracing to the Mayflower”. ", "All are welcome. ", "Please be advised that this event is dependent on the Covid virus restrictions in place at that time." ]

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[ "[Conformational peculiarities of nuclear protein HMGB1 and specificity of its interaction with DNA].", "\nChanges in the secondary structure of DNA and non-histone chromosomal protein HMGB1 were studied by circular dichroism and UV spectroscopy. ", "We have demonstrated that the HMGBI protein is able to change its secondary structure upon binding to DNA. ", "We estimated the proportion of bound protein on the assumption that there were two spectrally distinguishable forms of the HMGB1 in solution. ", "The bound protein fraction decreases with increasing protein to DNA ratios (r) from 0.48 at r = 0.13 to 0.06 at r = 2.43. ", "It has been shown that HMGB1 is able to induce considerable changes in DNA structure even when the amount of the protein directly associated with DNA is low." ]

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[ "\n\nSouth Africa Education Department bans Open Source Software - scmurcott\nhttp://www.webaddict.co.za/2013/10/09/south-africa-education-department-bans-open-source-software/\n\n======\nanjalimullanyny\nResponse from SA Dept of Basic Education:\n[http://www.education.gov.za/Newsroom/MediaReleases/tabid/347...](http://www.education.gov.za/Newsroom/MediaReleases/tabid/347/ctl/Details/mid/2327/ItemID/3820/Default.aspx)\n\n------\nNux\nVery interesting. ", "If this is true someone got some nice pocket money from\nMicrosoft for this one.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Oedipus Mayor\n\nOedipus Mayor () is a 1996 Colombian tragedy film, produced by Tomás Zapata and Jorge Sánchez, directed by Jorge Alí Triana. ", "Set in strife-ridden, 20th-century Colombia, the film is a modern-day interpretation of Sophocles' classical Greek tragedy Oedipus Rex. ", "The film was selected as the Colombian entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 69th Academy Awards, but was not accepted as a nominee.", "\n\nPlot\nSet amidst the rebel wars (representing the Theban plagues) of contemporary Colombia, young Mayor Edipo must mediate a peace deal between conflicting guerrilla groups and the army. ", "It is raining when he leaves. ", "His journey is interrupted when he gets into a shoot-out on a lonely bridge. ", "Returning fire, Edipo somehow escapes. ", "As soon as he gets to town he hears that a prominent leader Layo was brutally slain. ", "No one knows who shot him. ", "Meanwhile, a blind coffin-maker Tiresias wanders town making dire prophecies concerning Edipo's future. ", "It is he who tells the mayor that Layo was murdered by a family member. ", "Edipo's fate is sealed when he gets involved with the beautiful and much older Yocasta, a woman who last had sex thirty years before with her husband Layo. ", "She got pregnant and bore a son ... tragedy ensues.", "\n\nCast\nJorge Perugorria - Edipo\nÁngela Molina - Yocasta\nFrancisco Rabal - Tiresias\nJairo Camargo - Creonte\nJorge Martínez de Hoyos - Priest\nMiriam Colón - Deyanira\nJuan Sebastián Aragón - Police Commander\nArmando Gutiérrez - Army Captain\nMarcela Agudelo - \nFabiana Medina - Guerrilla Child\nJuan Carlos Arango - AUC Commander\nMagali Caicedo\nManuel José Chávez - Guerrilla Child\nSigifredo Vega\nAlfonso Ortiz - Landowners\nHéctor Rivas\nAndrés Felipe Martínez\nRaúl Santa\nSalomón Vega\nJaime Forero\nCarlos Vega\n\nSee also\n List of submissions to the 69th Academy Awards for Best Foreign Language Film\n List of Colombian submissions for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n \n\nCategory:1996 films\nCategory:Colombian films\nCategory:Spanish-language films\nCategory:1990s war films\nCategory:Films based on works by Sophocles\nCategory:Films set in Colombia\nCategory:Incest in film\nCategory:1990s political films\nCategory:Works based on Oedipus Rex" ]

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[ "Ian Madigan has revealed that he is considering a return to Ireland after almost four seasons away and would be open to playing for any of the Irish provinces.", "\n\nMadigan has been plying his trade in France and England since leaving Leinster in 2016, spending a campaign with Bordeaux-Begles in the Top 14 before moving to Bristol, where he has spent the last two-and-a-half seasons.", "\n\nHowever, after playing a key role in Bristol's promotion from the Championship in 2018, Madigan has seen his game-time become increasingly limited, and with his contract set to expire in the summer, he is considering his options.", "\n\nSpeaking to The Left Wing, Independent.ie's rugby podcast, Madigan said that although he is still fighting for a starting place with Pat Lam's side, he is thinking about the prospect of returning to Ireland - and would play for any of the four provinces.", "\n\n\"My contract is up in Bristol at the end of the season,\" Madigan said.", "\n\n\"I'm going through that process at the moment and maybe potentially looking at coming back home, all the Irish provinces are going as strong as ever and you would love to be involved there again, but you just have to wait and see.", "\n\n\"I'd be open to playing at any of the provinces, be that Leinster, Munster, Connacht or Ulster. ", "There are great things going on with Andy Friend in Connacht and Dan McFarland in Ulster. ", "Munster and Leinster are strong as ever, it would be a joy to play with any of the provinces.\"", "\n\nMadigan hasn't added to his 30 international caps since leaving for France after the tour of South Africa in 2016, and admits that he has looked on with a degree of envy as other players took his place in the Ireland squad.", "\n\n\"You'd be lying if you said you weren't looking at how guys were getting on at other clubs, and the grass is always greener,\" he said.", "\n\n\"But at the same time, I do my best to be forward-focused and not dwell on the past too much. ", "I have a strong belief in the decisions I've made once I have made them. ", "It's about getting on with it then, I'm not one to be dwelling on what might have been.\"", "\n\nMadigan has seen himself more involved with Bristol over the last few weeks, especially in their European Challenge Cup campaign, and is hoping to play a bigger part going forward before he decides his future.", "\n\n\"It has been a frustrating few months,\" Madigan said.", "\n\n\"I was out of favour towards the end of last season and then got a few opportunities at the start of this year but I didn't really help myself. ", "I was trying to force things to force my way back in. ", "I could have played better at the start of the season. ", "Things are kind of turning back in my favour now, I've started a couple of games and been back in the 23. ", "Hopefully, the second half of the season is more favourable to me.\"", "\n\nOnline Editors" ]

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[ "Albany Catholic\n\nWhere religion and politics meet\nin New York's Capital Region . . . ", "and beyond.", "\n\nSaturday, September 30, 2006\n\nARISE\n\nToday’s Albany Times Union reports on the upcoming meeting of ARISE.", "\n\nMore than 30 religious and community organizations will meet Tuesday night at Christ the King Church to discuss what ARISE calls its \"21st Century Futures Campaign.\"", "\n\nARISE, which stands for A Regional Initiative Supporting Empowerment, is a faith-based community organization that aims to shape new policies, rather than provide services under the status quo.", "\n\n\"We work to change systemic problems of the poor and unemployed and those in need of help,\" said President Dick Dana, who is a geologist for the state Department of Environmental Conservation and a member of the First Unitarian Universalist Society of Albany.", "\n\n\"We live in a culture that actively discourages the democratic process,\" said Dana, but ARISE wants to tap the latent power of people in congregations who might be hesitant about getting involved.", "\n\nYou can learn more here. ", "Albany Catholic encourages all religious congregations to get involved in this process.", "\n\nFriday, September 29, 2006\n\nDaughters of Abraham Book Club\n\nReligion & Ethics Newsweekly, seen locally on WMHT-TV at 6:00 a.m. on Sunday, has a feature this week on the Daughters of Abraham Book Club.", "\n\nIn Cambridge, Massachusetts, Jewish, Muslim and Christian women gather together once a month to talk about the books they've read -- not the latest bestsellers -- but works that focus on the Abrahamic faiths. ", "Known as the \"Daughters of Abraham,\" this interfaith book club was the brainchild of Edie Howe, a lawyer turned divinity student, who established the reading group in an effort to foster a better understanding of the commonalities and differences found in Judaism, Christianity and Islam in the aftermath of 9-11.", "\n\nBetty Rollin looks at how the \"Daughters of Abraham\" helps its members learn more about each of the three religions -- and also establish better insights and relationships among themselves. ", "According to Howe, \"I believe it is very important for Jews, Christians and Muslims to learn about each other. ", "If you look in the world today there is profound misunderstanding and there is an enormous amount of prejudice and this book group is my undertaking to try to reduce that to the extent that I am able.\"", "\n\nAlbany Catholic realizes that not everyone will rise at 6 a.m. to watch the show, or will know how to program their video recorders, so we offer this link to the transcript of the show. ", "No need to thank us now.", "\n\nRespect Life Sunday, Part 3\n\nThe U.S. Conference of Catholic Bishops has issued a news release regarding Respect Life Sunday:\n\nIn a statement marking Respect Life Sunday, celebrated in Catholic parishes this year on October 1, Cardinal William H. Keeler welcomed “true advances” in respect for human life in our society. ", "He also criticized recent developments that, while “hailed as forms of technical progress” by some, are “regressive and harmful in their effects on human life.”", "\n\nCardinal Keeler, Archbishop of Baltimore, is Chairman of the Committee for Pro-Life Activities at the U.S. Conference of Catholic Bishops.", "\n\nAmong the “signs of progress” welcomed by the Cardinal are the “enthusiastic involvement” of young people in pro-life education and activism, and “the growing number of youth committed to living chastely until marriage,” a trend that has helped reduce abortions. ", "He noted shifts in public opinion against abortion, spurred in part by “the public debate on partial-birth abortion,” and against the use of the death penalty.", "\n\nAmong negative developments the Cardinal cited FDA approval of the abortion drug RU-486 and the Plan B “emergency contraceptive,” which can harm women as well as unborn human lives. “", "In the field of stem cell research,” he added, “the genuine and growing promise of treatments using adult stem cells is often downplayed or ignored, while exaggerated or even fraudulent claims are made for avenues that require destroying early human lives.” ", "Citing the example of a “Stem Cell Research and Cures Initiative” on the November ballot in Missouri, he said the initiative claims to ban human cloning but “would actually elevate the cloning of human embryos for destructive research to the status of a constitutional right.”", "\n\nThursday, September 28, 2006\n\nHaiti\n\nThe chairman of the U.S. Conference of Catholic Bishops’ (USCCB) committee on international policy is strongly urging the House of Representatives to pass key provisions in H.R. 6142, a bill that would help stimulate economic growth and combat poverty in developing countries such as Haiti.", "\n\nIn a letter sent to House representatives, Bishop Thomas G. Wenski of Orlando (FL) calls particular attention to Part III of the resolution, the Haitian Hemispheric Opportunity through Partnership Encouragement (HOPE) Act as a critical tool for helping Haiti’s struggling textile manufacturing industry.", "\n\n“This important legislation is part of our moral imperative to care for the least among us and reflects the deep-rooted humanitarian concerns of the American people,” Bishop Wenski said. “", "It also offers a meaningful path for many vulnerable people in Haiti to become true partners in their own future.", "\n\n“As Haiti continues to rebuild essential services, democratic institutions and effective law enforcement, those communities that know only daily violence and fear need meaningful opportunities to build a different future for themselves and their children,” Bishop Wenski added. “", "The HOPE Act contained in H.R. 6142 will offer important investment incentives for the one remaining sector that can offer employment opportunities for Haiti’s poor. ", "These opportunities are vital in helping Haitians battle instability and build a hopeful future. ", "They merit your full support.”", "\n\nYou can learn more here. ", "Albany Catholic urges you to contact your representatives today.", "\n\nWednesday, September 27, 2006\n\nYou're invited\n\nThe Capital District Community Loan Fund invites you to a discussion about Affordable and Effective Marketing on Friday, September 29, 8:30 to 10 am at 255 Orange Street in Albany.", "\n\nJoin Lissa D'Aquanni of the Chocolate Gecko, Christine Urzan of the Olde Judge Mansion B&B and Eric Dahl of the non profit Community Realty for a lively peer conversation on free or low cost outreach ideas.", "\n\nIf you don't have money for a big name advertising campaign or public relations firm, but need to promote your small business or non profit this meeting is for you. ", "Bring an idea to share!", "\n\nLight breakfast provided. ", "Please call to RSVP at 436-8586.", "\n\nThe Capital District Community Loan Fund's annual celebration to honor investors and borrowers will be held on Monday, October 23 at 5:30 pm at the NYSUT office, 800 Troy Schenectady Road. ", "Call Louise at 436-8586 if you'd like to take an ad in the program journal, have a display table or donate something to the auction.", "\n\nTuesday, September 26, 2006\n\nPope Benedict\n\nWe received the following notice from the editors at Commonweal magazine:\n\nToday, Pope Benedict XVI met with representatives from Muslim-majority countries that maintain diplomatic links with the Vatican \"in order to strengthen the bonds of friendship and solidarity between the Holy See and Muslim communities throughout the world.\" ", "Benedict said he hoped \"to reiterate today all the esteem and the profound respect that I have for Muslim believers.\"", "\n\nHow did he get to this point? ", "To help make sense of the pope's remarks on Islam and their aftermath, Commonweal presents an interview with Kevin Madigan, SJ, president of the Institute for the Study of Religions and Cultures at the Pontifical Gregorian University in Rome, available only on our Web site.", "\n\nMadigan tackles several important questions surrounding the controversy:\n\nCan one make sweeping statements about Islam's views on violence and religious tolerance relying solely on the Qur'an?", "\n\nWould it be correct to say that, as the pope does, God is absolutely transcendent for Muslims? ", "What is the view of the Qur'an when it comes to natural theology and to reason?", "\n\nAre the pope's comments indicative of a change in the Holy See's policy towards Islam. ", "Do they indicate a more hard-line, reciprocity-based approach?", "\n\nWill the damage be corrected by the clarifications issued by the Holy See and the personal apology of the pope?", "\n\nRespect Life Sunday, Part 2\n\nThe Respect Life Program begins anew each year on Respect Life Sunday, the first Sunday in October. ", "The program is highlighted in liturgies and marked by special events. ", "The U.S. Conference of Catholic Bishops has some resources here.", "\n\nSunday, September 24, 2006\n\nRespect Life Sunday, Part 1\n\nCatholics in Alliance for the Common Good has sent us the following announcement for Respect Life Sunday:\n\nOn October 1, Catholics from around the country will observe \"Respect Life Sunday\" - a day on which we remember in particular the Catholic call to promote and defend the life and dignity of the human person. ", "It is also an opportunity for us to recommit ourselves to working to end affronts to human life like abortion, war, poverty and torture.", "\n\nCatholics in Alliance for the Common Good has created a bulletin insert to help inform parishioners about the Catholic call to protect human life and dignity. ", "You may download the insert by clicking here or here. ", "Please ask your pastor or parish office to place it in the parish bulletin for the weekend of September 30 - October 1st. ", "If this is not possible, then we suggest you print out copies for distribution in the vestibule area of your Church or to hand out after Mass on Labor Day weekend.", "\n\nWe would also appreciate if you would drop a quick note to Eric McFadden at emcfadden@thecatholicalliance.org to let us know the parish and diocese in which the insert is being distributed. ", "We would also like to know how it is being distributed.", "\n\nThank you so much for your commitment to Catholic Social Teaching and the mission of Catholics in Alliance for the Common Good.", "\n\nSaturday, September 23, 2006\n\nProvoke Radio\n\nProvoke Radio, a program about faith and justice, produced by the Maryland Province of the Society of Jesus (Jesuits). ", "It's available for listening on-demand on the Internet or in a pod-cast for hand-held devices as well here.", "\n\nProvoke believes the desire for social justice has long been a central theme, not only of our own Roman Catholic tradition, but of all the world religions. ", "Provoke starts with that desire and engages you from the vantage of your own faith. ", "As we explore issues of social justice and ethics, we do so within the context of inter-religious dialogue, and in the process, discover a rich treasure of common values.", "\n\nProvoke believes communications is a mighty tool in the promotion of justice. ", "In a world where many voices are absent from the more powerful media, Provoke tackles issues that affect the poor and marginalized throughout the world. ", "And in so doing, provides a voice for the voiceless.", "\n\nIn the end, Provoke is not interested in being just another talk show where both guests and listeners express their opinions about what the \"Other\" should do to solve a problem. ", "Provoke speaks eloquently to the individual, calling forth a profound and personal response to issues of the day. ", "Provoke serves first to raise consciousness and inspire thoughtful reflection. ", "Only after that do we hope to motivate action in our listeners. ", "Because when all is said and done, we know that living faith requires loving action.", "\n\nThursday, September 21, 2006\n\nThe ACLU\n\nWe have gotten some e-mail from people who like to kick the ACLU, and for those who might feel the same way, we thought you would be interested in the following from their website. ", "We think you will be surprised.", "\n\n+ + + + + + + + + +\n\nThe ACLU is fully engaged in defending a broad range of constitutional rights, including rights related to freedom of religion and belief. ", "It is sometimes wrongly imagined that the ACLU does not vigorously protect rights of freedom of religion, particularly of Christians. ", "The following recent cases illustrate just how wrong these misconceptions are. ", "Although the cases listed below are under the categories of \"Christians\" and \"non-Christian\" (representing the religious beliefs of those who were defended), constitutional rights belong to everyone and not only to people ofparticular religious faiths. ", "The ACLU is also proud of its work defending the rights of everyone by ensuring that the Establishment Clause is fully respected.", "\n\nRhode Island ACLU (2006) filed an appeal in federal court on behalf of an inmate who was barred from preaching during Christian religious services, something he had done for the past seven years under the supervision and support of prison clergy. ", "The prisoner, Wesley Spratt, believes his preaching is a calling from God. ", "Prison officials cited vague and unsubstantiated security reasons for imposing the preaching ban on Mr. Spratt. ", "The ACLU argued that the ban violates Mr. Spratt's religious freedoms guaranteed to prisoners under federal law.", "\n\nThe ACLU of Nevada (2005) defended the free exercise rights and free speech rights of evangelical Christians to preach on the sidewalks of the Strip in Las Vegas.", "\n\nThe ACLU of New Mexico (2005) joined forces with the American Family Association to succeed in freeing a preacher, Shawn Miller, from the Roosevelt County jail, where he was held for 109 days for street preaching. ", "The ACLU became involved at the request of Miller's wife, Theresa.", "\n\nThe ACLU of New Jersey (2005) filed a a motion to submit a friend-of-the-court brief on behalf of Olivia Turton, a second-grade student who was forbidden from singing \"Awesome God\" in a voluntary, after-school talent show. ", "The only restriction on the student's selection for the talent show was that it be \"G-rated.\" ", "The case, filed in federal court, is Turton, et al. ", "v. Frenchtown Elementary School, et al.", "\n\nTuesday, September 19, 2006\n\nTime to act\n\nNETWORK, a Catholic social justice lobby, has sent out an action alert asking our help with two matters. ", "One is the minimum wage, of which we have written several times. ", "The other is the Oman Free Trade Act:\n\nThe Oman trade agreement, an agreement with a small sultanate, whose record of human trafficking and forced labor has been noted by State Department reports, is totally unworthy of a legislative body of a nation supposedly dedicated to freedom and human rights. ", "Oman’s provisions mirror those of CAFTA. ", "Consequently, it has met heavy resistance from labor groups, environmentalists and social justice groups who fault the treaty on labor and human rights grounds.", "\n\nMonday, September 18, 2006\n\nCandidate questionnaire\n\nWe received the following Action Alert from the New York State Catholic Conference:\n\nOn September 13 the New York State Catholic Conference mailed a candidate questionnaire to all of the state candidates for elective office, surveying them on a variety of issues of importance to the Church. (", "You may view the candidate questionnaire here.)", "\n\nThe purpose of this project is not to endorse one candidate over another or to tell Catholics how to vote, but rather, to inform Catholic citizens as to where each candidate stands on issues of concern. ", "We plan to broadly disseminate and publicize the results of this survey in order to promote voter awareness and understanding.", "\n\nThe success of this project is dependent upon the receipt of responses from the hundreds of candidates running for the State Senate, Assembly Governor, Lieutenant Governor, Attorney General, and Comptroller. ", "Please contact the candidates who seek to represent you and urge that they complete the survey and send it back to us as soon as possible.", "\n\nWe won. (", "Sort of?)", "\n\nLast week we told you about Timothy’s Law, which would establish coverage for mental health and chemical dependence services on par with physical health benefits under insurance plans. ", "The Senate passed the bill on Friday, but apparently Governor George Pataki has not agreed to sign it, and it may differ from a previously passed Asembly version, which would require the two houses of the legislature to work out any differences. ", "Albany Catholic will keep you posted on developments.", "\n\nFriday, September 15, 2006\n\nWounds of war\n\nSouthern Rensselaer Neighbors for Peace is sponsoring a talk Help Greater Albany Heal from the Wounds of War, Wednesday, September 20th,7-9pm at the East Greenbush Community Library, 10 Community Way, East Greenbush, NY.", "\n\nEdward Tick, Ph.D., PTSD expert and author will read from and discuss his book, War and the Soul: Healing our Nation's Veterans from Post-traumatic Stress Disorder.", "\n\nFor more information contact Hervie Harris of the Southern Rensselaer Neighbors for Peace at 518-732-7141.", "\n\nPolitical responsibility\n\nIn a news release called Pastors, parishes and political responsibility, the New York State Catholic Conference renews its call to Catholic citizens to inform themselves on the critical issues of the day and to exercise their right to vote.", "\n\nThe role and responsibilities of Catholics in public life have been the subject of much discussion throughout our nation in recent months. ", "Catholics, virtually alone among religious denominations, are often made to feel that we should not allow our deeply held beliefs to help shape our positions on political issues. ", "The notion that Catholics should separate their religious and moral beliefs from their actions as policy makers or voters is incorrect on its face. ", "All people are obligated to vote according their informed conscience, and religious beliefs play a critical role in the formation of the conscience.", "\n\nIn the United States of America, all citizens are blessed to have the opportunity to vote for our political leaders. ", "This is not a responsibility to be taken lightly, and the New York State Catholic Conference renews its call to Catholic citizens to inform themselves on the critical issues of the day and to exercise their right to vote. ", "These issues include, but are not limited to, the respect for the sanctity of human life from the moment of conception until natural death, issues of war and peace, the education and formation of children, the needs of the poor, oppressed and vulnerable, and access to health care for all people, particularly the elderly and infirm.", "\n\nIn the document Faithful Citizenship: A Call to Catholic Political Responsibility, the bishops of the United States remind us of the role of the church in the public square. “", "The Church is called to educate Catholics about our social teaching, highlight the moral dimensions of public policies, participate in debates on matters affecting the common good, and witness to the Gospel through our services and ministries. ", "The Catholic community’s participation in public affairs does not undermine, but enriches the political process and affirms genuine pluralism. ", "Leaders of the Church have the right and duty to share Catholic teaching and to educate Catholics on the moral dimensions of public life, so that they may form their consciences in light of the truth.”", "\n\nBut the document goes further than asserting the rights of Catholics to participate in the political process. ", "It notes that such participation is obligatory. “", "In the Catholic tradition, responsible citizenship is a virtue; participation in the political process is a moral obligation. ", "All believers are called to faithful citizenship, to become informed, active, and responsible participants in the political process.”", "\n\nThe entire release is here. ", "Albany Catholic will be addressing this issue often in the coming weeks as we head to the general election in November.", "\n\nThursday, September 14, 2006\n\nHunger Monday\n\nThe Hunger Action Network has big plans for Monday.", "\n\nJoin Us for Hunger Action Network’s Annual Meeting, Monday, September 18th in Albany\n\nWe hope you will join us for our upcoming Annual Meeting and Conference to be held on Monday, September 18th in Albany. ", "This year’s meeting will focus on how to build a stronger hunger movement, starting with raising the welfare grant for the poorest of the poor. ", "We will also discuss other economic security initiatives, such as universal health care, community food security, and job creation.", "\n\nOur keynote speaker will be Professor William DiFazio who will be speaking on his recent book Ordinary Poverty: A Little Food and Cold Storage. ", "In this trenchant and groundbreaking work, DiFazio presents the results of welfare reform—from ending entitlements to diminished welfare benefits -- through the eyes and voices of those who were most directly affected by it. ", "Ordinary Poverty concludes with a program to guarantee universal rights to a living wage as a crucial way to end poverty. ", "Ultimately, DiFazio articulates the form a true poor people's movement would take -- one that would link the interests of all social movements with the interests of ending poverty.", "\n\nYou are welcome to attend as a Hunger Action member and supporter, a coalition member, a citizen advocate, or simply as an interested individual. ", "We especially encourage low-income individuals to attend and share their insights.", "\n\nWednesday, September 13, 2006\n\nDarfur Sunday\n\nA global day for Darfur is scheduled worldwide this Sunday, September 17. ", "A large rally is scheduled in New York City.", "\n\nMulti-platinum, award-winning duo Big & Rich and popular rock group O.A.R. will appear at “Save Darfur Now: Voices to End Genocide” in New York City on September 17 (www.savedarfur.org/now). ", "The rally will be held in the East Meadow of New York’s Central Park and will be the centerpiece event in a global day for Darfur (www.dayfordarfur.org), as individuals across the globe will call for the immediate deployment of U.N. peacekeepers to Darfur, Sudan.", "\n\n“Save Darfur Now: Voices to End Genocide” will be held at the East Meadow in Central Park near the intersection of 5th Avenue and 97th Street. ", "The rally will coincide with the 61st meeting of the United Nations General Assembly, and activists and entertainers will call on the United Nations to deploy a Chapter VII-mandated peacekeeping force to Darfur immediately.", "\n\nBefore he was pope\n\nAlmost four years ago, in September 2002, Catholic News Service reported that then-Cardinal Joseph Ratzinger said a U.S. attack on Iraq would not be morally justifiable.", "\n\nVATICAN CITY (CNS) -- It would not be moral for the United States, acting alone or with only a few allies, to attack Iraq before a new round of inspections of Iraq's arsenal, said Cardinal Joseph Ratzinger.", "\n\nThe cardinal, prefect of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith, said the United Nations, while not perfect, is the body chosen by the world community to judge the legitimacy of war.", "\n\nAs long as the United Nations and most of its member nations support weapons inspections instead of immediate military action, the United States does not have a right to act unilaterally, the cardinal told reporters after a speech on politics and morality.", "\n\nThe cardinal's comments were reported Sept. 21 in the Italian Catholic newspaper Avvenire. ", "His office did not confirm his remarks, but distributed the text of his speech in Trieste, Italy.", "\n\nAsked by reporters if U.S. military action against Iraq could be justified morally, he answered, \"Certainly not in this situation.\"", "\n\nThe entire article is available here. ", "We at Albany Catholic are not aware of those views changing since the cardinal became pope. ", "And for the record, you should not forget that the inspectors he referred to left Iraq because President Bush called them back, not because, as some have claimed, Saddam Hussein kicked them out.", "\n\nTuesday, September 12, 2006\n\nThe priests of 9/11\n\nFather Edward J. Burns, Executive Director of the Secretariat for Vocations and Priestly Formation for the U.S. Conference of Catholic Bishops, has written an article entitled The Priests of September 11, 2001: Men of Word and Sacrament.", "\n\nFather Kevin Smith, a chaplain with the Nassau County Fire Department, received word from his secretary to turn on the news. ", "In learning of the situation at the World Trade Center, he picked up his brother, Patrick, a firefighter in New York City, and proceeded to the WTC. ", "As he describes in \"We Were There . . .\" ", "he came upon Father Mychal Judge's body after the collapse of the first tower. ", "Not recognizing the man, he simply verifies his death, blesses the body, and continues on his mission. ", "After the collapse of the tower, he learns that rescue workers had continued to carry the body of Father Judge to an office building. ", "Father Smith looked for them, was taken to the body that he could then identify, and asked that Father Judge be taken to St. Peter's Church. ", "It was there that Father Judge's body was placed near the altar in the sanctuary. ", "Father Smith went to the first pew—and prayed.", "\n\nMaryknoll missioner, Father Raymond Nobiletti, MM, pastor of Transfiguration Parish in New York, was one of the first priests on the scene after the attacks of the World Trade Center. ", "A photographer captured the priest ministering to a woman who was severely burned. ", "Moments after the photo was taken, the south tower of the WTC fell. ", "Father Nobiletti and the others photographed were stunned and dazed by the force of the collapsed building. ", "The second photograph shows Father Nobiletti, still wearing his stole, covered in soot and ashes.", "\n\nThe entire article is on the website of the USCCB here. ", "These stories and others have been collected into a booklet entitled September 11, 2001, We Were There . . .: ", "Catholic Priests, How They Responded, In Their Own Words, illustrating how some priests fulfilled their role as men of word and sacrament during the events of September 11, 2001. ", "It is available online at www.usccb.org/vocations/wewerethere.shtml\n\nMonday, September 11, 2006\n\n9/11 follow-up\n\nMatthew 24:24For there shall arise false Christs, and false prophets, and shall shew great signs and wonders; insomuch that, if it were possible, they shall deceive the very elect.", "\n\nMatthew 7:15Beware of false prophets, which come to you in sheep's clothing, but inwardly they are ravening wolves.", "\n\nAlready you probably have thought how this relates to the political leaders of those with whom you disagree. ", "Now take a few minutes to think about how it might relate to those politicians with whom you do agree.", "\n\nRemembering 9/11\n\nCatholic New York, the newspaper of the archdiocese of New York, has an article on priests who were in New York on 9/11 and what they recall of that terrible day.", "\n\nFather James P. Hayes, S.S.S., is pastor of St. Andrew's Church near One Police Plaza. ", "On 9/11 he went to the World Trade Center site, where he saw a group of firefighters from Rescue 5 suiting up to enter the South Tower; he said a prayer with them and went with them into the building, where he searched through stores in the mall looking for victims. ", "He said that he came out minutes after the second plane hit. ", "All of the Rescue 5 firefighters died.", "\n\nIn the same issue, Father Bob Pagliari, C.SS.R., Ph.D., writes about the anniversary of 9/11:\n\nSo we must look to the spiritual leaders of our time, Christian, Jewish, Muslim, etc., ", "to preach harmony over hatred. ", "We must trust that they will impart to everyone in the pews this wisdom of the marriage between faith and love. ", "What God has joined together let no one put asunder.", "\n\nWe were in New York on that fateful day five years ago and will never forget it. ", "Let us honor the sacrifice of all who died by speaking of those events with honesty and self-reflection, and let us not use those events for purposes contrary to our heritage as Catholics and Americans.", "\n\nSunday, September 10, 2006\n\nThe American Conservative\n\nAmong the reasons we at Albany Catholic like The American Conservative magazine are its commitment to its principles, regardless of who is in political office. ", "Another is its willingness to listen to other voices, as evidenced by its most recent issue.", "\n\nWhat is Left? ", "What is Right? ", "Does it Matter?", "\n\nSince its inception, The American Conservative has been dealing with questions of what Right and Left mean in the modern context and to what extent the terms even apply anymore.", "\n\nCommentary memorably took up similar issues in a 1976 symposium, and, 30 years later, in a time of renewed ideological flux, we think a reconsideration is in order. ", "In the interest of hosting a lively discussion, we chose contributors from across the political spectrum and asked for their thoughts on the following questions:\n\n1. ", "Are the designations \"liberal\" and \"conservative\" still useful? ", "Why or why not?", "\n\n2. ", "Does a binary Left/Right political spectrum describe the full range of ideological options? ", "Is it still applicable?", "\n\nTimothy’s Law\n\nThe New York State Catholic Conference is urging people to contact their State Senators regarding this important piece of legislation.", "\n\nPlease take action today to see that Timothy’s Law is enacted when the Senate returns to session this week. ", "This important legislation would establish that coverage for mental health and chemical dependence services must be on par with physical health benefits under insurance plans. ", "The Assembly has overwhelmingly passed Timothy’s Law (A2912A/Tonko) but to date the Senate has not acted on it. ", "Health insurance plans and health maintenance organizations frequently limit access to behavioral health services by restricting the number of visits and/or requiring higher co-payments than required for access to general health services. ", "The case of Timothy O’Clair, a Schenectady boy who committed suicide in his home after not getting adequate mental health treatment due to lack of coverage, clearly illustrates the ultimate cost that barriers to treatment can exact. ", "Please call or email your Senator today.", "\n\nClick here, then click on Take Action at the bottom right side of the page. ", "A pop-up box will give you more information and allow you to send an e-mail to your State senator.", "\n\nSaturday, September 09, 2006\n\nIn memoriam\n\nThe Times Union reports that thousands of mourners are expected to fill Saratoga Springs this weekend and Monday for the wake and funeral of Trooper Joseph Longobardo of Middle Grove.", "\n\nSaratoga Springs High School officials were told that 5,000 to 10,000 people are expected to attend the wake from 2 to 4 p.m. and 7 to 9 p.m. Saturday and Sunday. ", "The wake is being held in the high school auditorium, at 3 Blue Streak Blvd., ", "which holds about 1,300 people, according to district officials.", "\n\nFor the funeral at 11 a.m. Monday at St. Clements Roman Catholic Church, 231 Lake Ave., ", "police departments from across the Capital Region will help city police with traffic. ", "The church holds about 800 people, police said. ", "Burial will follow at the Gerald B.H. Solomon Saratoga National Cemetery, Saratoga.", "\n\nTo donate: The New York State Trooper Foundation established two funds to accept donations in response to the shootings of Longobardo and fellow Trooper Donald H. Baker Jr. The Trooper Joseph A. Longobardo Memorial Fund benefits Longobardo's family. ", "The second is named for Baker. ", "Donations pay for enhancements to the State Police Mobile Response Team, to which both troopers were assigned. ", "Make checks payable to NYS Trooper Foundation, and send to 3 Airport Park Blvd., ", "Latham, NY 12110. ", "Designate the name of the fund in the memo section of the check.", "\n\nResources\n\nChurches for Middle East Peace has Prayer and Study Resources for your church here. ", "It includes a statement by the Patriarch and Local Heads of Churches in Jerusalem on Christian Zionism. ", "The Catholic, Episcopalian, Lutheran and Syrian Orthodox leaders write critically of the “Christian Zionist” movement, affirm that “Israelis and Palestinians are capable of living together within peace, justice and security,” and “call upon all Churches that remain silent, to break their silence and speak for reconciliation with justice in the Holy Land.”", "\n\nThursday, September 07, 2006\n\nThe War Prayer\n\nIf you never have read Mark Twain’s The War Prayer, read it this weekend before the fifth anniversary of 9/11. ", "If you have read it before, read it again, and share it with your friends.", "\n\nTwain apparently dictated it around 1904-05; it was rejected by his publisher, and was found after his death among his unpublished manuscripts. ", "It was first published in 1923 in Albert Bigelow Paine's anthology, Europe and Elsewhere.", "\n\nThe story is in response to a particular war, namely the Philippine-American War of 1899-1902, which Twain opposed.", "\n\nWednesday, September 06, 2006\n\nThis just in . . .", "\n\nWalt Chura will lead Thomas Merton in the Mountains, the 11th Annual Contemplative Retreat at Pyramid Life Center in Paradox, New York, September 8-10, 2006. ", "The all inclusive cost is $120 per person.", "\n\nFor information about registration or accommodations, call 518-585-7545, e-mail monicaplc@aol.com or visit www.pyramidlife.org\n\nThe retreat is co-sponsored by the International Thomas Merton Society (ITMS) and the Thomas Merton Society of the Capital Region. ", "Walt is the past Chair of the Retreats Committee of the ITMS and Coordinator of the TMSCR, past Director of Adult Faith Formation at St. Francis Chapel in Albany and has taught at Siena College and the College of St. Rose. ", "He also is part of the Emmaus House/Albany Catholic Worker extended community and a Secular Franciscan.", "\n\nWhile the weekend will include talks on Merton’s contemplative spirituality and peacemaking and intervals of common prayer, Walt says he will be guided by Merton’s proposal for a good retreat of leaving you extended silent periods without organized activity . . . ", "and more time simply to get oneself back into one’s right mind . . . ", "even for those who find silence and solitude oppressive: there is a certain value in just disciplining oneself to be ˜empty and to spend time doing nothing . . .", "\n\nBy coincidence, we also just learned of a column about Merton by John Dear, a Jesuit priest and peace activist whose book, The Sound of Listening: A Retreat Journal from Thomas Merton's Hermitage was republished this week by Wipf and Stock publishers. ", "The column is available here from National Catholic Reporter.", "\n\nMerton based his life on prayer, contemplation and mysticism. ", "But here he turned down a counterintuitive avenue. ", "He practiced contemplation not to turn an escapist's eye toward wars and dominations and imperial aggrandizements, but to discover the path toward communing with the living God and loving one another in peace.", "\n\nWhich is to say, Merton invites us to become contemplatives, mystics of nonviolence. ", "Contemplation, meditation, adoration and communion take us into the presence of the God of peace. ", "They teach us of the nonviolence of Jesus. ", "In other words, the spiritual life begins with contemplative nonviolence. ", "God disarms our hearts of inner violence and transforms us into people of Gospel nonviolence. ", "We learn to let go of violence and resentments. ", "Merton took this work very seriously, and wants us to do the same.", "\n\nThen God sends us on a mission of disarming love. ", "We grant clemency and forgiveness to everyone. ", "We move from anger, revenge and violence to compassion, mercy and nonviolence. ", "We radiate personally the peace we seek politically. \"", "What is important in nonviolence is the contemplative truth that is not seen,\" Merton writes. \"", "The radical truth of reality is that we are all one.\" ", "Merton spent his life looking for that radical truth, and invites us to do likewise, despite the world's blindness.", "\n\nMerton shows us a thing or two more. ", "By his example we learn that we should be students and teachers of nonviolence. ", "Merton was a great teacher. ", "But more, he was the eternal student. ", "He constantly studied, learned, searched in every intellectual byway for the truth of nonviolence.", "\n\nJust do it\n\nNETWORK, a national Catholic social justice lobby, is urging Catholics to take action to raise the federal minimum wage.", "\n\nCall and email your Representative and Senators, urge them to propose and pass a “clean” minimum wage bill this session.", "\n\nThe Capitol switchboard number is 202-224-3121. ", "You can email via NETWORK’s web site at http://capwiz.com/networklobby/issues/alert/?alertid=9002566&type=CO\n\nPoverty data, released August 27th, verifies that the gap between the ultra-wealthy and almost all working families continued to widen in 2005. ", "Congress gave themselves a pay hike, and further reduced taxes on the wealthiest earlier this session. ", "Yet, they seem unwilling to lift full-time low-wage workers to a level which would still leave a family of four below the poverty level.", "\n\nWe call on Congress to be righteous, as the prophet Ezekiel outlines for us, the righteous one “does not oppress anyone, but restores to the debtor his pledge, … gives bread to the hungry, … does not take advance or accrued interest, withholds his hand from iniquity, executes true justice … acting faithfully.” (", "Ezekiel 18: 5-9)\n\nTuesday, September 05, 2006\n\nFollow-up on the news\n\nLast week, we reported on legislation that would have created an easy to navigate database tracking about $2.5 trillion of government spending -- contracts, grants, insurance, loans and financial assistance. ", "It was headed for almost certain passage until someone in the Senate resorted to secrecy to stop an open government bill. ", "Now, you can learn what happened:\n\nPerhaps there's hope for the battle for public disclosure in the U.S. Senate after all. ", "Oh, the bill that would have created an easy to navigate database to keep track of $2.5 trillion in federal spending -- contracts, grants, insurance payments and the like -- still has an obstacle or two in the way of passage. ", "But at least the culprits who resorted to secretly derailing it have been outed.", "\n\nSunday, September 03, 2006\n\nLabor Day, 4\n\nAn article in America magazine, titled Justice in Executive Compensation, addresses some important issues for American Catholics to think about this Labor Day weekend. ", "It is written by Edward M. Welch, an attorney and a professor in the School of Labor and Industrial Relations at Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan.", "\n\nThe [former] Federal Reserve chairman, Alan Greenspan, has spoken about “infectious greed” in American corporate leadership. ", "Business Week has pointed out that while rank-and-file wages increased over the last decade by just 36 percent, pay for chief executive officers climbed 340 percent. ", "The magazine commented, “When C.E.O.’s can clear $1 billion during their tenures, executive pay is clearly too high.” ", "A commission appointed by the business-oriented Conference Board has similarly noted the public’s anger over excessive executive compensation. ", "It argued that limits must be instituted in order to restore the confidence that the American public has lost in corporations.. . ", ".Estimates indicate the C.E.O.’s of large American corporations make 400 to 500 times the compensation of average workers. ", "This is up from about 42 times the average compensation in 1980 and 15 to 20 times the average compensation in Japan and Germany today.", "\n\nThe author goes on to suggest solutions to this problem based on principles of Catholic social justice. ", "A good read on a rainy day here in upstate New York.", "\n\nSaturday, September 02, 2006\n\nLabor Day, 3\n\nThis Labor Day, Catholics in Alliance for the Common Good and Pax Christi USA are honoring the contributions of workers by promoting the message of Catholic Social Teaching throughout the Catholic community. ", "They are inviting you to join their effort by distributing a special Labor Day bulletin insert in your parish.", "\n\nFor many people, Labor Day provides a much-needed break from the rigors of our busy work weeks. ", "As we gather with friends and family this Labor Day, we also are reminded of our Catholic responsibility to honor and support those who work hard to keep our society and our economy healthy - especially those who work hard but remain in poverty.", "\n\nFriday, September 01, 2006\n\nLabor Day, 2\n\nWe continue our reflections on Labor Day with this article comparing the salaries of some CEOs with those of army privates.", "\n\nAs soldiers have died in displaying personal patriotism, the pay gap between soldiers and defense CEOs has exploded. ", "Before 9/11, the gap between CEOs of publicly traded companies and army privates was already a galling 190 to 1. ", "Today, it is 308 to 1. ", "The average army private makes $25,000 a year. ", "The average defense CEO makes $7.7 million.", "\n\nThe entire article is worth reading, and we will follow it tomorrow with some comments on executive compensation and Catholic social teaching." ]

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[ "Yachting Pages\n\nYachting Pages is a superyacht business with a range of products aimed at captains and crew, shipyards, refit yards and all within the superyacht industry. ", "Yachting Pages is available either in its original printed form, or online. ", "Since the first edition of Yachting Pages was released in 2004, the book has grown rapidly into an established superyacht directory.", "\n\nThe annual print directory is available in three separate editions:\n\nMediterranean, Europe, Africa & Middle East\nUSA, the Americas & Caribbean\nAustralasia, Asia Pacific & Far East\n\nThe Port Maps section at the front of every edition totals over 350 detailed maps of the world's superyacht marinas. ", "Copies of the printed directory are hand delivered free of charge directly to superyachts by uniformed crew, and also to superyacht marinas and land-based superyacht businesses in over 92 countries.", "\n\nThe Company\n\nYachting Pages was founded in May 2003 from current CEO Steve Crowe's spare bedroom in Antibes, France, with only one other member of staff. ", "The company is now based in Bristol, United Kingdom with 34 staff members, many of whom are multi-lingual. ", "\n\nThe first copy of Yachting Pages was launched at the Genoa Charter Show, in May 2004. ", "\n\nSince then, growth of the business has created more products: Yachtingpages.com, Yachting Pages Refit, Yachting Pages Delivers and Superyacht Owners' Guide (SYOG). ", "\n\nAwards\n\nQueens award for Enterprise: International Trade 2009. ", "\nEADP European B2B Award 2009\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n Yachting Pages\n\nCategory:Directories\nCategory:Yachting" ]

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[ "\n\nAsk HN: Idea Feedback - Mobile Sportsbar/Pub Trivia - throwaway_90210\n\nGiven ideas are a dime a dozen, here's one I had the other day. ", " At Buffalo Wild Wings and some other venues I've seen BuzzTime Trivia, it's a location based trivia game that people can play at the venue using controllers on the table while monitoring results on TVs around the restaurant.BuzzTime seems married to their hardware business, and from the little pricing information I've found, it's pretty expensive for an owner/proprietor to get it installed (@ $10-15K setup + monthly subscription fees for content packages at over $300/mo.). ", " I would venture this price point is too expensive for many venues who are interested but scared to commit to the initial investment to see if it helps business.Given the mass proliferation of smart phones with network connections, what about a more affordable version that uses phone instead of the table top terminals?The idea would be:- Players check into the venue (something similar to 4square to reasonably ensure the player is at the actual location) to play. ", " Ideally you do the entire game in the browser without requiring a native app to start.- Compete for prizes, prestige at the venue by playing against others. ", " Start with just once devoted niche like Monday Night Football fans to start before branching out. ", " Perhaps the trivia is curtailed to the venue's location and oppposing teams: e.g. Green Bay, WI trivia along with Packers and Broncos questions.- Provide a dashboard app for owners to hook up and show game activity in the venue. ", " Make it skinnable and allow them to integrate their current promotions, specials, etc.- Integrate with the usual social media channels to increase visibility for the venue through players that participate- Price it as an affordable SaaS type offering with just a monthly service fee that can be cancelled at any time.I'm thinking of contacting some restaurant managers but before doing so, I thought I'd post it out to HN to see if others have some feedback. ", " Any feedback is welcome. ", "Perhaps there are ways to make it more fun, etc. ", " Perhaps it won’t be any fun at all! ", " This definitely feels like a vitamin and not a pain killler, as they say, but Buzztime shows there is a market at least. ", " I’m not trying to build the next Google, only instead find a profitable niche for a small company that allows me to work independently.I have no idea how feasible it is from a technology perspective yet, but I'm hoping a real time, multi-user trivia app on current mobile browsers is possible.Thanks!", "\n======\ndbcfd\nAs both a developer and a bar owner, yes.", "\n\nI had stayed away from buzztime due to the hardware requirements, however, the\niphone app intrigues me. ", "Not enough to put up the cash for buzztime, but\nintriguing nonetheless.", "\n\nTrivia is a great way to bring patrons to a venue, but works best when prizes\nand some sort of mc are involved. ", "The quiz alone is fun for patrons that are\nthere, but doesn't necessarily draw significantly more patrons. ", "The app would\nneed two modes, a constant running game for leaderboard, and an event mode,\nwhich could allow managers to set start/stop times with prizes, localized to\nthe venue. ", "It'd be great if it could integrate with an mc, who can tailor\nquestions based on venue crowd.", "\n\nIt's very feasible from a technology perspective. ", "I've been working on another\nweb based geo location app using Scala/Lift, and this isn't much of a stretch.", "\n\nIf you decide to go down this road, shoot me a message. ", "Be more than glad to\nhelp from either a developer or restaurant owner perspective.", "\n\n------\nwaterside81\nIt's not a crazy idea. ", "The technology component probably isn't your biggest\nobstacle - selling is. ", "You'll most likely have to spend a lot of time (&\nmoney?) ", "hitting the pavement, talking to bar owners / managers etc. ", "Getting\nbig chains to sign up en masse would help of course.", "\n\n------\nrgarcia\nIt looks like buzztime has an iphone app? ", "<http://www.buzztime.com/iphone-\nplaymaker>\n\n~~~\nthrowaway_90210\nThey do have an iPhone app, but it only works at a venue that has already\npurchased the system. ", "I can't see them doing something like this since it\nwould cannibalize their hardware business and anger customers who shelled out\nfor the full system.", "\n\n------\nJulianMiller520\ncurrently working on something in this space ;-)\n\n------\nbmelton\nI like the idea, and have considered doing something with it if only because\nI'm friends with a few bar owners who have complained about how painful trivia\nnight is.", "\n\nIn fact, the best trivia nights are not the BuzzTime ones, but the smaller\nones that don't have hardware at all.", "\n\nAll you really need is a database of trivia questions that the hosts can\nretrieve from, and a way to mark which questions that host has used before.", "\nIdeally, you could let the host tailor the questions to his crowd so that, at\na sports bar, you weren't asking a ton of questions about Justin Bieber, and\nthat sort of thing.", "\n\n~~~\ncallmeed\nI've been thinking of hacking together a trivia question builder that\ncontinually scrapes/parses Wikipedia articles to build the questions.", "\n\nFor example you could take pages like\n[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_League_Baseball_Most_Valu...](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_League_Baseball_Most_Valuable_Player_Award)\nor\n[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Record_of_the_...](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Record_of_the_Year)\n\nAnd build a ton of multiple choice questions just from the tables of past\nwinners.", "\n\n~~~\nmapster\nbuild this. ", "a great mobile app idea!", "\n\n" ]

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[ "TRANSLATION\n\nEMYJIA\n\nFriday, 3 February 2017\n\nMiss bee Providore , Bandung\n\nOnce in\nmy instagram, did popped out the name of MISSBEE_PROVIDORE. ", "The only\nthings that grabbed my attention, to pay a visit to the place was their outdoor\ngreen house cafe design.", "\n\nSuggestion from friends, rumored how great and how nice\nthe food there. ", "It desired me lot.", "\n\nAround 5 pm , when the sun still on shift, can\nclearly witness the design and building very well. ", "6 pm when the sun about to\nset, that’s is another kind of feeling. ", "7 pm , the sun disappear but slowly the\ndimmed environment lighted by the bulb and candle , created prefect romantic\natmosphere.", "\n\nMiss Bee cafe upper floor, the down floor another small cafe.#D*nm the orange spoiler cones\n\nOOTD in front the glass house.", "\n\n“Why I can tell so clearly about it from 5\npm until 7 pm ?” ", "Not so pround to tell I waited for my seat in the greenhouse\nsince 5 pm until 7 pm. ", "What to do when the environment is just too nice , the\ncustomer refused to say bye. ", "I came to experience the greenhouse dining, so I\ndecide to keep my ego , refuse to dine indoor. #", "the indoor design dint\noverwhelmed me.", "\n\nOpened the vintage design menu, wide range of choices, from beverage to main meal, to dessert and breakfast. ", "Beautiful environment, nice food presentation, good service, generous portion ,of course the price “gorgeous”. ", "The range of the spent per person main meal with beverage ,should be minimum around 100 k – 120 k, don’t forget the 15 % tax. ", "The cakes and dessert was in front the counter, can pick according to what available by the day. ", "If you kind of person used to have a little dessert after meal, make sure to have at least 2 red notes of 100k rupiah in your purse before dining here.", "\n\nOne of the things, I found interesting\nwas, the waitress handed us a piece of\npaper. ", "Kinda survey paper after meal. ", "Its very sweet initiative from café toward\ntheir customer.", "\n\nA good new here, there are some promotion,\ndiscount, free items, luckly draw..etc. ", "It keep changing according to season.", "\nFor latest promotion please follow their instagram. ", "By uploading your picture\nwith beverage/food #MISSBEE_PROVIDORE , you can get yourself a TOTEbag." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nXCode import statement and subdirectories\n\nI'm running into an import issue that as a relative newcomer to the Objective-C/C++/XCode world I haven't seen before.", "\nI'd like to include this library with my project: https://github.com/jdkoftinoff/jdksmidi\nBut, it seems like no matter how I try to add it to the project, I get errors when I try to import:\n#import \"jdksmidi/world.h\"\n(No such file or directory)\nI can import without the jdksmidi subdirectory, but since inside all of the headers included with the library, the author uses the same syntax with the subdirectory, I'm stuck.", "\nSimplified question: how do I add the library to my project so that I can use the #import \"jdksmidi/___FILE____.h\" format and not throw compiler errors?", "\nThanks\n\nA:\n\nYou probably need to adjust your User Header Search Paths (USER_HEADER_SEARCH_PATHS) in your build settings. ", "Make sure that the folder containing jdksmidi is in the path. ", " Hope that helps.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Efficacy of intravitreal triamcinolone for the treatment of macular edema secondary to branch retinal vein occlusion in eyes with or without grid laser photocoagulation.", "\nTo evaluate the efficacy of primary and secondary (following grid laser photocoagulation) intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide (IVTA) injection for the treatment of macular edema associated with branch retinal vein occlusion (BRVO). ", "Eyes with macular edema secondary to BRVO and best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) worse than 20/40 were included. ", "Eyes eligible for Branch Retinal Vein Occlusion Study (BVOS) guidelines received grid laser treatment first. ", "Those that were not improved at least two lines following grid laser or that did not meet those guidelines received 4 mg IVTA injection. ", "The efficacy of IVTA treatment was assessed by analyzing the change in BCVA and reduction in central macular thickness (CMT) measured by optical coherence tomography. ", "Intraocular pressure (IOP) spikes and other complications were recorded. ", "The data from 37 eyes were included; in 12 of them IVTA injection was given after grid laser while 25 of them received IVTA as a primary treatment. ", "Mean follow-up was 9.6 +/- 4.5 months. ", "BCVA was 0.06 +/- 0.30 and 0.17 +/- 0.50 in the primary and secondary IVTA injection groups, respectively. ", "In the primary injection group, there was a statistically significant gain in BCVA throughout the follow-up (P < 0.05), while a small increase in BCVA was noted only at the third month visit in the secondary IVTA injection group (P = 0.04). ", "Average CMT were 434.8 +/- 122.1microm and 389.0 +/- 171.9 microm before IVTA injection in the two groups, respectively. ", "In the primary IVTA injection group, CMT decreased at 1 month following IVTA injection and remained statistically significant until the sixth month visit (P < 0.05). ", "In the secondary IVTA injection group, a slight reduction in CMT was noted only in the first month visit (P = 0.02). ", "Pre-IVTA BCVA was found to be the single statistically significant predictor of BCVA gain following IVTA injection. ", "In 8 patients (21.6%), the IOP increased above 25 mmHg postoperatively, and was successfully managed by medical treatment. ", "Endophthalmitis did not develop in any of the patients. ", "IVTA injection produced a significant reduction of macular edema in eyes with BRVO either with or without prior grid laser treatment. ", "Reduction of CMT increased the BCVA in most of the eyes receiving IVTA primarily, while only a slight improvement of BCVA was found in eyes with prior grid laser. ", "The IVTA effect was transient. ", "Larger studies are necessary to find the best approach (either grid laser or IVTA) to patients with macular edema associated with BRVO." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nITK + VTK + Qt on VS2012 - Windows 8\n\nI am creating a project for Image Registration. ", "I had to use windows 8 for executing it. ", "I checked my code with Mac OSX it works perfectly but i have a problem in finding the headers i have used (ITK AND VTK) in Windows it was clearly available in usr/local/include in Mac. ", "But after building the Qt and VTK AND ITK all in VS 2012 Professional 64 bit. ", "I still couldnt find a way to include the headers in Qt Pro\nMy pro file looks like this\n**#-------------------------------------------------\n#\n# Project created by QtCreator 2013-09-18T14:03:47\n#\n#-------------------------------------------------\n\nQT += core gui\n\ngreaterThan(QT_MAJOR_VERSION, 4): QT += widgets\n\nTARGET = ImageRegistration\nTEMPLATE = app\n\nLIBS += -L/C:/Toolkits/itk-4.4.2/bin/lib/Release/\\\n-lITKVtkGlue-4.4\\\n-lITKBiasCorrection-4.4\\\n-lITKBioCell-4.4\\\n-lITKCommon-4.4\\\n-lITKDICOMParser-4.4\\\n-litkdouble-conversion-4.4\\\n-lITKEXPAT-4.4\\\n-lITKFEM-4.4\\\n-litkgdcmCommon-4.4\\\n-litkgdcmDICT-4.4\\\n-litkgdcmDSED-4.4\\\n-litkgdcmIOD-4.4\\\n-litkgdcmjpeg8-4.4\\\n-litkgdcmjpeg12-4.4\\\n-litkgdcmjpeg16-4.4\\\n-litkgdcmMSFF-4.4\\\n-litkgdcmuuid-4.4\\\n-lITKgiftiio-4.4\\\n-litkhdf5_cpp-4.4\\\n-litkhdf5-4.4\\\n-lITKIOBioRad-4.4\\\n-lITKIOBMP-4.4\\\n-lITKIOCSV-4.4\\\n-lITKIOGDCM-4.4\\\n-lITKIOGE-4.4\\\n-lITKIOGIPL-4.4\\\n-lITKIOHDF5-4.4\\\n-lITKIOImageBase-4.4\\\n-lITKIOIPL-4.4\\\n-lITKIOJPEG-4.4\\\n-lITKIOLSM-4.4\\\n-lITKIOMesh-4.4\\\n-lITKIOMeta-4.4\\\n-lITKIONIFTI-4.4\\\n-lITKIONRRD-4.4\\\n-lITKIOPNG-4.4\\\n-lITKIOSiemens-4.4\\\n-lITKIOSpatialObjects-4.4\\\n-lITKIOStimulate-4.4\\\n-lITKIOTIFF-4.4\\\n-lITKIOTransformBase-4.4\\\n-lITKIOTransformHDF5-4.4\\\n-lITKIOTransformInsightLegacy-4.4\\\n-lITKIOTransformMatlab-4.4\\\n-lITKIOVTK-4.4\\\n-lITKIOXML-4.4\\\n-litkjpeg-4.4\\\n-lITKKLMRegionGrowing-4.4\\\n-lITKLabelMap-4.4\\\n-lITKMesh-4.4\\\n-lITKMetaIO-4.4\\\n-litkNetlibSlatec-4.4\\\n-lITKniftiio-4.4\\\n-lITKNrrdIO-4.4\\\n-litkopenjpeg-4.4\\\n-lITKOptimizers-4.4\\\n-lITKOptimizersv4-4.4\\\n-lITKPath-4.4\\\n-litkpng-4.4\\\n-lITKPolynomials-4.4\\\n-lITKQuadEdgeMesh-4.4\\\n-lITKReview-4.4\\\n-lITKSpatialObjects-4.4\\\n-lITKStatistics-4.4\\\n-litksys-4.4\\\n-litktiff-4.4\\\n-litkv3p_lsqr-4.4\\\n-litkv3p_netlib-4.4\\\n-litkvcl-4.4\\\n-lITKVideoCore-4.4\\\n-lITKVideoIO-4.4\\\n-litkvnl_algo-4.4\\\n-litkvnl-4.4\\\n-lITKVNLInstantiation-4.4\\\n-lITKVTK-4.4\\\n-lITKWatersheds-4.4\\\n-litkzlib-4.4\\\n-lITKznz-4.4\n\nINCLUDEPATH+= C:/Toolkits/itk-4.4.2\nDEPENDPATH+= C:/Toolkits/itk-4.4.2\n\nLIBS += -L/C:/Users/Venky/Desktop/Image_Registration_Files/ImageRegistration/macos/ \\\n-lboost_filesystem\\\n-lboost_system\\\n-lhdf5\\\n-lhdf5_cpp\\\n-lscilscore\\\n-lscilsdomainmodel\\\n-lscilsgenericio\\\n-lscilshdf5io\\\n-llibz\n\nINCLUDEPATH+=C:/Users/Venky/Desktop/Image_Registration_Files/ImageRegistration/boost\nDEPENDPATH+=C:/Users/Venky/Desktop/Image_Registration_Files/ImageRegistration/boost\n\nINCLUDEPATH+=C:/Users/Venky/Desktop/Image_Registration_Files/ImageRegistration/scils\nDEPENDPATH+=C:/Users/Venky/Desktop/Image_Registration_Files/ImageRegistration/scils\n\nINCLUDEPATH+=C:/Users/Venky/Desktop/Image_Registration_Files/ImageRegistration/hdf5\nDEPENDPATH+=C:/Users/Venky/Desktop/Image_Registration_Files/ImageRegistration/hdf5\n\nINCLUDEPATH+=C:/Users/Venky/Desktop/Image_Registration_Files/ImageRegistration/hdf5-static\nDEPENDPATH+=C:/Users/Venky/Desktop/Image_Registration_Files/ImageRegistration/hdf5-static\n\nLIBS += -L/C:/Toolkits/vtk-5.10/bin/bin/Release/\\\n-lQVTK\\\n-lvtkalglib\\\n-lvtkCharts\\\n-lvtkCommon\\\n-lvtkDICOMParser\\\n-lvtkexoIIc\\\n-lvtkexpat\\\n-lvtkFiltering\\\n-lvtkfreetype\\\n-lvtkftgl\\\n-lvtkGenericFiltering\\\n-lvtkGeovis\\\n-lvtkGraphics\\\n-lvtkhdf5_hl\\\n-lvtkhdf5\\\n-lvtkHybrid\\\n-lvtkImaging\\\n-lvtkInfovis\\\n-lvtkIO\\\n-lvtkjpeg\\\n-lvtklibxml2\\\n-lvtkmetaio\\\n-lvtkNetCDF_cxx\\\n-lvtkNetCDF\\\n-lvtkpng\\\n-lvtkproj4\\\n-lvtkRendering\\\n-lvtksqlite\\\n-lvtksys\\\n-lvtktiff\\\n-lvtkverdict\\\n-lvtkViews\\\n-lvtkVolumeRendering\\\n-lvtkWidgets\\\n-lvtkzlib\n\nINCLUDEPATH+= C:/Toolkits/vtk-5.10\nDEPENDPATH+= C:/Toolkits/vtk-5.10\n\nINCLUDEPATH+=$$PWD\n\nSOURCES += main.cpp\\\n ImageRegistrationImplementation.cpp\\\nlistWidget.cpp\\\noverlayview.cpp \\\ntransforms.cpp \\\nmodel.cpp \\\nimageviewer.cpp\n\nHEADERS += ImageRegistrationImplementation.h\\\nlistWidget.h\\\n overlayview.h \\\n transforms.h \\\n model.h \\\n imageviewer.h\n\nFORMS += ImageRegistration.ui\n**\n\nI have included the installation directory of the ITK and VTK. ", "I couldnt include the path where the headers are as i couldnt find everyone of them. ", "I even tried copying the headers from my Mac to the the installed itk and vtk directory without any success. ", "It would be great if anyone exactly tell me how to link the headers in Qt Creator.", "\n\nA:\n\nI was able to include after building the \"INSTALL\" folder seperately\n\n" ]

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[ "Typical mission plan interface software for a general unmanned vehicle (UxV) allows operators to control the UxVs via a graphical user interface that includes various input and output options for feedback and control of the UxV mission. ", "The graphical user interface typically provides a three-dimensional presentation that includes latitude, longitude, and altitude information in the display output relating to a proposed plan of the UxV. The software also allows monitoring current missions in progress. ", "This includes updating way points, aborting plans, allowing manual override, and so forth. ", "The graphical user interface must satisfy several requirements such as being user-friendly, allowing three-dimensional mission planning, allowing upload of the plan to the UxV, and allowing manual override based on operator input. ", "The graphical user interface can be split into several sections that convey different information to the operator that in some cases can be adjusted. ", "For instance, a plan control section shows UxV component status, manual override status, and readings from on-board instruments. ", "During a mission, the UxV reports on data relevant to its position, attitude, and heading, for example. ", "This data can be presented to the operator via the interface using an instrument panel display and coordinate mapping system, for example. ", "One issue with current UxV interface software is that new plans or alternative options to existing plans are developed and evaluated off line and uploaded to the UxV after review and approval. ", "After loading, it may be determined that the UxV could no longer carry out the proposed plan due to the delay in the development of an alternative option and its subsequent evaluation." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nIn Node.js/Express, how do I automatically add this header to every \"render\" response?", "\n\nI have many of these \"controllers\": \napp.get('/',function(req,res){\n var stuff = { 'title': 'blah' };\n res.render('mytemplate',stuff);\n}); \n\nNotice res.render? ", "I want to add this header to every response header I make:\nX-XSS-Protection: 0\nHow can I add that response header automatically?", "\n\nA:\n\nYou probably want to use app.use with your own middleware:\napp.use(function(req, res, next) {\n res.header('X-XSS-Protection', 0);\n next();\n});\n\nA:\n\n// global controller\napp.get('/*',function(req,res,next){\n res.header('X-XSS-Protection' , 0 );\n next(); // http://expressjs.com/guide.html#passing-route control\n});\n\nJust make sure this is the first controller you add, order is significant.", "\n\nA:\n\nFor express 4.x, the idiomatic way is as follows:\nImplementation\n// no mount path; executed for every request.", "\napp.use(function (req, res, next) {\n res.set('X-XSS-Protection', 0);\n next();\n});\n\nTest\ndescribe('Response Headers', function () {\n it('responds with header X-XSS-Protection: 0', function (done) {\n hippie(app)\n .get('/any/route/you/can/think/of')\n .expectHeader('X-XSS-Protection', 0)\n .end(done);\n });\n});\n\nDev Dependencies (for tests to work)\n% npm install --save-dev mocha hippie\n\nRelevant Documentation\n\nApplication Level Middleware\nres.set\n\n" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nhow to add to a 2 dimensional array from file contents?", "\n\nI have several lines of 5 different values each in a file, and I want to create a 2 dimensional array using that file where each array inside the main array has 5 values and I want to add the the values into the array until 20 sub arrays exist in the main array or the end of the file is reached\nWith my code however, there is no existing output at all and I don't know what happened\n#include <iostream>\n#include <fstream>\n\nconst int row = 20;\nconst int column = 5;\n\nusing namespace std;\nint main()\n{\n double temperature[row][column];\n\n double temp;\n\n ifstream inFile;\n inFile.open(\"grades1.txt\");\n if (inFile) //if the input file to be read open successfully then goes on\n {\n while (inFile >> temp) //reads through file\n { //adds answers to the array\n // Inserting the values into the temperature array\n for (int i = 0; i < row; i++)\n {\n for(int j = 0; j < column; j)\n {\n temperature[i][j] = temp;\n }\n }\n }\n\n for(int i=0; i<row; i++) //This loops on the rows.", "\n {\n for(int j=0; j<column; j++) //This loops on the columns\n {\n cout << temperature[i][j] << \" \";\n }\n cout << endl;\n }\n }\n}\n\nThis is the temperature file I am using\n61.4 89.5 62.6 89.0 100.0\n99.5 82.0 79.0 91.0 72.5\n\nIf anyone could find the error in my code to fix it, that would be really helpful\n\nA:\n\nWith the way you have written your loops, every number read from the file is assigned to all the elements of the array. ", "However, only the last number read will be retained when you exit from the while loop.", "\nThe code to read the number needs to be in the innermost loop.", "\nfor (int i = 0; i < row; ++i)\n{\n for(int j = 0; j < column; ++j)\n {\n if ( inFile >> temp )\n {\n temperature[i][j] = temp;\n }\n }\n}\n\nWhen the end of the file is reached, you would like to be able stop further attempts to read. ", "It will be better to use a function to read the data and return from the function when the EOF is reached or there is any other kind of error in reading the data.", "\nWhile at it, you might as well use a function to print the data.", "\n#include <iostream>\n#include <fstream>\n\nconst int row = 20;\nconst int column = 5;\n\nusing namespace std;\n\nint readData(ifstream& inFile, double temperature[row][column])\n{\n for (int i = 0; i < row; ++i)\n {\n for(int j = 0; j < column; ++j)\n {\n double temp;\n if ( inFile >> temp )\n {\n temperature[i][j] = temp;\n }\n else\n {\n return i;\n }\n }\n }\n\n return row;\n}\n\nvoid printData(double temperature[][column], int numRows)\n{\n for(int i=0; i<numRows; i++)\n {\n for(int j=0; j<column; j++)\n {\n cout << temperature[i][j] << \" \";\n }\n cout << endl;\n }\n}\n\nint main()\n{\n ifstream inFile;\n inFile.open(\"grades1.txt\");\n if (inFile)\n {\n double temperature[row][column] = {};\n int numRows = readData(inFile, temperature);\n printData(temperature, numRows);\n }\n}\n\n" ]

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[ "India boasts highest ratio of women airline pilots\n\nIndia has the highest ratio of women airline pilots worldwide at 12.4 per cent, compared to about five per cent globally, Xinhua news agency quoted local media as reporting Wednesday.", "\n\nAccording to English daily The Times of India, the number of women pilots has nearly doubled over the past four years. ", "At present, there are 1,092 women pilots in India out of the total 8,797, as compared to 586 out of the total 5,050 pilots in 2014.", "\n\nQuoting figures from the International Society of Women Airline Pilots, the report said there were 7,409 women pilots worldwide, which was just 5.2 per cent of the total pilot workforce. ", "Also, India is said to have witnessed the maximum growth in the number of women commercial pilots in recent times.", "\n\nIndia’s official carrier Air India, too, boasts active participation of women pilots as there are about 280 women pilots in the airline, representing nearly 12.8 per cent of its entire pilot workforce." ]

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[ "Phoenix staffers' film wins top prize at 48 Hour Film Festival\n\nAs we alluded to before, today is the day we all convert from analog to digital television (even though most of us are already converted by now). ", "It's fitting, then, that this week the local edition of the 48-hour Film Festival awarded \"Conversion,\" a short that depicts the horrors of \"going digital,\" best film. ", "The short was directed by Scott Palmer, previously profiled here, and stars, among others, our own Kevin Banks and Sara Faith Alterman. ", "Take a look at some stills after the jump, courtesy of Glasseye :" ]

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[ "If buying clothes is your favorite pastime, we’ve got the deals to keep your fashion habit from breaking the bank. ", "Whether you’re looking to fill your closet with cheap clothes or inexpensive accessories, there are always ways to save.", "\n\nWhen to Shop for Clothes\n\nOne of the best times to shop for clothing deals is at the end of the season, especially the end of winter and the end of summer. ", "As retailers make room for new items, you’ll find deep discounts on last season’s clothes. ", "Black Friday and Cyber Monday are usually good times to buy men’s and women’s online clothing, but if you’re looking for formal wear, check back after the holidays when there is less demand. ", "The new year will also feature cheap workout clothes for women and men as retailers try to cash in on New Year’s fitness resolutions. ", "The other big time to buy apparel is during back to school sales in August and September. ", "You’ll find plenty of deals on children’s clothing, but retailers also often feature cheap baby clothes along with deals for mom and dad.", "\n\nWhere to Shop for Cheap Clothes\n\nIf you’re brand loyal, be sure to get to know the ins and outs of your favorite clothing retailer. ", "Most stores offer discounts in the range of 10% to 20% off your first purchase when you sign up for their newsletters or emails. ", "Liking a store’s social media accounts can often score you discount codes as well. ", "Some stores, like Gap, Old Navy and Kohl’s, offer frequent store “cash” events, earning you coupons for future purchases once you spend over a specific amount. ", "If your entire wardrobe is from a single store, you might also consider signing up for the store credit card, which often offer exclusive discounts to members. ", "Finally, check and see if there’s a loyalty program you can join. ", "Many are free, and they all offer benefits and often advanced notice on sales events.", "\n\nHow to Find Deals on Accessories\n\nOnce your wardrobe is set, you may be on the lookout for discounts on accessories. ", "If you’re looking for jewelry and watch deals, check out the sales in March, August and September. ", "Since there are no gift-giving holidays in these months, retailers may be more desperate to make a sale. ", "If you’re after cheap shoes, you’re likely to find shoe deals, especially on sneakers and tennis shoes, in November, right after the back-to-school sales when retailers want to clear way for winter boots. ", "Meanwhile, you’ll find the lowest prices on boots at the end of the winter season. ", "If shoes are your thing, you’ll also want to consider joining a loyalty program at your favorite retailer. ", "You can often earn points, coupons and other discounts at a variety of shoe stores when you sign up for their rewards programs.", "\n\nAbout Slickdeals\n\nSlickdeals is the leading crowdsourced shopping platform:" ]

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[ "Kempton Howard Park\n\nKempton Howard Park is located in the Blake-Jones area of Riverdale, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. ", "It is located on the southwest corner of Strathcona Avenue and Blake Street, directly adjacent to the Eastview Neighbourhood Community Centre, home of the Eastview Boys & Girls Clubs of Canada.", "\n\nThe park has a variety of outdoor amenities, including a baseball diamond, an outdoor wading pool and a playground. ", " The park's primary use is for baseball games, and has a wired field screen as a part of the baseball diamond, open year-round for the public. ", "The baseball diamond is listed under the Classification C type, given its relatively small size and unirrigated turf.", "\n\nHistory \nThe park's original name was Eastview Park, however, after a tragic slaying of a local youth worker in December 2003, the park was renamed in his honour. ", "The official renaming of the park took place on May 11, 2007, with a local councillor, as well as several community and family members of the slain worker in attendance. ", "This park has since been adopted as a playground not only for the youth in the Boys & Girls Club, but for the kids and youth of the Blake/Boultbee community as well. ", "Kempton Howard (whom the park was named after) was an active staff member of the Boys & Girls Club before his passing.", "\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n \n Eastview Neighbourhood Community Centre Official Website\n Toronto's Historical Plaques: Kempton Howard Park\n\nCategory:Parks in Toronto" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nConversion of C# decimal values of System.", "Array in into string\n\nI have a very strange problem in C# application. ", "The problem is consistent, but only on one remote computer. ", "The data below contains decimal numbers. ", "I perform the following simplified operation:\nArray data = (Array)get_data(); // array of decimals\nStringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();\nsb.", "Append(data.", "GetValue(0));\nstring s = sb.", "ToString();\n\nThis converts numbers like 14.62 into \"14,62\", i.e comma instead of dot. ", "Later, when I parse this string into double, it generates errors. ", "How to prevent this? ", "\nPlease note, that I don't have access to that remote computer. ", "I can only adjust the program's code, and then send a new installer. ", "\n\nA:\n\nStringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();\n\nsb.", "Append(((double)data.", "GetValue(0)).ToString(CultureInfo.", "InvariantCulture));\n\nSee: http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/shxtf045(v=vs.110).aspx\n\n" ]

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[ "[Effect of passive smoking on the level of selected metals in deciduous teeth].", "\nThe cigarette smoke is a significant source of heavy metals, which after being absorbed into the human organism, may be accumulated in a calcified tissue. ", "The accumulation process may be also a result of a passive exposure to the cigarette smoke. ", "As the hard tissues of deciduous teeth are relatively stable in chemical composition, they are widely used as the indicators of the exposure to heavy metals in children. ", "This project is aimed to estimate the effect of passive smoke on the levels of selected toxic and essential elements in deciduous teeth. ", "The research material consisted of 386 deciduous teeth. ", "Out of this, 205 teeth were from the children exposed to the cigarette smoke in the apartments. ", "The levels of cadmium, copper, iron, manganese, lead, zinc, calcium and magnesium were determined using atomic absorption spectrometer with flame atomization. ", "It was concluded that the exposure to the cigarette smoke in children is a factor producing the changes in the levels of selected toxic and essential elements in deciduous teeth. ", "This particularly results in the higher levels of cadmium, copper, lead and zinc, which are the permanent constituents of the cigarette smoke, and the lower levels of manganese, calcium and magnesium. ", "Moreover, the disturbed gradient of lead levels dependent on the tooth type is observed in the children exposed to the cigarette smoke in the apartments." ]

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[ "Central District (Bahar County)\n\nThe Central District of Bahar County () is a district (bakhsh) in Bahar County, Hamadan Province, Iran. ", "At the 2006 census, its population was 49,138, in 12,227 families. ", " The District has one city: Bahar. ", "The District has two rural districts (dehestan): Abrumand Rural District and Simineh Rud Rural District.", "\n\nReferences \n\nCategory:Bahar County\nCategory:Districts of Hamadan Province" ]

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[ "Closing the postfracture care gap using administrative health databases: design and implementation of a randomized controlled trial.", "\nPostfracture care is suboptimal, and strategies to address this major care gap are urgently required. ", "Case management is effective but is resource intensive and difficult to deliver to a widely scattered population. ", "We describe the design and successful implementation of a randomized controlled trial (NCT00594789), which uses provincial administrative health databases to notify eligible physicians and patients after a major osteoporotic fracture that such fractures warrant additional assessment or pharmacologic treatment to prevent subsequent fractures. ", "Men and women aged 50 yr or older residing in the Province of Manitoba, Canada, with a recently reported clinical fracture (hip, spine, humerus, and forearm) from medical claims data, and without recent bone mineral density (BMD) testing (in the last 3 yr) or osteoporosis therapy (in the last year), were randomized to 3 groups: group 1 received usual care, group 2 (physicians only) had mailed notification to the primary care physicians (alert letter, BMD requisition, and management flowchart), and group 3 (physicians and patient) had both physician notifications and patient notification (alert letter). ", "During the initial 10 mo (from June 2008 to March 2009), 2901 fracture patients meeting the inclusion criteria were randomized. ", "Groups were well balanced. ", "Direct costs related to the initiative (programming, case identification, and mailings) were Canadian dollars (CAD$)12,379 during the pilot phase, which translates to CAD$6.50 per notification (groups 2 and 3). ", "Ongoing costs (which exclude the initial programming costs) are estimated at CAD$1.25 per notification. ", "This postfracture intervention, based on medical claims data, provides an easy way to enhance postfracture care. ", "The approach is scalable, can be delivered to a widely scattered population, and requires minimal infrastructure. ", "This low-cost intervention may complement more resource-intensive programs based on case managers." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nHow do I create a new Joda DateTime truncated to the last hour?", "\n\nI am pulling timestamps from a file that I want to create a new DateTime for, but I want to create the DateTime at the floor of the hour (or any Joda Period will do).", "\nHow Can I do this?", "\n\nA:\n\nWohoo, found it. ", "Simple like everything in Joda once I traced down the calls.", "\nDateTime dt = new DateTime().hourOfDay().roundFloorCopy();\n\n" ]

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[ "Thursday, June 28, 2012\n\nSCOTUS Upholds 99% of ACA\n\nMaybe Roberts looked into the abyss and noted it was critically eyeing him, especially in the wake of Citizen's United and the execrable Arizona v the United States ruling from three days ago. ", "And Roberts withdrew, not liking what he saw.", "\n\nA few minutes ago, the Supreme Court handed down one of the most important rulings in its history and one of the most surprising: After judicial activist blathering by Scalia about broccoli, the High Court handed down its decision, largely along party lines, to uphold the Affordable Care Act, or ACA.", "\n\nWhat was surprising was that the swing vote wasn't Justice Anthony Kennedy, who votes with the court's right wingers at least 80% of the time, but Chief Justice John Roberts. ", "Roberts joined Justices Elena Kagan, Sonia Sotomayor, Stephen Breyer and Ruth Bader Ginsberg to form the majority opinion while, typically, Scalia, Kennedy, Thomas and Alito ruled to strike down the health care law.", "\n\nAll that remains to be seen now is how fast the Jim DeMints, Michele Bachmanns and Steve Kings denounce Bush appointee Roberts and to complain for the first time ever that he was a federal judge for just two years before being nominated to succeed Rehnquist as Chief Justice. ", "For good measure, maybe Peter King will denounce him as a Muslim and right wing bloggers will accuse him of being a homosexual.", "\n\nIt'll also be amusing to hear Mitt Romney's tepid response to the upholding of a law obviously based on his own piece of shit health care \"reform\" here in Massachusetts. ", "If he denounces the ruling, then he denounces his much-ballyhooed RomneyCare. ", "If he cheers the ruling, then he winds up cheering President Obama's signature piece of domestic legislation. ", "Either way, his response will be just as wimpy and pandering as it was after the Arizona v the United States ruling.", "\n\nSo El Pandero, to borrow a phrase from Jon Stewart, will do as Romney does: Huddle with his advisors and decide to say a little or a lot of nothing. ", "Romney painted himself into a corner years ago over this issue and he knows he's been checkmated by both the administration and the Supreme Court.", "\n\nSpeaking for myself, the only good thing about this ruling is in it serving as a spiked cudgel with which to beat conservatives and libertarians over their pointy heads all day long. ", "But at the end of the day, we're left with a health care system that insisted from the start in keeping already bloated HMOs and Big Pharma on the playing field, leaves an onerous US tax code-enforced mandate in place (that the SCOTUS said we can simply ignore although it's unclear whether they have any sway over the existing federal tax code since it wasn't directly up for a ruling) and does little if anything about runaway health care premiums.", "\n\nThe next step, obviously, is in electing enough real Democrats and progressives to Congress this November to repeal ObamaCare and replace it with a single payer health care system.", "\n\nBut, since we're indisputably the shit-stupidest nation in galactic history, there's about as much chance of that happening as Rush Limbaugh winning a platinum medal in women's figure skating.", "\n\nBut for now, those with preexisting conditions are covered and are guaranteed reimbursements if HMOs don't spend at least 80% of premiums on health care coverage, virtually the only things in the ACA worth keeping. ", "But the fight isn't over and the only thing the SCOTUS has done is give some breathing room for people who have difficulty breathing and would otherwise be in danger of having coverage jerked out from under their feet by health providers whose shareholders have a problem with actually fulfilling its alleged function." ]

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[ "PARIS April 15, 2008 -- Shortly after we moved to Paris, my son, Luke, cut his lip in a fall at school. ", "I rushed him to the emergency room of a suburban Paris hospital, where a nurse asked my name and address and a doctor quickly stitched up his cut. ", "When I tried to pay, the cashier asked me to call the following week because the \"computer is slow.\" ", "A bill eventually arrived in the mail for the equivalent of $60.", "\n\nThe same week I took Luke to have his stitches removed at a clinic where a doctor spent nearly an hour with him first softening a scab on the cut. ", "This time, the clerk was apologetic as she handed me the bill, explaining she was sure my American health insurance would reimburse some of the cost. ", "The total bill: $7.50.", "\n\nAs presidential candidates hammer out proposals to deal with the increasing millions of uninsured Americans, I know which health plan I'll choose: the French one.", "\n\nThe World Health Organization has named the French health care system the best in the world. (", "The U.S. ranked 37th). ", "It's physician-rich, boasting one doctor for approximately every 430 people, compared with a doctor for every1,230 residents in the U.S. (and French docs tend to charge significantly less). ", "The average life expectancy is two years longer than the U.S. And while the system is one of the most expensive in the world, costing $3,500 per person, it's far less than the $6,100 spend per capita in the U.S.\n\nI've had a unique opportunity to see both systems up close and personal: I had breast cancer in California nine years ago and a recurrence in Paris this year. ", "I received excellent care in both places, though looking back now my California oncologist's office was a bit of a meat market — always packed with patients, from the seemingly not-so-sick to some a step from the grave — a time-consuming disadvantage of living in a much larger country with a lower doctor-to-patient ratio.", "\n\nMy French doctors and nurses have been sensitive, skillful, caring — and not so harried.", "\n\nBut the biggest difference has been money.", "\n\nMy top-level health insurance paid for most of my U.S. care, but it was often a struggle to shake loose the money. ", "I was frequently stuck in the middle of disputes between the company and my hospital and doctors over \"agreed to fees.\"", "\n\nContinually dunned by the hospital for fees and facing multiple complaining phone calls to my insurance company, I sometimes simply caved in and wrote checks to cover bills that I knew were the insurance company's responsibility — part of a wearing-down strategy I was convinced was deliberate.", "\n\nHere in France I have a green carte vitale— literally a \"life card\" or social security card that provides entree to the system. ", "It's funded by worker contributions and other taxes. ", "My husband (and our family) is covered through his work with a French subsidiary of a U.S. company, and so is everyone else; coverage is universal. ", "The French are responsible for co-pays, but some 80% of them have supplemental private insurance to cover the co-pay. ", "People least able to pay and those with chronic or serious illnesses often have the best coverage. ", "Because I'm being treated for cancer, I'm cent pour cent —100%—covered.", "\n\nThe effect of a system where hospitals and doctors don't worry about getting stiffed by a patient or an insurance company seems to be a far more relaxed, generous system. ", "When my surgeon discussed breast surgery here, he suggested that I stay in the hospital five days. \"", "Of course I can do it the American way, kind of an outpatient situation,\" he told me, apparently not wanting to sound unsophisticated. \"", "But I don't like pain.\"", "\n\nMaternity stays for a normal delivery are a minimum of five days, not the 48 hours mandated by U.S. federal legislation in 1998 after many insurance companies insisted stays be even shorter.", "\n\nI've always had health insurance in the U.S. And yet the few times I'd had to walk into an American emergency room I've always felt a thief who seems to be expected to sign over all worldly goods before any medical care can begin, regardless of the state of agony someone might be in. ", "French doctors address problems immediately and aren't constrained by approvals from some medical decision maker in a distant insurance office.", "\n\nYears ago, my husband had to wait several hours in Manhattan emergency room as administrators tracked down someone in our out-of-state insurance company who would approve (and therefore agree to cover the bill for) antibiotic treatment for a horrifying infection in his face that doctors were concerned could have been flesh-eating strep.", "\n\nThere's no question you'll be treated in France. ", "Everyone is. ", "The nation pays the bills and the hospitals don't get stiffed. ", "It's an all-encompassing cradle-to-grave system. ", "My fear now is that I won't be able to even get insurance when and if I return to the states, much less be able to afford it.", "\n\n\"The French health care system has a lot of lessons for the U.S.,\" said Northern Arizona University Professor Paul V. Dutton, who has studied both extensively for his book \"Differential Diagnoses: A Comparative History of Health Care Problems and Solutions in the U.S. and France.\"", "\n\n\"There seems to be a feeling that Britain's socialized health system is the only one we can look at because it's English, it's the mother country. ", "But in fact, the French share many of the same values that American consumers seek, like choice of physician and freedom from insurance company authorization of medical decisions. ", "The French system is already far more similar to the American ideal,\" Dutton said.", "\n\nExcept it works.", "\n\nMary Cline is a freelance writer and editor in Paris. ", "She's using her married name for a change because of fears that she won't be able to obtain U.S. health insurance when she returns to the states if insurers track down this article." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nIs there some way to request peer review on an edit?", "\n\nI just edited this answer, I just reached 2000+ reputation and the edit got immediately accepted. ", "Is there some way to turn this off?", "\nI´m fairly sure this was a good edit, but I have done bad edits before, like the one for this answer, where I removed all incorrect information, which was most of the answer. ", "That edit was correctly rejecte by peer review, because \"This edit deviates from the original intent of the post. ", "Even edits that must make drastic changes should strive to preserve the goals of the post's owner.\"", "\nI learned from that and will try to avoid doing something like that again, this is not possible without peer review, I felt unsure about that edit, but didn´t know about that reason to reject it and thought it would be fine, because I only removed incorrect information.", "\nI usually feel fairly sure about my edits, but there are some cases where I am unsure and where I would prefer to have someone else approve it via peer review.", "\nIs there a feature like that? ", "If not, then I would like to suggest such a feature. ", "It could work similar to how the \"community wiki\" checkbox works, then I could tick a checkbox that sends the edit to the review queue, rather than being imidiately accepted, whenever I feel unsure about an edit, or simply don´t want to make a final decision, I´m not perfect, I make mistakes.", "\nAdding a feature like that would make it possible to learn from mistakes, even at higher reputation levels. ", "In my case I feel like it´s too early to ALWAYS have the edit accepted without peer review, because I´m still learning and I reached this much reputation too quickly to fully understand the rules. ", "I´m bound to make mistakes and I don´t want anyone else to suffer for it.", "\nI do feel confident enough to decide when an edit feels a bit risky though, so I think simply having the option to have an edit peer reviewed would be enough.", "\nAlternatively I could just never make any edits if I´m not completely sure if they are good, but in that case I would no longer have the opportunity to learn if an edit is good, or not, so a lot of future edits that would be good would never be made, because I was unsure.", "\n\nA:\n\nYou can't suggest reviews anymore now that you've reached 2000 reputation. ", "The system (and the users who voted for your posts) trusts you to have learned how editing works by now, by having your suggested edits approved or rejected, and by seeing the edits of other users who have earned the same privilege as you.", "\nAnd frankly, the system seems to be working as expected! ", "You've noticed that some of your edits were rejected, and have learned why. ", "But as everyone knows, with great power comes great responsibility. ", "Now that you can edit posts without having your changes approved by other users, you should only make edits that you're feeling confident about.", "\nSimilar feature requests have popped up from time to time on Meta Stack Exchange, like here. ", "It doesn't look like revoking your own privileges is going to be implemented.", "\n\nA:\n\nWrigglenite's answer covers the feature request side of things so I'll just address the act of editing itself:\n\nIs there some way to request peer review on an edit?", "\n\nYou already are!...kinda. ", "Every edit you make bumps that question to the front page, complete with a little 'modified by <UserName>' message and link that takes users directly to the post you edited. ", "So in a way, your edits are still pushed up to be reviewed by the community. ", "All that's changed is that we trust you enough to make those edits immediately, instead of first holding them back for community review.", "\n\nI´m still learning and I reached this much reputation too quickly to fully understand the rules. ", "I´m bound to make mistakes and I don´t want anyone else to suffer for it.", "\n\nYou'll be fine. ", "It may seem daunting, but don't fret - edits are important, but are fairly trivial to change, update, or roll back - there's not a whole lot that can go terribly wrong. ", "If it helps, the Help Center gives some general guidance:\n\nWhen should I edit posts?", "\nAny time you feel you can make the post better, and are inclined to do so. ", "Editing is encouraged!", "\nSome common reasons to edit are:\n\nto fix grammatical or spelling mistakes\nto clarify the meaning of a post without changing it\nto correct minor mistakes or add addendums / updates as the post ages\nto add related resources or hyperlinks\n\nTiny, trivial edits are discouraged - try to make the post significantly better when you edit, correcting all problems that you observe.", "\n\nIf you feel it's a good edit, go ahead and make the judgement call. ", "If you miss something, or introduce a typo etc, someone else will just edit it again, or (worst case) roll it back. ", "You can see all your revisions on your profile (here), so if you want to check back a day or two later and see if anything changed, you can.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Q:\n\njQuery autocomplete - How to handle extra data?", "\n\nI'm struggling with the following problem. ", "I use the jQuery autocomplete plugin to get a list of suggested values from the server. ", "The list would look like this:\n\nUsername1|UserId1\nUsername2|UserId2\n\nSo if I start typing \"U\", a list of \"Username1\" and \"Username2\" pops up, as expected. ", "I could chose the first item and the <input>'s value would become \"Username1\", but what I really want to send to the server is the user ID.", "\nCan I somehow get a hold of the ID that is following the user name? ", "I intend to do the form post on change of the text box. ", "Maybe I'm just too blind to see it in the docs or to find it on Google?", "\n\nA:\n\nUse the result method of the autocomplete plugin to handle this. ", "The data is passed as an array to the callback and you just need to save data[1] somewhere. ", "Something like this:\n$(\"#my_field\").autocomplete(...).result(function(event, data, formatted) {\n if (data) {\n $(\"#the_id\").attr(\"value\", data[1]);\n }\n});\n\n" ]

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[ "Pre-wedding and post-wedding photo shoots may soon be passe. ", "For, wedding photographers in the country say they’re taken aback by a new, and rather uncomfortable, trend that’s emerging: of couples asking for nude/semi-nude photo shoots on the wedding night.", "Guragon-based Priyanka Sachar, who does couple shoots, recently got a request from a groom-to-be in Lucknow. \"", "He wanted an intimate photo shoot – a couple shoot – with nude poses on his wedding night. ", "I had to turn down the request, because I was not comfortable doing something like that,\" says Priyanka, adding, \"It’s not as though nude photography does not happen. ", "In fact, boudoir photography is fairly common, where a woman may want to capture the best of herself. ", "And it is done very tastefully. ", "But clicking a couple on their wedding night - I’m not sure if the couple is actually being kinky or just wants pictures for themselves?\" ", "Faizan Patel, a Delhi-based photographer also recalls a request from a nude photoshoot for a couple earlier this year. \"", "And this was supposed to be a pre-wedding shoot!\" ", "says Faizan, who also turned down the request, \"And since the request was coming from the guy, I asked him to first check with the girl if she would be okay with something like this. ", "I, for one, was not comfortable with the idea,\" he explains, \"Also, if I cannot share my work with others, or online, it does not add to my profile. ", "So it did not make sense for me to do a shoot like that.", "\"While wedding photographers says that couples kissing in their wedding pictures is fairly common in India now, couples wanting to pose in the buff on their wedding night isn’t. \" ", "So far, we’ve had various kinds of photography being adopted into wedding photography. ", "For example, fashion photography became a part of wedding shoots some years ago. ", "Then, there was candid photography. ", "Nude photography was the only element that hadn’t been incorporated so far at Indian wedding,\" says Sushant, a Delhi-based wedding photographer, who cannot quite believe this is for real.", "Nitin Dangwal, another wedding photographer based in Chandigarh, says the farthest he’s gone is doing a post-wedding photo shoot for a couple in the hotel bedroom. \"", "But it was a fun shoot. ", "There are things you can do in a hotel banquet hall or at the wedding venue, and there are things you can do in a bedroom. ", "Like getting them to pose with a pillow, or on the sofa. ", "So, that was the idea of that shoot. ", "But a nude photoshoot? ", "No,\" he says. ", "Recalling a similar request from a couple in Mumbai a year ago, city-based photographer Yashwant Dhwaj Shah says, \"The couple was getting married in Mumbai and got my number from a common friend. ", "While they had hired a set of photographers from Mumbai to shoot their wedding functions, they wanted me to shoot some special moments of their wedding night, which was at a beach resort near Mumbai. ", "Just to refuse them politely, I quoted a very high amount as my fees, but they agreed even to that! ", "Finally, I turned down the offer saying I wasn’t comfortable accompanying a newly married couple on their wedding night and shooting their private moments. ", "The thought itself was quite weird.", "\"Not everyone though is averse to the idea. ", "Amit Mahendru says he shot a semi-nude pre-wedding photoshoot for an NRI couple at a city club located on the outskirts of Lucknow in March this year. \"", "To say that I was comfortable doing it would be far from the truth, in fact there were many embarrassing moments between the shots, where the couple were more forthcoming than I was actually prepared for,” says Amit, who says he charged a bomb for the shoot.(By Team KT)" ]

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[ "New Technology and Innovative Gadgets\n\nEvery time Facebook acquires a new app or drops billions of dollars on someone else's work, the internet becomes abuzz with criticisms, claiming that these moves are a harbinger of the end for the billion-dollar company. ", "However, the cunning Mark Zuckerberg actually has been planning his next move with these new toys all along; something that goes beyond that big blue social giant that propelled him to success.", "\n\nDeveloped to aid the brave men and women of our fire department, the C-Thru Smoke Diving Helmet harnesses a vast array of technologies to help aid rescuers when combating a blaze -- including augmented reality, noise cancellation, improved communications, and a thermal-optic camera.", "\n\nImagine scientists shooting solar panels in to space – enough to span 9\nfootball fields – for the sole purpose of being assembled by robots, in\norder to construct an object capable of capturing solar power. ", "Then,\nhaving the harnessed energy being beamed back to Earth through the use\nof radio waves – allowing a vehicle fitted with a solar receiver to\ncapture enough energy to move about on land. ", "The U.S. Navy is hoping to introduce such a device, and it may just cure our energy woes.", "\n\nWith a handful of DIY remedies and a large amount of costly options, taking your tunes on the go --or even in the shower -- are limited, until now. ", "With The All Purpose Bluetooth Speaker by Abco Tech, you can get an all-in-one convenient, Bluetooth speaker system that is both portable and highly audible, all at a pretty decent price.", "\n\nIt's April Fools day already and what better way to ring in Spring than by hurling outlandish pranks at one another, all for the sake of good fun? ", "The celebrated holiday is center stage for web and tech companies looking to add a little satire to their products, and today was no exception. ", "Cast your gullibility aside and join me as we take a look at a round-up of 2014's best tech April Fools Pranks.", "\n\nImagine having a search engine at your disposal that allows you to enter your own picture as its query. ", "WIth Huiiz -- an upcoming, innovative facial recognition search engine -- you can do just that. ", "Simply drag and drop an image yourself, and you'll be presented with all the places you face has been plastered on the web -- places you may not even be aware of.", "\n\nThe Glowfaster smart jacket is the latest contender in ‘health\nconscious’ wearable technologies. ", "This innovative idea utilizes health-tech features (heart rate sensor, GPS tracking) and presents them in a new,\nmotivational, way. ", "With other wearable technologies on the horizon, how will the Glowfaster stack up?", "\n\nWhen you read the word Soylent, it may conjure up images of Charlton Heston and a dystopian future. ", "However, Rob Rhinehart hopes to change that. ", "Soylent is actually a food substitute, crafted with several ingredients that intend to give its consumers all\nof the necessary nutrients and calories required for a single day. ", "Thus, a few cups of Soylent a day is all you need to sustain yourself.", "\n\nWhether you’re a budding amateur, someone who’s looking to dip their\ntoes into the professional world, or even just an individual looking to\ndabble in the world of videography – a few things are for certain: you’re\ngoing to need your very own camera, lights, and audio equipment. ", "Also,\nyou’re most likely going to need it on a budget.", "Here's what I recommend:\n\nSamsung recently revealed two new, \"hands on\", videos for their\nupcoming products to give users an in-depth look at their newest technology. ", "The Gear 2 and Gear Fit are the latest in wearable technology, and are\ncrammed with so many features that it seems almost unbelievable -- while the\nGalaxy S5 is bringing up the rear with latest innovations in smart phone\ntechnology.", "\n\nAds from advertisers that take advantage of inventors may appear on our pages. ", "We have a difficult time blocking them all. ", "Many of our advertisers provide valuable services. ", "But be careful! ", "Before using any invention service provider, do your research and make sure you are really getting what you need. ", "Start your research by reviewing Invention Cons, Scams and Other Problems .", "\n\nAdvertisers are our main source of revenue. ", "When we link to certain sites, we may receive a small commission for sales using our links. ", "The opinions expressed on our website reflect the unbiased opinions of our reviewers. ", "If we receive a free sample for review or a small fee to write an \"advertorial\", that is clearly noted in the article." ]

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[ "package com.lhjz.portal.config;\n\nimport org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.", "Autowired;\nimport org.springframework.context.annotation.", "Configuration;\nimport org.springframework.messaging.simp.config.", "ChannelRegistration;\nimport org.springframework.messaging.simp.config.", "MessageBrokerRegistry;\nimport org.springframework.web.socket.config.annotation.", "AbstractWebSocketMessageBrokerConfigurer;\nimport org.springframework.web.socket.config.annotation.", "EnableWebSocketMessageBroker;\nimport org.springframework.web.socket.config.annotation.", "StompEndpointRegistry;\n\nimport com.lhjz.portal.component.", "WsChannelInterceptor;\nimport com.lhjz.portal.component.", "WsHandshakeInterceptor;\n\n@Configuration\n@EnableWebSocketMessageBroker\npublic class WsConfig extends AbstractWebSocketMessageBrokerConfigurer {\n\n\t@Autowired\n\tWsChannelInterceptor channelInterceptor;\n\n\t@Autowired\n\tWsHandshakeInterceptor wsHandshakeInterceptor;\n\n\t@Override\n\tpublic void configureMessageBroker(MessageBrokerRegistry config) {\n\n\t\tconfig.enableSimpleBroker(\"/channel\", \"/direct\", \"/blog\");\n\t\tconfig.setApplicationDestinationPrefixes(\"/chat\");\n\t}\n\n\t@Override\n\tpublic void registerStompEndpoints(StompEndpointRegistry registry) {\n\n\t\tregistry.addEndpoint(\"/ws\", \"/ws-lock\").setAllowedOrigins(\"*\").addInterceptors(wsHandshakeInterceptor)\n\t\t\t\t.withSockJS();\n\n\t}\n\n\t/** \n\t * 消息传输参数配置 \n\t */\n\t//\t@Override\n\t//\tpublic void configureWebSocketTransport(WebSocketTransportRegistration registry) {\n\t//\t\tregistry.setMessageSizeLimit(8192) //设置消息字节数大小 \n\t//\t\t\t\t.setSendBufferSizeLimit(8192)//设置消息缓存大小 \n\t//\t\t\t\t.setSendTimeLimit(10000); //设置消息发送时间限制毫秒 \n\t//\t}\n\n\t/** \n\t * 输入通道参数设置 \n\t */\n\t@Override\n\tpublic void configureClientInboundChannel(ChannelRegistration registration) {\n\t\t//\t\tregistration.taskExecutor().corePoolSize(4) //设置消息输入通道的线程池线程数 \n\t\t//\t\t\t\t.maxPoolSize(8)//最大线程数 \n\t\t//\t\t\t\t.keepAliveSeconds(60);//线程活动时间 \n\t\tregistration.interceptors(channelInterceptor);\n\t}\n\n\t//\t/** \n\t//\t * 输出通道参数设置 \n\t//\t */\n\t//\t@Override\n\t//\tpublic void configureClientOutboundChannel(ChannelRegistration registration) {\n\t//\t\t//\t\tregistration.taskExecutor().corePoolSize(4).maxPoolSize(8);\n\t//\t\tregistration.interceptors(channelInterceptor);\n\t//\t}\n\n}" ]

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[ "At the 210 Hancock property in Ithaca’s Northside neighborhood, site prep is taking place. ", "The site is being graded and excavation is now underway for subsurface utilities installation (water and sewer pipes, the teal tubes stacked in the photos). ", "INHS is conducting vibration monitoring while all this goes on, although the pile installation won’t start for another couple weeks, running foe about three weeks, mid-late August to mid September. ", "Contractor Lecesse Construction will be installing 10-15 piles per day with a hydraulic hammer, between the hours of 8 AM and 4 PM. ", "If the Voice’s Facebook inbox during the demolition phase this past spring was any indication, some very zealous neighbors will be providing breathless live coverage.", "\n\nAll in all, the contractor issue set INHS back about three months, but the grant funding is accommodating and rental agreements won’t be signed until the project is much closer to completion, late spring or summer 2017. ", "For those who meet the affordable income brackets (breakdowns here), the rental interest form is here. ", "The 54 apartments and the 5 rental townhomes should be ready to go by this time next year." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }

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[ "So here we are, hurtling towards the end of January, the month of self-flagellation and resolutions to do things better. ", "How many of us declared that this year – no, honestly! – ", "this year will be the one in which we finally lose the extra weight and save some money?", "\n\nBut what about the academy itself? ", "Universities could certainly benefit from a health check and a good look at their finances, but they should also consider a third popular resolution: to drink less. ", "We know the damaging effect that booze can have on our students, but what about us faculty members?", "\n\nIt’s no secret that academics drink a lot. ", "Evening seminars, book launches, special lectures – all are invariably accompanied by booze; normally after the event, often beforehand and sometimes even during the proceedings. ", "At the richer universities, one can easily get by without ever getting a round in, thanks to the near-endless stream of free wine (it always seems to be wine) during the week.", "\n\nOther workplaces – and I write as someone who took several years out to work in those famously restrained industries, media and publishing – generally save it for the Christmas party, closing a deal, or an occasion of note, such as a good financial quarter or payday.", "\n\nBut in academia, alcohol is ever-present. ", "We don’t just partake at night: I’ve been to many seminars starting at 5pm, offering wine from the start. ", "If you want to take part fully in the research culture of a university – talks, seminars, events, panels – it’s hard to avoid drinking while doing so.", "\n\nThere are plenty of benefits to having drinks at these events, of course. ", "As a PhD student, I find it much easier to approach big-name professors during relaxed wine receptions than in front of hostile audiences at conferences. ", "Striking up a conversation seems far less intimidating when each of us has a glass in hand, seemingly on a level playing field despite the difference in our career progress. ", "Without this psychological prop, I worry that I might fall into the category of “pushy PhD” rather than “genuinely curious new entrant to the field”.", "\n\nBooze is the reward at the end of a long day of papers – you can feel the prickle of anticipation as the caterers clatter and jingle in the background of a mediocre presentation. ", "For some this is a social pleasure, but others seem desperately in need of a fix, like smokers just off a train, cigarette in hand before they get to the ticket barriers.", "\n\nWe know that young people, including students, are drinking less than they used to. ", "But at the same time older, middle-class drinkers are accidentally consuming too much, one relaxing glass of wine at a time.", "\n\nI’m not suggesting that academia forces people into alcoholism. ", "But since starting my graduate studies at a Russell Group institution, I’ve been struck by the effects of the regular small amounts that add up to more than I’d like to think. ", "I actually lost weight during the early days of my PhD, thanks to the “two glasses of wine and a handful of crisps” menu offered at these functions.", "\n\nThere are many problems in academia, including stress, long hours, isolation, bullying and a variety of mental health issues. ", "Drinking too much can exacerbate these and have lasting negative effects.", "\n\n\n\nThen there’s the personal and professional fallout. ", "When drink plays a prominent role in departmental socialising, there’s a clear risk of favouritism among those who share a tipple on a regular basis.", "\n\nEarly career researchers who wish to drink less often – maybe for personal reasons, maybe because socialising is one of the first things to go in the publish-or-perish culture of many universities – can find themselves out of the loop, socially and otherwise, as the lines between personal and professional become blurred.", "\n\nMost of us drink at manageable levels, just a couple of glasses at a time. ", "The problem is that we do it so often. ", "But why is there so much alcohol in academia? ", "And why isn’t there the same amount in other, similarly stressful sectors?", "\n\nJoin the higher education network for more comment, analysis and job opportunities, direct to your inbox. ", "Follow us on Twitter @gdnhighered. ", "And if you have an idea for a story, please read our guidelines and email your pitch to us at highereducationnetwork@theguardian.com" ]

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[ "Transcript for Political crises sweep the state of Virginia\n\nAnd good evening. ", "Thanks for joinings on on this Saturday. ", "I'm Tom llamas. ", "And we begin tonight with the new developments on the political crisis in the state of Virginia. ", "Embattled governor Ralph Northam still not stepping down, but breaking his silence after last week's news conference, where he admitted to appearing in blackface back in 1984. ", "He attended a state trooper's funeral service today. ", "That scandal sparked by th racist photo he says wasn't him ending up on his yearbook page. ", "With lieutenant governor Justin Fairfax also refusing to budge from office. ", "Nearly all of Virginia democratic leaders and lawmakers and the 2020 presidential candidates intensify their calls for him to go. ", "Ax's Zachary kiesch STA off. ", "Reporter: For the first time in seven chaotic days, governo Ralph Northam emerging from seclusion, paying his respects at the funeral of a fallen officer. ", "Tonight, the governor also breaking his silence. ", "In an interview with the \"Washington post\" saying, he refuses to resign for admitting to wearing blackface and the racist photo that appears on his yearbook page. ", "It was offensive, racist and able. ", "Reporter: Adding, the \"Humbling\" experience better positions him to push an agenda of racial reconciliation. ", "He went on to recount an unnamed black lawmaker who explained to him that a white person who makes a mistake gets a second chance, while a black person might not, saying, it helped \"To better understand why someone of white privilege has the opies they have when an African American doesn't.\" ", "I used just a little bit of shoe Polish to put on my cheeks. ", "The reason I used a very little bit, you cannot get shoe Polish off. ", "Reporter: At last week's press conference I asked why someone, who grew up in the south and is the governor of Virginia, wouldn't already understand these issues. ", "Do you think as a grown adult that it's problematic that you need to have it explained to you that blackface is offensive? ", "No. ", "You know, I'm not a person of color and people of color perience different things, it cts them different ways. ", "Reporter: Tonight, the man in line to succeed Northam, lieutenant governor Justin Fairfax, now being accused of sexual assault by two women. ", "Fairfax has been given an ultimatum -- resign or face impeachment. ", "The articles of impeachment under theonstitution are very clear. ", "High crimes and misdem this clearly meets that threshold. ", "Reporter: The second alleged victim to come forward, Meredith Watson, claiming Fairfax raped her when the two were classmates at duke university nearly two decades ago. ", "He was drinking, she wasn't drinking. ", "She knew things were changing when he got up and locked the door, turned out the light, raped her. ", "Reporter: Her attorney releasing an e-mail she says Watson sent to a friend in 2016 claiming Fairfax raped her. ", "The lieutenant governor denies the allegation, saying, \"It is demonstrably false. ", "I have never forced myself on anyone, ever.\" ", "Any messages for the citizens of Virginia? ", "We'll have our say. ", "I'm confident in the truth. ", "All right, Zachary joins us live from Richmond. ", "That Virginia delegate saying he'll introduce the articles of the impeachment against lieutenant governor Fairfax on Monday. ", "But is that expected to go anywhere? ", "Tom, critics of impeachment that according to the Virginia constitution it has to be for crimes committed in the office. ", "That's just one option. ", "It can also include misdemeanors or high crimes. ", "His advisers tell us he has no plans of stepping down. ", "So this looks like it will move\n\nThis transcript has been automatically generated and may not be 100% accurate." ]

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[ "Following attendance, Russlene Waukechon and Beverley Shirley reviewed HB1 and what the proposed legislative budget recommendations would mean for the TexShare database budget.", "\n\nBeverley outlined the TexShare budget over the next biennium and what choices the EIWG face in selecting database resources for the core menu this year and for the next 2 years. ", "Due to loss of funding, the EIWG must make decisions regarding what resources have to be retained for this subscription year and what could not be renewed with the funds available this subscription year. ", "Database usage statistics and vendor renewal policies, were reviewed by the group as renewal decisions for FY 11 and FY12 must be made soon. ", "Dropping packages was discussed.", "\n\nLosing General Revenue also directly impacts the amount of federal funding TSLAC will receive which could have gone to support TexShare.", "\n\nBeverley discussed how libraries were to pick up $ 4 million in fees to make up the difference in the loss of funding for the databases. ", "Concern was expressed that libraries may not be able to increase their fees especially among community colleges.", "\n\nLisa Hebert and Karen Blankenship both stated they would look at cutting database subscriptions held by their libraries over cutting TexShare databases.", "\n\nHeritageQuest was mentioned as a key resource for libraries esp. ", "public libraries.", "\n\nRusslene offered to create a table with renewal information and options for what could be cut in order to make our budget goal for this year. ", "A new poll in Doodle will be created to poll the EIWG in order to arrive at a consensus on what will not be renewed for July, 2011.", "\n\nA bid for 2012 was discussed and how people will need to plan for travel to Austin." ]

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[ "---\nauthor:\n- '[^1]'\ntitle: Dynamical picture for the exotic XYZ states\n---\n\nIntroduction\n============\n\nThe most reliable prediction of the quark model is the spectrum of conventional hadrons composed either from quark-antiquark (mesons) or from three quarks (baryons). ", "These states have been observed in experiments and their properties have been carefully studied by experimentalists as well as theorists for a long time. ", "However, this situation has been changed since 2003 with the discovery of many charmonium- and bottomonium-like XYZ states that do not fit the simple quark-antiquark interpretation. ", "The specific feature of these states is that their masses are close to meson-meson thresholds. ", "There are several theoretical interpretations of them, e.g., as hadronic molecules, tetraquarks, threshold cusps, etc. (", "for review, see Refs.", " [@Lebed:2016hpi; @Nielsen:2009uh; @Klempt:2007cp]).", "\n\nThe $Y$ states are neutral with quantum numbers $J^{PC}=1^{--}$ of charmonium but not the simple $c\\bar c$ charmonium. ", "Among the observed Y states are $Y(4005)$, $Y(4260)$, $Y(4360)$, etc. ", "The $Z$ states ($Z_c$ and $Z_b$) are basically charged, for example, $Z_c^+$ has quark content $c\\bar c u\\bar d$ so it is certainly exotic state. ", "The $Z_b^+$ has quark content $b\\bar b u\\bar d$. The $X$ states are the non-$q\\bar q$ mesons but other than the $Y's$ and $Z's$. The most famous is the $X(3872)$ with quantum numbers $J^{PC}=1^{++}$.\n\nWe present a dynamical approach for description of the multi-quark states that is based on an effective interaction Lagrangian describing the coupling of hadrons to their constituent quarks. ", "We give a brief sketch of our results on the decay widths of some exotic four-quark states obtained within this framework and published in series of our papers of Refs.", " [@Dubnicka:2010kz; @Dubnicka:2011mm; @Goerke:2016hxf; @Goerke:2017svb; @Gutsche:2017twh; @Gutsche:2016cml].", "\n\nFirst, we explore the consequences of treating the $X(3872)$ meson as a tetraquark bound state. ", "We calculate the decay widths of the observed channels and conclude that for reasonable values of the size parameter of the $X(3872)$ one finds consistency with the available experimental data. ", "Then we have critically checked the tetraquark picture for the $Z_c(3900)$ state by analyzing its strong decays. ", "We found that $Z_c(3900)$ has a much more stronger coupling to $DD^\\ast$ than to $J/\\psi\\pi$ that is in discord with experiment. ", "As an alternative we have employed a molecular-type four-quark current to describe the decays of the $Z_c(3900)$ state as the charged particle in the isotriplet. ", "We found that a molecular-type current gives the values of the above decays in accordance with the experimental observation. ", "By using molecular-type four-quark currents for the recently observed resonances $Z_b(10610)$ and $Z_b(10650)$, we have calculated their two-body decay rates into a bottomonium state plus a light meson as well as into B-meson pairs.", "\n\nDynamical picture for multiquark states: covariant confined quark model\n=======================================================================\n\nThe main assumption of approach is that hadrons interact via quark exchange only. ", "The interaction Lagrangian is written as $$\\begin{aligned}\n{\\cal L}_{{\\rm int}} &=& g_H \\cdot H(x)\\cdot J_H(x),\n\\qquad\\qquad\\text{where the quark currents are given by}\\\\[2ex]\n%\n J_M(x) &=& \n\\int\\!\\! ", "dx_1 \\!\\!\\int\\!\\! ", "dx_2\\,\nF_M (x;x_1,x_2) \\cdot \\bar q^a_1(x_1)\\, \\Gamma_M \\,q^a_2(x_2)\n \\hspace{2cm} \\text{Meson}\n\\\\[2ex]\nJ_B(x) &=& \\int\\!\\! ", "dx_1 \\!\\!\\int\\!\\! ", "dx_2 \\!\\!\\int\\!\\! ", "dx_3\\,\nF_B (x;x_1,x_2,x_3) \\hspace{3.4cm} \\text{Baryon}\n\\\\\n&&\n\\times\\, \\Gamma_1 \\, q^{a_1}_{1}(x_1) \\,\n\\Big( q^{a_2}_{2}(x_2)C \\, \\Gamma_2 \\, q^{a_3}_{3}(x_3)\\Big)\n\\cdot \\varepsilon^{a_1a_2a_3}\n\\\\\n&&\\\\\n J^\\mu_T(x) &=&\n\\int\\!\\! ", "dx_1\\ldots\\int\\!\\! ", "dx_4\\,\n F_T (x;x_1,\\ldots,x_4) \\hspace{3.1cm} \\text{Tetraquark}\n\\\\\n&&\n\\times\\, \n\\Big(q_1^{a_1}(x_1)\\, C\\Gamma_1\\, q_2^{a_2}(x_2)\n\\Big) \\cdot\n\\Big(\\bar q_3^{a_3}(x_3)\\, \\Gamma_2 C\\, \\bar q_4^{a_4}(x_4)\n\\Big)\\cdot\n\\varepsilon^{a_1a_2c} \\varepsilon^{a_3a_4c}.\\end{aligned}$$ Here, the $F(x;x_1,\\ldots,x_n)$ are the vertex functions characterizing the distribution of quarks inside the hadron. ", "The matrix elements of the physical processes are described by the Feynman diagrams which are convolution of the quark propagators and vertex functions. ", "The details of all calculations may be found in our published papers of Refs.", " [@Dubnicka:2010kz; @Dubnicka:2011mm; @Goerke:2016hxf; @Goerke:2017svb; @Gutsche:2017twh; @Gutsche:2016cml]. ", "For illustration, we show in Fig.", " \\[fig:X-mass\\] the tetraquark self-energy diagram which is needed for the determination of coupling constant $g_T$ in the interaction Lagrangian.", "\n\n![", "Tetraquark self-energy diagram[]{data-label=\"fig:X-mass\"}](fig_mass)\n\nA narrow charmonium–like state $X(3872)$ was observed in 2003 in the exclusive decay process $B^\\pm\\to K^\\pm\\pi^+\\pi^- J/\\psi$ [@Choi:2003ue]. ", "A mass was found to be very close to the $D^0D^{\\ast\\,0}$ threshold and width less than 2.3 MeV. The state was confirmed in B-decays by the BaBar experiment [@Aubert:2004fc] and in $p\\overline{p}$ production by the Tevatron experiments CDF [@Acosta:2003zx] and DØ[@Abazov:2004kp]. ", "From the angular analysis performed by several collaborations it was shown that the $X(3872)$ state has the quantum number $J^{PC}=1^{++}$. Then it was found that the branching ratios of the modes $X \\to \\pi^+\\pi^- J/\\psi$ and $X \\to \\pi^+\\pi^-\\pi^0 J/\\psi$ are almost the same that imply strong isospin violation. ", "There are several different interpretations of the $X(3872)$ in the literature: a molecule bound state ($D^0\\overline{D}^{\\ast\\,0}$), threshold cusps, hybrids and glueballs.", "\n\nWe employed the diquark-antidiquark interpretation suggested in Ref.", " [@Maiani:2004vq] and performed an independent analysis of the properties of the $X(3872)$ within our covariant confined quark model in the papers Refs.", " [@Dubnicka:2010kz; @Dubnicka:2011mm]. ", "The quark content was chosen as $[cq]_{S=0}\\,[\\bar c \\bar q]_{S=1} + [cq]_{S=1}\\,[\\bar c \\bar q]_{S=0}$, $(q=u,d)$ [@Maiani:2004vq] . ", "The physical states are suppossed to be a linear superposition of the $X_u$ and $X_d$ states according to $$X_l\\equiv X_{\\rm low} = X_u\\, \\cos\\theta + X_d\\, \\sin\\theta,\n\\qquad\nX_h\\equiv X_{\\rm high} = - X_u\\, \\sin\\theta + X_d\\, \\cos\\theta.$$ The mixing angle $\\theta$ is determined from fitting the ratio of branching ratios of the $X-$decays into $J/\\psi+2\\pi$ and $J/\\psi+3\\pi$.\n\nThe diagrams describing the strong decays $\\Gamma(X\\to J/\\psi+n\\,\\pi)$ (n=2,3) and $X\\to D^0\\bar D^0\\pi^0 $ are shown in Fig.", " \\[fig:X-strong\\]. ", "The diagrams describing the radiative decays $\\Gamma(X\\to J/\\psi+\\gamma)$ are shown in Fig.", " \\[fig:X-rad\\].", "\n\n ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n ![", "Diagrams describing the strong X-decays[]{data-label=\"fig:X-strong\"}](fig_XJV \"fig:\") ![", "Diagrams describing the strong X-decays[]{data-label=\"fig:X-strong\"}](fig_XDD \"fig:\")\n ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\n ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n ![", "Diagrams describing the radiative X-decays[]{data-label=\"fig:X-rad\"}](fig_XJgam_a \"fig:\") ![", "Diagrams describing the radiative X-decays[]{data-label=\"fig:X-rad\"}](fig_XJgam_b \"fig:\")\n \\[2ex\\] ![", "Diagrams describing the radiative X-decays[]{data-label=\"fig:X-rad\"}](fig_XJgam_c \"fig:\") ![", "Diagrams describing the radiative X-decays[]{data-label=\"fig:X-rad\"}](fig_XJgam_d \"fig:\")\n ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nThe only free parameter is the so-called size parameter $\\Lambda_X$ which appears in the vertex function $F_T(x;x_1,\\ldots,x_4)$. We plot the dependence of the calculated decay widths on this parameter in Fig.", " \\[fig:X-width\\] in quite large range of $\\Lambda_X\\in [2.5-4]$ GeV.\n\n -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n ![", "Dependence of the strong (left panel) and radiative (right panel) decay widths onthe size parameter[]{data-label=\"fig:X-width\"}](fig_width-X \"fig:\") ![", "Dependence of the strong (left panel) and radiative (right panel) decay widths onthe size parameter[]{data-label=\"fig:X-width\"}](fig_X_elem \"fig:\")\n -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nFinally, we compare the obtained results for the ratios of decay widths with the available experimental data. ", "One can see that there is reasonable agreement in the case of the strong decays and very good agreement in the case of the radiative decays. ", "$$\\frac{\\Gamma(X\\to D^0\\bar D^0 \\pi^0)}\n {\\Gamma(X\\to J/\\psi\\pi^+\\pi^-)} = \n\\left\\{\\begin{array}{lr} 4.5 \\mbox{ $\\pm$} 0.2 & \\mbox{theor} \\\\[1.5ex]\n 10.5 \\mbox{$\\pm$} 4.7 & \\mbox{expt}\n \\end{array} \\right|,\n\\qquad\n\\frac{\\Gamma(X\\to J/\\psi + \\gamma)}\n {\\Gamma(X\\to J/\\psi+2\\pi)} =\n\\left\\{\\begin{array}{lr} 0.15 \\mbox{ $\\pm$} 0.03 & \\mbox{theor} \\\\[1.5ex]\n 0.14 \\mbox{$\\pm$} 0.05 & \\mbox{expt}\n \\end{array} \\right|.$$\n\n \n=\n\nThe BESIII Collaboration [@Ablikim:2013mio] observed a structure in the $\\pi^\\pm J/\\psi$ mass spectrum of the process $ e^+e^-\\to \\pi^+ \\underbrace{\\pi^-J/\\psi}_{Z_c^-} $. ", "It was named as the $Z_c(3900)$ state with a mass near 3.9 GeV and a width around of 50 MeV. This state was confirmed by the Belle Collaboration [@Liu:2013dau]. ", "Recently, the D0 Collaboration presented evidence for the exotic charged $Z_c(3900)$ in semi-inclusive weak decays of $b$-flavored hadrons [@Abazov:2018cyu]. ", "This structure can be interpreted as a new charged charmonium-like state. ", "Mode with $D\\bar D^\\ast$ in the final state was studied by the BESIII Collaboration [@Ablikim:2013xfr]. ", "A distinct charged structure was observed in the $ (D\\bar D^\\ast)^\\mp $ invariant mass distribution of the process $ e^+e^-\\to \\pi^\\pm \\underbrace{(D\\bar D^\\ast)^\\mp}_{Z_c^\\mp} $. ", "The angular distribution of the $\\pi Z_c(3885)$ system favors a $J^P = 1^+$ quantum number assignment for the new structure. ", "The ratio of partial widths was determined as $$\\frac{\\Gamma(Z_c(3885)\\to D\\bar D^\\ast)}{\\Gamma(Z_c(3900)\\to\\pi J/\\psi)}\n=6.2\\pm 1.1 \\pm 2.7$$\n\nAssuming that the $Z_c$ the charged partner of the $X(3872)$ state one can write down a tetraquark-type current: $$J^\\mu = \\frac{i}{\\sqrt{2}}\\varepsilon_{abc}\\varepsilon_{dec}\n\\left[ (u^T_a C\\gamma_5 c_b)(\\bar d_d\\gamma^\\mu C \\bar c^T_e)\n - (u^T_a C\\gamma^\\mu c_b)(\\bar d_d\\gamma_5 C \\bar c^T_e)\\right]$$ In Ref.", " [@Goerke:2016hxf] we have used the nonlocal generalization of this tetraquark current to calculate a number of the $Z_c(399)$ two-body decay widths of the process $1^+(p,\\mu) \\to 1^-(q_1,\\nu)+ 0^-(q_2)$. It was found that, in our model, the leading Lorentz metric structure in the matrix elements describing the decays $Z_c^(3900)\\to\\bar DD^{\\ast}$ vanishes analytically. ", "This results in a significant suppression of these decay widths by the smallness of the relevant phase space factor ${\\bf|q|}^5$. Since the experimental data [@Ablikim:2013xfr] show that the $Z_c(3900)$ has a much more stronger coupling to $DD^\\ast$ than to $J/\\psi\\pi$, one has to conclude that the tetraquark-type current for the $Z_c(3900)$ is in discord with experiment.", "\n\nAs an alternative we have employed a molecular-type four-quark current to describe the decays of the $Z_c(3900)$ state: $$J^\\mu = \\frac{1}{\\sqrt{2}} \n\\left[ (\\bar d \\gamma_5 c) (\\bar c\\gamma^\\mu u)\n +(\\bar d \\gamma^\\mu c)(\\bar c\\gamma_5 u) \\right].$$ In this case we found that for a relatively large size parameter $\\Lambda_{Z_c} \\sim 3.3$ GeV one can obtain the partial widths of the decays $Z_c^+(3900)\\to\\bar DD^{\\ast}$ at the order $\\sim 15$ MeV for each mode. ", "At the same time the partial widths for decays $Z_c^+(3900)\\to J/\\psi\\pi^+\\,, \\eta_c\\rho^+$ are suppressed by a factor of $6-7$ in accordance with experimental data [@Ablikim:2013xfr]. ", "If the $\\Lambda_{Z_c}$ is varied in the limits $\\Lambda_{Z_c}=3.3 \\pm 1.1$ GeV then one has $$\\begin{aligned}\n \\Gamma(Z^+_c\\to J/\\psi+\\pi^+) &=& (1.8 \\pm 0.3)\\,\\text{MeV}\\,,\n \\hspace*{0.7cm}\n \\Gamma(Z^+_c\\to \\bar D^0 + D^{\\ast\\, +}) = (10.0^{+1.7}_{-1.4})\\,\\text{MeV}\\,,\n\\nonumber\\\\[1.2ex]\n\\Gamma(Z^+_c\\to\\eta_c+\\rho^+) &=& (3.2^{+0.5}_{-0.4})\\,\\text{MeV}\\,,\n \\hspace*{1.05cm}\n\\Gamma(Z^+_c\\to \\bar D^{\\ast\\, 0} + D^+) = (9.0^{+1.6}_{-1.3})\\,\\text{MeV}\\,.\\end{aligned}$$ Preliminary data from BESIII cited in [@Yuan:2018inv] were reported for the ratio $$R(Z) = \\frac{\\mathcal{B}(Z_c(3900)\\to\\rho\\eta_c)}\n {\\mathcal{B}(Z_c(3900)\\to\\pi J/\\psi)} = 2.1 \\pm 0.8.$$ They agree very well with our finding $R(Z) = 1.8 \\pm 0.4$.\n\n and \n=====\n\nA few years ago the Belle Collaboration [@Belle:2011aa] reported on the observation of two charged bottomoniumlike resonances in the mass spectra of $\\pi^{\\pm}\\Upsilon(nS)$ ($n=1,2,3$) and $\\pi^{\\pm}h_b(mP)$ ($m=1,2$) in the decays $\\Upsilon(5S)\\to\\Upsilon(nS)\\pi^+\\pi^-, h_b(mP)\\pi^+\\pi^-$. The measured masses and widths were given by $$\\begin{aligned}\n M_{Z_b} &=& (10607.2 \\pm 2.0 ) \\ \\text{MeV}\\,, \\qquad \n \\Gamma_{Z_b} = ( 18.4 \\pm 2.4 ) \\ \\mathrm{MeV}\\,,\n\\nonumber\\\\\nM_{Z'_b} &=& ( 10652.2 \\pm 1.5) \\ \\mathrm{MeV}\\,, \\qquad \n\\Gamma_{Z'_b} = ( 11.5 \\pm 2.2 ) \\ \\mathrm{MeV}\\,.", "\n\\label{eq:Belle-1} \\end{aligned}$$ and the quantum numbers are $I^G(J^P)=1^+(1^+)$. The existence of these two states was later confirmed by the same collaboration [@Garmash:2014dhx; @Garmash:2015rfd] in differing decay channels. ", "In the paper [@Garmash:2015rfd] the Belle Collaboration reported on the results of an analysis of the three-body processes $e^+e^-\\to B\\bar B\\pi^\\pm, B\\bar B^\\ast\\pi^\\pm$, and $ B^\\ast\\bar B^\\ast\\pi^\\pm$. It was found that the transitions $Z^\\pm_b(10610)\\to [B\\bar B^\\ast + c.c.]^\\pm$ and $Z^\\pm_b(10650)\\to [B^\\ast\\bar B^\\ast]^\\pm$ dominate among the corresponding final states.", "\n\nSince the masses of the $Z^+_b(10610)$ and $Z_b^\\prime(10650)$ are very close to the respective $B^\\ast\\bar B$ (10604 MeV) and $B^\\ast\\bar B^\\ast$ (10649 MeV) thresholds, it was suggested in Ref.", " [@Bondar:2011ev] that they have molecular-type binding structures. ", "$$J^\\mu_{Z_b^+} = \\frac{1}{\\sqrt{2}} \n\\left[ (\\bar d \\gamma_5 b) (\\bar b \\gamma^\\mu u)\n +(\\bar d \\gamma^\\mu b)(\\bar b \\gamma_5 u) \\right]\\,, \n\\qquad\nJ^{\\mu\\nu}_{Z_b^{\\prime +}} = \\varepsilon^{\\mu\\nu\\alpha\\beta} \n(\\bar d \\gamma_\\alpha b) (\\bar b \\gamma_\\beta u).$$ Such a choice guarantees that the $Z_b$-state can only decay to the $[\\bar B^\\ast B+c.c.]$ pair whereas the $Z'_b$-state can decay only to a $\\bar B^\\ast B^\\ast$ pair. ", "Decays into the $BB$-channels are forbidden. ", "Due to $G$-parity conservation $Z_b\\to \\Upsilon+\\rho$, $ Z_b\\to \\eta_b + \\pi$, $ Z_b\\to \\chi_{b1} + \\pi$, $ Z_b\\to h_b + \\rho$. The decay $Z_b\\to \\chi_{b1} + \\rho$ is not allowed kinematically.", "\n\nThere are therefore only the three allowed decays: $Z^+_b \\to \\Upsilon+\\pi^+$, $Z^+_b \\to h_b+\\pi^+$ and $Z^+_b \\to \\eta_b+\\rho^+$. The only two new parameters are the size parameters of the two exotic $Z_b(Z'_b)$ states. ", "As a guide to adjust them we take the experimental values of the largest branching fractions presented by Belle: $${\\cal B}(Z_b^+\\to [B^+ \\bar B^{\\ast\\,0} + \\bar B^0 B^{\\ast\\,+}]) \n= 85.6^{+1.5+1.5}_{-2.0-2.1}\\,\\%\\,,\n\\qquad \n {\\cal B}(Z_b^{\\prime +} \\to \\bar B^{\\ast\\,+} B^{\\ast\\,0})\n = 73.7^{+3.4+2.7}_{-4.4-3.5}\\,\\%\\,.$$\n\nBy using the central values of these branching rates and total decay widths we find the central values of our size parameters $\\Lambda_{Z_b} =3.45$ GeV and $\\Lambda_{Z'_b}=3.00$ GeV. Allowing them to vary in the interval $ \\Lambda_{Z_b} =3.45\\pm 0.05 $ GeV and $ \\Lambda_{Z'_b}=3.00\\pm 0.05 $ GeV we obtain the values of various decay widths.", "\n\n ----------------------------------- ------------------------------- -------------------------------------\n Channel \n $Z_b(10610)$ $Z'_b(10650)$\n $\\Upsilon(1S)\\pi^+$ $5.9\\pm 0.4$ $9.5^{+0.7}_{-0.6}$\n $h_b(1P)\\pi^+$ $(0.14\\pm 0.01)\\cdot 10^{-1}$ $0.74^{+0.05}_{-0.04}\\cdot 10^{-3}$\n $\\eta_b \\rho^+$ $4.4\\pm 0.3$ $7.5^{+0.6}_{-0.5}$\n $B^+\\bar{B}^{*0}+\\bar{B}^0B^{*+}$ $20.7^{+1.6}_{-1.5}$ $-$\n $B^{*+}\\bar{B}^{*0}$ $-$ $17.1^{+1.5}_{-1.4}$\n ----------------------------------- ------------------------------- -------------------------------------\n\n : $Z_b(10610)$ and $Z'_b(10610)$: numerical results[]{data-label=\"tab-1\"}\n\n Theory Belle Expt.", "\n --------------- ---------------------- -------------\n $Z_b(10610)$ $30.9^{+2.3}_{-2.1}$ $25 \\pm 7$\n $Z'_b(10650)$ $34.1^{+2.8}_{-2.5}$ $ 23 \\pm 8$\n\n : $Z_b(10610)$ and $Z'_b(10610)$: Total widths, MeV []{data-label=\"tab-2\"}\n\nAcknowledgments\n===============\n\nI am grateful to the organizers of International Workshop on QCD, theory and experiment (QCD$@$Work) for invitation and hospitality in Matera. 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{ "pile_set_name": "ArXiv" }

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[ "1. ", "Field of the Invention\nThe present invention relates to a bolt and a nut preventing seizure and biting in screwing the bolt into the nut.", "\n2. ", "Description of the Related Art\nA bolt provided with a guide portion at the tip portion of a bolt shank has been known. ", "Such a bolt is appropriately adjusted an orientation of the bolt with respect to the nut and is able to screw the bolt into the nut even in a case where the bolt is inserted into the nut with their axes not being aligned with each other.", "\nAs an example of the above-described bolt, a bolt disclosed in U.S. application Ser. ", "No. ", "6,120,227 has been known. ", "FIG. ", "9 illustrates the bolt. ", "In this conventional bolt, a constant diameter cylindrical part 4 with a diameter smaller than a bolt shank 2 is provided at the tip portion of the bolt shank 2 having a screw thread 1 formed thereon via a short tapered inclined part 3. ", "A complete screw thread 5 is formed on the constant diameter cylindrical part 4. ", "In the example illustrated in FIG. ", "9, an edge tapered part 6 is further provided at the other end of the constant diameter cylindrical part 4.", "\nIn general, it is difficult to form a complete screw thread on the tapered inclined part 3 between the bolt shank 2 and the constant diameter cylindrical part 4. ", "Therefore, an incomplete screw thread 9 having a height lower than that of the complete screw thread is likely to form on the inclined part.", "\nAs described in FIG. ", "9, an incomplete screw thread 10 is also formed in an opening of a female screw 7 of the nut. ", "The height of the incomplete screw thread 10 is lower than that of a screw thread 8 of the female screw 7 and the crest thereof is sharper than that of the screw thread 8.", "\nTherefore, when a bolt is inserted into a nut with their axes not being aligned with each other, the incomplete screw thread 9 of the bolt easily bites in the incomplete screw thread 10 of the nut as shown in FIG. ", "10, and then resulting in the occurrence of the seizure.", "\nAn object of the present invention is to provide a bolt and a nut capable of appropriately adjusting the orientation of the bolt and then fastening the bolt and the nut without fastening defects such as slipping and seizure and the like even when the bolt is obliquely inserted into the nut.", "\nThe bolt according to the present invention is a bolt comprising a head part; and a shank part extending from the head part,\nwherein the shank part comprises a first constant diameter cylindrical part having a first diameter which is constant along the axial direction and having a screw thread with a predetermined pitch formed on the side surface thereof; a transition part having a tapered shape with a diameter gradually decreasing with distance from the head part in the axial direction, concentrically extending from the tip portion of the first constant diameter cylindrical part, and having a screw thread with a predetermined pitch on the side surface thereof; a cylindrical connection part having a diameter smaller than the first diameter in the axial direction and concentrically extending from the tip portion of the transition part; and a second constant diameter cylindrical part having a second diameter which is constant and smaller than the first diameter in the axial direction, concentrically extending from the tip portion of the cylindrical connection part, and having a screw thread with a predetermined pitch on the side surface thereof, and a crest of the screw thread formed on the side surface of the transition part is truncated.", "\nSince the crest of the thread screw formed on the side surface of the transition part is truncated, the biting between the screw thread of the nut and the screw thread formed on the transition part can be prevented even when the bolt is inserted into the nut with their axes not being aligned with each other. ", "Accordingly, it is possible to appropriately adjust an orientation of the bolt with respect to the nut. ", "In addition, since the orientation of the bolt can be appropriately adjusted, it is possible to easily screw the bolt." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nHangfire is not running all my scheduled jobs\n\nI'm using Hangfire 1.5.3 in a ASP.NET MVC project with many scheduled jobs, more than 1.7k. ", "A time ago I detected that some jobs are not running when they suppose to run. ", "If I run any of this scheduled jobs manually they work perfectly. ", "Also, I noticed that my list of succeed jobs is near 130 millions and I'm getting timeouts trying to access this list through the Hangfire dashboard and recently I'm getting timeouts trying to access the Hangfire dashboard. ", "Is there a safe way to clear my Hangfire's tables without removing my scheduled jobs? ", "or is there a better solution?", "\n\nA:\n\nI finally updated Hangfire to version 1.6.15, the first time that my scheduled jobs ran, one job did not run and I have to run it manually but after that every job has ran fine \n\n" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nMaking boxes at the head of a formal proposal.", "\n\nI'm working on making a proposal. ", "The proposal should have boxes as follows from the MS-Word template, but I'd like to use LaTeX for better output quality. ", "I can think of screen capturing from MS-Word and use \\includegraphics, but I believe I have a better choice. ", "\nHow can I make a sequence of text and boxes using LaTeX?", "\n\nA:\n\nHere's a possibility, fine tune the vertical spacing.", "\n\\documentclass{article}\n\n\\usepackage[scale]{tgheros}\n\n\\begin{document}\n\n\\begin{flushleft}\\sffamily\n\\begin{center}\n\\large\\bfseries NSF EPSCoR PROJECT DESCRIPTION\n\\end{center}\n\\medskip\n{\\bfseries\\hspace{\\fboxrule}\\hspace{\\fboxsep}Title}\\\\\n\\framebox[\\textwidth][l]{Hello World}\\\\\n{\\bfseries\\hspace{\\fboxrule}\\hspace{\\fboxsep}Lead Investigator}\\\\\n\\framebox[\\textwidth][l]{Investigator}\\\\\n{\\bfseries\\hspace{\\fboxrule}\\hspace{\\fboxsep}Institution}\\\\\n\\framebox[\\textwidth][l]{Institution XYZ}\n\\end{flushleft}\n\n\\end{document}\n\n" ]

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[ "I’ve written a few posts about visits and events connected to Lincoln Castle over the past couple of years, including the wonderful, German-style Christmas Market held annually in the castle grounds. ", "But perhaps the most important events of recent years were in 2015, which focused on the 800 year anniversary of the signing of the Magna Carta by King John at Runneymede in 1215.", "\n\n19th century coloured wood engraving of king John signing the Magna Carta. ", "Public Domain\n\nThat Lincoln should become so involved with the Magna Carta anniversary is understandable, since one of only four of the remaining original documents from Runneymede is held at Lincoln Castle – on loan from Lincoln Cathedral. ", "Two are held at the British Library and one at Salisbury Cathedral.", "\n\nThe Magna Carta anniversary involved lots of events throughout the summer in Lincoln, including the Barons’ Trail and the amazing sand sculptures displayed in the castle bailey. ", "They all did wonders for tourism in the city and gave everything a very holiday feel.", "\n\nThis year, Lincoln is celebrating another anniversary, that of the Battle of Lincoln Fair (also known as the Second Battle of Lincoln) which took place in and around Lincoln Castle in 1217. ", "This event is also linked to the infamous King John, even though he’d died the previous year.", "\n\nThis event is being held over two separate weekends and we went along to the first part yesterday, Sunday May 21. ", "This one was held in the castle bailey and presented the preparations for battle. ", "The second part, the actual reenactment of the battle itself, will be next weekend from Saturday to Monday, May 27-29 (Bank Holiday weekend here in the UK).", "\n\nAs with the Barons’ Trail of 2015, this anniversary is made fun for the city and its many visitors by having a Knights’ Trail throughout the central areas of the city. ", "It’s a great activity for kiddies (and adults!) ", "to hunt all 37 of the knights out. ", "The knights are already in place, and we started photographing them yesterday. ", "I hope to do a post about them all soon. ", "The photo of Nicola de la Haye (or Nicholaa de la Haye, according to some sources) at the top of this post is one of them.", "\n\nI don’t intend to do a full post about Lincoln Castle itself here: that’s set for a future date. ", "But I’ll just say a little about it before I show photos of the event.", "\n\nLincoln Castle was built in 1068 on the orders of William the Conquerer. ", "It stand on the site of the Roman fortress and settlement of Lindum Colonia (which dates from around AD60) in ‘uphill Lincoln’. ", "This elevated position ensures the castle has commanding views of the surrounding countryside and can also be seen for miles – as can the nearby Cathedral. ", "It is probable that, prior to the Roman fort, a Celtic settlement once occupied the site, which I’ll discuss another time.", "\n\nThe castle at Lincoln was one of the finest Norman castles in the country. ", "It consists of an outer curtain wall (with an excellent Wall Walk along the top) along which are two gates – the East and West Gates, the former having a barbican, or fortified entrance. ", "Three towers stand along the walls, two of them built on top of mottes (mounds or small hills, often man-made for the purpose). ", "The two towers sitting on mottes are the Lucy Tower and the Observatory Tower, the one without a motte is Cobb Hall, at the north-east corner of the wall.", "\n\nInside the curtain wall is a large bailey (courtyard) in which there are three buildings of more recent origins. ", "The first part of the Old Prison dates from 1788 and was completed in 1848. ", "The Court House, which is still used today, dates from 1826, and the Heritage Skills Centre is a real baby, having only been officially opened in 2013. ", "It’s the only new building within the castle walls for 150 years. ", "It lies immediately behind the Law Courts:\n\nHere are a few more photos of the castle, most taken from the Wall Walk. ", "Some look down at the bailey, one or two at places beyond the castle, others along the wall itself:\n\nLincoln Cathedral from the Wall Walk\n\nBailey with Law Courts in the background\n\nLooking down on the East Gate\n\nBailey and Prison\n\nBailey with Old Prison and Observatory Tower in the background\n\nLaw Courts through the trees\n\nThe Back of the Old Prison with Observarory Tower and Cathedral in the background\n\nLooking back at Lucy Tower\n\nKnights’ horses waiting to take part in the demonstations\n\nThe motte beneath the Observatory Tower\n\nLaw Courts\n\nI’ll save the detail and views inside the different towers for another time.", "\n\nTents and stalls were set up in the bailey for this event. ", "Some of the attractions included ‘having a go’ at archery and instruction on the use and importance of the crossbow. ", "A number of stalls showed foods and weapons of the time and there were birds of prey trained for hunting on display. ", "We missed the actual presentation of the different birds of prey as we were up on top of the wall at the time. ", "Still, we heard the falconer announce that he couldn’t allow the birds to fly at present because of the peregrines nesting on the cathedral – who would see his birds as competition and we could end up witnessing an airborne battle!", "\n\nHere are a few photos of attractions and displays from around the Bailey, from ground level:\n\nAnd here are a few of two of the demonstrations we watched. ", "The fist was of knights (comically) preparing for battle.", "\n\nGarbing a knight in his gambeson – a padded, defensive jacket, often made of canvas stuffed with wool\n\nGarbing the knight in his chain mail armour.", "\n\nPractising fighting techniques\n\nHow to form a shield wall.", "\n\nAttack and defence in a shield wall\n\nThe second was of three mounted knights displaying their skills in attacking their opponents – one of the ‘opponents’ being a cabbage, which represented the head of a Norman knight. ", "😀 The smaller of the three horses was included to demonstrate the type of horse/pony used prior to Norman times. ", "It’s the type that was used by the Vikings and is the only breed to be found in Iceland today.", "\n\nFinally, here are a few photos of Nicola de la Haye (the constable of the castle) and an episode with a French envoy who had come to persuade her to surrender the castle to the French invaders who intended to put their own Prince Louis on the English throne. ", "In doing that, they would simply depose the son of King John – the nine-year-old Henry III. ", "The French were supported in this by the barons who had rebelled against King John. ", "Nicola adamantly refuses and, as the French have already landed in England, she prepares the castle garrison for forthcoming battle:\n\nAnd absolutely lastly, the Battle of Lincoln Fair was named from the festivities that followed in Lincoln after the French were defeated in the battle. ", "This drawing, by Matthew Paris in the 13th century, shows the death of the French commander as the French flee from the castle. ", "It also shows the importance of the crossbow.", "\n\nShare this:\n\nLike this:\n\nLikeLoading...\n\nAbout milliethom\n\nI am a reader and writer of historical fiction with a keen interest in the Earth's history and all it involves, both physically and socially. ", "I like nothing better than to be outdoors, especially in faraway places, and baking is something I do when my eyes need respite from my computer screen.", "\n\n22 Responses to The Battle of Lincoln Fair (1): Preparations\n\nWell I have decided that another castle has to be added to my ever growing list of places to visit one day. ", "I do enjoy the history you tell of the places you visit Millie and I was pleased to see that it wasn’t you or your likeness in the first photo.", "\nAlso I learned the word bailey. ", "I have a grandson called Bailey and I didn’t know his name referred to an area within a castle..you see that’s the trouble with living in a country that doesn’t have castles or for that matter a long history…so thanks for the education on so many levels..\n\nI’m glad that wasn’t me on that first photo, too, Michael! ", "The lady looks just a bit stiff. ", "Nicola de la Haye is quite famous around this area for the stand she made. ", "It was very unusual to have a woman in charge of a castle, and she proved her worth.", "\nI like the name Bailey, although I’ve never heard it as a forename before. ", "I like unusual names. ", "🙂 And I’m glad you’ve found a new meaning for the word.", "\nWe have so many castles here, Michael, and even I still have lots I want to visit. ", "I’ve also got lots of blog posts waiting to be written up from the last couple of years trips. ", "Lincoln and Newark are just my ‘locals’. ", "Lol We live only a few miles form each. ", "I’ll pop onto your blog tomorrow and read a story or two. ", "😀 Thanks for the kind words about my post. ", "Much appreciated.", "\n\nThanks Millie, I enjoy reading your discoveries….not sure if my granson knows his name is associated with a castle wall….I have been reading of the terrible attack in Manchester, one thing has stuck with me, the reports of the wonderful reaction of people from all walks of life to the attack, the response from what I read has been wonderful. ", "It makes you realise that inherent in mankind is the capacity for good, compassion and love.", "\n\nYes, we must never allow evil to destroy our faith in the goodness and love there is in the world. ", "Those who commit these atrocities are extremely few compared to the millions of beautiful and caring people. ", "Evil will never prevail.", "\n\nI realised when I reached the end that the explanation would have been better at the beginning. ", "By that time I was ready for bed and too tired to change it! ", "Lol It was a long post – thank you for reading! ", "😀\n\nThank you. ", "Jack. ", "My history/travel posts seem to be getting longer and longer, so I think I’ll have to curtail them somehow. ", "Perhaps I’m just adding too many photos. ", "My media file is almost at its limit again (and that’s after I’ve edited and resized like mad) so I really am going to have to ‘upgrade’ very soon.", "\n\nThanks Charlotte. ", "Lincoln is an interesting city and we’ve lived in this area since the 1990s (I’m a Southport girl, originally). ", "There are always events of some sort at the castle – which i suppose I could say for most castles – but Lincoln made a big thing out of the Magna Carta anniversary, and now with this battle. ", "It should be an interesting summer for visitors. ", "The Christmas Market is one of the best in the country, especially as it’s in and around the castle – very atmospheric at night. ", "🙂\n\nAh, it’s been far too long since I’ve enjoyed a wall walk around a castle. ", "Or a demonstration of Medieval arms, for that matter. ", "Thanks for the vicarious experience! ", "I liked the bit about crossbows, especially. ", "They gave great advantage in terms of not needing as much skill as the longbow, but boy, that reload time could literally be a killer!", "\n\nYou’re right, the crossbow took less ‘muscle power’ to operate than the longbow and was very effective against opponents wearing plate armour, but it took far too long to reload. ", "The longbow soon became the choice of weapon for medieval archers, showing its great superiority during the Hundred Years War with France (mid 14th – 15th century).", "\nLove the views from a wall walk!" ]

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[ "Season passes for AFC Mobile’s 2017 Gulf Coast Premier League season will go on sale Wednesday, April 12 at 10 a.m.\n\nSeason passes allow entrance to all 2017 home games, including any exhibition games. ", "Season passes can only be purchased online at www.afcmobile.net.", "\n\nSeason passes will be available for pick up at the ticket booth at the first game of the season (May 14th) or any game after..\n\nThe home schedule for AFC Mobile is as follows:\n\n5/14 – Gulf Coast Texans – 7:00 PM\n\n6/10 – Biloxi City FC – 7:00 PM\n\n6/24 – Louisiana Fire SC – 7:00 PM\n\n7/1 – Gaffa FC – 7:00 PM\n\n7/7 – CD Motagua of NOLA – 7:00 PM\n\nABOUT AFC Mobile\n\nAFC Mobile was formed in 2015 to strengthen the soccer community in Mobile by bringing a high level soccer team to the largest municipality along the Gulf Coast between St. Petersburg and New Orleans. ", "AFC Mobile aims to provide local players an opportunity to continue to play the game at a competitive level, as well as to give the soccer community and City of Mobile a team to call their own.", "\n\nCONTACT:\n\nMitchell Kahalley\n\nmkahalley@afcmobile.net\n\n(251) 272-9507\n\n-END-\n\nLike this: Like Loading..." ]

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[ "About Me\n\nWelcome to my little corner of the world. ", "A place where I share thoughts on the third love of my life. ", "Books. ", "The places I've explored are most wondrous and spectacular. ", "I've traveled the world. ", "I've crossed the oceans, visited far away lands. ", "My journeys to exotic new worlds have been some of my most amazing and memorable travels. ", "Worlds where magic and dragons exist. ", "Let your mind wander, for the possibilities are endless within the pages of a book.himscute@yahoo.com(In case you might want to email me)" ]

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[ "A seat belt device is a device that is included in a vehicle such as a car and protects a passenger and generally includes a seat belt retractor. ", "The seat belt retractor is a wind-up machine that winds up and houses a seat belt when the seat belt device is not being used and applies a specified tensile force to the seat belt when the seat belt device is being used.", "\nFormerly, a type of a seat belt retractor which winds up a seat belt by the force of a spring has been used; however, since, in this type of a seat belt retractor, a tensile force applied to a seat belt depends on the pull-out length of the seat belt, it has been difficult to apply a suitable tensile force to the seat belt. ", "Thus, a seat belt retractor employing an electric motor has also recently been used. ", "Also, a seat belt retractor has been controlled by a computer included in a seat belt device to apply a specified tensile force to a seat belt. ", "Hereinafter, the computer that is included in the seat belt device and controls the seat belt retractor is referred to herein as a seat belt control device.", "\nThe seat belt control device is a kind of ECU (Electronic Control Unit) which is a computer that control car fittings and/or the like. ", "Since an ECU is operated by the power of an in-vehicle battery, an in-vehicle battery voltage may be decreased to make it impossible to start an engine when an ECU continues to be operated in a non-charged state. ", "Thus, there is the technology of shifting an ECU to a sleep mode when a vehicle is in a specified state. ", "The sleep mode refers to the state in which the power consumption of an ECU is lower than that in a normal operation mode and specifically encompasses a standby mode in which an oscillator which constitutes an ECU is stopped, a slow clock mode in which an operation is performed with a low frequency oscillator different from that in a normal operation, and an intermittent mode in which a computer is intermittently operated at specific time intervals. ", "Currently, a method of reducing power consumption by drastically stopping the functions of a computer and executing only a minimal function (such as a function relating to wake-up) is used. ", "In addition, once a specified wake-up signal is input into an ECU in a sleep mode state, the sleep mode of the ECU is canceled and returns to a normal operation mode.", "\nIn a motor drive device that drives the electric motor of a seat belt retractor, a function must be protected from an increase in the temperature of a transistor. ", "Thus, there is a technology that performs motor drive limitation in order to suppress an increase in the temperature of a transistor to a specific value or less.", "\nPatent Literature 1 discloses a motor control device for a seat belt retractor, which confirms, prior to driving a motor beforehand, that drive limitation is not performed during driving a motor, and drives the motor only when there are no problems. ", "The motor control device for a seat belt retractor of Patent Literature 1 compares a counter value varying depending on variation in the temperature of a switching element with a preset threshold value and performs drive limitation when the counter value is more than the preset threshold value.", "\nPatent Literature 2 discloses a seat belt control device which can precisely detect the overheated state of a drive circuit. ", "Patent Literature 2 discloses the technology of interrupting power supply from a power source to protect the drive circuit from being overheated when the overheated state of the drive circuit is detected. ", "Circuit protection means according to Patent Literature 2 is, for example, hardware such as a temperature-sensitive field effect transistor.", "\nPatent Literature 3 discloses an occupant restraint device wherein, when a motor is in an overheated state, a physical sensation alarm (first alarm) is stopped, the operation of an overheat protection function is avoided even at a penalty in the physical sensation alarm, and an occupant can surely be restrained at the time of important occupant restraint (second alarm), from the viewpoint of occupant protection. ", "The overheat protection function according to Patent Literature 3 is hardware such as a thermal protector. ", "The thermal protector is a device for preventing burnout which occurs when the coil temperature of a motor is more than a specified heatproof temperature." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nHow to interpret 喜んでもらえて私も嬉しいです\n\nIn reply to my thank-you-message I received the following: \n\n喜んでもらえて私も嬉しいです。", "\n\nCan it be interpreted as \"I am glad that you enjoyed it\"?", "\n\nA:\n\nYes. ", "Exactly. ", "^_^ There are other subtle ways someone might choose to translate this, but your interpretation is spot on.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nSimple PIPE program does reads strange characters\n\nI have created a straightforward program with processes that does one very basic thing: the child writes, the father reads.", "\nStrangely, the father only read strange characters and I do not know why (I've been trying for past hour to deduct why, but no success.", "\n#include <unistd.h>\n#include <stdio.h>\n#include <stdlib.h>\n\n// cp = Child -> Parent, pc = Parent -> child\nint cp[2], pc[2];\nint main (){\n char str[13]=\"Hello World\";\n char received[13];\n pid_t pid;\n pid = fork();\n if (pid == -1){\n printf(\"An error occured!\\n\");\n exit(1);\n }\n int res = pipe(cp);\n if (res == -1){\n printf(\"Error when creating pipe!..\\n\");\n exit(1);\n }\n //pipe(pc);\n if (pid==0){\n // Child process\n close(cp[0]);\n write(cp[1], str, 10);\n close(cp[1]);\n exit(0);\n }else{\n // Parent process\n close(cp[1]);\n read(cp[0], received, 10);\n close(cp[0]);\n printf(\"We received from child: %s\\n\", received);\n exit(1);\n }\n return 0;\n}\n\nExamples of outputs:\n1) We received from child: @\n2) We received from child: �XCV�\n\nA:\n\nYour main problem is that you create your pipe after that you fork your process.", "\nint cp[2];\nint res = pipe(cp); // create the pipe before\nif (res == -1) {\n perror(\"pipe()\");\n return 1;\n}\npid_t pid = fork(); // so child and parent share the same pipe\nif (pid == -1) {\n perror(\"fork()\");\n return 1;\n}\n\nA tutorial about pipe grant by codekaizer.", "\n\nread() is used to read bytes from a file descriptor. ", "It will not add a nul byte at the end of the buffer.", "\nYou must put it yourself:\nchar received[42];\nssize_t n = read(cp[0], received, sizeof received - 1);\nif (n == -1) {\n perror(\"read()\");\n return 1;\n}\nreceived[n] = '\\0';\nprintf(\"%s\\n\", received);\n\n" ]

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[ "\n\nYour Bank Balance is at Zero - karjaluoto\nhttp://www.ideasonideas.com/2010/11/your-bank-balance-is-at-zero/\n\n======\nklochner\nIt strikes me that choosing to rent over owning is the antithesis to the theme\nof \"Zen and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance\" (recommended book).", "\n\nThe driving metaphor comes from the contrast between (effectively) renting a\nBMW motorcycle (since they are hard to repair), and owning a simpler model\nthat can be maintained by oneself.", "\n\nThe stated benefit is greater autonomy and satisfaction derived through taking\nownership and solving one's own problems - a more classical approach to life.", "\nRather than taking a \"fix this for me\" attitude, you see the world as\nsomething that you have control over.", "\n\nPersonally, I've found it very satisfying every time I'm able to repair\nsomething in my car, which I've owned for 8 years.", "\n\n~~~\nsudont\nThe parts are sourced from a retailer. ", "You're just pushing the \"fix this for\nme\" up one level and ignoring the entire inextricable chains of production.", "\n\nThe sense of control is a false one. ", "Is there control in the availability of\nparts, or their manufacture?", "\n\n~~~\nklochner\nThat's a false dilemma - the choice isn't between full-service rentals and\nforging my own steel from ore I dig out of the ground.", "\n\nIncreasing one's autonomy has value, whether or not you ever reach full\nautonomy.", "\n\n~~~\nsudont\nOh, it does, definitely. ", "But it's more along the lines of being able to deal\nwith increasingly large daily emergencies. ", "Being able to forge steel would be\nan apocalypse-sized emergency.", "\n\nAs an ego-booster, I'm not so sure. ", "Since everything is so connected, why\ngloat? ", "As someone who has actually _built_ a car from scrap metal and a loose\nengine, I feel that there isn't much difference between putting a pre-made\npart in a car yourself, or having someone else do it. ", "Everything's a\ntinkertoy.", "\n\n------\nseanc\nPeople buy things for all kinds of reasons that aren't discussed in the\narticle.", "\n\nConvenience!", "\n\nFor me this is a prime motivator. ", "I have sufficient demands on my time that\nadded expense of owning a car is worth the 20 minutes it would take to access\nthe closest virtu-car, and the 90 minutes I save every day driving in stead of\nbusing.", "\n\nI have enough space in my house for cold storage and a freezer. ", "This means I\ncan buy food in bulk and don't have to go to store as often.", "\n\nSecurity!", "\n\nLandlords kick tenants out out now and then. ", "Rents can go up all of a sudden.", "\nMy family rented for a long time when I was a kid, and we got booted out of\nseveral houses when the landlord decided not to renew to lease for one reason\nor another; wanted to give the house to a relative, wanted a pile more rent,\net. ", "cet.", "\n\nAgency!", "\n\nFor some people home improvement and 'puttering around the house' is a big\nsource of pleasure and recreation. ", "Many people express themselves with the\nwork of their hands, and owning tools and infrastructure to build things and\nso forth is important too them.", "\n\nFinally, NRP's planet money has a great blog about the issue of buying vs.\nrenting housing: [http://www.npr.org/blogs/money/2010/11/05/131105373/the-\nfrid...](http://www.npr.org/blogs/money/2010/11/05/131105373/the-friday-\npodcast-finally-an-apology#more)\n\ntl;dr: this is about way more than money. ", "It's about personal value choices\n\n~~~\nsatishf\nA great blog post from Tim Ellis on buying vs renting:\n[http://www.getrichslowly.org/blog/2007/07/16/renting-vs-\nbuyi...](http://www.getrichslowly.org/blog/2007/07/16/renting-vs-buying-the-\nrealities-of-home-buying/)\n\n~~~\nlotharbot\nIt should be noted that Tim wrote this near the peak of the housing bubble in\nSeattle (Kenmore neighborhood). ", "The house he identified for $425k in that\npiece would now sell for about $300k, which puts monthly costs at about 25%\nmore expensive than renting instead of 78% more expensive.", "\n\nIn a completely average, non-bubble housing market, buying (counting\ninsurance, taxes and breaks, maintenance, etc.) ", "is about 20% more expensive\nthan renting in the short term, but after 5-10 years of inflation and rent\nincreases, renting becomes more expensive. ", "There's a definite tradeoff between\nshort-term savings with no equity but high flexibility vs. long-term savings\nwith equity and permanence. ", "That tradeoff was slanted heavily in favor of\nrenting in Kenmore, WA in 2007, but as Tim's conclusion notes, it is not\nalways so; whatever your situation, \"run the numbers ... and do what works for\nyou.\"", "\n\n------\ncube\nA few months back I realized one main aspect of travel, I tremendously enjoy:\nthe lack of stuff. ", "Traveling around with just one suitcase of clothes and my\nlaptop opened my eyes: Of all the stuff I own, everything I really needed for\nmy every day life was right there with me. ", "And it is so easily replaceable...\n\nI never was a big gatherer, but since then I really cut down on buying things.", "\nIn addition to that I'm getting rid of my things, some are easier to lose some\nare harder to give away or sell, but in the end it feels great. ", "I actually\nfind it liberating to stand in a store and _not_ buy the fancy item which\nwould inevitably be degraded to be clutter on the shelf in a few weeks. ", "The\nmoney I spend goes into the few things I really use all the time, like my\niPhone. ", "I also eat better. ", "All in all I'd say it made me a happier person.", "\n\n~~~\nmrtron\nI moved to Asia for 5 months and found the same thing.", "\n\nI brought a big suitcase full of items, but probably only used a backpack\nfull. ", "I purchased local clothes (for cheap) that were better suited to the\nclimate and everything else was easily replaceable.", "\n\nI also agree investing heavily into a few key items is important. ", "My Macbook\nwas irreplaceable. ", "I wish I spent more on a better camera, it was a good one\nbut I used it enough to justify getting a great one.", "\n\nNow that I am back I realize I have a lot of stuff that is completely\nunnecessary. ", "It is surprisingly difficult to get rid of, but I am donating it\nin chunks.", "\n\n------\ntheBobMcCormick\nIt's rather interesting and jarring to me to see how many of the reply's in\nthis thread are so aggressively defensive of the very idea that owning more\nstuff might not always be better than _not_ owning more stuff.", "\n\nI've been watching a marathon of back episodes of \"Hoarders\"\n(<http://www.aetv.com/hoarders/index.jsp>) on NetFlix streaming, and it's\nsomewhat startling to me how much some of the replies here sound like the\ndefensive responses of some of the hoarders in the show.", "\n\n~~~\npyre\nI think that these threads always end up being more about ideology than hard\nfacts. ", "There are a lot of people that enjoy not being 'tied down' and being\n'free and easy,' which things like 'having kids' or 'owning a house' tend to\nprevent. ", "It then becomes more of a decision to pursue a particular lifestyle\nthan anything else.", "\n\nThat said, the reaction of the people on Hoarders tend to be defensive\nreactions due to not wanting to deal with the issue at hand (i.e. extreme\nprocrastination). ", "Which is probably why most of them pick up their hoarding\nhabits after the loss of a close loved one (usually a parent). ", "They don't want\nto deal with the loss, so they are constantly pushing it away, and not dealing\nwith it.", "\n\n{edit} This tends to bleeding into everything else in their lives. ", "They live\nfor the momentary thrill of acquiring things, while not bothering with 'the\nboring stuff' like cleaning their house, or sorting their acquired items, or\neven deciding which items are/aren't worthless.", "\n\n------\njtbigwoo\n_Somebody_ has to own the stuff you're renting. ", "If I'm a renter I'm just\npassing along the responsibility to someone else. ", "If the vast majority of us\nare renters rather than owners, who has incentive to do any maintenance or\nimprovement? ", "The landlord and her employees will do the minimum cosmetic fixes\nto keep rents increasing. ", "The residents have no reason to keep the place nice\n--they can just move on. ", "This article is not an indictment of our disposable\nculture. ", "It's an amplification of that culture to encompass our whole lives.", "\n\nLook, I think we fill our lives with too much stuff, but refusing to take an\nownership stake in housing, transportation, etc. ", "will lead to worse outcomes,\nnot better.", "\n\n~~~\ncjy\n\"If the vast majority of us are renters rather than owners, who has incentive\nto do any maintenance or improvement?\"", "\n\nThis doesn't make sense. ", "The remaining owners will still compete for renters.", "\nIf my landlord does a bad job, I will find a better landlord. ", "In fact, you can\nargue that concentrating ownership makes maintenance more efficient. ", "My\nlandlord has much more experience at plumbing, painting, installing appliances\netc. ", "than I ever would.", "\n\n~~~\nfr0sty\nRenting introduces a Principal-Agent problem[1] because the owner's incentives\nare not entirely in line with yours. ", "Maximum profit is realized by doing the\nminimum amount of repairs necessary to keep people from moving out. ", "Switching\napartments is not free (in time, money or effort) so the bar a landlord has to\nclear is only 'not bad enough to leave'. ", "I doubt homeowners would choose the\nsame standard.", "\n\n[1] <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principal-agent_problem>\n\n~~~\npotatolicious\nYour logic is sound, but my observation in reality does not match.", "\n\nThere are slumlords - but that's usually caused by a compression in supply\n(e.g., when I was in college, any place near school had notorious landlords).", "\nWhen supply is open though, everything works out.", "\n\nYou have your uber-cheap rentals where nothing will ever get fixed, and then\nyou have your more premium rentals where they'll turnaround a stove in 24\nhours or less. ", "Like all markets, a low-end and high-end are established and\nwork just peachy.", "\n\nOf course, this is not geographically true everywhere - especially when you\nintroduce artificial supply and demand factors (rent control, anyone?).", "\n\n------\njleyank\nHaving lost money on 3 of the 4 houses we've owned, I can confidently state\nthat if you can't see staying in the same house when switching jobs you're\nbetter off renting. ", "Houses might be \"investments you can live in\", but they\nare a long-term investment. ", "The US favors home ownership, but that is not the\ncase, say, in Canada. ", "Do the math, and see which investment provides the\nbetter return for your time window. ", "But invest it somewhere...\n\n------\nsosuke\nWhat about building a greater than zero balance for your loved ones or\nchildren? ", "If you never save and always rent you will never be able to pass\nanything along to the next generation creating another set of folks that have\nto start from zero.", "\n\nWhen I hear these arguments I always figure they already have a great enough\nbalance to counteract these issues or have no loved ones to pass along equity\ntoo.", "\n\n~~~\ncake\nI'm not sure he's saying you shouldn't save. ", "You could leave a good amount of\ncapital to your kids too without owning a house.", "\n\n~~~\nmsquared\nHmm. ", "While this is definitely true, I think you stand to leave more to your\nchildren if you own, opposed to renting. ", "If your rent is comparable to\nmortgage (assumption, I know) you will wind up paying less after the mortgage\nis over. ", "If you die at 80, and start paying rent at 20, that's 60 years of\nrent, compared to, say, a 30-year mortgage. ", "That's 30 more years of rent.", "\n\nI know, I know, someone is going to say \"well, what about upkeep and\nmaintenance and killing rats and xyz?\" ", "The way I'm seeing this (which, by the\nby, is originating completely from a 3-beer-deep opinionated loudmouth) is\nthat it's negligible compared to the fact that you are investing your money in\nsomething that is of material value.", "\n\n------\nerikstarck\nI think this news item from yesterday is related:\n\n[http://www.calculatedriskblog.com/2010/11/ny-fed-\ncontinued-d...](http://www.calculatedriskblog.com/2010/11/ny-fed-continued-\ndecline-in-consumer.html) \"Since its peak in the third quarter of 2008, nearly\n$1 trillion has been shaved from outstanding consumer debts.\" \"", "So are\nconsumers becoming more frugal? ", "Yes. ", "Holding aside defaults, they are indeed\nreducing their debts at a pace not seen over the last ten years.\"", "\n\nLooks like we're moving from a loan-and-own economy to an age of access, where\nyou only pay for access to stuff (aka \"rent\").", "\n\nI can only go as far as to my self.", "\n\nI don't buy CDs anymore, I pay for access to Spotify.", "\n\nI don't buy books anymore, I pay for access to an ebook on my Kindle (although\nit's a one time fee).", "\n\nI don't buy DVDs, I pay to get access to an online stream.", "\n\nAnd so forth.", "\n\n------\nrbranson\nI feel as though with all things, there is a balance. ", "I know people who are\naddicted to \"stuff\" and always keep acquiring huge piles of things. ", "There is\nan optimistic point of minimalism though. ", "Ownership is a commitment that can\npay dividends or it can put you in shackles, a bit like human relationships.", "\nSo, consider every purchase in this light and you might find the optimal point\nof \"stuff.\"", "\n\n~~~\nkarjaluoto\nPrecisely. ", "I'm not against owning things; I just question whether we need to\nown everything.", "\n\n------\nniels\nI recently sold my huge apartment + furnitures, don't have a car anymore. ", "I\nreally felt owning these things were limiting my freedom and having a huge\ncost both economically as well as mentally. ", "I'm really excited about embarking\non a more minimalistic lifestyle, where I think twice about the cost of\nownership. ", "I now have more money and more freedom. ", "Great article.", "\n\n~~~\neru\nI have moved to Britain recently and did not take much stuff. ", "Most of what I\ndo have is replaceable.", "\n\nSometimes I feel more uprooted than liberated by the lack of stuff.", "\n\n~~~\ntomedme\nI have recently offloaded a whole bunch of stuff, streamlining my possessions\nbefore going travelling - and it is weird at first. ", "My feelings are definitely\na mix of uprooted and liberated, in equal measures.", "\n\n------\nulysses\nIn SunDog, you'd start out without much cash, but you also started with a\nspaceship. ", "Now, in order to keep the spaceship you had to fulfill a contract.", "\nTo fulfill that contract, you had to make money to keep the ship going, and\nyou had to explore a bunch of planets. ", "The spaceship was reasonably roomy,\ncould land on planets, and had a large all-terrain vehicle for exploring the\nsurface and bringing back cargo.", "\n\nI could see not needing an apartment, if I had an FTL spaceship like that.", "\n\n~~~\nteamonkey\nThe same was true in Elite. ", "In Elite II you inherited (tax free) from a\nrecently-deceased relative 100 credits plus an Eagle starship.", "\n\nDespite the game's apparent freedom, it only gives you one option - to take\nthe ship and go. ", "You can't, for example, sell the expensive space ship, re-\ninvest it into the fish processing plant you work in and use the proceeds to\nlive like a king on the poverty-stricken planet.", "\n\n------\nnoonespecial\nLink is broken, here:\n\n[http://www.ideasonideas.com/2010/11/your-bank-balance-is-\nat-...](http://www.ideasonideas.com/2010/11/your-bank-balance-is-at-zero/)\n\n------\njoshrule\nWhile I've spent years reading this message in various places (most recently\nat <http://mnmlist.com> and <http://farbeyondthestars.com>), I'm always\nrefreshed by it.", "\n\nPerhaps it's not the author's main point, but living lightly means we have\nmore time to invest in the things and experiences that interest us, and that\nis a good thing.", "\n\n------\nmlok\nThere is an interesting video from Khan Academy related to this: \"The math of\nrenting vs. buying a home. ", "Challenging the notion that it is always better to\nbuy.\" [", "http://www.khanacademy.org/video/renting-vs--buying-a-\nhome?p...](http://www.khanacademy.org/video/renting-vs--buying-a-\nhome?playlist=Finance)\n\n~~~\ntheBobMcCormick\nThat's interesting to see it actually analyzed by someone with Mr. Khan's math\nskills. ", "Not to mention the spreadsheet liked to from the 3rd video in the\nrenting-vs-buying looks like it be a useful tool for running the comparison in\nyour own local market/circumstances.", "\n\n------\nbrc\nI'd just like to post that I agree with the comment from 'Russ' in the\narticle.", "\n\nThis article is a one-sided exploration of the buy-vs-rent debate. ", "It doesn't\nexplore all of the emotional connotations of owning something durable, and\noverweights certain experiences from the point of view of the author, when\nthis cannot possible apply to a population of people.", "\n\nFinally, as Russ comments - it's wrong to sneer at the purchase of a handbag\nor BMW - the person might be spending their money on a combination of quality\nproduct and brand, but once you start getting into the argument of purchasing\nx is right, and purchasing y is wrong- you're arguing simply from a relative\npoint of view. ", "As long as the transaction was not done under duress, where is\nthe problem? ", "My neighbour spends all his money on sailing. ", "I find it a waste\nof money, but he clearly gets enjoyment from it. ", "Who is right? ", "Is it remotely\npossible for me to suggest that buying a sailboat is wrong? ", "Wrong to who? ", "As\ncompared to what? ", "Free choices are just that.", "\n\nOwning a house in a falling market may seem like a foolish position, and for\nmany, perhaps it is. ", "But that goes to assume that the person owning a house\ndoes it for purely financial reasons, which, again, is wrong. ", "Another\nneighbour of mine is an old lady in her 80's who owns her house and lives by\nherself. ", "By any object measure she'd be better off selling the house and both\ninvesting and spending the considerable cash that would generate. ", "But she\nenjoys her garden and the memories of a house that once contained her husband\nand family over the span of 40 years. ", "Is she wrong to hold this position?", "\nFinancially perhaps, but perhaps the currency aspect means very little to her\nin comparison with pleasure of her little piece of land with a house on it.", "\nShe could sell her house, rent a nice retirement apartment and afford a\naround-the-world cruise. ", "A rental-is-best mindset would recommend this view.", "\nHow can I tell her she is wrong and someone else is right?", "\n\n------\nS_A_P\nI generally like the idea that we should take some time to assess what is\nimportant in life. ", "I dont, however think there is a one size fits all answer\nto what we should own and what we should rent, or how we should spend our\nmoney. ", "I have read posts similar to this before, and they can seem to smack of\nsome sense of condescension. ", "I sense a bit at the end with the Louis\nVutton/BMW comments.", "\n\nLike I said, it is great to encourage others to evaluate what is a need vs a\nwant, but I dont necessarily think something should be considered a cage just\nbecause it is purchased or unnecessary for life.", "\n\n------\naelaguiz\nThis article mirrors an implicit assumption that I see in a lot of these anti-\nmaterialist articles - that being that accumulation is the desired result of\nthe undesired (and presumably unfulfilling), all dreaded, \"work.\" ", "For some of\nus accumulation of material possessions is a welcome side effect of a highly\nfulfilling passion which is \"work.\" ", "When I say work I say it with a prideful\npassion in my voice, not with disdain at the damned capitalists for forcing me\ninto this materialist trap. ", "I love my work first, but the car is nice too.", "\nPerhaps the author just needs to find some purpose.", "\n\n~~~\nkarjaluoto\nI'm quite convinced I have found some purpose. ", "For that matter, I quite like\nmy work.", "\n\nWhat concerns me is the idea that so many feel they need to own something, in\norder to enjoy it.", "\n\n~~~\naelaguiz\nI think that class of people is attempting to fill a void in their life with\npossessions, but that doesn't imply that all or even most ownership is\nunhealthy/bad. ", "If you are buying things to find fulfillment you might as well\neat the money, but if you are fulfilled and buying things (responsibly) - I\napplaud you.", "\n\n------\nicefox\nI know that there is just _way_ too much profit in the monthly payments, but a\ncar company that somehow forced you to pay in cash woudl quickly create a\nstatus symbol for itself.", "\n\n------\nkarjaluoto\nI'd really encourage anyone interested in this discussion to read this\ncomment: <http://bit.ly/adXv1l>\n\nI believe it gets a little closer to the heart of what I was working to convey\n--particularly as the discussion seemed to later spiral into a primarily\nfinancial one.", "\n\n------\nhenryw\nmy favorite part of the article:\n\nFew of us want to die, as evidenced by such statements as, “if I die…” (like\nthere’s some possibility of an alternative). ", "I hate to break it to you, but\nthe only real variables are how and when. ", "Other than that, we’re probably best\nto accept that you and I are both just toast. ", "I find a kind of liberty in this\nknowledge. ", "In fact, it suggests that most of the things I fret over are\nlargely inconsequential, and that I shouldn’t squander these moments.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "That is a question all of us have, I guess its because when they were planning the routes other countries were chosen for familiarity. ", "Anyways, its a matter of time they visit there maybe even this season.", "\n\nI'm curious what the typical experience is for live sightings/spoiling for the seasons. ", "Though I've watched the show every season since the beginning, S18 was my first time viewing this forum, and so my first experience with live information was the excellent work done in the Australia legs for the first episodes.", "\n\nI'm wondering if that level of detail was the exception rather than the rule, and the current status of information (or lack thereof) about progress with S19 is more typical.", "\n\nNo criticism intended of the many people doing great work to track what's going on, just wondering if I got spoiled by having last season be my first experience tuning in here!", "\n\nI'm curious what the typical experience is for live sightings/spoiling for the seasons. ", "Though I've watched the show every season since the beginning, S18 was my first time viewing this forum, and so my first experience with live information was the excellent work done in the Australia legs for the first episodes.", "\n\nI'm wondering if that level of detail was the exception rather than the rule, and the current status of information (or lack thereof) about progress with S19 is more typical.", "\n\nNo criticism intended of the many people doing great work to track what's going on, just wondering if I got spoiled by having last season be my first experience tuning in here!", "\n\nYes. ", "It is very rare to get such detailed information for an entire leg, usually we only have little scraps to work with and try to piece together.", "\n\nlovetherace, as far as I know, leg 1 of TAR 18 was the most completely spoiled leg ever. ", "We (and I do not mean me personally) even knew about the flight being diverted to Hawaii as it occurred. ", "In sum some people did some excellent work for last season's filming in both Australia and in China, and I still applaud them to this day.", "\n\nI'm curious what the typical experience is for live sightings/spoiling for the seasons. ", "Though I've watched the show every season since the beginning, S18 was my first time viewing this forum, and so my first experience with live information was the excellent work done in the Australia legs for the first episodes.", "\n\nI'm wondering if that level of detail was the exception rather than the rule, and the current status of information (or lack thereof) about progress with S19 is more typical.", "\n\nNo criticism intended of the many people doing great work to track what's going on, just wondering if I got spoiled by having last season be my first experience tuning in here!", "\n\nYes. ", "It is very rare to get such detailed information for an entire leg, usually we only have little scraps to work with and try to piece together.", "\n\nEven in Season 18, once the teams left China (or maybe it was India), we had few reports about where the teams had gone. ", "Reports were sketchy and subject to misleading interpretation. ", "Kisha and Jen were seen in Switzerland, but didn't seem to be racing. ", "There was some speculation that the teams had gone to Spain since the Cowboys were seen in the Madrid airport. ", "A lot of the destinations didn't get settled until the season preview clips started coming out.", "\n\nI haven't been here that many seasons, but I've never seen as much spoiler information as for the Australian legs. ", "The Chinese legs after that were near the top of the list as well. ", "This season is more typical of the last 5 or 6 seasons and might even be a little better than average.", "\n\nIs there a reason why foreign versions haven't come over to the western hemisphere? (", "Obviously not counting Latin America TAR and TAR Brazil.)", "\n\nPeople don't be mad at me but I think reason they haven't visited in USA and Canada is because they're not as interesting as Asian or African countries. ", "And USA is hard to get in too! ", "Latin America is maybe considered too dangerous But some TAR-like shows have visited in western hemisphere like French Pekin Express and Finnish Reitti 44.", "\n\nThat's been somewhat of a debate over time. ", "I am not sure that anyone knows the actual rule if there is one.", "\n\nWhat I do know is that no one has ever done more than 7 and that they are always allowed to do at least six. ", "In TAR13 when there were only 9 roadblocks Andrew did 6 and Dan did 3. ", "This seems to rule out a 50/50 rule. ", "There have been many occasions where one member did 7 so 6 is not the absolute rule. ", "Although it did seem that in TAR18 they attempted to force each to do 6. ", "A +/- 1 rule would fit all of these cases as well, so maybe that is the main guideline.", "\n\nThat's been somewhat of a debate over time. ", "I am not sure that anyone knows the actual rule if there is one.", "\n\nWhat I do know is that no one has ever done more than 7 and that they are always allowed to do at least six. ", "In TAR13 when there were only 9 roadblocks Andrew did 6 and Dan did 3. ", "This seems to rule out a 50/50 rule. ", "There have been many occasions where one member did 7 so 6 is not the absolute rule. ", "Although it did seem that in TAR18 they attempted to force each to do 6. ", "A +/- 1 rule would fit all of these cases as well, so maybe that is the main guideline.", "\n\n(This is all from TAR7 on)\n\nThe answer is 50/50 at this point. ", "It can change season to season just as certain rules are adjusted each year to make things more competitive. ", "It has basically been 50/50 for sometime since Nate (I believe) did them all for his team seasons back. ", "Sometimes during the course of the Race production will let u know how RB's are to be handled. ", "For example, most recently a rule change has occured whereby teams who are on a self-drive task are not allowed to just hire a taxi to follow. ", "Now teams can essentially follow each other but they cannot simply get in a car and not have to navigate to some extent.", "\n\nThe answer is 50/50 at this point. ", "It can change season to season just as certain rules are adjusted each year to make things more competitive. ", "It has basically been 50/50 for sometime since Nate (I believe) did them all for his team seasons back. ", "Sometimes during the course of the Race production will let u know how RB's are to be handled.", "\n\nThen what happened in TAR13? ", "And they changed the rules after TAR5 where all the females only did one.", "\n\nWith the caveat that FF's, and the double RB's in some finales may play a role, as does the Express Pass.", "\n\nLion is right about the new rules! ", "We saw the non taxi following and non-ferns in 17/18...although there is some hope that Ferns may not be totally dead.", "\n\nIn the last season, we saw clues saying So and SO MUST do the RoadBlock...so there is clearly a rule in place. ", "But a 7/6 split seems the most likely to allow for odd numbers.", "\n\nI\n\nLogged\n\n\"Our fans are pretty good. ", "They don't give away too much. ", "Sometimes people love dropping spoilers, but our fans are good. ", "They tend to do it in such a way that doesn't ruin it for fans who don't want to know.", "\"--Phil Keoghan\n\nThe Bowling Mom rules basically hasn't changed, but there have been slight variations to account for the actual number of RBs, or for special leg formats in some seasons.", "\n\nOne way to see this is to track how teams decide, and what they are shown saying on camera (and the viewer knowing what that team's RB balance is at that moment. ", "It's been years since Phil has described the rule on camera, but if you track the teams week by week, it's pretty clear the rule remains in place.", "\n\nYou have to be aware and pay attention to what teams say in reading clues, or in conversations on camera/ The editors still let us know about these things, but rarely is it Phil doing a stand-up or voice-over of the change." ]

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[ "The arch– of archipelago is the same as in words likearchangel and archbishop: derived from the Greek word archos, it essentially means “ruler”, “chief”, or “first and foremost”. ", "It’s also the same arch– we have in words like patriarch (in the sense of a “ruling” father, or an earliest ancestor), anarachy(literally “without a leader”), and even archaeology (which is the study, quite literally, of our “first” artefacts).", "\n\nThe –pelago part,meanwhile, comes from the Greek word for the sea, pelagos, which is similarly the origin of a whole bunch of fairly esoteric geographical terms like bathypelagic. ", "Put these two halves together, and you end up with a word that literally means something like “chief sea”.", "\n\nThe Aegean was (for obvious geographical reasons) the “chief” sea of the Ancient Greeks, so (for obvious etymological reasons) the word archipelago simply began life as another name for it. ", "This was also the meaning that the word had when it first appeared in English back in 1503—but how did we get from there to the meaning we have today?", "\n\nIf you know your European geography, you’ll know that the Aegean Sea is absolutely full of islands. ", "Well, not exactly full, because then there’d be no water. ", "But there are, nevertheless, quite a few of them:\n\nIn fact, from the Adelfoi group in the west to the tiny rocky outcrop of Zourafa, there are almost 2,500 islands in the Aegean Sea that together form one-eighth of Greece’s entire land area and are home to one-seventh of the Greek population. ", "So, yes—that’s a lot of islands. ", "And explorers in the sixteenth century knew it.", "\n\nThanks to the Aegean’s notably island-studded appearance on maps and navigational charts, when ever more daring journeys of exploration began to be made in the 1500s and 1600s, its name, archipelago, began to be used as a byword for any newly-discovered patch of water that likewise appeared full of islands.", "\n\nThese broken landes and ilandes, being very many in number, do seeme to make there an Archipelagus, which as they all differ in greatnesse, forme, and fashion, one from another, so are they in goodnesse, couloure, and soyle [soil] muche unlike.", "\n\nBy the 1600s, however, this meaning had altered so that archipelago no longer referred to an island-strewn stretch of water, but to the islands themselves—as in this English translation of the Portuguese explorer Fernão Mendes Pinto’s journey to southeast Asia:\n\nFor then he might have means, with less charge, to shut up the Straights of Cincapura [Singapore] … and so stop our Ships from passing to the Seas of China … and the Molucques; whereby he might have the profit of all the Drugs which came from that great Archipelague.", "\n\nPinto’s account was translated into English in 1633, and the meaning of archipelago his remained unchanged ever since." ]

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[ "Entertain yourself: casino games that play into your hands\n\nWe’ve all got our favourite sports, TV shows, films, music and other forms of entertainment. ", "When it comes to getting our kicks, we normally either turn on the TV, get out a book, head out to a gig or go to the big match. ", "It makes sense. ", "What a lot of people don’t tend to realise, though, is that there are a number of online casino games out there that offer both the excitement of your favourite forms of entertainment and all the fun of the slots in one place!", "\n\nSo, what sort of slots games are we talking about? ", "Let’s take a look at some of the most popular, shall we?", "\n\n1/ Football\n\nIt probably comes as no surprise that the most popular sport on the planet can be found on online casino tables across the internet. ", "But, just in case you weren’t aware, now you are! ", "In fact, there are so many different variations on this particular theme that, if you weren’t careful, you could end up getting engrossed and end up missing the results. ", "It is probably best to play these in pre-season in that case!", "\n\n2/ Horse Racing\n\nEveryone loves a flutter on the gee-gees and, thanks to the triumph of tech, there’s no need to don your thickest jacket and deepest pockets to experience a taste of the track! ", "Most online casinos offer small minimum bets and today’s simulators are so advanced that it can sometimes feel like you’re watching the real thing. ", "If you’re into your horse racing then you’ll definitely be into these games.", "\n\n3/ Aliens\n\nPeople have always been transfixed by the thought of alien life being out there. ", "From Close Encounters of the Third Kind to The X-Files and everything in between it is why this genre of films and TV programmes have been so successful. ", "It is also why they continue to dominate the small and large screens. ", "When it comes to the casino screens, these games are just as enticing, with all the action-packed adventure and suspense you could possibly want. ", "Expect lots of flying saucers, eerie sounds, lights and plenty of special effects. ", "Who would be disappointed by that?", "\n\n4/ Bingo\n\nIf you’re into your bingo, nothing quite beats being able to shout ‘full house’ before anyone else. ", "The problem is, the bingo halls aren’t always open. ", "However, online casinos are, meaning you can watch out for one little duck, ride the Brighton Line and even bang on the drum in the comfort of your own home whenever you feel like it. ", "Hey, you can even shout ‘full house’ if you want (just keep the noise down if you’ve got neighbours!).", "\n\n5/ Ancient History\n\nAnother firm favourite that has stuck around for as long as most of us can remember. ", "The Romans, Ancient Greeks, Mayans and, of course, the Ancient Egyptians – everyone has their favourite historical civilisation. ", "We watch TV shows and films that cover their story (truthfully or not), films that do the same thing, and even learn about them at school. ", "It is one of only a few classes some of us enjoyed! ", "There are so many casino games out there that are centred around these subjects that you’ll almost definitely have seen a few out there already. ", "And when you do find one that you love, it’s pretty difficult to tear yourself away!" ]

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[ "\n270 S.W.2d 666 (1954)\nAlma MILLER, Respondent,\nv.\nT. A. BERRY and Arve Berry, Appellants.", "\nNo. ", "7227.", "\nSpringfield Court of Appeals. ", "Missouri.", "\nAugust 7, 1954.", "\nRehearing Denied September 7, 1954.", "\n*667 Lawrence E. Scruggs, Malden, Mo., Bradley & Noble, Kennett, Mo., for defendants-appellants.", "\nRiddle & Baker, Malden, Mo., for plaintiff-respondent.", "\nSTONE, Judge.", "\nThis is an action by plaintiff to enjoin obstruction of a private road across defendants' land. ", "Defendants appeal from a decree granting the requested injunctive relief.", "\nPlaintiff owns a tract of 40 acres (NE¼ SE¼ of Section 13, Township 22N, Range 9E in Dunklin County, Missouri), which plaintiff and her husband, Marshall Miller, who died in 1946, acquired in 1932 as tenants by the entirety. ", "Defendants own a tract of 40 acres (SE ¼ SE¼ of Section 13, Township 22N, Range 9E), onto which they moved as tenants during February, 1941, and which they acquired by purchase during October, 1948. ", "Plaintiff's tract (hereinafter called the Miller tract) adjoins defendants' tract (hereinafter called the Berry tract) on the north. ", "The roadway in dispute (hereinafter referred to as the claimed roadway) runs in a general northerly and southerly direction between the house in the southwest part of the Miller tract and the south side of the Berry tract. ", "There are two gates across the claimed roadway, one where it passes through a fence on the north boundary line of the Berry tract, and one where it passes through another fence near the south boundary line of the Berry tract and connects with a road running in a general easterly direction to Malden, Missouri.", "\nPlaintiff asserts a prescriptive right (denied by defendants) to use the claimed roadway, predicated on the contention, as stated in her petition, \"that the plaintiff and those under whom she claims have been in actual, adverse, continuous, hostile, open and notorious use of said roadway under claim of right for a period of more than 10 years\" prior to obstruction of the roadway by defendants on December 9, 1951. ", "The determinative issue upon this appeal is as to whether plaintiff's use of the claimed roadway has been permissive or adverse, and thus whether plaintiff has used the road under license revocable at the will of defendants or adversely so that her use has ripened into a perscriptive right.", "\nSince plaintiff seeks only to enjoin obstruction of the claimed roadway, this court has appellate jurisdiction. ", "Burnett v. Sladek, Mo.App., ", "251 S.W.2d 397, 398; Smith v. Santarelli, 355 Mo. 1047, 199 S.W.2d 411; Chapman v. Schearf, 360 Mo. 551, 229 S.W.2d 552. ", "It is our duty upon appeal to try the case de novo; and, although we accord due deference to the findings of the trial chancellor [Marshall v. Callahan, Mo.App., ", "229 S.W.2d 730, 732(1)], we must accept the responsibility of weighing the evidence and reaching our own conclusions, [Ash Grove Lime & Portland Cement Co. v. White, 361 Mo. 1111, 238 S.W.2d 368, 370(1); Oliver L. Taetz, Inc. v. Groff, 363 Mo. 825, 253 S.W.2d 824, 828(1); Faire v. Burke, 363 Mo. 562, 252 S.W.2d 289, 290(1); Cross v. Gimlin, Mo.Sup., ", "256 S.W.2d 812, 813(3)].", "\nAlthough defendants insisted that the claimed roadway was not open and was not used, at least for vehicular traffic, when they moved onto the Berry tract in February, 1941, plaintiff adduced substantial evidence tending to establish that the road had been used by all who desired to do so from about 1937, when materials for construction of the house on the Miller tract were hauled over this road, until December 9, 1951, when defendants closed one of the \"gaps\" by driving a post in the middle of the road. ", "And, the fair import of defendants' testimony is that the claimed roadway had been used continuously and without objection from the Spring of 1941 to December, 1951, so the record justifies the conclusion that there had been open, visible, continuous and uninterrupted use of the claimed roadway for the prescriptive period of ten years.", "\nThere can be no doubt but that an easement may be created or acquired by *668 prescription, when all of the requirements of that doctrine[1] are met and satisfied. [", "Restatement of Law of Property, Vol. ", "V, Section 457, p. 2923; Jacobs v. Brewster, 354 Mo. 729, 190 S.W.2d 894, 896(2); Smith v. Santarelli, Mo.App., ", "207 S.W.2d 543, 545(1)]; but, long-continued use alone will not create a prescriptive right [Pitzman v. Boyce, 111 Mo. 387, 392-393, 19 S.W. 1104, 1105; George v. Crosno, Mo.App., ", "254 S.W.2d 30, 34(6); Gerstner v. Payne, 160 Mo.App. ", "289, 142 S.W. 794, 795]. ", "For, the use which will create an easement by prescription is substantially the same in quality and characteristics as the adverse possession which will give title to real estate [Roberts v. Quisenberry, 362 Mo. 404, 242 S.W.2d 26, 29; Sanford v. Kern, 223 Mo. 616, 122 S.W. 1051, 1056(7)], and thus must be not only open, visible, continuous and uninterrupted for the required period but also adverse and under claim of right [Kelsey v. City of Shrewsbury, 335 Mo. 79, 71 S.W.2d 730, 731(1); Horton v. Gentry, 357 Mo. 694, 210 S.W.2d 72, 75(2); Hilgert v. Werner, 346 Mo. 1171, 145 S.W.2d 359, 361; George v. Crosno, supra, 254 S.W.2d loc. ", "cit. ", "34-35(6); Riebold v. Smith, Mo.App., ", "150 S.W.2d 599, 602(3)]. \"", "Mere use of a passage over another's land for a long time with his knowledge is not necessarily an adverse use\" [Anthony v. Kennard Bldg. ", "Co., 188 Mo. 704, 87 S.W. 921, 925]; and, \"(i)f permissive in its inception, then such permissive character, being stamped on the use at the outset, will continue of the same nature, and no adverse user can arise until a distinct and positive assertion of a right hostile to the owner, and brought home to him, can transform a subordinate and friendly holding into one of an opposite nature\" [Pitzman v. Boyce, 111 Mo. loc. ", "cit. ", "392, 19 S.W. loc. ", "cit. ", "1105]. \"* * * (", "M)erely permissive use of land cannot ripen into an easement.\" ", "Seested v. Applegate, Mo.App., ", "26 S.W.2d 796, 799(9).[2]\nConceding in her brief \"that the various elements of * * * user must be shown by clear and convincing proof,\" plaintiff leans heavily upon the principle, as stated in Fassold v. Schamburg, 350 Mo. 464, 166 S.W.2d 571, 572(2), that: \"`* * * the burden is upon the claimant to show the adverse character of the use; but in the absence of some showing that the use was permissive in its origin it is well settled that when one claims an easement by prescription and shows an open, continuous, visible, and uninterrupted use for the period of the 10-year statute of limitation, the burden is cast upon the landowner to show that the use was permissive, rather than adverse, if he claims it to have been so.'\" (", "Emphasis ours.) ", "Although stated occasionally without specific reference to the emphasized qualification[3], examination of the Missouri cases in which the quoted doctrine has been considered reveals that the principle, as stated, frequently has been qualified by some such phrase as \"in the absence of some showing that the use was permissive\"[4] and usually has been applied where there has been a complete failure of proof that the user was permissive.[5]\n*669 The instant case is not one in which there is an \"absence of some showing\" or a failure of proof that the user was permissive. ", "Frank Raab, one of the three Raab heirs who owned the Berry tract from the death of their father in October, 1928, to the date of conveyance of that tract to defendants in October, 1948, and who during that period had charge of the tract for the heirs, testified for defendants. ", "Raab stated that \"a year or two before he (Miller) died\" in 1946\"I think * * * a little before\" 1945plaintiff's husband, Marshall Miller, \"came to me and told me there had been some heavy hauling over the road (obviously referring, as shown by Raab's subsequent testimony, to another north-and-south road parallel with, and just east of, the east boundary line of the Berry tract), and that it was so bad that he couldn't get in and out with his own car and he wanted (to know) if it would be alright with me to go through the field and * * * I told him to go ahead but he would have to close the gates, and I told him it was to be understood that there was to be no road there.\" ", "Witness Raab did not fix more definitely the date of this conversation with plaintiff's husband; and, since Raab was positive that the claimed roadway had not been used by the Millers prior to that conversation, it might have been at an earlier date for, as we have indicated, other evidence tended to establish use of the claimed roadway since about 1937. ", "Mrs. Arve Berry, one of the defendants, testified that \"Mrs. Miller said that Frank (Raab) give him (Mr. Miller) a right to go through that field,\" again that \"she (plaintiff) said Mr. Raab gave them the right,\" and further that \"it was several times along years back that Frank (Raab) gave her (plaintiff) permission to go through the place, but I don't know just what year it was.\"", "\nPlaintiff's counsel objected, \"because of the dead man's statute\" (Section 491.010 RSMo 1949, V.A.M.S.), to any testimony by witness Raab concerning his conversation with plaintiff's husband; and, although this question has not been briefed or argued on appeal and we are not asked to rule and do not rule it, there is grave doubt as to the competency of this testimony.[6] And, in view of the further fact that the testimony of defendants and their witnesses was, in certain respects, conflicting and unsatisfactory, we would not be persuaded by their testimony alone and would not rest our conclusion on that basis. ", "However, defendants' evidence to the effect that the use of the claimed roadway by plaintiff and her husband had been permissive was confirmed by plaintiff's evidence. ", "When first asked whether \"you just had permission of the man on the Berry land to go through there,\" plaintiff replied that \"he never said anything to me about doing that.\" ", "But, when subsequently asked, \"Well, he gave you permission to go through there?\", ", "plaintiff answered, \"No, sirhe gave my husband the permission\"; and, in response to the next question, \"Mr. Rapp (Raab) gave your husband permission to go through this farm?\", ", "plaintiff said, \"My husband had the permission.\" ", "Plaintiff's counsel objected to the last quoted question \"as hearsay\"; and, after conceding in their brief upon appeal that \"it is true that she (plaintiff) did testify that Raab gave her husband `the permission,'\" counsel succinctly dispose of this very significant testimony by adding \"that testimony was objected to as hearsay and should be disregarded by this court as it was by the trial judge.\"", "\nHowever, we cannot brush aside this testimony so easily and treat of it so *670 lightly. ", "In the first place, the record does not demonstrate that plaintiff's statement that \"my husband had the permission\" was hearsay evidence, i. e., that plaintiff thereby was relating what her husband had told her rather than testifying from personal knowledge, which obviously she might have had. ", "See definitions of \"hearsay evidence\" in Black's Law Dictionary (4th Ed.), ", "p. 852; 1 Bouvier's Law Dict., ", "Rawle's Third Revision, pp. ", "1429-1430; Cottonseed Delinting Corp. v. Roberts Brothers, Mo.Sup., ", "218 S.W.2d 592, 594(5). ", "Plaintiff's counsel have suggested no reason why, and no basis on which, we could or should conclude that the wholly unexplained but nevertheless unequivocal assertion by plaintiff, apparently as a fact of which she had personal knowledge, that \"my husband had the permission,\" should be rejected as hearsay.", "\nBut, assuming without so finding that plaintiff's quoted statements simply reflected what her husband had told her, this testimony still would not be incompetent. ", "For, statements of a deceased declarant against or in disparagement of his pecuniary or proprietary interest are clearly admissible.[7] It has been held specifically that declarations by a landowner bearing upon whether his use of a way over an adjacent tract has been permissive or adverse are competent [Auxier v. Horn, Mo.Sup., ", "213 S.W. 100, 103(2); Daw v. Lally, 213 Mass. 578, 100 N.E. 1024], and that statements by one joint tenant may be considered against the other joint tenant also [First Baptist Church & Society of Norwich, N. Y. v. Letson, 144 Misc. ", "286, 258 N.Y.S. 493, 497(4)]. ", "We cannot follow the suggestion of her counsel that plaintiff's testimony that \"my husband had the permission\" be disregarded.", "\nAlthough permissive use of the claimed roadway by one person would not foreclose another from acquiring a prescriptive easement by adverse use [28 C.J.S., Easements, § 14d. (", "1), pp. ", "655-656], it may be noted, as perhaps in further confirmation of defendants' evidence that use of the claimed roadway was permissive in origin and character, that Mrs. Ann Jeffers, plaintiff's sister who with her husband lived on the Berry tract from 1936 to 1941, stated that \"Mr. Robb (Raab) gave me and my husband the right to go through there\" over the claimed roadway, and that, when asked whether \"the only right you had was the permission you received from Mr. Robb (Raab),\" Mrs. Jeffers answered, \"Yes, sir.\"", "\nCareful consideration of all of the competent evidence bearing upon use of the claimed roadway by plaintiff and her husband impels, we believe, the conclusion that such use was permissive in origin and character; that plaintiff did no more than make \"a case of good neighborly conduct to pass over (defendants') land, amounting to a mere license revokable at pleasure\" [Anson v. Tietze, 354 Mo. 552, 190 S.W.2d 193, 199; Anthony v. Kennard Bldg. ", "Co., supra, 87 S.W. loc. ", "cit. ", "926, Auxier v. Horn, supra, 213 S.W. loc. ", "cit. ", "103-104]; and that, prior to obstruction of the claimed roadway, there had been no \"distinct and positive assertion of a right hostile to the owner, and brought home to him, (to) transform a subordinate and friendly holding into one of an opposite nature\" (Pitzman v. Boyce, 111 Mo. loc. ", "cit. ", "392, 19 S.W. loc. ", "cit. ", "1105).", "\nIn reaching this conclusion, we also have in mind that, although each case must be determined on its own facts, the tendency is to restrict the right of one to acquire a prescriptive easement over the land of another (28 C.J.S., Easements, § 18, pp. ", "663-664; Zinser v. Lucks, 361 Mo. 671, 235 S.W.2d 844, 848); that there is authority *671 for the proposition that, in case of doubt or uncertainty as to the character of the use, it will be presumed to have been permissive [39 C.J.S., Highways, § 23, p. 942; Anson v. Tietze, supra, 190 S.W.2d loc. ", "cit. ", "199(13)]; and, that doubts arising as to intention of the parties must be resolved in favor of the free and untrammeled use of the land [Marshall v. Callahan, supra, 229 S.W.2d loc. ", "cit. ", "734(4); Gardner v. Maffitt, 335 Mo. 959, 74 S.W.2d 604, 607(5), 95 A.L.R. 452].", "\nSince plaintiff's case was submitted solely on the theory that she had an easement by prescription and not on the theory that the claimed roadway was a way of necessity, the evidence offered by both parties upon the question as to whether or not there is a north-and-south road running parallel with, and just east of, the east boundary line of the Berry tract, which might afford ingress to and egress from the Miller tract, is not germane to the issue upon appeal. ", "Necessity is not the basis for establishing a prescriptive easement (Roberts v. Quisenberry, supra, 242 S.W.2d loc. ", "cit. ", "28); and, \"mere convenience or a shorter route is not sufficient to create or convey a right or easement, or impose burdens on land other than those granted * * *.\" [", "Marshall v. Callahan, supra, 229 S.W.2d loc. ", "cit. ", "734(6)]. ", "See also George v. Crosno, supra, 254 S.W.2d loc. ", "cit. ", "34(4).", "\nHaving concluded that the use of the claimed roadway by plaintiff and her husband was permissive rather than adverse and that, therefore, such use did not ripen into a prescriptive easement, it follows that the permanent injunction should not have been granted and that the cause must be reversed and remanded with directions to dismiss plaintiff's bill for want of equity.", "\nMcDOWELL, P. J., and BLAIR, J., concurs.", "\nNOTES\n[1] \"The four essential facts for the plaintiffs to prove in order to sustain their claim to an easement by prescription are, first, user for the prescribed period; second, that the user was adverse; third, that it was under a claim of right; fourth, notice to the owner of the user, and of its character and of the claims of right.\" ", "Roberts v. Quisenberry, 362 Mo. 404, 242 S.W.2d 26, 28(2); Novinger v. Shoop, Mo.Sup., ", "201 S.W. 64, 67; Anthony v. Kenard Bldg. ", "Co., 188 Mo. 704, 87 S.W. 921, 924.", "\n[2] To the same effect, see Anson v. Tietze, 354 Mo. 552, 190 S.W.2d 193, 199; Auxier v. Horn, Mo.Sup., ", "213 S.W. 100; Freed v. Greathouse, 238 Mo.App. ", "470, 181 S.W.2d 41, 43(5); 28 C.J.S., Easements, § 14d. (", "1), p. 655; 17 Am.", "Jur., ", "Easements, Sec. ", "67, pp. ", "978-979.", "\n[3] Meryl Realty & Investment Co. v. Schnmacher, Mo.Sup., ", "264 S.W. 368, 369(1); Meyer v. Everett, Mo.App., ", "235 S.W.2d 130, 136(2).", "\n[4] Fassold v. Schamburg, 350 Mo. 464, 166 S.W.2d 571, 572(2); Faulkner v. Hook, 300 Mo. 135, 254 S.W. 48, 50; Gerstner v. Payne, 160 Mo.App. ", "289, 142 S.W. 794, 795(1).", "\n[5] Fassold v. Schamburg, supra, 166 S.W.2d loc. ", "cit. ", "572; Novinger v. Shoop, supra, 201 S.W. loc. ", "cit. ", "67; Smith v. Santarelli, Mo.App., ", "207 S.W.2d 543, 545(2); Wallach v. Stetina, Mo.App., ", "28 S.W.2d 389, 391. ", "Cf. ", "Plaza v. Flak, 7 N.J. 215, 81 A.2d 137, 140, 27 A.L.R.2d 324, 330(7), where it was said that \"(t)he burden of proof remains upon the plaintiff to establish the prescription by the preponderance of the evidence.\"", "\n[6] See and compare Bussen v. Del Commune, 239 Mo.App. ", "859, 199 S.W.2d 13, 19-20(4, 5, 8, 9); Eaton v. Curtis, 319 Mo. 660, 4 S.W.2d 819, 823(6); Stone v. Wandling, 307 Mo. 160, 270 S.W. 315, 317(4); Edmonds v. Scharff, 279 Mo. 78, 213 S.W. 823, 825(2, 3).", "\n[7] Stoff v. Schuetze, 293 Mo. 635, 240 S.W. 139, 144(2); Coshow v. Otey, Mo.Sup., ", "222 S.W. 804, 805-807(1); Boynton v. Miller, 144 Mo. 681, 46 S.W. 754, 755(2); Meier v. Meier, 105 Mo. 411, 430-431, 16 S.W. 223, 228; Anderson v. McPike, 86 Mo. 293, 299(4); Cape County Sav. ", "Bank v. Wilson, 225 Mo.App. ", "14, 34 S.W.2d 981, 985(7); Wigmore on Evidence (3rd Ed.), ", "Vol. ", "5, Sections 1458 and 1459(1), pp. ", "263-265; Id., Vol. ", "6, Section 1778, pp. ", "205-211; 31 C.J.S., Evidence, § 219c., ", "pp. ", "963-964; 20 Am.", "Jur., ", "Evidence, Section 581, pp. ", "488-490.", "\n" ]

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[ "#!", "/bin/bash\n# \\\nexec vsim -64 -do \"$0\"\n\nset TB tb\nset VSIM_FLAGS \"-gTEST=\\\"MEM_DPI\\\"\"\nset MEMLOAD \"PRELOAD\"\n\nsource ./tcl_files/config/vsim.tcl\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

[ 0, 0.018518518518518517 ]

0.009259

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[ "Brawlhalla Patch 3.0 – Cannon Update!", "\n\nHello and welcome to Brawlhalla Patch 3.0! ", "In this momentous update we’re adding Cannon, new Legend Sidra, and getting over our excitement over launching Brawlhalla on Steam and PS4! ", "It’s a big week for Brawlhalla players everywhere, and we’re excited for this next chapter.", "\n\nBrawlhalla has launched!", "\n\nBrawlhalla has officially launched on Steam and PS4! ", "Now that we’ve launched, we’re going to continue building up the game based on player feedback just like we always have. ", "Expect more updates, more Legends, more weapons, more features, and more content as we continue to make Brawlhalla bigger and better. ", "Thank you for playing!", "\n\nNew Legend and Weapon!", "\n\nCannon and our new Legend Sidra launch today! ", "Cannon is a heavy hitting weapon with big blows, and powerful blasts. ", "We’re excited to see what the community does with Cannon, (post those combos!) ", "and we hope everyone will have fun with this new addition to the weapon arsenal of Brawlhalla.", "\n\nCannon has arrived and is now part of the Brawlhalla armory.", "\n\nSidra the Corsair Queen is now available to play!", "\n\nWeapons: Cannon & Sword\n\nStats: 6/4/6/6 (Strength, Dexterity, Defense, Speed)\n\nMallhalla\n\nSidra launches with three new skins available in Mallhalla.", "\n\nPirate Queen Sidra – “Undisputed sovereign of the seas.”", "\n\nAtlantean Sidra – “ The true treasure of the depths.”", "\n\nKraken Sidra – “Often the last sight unfortunate sailors see before being dragged to the depths.”", "\n\nBrawl of the Week – 3v3 Brawlball!", "\n\n3v3 Brawlball.", "\n\nQueue solo or with friends!", "\n\nFirst to three scores win.", "\n\nUser Interface\n\nMaking right or up directional inputs on the main menu while over the rightmost tile with now step into the top-right corner menu.", "\n\nAdded new UI sounds.", "\n\nArt and Animation\n\nMinor animation tweak to certain frames on Spear’s Neutral Air, Dash, and Landing animation to improve layering for certain costumes.", "\n\nGamePad Support\n\nAdded support for USB Gamepad for Windows.", "\n\nNew Legend Rotation\n\nThis week’s new Legend Rotation features Asuri, Bodvar, Cross, Diana, Mirage, and Ragnir.", "\n\nBug Fixes\n\nFixed bug where the charge star at the beginning of a lot of heavy attacks would not appear.", "\n\nFixed axe rendering bugs on Arcanium Ulgrim.", "\n\nFixed an issue where characters with tails have the tails face the wrong way during the “Be A Hero” taunt.", "\n\nFixed typo in the offline tutorial rewards warning.", "\n\nFixed loin cloth layering issues with Roland the Victorious skin.", "\n\nFixed a bug in team matchmaking lobbies with a local guest where it would let you pick any color that you owned for both characters, and locking in would then result in the server correcting you to use team colors if the chosen skins were identical or too similar in silhouette shape. ", "It will now correctly force you into using team colors before locking in in this situation.", "\n\nFixed a rare bug in Friendly 2v2 matchmaking and any team-based Brawls of the Week where the opposing team could appear as a different color in the Match Preview than they would during the game.", "\n\nFixed a rare bug in Friendly 2v2 matchmaking and any team-based Brawls of the Week where the opposing team could get set to Team Blue during a color conflict even if your team was Blue, Cyan, Green, Community Colors, or Skyforged. ", "The opposing team will now be set to Team Red in those situations.", "\n\nFixed a rare visual bug on powers like Yumiko Down Hammer that could display dissipation special effects at the wrong position when interrupted.", "\n\nPS4 – Fixed a bug in Ember’s bow side signature where the wolf would disappear.", "\n\nPS4 – Fixed a missing gold coins display in the tutorial complete screen.", "\n\nPS4 – Fixed some blurriness on some graphics.", "\n\nPS4 Update Timing Note\n\nBrawlhalla 3.0 will release on PS4 shortly after it releases on PC. ", "As we continue to patch on both PC and PS4 we are aiming to bring patch times closer and closer together. ", "Thanks for your patience, and for playing!" ]

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[ "Abdurahman Abubakar\n\nAbdurahman Abubakar (born 3 August 1990) is a Qatari professional footballer who currently plays as a defender for Umm Salal in the Qatar Stars League.", "\n\nHonours\n\nClub \nEl Jaish SC\nWinner\n Qatar Crown Prince Cup: 2014\n Qatari Stars Cup: 2012–13\n\nRunner-up\n Qatar Stars League: 2011–12, 2013–14\n\nExternal links \n \n\nCategory:1990 births\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:Qatari footballers\nCategory:El Jaish SC players\nCategory:Qatar SC players\nCategory:Al Kharaitiyat SC players\nCategory:Umm Salal SC players\nCategory:Qatar international footballers\nCategory:Association football defenders\nCategory:2015 AFC Asian Cup players\nCategory:Naturalised citizens of Qatar\nCategory:Qatari people of Saudi Arabian descent\nCategory:Qatar Stars League players\nCategory:Qatari Second Division players" ]

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[ "E-Gift Card\n\nWinter Cardinals by Whistler Studios for Windham Fabrics\n\nFabric > Browse by Company Name > Windham Fabrics > Winter Cardinals by Whistler Studios for Windham Fabrics\nWinter Cardinals by Whistler Studios is an understated, but artful collection of birds and outside scenes that are evocative of the season. ", "Containing a wonderful array of winter berries, snow, and wood grain, in addition to the main birds and birdhouse patterns, this collection will be sure to warm you up from the cold!" ]

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[ " IN THE SUPREME COURT OF IOWA\n No. ", "08–0180\n\n Filed July 1, 2011\n\n\nJOHN PAVONE and SIGNATURE\nMANAGEMENT GROUP, L.L.C.,\n\n Appellees,\n\nvs.\n\nGERALD M. KIRKE and WILD ROSE\nENTERTAINMENT, L.L.C.,\n\n Appellants.", "\n\n\n On review from the Iowa Court of Appeals.", "\n\n\n\n Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Polk County, Arthur E.\n\nGamble, Judge.", "\n\n\n\n The owners and operators of a casino appeal from an adverse\n\ndistrict court judgment entered against them on a contract claim.", "\n\nCOURT OF APPEALS DECISION VACATED; DISTRICT COURT\nJUDGMENT AFFIRMED.", "\n\n\n\n Mark McCormick, David Swinton, and David W. Nelmark of Belin\n\nMcCormick, P.C. (trial and appellate counsel), Des Moines, Brent B.\n\nGreen and Mariclare Thinnes Culver of Duncan, Green, Brown &\n\nLangeness (appellate counsel), Des Moines, and Thomas D. Waterman\n\n(until withdrawal) of Lane & Waterman LLP (appellate counsel),\n\nDavenport, for appellants.", "\n\f 2\n\n Maurice B. Nieland of Rawlings, Nieland, Killinger, Ellwanger,\n\nJacobs, Mohrhauser & Nelson, L.L.P., Sioux City, Stanley E. Munger and\n\nJay E. Denne of Munger, Reinschmidt & Denne, L.L.P., Sioux City, and\n\nGlenn L. Norris of Hawkins & Norris, P.C., Des Moines, for appellees.", "\n\f 3\n\nWIGGINS, Justice.", "\n\n A district court jury determined the owners and operators of a\n\ncasino breached a management agreement and awarded damages to the\n\nprospective management team. ", "The owners and operators appealed the\n\nverdict. ", "We transferred the case to the court of appeals. ", "The court of\n\nappeals reversed the judgment of the district court. ", "On further review,\n\nwe find the district court did not commit any error in the trial of the\n\nmatter. ", "Accordingly, we vacate the decision of the court of appeals and\n\naffirm the judgment of the district court.", "\n\n I. Facts.", "\n\n In 2003 John Pavone returned to Iowa with the intent to manage\n\ncasinos through his company, Signature Management Group, L.L.C.\n\n(SMG). ", " Pavone had extensive experience in the gaming and\n\nhospitality/hotel industries. ", "At about the same time, Gerald Kirke and\n\nDr. Michael Richards formed Wild Rose Entertainment, L.L.C. (Wild\n\nRose), with the intent to obtain gaming licenses, and subsequently,\n\ndevelop and own new casinos throughout Iowa. ", " Prior to forming Wild\n\nRose, Kirke and Richards had no experience in the gaming industry.", "\n\n On April 29, 2004, Pavone entered into a consulting agreement\n\nwith Wild Rose to assist Wild Rose in obtaining gaming licenses in the\n\ncounties surrounding the Des Moines area. ", "The consulting agreement\n\nalso provided, if Wild Rose obtained a gaming license, Wild Rose would\n\nengage in good faith negotiations with SMG for SMG to manage the newly\n\ndeveloped casino. ", "Thus, with Pavone’s assistance, Wild Rose turned its\n\nfocus to obtaining gaming licenses in the state of Iowa.", "\n\n One city that was interested in providing gaming was the city of\n\nOttumwa. ", " On July 15, Pavone sent an email to Kirke asking to meet\n\nwith him and discuss their future business relationship should the\n\f 4\n\nOttumwa nonprofit organization seeking the license choose to collaborate\n\nwith Wild Rose. ", "Subsequently, on July 19, Pavone met with Kirke and\n\nRichards at a restaurant Kirke owned, and they discussed SMG’s future\n\nbusiness relationship with Wild Rose. ", "Pavone claims that at this meeting\n\nthe parties generally agreed SMG would manage all casinos Wild Rose\n\noperated. ", " Kirke admits the parties discussed an eventual partnership\n\nbut claims the specific terms of an agreement were not discussed.", "\n\n After this meeting, Pavone met with his attorney, Ryan Ross, and\n\ninstructed him to contact Wild Rose’s attorney, Jim Krambeck, about\n\nmemorializing the parties’ agreement. ", "Subsequently, on July 28, Ross\n\nsent Krambeck a number of “discussion points” which he believed were\n\nthe terms the parties had agreed to and asked Krambeck to confirm the\n\ngenerally agreed upon terms so he could begin to memorialize the\n\nagreement. ", "One of the discussion points included a right of first refusal\n\nin favor of SMG with regard to managing the Ottumwa casino or any\n\nother casino for which Wild Rose obtained a gaming license.", "\n\n On August 3, Wild Rose Ottumwa (a subsidiary of Wild Rose) and\n\nthe Ottumwa nonprofit organization executed three agreements—a\n\nmemorandum of intent, a gaming development agreement, and an\n\noperator’s contract. ", " Within the “scope of work” portion of the\n\nmemorandum of intent it states, “Wild Rose shall manage the facility for\n\na fee equal to 2% of revenue plus 10% of operating income, not to exceed\n\n4% of revenue pursuant to a management agreement.” ", "In early August,\n\nPavone learned of these agreements and was concerned that Wild Rose\n\nhad named itself manager of the Ottumwa casino rather than SMG.", "\n\nPavone discussed his concerns with Kirke and Richards and was told not\n\nto worry because the parties would execute an agreement ensuring SMG\n\nwould manage the Ottumwa casino.", "\n\f 5\n\n Throughout August, September, and October, Ross and Krambeck\n\nregularly conversed and exchanged numerous drafts of a proposed\n\nagreement between SMG and Wild Rose. ", " Ross’s first draft of the\n\nagreement was entitled “Letter of Intent.” ", " The draft detailed both\n\nPavone’s provision of future consulting services to Wild Rose as well as\n\nPavone’s management of the Ottumwa casino, should Wild Rose obtain a\n\ngaming license. ", " On September 20, Krambeck suggested the parties\n\nexecute a straightforward consulting agreement as well as a separate\n\nletter of intent or option agreement pertaining to the future ownership\n\nand management arrangements, should Wild Rose receive any gaming\n\nlicenses. ", "Krambeck also provided another draft of the agreement with\n\nhis corrections simply entitled “Agreement.” ", "The parties never executed\n\ntwo separate agreements, and on October 22, 2004, the parties executed\n\na document, entitled “Agreement,” that is the subject of this lawsuit. ", "The\n\nparties to the agreement were SMG, Wild Rose, Pavone, and Kirke.", "\n\n The October 22 agreement states the material terms and\n\nconditions by which Pavone will provide consulting services to Wild Rose\n\nthrough the opening of a casino in Ottumwa, as well as the ownership\n\nand management relationship between the parties upon the opening of\n\nthe Ottumwa casino and other casino projects within the state of Iowa.", "\n\nThe first two paragraphs of the agreement concern the consulting\n\nservices Pavone is to provide Wild Rose prior to a license award for the\n\nOttumwa casino and through the opening of the Ottumwa casino.", "\n\nParagraph three of the October agreement states in pertinent part:\n\n 3. ", "Ownership in Ottumwa Project and Management\n Entity. ", "If Wild Rose is awarded a license to operate a casino\n in Ottumwa, Iowa, then upon completion of the development\n of the Ottumwa Project, the parties shall grant and convey\n an interest to each other as follows:\n\f 6\n A. Management Agreement. ", "Upon completion of the\n Ottumwa Project, Wild Rose shall enter into an\n exclusive management agreement with an entity to be\n solely owned by Pavone (subject to rights of Wild Rose\n under paragraph C below) for the management of the\n Ottumwa Project. ", "This Management Agreement shall\n provide for an annual management fee equal to four\n percent (4%) of the Adjusted Gross Revenue of the\n Ottumwa Project. ", " The terms of the Management\n Agreement shall be similar to the terms of the gaming\n development agreement between Wild Rose and the\n City of Ottumwa, Iowa.", "\n\n Paragraph five of the October agreement provides:\n\n 5. ", "Future Casino Development Opportunities.", "\n\n A. First Look and Good Faith Negotiation as to Future\n Casino Development and Management Opportunities.", "\n\n i. If Wild Rose has the opportunity to develop or\n operate any other casino in Iowa, Wild Rose will use\n good faith best efforts to involve SMG when the\n opportunity is first known, and to negotiate in good\n faith a Management Agreement consistent with the\n terms outlined in Wild Rose’s gaming development\n agreement with the City of Ottumwa, Iowa. ", "It being\n understood that the award of any management\n agreement must also be satisfactory to third party\n community and non-profit organizations. ", "And it being\n further understood that any casino in the Central Iowa\n area will likely require the involvement of a\n management company, other than SMG.", "\n\n Ross testified the October agreement established a binding\n\nconsulting and management relationship and established a good-faith\n\nrelationship between the parties for future projects within Iowa.", "\n\nConversely, Krambeck testified the October agreement established a\n\nbinding consulting agreement and a nonbinding letter of intent\n\nconcerning the parties’ relationship in connection with any future\n\ngaming opportunities. ", " Whatever the parties’ true intent, Wild Rose\n\nplaced the October 22 agreement within its application to the Iowa\n\f 7\n\nRacing and Gaming Commission (IRGC) for a gaming license in\n\nOttumwa.", "\n\n On November 2, 2004, the referendum to allow gaming in the\n\ncounties surrounding Des Moines failed. ", "The next morning, Pavone met\n\nwith Kirke, Richards, and others to discuss their business strategy going\n\nforward. ", "They collectively decided to attempt to obtain a gaming license\n\nin Emmetsburg in addition to Ottumwa. ", "Moreover, Kirke and Richards\n\ntold Pavone that the October agreement, which originally only covered\n\nthe Ottumwa casino, would also apply to the Emmetsburg casino.", "\n\nAccordingly, Wild Rose placed the October 22 agreement in its\n\napplication to the IRGC for a gaming license in Emmetsburg. ", " Kirke\n\nclaims Wild Rose placed the October agreement in the Emmetsburg\n\napplication merely to demonstrate to the IRGC that it had a consulting\n\nagreement with SMG and intended to enter into a management\n\nagreement with SMG for the Emmetsburg casino at a later time.", "\n\n Subsequently, on November 10, Pavone and Wild Rose submitted\n\nits Ottumwa and Emmetsburg applications to the IRGC. ", " Both of the\n\napplications represented under oath that SMG would be managing the\n\nOttumwa and Emmetsburg casinos by stating:\n\n The facility operations will be managed by Signature\n Management Group, L.L.C. (SMG). ", "John Pavone, founder\n and president of SMG, has been a proactive leader in the\n Iowa gaming industry since 1989. ", "He was co-founder and\n former president of the Iowa Riverboat Association and\n served as Iowa’s representative for the American Gaming\n Association. ", "Pavone will be responsible for ensuring that the\n resort is built and managed with adherence to the highest\n standards in the industry for quality and operations.", "\n\n On December 8, an accountant for the Division of Criminal\n\nInvestigation (DCI), in connection with doing a background check with\n\nthe IRGC, sent a letter to DCI Special Agent David Button detailing a\n\f 8\n\nnumber of questions Wild Rose needed to answer for the accountant to\n\ncomplete his analysis of Wild Rose’s Ottumwa and Emmetsburg\n\napplications. ", "One of the accountant’s questions stated, “Agreement with\n\nPavone and Signature Management Group, LLC (SMG) makes reference\n\nto the Ottumwa project not Emmetsburg. ", " I assume this is just an\n\noversight in assembling the two applications. ", " Need to get copy of\n\nEmmetsburg Agreement with SMG.” ", " Richards received this document\n\nand in response to this question, he claims he sent a copy of the\n\nOctober 22, 2004 agreement to Button.", "\n\n On January 28, 2005, Button sent a follow-up email to Richards\n\nstating:\n\n I’m responsible for the class D background on Signature Mgt\n for the DCI. ", "I’m in possession of the agreement between\n Wild Rose and SMG for the Ottumwa project [i.e., the\n October 22, 2004 Agreement], but do not have the agreement\n for the Emmetsburg project. ", "Are the agreements identical?", "\n\n For my report, I will need a copy of the agreement for\n Emmetsburg. . . .", "\n\nRichards forwarded this email to Pavone and discussed it with him. ", "As a\n\nresult of this conversation, Richards and Pavone agreed to provide the\n\nDCI with “additional information.” ", "Subsequently, Pavone asked Ross to\nbegin conversing with Krambeck about drafting such a document.", "\n\nMoreover, Button never received a response from Wild Rose with regard\n\nto his January 28 email.", "\n\n On February 4, Ross emailed Krambeck:\n\n John Pavone contacted me today, it appears that he and\n Mike [Richards] agreed that Signature and Wild Rose will\n enter into a new letter of intent for Emmetsburg using the\n same form as the letter of intent on file with DCI as to the\n Ottumwa property (signed by the parties on 10-2[2]-04).", "\n\f 9\n I anticipate that there would be date changes and a few\n other minor changes, but that the existing letter of intent is\n to [ ] otherwise be fine for Emmetsburg.", "\n\n ....\n\n John has asked me to prepare a draft management\n agreement for the parties review next week. ", "I will get\n something put together and get you a copy to look at.", "\n\nKrambeck never revised the October 22, 2004 agreement to apply to\n\nEmmetsburg. ", "Subsequently on February 21, 2005, Ross drafted a more\n\ndetailed management agreement using an Isle of Capri casino\n\nmanagement agreement as a template and forwarded the draft to\n\nKrambeck for his review. ", "A few days later, Krambeck responded to the\n\ndraft with numerous discussion points, indicating Wild Rose was not\n\npleased with a number of items in the agreement.", "\n\n On February 16, the IRGC held an informational meeting for the\n\ngaming license applicants about further information the applicants\n\nneeded to provide to the IRGC. ", "At this meeting, Wild Rose was asked\n\nwhether they had a management agreement. ", "Wild Rose responded, “[W]e\n\nare negotiating it.” ", "Moreover, on March 2, Wild Rose sent a letter to the\n\nIRGC stating:\n\n The management agreement between Signature Management\n Group and Wild Rose Entertainment is currently under\n review with our attorneys and will be provided once it has\n been executed between the parties. ", "As stated in the license\n applications, this agreement will be consistent with the\n terms as reflected within the agreement dated October 22,\n 200[4] and will be applicable to both projects managed for\n Wild Rose Entertainment in Ottumwa and Emmetsburg by\n the Signature Management Group.", "\n\n On March 14, Ross sent Krambeck a second draft of the agreement\n\naddressing most of Wild Rose’s initial concerns and complaints. ", " On\n\nMarch 18, Ross, Pavone, Richards, and Krambeck held a conference call\n\nto discuss the length of the management agreement and the amount of\n\f 10\n\npayment SMG was to receive. ", " Ross felt the parties were close to an\n\nagreement at this time. ", " However, as the negotiations continued to\n\nprogress through March and April, Wild Rose allegedly continued to\n\ndemand more and more concessions from Pavone. ", " At trial, Pavone\n\ndescribed the negotiations deteriorating as follows:\n\n My goal was to satisfy whatever DCI needed and so that\n Dr. Richards and I would get this issue moving forward, and\n then it became kind of a downhill slide on a, quote,\n renegotiation of everything, and that became a very, very\n long and very painful process for us of not understanding\n what was happening.", "\n\n Sometime between late January and late March, Wild Rose hired\n\nKevin Preston as an operations consultant. ", " Preston had extensive\n\nexperience in the gaming industry and had experience as a general\n\nmanager of a casino. ", " Ross and Pavone learned that while they were\n\nnegotiating the management agreement, Wild Rose was also negotiating a\n\ngeneral manager agreement with Preston. ", "Kirke and Richards claim that\n\nif they received a gaming license for the Ottumwa casino, they planned to\n\nhire Preston as its general manager, who would in turn report to\n\nPavone/SMG as the company charged with the overall management of\n\nthe facilities. ", " After Pavone learned Wild Rose was planning on hiring\n\nPreston as the Ottumwa casino’s general manager, he confronted Kirke\n\nand Richards about it in a meeting. ", "At some point during the meeting,\n\nKirke allegedly asked Pavone, “[W]hy should I pay you 4 percent if I could\n\nget somebody to do it for $160,000 a year and 2 percent?” ", "From this\n\npoint on, Pavone felt Wild Rose was attempting to get out of the\n\nOctober 22, 2004 agreement and squeeze Pavone/SMG out of the\n\nmanagement deal. ", "As the negotiations wore on, Ross also felt Wild Rose\n\f 11\n\nwas stalling until after it received a gaming license from the IRGC, after\n\nwhich they could sever their ties with Pavone/SMG.", "\n\n By late April 2005, Ross and Pavone began to worry that they had\n\nmade misrepresentations to the IRGC about who was going to manage\n\nthe Ottumwa and Emmetsburg facilities. ", "Accordingly, Pavone told Ross\n\nthat he felt he needed to notify the IRGC that the parties did not, as of\n\nthat date, have a management agreement.", "\n\n Ross notified Krambeck that Pavone would be contacting the IRGC\n\nand informing the IRGC the parties’ had not yet renegotiated a\n\nmanagement agreement for the Ottumwa and Emmetsburg facilities.", "\n\nSubsequently, on May 3, 2005, Pavone sent a letter to the IRGC stating:\n\n This correspondence is in response to the request by the\n IRGC staff for an executed copy of the management\n agreement between Wild Rose Ottumwa, LLC and the\n Signature Management Group, L.L.C. for casino operations\n in Emmetsburg Iowa and Ottumwa Iowa. ", " During our\n meeting with IRGC Staff on February 16th 2005, we were\n asked to provide the commission staff with an executed copy\n of the management agreement consistent with the terms and\n conditions as outlined between the parties within the letter\n of intent dated October 22nd 2004. ", "This agreement is\n contained within our license application as submitted to the\n IRGC.", "\n\n After several weeks of negotiations the parties have\n unfortunately failed to reach an agreement between the\n parties. ", " Signature Management Group, L.L.C. remains\n hopeful that the parties may be able to reach an agreement\n that will be acceptable to both parties however given the\n state of current negotiations; I would be less than candid if\n Signature did not express its doubts as to the successful\n resolution of this matter.", "\n\n I am proud of my relationship with the IRGC and my many\n years of service within the Iowa gaming and legislative\n communities and certainly hope that the current situation\n with Wild Rose Ottumwa, LLC will not affect my ongoing\n ability to continue as a valued member of the Iowa gaming\n and legislative families.", "\n\f 12\n\n The IRGC viewed this letter as a notification that they would not be\n\nreceiving a management agreement from Wild Rose to review before they\n\nmade their gaming license determinations. ", "Kirke believed Pavone sent\n\nthis letter in an attempt to prevent Wild Rose from receiving gaming\n\nlicenses for both the Ottumwa and Emmetsburg casinos. ", "In response to\n\nthis letter, the parties suspended negotiations on a management\n\nagreement until after the IRGC awarded the gaming licenses.", "\n\n On March 11, the IRGC announced which applicants would receive\n\ngaming licenses. ", " Wild Rose did not receive a gaming license for\n\nOttumwa, but was awarded a license for the development of the\n\nEmmetsburg casino. ", "Subsequently, on May 24, Wild Rose sent a letter\n\nto Pavone terminating the October 22, 2004 agreement and any future\n\nrelationship between the parties. ", "The Emmetsburg casino opened at the\n\nend of May 2006. ", " At the time of the casino’s opening, Wild Rose\n\nEntertainment, L.L.C. was the manager of the facilities and Preston was\n\nthe acting general manager.", "\n\n II. ", "Procedural History.", "\n\n On March 31, 2006, Pavone and SMG filed a civil action against\n\nKirke and Wild Rose alleging they breached the October 22, 2004\n\nagreement, as well as numerous other claims. ", "The case proceeded to a\n\njury trial, and after SMG completed its case-in-chief, Kirke and Wild Rose\n\nfiled a motion for a directed verdict. ", "In ruling on the motion, the district\n\ncourt allowed the breach of contract claims pertaining to paragraphs 3A\n\nand 5A of the October agreement to be presented to the jury, but\n\nsustained Kirke’s and Wild Rose’s motion on Pavone’s and SMG’s\n\nremaining claims. ", " After Kirke’s and Wild Rose’s case-in-chief, they\n\nrenewed their motion for a directed verdict on the remaining claims,\n\nwhich the court overruled.", "\n\f 13\n\n On September 6, 2007, the jury returned a verdict finding Wild\n\nRose breached both paragraphs 3A and 5A of the October agreement.", "\n\nThe jury awarded Pavone and SMG ten million dollars in damages. ", "Kirke\n\nand Wild Rose filed a motion for judgment notwithstanding the verdict or\n\nfor a new trial. ", " On December 31, the district court overruled this\n\nmotion.", "\n\n Kirke and Wild Rose filed a notice of appeal. ", "We transferred the\n\ncase to the court of appeals. ", "The court of appeals reversed the judgment\n\nin favor of Pavone and SMG and remanded the case for entry of judgment\n\nin favor of Kirke and Wild Rose. ", "The court of appeals found, as a matter\n\nof law, paragraph 3A of the October agreement constituted an\n\nunenforceable agreement to agree and that the record was devoid of any\n\nevidence that Kirke and Wild Rose breached its contractual duty of good\n\nfaith negotiations under paragraph 5A of the October agreement.", "\n\nConsequently, the court of appeals concluded the district court erred in\n\noverruling Kirke’s and Wild Rose’s motion for a directed verdict on\n\nPavone’s and SMG’s paragraphs 3A and 5A breach of contract claims.", "\n\nPavone and SMG filed an application for further review, which we\n\ngranted.", "\n\n III. ", "Issues Raised on Appeal.", "\n\n Kirke and Wild Rose raise numerous issues on appeal. ", "They are:\n\n(1) whether the district court erred in overruling Kirke’s and Wild Rose’s\n\nmotion for directed verdict on Pavone’s and SMG’s paragraph 3A breach\n\nof contract claim; (2) whether the statute of frauds precluded testimony\n\nthe parties orally agreed paragraph 3A of the contract would apply to the\n\nEmmetsburg casino; (3) whether the district court erred in overruling\n\nKirke’s and Wild Rose’s motion for directed verdict on Pavone’s and\n\nSMG’s paragraph 5A breach of contract claim; (4) whether the district\n\f 14\n\ncourt erred in instructing the jury Pavone and SMG could recover\n\nexpectation damages on its paragraph 5A breach of contract claim, as\n\nopposed to reliance damages; (5) whether Pavone’s and SMG’s claims are\n\nbarred because the IRGC never approved a management agreement\n\nbetween the parties; (6) whether the district court erred in allowing the\n\njury to award damages for a period of as much as thirty years because\n\nthe extension of the contract for such a period was speculative; and (7)\n\nwhether the district court erred in denying Kirke’s and Wild Rose’s\n\nmotion for a new trial because the jury’s verdict was inconsistent.", "\n\n IV. ", "Whether the District Court Erred in Overruling Kirke’s and\nWild Rose’s Motion for Directed Verdict on Pavone’s and SMG’s\nParagraph 3A Breach of Contract Claim.", "\n\n A. Scope of Review. ", " We review a district court’s ruling on a\n\nmotion for directed verdict for correction of errors at law. ", " Deboom v.\n\nRaining Rose, Inc., 772 N.W.2d 1, 5 (Iowa 2009). “", "A directed verdict is\n\nrequired ‘only if there was no substantial evidence to support the\n\nelements of the plaintiff’s claim.’ ” ", "Id. (quoting Bellville v. Farm Bureau\n\nMut. ", "Ins. ", "Co., 702 N.W.2d 468, 472 (Iowa 2005)). ", "Evidence is substantial\n\n“[w]hen reasonable minds would accept the evidence as adequate to\n\nreach the same findings.” ", " Easton v. Howard, 751 N.W.2d 1, 5 (Iowa\n\n2008). ", " “Where reasonable minds could differ on an issue, directed\n\nverdict is improper and the case must go to the jury.” ", "Stover v. Lakeland\n\nSquare Owners Ass’n, 434 N.W.2d 866, 873 (Iowa 1989). ", "Thus, our role\n\nis to determine whether the trial court correctly determined if there was\n\nsubstantial evidence to submit the issue to the jury. ", "Easton, 751 N.W.2d\n\nat 5. ", "In doing so, we must “view the evidence in the light most favorable\n\nto the nonmoving party and take into consideration all reasonable\n\ninferences that could be fairly made by the jury.” ", "Id.\n\f 15\n\n Our review is limited to those grounds raised in the moving party’s\n\nmotion for a directed verdict. ", "Royal Indem. ", "Co. v. Factory Mut. ", "Ins. ", "Co.,\n\n786 N.W.2d 839, 844 (Iowa 2010). ", " “Error must be raised with some\n\nspecificity in a directed verdict motion.” ", "Id. at 845. ", "Furthermore, “[a]\n\nmotion for judgment notwithstanding the verdict must stand on grounds\n\nraised in the directed verdict motion.” ", "Id. Thus, on appeal from such\n\njudgment, our review is limited to those grounds raised in the directed\n\nverdict motion. ", "Id.\n\n B. Analysis. ", "The district court instructed the jury on the law the\n\njury should use to determine if the parties entered into a binding\n\nagreement. ", "The instructions provided:\n\n Instruction No. ", "10\n\n Concerning their claim for breach of contract, plaintiffs\n must prove all of the following numbered propositions:\n\n 1. ", "The existence of a contract.", "\n\n 2. ", "The terms of the contract.", "\n\n 3. ", "The plaintiffs have done what the contract required.", "\n\n 4. ", "The defendants breached the contract in one or\n both of the following ways:\n\n a. In failing to enter into and perform a\n management agreement of the Emmetsburg\n casino under paragraph 3(A) of the October 22,\n 2004 agreement.", "\n\n b. In failing to use good faith best efforts to\n negotiate a management agreement for the\n Emmetsburg casino under paragraph 5(A) of\n the October 22, 2004 agreement.", "\n\n 5. ", "The amount of any damage defendants have\n caused.", "\n\n If the plaintiffs have failed to prove any of these\n numbered propositions, the plaintiffs are not entitled to\n damages. ", "If the plaintiffs have proved all of these numbered\n propositions, they are entitled to damages in some amount.", "\n\f 16\n Instruction No. ", "11\n\n The existence of a binding contract requires a meeting\nof the minds on the material terms. ", "This means the parties\nmust agree upon the same things in the same sense.", "\n“Material” terms are those that are significant to the\ncontract. ", "You are to determine if a contract existed from the\nwords and acts of the parties, together with all reasonable\ninferences you may draw from the surrounding\ncircumstances.", "\n\n A binding contract may be oral or written or may be\ninferred from the conduct of the parties. ", "Plaintiffs contend\nParagraph 3(A) of the October 22, 2004 agreement was orally\nmodified to include Emmetsburg and that Paragraph 5(A)\nincludes Emmetsburg. ", "Neither real nor apparent intention\nthat a promise be legally binding is essential to the formation\nof a contract, but an intention that a promise shall not be\nbinding prevents the formation of a contract. ", "An expression\nof willingness to enter into a contract is not an offer if the\nparty to whom it is addressed knows or has reason to know\nthat the person making it does not intend to be bound until\nthe conclusion of further negotiations. ", "Manifestations of\nassent that are sufficient to form a contract will not be\nprevented from being binding by the fact that the parties also\nstate an intention to prepare a written memorial of their\nagreement; but the circumstances may show that the\nagreements are preliminary negotiations.", "\n\n You shall also consider whether the parties intended to\nbe bound prior to the execution of a separate formal written\nmanagement contract. ", "The factors you may consider as to\nwhether the parties intended to be bound before the\nexecution of a separate, formal written management contract\ninclude but are not limited to the following:\n\n 1. ", "Whether the contract is of a class usually found to\nbe in writing.", "\n\n 2. ", "Whether it is of a type needing a formal writing for\nits full expression.", "\n\n 3. ", "Whether it has few or many details.", "\n\n 4. ", "Whether the amount involved is large or small.", "\n\n 5. ", "Whether the contract is common or unusual.", "\n\n 6. ", "Whether all details have been agreed upon or some\nremain unresolved.", "\n\f 17\n 7. ", "Whether the negotiations show a further writing\nwas discussed or contemplated.", "\n\n Instruction No. ", "12\n\n Wild Rose claims that sections 3(A) and 5(A) of the\nOctober 22, 2004 agreement are merely non-binding\nagreements to agree. ", "In determining whether the October\nagreement is a binding contract or merely a non-binding\nagreement to agree, you shall consider the following\nprinciples:\n\n A binding contract must contain mutual assent. ", "The\nmode of assent is termed offer and acceptance. ", "An offer is a\nmanifestation of willingness to enter into a bargain. ", "A\nbinding contract requires acceptance of the offer.", "\nAcceptance of the offer is indicated by a manifestation of\nassent to the terms of the offer made by the party to whom it\nis addressed in a manner invited or required by the offer.", "\nMutual assent is based on objective evidence, not the hidden\nintent of the parties.", "\n\n A binding contract generally does not exist when the\nparties agree to a contract on a basis to be settled in the\nfuture. ", "An agreement to agree to enter into a contract is of\nno effect unless all of the material terms and conditions are\nagreed on and no material terms and conditions are left to\nfuture negotiations.", "\n\n However, a contract need not contain definitely and\nspecifically every fact in detail to which the parties may\nagree. ", "The contract need only be certain and unequivocal in\nits material terms. ", "Absolute certainly is not required. ", "Only\nreasonable certainty is necessary.", "\n\n The jury must determine whether the October\nagreement contained mutual assent with reasonable\ncertainty to all of its material terms or whether it is merely a\nnon-binding agreement to agree on a basis to be settled in\nfuture negotiations.", "\n\n Instruction No. ", "13\n\n Parties may have a meeting of the minds as to the\nmaterial terms of a portion or portions of a contract but not\nas to others. ", "The fact that a meeting of the minds occurred\nas to the material terms of some portion or portions of a\ncontract does not mean that there was a meeting of the\nminds as to all portions of the alleged contract.", "\n\f 18\n You may not award damages based on a section of an\n alleged contract as to which you do not find that there was a\n meeting of the minds.", "\n\n Instruction No. ", "14\n\n In determining the terms of the contract, you may\n consider the following:\n\n 1. ", "The intent of the parties along with a reasonable\n application of the surrounding circumstances.", "\n\n 2. ", "The intent expressed in the language used prevails\n over any secret intention of either party.", "\n\n 3. ", "The intent may be shown by the practical\n construction of a contract by the parties and by the\n surrounding circumstances.", "\n\n 4. ", "You must attempt to give meaning to all language\n of a contract. ", "Because an agreement is to be interpreted as\n a whole, assume that all of the language is necessary. ", "An\n interpretation which gives a reasonable, effective meaning to\n all terms is preferred to an interpretation which leaves a part\n of the contract unreasonable or meaningless.", "\n\n 5. ", "The meaning of a contract is the interpretation a\n reasonable person would give it if they were acquainted with\n the circumstances both before and at the time the contract\n was made.", "\n\n 6. ", "Ambiguous language in a written contract is\n interpreted against the party who selected it.", "\n\n 7. ", "Where general and specific terms in the contract\n refer to the same subject, the specific terms control.", "\n\n Kirke and Wild Rose failed to raise on appeal any error in the\n\ninstructions given to the jury on the breach of contract claims.", "\n\nTherefore, right or wrong, the instructions become the law of the case.", "\n\nNorthrup v. Miles Homes, Inc., 204 N.W.2d 850, 856 (Iowa 1973).", "\n\n On our review of the record, we find under the instructions given to\n\nthe jury, that substantial evidence is contained in the record to support\n\nthe jury’s findings that the October 22, 2004 agreement is a binding\n\nmanagement agreement between the parties. ", "A jury could find that the\n\f 19\n\nagreement contains all the material terms and that the parties intended\n\nto be bound by those terms. ", " The agreement identified the parties as\n\nPavone, SMG, Wild Rose, and Kirke. ", "The purpose of the agreement was\n\nfor Pavone and SMG to provide management services to Kirke and Wild\n\nRose for the Emmetsburg casino. ", " The agreement specified that Wild\n\nRose would own the casino. ", "The duration of the agreement, through the\n\nincorporation by reference of the Ottumwa Gaming Development\n\nAgreement, was for an initial term of ten years, which could be extended\n\nfor three-year terms at the option of Wild Rose for a term of up to thirty\n\nyears. ", "The agreement set forth the compensation of the manager would\n\nbe four percent of adjusted gross revenue together with an equity swap\n\nand reciprocal buy-sell agreements. ", " Additionally, the agreement\n\ncontained a clause allowing termination for cause.", "\n\n Finally, the jury could have found Kirke’s and Wild Rose’s\n\nmanifestation of assent for the agreement in the application filed with the\n\nIRGC. ", " The application publicly acknowledged “[t]he facility operations\n\nwill be managed by Signature Management Group, LLC. . . . ", "Pavone will\n\n[be] responsible for ensuring the resort is built and managed with\n\nadherence to the highest standards in the industry for quality and\n\noperations.” ", " Even though Kirke and Wild Rose backed off its\n\nmanifestation of assent for an Emmetsburg management agreement\n\nwhen pressed, a reasonable person could conclude they had agreed to\n\nthe Emmetsburg deal when it first communicated its deal to the\n\ncommission and later reneged by attempting to negotiate new terms.", "\n\n It is true that Kirke and Wild Rose presented evidence that this\n\nagreement was only an agreement to agree. ", "Kirke and Wild Rose relied\n\nheavily on a letter Pavone wrote to the IRGC on May 3, 2005, indicating\n\nthe parties did not have a management agreement as of May 3, 2005. ", "As\n\f 20\n\ndid the district court, we do not view this one letter to be dispositive of\n\nthis issue. ", "We must consider the record as a whole in the light most\n\nfavorable to the nonmoving party and take into consideration all\n\nreasonable inferences that could be fairly made by the jury when\n\ndetermining if substantial evidence supports a verdict. ", " Easton, 751\n\nN.W.2d at 5. ", "We agree with the district court, when it overruled Kirke’s\n\nand Wild Rose’s posttrial motion and stated:\n\n A reasonable finder of fact could conclude that Wild Rose\n agreed to enter into and perform a management agreement\n with Pavone on these terms and that no other terms were\n essential to the transaction. ", "As Pavone puts it, Wild Rose\n was going to own and Pavone was going to manage. ", "Wild\n Rose later determined it wanted concessions from plaintiff.", "\n For example, Wild Rose wanted the ability to hire and fire\n key management employees. ", "This is evidenced by the fact\n Gary Kirke hired Kevin Preston as general manager of the\n casino without consulting Pavone. ", "However, a reasonable\n jury could conclude that Pavone’s agreement to manage the\n casino addressed this issue. ", " A jury could reasonably\n conclude that the authority to manage the casino included\n the authority to control the hiring and termination of key\n management employees. ", "A reasonable finder of fact could\n conclude that when Pavone refused to surrender control of\n management employees to the owner, the defendants refused\n to enter into and perform a management agreement on the\n material terms set forth in the October Agreement thereby\n breaching paragraph 3(A) of the contract. ", " This was a\n legitimate jury question. ", "Defendants are not entitled to\n judgment notwithstanding the verdict.", "\n\n In other words, the jury could have decided from this record that\n\nthe parties had a binding contract as of October 22; that Kirke and Wild\n\nRose reneged on its contractual obligations and sought to renegotiate the\n\ndeal; and that when Pavone realized that Kirke and Wild Rose reneged\n\nand would not enter into a formal agreement, Pavone informed the IRGC\n\nthat, as of May 3, the parties did not have an agreement due to Kirke’s\n\nand Wild Rose’s failure to honor the October 22 agreement. ", "As Pavone’s\n\nletter stated, the application as filed with the IRGC stated that Pavone\n\f 21\n\nand SMG were going to manage the Emmetsburg casino and the\n\nOctober 22 agreement was the management agreement the parties\n\nagreed to follow. ", "In order to avoid any misrepresentations in the original\n\napplication, Pavone wrote the May 3 letter to inform the IRGC that Kirke\n\nand Wild Rose would no longer abide by the October 22 agreement and\n\nthat the IRGC should be aware of that change of circumstances. ", "In the\n\ncontext of the record as a whole, the jury was not required to construe\n\nthe May 3 letter to mean the parties never had a management agreement.", "\n\n For these reasons, we affirm the decision of the district court and\n\nvacate the decision of the court of appeals on this issue.", "\n\n V. Whether the Statute of Frauds Precluded Testimony the\nParties Orally Agreed Paragraph 3A of the Contract Would Apply to\nthe Emmetsburg Casino.", "\n\n A. Scope of Review. ", " Kirke and Wild Rose argue the statute of\n\nfrauds precluded Pavone’s testimony that the parties orally agreed\n\nparagraph 3A of the contract would apply to the Emmetsburg casino.", "\n\n“We review a decision by the district court to admit oral evidence of a\n\ncontract under an exception to the statute of frauds for correction of\n\nerrors at law.” ", "Kolkman v. Roth, 656 N.W.2d 148, 151 (Iowa 2003).", "\n B. Analysis. ", " The district court overruled the statute of fraud\n\nobjections, finding the statute of frauds did not apply because the\n\ndecision to allow Pavone and SMG to manage the Emmetsburg casino\n\ncould be performed within one year of its making, or alternatively, the\n\nstatute of frauds was satisfied because there were written affirmations of\n\nthe parties’ oral agreement.", "\n\n On appeal, Kirke and Wild Rose argue the October agreement was\n\nfor a fixed period of more than one year, bringing it within the statute of\n\f 22\n\nfrauds. ", "Wild Rose also argues the writings identified by the court were\n\nnot sufficient to satisfy the statute of frauds.", "\n\n Iowa’s statute of frauds provides:\n\n Except when otherwise specially provided, no evidence\n of the following enumerated contracts is competent, unless it\n be in writing and signed by the party charged or by the\n party’s authorized agent:\n\n ....\n\n 4. ", "Those that are not to be performed within one year\n from the making thereof.", "\n\nIowa Code § 622.32 (2003). “", "The Iowa statute of frauds does not render\n\noral promises invalid. ", " Rather, the statute is a rule of evidence that\n\nrenders incompetent oral proof of such promises.” ", " Olson v. Nextel\n\nPartners, Inc., 317 F. Supp. ", "2d 972, 978 (S.D. Iowa 2004).", "\n\n In deciding whether a particular oral contract is\n governed by the [performance within one year] rule, the\n question is not whether performance must actually be\n completed within a year but whether it would be possible to\n perform the contract within that time frame. ", "Put another\n way, “[c]ontracts of uncertain duration are simply excluded;\n the provision covers only those contracts whose performance\n cannot possibly be completed within a year.”", "\n\nGarland v. Branstad, 648 N.W.2d 65, 71 (Iowa 2002) (citations omitted)\n\n(quoting Restatement (Second) of Contracts § 130 cmt. ", "a, at 328 (1981));\n\naccord Johnson v. Ward, 265 N.W.2d 746, 747 (Iowa 1978).", "\n\n First, we must determine whether the statute of frauds applies to\n\nthis case. ", " Kirke and Wild Rose claim the statute of frauds applies\n\nbecause the October agreement could not possibly be performed within\n\none year. ", " However, they are focused on the wrong agreement. ", " The\n\nagreement at issue is the oral agreement to modify the October\n\nagreement to apply to the Emmetsburg casino, not the October\n\nagreement itself. ", " It is clear that this oral modification agreement was\n\f 23\n\npossible of being performed within one year. ", "Moreover, the fact that the\n\nOctober agreement was included within the Emmetsburg application on\n\nNovember 10, 2004, is strong evidence that this oral agreement was, in\n\nfact, performed a few days after its making.", "\n\n Thus, we conclude the oral modification agreement between the\n\nparties falls outside the scope of the statute of frauds because it was\n\ncapable of being performed within one year.", "\n\n VI. ", "Whether the District Court Erred in Overruling Kirke’s and\nWild Rose’s Motion for Directed Verdict on Pavone’s and SMG’s\nParagraph 5A Breach-of-Contract Claim.", "\n\n A. Scope of Review. ", "The basis for Kirke’s and Wild Rose’s motion\n\nfor directed verdict was that there was insufficient evidence to support a\n\nfinding Kirke and Wild Rose failed to negotiate in good faith under\n\nparagraph 5A. Thus, the scope of review is the same as in division IV of\n\nthis opinion.", "\n\n B. Analysis. ", " The court instructed the jury on this issue as\n\nfollows:\n\n Paragraph 5(A) of the October 22, 2004 agreement\n imposes upon the defendants a duty of good faith in the\n negotiation of a management agreement for future casino\n developments including Emmetsburg. ", "A party breaches a\n duty of good faith by violating community standards of\n decency, fairness, and reasonableness.", "\n\n The fact the parties may have failed to reach an\n agreement as to material terms of a management contract\n regarding Emmetsburg other than those terms the plaintiffs\n contend were required by Paragraph 5(A) of the October\n agreement does not necessarily mean that the defendants\n acted in bad faith.", "\n\n You shall consider all of the surrounding facts and\n circumstances in determining whether the defendants\n breached a duty of good faith.", "\n\f 24\n\nKirke and Wild Rose did not appeal the instruction. ", "Accordingly, it is the\n\nlaw of the case. ", "Northrup, 204 N.W.2d at 856.", "\n\n Viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to Pavone and\n\nSMG under the instructions given, and taking into consideration all\n\nreasonable inferences that could be made by the jury, we conclude there\n\nwas substantial evidence by which the jury could conclude Wild Rose\n\nrefused to negotiate in good faith.", "\n\n In the October agreement, the parties agreed on the following\n\nmajor terms: (1) Wild Rose would enter into an exclusive management\n\nagreement with SMG; (2) SMG’s management fee would equal four\n\npercent of the adjusted gross revenue of the Emmetsburg project; and\n\n(3) the period of the management agreement would last until March 31,\n\n2014, and thereafter SMG would have the right to renew the agreement\n\nfor succeeding three-year-periods, with the last period terminating on\n\nMarch 31 of the 30th year following commencement of operations. ", "The\n\njury could have found the negotiations for the Emmetsburg management\n\nagreement wore on for months and every time Pavone and SMG believed\n\nthey were close to an agreement, Kirke and Wild Rose would raise new\n\nobjections or demand more concessions.", "\n\n The jury could also conclude from the evidence that Kirke and Wild\n\nRose were stalling the negotiations while attempting to negotiate a more\n\nbeneficial management agreement with Preston. ", " This is supported by\n\nPavone’s testimony that Kirke asked him, “[W]hy should I pay you 4\n\npercent if I could get somebody to do it for $160,000 a year and 2\n\npercent?”", "\n\n Moreover, the jury could have also found that as the attorneys for\n\nthe parties exchanged numerous drafts of the management agreement,\n\nKirke and Wild Rose forced Pavone and SMG to concede terms that the\n\f 25\n\nparties had already agreed to in the October agreement. ", "For example, in\n\nthe fourth draft and subsequent drafts of the proposed Emmetsburg\n\nmanagement agreement, the term was for ten years with no right to\n\nrenew the agreement and the management fee was 3.24 percent of\n\nadjusted gross revenue. ", "Finally, the jury could have inferred a lack of\n\ngood faith on Kirke’s and Wild Rose’s part due to Kirke’s and Wild Rose’s\n\ntermination of their relationship with Pavone and SMG shortly after they\n\nreceived a gaming license. ", "This fact could have supported a finding that\n\nKirke and Wild Rose never intended to enter into a formal management\n\nagreement with Pavone and SMG and were simply using Pavone and\n\nSMG to procure a gaming license for the Emmetsburg casino.", "\n\n For these reasons, we affirm the decision of the district court and\n\nvacate the decision of the court of appeals on this issue.", "\n\n VII. ", "Whether the District Court Erred in Instructing the Jury\nPavone and SMG Could Recover Expectation Damages on Its\nParagraph 5A Breach-of-Contract Claim, as Opposed to Reliance\nDamages.", "\n\n Kirke and Wild Rose next argues the district court erred in\n\ninstructing the jury Pavone and SMG could recover expectation damages\n\non its paragraph 5A breach-of-contract claim, as opposed to reliance\n\ndamages. ", " The court submitted this case with special interrogatories.", "\n\nThe first interrogatory asked the jury to determine if Kirke and Wild Rose\n\nbreached paragraph 3A of the October 22 agreement. ", "The jury answered\n\nyes to this interrogatory. ", " The second interrogatory asked the jury to\n\ndetermine if Kirke and Wild Rose breached paragraph 5A of the\n\nOctober 22 agreement. ", "The jury also answered yes to this interrogatory.", "\n\n Kirke and Wild Rose did not appeal the right of Pavone and SMG to\n\nrecover expectation damages for a breach of paragraph 3A. Therefore,\n\nthe award of expectation damages is proper for a breach of paragraph 3A.\n\f 26\n\nThus, it makes no difference under this record that the jury may have\n\nawarded expectation damages for a breach of paragraph 5A because\n\nPavone and SMG were entitled to expectation damages for a breach of\n\nparagraph 3A.\n\n Accordingly, we need not reach this issue because any error in the\n\ninstructions would be harmless.", "\n\n VIII. ", "Whether Pavone’s and SMG’s Claims Are Barred Because\nthe IRGC Never Approved a Management Agreement Between the\nParties.", "\n\n In its motion for judgment notwithstanding the verdict, Kirke and\n\nWild Rose stated the evidence was insufficient to submit paragraphs 3A\n\nand 5A claims because Iowa law requires IRGC approval of any\n\nmanagement agreement, and no such approval was ever received. “", "We\n\nreview the denial of a motion for judgment notwithstanding the verdict\n\nfor correction of errors at law.” ", " Van Sickle Constr. ", "Co. v. Wachovia\n\nCommercial Mortg., ", "Inc., 783 N.W.2d 684, 687 (Iowa 2010). ", "However, it\n\nappears we need not reach the merits of this issue because Kirke and\n\nWild Rose have failed to preserve this issue for review.", "\n\n “A motion for judgment notwithstanding the verdict must stand on\ngrounds raised in the directed verdict motion.” ", "Royal Indem. ", "Co., 786\n\nN.W.2d at 845; accord Van Sickle Constr. ", "Co., 783 N.W.2d at 687 (“[T]he\n\nmotion for judgment notwithstanding the verdict must rely on the\n\nmatters raised in a previous motion for directed verdict.”); ", "Dutcher v.\n\nLewis, 221 N.W.2d 755, 760 (Iowa 1974) (“A motion for judgment\n\nnotwithstanding the verdict cannot be sustained on any ground not\n\nasserted in an earlier motion for directed verdict.”). ", " “On appeal from\n\nsuch judgment, review by an appellate court is limited to those grounds\n\f 27\n\nraised in the directed verdict motion.” ", "Royal Indem. ", "Co., 786 N.W.2d at\n\n845.", "\n\n At the close of Pavone’s and SMG’s case-in-chief, Wild Rose filed a\n\nmotion for directed verdict. ", "This motion did not raise the issue of the\n\nIRGC’s approval. ", "Subsequently, at the close of Kirke’s and Wild Rose’s\n\ncase-in-chief, they renewed their motion for directed verdict on the same\n\ngrounds as previously identified. ", "The court overruled the motion.", "\n\n After the jury returned a verdict in favor of Pavone and SMG, Kirke\n\nand Wild Rose filed a motion for judgment notwithstanding the verdict,\n\nfor the first time raising its IRGC-approval argument. ", "Therefore, because\n\nKirke’s and Wild Rose’s IRGC-approval argument is not based on\n\ngrounds raised in its directed verdict motion, Kirke and Wild Rose failed\n\nto preserve this issue for appellate review.", "\n\n Kirke and Wild Rose argue it preserved error on this issue based\n\non its general statement that “no reasonable jury could find that the\n\nOctober agreement was a binding management agreement” in its motion\n\nfor a directed verdict. ", "Kirke and Wild Rose also claim that the principles\n\nunderlying the error preservation rules have been satisfied here because\n\nthe IRGC-approval issue was brought to the attention of the district court\n\nand ruled on in the motion for judgment notwithstanding the verdict.", "\n\nHowever, the statement in Kirke’s and Wild Rose’s motion for directed\n\nverdict is too general to preserve the IRGC-approval issue. ", " See, e.g.,\n\nRoyal Indem. ", "Co., 786 N.W.2d at 845 (“Error must be raised with some\n\nspecificity in a directed verdict motion.”).", "\n\n Consequently, we refuse to consider the merits of this issue due to\n\nKirke’s and Wild Rose’s failure to preserve it for appellate review.", "\n\f 28\n IX. ", "Whether the District Court Erred in Allowing the Jury to\nAward Damages for a Period of as Much as Thirty Years Because the\nExtension of the Contract for Such a Period Was Speculative.", "\n\n A. Scope of Review. ", "Kirke and Wild Rose argue the district court\n\nerred in allowing the jury to award damages for a period of as much as\n\nthirty years because the extension of the contract for such a period was\n\nspeculative. ", "We review a claim that the district court gave an instruction\n\nnot supported by the evidence for correction of errors at law. ", "Summy v.\n\nCity of Des Moines, 708 N.W.2d 333, 340 (Iowa 2006). “", "We review the\n\nrelated claim that the trial court should have given a party’s requested\n\ninstructions for abuse of discretion.” ", "Id. It is reversible error to submit\n\nan instruction that has no support in the record. ", "Waits v. United Fire &\n\nCas. ", "Co., 572 N.W.2d 565, 575 (Iowa 1997). ", " “ ‘When considering\n\nwhether evidentiary support for an instruction exists, we give the\n\nevidence the most favorable construction it will bear.’ ” ", " Id. (quoting\n\nHughes v. Massey-Ferguson, Inc., 522 N.W.2d 294, 295 (Iowa 1994)).", "\n\n B. Analysis. ", " The jury awarded Pavone and SMG ten million\n\ndollars in expectation damages resulting from Kirke’s and Wild Rose’s\n\nbreaches of paragraphs 3A and 5A of the October agreement. ", "Kirke and\n\nWild Rose argue the district court erred in failing to instruct the jury that\nPavone and SMG could recover damages only for the initial term of the\n\ncontract and thereby allowed the jury to award speculative damages\n\nbeyond the initial term of the alleged agreement. ", "In response, Pavone\n\nand SMG claim sufficient evidence supports the agreement was for a\n\nthirty-year term, and alternatively, there is no basis to conclude the jury\n\nawarded thirty years worth of expectancy damages.", "\n\n “There is a distinction between proof of the fact that damages have\n\nbeen sustained and proof of the amount of those damages.” ", " Olson v.\n\nNieman’s, Ltd., 579 N.W.2d 299, 309 (Iowa 1998). ", " If the evidence is\n\f 29\n\nspeculative and uncertain whether damages have been sustained,\n\ndamages are denied. ", "Id. However, if the uncertainty merely lies in the\n\namount of damages sustained, “ ‘recovery may be had if there is proof of\n\na reasonable basis from which the amount can be inferred or\n\napproximated.’ ” ", " Id. (quoting Orkin Exterminating Co. v. Burnett, 160\n\nN.W.2d 427, 430 (Iowa 1968)). ", "Thus, some speculation on the amount of\n\ndamages sustained is acceptable; however, overly speculative damages\n\ncannot be recovered. ", "Id.\n\n There is a reasonable basis in the record from which the amount of\n\ndamages awarded by the jury can be inferred or approximated. ", "At trial,\n\nthere was testimony that, for the first five years of the Emmetsburg\n\ncasino management agreement between the parties, it was conservatively\n\nprojected Pavone and SMG would earn $6,597,029 in management fees.", "\n\nThis management fee projection was included in the Emmetsburg\n\napplication to the IRGC. ", "Assuming the casino’s revenue remained flat for\n\nthe next three years, the projected management fees for eight years—the\n\nshortest period Kirke and Wild Rose argued for—would total\n\n$10,889,108, which is $889,108 more than what the jury awarded\n\nPavone and SMG. ", "Moreover, Pavone testified that at 3.2 percent, Pavone\n\nand SMG would have earned approximately $9.7 million in management\n\nfees over the initial ten-year term of the management agreement.", "\n\n We agree with the district court when it held,\n\n The parties may have their theories as to how the jury\n arrived at a damage figure of $10 Million, but the bottom line\n is that the damages awarded by the jury fall within a\n reasonable verdict range based on this record and it is\n impossible to know what duration the jury found. ", "This\n finding inheres in the verdict.", "\n\f 30\n\n Accordingly, we find the court did not error in the manner in which\n\nit submitted the damage issue.", "\n\n X. Whether the District Court Erred in Denying Kirke’s and\nWild Rose’s Motion for a New Trial Because the Jury’s Verdict Was\nInconsistent.", "\n\n A. Preservation of Error. ", "We have serious doubts as to whether\n\nKirke and Wild Rose preserved error on this issue. ", "In its motion for a\n\nnew trial, Kirke and Wild Rose argued there was an inconsistency\n\nbetween the verdicts on Pavone’s and SMG’s paragraphs 3A and 5A\n\nclaims, which requires a new trial. ", "Pavone and SMG argue Kirke and\n\nWild Rose failed to preserve this claim for review. ", " They base this\n\nargument on the fact that Kirke and Wild Rose failed to object to the jury\n\ninstructions and/or to the verdict forms that were given, as well as failed\n\nto propose any alternative jury instructions and/or verdict forms that\n\nwould have required the jury to find liability on either the paragraph 3A\n\nor paragraph 5A claim, but not both.", "\n\n Instruction 10 told the jury that it could find Kirke and Wild Rose\n\nbreached the contract by finding a breach of paragraph 3A and\n\nparagraph 5A. The special interrogatories also did not preclude a finding\nby the jury of a violation of both paragraphs. ", "Kirke and Wild Rose failed\n\nto object to the submission of the instructions in this manner. ", "The court\n\nclearly instructed the jury that it could find for Pavone and SMG on both\n\nclaims. ", "The manner in which the court instructed the jury caused the\n\nalleged inconsistent verdict and Kirke and Wild Rose should have\n\nforeseen the problem. ", "A review of the proposed instructions would have\n\nindicated that the alleged inconsistent verdict was not only possible, but\n\nprobable.", "\n\n Our rules of civil procedure require\n\f 31\n all objections to giving or failing to give any instruction must\n be made in writing or dictated into the record, out of the\n jury’s presence, specifying the matter objected to and on\n what grounds. ", "No other grounds or objections shall be\n asserted thereafter, or considered on appeal.", "\n\nIowa R. Civ. ", "P. 1.924 (emphasis added). ", "The purpose of the rule is to\n\nenable trial counsel to correct any errors in the instructions before the\n\ncourt submits the case to the jury. ", "Briney v. Tri-State Mut. ", "Grain Dealers\n\nFire Ins. ", "Co., 254 Iowa 673, 688, 117 N.W.2d 889, 897 (1962). ", "It would\n\nbe unfair to approve a trial tactic to allow counsel to implant a ground for\n\na new trial should the jury verdict later prove objectionable.", "\n\n In light of our doubt, we will still reach the merits of this issue. ", "In\n\nthe future, counsel should make the appropriate objection when it is\n\nclear the instructions invite inconsistent verdicts.", "\n\n B. Scope of Review. ", "In its motion for a new trial, Kirke and Wild\n\nRose argued there was an inconsistency between the verdicts on Pavone’s\n\nand SMG’s paragraphs 3A and 5A claims, which requires a new trial.", "\n\nThe district court overruled this motion, finding there was no\n\ninconsistency between the verdicts. “", "The scope of our review of a district\n\ncourt’s ruling on a motion for new trial depends on the grounds raised in\n\nthe motion.” ", "Channon v. United Parcel Serv., ", "Inc., 629 N.W.2d 835, 859\n\n(Iowa 2001). ", " “ ‘To the extent the motion is based on a discretionary\n\nground, we review it for an abuse of discretion. ", " But if the motion is\n\nbased on a legal question, our review is on error.’ ” ", "Id. (quoting Roling v.\n\nDaily, 596 N.W.2d 72, 76 (Iowa 1999)). ", " Here, one of the underlying\n\ngrounds for Kirke’s and Wild Rose’s motion for a new trial was based on\n\na claim of inconsistent answers in the verdict.", "\n\n Generally, the trial court has some discretion when faced\n with inconsistent answers in a verdict. ", " However, the\n question whether a verdict is inconsistent so as to give rise\n to the exercise of that discretion is a question of law.", "\n Therefore, we review the district court’s conclusion as to\n\f 32\n whether answers are inconsistent for correction of errors at\n law.", "\n\nClinton Physical Therapy Servs., ", "P.C. v. John Deere Health Care, Inc., 714\nN.W.2d 603, 609 (Iowa 2006) (citations omitted). ", " Therefore, we will\n\nreview this issue for corrections of error at law.", "\n\n C. Analysis. ", "Jury verdicts can be in the form of a general verdict,\n\nspecial verdict, or general verdict with special interrogatories. ", "Id. at 610.", "\n\n“A special verdict consists entirely of questions that elicit special written\n\nanswers to resolve the material issues of fact in the case, and the court\n\nthen enters judgment based on the findings made by the jury.” ", " Id.;\n\naccord Iowa R. Civ. ", "P. 1.933; Pexa v. Auto Owners Ins. ", "Co., 686 N.W.2d\n\n150, 160 (Iowa 2004). ", " The jury’s answers become special written\n\nfindings of fact. ", " Clinton Physical Therapy Servs., ", "714 N.W.2d at 610.", "\n\nThe jury does not enter a general verdict and does not consider the effect\n\nof its special findings. ", " Id. “Instead, the court enters judgment by\n\napplying the law to the findings.” ", "Id.\n\n Here, the district court submitted a special verdict form to the jury,\n\nwhich asked the following questions:\n\n 1. ", "Do you find the defendants breached Paragraph 3(A) of\n the October 22, 2004 agreement?", "\n\n Answer: Yes ____\n\n No ____\n\n 2. ", "Do you find the defendants breached paragraph 5(A) of\n the October 22, 2004 agreement?", "\n\n Answer: Yes ____\n\n No ____\n\n [If your answers to both Special Interrogatories 1 and 2 are\n “no” do not answer any more questions. ", "If your answers to\n either or both of Special Interrogatories 1 and 2 is “yes”\n answer Special Interrogatories Nos. ", "3 and 4.]", "\n\f 33\n 3. ", "State the amount of damages caused by the breach?", "\n\n Answer: _____________\n\n 4. ", "Do you find defendant Gerald M. Kirke individually liable\n for any breach of contract by defendant Wild Rose\n Entertainment, L.L.C., under a personal guarantee?", "\n\n Answer: Yes ____\n\n No ____\n\n In response to questions one and two, the jury found Kirke and\n\nWild Rose breached both paragraphs 3A and 5A of the October\n\nagreement. ", "In response to question three, the jury awarded Pavone and\n\nSMG ten million dollars in damages. ", "In response to question four, the\n\njury answered yes. ", "Accordingly, the district court entered judgment for\n\nten million dollars in favor of Pavone and SMG against Kirke and Wild\n\nRose.", "\n\n After the return of the verdict, Kirke and Wild Rose filed a motion\n\nfor a new trial, claiming the jury’s answers to questions one and two were\n\ninconsistent. ", "The district court overruled this motion, finding the jury’s\n\nanswers could be read in a consistent manner.", "\n\n Kirke and Wild Rose argue the conflicting theories of breach under\n\nparagraphs 3A and 5A of the October agreement are inconsistent with\n\none another, meaning if the jury found a breach under paragraph 3A it\n\ncould not have logically found a breach under paragraph 5A. Kirke and\n\nWild Rose make this argument claiming that for the jury to find a breach\n\nunder paragraph 3A it necessarily had to find paragraph 3A constituted\n\na binding management contract for the Emmetsburg casino. ", "Therefore,\n\nfor the jury to find a breach under paragraph 5A it necessarily had to\n\nfind Kirke’s and Wild Rose’s bad faith negotiations prevented the parties\n\nfrom entering into a management agreement for the Emmetsburg casino.", "\n\f 34\n\nThus, Kirke and Wild Rose argue the jury’s special written findings of\n\nfact are fatally inconsistent, necessitating a new trial.", "\n\n In the case of special verdicts, the district court enters judgment\n\nbased on the jury’s special written findings of fact. ", " Clinton Physical\n\nTherapy Servs., ", "714 N.W.2d at 611. ", "The evidence presented at trial must\n\nsupport each of the jury’s findings of fact. ", "Id. Furthermore, the jury’s\n\nfindings of fact cannot be internally inconsistent. ", "Id.; accord Bangs v.\n\nPioneer Janitorial of Ames, Inc., 570 N.W.2d 630, 632 (Iowa 1997) (“If a\n\nverdict is internally inconsistent . . . ", "and there is no way to determine the\n\njury’s intent, the proper remedy is a new trial.”); ", "89 C.J.S. Trial § 992, at\n\n603 (2001) (stating, when findings in special verdicts “are utterly and\n\nirreconcilably inconsistent with, or repugnant to, each other, they\n\nneutralize, nullify, or destroy each other”). ", "If the jury’s special findings of\n\nfact are internally inconsistent with each other, the district court may\n\neither send the jury back for additional deliberations or grant a new trial.", "\n\nIowa R. Civ. ", "P. 1.934 (providing if answers to interrogatories are\n\ninconsistent court can either send the jury back or order new trial);\n\nClinton Physical Therapy Servs., ", "714 N.W.2d at 612–13 (recognizing the\n\nrules governing internally inconsistent special interrogatory answers\n\napply equally to internally inconsistent answers in a special verdict).", "\n\nHowever, “[i]f the answers are not inconsistent, the court . . . ", "is permitted\n\nto enter judgment consistent with the jury’s answers.” ", "Clinton Physical\n\nTherapy Servs., ", "714 N.W.2d at 613. ", " Accordingly, on review, we must\n\nfirst determine whether an internal inconsistency in the jury’s answers to\n\nthe special verdict exists.", "\n\n “[A] verdict is not inconsistent if it can be harmonized in a\n\nreasonable manner consistent with the jury instructions and the\n\nevidence in the case, including fair inferences drawn from the evidence.”", "\n\f 35\n\nId.; accord Hoffman v. Nat’l Med. ", "Enters., ", "Inc., 442 N.W.2d 123, 126–27\n\n(Iowa 1989). ", "This test recognizes the court must consider how the jury\n\ncould have viewed the evidence and how that view of the evidence fits\n\ninto the requirements of the instructions, when determining whether two\n\nanswers are internally inconsistent. ", "Clinton Physical Therapy Servs., ", "714\n\nN.W.2d at 613 (citing 66 C.J.S. New Trial § 82, at 172 (1998)). ", "In the\n\nend, “two answers are not inconsistent if they can be harmonized under\n\nthe evidence and the instructions.” ", "Clinton Physical Therapy Servs., ", "714\n\nN.W.2d at 613. “", "When, under this analysis, two answers or findings by\n\nthe jury would compel the rendition of different judgments, the answers\n\nare inconsistent.” ", "Id.; accord Hoffman, 442 N.W.2d at 127 (“Only where\n\nthe verdicts are so logically and legally inconsistent that they cannot be\n\nreconciled will they be set aside.”). ", " When deciding if a verdict is\n\ninconsistent, we liberally construe the jury’s verdict to give effect to the\n\njury’s intention and harmonize the jury’s answers if possible. ", "Hoffman,\n\n442 N.W.2d at 126. ", "We also must determine whether the verdicts can be\n\nreconciled in a manner reasonably consistent with the evidence and the\n\njury instructions. ", "Id. at 126–27.", "\n\n We find the jury’s special interrogatory answers can be harmonized\n\nin a reasonable manner consistent with the jury instructions and the\n\nevidence in the case, including fair inferences drawn from the evidence.", "\n\nThe instructions given by the court allowed the jury to find a breach of\n\nparagraphs 3A and 5A. The instructions did not make such a finding\n\nmutually exclusive.", "\n\n The jury could have concluded the October 22 agreement was a\n\nbinding management agreement. ", " The jury could have also concluded\n\nthat another document had to be executed by the parties to include the\n\nnonmaterial terms normally found in an integrated agreement. ", "The jury\n\f 36\n\ncould have further found that the parties needed to submit the later\n\ndocument to the IRGC. ", "Finally, the jury could have concluded that Kirke\n\nand Wild Rose breached paragraph 5A of the agreement by not\n\nnegotiating a formal final agreement in good faith with Pavone and SMG.", "\n\nAs we previously held, the record contained substantial evidence that the\n\nOctober 22 agreement was a binding management agreement and that\n\nKirke and Wild Rose did not conduct any negotiations after October 22 in\n\ngood faith.", "\n\n Accordingly, the district court was correct for denying Kirke’s and\n\nWild Rose’s motion for a new trial on this ground.", "\n\n XI. ", "Disposition.", "\n\n The district court did not commit any error in the trial of this\n\nmatter; therefore, we vacate the decision of the court of appeals and\n\naffirm the judgment of the district court.", "\n\n COURT OF APPEALS DECISION VACATED; DISTRICT COURT\n\nJUDGMENT AFFIRMED.", "\n\n All justices concur except Appel, Waterman, and Mansfield, JJ.,", "\n\nwho take no part.", "\n\f" ]

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[ "Connexin 26 (Cx26) is a member of a widely expressed family of proteins that form intercellular transmembrane channels or gap junctions. ", "Pathogenic mutations in the Cx26 gene have been identified in both autosomal dominant and recessive forms of non- syndromic hereditary hearing impairment (NHHI). ", "Mutations within Cx26 may account for 20 percent of all childhood deafness with a carrier rate as high as 2.8 percent. ", "Although, Cx26 mutations have been identified in humans, naturally occurring mutations of the Cx26 have not been detected in animal models. ", "Development of an animal model of Cx26 dysfunction has been attempted using gene knockout technology. ", "However, mice homozygous for targeted deletion of Cx26 die in utero, thus precluding analysis of Cx26 dysfunction in the adult. ", "As a first step towards deciphering the role of Cx26 in hearing, this study will test the hypothesis that constitutive expression of Cx26 is required for auditory function in an adult animal and thus transient disruption of its function would result in transient hearing impairment. ", "This hypothesis will be tested through the development and characterization of two separate animal models of Cx26 dysfunction, using established procedures that will sidestep the developmental restrictions upon Cx26 expression. ", "The common principle that underlies induction of Cx26 dysfunction in the proposed animal models is the introduction of a dominant negative allele that is extra- chromosomal or stably integrated and subsequent in vivo expression to nullify protein product of the endogenous wild type Cx26 allele. ", "The transgene will be introduced locally within the cochlear of an adult rat using cationic liposomes or as an inducible, stably integrated transgene in a transgenic mouse. ", "In vivo expression of the extra-chromosomal or stably integrated transgene will be followed by physiological and histopathological analysis of the inner ear. ", "The development and characterization of these animal models with Cx26 dysfunction will contribute significantly towards understanding the role of Cx26 in hearing under normal and pathologic conditions." ]

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[ "This is the Apple iMac that could have been: Apple Lisa gets modernised\n\nThe Apple iMac has always been in the limelight as every new model recreates desktop computer design. ", "We've gone from a square box all the way to a metallic slither of 5K resolution. ", "But what if the original shape had remained?", "\n\nThis is what German tech site Curved wondered before creating its own concept of just such a machine.", "\n\nEssentially the design uses the box shape of the Apple Lisa machine but gives it a 21st century makeover with the design feel of the new MacBook Air.", "\n\nThe components that make up this retro machine were taken from a 2014 MacBook Air and adapted to fit in the bent aluminium frame that is shaped like the Lisa Mac. ", "Despite looking old-school there's even a touchscreen built-in so the mouse and keyboard can be ditched if you like. ", "We say you, but good luck getting one since they're not being mass produced.", "\n\nThe concept iMac features 128GB of SSD storage, 4 or 8GB of RAM and an Intel i7 CPU all wrapped up in the same aluminium used for MacBooks, iPhone and iPads. ", "There's even a slot for microSD where the disk drive was on the original machine, as well as a FaceTime camera. ", "If it were available it would come in silver, grey and gold.", "\n\nWhile this isn't a machine that can be bought right now imagine this thing on Kickstarter, it would go through the roof. ", "You listening Apple?" ]

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[ "Centralian dtella\n\nThe Centralian dtella (Gehyra montium) is a species of gecko endemic to Australia.", "\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Gehyra\nCategory:Reptiles described in 1982\nCategory:Geckos of Australia" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }

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[ "Diesel Ban May Sway Opponents Of Power Plant\n\nOctober 6, 2001|By Jeremy Milarsky Staff Writer\n\nDEERFIELD BEACH — A deal in the works between top officials at City Hall and a Houston-based power company may remove a critical sticking point for people who oppose plans for a 510-megawatt energy plant here.", "\n\nDeerfield Beach Mayor Al Capellini said representatives of Enron Corp. last month asked to make minor changes to their financial agreement with the city. ", "In exchange, Capellini wants the company to abandon plans to use diesel fuel as a backup power source for their proposed power plant on Green Road just east of Florida's Turnpike.", "\n\nThat's an important condition for government officials in Coral Springs and other North Broward cities, who fear that diesel fuel emissions would pollute the air in the region. ", "Enron's plans call for the plant to be fueled primarily by natural gas, which is relatively clean, but they want to be able to use diesel fuel in case the gas runs out.", "\n\n\"If they want to open up their [financial] agreement, they would have to remove the diesel fuel part of their plant,\" Capellini said.", "\n\nThe financial agreement calls for Enron to pay the city $1.5 million in fees before they build the plant, and at least $1.7 million in property taxes annually. ", "Enron last week paid the first $500,000 of the fees, but they have asked for a different payment schedule, Capellini said.", "\n\nEnron officials want to be able to burn diesel fuel as a backup power source because currently, only one natural gas pipeline operates in Florida. ", "But two other pipelines -- one coming across the Gulf of Mexico and the other coming from the Bahamas -- are in the works.", "\n\nEnron might be willing to drop their plans for diesel fuel, but only if \"one or both\" of those pipelines works by the time they build their plant, said Eric Thode, a company spokesman.", "\n\n\"Functionally, the plant is an ambulance service,\" Thode said. \"", "It has to be able to be used at a moment's notice.\"", "\n\nIf Capellini were to convince Enron Corp. to drop the diesel fuel portion of their plans, it would represent a political victory for him and his city. ", "That's because the mayor of Coral Springs, one of the cities that has challenged the state's intention to give Enron an air-quality permit, has said that he will back off if they drop their plans to burn diesel fuel.", "\n\nSo far, Coral Springs has declined to take as aggressive a stance as neighboring Coconut Creek, where government attorneys sued Deerfield Beach on July 13. ", "Coconut Creek attorneys argue that a conflict in zoning laws made it illegal for Deerfield Beach city officials to approve the Enron plant the way they did.", "\n\nBroward Circuit Judge Leonard Stafford dismissed the lawsuit last month because he said Coconut Creek had not followed proper procedure, but allowed the city to change the suit and file again. ", "Last week, they did just that, said Mitch Bernstein, an attorney for Coconut Creek.", "\n\n\"The claims are essentially the same, but they are more thoroughly supported by the events that took place in Deerfield Beach when they considered Enron's application,\" Bernstein said.", "\n\nCapellini said Tuesday evening there were numerous parts of Coconut Creek's lawsuit that are inaccurate.", "\n\nJeremy Milarsky can be reached at jmilarsky@sun-sentinel.com or call 954-572-2020." ]

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[ "PSLV Rocket set to launch fifth Indian Navigation Satellite on Wednesday\n\nIndia’s Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle is standing tall atop its launch pad for liftoff on Wednesday at 4:01 UTC with the fifth satellite in the Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System. ", "PSLV, flying in its XL configuration with six strap-on boosters, will be tasked with a 19.5-minute ascent mission into a sub-GTO orbit from where the satellite will make its way into Geosynchronous Orbit, joining the four satellites launched in the last two and a half years.", "\n\nThe Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System is planned to reach its fully operational capability later this year when its seventh satellite is launched, delivering navigation services to the Indian territory and surrounding areas. ", "Unlike other navigation systems such as GPS, the Russian Glonass, Chinese Beidou and Europe’s Galileo that all provide global coverage, IRNSS is designed to only deliver regional services – reducing the number of satellites in the constellation.", "\n\nIRNSS has been initiated to provide India with independent access to navigation data without relying on the aforementioned foreign programs. ", "The system uses seven satellites – four in inclined Geosynchronous Orbits and three in Geostationary Orbit above the equator to deliver continuous services to its service area.", "\n\nThe system is designed to be compatible with the US Global Positioning System and Europe’s upcoming Galileo constellation using navigation signals in S-Band and at L5. ", "The deployed constellation will only cover India and surrounding regions with high-accuracy services available about 1,500 Kilometers beyond the Indian territory.", "\n\nPhoto: Indian Space Research Organization\n\nIRNSS-1E weighs in at 1,425 Kilograms, including over 800kg of maneuvering propellant, and is outfitted with a highly accurate Rubidium atom clock that is used to generate the precise timing needed for conditioning navigation signals. ", "The Spacecraft will support Standard Positioning Service that is open to all users as well as Restrictive Service with high accuracy that is only provided to authorized users. ", "The system will provide an accuracy of 10 to 20 meters.", "\n\nAfter IRNSS-1E begins operation, the satellite constellation will enter its Initial Operational Capability phase with first services being provided to users.", "\n\nBuild-up of the four-stage PSLV XL rocket was completed last year. ", "PSLV makes use of a combination of solid-fueled and liquid rocket engines, taking advantage of the raw power of solid propellants and the maneuverability and accuracy of liquid-fueled engines.", "\n\nLaunch vehicle integration started with the assembly of the large first stage, a 20.34-meter long Solid Rocket Motor that is 2.8 meters in diameter and has a mass of 168,200 Kilograms. ", "Once the first stage segments were stacked, it had its six Solid Rocket Boosters installed, each being 13.5 meters long and one meter in diameter with a mass of about 14 metric tons.", "\n\nThe next step was the installation of the second stage, a liquid-fueled stage – 12.8 meters long and 2.8 meters in diameter with a mass of 46,000 Kilograms, sporting a single Vikas engine.", "\n\nStacked atop the second stage, PS3 is again solid-fueled, measuring 2.02 meters in diameter and 3.54 meters in length with a mass of 7,800 Kilograms. ", "Finally, the 2.6-meter long liquid-fueled fourth stage was installed on the stack, is powered by a pair of L-2-5 engines consuming two metric tons of propellant.", "\n\nWith PSLV assembled, an extensive set of tests was performed before the IRNSS-1E satellite was mated atop the fourth stage and the rocket was rolled to its launch pad. ", "Final clearance for the long two-day countdown operation was given on Sunday when the Mission Readiness Review and Launch Authorization Board confirmed the readiness of all systems for Wednesday’s mission, to kick off a year with up to eight launches of PSLV and the larger GSLV.", "\n\nCountdown & Launch Sequence\n\nPhoto: Indian Space Research Organization\n\nCountdown operations started at 4:01 UTC on Monday as part of a 48-hour sequence that is filled with a number of operations to configure the rocket for flight. ", "The lengthy countdown procedure includes propellant loading on the liquid-fueled stages and extensive checkouts of the rocket and spacecraft as well as preparations of India’s Ground Network of Tracking Stations needed for the flight and the initial operations of the spacecraft once in orbit.", "\n\nBeginning countdown operations, teams started the hazardous process of loading the fourth stage with Monomethylhydrazine fuel which was completed within about six hours allowing teams to transition to oxidizer loading on the fourth stage that is being filled with MON-3 (Mixed Oxides of Nitrogen) in the evening hours on Monday. ", "The next tanks to be filled will be the Roll Control Thruster tanks on the first stage that also receive MMH and MON-3 propellants. ", "On Tuesday, the second stage will receive its propellant load – 40,700 Kilograms of Unsymmetrical Dimethylhydrazine and Nitrogen Tetroxide.", "\n\nOn Wednesday, over the final hours of the countdown, teams perform hands-on work to close out the launch vehicle and launch pad facilities while the launch team monitors all systems of the launcher and the spacecraft, putting the vehicle through a last set of electrical, communications and control systems checks before pressing into the final countdown sequence. ", "Also, the Mobile Service Structure will be rolled back to its launch position.", "\n\nPhoto: Indian Space Research Organization\n\nTeams will evacuate the launch area for the final countdown operation that includes a set of testing operations on the electrical and flight control system of the PSLV that also receives its software for the 19.5-minute ascent mission. ", "Over the final minutes of the countdown, the launcher pressurizes its propellant tanks for flight, transitions to internal power and enables its flight control system in launch mode for PS1 ignition at T-0.", "\n\nWhen clocks hit zero, the PS1 stage will fire its ignition system followed by ignition commands issued to two pairs of Solid Rocket Boosters at T+0.42 and T+0.62 seconds, creating a total thrust of 700,600 Kilogram-force. ", "Jumping off its launch pad, PSLV will climb vertically for a short moment before pitching over to start flying south-east across the Indian Ocean, aligning itself with its planned ascent trajectory headed for a sub-GTO type orbit.", "\n\nThe remaining two Solid Rocket Boosters begin firing at T+25 seconds when PSLV will be 2.7 Kilometers in altitude, increasing the total thrust of the vehicle to 803 metric tons, further accelerating the launcher. ", "Each of the boosters burns for 49.5 seconds, but to ensure a clean separation and off-shore impact, PSLV will hold the ground-lit boosters until T+1 minute and ten seconds when they will be separated in pairs, 0.2 seconds apart at an altitude of 24 Kilometers. ", "The air-lit boosters will tail-off for separation one minute and 32 seconds into the flight.", "\n\nPhoto: Indian Space Research Organization\n\nThe massive first stage will continue firing, delivering 496 metric tons of thrust as it burns through 138,000 Kilograms of solid propellant in just 105 seconds, lofting the vehicle to an altitude of 56 Kilometers and a speed of 2.4km/s. Separation of the first stage is expected one minute and 51 seconds into the flight with second stage ignition an instant later. ", "The Vikas 4 engine of the second stage will soar up to a thrust of 81,500 Kilogram-force for a burn of just over 2.5 minutes. ", "Starting the second stage burn, the vehicle will transition from a pre-determined attitude profile flown during PS1 to Closed Loop Control to dynamically adjust its flight profile based on measured navigation data in order to meet its cutoff targets.", "\n\nAt T+3 minutes and 18 seconds, the vehicle will have reached an altitude of 112 Kilometers, making it safe to separate the protective payload fairing since aerodynamic forces no longer present a danger to the satellite at that altitude. ", "The second stage will conclude its burn and separate at T+4:23, reaching an altitude of 134 Kilometers and a speed of 5.37km/s.\n\nThird stage ignition occurs one second after staging, starting a burn of 113 seconds during which the stage will deliver 24,900 Kilogram-force of thrust. ", "After burnout of the third stage, PSLV will keep holding onto the stage for the nominal Stage 3-4 coast phase that is designed to allow the stack to gain altitude ahead of the fourth stage burn. ", "It also allows the third stage to tail off any residual thrust to ensure a safe separation. ", "The coast lasts from T+6:17 to T+10:06, a period during which the stack climbs from 137 to 186 Kilometers.", "\n\nSeparation of the third stage is expected ten minutes and six seconds into the flight followed ten seconds later by the ignition of the fourth stage’s L-2-5 engines on a burn of eight minutes and 19 seconds. ", "IRNSS-1E is targeting an insertion orbit of 284 by 20,657 Kilometers at an inclination of 19.2 degrees. ", "Cutoff of the fourth stage is expected at T+18 minutes and 43 seconds.", "\n\nIRNSS-1E will be separated from the PSLV at T+19 minutes and 20 seconds at an altitude of 503 Kilometers and an insertion speed of 9.6km/s.\n\nVery shortly after separation, the satellite will deploy its two power-generating solar arrays, establish communications with ground stations and stabilize its three-axis orientation. ", "Over a period of days, the spacecraft will complete four burns of its Liquid Apogee Motor to insert itself into a Geosynchronous Orbit at 111.75 degrees East and an inclination of 28.1 degrees." ]

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[ "Making Oregon Paid Sick Leave Easy\n\nBreakfast Briefing\n\nDate and Time\n\n2.18.16\n\nMaking Oregon Paid Sick Leave Easy Join us for breakfast and a discussion on hot HR topics. ", "This complimentary event is a great opportunity to network and talk with other HR professionals and our expert lawyers in an informal and collaborative setting to get the information you need to stay in the know. ", "This month:\n\nThe 2015 Oregon Legislative session was groundbreaking in labor and employment law, as it saw the passage of only the fourth mandatory paid sick leave in the United States. ", "The Oregon Paid Sick Leave (“OPSL”) law is the largest expansion of employee rights and employer obligations in the state since the passage of the Oregon Family Leave Act in 1995. ", "Are you prepared to rise with the Paid Sick Leave tide in 2016? ", "Our experienced counsel will advise you how to not only survive OPSL, but to be the HR Hero at your company who makes implementation look easy.", "\n\nWelcome to the Fisher Phillips website. ", "We hope you will take a moment to get to know us better, learn about what sets us apart from other firms, and review our commitment to providing excellent client service on every matter we handle.", "\n\nWe are proud of our tradition of inclusion, and are working to expand upon it. ", "We recruit, hire, develop, retain, and promote the best attorneys and staff at all levels – regardless of race, color, ethnicity, gender, religion, age, LGBTQ identification, marital status, disability, background, or viewpoint." ]

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[ "Old Gaol Building (Ingwavuma)\n\nThe Old Gaol Building is a historic wood and iron building dating from the 1900s in Ingwavuma, KwaZulu-Natal Province, South Africa. ", "The building is located near the welfare buildings. ", "In 2004, the building was restored as part of a project run by Nansindlela School. ", "H.C. Lugg, Chief Native Commissioner of Natal in the 1930s, described the Old Gaol as it was in 1920 in his book A Natal Family Looks Back as follows:\n\n\"The gaol, like the court house, was also constructed of wood and iron. ", " One day its walls were blown down, but soon re-erected by the convicts. ", " Any attempt by a prisoner to escape, was followed by a hue and cry in which the convicts took part, never failing to get their man.\"", "\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Defunct prisons in South Africa\nCategory:Buildings and structures in KwaZulu-Natal" ]

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[ "St. Barnabas Episcopal Church (Montrose, Iowa)\n\nSt. Barnabas Episcopal Church is a former church building in the Episcopal Diocese of Iowa located in Montrose, Iowa, United States. ", "It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986. ", "The building is now called St. Barnabas Wedding Chapel.", "\n\nHistory\nThe congregation was founded as Grace Church and initially shared space with the local Methodist Episcopal Church. ", "Land for the present church was secured in 1867 and funds were raised for the building. ", "Construction began in 1869 and the main part of the sanctuary was completed in 1871. ", "Local craftsmen built the church in blue-gray limestone, which was quarried away. ", "Matthew Richardson, J.S. Lakin, and J.N. Ballou finished the interior, which included its furnishings. ", "The name of the congregation was changed to St. Barnabas in 1881. ", "The women of the parish raised the money for the bell tower and narthex, which were built c. 1902. ", "A second-hand bell had been given by a St. Louis parish and hung on a frame structure at the Methodist Church until this tower was built. ", "St. Barnabas was never a parish in its own right, but was a mission that was served from St. Luke's in Fort Madison or St. John's in Keokuk.", "\n\nThe church remained in use until it closed in 1960. ", "An attempt was made to move the town library to the old church in 1974. ", "The church was deconsecrated and some of its contents were given to active churches. ", "The building was also vandalized and the churchyard was used to graze horses for a time. ", "The old church sat empty until the Montrose Township Historical Society was formed in 1981 and began to restore it. ", "In addition to serving as a wedding chapel, the facility hosts annual Memorial Day and Christmas programs.", "\n\nArchitecture\nThe rectangular structure measures about . ", "There is a small chancel and vestry-room on the rear of the building. ", "The bell tower, which gives the building a Norman Gothic appearance, rises to a height of . ", "The blue-gray limestone on the main body of the church is rough cut and irregularly coursed. ", "The limestone on the tower is lighter in color and it is square cut, irregularly faced ashlar. ", "The side elevations are three bays in length and each contain a lancet window. ", "The bays are divided by stepped pilasters that are also located on the corners of the building. ", "Three lancet windows are grouped together and are located on the back wall of the chancel. ", "The original pews, two memorial windows, and the church bell are all that remain on the interior.", "\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Churches completed in 1871\nCategory:19th-century Episcopal church buildings\nCategory:Gothic Revival church buildings in Iowa\nCategory:Episcopal church buildings in Iowa\nCategory:Churches in Lee County, Iowa\nCategory:Churches on the National Register of Historic Places in Iowa\nCategory:National Register of Historic Places in Lee County, Iowa\nCategory:1869 establishments in Iowa\nCategory:Wedding chapels in the United States" ]

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[ "University Lecturer\n\nMA University of Cambridge\nPhD University of Cambridge\n\nHigh-Temperature Materials\n\nThe ongoing drive for improved fuel efficiency and reduced emissions from gas-turbine aeroengines continues to demand new materials capable of tolerating ever higher service temperatures. ", "At present, the majority of these applications are served by nickel-base superalloys, but new materials are now also being considered as potential successors to these alloys in many applications.", "\n\nNickel-base superalloys\n\nThe outstanding combination of properties of nickel-base superalloys has led to their widespread use in hot-section aeroengine components. ", "By developing an improved understanding of the relationship between the alloy composition, microstructure and properties, and how these are influenced by the processing and service conditions, we are developing new alloys with superior properties than their predecessors.", "\n\nNovel high-temperature materials\n\nNovel materials that may provide viable alternatives to nickel-base superalloys in high-temperature applications such as aeroengines are also being investigated. ", "While no material improves on conventional nickel-base superalloys in all regards, an understanding of the conditions that must be tolerated by individual components is leading to the identification and development of novel materials that may enable higher temperatures, stresses, longer lives or lighter components to be achieved.", "\n\nIn-situ characterization of phase transformations\n\nModern diffraction-based techniques using neutron and synchrotron sources such as the ISIS and ILL neutron sources and the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility offer powerful methods for the in-situ characterisation of crystal structures in metals and alloys. ", "With these methods, phase transformations and deformation behaviour are being studied on timescales of milliseconds and with very high resolution, providing unique insights into these processes.", "\n\nReciprocal lattice point of a fundamental reflection from a fourth-generation single-crystal nickel-base superalloy obtained by synchrotron X-ray diffraction" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

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[ "---\ntitle: HDF5 Data Layer\n---\n\n# HDF5 Data Layer\n\n* Layer type: `HDF5Data`\n* [Doxygen Documentation](http://caffe.berkeleyvision.org/doxygen/classcaffe_1_1HDF5DataLayer.html)\n* Header: [`./include/caffe/layers/hdf5_data_layer.hpp`](https://github.com/BVLC/caffe/blob/master/include/caffe/layers/hdf5_data_layer.hpp)\n* CPU implementation: [`./src/caffe/layers/hdf5_data_layer.cpp`](https://github.com/BVLC/caffe/blob/master/src/caffe/layers/hdf5_data_layer.cpp)\n* CUDA GPU implementation: [`./src/caffe/layers/hdf5_data_layer.cu`](https://github.com/BVLC/caffe/blob/master/src/caffe/layers/hdf5_data_layer.cu)\n\n## Parameters\n\n* Parameters (`HDF5DataParameter hdf5_data_param`)\n* From [`./src/caffe/proto/caffe.proto`](https://github.com/BVLC/caffe/blob/master/src/caffe/proto/caffe.proto):\n\n{% highlight Protobuf %}\n{% include proto/HDF5DataParameter.txt %}\n{% endhighlight %}\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

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[ "YUI.add('aui-form-field-tests', function(Y) {\n\n var suite = new Y.Test.", "Suite('aui-form-field');\n\n suite.add(new Y.Test.", "Case({\n name: 'Form Field Tests',\n\n tearDown: function() {\n if (this._field) {\n this._field.destroy();\n }\n },\n\n 'should return field content': function() {\n this._field = new Y.FormField();\n\n Y.Assert.isNotNull(this._field.get('content'));\n Y.Assert.isTrue(this._field.get('content').hasClass('form-field'));\n },\n\n 'should only allow array of fields as the nestedFields attribute': function() {\n this._field = new Y.FormField();\n\n Y.Assert.areEqual(0, this._field.get('nestedFields').length);\n\n this._field.set('nestedFields', 1);\n Y.Assert.areEqual(0, this._field.get('nestedFields').length);\n\n this._field.set('nestedFields', [1, 2]);\n Y.Assert.areEqual(0, this._field.get('nestedFields').length);\n\n this._field.set('nestedFields', [1, new Y.FormField()]);\n Y.Assert.areEqual(0, this._field.get('nestedFields').length);\n\n this._field.set('nestedFields', [new Y.FormField(), new Y.FormField()]);\n Y.Assert.areEqual(2, this._field.get('nestedFields').length);\n },\n\n 'should render nested fields inside content': function() {\n this._field = new Y.FormField({\n nestedFields: [new Y.FormField(), new Y.FormField()]\n });\n\n Y.Assert.areEqual(2, this._field.get('content').all('.form-field').size());\n\n this._field.set('nestedFields', [new Y.FormField()]);\n Y.Assert.areEqual(1, this._field.get('content').all('.form-field').size());\n },\n\n 'should remove nested fields': function() {\n var nestedField = new Y.FormField();\n\n this._field = new Y.FormField({\n nestedFields: [nestedField, new Y.FormField()]\n });\n Y.one('#container').append(this._field.get('content'));\n\n this._field.removeNestedField(nestedField);\n Y.Assert.areEqual(1, this._field.get('nestedFields').length);\n Y.Assert.areEqual(1, this._field.get('content').all('.form-field').size());\n\n this._field.removeNestedField(new Y.FormField());\n Y.Assert.areEqual(1, this._field.get('nestedFields').length);\n Y.Assert.areEqual(1, this._field.get('content').all('.form-field').size());\n },\n\n 'should add nested fields': function() {\n var nestedField = new Y.FormField();\n\n this._field = new Y.FormField({\n nestedFields: [new Y.FormField(), new Y.FormField()]\n });\n Y.one('#container').append(this._field.get('content'));\n\n this._field.addNestedField(1, nestedField);\n Y.Assert.areEqual(3, this._field.get('nestedFields').length);\n Y.Assert.areSame(nestedField, this._field.get('nestedFields')[1]);\n },\n\n 'should render title and help text': function() {\n var helpNode,\n titleNode;\n\n this._field = new Y.FormField({\n help: 'Help 1',\n title: 'Title 1'\n });\n helpNode = this._field.get('content').one('.form-field-help');\n titleNode = this._field.get('content').one('.form-field-title');\n\n Y.Assert.areEqual('Help 1', helpNode.get('text'));\n Y.Assert.areEqual('Title 1', titleNode.get('text'));\n },\n\n 'should render title and help text when they are updated': function() {\n var helpNode,\n titleNode;\n\n this._field = new Y.FormField({\n help: 'Help 1',\n title: 'Title 1'\n });\n\n this._field.set('help', 'Help 2');\n this._field.set('title', 'Title 2');\n\n helpNode = this._field.get('content').one('.form-field-help');\n titleNode = this._field.get('content').one('.form-field-title');\n\n Y.Assert.areEqual('Help 2', helpNode.get('text'));\n Y.Assert.areEqual('Title 2', titleNode.get('text'));\n }\n }));\n\n Y.Test.", "Runner.add(suite);\n}, '', {requires: ['aui-form-field', 'test']});\n" ]

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[ "Cytochrome P4503A4 metabolic activity, methadone blood concentrations, and methadone doses.", "\nWe examined in vivo the influence of cytochrome P4503A4 (CYP3A4) activity, measured by the 30 min plasma 1'OH-midazolam/midazolam ratio after oral administration of 7.5 mg midazolam, on the methadone steady-state trough plasma concentrations in a group of 32 patients in methadone maintenance treatment. ", "Patients were grouped as receiving 'low' (up to 99 mg/day, n = 10), 'high' (100-199 mg/day, n = 11) and 'very high' (> or = 200 mg/day, n = 11) doses of methadone, and the CYP3A4 metabolic activity was compared between the three groups. (", "S)-methadone and (R,S)-methadone, but not (R)-methadone, concentrations to dose ratios significantly correlated with the midazolam ratios (r(2) = -0.17, P = 0.018; r(2) = -0.14, P = 0.032; r(2) = -0.10, P = 0.083, respectively), with a 76% higher CYP3A4 activity in the very high-dose group as compared with the low-dose group. ", "Significant differences in the CYP3A4 activity were calculated between the three groups (P = 0.0036), and group-to-group comparisons, using the Bonferroni correction, showed a significant difference between the low-dose and the very high-dose group (P = 0.0039), between the high-dose and the very high-dose group (P = 0.0064), but not between the low-dose and the high-dose group (P = 0.070). ", "The higher CYP3A4 activity measured in patients receiving very high methadone doses could contribute to the need for higher doses in some patients, due to an increased metabolic clearance. ", "This, however, must be confirmed by a prospective study." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nUsing GridSplitter as an expander, am I doing this right?", "\n\nI'm trying to create a a screen with hidden Journal screen on right hand side. ", "I would like it to expand when clicked and hide when clicked again. ", "Also would like it to be able to slide it left and right so user can see both screens if want to. ", "Also would like to call the function to expand right screen from outside of the View. ", "Ok, so this what I have done so far:\non the XAML side:\n<Grid x:Name=\"grdWorkArea\" >\n <Grid.", "ColumnDefinitions>\n <ColumnDefinition Width=\"*\" Name=\"MainWindow\"/>\n <ColumnDefinition Width=\"8\" />\n <ColumnDefinition Width=\"0\" Name=\"JournalWindow\"/>\n </Grid.", "ColumnDefinitions>\n\n <ContentControl Name=\"ContentMain\" Content=\"{Binding Path=CurrentViewModel}\"/>\n <Rectangle Grid.", "Column=\"1\" VerticalAlignment=\"Stretch\" HorizontalAlignment=\"Stretch\" Fill=\"LightGray\"/>\n <GridSplitter PreviewMouseDown=\"GridSplitter_PreviewMouseDown\" Grid.", "Column=\"1\" Grid.", "Row=\"0\" HorizontalAlignment=\"Stretch\">\n <GridSplitter.", "Style>\n <Style TargetType=\"{x:Type GridSplitter}\">\n <Setter Property=\"Background\">\n <Setter.", "Value>\n <ImageBrush Stretch=\"None\" ImageSource=\"/Views;component/Images/ToggleWorkflow.png\"/>\n </Setter.", "Value>\n </Setter>\n </Style>\n </GridSplitter.", "Style>\n </GridSplitter>\n <ContentControl Grid.", "Column=\"2\" Name=\"ContentJournal\" Content=\"{Binding Path=CurrentViewModel}\"/>\n </Grid>\n\non the View back end code:\nbool journalExpanded;\njournalExpanded = false;\n\nprivate void GridSplitter_PreviewMouseDown(object sender, MouseButtonEventArgs e)\n {\n if(journalExpanded)\n {\n MainWindow.", "Width = new GridLength(1, GridUnitType.", "Star); \n JournalWindow.", "Width = new GridLength(0);\n journalExpanded = false;\n }\n else\n {\n MainWindow.", "Width = new GridLength(0);\n JournalWindow.", "Width = new GridLength(1, GridUnitType.", "Star);\n journalExpanded = true;\n }\n }\n\nSo this works fantastic I can move splitter manually or click splitter and Left screen expands or hides. ", "But I need to be able to call GridSplitter_PreviewMouseDown from outside of this View. ", "Basically on the top of the screen I have a TopBar which contains button btnJournal. ", "When I click it I would like Journal to expand. ", "So I decided to move this function to MainWindowViewModel and bind columns width to properties: \non the XAML side:\n<Grid x:Name=\"grdWorkArea\" HorizontalAlignment=\"Stretch\">\n <Grid.", "ColumnDefinitions>\n <ColumnDefinition Width=\"{Binding Path=MainWindowWidth}\" Name=\"MainWindow\"/>\n <ColumnDefinition Width=\"8\" />\n <ColumnDefinition Width=\"{Binding Path=JournalWindowWidth}\" Name=\"JournalWindow\"/>\n </Grid.", "ColumnDefinitions>\n\n <ContentControl Grid.", "Column=\"0\" Name=\"ContentMain\" Content=\"{Binding Path=CurrentViewModel}\"/>\n\n <Rectangle Grid.", "Column=\"1\" VerticalAlignment=\"Stretch\" Fill=\"LightGray\"/>\n <GridSplitter PreviewMouseUp=\"clickJournalExpand\" Grid.", "Column=\"1\" Grid.", "Row=\"0\" HorizontalAlignment=\"Stretch\">\n <GridSplitter.", "Style>\n <Style TargetType=\"{x:Type GridSplitter}\">\n <Setter Property=\"Background\">\n <Setter.", "Value>\n <ImageBrush Stretch=\"None\" ImageSource=\"/Views;component/Images/ToggleWorkflow.png\"/>\n </Setter.", "Value>\n </Setter>\n </Style>\n </GridSplitter.", "Style>\n </GridSplitter>\n\n <ContentControl Name=\"JournalMain\" Content=\"{Binding Path=JournalVM}\" Grid.", "Column=\"2\" VerticalAlignment=\"Stretch\" /> \n </Grid>\n\nAnd on the View back end code:\nprivate void clickJournalExpand(object sender, MouseButtonEventArgs e)\n {\n var vm = (MainWindowViewModel)this.", "DataContext;\n vm.clkJournalExpand.", "Execute(null);\n }\n\nIn the MainWindowViewModel:\nprivate string _MainWindowWidth = \"*\";\nprivate string _JournalWindowWidth = \"0\";\n\npublic ICommand clkJournalExpand\n {\n get\n {\n return clickJournalExpand ?? (", "clickJournalExpand = new RelayCommand(() => ObeyclickJournalExpand()));\n }\n }\n\nprivate void ObeyclickJournalExpand()\n {\n if (JournalExpanded)\n {\n\n MainWindowWidth = \"*\";\n JournalWindowWidth = \"0\";\n //JournalExpanded = false;\n }\n else\n {\n MainWindowWidth = \"0\";\n JournalWindowWidth = \"*\";\n //journalExpanded = true;\n }\n JournalExpanded = !", "JournalExpanded;\n }\n\nSo this works ok when I click spliiter. ", "When I move splitter it stops working and it not react to clicks as well. ", "The event fires but the Left screen doesn't expand. ", "When I restart program it works again until I move splitter.", "\nI'm very new to Wpf and Xaml and probably doing this completely wrong. ", "Could some one give me direction what I'm doing wrong here? ", "\n\nA:\n\nMost likely cause of such behavior is the way the GridSplitter works. ", "If I'm not mistaken, once you move the splitter, it sets Width values for corresponding columns (or Height for rows). ", "The key part of that is that it uses DependencyObject's SetValue method, and not SetCurrentValue. ", "The problem with the former is that it behaves differently depending on the mode of the binding set on the corresponding property - if that mode supports target-to-source direction (TwoWay and OneWayToSource modes), it updates the source, otherwise (OneWay and OneTime modes) it overwrites the property value source and sets it to local, effectively \"breaking\" the binding.", "\nNow since you don't explicitly specify the binding mode, the default is used (which is OneWay for ColumnDefinition.", "Width property). ", "Hence it \"breaks\" once you move the splitter.", "\nIn order to get it to work as expected it should be sufficient to explicitly set the binding modes to TwoWay:\n<ColumnDefinition Width=\"{Binding Path=MainWindowWidth, Mode=TwoWay}\"\n Name=\"MainWindow\"/>\n<ColumnDefinition Width=\"8\" />\n<ColumnDefinition Width=\"{Binding Path=JournalWindowWidth, Mode=TwoWay}\"\n Name=\"JournalWindow\"/>\n\n" ]

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[ "/*\n * Copyright (c) 2016 The WebRTC project authors. ", "All Rights Reserved.", "\n *\n * Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style license\n * that can be found in the LICENSE file in the root of the source\n * tree. ", "An additional intellectual property rights grant can be found\n * in the file PATENTS. ", " All contributing project authors may\n * be found in the AUTHORS file in the root of the source tree.", "\n */\n\n#include \"modules/desktop_capture/win/d3d_device.h\"\n\n#include <utility>\n\n#include \"rtc_base/logging.h\"\n\nnamespace webrtc {\n\nusing Microsoft::WRL::ComPtr;\n\nD3dDevice::D3dDevice() = default;\nD3dDevice::D3dDevice(const D3dDevice& other) = default;\nD3dDevice::D3dDevice(D3dDevice&& other) = default;\nD3dDevice::~D3dDevice() = default;\n\nbool D3dDevice::Initialize(const ComPtr<IDXGIAdapter>& adapter) {\n dxgi_adapter_ = adapter;\n if (!", "dxgi_adapter_) {\n RTC_LOG(LS_WARNING) << \"An empty IDXGIAdapter instance has been received.\";", "\n return false;\n }\n\n D3D_FEATURE_LEVEL feature_level;\n // Default feature levels contain D3D 9.1 through D3D 11.0.", "\n _com_error error = D3D11CreateDevice(\n adapter.", "Get(), D3D_DRIVER_TYPE_UNKNOWN, nullptr,\n D3D11_CREATE_DEVICE_BGRA_SUPPORT | D3D11_CREATE_DEVICE_SINGLETHREADED,\n nullptr, 0, D3D11_SDK_VERSION, d3d_device_.GetAddressOf(), &feature_level,\n context_.GetAddressOf());\n if (error.", "Error() !", "= S_OK || !", "d3d_device_ || !", "context_) {\n RTC_LOG(LS_WARNING) << \"D3D11CreateDeivce returns error \"\n << error.", "ErrorMessage() << \" with code \"\n << error.", "Error();\n return false;\n }\n\n if (feature_level < D3D_FEATURE_LEVEL_11_0) {\n RTC_LOG(LS_WARNING)\n << \"D3D11CreateDevice returns an instance without DirectX \"\n \"11 support, level \"\n << feature_level << \". ", "Following initialization may fail.\";", "\n // D3D_FEATURE_LEVEL_11_0 is not officially documented on MSDN to be a\n // requirement of Dxgi duplicator APIs.", "\n }\n\n error = d3d_device_.As(&dxgi_device_);\n if (error.", "Error() !", "= S_OK || !", "dxgi_device_) {\n RTC_LOG(LS_WARNING)\n << \"ID3D11Device is not an implementation of IDXGIDevice, \"\n \"this usually means the system does not support DirectX \"\n \"11. ", "Error \"\n << error.", "ErrorMessage() << \" with code \" << error.", "Error();\n return false;\n }\n\n return true;\n}\n\n// static\nstd::vector<D3dDevice> D3dDevice::EnumDevices() {\n ComPtr<IDXGIFactory1> factory;\n _com_error error =\n CreateDXGIFactory1(__uuidof(IDXGIFactory1),\n reinterpret_cast<void**>(factory.", "GetAddressOf()));\n if (error.", "Error() !", "= S_OK || !", "factory) {\n RTC_LOG(LS_WARNING) << \"Cannot create IDXGIFactory1.\";", "\n return std::vector<D3dDevice>();\n }\n\n std::vector<D3dDevice> result;\n for (int i = 0;; i++) {\n ComPtr<IDXGIAdapter> adapter;\n error = factory->EnumAdapters(i, adapter.", "GetAddressOf());\n if (error.", "Error() == S_OK) {\n D3dDevice device;\n if (device.", "Initialize(adapter)) {\n result.push_back(std::move(device));\n }\n } else if (error.", "Error() == DXGI_ERROR_NOT_FOUND) {\n break;\n } else {\n RTC_LOG(LS_WARNING)\n << \"IDXGIFactory1::EnumAdapters returns an unexpected \"\n \"error \"\n << error.", "ErrorMessage() << \" with code \" << error.", "Error();\n }\n }\n return result;\n}\n\n} // namespace webrtc\n" ]

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[ "\n\nGoogle+ Circles Need to be Turned Upside Down - joshuahays\nhttp://www.baekdal.com/media/google-circles-need-to-be-turned-upside-down/06B7CAF0D6994EFAA43801D329A2A97AD2742888748B6C740F8AA1A8B8D711B3\n\n======\njoejohnson\nI think this idea doesn't address Google's main reason for designing circles\nthe way they did it: privacy. ", "People want to be able to control who sees what.", "\nNot, the other way around.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Send this page to someone via email\n\nPrime Minister Justin Trudeau won’t say whether he thinks Western alienation is growing because of the ongoing dispute over Trans Mountain.", "\n\nInstead, he said some politicians are “trying to foment negative sentiments.”", "\n\nREAD MORE: Group preparing Trans Mountain legal challenge argues government’s mind already made up\n\n“I think there are politicians trying to exploit it,” Trudeau said when asked specifically whether he thinks Western alienation is growing in a year-end interview with the West Block’s Mercedes Stephenson.", "\n\n“But I know that Canadians right across the country understand that we need to be there for each other if we’re going to succeed — that when folks are facing a tough time, whether it’s in Alberta or elsewhere, we need to support them.”", "\n\nWATCH BELOW: Natural Resources minister says Alberta workers need support, announces $1.6B for oil and gas industry\n\n5:22 Natural Resources minister says Alberta workers need support, announces $1.6B for oil and gas industry Natural Resources minister says Alberta workers need support, announces $1.6B for oil and gas industry\n\nYears of delays and political uncertainty forced Kinder Morgan to give up on trying to build its planned expansion of the Trans Mountain pipeline this past spring.", "\n\nStory continues below advertisement\n\nIn response, the federal government bought the existing pipeline and its assets for $4.5 billion, not including the future cost of actually expanding it.", "\n\nBut while construction was supposed to get underway in the summer, an injunction from the Federal Court slammed on the brakes.", "\n\nREAD MORE: Tensions run high at Calgary pro-pipeline rally as council declares support for oil industry\n\nThat injunction said the Liberals had not adequately consulted Indigenous people about the project, and that the former government environmental review of it was fundamentally flawed for not assessing the marine impact of increased tanker traffic.", "\n\nIn October, the government announced the National Energy Board would complete an additional marine review of the project, to be completed by Feb. 22, 2019.", "\n\nIt also announced it would redo consultations with the 117 Indigenous stakeholders involved — but has refused to say when that will wrap up.", "\n\nAll of that means work on the pipeline is indefinitely on hold.", "\n\nWATCH BELOW: Scheer won’t commit to helping Alberta with rail car purchase\n\n8:38 Scheer won’t commit to helping Alberta with rail car purchase Scheer won’t commit to helping Alberta with rail car purchase\n\nAnd Albertans have shown their anger by booing Trudeau, Finance Minister Bill Morneau and Calgary Mayor Naheed Nenshi on Monday when he spoke in French, which appeared to be a response to comments from Quebec Premier Francois Legault earlier this month calling Alberta crude “dirty energy” and rebuking suggestions the deceased Energy East project could be revived.", "\n\nStory continues below advertisement\n\nWATCH BELOW: Justin Trudeau on rail cars as ‘a possible solution’ for Alberta oil woes\n\n1:34 Justin Trudeau on rail cars as ‘a possible solution’ for Alberta oil woes Justin Trudeau on rail cars as ‘a possible solution’ for Alberta oil woes\n\nDespite that, Trudeau said, he doesn’t think people from either province actually have negative feelings toward the others.", "\n\n“I haven’t met a lot of Albertans who genuinely wish ill of Quebecers and I haven’t met many Quebecers at all who wish ill of Albertans,” he said. ", "Tweet This\n\n“I have seen politicians of various stripes in various places, trying to foment negative sentiments and play the kinds of divisive cards that we’ve seen in the past. ", "That’s not my job as prime minister.”", "\n\nWATCH BELOW: Could Energy East pipeline project be revived?", "\n\n1:55 Could Energy East pipeline project be revived? ", "Could Energy East pipeline project be revived?", "\n\nHe also ruled out reviving Energy East or any other running east-west pipeline unless the private sector puts forward an idea.", "\n\nStory continues below advertisement\n\n“It’s not up to the federal government to revive a pipeline project that, for market-based reasons, the company decided to withdraw,” he said, noting as well that on the Trans Mountain project, “we’re getting closer than we ever have before but there’s still a lot of work to do.”", "\n\nWATCH BELOW: Justin Trudeau on why it’s on the private sector to revive any east-west pipelines\n\n0:40 Justin Trudeau on why it’s on the private sector to revive any east-west pipelines Justin Trudeau on why it’s on the private sector to revive any east-west pipelines\n\nAlberta Premier Rachel Notley has demanded the federal government step in with cash for rail cars to help the province transport its glut of oil to international markets. ", "Proponents say such a move would help Alberta oil get higher prices, instead of the discounts it sells for now to its only market: America.", "\n\nTrudeau said that option continues to be on the table. ", "However, he raises questions about why the federal government should pay for rail cars to help that industry but not pay for them for others, like farmers who are also dealing with problems getting grain and agricultural products to market.", "\n\nStory continues below advertisement\n\n“Our officials are engaged very much with the Alberta government and we’re looking at that as a possible solution,” Trudeau said. “", "We’ve heard from farmers and others who are concerned with picking one important commodity over the others, we know farmers have had challenges getting their product to port as well.”", "\n\n“If rail cars end up being the right solution, then we’ll be happy to participate.”", "\n\nWATCH: Trudeau discusses Alberta oil crisis and Western alienation" ]

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[ "Women all over the world are confronted with many difficult choices during pregnancy and child birth. ", "Wrong choices often result in unfavorable outcomes for expectant mothers and their babies, a situation which is common in developing countries. ", "Cultural practices, beliefs and taboos are often implicated in determining the care received by mothers during pregnancy and child birth which is an important determinant of maternal mortality. ", "This study explored the traditional practices associated with pregnancy and childbirth in Shama District of the Western Region, Ghana. ", "A qualitative study consisting of six focus group discussions of between eight and ten participants per group and eight in-depth interviews were held over a period of one month. ", "The purpose was to explore local foods that are forbidden for pregnant women and why, herbal medicine use during pregnancy and child birth and reasons for choosing home or hospital delivery. ", "The findings show that pregnant women are forbidden from taking nutritious foods such as snails, ripe plantain, okra and many others for fear of complications during pregnancy and child birth. ", "Herbal medicines are frequently used by pregnant women and traditional birth attendants to induce labour, augment and control bleeding during labour. ", "Traditional beliefs and practices as well as negative attitude of health workers are found to reduce health utilization by pregnant women. ", "Health education concerning traditional practices that are detrimental to the health of pregnant women should be emphasized during ANC visits.", "\n\nPrata, N., Bell, S., Holston, M. and Quaiyum, M.A. (2014) Is Attendant at Delivery Associated with the Use of Interventions to Prevent Postpartum Hemorrhage at Home Births? ", "The Case of Bangladesh. ", "BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 14, 24. ", "http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2393-14-24" ]

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[ "Full Details\n\nIf trying to avoid wearing those NHS prescription glasses is leading to the early onset of squinting wrinkles, then...\n\nTAKE A LOOK\n\nAT TODAY'S\n\nDEAL!", "\n\nWe’re offering you a £59 voucher to spend on designer glasses with prescription or non-prescription lenses at eye-sale.com for just £9, saving you 85% offeye-sale.com’s prices (correct as of 5.4.14).", "\n\nFounded in 2011 with the goal of making dashing designer frames available for everyone, eye-sale.com’s gorgeous frames come inclusive of high-quality optical prescription lenses. ", "With a huge range of styles to suit every face shape and fashion, today’s deal offers you the chance to choose a pair from brands including Gucci, Dior, Valentino, Moschino, Fendi, Jean Paul Gaultier and more. ", "What are you waiting for?" ]

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[ "SAP Security Notes – February 2018: SAP Security Notes February 2018 addressed several vulnerabilities including High-Risk flaws.", "\n\nSAP has released February 2018 Patches that addressed some high-risk vulnerabilities in its software, a total of 26 Security Notes (5 high-, 19 medium- and 2 low-risk). ", "Once again, the missing authorization check is the most common vulnerability type this month.", "\n\nThe Security Notes SAP addresses three cross-site scripting (XSS) vulnerabilities, two directory traversal flaws, two information disclosure bugs, two missing authorization checks, one unrestricted file upload, and other issues.", "\n\nAffected products are the Internet Graphics Server (IGS), NetWeaver System Landscape Directory, HANA Extended Application Services, ABAP File Interface, SAP CRM, ERP Financials Information System, Netweaver Portal, Netweaver Java Web Application, CRM WebClient UI, BI Launchpad, and SAP HANA.", "\n\n“On 13th of February 2018, SAP Security Patch Day saw the release of 11 Security Notes. ", "Additionally, there were 3 updates to previously released security notes.” ", "reads the advisory published by SAP.", "\n\nSAP also addressed previous Security Notes that includes an incorrect authorization check in ERP Logistics, a cross-site request forgery (CSRF) vulnerability in SAP Sybase, and a flaw that ties the way the SAP Note Assistant handles digitally signed notes.", "\n\nThree critical vulnerabilities were reported by Mathieu Geli, Vahagn Vardanyan, and Vladimir Egorov, researchers at ERPScan security firm.", "\n\nThe details of the issues fixed thanks to the support of the researchers are:\n\nA Missing Authentication check vulnerability in SAP NetWeaver System Landscape Directory (CVSS Base Score: 8.3 CVE-2018-2368). ", "Update is available in SAP Security Note 2565622. ", "An attacker can use Missing authorization check vulnerability for access to a service without any authorization procedures and use service functionality that has restricted access. ", "This can lead to an information disclosure, privilege escalation and other attacks.", "\n\nCVE-2018-2368). ", "Update is available in SAP Security Note 2565622. ", "An attacker can use Missing authorization check vulnerability for access to a service without any authorization procedures and use service functionality that has restricted access. ", "This can lead to an information disclosure, privilege escalation and other attacks. ", "A Directory Traversal vulnerability in SAP Internet Sales (CVSS Base Score: 6.6 CVE-2018-2380). ", "Update is available in SAP Security Note 2547431. ", "An attacker can use Directory traversal to access to arbitrary files and directories located in a SAP-server file system including application source code, configuration and system files. ", "It allows to obtain critical technical and business-related information stored in a vulnerable SAP-system.", "\n\nCVE-2018-2380). ", "Update is available in SAP Security Note 2547431. ", "An attacker can use Directory traversal to access to arbitrary files and directories located in a SAP-server file system including application source code, configuration and system files. ", "It allows to obtain critical technical and business-related information stored in a vulnerable SAP-system. ", "An Information Disclosure vulnerability in SAP HANA (CVSS Base Score: 5.3 CVE-2018-2369). ", "Update is available in SAP Security Note 2572940. ", "An attacker can use Information disclosure vulnerability for revealing additional information (system data, debugging information, etc) which will help to learn about a system and to plan other attacks.", "\n\nThe most severe vulnerability addressed by the security updates is a missing authentication check in SAP NetWeaver System Landscape Directory tracked as CVE-2018-2368, which received a CVSS base score of 8.3.", "\n\nThe flaw could be exploited by an attacker to access a service without any authorization, a circumstance that could lead to several attacks, including the privilege escalation and information disclosure,\n\n“A Missing Authentication check vulnerability in SAP NetWeaver System Landscape Directory (CVSS Base Score: 8.3 CVE-2018-2368). ", "Update is available in SAP Security Note 2565622. ", "An attacker can use Missing authorization check vulnerability for access to a service without any authorization procedures and use service functionality that has restricted access. ", "This can lead to an information disclosure, privilege escalation and other attacks.” ", "continues ERPScan.", "\n\nThe updates also addressed:\n\nA Directory Traversal vulnerability in SAP Internet Sales (CVSS Base Score: 6.6 CVE-2018-2380) that could be exploited by an attacker to use Directory traversal to access to arbitrary files and directories located in a SAP-server file system including application source code, configuration and system files.", "\n\nCVE-2018-2380) that could be exploited by an attacker to use Directory traversal to access to arbitrary files and directories located in a SAP-server file system including application source code, configuration and system files. ", "An Information Disclosure vulnerability in SAP HANA (CVSS Base Score: 5.3 CVE-2018-2369). ", "that could be exploited by an attacker for revealing additional information (system data, debugging information, etc).", "\n\nOther vulnerabilities addressed this month included a directory traversal (CVE-2018-2367) in SAP ABAP File Interface (CVSS base score: 6.6) and a directory traversal (CVE-2018-2380) in SAP Internet Sales (CVSS base score: 6.6).", "\n\nFurther info related to the flaws addressed by SAP are available on the company blog.", "\n\nPierluigi Paganini\n\n(Security Affairs – SAP Security Notes February 2018, cybersecurity)\n\nShare this...\n\nLinkedin Reddit Pinterest\n\nShare On" ]

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[ "Chris Naumoff was destined for great things from a young age. ", "An Australian youth international footballer, he made his professional debut for Sydney FC at just 18.", "\n\nThen, after three years with the club, a dream offer emerged from Spanish side Numancia.", "\n\n\"I flew over, was put into my apartment and saw the world at my feet,\" the 21-year-old said.", "\n\nBut Naumoff's dream came crashing down. ", "After an electrocardiogram (ECG), Numancia's cardiologist diagnosed him with Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy, also known as HCM, a genetically inherited disease which can cause sudden death when the heart is put under extreme exertion.", "\n\n\"Obviously it was a total shock, which I wish upon no one to see their dreams come crashing down within a day,\" Naumoff said.", "\n\nUntil this year, cardiac screening and ECG tests were recommended by Football Federation Australia, but not mandatory.", "\n\nUnder the latest Minimum Medical Standards agreement, each A-League Club must ensure that a 12-lead-resting ECG test is conducted in a player's first year with a club, and at least once every two years thereafter.", "\n\nFFA said that every player who played during the 2015-16 Season completed such a health check.", "\n\n\"The prescribed pre-competition medical assessment declaration form specifically noted that the medical assessment includes a 12-lead-resting ECG. ", "The form must be signed by the player and club doctor.", "\n\n\"Every contracted player who played in the A-League last year completed this form.\"", "\n\nNaumoff alleges he was not given an ECG at any time in his three years at Sydney FC until February this year, while the 2015-16 season was still underway.", "\n\n\"We were informed the day before training that we were to be called into training to have an ECG test done for that reason. ", "Obviously, each and every player had that test done. ", "I heard nothing back from the results. ", "So as you would guess, I thought everything was fine,\" Naumoff said.", "\n\nAs he would find out months later in Spain, everything was not fine.", "\n\n\"The results [in February] did show that there was something wrong with my heart and that I did need further testing. ", "I wasn't made aware of this. ", "Why that's the case? ", "I'm not sure. ", "But this is definitely a thing that's on the results and something that should have been taken further at the time.\"", "\n\nNaumoff went on to play six more games for Sydney FC. ", "He said he'll never know how close he came to death during those matches.", "\n\nSydney FC said the club was \"saddened\" by Naumoff's decision not to continue playing.", "\n\n\"As a club, Sydney FC does not disclose the confidential medical records of its players to the public. ", "At the end of the 2015-16 A-League Season, the club offered Christopher Naumoff a new 12 month contract for the 2016-17 season. ", "Christopher did not accept the offer from the club. ", "Sydney FC is saddened by the untimely retirement of Christopher and wishes him well in his future endeavours,\" the club said in a statement.", "\n\nBut Naumoff said he is still seeking clarification as to whether Sydney FC knew he had the disease.", "\n\n\"The question was asked and in terms of getting an answer from whoever needs to answer these questions, (it) is still up in the air,\" he said.", "\n\nProfessional Footballers' Association Chief Executive John Didulica believes cardiac screening is an issue that must be tackled by all stakeholders, especially the clubs, but believes that Chris Naumoff's case seems to have slipped through the cracks.", "\n\n\"Thankfully in Chris's situation the standards that existed in Spain caught his specific condition and we've been able to intervene before what would have been a terrible event,\" Didulica said.", "\n\n\"I don't think these testing regimes are about pointing the finger or about apportioning accountability to any one person,\" he added.", "\n\n\"I think, as an industry, we all have to accept what responsibilities we have to young professionals, young people, be they boys or girls putting their livelihoods or their health of the hands of clubs and federations. ", "Those clubs and federations need to ensure that they're adhering to the high standards of medical care.\"", "\n\nSBS has sought a response from Sydney FC to the allegations." ]

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[ "Posts Tagged ‘MLB’\n\nThursday night, I walk out of my work at 10pm and it takes two people over half an hour to scrape enough ice off my car that I can even get into the driver’s side door. ", "The ice is so bad the roads are a mess, trees lie across streets and just about everywhere in Barrie is blacked out. ", "It’ll take two days of sun and mid-teens weather to melt all the ice off my car.", "\n\nSaturday. ", "One week until the Toronto Blue Jays season opener, an away game against Tampa Bay. ", "The ice is still on my car, but summer feels like it’s almost here.", "\n\nIt’s been an eventful 12 months for the Blue Jays, crazier than anything in recent memory and alternately frustrating and liberating. ", "There was Bautista’s dinger in game five – followed by the all-timer of bat flips, and what deserves to be a statue in front of the Rogers Centre – and drama over his contract demands, There was lights-out pitching performances by Marcus Stroman and David Price last summer and Price signing a contract with Boston worth more money than some stadiums cost to build. ", "There have been commemorative magazines and books and hours (days, even!) ", "worth of content on this team and for once, it’s not all doom and gloom.", "\n\nGoddamnit, how I miss baseball.", "\n\nThe news today is Aaron Sanchez will be pitching in the rotation. ", "This weekend, it was how Edwin Encarnacion will likely be playing on opening day. ", "Not too long ago, more than a few players defended Jose Bautista after Goose Gossage squawked about something he probably he still hasn’t seen. ", "Meanwhile, Josh Donaldson is on the cover of a video game and spoke eloquently about domestic abuse. ", "Right now, there are only a couple of gloomy clouds on the horizon – mostly relating to Bautista and Encarnacion’s contract status – How can you not love this team?", "\n\nI assume there are haters out there in the media. ", "As I wrote a while back, I’m a little more selective in who I read these days: I’ll read everyone at Blue Jays Nation, occasionally listen to Definitely Not JaysTalk and avoid the sports pages and Fan 590 with a vengeance. ", "It’s certainly helped a bunch of things for me, like how I’m not angry about whatever the media’s fanning up today. ", "Of course, getting blocked by Jeff Blair was nice, also.", "\n\nIn the back of my mind, I sort of have an idea how I hope this season will go. ", "I’d love to see them stay healthy and competitive for the whole year, obviously, but I also think Stroman is primed for a great season. ", "I’d like to think Donaldson will be as good as last year, but I hope Troy Tulowitzki hits a little better. ", "I’ll miss Kawasaki’s outsized personality, Buehrle’s quiet dependability and the sheer electricity of watching Price pitch. ", "At the same time, I’m looking forward to watching Drew Storen and JA Happ pitch. ", "Really though, I’m just glad the Jays are back in my life for another summer.", "\n\nYesterday, the Jays beat the Detroit Tigers by 15-1, just absolutely crushing them. ", "It was a hell of a day at the plate for everybody (except Tulowitzki, who struck out four times), but especially for Edwin Encarnacion, who hit three home runs. ", "Which is, holy shit, a lot of dingers. ", "It’s great and I love it.", "\n\nRight now – an hour or two before Sunday’s game against the Tigers – Toronto’s record is 73-56. ", "They’re a game and half up in the AL East, are planning on selling playoff tickets for the first time in decades and everybody #LovesThisTeam. ", "Even the grouchy Toronto sports media (who, you’ll notice, aren’t calling on Gibbons’ firing any longer).", "\n\nThings are swell, which is a weird kind of feeling to have about the team this late in the season. ", "Normally by this point, I’ve seen the Jays live a few times and they’re out of the pennant race, so it’s easy to get tickets and wander around the Dome.", "\n\nNot so this year. ", "Not only has security been amped up, but also it’s harder to get around the stadium these days. ", "I’ve been told that the Flight Deck (nee Windows Restaurant) is being sold as standing room only seats. ", "No more dropping ten bucks on 500 seats and spending the day down in the patio.", "\n\nEarlier in the summer, my buddy Eric and I decided to hit the Canadian Baseball Hall of Fame instead of watching a game; since then tickets have become expensive on the re-sale market and almost sold out from the box office. ", "I’ve been waiting until I can see them live before I write about this team, but I won’t be seeing a game until September (I’m planning on seeing two, actually).", "\n\nI’m just glad I can get to a game at all, since the Jays are a hot ticket this summer. ", "And just about everybody I know has some strong take on how cool this team is. ", "The guy at work who’s never mentioned sports at all before now says he loves baseball, all the bars in town suddenly have big Jays flags they trot out for games and the local bakery has broken out a Jays-themed birthday cake, complete with a big logo in the middle and what looks like basepaths around the trim.", "\n\nThe big difference between this team now and back in June is basically just two players, both of whom are fan favourites and are really, really good. ", "One is Troy Tulowitzki who replaced Jose Reyes at shortstop and the other is ace pitcher David Price, picked up from Detroit at the deadline.", "\n\nAlthough Tulo hasn’t been hitting as well as he did in Colorado – .300/.348/.471 there vs .227/.331/.373 here – but is still a blast to watch. ", "In his first game as a Jay, Tulo smacked a dinger off of Philadelphia’s Jerome Williams. ", "He’s only hit three more since then, but I’ve quickly seen a spike in people wearing his jersey. ", "He’s a popular fella.", "\n\nPrice, on the other hand, is a blast to watch. ", "Not only is he the best pitcher on the team, but he’s arguably one of the best in baseball: a 2.42 ERA, a 5.4 WAR (per Baseball-Reference) and about 10 strikeouts per nine innings. ", "I think my favourite start of his came against the Los Angeles Angels a week or so ago, when he struck out nine through eight innings, including Mike Trout twice. ", "For the first time in a long time, the Jays have a pitcher who gives a feeling that anything can happen with a start, even a no-hitter.", "\n\nTwo things have marked Toronto this summer. ", "The first is the Jays, who were eight games back in the AL East on July 28. ", "The other is Drake, who found himself in a hip-hop beef after Meek Mills accused him of using ghostwriters. ", "Both struck back with force: the Jays ripped off a win streak and jumped three teams to lead the division within a month; Drake dropped “Back to Back,” and took Mills to the cleaners both in a record and on the stage at OVO Fest. ", "Fittingly, Drake’s album art was a photo of Joe Carter rounding the bases after hitting the series-clinching home run in the 1993 World Series.", "\n\nYes, it was a shot at noted Phillies fan Mills, but in another sense it’s fitting; just like Drake, the Jays have bounced back with a vengeance. ", "It’s going to be a fun September.", "\n\nA little over a month ago, things looked pretty bad for the Jays. ", "When I last wrote about them, they were 13-15, writers were calling for John Gibbons’ firing, and Bautista was getting thrown under the bus for some reason. ", "Now? ", "Things are a lot better and the chorus has slowed down a little bit.", "\n\nGoing into Monday’s game against the Mets, the Jays have won 11 games straight. ", "They ripped into Boston, staging a late-game comeback on Friday, an extra-winning win on Saturday and a crushing 13-5 win on Sunday. ", "It was pretty cool and couldn’t have come against a better opponent; by weekend’s end, there was drama between the Red Sox and their manager John Farrell.", "\n\nSo things have been good. ", "The Jays are hitting, even as injuries limit the amount of at-bats Bautista and Edwin Encarnacion get. ", "But the rest of the order is hitting. ", "Take Josh Donaldson: he hit a dinger in the 11th on Saturday to put the Jays ahead for good. ", "And this month he’s hitting .327/.357/.462. ", "And Russell Martin is hitting .324/.395/.676, too!", "\n\nBut really, the guy I keep thinking about is Jose Reyes. ", "Right after the win streak started, the big story was over some dumb comments from Jays broadcast Jerry Howarth made on the dumb Fan morning show hosted by a guy once fired for being a homophobic jerk on the air.", "\n\nEssentially, Howarth said Reyes was declining by the game and it was really tragic and so forth. ", "And while Reyes isn’t the player he once was, he’s still been a decent player for the Jays. ", "At the time of Howarth’s remarks, Reyes was hitting .284/.299/.353. ", "This month alone, he’s hitting .333/.393/.490, with his only two home runs this season.", "\n\nIt goes deeper than that, too. ", "Just a couple of days after Howarth’s remarks, Reyes’ basically won a game for the Jays. ", "Down 4-6 in the bottom of the ninth, Reyes knocked in Munenori Kawasaki, stole second and third, then scored on a Chris Colabello single. ", "And he’s supposed to be depressing to watch? ", "Hell, I find even reading the game log exciting.", "\n\nSee, the thing about this team is that it’s pitching sometimes isn’t all there, but it can hit its way out games when that happens. ", "Between Donaldson, Martin, Bautista and Encarnacion, Toronto has a wealth of slugging, not to mention complementary bats that Gibbons can platoon and use depending on the opposing pitcher.", "\n\nWhich is what I’m finding I love about this team. ", "I enjoy good pitching as much as the next fan, but truthfully, it’s rad to see the Jays hit a bunch and knock in a ton of runs. ", "As cool as it is to see Buehrle pitch a succinct, quick game, it’s a lot of fun to see Donaldson hit one into the former Windows Restaurant or Martin knock one into the seats. ", "It’s even cool to see Kawasaki – someone who isn’t really all that good, really – hit a ground-rule double in the ninth of a close game.", "\n\nAnd that’s maybe the thing to remember about this team: they’re at least one arm short of making a real run for the AL East (probably), but when they’re hitting, they can really hit. ", "And frankly, it makes them a lot more fun to watch right now than the Yankees or Rays.", "\n\nRight now, the Jays are in the cellar. ", "They’re 13-15 and in last place. ", "Funny: it wasn’t long ago they were in first and I was going crazy over Jose Bautista again. ", "Funny how things change in a month. ", "Hell, just two weeks ago, there was snow on the ground and today I sat outside and read in short sleeves bare feet.", "\n\nAnd things have changed for the Jays. ", "Their youth movement wasn’t paying off quite as well as everyone hoped. ", "Their bullpen has struggled and, at times, so has their offence. ", "All of which means it’s time for that annual Toronto tradition, when hockey minds slip into something more comfortable for summer weather – a loose fitting T-shirt, I imagine, and a pair of jorts – and diagnose the problems of Canada’s lone baseball team.", "\n\nWhy here’s Steve Simmons weighing in on if John Gibbons should be fired! ", "Here’s Jeff Blair, making the same argument! ", "Spoiler: both say it’s not his fault. ", "And I’m sure Michael Grange had a bad opinion somewhere recently, too, although I can’t find it at the moment. ", "On Twitter, perhaps?", "\n\nFiring Gibbons is the kind of move sportswriters love to pontificate about because it seems like a power play: you’re not producing, so you’re gone. ", "It’s a big bang, the kind of simple, big solution everyone always has for the Jays. ", "And while I agree with Simmons and Blair for once, just writing a column asking that question is throwing fuel on the fire.", "\n\nShould Gibbons lose his job? ", "No, of course not. ", "There are problems with the Jays, but they’re not really huge problems and, further, they’re not problems Gibbons has any real control over. ", "They include slow starts by some players, young rookies not playing like established veterans and a couple of bullpen meltdowns.", "\n\nOne thing that’s not a problem is their offense, which is the MLB’s best. ", "Forget blowing this team up, they’re blowing around the bases! ", "They’ve scored more than anyone, are sixth in OPS, and average over five runs per game. ", "That’s pretty good! ", "And not something you’d get from Toronto’s Finest. ", "Writes Simmons:\n\nNext on the list is Jose (K) Bautista. ", "K for strikeouts which he is doing too much of… The slow start for Bautista is nothing new — he will find his way, he always does — but his inability to get hits in key situations has factored in games.", "\n\nBautista did show he can still make a difference late Monday night against the Yankees. ", "He got a key hit, scored a large run, did what he is paid to do and hasn’t done enough of yet this season.", "\n\nThank god for reasonable voices in the Toronto media, like Andrew Stoeten or Arden Zwelling. ", "And especially Mike Wilner. ", "I’m usually hot-and-cold on JaysTalk, but man, he’s had some incredible calls this season and he takes ’em like a champ.", "\n\n(I think my favourite was when someone earnestly asked if he’d ever tried to play professional baseball, since he likes the sport so much. ", "Not in an accusatory way, more like they just couldn’t understand why he never tried. ", "Wilner asked if he was getting set up, but it never veered into “you can’t if you didn’t” territory, somehow.)", "\n\nAnyway, I expect the Jays will recover and it’s not all Doom and Gloom. ", "This is a team that can hit and has been all season. ", "Their bullpen’s been iffy, but I imagine it’ll settle down. ", "Look at RA Dickey, who is 1-3 with a 4.50 ERA, but pitched a gem the other night. ", "Look at how young this team suddenly is: 12 players are 26 and under, 27 of them under 30. ", "It’s going to take some time for everything to gel and until then I have faith their offense will hit them out of some lousy pitching nights.", "\n\nA few Fridays ago, me and maybe 17 thousand of my closest friends caught a Jays game at the Rogers Centre. ", "It was a fun game: RA Dickey pitched well, settling down after allowing two dingers in the first two innings and Brett Lawrie caught a pitch in the face, then slid into second a few minutes later because why the hell wouldn’t he. ", "I enjoyed myself. ", "It was one of those late summer games that felt fun, even if the lineup was all second-stringers and AAA callups and the results didn’t really matter. ", "It was a feeling I had for most of this Jays season.", "\n\nLast winter, the Jays revamped the team, adding a great young shortstop, another good pitcher and a guy who’d pitched a perfect game once. ", "Then, in a separate deal, they added a Cy Young-winning pitcher for good measure. ", "This came on top of an already a promising young team: in 2012, the Jays had hung in there until a disastrous injury streak blew their season to shreds. ", "They had dangerous hitters like Jose Bautista and Edwin Encarnación. ", "Hanging out in centre field is Colby Rasmus, who alternately disappeared and played like a beast.", "\n\nThe big expected question mark was hanging out at third: Lawrie, who has a ton of potential and a ton of rage. ", "He’s like the guy who knows what he wants and knows he can do it, but when he tries, everything just slips through his fingers like sand. ", "As it turned out, there were more pressing concerns this year than him, but watching Lawrie progress was an interesting experience. ", "There were times when he seemed like everything was coming together and there were times when it seemed like everything was falling apart, like when he banged up a water cooler.", "\n\nIndeed, the biggest question this season is “what happened?” ", "As in, what happened to the team that 19 different ESPN Experts thought would win the AL East. ", "Hell, four people even had them in the World Series (one even had them winning!).", "\n\nIt’s a question I’m kind of tired of hearing about. ", "This summer, sports talk radio was brimming with angst and loathing, with pundits picking at everything and offering their expertise. ", "Some people had better ideas than others; some people even held out hope the Jays could compete until mid-May. But by the time Canada Day rolled around, it didn’t matter what any of them had to say. ", "Between injuries, problems with the starting rotation and an overtaxed bullpen, this wasn’t the Jays season. ", "The moments that stick in my mind are the ugly ones: JP Arencibia dropping knuckleballs in the home opener, Rasmus walking back to the dugout after yet another strikeout and Jose Reyes exploding at an umpire.", "\n\nThe only positive thing standing out is the legend of Munenori Kawasaki. ", "Called up from Buffalo in late April, he had a memorable year and, improbably, became a fan favourite here in the GTA. ", "An example: against Baltimore on May 26, Toronto went into the ninth inning down by three runs. ", "They rallied: Arencibia knocked in Encarnación, Mark DeRosa scored Adam Lind. ", "With two out and runners on first and third, Kawasaki hit a line drive, scoring the game-winning run. ", "His postgame interview went viral; I actually remember it getting more coverage than the game itself. ", "He had other moments: a game-tying home run (his only one of the year) in June, getting four hits against Baltimore in September, knocking in two runs (with another scoring on an error) in the ninth against Cleveland in July. ", "By the time I saw the Jays in late September, Kawasaki – who hit just .229/.326/.308 over the year – was playing at DH. ", "His 66 jersey was all over, too: I’m sure I saw more of those around than I did Reyes, Buehrle or Encarnación jerseys.", "\n\nSo, what happens from here? ", "I don’t really know. ", "Some of my friends think the Jays should fire Gibbons. ", "My dad thinks both Gibbons and Alex Anthopoulos. ", "I don’t think Toronto needs such a drastic change: pitchers have bad seasons, injuries can strike any time and sometimes they can all happen at once. ", "It wasn’t bad management that led to Reyes getting hurt early in the season and Brett Lawrie getting hurt before it even began. ", "But there are gaps: Arencibia’s struggled and barely remains more than a replacement-level player and the pitching rotation often seemed ragged: Happ was constantly lackluster, Josh Johnson’s battled injuries and an ERA that rose above 6.00 and quick fixes like Chien-Ming Wang often went down in flames.", "\n\nFor me, the big takeaway from this season is the disastrous effects of hype. ", "Toronto went into this season riding a crest of anticipation and hyperbole, in no small encouraged by the also Rogers-owned Sportsnet radio and TV stations. ", "They were hyped to the heavens and sold as a winning team. ", "The ads for the Jays had them posing on a stage in front of wild crowds as Metric’s Stadium Love boomed in the background. ", "The implication was celebration before anything had been achieved. ", "Funny how that one turned out: when things didn’t go swimmingly, people felt scorned and turned on the Jays. ", "As the sportswriter cliche goes, that’s why they play the games.", "\n\nRemember how four ESPN staff picked the Jays to win it all? ", "The same number of people had Boston making the playoffs. ", "Nobody had them winning anything. ", "It’s like William Goldman says: “Nobody knows anything.”", "\n\nAnd I suppose Boston is the flip side to this season. ", "They went from worst to first, poaching the Jays old manager in the process, and had all the success people thought would go Toronto’s way. ", "Maybe some part of me is supposed to be upset about them winning, maybe I’m supposed to still feel angry at John Farrell. ", "Truth be told: I don’t really care anymore. ", "He didn’t want to be in Toronto so he left. ", "Personally, I’ve have fired him for losing control of the clubhouse, but I don’t have any sympathy for him either. ", "I just don’t care. ", "Last night, for the first time in a few years, I turned the World Series clinching game off early and went to bed. ", "2013 wasn’t a great baseball season, but at least the new one is only a few months away.", "\n\nThe other day I found out an interesting fact about the Toronto Blue Jays: their win over Baltimore on June 22 put them over .500 for the first time in nearly a year. ", "I’d forgotten it’d been that long since the Jays had been, well, good. ", "But then again, I was feeling positive about them even as the season was going to pieces.", "\n\nRight now, every team in the AL East is above .500. ", "It’s a meat grinder of a division, a marathon, all those comforting old cliches. ", "It’s pretty damn exciting, folks. ", "After what happened throughout April and May, if you had asked what my hopes for the season were, I’d have said just getting t0 .500 would be amazing but I’d have expected something like 75 wins, tops. ", "As it goes now, the Jays have 38 and are two games above .500.", "\n\nBut even though things went south for the Jays pretty early, there was fun, shining moments. ", "Filling this year’s Rajai Davis role – aka the role player inexplicably playing well and winning over fans – is Munenori Kawasaki. ", "Last year, Kawasaki was unassuming for Seattle, hitting .192/.257/.202 in a little over 100 at bats. ", "When Jose Reyes went down with a turned ankle early this season, Kawasaki was called up from AAA Buffalo. ", "I don’t think anyone really expected much of anything.", "\n\nWhile he’s hitting better in 2013, with a .341 OBP, Kawasaki is endearing himself locally by coming across as a fun, personable player. ", "He’s given a memorable interview, played catch with fans and danced inside an airplane. ", "Given some of the recent attitude to come out of the Jays locker room, this is a breath of fresh air. ", "He’s not spouting mean-spirited jokes like Escobar did last fall. ", "He doesn’t come across like Brett Lawrie, who cares so much he loses his shit. ", "I don’t think it’s projecting too much to assume most people see Kawasaki as the everyman, getting his chance in the bigs and making the most of it: he comes across as more human than most of this loaded Jays team. ", "It’s a lot more fun to root for someone like him than someone you expect the best from. ", "When he hit a stand-up triple against Colorado on the 19th, the crowd was as into it as anything I’ve seen all season.", "\n\nAnd the fans are into it. ", "The Jays started this season, as they usually do, with a sellout crowd. ", "This has, as it usually does, as the season has gone on. ", "But the TV ratings are showing an interesting trend. ", "Let’s break it down, point by point:\n\nAs the Jays started winning games, the ratings started climbing: 604,000 for a game against the Rangers on June 14, then 686,000 on June 18. ", "Last Friday, their win over Baltimore cracked 900,000.", "\n\nI haven’t seen numbers for the weekend series against Baltimore, but I’m really curious if it’s kept going up.", "\n\nThe big win streak ended against Tampa on Monday night in a 4-1 loss, but that’s okay. ", "It’s just nice to see the Jays mattering again, to see the team back in the thick of things and interest in the team starting to pick up again. ", "Reyes is coming back sometime soon and hopefully JA Happ follows. ", "Maybe another streak is on the horizon or at least a chance to move out of last place.", "\n\nI’ll be the first to admit I don’t know much about the Jays minor league ties. ", "I know who Travis d’Arnaud is (even drafted him in a keeper league last spring) and I’m a fan of Moises Sierra, but once I get any deeper than them, I’m hopelessly out of my element. ", "This is why I’m not sure how to parse the proposed trade for RA Dickey.", "\n\nThe trade as it stands rumoured: Toronto gets Dickey, the NY Mets get d’Arnaud and pitching prospect Noah Syndergaard. ", "Dickey is coming off a 20-win, 2.73 ERA, Cy Young-winning season. ", "He posted career bests in ERA, WHIP (1.053) and K/BB (4.26). ", "He’ll be a free agent next year and while his value has never been higher, he’ll cost the Jays just $5 million in salary next year. ", "By any stretch, he’s a bargain.", "\n\nBut to get him, Toronto has to trade two of its most highly touted prospects. ", "D’Arnaud has long been called their catcher of the future and their best prospect. ", "Coming in just behind him on the Baseball America rankings is Syndergaard, not only their highest-rated pitching prospect, but a projected number-one starter in a few seasons time. ", "Last season, pitching in AA A-level Lansing, Syndergaard went 8-5 with a 2.60 ERA and 1.080 WHIP. ", "He was one of the team’s best pitchers.", "\n\nThe question then looks something like this: is it worth getting a top-flight pitcher, just coming into his own, for two highly rated prospects. ", "On a macro level, it seems a fair enough trade to me: the 2013 Jays rotation is formable (Ricky Romero, Josh Johnson, Mark Buehrle, Dickey and probably JA Happ in some order) and while it maybe hurts down the line, this year’s team looks all the better. ", "But it’s not exactly that simple.", "\n\nAfter this season, Dickey is a free agent. ", "As a Cy Young winning pitcher just coming off his best seasons yet, he’s bound to get a huge jump in salary. ", "The Jays could try to sign him to an extension, but it’s hard to blame him for cashing in on a career highlights. ", "Another wrinkle is his age: Dickey is 38 years old. ", "True, he relies on knuckleballs and probably has a few years left in him (Tim Wakefield pitched until he was 44) but it’s fair to wonder if he’ll still put up as good numbers in a few seasons. ", "Wakefield was still pitching well into his late 30s (his 2005 season, when he was 38, has his second-best WAR) but his last few seasons were pretty rough.", "\n\nIt seems the trade is best broken down like this: A Cy Young-winning pitcher who’s old, but probably has a few good seasons left in him, for two unproven (but highly touted) prospects, one of whom is getting over a serious knee injury. ", "Again, seems fair to me. ", "I’d rather see Toronto make a run at this year’s postseason with a deep roster than wait and constantly be a few players and a few wins short.", "\n\nFor what it’s worth, maybe the best measure of this trade is what’s happening online: Jays fans are freaking out online and in the comment sections of blogs, saying the team is giving up too much. ", "And over at Mets blogs and the like, fans are saying the Mets aren’t getting enough! ", "If both sides are saying the other is ripping them off, well, that seems as good a sign as any that this trade is pretty even." ]

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[ "Rolabogan (album)\n\nRolabogan is the first and only album by Argentine pop group Rolabogan, released in 2006 (see 2006 in music). ", "All songs were used as soundtracks for telenovela El Refugio (de los Sueños), starring group members Piru Sáez, Belén Scalella, María Fernanda Neil, Francisco Bass and Jorge Maggio. \"", "Bailo\", \"No Voy a Parar\", \"Motivos\" and \"Cada Puesta al Sol\" were released as singles. ", "Rolabogan has not since released a new album.", "\n\nTrack listing\n\nPersonnel \n Piru Sáez – vocals, guitar, composer\n Belén Scalella – vocals\n María Fernanda Neil – vocals\n Francisco Bass – vocals\n Jorge Maggio – vocals, back vocals\n\nSingles\n\nExternal links \n Rolabogan at YouTube\n Rolabogan at the CD Universe\n Rolabogan at Last.fm\n\nCategory:2006 albums" ]

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[ "NEW YORK (Reuters) - Ben Chico, 67, a Republican in California, says his annoyance with Democrats morphed into full-blown outrage when he heard they might try to impeach President Donald Trump after the Nov. 6 elections.", "\n\nEden Stramer, 23, a North Dakota Democrat, says the possibility of abortions becoming illegal again leaves her fuming.", "\n\nAnd Pattie Blair, 74, a Democratic voter in Phoenix, says anger washes over her every time she sees Trump on television.", "\n\n“It’s the most negative, blackest place to find yourself,” Blair said. “", "It’s like being in a bucket you can’t get yourself out of – a hand keeps pushing you back in every time you try to surface.”", "\n\nAcross the country, people are seething. ", "After a vitriolic 2016 presidential election, anger continues to dominate public discourse, from raucous protests with huge crowds to incensed social media debates that tear families and friendships apart.", "\n\nThat anger will drive voters to the polls in next month’s elections - and greater rage among Democratic voters could give the party’s candidates a boost, Reuters/Ipsos polling data shows.", "\n\nThe poll, which gathered emotional responses from more than 21,000 people over two months, found Democrats are most angry about the Trump administration’s now abandoned practice of separating undocumented immigrant families at the U.S.-Mexican border, the potential for Russian interference in future U.S. elections and the Republican president himself.", "\n\nRepublicans are most angry about the potential for Congress to try to remove Trump through impeachment, undocumented immigrants coming into the country and the mainstream news media.", "\n\nWhile the midterm elections are for thousands of posts from state officials to governors, the focus is on control of the U.S. Congress. ", "Opinion polls show Democrats have a chance at achieving the net gain of 23 seats they need to win a majority in the House of Representatives. ", "They have a longer shot at the Senate, where they need a gain of two seats, but are defending 26 seats, including 10 in states Trump won in 2016.", "\n\nAngry Americans will be more likely to vote, and Democrats are generally more angry about their hot-button issues than Republicans, according to the Reuters/Ipsos data.", "\n\nThat is a change from two years ago, when Republicans and Democrats were equally furious, said Nicholas Valentino, a voter behavior expert at the University of Michigan who collaborated on the poll and analyzed the results for Reuters.", "\n\nSlideshow ( 4 images )\n\nThe data suggests Democratic candidates could get a turnout boost that exceeds expectations, he said, possibly tipping the scale for them in tight races.", "\n\n“That’s what happened in 2016,” Valentino said. “", "A lot of people who were predicted to stay home were very angry at (presidential candidate) Hillary Clinton and the Democrats, and they showed up to the surprise of everyone.”", "\n\n‘CIVIL WAR’\n\nIn Arizona and other states with competitive races, voters interviewed by Reuters bemoaned rampant partisan anger. ", "Many said it makes them more eager to vote.", "\n\nTim Leatherby, 57, a former Marine, said he was concerned the country was plunging toward a “civil war.”", "\n\n“I did my time in the fight and I don’t want to fight again here,” said Leatherby, who said he would vote for Republican Martha McSally in Arizona’s Senate race, one of the key battles that will decide control of that chamber.", "\n\nBrian Carson, 46, a public speaking coach, echoed that sentiment.", "\n\n“We’re learning more efficient ways to hate each other more quickly, and that is disappointing to me,” he said.", "\n\nValentino said this is true - Americans overall appear to have been angrier in 2016 and 2018 than they were in past election cycles, according to similar polling that dates back to 1980.", "\n\n“Other previous elections have been pretty intense,” he said. “", "But the emotions that people expressed were much more positive, even during years when the country was in recession.”", "\n\nSlideshow ( 4 images )\n\nThe poll, conducted from Aug. 17 to Oct. 7, asked respondents to rate their emotional responses – including their level of anger, bitterness, worry, fear, hope, relief and satisfaction – toward Trump, the U.S. Senate’s confirmation of Supreme Court Justice Brett Kavanaugh, the news media, immigration and other issues. ", "It also collected respondents’ voting history and political interest.", "\n\nOn a scale of 1 to 10 - with 10 being extreme anger – college-educated Democrats registered an average 8.4 over the issue of family separations at the border, a policy the Trump administration discontinued in June after images of youngsters in cages sparked outrage at home and abroad. [", "nL1N1TM10P] Democrats in general were a 7.6 toward Trump, with Democratic women more angry than men.", "\n\n“Every time a woman comes up in conversation, he has to talk about their appearance,” said Lisa Mol, 58, a Democrat from Michigan. “", "I want to poke his eyes out so he can’t see.”", "\n\nRepublicans aged 55 and older were an average of 7.9 in anger over illegal immigration, and Republican men were 7.6 over the possibility of Trump getting impeached. ", "Although theoretically Democrats could start impeachment proceedings if they controlled the House, the party’s leaders have been clear this is not on the immediate agenda. [", "nL2N1WR1B0]\n\nDemocratic women expressed a collective 7.3 in anger when asked about the possibility that abortion could become illegal in the United States, while Republican women polled at 4.1 on that question. ", "Democrats’ concern was fired up by Kavanaugh’s arrival on the Supreme Court, where he could provide a decisive fifth vote on the nine-justice court if it were being asked to pare back abortion rights or even overturn the 1973 ruling legalizing abortion, Roe v. Wade.", "\n\nThe survey period included the Senate committee hearing where Kavanaugh denied allegations by university professor Christine Blasey Ford that he had sexually assaulted her when they were in high school, and his confirmation by the Senate.", "\n\nDemocrats were much more angry about the Senate’s handling of his confirmation than Republicans or independents, the poll found.", "\n\nValentino said the data showed the controversy over Kavanaugh would energize Democratic voters more than Republicans in the midterm elections, despite assertions by Republican leaders that their base is more fired up about it.", "\n\nAnger is motivating voting interest more than hope or fear, according to the Reuters/Ipsos poll, which was conducted online and in English throughout the United States. ", "It collected 21,027 responses.", "\n\nIn North Dakota, Stramer said her anger has pushed her to get more informed. ", "She said she would vote next month for Senator Heidi Heitkamp, a Democrat struggling to defend her seat.", "\n\nMeantime, she fills her journal with her reflections and frustrations.", "\n\n“I tend to write about things that make me mad, and then I don’t have to have those arguments,” Stramer said. “", "I could fight with people, but in my opinion, it doesn’t change anything. ", "Posting stuff online doesn’t change anything.”", "\n\nBut, she added, “I am going to vote, of course.”", "\n\nGRAPHIC: American anger tmsnrt.rs/2yx11rw\n\nReuters election coverage: here" ]

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[ "Tyrosine hydroxylase expression in rat olfactory bulb transplants: an electron microscope study.", "\nJuxtaglomerular (JG) neurons of rat olfactory bulb (OB) have been shown to express tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), the rate-limiting enzyme in the catecholamine synthesis pathway. ", "These JG neurons act as inhibitory dopaminergic interneurons, modulating the incoming signal from the primary olfactory afferents. ", "The JG neurons, comprised of periglomerular, external tufted, and short axon cells, stop expressing TH after lesions of the olfactory nerve or closure of the nares, both of which cause a loss of functional input. ", "Upon reinnervation by a continuously regenerating olfactory nerve, these cells resume their expression of TH. ", "In order to study deafferentation and subsequent reinnervation within this system, our laboratory utilizes a transplantation model. ", "Sections from transplant (TX) OBs are reacted for TH using immunocytochemical localization protocols and studied by light- and especially electron microscopy (EM). ", "Autoradiography of tritiated thymidine-labeled tissue was performed to confirm donor origin of the TX OBs. ", "Although the architecture of the TX OB is somewhat disrupted and the TH-positive cells were not as uniform in their arrangement as they are in the normal OB, we found that the TH cells in the TH OB had a morphology similar to the JG cells observed in normal OB. ", "These TH cells were also found to receive synaptic contacts with host olfactory nerve axons as well as make and receive contacts with the processes of donor neurons. ", "These, synaptic contacts were formed within areas that resemble the glomeruli of normal olfactory bulb, suggesting that the inhibitory synaptic pathway is reestablished within the TX OB. ", "These findings also suggested that host olfactory axons formed a functional contact with the TH cells, possibly inducing them to express this enzyme. ", "This study implies that the TX OB retains a level of plasticity that enables it to recapitulate part of the interneuronal arrangement observed in the normal system." ]

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[ "Friday, 7 November 2014\n\nThe Nigerian Navy has arrested 31 suspected oil thieves and impounded\n200 drums laden with substance suspected to be by-product of illegally\nrefined crude oil, during its raid in Port Harcourt, Rivers State.", "\n\nCommander of the Nigeria Navy Ship (NNS) Pathfinder, Commodore Godwin\nOchai, said the arrests were made during a raid, adding that another\n2,000 drums used for transporting and distributing the illegal product\nwere also impounded during the raid.", "\n\nHe made the disclosure while handing over the suspects to officers\nand men of the Nigerian Security and Civil Defence Corps (NSCDC) in Port\nHarcourt, on Thursday.", "\n\nOchai, who was represented at the handing by Leiutenant-Commodore\nAbdullateef Mahmud, explained that troops stormed the area after it got\nintelligence report of activities of oil thieves, who hid under the\ncover of the busy Slaughter Market to carry out their illegal\nactivities.", "\n\nHe said the Navy also impounded nine wooden and speed boats during\nthe raid, adding, “Based on intelligence and timely report that\nsuspected crude oil thieves were operating in this area; troops stormed\nthe area in our mandate to stop attacks on the nation’s oil\ninstallations.", "\n\n“On Wednesday, at about 0430 hours, we raided Slaughter area and\nimpounded about 200 drums containing suspected by-product of illegally\nrefined crude oil.", "\n\n“We also impounded about 2, 000 empty drums used for distribution and\ntransporting of products, and nine wooden and speed boats used for\ntheir illegal business. ", "After the raid, we were able to arrest 31 male\nsuspects involved in oil theft and bunkering.”", "\n\nOchai said the Navy would continue with its 24-hour surveillance of\nthe waterways in its bid to stop oil theft, pipeline vandalism and sea\npiracy, urging the public to provide timely information that would lead\nto the arrest of those undermining Nigeria’s maritime safety and the\neconomy.", "\n\nHead of NSCDC Intelligence and Investigation Unit, Henry Nwaorie,\nsaid the corps would investigate and charge the suspects to court, if\nfound culpable." ]

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[ "Francesco Mancini (composer)\n\nFrancesco Mancini (16 January 1672 – 22 September 1737) was a Neapolitan composer.", "\n\nBiography\nHe was an important teacher and managed to obtain his greatest duty during Alessandro Scarlatti's absence from the Neapolitan court, between 1702 and 1708. ", "In this period he was Director of the Conservatorio di S Maria di Loreto as well as being first organist and maestro of the Capella Reale. ", "His assistant was Giuseppe Porsile.", "\n\nWorks\nHis works include 29 operas (including L’Idaspe fedele), sonatas, 7 serenatas, 12 oratorios and more than 200 secular cantatas in addition to assorted sacred music and a small amount of instrumental music. ", "Today he is best known for his recorder sonatas.", "\n\nRecordings\nMissa Septimus SSATB [25'46\"]. ", "Currende, cond. ", "Erik Van Nevel. ", "KTC4031\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nHOASM\n\nCategory:1672 births\nCategory:1737 deaths\nCategory:Italian male classical composers\nCategory:Italian Baroque composers\nCategory:Musicians from Naples\nCategory:Italian opera composers\nCategory:Male opera composers\nCategory:Settecento composers\nCategory:18th-century male musicians" ]

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[ "Simon Cowell Regrets Not Becoming A Father ‘Sooner’\n\nSimon Cowell has been showing off his ‘softer’ side since the birth of his first child, Eric Philip, on Valentine’s Day. ", "Prior to Eric’s birth, the music mogul was very open about his distaste for certain aspects of fatherhood, it seems like now he only has one regret — not becoming a father sooner!", "\n\nWho knew that the normally hard-shelled Simon Cowell, 54, would turn out to be a great big teddy bear underneath? ", "HollywoodLife.com was just as surprised as the rest of the world when Simon openly showed affection for his baby boy, Eric Philip, all over social media. ", "Now, sources close to Simon reveal that his one and only regret about fatherhood is not having children earlier.", "\n\nSimon Cowell — Regrets Not Having Children Sooner\n\nSimon & Lauren Leave Hospital With Eric\n\nOn Feb. 14 the world’s toughest critic became a father when his girlfriend Lauren Silverman, 38, went into labor while alone in New York City. ", "Even though Simon was busy filming one of his many reality competition shows in the UK, he was quick to charter a jet and make his way back across the pond just in time for the birth of his first son. ", "Eric, named after Simon’s father, has really brought out a softer side of Simon, and sources close to the music mogul reveal he wishes it had happened sooner.", "\n\n“Simon is a changed man, he’s been telling people he wish he’d started this sooner because it’s the best thing that’s ever happened to him,” the source revealed EXCLUSIVELY to HollywoodLife.com. “", "He’s been texting tons of pictures out and says he can’t wait to take Eric back to London to show him off.”", "\n\nSimon Hopes To Raise Eric In The UK\n\nEveryone knows that Simon is a busy, busy guy traveling all over the place what with all of his reality competition shows, boy bands, and other endeavours. ", "Meanwhile, his girlfriend Lauren is well-rooted in New York City where her life includes also being a mom to her first son, 7-year-old Adam Silverman. ", "While balancing things may be difficult for the first couple of years, our source reveals that Simon and Lauren are hoping to raise Eric in the UK.", "\n\n“He has quite a lot of business in England but also has homes all over the place and business in the states as well,” a source close to the couple tells HollywoodLife.com. ", "They are thinking once its time for schooling that the England is the answer but the first couple years they will travel with Eric all over the place based on Simon’s busy schedule.”", "\n\nHey HollyMoms — Do you think Simon should raise Eric in the UK? ", "Let us know your thoughts!" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nHow can I add multiple timezones to loki?", "\n\nThe solution for freya no longer works as there is no com.canonical.indicator\n\nA:\n\nThe new datetime indicator doesn't have this feature yet.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Chronic pruritus (CP) is a burdensome symptom affecting approximately one-fifth of the global population[@R1] that leads to an impairment of quality of life[@R2]. ", "The Global Burden of Disease study has determined that pruritus is one of the world's 50 most common interdisciplinary disorders and that it demonstrates an especially high burden on the elderly[@R3]. ", "Because of the multifactorial nature of this symptom and its multitude of possible origins, a diagnostic workup and therapeutic approach are of high complexity[@R4]. ", "Multimodal medical and nursing care is required, including the identification and treatment of the underlying cause, a symptomatic antipruritic therapy, treatment of the skin lesions arising from chronic scratching, and management of secondary sleep disorders, if any are present[@R5],[@R6]. ", "In addition, affected individuals often develop psychological disorders, such as anxiety and depression, or deprive themselves of social contact due to shame from incontrollable scratching or visible skin lesions[@R7]. ", "Adjuvant psychological or psychiatric management may thus be necessary. ", "Because of the complexity of the symptom, as well as the multidisciplinary requirements for its management, it is imperative to maintain a well-structured network of care providers from both dermatological offices and specialized itch centers to achieve optimal care. ", "This article aims to define the needs and priorities of CP management, analyze obstacles in the care of these patients, and highlight possible improvements in treatment approaches.", "\n\nPatients with CP: who are they?", "\n===============================\n\nCP is a multifactorial, heterogenous condition affecting patients of all backgrounds. ", "When considering larger cohorts of patients with CP, it becomes clear that there is no uniform profile for the affected patients. ", "The patient population is highly heterogenous in terms of age, patient groups (children, pregnant women, adults, and seniors), medical history, skin lesions, cause for the pruritus, and sensory pruritus characteristics[@R4]. ", "CP can develop in association with several diseases. ", "To better assist in the categorization of CP, the International Forum for the Study of Itch (IFSI) has proposed a classification system based on the clinical presentation and underlying disease. ", "Patients are divided into 3 clinical groups, namely those with an inflammatory skin condition (IFSI I), those with pruritus without skin alterations (IFSI II), and those with chronic scratch lesions (eg, prurigo nodularis; IFSI III). ", "Patients can also be further categorized based on the underlying etiological cause for their pruritus, ranging from dermatological, systemic, neurological, psychiatric, and multifactorial to unknown causes[@R8]. ", "These classification systems serve to assist the attending physician in choosing the necessary diagnostic procedures and targeted therapies in each case (**Figure** **[1](#F1){ref-type=\"fig\"}**).", "\n\n![", "Clinical and etiological classification of chronic pruritus. ", "Adapted from Ständer et al[@R5]. ", "For the management of patients with chronic pruritus, the IFSI developed a classification system, in which patients are divided according to their clinical presentation into those presenting predominantly with an inflammatory skin condition (IFSI group I), those with pruritus in apparently normal skin (IFSI group II) and, finally, those with pruritus accompanied by chronic scratch lesions (IFSI group III). ", "Regarding its etiology, chronic pruritus can be attributed to dermatological, systemic, neurological, somatoform, multifactorial, or unknown causes. ", "These classification systems provide guidance to the attending physician on the diagnostic and therapeutic approach to the patient with chronic pruritus. ", "IFSI indicates International Forum for the Study of Itch. ", "Adaptations are themselves works protected by copyright. ", "So in order to publish this adaptation, authorization must be obtained both from the owner of the copyright in the original work and from the owner of copyright in the translation or adaptation.](itx-2-e6-g001){#F1}\n\nDespite the heterogenous patient characteristics, most CP patients report experiencing a moderate or high itch intensity. ", "Moreover, CP induces many secondary conditions, such as sleep disorders, depression, anxiety, feelings of shame due to visible skin lesions, and a substantial impairment in quality of life, in up to 70% of the affected individuals[@R2],[@R4],[@R9]. ", "Interestingly, most patients share similar therapeutic goals, which are not limited solely to relief from itch[@R10].", "\n\nCP patients: what are their needs?", "\n==================================\n\nTherapeutic goals can be compiled by means of a comprehensive questionnaire for an assessment of the treatment benefit. ", "One such questionnaire is called the Patient Benefit Index (PBI), of which there are currently several different versions available for a large variety of dermatological and nondermatological disorders. ", "It was validated in 2009 for patients with CP (PBI-P)[@R10]--[@R12]. ", "Patients complete a Patient Needs Questionnaire (PNQ) pretreatment and the Patient Benefit Questionnaire (PBQ) posttreatment so that a weighted, patient-reported benefit can be calculated. ", "The PBI-P's 27 items refer to aspects of psychosocial life and physical factors.", "\n\nThe therapeutic goals of \\>2500 pruritus patients who completed the PBI-P were recently analyzed in a comprehensive study[@R13]. ", "It was found that therapeutic goals related to the diagnosis and medical therapy, such as the reduction of pruritus or confidence in the therapy, were regarded as either important or very important by nearly all subjects. ", "The average needs of pruritus patients are apparently higher than those of other general dermatological patients, such as those with atopic dermatitis[@R14]. ", "When analyzing the therapeutic needs of CP patients, it also seems to be necessary to differentiate them, for example, by their sex or according to their IFSI classification category. ", "It has been shown, that the reduction of itch-related symptoms (depressive feeling, nervousness, or burning sensations) is more important to women, whereas men attempt to improve social contacts, partnership, and sex life. ", "Patients with either pruritus and scratch lesions (eg, prurigo nodularis) or inflamed, pruritic skin evaluated various therapeutic goals, including being \"pain-free,\" as being significantly more important than patients with noninflamed, pruritic skin[@R13].", "\n\nManagement in the dermatological office\n=======================================\n\nMany patients with CP visit a dermatologist due to itch-inducing dermatoses or the presence of scratch lesions. ", "The dermatologist thus has a pivotal role in the management of CP patients. ", "By collaborating with local physicians of other specialties, dermatological practices can initiate the first steps toward performing diagnostics and thereby reduce the volume of patients in specialized itch centers. ", "Pruritus is in fact the most common symptom in dermatology. ", "It is estimated that approximately one-third of patients presenting to a general dermatology office report having experienced itch within the last week, and a majority of these suffer from CP despite previous therapeutic measures[@R15]. ", "Interestingly, 62% of the patients described this symptom as the reason for their seeking of a medical consultation, whereas 38% presented with other dermatological issues (eg, skin tumors) and did not associate this symptom with their visit to the doctor. ", "The attending dermatologist should therefore actively screen for pruritus to prevent the oversight of a pruritic condition that would result in it being left untreated[@R15].", "\n\nHowever, taking a comprehensive medical history, including causal factors, concomitant diseases, current medication, and reactive diseases (eg, depression and anxiety), and performing a complete physical examination can be challenging due to the limited time frame of a patient visit. ", "To address this issue, a standardized questionnaire has been developed by the National Working Group on Pruritus Research (*Arbeitsgemeinschaft Pruritusforschung*, AGP), which can be completed by the patient before the medical consultation (eg, in the waiting room)[@R16].", "\n\nNot only the pruritus itself, but also the accompanying conditions such as sleep impairment, and mental distress, impact the quality of life, according to 88% of patients. ", "These factors should be taken into account when preparing a therapeutic plan. ", "The patient needs should be queried and addressed, since sleep deprivation and a disruption of the everyday life are the major concerns of many of the affected. ", "Moreover, as shown by inquiries via the PNQ, both treatment of the pruritic condition and associated skin alterations and an explanation of the diagnostic procedures used for identification of the underlying cause are of high priority to patients[@R6],[@R13].", "\n\nBefore referring a patient to a specialized center, dermatological offices should take a detailed medical history (eg, using structured surveys, as mentioned above), perform the necessary basic diagnostic procedures (eg, blood tests, common mycological diagnostics, histology, and direct immunofluorescence), and initiate basic therapeutic measures (eg, basic skin care, topical therapy, and antihistamines) even before the diagnostic procedures are concluded. ", "If these measures prove to be ineffective, the physician may opt for a more target-specific therapy once the diagnostic findings are known.", "\n\nManagement in the specialized itch center\n=========================================\n\nSpecialized itch centers offering inpatient and outpatient care play an important role in the management of CP patients, especially when they are refractory to common therapies. ", "An interdisciplinary approach to the diagnosis and treatment that includes various medical specialties (eg, dermatology, internal medicine, neurology, psychosomatics, psychiatry, and pediatrics) is desirable due to the multifactorial nature of CP[@R4]. ", "Such centers are rare and it is necessary for more and more itch clinics to be established, similar to pain clinics.", "\n\nOf note, inpatient treatment may be required in certain instances. ", "From a medical point of view inpatient care is indicated when the origin of the CP is highly complex and its clarification requires extensive diagnostic procedures, which may be difficult or take a long time to obtain in an ambulatory setting. ", "In addition, if there is a suspicion of a malignancy-associated pruritus (eg, if b-symptoms are present and the CP is present for \\<1 y) a battery of imaging procedures (eg, thoracic x-ray, ultrasound of the abdomen and lymph node stations, thoracoabdominal CT) can swiftly be performed in inpatients and thus avoid delays in the diagnosis of a potential life-threatening condition. ", "Psychosocial factors may also constitute an indication for inpatient care. ", "Patients with suicide ideation or those experiencing high suffering or severe sleep impairment due to the CP benefit from inpatient care. ", "Specialists from other fields, in particular psychiatrists, psychosomatics, and psychologists, are of great importance for these patients. ", "In addition, the environment, in which the patient is inserted, may contribute to perpetuate the CP, for example, pruritus due to a scabies infestation in patients with living conditions with poor hygiene. ", "Those too benefit from inpatient care.", "\n\nExisting itch centers have developed a digital matrix for the routine care management of the patients, which allows a feasible and concise patient management and, in addition, is in use for the development of a diagnostic and therapeutic plan, allowing for the individual treatment of CP. ", "This system is based partially on modular patient questionnaires. ", "On the basis of a consensus reached by an international group dedicated to research on the assessment of pruritus[@R6],[@R17], patients are asked to complete questionnaires on the clinical features of the pruritus (ie, its characteristics and their medical history), pruritus intensity \\[eg, visual analog scale (VAS)\\], their quality of life \\[eg, ItchyQol or the Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI)\\], anxiety, and depression \\[eg, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS)\\], and, as mentioned above, the PBI (**Table** **[1](#T1){ref-type=\"table\"}**). ", "Some of these questionnaires are sent to the patients before their first visit, while the remaining questionnaires are completed onsite via a tablet computer. ", "Although the questionnaire regarding the medical history and therapeutic goals should be completed during the initial consultation, the remaining questionnaires should be filled out also during follow-up visits since they serve as documentation on the progression of the symptom and its response to treatment. ", "An assessment of the responses to the PNQ at the beginning of the therapy enables the assignment of therapeutic goals and serves as the basis for discussion and shared objectives. ", "A survey of the achieved goals via the PBQ can facilitate the identification of particular problems in the treatment efficacy. ", "Data entry via tablet computers, which have proven to be user-friendly and cost-effective[@R19], allows for the immediate transfer of the data to the patient file in the local electronic hospital information system, thus providing the attending physician with a simple and relevant overview that can be used to quickly assess the course of the treatment. ", "In addition, the system may indicate the need for further treatment, depending on the pathologic scores of specific scales (eg, psychosomatic consultation if patients show high anxiety or depression scores).", "\n\n###### \n\nOverview of tools used for measuring pruritus.", "\n\n![](", "itx-2-e6-g002)\n\nA structured collection of the physician-assessed medical history and course of the CP is vital for ensuring a targeted diagnosis and efficient treatment (**Table** **[2](#T2){ref-type=\"table\"}**)[@R4]. ", "To better facilitate the proceedings, it is desirable to perform the physician-assessed medical documentation in digital form by using a template available in the electronic hospital information system specifically developed for cases of CP. ", "The digital templates should be adapted to the initial and follow-up visits, as they constitute different needs. ", "The length, localization, quality of the symptoms, trigger factors, and skin findings, as well as the general medical history, prior therapies, and current medications, are recorded during the initial consultation. ", "During the follow-up visits, the principal focuses of the inquiry are, among other aspects, the course of skin findings and the therapy, including side effects and the severity of the pruritus. ", "Answers can be provided by utilizing a dropdown menu in the digital template containing predetermined responses or free-text fields. ", "Scores from the scales and questionnaires completed by patients before their visit (eg, the VAS, HADS, and DLQI) appear on the digital interface and allow for a quick but insightful overview of the patient's current condition[@R6].", "\n\n###### \n\nKey questions in the assessment of chronic pruritus.", "\n\n![](", "itx-2-e6-g003)\n\nUsing digital media in routine care assists in the development of a comprehensive database or registry for CP, which can prove to be valuable when targeting specific research questions. ", "Provided the patient has given their consent, their clinical data are subsequently transferred to a central, pseudonymized database[@R21]. ", "For quality assurance, the data of each case is first sent to a central storage unit for approval, where the consistency of the data and diagnosis are reviewed by a physician and, possibly, updated with regard to new test results (eg, laboratory findings and histology). ", "Data are only transferred to the central database once it has been validated. ", "This workflow ensures that all records are reviewed before their pseudonymization and that all data are current. ", "The Center for Chronic Pruritus at the University Hospital of Münster is an excellent example for a specialized center utilizing digital media to comprehensively assess CP patients and build a central database, in which there are currently \\>6700 individual entries.", "\n\nObstacles and hurdles\n=====================\n\nThere are still numerous obstacles to overcome in the health care system before patients with CP can be offered the best possible, or guideline-recommended, diagnosis and therapy. ", "Said obstacles may vary from country to country, reflecting local political mandates, such as the remuneration system for the provided care.", "\n\nBecause of the aging population, an increase in the number of patients with CP can be expected in the near future. ", "In addition, to save costs in the health care system, a trend in the centralization of services is taking place in many countries, diminishing outpatient care opportunities. ", "Moreover, dermatologists may be urged to invest in more lucrative fields such as operative or esthetic dermatology, leading to a decrease in interest in conservative dermatological topics. ", "For this reason, specialized itch centers should be available on a larger scale and made to work in closer connection with peripheral offices. ", "The appropriate training of attending internists and dermatologists constitutes the first important step needed to broaden quality care in the dermatological and general practitioners' offices.", "\n\nIn countries with a high number of CP patients receiving inpatient care, there is an increasing amount of difficulties emerging in this sector, including short hospitalization periods and the pressure to economize care. ", "These issues lead to limitations in the diagnosis and therapy of CP. ", "According to the health care system's remuneration scheme, a careful medical indication is essential to justify the costs of intensive dermatological diagnostic and therapeutic measures. ", "Advanced diagnostic procedures for inpatient care include the screening of neoplasms, which is essential for those with CP persisting 12 months or less. ", "In addition, an acute, symptomatic intervention may be indicated in cases of severe psychological strain and failure of outpatient therapeutic measures. ", "Supplementary remuneration would thus be desirable for specialized centers in the future to enable a reasonable inpatient stay.", "\n\nAnother aspect to consider is that many available treatments for refractory pruritus remain off-label, and are therefore often deferred in favor of over-the-counter medication or approved topical preparations[@R22]. ", "Off-label therapies may not be covered by patients' insurances or the health care system. ", "This is especially relevant for specialist offices, which might have higher regulatory and economic constraints compared with specialized centers.", "\n\nManagement of CP in particular patient groups, such as pregnant and breastfeeding women or children, represents an additional challenge. ", "Many systemic and topical therapies remain unapproved for these patient groups. ", "Randomized clinical trials targeting these groups are therefore necessary in the future to achieve better care.", "\n\nFuture perspectives\n===================\n\nThe introduction of technology to the management of CP is expected to greatly improve patient care. ", "It is conceivable that data and documentation collected between patients visits can be made accessible to a broad audience of interdisciplinary attending clinicians on a central platform. ", "The digital registration of all survey instruments that can be completed at both specialist offices and specialized itch centers is thus a goal to be strived for. ", "This could have particularly convenient results for the future, for example, for elderly patients receiving telemedicine consultations.", "\n\nCP is already a topic of discussion at important conferences and is the main focus at symposia for specialists, such as the World Congress on Itch (<http://www.itchforum.net>). ", "The next important step toward a better future in patient care consists of sensitizing health care insurance providers. ", "A better funding of outpatient care can decisively contribute to the optimization of general patient care, as well as the prevention of symptom chronicity and reactive mental distress with subsequent, time-consuming and possibly costly inpatient treatment methods. ", "At present, this is not the case and a further decline in the financial situation is expected due to sustained cost pressures.", "\n\nConclusions\n===========\n\nHigh-quality care for patients with CP remains a challenge for practitioners and the health care system. ", "An effective cooperation between specialized itch centers and dermatological offices is essential. ", "IT solutions, which better facilitate the assessment of this complex condition, should be adopted in the clinical routine. ", "In an era of regulatory and economic constraints, health care authorities should be sensitized to the present substandard care of patients with CP to make improvements.", "\n\nThe authors thank E.R. Burnett for proofreading and editing this manuscript.", "\n\nSupported by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF; No. ", "01KG1305 to SST) and by the European Academy for Dermatology and Venereology (EADV, No. ", "2016-012 to MP).", "\n\nConflicts of interest\n=====================\n\nThe authors declare that they have no financial conflict of interest with regard to the content of this report.", "\n\nSponsorships or competing interests that may be relevant to content are disclosed at the end of this article.", "\n\nPublished online 26 June 2017\n" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nCustom Lists - set row background color in a list depending on a column value\n\nStarting from this example:\nhttps://code.msdn.microsoft.com/office/Client-side-rendering-code-0a786cdd\nI would like to set the entire row background color depending on a column value.", "\n\nA:\n\nBelow example demonstrates how to customize List View in order to highlight list item rows. ", "\nAssume there is a Tasks list and depending on status, rows have to be highlighted using the corresponding color. ", " \nTemplate code:\nSP.SOD.executeFunc(\"clienttemplates.js\", \"SPClientTemplates\", function() {\n\n SPClientTemplates.", "TemplateManager.", "RegisterTemplateOverrides({\n OnPostRender: function(ctx) {\n\n var statusColors = {\n 'Not Started' : '#FFF1AD', \n 'In Progress' : '#FFD800',\n 'Completed' : '#01DF3A' \n };\n\n var rows = ctx.", "ListData.", "Row;\n for (var i=0;i<rows.length;i++)\n {\n var status = rows[i][\"Status\"];\n var rowId = GenerateIIDForListItem(ctx, rows[i]);\n var row = document.getElementById(rowId); \n row.style.backgroundColor = statusColors[status];\n }\n }\n }); \n\n});\n\nHow to apply the changes\nThere are at least two options how to apply the changes:\n\nUsing JSLink property\nPlace JavaScript template on page via Script Editor/Content Editor\nweb parts\n\nHere is how to apply the changes using the second option:\n\nSwitch the page into edit mode\nAdd Script Editor webpart right below the list view web part.", "\nPut the specified code by wrapping it using script tag code into the Script Editor, for example: <script type=\"text/javascript\">{Template JS code goes here}</script>\nSave the page\n\nResults\n\n" ]

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[ "[Cite as State v. Roebuck, 2014-Ohio-1708.]", "\n\n IN THE COURT OF APPEALS\n FIRST APPELLATE DISTRICT OF OHIO\n HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO\n\n\n\nSTATE OF OHIO, : APPEAL NO. ", "C-130350\n TRIAL NO. ", "B-1206599\n Plaintiff-Appellee, :\n O P I N I O N.\n vs. :\n\nDAVION ROEBUCK, :\n\n Defendant-Appellant. ", " :\n\n\n\n\nCriminal Appeal From: Hamilton County Court of Common Pleas\n\nJudgment Appealed From Is: Affirmed in Part, Sentences Vacated in Part, and\n Cause Remanded\n\nDate of Judgment Entry on Appeal: April 23, 2014\n\n\n\nJoseph T. Deters, Hamilton County Prosecuting Attorney, and Scott M. Heenan,\nAssistant Prosecuting Attorney, for Plaintiff-Appellee,\n\nRobert R. Hastings, Jr., for Defendant-Appellant.", "\n\n\n\n\nPlease note: this case has been removed from the accelerated calendar.", "\n\f O HIO F IRST D ISTRICT C OURT OF A PPEALS\n\n\n\nD INKELACKER , Presiding Judge.", "\n\n {¶1} Defendant-appellant Davion Roebuck pleaded guilty to three counts\n\nof aggravated robbery with gun specifications and one count of having a weapon\n\nwhile under a disability. ", " He was sentenced to four years in prison on each\n\naggravated-robbery count and to three years in prison for the disability charge. ", "The\n\ngun specifications added an additional three-year term to each aggravated-robbery\n\ncount. ", " The trial court ordered Roebuck to serve the aggravated-robbery terms\n\nconsecutively to one another, and the disability term concurrent to the first\n\naggravated-robbery count. ", "In addition, the trial court ordered him to serve his\n\nprison term in this case consecutively to the prison term he received in another case.", "\n\n {¶2} In one assignment of error, Roebuck claims that the trial court erred\n\nwhen it ordered him to serve consecutive prison terms without make the statutory\n\nfindings to support that determination. ", "The state concedes error on this point, and\n\nwe agree.", "\n\n {¶3} R.C. 2929.14(C)(4) requires that a trial court engage in a three-step\n\nanalysis in order to impose consecutive sentences. ", " State v. Alexander, 1st Dist.", "\n\nHamilton Nos. ", "C-110828 and C-110829, 2012-Ohio-3349, ¶ 15.", "\n\n First, the trial court must “find” that consecutive sentencing is necessary\n\n to protect the public from future crime or to punish the offender. ", "Next,\n\n the trial court must “find” that consecutive sentences are not\n\n disproportionate to the seriousness of the offender's conduct and to the\n\n danger the offender poses to the public. ", "Finally, the trial court must\n\n “find” that at least one of the following applies: (1) the offender\n\n committed one or more of the multiple offenses while awaiting trial or\n\n sentencing, while under a sanction imposed pursuant to R.C. 2929.16,\n 2\n\f O HIO F IRST D ISTRICT C OURT OF A PPEALS\n\n\n\n R.C. 2929.17, or R.C. 2929.18, or while under postrelease control for a\n\n prior offense; (2) at least two of the multiple offenses were committed as\n\n part of one or more courses of conduct, and the harm caused by two or\n\n more of the offenses was so great or unusual that no single prison term\n\n for any of the offenses committed as part of any of the courses of conduct\n\n adequately reflects the seriousness of the offender's conduct; or (3) the\n\n offender's history of criminal conduct demonstrates that consecutive\n\n sentences are necessary to protect the public from future crime by the\n\n offender.", "\n\nId. The court is not required to use “talismanic words” to comply with the statutory-\n\nfindings requirement; the court satisfies the requirements when the record reflects that\n\nthe court engaged in the required analysis and has considered the appropriate statutory\n\ncriteria. ", "When a trial court fails to make the required findings, the sentence imposed is\n\ncontrary to law and must be vacated. ", "Id. at ¶ 16; State v. Green, 1st Dist. ", "Hamilton Nos.", "\n\nC-120269 and C-120270, 2013-Ohio-1508, ¶ 6.", "\n\n {¶4} In this case, the trial court ordered that Roebuck serve consecutive\n\nprison terms without making the necessary findings to support that order. ", "Therefore,\n\nwe vacate the parts of the trial court’s judgment that ordered the sentences to be served\n\nconsecutively, and we remand this cause to the trial court for a hearing to consider\n\nwhether consecutive sentences are appropriate under the factors outlined in R.C.\n\n2929.14(C)(4). ", "The trial court’s judgment is affirmed in all other aspects.", "\n\n Judgment affirmed in part, sentences vacated in part, and cause remanded.", "\n\nFISCHER, and DEWINE, JJ., ", "concur.", "\n\nPlease note:\n The court has recorded its own entry on the date of the release of this opinion.", "\n 3\n\f" ]

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[ "---\nabstract: 'In this article we define and compute the Novikov Floer homology associated to a non-resonant magnetic field and a mechanical Hamiltonian on a flat torus $\\mathbb{T}^{2N}$. As a result, we deduce that this Hamiltonian system always has $2N+1$ contractible solutions, and generically even $2^{2N}$ contractible solutions. ", "Moreover if there exists a non-degenerate non-contractible solution then there necessarily exists another.'", "\naddress:\n- |\n Urs Frauenfelder\\\n Department of Mathematics and Research Institute of Mathematics\\\n Seoul National University San 56-1 Shinrim-dong Kwanak-gu, Seoul 151-747, Korea \n- |\n Will J. Merry\\\n Department of Mathematics\\\n ETH Zürich\n- |\n Gabriel. ", "P. Paternain\\\n Department of Pure Mathematics and Mathematical Statistics\\\n University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0WB, England \nauthor:\n- 'Urs Frauenfelder, Will J. Merry and Gabriel P. Paternain'\nbibliography:\n- '\\\\string\"/Users/iLyX/Dropbox/Other useful files/willmacbibtex\\\\string\".bib'\ntitle: 'Floer homology for non-resonant magnetic fields on flat tori'\n---\n\nIntroduction\n============\n\nIn this paper we study existence and multiplicity results for periodic solutions of fixed period $\\tau$ of a system of $N$ interacting particles on the plane subject to a magnetic field. ", "We suppose that the magnetic field as well as the potential are periodic on the plane, so that we can carry out our study on the torus.", "\n\nLet us first describe our set-up for a single particle, i.e.the case $N=1$. We abbreviate by $\\mathbb{T}^{2}=\\mathbb{R}^{2}/\\mathbb{Z}^{2}$ the two dimensional torus. ", "We model the magnetic field via a 2-form $\\sigma\\in\\Omega^{2}(\\mathbb{T}^{2})$. If $\\pi\\colon T^{*}\\mathbb{T}^{2}\\to\\mathbb{T}^{2}$ is the footpoint projection, consider the *magnetic symplectic form*, $$\\omega_{\\sigma}:=d\\lambda+\\pi^{*}\\sigma$$ where $\\lambda=x_{1}dp_{1}+x_{2}dp_{2}$ is the Liouville 1-form on the cotangent bundle of the torus. ", "Abbreviate the circle of length $\\tau$ by $\\mathbb{S}_{\\tau}:=\\mathbb{R}/\\tau\\mathbb{Z}$. For $V\\in C^{\\infty}(\\mathbb{S}_{\\tau}\\times\\mathbb{T}^{2},\\mathbb{R})$ a $\\tau$-periodic time-dependent potential we define the $\\tau$-periodic Hamiltonian $H_{V}\\in C^{\\infty}(\\mathbb{S}_{\\tau}\\times T^{*}\\mathbb{T}^{2},\\mathbb{R})$ by $$H_{V}(t,x,p)=\\frac{1}{2}|p|^{2}+V(t,x)$$ where the norm of $p$ is taken with respect to the flat metric on the torus. ", "The Hamiltonian vector field $X_{\\sigma,V}$ of $H_{V}$ with respect to the magnetic symplectic form is implicitly defined by the equation $$\\omega_{\\sigma}(X_{\\sigma,V},\\cdot)=-dH_{V}.$$ We are interested in $\\tau$-periodic solutions of $X_{\\sigma,V}$, i.e.solutions $w\\in C^{\\infty}(\\mathbb{S}_{\\tau},T^{*}\\mathbb{T}^{2})$ of the ODE $$\\partial_{t}w=X_{\\sigma,V}(t,w).\\label{eq:ODE}$$ We denote by $\\mathcal{P}_{\\tau}(\\sigma,V)$ the moduli space of solutions. ", "Since the fundamental group of the two dimensional torus equals $\\pi_{1}(\\mathbb{T}^{2})=\\pi_{1}(T^{*}\\mathbb{T}^{2})=\\mathbb{Z}^{2}$ we get a decomposition of this moduli space as $$\\mathcal{P}_{\\tau}(\\sigma,V)=\\bigcup_{h\\in\\mathbb{Z}^{2}}\\mathcal{P}_{\\tau}^{h}(\\sigma,V)$$ where $\\mathcal{P}_{\\tau}^{h}(\\sigma,V)$ denotes those elements in $\\mathcal{P}_{\\tau}(\\sigma,V)$ which represent $h$ in the fundamental group of $T^{*}\\mathbb{T}^{2}$. In particular, $\\mathcal{P}_{\\tau}^{0}(\\sigma,V)$ denotes the contractible solutions.", "\n\nWe do not know if periodic solutions always exist. ", "However, we can prove their existence under the following non-resonance condition we explain next. ", "Denote by $\\mu=dx_{1}\\wedge dx_{2}$ the volume form on the two torus with respect to the flat metric. ", "Then we can write $\\sigma=a\\mu$ for some function $a\\in C^{\\infty}(\\mathbb{T}^{2},\\mathbb{R})$.\n\n\\[nonres1\\] We say that $\\sigma$ is *non-resonant in period $\\tau$*, if there exists $k\\in\\mathbb{Z}$ such that $$\\frac{2\\pi k}{\\tau}<a(x)<\\frac{2\\pi(k+1)}{\\tau},\\quad\\forall\\,\\, x\\in\\mathbb{T}^{2}.$$\n\nOur first main result for a single particle system is the following.", "\n\n****Assume that $\\sigma\\in\\Omega^{2}(\\mathbb{T}^{2})$ is non-resonant in period $\\tau$. Then for every $V\\in C^{\\infty}(\\mathbb{S}_{\\tau}\\times\\mathbb{T}^{2},\\mathbb{R})$ we have $\\#\\mathcal{P}_{\\tau}^{0}(\\sigma,V)\\geq3$. Moreover, for a generic potential $V$ it holds that $\\#\\mathcal{P}_{\\tau}^{0}(\\sigma,V)\\geq4$. **\n\nIn general noncontractible solutions may not necessarily exist. ", "However, our second main result tells us that if a noncontractible and nondegenerate solution exists a second noncontractible one has to exist as well. ", "For that recall that if $\\phi_{\\sigma,V}^{t}$ denotes the flow of the Hamiltonian vector field $X_{\\sigma,V}$ and $w\\in\\mathcal{P}_{\\tau}(\\sigma,V)$, then $w$ is called *nondegenerate* if $$\\det(D\\phi_{\\sigma,V}^{\\tau}(w(0))-\\mathrm{Id})\\neq0.$$ Now we are in position to state our next main result for a single particle system.", "\n\n****Assume that $\\sigma\\in\\Omega^{2}(\\mathbb{T}^{2})$ is a non-resonant magnetic field in period $\\tau$, $V\\in C^{\\infty}(\\mathbb{S}_{\\tau}\\times\\mathbb{T}^{2},\\mathbb{R})$, and $w\\in\\mathcal{P}_{\\tau}^{h}(\\sigma,V)$ is nondegenerate for some $h\\neq0\\in\\pi_{1}(\\mathbb{T}^{2})$. Then it holds that $\\#\\mathcal{P}_{\\tau}^{h}(\\sigma,V)\\geq2$.\n\nWe next explain how Theorem A and Theorem B generalize to systems of $N$ interacting particles. ", "The configuration space of $N$ particles is given by the $2N$-dimensional torus $\\mathbb{T}^{2N}$. To keep track of our particles we choose for $1\\leq j\\leq N$ a torus $\\mathbb{T}_{j}^{2}=\\mathbb{T}^{2}$ and think of the $2N$-dimensional torus as $\\mathbb{T}^{2N}=\\prod_{j=1}^{N}\\mathbb{T}_{j}^{2}$. We denote by $\\mathtt{p}_{j}\\colon\\mathbb{T}^{2N}\\to\\mathbb{T}_{j}^{2}$ the canonical projection. ", "We generalize the notion of a non-resonant magnetic field to the many particle case as follows.", "\n\n\\[nonres2\\]A two form $\\sigma\\in\\Omega^{2}(\\mathbb{T}^{2N})$ is called *non-resonant in period $\\tau$*, if for $1\\leq j\\leq N$ there exist non-resonant in period $\\tau$ forms $\\sigma_{j}\\in\\Omega^{2}(\\mathbb{T}_{j}^{2})$ in the sense of Definition \\[nonres1\\] such that $\\sigma=\\sum_{j=1}^{N}\\mathtt{p}_{j}^{*}\\sigma_{j}$.\n\nWe are now in position to generalize Theorem A to the case of $N$ particles.", "\n\n**** ****** ** Assume that $\\sigma\\in\\Omega^{2}(\\mathbb{T}^{2N})$ is non-resonant in period $\\tau$. Then for every $V\\in C^{\\infty}(\\mathbb{S}_{\\tau}\\times\\mathbb{T}^{2N},\\mathbb{R})$ we have $\\#\\mathcal{P}_{\\tau}^{0}(\\sigma,V)\\geq2N+1$. Moreover, for a generic potential $V$ it holds that $\\#\\mathcal{P}_{\\tau}^{0}(\\sigma,V)\\geq2^{2N}$\n\nOf course Theorem A+ immediately implies Theorem A by specializing to the case $N=1$. On the other hand Theorem A+ is not a consequence of Theorem A. Here the key point is that in Theorem A+ we do not need to assume that the potential is of product form, which means that our particles are allowed to interact with each other. ", "In the non interacting case, i.e. the case where the potential $V$ can be written as $V=\\sum_{j=1}^{N}\\mathtt{p}_{j}^{*}V_{j}$ for potentials $V_{j}\\in C^{\\infty}(\\mathbb{S}_{\\tau}\\times\\mathbb{T}_{j}^{2},\\mathbb{R})$ Theorem A+ is an immediate consequence of Theorem A. In fact, in this case we get even the stronger lower bound $3^{N}$ for the number of solutions.", "\n\nSimilarly, Theorem B generalizes to the case of $N$ particles as follows.", "\n\n****Assume that $\\sigma\\in\\Omega^{2}(\\mathbb{T}^{2N})$ is a non-resonant magnetic field in period $\\tau$, $V\\in C^{\\infty}(\\mathbb{S}_{\\tau}\\times\\mathbb{T}^{2N},\\mathbb{R})$, and $w\\in\\mathcal{P}_{\\tau}^{h}(\\sigma,V)$ is nondegenerate for some $h\\neq0\\in\\pi_{1}(\\mathbb{T}^{2N})$. Then it holds that $\\#\\mathcal{P}_{\\tau}^{h}(\\sigma,V)\\geq2$.\n\nWe conclude this Introduction by briefly explaining our approach. ", "Unsurprisingly, we use a variant of Floer homology. ", "This semi-infinite dimensional Morse homology associates to this Hamiltonian system a chain complex $CF_{*}^{h}(\\sigma,V,\\tau)$ which is generated by the elements of $\\mathcal{P}_{\\tau}^{h}(\\sigma,V)$ and defines a boundary operator by counting perturbed holomorphic cylinders which asymptotically converge to the periodic orbits. ", "A priori it is far form obvious that this recipe gives a well defined boundary operator. ", "Indeed, the question as to whether Floer’s boundary operator is well-defined or not depends on a difficult compactness result for the perturbed holomorphic curve equation, which cannot be expected to be true in full generality. ", "The main point of the present paper is that under the non-resonant condition from Definition \\[nonres1\\] we can establish this compactness result. ", "The usefulness of Floer homology stems from its invariance under perturbations. ", "If the magnetic field is a *constant* multiple $a_{0}\\mu$ of the volume form $\\mu$ (cf. ", "Definition \\[nonres1\\]) and $\\tau>0$ and $k\\in\\{0,1,2,\\dots,\\}$ are such that $$2\\pi k<\\tau\\left|a_{0}\\right|<2\\pi(k+1),$$ then for the special case $V\\equiv0$ we can directly compute the Floer homology $HF_{*}^{h}(a_{0}\\mu,0,\\tau)$: $$HF_{*}^{h}(a_{0}\\mu,0,\\tau)=\\begin{cases}\nH_{*+2k}(\\mathbb{T}^{2};\\mathbb{Z}), & h=0,\\\\\n0, & h\\ne0.", "\n\\end{cases}\\label{eq:computation}$$ Theorems A and B are immediate consequences of and the aforementioned invariance properties of $HF_{*}^{h}$. Strictly speaking the case $V\\equiv0$ is never non-degenerate. ", "It is however “weakly non-degenerate” in the sense that the Hamiltonian action functional is Morse-Bott. ", "In this case it is still possible to define the Floer homology; see Section \\[sec:Computing-the-Novikov\\] for more information. ", "Theorems A+ and B+ follow via a similar argument.", "\n\nOn a more technical level, there are two additional points of interest in our construction.", "\n\nThe symplectic form $\\omega_{\\sigma}$ is *not atoroidal*. ", "This means that the Hamiltonian action functional (cf. ) ", "is not real valued on the loop space of $T^{*}\\mathbb{T}^{n}$, and one needs to use a suitable *Novikov* cover. ", "Thus the Floer homology $HF_{*}^{h}$ that we construct is actually a Novikov Floer homology.", "\n\n\\[lagrangian remark\\]As is well known, an alternative (more classical) approach to proving results like Theorems A and B is ** the *Lagrangian formulation* where one studies a Lagrangian action functional on the (completed) loop space of $\\mathbb{T}^{2}$, and attempts to define a Morse homology for it. ", "When defined, this Morse homology should agree with the Floer homology. ", "For the flavours of Morse/Floer homology we use in this paper this result is due to Abbondandolo and Schwarz [@AbbondandoloSchwarz2006] and is explained in more detail in this setting in [@FrauenfelderMerryPaternain2012 Appendix A]. ", "In Section \\[sec:The-Lagrangian-Setting\\] we explain how the non-resonance condition from Definition \\[nonres1\\] implies that the Lagrangian action functional satisfies the *Palais-Smale condition*. ", "If $\\sigma$ is sufficiently small (more precisely, if one can take $k=0$ in Definition \\[nonres1\\]) then the Lagrangian action functional is also bounded below, and in this case one can recover Theorems A and B using this functional (see e.g. [@AbbondandoloMajer2006]). ", "However if $k>0$ in Definition \\[nonres1\\] then the Lagrangian action functional is no longer bounded below, and hence one cannot define a Morse homology with it. ", "In fact, shows that for $k>0$, the Floer homology is not the homology of a topological space (it is zero in degree zero) and hence one should not expect to be able to define a Morse homology for the Lagrangian action functional.", "\n\nThe results of this paper were announced in our earlier article [@FrauenfelderMerryPaternain2012].", "\n\nWe are grateful to Felix Schlenk for his helpful comments and discussions. ", "UF is supported by the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation and by the Basic Research fund 2010-0007669 funded by the Korean government. ", "WM is supported by an ETH Postdoctoral Fellowship.", "\n\nPreliminaries\n=============\n\nWe think of $\\mathbb{T}^{2N}$ as being embedded inside $\\mathbb{C}^{2N}$ as $S^{1}\\times\\dots\\times S^{1}$. We denote by $\\left\\langle \\cdot,\\cdot\\right\\rangle $ the standard Euclidean flat metric on $\\mathbb{T}^{2N}$, which comes from the real part of the Hermitian inner product on $\\mathbb{C}^{2N}$, and we denote by $$\\mathtt{j}=\\left(\\begin{array}{cc}\n & -\\mathrm{Id}\\\\\n\\mathrm{Id}\n\\end{array}\\right)$$ the canonical almost complex structure on $\\mathbb{C}^{2N}$.\n\nThe embedding $\\mathbb{T}^{2N}\\subset\\mathbb{C}^{2N}$ induces an embedding of the trivial bundle $T^{*}\\mathbb{T}^{2N}$ inside $\\mathbb{C}^{4N}$. To minimize ambiguity, we write $\\left\\langle \\left\\langle \\cdot,\\cdot\\right\\rangle \\right\\rangle $ for the induced metric on $T^{*}\\mathbb{T}^{2N}$ and $\\mathtt{J}$ for the corresponding almost complex structure on $T^{*}\\mathbb{T}^{2N}$ (thus $\\left\\langle \\left\\langle \\cdot,\\cdot\\right\\rangle \\right\\rangle $ and $\\mathtt{J}$ are defined in the same way as $\\left\\langle \\cdot,\\cdot\\right\\rangle $ and $\\mathtt{j}$, but on $\\mathbb{C}^{4N}$ instead of $\\mathbb{C}^{2N}$). ", "We will freely use the “musical” isomorphism $v\\mapsto\\left\\langle v,\\cdot\\right\\rangle $ to identify $T\\mathbb{T}^{2N}$ with $T^{*}\\mathbb{T}^{2N}$ without further comment. ", "Under this identification $\\left\\langle \\left\\langle \\cdot,\\cdot\\right\\rangle \\right\\rangle $ is the *Sasaki* metric on $T\\mathbb{T}^{2N}$.\n\nIn addition to the isometry $T\\mathbb{T}^{2N}\\cong T^{*}\\mathbb{T}^{2N}$, the metric also determines a *horizontal-vertical splitting* of the tangent bundle $TT^{*}\\mathbb{T}^{2N}$: $$T_{(x,p)}T^{*}\\mathbb{T}^{2N}\\cong T_{x}\\mathbb{T}^{2N}\\oplus T_{x}^{*}\\mathbb{T}^{2N}\\label{eq:hv splitting}$$ which sends a tangent vector $\\xi$ to the pair $\\xi\\mapsto(D\\pi(\\xi),K(\\xi))$; here $K$ is the connection map associated to the Levi-Civita connection $\\nabla$ induced from $\\left\\langle \\cdot,\\cdot\\right\\rangle $. ", "In fact, under our embedding this corresponds to the splitting $\\mathbb{C}^{4N}\\cong\\mathbb{C}^{2N}\\oplus\\mathbb{C}^{2N}$. In particular, if we write $\\xi^{h}:=D\\pi(\\xi)$ and $\\xi^{v}:=K(\\xi)$ then one has $$\\left\\langle \\left\\langle \\xi,\\zeta\\right\\rangle \\right\\rangle =\\left\\langle \\xi^{h},\\zeta^{h}\\right\\rangle +\\left\\langle \\xi^{v},\\zeta^{v}\\right\\rangle .$$ Using this notation, the almost complex structure $\\mathtt{J}$ sends $(\\xi^{h},\\xi^{v})\\mapsto(-\\xi^{v},\\xi^{h})$. The almost complex structure $\\mathtt{J}$ is *compatible* with the standard symplectic structure $d\\lambda$ in the sense that $$d\\lambda(\\mathtt{J}\\cdot,\\cdot)=\\left\\langle \\left\\langle \\cdot,\\cdot\\right\\rangle \\right\\rangle .$$\n\nNow let us introduce a closed 2-form $\\sigma$ on $\\mathbb{T}^{2N}$. Whilst all of what follows in this section is valid for any closed 2-form $\\sigma$, since in this article we will only work with product 2-forms $\\sigma=\\sum_{j=1}^{N}\\mathtt{p}_{j}^{*}\\sigma_{j}$, where each $\\sigma_{j}\\in\\Omega^{2}(\\mathbb{T}^{2})$, we shall restrict to this case right away. ", "Such a 2-form $\\sigma$ is equivalent to an $N$-tuple $(a_{1},\\dots,a_{N})$ of smooth functions $a_{j}:\\mathbb{T}^{2}\\rightarrow\\mathbb{R}$, where $\\sigma_{j}=a_{j}\\mu$. Here $\\mu$ is the volume form on $\\mathbb{T}^{2}$ induced by $\\left\\langle \\cdot,\\cdot\\right\\rangle $.", "\n\nThe metric $\\left\\langle \\cdot,\\cdot\\right\\rangle $ allows us to associate to $\\sigma$ an endomorphism $Y_{\\sigma}$ of $T\\mathbb{T}^{2N}$, called the *Lorentz force*, via $$\\sigma_{x}(v,v')=\\left\\langle Y_{\\sigma}(x)\\cdot v,v'\\right\\rangle .$$\n\nWe denote by $\\mathcal{J}_{\\sigma}$ the open set of almost complex structures $J$ on $T^{*}\\mathbb{T}^{2N}$ that are both *compatible* with $d\\lambda$ and *tamed* **** by $\\omega_{\\sigma}$ - this just means that the bilinear form $d\\lambda(J.,\\cdot)$ is both positive definite and symmetric, and the bilinear form $\\omega_{\\sigma}(J\\cdot,\\cdot)$ is positive definite (but not necessarily symmetric). ", "Unfortunately in general $\\mathtt{J}$ will *not* belong to $\\mathcal{J}_{\\sigma}$. This can be rectified by rescaling. ", "Given $A>0$ we define the rescaled almost complex structure $$\\mathtt{J}_{A}:=\\left(\\begin{array}{cc}\n & -\\tfrac{1}{A}\\cdot\\mathrm{Id}\\\\\nA\\cdot\\mathrm{Id}\n\\end{array}\\right).$$\n\n\\[unitame def\\]Fix $A,\\varepsilon>0$. Let $\\mathcal{U}(\\sigma,A,\\varepsilon)$ denote the set of almost complex structures $J\\in\\mathcal{J}_{\\sigma}$ which are *uniformly tame* in the sense that $$\\omega_{\\sigma}(J\\xi,\\xi)>\\frac{1}{4}d\\lambda(J\\xi,\\xi)\\ \\ \\ \\mbox{for all }\\xi\\in TT^{*}\\mathbb{T}^{2N},\\label{eq:second}$$ and which satisfy $$\\left\\Vert J-\\mathtt{J}_{A}\\right\\Vert _{\\infty}<\\varepsilon.$$ A priori there is no reason why $\\mathcal{U}(\\sigma,A,\\varepsilon)$ should be non-empty. ", "However in [@FrauenfelderMerryPaternain2012 Lemma 2], we proved:\n\n\\[lem:uniformly tame\\]If $\\sigma=\\sum_{j=1}^{N}\\mathtt{p}_{j}^{*}(a_{j}\\mu)$ and $A\\geq\\max_{1\\leq j\\leq N}\\left\\Vert a_{j}\\right\\Vert _{\\infty}$ then for any $0<\\varepsilon<\\tfrac{1}{7}$ the set $\\mathcal{U}(\\sigma,A,\\varepsilon)$ is open and non-empty. ", "More precisely, one has $$B(\\mathtt{J}_{A},\\varepsilon)\\subset\\mathcal{U}(\\sigma,A,\\varepsilon),$$ where $B(\\mathtt{J}_{A},\\varepsilon):=\\left\\{ J\\in\\mathcal{J}_{\\sigma}\\mid\\left\\Vert J-\\mathtt{J}_{A}\\right\\Vert _{\\infty}<\\varepsilon\\right\\} $.", "\n\nWe will also need the following easy result.", "\n\n\\[lem:AS bound\\]Suppose $J$ is an almost complex structure on $T^{*}\\mathbb{T}^{2N}$ which is compatible with $d\\lambda$. Let $\\kappa_{J}$ denote the minimal positive eigenvalue of the positive symmetric operator $-\\mathtt{J}\\circ J$. Then for any $v\\in TT^{*}\\mathbb{T}^{2N}$ one has $$\\left\\langle \\left\\langle v,v\\right\\rangle \\right\\rangle \\leq\\tfrac{1}{\\kappa_{J}}d\\lambda(Jv,v).$$\n\nA simple computation: $$\\begin{aligned}\nd\\lambda(Jv,v) & =d\\lambda(\\mathtt{J}Jv,\\mathtt{J}v)\\\\\n & =\\left\\langle \\left\\langle Jv,\\mathtt{J}v\\right\\rangle \\right\\rangle \\\\\n & =\\left\\langle \\left\\langle -\\mathtt{J}\\circ Jv,v\\right\\rangle \\right\\rangle \\\\\n & \\geq\\kappa_{J}\\left\\langle \\left\\langle v,v\\right\\rangle \\right\\rangle .\\end{aligned}$$\n\nGiven $\\tau>0$ we write $\\mathcal{L}_{\\tau}\\mathbb{T}^{2N}=C^{\\infty}(\\mathbb{S}_{\\tau},\\mathbb{T}^{2N})$. For each $h\\in\\mathbb{Z}^{2N}=\\pi_{1}(\\mathbb{T}^{2N})$ we write $\\mathcal{L}_{\\tau}^{h}\\mathbb{T}^{2N}$ for the component of $\\mathcal{L}_{\\tau}\\mathbb{T}^{2N}$ of loops belonging to the homotopy class $h$. We write $\\mathcal{L}_{\\tau}T^{*}\\mathbb{T}^{2N}$ for the free loop space of the cotangent bundle. ", "We define the $L^{2}$-inner products $\\left\\langle \\cdot,\\cdot\\right\\rangle _{2}$ on $\\mathcal{L}_{\\tau}\\mathbb{T}^{2N}$ and $\\left\\langle \\left\\langle \\cdot.\\cdot\\right\\rangle \\right\\rangle _{2}$ on $\\mathcal{L}_{\\tau}T^{*}\\mathbb{T}^{2N}$ using the metrics $\\left\\langle \\cdot,\\cdot\\right\\rangle $ and $\\left\\langle \\left\\langle \\cdot,\\cdot\\right\\rangle \\right\\rangle $ respectively. ", "Thus $$\\left\\langle \\left\\langle \\xi,\\zeta\\right\\rangle \\right\\rangle _{2}:=\\int_{0}^{\\tau}\\left\\langle \\left\\langle \\xi(t),\\zeta(t)\\right\\rangle \\right\\rangle dt.$$ Let us now rephrase the non-resonance condition in a way that will be more convenient later on. ", "Given $\\gamma\\in\\mathcal{L}_{\\tau}\\mathbb{T}^{2N}$, we denote by $F_{\\sigma}^{\\gamma}\\in\\Gamma(\\gamma^{*}\\mbox{End}(T\\mathbb{T}^{2N}))$ the unique solution to the Cauchy problem $$\\nabla_{t}F_{\\sigma}^{\\gamma}(t)=F_{\\sigma}^{\\gamma}(t)\\circ Y_{\\sigma}(\\gamma(t)),\\ \\ \\ F_{\\sigma}^{\\gamma}(0)=\\mathrm{Id}.\\label{eq:F sigma}$$ Since $Y_{\\sigma}$ is antisymmetric, the operator $F_{\\sigma}^{\\gamma}$ is an orthogonal transformation. ", "If $\\sigma=\\sum_{j=1}^{N}\\mathtt{p}_{j}^{*}(a_{j}\\mu)$ and $$b_{j}^{\\gamma}(t):=\\int_{0}^{t}a_{j}(\\mathtt{p}_{j}(\\gamma(s)))ds$$ then one has for $(v_{1},\\dots,v_{2N})\\in T\\mathbb{T}^{2N}$ that $$F_{\\sigma}^{\\gamma}(t)(v_{1},\\dots,v_{2N})=\\left(\\exp(b_{1}^{\\gamma}(t)\\mathtt{j})(v_{1},v_{2}),\\dots,\\exp(b_{N}^{\\gamma}(t)\\mathtt{j})(v_{2N-1},v_{2N})\\right)$$ where here $\\mathtt{j}$ is the complex structure on $\\mathbb{T}^{2}$ (not $\\mathbb{T}^{2N}$), and each pair $(v_{2j-1},v_{2j})$ is thought of as belonging to $T\\mathbb{T}^{2}$. The following lemma is therefore straightforward.", "\n\n\\[lem:reform of nonres\\]Suppose $\\sigma=\\sum_{j=1}^{N}\\mathtt{p}_{j}^{*}\\sigma_{j}$. Then $\\sigma$ is non-resonant in period $\\tau$ (in the sense of Definitions \\[nonres1\\] and \\[nonres2\\]) if and only if there exists $\\varepsilon>0$ such that for any curve $\\gamma\\in\\mathcal{L}_{\\tau}\\mathbb{T}^{2N}$ and all $v\\in T_{\\gamma(\\tau)}\\mathbb{T}^{2N}$, one has $$\\left|(F_{\\sigma}^{\\gamma}(\\tau)-\\mathrm{Id})v\\right|\\geq\\varepsilon\\left|v\\right|.\\label{eq:alt nonres}$$\n\n\\[more general nonres\\]Of course, one can still define $F_{\\sigma}^{\\gamma}$ even when $\\sigma$ is not of the form $\\sum_{j=1}^{N}\\mathtt{p}_{j}^{*}\\sigma_{j}$. The construction in Section \\[sec:Defining-the-Novikov\\] would go through without any changes if we took as the definition of non-resonance rather than Definitions \\[nonres1\\] and \\[nonres2\\], which thus allows us to define the Floer homology groups $HF_{*}^{h}(\\sigma,V,\\tau)$ for magnetic forms that are not of the form $\\sigma=\\sum_{j=1}^{N}\\mathtt{p}_{j}^{*}\\sigma_{j}$. Nevertheless, we do not know how to calculate $HF_{*}^{h}(\\sigma,V,\\tau)$ unless $\\sigma$ is of this form, which is why Theorem A+ and Theorem B+ are stated for product magnetic forms.", "\n\n\\[sec:Defining-the-Novikov\\]Defining the Novikov Floer homology\n===============================================================\n\nThe Novikov framework\n---------------------\n\nConsider the 1-form $a_{\\sigma}\\in\\Omega^{1}(\\mathcal{L}_{\\tau}\\mathbb{T}^{2N})$ defined by $$a_{\\sigma}(\\gamma)(\\xi):=\\int_{\\mathbb{S}_{\\tau}}\\sigma(\\partial_{t}\\gamma,\\xi)dt.\\label{eq:a sigma}$$ Since $\\sigma$ is closed, $a_{\\sigma}$ is closed, and thus for each $h\\in\\mathbb{Z}^{2N}\\cong\\pi_{1}(\\mathbb{T}^{2N})$ we can define a map $\\Phi_{\\sigma}^{h}:\\pi_{1}(\\mathcal{L}_{\\tau}^{h}\\mathbb{T}^{2N})\\rightarrow\\mathbb{R}$ by $$\\Phi_{\\sigma}^{\\alpha}([f]):=\\int_{S^{1}}f^{*}a_{\\sigma}=\\int_{S^{1}\\times\\mathbb{S}_{\\tau}}f^{*}\\sigma,$$ where we think of a map $f:S^{1}\\rightarrow\\mathcal{L}_{\\tau}^{h}\\mathbb{T}^{2N}$ representing an element $[f]\\in\\pi_{1}(\\mathcal{L}_{\\tau}^{h}\\mathbb{T}^{2N})$ also as a map $f:S^{1}\\times\\mathbb{S}_{\\tau}\\rightarrow\\mathbb{T}^{2N}$.\n\nGiven $h\\in\\mathbb{Z}^{2N}$, thought of as a lattice in $\\mathbb{R}^{2N}$, let $\\widetilde{\\gamma}_{h}:[0,1]\\rightarrow\\mathbb{R}^{2N}$ be defined by $$\\widetilde{\\gamma}_{h}(t):=th.\\label{eq:reference loop}$$ Let $\\gamma_{h}\\in\\mathcal{L}_{1}^{h}\\mathbb{T}^{2N}$ denote the projection $\\gamma_{h}=q\\circ\\widetilde{\\gamma}_{h}$, where $\\mathtt{q}:\\mathbb{R}^{2N}\\rightarrow\\mathbb{T}^{2N}$ denotes the universal cover. ", "Denote by $$\\Gamma_{\\sigma}^{h}:=\\pi_{1}(\\mathcal{L}_{\\tau}^{h}\\mathbb{T}^{2N})/\\ker(\\Phi_{\\sigma}^{h}).$$ Then $\\Gamma_{\\sigma}^{h}$ is a finitely generated free abelian group, $\\Gamma_{\\sigma}^{h}\\cong\\mathbb{Z}^{m}$ for some $m$. $\\Gamma_{\\sigma}^{h}$ is cyclic if and only if $[a_{\\sigma}]\\in H^{1}(\\mathcal{L}_{\\tau}\\mathbb{T}^{2N};\\mathbb{Z})$ is an integral class (see [@Farber2004 Lemma 2.1]), that is, if and only if $\\sigma\\in H^{2}(\\mathbb{T}^{2N};\\mathbb{Z})$ is integral. ", "Let $Q:\\mathbb{L}_{\\tau}^{h}(\\mathbb{T}^{2N},\\sigma)\\rightarrow\\mathcal{L}_{\\tau}^{h}\\mathbb{T}^{2N}$ denote the covering space of $\\mathcal{L}_{\\tau}^{h}\\mathbb{T}^{2N}$ with deck transformation group $\\Gamma_{\\sigma}^{h}$. We call $Q$ a *finite integration cover for* **$\\sigma$** of $\\mathcal{L}_{\\tau}^{h}\\mathbb{T}^{2N}$. An element of $\\mathbb{L}_{\\tau}^{h}(\\mathbb{T}^{2N},\\sigma)$ is an equivalence class $[\\gamma,z]$ of a pair $(\\gamma,z)$, where $\\gamma\\in\\mathcal{L}_{\\tau}^{h}\\mathbb{T}^{2N}$ and $z:[0,1]\\times\\mathbb{S}_{\\tau}\\rightarrow\\mathbb{T}^{2N}$ satisfies $$z(0,t)=\\gamma_{h}(t/\\tau),\\ \\ \\ z(1,t)=\\gamma(t),\\label{eq:bdy cdn-1}$$ and the equivalence relation is given by $$(\\gamma,z_{0})\\sim(\\gamma,z_{1})\\ \\ \\ \\Leftrightarrow\\ \\ \\ [z_{0}\\sharp z_{1}^{-}]\\in\\ker(\\Phi_{\\sigma}^{h}),\\label{eq:equiv relation}$$ where $z_{1}^{-}(s,t):=z_{1}(s,-t)$, and $[z_{0}\\sharp z_{1}^{-}]$ denotes the element of $\\pi_{1}(\\mathcal{L}_{\\tau}^{h}\\mathbb{T}^{2N})$ containing the map $S^{1}\\times\\mathbb{S}_{\\tau}\\rightarrow\\mathbb{T}^{n}$ obtained by gluing $z_{0}$ and $z_{1}^{-}$ along $\\gamma_{h}$.\n\n\\[weakly exact remark\\]Note for $h=0$ one has $\\Phi_{\\sigma}^{0}\\equiv0$ since the lift of $\\sigma$ to the universal cover $\\mathbb{R}^{2N}$ of $\\mathbb{T}^{2N}$ is necessarily exact, and hence $\\int_{S^{2}}f^{*}\\sigma=0$ for any map $f:S^{2}\\rightarrow\\mathbb{T}^{2N}$. Thus for $h=0$ the space $\\mathbb{L}_{\\tau}^{0}(\\mathbb{T}^{2N},\\sigma)$ is exactly $\\mathcal{L}_{\\tau}^{0}\\mathbb{T}^{2N}$.\n\nThe action of $\\Gamma_{\\sigma}^{h}$ on the fibre $Q^{-1}(\\gamma)$ is given by $(f,[\\gamma,z])\\mapsto[\\gamma,z\\sharp f]$, where $f:S^{1}\\times\\mathbb{S}_{\\tau}\\rightarrow\\mathbb{T}^{2N}$ is a representative of $f\\in\\Gamma_{\\sigma}^{h}$, and $z\\sharp f:[0,1]\\times\\mathbb{S}_{\\tau}\\rightarrow\\mathbb{T}^{2N}$ is (a smooth reparametrization of) the map $$(z\\sharp f)(s,t):=\\begin{cases}\nz(2r,t), & 0\\leq r\\leq1/2,\\\\\nf(2r-1,t), & 1/2\\leq r\\leq1.", "\n\\end{cases}\\label{eq:action of fibre}$$ It follows directly from the definition that the one-form $Q^{*}a_{\\sigma}\\in\\Omega^{1}(\\mathbb{L}_{\\tau}^{h}(\\mathbb{T}^{2N},\\sigma))$ is exact. ", "In fact, if $\\mathcal{A}_{\\sigma}:\\mathbb{L}_{\\tau}^{h}(\\mathbb{T}^{2N},\\sigma)\\rightarrow\\mathbb{R}$ is defined by $$\\mathcal{A}_{\\sigma}([\\gamma,z]):=\\int_{[0,1]\\times\\mathbb{S}_{\\tau}}z^{*}\\sigma,\\label{eq:A sigma}$$ then we have $$Q^{*}a_{\\sigma}=d\\mathcal{A}_{\\sigma}.$$ Note that $$\\mathcal{A}_{\\sigma}([\\gamma,z\\#f])=\\mathcal{A}_{\\sigma}([\\gamma,z])+\\Phi_{\\sigma}^{h}(f).$$ Let $\\Lambda_{\\sigma}^{h}$ denote the ***$\\mathbb{Z}_{2}$****-Novikov ring* $$\\Lambda_{\\sigma}^{h}=\\left\\{ \\sum_{k=0}^{\\infty}c_{k}f_{k}\\mid c_{k}\\in\\mathbb{Z}_{2},\\ f_{k}\\in\\Gamma_{\\sigma}^{h},\\ \\Phi_{\\sigma}^{h}(f_{k})\\rightarrow-\\infty\\mbox{ as }k\\rightarrow\\infty\\right\\} ;\\label{eq:novikov ring}$$ The fact that $\\Gamma_{\\sigma}^{h}$ is a finitely generated free abelian group implies that $\\Lambda_{\\sigma}^{h}$ is always a field ([@HoferSalamon1995 Theorem 4.1]).", "\n\n\\[projective line\\]Note that $\\mathbb{L}_{\\tau}^{h}(\\mathbb{T}^{2N},\\sigma)$ and $\\Lambda_{\\sigma}^{h}$ depend only on the projective line in $H^{2}(\\mathbb{T}^{2N};\\mathbb{R})$ determined by $\\sigma$, that is, on $\\{t[\\sigma]\\,:\\, t\\in\\mathbb{R}\\backslash\\{0\\}\\}\\subset H^{2}(\\mathbb{T}^{2N};\\mathbb{R})$. Indeed, it suffices to observe that $\\ker(\\Phi_{t\\sigma+d\\theta}^{h})=\\ker(\\Phi_{\\sigma}^{h})$ for each $t\\in\\mathbb{R}\\backslash\\{0\\}$ and each $\\theta\\in\\Omega^{1}(\\mathbb{T}^{2N})$.\n\nIt will be convenient to view these covering spaces also as covering spaces of the free loop space $\\mathcal{L}_{\\tau}^{h}T^{*}\\mathbb{T}^{2N}$ of $T^{*}\\mathbb{T}^{2N}$. To this end, given $h\\in\\mathbb{Z}^{2N}$, we denote by $\\widehat{Q}:\\mathbb{L}_{\\tau}^{h}(T^{*}\\mathbb{T}^{2N},\\sigma)\\rightarrow\\mathcal{L}_{\\tau}^{h}T^{*}\\mathbb{T}^{2N}$ the cover whose fibre $\\widehat{Q}^{-1}(w)$ over $w\\in\\mathcal{L}_{\\tau}^{h}T^{*}\\mathbb{T}^{2N}$ is simply the fibre $Q^{-1}(\\pi\\circ w)$ for the cover $Q:\\mathbb{L}_{\\tau}^{h}(\\mathbb{T}^{2N},\\sigma)\\rightarrow\\mathcal{L}_{\\tau}^{h}\\mathbb{T}^{2N}$ defined above. ", "In other words, $\\mathbb{L}_{\\tau}^{h}(T^{*}\\mathbb{T}^{2N},\\sigma)$ consists of equivalence classes $[w,z]$ of pairs $(w,z)$, where $w\\in\\mathcal{L}_{\\tau}^{h}T^{*}\\mathbb{T}^{n}$ and $z$ satisfies (with $\\gamma$ replaced by $\\pi\\circ w$), and the equivalence relation is the same as . ", "Note that the group of deck transformations of $\\mathbb{L}_{\\tau}^{h}(T^{*}\\mathbb{T}^{2N},\\sigma)$ is again $\\Gamma_{\\sigma}^{h}$, and the action $(f,[w,z])\\rightarrow[w,z\\sharp f]$ of $\\Gamma_{\\sigma}^{f}$ on the fibre $\\widehat{Q}^{-1}(w)$ is the same as in .", "\n\nNext, given a smooth potential $V\\in C^{\\infty}(\\mathbb{S}_{\\tau}\\times\\mathbb{T}^{2N},\\mathbb{R})$, let $H_{V}\\in C^{\\infty}(\\mathbb{S}_{\\tau}\\times T^{*}\\mathbb{T}^{2N},\\mathbb{R})$ be defined by $$H_{V}(t,x,p)=\\frac{1}{2}\\left|p\\right|^{2}+V(t,x).$$ We define the *Hamiltonian action functional* $\\mathcal{A}_{V}:\\mathcal{L}_{\\tau}^{h}T^{*}\\mathbb{T}^{2N}\\rightarrow\\mathbb{R}$ by $$\\mathcal{A}_{V}(w):=\\int_{\\mathbb{S}_{\\tau}}w^{*}\\lambda-\\int_{0}^{\\tau}H_{V}(t,w)dt.\\label{eq:HAF}$$ It is well known that the set of critical points of $\\mathcal{A}_{V}$ corresponds precisely to the set $\\mathcal{P}_{\\tau}(\\sigma=0,V)$ of solutions to the ODE (with $\\sigma=0$). ", "Fix $h\\in\\mathbb{Z}^{2N}$, and define $$\\mathcal{A}_{\\sigma,V}:\\mathbb{L}_{\\tau}^{h}(T^{*}\\mathbb{T}^{2N},\\sigma)\\rightarrow\\mathbb{R};$$ by $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\mathcal{A}_{\\sigma,V}([w,z]) & :=\\mathcal{A}_{V}(\\widehat{Q}([w,z]))+\\mathcal{A}_{\\sigma}([\\pi\\circ w,z])\\\\\n & =\\int_{\\mathbb{S}_{\\tau}}w^{*}\\lambda-\\int_{0}^{\\tau}H_{V}(t,w)dt+\\int_{[0,1]\\times\\mathbb{S}_{\\tau}}z^{*}\\sigma.\\end{aligned}$$ Then $$\\mathcal{A}_{\\sigma,V}([w,z\\sharp f])=\\mathcal{A}_{\\sigma,V}([w,z])+\\Phi_{\\sigma}^{h}(f),\\ \\ \\ \\mbox{for }f\\in\\Gamma_{\\sigma}^{h},$$ and it is not hard to check that the set $\\mbox{Crit}_{\\tau}^{h}(\\mathcal{A}_{\\sigma,V})$ of critical points of $\\mathcal{A}_{\\sigma,V}$ on $\\mathbb{L}_{\\tau}^{h}(T^{*}\\mathbb{T}^{2N},\\sigma)$ is simply the preimage $\\widehat{Q}^{-1}(\\mathcal{P}_{\\tau}^{h}(\\sigma,V))$: $$\\mbox{Crit}_{\\tau}^{h}(\\mathcal{A}_{\\sigma,V})=\\left\\{ [w,z]\\in\\mathbb{L}_{\\tau}^{h}(\\mathbb{T}^{2N},\\sigma)\\mid w\\in\\mathcal{P}_{\\tau}^{h}(\\sigma,V)\\right\\} .$$ Recall that a critical point $[w,z]$ of $\\mathcal{A}_{\\sigma,V}$ is said to be *non-degenerate* if $$\\det(D\\phi_{\\sigma,V}^{\\tau}(w(0))-\\mathrm{Id})\\neq0,\\label{eq:non deg eq}$$ where $\\phi_{\\sigma,V}^{t}$ denotes the flow of $X_{\\sigma,V}$.\n\nWe say that the triple $(\\sigma,V,\\tau)$ is *non-degenerate* if every element of $\\mbox{Crit}_{\\tau}^{h}(\\mathcal{A}_{\\sigma,V})$ is non-degenerate (for all $h\\in\\mathbb{Z}^{2N})$. Equivalently, $(\\sigma,V,\\tau)$ is non-degenerate if and only if $\\mathcal{A}_{\\sigma,V}:\\mathbb{L}_{\\tau}^{h}(T^{*}\\mathbb{T}^{2N},\\sigma)\\rightarrow\\mathbb{R}$ is a Morse function for all $h\\in\\mathbb{Z}^{2N}$.\n\nThe next result is very standard; a proof for $\\sigma=0$ can be found in [@Weber2002 Theorem 1.1], and the same argument goes through with only minor changes in the general case.", "\n\n\\[thm:transversality\\]For a given closed 2-form $\\sigma\\in\\Omega^{2}(\\mathbb{T}^{2N})$ and a given $\\tau>0$, the set of potentials $V\\in C^{\\infty}(\\mathbb{S}_{\\tau}\\times\\mathbb{T}^{2N},\\mathbb{R})$ for which $(\\sigma,V,\\tau)$ is non-degenerate, is of second category in $C^{\\infty}(\\mathbb{S}_{\\tau}\\times\\mathbb{T}^{2N},\\mathbb{R})$.\n\nSet $$\\mathcal{F}_{\\tau}^{h}(\\sigma,V;\\delta):=\\left\\{ w\\in\\mathcal{L}_{\\tau}^{h}T^{*}\\mathbb{T}^{2N}\\mid\\left\\Vert \\partial_{t}w-X_{\\sigma,V}(t,w)\\right\\Vert _{2}\\leq\\delta\\right\\} .$$ The following lemma explains why the non-resonance condition from Definition \\[nonres1\\] is important.", "\n\n\\[lem:condition\\]Assume $\\sigma$ is non-resonant in period $\\tau$, and let $\\varepsilon>0$ be such that holds. ", "Then for all $w=(\\gamma,p)\\in\\mathcal{F}_{\\tau}^{h}(\\sigma,V;\\delta)$ one has $$\\left\\Vert p\\right\\Vert _{\\infty}\\leq\\left(\\sqrt{\\tau}+\\frac{\\sqrt{2\\tau}}{\\varepsilon}\\right)(\\delta+\\sqrt{\\tau}\\left\\Vert \\nabla V\\right\\Vert _{\\infty}).\\label{eq:linftiy bound}$$\n\nIn terms of the horizontal vertical splitting one has $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\partial_{t}w-X_{\\sigma,V}(t,w) & =\\left(\\begin{array}{c}\n\\partial_{t}\\gamma-p\\\\\n\\nabla_{t}p+Y_{\\sigma}(\\gamma)p+\\nabla V_{t}(\\gamma)\n\\end{array}\\right)\\label{eq:the symp gradient}\\end{aligned}$$ and hence $$\\left\\Vert \\partial_{t}w-X_{\\sigma,V}(t,w)\\right\\Vert _{2}^{2}=\\int_{0}^{\\tau}\\left|\\nabla_{t}p+Y_{\\sigma}(\\gamma)p+\\nabla V_{t}(\\gamma)\\right|^{2}dt+\\int_{0}^{\\tau}\\left|\\partial_{t}\\gamma-p\\right|^{2}dt.$$ Fix $w\\in\\mathcal{F}_{\\tau}^{h}(\\sigma,V;\\delta)$. Since $T^{*}\\mathbb{T}^{2N}\\cong\\mathbb{T}^{2N}\\times\\mathbb{R}^{2N}$ is a trivial vector bundle, it makes sense to consider the path $y=(\\gamma(0),\\eta):[0,\\tau]\\rightarrow T^{*}\\mathbb{T}^{2N}$ by $$\\eta(t):=F_{\\sigma}^{\\gamma}(t)\\cdot p(t),$$ where $F_{\\sigma}^{\\gamma}(t)$ was defined in . ", "Observe that $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\nabla_{t}\\eta & =(\\nabla_{t}F_{\\sigma}^{\\gamma})\\cdot p+F_{\\sigma}^{\\gamma}\\cdot\\nabla_{t}p\\\\\n & =F_{\\sigma}^{\\gamma}(\\nabla_{t}p+Y_{\\sigma}(\\gamma)p),\\end{aligned}$$ Since $F_{\\sigma}^{\\gamma}(t)$ is an orthogonal transformation of $T_{\\gamma(t)}\\mathbb{T}^{2N}$, we have $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\int_{0}^{\\tau}\\left|\\nabla_{t}\\eta(t)\\right|^{2}dt & =\\int_{0}^{\\tau}\\left|\\nabla_{t}p+Y_{\\sigma}(\\gamma)p\\right|^{2}dt\\\\\n & \\leq2\\left(\\int_{0}^{\\tau}\\left|\\nabla_{t}p+Y_{\\sigma}(\\gamma)p+\\nabla V_{t}(\\gamma)\\right|^{2}dt+\\int_{0}^{\\tau}\\left|\\nabla V_{t}(\\gamma)\\right|^{2}dt\\right)\\\\\n & \\leq2\\delta^{2}+2\\tau\\left\\Vert \\nabla V\\right\\Vert _{\\infty}^{2},\\end{aligned}$$ where we used $a^{2}\\leq2(a+b)^{2}+2b^{2}$. Thus in particular, $$\\mbox{dist}(y(0),y(\\tau))\\leq\\int_{0}^{\\tau}\\left|\\nabla_{t}\\eta(t)\\right|dt\\leq\\sqrt{\\tau}\\cdot\\sqrt{2\\delta^{2}+2\\tau\\left\\Vert \\nabla V\\right\\Vert _{\\infty}^{2}},\\label{eq:lower}$$ where $\\mbox{dist}$ is the distance measured with with respect to the metric $\\left\\langle \\left\\langle \\cdot,\\cdot\\right\\rangle \\right\\rangle $ on $T\\mathbb{T}^{2N}$. However since $$\\eta(0)=p(0),\\ \\ \\ \\eta(\\tau)=F_{\\sigma}^{\\gamma}(\\tau)\\cdot p(\\tau),$$ one has $$\\mbox{dist}(y(0),y(\\tau))\\geq\\left|(F_{\\sigma}^{\\gamma}(\\tau)-\\mathrm{Id})p(0)\\right|\\geq\\varepsilon\\left|p(0)\\right|,\\label{eq:upper}$$ where we are using the fact that $\\left\\langle \\cdot,\\cdot\\right\\rangle $ is flat to conclude that the $\\left\\langle \\left\\langle \\cdot,\\cdot\\right\\rangle \\right\\rangle $-geodesic running from $y(0)=(\\gamma(0),\\eta(0))$ to $y(\\tau)=(\\gamma(0),\\eta(\\tau))$ is the straight line in $T_{\\gamma(0)}\\mathbb{T}^{n}$ from $\\eta(0)$ to $\\eta(\\tau)$. Combining and we conclude that $$\\left|p(0)\\right|\\leq\\frac{\\sqrt{\\tau}}{\\varepsilon}\\sqrt{2\\delta^{2}+2\\tau\\left\\Vert \\nabla V\\right\\Vert _{\\infty}^{2}}\\leq\\frac{\\sqrt{2\\tau}}{\\varepsilon}(\\delta+\\sqrt{\\tau}\\left\\Vert \\nabla V\\right\\Vert _{\\infty}).$$ Next, given $s\\in\\mathbb{S}_{\\tau}$ one has $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\left|\\left|p(s)\\right|-\\left|p(0)\\right|\\right| & \\leq\\int_{0}^{s}\\left|\\nabla_{t}(\\left|p(t)\\right|)\\right|dt\\\\\n & \\leq\\int_{0}^{\\tau}\\frac{\\left|\\left\\langle \\nabla_{t}p,p\\right\\rangle \\right|}{\\left|p\\right|}dt\\\\\n & \\overset{(*)}{=}\\int_{0}^{\\tau}\\frac{\\left|\\left\\langle \\nabla_{t}p+Y_{\\sigma}(\\gamma)p,p\\right\\rangle \\right|}{\\left|p\\right|}dt\\\\\n & \\leq\\int_{0}^{\\tau}\\left|\\nabla_{t}p+Y_{\\sigma}(\\gamma)p\\right|dt\\\\\n & \\leq\\int_{0}^{\\tau}\\left|\\nabla_{t}p+Y_{\\sigma}(\\gamma)p+\\nabla V_{t}(\\gamma)\\right|dt+\\int_{0}^{\\tau}\\left|\\nabla V_{t}(\\gamma)\\right|dt\\\\\n & \\leq\\sqrt{\\tau}\\left(\\int_{0}^{\\tau}\\left|\\nabla_{t}p+Y_{\\sigma}(\\gamma)p+\\nabla V_{t}(\\gamma)\\right|^{2}dt\\right)^{1/2}+\\tau\\left\\Vert \\nabla V\\right\\Vert _{\\infty}\\\\\n & \\leq\\sqrt{\\tau}\\left(\\delta+\\sqrt{\\tau}\\left\\Vert \\nabla V\\right\\Vert _{\\infty}\\right),\\end{aligned}$$ where $(*)$ used the fact that $\\left\\langle Y_{\\sigma}(\\gamma)p,p\\right\\rangle =\\sigma_{\\gamma}(p,p)=0$. Thus $$\\max_{t\\in\\mathbb{S}_{\\tau}}\\left|p(t)\\right|\\leq\\left(\\sqrt{\\tau}+\\frac{\\sqrt{2\\tau}}{\\varepsilon}\\right)(\\delta+\\sqrt{\\tau}\\left\\Vert \\nabla V\\right\\Vert _{\\infty}).$$\n\nThe only place in the paper where it is crucial we are working on a torus $\\mathbb{T}^{n}$ is in the preceding lemma. ", "More precisely, and use the fact that $\\mathbb{T}^{n}$ is parallelizable and has a flat metric $\\left\\langle \\cdot,\\cdot\\right\\rangle $.", "\n\n\\[cor:finite\\]Suppose $\\sigma$ is non-resonant in period $\\tau$. Then for any potential $V\\in C^{\\infty}(\\mathbb{S}_{\\tau}\\times\\mathbb{T}^{2N},\\mathbb{R})$, the set $\\mathcal{P}_{\\tau}(\\sigma,V)$ is compact. ", "Thus if $(\\sigma,V,\\tau)$ is non-degenerate then $\\mathcal{P}_{\\tau}(\\sigma,V)$ is a finite set.", "\n\n\\[no non constant solutions\\]In fact, a similar argument shows that if $\\sigma$ is non-resonant in period $\\tau$ then $\\mathcal{P}_{\\tau}(\\sigma,0)$ has no non-constant solutions. ", "Indeed, if $w=(\\gamma,p)$ belongs to $\\mathcal{P}_{\\tau}(\\sigma,0)$ then it follows from that $p=0$ and that $\\gamma$ is constant (cf. ). ", "In particular, this shows that $\\mathcal{P}_{\\tau}^{h}(\\sigma,0)=\\emptyset$ for all $h\\ne0$.\n\nAs mentioned in Remark \\[more general nonres\\], Lemma \\[lem:condition\\], Corollary \\[cor:finite\\] and Remark \\[no non constant solutions\\] all go through if we take the validity of \\[eq:alt nonres\\] to be the definition of non-resonance.", "\n\n\\[sub:Moduli-spaces\\]Moduli spaces\n----------------------------------\n\nFrom now on we assume that $\\sigma$ is non-resonant in period $\\tau$, and $(\\sigma,V,\\tau)$ is non-degenerate. ", "Fix two critical points $[w^{-},z^{-}],[w^{+},z^{+}]\\in\\mbox{Crit}_{\\tau}^{h}(\\mathcal{A}_{\\sigma,V})$. Write $\\sigma=\\sum_{j=1}^{N}\\mathtt{p}_{j}^{*}(a_{j}\\mu)$, and choose $A\\geq\\max_{1\\leq j\\leq N}\\left\\Vert a_{j}\\right\\Vert _{\\infty}$. We will work with paths $\\{J_{t}\\}_{t\\in\\mathbb{S}_{\\tau}}\\subset\\mathcal{U}(\\sigma,A,\\varepsilon_{0})$, where the set $\\mathcal{U}(\\sigma,A,\\varepsilon_{0})$ was defined in Definition \\[unitame def\\], and $\\varepsilon_{0}>0$ is a small constant to be specified later. ", "Lemma \\[lem:uniformly tame\\] shows that such paths $\\{J_{t}\\}$ exist, and moreover that a sufficiently small perturbation $\\{J'_{t}\\}$ of $\\{J_{t}\\}$ still belongs to $\\mathcal{U}(\\sigma,A,\\varepsilon_{0})$. This means that it makes sense to talk about a “generic” family $\\{J_{t}\\}\\subset\\mathcal{U}(\\sigma,A,\\varepsilon)$.\n\nDenote by $$\\mathcal{M}_{\\tau}^{h}([w^{-},z^{-}],[w^{+},z^{+}],\\sigma,V,\\{J_{t}\\})$$ the set of smooth maps $u:\\mathbb{R}\\times\\mathbb{S}_{\\tau}\\rightarrow T^{*}\\mathbb{T}^{2N}$ which satisfy the *Floer equation****:*** $$\\partial_{s}u+J_{t}(u)(\\partial_{t}u-X_{\\sigma,V}(t,u))=0,\\label{eq:floer}$$ and which submit to the asymptotic conditions $$\\lim_{s\\rightarrow\\pm\\infty}u(s,t)=w^{\\pm}(t),\\ \\ \\ \\lim_{s\\rightarrow\\pm\\infty}\\partial_{s}u(s,t)=0,\\ \\ \\ \\mbox{uniformly in }t,$$ and which in addition satisfy $$[w^{+},z^{-}\\sharp(\\pi\\circ\\bar{u})]=[w^{+},z^{+}].$$ Here $\\bar{u}:[0,1]\\times\\mathbb{S}_{\\tau}\\rightarrow T^{*}\\mathbb{T}^{2N}$ is the compactification of $u$ (such a map $\\bar{u}$ exists as the convergence of $u(s,t)$ to $w^{\\pm}(t)$ as $s\\rightarrow\\pm\\infty$ is exponentially fast due to the assumption that $[w^{\\pm},z^{\\pm}]$ are non-degenerate), and $z^{-}\\sharp(\\pi\\circ\\bar{u})$ denotes (a smooth reparametrization) of the map $$(z^{-}\\sharp(\\pi\\circ\\bar{u}))(r,t)=\\begin{cases}\nz^{-}(2r,t), & 0\\leq r\\leq1/2,\\\\\n(\\pi\\circ\\bar{u})(2r-1,t), & 1/2\\leq r\\leq1.", "\n\\end{cases}$$ We can consider $u\\in\\mathcal{M}_{\\tau}^{h}([w^{-},z^{-}],[w^{+},z^{+}],\\sigma,V,\\{J_{t}\\})$ as a map $\\widehat{u}:\\mathbb{R}\\rightarrow\\mathbb{L}_{\\tau}^{h}(T^{*}\\mathbb{T}^{2N},\\sigma)$ as follows. ", "Write $u(s,t)=(x(s,t),p(s,t))$, and set $$\\widehat{u}(s):=[u(s,\\cdot),z(s)],\\label{eq:uhat}$$ where $z(s)$ is (a smooth reparametrization) of the cylinder obtained by gluing $z^{-}$ onto the cylinder $\\{x(r,t)\\}_{(r,t)\\in(-\\infty,s]\\times\\mathbb{S}_{\\tau}}$. Thus $\\widehat{u}$ is a flow line of $\\mathcal{A}_{\\sigma,V}$: $$\\partial_{s}\\widehat{u}+\\nabla_{J_{t}}\\mathcal{A}_{\\sigma,V}(\\widehat{u}(s))=0,$$ where $\\nabla_{J_{t}}\\mathcal{A}_{\\sigma,V}$ denotes the vector field on $\\mathbb{L}_{\\tau}^{h}(T^{*}\\mathbb{T}^{2N},\\sigma)$ defined by $$\\nabla_{J_{t}}\\mathcal{A}_{\\sigma,V}([w,z]):=J_{t}(w)(\\partial_{t}w-X_{\\sigma,V}(t,w)).$$\n\n\\[lem:claim 1\\]If $u\\in\\mathcal{M}_{\\tau}^{h}([w^{-},z^{-}],[w^{+},z^{+}],\\sigma,V,\\{J_{t}\\})$ then $$\\left\\Vert \\partial_{s}u\\right\\Vert _{2}^{2}\\leq4\\sup_{t\\in\\mathbb{S}_{\\tau}}\\tfrac{1}{\\kappa_{J_{t}}}\\left(\\mathcal{A}_{\\sigma,V}([w^{-},z^{-}])-\\mathcal{A}_{\\sigma,V}([w^{+},z^{+}]\\right),$$ where $\\kappa_{J_{t}}>0$ denote the minimal positive eigenvalue of $-\\mathtt{J}\\circ J_{t}$, as in Lemma \\[lem:AS bound\\].", "\n\nWe compute: $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\left\\Vert \\partial_{s}u\\right\\Vert _{2}^{2} & \\overset{\\textrm{def}}{=}\\int_{-\\infty}^{\\infty}\\int_{0}^{\\tau}\\left\\langle \\left\\langle \\partial_{s}u,\\partial_{s}u\\right\\rangle \\right\\rangle dtds\\\\\n & \\leq\\sup_{t\\in\\mathbb{S}_{\\tau}}\\frac{1}{\\kappa_{J_{t}}}\\int_{-\\infty}^{\\infty}\\int_{0}^{\\tau}d\\lambda(J_{t}\\partial_{s}u,\\partial_{s}u)udtds\\\\\n & \\leq4\\sup_{t\\in\\mathbb{S}_{\\tau}}\\frac{1}{\\kappa_{J_{t}}}\\int_{-\\infty}^{\\infty}\\int_{0}^{\\tau}\\omega_{\\sigma}(J_{t}\\partial_{s}u,\\partial_{s}u)dtds\\\\\n & =4\\sup_{t\\in\\mathbb{S}_{\\tau}}\\frac{1}{\\kappa_{J_{t}}}\\left(\\lim_{s\\rightarrow-\\infty}\\mathcal{A}_{\\sigma,V}(\\widehat{u}(s))-\\lim_{s\\rightarrow\\infty}\\mathcal{A}_{\\sigma,V}(\\widehat{u}(s))\\right)\\\\\n & =4\\sup_{t\\in\\mathbb{S}_{\\tau}}\\frac{1}{\\kappa_{J_{t}}}\\left(\\mathcal{A}_{\\sigma,V}([w^{-},z^{-}])-\\mathcal{A}_{\\sigma,V}([w^{+},z^{+}])\\right).\\end{aligned}$$\n\nWe now wish to prove that the moduli spaces $\\mathcal{M}_{\\tau}^{h}([w^{-},z^{-}],[w^{+},z^{+}],\\sigma,V,\\{J_{t}\\})$ have good compactness properties. ", "The next result is an easy consequence of Lemma \\[lem:condition\\].", "\n\n\\[lem:claim 2\\]There exists a constant $T>0$ such that if $$u=(x,p)\\in\\mathcal{M}_{\\tau}^{h}([w^{-},z^{-}],[w^{+},z^{+}],\\sigma,V,\\{J_{t}\\})$$ then $$\\left\\Vert p(s,\\cdot)\\right\\Vert _{2}\\leq T\\left(1+\\left\\Vert \\partial_{s}u(s,\\cdot)\\right\\Vert _{2}\\right).$$\n\nThe following theorem is the central result of this section.", "\n\n\\[thm:AS1\\]There exists $\\varepsilon_{0}>0$ such that if $\\{J_{t}\\}_{t\\in\\mathbb{S}_{\\tau}}\\subset\\mathcal{U}(\\sigma,A,\\varepsilon_{0})$ then for any pair $(C,E)\\subseteq\\mathbb{R}\\times[0,\\infty)$, there exists a compact set $K(A,C,E)\\subseteq T^{*}\\mathbb{T}^{2N}$ with the following property: Suppose $[w^{\\pm},z^{\\pm}]\\in\\mbox{\\emph{Crit}}_{\\tau}^{h}(\\mathcal{A}_{\\sigma,V})$ satisfy $$\\mathcal{A}_{\\sigma,V}([w^{-},z^{-}])\\leq C,$$ $$\\mathcal{A}_{\\sigma,V}([w^{-},z^{-}])-\\mathcal{A}_{\\sigma,V}([w^{+},z^{+}])\\leq E.$$ Then if $u\\in\\mathcal{M}_{\\tau}^{h}([w^{-},z^{-}],[w^{+},z^{+}],\\sigma,V,\\{J_{t}\\})$ one has $$u(\\mathbb{R}\\times\\mathbb{S}_{\\tau})\\subseteq K(A,C,E).$$\n\nTheorem \\[thm:AS1\\] can be proved following Abbondandolo and Schwarz’ method in [@AbbondandoloSchwarz2006], as we now explain. ", "The method has two distinct stages. ", "The first stage appears as Lemma 1.12 in [@AbbondandoloSchwarz2006], and asserts that under the hypotheses of the theorem, $ $there exists a constant $S(A,C,E)>0$ such that for any $u=(x,p)$ belonging to $\\mathcal{M}_{\\tau}^{h}([w^{-},z^{-}],[w^{+},z^{+}],\\sigma,V,\\{J_{t}\\})$, and any interval $\\mathbb{I}\\subseteq\\mathbb{R}$ it holds that $$\\left\\Vert p|_{\\mathbb{I}\\times\\mathbb{S}_{\\tau}}\\right\\Vert _{2}\\leq S(C,E)\\left|\\mathbb{I}\\right|^{1/2},\\ \\ \\ \\left\\Vert \\nabla p|_{\\mathbb{I}\\times\\mathbb{S}_{\\tau}}\\right\\Vert _{2}\\leq S(C,E)\\left(\\left|\\mathbb{I}\\right|^{1/2}+1\\right).\\label{eq:first stage}$$ A careful inspection of their proof shows that everything apart from Claim 1 and Claim 2 goes through verbatim in our case. ", "Claim 1 however is precisely the statement of Lemma \\[lem:claim 1\\], and Claim 2 is precisely the statement of Lemma \\[lem:claim 2\\]. ", "The second stage appears as Theorem 1.14 in [@AbbondandoloSchwarz2006]. ", "The proof then uses Calderon-Zygmund estimates for the Cauchy-Riemann operator, together with certain interpolation inequalities, to upgrade equation to the full statement of Theorem \\[thm:AS1\\]. ", "It is this stage that requires $\\sup_{t\\in\\mathbb{S}_{\\tau}}\\left\\Vert J_{t}-\\mathtt{J}_{A}\\right\\Vert $ to be sufficiently small (for some $A>0$), and thus which determines the constant $\\varepsilon_{0}>0$ referred to at the start of this section. ", "Anyway, provided that this is satisfied, the proof of this stage goes through word for word in our situation.", "\n\nThe Novikov chain complex\n-------------------------\n\nWe continue to assume that $\\sigma$ is non-resonant in period $\\tau$, and $(\\sigma,V,\\tau)$ is non-degenerate. ", "For each $w\\in\\mathcal{P}_{\\tau}^{h}(\\sigma,V)$, let $\\mu_{\\textrm{CZ}}(w)$ denote the *Conley-Zehnder index* **** of $w$. In order to define the Conley-Zehnder index we choose a vertical preserving symplectic trivialization (see [@AbbondandoloSchwarz2006]); the fact that $c_{1}(T^{*}M,\\omega_{\\sigma})=0$ means that that the value of $\\mu_{\\textrm{CZ}}(w)$ is independent of this choice of trivialization. ", "Note however that our sign conventions match those of [@AbbondandoloSchwarz2010] not [@AbbondandoloSchwarz2006]. ", "The non-degeneracy condition **** **** implies that $\\mu_{\\textrm{CZ}}(w)$ is always an integer.", "\n\nGiven $j\\in\\mathbb{Z}$ let $$\\mathcal{P}_{\\tau}^{h}(\\sigma,V)_{j}:=\\{w\\in\\mathcal{P}_{\\tau}^{h}(\\sigma,V)\\mid\\mu_{\\textrm{CZ}}(w)=j\\},$$ $$\\mbox{Crit}_{\\tau}^{h}(\\mathcal{A}_{\\sigma,V})_{j}:=\\{[w,z]\\in\\mbox{Crit}_{\\tau}^{h}(\\mathcal{A}_{\\sigma,V})\\mid\\mu_{\\textrm{CZ}}(w)=j\\}.$$ It follows from Theorem \\[thm:AS1\\] that for a generic family $\\{J_{t}\\}_{t\\in\\mathbb{S}_{\\tau}}\\subset\\mathcal{U}(\\sigma,A,\\varepsilon_{0})$ the moduli spaces $\\mathcal{M}_{\\tau}^{h}([w^{-},z^{-}],[w^{+},z^{+}],\\sigma,V,\\{J_{t}\\})$ all carry the structure of a $(\\mu_{\\textrm{CZ}}(w^{-})-\\mu_{\\textrm{CZ}}(w^{+}))$-dimensional manifold. ", "Moreover if $\\mu_{\\textrm{CZ}}(w^{-})=\\mu_{\\textrm{CZ}}(w^{+})+1$ then the quotient space $$\\mathcal{M}_{\\tau}^{h}([w^{-},z^{-}],[w^{+},z^{+}],\\sigma,V,\\{J_{t}\\})/\\mathbb{R}$$ is a finite set. ", "We define the *Novikov Floer chain group* as $$\\begin{aligned}\nCF_{j}^{h}(\\sigma,V,\\tau): & =\\left\\{ \\sum_{k=0}^{\\infty}c_{k}[w_{k},z_{k}]\\mid\\mu_{\\textrm{CZ}}(w_{k})=j,\\ \\mathcal{A}_{\\sigma,V}([w_{k},z_{k}])\\rightarrow\\infty\\mbox{ as }k\\rightarrow\\infty\\right\\} .\\\\\n & \\cong\\mathcal{P}_{\\tau}^{h}(\\sigma,V)_{j}\\otimes\\Lambda_{\\sigma}^{h}.\\end{aligned}$$ Thus $CF_{j}^{h}(\\sigma,V,\\tau)$ is a $\\#\\mathcal{P}_{\\tau}^{h}(\\sigma,V)_{j}$-dimensional vector space over $\\Lambda_{\\sigma}^{h}$ (note our assumptions imply $\\mathcal{P}_{\\tau}^{h}(\\sigma,V)$ is a finite set, cf. ", "Corollary \\[cor:finite\\]). ", "The boundary operator $\\partial_{J_{t}}:CF_{j}\\rightarrow CF_{j-1}$ is defined by $$\\partial_{J_{t}}([w,z]):=\\sum_{[w',z']\\in\\textrm{Crit}_{\\tau}^{h}(\\mathcal{A}_{\\sigma,V})_{j-1}}n([w,z],[w',z'])\\,[w',z'],\\ \\ \\ [w,z]\\in\\mbox{Crit}_{\\tau}^{h}(\\mathcal{A}_{\\sigma,V})_{j},$$ where $$n([w,z],[w',z']):=\\#_{2}\\mathcal{M}_{\\tau}^{h}([w,z],[w',z'],\\sigma,V,\\{J_{t}\\})/\\mathbb{R}.$$ The fact that the boundary operator is well defined (i.e. $\\partial_{J_{t}}([w,z])$ is a well defined element of $CF_{j-1}$) is an immediate consequence of Theorem \\[thm:AS1\\].", "\n\nA standard Floer-theoretic argument, as explained in [@HoferSalamon1995 Section 5], tells us that $\\partial_{J_{t}}\\circ\\partial_{J_{t}}=0$, and hence we may define the *Novikov Floer homology* **** $HF_{*}^{h}(\\sigma,V,\\tau)$ to be the homology of the chain complex $\\{CF_{*}^{h}(\\sigma,V,\\tau),\\partial_{J_{t}}\\}$. Moreover $HF_{*}^{h}(\\sigma,V,\\tau)$ is independent (up to canonical isomorphism) of the choice family of almost complex structures $\\{J_{t}\\}_{t\\in\\mathbb{S}_{\\tau}}\\subset\\mathcal{U}(\\sigma,A,\\varepsilon_{0})$ (see for instance [@AbbondandoloSchwarz2006 Theorem 1.19]), which explains why we may safely omit it from our notation.", "\n\n\\[dealing with the degenerate case\\]Suppose that $\\sigma$ is non-resonant in period $\\tau$ but that $(\\sigma,V,\\tau)$ is degenerate. ", "By Theorem \\[thm:transversality\\] we can make an arbitrarily small perturbation of the potential $V$ to a new one $V'$ such that $(\\sigma,V',\\tau)$ is non-degenerate. ", "Moreover if $V''$ is another such perturbation then by Theorem \\[thm:continuations\\] below we have $HF_{*}^{h}(\\sigma,V',\\tau)\\cong HF_{*}^{h}(\\sigma,V'',\\tau)$. In other words, we can still define $HF_{*}^{h}(\\sigma,V,\\tau)$ even when $(\\sigma,V,\\tau)$ is degenerate, by simply setting $$HF_{*}^{h}(\\sigma,V,\\tau)\\overset{\\textrm{def}}{=}HF_{*}^{h}(\\sigma,V',\\tau)$$ for any potential $V'$ such that $\\left\\Vert V-V'\\right\\Vert _{\\infty}$ is sufficiently small and such that $(\\sigma,V',\\tau)$ is non-degenerate.", "\n\nInvariance\n----------\n\nIn this section we prove invariance through exact deformations of the magnetic form $\\sigma$, and deformations of the potential $V$. Fix a **** 1-form $\\theta\\in\\Omega^{1}(\\mathbb{T}^{2N})$, and set $$\\sigma_{s}:=\\sigma+sd\\theta.$$ Fix $\\tau>0$ and assume that:\n\n- $\\sigma_{s}$ is non-resonant in period $\\tau$ for all $s\\in[0,1]$.\n\nNote that $\\Lambda_{\\sigma_{s}}^{h}\\equiv\\Lambda_{\\sigma}^{h}$ for all $s\\in[0,1]$ (cf. ", "Remark \\[projective line\\]). ", "Suppose $V_{0},V_{1}\\in C^{\\infty}(\\mathbb{S}_{\\tau}\\times\\mathbb{T}^{2N},\\mathbb{R})$. Set $$V_{s}:=(1-s)V_{0}+sV_{1}.$$ Assume that:\n\n- For generic $s\\in[0,1]$, and in particular for $s=0,1$, all the triples $(\\sigma_{s},V_{s},\\tau)$ are non-degenerate.", "\n\nUnder these conditions we have proved that the Floer homologies $HF_{*}^{h}(\\sigma_{0},V_{0},\\tau)$ and $HF_{*}^{h}(\\sigma_{1},V_{1},\\tau)$ are both well defined. ", "We now wish to prove they are isomorphic.", "\n\n\\[thm:continuations\\]Under the above assumptions there exists a continuation map $$\\Psi:CF_{*}^{h}(\\sigma_{0},V_{0},\\tau)\\rightarrow CF_{*}^{h}(\\sigma_{1},V_{1},\\tau)$$ inducing an isomorphism $$\\psi:HF_{*}^{h}(\\sigma_{0},V_{0},\\tau)\\rightarrow HF_{*}^{h}(\\sigma_{1},V_{1},\\tau).\\label{eq:first iso}$$\n\nThe key ingredient needed to prove Theorem \\[thm:continuations\\] is the following proposition, which proves *energy estimates* **** for certain $s$-dependent trajectories. ", "Fix a smooth cutoff function $\\beta:\\mathbb{R}\\rightarrow[0,1]$ satisfying $\\beta(s)\\equiv0$ for $s\\leq0$ and $\\beta(s)\\equiv1$ for $s\\geq1$, with $0\\leq\\beta'(s)\\leq2$ for all $s\\in\\mathbb{R}$.\n\n\\[prop:energy estimates\\]There exists $\\delta>0$ with the following property. ", "Suppose $0=s_{0}<s_{1}<\\dots<s_{N}=1$ satisfies $$\\max_{j}(s_{j+1}-s_{j})<\\delta,$$ and set $$\\beta_{j}(s):=s_{j}+\\beta(s)(s_{j+1}-s_{j}),$$ $$\\sigma_{s}^{j}:=\\sigma+\\beta_{j}(s)d\\theta,\\ \\ \\ \\sigma^{j}:=\\sigma_{s_{j}},$$ $$V_{s}^{j}(t,x):=V_{\\beta_{j}(s)}(t,x),\\ V^{j}:=V_{s_{j}}.$$ Then given any $E\\in\\mathbb{R}$ there exists $R(E)>0$ with the following property: for any $j=0,1,\\dots,N-1$, if $[w^{-},z^{-}]\\in\\mbox{\\emph{Crit}}_{\\tau}^{h}(\\mathcal{A}_{\\sigma^{j},V^{j}})$ and $[w^{+},z^{+}]\\in\\mbox{\\emph{Crit}}_{\\tau}^{h}(\\mathcal{A}_{\\sigma^{j+1},V^{j+1}})$ satisfy $$\\mathcal{A}_{\\sigma^{j},V^{j}}([w^{-},z^{+}])-\\mathcal{A}_{\\sigma^{j+1},V^{j+1}}([w^{+},z^{+}])\\leq E,$$ then given any solution $$u\\in\\mathcal{M}_{\\tau}^{h}([w^{-},z^{-}],[w^{+},z^{+}],\\sigma_{s}^{j},V_{s}^{j},\\{J_{t}\\})$$ (where the moduli space of $s$-dependent solutions is defined analogously to before) it holds that $$\\left\\Vert \\partial_{s}u\\right\\Vert _{2}^{2}\\leq R(E).$$\n\nFix $j\\in\\{0,1,\\dots,N-1\\}$. As in Section \\[sub:Moduli-spaces\\], it is convenient to interpret a map $u(s,t)=(x(s,t),p(s,t))$ as in the statement of the proposition also as a map $\\widehat{u}:\\mathbb{R}\\rightarrow\\mathbb{L}_{\\tau}^{h}(T^{*}\\mathbb{T}^{2N},\\sigma)$ as in . ", "Thus $\\widehat{u}$ is a flow line of $\\mathcal{A}_{\\sigma_{s}^{j},V_{s}^{j}}$: $$\\partial_{s}\\widehat{u}+\\nabla_{J_{t}}\\mathcal{A}_{\\sigma_{s}^{j},V_{s}^{j}}(\\widehat{u}(s))=0.$$ Set $$\\Delta(u):=\\int_{-\\infty}^{\\infty}\\left|\\left(\\frac{\\partial}{\\partial s}\\mathcal{A}_{\\sigma_{s}^{j},V_{s}^{j}}\\right)(\\widehat{u}(s))\\right|ds.$$ We first bound $\\left|\\Delta(u)\\right|$ in terms of $\\left\\Vert \\partial_{s}u\\right\\Vert _{2}^{2}$. Note that $$\\left|\\left(\\frac{\\partial}{\\partial s}\\mathcal{A}_{\\sigma_{s}^{j},V_{s}^{j}}\\right)(\\widehat{u}(s))\\right|\\leq\\left|\\int_{0}^{\\tau}\\left(\\frac{\\partial}{\\partial s}V_{s}^{j}\\right)(u(s,\\cdot))dt\\right|+\\left|\\left(\\frac{\\partial}{\\partial s}\\mathcal{A}_{\\sigma_{s}^{j}}\\right)([x(s,\\cdot),z(s)])\\right|.$$ We can estimate the first term via $$\\left|\\int_{0}^{\\tau}\\left(\\frac{\\partial}{\\partial s}V_{s}^{j}\\right)(u(s,\\cdot))dt\\right|\\leq2\\delta\\tau\\left\\Vert V_{1}-V_{0}\\right\\Vert _{\\infty}.$$ For the second term we have $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\left|\\left(\\frac{\\partial}{\\partial s}\\mathcal{A}_{\\sigma_{s}^{j}}\\right)([x(s,\\cdot),z(s)])\\right| & \\leq2\\delta\\left|\\int_{\\mathbb{S}_{\\tau}}x(s,\\cdot)^{*}\\theta\\right|+2\\delta\\left|\\int_{S^{1}}\\gamma_{h}^{*}\\theta\\right|\\\\\n & \\leq2\\delta\\left\\Vert \\theta\\right\\Vert _{\\infty}\\left\\Vert \\partial_{t}x(s,\\cdot)\\right\\Vert _{1}+2\\delta\\left|\\int_{S^{1}}\\gamma_{h}^{*}\\theta\\right|,\\end{aligned}$$ where the reference loops $\\gamma_{h}$ were defined in and $$\\left\\Vert \\partial_{t}x(s,\\cdot)\\right\\Vert _{1}:=\\int_{0}^{\\tau}\\left|\\partial_{t}x(s,\\cdot)\\right|dt.$$ We now estimate $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\left\\Vert \\partial_{t}x(s,\\cdot)\\right\\Vert _{1} & \\leq\\sqrt{\\tau}\\left\\Vert \\partial_{t}x(s,\\cdot)\\right\\Vert _{2}\\\\\n & \\leq\\sqrt{\\tau}\\left(1+\\left\\Vert \\partial_{t}x(s,\\cdot)\\right\\Vert _{2}^{2}\\right)\\\\\n & \\leq\\sqrt{\\tau}\\left(1+\\sup_{t\\in\\mathbb{S}_{\\tau}}\\left\\Vert J_{t}\\right\\Vert _{\\infty}^{2}\\left\\Vert \\partial_{s}u(s,\\cdot)\\right\\Vert _{2}^{2}+\\left\\Vert p(s,\\cdot)\\right\\Vert _{2}^{2}\\right),\\end{aligned}$$ where the last line follows from taking horizontal components of the equation $$\\partial_{t}u=J_{t}(u)\\partial_{s}u+X_{\\sigma_{s}^{j},V_{s}^{j}}(t,u)$$ (cf. ). ", "Set\n\n$$C_{1}:=2\\sqrt{\\tau}\\left\\Vert \\theta\\right\\Vert _{\\infty}$$ $$C_{2}:=\\sup_{t\\in\\mathbb{S}_{\\tau}}\\left\\Vert J_{t}\\right\\Vert _{\\infty}^{2},$$ $$C_{3}:=2\\sqrt{\\tau}\\left\\Vert \\theta\\right\\Vert _{\\infty}+2\\tau\\left\\Vert V_{1}-V_{0}\\right\\Vert _{\\infty}+2\\left|\\int_{S^{1}}\\gamma_{h}^{*}\\theta\\right|.$$ We have shown $$\\Delta(u)\\leq C_{1}\\delta\\left\\Vert p|_{[0,1]\\times\\mathbb{S}_{\\tau}}\\right\\Vert _{2}^{2}+C_{1}C_{2}\\delta\\left\\Vert \\partial_{s}u\\right\\Vert _{2}^{2}+C_{3}\\delta.$$ It follows from Lemma \\[lem:condition\\] that there exists a constant $T>0$ such that $$\\left\\Vert p|_{[0,1]\\times\\mathbb{S}_{\\tau}}\\right\\Vert \\leq T(1+\\left\\Vert \\partial_{s}u|_{[0,1]\\times\\mathbb{S}_{\\tau}}\\right\\Vert )$$ (cf. ", "Lemma \\[lem:claim 2\\]), and hence $$\\left\\Vert p|_{[0,1]\\times\\mathbb{S}_{\\tau}}\\right\\Vert ^{2}\\leq3T^{2}(1+\\left\\Vert \\partial_{s}u|_{[0,1]\\times\\mathbb{S}_{\\tau}}\\right\\Vert ^{2}).$$ and hence we can estimate $$\\Delta(u)\\leq(3C_{1}T^{2}+C_{1}C_{2})\\delta\\left\\Vert \\partial_{s}u\\right\\Vert _{2}^{2}+(3C_{1}T^{2}+C_{3})\\delta.$$ Next, the conclusion of Lemma \\[lem:claim 1\\] becomes: $$\\left\\Vert \\partial_{s}u\\right\\Vert _{2}^{2}\\leq4\\sup_{t\\in\\mathbb{S}_{\\tau}}\\tfrac{1}{\\kappa_{J_{t}}}(E+\\Delta(u)),$$ where as $\\kappa_{J_{t}}$ was defined in Lemma \\[lem:AS bound\\]. ", "Thus provided we choose $\\delta$ small enough such that $$4\\sup_{t\\in\\mathbb{S}_{\\tau}}\\tfrac{1}{\\kappa_{J_{t}}}(3C_{1}T^{2}+C_{1}C_{2})\\delta<\\tfrac{1}{2},$$ we obtain $$\\left\\Vert \\partial_{s}u\\right\\Vert _{2}^{2}\\leq8\\sup_{t\\in\\mathbb{S}_{\\tau}}\\tfrac{1}{\\kappa_{J_{t}}}(E+(3C_{1}T^{2}+C_{3})\\delta).$$ This completes the proof.", "\n\nProposition \\[prop:energy estimates\\] is precisely what is needed in order to extend Theorem \\[thm:AS1\\] to $s$-dependent trajectories (see [@AbbondandoloSchwarz2006 Lemma 1.21] - in particular the statements of Claim 1’ and Claim 2’). ", "One now applies a standard adiabatic argument to complete the proof of Theorem \\[thm:continuations\\]; see for instance [@Salamon1999] for more details.", "\n\n\\[sec:Computing-the-Novikov\\]Computing the Novikov Floer homology\n=================================================================\n\nHaving defined the Floer homology $HF_{*}^{h}(\\sigma,V,\\tau)$ for any magnetic field $\\sigma$ which is non-resonant in period $\\tau$, and any potential $V$ (if $(\\sigma,V,\\tau)$ is degenerate then one first perturbs $V$, as in Remark \\[dealing with the degenerate case\\]), we now proceed to compute it.", "\n\nSuppose we work on $\\mathbb{T}^{2}$ with $\\sigma=a_{0}\\mu$ for some $a_{0}\\in\\mathbb{R}$ such that $a_{0}\\tau\\notin2\\pi\\mathbb{Z}$. By Remark \\[no non constant solutions\\] one has $\\mathcal{P}_{\\tau}^{h}(\\sigma,0)=\\emptyset$ whenever $h\\ne0$, and for $h=0$ one has $\\mathcal{P}_{\\tau}^{h}(\\sigma,0)\\cong\\mathbb{T}^{2}$. This immediately implies that $HF_{*}^{h}(\\sigma,0,\\tau)=0$ for $h\\ne0$, since in this case $(\\sigma,0,\\tau)$ is vacuously non-degenerate when restricted to non-contractible critical points. ", "In the contractible component $(\\sigma,0,\\tau)$ is *not* non-degenerate on the contractible component, since the critical set is diffeomorphic to $\\mathbb{T}^{2}$. So far if we wanted to compute $HF_{*}^{0}(\\sigma,0,\\tau)$ we would first choose a small perturbation $V^{\\varepsilon}$ and then define $$HF_{*}^{0}(\\sigma,0,\\tau)\\overset{\\textrm{def}}{=}HF_{*}^{0}(\\sigma,V^{\\varepsilon},\\tau).\\label{eq:def}$$ However there is a much easier method. ", "Indeed, whilst $\\mathcal{A}_{\\sigma,0}$ is not a Morse function on $\\mathcal{L}_{\\tau}^{0}T^{*}\\mathbb{T}^{2}$, it *is* a *Morse-Bott* function. ", "This gives an alternative way to compute $HF_{*}^{0}(\\sigma,0,\\tau)$. One first picks an additional Morse function $f$ of the critical point set (in this case, a Morse function $f$ on $\\mathbb{T}^{2}$), and then counts *gradient flow lines with cascades* of the pair $(\\mathcal{A}_{\\sigma,0},f)$. We emphasize that this is a particularly simple instance of Morse-Bott Floer homology, since there the critical manifold is connected. ", "The correct grading to assign in the Morse-Bott case is given by $$\\mu_{f}(w):=\\mu_{\\textrm{CZ}}(w)-\\tfrac{1}{2}\\dim_{w}\\mbox{Crit}(\\mathcal{A}_{a\\mu,0})+\\mbox{ind}_{f}(w),\\ \\ \\ \\mbox{for }w\\in\\mbox{Crit}(f)\\subset\\mbox{Crit}(\\mathcal{A}_{a\\mu,0}),$$ where $\\dim_{w}\\mbox{Crit}(\\mathcal{A}_{a\\mu,0})$ denotes the local dimension of $\\mbox{Crit}(\\mathcal{A}_{a\\mu,0})$ at $w$, and $\\mbox{ind}_{f}(w)$ denotes the Morse index of $w$ as a critical point of $f$. In our case this simplifies to $$\\mu_{f}(w)=\\mu_{0}-1+\\mbox{ind}_{f}(w),$$ where $\\mu_{0}\\in\\mathbb{Z}$ is the common value $$\\mu_{0}=\\mu_{\\textrm{CZ}}(\\mbox{constant loop}).\\label{eq:mu 0}$$\n\nAnyway, this gives a new Floer homology group $HF_{*}^{0}(\\sigma,0,\\tau)^{\\textrm{MB}}$, which does not depend on the choice of Morse function. ", "Moreover for any sufficiently small perturbation $V^{\\varepsilon}$, one has $$HF_{*}^{0}(\\sigma,0,\\tau)^{\\textrm{MB}}\\cong HF_{*}^{0}(\\sigma,V^{\\varepsilon},\\tau).$$ We refer the reader to [@Frauenfelder2004 Appendix A] or [@BaeFrauenfelder2010 Section 2.3] for more information. ", "Since the critical manifold is simply $\\mathbb{T}^{2}$ in our case, we immediately obtain $$HF_{*}^{0}(\\sigma,0,\\tau)\\cong H_{*+\\mu_{0}-1}(\\mathbb{T}^{2};\\mathbb{Z}_{2})\\label{eq:index d}$$ where $\\mu_{0}$ was defined in . ", "In Lemma \\[lem:fourier\\] below we show that $\\mu_{0}=2k+1$ where $k$ is the unique integer such that $2\\pi k<\\left|a_{0}\\right|\\tau<2\\pi(k+1)$.\n\nNow suppose $\\sigma$ is non-resonant in period $\\tau$ and $V$ is any potential such that $(\\sigma,V,\\tau)$ is non-degenerate. ", "Let $a_{0}:=\\int_{\\mathbb{T}^{2}}\\sigma$. Then $a_{0}\\mu-\\sigma$ is exact, say $a_{0}\\mu-\\sigma=d\\theta$. Thus if we set $\\sigma_{s}:=\\sigma+sd\\theta$, and we choose a generic homotopy from $V_{s}$ from $V=V_{0}$ to $V^{\\varepsilon}=V_{1}$, we can apply Theorem \\[thm:continuations\\], together with and , to deduce that $$HF_{*}^{h}(\\sigma,V,\\tau)\\cong HF_{*}^{h}(a_{0}\\mu,0,\\tau)\\cong\\begin{cases}\nH_{*+2k}(\\mathbb{T}^{2};\\mathbb{Z}), & h=0,\\\\\n0, & h\\ne0,\n\\end{cases},$$ where as before $k$ is the unique integer such that $2\\pi k<\\left|a_{0}\\right|\\tau<2\\pi(k+1)$. Theorems A and B now follow by standard arguments. ", "Indeed, if $(\\sigma,V,\\tau)$ is non-degenerate then since $\\mbox{rank}\\, HF_{*}^{0}(\\sigma,V,\\tau)=\\mbox{rank}\\, H_{*+2k}(\\mathbb{T}^{2};\\mathbb{Z}_{2})=4$, we immediately see that $\\#\\mathcal{P}_{\\tau}^{0}(\\sigma,V)$ is at least four. ", "The argument is more involved in the degenerate case, but standard; see for instance [@LeOno1996] or [@AlbersHein2013].", "\n\nFinally to deal with the case $N>1$ we first argue as above to see that if $\\sigma=\\sum_{j=1}^{N}\\mathtt{p}_{j}^{*}(a_{j}\\mu)$ for constants $a_{j}\\in\\mathbb{R}$ such that $a_{j}\\tau\\notin2\\pi\\mathbb{Z}$ then $$HF_{*}^{h}(\\sigma,0,\\tau)=\\begin{cases}\nH_{*+2k}(\\mathbb{T}^{2N};\\mathbb{Z}), & h=0,\\\\\n0, & h\\ne0,\n\\end{cases}$$ where $k=\\sum_{j=1}^{N}k_{j}$ and $k_{j}$ is the unique integer such that $2\\pi k_{j}<\\left|a_{j}\\right|\\tau<2\\pi(k_{j}+1)$. Then in the general case where $\\sigma=\\sum_{j=1}^{N}\\mathtt{p}_{j}^{*}\\sigma_{j}$, with each $\\sigma_{j}\\in\\Omega^{2}(\\mathbb{T}^{2})$ non-resonant, we use the exact non-resonant deformation $\\sigma_{s}:=\\sigma+sd\\theta$, where $\\theta=\\sum_{j=1}^{N}\\mathtt{p}_{j}^{*}\\theta$, and $\\theta_{j}$ 1-form on $\\mathbb{T}^{2N}$ satisfying $$d\\theta_{j}=\\left(\\int_{\\mathbb{T}^{2}}\\sigma_{j}\\right)\\mu-\\sigma_{j}.$$ Now Theorems A+ and B+ follow similarly.", "\n\n\\[sec:The-Lagrangian-Setting\\]The Lagrangian setting\n====================================================\n\nIn this section we briefly outline the “Lagrangian” method, with the aim of explaining Remark \\[lagrangian remark\\] from the Introduction. ", "In this setting rather than working with the free loop space $\\mathcal{L}_{\\tau}\\mathbb{T}^{2N}$ we work with its *Sobolev completion* $\\widetilde{\\mathcal{L}}_{\\tau}\\mathbb{T}^{2N}:=W^{1,2}(\\mathbb{S}_{\\tau},\\mathbb{T}^{2N})$. Unlike $\\mathcal{L}_{\\tau}\\mathbb{T}^{2N}$, the space $\\widetilde{\\mathcal{L}}_{\\tau}\\mathbb{T}^{2N}$ carries the structure of a Hilbert manifold, and therefore is much better suited for doing Morse homology. ", "In this section we use the Hilbert product $\\left\\langle \\cdot,\\cdot\\right\\rangle _{1,2}$ on $\\widetilde{\\mathcal{L}}_{\\tau}\\mathbb{T}^{2N}$ defined by $$\\left\\langle \\xi,\\zeta\\right\\rangle _{1,2}:=\\int_{0}^{\\tau}\\left\\langle \\xi(t),\\zeta(t)\\right\\rangle dt+\\int_{0}^{\\tau}\\left\\langle \\nabla_{t}\\xi,\\nabla_{t}\\zeta\\right\\rangle dt.$$ We restrict our attention to the contractible component $\\widetilde{\\mathcal{L}}_{\\tau}^{0}\\mathbb{T}^{2N}$; thus the functional $\\mathcal{A}_{\\sigma}$ from is well defined on $\\widetilde{\\mathcal{L}}_{\\tau}^{0}\\mathbb{T}^{2N}$ itself (cf. ", "Remark \\[weakly exact remark\\]). ", "As before fix a time dependent potential $V\\in C^{\\infty}(\\mathbb{S}_{\\tau}\\times\\mathbb{T}^{2N},\\mathbb{R})$ and set $$L_{V}(t,x,v):=\\frac{1}{2}\\left|v\\right|^{2}-V(t,x).$$ The *Lagrangian action functional* $\\mathcal{S}_{\\sigma,V}$ is defined as the sum $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\mathcal{S}_{\\sigma,V}(\\gamma): & =\\mathcal{S}_{V}(\\gamma)+\\mathcal{A}_{\\sigma}(\\gamma),\\end{aligned}$$ where $\\mathit{\\mathcal{S}_{V}}$ is the *standard* **** Lagrangian action functional\n\n$$\\mathcal{S}_{V}(\\gamma):=\\int_{0}^{\\tau}L_{V}(t,\\gamma(t),\\partial_{t}\\gamma(t))dt.$$ The following lemma is straightforward.", "\n\nA loop $\\gamma\\in\\widetilde{\\mathcal{L}}_{\\tau}^{0}\\mathbb{T}^{2N}$ is a critical point of $\\mathcal{S}_{\\sigma,V}$ if and only if there exists $w\\in\\mathcal{P}_{\\tau}^{0}(\\sigma,V)$ such that $\\pi\\circ w=\\gamma$.\n\nRecall that a $C^{1}$-functional $\\mathcal{S}:\\mathcal{M}\\rightarrow\\mathbb{R}$ on a Riemannian Hilbert manifold $\\mathcal{M}$ satisfies the *Palais-Smale condition* **** if every sequence $(x_{k})\\subseteq\\mathcal{M}$ for which $\\mathcal{S}(x_{k})$ is bounded and $\\left\\Vert d\\mathcal{S}(x_{k})\\right\\Vert \\rightarrow0$ admits a convergent subsequence (here $\\left\\Vert \\cdot\\right\\Vert $ denotes the dual norm on $T_{x_{k}}^{*}\\mathcal{M}$). ", "We wish to prove:\n\n\\[thm:PS\\]Suppose $\\sigma$ is non-resonant in period $\\tau$. Then for any potential $V\\in C^{\\infty}(\\mathbb{S}_{\\tau}\\times\\mathbb{T}^{2N},\\mathbb{R})$, the functional $\\mathcal{S}_{\\sigma,V}$ satisfies the Palais-Smale condition.", "\n\nTo see this note that $$d\\mathcal{S}_{\\sigma,V}(\\gamma)[\\xi]=\\int_{0}^{\\tau}\\left\\langle -\\nabla_{t}\\partial_{t}\\gamma-Y_{\\sigma}(\\gamma)\\partial_{t}\\gamma-\\nabla V_{t}(\\gamma),\\xi\\right\\rangle dt,$$ and hence if $(\\gamma_{k})$ is a sequence such that $\\left\\Vert d\\mathcal{S}_{\\sigma,V}(\\gamma_{k})\\right\\Vert =o(1)$ then $$\\int_{0}^{\\tau}\\left|\\nabla_{t}\\partial_{t}\\gamma_{k}+Y_{\\sigma}(\\gamma_{k})\\partial_{t}\\gamma_{k}+\\nabla V_{t}(\\gamma_{k})\\right|^{2}dt=o(1).$$ Thus by an argument very similar to Lemma \\[lem:condition\\] one has that $$\\int_{0}^{\\tau}\\left|\\partial_{t}\\gamma_{k}\\right|^{2}dt=O(1).$$ Now the standard argument, which was originally due to Benci [@Benci1986], goes through, as explained in [@FrauenfelderMerryPaternain2012 Appendix A].", "\n\nIdeally one would like to use $\\mathcal{S}_{\\sigma,V}$ to define a *Morse complex* $CM_{*}^{0}(\\sigma,V,\\tau)$ whose generators are the critical points of $\\mathcal{S}_{\\sigma,V}$. The homology of this complex should compute the singular homology of the space $\\widetilde{\\mathcal{L}}_{\\tau}^{0}\\mathbb{T}^{2N}$. Moreover one expects that when defined, the homology $HM_{*}^{0}(\\sigma,V,\\tau)$ should be isomorphic to the Floer homology $HF_{*}^{0}(\\sigma,V,\\tau)$. In our setting such a construction is possible if and only if the functional $\\mathcal{S}_{\\sigma,V}$ is bounded below. ", "We refer the reader to [@AbbondandoloMajer2006] for more information on the Morse complex, and to [@AbbondandoloSchwarz2006] for the idea behind the isomorphism between the Morse and Floer homologies. ", "Here we note only the following point.", "\n\nTake $N=1$ and $\\sigma=a\\mu$ for some $a\\in\\mathbb{R}$. Assume that $a\\tau\\notin2\\pi\\mathbb{Z}$, and consider the functional $\\mathcal{S}_{a\\mu,V}:\\widetilde{\\mathcal{L}}_{\\tau}^{0}\\mathbb{T}^{2N}\\rightarrow\\mathbb{R}$. Then the functional $\\mathcal{S}_{a\\mu,V}$ is bounded below if and only if $\\left|a\\tau\\right|<2\\pi$.\n\nThe fact that $\\mathcal{S}_{a\\mu,V}$ is bounded below for $\\left|a\\tau\\right|<2\\pi$ was proved in [@FrauenfelderMerryPaternain2012 Appendix A]. ", "Let us show that $\\mathcal{S}_{a\\mu,V}$ is not bounded below if $\\left|a\\tau\\right|>2\\pi$. It suffices to consider the case $V=0$. Let $\\widetilde{\\gamma}_{R}:\\mathbb{S}_{\\tau}\\rightarrow\\mathbb{R}^{2N}$ denote a circle of radius $R$ with centre the origin (explicitly $\\widetilde{\\gamma}_{R}(t):=Re^{2\\pi it/\\tau}$), and let $\\gamma_{R}:=\\mathtt{q}\\circ\\widetilde{\\gamma}_{R}$, where $\\mathtt{q}:\\mathbb{R}^{2N}\\rightarrow\\mathbb{T}^{2N}$ denotes the projection map of the universal cover. ", "Then $$\\mathcal{S}_{a\\mu,0}(\\gamma_{R})=\\frac{\\pi R^{2}}{\\tau}\\left(\\frac{2\\pi}{\\tau}-a\\right),$$ which for $a\\tau>2\\pi$ tends to $-\\infty$ as $R\\rightarrow\\infty$ (if $a<0$ one should consider $t\\mapsto\\widetilde{\\gamma}_{R}(\\tau-t)$ instead).", "\n\nFinally, we compute the index jump $d$ referred to in .", "\n\n\\[lem:fourier\\]Take $N=1$ and $\\sigma=a\\mu$ for some $a\\in\\mathbb{R}$. Assume that $a\\tau\\notin2\\pi\\mathbb{Z}$, and let $k_{0}\\in\\mathbb{Z}$ denote the unique integer such that $$2\\pi k_{0}<\\left|a\\right|\\tau<2\\pi(k_{0}+1).$$ Consider the functional $\\mathcal{A}_{a\\mu,0}:\\mathcal{L}_{\\tau}^{0}\\mathbb{T}^{2}\\rightarrow\\mathbb{R}$. Then the Conley-Zehnder index $\\mu_{0}$ of a constant solution is given by $$\\mu_{0}=2k_{0}+1.$$\n\nFor simplicity we take $\\tau=1$ and assume $a>0$ in what follows. ", "It is easier to make the computation on the Lagrangian side, and then use the classical result due originally to [@Duistermaat1976] that relates the Conley-Zehnder index with the Morse index of the corresponding solution on the Lagrangian side.", "\n\nMoreover to compute the Morse index it is convenient to use a Fourier expansion. ", "If $\\gamma\\in\\mathcal{L}_{0}\\mathbb{T}^{2}$ then we can write $$\\gamma(t)=\\sum_{k\\in\\mathbb{Z}}e^{2\\pi kt\\mathtt{j}}\\gamma_{k}.$$ Then one easily checks that $$\\mathcal{S}_{a\\mu,0}(\\gamma)=\\sum_{k\\in\\mathbb{Z}}\\left(2\\pi^{2}k^{2}-a\\pi k\\right)\\left|\\gamma_{k}\\right|^{2}.$$ From this we can read off that the Morse index of a constant solution is $$\\mbox{ind}_{\\mathcal{S}_{a\\mu,0}}(\\mbox{constant})=2\\cdot\\#\\left\\{ k\\in\\mathbb{Z}\\mid(2\\pi k-a)k<0\\right\\} =2k_{0},$$ where the $2$ comes from the fact that the Fourier series have complex coefficients. ", "The relation between this Morse index and the Conley-Zehnder index is given by $$\\mu_{\\textrm{CZ}}(w)=\\mbox{ind}_{\\mathcal{S}_{a\\mu,0}}(\\pi\\circ w)+\\frac{1}{2}\\dim_{w}\\mbox{Crit}(\\mathcal{A}_{a\\mu,0})$$ (see [@AbbondandoloPortaluriSchwarz2008 Section 4] for a detailed proof of this result in the case $\\sigma=0$, and see [@Merry2011a Theorem 4.4] for justification as to why this result still holds for non-zero $\\sigma$). ", "Thus we have $$\\mu_{0}=2k_{0}+1$$ as claimed.", "\n" ]

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[ "Sex-specific effects of long-term exposure to bisphenol-A on anxiety- and depression-like behaviors in adult mice.", "\nHumans are routinely exposed to low levels of bisphenol A (BPA), an environmental endocrine disruptor, which is widely used in the production of polycarbonate plastics. ", "The effects of perinatal exposure to BPA have been shown to affect various aspects of social behaviors such as anxiety and depression in adult offspring. ", "Because sex hormones play a critical role in neurobehavior in adulthood, it is possible that long-term exposure to BPA has widespread effects on these emotional behaviors in adulthood. ", "In the present study, adult mice were exposed to BPA at dosages of 0.04, 0.4, 4, 40 mg kg(-1)d(-1) for 12 weeks. ", "A behavioral assay was performed using the open field test (OFT), mirrored maze, the elevated plus maze (EPM), and the forced swim task. ", "The results showed that, after exposure to BPA at 0.4-40 mg kg(-1)d(-1), the number of open arm entries and the time spent in them in the elevated plus maze task were reduced in males but increased in females, and thus eliminating or reversing sex differences in these behaviors. ", "BPA at 0.04-40 mg kg(-1)d(-1) increased the immobility of male mice in the forced swimming test. ", "Furthermore, BPA (0.4-40 mg kg(-1)d(-1)) significantly decreased brain level of testosterone in males, but no significant influence was found in serum and the brain levels of estradiol in females. ", "Western blot analysis further indicated that BPA at 0.4, 4, or 40 mg kg(-1)d(-1) significantly down-regulated the protein level of estrogen receptor β (ERβ) in the hippocampus of the adult males but not females, and inhibited the protein level of GABA(A)α2 receptor in hippocampus of males but promoted that of females. ", "These results suggest that long-term exposure to BPA sex specifically affects anxiety- and depression-like behaviors in adult mice. ", "Changes in the levels of GABA(A)α2 receptor and ERβ proteins of hippocampus might be associated with BPA-induced changes in these emotional behaviors." ]

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