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"Article content\n\nTORONTO — Federal Conservative Leader Andrew Scheer shrugged off suggestions Tuesday that Ontario’s premier was overshadowing him on matters of importance to the national Conservative cause, saying they simply shared common goals.",
"\n\nScheer faced pointed questions about Doug Ford’s political influence after meeting with the Progressive Conservative premier at Ontario’s legislature, where the pair discussed issues including their opposition to the federal Liberal carbon pricing plan.",
"\n\nWe apologize, but this video has failed to load.",
"\n\ntap here to see other videos from our team. ",
"Try refreshing your browser, or Andrew Scheer says he and Doug Ford are working toward same goals Back to video\n\nFord has been a strong critic of the tax, launching a court challenge against it and raising his opposition to it during recent trips to meet with Conservative political leaders in Saskatchewan and Alberta.",
"\n\nScheer, when asked whose brand was stronger, said he and Ford were both working toward improving life for Canadians.",
"\n\n“The issue here is who’s on the right side of the people of Ontario and the right side of Canadians,” Scheer said. “",
"The brand I’m closely associated with is the brand of lowering costs for Canadians, making life more affordable and standing up to new taxes.”"
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"A C-terminal lobe of the beta subunit of Na,K-ATPase and H,K-ATPase resembles cell adhesion molecules.",
"\nThe beta subunit of Na,K-ATPase is required for stabilization and maturation of the catalytic alpha subunits and is also involved in cell adhesion and establishing epithelial cell polarity. ",
"However, the mechanism of cell adhesion effects and protein partners of beta are unknown. ",
"We have applied fold recognition methods to predict that a C-terminal domain of the beta subunits of Na,K-ATPase and H,K-ATPase has an immunoglobulin-like fold, which resembles cell adhesion molecules. ",
"Comparison of the predicted C-terminal domain with a recently published structure of shark rectal gland Na,K-ATPase at 2.4 A in which alpha, beta, and FXYD subunits were resolved confirms that the beta subunit ectodomain contains an immunoglobulin-like structure. ",
"Expression in Escherichia coli of a sequence corresponding to the C-terminal domain, followed by its purification, refolding, and circular dichroism analysis, shows that the domain is independently stable with prominent beta sheet secondary structure, as predicted. ",
"Proteolytic digestion of the purified detergent-soluble recombinant Na,K-ATPase (alpha1beta1) is also indicative of a stable C-terminal domain of beta in the native complex. ",
"The major conclusion of this work is consistent with prior evidence for a role of the beta subunit in cell-cell adhesion, and it attributes that function largely to the C-terminal lobe of the beta ectodomain. ",
"In the light of these findings, we discuss its role in cell adhesion and recognition of the beta subunits of Na,K-ATPase, including potential protein partners."
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"Hepatitis C virus RNA tests: performance attributes and their impact on clinical utility.",
"\nThe diagnostic market is driven by the burden of disease in the population and the ease or difficulty of disease diagnosis. ",
"The efficacy of available therapeutics determines the need for monitoring. ",
"Hepatitis C virus currently affects approximately 3% of the world's population, although the overall response rate to the best available therapies is 56%. ",
"Research regarding hepatitis C virus remains elusive due to lack of an efficient cell culture system. ",
"Diagnosis and monitoring of active hepatitis C virus infection therefore rely on sophisticated molecular tests. ",
"This review will focus on current molecular tests for hepatitis C virus RNA and the performance attributes that these tests require for accurate diagnosis and monitoring of infection."
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"Ratanpur Union\n\nRatanpur () is a union parishad situated at the southwest side of Kaliganj Upazila, Satkhira District, Khulna Division of Bangladesh.",
"\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Unions of Kaliganj Upazila\nCategory:Unions of Satkhira District"
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"Michael Frontzeck\n\nMichael Frontzeck (born 26 March 1964) is a German football coach and former footballer. ",
"For the (West) German national football team, he earned 19 caps and was in the squad for Euro 1992.",
"\n\nPlaying career\nFrontzeck began his career in the Bundesliga in 1982 with Borussia Mönchengladbach. ",
"From 1989 to 1994, he played for VfB Stuttgart as left wing back. ",
"He returned to Borussia Mönchengladbach for the season 1995–96 but then had his first stay abroad in the 1996–97 season with Manchester City. ",
"After playing for SC Freiburg and a last season for Borussia Mönchengladbach, he ended his player career in May 2000.",
"\n\nHe played for the German national team from 1984 to 1992 in a total of 19 games and won a runners-up medal in UEFA Euro 1992.",
"\n\nCoaching career\nFrontzeck started as assistant coach of Borussia Mönchengladbach from 2000 to 2003 and for Hannover 96 from 2004 to 2005. ",
"He was head coach of Alemannia Aachen from 13 September 2006 until the end of the season 2006–07 when he resigned due to the club's relegation. ",
"In January 2008, he was named head coach of Arminia Bielefeld and took over for interim head coach Detlev Dammeier after the winter break. ",
"Eventually, it was announced that his contract was extended until 2010 but on 17 May 2009, Frontzeck was fired.",
"\n\nBorussia Mönchengladbach\nOn 3 June 2009, Borussia Mönchengladbach announced Frontzeck's return to the team as new head coach. ",
"He signed a two-year-contract until 30 June 2011. ",
"Following the loss against FC St. Pauli on 13 February 2011 Frontzeck was released as head coach by the club management of Borussia Mönchengladbach. ",
"He finished with a record of 16 wins, 14 draws, and 31 losses.",
"\n\nFC St. Pauli\nOn 3 October 2012, he was named new manager of FC St. Pauli replacing André Schubert. ",
"He was sacked on 6 November 2013. ",
"He finished with a record of 15 wins, 10 draws, and 5 losses.",
"\n\nHannover 96\nHe was appointed the new head coach of Hannover 96 on 20 April 2015. ",
"His first match was a 2–1 loss to 1899 Hoffenheim. ",
"To finish out the 2014–15 season, Hannover defeated FC Augsburg and SC Freiburg, both by a 2–1 scoreline, and two draws against VfL Wolfsburg and Werder Bremen. ",
"The win against Augsburg was Hannover's first win of 2015. ",
"On 28 May 2015, Hannover removed the interim tag and gave Frontzeck a two–year contract. ",
"He resigned on 21 December 2015. ",
"He finished with a record of seven wins, four draws, and 13 losses.",
"\n\n1. ",
"FC Kaiserslautern\nOn 1 February 2018, Frontzeck was appointed the new manager of 1. ",
"FC Kaiserslautern, replacing Jeff Strasser. ",
"His first match was a 2–1 win against Eintracht Braunschweig on 4 February 2018. ",
"He was sacked on 1 December 2018.",
"\n\nCoaching record\n\nHonours\n\nClub\nBorussia M'gladbach\nDFB-Pokal finalist: 1983–84\n\nVfB Stuttgart\nBundesliga champion: 1991–92\n\nInternational\nGermany\nUEFA European Football Championship runner-up: 1992\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\nCategory:1964 births\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:Sportspeople from Mönchengladbach\nCategory:Expatriate footballers in England\nCategory:German footballers\nCategory:German expatriate footballers\nCategory:German football managers\nCategory:Germany international footballers\nCategory:Germany under-21 international footballers\nCategory:UEFA Euro 1992 players\nCategory:Borussia Mönchengladbach players\nCategory:VfB Stuttgart players\nCategory:VfL Bochum players\nCategory:Manchester City F.C. players\nCategory:SC Freiburg players\nCategory:Premier League players\nCategory:Bundesliga players\nCategory:2. ",
"Bundesliga players\nCategory:Arminia Bielefeld managers\nCategory:Alemannia Aachen managers\nCategory:Borussia Mönchengladbach managers\nCategory:1. ",
"FC Kaiserslautern managers\nCategory:Hannover 96 managers\nCategory:Bundesliga managers\nCategory:2. ",
"Bundesliga managers\nCategory:3. ",
"Liga managers\nCategory:Footballers from North Rhine-Westphalia\nCategory:German expatriate sportspeople in England\nCategory:Association football defenders"
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"What is the Port of Seattle thinking?",
"\n\nAs we head up to Labor Day, it’s good to know that at least one guy has a job. ",
"Two, actually. ",
"Tay Yoshitani has his position as chief executive of the Port of Seattle, paying almost $367,000 a year. ",
"Now he’s also a board member of Expeditors International, making another $230,000.",
"\n\nNot surprisingly, the side gig is being questioned by 13 King County legislators. ",
"In a letter to port commissioners, the lawmakers state, “It appears to the public that Mr. Yoshitani may directly and personally benefit by giving Expeditors’ customers a competitive advantage over other Port of Seattle customers,” the letter states. “[",
"A]s Port CEO he has the power to prioritize his personal profit over the public mission of the taxpayer-supported Port of Seattle.”",
"\n\nThe port’s response? ",
"No problem. ",
"Yoshitani’s contract allows him to serve on corporate boards on his own time. ",
"And, according to Commissioner Tom Albro, the Expeditors position “was reviewed by the port’s general counsel to ensure compliance with the port’s Code of Conduct for employees and for any potential conflict of interest before he joined the board.” ",
"I’m not a lawyer, but this doesn’t pass the smell test, much less the common sense test.",
"\n\nAs the self-proclaimed “travel agent for freight,” Expeditors would be involved in a raft of direct and indirect business touching the port. ",
"No potential conflict of interest? ",
"In a by-no-means exhaustive look at other major ports, I couldn’t find another example. ",
"Patrick Foye, executive director of the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey, served on a board: Of the Metropolitan Transportation Authority. ",
"At the Port of Los Angeles, chief Geraldine Knatz also was on a board, the American Association of Port Authorities. ",
"But I can’t find one who is a director of a publicly traded corporation, much less one involved in the shipping business.",
"\n\nWhat are the port leaders, and specifically Yoshitani, a smart and capable man, thinking? ",
"The seaport has just suffered the loss of a major portion of its container business, with the move of the Grand Alliance to Tacoma. ",
"In the dispute over the horrid conditions facing drayage truck drivers, a shameful example of the exploitation of “independent contractors,” the port came off as insensitive and out of touch. ",
"Meanwhile, the Century Agenda, while a fine aspirational document, still lacks specifics about how the seaport will face growing competitive threats. ",
"Among them: the wider Panama Canal, Prince Rupert and Tacoma. ",
"Amid all this, the port chose a very public battle against the proposed Sonics arena, as if it’s an “either/or” choice, rather than working constructively behind the scenes to ensure improved infrastructure and protection of industrial zoning. ",
"These challenges wouldn’t seem to leave much “on his own time” time for Yoshitani to be moonlighting.",
"\n\nIt would be harsh to wonder if Yoshitani sees disarray and dysfunction at his employer and has decided to cash in while he can. ",
"But people are wondering just that. ",
"It’s time for the port to remember, as it parses “conflicts of interest,” that it serves the public interest.",
"\n\nIn pulling out of plans for HQ2 in the Big Apple, Amazon has met a force it can't overcome. ",
"Facing the kind of political opposition and media scrutiny that only comes in New York, New York, the giant folded."
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"Covid-19 Update: We've taken precautionary measures to enable all staff to work away from the office. ",
"These changes have already rolled out with no interruptions, and will allow us to continue offering the same great service at your busiest time in the year.",
"\n\nIncreased diversity in our educational institutions as a result of modern globalisation has led to many different racial and linguistic backgrounds integrating together in schools. ",
"The impact on the British education system has thus seen a rise in the influx of children from different ethnic backgrounds. ",
"Despite the implementation of various policies to ensure that every child, regardless of ethnicity, social class and gender, has the access to the best education, the debate around inequality in education has still focused on the evidence of the underachievement of particular racial groups in our education system. ",
"The debate is a very complex one, and it requires looking at how each three variables interlink, since any one alone cannot account for the variation. ",
"This paper will attempt to discuss them, whilst critically analysing why and how they play such a critical role on an individual child’s educational attainment, and whether or not it should concern us as practitioners.",
"\n\nThe underperformance of certain ethnic minority children, in particular black African-Caribbean pupils, is well documented in the Swann Report (1985), which highlighted how this group of children perform consistently worse compared to their counterparts. ",
"The report also recognised that teacher racism, low expectations and stereotyping contribute to poorer performance. ",
"Indeed, pupils themselves in the report cited that there tended to be an emphasis on physical ability rather than academic, and thus felt stereotyped that they were only any good for their sports abilities. ",
"Institutional racism can play a vital role in the breakdown of rapport between teacher and pupil, which would almost certainly affect their educational attainment. ",
"Wright (1992) found in his observational research that children of African-Caribbean heritage saw their typical schooling experience as one of high teacher expectation for poor behaviour, high incidences of teacher disproval, criticism and control. ",
"Similarly, Gillborn (1990) supports these findings, by highlighting how children in his study felt they were singled out for criticism, even though several pupils of different ethnic origins were engaged in the same behaviour. ",
"White students at the school confirmed these observations on unfair and frequent criticism. ",
"Thus, discrimination may influence how a child is treated within the educational institution and therefore may impede their learning opportunities within the classroom. ",
"Indeed, Sewell (1997) sought to focus on the interactions between teachers and African-Caribbean pupils with particular regard to the constructs of black masculinity and the tensions around their heritage. ",
"He found that the teachers in the survey displayed more control and criticism of these compared to other ethnic groups. ",
"Moreover, general staff views were negative. ",
"There was a high teacher expectation for challenges to teacher authority and inappropriate behaviour. ",
"Sewell (1997) concluded that there was a failure to deliver an inclusive curriculum, and to tackle institutional racism. ",
"This evidence clearly shows how a child’s ethnic background can contribute to a negative learning environment which can affect their chances of performing well at school. ",
"Furthermore, Rutter et al (1999) extends this view by arguing that the notion of ‘resistance’ is responsible for their underachievement; he argues that since the education system is dominated by white, middle-class male teachers, some black boys resist their efforts, and do not want to be taught by them, this negative perception creates the divide between the teacher and the pupil. ",
"Equally, as the report stated, some institutional racism on behalf of the teacher may also occur that can limit the crucial teacher-pupil rapport being built and consequent opportunities for learning. ",
"Additionally Moore et al (2001) continues to discuss how African-Caribbean males respond with aggression, and reject the education system primarily due to the domination of white pupils. ",
"This adverse view, results in children trying to make an attempt to gain status and recognition through other means, for example through anti-social behaviour. ",
"Similar to the African-Caribbean males, those of Indian origin also revert to exhibit their anger, however rather than rejecting the educational system they use it to its advantage and proceed on to succeed. (",
"Moore et al 2001).",
"\n\nFranklin (1998) argues that some institutional factors cause attainment to vary by ethnicity. ",
"He argues how school assessments are based on culturally biased tests, which are written primarily in English, leading to poor results and unsuitable intervention and overrepresentation in special educational needs. ",
"Although the Framework for the Identification and Assessment of Special Educational Needs in England and Wales (DfEE, 1994) warns against blurring special needs with special educational needs, and the need for assessment tools to be ‘culturally neutral’ for a range of ethnic groups, Franklin argues that it is “bland and general” and not in enough detail. ",
"Moreover, Franklin and Franklin (1998) argue that the IQ definition is biased against bilingual children. ",
"In their study they found that bilingual children scored lower standardised reading scores on prose tests as opposed to single writing. ",
"They concluded that these children were less able to take advantage of the context in the prose test than the predominantly monolingual group on whom it had been standardized. ",
"It instead focused on higher order processing skills for example comprehension rather than spelling which is not confounded by higher order processing skills. ",
"Indeed, this would affect the educational attainment chances of some of the ethnic minority children such as Bangladeshi. ",
"Indeed, children with Bangladeshi origin are the worst performing group of children across all four Key Stages. ",
"Strand (2008) highlights how these children tend to fall behind at Key Stage 2 assessments, and then continue to fall behind as the children enter Key Stage 3 and Key Stage 4. ",
"It is interesting to note that even when accounting for other socio-economic factors, for example the free schools meals proxy for disadvantage that these children still tend to perform worse. ",
"Moreover, Strand (2008) also highlights how by the end of Key Stage 4, Chinese and Indian children actually overtake middle-class White children in the attainment league tables. ",
"It is therefore clear that there are other factors influencing why these children perform at a disadvantage to their peers, not ethnicity alone. ",
"Family factors such as family ethics may attempt to shed light on the reasons why some children are more involved at school than others. ",
"For example, the level of parental engagement with the school certainly varies between ethnic and social class group. ",
"Crozier (1996) conducted a case study of the experiences of a group of black parents in relation to their children’s schools. ",
"Although he found that many had educational knowledge and awareness of the school system, there remained a dissonance between these parents and the school. ",
"Indeed, parents are the first educators, and the most effective way of communicating with them as practitioners is to initiate a firm base of trust and openness, especially true for children with English as an additional language, since much more information is required from their parents in order to create fluidity across both the school and home settings. ",
"However, since Bangladeshi families face additional barriers presented to their community, since they are not as long established and therefore less fluent, this has a great influence on their children’s education. ",
"Furthermore, data from the National Child Development Study (Sacker et al 2002) highlighted how if the social class is high, then educational attainment tends to be high, however the strongest factor was parental engagement. ",
"Given that some parents are harder to reach than others; for reasons other than simply language barriers, may attempt to explain why their input into their children’s education is limited. ",
"Indeed, Harris and Chrispeels (2006) argue that certain ethnic and social groups are less likely to engage in their child’s education and the school in which they attend.",
"\n\nThe Berkow Report (2008) highlighted that children from a low socioeconomic background will have difficulties at school. ",
"Given the reality that the UK’s minority ethnic groups as a whole are more likely to be in poverty than the population at large (Craig, 2002); coupled with the fact that they tend to get placed in housing in low socio-economic areas, provides a prediction towards their educational achievement. ",
"The impact of attending a disadvantaged school contributes to it also, due to uneven funding and allocation of resources. ",
"The Excellence in Cities scheme has helped to reduce low achievement through focusing on poor schools in areas of serious disadvantage. ",
"Moreover, the Narrowing the Gap (NFER, 2008) focuses on improving the home learning environment, which is essential for improving children’s behaviour, wellbeing and later educational achievement (Sylva et al, 2004).",
"\n\nAlthough the difference within social class has been a dominant feature in education, the government has tried to narrow the gap by introducing a number of initiatives from an early age, such as The Every Child Matters (2003) agenda, Sure Start schemes, and The Early Years Foundation Stage. ",
"Yet, the gap remains. ",
"Moore et al (2001) indicates that high performance in educational attainment is inclined by ones social status in society. ",
"He states that those with a lower social status are ‘materially deprived’, with less money to use, therefore are unable to use education to their full advantage. ",
"Moreover, the fact that black children attend lower quality schools on average is identified by Fryer and Levitt (2004). ",
"They argue that higher levels of free school meals, litter and gang culture makes for a more disadvantaged learning environment, as opposed to middle-class predominantly white schools. ",
"They also argue that these children lose ground to white children over the summer period as a consequence of a worse neighbourhood environment. ",
"Furthermore Douglas (1971) indicates that the most important factor in a child excelling through education is the parental interest given in a child’s daily life at school. ",
"However, ethnicity has strong associations with the incidence of social class and poverty through different household structure, and child-rearing practices. ",
"For example, birth rates for Bangladeshi and Pakistani families are higher than the UK white population; therefore larger families need more money. ",
"Moreover, there is less individual attention on the child in these families. ",
"Barn (2006) explored the views and experiences of parents in key areas for example family support and education. ",
"The findings showed that minority ethnic family life is complex. ",
"Most parents wished to be involved in their children’s education, regardless of ethnic background and social class. ",
"Black and Asian parents in particular placed an enormous importance on the value of education which was less prominent among white. ",
"This places a tension on the reality of the educational achievements of such minority groups. ",
"The reasons for this are complex. ",
"Strand (2008) focuses on socio economic classification on linguistic attainment to try and account for the gap. ",
"Through analysing data from the Youth Cohort Longitudinal Study, he highlights how children from high classified groups have a vocabulary 50% more than working class children, and 100% more of those on welfare. ",
"Since 50% of all African Caribbean births are to single women (Somerville, 2000) they are more susceptible to material deprivation, thus fewer learning opportunities. ",
"Indeed, a high quality home learning environment is essential for raising attainment highlighted through the EPPE project (Sylva, 2004). ",
"Clearly, any attempt to understand ethnic differences in the involvement/achievement link must first take into account the influence of socio-economic status. ",
"Ethnicity alone does not account.",
"\n\nRoss and Ryan (1990) have documented that children can pick up and absorb racist values from early as three years old. ",
"They argue that positive self esteem is directly related to attainment, so it is vital that we are concerned as practitioners to raise their self esteem from an early age and promote inclusion of all racial backgrounds, regardless of their social class and gender. ",
"If a child feels they are worthless their self esteem decreased which affects their academic attainment (Purkey, 1970).",
"\n\nIt is clear to see that the Government recognises the disadvantages of children from particular ethnic backgrounds, through looking at the specific projects launched to help certain ethnic minority children, for example the Excellence in Cities scheme, and the Ethnic Minority Achievement Grant (EMAG). ",
"Moreover, the launch of the Aiming High: DfES National pilot project to Raise Levels of Attainment for African-Caribbean pupils was launched in 2003 with the aim of maximising levels of achievement. ",
"Such focus leads one to respond that indeed, educational attainment is affected by ethnicity, and therefore, as discussed, social class.",
"\n\nThe issue of gender also throws a complex light onto academic performance. ",
"On the whole, females tend to perform better than males academically, yet for Black African-Caribbean’s, both male and female fall behind, compared to any other ethnic group (Strand, 2008).This therefore, seems to suggest that this particular ethnic group is underperforming for another reason, such as the reasons given above. ",
"The issues surrounding gender performance and achievement are complex, affecting different sub-groups of boys and girls in different ways, often reflecting the influence of class and ethnicity. ",
"The traditional criterion for monitoring the school system has been the proportion of students securing five or more A* to C grades in public examinations at 16-plus. ",
"Since the late 1980’s this figure has been rising steadily, however the ‘gap’ in the performance of boys and girls appears to have been widening parallel to this. ",
"The National Pupil Database (2002) highlighted how girls performed better across all groups, however there are many complex reasons as to why this is. ",
"Firstly, there are scientific explanations for example\n\nwhilst children are young, numerous changes take place, each child begins to develop physically, emotionally, socially and intellectually at their own pace, they begin to acquire the understanding of the environments they are exposed to whilst their ability to communicate with their peers strengthens. ",
"Scientific evidence states the physical structure of the brain may be the reason as to why both sexes have a variance in attainment. ",
"The development of language within boys comes at a slower pace than that of girls, as girls acquire language rapidly, and at an earlier stage. ",
"Girls also focus for lengthier periods of time when in conversation and are able to concentrate more in the classroom. ",
"Therefore the structure of the brain shows advantage to the girls (Watkins, 1991). ",
"Furthermore, Haralambos et al 1997 states that research over the past 30 years shows a consistency of trends whereby girls at the age of 16 left school after acquiring better grades than boys. ",
"Government statistics indicate that the variance in attainment achievement between boys and girls start from an early age. ",
"Data from the 2007 examinations in England, from Key Stage One and Key Stage Three examinations show that girls achieved higher marks then boys. ",
"However in the mathematics papers taken at key stage 2, showed that boys outperformed girls by 2%.In comparison to the papers taken by Key Stage 3 the differences amongst the sexes was higher.",
"\n\nIt has also been argued that the curriculum has become ‘feminised’ whereby it works in favour to the females, whilst disadvantaging the boys (Mac and Ghaill, 1994). ",
"They argue that there has been a crisis of masculinity, because of the decline in traditional manual jobs. ",
"This has led, to an identity crisis, and made it easier for some males to question the need for qualifications when the jobs they would have traditionally gone into no longer exist.",
"\n\nUnmistakably the issue around boys underachieving within education in comparison to girls is a major cause for concern. ",
"Perhaps the specific focus on some of the ethnic minority groups have shifted the concern away from the white population, with the result being that white working-class boys are now underperforming consistently through the education system. ",
"The statistics presented are undeniable, particularly whilst it is becoming an increasing trend for boys to take the opportunity of turning away from formal education at a young age. ",
"Thus being the reason why parents and practitioners need to be able to recognise the changes in a child from earlier on so that there is support available for the child to be able to make the right decisions.",
"\n\nThe variance amongst children can be immense, as mentioned above; each child is individual and develops at their own pace. ",
"Although these differences can be vast, it is up to teaching professionals and parents to be aware of this and to be able to recognise it, particularly when each child approaches the learning process in different ways.",
"\n\nIn conclusion, it is clear to see that not any one variable of social class, ethnicity and gender stand alone as a cause behind a child’s educational attainment; rather they interlink in quite a complex way. ",
"It should concern us, since we, the practitioners who are helping to shape their futures, need to understand that all three interlink to produce each unique child, which is at the very heart of the Every Child Matters agenda.",
"\n\nGet Help With Your Essay\n\nIf you need assistance with writing your essay, our professional essay writing service is here to help!"
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"It ended up being the perfect size for normal everyday use and I've made this into my everyday wallet. ",
"There's just enough room for all of my cards, cash, and coins. ",
"Love it! ",
"I got the red version and it's such a beautiful color leather. [",
"This review was collected as part of a promotion.]"
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"For e.g here I was searching for PARENT1_H, PARENT2_H etc but I have more like GRANDPARENT1_H, GREATGRANDPARENT_H etc\nSo essentially, the approach I was thinking is, search for the input symbols(PARENT1_H etc) in those files and if a match is found, add the text(#ifndef NOPARENT) above and #endif below.",
"\nInput symbols are many and so are the files in which to replace.",
"\nCan anyone please help me with a script which does this using sed/awk/perl. ",
"Or any other language/script(bash etc) would also be great!",
"\nI am novice user of sed/awk/perl so could use the help\nThanks a lot :-)\nBest Regards,\nMarc\n\nA:\n\nEDIT: Did not read correctly request.",
"\nThis seems to give correct O/P\nawk '/PARENT1_H/ {print \"#ifndef NOPARENT\" RS $0;f=1} /#endif/ && f {print $0;f=0} !",
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"Psychological Therapies in Primary Care HIT highlights in 2016-17\n\n8 May 2017\n\nOur HIT aims to improve the delivery of psychological care to patients with depression, anxiety and other common mental disorders. ",
"These are a major cause of disability, and patients say they prefer psychological therapies.",
"\n\nWe want to innovate, and one of our major themes is developing online technology to improve access to psychological treatments. ",
"Working with commissioners, academics, clinicians and service leads, this year we have focused on improving patient access and engagement with the local Improving Access to Psychological Therapies (IAPT) service.",
"\n\nInPsyTe is a useful collaboration for considering roll out and evaluation of an existing online therapy package, SilverCloud, in the IAPT service. ",
"This package might appeal to people with irregular working patterns, accessibility restrictions, or those who just prefer this technological style of intervention. ",
"It’s now available as an IAPT treatment option. ",
"The team is providing support and guidance on a clinical and cost effectiveness evaluation of SilverCloud, compared to other low intensity interventions, with a pilot of 500 licences. ",
"This pilot data will help inform decisions about the future use of SilverCloud.",
"\n\nThe University of Bristol led INTERACT study aims to develop a therapist supported online cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) platform for depression. ",
"The study team are working with IAPT therapists and service users to design the platform. ",
"A trial to evaluate the clinical and cost-effectiveness of the intervention will follow.",
"\n\nThis year we have made progress with setting up a group of primary care service user representatives. ",
"They will advise academics in their psychological research projects, and clinical and service staff to inform service improvement.",
"\n\nBristol Health Partners have awarded the HIT funding to support the IAPT service information sessions for Black and minority ethnic and hard-to-reach communities in Bristol. ",
"These groups don’t frequently use psychological therapy services. ",
"At these sessions people can hear about what psychological interventions are available in primary care and how to access them. ",
"Both the information sessions and the service user involvement work will be the focus of our work over the next few months."
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"Leftist front-runner Andres Manuel Lopez Obrador of the National Regeneration Movement (MORENA) speaks during the \"Dialogue for Peace and Justice\" at the Museum of Memory and Tolerance in Mexico City, Mexico May 8, 2018. ",
"REUTERS/Gustavo Graf\n\nMEXICO CITY (Reuters) - Mexican leftist presidential hopeful Andres Manuel Lopez Obrador has maintained the leading position in the race to win the July election, opening a 20-point lead ahead of his nearest competitor, a poll by newspaper El Financiero showed on Monday.",
"\n\nLopez Obrador, the former Mexico City mayor, is the first choice of 46 percent of voters surveyed while his nearest rival, Ricardo Anaya, who heads a right-left coalition, has 26 percent support.",
"\n\nThe result marks slight growth for both Lopez Obrador and Anaya compared to a March survey by El Financiero, while it showed a 4-point decline for Jose Antonio Meade, the candidate of the ruling Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI), who comes in with just 20 percent support.",
"\n\nThe survey was conducted between April 26 and May 2 and based on 1,000 in-person interviews with voters, with a margin of error of 3.1 percent.",
"\n\nThe poll’s results stripped out the 38 percent of respondents who said they were undecided in the five-candidate field.",
"\n\nIn his third consecutive bid to win the presidency, Lopez Obrador, 64, has capitalized on widespread disenchantment with the PRI over political corruption, rising levels of violence and sluggish economic growth.",
"\n\nThe survey showed independent candidate Margarita Zavala, wife of former President Felipe Calderon, at 5 percent.",
"\n\nMeanwhile, support for the former governor of the state of Nuevo Leon, Jaime Rodriguez Calderon, another independent hopeful, stood at 3 percent."
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"Boston Free Radio - Open Member Meeting\n\nZoom in When:\n\nThursday, Mar 26, 2015 8:00p -\n\n9:00p Where:\n\nBoston Free Radio / SCATV Somerville\n\n90 Union Sq\n\nSomerville, Massachusetts 02143 EventScheduled OfflineEventAttendanceMode Admission:\n\nFREE Categories:\n\nMeetup, Social Good\n\nGET ON THE AIR and BECOME THE MEDIA\n\nHave you ever wanted to run your own radio show? ",
"Get your voice heard? ",
"Join Boston Free Radio and make community radio happen. ",
"Right now we have a few key slots open for new live shows, as well as key positions on our all-member board of directors.",
"\n\n\n\nCOMMUNITY MEANS YOU\n\nOver the past four years, we have produced thousands of hours of community radio inside the Somerville Community Access Television building in Union Sq. ",
"We need your help to continue thriving as a vibrant community media outlet!",
"\n\n\n\nBOSTON FREE RADIO\n\nWe are an independent, member-run community radio station who reaches its audience via the Internet waves. ",
"Our current programming lineup is very diverse-- from arts and culture talk, to the musical avant-garde, to a show hosted by a stuffed bear. ",
"Holding true to our commitment to freedom of speech, our hosts have 100% creative control over their programs.",
"\n\n\n\nFOOD AND DRINKS PROVIDED\n\nOpen to all who are interested!"
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"All relevant data are within the paper.",
"\n\nIntroduction {#sec005}\n============\n\nGlioblastoma (GB), the most common primary malignant brain tumor in adults, has a dismal prognosis, with a median survival of 14 to 16 months \\[[@pone.0168264.ref001]\\]. ",
"Even with the best available standard therapies (surgical resection followed by radiotherapy and temozolomide), the prognosis of patients with GB remains low \\[[@pone.0168264.ref002],[@pone.0168264.ref003]\\]. ",
"When GB recurs, the median overall survival is typically 3 to 9 months, and available therapies have a limited impact on outcome \\[[@pone.0168264.ref004]\\]. ",
"Therefore, development of new therapies is essential to improve the overall survival and prognosis of patients with newly diagnosed GB. ",
"During the past decade, a large number of targeted therapeutic agents have been developed and evaluated. ",
"GB is highly vascular and typically overexpresses vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), which promotes tumor angiogenesis, contributing to tumor growth and progression \\[[@pone.0168264.ref005]--[@pone.0168264.ref007]\\]. ",
"Several clinical trials have suggested that VEGF could be a therapeutic target \\[[@pone.0168264.ref008],[@pone.0168264.ref009]\\]. ",
"The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved bevacizumab (BV), a humanized monoclonal antibody to VEGF, for second-line treatment of recurrent GB \\[[@pone.0168264.ref010],[@pone.0168264.ref011]\\]. ",
"Despite its prolongation of progression-free survival (PFS) in patients with recurrent GB, the impact of BV on overall survival remains undefined.",
"\n\nSeveral clinical trials have reported that treatment with combinations of BV and other chemotherapeutic agents results in stable responses and a prolonged 6-month PFS rate in patients with recurrent high-grade glioma, but do not significantly prolong overall survival (OS), compared with previous trials \\[[@pone.0168264.ref012]--[@pone.0168264.ref016]\\]. ",
"Furthermore, most of the complications caused by the toxicity of the combined chemotherapy led to discontinuation of treatment for patients with GB \\[[@pone.0168264.ref017]\\]. ",
"In 2009, Zhang et al. ",
"conducted a meta-analysis to assess the efficacy and safety of BV alone compared with BV and irinotecan for recurrent GB \\[[@pone.0168264.ref018]\\]. ",
"The results indicated that the combination of BV and irinotecan may increase the rate of discontinuation and that there was no obvious improvement in overall survival in patients with recurrent GB. ",
"Furthermore, this research included only nonrandomized control trials or small-sample retrospective studies. ",
"The data from low-quality research results in significant heterogeneity.",
"\n\nFrom 2009 onward, several randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were conducted to assess the effectiveness of BV for newly diagnosed GB \\[[@pone.0168264.ref019]--[@pone.0168264.ref026]\\]. ",
"Therefore, it became necessary to conduct a meta-analysis to assess the clinical efficacy of BV compared with standard therapy (ST) or other chemotherapies for newly diagnosed GB and to evaluate the safety and adverse effects of these combinations.",
"\n\nMaterials and Methods {#sec006}\n=====================\n\nThere is no necessary for ethic approval in this meta-analysis, which mainly based on the published studies. ",
"This study was conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement \\[[@pone.0168264.ref027]\\].",
"\n\nLiterature Search and Study Selection {#sec007}\n-------------------------------------\n\nTwo reviewers (GY.L and MZ.H) performed the literature searching on the BV for patients with newly diagnosed GB to identify relevant articles published between January 1966 and August 2016. ",
"Electronic search used \"bevacizumab\", \"avastin\", \"chemotherapy\", \"glioblastoma\", \"newly diagnosed glioblastoma\", \"GB\" in Mesh and free terms. ",
"We searched PubMed, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library to identify relevant studies. ",
"Manual searches were performed to relevant journal and reference lists of retrieved articles. ",
"Two independent reviewers (YP.L and MZ.H) assessed the literature based on the titles and abstracts to identify potentially relevant articles. ",
"Full versions of all relevant articles were obtained and inspected.",
"\n\nInclusion Criteria and Exclusion Criteria {#sec008}\n-----------------------------------------\n\nThe inclusion criteria were used for selecting the potential studies: (1) RCTs compare the standard treatment with or without BV for patients with newly diagnosed GB; (2) the patients were adults; (3) the main clinical outcomes and complications were reported; and (4) at least 6 months follow-up.",
"\n\nThe exclusion criteria of studies were: (1) review; (2) lack of randomization; (3) data could not be extracted; (4) insufficient clinical data; (5) duplicate papers.",
"\n\nData Extraction and Qualitative Assessment {#sec009}\n------------------------------------------\n\nThe relevant data from selected studies were independently extracted by 2 reviewers (GY.L and YP.L) as follows: (1) Publishing time, (2) mean age, number of patient, (3) study quality, (4) Follow up, (5) main results, including overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS), and (6) secondary outcomes, adverse events incidence. ",
"Two observers assessed methodological quality of the included studies. ",
"The GRADE approach was introduced to evaluate the overall methodological quality of including studies as recommended by Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Review of Interventions \\[[@pone.0168264.ref028]\\].",
"\n\nStatistical Methods {#sec010}\n-------------------\n\nMeta-analysis was performed with RevMan software (version 5.1; The Cochrane Collaboration, The Nordic Cochrane Centre, Copenhagen, Denmark). ",
"The hazard ratio (HR) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) was used to assess main outcomes of the studies, including median OS, median PFS. ",
"HRs and their corresponding SEs were directly extracted from studies. ",
"If the study did not report a HR but gave the data in the form of the survival curve, survival rates at certain specified times were extracted from them for the reconstruction of the HR estimate and its SEs. ",
"The odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) was used to assess the rate of OS and PFS at different follow-ups (6, 12, 24, and 36 months). ",
"Statistical significance was accepted as p value less than 0.05. ",
"In order, Cochrane Q text (α = 0.05) was performed to analyze the heterogeneity. ",
"If the result of the test of the heterogeneity was P \\> 0.05, the fixed-effect model was used. ",
"If the result of heterogeneity test was P \\< 0.05, then the pooled ORs were analyzed using the random effects model. ",
"Publication bias was evaluated with Egger's regression test in which P value less than 0.10 were considered representative of statistically significant publication bias.",
"\n\nResults {#sec011}\n=======\n\nDescription of the Studies {#sec012}\n--------------------------\n\n[Fig 1](#pone.0168264.g001){ref-type=\"fig\"} is a flowchart describing the study selection and inclusion process. ",
"The primary search yielded 2,172 potentially relevant articles ([Fig 1](#pone.0168264.g001){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ",
"Of these, 2161 were excluded after reading titles and abstracts. ",
"Two independent reviewers (Y.P.L and H.Z.Z) then reviewed the full texts of the remaining 12 articles. ",
"Four more studies were excluded. ",
"Finally, we identified 8 RCTs including a total of 2,185 patients with newly diagnosed GB ([Table 1](#pone.0168264.t001){ref-type=\"table\"}) \\[[@pone.0168264.ref019]--[@pone.0168264.ref026]\\]. ",
"Sample size ranged from 54 to 921. ",
"Six studies were published in English \\[[@pone.0168264.ref019]--[@pone.0168264.ref024]\\] and two in Chinese \\[[@pone.0168264.ref025],[@pone.0168264.ref026]\\]. ",
"These articles were published between 2011 and 2015. ",
"Details of the treatment and functional outcome measures are summarized in [Table 1](#pone.0168264.t001){ref-type=\"table\"}.",
"\n\n10.1371/journal.pone.0168264.t001\n\n###### Characteristics of included studies.",
"\n\n![](",
"pone.0168264.t001){#pone.0168264.t001g}\n\n Study Inclusion criteria Age (y) Cases (n/M) Treatment Outcome Side-effect Follow-up (m) \n ------------------- -------------------------- --------- ------------- ----------- --------- ------------- --------------- ----------------- --- ----\n Albert Lai 2011 age \\> 18 years 57.4 59.4 70/39 110/70 BE RT OS Y 42\n newly diagnosed GB RT TMZ PFS \n KPS \\>60 TMZ Toxicity&Safety \n MR. ",
"Gilbert 2014 age \\> 18 years \\- \\- 312 309 BE RT OS Y 30\n newly diagnosed GB RT TMZ PFS \n KPS\\>70 TMZ Toxicity&Safety \n MGMT status \n OL. ",
"Chinot 2014 age \\> 18 years 57 56 458 463 BE RT OS Y 32\n newly diagnosed GB RT TMZ PFS \n TMZ KPS \n supratentorial GHS \n B. Chauffert 2014 ages from 18 and 70 y 60.2 60.9 60/34 60/37 BE RT OS Y 24\n KPS\\>50 RT TMZ PFS \n histologically confirmed TMZ OS \n IRI \n U Herrlinger 2013 newly diagnosed GB 56 56 116/80 54/34 BE RT OS 36\n KPS\\>70 RT TMZ PFS \n age \\> 18 years TMZ QoL \n IRI \n JA. ",
"Carlson 2015 age \\> 18 years 55.9 59.5 30/17 26/16 hypo-IMRT hypo-IMRT OS Y 60\n newly diagnosed GB BE TMZ PFS \n KPS\\>60 TMZ \n KF. ",
"Hofland 2014 age \\> 18 years 62 59 32/21 31/18 BE IRI Response Rate Y 31\n newly diagnosed GB RT RT OS \n TMZ TMZ PFS \n Jiaqi Wang 2013 newly diagnosed GB 53.6 54.7 27/16 27/14 BE RT RECIST Y 24\n KPS\\>60 RT TMZ OS \n TMZ \n\nGB: Glioblastoma; KPS: Karnofsky performance status; RT: radiotherapy; TMZ: temozolomide; BV: bevacizumab; OS: overall survival; PFS: progression-free survival; GHS: GlobalHealthStatus; GoL:quality of life; Y: yes;\n\n{#pone.0168264.g001}\n\nThe Median PFS and PFS Rate {#sec013}\n---------------------------\n\nFive studies presented the data of median PFS comparing BV with ST group \\[[@pone.0168264.ref019],[@pone.0168264.ref020],[@pone.0168264.ref022]--[@pone.0168264.ref024]\\]. ",
"Since the significant difference was observed in heterogeneity test (I^2^ = 52, P = 0.08), the random-effects model was applied to analyze data. ",
"The pooled HR was 0.73 (95%CI, 0.62--0.86; P = 0.0001), as shown in [Fig 2](#pone.0168264.g002){ref-type=\"fig\"}.",
"\n\n{#pone.0168264.g002}\n\nEight studies reported the PFS rate at different follow-ups comparing BV with ST group \\[[@pone.0168264.ref019]--[@pone.0168264.ref026]\\]. ",
"No statistically significant heterogeneity was observed between studies, I^2^ = 3% at 6 months, 0% at 12 months, and 23% at 24 months; so the fixed effect model was applied. ",
"The pooled OR of PFS was 3.33 at 6 months (95%CI, 2.73--4.06; P\\<0.00001), 2.10 at 12 months (95%CI, 1.74--2.54; P\\<0.00001), 0.85 at 24 months (95%CI, 0.53--1.36; P = 0.48), and 0.53at 36 months follow-ups (95%CI, 0.21--1.34; P = 0.18). ([",
"Fig 3](#pone.0168264.g003){ref-type=\"fig\"})\n\n{#pone.0168264.g003}\n\nThe Median OS and Survival Rate {#sec014}\n-------------------------------\n\nFive studies presented the data of median OS \\[[@pone.0168264.ref019],[@pone.0168264.ref020],[@pone.0168264.ref022]--[@pone.0168264.ref024]\\]. ",
"The heterogeneity test showed significant differences in each study (I2 = 66, P = 0.02). ",
"Then we applied the random-effects model to analysis the data. ",
"The pooled HR of median OS was 1.01 (95%CI, 0.83--1.23; P = 0.95) as shown in [Fig 4](#pone.0168264.g004){ref-type=\"fig\"}.",
"\n\n{#pone.0168264.g004}\n\nAll included studies \\[[@pone.0168264.ref019]--[@pone.0168264.ref026]\\] reported the data of survival rate in different follow-up end points. ",
"The test of total heterogeneity showed no significant differences (I^2^ = 21, P = 0.18). ",
"The fixed-effects model was applied. ",
"The pooled OR of survival rate was 1.41 (95% CI, 1.09--1.84; P = 0.01) at 6 month, 1.23 (95% CI, 1.02--1.48; P = 0.03) at 12 month, 1.09 (95% CI, 0.89--1.35; P = 0.40) at 24 month. ",
"Moreover, we noted that low survival rate in BV group at 36 month, and the OR was 0.57 (95% CI, 0.32--0.98; P = 0.04). ([",
"Fig 5](#pone.0168264.g005){ref-type=\"fig\"})\n\n{#pone.0168264.g005}\n\nSafety of BV for Patients with Newly Diagnosed GB {#sec015}\n-------------------------------------------------\n\nOf included trials, five trials provided data of AEs incidence \\[[@pone.0168264.ref019],[@pone.0168264.ref020],[@pone.0168264.ref022]--[@pone.0168264.ref024]\\]. ",
"From these events, three adverse outcomes were found to be significantly different between bevacizumab and standard treatment groups, including hypertension (8.37% vs. 1.62%, p\\<0.000001), proteinuria (7.65% vs. 0%, p\\<0.001), fatigue (14.54% vs. 9.01%, p = 0.05), as shown in [Table 2](#pone.0168264.t002){ref-type=\"table\"}. ",
"The incidence of all severe AEs also showed significant between BV and ST group, as showed in [Fig 6](#pone.0168264.g006){ref-type=\"fig\"}. ",
"There was significant trend toward with regard to BV therapy and high severe AEs incidence (P = 0.033).",
"\n\n{#pone.0168264.g006}\n\n10.1371/journal.pone.0168264.t002\n\n###### The adverse events of patients with newly diagnosed GB between BV and ST groups.",
"\n\n![](",
"pone.0168264.t002){#pone.0168264.t002g}\n\n Adverse Event n (studies) BV group ST group OR P \n ---------------------- ------------- ---------- ---------- ---- ----- ------------------------- ------------\n Cerebral ischemia 2 7 127 1 56 3.21 \\[0.39, 26.71\\] 0.28\n Cerebral Hemorrhage 4 9 848 7 750 2.30 \\[0.96, 5.54\\] 0.06\n Diarrhea 3 5 154 0 83 6.14 \\[0.34, 112.49\\] 0.22\n Neutropenia 3 31 344 19 316 1.55 \\[0.86, 2.80\\] 0.15\n Nausea and vomit 2 11 287 5 260 2.03 \\[0.70, 5.93\\] 0.19\n Fatigue 2 48 330 21 233 1.72 \\[1.00, 2.96\\] 0.05\n Hypertension 4 71 848 12 739 5.54 \\[2.98, 10.29\\] \\<0.000001\n Infection 3 16 154 4 83 2.29 \\[0.74, 7.09\\] 0.15\n Proteinuria 2 33 431 0 560 94.24 \\[5.76, 1542.53\\] \\<0.001\n Thromboembolic event 4 56 805 55 766 0.97 \\[0.66, 1.42\\] 0.86\n Anemia 3 9 344 7 317 1.19 \\[0.44, 3.23\\] 0.73\n\nQualitative Assessment and Publication Bias {#sec016}\n-------------------------------------------\n\nThe quality of the studies included in this meta-analysis is shown in [Table 1](#pone.0168264.t001){ref-type=\"table\"}. ",
"It can be seen from the funnel plot that the publication bias was low to moderate regarding PFS and OS (Figs [7](#pone.0168264.g007){ref-type=\"fig\"} and [8](#pone.0168264.g008){ref-type=\"fig\"}).",
"\n\n{#pone.0168264.g007}\n\n{#pone.0168264.g008}\n\nDiscussion {#sec017}\n==========\n\nGB is an aggressive malignant brain tumor with a poor prognosis. ",
"Despite the use of some anti-angiogenesis treatments, there remains no successful therapy \\[[@pone.0168264.ref001],[@pone.0168264.ref002]\\]. ",
"The average survival time is only 14 months after diagnosis \\[[@pone.0168264.ref003]\\]. ",
"A major clinical problem is the extent to which the glioma cells invade adjacent brain tissue, making complete surgical removal impossible \\[[@pone.0168264.ref029]\\]. ",
"Some research has indicated that GB has multistep tumorigenesis ability to activate the vascularization of brain tissue to form new blood vessels, which contribute to tumor growth and proliferation \\[[@pone.0168264.ref029],[@pone.0168264.ref030]\\]. ",
"VEGF has shown promise as a therapeutic target in the treatment of brain tumors \\[[@pone.0168264.ref031]\\]. ",
"Bevacizumab was developed to directly inhibit VEGF-associated angiogenic effects by blocking activation of the VEGF receptor (VEGF-R) \\[[@pone.0168264.ref032],[@pone.0168264.ref033]\\]. ",
"Recently, BV was used as second-line therapy for recurrent GB in some clinical trials \\[[@pone.0168264.ref034]--[@pone.0168264.ref037]\\]. ",
"To date, no meta-analysis has investigated the effects of BV on the prognosis of newly diagnosed GB.",
"\n\nThe principal findings of our meta-analysis can be summarized as follows: (1) BV combined with standard treatments could improve the median PFS of patients with newly diagnosed GB and the PFS rate in short-term follow-up (6 and 12 months). (",
"2) There is no significant difference in median overall survival between patients treated with BV and those treated with ST; however, more survivors were observed in the BV group in early follow-up (\\<12), with this trend reversing at 36 months. (",
"3) The incidence of severe adverse effects was higher after BV therapy than after ST.",
"\n\nOur results indicate that BV could prolong the median PFS of patients with newly diagnosed GB as compared with a ST group. ",
"More patients had attained PFS in the BV group than in the ST group at 6 months (78.26% vs. 53.19%) and 12 months (41.26% vs. 27.34%) follow-up; at the 2-year follow-up, we found the PFS rates of the BV and ST groups were equivalent. ",
"Furthermore, one study reported a decreased PFS rate in the BV group compared with the ST group at 3 years. ",
"On the basis of the aforementioned evidence, we conclude that BV improves the short-term PFS rate (\\<12 months). ",
"These results are consistent with previous clinical trials. ",
"The AVAglio trial reported median PFS durations of 10.6 months in the BV group and 6.2 months in the ST group \\[[@pone.0168264.ref023]\\], and the RTOG 0825 trial obtained the same results for PFS duration (10.7 months in the BV group vs. 7.3 months in the ST group) \\[[@pone.0168264.ref022]\\]. ",
"However, these two large RCTs did not report PFS rates at 3 years of follow-up. ",
"The decreased PFS was observed after long-term application of BV (\\>3 years), which might be caused by BV resistance, chronic comorbid conditions, or side effects. ",
"Additional clinical trials are needed to clarify this issue.",
"\n\nOur study indicated that BV did not improve the median overall survival of patients with newly diagnosed GB. ",
"This finding coincides with those of the AVAglio, RTOG 082512, and GLARIUS trials, indicating approximately equivalent overall survival (OS) for the BV and ST groups (11.1% vs. 11.7%, p = 0.59) \\[[@pone.0168264.ref022]--[@pone.0168264.ref024]\\]. ",
"However, comparison of OS rates at different follow-up points revealed more survivors in the BV group early in follow-up (\\<12 months), with this trend reversing at 36 months. ",
"Our data indicate that with prolonged use of BV, patients with GB exhibited worse neurocognition and higher mortality, compared with controls.",
"\n\nUntil now, our knowledge of the mechanism underlying the pro-tumor effect of long-term BV treatment has been limited. ",
"One clinical study reported that nearly half of patients with GB treated with BV had a low response rate \\[[@pone.0168264.ref038]\\]. ",
"The rebound of tumor invasion and metastasis was observed by radiography \\[[@pone.0168264.ref039]\\]. ",
"Several experiments in animals have found more perivascular invasion, more peritumoral satellite lesions, and higher expression of invasion-related proteins with long-term BV treatment as compared with short-term BV treatment \\[[@pone.0168264.ref040],[@pone.0168264.ref041]\\]. ",
"Lucio Eterovic et al. ",
"found that with increasing concentration of BV administered, U87 glioma cells secreted greater amounts of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2, MMP-9, and MMP-12, and activated other angiogenic pathways, promoting the migration and invasion of tumor cells \\[[@pone.0168264.ref040]\\]. ",
"More importantly, in this research, BV was combined with MMP inhibitor (GM6001) in the glioma mouse model. ",
"The results indicated that those therapies could prolong survival and suppress tumor progression \\[[@pone.0168264.ref040]\\]. ",
"Recently, results from animal research suggested that minocycline reduces glioma growth by inducing glioma autophagy \\[[@pone.0168264.ref042]\\]. ",
"In addition, an ongoing clinical trial found that use of radiation, followed by BV and minocycline, to treat recurrent GB may improve the effect of long-term BV treatment. (",
"ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01580969)\n\nDrug resistance was considered another factor influencing the effectiveness of BV treatment for GB. ",
"BV was able to inhibit the VEGF---VEGFR signal pathway to suppress tumor growth \\[[@pone.0168264.ref043]\\]. ",
"Although this could reduce cerebral oxygen delivery, which up regulates the expression of HIF-10, it will result in a rebound in the expression of VEGF genes \\[[@pone.0168264.ref044],[@pone.0168264.ref045]\\]. ",
"In addition, a multidirectional cytokine, placental growth factor (PlGF), which is homologous to VEGF, can promote the proliferation and migration of endothelial cells. ",
"When VEGF is inhibited, endothelial cells upregulate the expression of PlGF to maintain tumor-associated vascular growth \\[[@pone.0168264.ref046]\\]. ",
"Recently, several researchers found that some cytokines overexpressed in glioma cells after BV treatment contribute to angiogenesis, including platelet-derived growth factor, fibroblast growth factor, interleukin-8 and -10, and angiopoietin-1 \\[[@pone.0168264.ref047]--[@pone.0168264.ref049]\\].",
"\n\nThe adverse events of BV might affect the quality of life and prognosis of patients with GB. ",
"The most common adverse events of BV included abdominal pain, headache, fatigue, hypertension, diarrhea, neutropenia, wound infections, cerebral hemorrhage or ischemia, nausea and vomiting, thromboembolism, and anemia. ",
"To assess the incidence of severe adverse effects (AEs) in BV treatment of adults newly diagnosed with GB, we extracted all BV-associated severe AEs from the five studies included in this meta-analysis. ",
"We found that those treated with BV had an increased symptom burden and incidence of severe AEs. ",
"In a previous meta-analysis assessing the risk of adverse vascular events in patients newly diagnosed with GB, BV therapy was not found to significantly influence the risk of all-cause discontinuation, thrombocytopenia, deep vein thrombosis, and pulmonary embolism in adult patients newly diagnosed with GB \\[[@pone.0168264.ref050]\\]. ",
"The authors, however, did report a trend toward significance with respect to BV therapy and the risk of pulmonary embolism \\[[@pone.0168264.ref050]\\]. ",
"Therefore, in patients under treatment with BV, care should be taken to monitor blood pressure, blood clotting function, kidney function, and other indicators.",
"\n\nLimitation {#sec018}\n==========\n\nThe present study has several limitations. ",
"First, because only eight RCTs were included, small sample size and highly selected patient populations could generate selective bias. ",
"Second, there were insufficient data on mutation status and BV resistance. ",
"Third, most of the studies included studies reported the OS and PFS rates only within 2 years of follow-up. ",
"Considering the long-term survival rate, further studies reporting OS rates at 3 years or longer follow-ups are needed to clarify this issue. ",
"Fourth, although all the included studies used ST combined with BV for newly diagnosed GB, two studies administered BV combined with irinotecan and one study combined BV with hypofractionated intensity modulated radiation therapy in the experimental groups, which may have caused heterogeneity in comparisons. ",
"Fifth, new therapies are continuing to show the potential benefits for patients with newly diagnosed GB, such as carmustine wafer (CW). ",
"A meta-analysis from Chowdhary SA et al. ",
"indicated that CW treatment could significantly improve the overall several and survival rate of patients with newly diagnosed or recurrent high-grade GB \\[[@pone.0168264.ref051]\\]. ",
"Therefore, further studies are required to investigate the effect of BV combined with other therapies for newly diagnosed GB, such as CW. ",
"Sixth, relevant factors could influence the prognosis of patients with newly diagnosed GB, including patient age, gender, obesity, steroid use, and smoking history. ",
"Because such individual data were lacking, this study did not assess these factors.",
"\n\nConclusions {#sec019}\n===========\n\nIn summary, our study indicates that BV therapy does not appear to improve median OS in patients with newly diagnosed GB, whereas it prolongs median PFS. ",
"We also found that BV therapy improves the PFS and OS rates at the 6- and 12-months follow-ups. ",
"However, at 36 months, the decreased OS rate and high incidence of severe AEs in those treated with BV make quality of life an issue.",
"\n\nSupporting Information {#sec020}\n======================\n\n###### PRISMA Checklist.",
"\n\n(DOC)\n\n###### \n\nClick here for additional data file.",
"\n\n[^1]: **Competing Interests:**All authors declare no competing interests.",
"\n\n[^2]: **Conceptualization:** YL HZ.**Data curation:** YL HZ.**Formal analysis:** YL MH GL.**Funding acquisition:** YL.**Investigation:** MH.**Methodology:** GL MH.**Project administration:** XW HZ.**Resources:** GL.**Software:** GL MH.**Supervision:** XW.**Validation:** NC HZ.**Visualization:** YL.**Writing -- original draft:** YL NC.**Writing -- review & editing:** HZ YL MH GL NC XW.",
"\n"
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"Monday, December 14, 2009\n\n44 comments:\n\nCute picture, Shelley... I find the Downy's to be very easy-going birds--at least from what I see!!!! ",
"They will share willingly. ",
"And the Nuthatches will flit around getting food wherever they can find it---no matter what other bird is around... What cuties, both of them..\n\nShelley, fun picture! ",
"I went out and bought some suet feeders and Country Husband and I hung them on the trunks of the trees like I had seen in your pictures of the squirrels helping themselves to the suet. ",
"Works well. ",
"Thanks. ",
"We usually just hang from a branch or iron hook.",
"\n\nGreat capture, Shelley! ",
"For as little as those downys are they portray quite the bully sometimes..I've seen them chase a squirrel away from the peanut feeder dome...amazing they would fly at a squirrel and buzz it's head to get rid of it!! ",
"Hope you have a great week and a wonderful Christmas!!",
"\n\nLovely birds,before 6 years I was by the sleeping bears in Michigan for two weeks. ",
"We were in a B&B-house. ",
"There I habe seen so fantastic birds outside. ",
"I never forget it.",
"Sorry, my english is not good.",
"Monika from Germany\n\nToo cute!!! ",
"Beautiful nuthatch/woodpecker photo, Shell. ",
"I have been enjoying the birds this year more than last year because hubby sawed down a small maple tree and stuck it in the ground a few feet from my living room window. ",
"LOL Am getting some good shots with my 300 mm lens. ",
"Have bird photos posted in my Better Photo gallery.",
"\n\nHi Shelley,I've been keeping an eye on your blogs, but I don't have a lot of time to comment. ",
"Work and animal rescue take most of my time. ",
"Your photos are beautiful. ",
"Scout is adorable, but I still love Marvin the most :)Due to lack of time, I put all three of my blogs into one blog. ",
"So I'm kind of starting over.marcisphotos.blogspot.comHave a great week.",
"\n\nI found you through a link from Montanagirl's blog. ",
"I love your pics and I look forward to seeing more. ",
"I lost my husband 3 yr ago and I now rent a room with my friend, and I plan to set up a feeder and birdbath in her yard this year so I can enjoy the birds again. ",
"My husband and I used to feed them year round and we raised finches for a while. ",
"So I will enjoy your birds and your part of the country that I know nothing about. ",
"What fun! ",
"Thanks for sharing."
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"A weakly nonlinear analysis of a model of avascular solid tumour growth.",
"\nIn this paper we study a mathematical model that describes the growth of an avascular solid tumour. ",
"Our analysis concentrates on the stability of steady, radially-symmetric model solutions with respect to perturbations taken from the class of spherical harmonics. ",
"Using weakly nonlinear analysis, previous results are extended to show how the amplitudes of the asymmetric modes interact. ",
"Attention focuses on a special case for which the model equations simplify. ",
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"The asymmetric steady solutions limit the basin of attraction of the radially-symmetric steady state when it is linearly stable. ",
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"Welcome to the VRG Newfoundland & Labrador Dealer Guide. ",
"To find a Dealer with a physical location in Newfoundland & Labrador please see the list below - PLEASE NOTE we do not list online traders in this directory at this time!"
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"15 Secrets Outlaw Motorcycle Clubs Don’t Want You to Know About Them\n\nOne-percenters are best known for flaunting their bikes and their fearless disregard for the rules. ",
"But do you really know what they don’t want you to know about them? ",
"We lift the lid on their closely guarded inner secrets that they would never reveal to anyone.",
"\n\nMany people idolize and revere these wild-spirited riders. ",
"But to the law enforcers, outlaw motorcycle clubs are just another source of headache and pain. ",
"While being part of the brotherhood is the ultimate thrill, many would rather watch them from afar and stay away as much as possible. ",
"The law department likes to rank the various clubs according to threat levels as most MCs are a menace to the society.",
"\n\nAnd while many outlaw motorcycle clubs would proudly want you to know about them, there are stuff that they would pay anything to keep them secret. ",
"These lesser-known facts are at the core of their self-aggrandizing bad-boy image. ",
"Revealing them to the public would shatter the very foundation of their being. ",
"But for the first time, we lift the lid on these closely guarded secrets MCs would like to keep quiet about.",
"\n\n1. ",
"They take advantage of the law\n\nYou would think that outlaw MCs are a bunch of do-hickey groups without knowledge about the existing laws. ",
"But this assumption is quickly thrown out of the water when you discover their sophisticated organization that protects them legally. ",
"For instance, the famous outlaw club, Hells Angels, once sued Disney for copyright infringement over the use of their name in the movie Wild Hogs.",
"\n\nThey won and then went on to sue Saks, Amazon and even Marvel… so next time you want to take advantage of them, be prepared to face off in the courts. ",
"And they will probably win and you will lose.",
"\n\n2. ",
"They Obviously engage in some criminal activities\n\nRather sad is that, outlaw motorcycle clubs are often caught on the wrong side of the law. ",
"They dispel the myth of being free riding brothers taking on the road in a carefree manner. ",
"Many members of these MCs are accomplices in illegal substance distribution not just as a pastime activity but for prime profits and serious money-making. ",
"Another big business where you are likely to find them is arms and ammunition of which most operate without a government license.",
"\n\n3. ",
"You don’t cross their territory\n\nOutlaw motorcycle clubs are very territorial, and often fierce battles emerge between opposing groups. ",
"No two outlaws can occupy the same city territory and often they will fight over key cities and states for ultimate control. ",
"You would want to stay away from these blood-gushing fights that often end with multiple casualties. ",
"It’s the reason why you see their bottom rocker patch which says the territory or state they belong to.",
"\n\n4. ",
"Women are mere property\n\nThe one-percenters are notorious for viewing their female counterparts as mere property belonging to an existing member. ",
"Women in the club barely have any rights and are quite often second fiddle to the male members. ",
"In fact, a married woman belonging to an MC has little better standing than a girlfriend. ",
"All are viewed the same. ",
"However, many outlaw motorcycle clubs are actively engaged in advocating for womens’ rights even donating money to the causes. ",
"Despite this positive gesture, women are still property.",
"\n\n5. ",
"Do you see the numbered patches?",
"\n\nYou will notice various numbered patches on vests and jackets and wonder what they mean to MCs. ",
"Well, it turns out the numbered patches are codes with exclusive meaning. ",
"For example, number 18 on a patch is a specially designated code for the most famous outlaw motorcycle club; Hells Angels. ",
"It cannot be used by any other motorcycle club. ",
"Meanwhile, number 13 represents a more sinister occupation for the biker wearing it. ",
"It could mean that the biker is fond of illegal substances and either uses or distributes them.",
"\n\n6. ",
"They are polar opposites with law enforcement and considered a threat\n\nSo far, it should be no secret that outlaw MCs and the law enforcement do not look eye-to-eye. ",
"Reason being that many outlaw motorcycle club members engage in illegal activities that put them on the law enforcement’s radar. ",
"This is obviously not the case if you decide to fall for the popular image and romanticism of MCs painted by Hollywood films. ",
"The bottom line is, one-percenters are fond of breaking the rules and finding themselves in trouble with the law departments. ",
"As a result, they are considered a threat to society and are classified according to their threat levels.",
"\n\n7. ",
"There’s a difference between patches and colors\n\nDifferent patches and colors carry various meanings for things that members of a MC stand for. ",
"A biker jacket usually has different patches carrying different meanings or beliefs that the bikers hold dear. ",
"The top patch on the jacket’s back is the motorcycle club’s name, in the middle is the logo and the bottom rocker is the territory which belongs to the outlaws club.",
"\n\n8. ",
"Their preferred ride is Harley-Davidson\n\nOutlaw MCs like to keep it all-American with their style, more so when it comes to their ride. ",
"The Harley-Davidson motorcycle is their go-to ride without exception. ",
"For them, foreign-made motorcycles which they often refer to as “Jap Scraps” barely make it to their standards or level of pride. ",
"They sure are patriotic in keeping it all-American despite not seeing eye-to-eye with law enforcement. ",
"In some cases, some outlaw clubs require that the motorcycles have a particular engine displacement for you to join.",
"\n\n9. ",
"The origin of their one-percenter name\n\nThe 1%er badge has become an accepted emblem of honor and pride in the outlaws community. ",
"However, the name has controversial origins dating back to 1947. ",
"During a motorcycle rally called by the American Motorcycle Association, AMA, about 4,000 attendees rioted the event. ",
"This led to the releasing of a statement by AMA denouncing the 4,000 and saying that 99% of motorcycle clubs are law-abiding while 1% are outlaws. ",
"Since then, the outlaw clubs took up the 1%er badge with pride which they continue to identify with even today.",
"\n\n10. ",
"Not all outlaw clubs are famous or big enough\n\nIf you plan on belonging to one of these exclusive clubs, it better be a famous one. ",
"However, not all outlaw MCs can boast of the might and power of some big clubs like Hells Angels, Pagans, Sons of Silence, Bandidos and Outlaws. ",
"The smaller clubs are often overshadowed by their bigger brothers or even obliterated by law enforcement because they simply lack the capacity to put up a fight.",
"\n\n11. ",
"They have a strict hierarchy\n\nWhile outlaw clubs refer to themselves as free riders, there is a strict hierarchy and structure that is to be observed by each outlaw motorcycle club. ",
"In short, an outlaw club is run the same way as an organization with distinct structures within it. ",
"A senior member of the club has the final say on matters, and junior members cannot question the decisions. ",
"They adhere to militaristic authority only this time they are not serving their country nor are they known for being law abiding citizens.",
"\n\n12. ",
"They prefer masculine nicknames\n\nWhen most members join a club they get a nickname that has to be creative and witty. ",
"Quite often, they will go for a macho name, or a badass nickname. ",
"It’s common to find members using nicknames such as Trigger, Gunner or anything that exudes danger and masculinity. ",
"Any name is applicable including clean names that do not necessarily reflect how macho a person is. ",
"For example, preacher or pastor can apply to a person who has a clean image in the group. ",
"The point is that, the name has to reflect the person’s image.",
"\n\n13. ",
"They are proud of their bad boy reputation\n\nWithout doubt, one percenters are the bad boys of the road. ",
"Hollywood could not miss the prime opportunity of making movies about their enigma as evidenced in numerous films such as The Wild One (1953) and Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas (1998). ",
"The first film featuring Marlon Brando and his biker gang is regarded as a timeless classic that revolves around the biker community. ",
"Johnny Depp features in the popular 1998 film which covers the underground world of motorcycle racing, revealing the extent of drugs and crime.",
"\n\n14. ",
"Most members are veterans\n\nThe whole idea of motorcycling clubs was birthed after WWII and when more veterans returned from the Vietnam War. ",
"In a way, motorcycle clubs became a way of rediscovering the lost brotherhood and a response to being sidelined by the government.",
"\n\n15. ",
"They get tangled up in numerous cases\n\nFederal prosecutors and MC members often end up on opposite sides of the law as evidenced by numerous high profile cases over the years. ",
"For example, in 2015, the Mongols motorcycle club badge was seized by a federal judge subject to an investigation. ",
"Later on, the case was dismissed and the Mongols won back their patch."
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"Newmont: Recycling and Repurposing to Protect the Environment\n\nMarch 24, 2017\n\nThe Colorado Mining Association (CMA) honored winners of the Environmental Stewardship and Pollution Prevention Awards on Feb. 21 at the 119th annual National Western Mining Conference and Exhibition in Denver. ",
"Conference attendees at the awards banquet gathered to celebrate the very best mining company technologies and programs designed and implemented to protect the environment.",
"\nFor the second straight year, Newmont’s Cripple Creek and Victor Gold Mine’s Cresson Project took the top “Best of Best” award for its leadership in recycling and repurposing materials used by the operation. ",
"The Cripple Creek and Victor Cresson Project continues to build on its strong tradition of community support, demonstrating leadership in eliminating waste, repurposing materials used on site and recycling.",
"\nThe mine’s work with the Young Environmental Stewards (YES) program to establish small mammal and bird habitat values on reclaimed land is also noteworthy. ",
"The YES program represents an outstanding example of community engagement and youth environmental education.",
"\nCMA President Stan Dempsey, Jr. congratulated the company and its employees stating, “Cripple Creek and Victor’s Cresson Project stands as a wonderful example of a modern mining operation developing and implementing innovative and responsible environmental practices.”",
"\n\nMore than Two in Three Voters Support Streamlining the Mine Permitting Process to Increase Availability of the Domestic Minerals Required to Support Infrastructure Rebuilding Efforts\nWASHINGTON, D.C. – Eighty-six percent of voters are concerned about the state of American infrastructure, according... Read More"
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"-----Original Message-----\nFrom: \t\"Carlos Giron\" <Carlos.",
"Giron@psiusa.com>@ENRON \nSent:\tWednesday, January 09, 2002 2:13 PM\nTo:\tGiron, Darron C.; Love, Phillip M.; GBOHAN@HOME.COM; hjohnson93@home.com; yhaynes@mindspring.com; Ben.Latino@psiusa.com; bobby.bouduet@psiusa.com; Mike.Kotar@psiusa.com; thomasiu@yahoo.com\nSubject:\tFwd: Beer Stand\n\nX-Apparently-To: mattuptownnola@yahoo.com via web20409.mail.yahoo.com; 21 Dec 2001 22:29:27 -0800 (PST)\nReturn-Path: <sborne@dcc.edu>\nX-Track: 1: 40\nReceived: from 198.62.88.204 (EHLO mdaemon.dcc.edu) (198.62.88.204) by mta421.mail.yahoo.com with SMTP; 21 Dec 2001 22:27:45 -0800 (PST)\nReceived: from dcc-ewsvr-001.dcc.edu [198.62.88.204] by dcc.edu [198.62.88.204]\twith SMTP (MDaemon.v3.5.7.R);\tSat, 22 Dec 2001 00:13:01 -0800\nX-WebMail-UserID: sborne\nDate: Sat, 22 Dec 2001 00:12:43 -0800\nSender: Scott Borne <sborne@dcc.edu>\nFrom: Scott Borne <sborne@dcc.edu>\nTo: barry.borne@med.ge.com, darrenmartel@hotmail.com, dashairball@yahoo.com, garlsufan@aol.com, jmmurray@hotmail.com, labbott@jeffparish.net, mattuptownnola@yahoo.com, mcclavier@blanchardgold.com, ncvindel@blanchardgold.com, niccinoble@yahoo.com, thewowz@hotmail.com, tinatinney@gte.net\nX-EXP32-SerialNo: 00002302\nSubject: Beer Stand\nX-Mailer: WebMail (Hydra) SMTP v3.61\nX-MDRemoteIP: 198.62.88.204\nX-Return-Path: sborne@dcc.edu\nContent-Length: 1988029\nMime-Version: 1.0\nContent-Type: multipart/mixed; boundary=\"=_0D5000C1.45244BD3\"\n\nIf you haven't seen this...it's unbelievable.",
"\n\n>===== Original Message From Serrge@aol.com =====\n----- Forwarded Message -----\nFrom: \"Fuselier, Wendy\" <WFuselier@westmorelandhall.com>\nTo: \"Scott Borne (E-mail)\" <serrge@aol.com>\nSubject: FWD: Beer Stand\n\n - Boy Beer Stand.",
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[
"import pyaf.",
"Bench.",
"TS_datasets as tsds\nimport tests.artificial.process_artificial_dataset as art\n\n\n\n\nart.process_dataset(N = 128 , FREQ = 'D', seed = 0, trendtype = \"ConstantTrend\", cycle_length = 7, transform = \"Integration\", sigma = 0.0, exog_count = 0, ar_order = 0);"
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[
"Peroxyl radical- and photo-oxidation of glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase generates cross-links and functional changes via oxidation of tyrosine and tryptophan residues.",
"\nProtein oxidation is a frequent event as a result of the high abundance of proteins in biological samples and the multiple processes that generate oxidants. ",
"The reactions that occur are complex and poorly understood, but can generate major structural and functional changes on proteins. ",
"Current data indicate that pathophysiological processes and multiple human diseases are associated with the accumulation of damaged proteins. ",
"In this study we investigated the mechanisms and consequences of exposure of the key metabolic enzyme glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) to peroxyl radicals (ROO•) and singlet oxygen (1O2), with particular emphasis on the role of Trp and Tyr residues in protein cross-linking and fragmentation. ",
"Cross-links and high molecular mass aggregates were detected by SDS-PAGE and Western blotting using specific antibodies. ",
"Amino acid analysis has provided evidence for Trp and Tyr consumption and formation of oxygenated products (diols, peroxides, N-formylkynurenine, kynurenine) from Trp, and di-tyrosine (from Tyr). ",
"Mass spectrometric data obtained after trypsin-digestion in the presence of H216O and H218O, has allowed the mapping of specific cross-linked residues and their locations. ",
"These data indicate that specific Tyr-Trp and di-Tyr cross-links are formed from residues that are proximal and surface-accessible, and that the extent of Trp oxidation varies markedly between sites. ",
"Limited modification at other residues is also detected. ",
"These data indicate that Trp and Tyr residues are readily modified by ROO• and 1O2 with this giving products that impact significantly on protein structure and function. ",
"The formation of such cross-links may help rationalize the accumulation of damaged proteins in vivo."
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"“The best opportunity for me and my family was going to be for me to compete for a job here in Baltimore,” Tucker, a two-time Pro Bowl and four-time All-Pro selection, said of his decision to challenge incumbent starter Billy Cundiff seven years ago. ",
"Special teams coordinator Jerry Rosburg had already made a connection. “",
"And it was one of those things that you make the decision, you don’t even think twice about it, and you just put your head down and you work, and you put your best foot forward. ",
"We’re blessed to be sitting here today.”"
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[
"Emergency department presentations of Lyme disease in children.",
"\nTo review the clinical characteristics and diagnostic evaluation of children with Lyme disease evaluated in an emergency department (ED) in an endemic area. ",
"A retrospective review of the demographic, historical, clinical, and laboratory data of pediatric patients with a final diagnosis of Lyme disease. ",
"The pediatric ED of an urban university hospital. ",
"Children with Lyme disease evaluated during the three-year period from 1992 to 1994. ",
"Twenty-nine children ranging in age from three to 19 years who were diagnosed with Lyme disease subsequent to a visit to a pediatric ED were identified. ",
"Four patients had early localized disease with erythema migrans and varying degrees of systemic symptoms. ",
"Ten had early disseminated Lyme disease, with multiple erythema migrans, neurologic involvement (including three patients with pseudotumor cerebri), or carditis. ",
"Fifteen cases of late Lyme disease with arthritis were identified. ",
"Recognition of Lyme arthritis proved particularly difficult; seven children were initially diagnosed as having septic arthritis, six of whom underwent arthrotomy. ",
"Marked elevations of the erythrocyte sedimentation rate and synovial fluid white blood cell counts were observed in these patients, making it difficult to distinguish Lyme disease from septic arthritis on the basis of laboratory findings. ",
"Lyme disease is an infrequent, often difficult, diagnosis in children who present to an ED. ",
"Early disseminated and late disease predominate; classic erythema migrans is uncommon in the ED in comparison with other ambulatory venues. ",
"Diagnosis of Lyme arthritis may be difficult; exposure in an endemic area and clinical findings may help distinguish it from septic arthritis. ",
"Overall, underdiagnosis of Lyme disease may actually be more of a problem than overdiagnosis in the ED setting. ",
"Recognition of Lyme disease by emergency medicine practitioners requires familiarity with its epidemiology and its multiple manifestations."
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[
"Dr. James Naismith's original 13 rules for basketball:\n\nThe object of the game is to put the ball into your opponent's goal. ",
"This may be done by throwing the ball from any part of the grounds, with one or two hands, under the following conditions and rules.",
"\n\n\n\n1. ",
"The ball may be thrown in any direction with one or both hands.",
"\n\n\n\n2. ",
"The ball may be batted in any direction with one or both hands.",
"\n\n\n\n3. ",
"A player cannot run with the ball. ",
"The player must throw it from the spot on which he catches it, allowances to be made for a man who catches the ball when running if he tries to stop.",
"\n\n\n\n4. ",
"The ball must be held by the hands. ",
"The arms or body must not be used for holding it.",
"\n\n\n\n5. ",
"No shouldering, holding, pushing, tripping or striking in any way the person of an opponent shall be allowed; the first infringement of this rule by any player shall come as a foul, the second shall disqualify him until the next goal is made, or, if there was evident intent to injure the person, for the whole of the game, no substitute allowed.",
"\n\n\n\n6. ",
"A foul is striking the ball with the fist, violation of Rules 3, 4, and such as described in Rule 5.",
"\n\n\n\n7. ",
"If either side makes three consecutive fouls it shall count as a goal for the opponents (consecutive means without the opponents in the meantime making a foul).",
"\n\n\n\n8. ",
"A goal shall be made when the ball is thrown or batted from the grounds into the basket and stays there, providing those defending the goal do no touch or disturb the goal. ",
"If the ball rests on the edges, and the opponent moves the basket, it shall count as a goal.",
"\n\n\n\n9. ",
"When the ball goes out of bounds, it shall be thrown into the field of play by the person touching it. ",
"He has a right to hold it unmolested for five seconds. ",
"In case of a dispute the umpire shall throw it straight into the field. ",
"The thrower-in is allowed five seconds; if he holds it longer it shall go to the opponent. ",
"If any side persists in delaying the game the umpire shall call a foul on that side.",
"\n\n\n\n10. ",
"The umpire shall be the judge of the men and shall note the fouls and notify the referee when three consecutive fouls have been made. ",
"He shall have power to disqualify men according to Rule 5.",
"\n\n\n\n11. ",
"The referee shall be judge of the ball and shall decide when the ball is in play, in bounds, to which side it belongs, and shall keep the time. ",
"He shall decide when a goal has been made and keep account of the goals, with any other duties that are usually performed by a referee.",
"\n\n\n\n12. ",
"The time shall be two fifteen-minute halves, with five minutes rest between.",
"\n\n\n\n13. ",
"The side making the most goals in that time shall be declared the winner. ",
"In the case of a draw the game may, by agreement of the captains, be continued until another goal is made.",
"\n\nFrom Springfield College: Where Basketball Was Invented"
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[
"Direct Evidence of an Enzyme-Generated LPP Intermediate in (+)-Limonene Synthase Using a Fluorinated GPP Substrate Analog.",
"\nLinalyl diphosphate (LPP) is the postulated intermediate in the enzymatic cyclization of monoterpenes catalyzed by terpene synthases. ",
"LPP is considered an obligate intermediate due to the conformationally restrictive trans-C2-C3 double bond of the substrate, geranyl diphosphate (GPP), which precludes the proper positioning of carbons C1 and C6 to enable cyclization. ",
"However, because of the complexity of potential carbocation-mediated rearrangements in these enzymatic reactions, it has proven difficult to directly demonstrate the formation of LPP despite significant efforts. ",
"Here we synthesized a fluorinated substrate analog, 8,9-difluorogeranyl diphosphate (DFGPP), which is designed to allow initial ionization/isomerization and form the fluorinated equivalent of LPP (DFLPP) while preventing the subsequent ionization/cyclization to produce the α-terpinyl cation. ",
"Steady-state kinetic studies with the model enzyme (+)-limonene synthase (LS) under catalytic conditions show that the cyclization of DFGPP is completely blocked and a single linear product, difluoromyrcene, is produced. ",
"When crystals of apo-LS are soaked with DFGPP under conditions limiting turnover of the enzyme, we show, using X-ray crystallography, that DFLPP is produced in the enzyme active site and trapped in the crystals. ",
"Clear electron density is observed in the active site of the enzyme, but it cannot be appropriately fit with a model for the DFGPP substrate analog, whereas it can accommodate an extended conformation of DFLPP. ",
"This result supports the current model for monoterpene cyclization by providing direct evidence of LPP as an intermediate."
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[
"Q:\n\nHow to properly check and handle null values or objects\n\n var userDomain = (from a in this.db.",
"DomainList.",
"ToList()\n join b in this.db.",
"UserDomain.",
"ToList() on a.DomainId equals b.UserDomainId\n where b.UserId == new System.",
"Guid(user.",
"ProviderUserKey.",
"ToString())\n select new\n {\n a.DomainId,\n a.DomainName\n }).FirstOrDefault();\n\nstring userDomainName = (userDomain.",
"DomainName ?? \"",
"None\").ToString(CultureInfo.",
"InvariantCulture);\n\nI have the above sample code. ",
"When userDomain is null, i want to set userDomainName varibale to \"None\" else if userDomain is not null, userDomainName variable should be set to userDomain.",
"DomainName\nI have tried below line of code \n string userDomainName = (userDomain.",
"DomainName ?? \"",
"None\").ToString(CultureInfo.",
"InvariantCulture);\n\nbut that does't work as it throws error \n\nObject reference not set to an instance of an object.",
"\n\nif userDomain is null.",
"\n\nA:\n\nYes, if userDomain is null, then\nuserDomain.",
"DomainName\n\nwill fail.",
"\nIn C# 6, you can get over this with the null conditional operator:\nstring userDomainName = userDomain?.DomainName ?? \"",
"None\";\n\nBefore C# 6, you need:\nstring userDomainName = \n (userDomain == null ? ",
"null : userDomain.",
"DomainName) ?? \"",
"None\";\n\nThat's assuming it's possilble for userDomain to be non-null and userDomain.",
"DomainName to be null - if it's not, you could just use:\nstring userDomainName = userDomain == null ? \"",
"None\" : userDomain.",
"DomainName;\n\nNote that you don't need the ToString part - calling ToString(CultureInfo.",
"InvariantCulture) on a string will never change it.",
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"Walla Walla, Illinois\n\nWalla Walla is an unincorporated community in Cumberland County, Illinois, United States. ",
"Walla Walla is east-southeast of Jewett.",
"\n\nNamesake\nIt is named after Walla Walla, a city in Washington state, which in turn was named after a native American term meaning \"Place of Many Waters\".",
"\n\nWalla Walla: Basic Facts & Information \nWalla Walla (GNIS FID: 423281) is a populated place located within the Township of Greenup, a minor civil division (MCD) of Cumberland County.",
"\nThe elevation of Walla Walla is 587 feet. ",
"Walla Walla appears on the Greenup U.S. Geological Survey Map. ",
"Cumberland County is in the Central Time Zone (UTC -6 hours).",
"\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Unincorporated communities in Cumberland County, Illinois\nCategory:Unincorporated communities in Illinois"
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"Q:\n\nHow to change the direction of the callout line/tail in Visio 2013?",
"\n\nI want a call-out to have the line on the top of the text box, but it always snaps below when attached to a shape.",
"\nThe callout will be inside the top of the shape in a white space area pointing to a line inside the shape above it.",
"\n\nA:\n\nDon't use the ribbon option Insert → Diagram Parts → Callout. ",
"Instead go to Shapes → More Shapes → Visio Extra → Callouts. ",
"Add a connection point Home → Tools → \"X\" Connection Point to any spot on the page/diagram/shape where you want the tail to attach. ",
"Do a Custom callout 1 and drag the yellow dot to your connection point\n\n"
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"Q:\n\nImplement an API for probability distributions\n\nIntroduction\nIn this challenge, your task is to implement a collection of simple functions that together form a usable mini-library for simple probability distributions.",
"\nTo accommodate some of the more esoteric languages people like to use here, the following implementations are acceptable:\n\nA code snippet defining a collection of named functions (or closest equivalents).",
"\nA collection of expressions that evaluate to named or anonymous functions (or closest equivalents).",
"\nA single expression that evaluates to several named or anonymous functions (or closest equivalents).",
"\nA collection of independent programs that take inputs from command line, STDIN or closest equivalent, and output to STDOUT or closest equivalent.",
"\n\nThe functions\nYou shall implement the following functions, using shorter names if desired.",
"\n\nuniform takes as input two floating point numbers a and b, and returns the uniform distribution on [a,b]. ",
"You can assume that a < b; the case a ≥ b is undefined.",
"\nblend takes as inputs three probability distributions P, Q and R. It returns a probability distribution S, which draws values x, y and z from P, Q and R, respectively, and yields y if x ≥ 0, and z if x < 0.",
"\nover takes as input a floating point number f and a probability distribution P, and returns the probability that x ≥ f holds for a random number x drawn from P.\n\nFor reference, over can be defined as follows (in pseudocode):\nover(f, uniform(a, b)):\n if f <= a: return 1.0\n else if f >= b: return 0.0\n else: return (b - f)/(b - a)\n\nover(f, blend(P, Q, R)):\n p = over(0.0, P)\n return p*over(f, Q) + (1-p)*over(f, R)\n\nYou can assume that all probability distributions given to over are constructed using uniform and blend, and that the only thing a user is going to do with a probability distribution is to feed it to blend or over.",
"\nYou can use any convenient datatype to represent the distributions: lists of numbers, strings, custom objects, etc.",
"\nThe only important thing is that the API works correctly.",
"\nAlso, your implementation must be deterministic, in the sense of always returning the same output for the same inputs.",
"\nTest cases\nYour output values should be correct to at least two digits after the decimal point on these test cases.",
"\nover(4.356, uniform(-4.873, 2.441)) -> 0.0\nover(2.226, uniform(-1.922, 2.664)) -> 0.09550806803314438\nover(-4.353, uniform(-7.929, -0.823)) -> 0.49676329862088375\nover(-2.491, uniform(-0.340, 6.453)) -> 1.0\nover(0.738, blend(uniform(-5.233, 3.384), uniform(2.767, 8.329), uniform(-2.769, 6.497))) -> 0.7701533851999125\nover(-3.577, blend(uniform(-3.159, 0.070), blend(blend(uniform(-4.996, 4.851), uniform(-7.516, 1.455), uniform(-0.931, 7.292)), blend(uniform(-5.437, -0.738), uniform(-8.272, -2.316), uniform(-3.225, 1.201)), uniform(3.097, 6.792)), uniform(-8.215, 0.817))) -> 0.4976245638164541\nover(3.243, blend(blend(uniform(-4.909, 2.003), uniform(-4.158, 4.622), blend(uniform(0.572, 5.874), uniform(-0.573, 4.716), blend(uniform(-5.279, 3.702), uniform(-6.564, 1.373), uniform(-6.585, 2.802)))), uniform(-3.148, 2.015), blend(uniform(-6.235, -5.629), uniform(-4.647, -1.056), uniform(-0.384, 2.050)))) -> 0.0\nover(-3.020, blend(blend(uniform(-0.080, 6.148), blend(uniform(1.691, 6.439), uniform(-7.086, 2.158), uniform(3.423, 6.773)), uniform(-1.780, 2.381)), blend(uniform(-1.754, 1.943), uniform(-0.046, 6.327), blend(uniform(-6.667, 2.543), uniform(0.656, 7.903), blend(uniform(-8.673, 3.639), uniform(-7.606, 1.435), uniform(-5.138, -2.409)))), uniform(-8.008, -0.317))) -> 0.4487803553043079\n\nA:\n\nCJam, 58 bytes\n{[\\]}:U;\n{[@]}:B;\n{_,2={~1$-@@-\\/0e>1e<}{6Yb@f*\\.{O})[_1@-].*:+}?}:O;\n\nThese are postfix operators that work on the stack: 2.0 1.0 3.0 U O is over(2, uniform(1, 3)).",
"\nScore count\n{[\\]} is the function itself, :U; assigns it to the name U and pops it. ",
"Essentially this isn't part of the function, so by score counting rule 2, I'd only have to count {[\\]}. ",
"B is defined similarly.",
"\nHowever, O is recursive, and if I don't specify a name, there's no way to recurse. ",
"So here, I'd be inclined to count the :O; part. ",
"Then my score is 5+5+48=58 bytes in total.",
"\nExplanation\nU pops two arguments and makes a pair in reverse order: a b => [b a].",
"\nB pops three arguments and makes a triple in rotated order: a b c => [b c a].",
"\nO's structure is as follows:\n{ }:O; Define O as this function:\n _,2= ? ",
" If the argument list's length is 2:\n {~Γ} Append the list to the stack and execute subprogram Γ.\n {~Δ} Else, do the same, but execute subprogram Δ.\n\nSubprogram Γ handles uniform distributions:\nExecuted ops Explanation Stack contents\n============ =========== ==============\n Initial f; b; a\n1$ Copy b f; b; a; b\n - Difference f; b; (a-b)\n @@ Rotate x2 (a-b); f, b\n - Difference (a-b); (f-b)\n \\/ Flip divide (f-b)/(a-b)\n 0e> Clamp low max(0, (f-b)/(a-b))\n 1e< Clamp high min(1, max(0, (f-b)/(a-b)))\n\nSubprogram Δ handles blended distributions:\nExecuted ops Explanation Stack contents\n============ =========== ==============\n Initial f; [Q R P]\n6Yb Push [1,1,0] f; [Q R P]; [1 1 0]\n @ Rotate [Q R P]; [1 1 0]; f\n f* Multiply each [Q R P]; [f f 0]\n \\ Swap [f f 0]; [Q R P]\n .{O} Pairwise O [q r p]\n ) Uncons [q r] p\n [_1@-] [p, 1-p] [q r] [p 1-p]\n .*:+ Dot product q*p+r*(1-p)\n\n"
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"Huk!",
"\n\nHuk! ",
"is a 1956 American action film directed by John Barnwell and written by Stirling Silliphant filmed in the Philippines.. The film stars George Montgomery, Mona Freeman, John Baer, James Bell, Teddy Benavides and Mario Barri. ",
"The film was released on August 9, 1956, by United Artists. ",
" It is the first Philippine film of George Montgomery who would return to the islands in the 1960s to produce, direct, co-write and star in a number of Philippine films.",
"\n\nPlot\nGreg Dickson is an American born and raised in the Philippines. ",
" He returns to his family home after World War II to resume the family farming business. ",
" His plantation ends up in the middle of the Huk Natural with Greg and his labourers fighting the guerillas.",
"\n\nCast \nGeorge Montgomery as Greg Dickson\nMona Freeman as Cindy Rogers\nJohn Baer as Bart Rogers\nJames Bell as Stephen Rogers\nTeddy Benavides as Maj. ",
"Balatbat \nMario Barri as Kalak\nBen Perez as Pinote\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n \n\nCategory:1956 films\nCategory:American films\nCategory:English-language films\nCategory:United Artists films\nCategory:American action films\nCategory:1950s action films\nCategory:Films set in the Philippines\nCategory:Films with screenplays by Stirling Silliphant\nCategory:Films shot in the Philippines\nCategory:Films scored by Albert Glasser"
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"A man was shot early Sunday morning in a St. Paul North End neighborhood and died of his injuries after being dropped off at Regions Hospital, according to the St. Paul Police Department.",
"\n\nThe shooting is the city’s 16th homicide this year.",
"\n\nJust before 5:30 a.m., police officers were called to Regions Hospital after an adult man was dropped off. ",
"The man, who arrived in a private vehicle, had been shot. ",
"He died after lifesaving measures performed at the hospital failed.",
"\n\nOfficers identified a possible crime scene after learning the victim had died. ",
"They secured a location on the 100 block of E. Sycamore Street in the city’s North End.",
"\n\nThe forensics department was processing the scene, canvassing the neighborhood and interviewing witnesses on Sunday night.",
"\n\nThe scene is being secured until Monday, said Steve Linders, spokesman for the St. Paul Police Department.",
"\n\nThe circumstances that led to the shooting are under investigation. ",
"No arrests have been made. ",
"Anyone with information is asked to call the St. Paul Police Department’s homicide unit at 651-266-5650.",
"\n\nThe victim will likely be identified Monday, Linders said.",
"\n\nErin Adler • 612-673-1781"
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"Bijjahalli is a village in Ramanagara district of Karnataka with a population of approximately 1600 people, whose primary source of livelihood is agriculture.",
"\n\nDemographic Detail\n\n \n\nPopulation 1683\n\n \n\nSex Ratio 1007:1000\n\n \n\nEmployment Agriculture\n\n \n\nIMR 31per annum\n\n \n\n% of Families practising Open Defecation 20\n\n \n\nAv. ",
"Family Size 5.3\n\n \n\nAv. ",
"Family Income(Monthly) 11500\n\n \n\nLiteracy Rate 58.24 %\n\n \n\nMMR 144per annum\n\nPrimary School\n\n \n\nSchool\nGHPS Bijjahalli\n\n \n\nThe school structure is a permanent building.",
"\n\n \n\nThe school has a drinking water facility.",
"\n\n \n\nThe school has a playground.",
"\n\n \n\nThe school has separate toilets for boys and girls.",
"\n\n \n\nThe school has sufficient Educational (Teaching) Materials.",
"\n\n \n\nThe students possess uniforms and school bags with stationery & books.",
"\n\n \n\nThe classrooms are ventilated with windows and fans.",
"\n\n \n\nThe classrooms have chairs and tables.",
"\n\n \n\nThe Student-Teacher ratio is of 30 or less.",
"\n\n \n\nThere is a High Student Attendance.",
"\n\nPublic Health Center\n\n \n\nClosest Public Health Center\n8 kms from Bijjahalli, Ramanagara\n\nDrinking Water\n\n \n\nDrinking WaterHousehold Tap,Lake\n\n \n\nPiped drinking water is available for over 75% of the residents within their household premises.",
"\n\n \n\nPiped drinking water is available for 50% - 75% of the residents within their household premises.",
"\n\n \n\nThere is a public drinking water source available within 1 km for all households; hygienic conditions are maintained in and around this water source.",
"\n\n \n\nThere is a public drinking water source available within 1 km for all households; hygienic conditions around this water source are not satisfactory.",
"\n\n \n\nNone of the above\n\nIrrigation Water\n\n \n\nIrrigation Water\nQuality\n\n \n\nOver 75% of the agricultural land has access to adequate, clean irrigation water as required.",
"\n\n \n\nOver 75% of the agricultural land have access to clean irrigation water but in insufficient quantities.",
"\n\n \n\n50% - 75% of the agricultural land has access to adequate, clean irrigation water as required.",
"\n\n \n\n50% - 75% of the agricultural land has access to clean irrigation water but in insufficient quantities.",
"\n\n \n\nNone of the above\n\nSanitation\n\n \n\nSanitation\nFacilities\n\n \n\nOver 75% households have their own toilets that are connected to the village sewage system.",
"\n\n \n\nOver 75% households have their own toilets but are not connected to a sewage system.",
"\n\n \n\nA community toilet (separate for men and women) exists within the village and it is maintained well.",
"\n\n \n\nA community toilet (separate for men and women) exists within the village but the maintenance is not satisfactory.",
"\n\n \n\nNone of the above.",
"\n\nContribute\n\nMost states in India are suffering from poor educational attainment among students. ",
"For example, in Karnataka, 70% of class 7 children have been found to be unable to do class 2-3 arithmetic, and 33% to be unable to read class 2-3 level of reading. ",
"To address this tremendous challenge Sikshana Foundation is working in the largest school network, which is attended by 70%-80% of students in India, i.e. government schools. ",
"The foundation works to improve learning outcomes for nearly 3 lakh children"
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"Subclinical brain infarcts, detected by MRI, are highly prevalent in the elderly population. ",
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"In the first cycle, we demonstrated the role of large aortic plaques as independent stroke risk factors in the elderly, and the role of coagulation and lipid abnormalities as co-factors in increasing the stroke risk. ",
"The competing continuation will focus on subclinical brain infarcts and their relationship with aortic, subclinical cardiac abnormalities and 24-hour blood pressure abnormalities, in an attempt to identify subjects at increased risk of symptomatic stroke, myocardial infarction and vascular death. ",
"A cross-sectional study with prospective follow-up is proposed on 900 stroke-free volunteers over the age of 60 with the following aims: 1) To determine if aortic abnormalities are independently associated with silent brain infarcts in the elderly after adjusting for conventional vascular risk factors. ",
"2) To determine if cardiac abnormalities are independently associated with silent brain infarcts in the elderly after adjusting for conventional vascular risk factors. ",
"3) To determine if 24-hour blood pressure abnormalities are associated with silent brain infarcts in the elderly after adjusting for conventional vascular risk factors. ",
"4) To determine if aortic, cardiac and 24-hour blood pressure abnormalities are independently associated with future risk of vascular events and death. ",
"All subjects will undergo head MRI for subclinical brain disease detection as part of the Northern Manhattan Study (NOMAS), an arrangement that will guarantee enrollment and greatly increase the efficiency of the present application. ",
"Proximal aortic abnormalities and cardiac abnormalities will be assessed by transthoracic echocardiography with a novel 3-dimensional transthoracic imaging. ",
"24-hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring will also be performed. ",
"Odds ratio for aortic/cardiac/24-hour blood pressure abnormalities and silent brain infarcts will be calculated by logistic regression analysis in the overall population and in race-ethnic subgroups, adjusting for other stroke risk factors. ",
"Subjects will be followed by annual telephone interviews to ascertain stroke, myocardial infarction, and death. ",
"The present application will help fill gaps in knowledge on silent brain infarcts and their risk factors in the elderly, and identify subjects at higher risk before a symptomatic stroke or other vascular event occurs."
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"Experimental transmission of simian acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (SAIDS) and Kaposi-like skin lesions.",
"\nA disease that is similar to human AIDS may occur in monkeys. ",
"Simian AIDS (SAIDS) was experimentally transmitted from 2 rhesus monkeys dying of the disease to 4 cytomegalovirus (CMV) antibody-negative rhesus monkeys. ",
"The inocula consisted of the supernatant fluid from 10% homogenates of various tissues with or without buffy-coat cells from blood. ",
"Lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly, neutropenia, polymyositis, and other signs of the disease appeared in recipients within a few weeks after inoculation. ",
"Two animals developed Kaposi-like \"patch\" and \"plaque\" skin lesions and one died of sepsis and profound lymphoid depletion. ",
"A second animal also died with lymphoid depletion. ",
"All animals became infected with CMV but antibody levels were low in two animals, appeared and then disappeared in one, and never developed in the second monkey which died."
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"Cost: Good e-bikes are not cheap, and unlike most bikes, the costs associated with owning an e-bike don’t end when you hand over your credit card in exchange for a shiny new steed. ",
"The average cost of operating an electric bike is around $390 a year, including maintenance and charging. ",
"You’re also likely to need to change the batteries every 3-5 years so factor that into your costs.",
"\nI have cerebral palsy and have used a powerchair since I was three.... About a year and a half ago I applied for a grant from the Challenged Athlete Foundation for a handcycle. ",
"While I was waiting for letters to go out I worked out at the gym. ",
"I was talking to my trainer about handcycles. ",
"I explained that because all of the weight was behind the drive wheel in...\n{\"id\":1475554639938,\"title\":\"SONDORS Fold Sport (NOVEMBER SHIPPING)\",\"handle\":\"sondors-fold-sport-shipping-nov18\",\"description\":\"\",\"published_at\":\"2018-01-22T06:00:00-08:00\",\"created_at\":\"2018-07-27T11:26:22-07:00\",\"vendor\":\"SONDORS Electric Bikes\",\"type\":\"Electric Bike\",\"tags\":[\"Battery\",\"bike\",\"folding bike\",\"gear\",\"ion\",\"lithium\",\"motor\",\"shimano\",\"sondors\",\"SONDORS Fold\",\"sondors folding bike\",\"tire\"],\"price\":99900,\"price_min\":99900,\"price_max\":99900,\"available\":true,\"price_varies\":false,\"compare_at_price\":null,\"compare_at_price_min\":0,\"compare_at_price_max\":0,\"compare_at_price_varies\":false,\"variants\":[{\"id\":12819691798594,\"title\":\"Navy\",\"option1\":\"Navy\",\"option2\":null,\"option3\":null,\"sku\":\"186\",\"requires_shipping\":true,\"taxable\":true,\"featured_image\":{\"id\":3973565022274,\"product_id\":1475554639938,\"position\":1,\"created_at\":\"2018-08-02T12:53:18-07:00\",\"updated_at\":\"2018-08-06T05:24:29-07:00\",\"alt\":\"SONDORS Fold Sport (NOVEMBER SHIPPING) - SONDORS Electric Bikes\",\"width\":1023,\"height\":660,\"src\":\"https:\\/\\/cdn.shopify.com\\/s\\/files\\/1\\/1439\\/6088\\/products\\/NAVY.jpg?v=1533558269\",\"variant_ids\":[12819691798594]},\"available\":true,\"name\":\"SONDORS Fold Sport (NOVEMBER SHIPPING) - Navy\",\"public_title\":\"Navy\",\"options\":[\"Navy\"],\"price\":99900,\"weight\":136078,\"compare_at_price\":null,\"inventory_quantity\":1,\"inventory_management\":\"shopify\",\"inventory_policy\":\"deny\",\"barcode\":\"\"},{\"id\":12819691831362,\"title\":\"Black\",\"option1\":\"Black\",\"option2\":null,\"option3\":null,\"sku\":\"184\",\"requires_shipping\":true,\"taxable\":true,\"featured_image\":{\"id\":3973564825666,\"product_id\":1475554639938,\"position\":3,\"created_at\":\"2018-08-02T12:53:17-07:00\",\"updated_at\":\"2018-08-06T05:24:29-07:00\",\"alt\":\"SONDORS Fold Sport (NOVEMBER SHIPPING) - SONDORS Electric Bikes\",\"width\":1023,\"height\":660,\"src\":\"https:\\/\\/cdn.shopify.com\\/s\\/files\\/1\\/1439\\/6088\\/products\\/BLACK.jpg?v=1533558269\",\"variant_ids\":[12819691831362]},\"available\":true,\"name\":\"SONDORS Fold Sport (NOVEMBER SHIPPING) - Black\",\"public_title\":\"Black\",\"options\":[\"Black\"],\"price\":99900,\"weight\":136078,\"compare_at_price\":null,\"inventory_quantity\":5,\"inventory_management\":\"shopify\",\"inventory_policy\":\"deny\",\"barcode\":\"\"},{\"id\":12819691864130,\"title\":\"Silver\",\"option1\":\"Silver\",\"option2\":null,\"option3\":null,\"sku\":\"185\",\"requires_shipping\":true,\"taxable\":true,\"featured_image\":{\"id\":3973565120578,\"product_id\":1475554639938,\"position\":2,\"created_at\":\"2018-08-02T12:53:19-07:00\",\"updated_at\":\"2018-08-06T05:24:29-07:00\",\"alt\":\"SONDORS Fold Sport (NOVEMBER SHIPPING) - SONDORS Electric Bikes\",\"width\":1023,\"height\":660,\"src\":\"https:\\/\\/cdn.shopify.com\\/s\\/files\\/1\\/1439\\/6088\\/products\\/SILVER.jpg?v=1533558269\",\"variant_ids\":[12819691864130]},\"available\":true,\"name\":\"SONDORS Fold Sport (NOVEMBER SHIPPING) - Silver\",\"public_title\":\"Silver\",\"options\":[\"Silver\"],\"price\":99900,\"weight\":136078,\"compare_at_price\":null,\"inventory_quantity\":12,\"inventory_management\":\"shopify\",\"inventory_policy\":\"deny\",\"barcode\":\"\"}],\"images\":[\"\\/\\/cdn.shopify.com\\/s\\/files\\/1\\/1439\\/6088\\/products\\/NAVY.jpg?v=1533558269\",\"\\/\\/cdn.shopify.com\\/s\\/files\\/1\\/1439\\/6088\\/products\\/SILVER.jpg?v=1533558269\",\"\\/\\/cdn.shopify.com\\/s\\/files\\/1\\/1439\\/6088\\/products\\/BLACK.jpg?v=1533558269\"],\"featured_image\":\"\\/\\/cdn.shopify.com\\/s\\/files\\/1\\/1439\\/6088\\/products\\/NAVY.jpg?v=1533558269\",\"options\":[\"Color\"],\"content\":\"\"}\nYou should also think about how much gear you are going to need to carry. ",
"The reason this will affect your decision is because some electric bikes don’t have the capability to mount a front rack while others do. ",
"Plan on doing a 3-day trip? ",
"You could probably get away with just a rear rack. ",
"My advice though would to be to purchase an electric bike with the capability to mount a front rack as well. ",
"This way, if you decide to plan a longer trip in the future, you can simply buy a rack and be on your way instead of potentially having to buy a new bike.",
"\nOne of the biggest misconceptions about e-bikes is that you're not actually doing any work when you ride one. ",
"Not true. ",
"Thanks to that battery-powered motor, E-bikes are heavy! ",
"So if you turn the assist mode to low or off, you're still putting in plenty of effort. ",
"Many commuters have found that traveling home from work with assist off (when they're not in as big of a rush and don't mind getting sweaty) is a great way to fit exercise into a busy schedule.",
"\n\nRiese & Muller’s Nevo line definitely tops my list for commuting electric bikes. ",
"These bikes are premium, custom made bikes for a reasonable, middle-of-the-road price. ",
"All Riese & Muller bikes are hand made in Germany exactly to your specifications. ",
"The Nevo line specifically is incredibly well balanced and keeps riders in a comfortable, upright position. ",
"Riders also get a suspension seatpost (either the Cane Creek Thudbuster or Satori Elegance LT), which is a nice compromise between the full suspension Homage line and a complete hardtail.",
"\n\nThe high quality Drive Units from Bosch eBike Systems are the power behind your eBike – and are designed to be both functional and attractive. ",
"The gearing layout ensures optimal integration of the Drive Unit design and increased ground clearance. ",
"Light and compact: The reduced volume achieves reduced weight and a small distance between pedals, enhancing the ergonomics of your pedelec. ",
"The eBike Systems ActiveLine and Active Line Plus both received the Red Dot Award 2017 for product design.",
"\n\nThis bike is named the GSD because with it you can Get Stuff Done. ",
"Twenty-inch wheels keep the center of gravity low so heavy payloads—it's rated up to 400lbs—are easy to balance and a short (for a cargo bike) 70-inch wheelbase, similar to a standard single bike, make the GSD easy to maneuver. ",
"Designed with the urban commuter in mind, the bike can easily break down to 60 percent of its original size to fit into the back of a car and the rear rack doubles as a stand that allows it to stand upright to minimize space inside tight apartments. ",
"Put two child seats on the back and take the family along, or drop the seat and let you kid take the bike out himself—anyone from 4'10\" to 6'5\" can ride this bike. ",
"Last but not least, the GSD gives you the option of adding a second battery to extend your range up to about 150 miles on a single charge.",
"\nPedal Assist Electric Bikes, also known as \"E-bikes,\" are bicycles that have an electric motor to assist riders. ",
"The motor is powered by a battery and only assists the cyclist when he/she is pedaling. ",
"Electric bikes come in many different styles including commuter, recreational, step-thru with low-entry frames, cargo and mountain. ",
"They all have one thing in common: e-bikes are very simple to ride – if you can ride a bike you can ride an electric bike!",
"\n{\"id\":466985713703,\"title\":\"SONDORS Original (In-Stock US\\/Canada Only)\",\"handle\":\"sondors-original-us-canada-only\",\"description\":\"\\u003cmeta charset=\\\"utf-8\\\"\\u003e\\u003cmeta charset=\\\"utf-8\\\"\\u003e\\u003cmeta charset=\\\"utf-8\\\"\\u003e\\u003cmeta charset=\\\"utf-8\\\"\\u003e\\u003cmeta charset=\\\"utf-8\\\"\\u003e\\u003cmeta charset=\\\"utf-8\\\"\\u003e\\u003cmeta charset=\\\"utf-8\\\"\\u003e\\u003cmeta charset=\\\"utf-8\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eWith its spectacular, knobby, all-terrain tires, SONDORS Original provides all-around comfort and sturdy confidence. ",
"Whether you’re commuting to work, meeting friends, or out exploring nature, SONDORS Original steals the show. ",
"This eye-catching versatility matched with the lowest price tag in the industry has led SONDORS Original to become the best-selling electric bike in the United States. ",
"\\u003c\\/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cul\\u003e\\n\\u003cul\\u003e\\n\\u003cul\\u003e\\u003c\\/ul\\u003e\\n\\u003c\\/ul\\u003e\\n\\u003c\\/ul\\u003e\\n\\u003cul\\u003e\\n\\u003cul\\u003e\\n\\u003cul\\u003e\\u003c\\/ul\\u003e\\n\\u003c\\/ul\\u003e\\n\\u003c\\/ul\\u003e\\n\\u003cb\\u003eORIGINAL FRAME\\u003c\\/b\\u003e\\u003cbr\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eSONDORS Original durable steel, 17.75” frame is one-size-fits-most.\\u003c\\/p\\u003e\\n\\u003ch4\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003eORIGINAL BATTERY AND UPGRADE OPTION\\u003c\\/b\\u003e\\u003c\\/h4\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eSONDORS Original includes a 36V 8.7 Ah lithium-ion battery and charger. ",
"SONDORS Original is also available with an optional 36V 12.8 Ah lithium-ion battery upgrade. ",
"This upgrade offers a more powerful version of the SONDORS Original by extending your ride with a 20-30% increase in range, and greater torque to further enhance your hill-climbing, acceleration, and towing capacity*. ",
"\\u003c\\/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e*Both range and power increase estimates are contingent upon rider and towing weight, wind speed and terrain.\\u003c\\/p\\u003e\\n\\u003ch4\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003eORIGINAL MOTOR\\u003c\\/b\\u003e\\u003c\\/h4\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eSONDORS Original totes a 350W motor, providing more than enough to power your daily commute, a cruise on the beach, or a meander along your favorite trail. ",
"And with speeds up to 20 mph, SONDORS Original will get you there swiftly.\\u003c\\/span\\u003e\\u003c\\/p\\u003e\\n\\u003ch4\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003eORIGINAL TIRES\\u003c\\/b\\u003e\\u003c\\/h4\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eSONDORS Original is a showstopper - and its legendary, all-terrain tires are more than the reason. ",
"Measuring in at a chunky 26 x 4.9 inches, SONDORS Original tires keep it sturdy and versatile while conquering pavement, sand, dirt or snow.\\u003c\\/span\\u003e\\u003c\\/p\\u003e\\n\\u003ch4\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eORIGINAL FRONT SUSPENSION UPGRADE OPTION\\u003c\\/strong\\u003e\\u003c\\/h4\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eA high-performance, shock-absorbing, non-adjustable, front suspension fork can be yours to take your SONDORS Original riding comfort to the next level. ",
"You can expect better handling, improved cornering capabilities, and an overall smoother riding experience. (*",
"Please note: adding suspension fork can increase overall weight by approximately 10lbs.) ",
"\\u003c\\/p\\u003e\\n\\u003ch4\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003eORIGINAL LCD SCREEN UPGRADE INCLUDED\\u003c\\/b\\u003e\\u003c\\/h4\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eThe 2018 SONDORS Original comes standard with LCD screen upgrade - this feature supplies five levels of electric pedal assist plus added torque for increased hill-climbing power, greater range, and improved towing capacity. ",
"In addition, the LCD screen provides a digital display offering accurate battery level and distance traveled.\\u003c\\/p\\u003e\\n\\u003ch4\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003eORIGINAL RANGE\\u003c\\/b\\u003e\\u003c\\/h4\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eWith the use of the included SONDORS Original 36V 8.7 Ah lithium-ion battery along with electric pedal assist, many riders can experience a varied battery range of up to 25-40 miles*. ",
"When using straight electric power (without pedaling), the range can fluctuate to up to 20 miles*. ",
"\\u003c\\/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cul\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eSONDORS Original, 36V 12.8 Ah battery upgrade provides an approximate increase in range of up to 30 miles* straight electric and up to 58 miles* using electric pedal assist.\\u003c\\/li\\u003e\\n\\u003c\\/ul\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e*Both range estimates are contingent upon rider and towing weight, riding style, wind speed and terrain. ",
"\\u003c\\/p\\u003e\\n\\u003ch4\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003eORIGINAL WEIGHT\\u003c\\/b\\u003e\\u003c\\/h4\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eSONDORS Original is built with endurance and adaptability in mind. ",
"It means business with its all-steel frame, all-terrain tires, and readiness to vanquish nearly any landscape. ",
"SONDORS Original has been known to inspire confidence as it rolls in with conviction at a total approximate weight of 60 pounds (depending on configuration*).\\u003c\\/span\\u003e\\u003c\\/p\\u003e\\n\\u003ch4\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003eORIGINAL SHIPPING AND DELIVERY\\u003c\\/b\\u003e\\u003c\\/h4\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eYou can rest assured, each component of your new SONDORS is carefully wrapped in heavy-duty protective materials and packed with love in our famous SONDORS ultra-thick, 7-layered \\\"motorcycle-grade\\\" box. ",
"The purchase of your new SONDORS includes hand delivery to your door via U.P.S. ground shipping for oversized packages within the contiguous United States.\\u003c\\/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003ePLEASE NOTE: Shipments to Alaska, Hawaii and Canada will incur an extended area surcharge at checkout. (",
"Alaska and Hawaii: $59.00 \\/ \\u003cspan\\u003eCanada: $99.00 USD)\\u003c\\/span\\u003e\\u003c\\/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cmeta charset=\\\"utf-8\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cspan style=\\\"color: #990000;\\\"\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eIMPORTANT:\\u003c\\/strong\\u003e All SONDORS shown here are available for delivery in \\u003cstrong\\u003eU.S. and Canada ONLY. ",
"\\u003c\\/strong\\u003e\\u003cspan color=\\\"#c92323\\\"\\u003eFor SONDORS available in E.U., Norway and Switzerland, visit \\u003c\\/span\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e\\u003cspan color=\\\"#c92323\\\"\\u003e\\u003ca href=\\\"https:\\/\\/sondors.com\\/collections\\/europe\\\" style=\\\"color: #990000;\\\"\\u003eSONDORS Europe Collection\\u003c\\/a\\u003e\\u003c\\/span\\u003e\\u003c\\/strong\\u003e\\u003c\\/span\\u003e\\u003c\\/p\\u003e\",\"published_at\":\"2018-10-02T12:16:21-07:00\",\"created_at\":\"2018-01-16T07:49:07-08:00\",\"vendor\":\"SONDORS Electric Bikes\",\"type\":\"Electric Bike\",\"tags\":[\"350w\",\"36v\",\"7-speed\",\"aluminum\",\"Battery\",\"bike\",\"genuineshimano\",\"ion\",\"lithium\",\"lithiumion\",\"sondors\",\"steel\",\"tire\"],\"price\":87900,\"price_min\":87900,\"price_max\":106900,\"available\":true,\"price_varies\":true,\"compare_at_price\":null,\"compare_at_price_min\":0,\"compare_at_price_max\":0,\"compare_at_price_varies\":false,\"variants\":[{\"id\":6559062523943,\"title\":\"Charcoal \\/ 36V 8.7 Li-ion Battery\\/Standard Fork\",\"option1\":\"Charcoal\",\"option2\":\"36V 8.7 Li-ion Battery\\/Standard Fork\",\"option3\":null,\"sku\":\"55\",\"requires_shipping\":true,\"taxable\":true,\"featured_image\":{\"id\":1733275582503,\"product_id\":466985713703,\"position\":8,\"created_at\":\"2018-01-21T07:29:45-08:00\",\"updated_at\":\"2018-06-27T07:05:13-07:00\",\"alt\":\"SONDORS Original (In-Stock US\\/Canada Only) - SONDORS Electric Bikes\",\"width\":4792,\"height\":3268,\"src\":\"https:\\/\\/cdn.shopify.com\\/s\\/files\\/1\\/1439\\/6088\\/products\\/Fat_Charcoal_R_Side.",
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"JPG?v=1530108313\",\"variant_ids\":[6559062720551]},\"available\":true,\"name\":\"SONDORS Original (In-Stock US\\/Canada Only) - Blue \\/ 36V 12.8 Li-ion Battery\\/Suspension Fork\",\"public_title\":\"Blue \\/ 36V 12.8 Li-ion Battery\\/Suspension Fork\",\"options\":[\"Blue\",\"36V 12.8 Li-ion Battery\\/Suspension Fork\"],\"price\":106900,\"weight\":136078,\"compare_at_price\":null,\"inventory_quantity\":3,\"inventory_management\":\"shopify\",\"inventory_policy\":\"deny\",\"barcode\":\"\"}],\"images\":[\"\\/\\/cdn.shopify.com\\/s\\/files\\/1\\/1439\\/6088\\/products\\/White_Black_Original.jpg?v=1530108313\",\"\\/\\/cdn.shopify.com\\/s\\/files\\/1\\/1439\\/6088\\/products\\/Fat_BMatte_R_Side_93212509-9adc-4cac-aef5-d4a15d841d26.jpg?v=1530108313\",\"\\/\\/cdn.shopify.com\\/s\\/files\\/1\\/1439\\/6088\\/products\\/Fat_Blue_R_Side.jpg?v=1530108313\",\"\\/\\/cdn.shopify.com\\/s\\/files\\/1\\/1439\\/6088\\/products\\/Fat_White_Susp_R_Side.jpg?v=1530108313\",\"\\/\\/cdn.shopify.com\\/s\\/files\\/1\\/1439\\/6088\\/products\\/Fat_BMatte_Susp_R_Side.",
"JPG?v=1530108313\",\"\\/\\/cdn.shopify.com\\/s\\/files\\/1\\/1439\\/6088\\/products\\/Fat_Blue_Susp_R_Side.",
"JPG?v=1530108313\",\"\\/\\/cdn.shopify.com\\/s\\/files\\/1\\/1439\\/6088\\/products\\/Fat_Charcoal_Susp_R_Side.",
"JPG?v=1530108313\",\"\\/\\/cdn.shopify.com\\/s\\/files\\/1\\/1439\\/6088\\/products\\/Fat_Charcoal_R_Side.",
"JPG?v=1530108313\"],\"featured_image\":\"\\/\\/cdn.shopify.com\\/s\\/files\\/1\\/1439\\/6088\\/products\\/White_Black_Original.jpg?v=1530108313\",\"options\":[\"Color\",\"Description\"],\"content\":\"\\u003cmeta charset=\\\"utf-8\\\"\\u003e\\u003cmeta charset=\\\"utf-8\\\"\\u003e\\u003cmeta charset=\\\"utf-8\\\"\\u003e\\u003cmeta charset=\\\"utf-8\\\"\\u003e\\u003cmeta charset=\\\"utf-8\\\"\\u003e\\u003cmeta charset=\\\"utf-8\\\"\\u003e\\u003cmeta charset=\\\"utf-8\\\"\\u003e\\u003cmeta charset=\\\"utf-8\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eWith its spectacular, knobby, all-terrain tires, SONDORS Original provides all-around comfort and sturdy confidence. ",
"Whether you’re commuting to work, meeting friends, or out exploring nature, SONDORS Original steals the show. ",
"This eye-catching versatility matched with the lowest price tag in the industry has led SONDORS Original to become the best-selling electric bike in the United States. ",
"\\u003c\\/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cul\\u003e\\n\\u003cul\\u003e\\n\\u003cul\\u003e\\u003c\\/ul\\u003e\\n\\u003c\\/ul\\u003e\\n\\u003c\\/ul\\u003e\\n\\u003cul\\u003e\\n\\u003cul\\u003e\\n\\u003cul\\u003e\\u003c\\/ul\\u003e\\n\\u003c\\/ul\\u003e\\n\\u003c\\/ul\\u003e\\n\\u003cb\\u003eORIGINAL FRAME\\u003c\\/b\\u003e\\u003cbr\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eSONDORS Original durable steel, 17.75” frame is one-size-fits-most.\\u003c\\/p\\u003e\\n\\u003ch4\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003eORIGINAL BATTERY AND UPGRADE OPTION\\u003c\\/b\\u003e\\u003c\\/h4\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eSONDORS Original includes a 36V 8.7 Ah lithium-ion battery and charger. ",
"SONDORS Original is also available with an optional 36V 12.8 Ah lithium-ion battery upgrade. ",
"This upgrade offers a more powerful version of the SONDORS Original by extending your ride with a 20-30% increase in range, and greater torque to further enhance your hill-climbing, acceleration, and towing capacity*. ",
"\\u003c\\/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e*Both range and power increase estimates are contingent upon rider and towing weight, wind speed and terrain.\\u003c\\/p\\u003e\\n\\u003ch4\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003eORIGINAL MOTOR\\u003c\\/b\\u003e\\u003c\\/h4\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eSONDORS Original totes a 350W motor, providing more than enough to power your daily commute, a cruise on the beach, or a meander along your favorite trail. ",
"And with speeds up to 20 mph, SONDORS Original will get you there swiftly.\\u003c\\/span\\u003e\\u003c\\/p\\u003e\\n\\u003ch4\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003eORIGINAL TIRES\\u003c\\/b\\u003e\\u003c\\/h4\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eSONDORS Original is a showstopper - and its legendary, all-terrain tires are more than the reason. ",
"Measuring in at a chunky 26 x 4.9 inches, SONDORS Original tires keep it sturdy and versatile while conquering pavement, sand, dirt or snow.\\u003c\\/span\\u003e\\u003c\\/p\\u003e\\n\\u003ch4\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eORIGINAL FRONT SUSPENSION UPGRADE OPTION\\u003c\\/strong\\u003e\\u003c\\/h4\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eA high-performance, shock-absorbing, non-adjustable, front suspension fork can be yours to take your SONDORS Original riding comfort to the next level. ",
"You can expect better handling, improved cornering capabilities, and an overall smoother riding experience. (*",
"Please note: adding suspension fork can increase overall weight by approximately 10lbs.) ",
"\\u003c\\/p\\u003e\\n\\u003ch4\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003eORIGINAL LCD SCREEN UPGRADE INCLUDED\\u003c\\/b\\u003e\\u003c\\/h4\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eThe 2018 SONDORS Original comes standard with LCD screen upgrade - this feature supplies five levels of electric pedal assist plus added torque for increased hill-climbing power, greater range, and improved towing capacity. ",
"In addition, the LCD screen provides a digital display offering accurate battery level and distance traveled.\\u003c\\/p\\u003e\\n\\u003ch4\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003eORIGINAL RANGE\\u003c\\/b\\u003e\\u003c\\/h4\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eWith the use of the included SONDORS Original 36V 8.7 Ah lithium-ion battery along with electric pedal assist, many riders can experience a varied battery range of up to 25-40 miles*. ",
"When using straight electric power (without pedaling), the range can fluctuate to up to 20 miles*. ",
"\\u003c\\/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cul\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eSONDORS Original, 36V 12.8 Ah battery upgrade provides an approximate increase in range of up to 30 miles* straight electric and up to 58 miles* using electric pedal assist.\\u003c\\/li\\u003e\\n\\u003c\\/ul\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e*Both range estimates are contingent upon rider and towing weight, riding style, wind speed and terrain. ",
"\\u003c\\/p\\u003e\\n\\u003ch4\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003eORIGINAL WEIGHT\\u003c\\/b\\u003e\\u003c\\/h4\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eSONDORS Original is built with endurance and adaptability in mind. ",
"It means business with its all-steel frame, all-terrain tires, and readiness to vanquish nearly any landscape. ",
"SONDORS Original has been known to inspire confidence as it rolls in with conviction at a total approximate weight of 60 pounds (depending on configuration*).\\u003c\\/span\\u003e\\u003c\\/p\\u003e\\n\\u003ch4\\u003e\\u003cb\\u003eORIGINAL SHIPPING AND DELIVERY\\u003c\\/b\\u003e\\u003c\\/h4\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003eYou can rest assured, each component of your new SONDORS is carefully wrapped in heavy-duty protective materials and packed with love in our famous SONDORS ultra-thick, 7-layered \\\"motorcycle-grade\\\" box. ",
"The purchase of your new SONDORS includes hand delivery to your door via U.P.S. ground shipping for oversized packages within the contiguous United States.\\u003c\\/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003ePLEASE NOTE: Shipments to Alaska, Hawaii and Canada will incur an extended area surcharge at checkout. (",
"Alaska and Hawaii: $59.00 \\/ \\u003cspan\\u003eCanada: $99.00 USD)\\u003c\\/span\\u003e\\u003c\\/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cmeta charset=\\\"utf-8\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cspan style=\\\"color: #990000;\\\"\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eIMPORTANT:\\u003c\\/strong\\u003e All SONDORS shown here are available for delivery in \\u003cstrong\\u003eU.S. and Canada ONLY. ",
"\\u003c\\/strong\\u003e\\u003cspan color=\\\"#c92323\\\"\\u003eFor SONDORS available in E.U., Norway and Switzerland, visit \\u003c\\/span\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e\\u003cspan color=\\\"#c92323\\\"\\u003e\\u003ca href=\\\"https:\\/\\/sondors.com\\/collections\\/europe\\\" style=\\\"color: #990000;\\\"\\u003eSONDORS Europe Collection\\u003c\\/a\\u003e\\u003c\\/span\\u003e\\u003c\\/strong\\u003e\\u003c\\/span\\u003e\\u003c\\/p\\u003e\"}\nThe Gazelle was made for city commutes - the riding position is relaxed yet so upright, you can look around, over car roofs and feel confident even in heavy traffic. ",
"The Orange is no fly-weight, though. ",
"With its rudimentary suspension fork, Post Moderne suspension seat-post, rack-mounted battery and \"built for comfort\" wheels, it’s 24.4kg weight (plus battery) excludes it from being regularly carried up-stairs or into flats for commuters who don’t have street-level entry or a bike store.",
"\n\nYou should be extra aware about your local regulations as in many countries an L1e-A certified bike needs to be registered and insured (be sure to consult your local laws and rules) and with registration comes the security that the bike can be tracked if it is stolen or misplaced. ",
"This approval that we have received is European Union wide and even those countries that are not part of the EU but rather EEA do adopt similar regulations in order to keep the market common but you will need to consult with your authorities. ",
"We will detail more about the registration process in an upcoming blog post but if you have any questions you can email us and we will respond in kind.",
"\n\nThe frame itself incorporates a series of mounts allowing you to easily trick-out the Road E+1 with a rack, fenders, or panniers to more aptly meet your touring requirements. ",
"Again, most touring purists will certainly scoff at the mere notion of pedal-assistance, however, individuals looking for more of a guided tour and less of a tour de force will swoon over the Road E+1.",
"\nThe Ancheer comes with outstanding Shimano Tourney gears in 6 x speeds. ",
"This gear system is one of the best in the business. ",
"Similarly the front-rear disc brakes are perfectly effective and will bring you to a safe stop even from speed. ",
"Speaking of speed, the maximum is 16mph and the bike will travel anywhere between 17-23 miles on a single charge. ",
"The battery charges up in 4-6 hours, which is the same for virtually all e-bikes.",
"\nIn the 1890s, electric bicycles were documented within various U.S. patents. ",
"For example, on 31 December 1895, Ogden Bolton Jr. was granted U.S. Patent 552,271 for a battery-powered bicycle with \"6-pole brush-and-commutator direct current (DC) hub motor mounted in the rear wheel\". ",
"There were no gears and the motor could draw up to 100 amperes (A) from a 10-volt battery.[5]\nWe spent 45 hours on research, videography, and editing, to review the top choices for this wiki. ",
"With rechargeable battery-powered pedaling assistance, electric bicycles offer an increasingly viable alternative to fossil-fueled commuting, and e-bikes enable riders of various abilities to extend their range. ",
"But the street-legality of these hybrid machines remains a contentious issue, so be sure to check current state and local laws governing their operation before you hit the road. ",
"When users buy our independently chosen editorial picks, we may earn commissions to support our work. ",
"Skip to the best electric bike on Amazon.",
"\n\nInformation about the company’s two co-founders is scant. ",
"Storm Sondors has left virtually no trail behind him on the Internet, save for a seldom-used YouTube account. ",
"Jon Hopp is a film editor working for a Los Angeles marketing firm. ",
"His Facebook account displays photos of two fat-tire bikes virtually identical to the Storm eBike, sporting logos from different manufacturers.",
"\n\nAutomated Transit Networks (ATN), and the small-vehicle subset of Personal Rapid Transit (PRT), are emerging technologies that can help solve the related problems of congestion, dependence on foreign oil, and planetary climate disruption. ",
"ATN/PRT offers clean, quiet, responsive public transit with automated non-stop service available 24 hours a day. ",
"In addition to these service benefits, PRT costs far less to build and operate than other transit options ¯ and is safer than walking and cycling on nearby busy streets.",
"\nCertainly not for the entry-level e-bike buyer, those who need to strap cargo to their back now have a new option with the Riese & Muller Load option, with full cargo space on the front of the bike. ",
"While over $6,000, the full-suspension bike has adjustability to allow for differing loads. ",
"Safety features include LED headlights and premium components abound.",
"\nIntroducing the future of performance and comfort, the Kinekt BodyFloat seatpost. ",
"The innovation isolation system, designed here in Washington, greatly enhances the endurance and enjoyment of riding a bike. ",
"Engineered to be infinitely tunable to fit your personal riding style and weight, Seattle Electric Bike is proud to offer this breakthrough seatpost for all your biking adventures.",
"\n\nAs with all these bikes, the assisted speed is capped at 15mph, but unlike some of them, the Gtech eBike City or its identical (spec-wise) sibling the eBike Sport (this just has a standard frame rather than a step-through one) is light and agile enough for you to be able pedal harder without feeling like the weight is fighting you back down to 15mph. ",
"You can even, at a push, use it without the motor on flatter roads.",
"\n\nWhile the first functional battery was developed in the year 1800 by Italian physicist Alessandro Volta, a practical battery would not be seen for several decades yet. ",
"By the end of the 19th century, practical and portable batteries were more widely available, this finally freeing the electric motor to be used in a wide new array of applications. ",
"It might come as a surprise, but the electric motor, battery, and a bicycle were first paired as far back as the 1890s. ",
"It would be approximately 100 years later that electric bicycle development finally entered the mainstream, but the technology and concept behind the electric bike were all in place generations ago.",
"\nIt will be of little surprise to learn that the Hanebrink all-terrain vehicle was designed by six time Mountain Bike national class champion and former U.S. National Team member Dan Hanebrink. ",
"It's based on 1993's Extreme Terrain fat tire pedal bike and is made to order at the Fortune Hanebrink workshop at Big Bear Lake, California. ",
"Echoing the philosophy of many electric assist bicycle makers, Hanebrink says: \"We are not trying to replace standard bicycles, we want to replace cars and trucks.\"",
"\nThankfully, the Pendleton Somerby is an affordable option which, though not as high performing as some pricier e-bikes, offers a chance for a beginner or less serious cyclist to venture into the electric bike world. ",
"With a classic, elegant, low step through frame, getting on is as easy as possible. ",
"This is to all intents and purposes a city bike, from its look to the mudguards and chainguards that keep your clothes pristine, and the space for a luggage rack.",
"\n\nThe motor on the Patriot DreamE drives the chain and utilizes the gearing of the bike for remarkable power and speed. ",
"If you want more speed or hill climbing power, simply change the rear cassette. ",
"The motor is lightweight and mounted low on the frame for better balance. ",
"Unlike hub motors, this frame mounted motor allows you to remove wheels (e.g. to fix a flat) like a traditional bicycle - without any wires to disconnect and reconnect.",
"\n\nBecause the power is applied through the chain and sprocket, power is typically limited to around 250–500 watts to protect against fast wear on the drivetrain. ",
"An electric mid-drive combined with an internal gear hub at the back hub may require care due to the lack of a clutch mechanism to soften the shock to the gears at the moment of re-engagement. ",
"A continuously variable transmission or a fully automatic internal gear hub may reduce the shocks due to the viscosity of oils used for liquid coupling instead of the mechanical couplings of the conventional internal gear hubs.",
"\nRachel L. Davis is an avid bicyclist. ",
"But as a working mother of two, with a third child on the way, she doesn’t have time for long bike rides. “",
"In my world, getting my exercise has to be part of my daily life,” says Davis, 36, who owns a marketing strategy company based in Washington. “",
"I live in a hilly part of D.C., and as I’ve become more pregnant, more tired with more children, I don’t have as much energy to be biking 40 miles or biking to Alexandria.”",
"\n\nThe new Electric Bike Kit Owners group on Facebook has taken off within the first week of its creation. ",
"Around 400 people have joined the online group with new members being added every day. ",
"E-bike riders are sharing the various ways that they have converted their bikes using the E-BikeKit Complete Electric Bike Conversion System. ",
"Each one of the electric bike conversions is more unique than the next. ",
"Some e-bike...\n\nYou turn it on by pressing the green button on the battery once for low power and twice for high, although to be honest, there is not a lot of difference between them. ",
"After that, you just pedal. ",
"There are no gears, no chain to muck up your trousers (a motorbike-style carbon fibre belt is used instead) and not that much difference in feeling compared to riding a normal bike.",
"\nBack to the bike. ",
"I’ve gotta be honest, it doesn’t look half bad. ",
"The battery fits into the downtube, which is way better than those crazy brackets you see on cheap ebikes. ",
"The welds are also smoothed over, like an old Aluminum Cannondale. ",
"The drivetrain is a mix of parts, with Shimano Altus in the rear. ",
"Altus is a mountain bike groupset, but on the very low end.",
"\nAbove all, the Brompton is a lot of fun to ride in urban settings. ",
"Its powerful enough to breeze up hills with near zero effort, but feels nimble. ",
"As with any Brompton, you probably won't win a half-mile sprint on it, but thanks to the pedal assistance, you most certainly will get off to a flying start. ",
"The reason it stands above other electric bikes is that Brompton has worked out how to apply power assistance to your pedalling so it feels natural. ",
"It also doesn't feel so much like it's trying to fight you once you reach the maximum, 15mph assisted speed.",
"\nE-bikes mostly use motors and battery options from a few major suppliers: Bosch, Yamaha, Shimano, and Brose. ",
"A few other brands exist, but are less reliable or powerful. ",
"Some, like the Yamaha system, have more torque and others are quieter. ",
"But generally all four make good options. ",
"Look for motor output (in watts) which will give you an idea of total power. ",
"But watt hours (Wh) is perhaps a better figure to use—it takes into account battery output and life to give a truer reflection of power."
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"\n\nThe launch Thursday -- the North's fifth weapons test in a month -- was overseen by leader Kim Jong-Un, the state-run Korean Central News Agency reported, and came less than a week after the United Nations tightened sanctions against the Stalinist regime.",
"\n\n\"The launched cruise rockets accurately detected and hit the floating targets on the East Sea of Korea,\" KCNA said, referring to the Sea of Japan -- where two US aircraft carriers were on naval manoeuvres last week.",
"\n\nThe USS Carl Vinson and the USS Ronald Reagan led the three-day exercises that ended on June 3, with a total of a dozen US ships participating along with two Japanese vessels, in a show of force directed at North Korea.",
"\n\nThe US has stepped up its muscle-flexing in the region, with a US nuclear submarine, the 6,900-ton USS Cheyenne, whose home port is Pearl Harbor, also arriving in the South Korean port of Busan Tuesday.",
"\n\nNorth Korea's top newspaper Rodong Sinmun ran a front-page photo of a beaming Kim surrounded by smiling generals in uniform, with further pictures inside apparently showing the cruise missiles being launched from the back of a tank-like vehicle, and hitting ships at sea.",
"\n\nNorth Korea has ordered three ballistic missile launches, a surface-to-air missile, and now Thursday's cruise missile tests since South Korea's new President Moon Jae-in took power in early May.\n\nThursday's short-range missiles flew some 200 kilometres (124 miles), which is an improvement on a 2015 test, when a surface-to-ship cruise missile flew only 100 kilometres, said Korea Defence Forum analyst Shin Jong-Woo.",
"\n\n\"This is another sign of meaningful progress in the North's efforts to diversify its missiles. ",
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"\n\nStory continues\n\nThe new cruise missile represents a \"a step forward in terms of accuracy and range\", analyst Kim Dong-Yub of the Kyungnam University Institute for Far Eastern Studies told AFP.",
"\n\nKCNA said the weapon tested Thursday had been part of the military parade in Pyongyang on April 15 to mark the birthday of the North's founding father Kim Il-Sung.",
"\n\nAll of the weapons on display at the extravagant military parade have been tested in the past month, except for one that analysts said appeared to be an intercontinental ballistic missile, Yonhap news agency reported.",
"\n\n- EU sanctions -\n\nMoon advocated reconciliation with Seoul's isolated, unpredictable neighbour but has taken a more stern position in the wake of the missile tests, which pose a policy challenge to the new left-leaning leader.",
"\n\nThe launches come less than a week after the United Nations expanded sanctions against Kim Jong-Un's regime in response to the recent ballistic missile tests.",
"\n\nDiplomats at the United Nations denounced Thursday's cruise missile launches as another provocation, though no immediate meeting of the Security Council is planned.",
"\n\nCruise missile tests do not contravene UN regulations, Korea Defence Network analyst Lee Il-Woo told AFP, adding they were \"much slower than ballistic missiles and can be shot down by anti-aircraft guns\".",
"\n\nAny North Korean tests using ballistic missile technology are banned by UN resolutions.",
"\n\nHowever, the European Union on Thursday broadened its sanctions against North Korea over its work on nuclear weapons and ballistic missiles.",
"\n\nThe EU said it would freeze the assets of 14 more people and ban their travel to Europe in line with a UN Security Council resolution last week for more sanctions over Pyongyang's ballistic missile tests.",
"\n\nThe North has carried out two atomic tests and dozens of missile launches since the beginning of last year in its quest to develop a missile capable of delivering a nuclear warhead to the continental United States -- something President Donald Trump has vowed \"won't happen\"."
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"Sex & Groping is a Vouyer Productions road trip with a sex party attitude and a video camera that is constantly running. ",
"Most of the action takes place in a hotel room - likely in Las Vegas - and the result is loads of good reality-style sex.",
"\n\nIn the midst of all the action, it's Vince Vouyer's birthday. ",
"Big breasted Gianna is his birthday present. ",
"Elsewhere in the room, Erik Everhard gets slapped in the face by a girl (while in the midst of a d.p.), ",
"and he slaps back. ",
"Later, the director shoots a POV double blowjob. ",
"And more."
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"Spectroscopic and thermodynamic evidence for antimicrobial peptide membrane selectivity.",
"\nIn our laboratory we developed a series of antimicrobial peptides that exhibit selectivity and potency for prokaryotic over eukaryotic cells (Hicks et al., ",
"2007). ",
"Circular dichroism (CD), isothermal calorimetry (ITC) and calcein leakage assays were conducted to determine the mechanism of lipid binding of a representative peptide 1 (Ac-GF-Tic-Oic-GK-Tic-Oic-GF-Tic-Oic-GK-Tic-KKKK-CONH(2)) to model membranes. ",
"POPC liposomes were used as a simple model for eukaryotic membranes and 4:1 POPC:POPG liposomes were used as a simple model for prokaryotic membranes. ",
"CD, ITC and calcein leakage data clearly indicate that compound 1 interacts via very different mechanisms with the two different liposome membranes. ",
"Compound 1 exhibits weaker binding and induces less calcein leakage in POPC liposomes than POPC:POPG (4:1 mole ratio) liposomes. ",
"The predominant binding mechanism to POPC appears to be limited to surface interactions while the mechanism of binding to 4:1 POPC:POPG most likely involves some type of pore formation."
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"This Memo is meant to provide answers on the main aspects of the proposals put forward by the Commission for the Multiannual Financial Framework. ",
"It covers (1) the main background elements on MFF definition and functioning, (2) the main novelties proposed by the Commission on policies and (3) new ideas on the financing of the future budget.",
"\n\n1. ",
"Definition, historical background and procedures\n\nWhat is the Multiannual Financial Framework (MFF)?",
"\n\nThe Multiannual Financial Framework (MFF) translates into financial terms the Union's political priorities for at least 5 years. ",
"Article 312 of the Lisbon Treaty provides that the MFF is laid down in a regulation adopted unanimously by Council after obtaining the consent (adopts or rejects the whole package, no amendments) from the European Parliament. ",
"It sets annual maximum amounts (ceilings) for EU expenditure as a whole and for the main categories of expenditure (headings). ",
"It is not as detailed as an annual budget.",
"\n\nWhy do we need a Multiannual Financial Framework?",
"\n\nBy specifying the spending limits for each category of expenditure, the MFF imposes budgetary discipline and ensures that the Union's expenditure develops in an orderly manner within the limits of its own resources and in line with Union's policy objectives. ",
"In addition, this system ensures a predictable inflow of resources for the Union's long-term priorities and gives greater certainty to beneficiaries of EU funds, such as SME's, regions catching up, students, researchers, civil society organisations.",
"\n\nThe MFF sets the cornerstones for the annual budgetary procedure. ",
"It considerably facilitates agreement on the yearly budget between the European Parliament and the Council which are the two branches of the Union's budgetary authority. ",
"At the same time it ensures continuity towards achieving the priorities set for the benefit of Europe. ",
"The financial framework also lays down any other provisions required for the annual budgetary procedure to run smoothly.",
"\n\nHave we always dealt with budget through multiannual frameworks?",
"\n\nThe MFF is part of the European Union's functioning since 1988 and has covered periods varying from 5 to 7 years.",
"\n\nThe first Financial Framework, the so called Delors Package I, covered the years 1988-1992 and focused on establishing the Internal Market and consolidating the multi annual research and development framework programme.",
"\n\nThe second framework 1993-1999, the Delors Package II, gave priority to social and cohesion policy and the introduction of the euro.",
"\n\nThe \"Agenda 2000\" covered the period 2000-2006 and focused on theenlargement of the Union.",
"\n\nFinally, the MFF2007-2013 gave priority to sustainable growth and competitiveness, in order to create more jobs.",
"\n\nThe next MFF will present the budgetary priorities of the Union for the years 2014 to 2020.",
"\n\nHow does the entry into force of the Lisbon Treaty in 2009 affects the MFF 2014-2020?",
"\n\nPrior to the entry into force of the Lisbon Treaty, MFF was the result of an interinstitutional agreement. ",
"Yet, the article 312 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union also confers a legally binding value to the Multiannual Financial Framework to determine \"the amounts of the annual ceilings on commitment appropriations by category of expenditure and of the annual ceiling on payment appropriations\". ",
"Besides, under the new treaty, the decision on the MFF will have to be taken by the Council deciding unanimously after receiving the Parliament's consent.",
"\n\nWhy should the Financial Framework be agreed no later than 2012?",
"\n\nIt takes 12-18 months to agree on the legal bases for all the multi-annual programmes and projects which will be financed under the MFF, in areas such as research, education, cohesion, development aid, neighbourhood policy etc. ",
"In order to allow these programmes to start in January 2014, a political agreement on the ceiling in the MFF should be taken no later than one and a half year before the framework enters into force. ",
"Furthermore, the political agreement will need to be translated into a Council Regulation requiring the consent of the European Parliament.",
"\n\nWhat happens if there is no agreement?",
"\n\nIf there is no agreement before the end of 2013, the 2013 ceilings will be extended to 2014, plus a 2% inflation adjustment. ",
"The Treaty also foresees the extension of the \"other provisions\" corresponding to the last year of the financial framework. ",
"This means that all the provisions on the adjustments and revisions of the financial framework and instruments outside the financial framework would be extended.",
"\n\nWhether or not there is an agreement on the next MFF, there will be financial framework ceilings in place for 2014 and the budget could thus be adopted in conformity with the Treaty.",
"\n\nThe absence of an agreed financial framework 2014-20 would considerably complicate the adoption of new programmes. ",
"And in the absence of new legal bases, including their indicative financial envelopes, no commitments could be made for those multiannual spending programmes for which the legal base expires in 2013.",
"\n\nSo, as in the case of late agreement, the 2014 budget would probably only cover the agricultural payments and the payments on outstanding commitments. ",
"In other terms, citizens benefiting from EU-funds, such as researchers, students, civil society organisations, would face severe drawbacks.",
"\n\n2. ",
"Novelties on expenditure side of the MFF\n\nWhat is new for Common Agriculture Policy?",
"\n\nThe Commission proposes to allocate 36,2% of the MFF to CAP as compared to 39.4% in the previous exercise (41.5% in 2013).",
"\n\nThe basic two pillar structure of the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) will be maintained. ",
"The main changes proposed by the Commission are as follows:\n\nGreening of direct payments: to ensure that the CAP helps the EU to deliver on its environmental and climate action objectives, 30 % of direct support will be made conditional on \"greening\". ",
"This means that all farmers must engage in environmentally supportive practices which will be defined in legislation and which will be verifiable. ",
"The impact will be to shift the agricultural sector significantly in a more sustainable direction, with farmers receiving payments to deliver public goods to their fellow citizens.",
"\n\nConvergence of payments: the levels of direct support per hectare will be progressively adjusted (while taking account of the differences that still exist in wage levels and input costs) in order to ensure a more equal distribution of direct payments.",
"\n\nThe allocation of rural development funds will be revised on the basis of more objective criteria and better targeted to the objectives of the policy. ",
"This will ensure a fairer treatment of farmers performing the same activities.",
"\n\nCapping the level of direct payments by limiting the basic layer of direct income support that large agricultural holdings may receive, while taking account of the economies of scale of larger structures and the direct employment these structures generate. ",
"The Commission proposes that the savings be recycled into the budgetary allocation for rural development and retained within the national envelopes of the Member States in which they originate.",
"\n\nThe Commission proposes to allocate €281.8 billion for Pillar I of the Common Agricultural Policy and €89.9 billion for rural development for the 2014-2020 period. ",
"This funding will be complemented by a further €15.2 billion.",
"\n\nWhat is new for Cohesion policy?",
"\n\nThe Commission proposes to allocate 36,7% of the MFF to Cohesion policy as compared to 35% in the previous exercise.",
"\n\nThe main changes proposed by the Commission are as follows:\n\nThe proposal foresees the creation of a category of intermediate regions whose GDP is between 75% and 90% of the average EU GDP. ",
"This new category will complement the two existing ones (convergence regions and competitiveness regions).Those \"transition regions\" should retain two thirds of their previous allocations for the next MFF period. ",
"The poorest regions and Member States of the European Union would then be helped in priority in order for them to catch up with the more prosperous Member States.",
"\n\nIntroducing conditionality in cohesion policy: it will be based on results and incentives to implement the reforms needed to ensure effective use of the financial resources. ",
"In addition, 5% of the cohesion budget for each Member State will be set aside as a performance reserve and allocated, following a mid-term review, to those Member States whose programmes have contributed most to progress in meeting agreed milestones set in the development and investment partnership contracts.",
"\n\nThe Commission proposes the creation of a common strategic framework for all structural funds to translate the Europe 2020 objectives into investment priorities. ",
"In operational terms, the Commission proposes to conclude a partnership contracts with each Member State. ",
"These contracts will set out the commitment of partners at national and regional level to utilise the allocated funds to implement the Europe 2020 strategy.",
"\n\nThe European Social Fund (ESF) will continue to play a key role in fighting unemployment and high rates of poverty, and delivering headlines targets of Europe 2020. ",
"The ESF will represent 25% of the budget allocated to cohesion policy, i.e. €84 billion.",
"\n\nThe Commission proposes to allocate €376 billionto Cohesion policy instruments in general (including the Connecting Europe facility – see below).",
"\n\nWhat is new for Infrastructure and Interconnection of Internal Market?",
"\n\nThe Commission proposes the creation of a Connecting Europe Facility to accelerate the infrastructure development in transport, energy and ICT across the EU to the benefit of all. ",
"Experience shows that national budgets will never give sufficiently high priority to multi-country, cross-border investments to equip the Single Market with the infrastructure it needs. ",
"EU budget can secure funding for the pan-European projects that connect the centre and the periphery.",
"\n\nThis Facility will be centrally managed and will be funded from a new section of the budget. ",
"Co-financing rates from the EU budget will be higher when the investments take place in 'convergence' regions than in 'competitiveness' regions. ",
"Local and regional infrastructures will be linked to the priority EU infrastructures, connecting all citizens throughout the EU, and can be (co-) financed by the structural funds (cohesion fund and/or ERDF, depending on the situation of each Member State/region).",
"\n\nThe Connecting Europe Facility offers opportunities for using innovative financing tools to speed up and secure greater investment than could be achieved only through public funding. ",
"The Commission will work closely with the EIB and other public investment banks to combine funding of these projects. ",
"In particular, the Commission will promote the use of EU project bonds1 as a means of bringing forward the realisation of these important projects.",
"\n\nThe Commission proposes to allocate €40 billion to this priority, to be complemented by an additional €10 billion ring fenced to related transport investments inside the Cohesion Fund. ",
"This amount comprises €9.1 billion for the energy sector, €31.6 billion for transport (including € 10 billion inside the Cohesion Fund) and €9.1 billion for ICT.",
"\n\nWhat is new for Research policy?",
"\n\nThe creation of a common strategic framework in research and development (to be called Horizon 2020),which means that the existing three research and innovation instruments (7th framework programme, Competitiveness and Innovation Framework Programme and the European Institute for Innovation and Technology) will be brought together. ",
"It will be closely linked to key sectoral policy priorities such as health, food security and the bio-economy, energy and climate change. ",
"The European Institute for Technology will be part of the Horizon 2020 programme and will play an important role in bringing together the three sides of the knowledge triangle – education, innovation and research – through its Knowledge and Innovation Communities.",
"\n\nOn the financing side, innovative financial instruments will help leveraging private investments. ",
"Public Private Partnerships, as well as Public to Public Partnerships, will be promoted. ",
"Funding schemes will be standardized and simplified. ",
"Likewise, there will be one single set of rules for participation, audit, support structures, dissemination of results and reimbursement schemes, across all funding schemes.",
"\n\nThe Commission proposes to allocate €80 billion for the 2014-2020 periodfor the Common Strategic Framework for Research and Innovation. ",
"This funding will be complemented by important support from the Structural Funds (€60 billion for 2007-2013).",
"\n\nWhat is new for Environment and Climate action policies?",
"\n\nEnvironmental policy and Climate change Action priorities will be 'mainstreamed' into all the major EU funding instruments, including cohesion, agriculture, maritime and fisheries, research and innovation, as well as into external aid programmes. ",
"The Commission intends to increase the proportion of climate related expenditure to at least 20%, with contributions from different policy fields subject to impact assessment evidence. ",
"This approach will maximise synergies between environmental policies and other areas, recognising that the same actions can and should pursue a variety of complementary objectives. ",
"This approach will also help to avoid a proliferation of programmes and to minimise administrative burden.",
"\n\nIn addition to mainstreaming, the Commission proposes the continuation of a dedicated environmental programme as successor to the current LIFE+ programme. ",
"The Commission considers that the future programme should remain centrally managed, but that management tasks could to a large extent be delegated to an existing executive agency, such as the Executive Agency for Competitiveness & Innovation. ",
"The Commission proposes to allocate €3.2 billion for 2014-2020 to the LIFE+ programme (0.8bn on climate and 2.4bn for environment).",
"\n\nIs there something new for Education and Training?",
"\n\nA simplification of the current structure to one main programme is foreseen in order to avoid fragmentation, overlapping and/or proliferation of projects lacking the critical mass necessary to a lasting impact. ",
"The New Education Europe programmewill include three key priorities. ",
"First, it will support trans-national learning mobility. ",
"Strict quality conditions for mobility, concentration on key policy objectives where critical mass can be achieved and complemented with other EU programmes will be instrumental in ensuring very high European added value. ",
"Secondly, it will foster co-operation between education institutions and the world of work in order to promote the modernisation of education, innovation and entrepreneurship. ",
"Thirdly, it will provide policy support to gather evidence on the effectiveness of education investments and help Member States to implement effective policies.",
"\n\nThe Commission proposes to allocate €15.2 billion in the area of education and training. ",
"This funding will be complemented by important support from the Structural Funds (€72.5bn for 2007-2013).",
"\n\nIs there anything for the challenges of migration and home affaires?",
"\n\nThe Commission proposes to reduce the number of programmes to two: Migration and Asylum Fund and an Internal Security Fund.",
"Both funds will have an external dimension ensuring continuity of financing, starting in the EU and continuing in third countries (for example concerning the resettlement of refugees, readmission and regional protection programmes). ",
"They will simplify the expenditure instruments and ensure the smooth creation of an area without internal borders, where EU citizens and third-country nationals with legal rights of entry and residence may enter, move around, live and work.",
"\n\nThe Commission also foresees a move away from annual programming towards results-driven, multi-annual programming, thus reducing workload for the Commission, the Member States and the final beneficiaries.",
"\n\nThe Commission proposes to allocate €8.2 billion for the 2014-2020 period in the area of home affairs.",
"\n\nWhat about Enlargement, Neighbourhood and External relations?",
"\n\nSeveral important changes to be noted:\n\nA single integrated pre-accession instrument is proposed as the financial pillar of the Enlargement Strategy, encompassing all dimensions of internal policies and thematic issues. ",
"It will be implemented through national/multi-beneficiary programmes agreed with the beneficiaries and will also mirror the Structural Funds, the Cohesion Fund and the European Agricultural Fund for Rural Development (EAFRD).",
"\n\nThe European Neighbourhood Instrument (ENI) will be the financial instrument through which the bulk of EU assistance to neighbouring countries is provided. ",
"It will support the European Neighbourhood Policy and bilateral partnerships (including bilateral Association Agreements). ",
"In addition to the ENI, partner countries will also benefit from other instruments, such as the European Initiative for Democracy and Human Rights or the Instrument for Nuclear Safety Co-operation and responding to crisis situations (Humanitarian Assistance, Macro Financial Assistance, Instrument for Stability). ",
"The Neighbourhood Investment Facility, which the ENI will continue to support, will also provide a flexible and effective financial tool to support investment in partner countries in the areas of transport and energy interconnections, environment and climate change and economic development.",
"\n\nThe Commission proposes to discontinue funding of programmes in industrialised and emerging countries and instead to create a new Partnership Instrument to support public diplomacy, common approaches and the promotion of trade and regulatory convergence in those cases where funding can contribute to strengthening the EU's partnerships around the world. ",
"This reflects international changes now underway.",
"\n\nAlso, the proposal foresees the creation of a pan-African instrument to support the implementation of the Joint Africa Europe Strategy, focusing on the clear added value of cross-regional and continental activities. ",
"It will be flexible enough to accommodate contributions from EU Member States, African States, financial institutions and the private sector.",
"\n\nThe Commission proposes to allocate €70 billion for the 2014-2020 period for traditional external instruments. ",
"This will be complemented by funding out the budget and the MFF for the European Development Fund (€29.9 billion).",
"\n\n3. ",
"Financing and own resources\n\nWhere does the money come from?",
"\n\nThe European Union has three types own resources to finance its expenditure:\n\ntraditional own resource (sugar levies and agricultural and customs duties),\n\nVAT-based own resource (a portion of the national VAT collected by Member States at national level),\n\nGNI-based own resource (the \"national contributions\" based on each Member State GNI).",
"\n\nIn 2011, 76% of the revenue of the EU budget will come from the GNI-based resource, 12% from customs duties and sugar levies and 11% from the VAT based resource. ",
"The remaining 1% comes from taxes paid by EU staff and from other miscellaneous sources such as fines on companies that breach competition or other laws, unspent amounts from previous years.",
"\n\nWhy propose new own resources?",
"\n\nBecause the current system has a number of drawbacks. ",
"It is opaque and complex. ",
"It is perceived as lacking fairness by most Member States – notably with regard to corrections, of which the British rebate is the most well known, but it is less known that Germany, the Netherlands, Austria and Sweden have exceptions from financing the UK reduction (a \"rebate on the rebate!\"). ",
"The same countries have lower rate of their VAT contributions and the Netherland and Sweden in addition decreased national contributions based on a country's GNI. ",
"The current financing also relies excessively on national contributions. ",
"For many, these are seen as expenditures to minimize and for which a national return must be justified. ",
"Finally, with the exception of customs duties stemming from the customs union, existing resources do not display a clear link to EU policies.",
"\n\nOur aim with this proposal is therefore to decrease national contributions and thus contribute to budgetary consolidation efforts in the Member States; to create a link between EU policy objectives and the EU financing; and to make the system more transparent and fairer. ",
"This is not about increasing EU budget.",
"\n\nHas the financing of the EU budget been changed before?",
"\n\nSix own resources decisions have been adopted since 1970. ",
"In fact, the structure of the financing side has evolved considerably over time. ",
"Reforms on the expenditure side have generally been accompanied by reforms of the way the Union is financed. ",
"The contribution based on Gross National Income (GNI), i.e. proportional to each Member State's wealth, has taken on a growing importance and now represents three-quarters of the budget. ",
"And a large number of complex corrections and special arrangements have been introduced over time, both on the revenue and expenditure side of the budget.",
"\n\nThe result of these changes is that budget negotiations have recently been heavily influenced by Member States' focus on the notion of net positions (\"juste retour\" debate) with the consequence of favouring instruments with geographically pre-allocated financial envelopes, rather than those with the greatest EU added value.",
"\n\nWho decides on own resources?",
"\n\nThe Council adopts a decision by unanimity, after consulting the European Parliament. ",
"In order to enter into force, this Decision must be ratified by all Member States, in accordance with their constitutional requirements (art 311).",
"\n\nWhat would be the new resources then?",
"\n\nThe changes proposed by the Commission are as follows:\n\nSimplify Member States' contribution by ending the complex VAT-based own resource from 2014. ",
"This will render the system of contributions simpler and more transparent.",
"\n\nIntroduce two new own resources: a tax on the financial transactions (FTT) and a modernized VAT. ",
"This will facilitate budgetary consolidation in the Member States by reducing their contributions to the EU budget, bring a new impetus to the development of the Internal Market in the areas of VAT and financial sector taxation.",
"\n\nReform the correction mechanisms by replacing all existing corrections by a simple and transparent system of lump sums related to the prosperity of the Member States.",
"\n\nThe present Commission proposals make full use of the possibilities offered by the Lisbon Treaty to establish new categories of own resources or to abolish existing ones. ",
"The report on the operation of the own resources system highlights how each of these proposals relates to and complement the others.",
"\n\nWhy dropping the VAT-based resource?",
"\n\nThe Commission proposes to eliminate the complex VAT-based own resource. ",
"Compared to the GNI-based own resource, the current VAT-based own resource has little added value. ",
"To create a comparable tax base, VAT-based contributions result from a mathematical calculation rather than passing directly from the citizen to the EU. ",
"Furthermore, VAT-based contributions are capped in proportion to GNI and thus, partly comparable to GNI-based contributions. ",
"As such the VAT-based own resource contributes to the complexity and the opacity of the EU budget financing system.",
"\n\nWhy choose EU taxation of the financial sector and EU VAT?",
"\n\nThe analysis of the various potential candidates as own resources gave rise to a substantial technical work. ",
"The following key elements were highlighted:\n\nEU taxation of the financial transaction (FTT): It would give extra room for manoeuvre to national governments and contribute to general budgetary consolidation efforts. ",
"Such taxation exists at national level in some Member States, but action at EU level could prove more effective and efficient, and it could play a role in reducing the existing fragmentation of the Internal Market. ",
"The Commission will make this proposal after the summer.",
"\n\nModernized VAT: It would create a genuine link between national and EU VAT and foster additional harmonization of national VAT systems. ",
"It would provide significant and stable receipts to the EU with limited administrative and compliance costs for national administrations and business. ",
"It forms part of a broader recent Commission initiative launched in December 2010 with the issuance of the Green Paper on the future of VAT aimed at reducing the extent of tax-induced distortions in the internal market. ",
"Broadening the tax base, reducing the scope for fraud, improving the administration of the tax and reducing compliance costs administrative cooperation in the context of a broad reform of VAT could deliver important results and generate new revenue streams for the Member States and the EU.",
"\n\nHow much revenue do you expect from those new own resources?",
"\n\nIt is estimated that by 2020, the new own resources could amount to almost half of EU Budget revenue, while the share of GNI-based contributions will go down to around one third (from over three quarters today). ",
"The national contributions of Member States will decrease accordingly, in proportion to their respective GNI (that is in proportion to their relative wealth).",
"\n\nWhat are the correction mechanisms?",
"\n\nThe 1984 Fontainebleau European Council set out important guiding principles to ensure fairness in the EU budget. ",
"It indicated in particular that \"expenditure policy is ultimately the essential means of resolving the question of budgetary imbalances\". ",
"It acknowledged, nevertheless, that \"any Member State sustaining a budgetary burden which is excessive in relation to its relative prosperity may benefit from a correction at the appropriate time\". ",
"These principles have been confirmed and consistently applied in successive own resources decisions.",
"\n\nDifferent complex correction mechanisms have been added since then, including:\n\na correction in favour of the UK (UK rebate);\n\nreduced financing of the UK correction for Germany, the Netherlands, Austria and Sweden (\"rebates on the rebate\");\n\na share of 25% retained by Member States as \"collection costs\" for traditional own resources (notably customs duties), which constitutes a hidden correction to the benefit of a limited number of Member States;\n\ntemporary reduction in VAT-based contributions for Germany, the Netherlands, Austria and Sweden; and\n\ntemporary reduction in GNI-based contributions for the Netherlands and Sweden.",
"\n\nWhat is going to happen to the UK rebate?",
"\n\nThe Commission proposes to transform the current mechanism into a lump sum gross reduction on the GNI-based own resources payments. ",
"A system of lump sums would be transparent and easy to understand, thus making it more open to public and parliamentary scrutiny; it would be fair, by treating large contributors to the EU budget in line with their economic prosperity, and ensuring a balanced financing of the corrections; its ex ante nature would pre-empt any perverse incentives.",
"\n\nThe analysis behind this proposal is the following. ",
"At the time of its introduction, in 1984, the UK correction offered a response to what was clearly an inequitable situation: the UK was facing an excessive budgetary burden in comparison to its relative prosperity. ",
"However, this situation has evolved. ",
"The UK is now one of the most affluent EU Member States, able to fully contribute to solidarity with the poorer Members of the Union. ",
"The budgetary burden of the UK is also now more in line with that of some other net contributors, due to the progressive reduction of the share of the CAP in EU budgetary expenditure, which is expected to continue decreasing in the next financial framework, and the share of the existing VAT-based own resource in EU own resources, which the Commission proposes to eliminate fully beyond 2013. ",
"In addition, with the elimination of the current VAT-based own resource, essential data for calculating the UK correction will no longer be available."
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"220 Welcome to this LMTP simulation\nLHLO\n250-Hello there\n250 SIZE\nMAIL FROM\n250 OK\nRCPT TO\n250 OK\nRCPT TO\n250 OK\nRCPT TO\n250 OK\nRCPT TO\n450 This one is delayed on RCPT\nRCPT TO\n550 This one is unknown on RCPT\nRCPT TO\n250 OK\nDATA\n354 Send it\n.",
"\n250 Number 1 is OK\n*sleep 5\n"
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"Brief\n\nProject InTouch was a 10-week project where we examined whether the inherent solidarity of VR can be breached by high levels of socialization and interaction of traditional tabletop games. ",
"Through this project, we experimented different ways to use the immersive factor of the device in our favor while enhancing the feeling of socialization of traditional board games.",
"\n\nWhat is InTouch?",
"\n\nInTouch is a project in which we developed a 5 to 7 minutes multiplayer tabletop game that brings social interactivity to the VR realm.",
"\n\nThe main story of the game is that players are the sorcerers seeking magical power and they must collect runes and escape before being trapped forever in the magical realm.",
"\n\nGroup Work\n\nDuration\n\nDescription\n\nResearch and Game Development\n\nSince our goal was to develop a product which shows how tabletop game elements can be adapted effectively into VR, not to create an original game, we decided to take certain mechanism from existing games and use it to create our own.",
"\n\nOur team played many different, digital and traditional board games in the market and deconstructed and analyzed based on their features.",
"\n\nAfter research, we decided to use the basic structure of an existing board game called ‘Zombie in My Pocket’. ",
"This game allowed the two players to explore the maps, find some objects, and finally escape from the map. ",
"During the exploration, the player may meet some difficulties or gain some helpful items. ",
"There is a time limitation for this game, which requires that two players escape as fast as they can.",
"\n\nWe found that this game is a very good model while the mechanics of the game need to be further developed to allow more interaction between two players.",
"\n\nPaper Prototype\n\nUpon this basic mechanism, we did a quick iteration and developed a simplified paper prototype. ",
"Our paper prototype had five basic rules.",
"\n\n1) Two players have to collaborate to find three gems hidden on the board and escape.2) Tiles are generated as players move to a place on the board where it wasn’t explored before.3) When they step on an existing tile, the tile loses health.4) Players take three turns each and they can either move, send an item or use an item.5) Players can find items while exploring the map.",
"\n\nPlaytesting\n\nWith this paper prototype, we performed multiple playtests to find out what we need to change further in order to make the game interesting.",
"\n\nThrough the playtests, we were able to find out that\n\n1) Players considered the movement on the board and exchanging items between each other as most intuitive, engaging game mechanics.2) Players needed more explanation on the purpose of getting the gems.3) Player did feel it’s a collaborative game through strategizing with the other player.",
"\n\nConcept\n\nTo match our game mechanism we chose the story of two sorcerors seeking magical power in the magical realm and they must collect runes and escape before being trapped forever.",
"\n\nSince the game board was made of tiles, we decided to represent these as islands and created various concept art for the map.",
"\n\nInteraction map\n\nBefore designing the overall experience and interaction in the game, I developed a map which has all the actions that would happen inside the VR experience.",
"\n\nInterface\n\nBased on this map, we started to discuss and test how each interaction should be designed. ",
"We sketched different ways to represent the information that has to be delivered to the players within the VR space.",
"\n\nIf it’s your everyday digital game, putting the UI somewhere over the screen is easier than developing the UI in the VR space because, in VR, users have the freedom to look anywhere in the 360 space.",
"\n\nWhere in space do we put them?",
"\n\nThe information that needs to be displayed to the players is the following:\n\nSo we sketched different ideas for the UI and put together an initial layout.",
"\n\nInteraction\n\nSince Oculus Touch was a fairly new device, we experimented different interactions using the buttons and joysticks. ",
"We had to find out what felt most natural to users so we tested mapping features on different buttons to observe how quickly the players learned to use them.",
"\n\nThese were some of the initial interactions we designed into our prototype.",
"\n\nInitial Prototype\n\nIn order to test and quickly iterate, we created an initial prototype and performed multiple playtests.",
"\n\nBased on the playtests, we were able to discover many valuable findings. ",
"The main findings were:\n\n1) Since the device is not familiar to users, the learning curve was higher than we thought.2) Movements of certain objects were not clear to the users due to the limitation of their views.3)The candles on the tiles which indicates the health of the tiles were not clear.",
"\n\nWe performed multiple iterations of the art, interaction and the position of the objects and we also added a tutorial to help the users learn about the game in a short amount of time.",
"\n\nFinal Prototype\n\nChallenges and Learnings\n\nThe largest challenge that I faced throughout the project as a UX/UI designer was the thinking about how to make good use of the VR space. ",
"The beauty of VR is that it gives the users a freedom to look at whatever they want. ",
"However, as a designer, this means I need to find out different ways to guide the users to gaze where I want them to look at.",
"\n\nAlso, because this was a two player game, I had to experiment with the spacing between the objects, space between the users and the size and position of different objects.",
"\n\nTesting was also difficult because it is hard to do paper prototyping effectively compared to 2D screens.",
"\n\nBy going through a full 10 weeks of ideation, iteration, and testing, I’ve gained much deeper understanding of how UX and UI have to be designed differently compared to designing for 2D screens."
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"No comments:\n\nPost a Comment\n\nLaura\n\nI am just who God made me. ",
"I am blessed beyond measure, by getting to be a mommy, wife, daughter, teacher, and artist. ",
"What more could a girl ask for, right? ",
"The title of my blog comes from the nickname my daddy gave me. ",
"Growing up, he called me Louleybelle and it stuck. ",
"The reason I named my blog what I did, is that I have two sweet little Southern Belles growing up in our house. ",
"So this is our life and it is sweet!"
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"vars Joystick, parse\n\n-- Parse an event\nparse = {chunk, offset|\n vars event, type, value\n -- The value is a signed 16-bit integer at offset + 4\n value = chunk[offset + 4] + chunk[offset + 5] * 256\n if value >= 0x8000 { value = value - 0x10000 }\n event = {\n value: value\n number: chunk[offset + 7]\n }\n type = chunk[offset + 6]\n if type >= 0x80 {\n type = type - 0x80\n event.init = true\n }\n event.type = if type == 0x01 { \"BUTTON\" }\n elif type == 0x02 { \"AXIS\" }\n event\n}\n\n-- Object factory for Joysticks\nJoystick = {path, callback|\n vars input, read\n -- Create an async read-stream from the linux input device\n input = read-stream(path)\n\n -- Start an async loop to read the data\n -- TODO: Add fibers and suspending so this callback\n read = {|\n input({chunk|\n if chunk {\n for i in range(#chunk / 8) {\n callback(parse(chunk, i * 8))\n }\n -- Queue another read if there was something\n read()\n }\n else {\n callback({type: \"END\"})\n }\n })\n }\n read()\n}\n\nvars sprites, Player, Bot\n\nsprites = []\n\nPlayer = {path, name|\n vars mx, my, x, y\n x = rand(0x1000)\n y = rand(0x400)\n Joystick(path, {event|\n\n if event.type == \"AXIS\" {\n if event.number == 1 {\n my = event.value\n }\n elif event.number == 0 {\n mx = event.value\n }\n }\n elif event.type == \"END\" {\n name = \"\\033[0mX\"\n }\n-- print(name, inspect(event))\n })\n sprites[#sprites] = {\n tick: {delta|\n x = x + mx * delta / 0x4000\n y = y + my * delta / 0x4000\n if x < 0 { x = 0 }\n if y < 0 { y = 0 }\n write(\"\\033[\" + (y / 100) + \";\" + (x / 100) + \"H\" + name)\n }\n }\n}\n\nBot = {name|\n vars x, y\n x = rand(0x1000)\n y = rand(0x400)\n sprites[#sprites] = {\n tick: {delta|\n x = x + (rand(0x1000) - 0x800) * delta / 0x400\n y = y + (rand(0x1000) - 0x800) * delta / 0x800\n if x < 0 { x = 0 }\n if y < 0 { y = 0 }\n write(\"\\033[\" + (y / 100) + \";\" + (x / 100) + \"H\" + name)\n }\n }\n}\n\nPlayer(\"/dev/input/js0\", \"\\033[32;1m◉\")\nPlayer(\"/dev/input/js1\", \"\\033[31;1m◉\")\nPlayer(\"/dev/input/js2\", \"\\033[34;1m◉\")\nBot(\"\\033[33;1m★\")\nBot(\"\\033[35;1m★\")\nBot(\"\\033[36;1m★\")\n\ninterval(33, {delta|\n write(\"\\033[2J\")\n for player in sprites {\n player.tick(delta)\n }\n write(\"\\033[30m\")\n})\n"
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"Spencer\n\nThis week I finally implemented the dynamic item generator framework as the final system needed for procedural loot. ",
"What this does is control injecting random properties into item definitions on creation based on difficulty and rarity of the creature that was killed, and of course randomness. ",
"Its sematically similar to CowTrix’s creature mutator system and will be fairly similar to configure.",
"\n\nMy test item isn’t very exciting, but shows 5 copies of the same item with different random properties applied to it on creation. ",
"Variations on the pick include colors, attack speed and mining power. ",
"The paintable pickaxe is a rubbish programmer art test also, but it proves the concept ready for proper content. ",
"The thing that stands out most here is the lack of an item icon renderer that shows any difference between them, its on the list of things to do, but for playtesting its not needed so I’m putting it off.",
"\n\nFrom the SDK side, the randomization of items is configured like this:\n\nAlso Mils spent a bit of time making some awesome icons for our SDK, so our custom types aren’t all just white squares anymore and you can actually tell them apart.",
"\n\nThis Week\n\nToday I’ve been putting together the blueprint system so that loot sources can drop a procedural items blueprint, you can decide if you want to craft it based on how good it is / if its an upgrade then load it into a workbench for limited uses. ",
"I should have that going by mid week, we are hoping to have an ItemV2 super rough prototype RPG progression test build up, with procedural creatures + loot working together for the first time internally by Friday. ",
"If this ends up being fun at all, I will push it out to our experimental branch and you guys can check it out.",
"\n\nGavku\n\nThis week I have mainly been working on allowing us a to spawn variety of enemy types via the custom colour shader that Tom has mentioned previously. ",
"This involves isolating sections of the albedo texture via a RGB mask and allocating the strength that the RGB mask has on your texture via the alpha channel.",
"\n\nRGB Mask example.",
"\n\nExample of an Alpha for the RGB Mask\n\nShader.",
"\n\nShigi\n\nBor\n\nForest Shigi\n\nTokar\n\nYeti\n\nCow_Trix\n\nHey folks. ",
"This week I’ve been fleshing out the spawn building, fixing a few bugs in the HurtDatabase, looking into some possibilities for creature scaling, and setting up some temporary gating mechanics for creatures so we can test progression. ",
"Work was a little slowed by a big reorganisation on Tuesday, but we’re back to 100% now.",
"\n\nSpawn builders – the thing that takes a spawned object like a creature or a resource node, and changes it to fit the environment it was spawned in – are now a lot more fleshed out and easy to extend. ",
"I spent some time moving them across the Spencer’s generic value generation stuff, added in support for changing mesh attachment colors, and they are pretty much ready for content generation.",
"\n\nI’ve been looking a bit into exactly how we can gate harder creatures for players, so they have some kind of gear-check or skill-check. ",
"This led me to find a couple of issues with how we were using EntityStats on creatures, mostly with them being entities that didn’t think themselves for performance reasons and so more complex operations didn’t work with them. ",
"I implemented some prototype concepts like armor (player’s must do above x damage to a creature for it to apply), health regen that can stop when the creature is getting attacked, and a real temporary gating mechanic which pretty much means if you attack a creature above some magical number, you get killed real bad. ",
"Now emphasis on all of these is temporary, it’s unlikely that the real creature progression will work like this, but for now it gives us some temporary levers to pull as we figure out what the item, crafting and weapon progression looks like. ",
"I’ve pretty much just laid out a gradient of difficulty in a test level, to try and crunch down the game into as small a physical space as possible to focus purely on mechanics.",
"\n\nTom\n\nThis last week I’ve been finishing up the 0.3.8.2 patch that was just released. ",
"As well as the rock check fixes I talked about last week I also patched up a bug in player to player collisions that was allowing people to see through walls. ",
"This occurred because we had a slight mismatch in character collider sizes where the colliders of other players clientside were slightly bigger than serverside. ",
"This meant when running into other players the client would stop before the server where it thinks the player collider is but then because of our server authoritative netcode it receives a correction to where the server collides. ",
"The problem is this ‘corrected’ position is now inside the other player which stuffs up all the collision checks being made during clientside prediction allowing players to run briefly through walls and other geometry before getting a correction from the server.",
"\n\nI also finished up the model viewer changes to allow previews with any characters implemented under our new mesh attachment system (players, ai and vehicles). ",
"It also can preview any animations assigned to the character and recolor any colorable attachments that have been setup, this allows you to preview content without having to rebuild your mod pack and load it in game.",
"\n\nMils\n\nI got the normal baking and 90% of the texturing done on the AR15 Receiver this week. ",
"The baking went fabulously, thanks Handplane Baker! ",
"I switched to this a little while ago because while XNormal is great, Handplane Baker has some time saving features. ",
"Everything baked out without much fuss. ",
"I moved onto the texturing and got most of the way there. ",
"Smart materials in 3D Coat are performing smoothly. ",
"I also added a few variants of custom plastic smart materials to my tool set, which were used on the AR15’s Grip.",
"\n\nMmm metally…."
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"\n340 S.W.2d 753 (1960)\nLelia May DUNCAN, Respondent,\nv.\nZella Florence PINKSTON, Appellant.",
"\nNo. ",
"47961.",
"\nSupreme Court of Missouri, Division No. ",
"2.",
"\nDecember 12, 1960.",
"\n*754 Roberts & Roberts, J. Richard Roberts, Farmington, for appellant.",
"\nDavid L. Colson, Farmington, for respondent.",
"\nSTORCKMAN, Judge.",
"\nThis is an action for personal injuries alleged to have been received by the plaintiff as a result of a collision between automobiles being operated by the plaintiff and the defendant on U. S. Highway 67 near its intersection with Highway V in Jefferson County. ",
"The trial before a jury resulted in a verdict and judgment in favor of the plaintiff for $22,500. ",
"On appeal the defendant assigns error in the admission of evidence, the making of prejudicial comments by the court in the presence of the jury, the giving of an instruction on permanent injuries not supported by the evidence, prejudicial jury argument and excessiveness of the verdict.",
"\nThe plaintiff was driving her automobile south on Highway 67 which is concrete paved and about 24 feet in width at the place in question. ",
"The plaintiff's automobile was sixth or seventh from the leading vehicle in a funeral procession en route from Crystal City to Fredericktown. ",
"The defendant was driving her automobile northwardly in the eastern half of the two-lane pavement.",
"\nAnother automobile, driven by a Mr. Snead, was also traveling northwardly on Highway 67 in front of defendant's automobile. ",
"The evidence tended to show that the Snead automobile slowed or stopped in the northbound lane to make a left-hand turn. ",
"The testimony of the defendant was *755 to the effect that the Snead automobile stopped or slowed suddenly in front of her; that she had no notice of the driver's intention to do so until she saw the brake lights of the automobile come on; that the Snead automobile did not have any signal light for a left turn operating; that she applied her brakes but was unable to stop and collided with the plaintiff's automobile. ",
"The defendant at times contended that she did not leave her lane of traffic, but her testimony in this regard is not clear. ",
"One or perhaps two other automobiles were involved in the collision, but their participation is not important on this appeal.",
"\nOn the other hand, the plaintiff and several of her witnesses testified that the warning light for a left turn was operating on the Snead automobile; that the defendant's automobile crossed the center line and came into the path of plaintiff's automobile; and that the point of collision between the cars of the plaintiff and the defendant was in the southbound lane. ",
"As a result of the collision, plaintiff's automobile overturned and she was rendered unconscious.",
"\nThe plaintiff was first taken to the Bonne Terre Hospital and later to the Firmin Desloge Hospital in St. Louis. ",
"Upon admission to the hospital, the plaintiff was confused; she had bruises all over her body and complained of pain in her leg and lower back. ",
"Within a few days after admission to the hospital and at the time of the trial, plaintiff's complaints as to injuries were limited to her upper back. ",
"The medical evidence on behalf of the plaintiff tended to prove that at the time of the trial she had a compression of the fifth dorsal vertebra; that this condition would produce a great deal of pain and was permanent. ",
"Her doctor testified that he could not tell with medical certainty if the injury to the vertebra was caused by the accident in question, and further that he could not say with medical certainty that the injury was not the result of the accident. ",
"The plaintiff testified that she had not had any pain in her upper back prior to the accident. ",
"The medical evidence on behalf of the defendant tended to prove that whatever pain the plaintiff was suffering at the time of trial was due to arthritis, that she had compressions of the third, fourth and fifth vertebrae, but the medical witness could not say what caused it. ",
"Other evidence will be referred to in the course of the opinion.",
"\nThe first assignment of error to be considered is the allegation that the trial court made comments in the presence of the jury prejudicial to the defendant in that the court refused to allow defendant's counsel to complete an objection, ordered him to be seated and branded as a falsehood a statement made by him. ",
"The episode on which this assignment is based occurred during the cross-examination of the defendant and is as follows:\n\"Q. [By plaintiff's counsel] Now, I'm saying, in fact, you attempted to pass that automobile when you saw that you couldn't stop behind it you tried to pass it on the left? ",
"A. Why, no.",
"\n\"By Mr. Roberts: [defendant's counsel] Just a minute, Your Honor. ",
"Wait a minute, Your Honor. ",
"I'm going to\n\"By the Court: She's already answered.",
"\n\"By Mr. Roberts: Your Honor, I'm going to object to Mr. Colson saying that he's stating, in fact, that's what happened. ",
"Now, if he wants to ask this witness what happened\n\"By the Court: Colonel, she's answered in the negative. ",
"Your objection's overruled. ",
"If she had answered in the positive or had not answered the objection would have been well taken. ",
"But, she's answered in the negative and it negatives the question.",
"\n\"By Mr. Roberts: That isn't my my objection goes to the fact that\n\n*756 \"By the Court: Well, I ruled Colonel, please sit down.",
"\n\n\"By Mr. Roberts: Please\n\"By the Court: Please sit down now. ",
"Let's go on with this case. ",
"Now, we're not going to stand here and argue.",
"\n\n\"By Mr. Roberts: Your Honor\n\"By the Court: Will you please be seated.",
"\n\n\"By Mr. Roberts: Your Honor, I have\n\"By the Court: Sit down, Raymond, take a seat.",
"\n\n\"By Mr. Roberts: Let the record show\n\"By the Court: Sit down. ",
"Make your record from your seat if you please, sir.",
"\n\n\"By the Sheriff: Raymond, sit down.",
"\n\"By Mr. Roberts: All right, sir. ",
"I have a perfect right, Your Honor\n\"By the Court: You make your objection to the record if you please.",
"\n\"By Mr. Roberts: I want to now make it. ",
"My objection is that counsel made the statement that he\n\"By the Court: Make it in the offeryou made the objection now, let's not have it repeated. ",
"What is it you want in the record at this time?",
"\n\"By Mr. Roberts: That's what I'm trying to say, Your Honor.",
"\n\"By the Court: You've got it in the record. ",
"I've ruled. ",
"Now, what do you want to object to?",
"\n\"By Mr. Roberts: I want to object to counsel making a statement to the jury\n\"By the Court: That is repetitious. ",
"The Court has ruled on that twice.",
"\n\"By Mr. Roberts: Let the record show that I have tried to make a record here and that the Court has prevented me from so making the record which I desire to make.",
"\n\"By the Court: That is a falsehood. ",
"Proceed.\" ",
"Italics supplied.",
"\nThe plaintiff cites the cases of Tuck v. Springfield Traction Co., 140 Mo.App. ",
"335, 124 S.W. 1079, 1081, and Blyston-Spencer v. United Rys. ",
"Co. of St. Louis, 152 Mo. App. ",
"118, 132 S.W. 1175, 1183, in support of the rule that it is the duty of the trial court to preserve order in the courtroom and require that attorneys by their behavior should show a decent respect for the court, for opposing counsel and for the parties litigant as well as witnesses. ",
"The duty of a court in this regard is fundamental, but in each of the cases cited the error complained of was that the trial court had failed to restrain improper remarks and conduct of counsel. ",
"The personal conduct and comments of the court were not involved so the cases are not particularly helpful.",
"\nThe plaintiff also contends that the remarks of the court were provoked by defendant's counsel and should therefore not be considered prejudicial. ",
"Cromeens v. Sovereign Camp, W.O.W., Mo. App., ",
"247 S.W. 1033. ",
"There appears to be a reasonable basis for defendant's objection to the form of the question. ",
"The purported interrogation which provoked this exchange is in form a statement or assertion by plaintiff's counsel rather than a question. ",
"An affirmative statement by counsel for a party might have a standing that would not be fully disposed of by the denial of the witness. \"",
"The interrogation of a witness should ordinarily proceed by way of questions, not statements or assertions.\" ",
"98 C.J.S. Witnesses § 328, p. 31. ",
"See also Lonnecker v. Borris, Mo., 245 S.W.2d 53, 56 [4]. ",
"Nevertheless, the right *757 of counsel to make an objection and specify the grounds therefor does not depend upon the trial court's estimate of its merit. ",
"It was not only the right but the duty of defendant's counsel to make \"known to the court the action which he desires the court to take or his objection to the action of the court and his grounds therefor\". ",
"Supreme Court Rule 79.01, V.A.M.R.; § 510.210 RSMo 1949, V.A.M.S. If necessary for the purpose of a fair trial and orderly procedure, the court could have required counsel to make his record out of the hearing of the jury.",
"\nThe proper conduct, actions and demeanor of a judge is stated generally in 88 C.J.S. Trial § 51, p. 137, as follows: \"The judge presiding at the trial of an action should at all times maintain an impartial attitude in his conduct and demeanor and a status of neutrality between the contending parties, and should exercise a high degree of patience and forbearance with counsel and witnesses. ",
"Improper conduct on the part of the judge is imcompatible with a fair and impartial trial. ",
"It is as improper for the judge, by act, conduct, gesture, or demeanor, as by remarks or comments * * * to indicate any opinion on an issue of fact, the merits of the case, the credibility of a witness, the weight or sufficiency of the evidence, or the extent of the damages sued for. ",
"Likewise, he should not adopt or exhibit a hostile attitude toward a party or his counsel, or a witness, or otherwise so treat counsel as to prejudice the interests of his client, nor should he, by his manner or conduct, show bias or prejudice toward or against either party, or do anything calculated to influence the jury in reaching their verdict.\" ",
"Improper acts and comments of a trial court and their effect upon a party's right to a fair trial have been thoroughly and well considered in these cases: State v. Montgomery, 363 Mo. 459, 251 S.W.2d 654, 657 [3]; Harms v. Simkin, Mo.App., ",
"322 S.W. 2d 930, 938 [9]; and Fleetwood v. Milwaukee Mechanics Ins. ",
"Co., Mo.App., ",
"220 S.W.2d 614, 618 [8]. ",
"The concept of correct judicial behavior expressed in these cases is necessarily in accord with the general rule above stated and need not be repeated here. ",
"The Canons of Judicial Ethics, adopted by the Judicial Conference of Missouri, June 15, 1951, in paragraph 2, stresses that a judge should be patient and impartial. ",
"Paragraph 3 asserts that he should be courteous to counsel and: \"During the progress of a trial, he should be careful that his utterances, tone of voice or general attitude should not create even a suspicion of unfairness, but he may properly intervene to prevent waste of time, restrain improper conduct of counsel or others, and generally aid in the ascertainment of truth.\"",
"\nIn State v. Montgomery, supra, the trial court, in the course of his remarks, ordered defense counsel to sit in his chair. ",
"Here the admonition was repeated several times by the court and joined in by the sheriff. ",
"In Fleetwood v. Milwaukee Mechanics Ins. ",
"Co., supra, the opinion states, among other things, that the remarks of the trial court in the presence of the jury showed that it doubted the word of the defendant's attorney. ",
"In the present case the forthright charge of falsehood left no room for doubt. ",
"In the Montgomery, Fleetwood and Harms cases, the remarks of the trial court were held to have prevented a fair trial and to constitute reversible error.",
"\nTrial courts are sometimes exposed to great provocation but that does not serve to justify acts and utterances that defeat the right of a party to a fair trial. ",
"Courts have effective means for dealing with counsel deemed to be obstreperous without inflicting unnecessary damage on the client's cause. ",
"We are constrained to hold that the remarks of the trial court were prejudicial and constituted reversible error.",
"\nThe defendant also complains of comments made by the trial court regarding X-ray pictures and hospital records.",
"\n*758 During examination of plaintiff's doctor and in connection with the marking of certain exhibits, the suggestion of defendant's counsel that all of the hospital records be introduced in evidence met with this retort: \"BY THE COURT: I'm not going to clutter up this record with all those negatives. ",
"They don't shed any light on this case. ",
"You can have them marked but I'm not going to admit them in evidence, any of those knees, shoulder and rib negatives. ",
"They don't throw any light on the subject.\" ",
"Ordinarily it is improper for a trial court to express in the presence of the jury an opinion upon the weight and sufficiency of evidence admitted or that a party proposes to offer. ",
"88 C.J.S. Trial § 50d, p. 135. ",
"A conventional ruling at the time the evidence is offered or a private admonition to the counsel will serve to prevent unduly encumbering the record.",
"\nA member of the Missouri Highway Patrol, not an eyewitness to the collision, was permitted to state his opinion based on the location of debris that the point of impact was west of the center line of the highway in the southbound lane of travel. ",
"Such evidence has been held to be improper as not being a proper subject of expert or opinion evidence and as invading the province of the jury. ",
"Hamre v. Conger, 357 Mo. 497, 209 S.W.2d 242, 249 [10]; Chester v. Shockley, Mo., 304 S.W.2d 831, 834 [1]. ",
"But the plaintiff contends that this evidence as to the point of impact was cumulative of other evidence properly admitted and that defendant's objection was too general to preserve the question for review. ",
"Ordinarily such testimony is not rendered harmless because it is cumulative of other evidence properly admitted. ",
"Chester v. Shockley, Mo., 304 S.W.2d 831, 835 [6]. ",
"We need not determine if the admission of the testimony was prejudicial in the circumstances of this case since the error can be avoided on retrial.",
"\nIt would serve no useful purpose to consider the remaining matters alleged to be erroneous since they are of a nature that need not and are not likely to recur at another trial.",
"\nThe judgment is reversed and the cause remanded.",
"\nAll concur.",
"\n"
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"[Long-term results of multi-channel stimulation of the cochlear nucleus with auditory brain stem prostheses].",
"\nSince 1992 11 subjects with bilateral neural deafness due to cerebellopontine angle tumors have been provided with a multichannel auditory brainstem implant. ",
"The long term follow-up varies between 12 and 48 months. ",
"10 subjects experienced auditory sensations with various pitch during stimulation of several surface electrodes, 7 of them are still full time users. ",
"1 patient died 18 months after implantation after having been using his device continuously and 1 died due to pneumonic emboly without having been stimulated. ",
"2 subjects revealed uncomfortable side-effects such as motoric or somatosensoric stimulations several months after initial stimulation. ",
"1 of them is not using the device any more. ",
"The presented long term results suggest, that deaf neurofibromatosis-patients can regain acoustic contact to the environment, enlarge their communication skills and improve their quality of life by using a multichannel auditory brainstem prosthesis."
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"---\nabstract: 'Folding of ADE-Dynkin diagrams according to graph automorphisms yields irreducible Dynkin diagrams of $\\mathrm{ABCDEFG}$-types. ",
"This folding procedure allows to trace back the properties of the corresponding simple Lie algebras or groups to those of $\\mathrm{ADE}$-type. ",
"In this article, we implement the techniques of folding by graph automorphisms for Hitchin integrable systems. ",
"We show that the fixed point loci of these automorphisms are isomorphic as algebraic integrable systems to the Hitchin systems of the folded groups away from singular fibers. ",
"The latter Hitchin systems are isomorphic to the intermediate Jacobian fibrations of Calabi–Yau orbifold stacks constructed by the first author. ",
"We construct simultaneous crepant resolutions of the associated singular quasi-projective Calabi–Yau threefolds and compare the resulting intermediate Jacobian fibrations to the corresponding Hitchin systems.'",
"\nauthor:\n- Florian Beck\n- Ron Donagi\n- Katrin Wendland\nbibliography:\n- 'bibtex1.bib'\ntitle: Folding of Hitchin systems and crepant resolutions\n---\n\nIntroduction {#intro}\n============\n\nAny non-simply-laced Dynkin diagram $\\Delta$ is obtained from a simply-laced one $\\Delta_h$ (i.e. of type $\\mathrm{ADE}$[^1]) by folding. ",
"Folding is the process of identifying nodes of $\\Delta_h$ according to a cyclic subgroup ${\\mathbf{C}}\\subset \\mathrm{Aut}(\\Delta_h)$ of the graph automorphism of $\\Delta_h$, for example:\n\nIn Lie theory, folding effectively reduces the study of simple complex Lie algebras ${\\mathfrak{g}}={\\mathfrak{g}}(\\Delta)$ with folded Dynkin diagram $\\Delta=\\Delta_{h,{\\mathbf{C}}}$ to simple complex Lie algebras ${\\mathfrak{g}}_h={\\mathfrak{g}}(\\Delta_h)$ with an $\\mathrm{ADE}$-Dynkin diagram $\\Delta_h$ and a lift of ${\\mathbf{C}}\\subset \\mathrm{Aut}(\\Delta_h)$ to outer automorphisms of ${\\mathfrak{g}}_h$. The same applies to simple complex Lie groups.",
"\n\nIn singularity theory, Slodowy [@Slo] used folding to *define* a $\\Delta$-singularity of a surface for any irreducible Dynkin diagram $\\Delta$, thereby generalizing $\\mathrm{ADE}$-surface singularities. ",
"The idea is as before: if $\\Delta=\\Delta_{h,{\\mathbf{C}}}$, then a $\\Delta$-singularity is a $\\Delta_h$-singularity $Y$ together with an appropriate lift of ${\\mathbf{C}}$ to $\\mathrm{Aut}(Y)$. The dual graph of the exceptional divisor of the minimal resolution of $Y$ coincides with $\\Delta_h$. Then the lift of the ${\\mathbf{C}}$-action to $\\mathrm{Aut}(Y)$ induces a ${\\mathbf{C}}$-action on $\\Delta_h$ which is required to agree with the original ${\\mathbf{C}}$-action on $\\Delta_h$ by graph automorphisms.\\\nSince the $\\mathrm{ADE}$-classification through simply-laced Dynkin diagrams is ubiquitous in mathematics, it is natural to expect applications of folding in other situations as well. ",
"Indeed, the $\\mathrm{ADE}$-surface singularities have been directly linked to $\\mathrm{ADE}$-Hitchin integrable systems by the second author with Diaconescu and Pantev in [@DDP]. ",
"Building on results of Szendrői’s [@Sz1], to each $\\mathrm{ADE}$-surface singularity one associates a family of non-compact Calabi–Yau threefolds obtained from the semi-universal ${\\mathbb{C}}^\\ast$-deformation of the singularity, whose Griffiths’ intermediate Jacobians are compact and together form an algebraic integrable system. ",
"The latter is called a *Calabi–Yau integrable system*, and it generalizes integrable systems construced in [@DM1] by the second author with Markman from compact Calabi–Yau threefolds. ",
"According to [@DDP], the Calabi–Yau integrable system obtained from an $\\mathrm{ADE}$-surface singularity is isomorphic to an $\\mathrm{ADE}$-Hitchin integrable system.",
"\n\nMotivated by these results, the first aim of this article is to develop folding of Hitchin systems. ",
"More specifically, let $H$ denote a reductive complex Lie group and ${\\mathcal{M}}({\\Sigma},H)$ the neutral component of the moduli space of semistable $H$-Higgs bundles over a compact Riemann surface ${\\Sigma}$ of genus 162=4pt $g_{\\Sigma}\\geq 2$. 162=2.5pt The smooth locus ${\\mathcal{M}}({\\Sigma},H)^{sm}\\subset {\\mathcal{M}}({\\Sigma},H)$ possesses a holomorphic symplectic structure $\\omega_H$ and carries the structure of an algebraic integrable system $$\\begin{tikzcd}\n\\bm{\\chi}\\colon ({\\mathcal{M}}({\\Sigma},H)^{sm},\\omega_H){\\longrightarrow}{\\mathbf{B}}({\\Sigma}, H),\n\\end{tikzcd}$$ the $H$-Hitchin system. ",
"The Hitchin map $\\bm{\\chi}$ is a global analogue of the adjoint quotient $$\\label{eq:introadjoint}\n \\chi\\colon \\mathfrak{h}{\\longrightarrow}\\mathfrak{t}/W$$ where $\\mathfrak{h}$ is the Lie algebra of $H$ and ${\\mathfrak{t}}\\subset \\mathfrak{h}$ is a Cartan subalgebra with Weyl group $W$. Then the Hitchin base ${\\mathbf{B}}({\\Sigma},H)$ is given by $H^0({\\Sigma},K_{\\Sigma}\\times_{{\\mathbb{C}}^*}{\\mathfrak{t}}/W)$, where the canonical bundle $K_{\\Sigma}$ of ${\\Sigma}$ is considered as a ${\\mathbb{C}}^*$-bundle and ${\\mathfrak{t}}/W$ is equipped with its natural ${\\mathbb{C}}^*$-action.",
"\n\nBy folding of Hitchin systems, we mean the following: let $\\Delta=\\Delta_{h,{\\mathbf{C}}}$ be an irreducible folded Dynkin diagram and let $G$ and $G_h$ be the simple complex Lie groups of adjoint type with Dynkin diagrams $\\Delta$ and $\\Delta_h$ respectively. ",
"Then ${\\mathbf{C}}$ lifts to a group of outer automorphisms of $G_h$ (see e.g. [@Springer §10.3]) which in turn induces a ${\\mathbf{C}}$-action on ${\\mathcal{M}}({\\Sigma},G_h)$. Our first main result is\n\n[A]{}\\[Theorem \\[thm:hitchinfibers\\]\\]\\[thm:intro1\\] Over a Zariski-open and dense subset ${\\mathbf{B}}^\\circ\\subset {\\mathbf{B}}({\\Sigma},G)$, the restriction ${\\mathcal{M}}({\\Sigma}, G)_{|{\\mathbf{B}^\\circ}}$ of ${\\mathcal{M}}({\\Sigma}, G)$ is isomorphic to ${\\mathcal{M}}({\\Sigma},G_h)_{|{\\mathbf{B}^\\circ}}^{\\mathbf{C}}$ as an algebraic integrable system.",
"\n\nThe part of the Theorem that isomorphically identifies ${\\mathbf{B}}^{\\circ}$ with an open subset of ${\\mathbf{B}}({\\Sigma}, G_h)^{\\mathbf{C}}$ is more or less covered by the known commutative diagram $$\\label{eq:introadjointquot}\n\\begin{tikzcd}\n{\\mathfrak{g}}\\ar[r,\"\\cong\"] \\ar[d,\"\\chi\"] & {\\mathfrak{g}}_h^{\\mathbf{C}}\\ar[d, \"\\chi_h\"] \\\\\n{\\mathfrak{t}}/W \\ar[r, \"\\cong\"] & ({\\mathfrak{t}}_h/W_h)^{\\mathbf{C}}\\end{tikzcd}$$ where all ${\\mathbf{C}}$-actions are induced from the ${\\mathbf{C}}$-action on $\\Delta_h$ (see for example [@Slo §8.8] and our Section \\[ss:foldingLAs\\]). ",
"Theorem \\[thm:intro1\\] is then a global version of . ",
"The key new ingredient is the relation between cameral covers of $G$ and $G_h$, which we work out in Proposition \\[p:foldingcameral\\] in Section \\[ss:foldingcameral\\].",
"\n\nIn Section \\[s:crepantresol\\], we turn to the above-mentioned Calabi–Yau integrable systems associated to Hitchin systems [@DDP; @Beck; @Beck2]. ",
"More specifically, the first author in [@Beck2] showed that the outer automorphism group ${\\mathbf{C}}$ acts on the family $\\mathcal{X}{\\longrightarrow}{\\mathbf{B}}({\\Sigma},G)$ of quasi-projective Gorenstein threefolds which is isomorphic to the restriction of the family ${\\mathcal{X}}_h\\longrightarrow {\\mathbf{B}}({\\Sigma}, G_h)$ from [@DDP] to ${\\mathbf{B}}({\\Sigma}, G_h)^{\\mathbf{C}}\\cong{\\mathbf{B}}({\\Sigma},G)$. Moreover, the canonical class of these threefolds is ${\\mathbf{C}}$-trivializable, thereby inducing the family $[\\mathcal{X}/{\\mathbf{C}}]{\\longrightarrow}{\\mathbf{B}}({\\Sigma},G)$ of Calabi–Yau orbifold stacks. ",
"In [@Beck2], the first author further showed that over an open and Zariski-dense subset ${\\mathbf{B}^\\circ}\\subset {\\mathbf{B}}({\\Sigma},G)$ with ${\\mathcal{X}}^\\circ:={\\mathcal{X}}_{|{\\mathbf{B}}^\\circ}$ the associated intermediate Jacobian fibration $$\\label{J2C}\n \\begin{gathered}\n J^2_{{\\mathbf{C}}}({\\mathcal{X}}^\\circ/{\\mathbf{B}}^\\circ ){\\longrightarrow}{\\mathbf{B}^\\circ}, \n \\\\\n J^2_{{\\mathbf{C}}}(X_b)=H^3(X_b,{\\mathbb{C}})^{\\mathbf{C}}/(F^2H^3(X_b,{\\mathbb{C}})^{\\mathbf{C}}+H^3(X_b,{\\mathbb{Z}})^{\\mathbf{C}}),\\; b\\in {\\mathbf{B}^\\circ},\n \\end{gathered}$$ is a Calabi–Yau integrable system. ",
"The group $H^3(X_b,{\\mathbb{Z}})^{\\mathbf{C}}$ of ${\\mathbf{C}}$-invariants is isomorphic to the third integral equivariant cohomology group $H^3_{{\\mathbf{C}}}(X_b,{\\mathbb{Z}})$ [@Beck2 Proposition 4], which is the third singular cohomology group $H^3([X_b/{\\mathbf{C}}],{\\mathbb{Z}})$ of the orbifold stack $[X_b/{\\mathbf{C}}]$, see [@Behrend-stacks]. ",
"The main result of [@Beck] is the construction of an isomorphism $$\\label{eq:introiso}\nJ^2_{{\\mathbf{C}}}({\\mathcal{X}}^\\circ/{\\mathbf{B}}^\\circ)\\cong {\\mathcal{M}}({\\Sigma},G)_{|{\\mathbf{B}^\\circ}}$$ of algebraic integrable systems over ${\\mathbf{B}^\\circ}$, see [@Beck Theorem 5.2.1]. ",
"This generalizes [@DDP Theorem 3] where ${\\mathbf{C}}=\\{{\\mathrm{id}}\\}$, i.e. $G$ has an $\\mathrm{ADE}$-Dynkin diagram.",
"\n\nOur second main result concerns crepant resolutions of the quotient varieties $X_b/{\\mathbf{C}}$ associated to $[X_b/{\\mathbf{C}}]$, $b\\in {\\mathbf{B}^\\circ}$. One might expect that, if they exist, their intermediate Jacobian fibrations are isomorphic to $J^2_{{\\mathbf{C}}}(X_b)$ and hence to Hitchin fibers. ",
"However, we show:\n\n[B]{}\\[Proposition \\[prop:simultaneous\\] and Corollary \\[cor:JZ\\]\\]\\[thm:intro2\\] Let ${\\mathbf{C}}\\subset \\mathrm{Aut}(\\Delta_h)$ be a cyclic subgroup generated by an automorphism $a$ of order $|a|>0$ such that $\\Delta=\\Delta_{h,{\\mathbf{C}}}$. Then the family ${\\mathcal{X}}^\\circ/{\\mathbf{C}}{\\longrightarrow}{\\mathbf{B}^\\circ}$ admits a *simultaneous crepant resolution* $\\mathcal{Z}{\\longrightarrow}{\\mathbf{B}^\\circ}$. Moreover, there is an isogeny $$J^2(\\mathcal{Z}/{\\mathbf{B}}^\\circ) \n\\simeq J^2_{\\mathbf{C}}({\\mathcal{X}}^\\circ/{\\mathbf{B}}^\\circ)\\times J(\\mathcal{X}_{|{\\mathbf{B}^\\circ}}^{\\mathbf{C}})^{|a|-1}$$ over ${\\mathbf{B}^\\circ}$. Here $J(\\mathcal{X}_{|{\\mathbf{B}^\\circ}}^{\\mathbf{C}}){\\longrightarrow}{\\mathbf{B}^\\circ}$ is the family of Jacobians of the fixed point loci $X_b^{\\mathbf{C}}\\subset X_b$, $b\\in {\\mathbf{B}^\\circ}$.\n\nWe point out that the fixed point loci $X_b^{\\mathbf{C}}$, $b\\in {\\mathbf{B}^\\circ}$, are branched coverings of ${\\Sigma}$ and therefore have genus strictly larger than 162=4pt $g_{\\Sigma}$. 162=2.5pt Because of , $J^2(\\mathcal{Z}/{\\mathbf{B}}^\\circ)$ contains the $G$-Hitchin system ${\\mathcal{M}}({\\Sigma},G)_{|{\\mathbf{B}^\\circ}}$ over ${\\mathbf{B}^\\circ}$ (up to isogeny), but this inclusion is proper. ",
"Therefore $J^2(\\mathcal{Z}/{\\mathbf{B}}^\\circ)$ cannot be an algebraic integrable system over ${\\mathbf{B}^\\circ}$ for dimensional reasons. ",
"It would be interesting to extend $J^2(\\mathcal{Z}/{\\mathbf{B}}^\\circ){\\longrightarrow}{\\mathbf{B}^\\circ}$ to an algebraic integrable system over a larger base, a problem which Krichever solved for a special case in a different context [@Kr05].\\\nThe proofs of Theorems \\[thm:intro1\\] and \\[thm:intro2\\] rely on a precise understanding of folding in Lie theory and in singularity theory. ",
"Since we were not able to locate a coherent account thereof in the literature, we provide one for the convenience of the reader. ",
"As they may have noticed, there are in fact two ways of folding an $\\mathrm{ADE}$-Dynkin diagram $\\Delta_h$ according to a cyclic subgroup ${\\mathbf{C}}\\subset \\mathrm{Aut}(\\Delta_h)$: one corresponds to taking ${\\mathbf{C}}$-coinvariants in the root system corresponding to $\\Delta_h$, resulting in $\\Delta=\\Delta_{h,{\\mathbf{C}}}$ (as depicted in Figure \\[Figure1\\]), the other one to taking ${\\mathbf{C}}$-invariants, resulting in the dual Dynkin diagram $\\Delta^{\\!\\!\\vee}= \\Delta_h^{\\mathbf{C}}$. We explain the interplay between these two procedures in Section \\[s:folding\\]. ",
"In particular, Figure \\[Figure1\\] is extended to Figure \\[Figure2\\] below.",
"\n\nRelation to other works {#otherwork}\n-----------------------\n\nFolding in Lie theory is well-known (see for example [@Springer §10.3]). ",
"However, we could not locate a concise account in the literature which considers the adjoint quotients as well.",
"\n\nOur construction of the folding of Hitchin systems (Theorem \\[thm:intro1\\]) is closely related to the ideas of [@GPR], where the action of outer automorphisms of $G$ on the entire total space ${\\mathcal{M}}({\\Sigma},G)$ is considered. ",
"However, our result makes a statement about the fixed point locus relative to the Hitchin base ${\\mathbf{B}}({\\Sigma},G)$ which is not considered in [@GPR], cf. ",
"Remark \\[rem:GPR1\\]. ",
"In particular, the folding of cameral curves (Section \\[ss:foldingcameral\\]) has not been considered before.",
"\n\nThe families $\\mathcal{X}{\\longrightarrow}{\\mathbf{B}}({\\Sigma},G)$ have been constructed in [@Beck2]. ",
"As pointed out before, [@Beck2] works directly with the global orbifold stacks $[X_b/{\\mathbf{C}}]$, $b\\in {\\mathbf{B}^\\circ}$, instead of the crepant resolutions of the quotient varieties $X_b/{\\mathbf{C}}$.\n\nStructure\n---------\n\nIn Section \\[s:folding\\], we give a concise account of folding in Lie and singularity theory. ",
"In Section \\[s:foldinghitchin\\] we first review Hitchin systems and generic Hitchin fibers by introducing cameral curves. ",
"Then we consider the folding of cameral curves and prove Theorem \\[thm:intro1\\]. ",
"In Section \\[s:crepantresol\\] we briefly recall the construction of the families $\\mathcal{X}{\\longrightarrow}{\\mathbf{B}}({\\Sigma},G)$, determine their crepant resolutions, and prove Theorem \\[thm:intro2\\]. ",
"Most of our findings are illustrated by a running example to guide the reader.",
"\n\nNotation {#notations}\n--------\n\n- $\\Delta$: irreducible Dynkin diagram, denoted $\\Delta_h$ if required to be simply-laced, that is, ‘homogeneous’, according to [@Slo §6.1].",
"\n\n- $R=R(\\Delta)$: root system $R\\subset (V,(-,-))$ associated with $\\Delta$, denoted $R_h\\subset (V_h, (-,-))$ if $\\Delta=\\Delta_h$; we identify $\\Delta$ with a choice of simple roots in $R$\n\n- $\\Delta^{\\!\\!\\vee}$: irreducible Dynkin diagram of the coroot system $R^{\\vee}$ associated to $R=R(\\Delta)$; we view $R^\\vee$ as a root system in $V^\\ast$, throughout.",
"\n\n- ($\\Delta_h,{\\mathbf{C}})$: pair consisting of the irreducible simply-laced Dynkin diagram $\\Delta_h$ and a cyclic subgroup ${\\mathbf{C}}:=\\langle a \\rangle$ of the group $\\mathrm{Aut}_D(\\Delta_h)$ of Dynkin graph automorphisms[^2] of $\\Delta_h$ such that $\\Delta^{\\!\\!\\vee}=\\Delta_h^{{\\mathbf{C}}}$, cf. ",
"Section \\[ss:foldroot\\].",
"\n\n- ${\\mathfrak{g}}={\\mathfrak{g}}(\\Delta)={\\mathfrak{g}}(R)$: simple complex Lie algebra associated with the irreducible Dynkin diagram $\\Delta$ and root system $R$, denoted ${\\mathfrak{g}}_h$ if $\\Delta=\\Delta_h$.\n\nAcknowledgments\n---------------\n\nFlorian Beck thanks Lara Anderson and Laura Schaposnik for an invitation to the Simons Center for Geometry and Physics, Stony Brook, where part of this research was conducted, and kindly acknowledges the funding by the DFG Emmy Noether grant AL 1407/2-1. ",
"During the preparation of this work, Ron Donagi was supported in part by NSF grant DMS 2001673 and by Simons HMS Collaboration grant \\# 390287. ",
"Katrin Wendland thanks Igor Krichever, Motohico Mulase and Kenji Ueno for very helpful discussions. ",
"The authors thank the Simons Center for Geometry and Physics, Stony Brook, as well as the Max-Planck-Institute for Mathematics, Bonn, for their hospitality, as some of the work presented here was carried out during our visits to these institutions.",
"\n\nFolding in Lie and singularity theory {#s:folding}\n=====================================\n\nIn this section, we provide the relevant background for folding from a Lie theoretical perspective, and we introduce a running example for folding.",
"\n\nFolding of root systems {#ss:foldroot}\n-----------------------\n\nLet $\\Delta_h$ be any irreducible Dynkin diagram of type $\\mathrm{ADE}$ and $R_h\\subset V_h$ the corresponding root system in the Euclidean vector space $(V_h,(-,-))$. We identify the nodes of $\\Delta_h$ with a choice of simple roots in $R_h$. Let ${\\mathbf{C}}=\\langle a \\rangle \\subset \\mathrm{Aut}(\\Delta_h)$ be a subgroup generated by a Dynkin graph automorphism $a\\in \\mathrm{Aut}_D(\\Delta_h)$ of finite order $|a|=\\mathrm{ord}(a)$. The definition of Dynkin graph automorphisms (cf.",
" footnote \\[graphauto\\]) implies, for example, that ${\\mathbf{C}}$ is trivial if $\\Delta_h$ is of type $A_n$ with even $n$. The ${\\mathbf{C}}$-coinvariants in $R_h$ are defined by $$R_{h,{\\mathbf{C}}}:=R_h/(1-a)R_h,\\quad R_{h,{\\mathbf{C}}}\\subset V_{h,{\\mathbf{C}}}\\mbox{ with } V_{h,{\\mathbf{C}}}:=V_h/(1-a)V_h.$$ We denote the class of $\\alpha\\in R_h$ in $R_{h,{\\mathbf{C}}}$ by $\\alpha_O$. The following is a standard result (see, for example, [@Springer §10.3], [@Stembridge-Folding]):\n\n\\[lem:folding\\] The coinvariants $R_{h,{\\mathbf{C}}}$ define an irreducible root system in $V_{h,{\\mathbf{C}}}=V_h/(1-a)V_h$. Its irreducible Dynkin diagram $\\Delta=\\Delta_{h,{\\mathbf{C}}}$ is determined by the following table\n\n $\\Delta_h$ $\\mathrm{ord}(a)$ $\\Delta=\\Delta_{h,{\\mathbf{C}}}$\n --------------------- ------------------- ----------------------------------\n $\\mathrm{A}_{2n-1}$ $2$ $\\mathrm{C}_n$ $(n\\geq 2)$\n $\\mathrm{D}_{n+1}$ $2$ $\\mathrm{B}_n$ $(n\\geq 3)$\n $\\mathrm{D}_4$ $3$ $\\mathrm{G}_2$\n $\\mathrm{E}_6$ $2$ $\\mathrm{F}_{\\!4}$.\n\nIn particular, this establishes a one-to-one correspondence between irreducible Dynkin diagrams $\\Delta$ and pairs $(\\Delta_h,{\\mathbf{C}})$ of irreducible $\\mathrm{ADE}$-Dynkin diagrams and subgroups ${\\mathbf{C}}=\\langle a \\rangle\\subset \\mathrm{Aut}(\\Delta_h)$ generated by a Dynkin graph automorphism (see footnote \\[graphauto\\] for the definition). ",
"We say that $\\Delta$ is obtained from $(\\Delta_h,{\\mathbf{C}})$ through folding.",
"\n\nThe dual version of folding replaces ${\\mathbf{C}}$-coinvariants by ${\\mathbf{C}}$-invariants and thereby interchanges short and long roots. ",
"More precisely, let $O(\\alpha)$ be the orbit of $\\alpha\\in R_h$ under the action of ${\\mathbf{C}}=\\langle a \\rangle$. Then we define $$\\label{eq:alphaO} \n\\alpha^O:=\\sum_{\\alpha^\\prime\\in O(\\alpha)} \\alpha^\\prime.$$ Note that the sum does not involve multiplicities, so in particular, $a\\cdot \\alpha=\\alpha$ implies $\\alpha^O=\\alpha$. By construction, we have $$\\label{eq:Ra}\nR_h^{\\mathbf{C}}=\\{ \\alpha^O ~|~\\alpha\\in R_h\\} \\subset V_h^{\\mathbf{C}}.$$\n\n\\[lem:foldingroots\\] If $\\Delta=\\Delta_{h,{\\mathbf{C}}}$ as in Lemma \\[lem:folding\\], then $R_{h}^{\\mathbf{C}}\\subset V_h^{\\mathbf{C}}$ is an irreducible root system with Dynkin diagram $\\Delta^{\\!\\!\\vee}$, that is, $\\Delta^{\\!\\!\\vee}=\\Delta_h^{\\mathbf{C}}$. Moreover, if for each $\\alpha_h\\in R_h$ we define $\\alpha^\\vee \\in V_h^*$ by $$\\label{dual}\n\\forall v\\in V_h\\colon\\qquad \\alpha^{\\vee}(v) := 2\\frac{ (\\alpha,v) }{ (\\alpha,\\alpha) },$$ then the map $$(R_{h,{\\mathbf{C}}})^\\vee \\longrightarrow (R_h^\\vee)^{\\mathbf{C}},\\quad (\\alpha_O)^\\vee\\mapsto (\\alpha^\\vee)^O$$ is an isomorphism of root systems in $(V_{h,{\\mathbf{C}}})^* \\cong (V_h^*)^{\\mathbf{C}}$. In other words, $(\\Delta_{h,{\\mathbf{C}}})^\\vee\\cong(\\Delta_h^{\\!\\!\\vee})^{\\mathbf{C}}$.\n\nSince in our conventions, $\\Delta_h$ is simply-laced, we have $\\Delta_h^{\\!\\!\\vee}\\cong \\Delta_h$, so Lemma \\[lem:foldingroots\\] also implies $\\Delta\\cong(\\Delta^{\\mathbf{C}}_h)^\\vee$.\n\n\\[Ex:roots\\] As a running example throughout this work, we present the folding of $\\Delta_h=\\mathrm{A}_3$ to $\\Delta=\\mathrm{C}_2$.\n\nOn the level of root systems, for $\\Delta_h=\\mathrm{A}_3$ we choose a basis $(\\alpha_1,\\,\\alpha_2,\\,\\alpha_3)$ of simple roots with $$(\\alpha_j,\\alpha_j) = 2 \\mbox{ for } j\\in\\{1,\\,2,\\,3\\}, \\qquad\n(\\alpha_1,\\alpha_2) = (\\alpha_2,\\alpha_3) = -1, \\qquad\n(\\alpha_1,\\alpha_3) = 0.$$ To fold $\\Delta_h=\\mathrm{A}_3$ to $\\Delta=\\mathrm{C}_2$, we must implement the automorphism $a$ that is induced by $\\alpha_1\\leftrightarrow\\alpha_3$. Since $\\Delta\\cong (\\Delta_h^{\\mathbf{C}})^{\\vee}$, we may work with the basis $(\\alpha_1^\\vee,\\,\\alpha_2^\\vee,\\,\\alpha_3^\\vee)$ of $V_h^\\ast$ which is dual to $(\\alpha_1,\\,\\alpha_2,\\,\\alpha_3)$ under , such that $\\Delta$ corresponds to a coroot system with simple basis $(\\tfrac{1}{2}(\\alpha_1^\\vee+\\alpha_3^\\vee),\\,\\alpha_2^\\vee)$.\n\nFolding and Cartan subalgebras {#sec:foldingCartan}\n------------------------------\n\nAs before, let $R=R_{h,{\\mathbf{C}}}$ be a folded root system, i.e. $R\\subset V$, and $R^\\vee\\subset V^\\ast$ its coroot system with $V=V_{h,{\\mathbf{C}}}$ and $V^\\ast=(V_h^*)^{\\mathbf{C}}$. They have Dynkin diagrams $\\Delta=\\Delta_{h,{\\mathbf{C}}}$ and $\\Delta^{\\!\\!\\vee}= \\Delta_h^{\\mathbf{C}}$, respectively.",
"\n\nWe next work out the relation between the action of the Weyl group $W_h=W(R_{h}^\\vee)$ of $R_h^\\vee\\subset V_h^*$ and the Weyl group $W=W(R^\\vee)$ of $R^\\vee\\subset V^*$ on the Cartan tori ${\\mathfrak{t}}_h=V_h^\\ast\\otimes_{{\\mathbb{R}}}{\\mathbb{C}}$ and ${\\mathfrak{t}}={\\mathfrak{t}}_h^{\\mathbf{C}}$, respectively: we may identify $W$ as a subgroup of $W_h$ and thereby ${\\mathfrak{t}}/W$ with the ${\\mathbf{C}}$-invariants in ${\\mathfrak{t}}_h/W_h$. This statement is known, see e.g. [@Slo §8, Remarks, p. 144], however we find it useful to present a self-contained proof. ",
"Indeed, first we note\n\n\\[p:foldingweyl\\] Let $W_h^{{\\mathbf{C}}}:=\\{ w\\in W_h~|~aw=wa\\}\\subset \\mathrm{Aut}(V^*_h)$. Then the restriction to $V^*= (V_h^*)^{\\mathbf{C}}\\subset V_h^*$, $$\\label{eq:resW}\n W_h^{{\\mathbf{C}}}\\longrightarrow \\mathrm{Hom}(V^*, V_h^*), \\quad w\\mapsto w_{|V^*}$$ induces an isomorphism of groups $W_h^{\\mathbf{C}}\\cong W$.\n\nFirst observe that by construction, $w\\in W_h^{{\\mathbf{C}}}$ implies $w_{|V^*}\\in \\mathrm{Aut}(V^*)$, and $w(R^\\vee)=R^\\vee$ is immediate by (also see below). ",
"Since $R^\\vee$ is a folded root system, $\\mathrm{Aut}(R^\\vee)=W \\rtimes \\mathrm{Aut}(\\Delta^{\\!\\!\\vee})=W$ and therefore $w_{|V^*}\\in W$. It remains to prove that $W_h^{{\\mathbf{C}}}\\longrightarrow W,\\;w\\mapsto w_{|V^*}$ is bijective. ",
"Let $\\rho_h=\\tfrac{1}{2} \\sum_{\\alpha\\in R_h^+} \\alpha$ be the Weyl vector associated to the positive coroots $R_h^+\\subset R_h^\\vee$ and $\\rho=\\tfrac{1}{2}\\sum_{\\beta\\in R^+} \\beta$ be the Weyl vector associated to the positive coroots $R^+\\subset R^\\vee$. Since $R^\\vee=(R_h^\\vee)^{{\\mathbf{C}}}$, by (replacing $R_h$ by $R_h^\\vee$) we have $\\rho=\\rho_h\\in V_h$. If $w_{|V^\\ast}=\\mathrm{id}$ for some $w\\in W_h^{\\mathbf{C}}$, then $w(\\rho_h)=w(\\rho)=\\rho=\\rho_h$. Hence $w$ fixes a vector in the fundamental Weyl chamber associated to $R_h^+$and thus a fundamental domain for $W_h$, and therefore $w={\\mathrm{id}}$.\n\nIt suffices to prove that every simple reflection $s_\\beta$, $\\beta\\in \\Delta^{\\!\\!\\vee}$, is in the image of the homomorphism . ",
"Let $\\beta=\\alpha^O$ for $\\alpha\\in \\Delta_h$ as in . ",
"Then $$\\label{eq:weylfolding}\ns_\\beta= \\widetilde s_\\beta{}_{|V^\\ast}\\quad \\mbox{with}\\quad\n\\widetilde s_\\beta:=\\prod_{\\alpha^\\prime\\in O(\\alpha)} s_{\\alpha^\\prime},$$ where we have used the very definition of Dynkin graph automorphisms (footnote \\[graphauto\\]). ",
"Since $a$ permutes $O(\\alpha)$ and $a s_{\\alpha^\\prime} a^{-1} = s_{a\\alpha^\\prime}$ for every $\\alpha^\\prime\\in O(\\alpha)$, we have $\\widetilde s_\\beta\\in W_h^{\\mathbf{C}}$, and surjectivity onto $W$ of our map follows.",
"\n\nWe may thus indeed realize $W$ naturally as a subgroup of $W_h$. For its action on the regular elements of ${\\mathfrak{t}}={\\mathfrak{t}}_h^{\\mathbf{C}}$, we note\n\n\\[regact\\] Assume that $t\\in{\\mathfrak{t}}$ and $w\\in W_h$ with $wt\\in{\\mathfrak{t}}$. Then the orbits of $t$ and $wt$ under $W$ agree, $W(wt)=W(t)$. In particular, if $t$ belongs to the set ${\\mathfrak{t}}^\\circ$ of regular elements of ${\\mathfrak{t}}$, then $w\\in W$.\n\nFirst note that ${\\mathfrak{t}}^\\circ\\subset{\\mathfrak{t}}_h^\\circ$. Indeed, if $t\\in{\\mathfrak{t}}$ but $t\\notin{\\mathfrak{t}}_h^\\circ$, then $\\alpha(t)=0$ for some $\\alpha\\in\\Delta_h$. Now $a(t)=t$ because ${\\mathfrak{t}}={\\mathfrak{t}}^{\\mathbf{C}}_h$, and since $a\\in\\mbox{Aut}(\\Delta_{h})$, for $\\beta:=\\alpha_O$, we conclude $\\beta(t)=0$ with $\\beta\\in\\Delta_{h,{\\mathbf{C}}}$. In other words, $t\\notin{\\mathfrak{t}}^\\circ$.\n\nNow let $t\\in {\\mathfrak{t}}^\\circ$, so by the above, $t\\in {\\mathfrak{t}}_h^\\circ$. Then $w\\in W$ if and only if $W(wt)=W(t)$. To show that indeed $w\\in W$, choose $w_1,\\,w_2\\in W$ such that $t^\\prime := w_1 t$ and $w_2 w t$ both belong to the fundamental Weyl chamber in ${\\mathfrak{t}}$ corresponding to our choice of simple roots of $R$. By construction and assumption, with $w^\\prime := w_2 w (w_1)^{-1}$, both $t^\\prime$ and $w^\\prime t^\\prime$ belong to the same fundamental Weyl chamber in ${\\mathfrak{t}}_h$ with $w^\\prime\\in W_h$, hence $w^\\prime=\\mathrm{id}$ and $w= (w_2)^{-1} w_1\\in W$ follows.",
"\n\nIf $t\\notin{\\mathfrak{t}}^\\circ$ is non-zero, then we work with the root subsystem $R(t)$ of $R$ defined by all roots $\\alpha\\in R$ such that $\\alpha(t)\\neq 0$. Then $t$ is regular with respect to $R(t)$ and the above argument applies. ",
"If $t=0$, there is nothing to show.",
"\n\nAccording to classical results by Chevalley[^3] [@Che], explained, for example, in [@Humphreys Section 23], the coordinate ring ${\\mathbb{C}}[{\\mathfrak{t}}]^{W}$ of ${\\mathfrak{t}}/W$ is freely generated by polynomials $\\chi_1,\\ldots,\\chi_r$ of degrees $d_1,\\ldots,d_r$, respectively, where $r$ denotes the rank of ${\\mathfrak{g}}$ and $\\epsilon_j=d_j-1$, $j\\in\\{1,\\ldots,r\\}$, are the exponents of this Lie algebra, and similarly for ${\\mathfrak{g}}_h$. This induces natural ${\\mathbb{C}}^\\ast$-actions on ${\\mathfrak{t}}/W$ and ${\\mathfrak{t}}_h/W_h$, as well as non-canonical isomorphisms ${\\mathfrak{t}}/W\\cong{\\mathbb{C}}^r$, ${\\mathfrak{t}}_h/W_h\\cong{\\mathbb{C}}^{r_h}$ as ${\\mathbb{C}}^*$-spaces with weights $d_1,\\dots, d_r$.\n\n\\[cor:tfr\\]\\\n\n1. ",
" The reflection hyperplanes ${\\mathfrak{t}}^{\\alpha^O}\\subset {\\mathfrak{t}}$, $\\alpha^O\\in \n R^{\\mathbf{C}}_h=R^\\vee$, are given by $$\\label{eq:tfrO}\n {\\mathfrak{t}}^{\\alpha^O}=\\bigcap_{\\alpha^\\prime\\in O(\\alpha)} {\\mathfrak{t}}_h^{\\alpha^\\prime} \\cap {\\mathfrak{t}}\\quad \\subset\\quad {\\mathfrak{t}}_h.$$\n\n2. ",
" The inclusion ${\\mathfrak{t}}={\\mathfrak{t}}_h^{\\mathbf{C}}\\hookrightarrow {\\mathfrak{t}}_h$ induces the isomorphism $${\\mathfrak{t}}/W\\cong ({\\mathfrak{t}}_h/W_h)^{\\mathbf{C}}$$ of ${\\mathbb{C}}^*$-spaces.",
"\n\n\\\n\n1. ",
" This is a direct consequence of .",
"\n\n2. ",
" As stated before, the claim follows from Slodowy’s work, see [@Slo §8, Corollary and Remarks, p. 144]. ",
"But it also follows from what was shown in this section, so far. ",
"Indeed, ${\\mathfrak{t}}\\hookrightarrow{\\mathfrak{t}}_h\\longrightarrow {\\mathfrak{t}}_h/W_h$ factorizes over ${\\mathfrak{t}}/W$ since $W\\subset W_h$ by Proposition \\[p:foldingweyl\\]. ",
"Moreover, since $W_h$ is a normal subgroup of $\\mathrm{Aut}(\\Delta_h)$, ${\\mathbf{C}}$ acts naturally on ${\\mathfrak{t}}_h/W_h$ such that ${\\mathfrak{t}}/W$ maps to $({\\mathfrak{t}}_h/W_h)^{\\mathbf{C}}$. The ${\\mathbf{C}}$-action commutes with the ${\\mathbb{C}}^*$-action by construction, so this is a homomorphism of ${\\mathbb{C}}^*$-spaces. ",
"We need to show that it is injective and surjective.",
"\n\n If $t,\\, t^\\prime\\in{\\mathfrak{t}}$ with $t^\\prime=w t$ for some $w\\in W_h$, we need to show that $t^\\prime=w^\\prime t$ for some $w^\\prime\\in W$. But this is immediate from Lemma \\[regact\\].",
"\n\n Assume that $t\\in{\\mathfrak{t}}_h$ and $at=wt$ for some $w\\in W_h$, that is, $t$ represents a class in $({\\mathfrak{t}}_h/W_h)^{\\mathbf{C}}$. Since $W_h$ is a normal subgroup of $\\mathrm{Aut}(\\Delta_h)$, ${\\mathbf{C}}$ acts on the orbit $W_h(t)$ of $t$ under $W_h$. On the other hand, $W_h(t)$ intersects the closure of the fundamental Weyl chamber in a unique element $w^\\prime t\\in W_h(t)$, $w^\\prime\\in W_h$. Hence $aw^\\prime t=w^\\prime t$, and $w^\\prime t\\in {\\mathfrak{t}}$ represents a class in ${\\mathfrak{t}}/W$ which maps to the class of $t$ in ${\\mathfrak{t}}_h/W_h$.\n\nIt is important to keep in mind that the simple roots in the root system $\\Delta_h$ form a basis of ${\\mathfrak{t}}_h^\\ast$; descending to ${\\mathbf{C}}$-invariants in ${\\mathfrak{t}}_h/W_h$ as in Corollary \\[cor:tfr\\] above thus corresponds to descending to coinvariants on the level of root systems, $\\Delta=\\Delta_{h,{\\mathbf{C}}}$. This justifies our choice of notations, where $\\Delta^{\\!\\!\\vee} = \\Delta_h^{\\mathbf{C}}$ in contrast to the conventions in Slodowy’s work [@Slo], cf.",
" footnote \\[footnote:Slo\\] on page below.",
"\n\n\\[runLiealgebras\\] The Lie algebras encoded by the Dynkin data $\\Delta_h=\\mathrm{A}_3$ and $\\Delta=\\mathrm{C}_2$ are $\\mathfrak{g}_h=\\mathfrak{sl}_4({\\mathbb{C}})$ and $\\mathfrak{g}=\\mathfrak{sp}_4({\\mathbb{C}})$, respectively. ",
"We may thus use $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\mathfrak{g}_h &=& \\left\\{ A\\in \\mbox{Mat}_{4\\times 4}({\\mathbb{C}}) \\mid \\mbox{tr}(A) =0 \\right\\}, \\\\\n\\mathfrak{g} &=& \\left\\{ \\begin{pmatrix} -d^T & b\\\\ c& d \\end{pmatrix}\\bigg|\n b,\\, c,\\, d \\in \\mbox{Mat}_{2\\times 2}({\\mathbb{C}}),\\;\nb=b^T,\\; c=c^T \\right\\}.\\end{aligned}$$ As our Cartan subalgebras, we choose the subalgebras of diagonal matrices in each case, $$\\mathfrak{t}_h= \\left\\{ \\mbox{diag}(u,\\,v,\\,w,\\,-u-v-w)\\mid u,\\,v,\\,w\\in{\\mathbb{C}}\\right\\}, \\quad\n\\mathfrak{t} = \\left\\{ \\mbox{diag}(u,\\,v,\\,-u,\\,-v)\\mid u,\\,v\\in{\\mathbb{C}}\\right\\}.$$ For later convenience we also choose simple coroots for $\\mathfrak{g}_h=\\mathfrak{sl}_4({\\mathbb{C}})$, namely $$\\alpha_1^\\vee := \\mbox{diag}(1,\\,-1,\\,0,\\,0), \\quad\n\\alpha_2^\\vee := \\mbox{diag}(0,\\,1,\\,-1,\\,0), \\quad\n\\alpha_3^\\vee := \\mbox{diag}(0,\\,0,\\,1,\\,-1),$$ while for $\\mathfrak{g}=\\mathfrak{sp}_4({\\mathbb{C}})$ we use $$\\beta_1^\\vee :=\\tfrac{1}{2} \\mbox{diag}(-1,\\,-1,\\,1,\\,1), \\quad\n\\beta_2^\\vee := \\mbox{diag}(0,\\,1,\\,0,\\,-1).$$ The generators $s_j$ of the Weyl group $W_h$ corresponding to our choices of simple roots $\\alpha_j^\\vee$ act by transpositions $(j,\\,j+1)$, exchanging the $j^{\\mbox{\\tiny th}}$ and the $(j+1)^{\\mbox{\\tiny th}}$ diagonal entry of any matrix $t\\in{\\mathfrak{t}}_h$, while $\\beta_1^\\vee$ corresponds to $s_1s_2s_3s_2s_1s_2=(1,\\, 4)(2,\\,3)$ and $\\beta_2^\\vee$ corresponds to $s_2s_3s_2=(2,\\,4)$. As remarked in Example \\[Ex:roots\\], the generator $a$ of the ${\\mathbf{C}}$-action for $\\Delta_h$ is induced by $\\alpha_1^\\vee\\leftrightarrow\\alpha_3^\\vee$. Let us explicitly verify ${\\mathfrak{t}}/W\\cong ({\\mathfrak{t}}_h/W_h)^{\\mathbf{C}}$ as ${\\mathbb{C}}^*$-spaces in this example. ",
"To describe ${\\mathfrak{t}}/W$, we work with the fundamental Weyl chamber in ${\\mathfrak{t}}$ corresponding to the simple root basis $(\\beta_1^\\vee,\\, \\beta_2^\\vee)$, and analogously for ${\\mathfrak{t}}_h/W_h$. Then the isomorphism ${\\mathfrak{t}}\\cong {\\mathfrak{t}}_h^{\\mathbf{C}}$ given by $$\\label{eq:beta-alpha}\n\\beta_1^\\vee\\mapsto \\tfrac{1}{2}(\\alpha_1^\\vee+\\alpha_3^\\vee),\\qquad \\beta_2^\\vee\\mapsto \\alpha_2^\\vee$$ induces an isomorphism ${\\mathfrak{t}}/W \\cong ({\\mathfrak{t}}_h/W_h)^{\\mathbf{C}}$ which is ${\\mathbb{C}}^*$-equivariant. ",
"Indeed, the coordinate ring ${\\mathbb{C}}[{\\mathfrak{t}}/W]= {\\mathbb{C}}[{\\mathfrak{t}}]^{W}$ is generated by the even elementary symmetric polynomials $\\sigma_j$, $j\\in \\{ 2,4\\},$ of degree $j$ in the diagonal entries of each element of ${\\mathfrak{t}}$. This yields natural coordinates $\\xi=(\\sigma_2,\\sigma_4)$ on ${\\mathfrak{t}}/W$. On ${\\mathfrak{t}}_h/W_h$ we similarly have coordinates $\\xi_h=(\\sigma_2,\\sigma_3,\\sigma_4)$ where $\\sigma_3$ vanishes on $({\\mathfrak{t}}_h/W_h)^{\\mathbf{C}}$. We thus may use $\\check\\xi_h=(\\sigma_2,\\sigma_4)$ as coordinates on $({\\mathfrak{t}}_h/W_h)^{\\mathbf{C}}$ and check $$\\check\\xi_h( u(\\alpha_1^\\vee +\\alpha_3^\\vee) + (u+v) \\alpha_2^\\vee ) \n= (-u^2-v^2, u^2v^2) = \\xi(2u\\beta_1^\\vee + (u+v) \\beta_2^\\vee ).$$ Hence the isomorphism $\\check{\\xi}_h\\mapsto \\xi$ of coordinate rings yields the isomorphism ${\\mathfrak{t}}/W\\cong ({\\mathfrak{t}}_h/W_h)^{\\mathbf{C}}$ induced by , which is therefore ${\\mathbb{C}}^*$-equivariant.",
"\n\nFolding of simple complex Lie algebras {#ss:foldingLAs}\n--------------------------------------\n\nLet ${\\mathfrak{g}}_h={\\mathfrak{g}}(\\Delta_h)$ be the simple complex Lie algebra associated with $\\Delta_h$. If $G_h$ denotes the simple adjoint complex Lie group of ${\\mathfrak{g}}_h$, then we have the short exact sequence $$\\label{eq:exactseq}\n\\begin{tikzcd}\n 1 \\ar[r] & G_h \\ar[r] & \\mathrm{Aut}({\\mathfrak{g}}_h) \\ar[r] & \\mathrm{Aut}(\\Delta_h) \\ar[r] & 1, \n\\end{tikzcd}$$ see [@Slo §8.8]. ",
"This short exact sequence splits: let $\\alpha_i\\in \\Delta_h$, $i\\in\\{1,\\dots, r\\}$, denote a choice of simple roots, and choose a Chevalley basis $(e_\\alpha,\\, \\alpha_i^\\vee~|~\\alpha \\in R_h, \\, \ni\\in\\{1,\\dots, r\\})$ of ${\\mathfrak{g}}_h$. This means that for $\\alpha\\in R_h$, $e_\\alpha$ forms a basis of the root space ${\\mathfrak{g}}_{h,\\alpha}$, and $(\\alpha_1^\\vee,\\,\\ldots,\\,\\alpha_r^\\vee)$ is a simple basis of ${\\mathfrak{t}}_h$, with normalizations as follows. ",
"For every $\\alpha\\in R_h$, $[e_\\alpha,e_{-\\alpha}]=h_\\alpha$ with $\\alpha(h_\\alpha)=2$. If $\\alpha,\\,\\beta,\\,\\alpha+\\beta\\in R_h$, then $$[e_\\alpha, e_\\beta]= c_{\\alpha,\\beta}\\, e_{\\alpha+\\beta}\\qquad\n\\mbox{ with } \\qquad c_{-\\alpha,-\\beta}=-c_{\\alpha,\\beta}\\;\\in{\\mathbb{Z}}.$$ These normalizations ensure that for any $a\\in \\mathrm{Aut}(\\Delta_h)$ we may define, by abuse of notation, the automorphism $a\\colon{\\mathfrak{g}}_h\\longrightarrow {\\mathfrak{g}}_h$ by $$\\label{splitaction}\na(e_\\alpha):=e_{a\\cdot \\alpha}, \\quad a(\\alpha_i^\\vee):= (a\\cdot\\alpha_i)^\\vee.$$ Note that this splitting is compatible with the ${\\mathbf{C}}$-action on ${\\mathfrak{t}}_h$ already used in Section \\[sec:foldingCartan\\].",
"\n\n\\[prop:isoinv\\] Let ${\\mathfrak{g}}_h={\\mathfrak{g}}(\\Delta_h)$ be the simple complex Lie algebra associated to the irreducible Dynkin diagram $\\Delta_h$ and ${\\mathbf{C}}=\\langle a \\rangle$ the subgroup of $\\mathrm{Aut}(\\Delta_h)$ generated by the Dynkin graph automorphism $a$. Further let ${\\mathbf{C}}\\hookrightarrow \\mathrm{Aut}({\\mathfrak{g}}_h)$ be determined by the above splitting of . ",
"Then $$\\label{eq:isoinv}\n{\\mathfrak{g}}_h^{\\mathbf{C}}\\cong {\\mathfrak{g}}(\\Delta_{h,{\\mathbf{C}}}).$$\n\nSet ${\\mathfrak{g}}:={\\mathfrak{g}}^{{\\mathbf{C}}}_h$, ${\\mathfrak{t}}:={\\mathfrak{t}}_h^{{\\mathbf{C}}}$ and let $$\\label{eq:projectiongfr}\n p\\colon{\\mathfrak{g}}_h \\longrightarrow {\\mathfrak{g}}, \\quad \\xi \\mapsto \\tfrac{1}{|a|} \\sum_{k=1}^{|a|} a^k(\\xi)$$ be the (vector space) projection. ",
"Firstly note that $a$ is a Lie algebra homomorphism, which implies that the Killing form $\\kappa_h$ on ${\\mathfrak{g}}_h$ restricts to a non-degenerate form $\\kappa$, the Killing form of ${\\mathfrak{g}}$. Thus by [@Humphreys §5.1], ${\\mathfrak{g}}$ is semisimple.",
"\n\nWe next show that ${\\mathfrak{t}}$ is a Cartan subalgebra. ",
"Since ${\\mathbb{C}}$ has characteristic zero and ${\\mathfrak{g}}$ is semisimple, by [@Humphreys §15.3] it suffices to show that ${\\mathfrak{t}}\\subset {\\mathfrak{g}}$ is a maximal toral subalgebra. ",
"That ${\\mathfrak{t}}$ is toral follows immediately from the fact that $a$ is a Lie algebra homomorphism. ",
"Since $$\\dim({\\mathfrak{t}})=\\mathrm{rk}(R^\\vee)=\\dim({\\mathfrak{t}}_h^{\\mathbf{C}}),\\qquad R^\\vee=R_h^{\\mathbf{C}},$$ ${\\mathfrak{t}}$ is also maximal for dimensional reasons.",
"\n\nBy the duality between invariants and coinvariants, we have $$({\\mathfrak{t}}_h^{\\mathbf{C}})^*\\cong ({\\mathfrak{t}}_h^*)_{{\\mathbf{C}}}.$$ In particular, $R_{h,{\\mathbf{C}}}\\hookrightarrow {\\mathfrak{t}}^*$.\n\nNext we claim that[^4] $$\\label{eq:rootspace}\n {\\mathfrak{g}}= {\\mathfrak{t}}\\oplus \\bigoplus_{\\alpha_O\\in R_{h,{\\mathbf{C}}}} {\\mathfrak{g}}_{\\alpha_O}$$ is a root space decomposition of ${\\mathfrak{g}}$. Indeed, let $\\eta=p(\\xi)$ with $\\xi\\in {\\mathfrak{g}}_{h,\\alpha}$, $s=p(t)$ with $t\\in {\\mathfrak{t}}$ and compute $$\\begin{aligned}\n [s,\\eta] =& \\tfrac{1}{|a|^2} \\sum_{k,l} [a^k(t), a^l(\\xi)] \\\\\n =& \\tfrac{1}{|a|^2} \\sum_{k,l} a^l ([a^{k-l}(t), \\xi]) \\\\\n =& \\tfrac{1}{|a|^2} \\sum_{k,l} \\alpha(a^{k-l}(t)) a^l(\\xi) \\\\\n =& \\tfrac{1}{|a|}\\sum_l \\alpha(s) a^l(\\xi) \n = \\alpha_O(s) \\eta. ",
"\\end{aligned}$$ It follows that $p$ surjects ${\\mathfrak{g}}_{h,\\alpha}$ onto ${\\mathfrak{g}}_{\\alpha_O}$. In particular, this shows , thus concluding the proof.",
"\n\nThe previous result combined with Corollary \\[cor:tfr\\] yields the commutative diagram $$\\label{eq:relationadjquotients}\n\\begin{tikzcd}\n{\\mathfrak{g}}\\ar[r, hookrightarrow] \\ar[d, \"\\chi\"'] & {\\mathfrak{g}}_h \\ar[d,\"\\chi_h\"] \\\\\n{\\mathfrak{t}}/W \\ar[r, hookrightarrow] & {\\mathfrak{t}}_h/W_h. ",
"\n\\end{tikzcd}$$ Here $\\chi$ and $\\chi_h$ are the respective adjoint quotients.",
"\n\n\\[runchis\\] For ${\\mathfrak{g}}_h=\\mathfrak{sl}_4({\\mathbb{C}})$ and ${\\mathfrak{g}}=\\mathfrak{sp}_4({\\mathbb{C}})$ as in Example \\[runLiealgebras\\], we lift the action of $a$ to ${\\mathfrak{g}}_h$ by $$\\label{Clift}\nA\n\\longmapsto \n\\left(\\begin{matrix} \\mathbf{1}&\\mathbf{0}\\\\ \\mathbf{0}&-\\mathbf{1}\\end{matrix}\\right)\nA^{\\widetilde T} \n\\left(\\begin{matrix} -\\mathbf{1}&\\mathbf{0}\\\\\\mathbf{0}&\\mathbf{1}\\end{matrix}\\right),\\qquad$$ where $\\mathbf{1}$ denotes the identity matrix in $\\mbox{Mat}_{2\\times2}({\\mathbb{C}})$ and $A^{\\widetilde T}$ is obtained from $A$ by reflecting in the northeast-southwest diagonal. ",
"One immediately checks that this induces the action $\\alpha_1^\\vee\\leftrightarrow\\alpha_3^\\vee$ on ${\\mathfrak{t}}_h$. Moreover, $$\\mbox{with }\\quad \\mathbf{N}:=\\left(\\begin{matrix}0&1\\\\0&0\\end{matrix}\\right),\\qquad\ne_{\\alpha_1} := \n\\left(\\begin{matrix} \\mathbf{N}&\\mathbf{0}\\\\ \\mathbf{0}&\\mathbf{1}\\end{matrix}\\right),\\quad\ne_{\\alpha_2} := \n\\left(\\begin{matrix} \\mathbf{0}&\\mathbf{N}^T\\\\ \\mathbf{0}&\\mathbf{1}\\end{matrix}\\right),\\quad\ne_{\\alpha_3} := \n\\left(\\begin{matrix} \\mathbf{0}&\\mathbf{0}\\\\ \\mathbf{0}&-\\mathbf{N}\\end{matrix}\\right)$$ generate a Chevalley basis, where $e_{-\\alpha}=e_\\alpha^T$ for all $\\alpha\\in R_h$. On this basis, implements the action . ",
"We then have $${\\mathfrak{g}}_h^{\\mathbf{C}}= \\left\\{\\left. ",
"\\left(\\begin{matrix}- d^{\\widetilde T}& b\\\\ c&d\\end{matrix}\\right)\n\\right| b,\\,c,\\,d\\in \\mbox{Mat}_{2\\times2}({\\mathbb{C}}),\\, b=b^{\\widetilde T},\\, c=c^{\\widetilde T} \\right\\}.$$ Using the description of ${\\mathfrak{g}}$ from Example \\[runLiealgebras\\], we thus have ${\\mathfrak{g}}_h^{\\mathbf{C}}\\cong{\\mathfrak{g}}$ under the automorphism which permutes rows and columns by the transposition $(1,2)$. We continue to use the notations introduced in Example \\[runLiealgebras\\]. ",
"Then is obtained from $\\chi\\colon{\\mathfrak{g}}\\longrightarrow{\\mathfrak{t}}/W$, $\\chi_h\\colon{\\mathfrak{g}}_h\\longrightarrow{\\mathfrak{t}}_h/W_h$, where $$\\label{chisexterior}\n\\xi\\circ\\chi(A) = (\\mbox{tr}(\\Lambda^2A),\\, \\mbox{tr}(\\Lambda^4A)),\\quad\n\\xi_h\\circ\\chi_h(A) = (\\mbox{tr}(\\Lambda^2A),\\, \\mbox{tr}(\\Lambda^3A),\\, \\mbox{tr}(\\Lambda^4A)),$$ with $\\mbox{tr}(\\Lambda^3A)=0$ for all $A\\in\\mathfrak{sp}_4({\\mathbb{C}})$.\n\nFolding of simple complex Lie groups {#ss:foldingsimpleliegroups}\n------------------------------------\n\nLet $G_h$ be the simple *adjoint* complex Lie group with irreducible $\\mathrm{ADE}$-Dynkin diagram $\\Delta_h$ and ${\\mathbf{C}}=\\langle a \\rangle$ as before. ",
"In the following we fix a maximal torus $T_{h}\\subset G_{h}$. Its character and its cocharacter lattice are given by $$\\begin{aligned}\n{\\bm{\\Lambda}}^{\\!\\!\\vee}_h&=\\mathrm{Hom}(T_{h},{\\mathbb{C}}^*)\\cong\\langle R_h\\rangle_{{\\mathbb{Z}}}, \\label{characterdef}\\\\ \n{\\bm{\\Lambda}}_h& = \\mathrm{Hom}({\\mathbb{C}}^*,T_{h}).\\label{cocharacterdef}\\end{aligned}$$ Here, ${\\bm{\\Lambda}}^{\\!\\!\\vee}_h\\cong\\langle R_h\\rangle_{{\\mathbb{Z}}}$ follows since $G_{h}$ is of adjoint type. ",
"This further implies that $\\mathrm{Aut}(G_h)\\cong\\mathrm{Aut}({\\mathfrak{g}}_h)$, and thus our choice of splitting of the sequence yields ${\\mathbf{C}}\\hookrightarrow \\mathrm{Aut}(G_h)$.\n\n\\[foldedgroup\\][@Springer Proposition 10.3.5] The identity component $(G_h^{\\mathbf{C}})^\\circ$ of the subgroup $G_h^{\\mathbf{C}}\\subset G_h$ fixed by the automorphism group ${\\mathbf{C}}\\subset \\mathrm{Aut}(G_h)$ is the simple adjoint complex Lie group $G$ with Dynkin diagram $\\Delta_{h,{\\mathbf{C}}}$. In particular, its character and cocharacter lattices satisfy $$\\label{foldedcharacter}\n {\\bm{\\Lambda}}^{\\!\\!\\vee}=({\\bm{\\Lambda}}_h^{\\!\\!\\vee})_{{\\mathbf{C}}},\\quad {\\bm{\\Lambda}}={\\bm{\\Lambda}}_h^{\\mathbf{C}}.$$\n\n\\[rungroupfold\\] For Dynkin type $\\Delta_h=A_3$, the adjoint form is $G_h=PSL_4({\\mathbb{C}})$, while $SL_4({\\mathbb{C}})$ is the simply connected form. ",
"On the other hand, the adjoint form for $\\Delta=C_2$ is $G=Sp_4({\\mathbb{C}})\\slash\\{\\pm1\\}=PSp_4({\\mathbb{C}})$, while $Sp_4({\\mathbb{C}})$ is the simply connected form. ",
"We lift the action of ${\\mathbf{C}}$ used in Example \\[runchis\\] to $G_h$, and we obtain $$\\forall\\, A\\in SL_4({\\mathbb{C}})\\colon\\quad\nA\\mapsto - \\widetilde J (A^T)^{-1} \\widetilde J, \\quad\\mbox{where } \n\\widetilde J\n:=\\left(\\begin{matrix}\\mathbf{0}&\\mathbf{Q}\\\\-\\mathbf{Q}&\\mathbf{0}\\end{matrix}\\right)\n=- \\widetilde{J}^{-1},\\;\n\\mathbf{Q}:= \\left(\\begin{matrix}0&1\\\\1&0\\end{matrix}\\right).$$ Here, $$\\widetilde J = P J P\n\\quad\\mbox{ with }\\quad \nP= \\left(\\begin{matrix}\\mathbf{Q}&\\mathbf{0}\\\\\\mathbf{0}&\\mathbf{1}\\end{matrix}\\right),\\;\nJ =\\left(\\begin{matrix}\\mathbf{0}&\\mathbf{1}\\\\-\\mathbf{1}&\\mathbf{0}\\end{matrix}\\right),$$ so $J$ is the standard symplectic matrix. ",
"It follows that $(G_h)^{\\mathbf{C}}$ arises from $G$ by conjugation with $P$. Hence $(G_h)^{\\mathbf{C}}\\cong G$ holds.",
"\n\nFolding of $\\mathrm{ADE}$ singularities and Slodowy slices {#sec:Slodowy}\n----------------------------------------------------------\n\nThe construction of quasi-projective Calabi–Yau threefolds of [@DDP] starts from semi-universal ${\\mathbb{C}}^\\ast$-deformations of $\\mathrm{ADE}$ surface singularities. ",
"Following [@Slo], there is an elegant description of the latter in terms of the associated simple complex Lie algebras, which is compatible with folding. ",
"In this section, we recall that construction, mainly following the original work [@Slo].",
"\n\nLet $\\Delta=\\Delta_{h,{\\mathbf{C}}}$ denote[^5] an irreducible Dynkin diagram with $\\Delta_h$ an irreducible Dynkin diagram of type $\\mathrm{ADE}$ and ${\\mathbf{C}}\\subset \\mathrm{Aut}(\\Delta_h)$ as before. ",
"A $\\Delta$-singularity is a pair $(Y,H)$ such that\n\n- $Y=(Y,0)$ is (a germ of) an isolated surface singularity of type $\\Delta_h$; in particular, the dual of the resolution graph of the minimal resolution $\\widetilde{Y}\\longrightarrow Y$ coincides with $\\Delta_h$,\n\n- $H\\subset \\mathrm{Aut}(Y)$ is a finite subgroup with $H\\cong {\\mathbf{C}}$ which acts freely on $Y-\\{0\\}$,\n\n- the induced action of $H$ on the dual of the resolution graph coincides with the ${\\mathbf{C}}$-action on $\\Delta_h$.\n\nIf $H=\\{{\\mathrm{id}}\\}$, then we simply write $Y$ instead of $(Y,\\{\\mathrm{id} \\})$.\n\nEvery $\\Delta$-singularity is quasi-homogeneous, i.e. there is a natural ${\\mathbb{C}}^*$-action on each $\\Delta$-singularity $(Y,H)$. Moreover, every $\\Delta$-singularity $(Y,H)$ admits a semi-universal ${\\mathbb{C}}^*$-deformation according to [@Slo §2.4-2.7]. ",
"By this, following [@Slo Definition 2.6], we mean a (formal) $({\\mathbf{C}}\\times{\\mathbb{C}}^\\ast)$-equivariant deformation $\\zeta\\colon\\mathcal Y{\\longrightarrow}B$ of $Y$ with trivial action of ${\\mathbf{C}}$ on the base such that every other deformation with these properties allows a $({\\mathbf{C}}\\times{\\mathbb{C}}^\\ast)$-equivariant morphism to $\\zeta$ whose differential on the base is uniquely determined.",
"\n\nIf the isolated surface singularity $Y=(Y,0)$ is defined by a quasi-homogeneous polynomial $f\\in{\\mathbb{C}}[x,\\,y,\\,z]$ of weights[^6] $(\\mathsf{w}_x, \\mathsf{w}_y, \\mathsf{w}_z)$ and degree $\\deg(f)=\\mathsf{w}_x+\\mathsf{w}_y+\\mathsf{w}_z$, then the work of Schlessinger [@Sch68], Elkik [@Elkik-Algebraization] and Rim [@Ri72 4.14] gives a direct way to construct a semi-universal ${\\mathbb{C}}^*$-deformation of $Y$. The construction uses the Jacobian ring $J_f:= {\\mathbb{C}}[x,y,z]/(\\partial_x f,\\partial_y f, \\partial_z f)$ of $f$ as follows. ",
"In our situation, $J_f$ is a finite dimensional vector space, $J_f\\cong{\\mathbb{C}}^r$. If $(g_1,\\,\\ldots,\\,g_r)$ with quasi-homogeneous $g_j\\in{\\mathbb{C}}[x,y,z]$ for $j\\in\\{1,\\,\\ldots,\\,r\\}$ represents a ${\\mathbb{C}}$-basis of $J_f$, then $$\\begin{aligned}\n \\mathcal{Y}_h:=\\left\\{((x,y,z),b)\\in {\\mathbb{C}}^3\\times{\\mathbb{C}}^r ~|~ \nf(x,y,z)+\\smash{\\sum_{j=1}^r}\\vphantom{\\sum} b_j g_j(x,y,z)=0 \\right\\}, &\n& \\hspace*{-1em} B_h:={\\mathbb{C}}^r, \\\\ \n\\zeta\\colon\\;\\mathcal{Y}_h\\longrightarrow B_h, &&\n ((x,y,z),b)\\mapsto b\\end{aligned}$$ defines a semi-universal ${\\mathbb{C}}^\\ast$-deformation of $Y$, cf. [",
"@Slo Theorem 2.4]. ",
"Note that $B_h\\cong J_f$ by construction. ",
"The ${\\mathbb{C}}^\\ast$-action on $Y$ is naturally extended to $\\mathcal Y_h$ by assigning the weight $\\deg(f) -\\deg(g_j)$ to $b_j$ for $j\\in\\{1,\\,\\ldots,\\,r\\}$. Then $\\mathcal{Y}_h {\\longrightarrow}B_h$ is a semi-universal ${\\mathbb{C}}^*$-deformation of $Y$ by [@Slo Theorem 2.5] and its proof. ",
"If $(Y,H)$ is any $\\Delta$-singularity, then the $H$-action on $Y$ extends to an $H$-action on $\\mathcal{Y}_h$ and $B_h$. The restriction $\\zeta\\colon \\zeta^{-1}(B_h^H){\\longrightarrow}B_h^H$ is then a semi-universal ${\\mathbb{C}}^*$-deformation of $(Y,H)$, see [@Slo §2.6].",
"\n\nLet us illustrate this construction by carrying it out for our running example.",
"\n\n\\[ex:A3-sing\\] We consider $\\mathrm{C}_2=\\mathrm{A}_{3,{\\mathbf{C}}}$ for ${\\mathbf{C}}={\\mathbb{Z}}/2{\\mathbb{Z}}$. The $\\mathrm{A}_3$-surface singularity is given by $$Y=\\{ (x,y,z)\\in {\\mathbb{C}}^3~|~x^4-yz=0\\}.$$ The defining polynomial $f(x,y,z):= x^4-yz$ is quasi-homogeneous with respect to the ${\\mathbb{C}}^*$-action $(\\lambda, (x,y,z))\\mapsto(\\lambda x, \\lambda^2y, \\lambda^2z)$. Consider the group $H\\cong {\\mathbf{C}}$ generated by the automorphism $(x,y,z)\\mapsto (-x,z,y)$. Then $(Y,H)$ is a $\\Delta$-singularity with $\\Delta=\\mathrm{C}_2$, as one checks by an explicit calculation, see [@Slo p. 77].",
"\n\nThe Jacobian ring for this singularity is $J_f={\\mathbb{C}}[x,y,z]/(x^3,\\, y,\\, z)$, so $(x^2,\\, x,\\, 1)$ represents a quasi-homogeneous basis. ",
"Hence a semi-universal ${\\mathbb{C}}^*$-deformation of the $\\mathrm{A}_3$-singularity is given by $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\label{YhA3} \n \\mathcal{Y}_h=\\{(x,y,z,b_2,b_3,b_4)\\in {\\mathbb{C}}^6 ~|~ x^4-yz + b_2x^2 + b_3x + b_4=0 \\} &\\longrightarrow& {\\mathbb{C}}^3, \\nonumber\\\\\n (x,y,z,b_2,b_3,b_4)&\\mapsto& (b_2,b_3,b_4)\n \\end{aligned}$$ with ${\\mathbb{C}}^\\ast$-action $$\\label{eq:suC}\n \\forall\\,\\lambda\\in {\\mathbb{C}}^*\\colon\\qquad\n \\lambda\\cdot(x,y,z,b_2,b_3,b_4)=(\\lambda x,\\lambda^2 y, \\lambda^2 z,\\lambda^2 b_2,\\lambda^3 b_3, \\lambda^4 b_4).$$ The action of $H$ is extended to $\\mathcal Y_h$ by $$\\label{eq:suHaction}\n (x,y,z,b_2,b_3,b_4)\\longmapsto (-x,z,y,b_2,-b_3,b_4).$$ The preimage under $\\mathcal{Y}_h{\\longrightarrow}{\\mathbb{C}}^4$ of the $H$-fixed point locus in ${\\mathbb{C}}^4$ is a semi-universal ${\\mathbb{C}}^*$-deformation of the $\\mathrm{C}_2$-singularity $(Y,H)$, namely $$\\begin{aligned}\n \\mathcal{Y}=\\{x,y,z,b_2,b_4)\\in {\\mathbb{C}}^5 ~|~ \n x^4-yz + b_2x^2 + b_4=0 \\} \n &{\\longrightarrow}& {\\mathbb{C}}^2, \\\\\n (x,y,z,b_2,b_4)&\\mapsto& (b_2,b_4).",
"\n \\end{aligned}$$ The ${\\mathbb{C}}^*$- and $H$-action are the restrictions of and respectively. ",
"By construction, the $H$-action is trivial on the base, so $H$ acts on all fibers.",
"\n\nThe direct construction of semi-universal ${\\mathbb{C}}^*$-deformations is useful in explicit computations, see Examples \\[ex:A3cys\\] and \\[ex:g2\\]. ",
"The Lie-theoretic construction due to Brieskorn [@Bri] (for $\\Delta_h$-singularities) and Slodowy [@Slo §8] (for all $\\Delta$-singularities) is very convenient for our study of the relation between Calabi–Yau and Hitchin integrable systems, cf. ",
"Section \\[s:crepantresol\\]. ",
"We emphasize that with appropriate choices of ${\\mathbb{C}}^\\ast$-actions (cf.",
" Remark \\[rem:Cstar\\]) both constructions give isomorphic ${\\mathbb{C}}^*$-deformations by semi-universality, see [@Sch68 Proposition 2.9]. ",
"In Appendix \\[app:sh\\] we work out an explicit isomorphism for our running example.",
"\n\nTo review Slodowy’s construction, let ${\\mathfrak{g}}={\\mathfrak{g}}(\\Delta)$ denote the simple complex Lie algebra determined by $\\Delta$, and let $x\\in {\\mathfrak{g}}$ be a subregular nilpotent element. ",
"Choose an $\\mathfrak{sl}_2$-triple $(x,y,h)$ for $x$ with semisimple element $h\\in \\mathfrak{g}$ such that $[h,x]=2x,\\, [h,y]=-2y,\\, [x,y]=h$, so $\\langle x,y,h\\rangle_{\\mathbb{C}}\\cong\\mathfrak{sl}(2,{\\mathbb{C}})$. Then a so-called Slodowy slice through $x$ is given by $$S:=x+\\ker \\mathrm{ad}_y\\subset {\\mathfrak{g}},$$ with the restriction $\\sigma:= \\chi_{|S}$ of the adjoint quotient, $$\\sigma\\colon S\\longrightarrow {\\mathfrak{t}}/W.$$ We note that any two nilpotent subregular $x\\in{\\mathfrak{g}}$ are conjugate under the adjoint action of $G$ [@Steinberg §3.10], as are any two $\\mathfrak{sl}_2$-triples that contain $x$ [@Kostant Corollary 3.6]. ",
"The Slodowy slice $S$ carries actions by our cyclic group ${\\mathbf{C}}$ and by ${\\mathbb{C}}^\\ast$, which commute with each other, as follows. ",
"To obtain the ${\\mathbb{C}}^\\ast$-action, let $\\exp\\colon{\\mathfrak{g}}\\longrightarrow G$ denote the exponential map from the Lie algebra to the Lie group stemming from the construction of one-parameter subgroups. ",
"Observe that $\\mathrm{ad}_{th}(x)=2tx$ and $\\lambda=e^t\\in{\\mathbb{C}}^\\ast$ yield $\\mathrm{Ad}_{\\exp(th)}(x)=\\exp(\\mathrm{ad}_{th})(x)=\\lambda^2x$ because $[h,x]=2x$. Thus there is a ${\\mathbb{C}}^*$-action on $S$ given by $$\\label{CstaronS}\n\\forall \\lambda=e^t\\in{\\mathbb{C}}^\\ast,\\; v\\in S\\colon\\quad\n\\lambda\\cdot v\n=\\lambda^2 \n\\mathrm{Ad}_{\\exp(-th)}(v).$$\n\n\\[rem:Cstar\\] By construction, the adjoint quotient $\\sigma\\colon S\\longrightarrow {\\mathfrak{t}}/W$ is ${\\mathbb{C}}^\\ast$-equivariant with respect to the action on $S$ and the action with weights $2d_j$ on the coordinate ring ${\\mathbb{C}}[\\chi_1,\\ldots,\\chi_r]$ of ${\\mathfrak{t}}/W$, where $\\epsilon_j=d_j-1$ are the exponents of ${\\mathfrak{g}}$ as before. ",
"In particular, $\\sigma$ is *not* ${\\mathbb{C}}^*$-equivariant with respect to the standard ${\\mathbb{C}}^*$-action on ${\\mathfrak{t}}/W$ with weights $d_j$.\n\nAs we shall see in greater detail in Theorem \\[thm:Slosli\\], equipped with this ${\\mathbb{C}}^\\ast$-action the Slodowy slice $S$ is ${\\mathbb{C}}^\\ast$-equivariantly isomorphic to the corresponding unfolding constructed from the Jacobian ring $J_f$, $f\\in{\\mathbb{C}}[x,y,z]$, of an isolated surface singularity of $\\mathrm{ADE}$-type as described before Example \\[ex:A3-sing\\]. ",
"For this to be true, the weights of $f$ and hence the ${\\mathbb{C}}^*$-action on $J_f$ have to be chosen accordingly (see also [@Slo §7.4, Proposition 2]).",
"\n\nIndeed, let $J_f={\\mathbb{C}}[x,y,z]/(\\partial_xf, \\partial_yf, \\partial_zf)$ as before, and denote by $(\\mathrm w_x, \\mathrm w_y, \\mathrm w_z)$ coprime weights of $x, y, z$ such that $f$ is quasi-homogeneous. ",
"If ${\\mathfrak{g}}$ is of type $A_{2k}$, $k\\in\\mathbb N$, then one needs to use the weights $(\\mathrm w_x, \\mathrm w_y, \\mathrm w_z)$ for $x, y, z$. In all other cases, weights $(2\\mathrm w_x, 2\\mathrm w_y, 2\\mathrm w_z)$ must be used for $x, y, z$, as we confirm explicitly for our running example in Appendix \\[app:sh\\].",
"\n\nFor the ${\\mathbf{C}}$-action, consider the simple adjoint complex Lie group $G$ with Lie algebra ${\\mathfrak{g}}$, and its subgroup $$\\label{innerC}\nC(x,y):=\\{ g\\in G ~|~\\mathrm{Ad}_g(x)= x, \n\\quad \\mathrm{Ad}_g(y) =y\\} \\quad\\subset\\quad G,$$ which acts on $S$ by the adjoint representation, as one checks by a direct calculation. ",
"Then $\\mathrm{Aut}(\\Delta_h)$ admits an embedding $\\mathrm{Aut}(\\Delta_h)\\hookrightarrow C(x,y)$ (cf. [",
"@Slo Proposition 7.5]), so ${\\mathbf{C}}$ acts on $S$ via the adjoint action. ",
"Moreover, the induced map $\\mathrm{Aut}(\\Delta_h){\\longrightarrow}C(x,y)/C(x,y)^\\circ$ to the component group of $C(x,y)$ is bijective by [@Slo Proposition 7.5]. ",
"In summary, ${\\mathbf{C}}$ acts on $S$ by inner automorphisms. ",
"Indeed, for ${\\mathfrak{g}}\\cong{\\mathfrak{g}}_h^{\\mathbf{C}}$ with ${\\mathbf{C}}\\neq\\{\\mathrm{id}\\}$, ${\\mathfrak{g}}$ does not have any non-trivial outer automorphisms.",
"\n\n\\[rem:CA\\] If $\\Delta_h$ is a simply-laced Dynkin diagram and $S_h=x_h+\\ker \\mathrm{ad}_{y_h}\\subset {\\mathfrak{g}}_h$ is a Slodowy slice over ${\\mathfrak{t}}_h/W_h$, then $C(x_h,y_h)/C(x_h,y_h)^\\circ$ is trivial by [@Slo §7.5 Lemma 4]. ",
"In other words, one cannot choose an $\\mathfrak{sl}_2$-triple $(x_h,y_h,h_h)$ in ${\\mathfrak{g}}_h$ which is invariant under the natural action of any non-trivial Dynkin graph automorphisms of $\\Delta_h$, lifted to the inner automorphisms of ${\\mathfrak{g}}_h$. In fact, one cannot choose $(x_h,y_h,h_h)$ to be invariant under *any* lift of ${\\mathbf{C}}$ to $\\mbox{Aut}({\\mathfrak{g}}_h)$ that yields ${\\mathfrak{g}}_h^{\\mathbf{C}}\\cong{\\mathfrak{g}}$, see Remark \\[incompatible\\].",
"\n\nIf ${\\mathbf{C}}$ is non-trivial, then the ${\\mathbf{C}}$-action on $S=x+\\ker\\mathrm{ad}_y$ introduced through must be carefully distinguished from the ${\\mathbf{C}}$-action on ${\\mathfrak{g}}_h$ used for folding, even though $S\\subset {\\mathfrak{g}}$ and ${\\mathfrak{g}}={\\mathfrak{g}}_h^{\\mathbf{C}}$, i.e. ${\\mathfrak{g}}\\hookrightarrow{\\mathfrak{g}}_h$. Indeed, the relation to folding is more delicate: let $$\\label{CAdef}\n \\operatorname{\\mathrm{CA}}(x_h,y_h):=\\{ \\phi\\in \\mathrm{Aut}({\\mathfrak{g}}_h)~|~\\phi(x_h)=x_h,\\, \\phi(y_h)=y_h \\},$$ including all automorphisms of ${\\mathfrak{g}}_h$ that fix $x_h$ and $y_h$, not just the inner automorphisms as in . ",
"Then by [@Slo §7.6, Lemma 2] the group of connected components of $\\operatorname{\\mathrm{CA}}(x_h,y_h)$ satisfies $$\\label{eq:isoCA}\n \\operatorname{\\mathrm{CA}}(x_h,y_h)/\\operatorname{\\mathrm{CA}}(x_h,y_h)^\\circ \\cong \\mathrm{Aut}(\\Delta_h),$$ and if the group $\\mathrm{Aut}_D(\\Delta_h)$ of Dynkin graph automorphisms (see footnote \\[graphauto\\]) is non-trivial, then lifts uniquely to an embedding $\\mathrm{Aut}(\\Delta_h)\\hookrightarrow \\operatorname{\\mathrm{CA}}(x_h,y_h)$. In particular, if ${\\mathbf{C}}\\subset\\mathrm{Aut}_D(\\Delta_h)$ is a cyclic subgroup, then ${\\mathbf{C}}$ acts on $S_h$ by outer automorphisms. ",
"Note that ${\\mathbf{C}}$ does not preserve all fibers of $\\sigma_h\\colon S_h\\longrightarrow {\\mathfrak{t}}_h/W_h$, but it does preserve the fibers over $({\\mathfrak{t}}_h/W_h)^{\\mathbf{C}}$, cf. ",
"the following Theorem \\[thm:Slosli\\] \\[thm:sloc\\].",
"\n\nFor $\\Delta$-singularities we now have:\n\n\\[thm:Slosli\\] Let ${\\mathfrak{t}}\\subset {\\mathfrak{g}}$ be a Cartan subalgebra with Weyl group $W$ and adjoint quotient $\\chi\\colon{\\mathfrak{g}}{\\longrightarrow}{\\mathfrak{t}}/W$. Then the restriction $\\sigma:=\\chi_{|S}\\colon S\\longrightarrow {\\mathfrak{t}}/W$ satisfies the following:\n\n1. ",
" [@Slo $\\S 8.3$, $\\S 8.4$] The pair $(S_{\\bar{0}}, x)$, where $S_{\\bar{0}}=\\sigma^{-1}(\\bar{0})$, together with the induced ${\\mathbf{C}}$-action is a $\\Delta$-singularity.",
"\n\n2. ",
" \\[thm:slob\\] [@Slo §8.7] The morphism $\\sigma\\colon S\\longrightarrow {\\mathfrak{t}}/W$ with the above $({\\mathbb{C}}^*\\times {\\mathbf{C}})$-action is a semi-universal ${\\mathbb{C}}^*$-deformation of the $\\Delta$-singularity $S_{\\bar{0}}$. For any $\\bar{t}\\in {\\mathfrak{t}}/W$ the singularities of the complex surface $\\sigma^{-1}(\\bar{t})$ are precisely the finitely many non-regular elements in $\\sigma^{-1}(\\bar{t})\\subset {\\mathfrak{g}}$, all of which are subregular.",
"\n\n3. ",
" \\[thm:sloc\\] [@Slo §8.8] Let ${\\mathfrak{t}}_h^{\\mathbf{C}}\\cong {\\mathfrak{t}}$ and ${\\mathfrak{g}}_h^{\\mathbf{C}}\\cong {\\mathfrak{g}}$ under folding. ",
"Moreover, let $\\sigma_h\\colon S_h\\longrightarrow {\\mathfrak{t}}_h/W_h$ be a Slodowy slice with the ${\\mathbf{C}}$-action defined in Remark \\[rem:CA\\] and the ${\\mathbb{C}}^*$-action defined above. ",
"Then these two actions commute, and $\\sigma_h^{-1}(({\\mathfrak{t}}_h/W_h)^{\\mathbf{C}})$ is $({\\mathbb{C}}^*\\times {\\mathbf{C}})$-equivariantly isomorphic to $S$ over $({\\mathfrak{t}}_h/W_h)^{\\mathbf{C}}\\cong {\\mathfrak{t}}/W$.\n\nFor the respective bases of semi-universal ${\\mathbb{C}}^\\ast$-deformations, the above theorem implies the natural isomorphisms $J_f\\cong{\\mathfrak{t}}_h/W_h$ and $J_f^{\\mathbf{C}}\\cong({\\mathfrak{t}}_h/W_h)^{\\mathbf{C}}\\cong{\\mathfrak{t}}/W$ as ${\\mathbb{C}}^*$-spaces.",
"\n\n\\[incompatible\\] We emphasize that an isomorphism $\\sigma_h^{-1}(({\\mathfrak{t}}_h/W_h)^{\\mathbf{C}})\\cong S$ as in Theorem \\[thm:Slosli\\] \\[thm:sloc\\] cannot be induced by a Lie algebra homomorphism ${\\mathfrak{g}}\\longrightarrow {\\mathfrak{g}}_h$ if ${\\mathbf{C}}\\neq\\{{\\mathrm{id}}\\}$, see [@Slo §8.7 Remark 3)]. ",
"As was already mentioned in Remark \\[rem:CA\\], this is related to the fact that there is no $\\mathfrak{sl}_2$-triple $(x_h,\\, y_h,\\, h_h)$ in ${\\mathfrak{g}}_h$ which is invariant under ${\\mathbf{C}}$ and with subregular nilpotent $x_h,\\, y_h$. Indeed, such $x_h,\\, y_h$ would yield Slodowy slices $S_h=x_h+\\ker \\mathrm{ad}_{y_h}\\subset {\\mathfrak{g}}_h$ and $S=x_h+\\ker(\\mathrm{ad}_{y_h})_{\\mid{\\mathfrak{g}}_h^{\\mathbf{C}}}\\subset {\\mathfrak{g}}$ and a ${\\mathbf{C}}$-equivariant map $S\\hookrightarrow S_h$ induced by a Lie algebra homomorphism ${\\mathfrak{g}}\\hookrightarrow{\\mathfrak{g}}_h$, contradicting the above-mentioned Remark 3) of [@Slo §8.7]. ",
"In fact, as we have seen in Remark \\[rem:CA\\], ${\\mathbf{C}}$ acts by inner automorphisms on $S$ but by outer automorphisms on $S_h$. In this sense, folding of $\\mathrm{ADE}$-singularities is not compatible with folding of $\\mathrm{ADE}$-Lie algebras.",
"\n\nFor any irreducible Dynkin diagram $\\Delta$ we will always work with a Slowody slice $S$ inside the simple Lie algebra ${\\mathfrak{g}}(\\Delta)$. In particular, the ${\\mathbf{C}}$-action on $S$ is always defined by lifting ${\\mathbf{C}}$ to $G$ so that it acts by the adjoint action.",
"\n\n\\[runslices\\] To construct a Slodowy slice $S$ for $\\mathfrak{g}(\\mathrm{C}_2)=\\mathfrak{sp}_4({\\mathbb{C}})$, we take the $\\mathfrak{sl}_2$-triple $(x,y,h)$ with $$x=\\left( \\begin{matrix} 0&0&1&0\\\\ 0&0&0&1\\\\ 0&0&0&0\\\\ 0&0&0&0\\end{matrix}\\right),\\quad\ny=x^T=\\left( \\begin{matrix} 0&0&0&0\\\\ 0&0&0&0\\\\ 1&0&0&0\\\\ 0&1&0&0\\end{matrix}\\right),\\quad\nh=[x,y] = \\mbox{diag}\\left(1,1,-1,-1\\right).$$ Note that there does not exist any nilpotent subregular $x\\in {\\mathfrak{g}}_h=\\mathfrak{sl}_4({\\mathbb{C}})$ with $x\\in\\mathfrak{sp}_4({\\mathbb{C}})$, in accord with the above Remark \\[incompatible\\]. ",
"The element $x$ chosen above is subregular in $\\mathfrak{sp}_4({\\mathbb{C}})$ but not in $\\mathfrak{sl}_4({\\mathbb{C}})$. For the resulting Slodowy slice, by a direct comptutation we obtain from the definition of $S$ that $$\\begin{aligned}\n S = x + \\ker \\mathrm{ad}_y\n &=& \\left\\{ \\left. ",
" s(v_1^-,\\,v_2^-,\\,v_1^+,\\,v_2^+)\n \\right|\n v_1^\\pm,\\, v_2^\\pm\\in {\\mathbb{C}}\\right\\}\\\\ && \\mbox{ with } \n s(v_1^-,\\,v_2^-,\\,v_1^+,\\,v_2^+) :=\n \\left( \\begin{matrix} 0&v_1^-&1&0\\\\ -v_1^-&0&0&1\\\\ v_2^++v_2^-&v_1^+&0&v_1^-\\\\v_1^+&v_2^+-v_2^-&-v_1^-&0 \\end{matrix} \\right).\\end{aligned}$$ The ${\\mathbf{C}}$-action on $S$ is given by conjugation with an appropriate element $M$ in the group $C(x,y)$ defined in . ",
"We find $$C(x,y)=\\left\\{ \\left.\\left( \\begin{matrix} K&0\\\\0&K \\end{matrix}\\right) \\right|\nK\\in\\mbox{Mat}_{2\\times2}({\\mathbb{C}}),\\, K\\cdot K^T=\\mathbf{1}\\right\\},$$ so $C(x,y)$ has two connected components which are distinguished by $\\det(K)\\in \\{ \\pm 1\\}$. We choose $$M=\\left( \\begin{matrix} \\mathbf{Q}&0\\\\0&\\mathbf{Q}\\end{matrix}\\right)\n\\qquad \\mbox{ where }\\qquad \\mathbf{Q}=\\left( \\begin{matrix} 0&1\\\\1&0\\end{matrix}\\right),$$ cf.",
" Example \\[rungroupfold\\], as a representative of the generator of $C(x,y)/C(x,y)^\\circ\\cong {\\mathbb{Z}}/2{\\mathbb{Z}}$. The induced action on $S$ in terms of the $v_k^\\pm$ is then $v_k^+\\mapsto v_k^+,\\, v_k^-\\mapsto-v_k^-$. Continuing to use the same notations as in Examples \\[runLiealgebras\\] and \\[runchis\\], we find $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\label{inhomslice}\n\\hspace*{-1em} \\xi\\circ\\chi\\colon \nS &\\longrightarrow& \\xi\\left( {\\mathfrak{t}}/W\\right)={\\mathbb{C}}^2\n\\nonumber\\\\[10pt]\n\\hspace*{0.5em}\ns(v_1^-,\\,v_2^-,\\,v_1^+,\\,v_2^+)\n&\\longmapsto&\n( 2(v_1^-)^2-2v_2^+,\\quad\n(v_1^-)^4+2(v_1^-)^2v_2^+ +(v_2^+)^2 - (v_2^-)^2 -(v_1^+)^2).",
"\n\\hphantom{\\xi_h\\circ\\chi_h}\\nonumber\\end{aligned}$$ The ${\\mathbb{C}}^\\ast$-action of $\\lambda\\in{\\mathbb{C}}^\\ast$, $\\lambda=e^t$, on $S$ is obtained by conjugation with the matrix $\\exp(-th)=\\mbox{diag}(\\lambda^{-1},\\lambda^{-1},\\lambda,\\lambda)$, followed by multiplication by $\\lambda^2$. For the $v_k^\\pm$ we thereby read off: $$\\lambda\\cdot(v_1^-,v_2^-,v_1^+,v_2^+)= (\\lambda^2 v_1^-,\\lambda^4 v_2^-,\\lambda^4 v_1^+, \\lambda^4 v_2^+).$$ In Appendix \\[app:sh\\] we construct a Slodowy slice $S_h$ in ${\\mathfrak{g}}_h=\\mathfrak{sl}_4({\\mathbb{C}})$ and construct an explicit isomorphism to $S$ over $({\\mathfrak{t}}_h/W_h)^{\\mathbf{C}}\\cong {\\mathfrak{t}}/W$ in accordance with Theorem \\[thm:Slosli\\] \\[thm:sloc\\].",
"\n\nFolding of Hitchin systems {#s:foldinghitchin}\n==========================\n\nFrom an algebraic-geometric point of view, Hitchin systems are a global analogue of the adjoint quotient as we explain in the next subsection. ",
"The aim of this section is to introduce the notion of folding of Hitchin systems and to globalize the commutative diagram to Hitchin systems over the locus of smooth fibers, see Theorem \\[thm:hitchinfibers\\].",
"\n\nTo make this precise, we fix a Riemann surface ${\\Sigma}$ of genus 162=4pt $g_{\\Sigma}\\geq 2$. 162=2.5pt Given any reductive complex algebraic group $H$, by ${\\mathcal{M}}_0({\\Sigma},H)$ we denote the *neutral component* of the moduli space of (S-equivalence classes of) semistable principal $H$-Higgs bundles or, equivalently, of polystable $H$-Higgs bundles of degree zero. ",
"In fact, since we restrict to the neutral component throughout this work[^7], to unclutter the notation, we drop the index $0$ altogether and denote by ${\\mathcal{M}}({\\Sigma},H):={\\mathcal{M}}_0({\\Sigma},H)$ the neutral component of the moduli space, hoping that this will not lead to confusion. ",
"Then ${\\mathcal{M}}({\\Sigma},H)$ is a quasi-projective variety [@Hit1; @Nitsure; @SimpsonModuliI; @SimpsonModuliII] whose complex structure is induced by that of $\\Sigma$ and $H$. It contains the cotangent bundle $T^*\\mathcal{N}({\\Sigma},H)^{sm}$ of the smooth locus of the moduli space $\\mathcal{N}({\\Sigma},H)$ of semistable/polystable $H$-bundles as an open and dense subset. ",
"The canonical symplectic structure on $T^*\\mathcal{N}({\\Sigma},H)^{sm}$ extends to a holomorphic symplectic structure $\\omega_{{\\mathcal{M}}}$ on the smooth locus ${\\mathcal{M}}({\\Sigma},H)^{sm}$ of ${\\mathcal{M}}({\\Sigma},H)$ by [@BR Theorem 4.3].",
"\n\nWe next recall the structure of an algebraic integrable system on the holomorphic symplectic manifold $({\\mathcal{M}}({\\Sigma},H)^{sm},\\omega_{{\\mathcal{M}}})$.\n\nHitchin systems\n---------------\n\nAs above, let $H$ denote a reductive complex algebraic group. ",
"Its associated Lie algebra is ${\\mathfrak{h}}$, and ${\\mathfrak{t}}\\subset {\\mathfrak{h}}$ denotes a Cartan subalgebra with Weyl group $W$. Then the variety ${\\mathcal{M}}({\\Sigma},H)$ possesses the structure of an algebraic integrable system [@Hit1; @Hit2; @BNR; @BR; @Faltings; @DG …]. ",
"Recall that an algebraic integrable system is a flat and surjective holomorphic map $\\pi\\colon (M,\\omega)\\longrightarrow B$ from a holomorphic symplectic manifold $(M,\\omega)$ to a complex manifold $B$ with the following properties:\n\n- the smooth loci of the fibers of $\\pi$ are Lagrangian in $(M,\\omega)$,\n\n- there exists a Zariski-dense subset $B^\\circ\\subset B$ such that the restriction of $\\pi$ to $\\pi^{-1}(B^\\circ)$ has connected and compact fibers and admits a relative polarization, that is, there exists a line bundle $\\mathcal L{\\longrightarrow}M$ whose restriction to $\\pi^{-1}(b)$ is ample for every $b\\in B^\\circ$.\n\nThe holomorphic version of the Arnold–Liouville theorem implies that the fibers over $B^\\circ$ are torsors for abelian varieties. ",
"For the construction of an algebraic integrable system on ${\\mathcal{M}}({\\Sigma},H)$, recall from Section \\[sec:foldingCartan\\] that ${\\mathfrak{t}}/W$ carries a natural ${\\mathbb{C}}^*$-action. ",
"Considering the canonical bundle $K_{\\Sigma}$ of ${\\Sigma}$ as a ${\\mathbb{C}}^*$-bundle, we define the total space $${\\bm{U}}:=\\mathrm{tot}(K_{\\Sigma}\\times_{{\\mathbb{C}}^*} {\\mathfrak{t}}/W)$$ of the bundle $K_{\\Sigma}\\times_{{\\mathbb{C}}^*} {\\mathfrak{t}}/W$. Its space of holomorphic sections is denoted by ${\\mathbf{B}}({\\Sigma},H):=H^0({\\Sigma},{\\bm{U}})$. The adjoint quotient $\\chi\\colon {\\mathfrak{h}}{\\longrightarrow}{\\mathfrak{t}}/W$ induces the Hitchin map $${\\bm{\\chi}}\\colon{\\mathcal{M}}({\\Sigma},H)\\longrightarrow{\\mathbf{B}}({\\Sigma},H).$$ On the smooth locus equipped with the holomorphic symplectic structure, this is an algebraic integrable system, called the $H$-Hitchin system. ",
"By the above, ${\\bm{\\chi}}$ may be considered as global version of the adjoint quotient $\\chi$. Many properties of $\\chi$ carry over to ${\\bm{\\chi}}$. For example, the ${\\mathbb{C}}^\\ast$-equivariance of $\\chi$ is inherited by ${\\bm{\\chi}}$. As mentioned in Section \\[sec:foldingCartan\\], one may choose homogeneous generators of ${\\mathbb{C}}[{\\mathfrak{t}}]^{W}$ of degrees $d_1,\\,\\ldots,\\, d_r$, where $d_1-1,\\,\\ldots,\\, d_r-1$ are the exponents of ${\\mathfrak{h}}$. One then obtains a convenient decomposition of ${\\mathbf{B}}:={\\mathbf{B}}({\\Sigma},H)$ as $$\\label{Bdecomposes}\n{\\mathbf{B}}\\cong\\bigoplus_{j=1}^{r} H^0({\\Sigma}, K_{\\Sigma}^{d_j}) .$$ Moreover, ${\\bm{\\chi}}$ admits (Lagrangian) sections [@Hit3 §5], so-called Hitchin sections.",
"\n\nIn accord with our conventions in Section \\[s:folding\\], we write $H=G$ if $H=(G_h^{\\mathbf{C}})^\\circ$ arises from folding a simple *adjoint* complex Lie group $G_h$ with Dynkin diagram of ADE type as in Proposition \\[foldedgroup\\]. ",
"If we choose $H=G_h$, then we decorate all our notations with the subscript $h$. Now the inclusion ${\\mathfrak{t}}/W\\cong ({\\mathfrak{t}}_h/W_h)^{\\mathbf{C}}\\hookrightarrow {\\mathfrak{t}}_h/W_h$ obtained in Corollary \\[cor:tfr\\] induces the isomorphism $$\\label{BisBhC}\n\\iota\\colon{\\mathbf{B}}\\stackrel{\\cong}{\\longrightarrow} {\\mathbf{B}}_h^{\\mathbf{C}}\\qquad\\mbox{ with } \\qquad\n{\\mathbf{B}}={\\mathbf{B}}({\\Sigma},G),\\quad {\\mathbf{B}}_h={\\mathbf{B}}({\\Sigma},G_h), \\qquad {\\mathbf{B}}_h^{\\mathbf{C}}\\subset {\\mathbf{B}}_h.$$ The Hitchin sections mentioned above are the analogues of the Kostant sections of $\\chi$ and $\\chi_h$, respectively. ",
"In Theorem \\[thm:hitchinfibers\\] below, we further extend this analogy and establish a global version of the commutative diagram , at least over the locus of smooth fibers of ${\\bm{\\chi}}$ and ${\\bm{\\chi}}_h$, see equation .",
"\n\n\\[runHiggs\\] In our running example with $G_h=PSL_4({\\mathbb{C}})$ and $G=PSp_4({\\mathbb{C}})$ (see Example \\[rungroupfold\\]), it is convenient to first introduce $SL_4({\\mathbb{C}})$- and $Sp_4({\\mathbb{C}})$-Higgs bundles. ",
"A principal $SL_4({\\mathbb{C}})$-Higgs bundle is equivalent to a Higgs vector bundle $(E,\\varphi)$ consisting of a holomorphic vector bundle $E$ over ${\\Sigma}$ of rank $4$ with trivial determinant bundle $\\Lambda^4 E$ and a trace-free Higgs field $\\varphi\\in H^0({\\Sigma}, K_{\\Sigma}\\otimes \\mathrm{End}_0(E))$.\n\nAnalogously, a principal $Sp_4({\\mathbb{C}})$-Higgs bundle is equivalent to a pair $((F,\\langle\\cdot , \\cdot\\rangle), \\psi)$ of a holomorphic vector bundle $F$ of rank $4$ with symplectic pairing $\\langle\\cdot , \\cdot\\rangle$ and a holomorphic section $\\psi\\in H^0({\\Sigma}, K_{\\Sigma}\\otimes \\mathrm{End}(F))$ which is skew-symmetric with respect to $\\langle \\cdot, \\cdot \\rangle$. In particular, $\\psi$ is trace-free.",
"\n\nThen the moduli space of semistable principal $PSL_4({\\mathbb{C}})$-Higgs bundles is described in [@HauselThaddeus §2]; the result generalizes to any classical reductive complex Lie group of adjoint type and reads $$\\label{eq:MHex}\n\\begin{aligned}\n\\mathcal{M}({\\Sigma},PSL_4({\\mathbb{C}}))&\\cong \\mathcal{M}({\\Sigma},SL_4({\\mathbb{C}}))/J({\\Sigma})[4],\\\\ \n\\mathcal{M}({\\Sigma},PSp_4({\\mathbb{C}}))& \\cong \\mathcal{M}({\\Sigma},Sp_4({\\mathbb{C}}))/J({\\Sigma})[4].",
"\n\\end{aligned}$$ Recall here that we are working with the neutral components ${\\mathcal{M}}({\\Sigma},H)={\\mathcal{M}}_0({\\Sigma},H)$ of the moduli spaces, throughout. ",
"In the elements of $J({\\Sigma})[4]$ of order $4$ in the Jacobian $J({\\Sigma})$ of ${\\Sigma}$ act on the respective moduli spaces by taking the tensor product.",
"\n\nChoosing the same generators of ${\\mathbb{C}}[{\\mathfrak{t}}_h]^{W_h}$ and ${\\mathbb{C}}[{\\mathfrak{t}}]^W$ as in Example \\[runLiealgebras\\], we obtain the isomorphisms $$\\label{eq:runBBh}\n{\\mathbf{B}}_h\\cong H^0({\\Sigma},K_{\\Sigma}^2)\\oplus H^0({\\Sigma}, K_{\\Sigma}^3)\\oplus H^0({\\Sigma}, K_{\\Sigma}^4),\\quad {\\mathbf{B}}\\cong H^0({\\Sigma},K_{\\Sigma}^2)\\oplus H^0({\\Sigma}, K_{\\Sigma}^4).$$ Hence we write elements of ${\\mathbf{B}}_h$ and ${\\mathbf{B}}$ as $b^h=(b_2^h,b_3^h,b_4^h)$ and $b=(b_2,b_4)$ respectively. ",
"Then the Hitchin maps are given by $$\\bm{\\chi}_h([(E,\\varphi)])=\\left(\\mathrm{tr}(\\Lambda^2 \\varphi),\\mathrm{tr} (\\Lambda^3 \\varphi), \\mathrm{tr}(\\Lambda^4 \\varphi) \\right),\\quad \\bm{\\chi}_h([(F,\\psi)])=\\left(\\mathrm{tr}(\\Lambda^2 \\psi),\\mathrm{tr}( \\Lambda^4 \\psi)\\right).$$\n\nGeneric Hitchin fibers {#sec:genericHitch}\n----------------------\n\nTo give the isomorphism classes of the generic Hitchin fibers, i.e. the generic fibers of ${\\bm{\\chi}}$, we introduce the total space $$\\widetilde{\\bm{U}}:=\\mathrm{tot}(K_{\\Sigma}\\times_{{\\mathbb{C}}^*} {\\mathfrak{t}})$$ of the bundle associated to the standard ${\\mathbb{C}}^*$-action on ${\\mathfrak{t}}$. The quotient map $q\\colon {\\mathfrak{t}}{\\longrightarrow}{\\mathfrak{t}}/W$ globalizes to give $${\\bm{q}}\\colon \\widetilde{{\\bm{U}}}{\\longrightarrow}{\\bm{U}}.$$ Then the cameral curve ${\\widetilde{{\\Sigma}}}_{b}$ associated to $b\\in {\\mathbf{B}}$ is defined by the fiber product $$\\begin{tikzcd}\n{\\widetilde{{\\Sigma}}}_{b} \\ar[r] \\ar[d, \"p_b\"'] & \\widetilde{{\\bm{U}}} \\ar[d, \"{\\bm{q}}\"] \\\\\n{\\Sigma}\\ar[r,\"b\"] & {\\bm{U}}\\end{tikzcd}$$ If the fiber ${\\bm{\\chi}}^{-1}(b)$, $b\\in {\\mathbf{B}}$, is smooth, then it is a torsor for the abelian variety $P_b$. If ${\\widetilde{{\\Sigma}}}_b$ is smooth, then $P_b$ is explicitly determined by ${\\widetilde{{\\Sigma}}}_b$, see [@DG §4] for the most general treatment. ",
"For our purposes we only need to consider the case where $H$ is a simple complex Lie group of *adjoint type*, which we assume from now on.",
"\n\nLet ${\\bm{\\Lambda}}$ be the cocharacter lattice of $H$ and $b\\in {\\mathbf{B}}$ such that ${\\widetilde{{\\Sigma}}}_b$ is smooth. ",
"Then the cocharacter lattice of $P_b$ is given by $$\\label{eq:cocharP}\n\\mathrm{cochar}(P_b)=H^1({\\Sigma},(p_{b}{}_\\ast{\\bm{\\Lambda}})^W),$$ see [@DP §3] and [@Beck Corollary 3.3.2 and Proposition 3.4.1]. ",
"The complex structure is determined by the universal coverings $$\\label{eq:universalcoveringP}\nH^1({\\widetilde{{\\Sigma}}}_b,{\\mathfrak{t}})^W$$ of the abelian varieties $P_b$. In summary, completely determines the isomorphism class of $P_b$ and hence of ${\\bm{\\chi}}^{-1}(b)$.\n\nFolding of cameral curves {#ss:foldingcameral}\n-------------------------\n\nAs a first step towards folding Hitchin systems, in this section we show how to fold the cameral curves that we introduced in Section \\[sec:genericHitch\\]. ",
"In the following, $G=(G_h^{\\mathbf{C}})^\\circ$ arises from folding a simple complex Lie group $G_h$ of adjoint type. ",
"We further use the notation set up in .",
"\n\n\\[p:foldingcameral\\] Let $b\\in {\\mathbf{B}}$ be transversal to the discriminant locus $\\mathrm{discr}(\\bm{q})$ of $\\bm{q}$. Then $\\widetilde{{\\Sigma}}_b$ and $\\widetilde{{\\Sigma}}_{h,\\iota(b)}$ are *smooth* $W$- and $W_h$-cameral curves respectively. ",
"They are related via $$\\label{eq:cams}\n\\widetilde{{\\Sigma}}_{h,\\iota(b)}\\cong(\\widetilde{{\\Sigma}}_b\\times W_h)/W.$$ Here $W\\subset W_h$ acts diagonally on $\\widetilde{{\\Sigma}}_b\\times W_h$. Moreover, let $\\alpha\\in R_h$, $\\beta= \\alpha^O$, so $\\beta\\in R_h^{\\mathbf{C}}=R^\\vee$, cf.",
" equation . ",
"Then the local monodromies around the branch points of $p_{\\iota(b)}^h\\colon\\widetilde{{\\Sigma}}_{h,\\iota(b)}\\longrightarrow {\\Sigma}$ are given by the restrictions of $s_\\beta=\\prod\\limits_{\\gamma \\in O(\\alpha)} s_\\gamma$, cf.",
" equation .",
"\n\nIf $b\\in {\\mathbf{B}}$ is transversal to $\\mathrm{discr}({\\bm{q}})$, then $\\iota(b)\\in {\\mathbf{B}}_h$ cannot be transversal to $\\mathrm{discr}({\\bm{q}}_h)$ for ${\\mathbf{C}}\\neq\\{{\\mathrm{id}}\\}$. Indeed, by the compactness of ${\\Sigma}$, it is easy to see that such $b$ has to (transversally) intersect each hyperplane ${\\bm{U}}^{\\alpha^O}=K_{\\Sigma}\\times_{{\\mathbb{C}}^*}{\\mathfrak{t}}^{\\alpha^O}/W\\subset {\\bm{U}}_h$, $\\alpha^O\\in R^\\vee$, with ${\\mathfrak{t}}^{\\alpha^O}$ as in . ",
"Let $\\alpha\\in R$ with $|O(\\alpha)|>1$ and let $x\\in {\\Sigma}$ be a point such that $b(x)\\in {\\bm{U}}^{\\alpha^O}$. For any $\\tilde{u}\\in {\\bm{q}}^{-1}(b(x))$, by we have $\\dim\\mbox{ker} (d{\\bm{q}}_{h,\\tilde{u}}) = |O(\\alpha)|>1$ by assumption, so $$\\mathrm{rk}(d{\\bm{q}}_{h,\\tilde{u}})+1 < \\dim(\\widetilde{{\\bm{U}}}_h) = \\dim({\\bm{U}}_h).$$ Hence $\\iota(b)$ cannot intersect $\\mathrm{discr}({\\bm{q}}_h)$ transversally at $x$. In particular, we cannot conclude from the general theory that ${\\widetilde{{\\Sigma}}}_{h,\\iota(b)}$ is smooth.",
"\n\nWe first consider the local situation. ",
"Let $D\\subset \\Sigma$ be a sufficiently small open subset and $b\\colon D\\longrightarrow {\\mathfrak{t}}/W\\subset {\\mathfrak{t}}_h/W_h$ be a holomorphic map which is transversal to $\\mathrm{discr}(q)$. Further note that $q_h^{-1}({\\mathfrak{t}}/W)=W_h({\\mathfrak{t}})$ fits into the following commutative diagram $$\\begin{tikzcd}\n{\\mathfrak{t}}\\ar[r, hookrightarrow] \\ar[dr, \"q\"'] & W_h({\\mathfrak{t}}) \\ar[d, \"q_h\"] \\\\\n& {\\mathfrak{t}}/W.\n\\end{tikzcd}$$ Since $b$ is transversal to $\\mathrm{discr}(q)$, the commutativity of the above diagram implies that $b$ is transversal to $\\mathrm{discr}(q_{h|W_h({\\mathfrak{t}})})$ as well. ",
"Hence the cameral curves are locally given by the smooth coverings $\\widetilde{D}_b=D\\times_{{\\mathfrak{t}}/W} {\\mathfrak{t}}$ and $\\widetilde{D}_{h,\\iota(b)}=D\\times_{{\\mathfrak{t}}/W} W_h({\\mathfrak{t}})$ of $D$ and are therefore smooth. ",
"This proves the first statement of the proposition.",
"\n\nTo prove we next observe $$\\label{eq:tth}\nW_h({\\mathfrak{t}}^\\circ)\\cong ({\\mathfrak{t}}^\\circ\\times W_h)/W,$$ where ${\\mathfrak{t}}^{\\circ}$ denotes the set of semisimple regular elements in ${\\mathfrak{t}}$ and $W$ acts by $w\\cdot (t,w_h)=(w\\cdot t, w_h w^{-1})$. Indeed, by Lemma \\[regact\\] the map $$({\\mathfrak{t}}^\\circ\\times W_h)/W{\\longrightarrow}W_h({\\mathfrak{t}}^\\circ),\\quad [(t,w)]\\mapsto w\\cdot t$$ is a well-defined isomorphism of $W_h$-coverings of ${\\mathfrak{t}}^\\circ/W$.\n\nNext observe that the branch locus of $p_{\\iota(b)}^h\\colon{\\widetilde{{\\Sigma}}}_{h,\\iota(b)}\\longrightarrow {\\Sigma}$ in ${\\Sigma}$ coincides with that of $p_b\\colon{\\widetilde{{\\Sigma}}}_b\\longrightarrow {\\Sigma}$. We denote by ${\\Sigma}^\\circ$ its complement and by ${\\widetilde{{\\Sigma}}}_{h,\\iota(b)}^\\circ$ and ${\\widetilde{{\\Sigma}}}_{b}^\\circ$ the complements of the ramifications divisors of $p_{\\iota(b)}^h$ and $p_b$ respectively. ",
"The latter are the pullbacks of $K_{\\Sigma}\\times_{{\\mathbb{C}}^\\ast} W_h({\\mathfrak{t}}^\\circ)$ and $K_{\\Sigma}\\times_{{\\mathbb{C}}^\\ast} {\\mathfrak{t}}^\\circ$ along $\\iota(b)$ and $b$ respectively. ",
"Hence (\\[eq:tth\\]) implies $${\\widetilde{{\\Sigma}}}^\\circ_{h,\\iota(b)}\\cong ({\\widetilde{{\\Sigma}}}^\\circ_b\\times W_h)/W$$ as $W_h$-coverings over ${\\Sigma}^\\circ$. Here $W$ acts diagonally as before. ",
"Since the local monodromies around the points of ${\\Sigma}-{\\Sigma}^\\circ$ coincide and ${\\widetilde{{\\Sigma}}}_{h,\\iota(b)}$ as well as ${\\widetilde{{\\Sigma}}}_b$ are smooth, the previous isomorphism extends to the isomorphism (\\[eq:cams\\]) of simply branched $W_h$-Galois coverings of ${\\Sigma}$.\n\nThe claim about the local monodromies now follows from the prescription for folding $W_h$ to $W$, see Proposition \\[p:foldingweyl\\], in particular formula .",
"\n\nIn the setup of Proposition \\[p:foldingcameral\\], $\\widetilde{{\\Sigma}}_{h,\\iota(b)}$ decomposes non-canonically into $[W_h:W]$ copies of $\\widetilde{{\\Sigma}}_b$: fix a representative $w_j\\in W_h$ for each equivalence class in $W_h/W$, where we choose the canonical representative $1\\in W$ for the class $W$. Then we obtain the inclusions $$\\label{eq:i_wh}\ni_{w_{j}}\\colon\\widetilde{{\\Sigma}}_b\\hookrightarrow \\widetilde{{\\Sigma}}_{h,\\iota(b)},\\quad \nx\\mapsto [(x,w_{j})]$$ under the isomorphism . ",
"In particular, with $i:=i_{1}$, we have $i_{w_{j}}=w_j\\circ i$. By the universal property of the coproduct, these inclusions induce the morphism $$\\coprod_{[w_{j}]\\in W_h/W} \\widetilde{{\\Sigma}}_b\\longrightarrow \\widetilde{{\\Sigma}}_{h,\\iota(b)}$$ which is a $W_h$-equivariant isomorphism.",
"\n\nThe heart of the previous proof is which is equivalent to the non-canonical decomposition $$\\label{eq:decompWh}\n W_h({\\mathfrak{t}}^\\circ)\\cong \\coprod_{[w_j]\\in W_h/W} {\\mathfrak{t}}^\\circ.$$ In our running example, we have $W_h=S_4$ and $W={\\mathbb{Z}}/4{\\mathbb{Z}}\\rtimes {\\mathbb{Z}}/2{\\mathbb{Z}}$ so that $[W_h:W]=3$. In fact, with notations as in Example \\[runLiealgebras\\], $w\\in S_4$ acts on the elements of ${\\mathfrak{t}}_h$ by $$\\mbox{diag}\\left( x_1,\\, x_2,\\, x_3,\\, x_4\\right)\n\\longmapsto \\mbox{diag}\\left( x_{w(1)},\\, x_{w(2)},\\, x_{w(3)},\\, x_{w(4)}\\right),$$ and $W\\subset W_h$ is generated by the reflections in $(\\beta_1^\\vee)^\\perp,\\, \n(\\beta_2^\\vee)^\\perp$ which act as $w=(1,\\,4)(2,\\,3)$ and $w=(2,\\,4)$. By Example \\[runLiealgebras\\] we further know $${\\mathfrak{t}}^\\circ=\\{ \\mathrm{diag}(u,\\,v,\\,-u,\\,-v)~|~u,\\, v\\in{\\mathbb{C}}^\\ast,\\, u\\neq \\pm v \\}.$$ It follows that $W_h({\\mathfrak{t}}^\\circ)\\subset {\\mathfrak{t}}_h$ decomposes into three connected components, according to , $$\\begin{gathered}\n\\{ \\mathrm{diag}(u,\\,v,\\,-u,\\,-v)~|~u,\\, v\\in{\\mathbb{C}}^\\ast,\\, u\\neq \\pm v \\} \n\\coprod \\{ \\mathrm{diag}(u,\\,v,\\,-v,\\,-u)~|~u,\\, v\\in{\\mathbb{C}}^\\ast,\\, u\\neq \\pm v \\}\\\\\n\\coprod \\{ \\mathrm{diag}(u,\\,-u,\\,v,\\,-v)~|~u,\\, v\\in{\\mathbb{C}}^\\ast,\\, u\\neq \\pm v \\}.\\end{gathered}$$ This example also shows that the decomposition ceases to be disjoint when ${\\mathfrak{t}}^\\circ$ is replaced by a subset of ${\\mathfrak{t}}$ which contains non-regular elements.",
"\n\nFolding of Hitchin systems {#ss:foldinghit}\n--------------------------\n\nFor any homomorphism $\\sigma\\colon H\\longrightarrow H^\\prime$ of reductive complex algebraic groups and any $H$-Higgs bundle $(F,\\theta)$, we denote by $(\\sigma(F),\\sigma_*(\\theta))$ the associated $H^\\prime$-Higgs bundle obtained by the extension of the structure group. ",
"In particular, the automorphism group $\\mathrm{Aut}(G_h)\\cong\\mathrm{Aut}({\\mathfrak{g}}_h)$ acts naturally on ${\\mathcal{M}}({\\Sigma},G_h)$ via $$[(E,\\varphi)]\\mapsto [(\\sigma(E),\\sigma_*(\\varphi))].$$ Inner automorphisms act trivially so that the $\\mathrm{Aut}(G_h)$-action descends to an $\\mathrm{Aut}(\\Delta_h)$-action, in particular to an action by ${\\mathbf{C}}=\\langle a \\rangle \\subset \\mathrm{Aut}(\\Delta_h)$.\n\n\\[inclusion\\] The inclusion $G\\hookrightarrow G_h$ of simple adjoint complex Lie groups induces an *injective* holomorphic map $$\\iota_{{\\mathcal{M}}}\\colon{\\mathcal{M}}({\\Sigma},G)\\longrightarrow {\\mathcal{M}}({\\Sigma},G_h)^{\\mathbf{C}}$$ over $\\iota({\\mathbf{B}})\\subset {\\mathbf{B}}_h$.\n\nAs a preparation for our proof, we need the following lemma which seems to be known to the experts (see e.g.[@GPR §5]), but we include a proof for completeness.",
"\n\n\\[lem:normalizer\\] Let $i_H\\colon H\\hookrightarrow G_h$ be the inclusion of a reductive subgroup and $i_N\\colon H \\hookrightarrow N_{G_h}(H)$ the inclusion into its normalizer $N=N_{G_h}(H)$. Further let $(E_j,\\varphi_j)$, $j \\in\\{1,2\\}$, be two $H$-Higgs bundles such that $(i_H(E_j),i_{H,*}(\\varphi_j))$ are isomorphic $G_h$-Higgs bundles. ",
"Then $(i_N(E_j),i_{N,*}(\\varphi_j))$ are isomorphic $N$-Higgs bundles.",
"\n\nLet $f\\colon (i_H(E_1),i_{H,*}(\\varphi_1)){\\longrightarrow}(i_H(E_2),i_{H,*}(\\varphi_2))$ be an isomorphism of $G_h$-Higgs bundles. ",
"It is proven in [@GPPNR Lemma 5.11] that $f$ restricts to an isomorphism $f_N\\colon i_N(E_1){\\longrightarrow}i_N(E_2)$ of $N$-bundles. ",
"Since $i_{H,*}(\\varphi_j)$ is (locally) valued in $\\mathrm{Lie}(H)\\subset \\mathrm{Lie}(N)\\subset {\\mathfrak{g}}_h$, $f_N\\colon (i_N(E_1),i_{N,*}(\\varphi_1)){\\longrightarrow}(i_N(E_2),i_{N,*}(\\varphi_2))$ is an isomorphism of $N$-Higgs bundles.",
"\n\nLet $\\jmath\\colon G\\longrightarrow G_h$ be the group monomorphism obtained by folding by ${\\mathbf{C}}=\\langle a \\rangle$. We claim that $(\\jmath(E),\\jmath_*(\\varphi))$ is polystable as a $G_h$-Higgs bundle if $(E,\\varphi)$ is polystable as a $G$-Higgs bundle. ",
"To this end, recall that an $H$-Higgs bundle $(F,\\theta)$ is polystable iff the $GL(\\mathfrak{h})$-Higgs bundle $(\\mathrm{Ad}(F),\\mathrm{Ad}_*(\\theta))$ associated to $(F,\\theta)$ via the adjoint representation $\\mathrm{Ad}\\colon H\\longrightarrow GL(\\mathfrak{h})$ is polystable [@AnchoucheBiswas Lemma 4.7]. ",
"Hence we may assume $G \\subset G_h \\subset GL(n)$. The Higgs vector bundle $(E,\\varphi)$ is polystable iff there exists a Hermitian metric on $E$ whose Chern connection $\\nabla$ (taken with respect to the given holomorphic structure on $E$) satisfies $$\\label{eq:NAH}\nF^\\nabla\n+[\\varphi,\\varphi^\\dagger ]=0, \\quad \n\\bar{\\partial}^\\nabla \\varphi=0,$$ see [@SimpsonHiggs Theorem 1]. ",
"Since is still satisfied after passing from the polystable Higgs vector bundle $(E,\\varphi)$ to the Higgs vector bundle $(\\jmath(E),\\jmath_*(\\varphi))$, the latter is polystable as well. ",
"Therefore $$\\iota_{{\\mathcal{M}}}\\colon {\\mathcal{M}}({\\Sigma}, G)\\longrightarrow {\\mathcal{M}}({\\Sigma},G_h),\\quad [(E,\\varphi)]\\mapsto [(E_h,\\varphi_h)]$$ is well-defined. ",
"The equality $a\\circ \\jmath=\\jmath$ implies that the image of $\\iota_{{\\mathcal{M}}}$ lies in ${\\mathcal{M}}({\\Sigma},G_h)^{\\mathbf{C}}$. Since ${\\bm{\\chi}}_h$ is ${\\mathbf{C}}$-equivariant, $\\iota_{{\\mathcal{M}}}$ is defined over $\\iota({\\mathbf{B}})\\subset {\\mathbf{B}}_h$.\n\nWe next show the injectivity of $\\iota_{{\\mathcal{M}}}$. In [@GPR Proposition 2.20] it is proven[^8] that $$N_{G_h}(G_h^{{\\mathbf{C}}})\n =\\{ g\\in G_h~|~a(g)=c(g)g\\quad \\mbox{for some }c(g)\\in Z(G_h) \\}.$$ Since $G\\cong (G_h^{\\mathbf{C}})^\\circ$ by Proposition \\[foldedgroup\\] and $Z(G_h)=\\{{\\mathrm{id}}\\}$, we conclude $G=N_{G_h}(G)$. Hence $\\iota_{{\\mathcal{M}}}$ is injective by Lemma \\[lem:normalizer\\].",
"\n\nFollowing Example \\[runHiggs\\], we use to represent isomorphism classes of Higgs vector bundles that correspond to semistable principal $PSL_4({\\mathbb{C}})$- and $PSp_4({\\mathbb{C}})$-Higgs bundles, respectively. ",
"Then the inclusion of Proposition \\[inclusion\\] is given by $$\\iota_{\\mathcal{M}}\\colon {\\mathcal{M}}({\\Sigma}, PSp_4({\\mathbb{C}})){\\longrightarrow}{\\mathcal{M}}({\\Sigma},PSL_4({\\mathbb{C}})),\\quad [(F,\\langle \\cdot, \\cdot \\rangle,\\psi)] \\mapsto [(F,\\psi)].$$ Note that $(F,\\psi)$ is indeed an $SL_4({\\mathbb{C}})$-Higgs vector bundle because it is an $Sp_4({\\mathbb{C}})$-Higgs vector bundle, so in particular $\\langle \\cdot, \\cdot \\rangle$ induces a trivialization of $\\Lambda^4 F$ and $\\psi$ is a trace-free Higgs field.",
"\n\n\\[rem:GPR1\\] In [@GPR Theorem 6.3] it is shown that if ${\\mathbf{C}}\\neq\\{{\\mathrm{id}}\\}$, then $\\mathcal{M}({\\Sigma},G)\\subsetneq \\mathcal{M}({\\Sigma},G_h)^{\\mathbf{C}}$. For example if $G_h=PSL_{2n}({\\mathbb{C}})$, then $${\\mathcal{M}}({\\Sigma},PSO_{2n}({\\mathbb{C}}))\\cup \\mathcal{M}({\\Sigma}, PSp_{2n}({\\mathbb{C}}))\\hookrightarrow {\\mathcal{M}}({\\Sigma},PSL_{2n}({\\mathbb{C}}))^{\\mathbf{C}},$$ see [@GPR Section 9.2]. ",
"Observe that $G=PSp_{2n}({\\mathbb{C}})$ is the group obtained by folding by the involution $a(A)=J(A^T)^{-1}J^{-1}$, where $J$ is the standard symplectic matrix as in Example \\[rungroupfold\\]. ",
"On the other hand, $PSO_{2n}({\\mathbb{C}})$ arises from folding by the involution $\\sigma(A)=(A^T)^{-1}$. Note that both $a$ and $\\sigma$ induce the same outer automorphism on the Dynkin diagram.",
"\n\nIn the remainder of this section, we show that ${\\mathcal{M}}({\\Sigma},G_h)^{\\mathbf{C}}- \\iota_{\\mathcal{M}}({\\mathcal{M}}({\\Sigma},G))$ is empty over a suitable open and dense subset of $\\iota({\\mathbf{B}})$.\n\n\\[p:isosheaves\\] Choose an arbitrary $b\\in {\\mathbf{B}}$ which is transversal to $\\mathrm{discr}(\\bm{q})$. Then the sheaves $((p_{\\iota(b)}^h)_\\ast{\\bm{\\Lambda}}_h)^{W_h}$ and $({p_{b}}_\\ast{\\bm{\\Lambda}}_h)^W$ are naturally isomorphic to each other.",
"\n\nBy we have $p_b=p_{\\iota(b)}^h\\circ i$ and $$\\begin{gathered}\n (p_{\\iota(b)}^h)_\\ast({\\bm{\\Lambda}}_h)\\cong \\bigoplus_{[w_j]\\in W_h/W}{p_b}_\\ast({\\bm{\\Lambda}}_h), \\quad\n f\\mapsto (f_j)_{[w_j]\\in W_h/W},\n \\end{gathered}$$ Here the sections $f_j$ are uniquely determined by $$f_j \\circ i= (w_j^{-1})^\\ast (f_{| i_{w_j}(\\widetilde{\\Sigma}_b)}).$$ Restricting this isomorphism to $W_h$-equivariant sections $f$, one obtains $f_j\\circ i =f_{i({\\widetilde{{\\Sigma}}}_b)}\\in ({p_b}_\\ast({\\bm{\\Lambda}}_h))^W$ by the $W_h$-equivariance and $i_{w_j}=w_j\\circ i$. Hence $f\\mapsto f_1$ yields the desired isomorphism $((p_{\\iota(b)}^h)_\\ast{\\bm{\\Lambda}}_h)^{W_h}\\cong \n ({p_b}_\\ast({\\bm{\\Lambda}}_h))^W$.\n\n\\[thm:hitchinfibers\\] Let ${\\mathbf{B}^\\circ}\\subset {\\mathbf{B}}$ denote the open set of sections that are transversal to $\\mathrm{discr}({\\bm{q}})$. Then for any $b\\in{\\mathbf{B}^\\circ}$ the Hitchin fibers $P=P_b$ and $P_h=P_{h,b}$ are smooth. ",
"Moreover, $$\\label{eq:isointsys}\n\\begin{tikzcd}\n{\\mathcal{M}}({\\Sigma},G)_{|{\\mathbf{B}^\\circ}} \\ar[r] \\ar[d, \"\\bm{\\chi}\"'] & {\\mathcal{M}}({\\Sigma},G_h)_{|{\\mathbf{B}^\\circ}}^{\\mathbf{C}}\\ar[d, \"\\bm{\\chi}_h\"] \\\\\n{\\mathbf{B}^\\circ}\\ar[r] & {\\mathbf{B}^\\circ}\\end{tikzcd}$$ is an isomorphim of smooth algebraic integrable systems over ${\\mathbf{B}^\\circ}$. Here and in the following, we identify ${\\mathbf{B}}$ with its image $\\iota({\\mathbf{B}})$ in ${\\mathbf{B}}_h$ under the isomorphism $\\iota\\colon {\\mathbf{B}}{\\longrightarrow}{\\mathbf{B}}_h^{\\mathbf{C}}$ induced by ${\\mathfrak{t}}/W\\cong ({\\mathfrak{t}}_h/W_h)^{\\mathbf{C}}$ according to .",
"\n\nProposition \\[p:foldingcameral\\] implies that ${\\bm{\\chi}}^{-1}(b)$ and ${\\bm{\\chi}}_h^{-1}(b)$, $b\\in {\\mathbf{B}^\\circ}$, are smooth since ${\\bm{\\chi}}^{-1}(b)\\cong P_b$ and ${\\bm{\\chi}}_h^{-1}(b)\\cong P_{h,b}$, see Section \\[sec:genericHitch\\].",
"\n\nTo prove that is an isomorphism of algebraic integrable systems, we first show that the top horizontal arrow of is biholomorphic. ",
"Since both ${\\mathcal{M}}({\\Sigma},G)$ and ${\\mathcal{M}}({\\Sigma},G_h)$ are smooth over ${\\mathbf{B}^\\circ}$ with fibers $P_b$ and $P_{h,b}$ over $b\\in {\\mathbf{B}^\\circ}$ respectively, it is sufficient to prove that the morphism $$\\label{eq:inducediso}\nP_b\\hookrightarrow P_{h,b}^{\\mathbf{C}}$$ is an isomorphism. ",
"It is an inclusion by Proposition \\[inclusion\\]. ",
"Since the horizontal arrows of are holomorphic by Proposition \\[inclusion\\], it is sufficient to prove on the level of cocharacter lattices. ",
"Both $G$ and $G_h$ are of adjoint type, so that $$\\mathrm{cochar}(P_b)=H^1({\\Sigma},(p_{*b}{\\bm{\\Lambda}})^W),\\quad \n\\mathrm{cochar}(P_{h,b})=H^1({\\Sigma},({p_{b}^{h}}_\\ast{\\bm{\\Lambda}}_h)^{W_h}),$$ see . ",
"By Proposition \\[p:isosheaves\\], $H^1({\\Sigma}, {p_b^h}_\\ast {\\bm{\\Lambda}}_h)^{W_h})\\cong H^1({\\Sigma},(p_{b*}{\\bm{\\Lambda}}_h)^W)$. Hence it remains to prove that the morphism $$H^1({\\Sigma},(p_{b*}{\\bm{\\Lambda}})^W)\\longrightarrow H^1({\\Sigma},(p_{b*}{\\bm{\\Lambda}}_h)^W)^{\\mathbf{C}}$$ induced by the inclusion ${\\bm{\\Lambda}}\\hookrightarrow {\\bm{\\Lambda}}_h$ is an isomorphism. ",
"But this follows from [@Beck Proposition 5.1.2]. ",
"Therefore the top horizontal arrow of is a biholomorphism.",
"\n\nTo see that it is a symplectomorphism, first note that both spaces in are algebraic integrable systems over ${\\mathbf{B}^\\circ}$ which admit Lagrangian sections, e.g. Hitchin sections, see [@DP Lemma 4.1]. ",
"The holomorphic symplectic structures therefore induce symplectomorphisms $$\\label{eq:isoTB}\n{\\mathcal{M}}({\\Sigma},G)_{|{\\mathbf{B}^\\circ}}\\cong T^*{\\mathbf{B}^\\circ}/\\Gamma,\\quad {\\mathcal{M}}({\\Sigma},G_h)_{|{\\mathbf{B}^\\circ}}^{\\mathbf{C}}\\cong T^*{\\mathbf{B}^\\circ}/\\Gamma^\\prime,$$ see e.g. [@Freed §3]. ",
"Here $\\Gamma$ and $\\Gamma^\\prime$ are complex submanifolds of $T^*{\\mathbf{B}^\\circ}$ which restrict to lattices in the fibers, and the quotients are taken fiberwise. ",
"They are Lagrangian with respect to the canonical symplectic structure $\\omega_c$ on $T^*{\\mathbf{B}^\\circ}$ so that $\\omega_c$ descends to the quotients $T^*{\\mathbf{B}^\\circ}/\\Gamma$ and $T^*{\\mathbf{B}}/\\Gamma^\\prime$. The isomorphisms are compatible with giving the commutative diagram $$\\begin{tikzcd}\n{\\mathcal{M}}({\\Sigma},G)_{|{\\mathbf{B}^\\circ}} \\ar[r,\"\\cong\"] \\ar[d, \"\\cong\"'] & {\\mathcal{M}}({\\Sigma},G_h)^{\\mathbf{C}}_{|{\\mathbf{B}^\\circ}} \\ar[d, \"\\cong\"] \\\\\nT^*{\\mathbf{B}^\\circ}/\\Gamma \\ar[r] & T^*{\\mathbf{B}^\\circ}/\\Gamma^\\prime,\n\\end{tikzcd}$$ where the vertical arrows are biholomorphic symplectomorphisms, while the upper horizontal arrow is biholomorphic. ",
"This implies that the lower horizontal arrow is biholomorphic as well, and thus $\\Gamma$ and $\\Gamma^\\prime$ are isomorphic. ",
"Since on both sides of this map, the symplectic structure is induced by $\\omega_c$, it follows that this map is a symplectomorphism. ",
"Hence the upper horizontal arrow is a symplectomorphism as well, concluding the proof.",
"\n\nCrepant resolutions and Hitchin systems {#s:crepantresol}\n=======================================\n\nGeneralizing the results of [@DDP] for trivial ${\\mathbf{C}}$, in [@Beck2], a family of quasi-projective Gorenstein Calabi–Yau threefolds $\\mathcal{X}\\longrightarrow{\\mathbf{B}},\\, {\\mathbf{B}}={\\mathbf{B}}({\\Sigma},G)$, with a ${\\mathbf{C}}$-action was constructed for any cyclic group ${\\mathbf{C}}$ of Dynkin graph automorphisms. ",
"Moreover, there it was shown that the canonical line bundles of these threefolds admit global nowhere-vanishing and ${\\mathbf{C}}$-invariant sections. ",
"We say that their canonical classes are *${\\mathbf{C}}$-trivializable*. ",
"In [@Beck2 Theorem 6], the first author constructed an isomorphism $$J^2_{\\mathbf{C}}({\\mathcal{X}}^\\circ/{\\mathbf{B}}^\\circ)\\cong {\\mathcal{M}}({\\Sigma},G)_{|{\\mathbf{B}^\\circ}},\\quad \n{\\mathbf{B}^\\circ}:={\\mathbf{B}^\\circ}({\\Sigma},G),\\quad \n\\mathcal{X}^\\circ:=\\mathcal{X}_{|{\\mathbf{B}^\\circ}},$$ of smooth algebraic integrable systems with section based on previous results from [@Beck]. ",
"Here, for the fiber $X_b$ of ${\\mathcal{X}}$ over $b\\in{\\mathbf{B}^\\circ}$, $$J^2_{\\mathbf{C}}(X_b) :=H^3(X_b,{\\mathbb{C}})^{\\mathbf{C}}/\\left(F^2H^3(X_b,{\\mathbb{C}})^{\\mathbf{C}}+H^3(X_b,{\\mathbb{Z}})^{\\mathbf{C}}\\right)$$ is isomorphic to the orbifold intermediate Jacobian of the Calabi–Yau orbifold stack $[X_b/{\\mathbf{C}}]$, see [@Beck2 §4] for more details.",
"\n\nIn this section, we construct simultaneous crepant resolutions of the singular quotients $X_b/{\\mathbf{C}}$, $b\\in {\\mathbf{B}^\\circ}$. Moreover, we show that the Griffiths intermediate Jacobians of these crepant resolutions contain algebraic integrable systems that are isogenous to the folded Hitchin systems of Theorem \\[thm:hitchinfibers\\].",
"\n\nQuasi-projective Calabi–Yau threefolds over Hitchin bases {#ss:qcy}\n---------------------------------------------------------\n\nAs before, let ${\\mathfrak{g}}={\\mathfrak{g}}(\\Delta)$ denote the simple complex Lie algebra determined by $\\Delta=\\Delta_{h, {\\mathbf{C}}}$, and ${\\Sigma}$ a compact Riemann surface of genus 162=4pt $g_{\\Sigma}\\geq 2$. 162=2.5pt We choose a Slodowy slice $\\sigma\\colon S\\longrightarrow {\\mathfrak{t}}/W$ and a theta characteristic $L\\longrightarrow{\\Sigma}$, i.e. $L^2=K_{\\Sigma}$. Using the ${\\mathbb{C}}^*$-action on $S$ given in , we twist $S$ by $L$, considered as a ${\\mathbb{C}}^*$-bundle, to obtain the family of surfaces $$\\label{eq:Scal}\n\\mathcal{S}:=L\\times_{{\\mathbb{C}}^*} S,\\qquad\n{\\bm{\\sigma}}\\colon\\mathcal{S} \\longrightarrow L\\times_{{\\mathbb{C}}^*}{\\mathfrak{t}}/W.$$ Here ${\\mathbb{C}}^*$ acts with twice the usual weights on ${\\mathfrak{t}}/W$, cf.",
" Remark \\[rem:Cstar\\], so that $L\\times_{{\\mathbb{C}}^*}{\\mathfrak{t}}/W\\cong {\\bm{U}}$. Except for the case $(\\Delta_h,\\,{\\mathbf{C}})=(\\mathrm A_{2k},\\,\\{{\\mathrm{id}}\\})$, $k\\in\\mathbb N$, we could alternatively work with a ${\\mathbb{C}}^\\ast$-action on $S$ which squares to and then twist by $K_{\\Sigma}$ instead of $L$ in , as also follows from Remark \\[rem:Cstar\\].",
"\n\nPulling back the family $\\mathcal{S}\\longrightarrow {\\bm{U}}$ of surfaces via the evaluation map $ev\\colon{\\Sigma}\\times {\\mathbf{B}}\\longrightarrow {\\bm{U}}$ and projecting to the second factor yields a family $$\\begin{tikzcd}\n{\\mathcal{X}}:=ev^*\\mathcal{S} \\ar[rr, bend left, \"\\bm{\\pi}\"] \\ar[r] & {\\Sigma}\\times {\\mathbf{B}}\\ar[r] & {\\mathbf{B}}\\end{tikzcd}$$ of threefolds. ",
"By construction, the ${\\mathbf{C}}$-action on $S$ induces a ${\\mathbf{C}}$-action on $\\mathcal{S}$ and therefore a ${\\mathbf{C}}$-action on ${\\mathcal{X}}$ as well. ",
"Since ${\\mathbf{C}}$ acts trivially on the base ${\\mathbf{B}}$ (see ), the fibers $X_b:=\\bm{\\pi}^{-1}(b)$, $b\\in {\\mathbf{B}}$, are preserved by the ${\\mathbf{C}}$-action. ",
"In [@Beck2 §3.3.], ",
"it is proven that ${\\mathcal{X}}\\longrightarrow {\\mathbf{B}}$ is an algebraic family of quasi-projective Gorenstein threefolds with ${\\mathbf{C}}$-trivializable canonical class. ",
"For trivial ${\\mathbf{C}}$, this was first observed in [@Sz1; @DDP].",
"\n\nBy construction, each $X_b$, $b\\in {\\mathbf{B}}$, admits a map $X_b{\\longrightarrow}{\\Sigma}$ which is affine. ",
"This allows us to realize each of the threefolds $X_b$, $b\\in {\\mathbf{B}}$, as a hypersurface in the total space of a sum of powers of $K_{\\Sigma}$ which is affine over ${\\Sigma}$. We next present the explicit equations for our running example and for $\\Delta=\\Delta_h^{\\mathbf{C}}=\\mathrm{G}_2$ with $\\Delta_h=\\mathrm{D}_4$ and ${\\mathbf{C}}={\\mathbb{Z}}/3{\\mathbb{Z}}$ which will be useful for later computations.",
"\n\n\\[ex:A3cys\\] For $\\Delta=\\mathrm{C}_2$, we choose $b=(b_2,b_4)\\in \n{\\mathbf{B}}$ using ${\\mathbf{B}}\\cong H^0({\\Sigma}, K_{\\Sigma}^{2})\\oplus H^0({\\Sigma}, K_{\\Sigma}^{4})$, cf. . ",
"By Example \\[ex:A3-sing\\], using $L^2=K_{\\Sigma}$ and writing tensor products as products, we have $$X_b=\\{ (\\alpha_1, \\alpha_2,\\alpha_3) \\in \\mathrm{tot}(K_{\\Sigma}\\oplus K_{\\Sigma}^{2 }\\oplus K_{\\Sigma}^{2})\n ~|~[\\alpha^4_1-\\alpha_2\\alpha_3 + b_2 \\alpha_1^2 + b_4](\\sigma) \n =0,\\, \\sigma\\in{\\Sigma}\\}.$$ The ${\\mathbf{C}}$-action is defined by $(\\alpha_1, \\alpha_2,\\alpha_3)\\mapsto (-\\alpha_1, \\alpha_3,\\alpha_2)$. Hence the ${\\mathbf{C}}$-fixed point locus is $$X^{\\mathbf{C}}=\\{\\alpha\\in \\mathrm{tot}(K_{\\Sigma}^2)~|~[\\alpha^2-b_4](\\sigma)=0,\\, \\sigma\\in {\\Sigma}\\}$$ which has genus $6g_{\\Sigma}-5$. By varying $b\\in {\\mathbf{B}}$, we arrive at the family $\\mathcal{X}{\\longrightarrow}{\\mathbf{B}}$ with fiberwise ${\\mathbf{C}}$-action. ",
"Note that this is the global description of our family of Calabi–Yau threefolds mentioned in [@DDP Proof of Proposition 2.3], which is worked out in detail in [@Beck-thesis].",
"\n\n\\[ex:g2\\] Let $\\Delta=\\Delta_{h,{\\mathbf{C}}}=\\mathrm{G}_2$ with $\\Delta_h=\\mathrm{D}_4$ and ${\\mathbf{C}}={\\mathbb{Z}}/3{\\mathbb{Z}}$. By [@Slo §6.2(3)], the $\\mathrm{\\Delta_h}$-singularity $Y$ is determined by the equation $$x^3+y^3+z^2=0$$ with ${\\mathbb{C}}^*$-action $(\\lambda , (x,y,z))\\mapsto (\\lambda^4x, \\lambda^4 y, \\lambda^6 z)$. Note that $(x,y,z)$ have weights $(2\\mathrm w_x, 2\\mathrm w_y, 2\\mathrm w_z)$ with coprime $(\\mathrm w_x, \\mathrm w_y, \\mathrm w_z)=(2,2,3)$, in accord with Remark \\[rem:Cstar\\]. ",
"The Jacobian ring is ${\\mathbb{C}}[x,y,z]/(x^2, y^2, z)$, a quasi-homogeneous basis of which is represented by $(xy,\\, x,\\, y,\\, 1)$. Thus a semi-universal ${\\mathbb{C}}^\\ast$-deformation is given by $$\\begin{aligned}\n&\\mathcal Y_h:= \\left\\{ ( x,y, z, \\beta_2, \\beta_4, \\widetilde \\beta_4, \\beta_6)\\in{\\mathbb{C}}^3\\times{\\mathbb{C}}^4 ~|~\nx^3+y^3+z^2 +\\beta_2xy+ \\beta_4x+ \\widetilde\\beta_4y+ \\beta_6 =0\\right\\},\\\\\n&\\mathcal Y_h\\longrightarrow{\\mathbb{C}}^4,\\qquad\n( x,y, z, \\beta_2, \\beta_4, \\widetilde \\beta_4, \\beta_6) \\mapsto (\\beta_2, \\beta_4, \\widetilde\\beta_4, \\beta_6).\\end{aligned}$$ As ${\\mathbb{C}}^\\ast$-action we have $$\\lambda\\cdot ( x,y, z, \\beta_2, \\beta_4, \\widetilde\\beta_4, \\beta_6)\n= ( \\lambda^4 x,\\lambda^4y, \\lambda^6z, \n\\lambda^4\\beta_2, \\lambda^8\\beta_4, \\lambda^8\\widetilde\\beta_4, \\lambda^{12}\\beta_6).$$ The ${\\mathbf{C}}$-action is induced by $(x,y,z)\\mapsto (\\mu x,\\mu^2 y, z)$ for any primitive third root $\\mu$ of unity, which extends to $( x,y,z, \\beta_2, \\beta_4, \\widetilde\\beta_4, \\beta_6) \\mapsto \n(\\mu x,\\mu^2 y, z, \\beta_2, \\mu^2\\beta_4, \\mu\\widetilde\\beta_4, \\beta_6) $, yielding the following semi-universal ${\\mathbb{C}}^\\ast$-deformation of $(Y,{\\mathbf{C}})$: $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\left\\{ ( x,y, z, \\beta_2, \\beta_6)\\in{\\mathbb{C}}^3\\times{\\mathbb{C}}^2 ~|~\nx^3+y^3+z^2 +\\beta_2xy+ \\beta_6 =0\\right\\}\n&\\longrightarrow&{\\mathbb{C}}^2,\\\\\n( x,y, z, \\beta_2, \\beta_6) &\\mapsto& (\\beta_2, \\beta_6).\\end{aligned}$$ Using , one finds that the Hitchin base ${\\mathbf{B}}$ for $\\Delta$ is isomorphic to $H^0({\\Sigma},K_{\\Sigma}^{2})\\oplus H^0({\\Sigma}, K_{\\Sigma}^{6})$. Again fixing such an isomorphism we write any $b\\in {\\mathbf{B}}$ as $(b_2,b_6)$ for $b_j\\in H^0({\\Sigma}, K_{\\Sigma}^{\\otimes j})$, $j\\in \\{ 2,6\\}$. Arguing as in the previous example, we see that the corresponding threefold $X_b$ is given by $$X_b=\\{(\\alpha_1, \\alpha_2,\\alpha_3)\\in \\mathrm{tot}(K_{\\Sigma}^{2}\\oplus K_{\\Sigma}^{2}\\oplus K_{\\Sigma}^3)\n~|~[\\alpha^3_1+\\alpha_2^3+\\alpha_3^2 + b_2\\alpha_1\\alpha_2 + b_6](\\sigma)=0,\\, \n\\sigma\\in{\\Sigma}\\}.$$ The ${\\mathbf{C}}$-action is induced by $(\\alpha_1, \\alpha_2,\\alpha_3)\\mapsto (\\mu \\alpha_1, \\mu^2 \\alpha_2,\\alpha_3)$ so that $$X^{\\mathbf{C}}\\cong \\{ \\gamma\\in \\mathrm{tot}(K_{\\Sigma}^3)~|~[\\gamma^2 + b_6](\\sigma)=0,\\, \\sigma\\in{\\Sigma}\\}.$$ Note that $X^{\\mathbf{C}}$ has genus $8g_{\\Sigma}-7$. Varying $b\\in {\\mathbf{B}}$ yields the family $\\mathcal{X}{\\longrightarrow}{\\mathbf{B}}$ with ${\\mathbf{C}}$-action.",
"\n\nWhile Slodowy slices allow a uniform construction of the families $\\bm{\\pi}\\colon \\mathcal{X}{\\longrightarrow}{\\mathbf{B}}$ and to prove some of their properties, e.g. that $\\bm{\\pi}$ is smooth over ${\\mathbf{B}^\\circ}$ [@Beck2 §3.3.], ",
"it is often useful to work with explicit equations along the lines of the above examples.",
"\n\nCrepant resolutions and their intermediate Jacobians {#ss:crepantresolJ2}\n----------------------------------------------------\n\nIn this section, we construct unique crepant resolutions of the quotients $X_b/{\\mathbf{C}}$ by the action of ${\\mathbf{C}}$ for the family of Calabi–Yau threefolds ${\\mathcal{X}}$ introduced above, restricted to ${\\mathbf{B}^\\circ}$. To make sure that each quotient $X_b/{\\mathbf{C}}$, $b\\in {\\mathbf{B}^\\circ}$, admits a crepant resolution, we need the following:\n\n\\[lem:finitecover\\] Let $S=x+\\ker \\mathrm{ad}_y\\subset {\\mathfrak{g}}$ be our choice of Slodowy slice with ${\\mathbf{C}}$-action, and assume that ${\\mathbf{C}}$ is non-trivial. ",
"Then the fixed point locus $S^{\\mathbf{C}}\\subset S$ is finite over ${\\mathfrak{t}}/W$.\n\nLet $\\bar{t}\\in {\\mathfrak{t}}/W$ and $Y:=\\sigma^{-1}(\\bar{t})$ with smooth part $Y^{sm}\\subset Y$. By Theorem \\[thm:Slosli\\], $Y^{sm}$ coincides with the set of regular elements of ${\\mathfrak{g}}$ in $Y$, i.e. $Y^{sm}=Y\\cap {\\mathfrak{g}}^{reg}$. Moreover, the Kostant-Kirillov form on adjoint orbits, cf. [",
"@ChrissGinzburg Chapter 1], is known to restrict to a symplectic form $\\omega$ on $Y^{sm}$ by [@GG §7]. ",
"As was explained in Section \\[sec:Slodowy\\], ${\\mathbf{C}}$ is represented on the Slodowy slice by the adjoint action, hence $\\omega$ is left invariant under the ${\\mathbf{C}}$-action, i.e. $a^\\ast\\omega=\\omega$.\n\nSince $Y-Y^{sm}$ is finite by Theorem \\[thm:Slosli\\] \\[thm:slob\\], it suffices to consider $Y^{sm}$. Therefore the rest of the proof is a standard application of Cartan’s linearization trick [@Cartan Lemme 1], which allows us to replace the automorphism $a\\in{\\mathbf{C}}$ by its linearization on the tangent space. ",
"Since $a^\\ast\\omega=\\omega$, we obtain a special unitary map of finite order on ${\\mathbb{C}}^2$, which is thus either the identity or has the origin as its unique fixed point. ",
"Hence by the assumption that ${\\mathbf{C}}$ is non-trivial, the fixed points of $a$ in $Y$ are isolated. ",
"But $a$ is an algebraic automorphism so that $Y^a\\subset Y$ is finite.",
"\n\nLemma \\[lem:finitecover\\] implies that each $X_b$, $b\\in {\\mathbf{B}^\\circ}$, has a one-dimensional fixed point locus $X_b^{\\mathbf{C}}\\subset X_b$ whose irreducible components descend to curves of singularities of type $\\mathrm{A}_1$ or $\\mathrm{A}_2$ in $X_b/{\\mathbf{C}}$. Hence we may deduce\n\n\\[LemResol\\] Let $X=X_b$, $b\\in {\\mathbf{B}^\\circ}$, be a smooth quasi-projective Calabi–Yau threefold with ${\\mathbf{C}}$-action as constructed in Section \\[ss:qcy\\], and view the fixed point locus $X^{\\mathbf{C}}$ as a subset of $X/{\\mathbf{C}}$. Then the blow up $\\widetilde{X/{\\mathbf{C}}}:=Bl_{X^{{\\mathbf{C}}}}(X/{\\mathbf{C}})$ of $X/{\\mathbf{C}}$ along $X^{\\mathbf{C}}$ is the unique crepant resolution $$\\widetilde{X/{\\mathbf{C}}}{\\longrightarrow}X/{\\mathbf{C}}$$ of $X/{\\mathbf{C}}$.\n\nThe following proof is mostly standard. ",
"We give some details which will prove useful in our constructions below.",
"\n\nTo see that $X/{\\mathbf{C}}$ has a *unique* crepant resolution, we may analyse each fixed point $x\\in X^{\\mathbf{C}}$ by applying Cartan’s linearization trick analogously to the proof of Lemma \\[lem:finitecover\\]. ",
"Here, by the results of Lemma \\[lem:finitecover\\], a non-trivial automorphism in ${\\mathbf{C}}$ is linearized at any fixed point by a special unitary map on ${\\mathbb{C}}^3$ with precisely one eigenvalue $1$. Hence every singular point of $X/{\\mathbf{C}}$ possesses a local neighborhood of the form ${\\mathbb{C}}\\times ({\\mathbb{C}}^2/{\\mathbf{C}})$ such that $0\\in {\\mathbb{C}}^2/{\\mathbf{C}}$ is a singularity of type $\\mathrm{A}_1$ or $\\mathrm{A}_2$. In these local neighborhoods, the blowup $Bl_{X^{\\mathbf{C}}}(X/{\\mathbf{C}})$ is given by $$Bl_{{\\mathbb{C}}\\times \\{ 0\\}}({\\mathbb{C}}\\times ({\\mathbb{C}}^2/{\\mathbf{C}}))\\cong {\\mathbb{C}}\\times Bl_0({\\mathbb{C}}^2/{\\mathbf{C}}).$$ Since ${\\mathbf{C}}={\\mathbb{Z}}/2{\\mathbb{Z}}$ or ${\\mathbb{Z}}/3{\\mathbb{Z}}$, this blowup is smooth. ",
"In fact, it is the unique crepant resolution of the local model ${\\mathbb{C}}\\times ({\\mathbb{C}}^2/{\\mathbf{C}})$. By uniqueness, the local crepant resolutions glue together to give the unique crepant resolution $\\widetilde{X/{\\mathbf{C}}}$ of $X/{\\mathbf{C}}$, and by construction, it coincides with $Bl_{X^{\\mathbf{C}}}(X/{\\mathbf{C}})$.\n\nThe resolution described above is in fact a simultaneous resolution for $\\widetilde{\\mathcal{X}^\\circ/{\\mathbf{C}}}\\longrightarrow {\\mathbf{B}^\\circ}$:\n\n\\[prop:simultaneous\\] The family $\\mathcal{X}^\\circ/{\\mathbf{C}}\\longrightarrow {\\mathbf{B}^\\circ}$ admits a simultaneous crepant resolution $\\widetilde{\\mathcal{X}^\\circ/{\\mathbf{C}}}\\longrightarrow {\\mathbf{B}^\\circ}$.\n\nSince $\\mathcal{X}^\\circ\\longrightarrow {\\mathbf{B}^\\circ}$ is smooth over ${\\mathbf{B}^\\circ}$ and ${\\mathbf{C}}$ is finite, $\\mathcal{X}^\\circ$ is covered by affine ${\\mathbf{C}}$-invariant open subsets $D\\cong D^\\prime\\times D^{\\prime\\prime}$ with $D^\\prime\\subset {\\mathbf{B}^\\circ}$ and $D^{\\prime\\prime}\\subset X_b$ for all $b\\in D^\\prime$. By Proposition \\[LemResol\\], we may assume without loss of generality that each $D/{\\mathbf{C}}$ is either smooth or obeys $$D/{\\mathbf{C}}\\cong D^\\prime\\times (D^{\\prime\\prime}/{\\mathbf{C}})\\cong D^\\prime\\times {\\mathbb{C}}\\times ({\\mathbb{C}}^2/{\\mathbf{C}}),$$ where $0\\in({\\mathbb{C}}^2/{\\mathbf{C}})$ is a singularity of type $A_1$ or $A_2$. By the uniqueness of these resolutions, as in the proof of Proposition \\[LemResol\\], the resolutions $\\widetilde{D/{\\mathbf{C}}}\\longrightarrow D/{\\mathbf{C}}$ glue to $$\\widetilde{\\mathcal{X}^\\circ/{\\mathbf{C}}} \\longrightarrow \\mathcal{X}^\\circ/{\\mathbf{C}}$$ over ${\\mathbf{B}^\\circ}$. The restriction to each $b\\in {\\mathbf{B}^\\circ}$ is the crepant resolution $\\widetilde{X_b/{\\mathbf{C}}}\\longrightarrow X_b/{\\mathbf{C}}$ of Proposition \\[LemResol\\] by construction.",
"\n\nWe next determine the rational mixed Hodge structure (${\\mathbb{Q}}$-MHS) of the crepant resolution in Proposition \\[LemResol\\]. ",
"As a preparation, we need to determine the exceptional divisor of the blowup.",
"\n\n\\[p:excdivisor\\] For $b\\in B^\\circ$, let $X:=X_b$ and $Z:=\\widetilde{X/{\\mathbf{C}}}$. Moreover, let $E\\hookrightarrow Z$ denote the exceptional divisor of the resolution $\\rho\\colon Z {\\longrightarrow}X/{\\mathbf{C}}$. Then $\\rho_{|E}\\colon E{\\longrightarrow}X^{\\mathbf{C}}$ is a $\\mathbb{P}^1$-bundle if ${\\mathbf{C}}={\\mathbb{Z}}/2{\\mathbb{Z}}$. If ${\\mathbf{C}}={\\mathbb{Z}}/3{\\mathbb{Z}}$, then $E=E_1\\cup E_2$ decomposes into two $\\mathbb{P}^1$-bundles $\\rho_{|E_j}\\colon E_j{\\longrightarrow}X^{\\mathbf{C}}$, $j\\in \\{ 1,2\\}$.\n\nBy Proposition \\[LemResol\\], $Z=Bl_{X^{\\mathbf{C}}}(X)$. If ${\\mathbf{C}}={\\mathbb{Z}}/2{\\mathbb{Z}}$, it follows that $\\rho_{|E}\\colon E{\\longrightarrow}X^{\\mathbf{C}}$ is a $\\mathbb{P}^1$-bundle. ",
"If ${\\mathbf{C}}={\\mathbb{Z}}/3{\\mathbb{Z}}$, then the fibers of $E{\\longrightarrow}X^{\\mathbf{C}}$ consist of two transversally intersecting copies of $\\mathbb{P}^1$. Using the fact that $X{\\longrightarrow}{\\Sigma}$ is an affine morphism, we next show that $E$ decomposes globally into two $\\mathbb{P}^1$-bundles over ${\\Sigma}$.\n\nWe use the notations of Example \\[ex:g2\\] for fixed $b=(b_2,b_6)\\in {\\mathbf{B}^\\circ}\\subset H^0({\\Sigma},K_{\\Sigma}^2)\\oplus H^0({\\Sigma},K_{\\Sigma}^6)$. Further we introduce the coordinates $$\\nu_1:=\\alpha_1^3,\\quad \\nu_2:=\\alpha_2^3, \\quad \\nu_3:=\\alpha_1 \\alpha_2, \n\\quad \\nu_4:=\\alpha_3.$$ on $X/{\\mathbf{C}}$, such that with $M:=K_{\\Sigma}^6\\oplus K_{\\Sigma}^6\\oplus K_{\\Sigma}^4\\oplus K_{\\Sigma}^3$, $$Z\\cong\\{ (\\nu_1,\\nu_2, \\nu_3,\\nu_4)\\in \\mathrm{tot}(M)~|~\n\\nu_1+\\nu_2+\\nu_4^2 + b_2\\nu_3 + b_6=0 ,\\quad \\nu_3^3-\\nu_1\\nu_2=0\\}.$$ Under this isomorphism, by what was said in Example \\[ex:g2\\], the singular locus $X^{\\mathbf{C}}\\subset X/{\\mathbf{C}}$ is given by $\\{ (0,0,0,\\nu_4)\\in X/{\\mathbf{C}}~|~\\nu_4^2 + b_6=0 \\}$. To compute the exceptional divisor $E$ of $Z=Bl_{X^{\\mathbf{C}}}(X/{\\mathbf{C}})$, note that $Bl_{X^{\\mathbf{C}}}(X/{\\mathbf{C}})$ is the proper transform of $X/{\\mathbf{C}}\\subset \\mathrm{tot}(M)$ in $Bl_{M^\\prime_0}(M)$, where $M^\\prime_0$ is the zero section of $M^\\prime:=K_{\\Sigma}^6\\oplus K_{{\\Sigma}}^6\\oplus K_{{\\Sigma}}^4$ viewed as a submanifold of $\\mathrm{tot}(M)$. Hence we obtain $E$ as the proper transform over $X^{\\mathbf{C}}\\subset X/{\\mathbf{C}}$. Since $X/{\\mathbf{C}}{\\longrightarrow}{\\Sigma}$ is affine, the calculation essentially works as in the affine case and we obtain $$E=\\{ ((0,0,0,\\nu_4), \n[\\gamma_1:\\gamma_2:\\gamma_3])\\in \\mathrm{tot}(M)\\times \\mathbb{P}(M')~|~\n\\nu_4^2 + b_6=0, \\quad \\gamma_1\\gamma_2=0 \\}.$$ In particular, $E=E_1\\cup E_2$ and each $E_j$, $j\\in \\{1,2 \\}$, is a $\\mathbb{P}^1$-bundle over $X^{\\mathbf{C}}$ as claimed.",
"\n\n\\[thm:MHS\\] Let $X=X_b,$ $b\\in {\\mathbf{B}^\\circ}$, and $p\\colon X{\\longrightarrow}X/{\\mathbf{C}}$ its quotient under the action of ${\\mathbf{C}}=\\langle a \\rangle$. Further let $Z:=\\widetilde{X/{\\mathbf{C}}}$ and $\\rho\\colon Z{\\longrightarrow}X/{\\mathbf{C}}$ be the crepant resolution of $X/{\\mathbf{C}}$. The ${\\mathbb{Q}}$-MHS on $H^3(Z,{\\mathbb{Q}})$ is pure of weight $3$, and it is isomorphic to the direct sum $$\\label{eq:splitMHS}\n H^3(Z,{\\mathbb{Q}})\\cong H^3(X,{\\mathbb{Q}})^{\\mathbf{C}}\\oplus H^1(X^{\\mathbf{C}},{\\mathbb{Q}})(-1)^{|a|-1}$$ of pure ${\\mathbb{Q}}$-Hodge structures of weight $3$. Here $H^{1}(X^{\\mathbf{C}},{\\mathbb{Q}})(-1)$ denotes the Tate twist of $H^{1}(X^{\\mathbf{C}})$ by the ${\\mathbb{Q}}$-Hodge structure ${\\mathbb{Q}}(-1)$ of weight $2$, shifting all weights by $2$.\n\nAll cohomology in this proof is ${\\mathbb{Q}}$-valued, so to save notation, we suppress all ${\\mathbb{Q}}$-coefficients in the following. ",
"By [@PS-MHS Corollary-Definition 5.37], there is a long exact Mayer–Vietoris sequence of ${\\mathbb{Q}}$-MHS, which reads $$\\label{eq:exseqMHS2}\n \\begin{tikzcd}\n \\cdots \\ar[r] & H^2(E) \\ar[r,\"\\delta_2\"] & H^3(X/{\\mathbf{C}}) \\ar[r, \"(\\rho^*{,}i^*)\"] & H^3(Z)\\oplus H^3(X^{{\\mathbf{C}}}) \\\\\n &\\ar[r, \"i_E^*-\\rho_{|E}^*\"] & H^3(E) \\ar[r, \"\\delta_3\"] & H^{4}(X/{\\mathbf{C}}) \\ar[r] & \\cdots\n \\end{tikzcd}$$ Here $i_E\\colon E\\hookrightarrow Z$ is the inclusion of the exceptional divisor and $i\\colon X^{\\mathbf{C}}{\\longrightarrow}X/{\\mathbf{C}}$ is the inclusion of the fixed curve. ",
"We now analyze the above sequence term-by-term.",
"\n\nFirstly, $H^3(X^{\\mathbf{C}})=0$ because $\\dim_{{\\mathbb{R}}} X^{\\mathbf{C}}=2$. Secondly, since ${\\mathbf{C}}$ is a finite group and ${\\mathbb{Q}}$ is a field of characteristic $0$, $$\\label{eq:q}\n p^\\ast\\colon H^k(X/{\\mathbf{C}}){\\longrightarrow}H^k(X)^{\\mathbf{C}}$$ is an isomorphism of ${\\mathbb{Q}}$-vector spaces (see e.g. [@BorelTransformationGroups §3, Corollary 2.3.]). ",
"Furthermore $p^\\ast$ is a morphism of ${\\mathbb{Q}}$-MHS. ",
"The category of ${\\mathbb{Q}}$-MHS is abelian, so that $p^\\ast$ is an isomorphism of ${\\mathbb{Q}}$-MHS. ",
"Moreover, since $X$ is smooth (though non-compact), the weights of $H^k(X)$ are bounded below by $k$, hence so are the weights of $H^k(X/{\\mathbf{C}})\\cong H^k(X)^{\\mathbf{C}}$.\n\nNext we show that the ${\\mathbb{Q}}$-MHS on $H^k(E)$ is in fact pure of weight $k$. More precisely, we claim that there is an isomorphism $$\\label{eq:HkE}\n H^k(E)\\cong \\left[ H^{k-2}(X^{\\mathbf{C}})(-1)\\right]^{|a|-1} \\qquad\\mbox{ for } k\\in\\{2,\\, 3\\}$$ of ${\\mathbb{Q}}$-MHS which is in fact an isomorphism of pure Hodge structures since the right hand side is pure. ",
"Indeed, if ${\\mathbf{C}}={\\mathbb{Z}}/2{\\mathbb{Z}}$, then by Proposition \\[p:excdivisor\\] we know that $E{\\longrightarrow}X^{\\mathbf{C}}$ is a $\\mathbb{P}^1$-bundle over $X^{\\mathbf{C}}$. Hence the Leray–Hirsch theorem (see for example [@VoisinI Theorem 7.33]) gives an isomorphism of pure ${\\mathbb{Q}}$-Hodge structures of weight $k$ with $|a|=2$. If ${\\mathbf{C}}={\\mathbb{Z}}/3{\\mathbb{Z}}$, then by Proposition \\[p:excdivisor\\] we know that $E=E_1\\cup E_2$ in $Z$ decomposes into two $\\mathbb{P}^1$-bundles over $X^{\\mathbf{C}}$ with transverse intersection. ",
"The Mayer–Vietoris sequence for the triple $(Z,E_1,E_2)$ yields the short exact sequence $$\\label{eq:mv}\n\\begin{tikzcd}\n0 \\ar[r] & \\mathrm{cok} \\ar[r] & H^k(E) \\ar[r] & \\mathrm{ker} \\ar[r] & 0\n\\end{tikzcd}$$ of ${\\mathbb{Q}}$-MHS. ",
"Here $\\mathrm{cok}$ is the cokernel of $(i_1^*,i_2^*)\\colon H^{k-1}(E_1)\\oplus H^{k-1}(E_2){\\longrightarrow}H^{k-1}(E_1\\cap E_2)$ where $i_j\\colon E_j\\hookrightarrow Z$, $j\\in \\{ 1,2\\}$, is the inclusion. ",
"Moreover, $\\mathrm{ker}$ is the kernel of $i_1^*-i_2^*\\colon H^k(E_1)\\oplus H^k(E_2){\\longrightarrow}H^k(E)$. Now implies that $H^k(E)$ only has weights $k-1$ and $k$. If $k\\geq 2$, then $\\mathrm{cok}=0$ because $(i_1^*,i_2^*)$ is then surjective. ",
"Hence we again conclude by means of the Leray–Hirsch theorem that holds, now with $|a|=3$. The previous observations imply that the morphisms $\\delta_k\\colon H^k(E){\\longrightarrow}H^{k+1}(X/{\\mathbf{C}})$, $k\\in \\{2,3 \\}$, have to vanish due to the weights of the ${\\mathbb{Q}}$-MHS. ",
"Combining this fact with the isomorphisms and , the long exact sequence yields the short exact sequence $$\\label{eq:exseqMHS}\n \\begin{tikzcd}\n 0 \\ar[r] & H^3(X)^{\\mathbf{C}}\\ar[r] & H^3(Z) \\ar[r] & H^1(X^{\\mathbf{C}})(-1)^{|a|-1} \\ar[r] & 0\n \\end{tikzcd}$$ of ${\\mathbb{Q}}$-MHS. ",
"The ${\\mathbb{Q}}$-MHS on $H^3(X)^{\\mathbf{C}}$ is known to be pure of weight $3$ and polarizable (see [@Beck Lemma 4.3.1], also [@DDP Lemma 3.1] in the case where ${\\mathbf{C}}=\\{{\\mathrm{id}}\\}$). ",
"By choosing a polarization on each of the pure ${\\mathbb{Q}}$-Hodge structures of weight $3$ in , we arrive at an isomorphism .",
"\n\n\\[cor:JZisogeny\\] The intermediate Jacobian of the crepant resolution $Z$ of $X/{\\mathbf{C}}$, $X=X_b,$ $b\\in {\\mathbf{B}^\\circ}$, is an abelian variety and admits the non-canonical isogeny decomposition $$\\label{eq:JZ}\n J^2(Z)\\simeq J_{{\\mathbf{C}}}^2(X)\\times J(X^{\\mathbf{C}})^{|a|-1}.$$ Here $J(X^{\\mathbf{C}})$ is the Jacobian of the curve $X^{\\mathbf{C}}\\subset X$.\n\nSince the Mayer–Vietoris sequence is defined over the integers, the proof of Theorem \\[thm:MHS\\] gives the short exact sequence $$\\begin{tikzcd}\n 0 \\ar[r] & H^3(X/{\\mathbf{C}},{\\mathbb{Z}})\\ar[r] & H^3(Z,{\\mathbb{Z}}) \\ar[r] & H^1(X^{\\mathbf{C}},{\\mathbb{Z}})(-1)^{|a|-1}\\ar[r] & 0\n \\end{tikzcd}$$ of polarizable ${\\mathbb{Z}}$-Hodge structures of weight $3$. The ${\\mathbb{Z}}$-Hodge structure $H^3(X,{\\mathbb{Z}})^{\\mathbf{C}}$ is known to be effective[^9] and pure of weight $1$ up to a Tate twist by [@DDP Lemma 3.1] for ${\\mathbf{C}}=\\{ {\\mathrm{id}}\\}$ and [@Beck Corollary 4.3.2] in general. ",
"Therefore both polarizable ${\\mathbb{Z}}$-Hodge structures $H^3(X/{\\mathbf{C}},{\\mathbb{Z}})$ and $H^3(Z,{\\mathbb{Z}})$ are effective of weight $1$ up to a Tate twist as well. ",
"In particular, the intermediate Jacobians $J^2(X/{\\mathbf{C}})$, $J^2(Z)$ and $J^2_{{\\mathbf{C}}}(X)$ are abelian varieties. ",
"Since $J^2(X/{\\mathbf{C}})$ is isogenous to $J^2_{{\\mathbf{C}}}(X)$ by the previous proof (see ), Poincaré reduciblity (e.g. [@Debarre-tori Theorem 6.20]) implies a non-canonical isogeny decomposition $$J^2(Z)\\simeq J^2_{\\mathbf{C}}(X)\\times J(X^{\\mathbf{C}})^{|a|-1}.$$\n\nIn Examples \\[ex:A3cys\\] and \\[ex:g2\\] we have seen that the genus of $X_b^{\\mathbf{C}}$, $b\\in {\\mathbf{B}^\\circ}$, is strictly larger than 162=4pt $g_{\\Sigma}\\geq 2$. 162=2.5pt In particular, $X_b^{\\mathbf{C}}$ is a non-trivial branched covering of ${\\Sigma}$ and $J(X_b^{\\mathbf{C}})$ varies non-trivially in $b\\in{\\mathbf{B}^\\circ}$. By inspection of all semi-universal ${\\mathbb{C}}^\\ast$-deformations of $\\mathrm{ADE}$-type singularities one immediately checks that this always holds when ${\\mathbf{C}}$ is non-trivial.",
"\n\n\\[cor:JZ\\] Let $\\mathcal{Z}{\\longrightarrow}\\mathcal{X}^\\circ/{\\mathbf{C}}$ be the simultaneous crepant resolution over ${\\mathbf{B}^\\circ}$. Then the intermediate Jacobian fibration $J^2(\\mathcal{Z}/{\\mathbf{B}}^\\circ)$ admits a non-canonical fiberwise isogeny decomposition $$\\label{eq:JZglobal}\n J^2(\\mathcal{Z}/{\\mathbf{B}}^\\circ)\\simeq J^2_{{\\mathbf{C}}}(\\mathcal{X}^\\circ/{\\mathbf{B}}^\\circ)\\times \n J(\\ {\\mathcal{X}}^{\\mathbf{C}}_{|{\\mathbf{B}}^\\circ})^{|a|-1}$$ over ${\\mathbf{B}^\\circ}$.\n\nThe key observation is that Proposition \\[p:excdivisor\\] works over ${\\mathbf{B}^\\circ}$ by arguing similarly to the proof of Proposition \\[prop:simultaneous\\]. ",
"Indeed, the proof of Theorem \\[thm:MHS\\] globalizes to an isomorphism of polarizable rational variations of Hodge structures of weight $3$ over ${\\mathbf{B}^\\circ}$. Then by the same reasoning as in the proof of Corollary \\[cor:JZisogeny\\] we have a fiberwise isogeny .",
"\n\nIn [@Beck Theorem 5.2.1] it was proven that there is an isomorphism $$J^2_{\\mathbf{C}}(\\mathcal{X}^\\circ/{\\mathbf{B}}^\\circ)\\cong \\mathcal{M}(\\Sigma,G)_{|{\\mathbf{B}^\\circ}}$$ of algebraic integrable systems over ${\\mathbf{B}^\\circ}$. These are in turn isomorphic to $\\mathcal{M}(\\Sigma,G_h)^{\\mathbf{C}}_{|{\\mathbf{B}^\\circ}}$ by Theorem \\[thm:hitchinfibers\\]. ",
"In particular, $J^2(\\mathcal{Z}/{\\mathbf{B}}^\\circ)$ contains $\\mathcal{M}(\\Sigma,G)_{|{\\mathbf{B}^\\circ}}$ up to isogeny by Corollary \\[cor:JZ\\]. ",
"This corollary also implies that $J^2(\\mathcal{Z}/{\\mathbf{B}}^\\circ){\\longrightarrow}{\\mathbf{B}^\\circ}$ cannot admit the structure of an algebraic integrable system for dimensional reasons when ${\\mathbf{C}}$ is non-trivial. ",
"It is an intriguing question if $\\mathcal{Z}{\\longrightarrow}{\\mathbf{B}^\\circ}$ embeds into a larger family $\\widehat{\\mathcal{Z}}{\\longrightarrow}\\widehat{{\\mathbf{B}^\\circ}}$ such that $J^2(\\widehat{\\mathcal{Z}}/{\\mathbf{B}}^\\circ){\\longrightarrow}\\widehat{{\\mathbf{B}^\\circ}}$ has the structure of an algebraic integrable system. ",
"And if so, does passing to the crepant resolutions have an analogue for Hitchin systems? ",
"We hope to return to these questions in future work.",
"\n\nAn isomorphism $S\\cong S_{h|({\\mathfrak{t}}_h/W_h)^{\\mathbf{C}}}$ in our running example {#app:sh}\n========================================================================================\n\nIn Example \\[runslices\\], we constructed a Slodowy slice $S\\subset {\\mathfrak{g}}(\\Delta)$ with a ${\\mathbf{C}}$-action for our running example $\\Delta=\\mathrm{C}_2=\\mathrm{A}_{3,{\\mathbf{C}}}$. In the following, we construct a Slodowy slice $S_h\\subset {\\mathfrak{g}}(\\Delta_h)=\\mathfrak{sl}_4({\\mathbb{C}})$ with a ${\\mathbf{C}}$-action and a $({\\mathbb{C}}^*\\times {\\mathbf{C}})$-equivariant inclusion $S\\hookrightarrow S_h$ which is an isomorphism over $({\\mathfrak{t}}_h/W_h)^{\\mathbf{C}}\\cong {\\mathfrak{t}}/W$, in accordance with Theorem \\[thm:Slosli\\]. ",
"We also construct an explicit $({\\mathbb{C}}^\\ast\\times {\\mathbf{C}})$-equivariant isomorphism of $S_h$ with the semi-universal ${\\mathbb{C}}^\\ast$-deformation obtained by means of the Jacobian ring for the surface singularity of type $\\mathrm A_3$.\n\nConsider the $\\mathfrak{sl}_2$-triple $(x_h,y_h,h_h)$ with $$x_h=\\left( \\begin{matrix} 0&1&1&0\\\\ 0&0&0&-1\\\\ 0&0&0&-1\\\\ 0&0&0&0\\end{matrix}\\right),\\;\\;\ny_h=x_h^T=\\left( \\begin{matrix} 0&0&0&0\\\\ 1&0&0&0\\\\ 1&0&0&0\\\\ 0&-1&-1&0\\end{matrix}\\right),\\;\\;\nh_h=[x_h,y_h] = \\mbox{diag}\\left(2,0,0,-2\\right)$$ in $\\mathfrak{sl}_4({\\mathbb{C}})$. For the corresponding Slodowy slice we obtain $$S_h = x_h + \\ker \\mathrm{ad}_{y_h}\n= \\left\\{ \\left. ",
"\\begin{pmatrix} u_1^-&1&1&0\\\\ u_1^+ - u_2^-&-u_1^-& 2u_1^-&-1\\\\ \nu_2^+ + u_2^-&2u_1^-&-u_1^-&-1\\\\u_3^-&u_2^- - u_2^+&-u_1^+ - u_2^-&u_1^- \\end{pmatrix}\n\\right| \nu_1^\\pm,\\, u_2^\\pm,\\, u_3^-\\in {\\mathbb{C}}\\right\\}.$$ To lift the ${\\mathbf{C}}$-action to $S_h$, according to Remark \\[rem:CA\\] we need to pick some automorphism in $\\operatorname{\\mathrm{CA}}(x_h,y_h)$ as in which does not belong to $\\operatorname{\\mathrm{CA}}(x_h,y_h)^\\circ$. One checks that setting $$\\forall\\, m\\in{\\mathbb{C}}^\\ast\\colon\\;\nM_m:= \\left(\\begin{matrix} m&0&0&0\\\\ 0&{1\\over2}(m+m^{-3})&{1\\over2}(m-m^{-3})&0\\\\[3pt]\n0&{1\\over2}(m-m^{-3})&{1\\over2}(m+m^{-3})&0\\\\ 0&0&0&m \\end{matrix}\\right),\\qquad\n\\varphi_a\\colon A\\longmapsto-A^{\\widetilde T},$$ we obtain $$\\operatorname{\\mathrm{CA}}(x_h,y_h) = \\left\\{ \\mbox{Ad}_{M_m}, \\mbox{Ad}_{M_m}\\circ\\varphi_a \\mid m\\in {\\mathbb{C}}^\\ast\\right\\}.$$ The unique nontrivial automorphism in $\\operatorname{\\mathrm{CA}}(x_h,y_h)$ which indudes $\\alpha_1^\\vee\\leftrightarrow\\alpha_3^\\vee$ on ${\\mathfrak{t}}_h$ is $\\varphi_a$, which thus generates our choice of ${\\mathbf{C}}$-action on $\\mathfrak{g}_h=\\mathfrak{sl}_4({\\mathbb{C}})$. Since $\\varphi_a$ induces the desired automorphism $a$ on $\\Delta_h$, by what was said in Remark \\[rem:CA\\], on $S_h$ we have the correct induced action $u_k^+\\mapsto u_k^+,\\, u_k^-\\mapsto-u_k^-$, yielding $$S_h^{\\mathbf{C}}= \\left\\{ \\left. ",
"\\left( \\begin{matrix} 0&1&1&0\\\\ u^+_1&0&0&-1\\\\ u^+_2&0&0&-1\\\\\n0&-u^+_2&-u^+_1&0 \\end{matrix} \\right) \\right|\nu^+_1,\\, u^+_2\\in {\\mathbb{C}}\\right\\}.$$ As explained in Example \\[runchis\\], with respect to the standard coordinates $\\xi_h$ on $\\mathfrak t_h/ W_h$ we may calculate $$\\begin{aligned}\n &&\\xi_h\\circ\\chi_h\\colon\n \\left( \\begin{matrix} u_1^-&1&1&0\\\\ u_1^+ - u_2^-&-u_1^-& 2u_1^-&-1\\\\\n u_2^+ + u_2^-&2u_1^-&-u_1^-&-1\\\\u_3^-&u_2^- - u_2^+&-u_1^+ - u_2^-&u_1^- \\end{matrix} \\right)\n \\qquad\\qquad\\qquad\\qquad\\qquad\\qquad\\\\\n &&\\hphantom{\\xi_h\\circ\\chi_h\\colon\\xi_h\\chi_h}\n \\stackrel{\\eqref{chisexterior}}{\\longmapsto} \\left( \n \\begin{matrix}-6(u_1^-)^2-2(u_1^+ + u_2^+)\\\\[3pt] -8(u_1^-)^3+4u_1^-(u_1^+ + u_2^+)-2u_3^-\\\\[3pt]\n -3(u_1^-)^4+6(u_1^-)^2(u_1^+ + u_2^+) + 6u_1^-u_3^- +(u_1^+ - u_2^+)^2 -4(u_{2}^-)^2\\end{matrix}\n \\right)^T\\end{aligned}$$ which as one checks is ${\\mathbf{C}}$-equivariant.",
"\n\nThis form allows us to construct an explicit isomorphism between $S_h$ and the semi-universal ${\\mathbb{C}}^\\ast$-deformation $\\mathcal Y_h$ of the surface singularity of type $\\mathrm A_3$ given in Example \\[ex:A3-sing\\]. ",
"Indeed, setting $(b_2,b_3,b_4):=\\xi_h\\circ\\chi_h(A)$ for $A\\in S_h$, with parameters $u_k^\\pm$ as before, the above calculation yields $$\\begin{aligned}\nu_1^+ + u_2^+ &=& -{\\textstyle{1\\over2}} b_2-3(u_1^-)^2,\\\\[2pt]\nu_3^- &=& -{\\textstyle{1\\over2}} b_3-4(u_1^-)^3+2u_1^-(u_1^+ + u_2^+) \n= -{\\textstyle{1\\over2}} b_3-10(u_1^-)^3-b_2u_1^-, \\\\[2pt]\nb_4 &=& -81(u_1^-)^4 -9(u_1^-)^2b_2 -3u_1^- b_3\n+(u_1^+ - u_2^+)^2 -4(u_{2}^-)^2.\\end{aligned}$$ Hence $$\\label{unfoldingsagree}\n(x,\\,y,\\,z):= (3u_1^-, \\, u_1^+ - u_2^+ + 2u_2^-, \\, u_1^+ - u_2^+ -2u_2^-)$$ yields $$S_h = \\left\\{ (x,y,z, b_2,b_4,b_6)\\in{\\mathbb{C}}^6~|~ b_4 = -x^4 - b_2x^2 - b_3 x +yz\\right\\}$$ in accord with . ",
"One immediately checks that is ${\\mathbf{C}}$-equivariant, since by the above, $a$ acts by $u_k^\\pm\\mapsto\\pm u_k^\\pm$, in accord with .",
"\n\nNext we obtain $$\\xi_h\\circ\\chi_h\\left(S_h^{\\mathbf{C}}\\right)\n=\\left\\{ \\left(-2(u_1^+ + u_2^+),\\, 0,\\, (u_1^+ - u_2^+)^2\\right) \\mid u_1^+,\\, u_2^+\\in {\\mathbb{C}}\\right\\}\n=\\xi_h \\left( (\\mathfrak t_h/ W_h)^{{\\mathbf{C}}} \\right)$$ by Example \\[runchis\\], and hence $$s_h(u_1^-,\\,u_2^-,\\,u_1^+,\\,u_2^+)\n:=\n\\left( \\begin{matrix} u_1^-&1&1&0\\\\ u_1^+ - u_2^-&-u_1^-& 2u_1^-&-1\\\\ \nu_2^+ + u_2^-&2u_1^-&-u_1^-&-1\\\\-4(u_1^-)^3+2u_1^-(u_1^+ + u_2^+)&u_2^- - u_2^+&-u_1^+ - u_2^-&u_1^- \\end{matrix} \\right), \\;\\; u_k^\\pm\\in{\\mathbb{C}}$$ parametrizes $\\chi_h^{-1}\\left( ({\\mathfrak{t}}_h/W_h)^{\\mathbf{C}}\\right)$. Moreover, we have $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\label{homslice}\n&\\xi_h\\circ\\chi_h\\colon\n\\chi_h^{-1}\\left( ({\\mathfrak{t}}_h/W_h)^{\\mathbf{C}}\\right) \\quad\\longrightarrow\\quad \n\\xi_h\\left(({\\mathfrak{t}}_h/W_h)^{\\mathbf{C}}\\right)={\\mathbb{C}}^2\n\\nonumber\n\\\\\n&s_h(u_1^-,\\,u_2^-,\\,u_1^+,\\,u_2^+) \\longmapsto \n\\left( \n\\begin{matrix}-6(u_1^-)^2-2(u_1^+ + u_2^+)\\\\ 0\\\\\n-27(u_1^-)^4+18(u_1^-)^2(u_1^+ + u_2^+) +(u_1^+ - u_2^+)^2 -4(u_2^-)^2\\end{matrix}\n\\right)^T.\\end{aligned}$$ The ${\\mathbb{C}}^\\ast$-action of $\\lambda\\in{\\mathbb{C}}^\\ast$, $\\lambda=e^t$, on $S_h$ is obtained by conjugation with the matrix $\\exp(-th_h)=\\mbox{diag}(\\lambda^{-2},1,1,\\lambda^2)$, followed by multiplication by $\\lambda^2$. For the $u_k^\\pm$ we thereby read off: $$\\lambda\\cdot(u_1^-,u_2^-,u_3^-, u_1^+,u_2^+)= (\\lambda^2 u_1^-,\\lambda^4 u_2^-,\\lambda^6u_3^-, \\lambda^4 u_1^+, \\lambda^4 u_2^+).$$ One now immediately checks that is also ${\\mathbb{C}}^\\ast$-equivariant, if in one doubles all weights, as explained in Remark \\[rem:Cstar\\].",
"\n\nAccording to Theorem \\[thm:Slosli\\], there is a $({\\mathbb{C}}^\\ast\\times{\\mathbf{C}})$-equivariant isomorphism over $({\\mathfrak{t}}_h/W_h)^{\\mathbf{C}}\\cong{\\mathfrak{t}}/W$ from $S$ to $\\chi_h^{-1}\\left( ({\\mathfrak{t}}_h/W_h)^{\\mathbf{C}}\\right)$. This is best visible by choosing new parametrizations for the bases $({\\mathfrak{t}}_h/W_h)^{\\mathbf{C}}$ and ${\\mathfrak{t}}/W$ of our semi-universal ${\\mathbb{C}}^\\ast$-deformations. ",
"We let $$\\widetilde\\xi_h\\circ\\chi_h\\colon \\chi_h^{-1} \\left( ({\\mathfrak{t}}_h/W_h)^{\\mathbf{C}}\\right) \\longrightarrow{\\mathbb{C}}^2,\\qquad\n\\widetilde\\xi_h\\circ \\xi_h^{-1}(b_2^h,\\,0,\\, b_4^h) = (-{\\textstyle{1\\over6}}b_2^h,\\, -b_4^h ),$$ so by we have $$\\widetilde\\xi_h\\circ\\chi_h \\left(s_h(u_1^-,\\,u_2^-,\\,u_1^+,\\,u_2^+)\\right)\n=\n\\left( \\begin{matrix}\n(u_1^-)^2+{\\textstyle{1\\over3}}(u_1^+ + u_2^+)\\\\[5pt]\n27(u_1^-)^4-18(u_1^-)^2(u_1^+ + u_2^+) -(u_1^+ - u_2^+)^2 +4(u_2^-)^2\n\\end{matrix}\\right)^T.$$ In the notation of Example \\[runslices\\], we similarly let $$\\widetilde\\xi\\circ\\chi\\colon S \\longrightarrow{\\mathbb{C}}^2,\\qquad\n\\widetilde\\xi\\circ \\xi^{-1} (b_2,\\, b_4) = ({\\textstyle{1\\over2}}b_2,\\, 9(b_4-{\\textstyle{1\\over4}}b_2^2) ),$$ so by we have $$\\widetilde\\xi\\circ\\chi \\left( s(v_1^-,\\,v_2^-,\\,v_1^+,\\,v_2^+) \\right)\n=\n( (v_1^-)^2-v_2^+,\\quad\n36(v_1^-)^2v_2^+ -9\\left((v_2^-)^2 +(v_1^+)^2\\right)).$$ One now checks that $$\\begin{aligned}\n \\Phi\\colon S&\\longrightarrow& \\chi_h^{-1} \\left( ({\\mathfrak{t}}_h/W_h)^{\\mathbf{C}}\\right), \\\\\n s(v_1^-,\\,v_2^-,\\,v_1^+,\\,v_2^+) &\\mapsto &\n s_h\\left( {\\textstyle\\sqrt{2\\over3}}v_1^-,\\,{\\textstyle{3i\\over2}}v_2^-,\\,\n {\\textstyle{1\\over2}}(v_1^-)^2+{\\textstyle{3\\over2}}\\left(v_1^+-v_2^+\\right),\\,\n {\\textstyle{1\\over2}}(v_1^-)^2-{\\textstyle{3\\over2}}\\left(v_1^++v_2^+\\right)\\right)\\end{aligned}$$ yields a $({\\mathbb{C}}^\\ast\\times{\\mathbf{C}})$-equivariant isomorphism such that the diagram $$\\label{eq:PhiPsi}\n\\begin{tikzcd}\nS\\ar[r, \"\\Phi\"] \\ar[r] \\ar[d] & \\chi_h^{-1}(({\\mathfrak{t}}_h/W_h)^{\\mathbf{C}}) \\ar[d] \\\\\n{\\mathfrak{t}}/W\\ar[r, \"\\widetilde\\xi_h^{-1}\\circ\\widetilde\\xi\"] & ({\\mathfrak{t}}_h/W_h)^{\\mathbf{C}}\\end{tikzcd}$$ commutes.",
"\n\nSome aspects of this example have already been worked out in [@Beck2 Appendix B]. ",
"Beware that the triple $(x_0,y_0,h_0)$ in $\\mathfrak{sl}_4({\\mathbb{C}})$ given there is not an $\\mathfrak{sl}_2$-triple but only satisfies $[x_0,y_0]=h_0$. However, the corresponding slice still gives the correct semi-universal ${\\mathbb{C}}^*$-deformation of a $\\mathrm{B}_2$-singularity. ",
"Moreover, there, the Lie algebra $\\mathfrak{so_5}({\\mathbb{C}})$ of type $\\Delta=\\mathrm{B}_2$ is used rather than the (isomorphic) Lie algebra $\\mathfrak{sp_4}({\\mathbb{C}})$ of type $\\Delta=\\mathrm{C}_2$.\n\n[^1]: Some authors, for example Slodowy [@Slo], call the $\\mathrm{ADE}$- or simply-laced Dynkin diagrams ‘homogeneous’. ",
"This explains the subscript $h$.\n\n[^2]: These are graph automorphisms $a$\\[graphauto\\] such that $(a(\\alpha),\\alpha)\\in\\{0,2\\}$ for each root $\\alpha\\in R_h$. Note that with this terminology, Dynkin diagrams of type $\\Delta_h=\\mathrm{A_{2n}}$ have no non-trivial Dynkin graph automorphisms, $\\mathrm{Aut}_D(\\Delta_h)=\\{\\mathrm{id}\\}$, while $\\mathrm{Aut}(\\Delta_h)\\cong{\\mathbb{Z}}_2$. Moreover, ${\\mathbf{C}}\\cong\\{{\\mathrm{id}}\\}$ or ${\\mathbf{C}}\\cong{\\mathbb{Z}}_2$ or ${\\mathbf{C}}\\cong{\\mathbb{Z}}_3$.\n\n[^3]: These hold for any complex Lie algebra that corresponds to a complex reductive algebraic group $H$.\\[Chevalley\\]\n\n[^4]: Note that $\\alpha_O=(a\\cdot \\alpha)_O$ for all $\\alpha\\in R_h$.\n\n[^5]: This definition goes back to Slodowy [@Slo §6.2], who however uses the dual notion, i.e. ${\\mathbf{C}}$-invariants instead of ${\\mathbf{C}}$-coinvariants to label the singularities. ",
"Our conventions are better adapted to the folding of simple complex Lie algebras and Hitchin systems.\\[footnote:Slo\\]\n\n[^6]: Clearly, these weights are not unique and we fix one choice here. ",
"As we shall see, cf.",
" Remark \\[rem:Cstar\\], the natural choice of coprime weights is in general not compatible with the Lie algebraic description of $\\Delta$-singularities.",
"\n\n[^7]: We do so because so far, only this component has been related to Calabi–Yau integrable systems. ",
"Other components hopefully also arise geometrically, perhaps by G-flux.",
"\n\n[^8]: This proposition is stated for $\\mathrm{ord}(a)=2$ but generalizes to arbitrary finite order.",
"\n\n[^9]: A pure ${\\mathbb{Z}}$-Hodge structure of non-negative weight $w$ is called effective if $H^{p,q}=\\{0\\}$ for all $(p,q)\\notin \\mathbb{N}^2$ with $p+q=w$.\n"
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[
"---\nabstract: 'Although duality is used extensively in certain fields, such as supervised learning in machine learning, it has been much less explored in others, such as reinforcement learning (RL). ",
"In this paper, we show how duality is involved in a variety of RL work, from that which spearheaded the field, such as Richard Bellman’s value iteration, to that which was done within just the past few years yet has already had significant impact, such as TRPO, A3C, and GAIL. ",
"We show that duality is *not* uncommon in reinforcement learning, especially when *value iteration*, or *dynamic programming*, is used or when first or second order approximations are made to transform initially intractable problems into tractable convex programs.'",
"\nauthor:\n- |\n Pranay Pasula\\\n Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences\\\n University of California, Berkeley\\\n `pasula@berkeley.edu`\\\nbibliography:\n- 'references.bib'\ntitle: Lagrangian Duality in Reinforcement Learning\n---\n\nIntroduction\n============\n\nThe study of optimization problems that are dual to certain initial problems has led to key insights, including efficient ways to bound or exactly solve these original problems [@boyd2004convex]. ",
"Though duality is used extensively in certain fields, such as supervised learning in machine learning, it has been less explored in others, such as reinforcement learning (RL). ",
"In this paper, we show how duality is involved in a variety of RL work, from that which spearheaded the field [@bellman1966dynamic; @howard1960dynamic; @bertsekas1995dynamic] to that which was done within the past few years but has already had significant impact [@schulman2015trust; @ho2016generative; @mnih2016asynchronous].",
"\n\nWe show that duality is *not* uncommon in reinforcement learning, especially when *value iteration*, or *dynamic programming*, is used or when first or second order approximations are made to transform initially intractable problems into tractable convex programs [@schulman2015trust; @kakade2002natural; @achiam2017constrained]. ",
"We touch on a number of works that span a wide range of RL paradigms but focus on some works that have been particularly influential, such as Trust Region Policy Optimization (TRPO) [@schulman2015trust], Asynchronous Advantage Actor-Critic (A3C) [@mnih2016asynchronous], and Generative Adversarial Imitation Learning (GAIL) [@ho2016generative]. ",
"In some cases duality is used as a theoretical tool to prove certain results or to gain insight into the meaning of the problem involved. ",
"In other cases duality is leveraged to employ gradient-based methods over some *dual* space, as is done in alternating direction method of multipliers (ADMM) [@boyd2011distributed], mirror descent [@beck2003mirror], and dual averaging [@xiao2010dual; @duchi2011dual].",
"\n\nWe hope this work will encourage others to more strongly consider duality in reinforcement learning, which we believe to be an often underexplored yet promising line of reasoning.",
"\n\nPreliminaries\n=============\n\nWe consider a standard reinforcement learning framework in which we have a Markov decision process (MDP) $M = (\\mathcal{S}, \\mathcal{A}, P, R, T, \\gamma)$, where $\\mathcal{S}$ is the state space, $\\mathcal{A}$ is the action space, $P:\\mathcal{S} \\times \\mathcal{A} \\times \\mathcal{S} \\rightarrow [0, 1]$ is the distribution representing the transition probabilities of the agent arriving in state $s'$ after taking action $a$ while in state $s$, $R:\\mathcal{S} \\times \\mathcal{A} \\rightarrow \\mathbb{R}$ is the reward function representing the reward the agent obtains by taking action $a$ while in state $s$, $T > 0$ is the time horizon and can be either finite or infinite, and $\\gamma \\in [0,1]$ is the multiplicative rate at which future rewards are discounted per time step. ",
"For simplicity, we will usually set $\\gamma = 1$ and drop this term. ",
"Throughout this paper we will use the terms *trajectory*, *behavior*, and *demonstration* interchangeably, all of which refer to a finite or infinite sequence of states and actions $\\{s_1, a_1, s_2, a_2, \\dotsc, s_T, a_T\\}.$\n\nWe assume the reader has at least an introductory understanding of duality theory and defer its exposition to [@boyd2004convex].",
"\n\nDuality in Dynamic Programming\n==============================\n\nUnregularized Markov Decision Processes\n---------------------------------------\n\nDuality has well-established history in the theory underlying fundamental classes of RL algorithms, such as value iteration and policy optimization. ",
"In particular, the Bellman backup operator $\\mathcal{T}_\\pi$ [@bellman1966dynamic] induced by a policy $\\pi$ and applied to Q functions $Q_\\pi$ induced by $\\pi$ represents the dynamic programming update $$Q_{\\pi}(s_t, a_t) = R(s_t, a_t) + \\sum_{s_{t+1} \\in \\mathcal{S}} \\left[ P(s_{t+1} \\mid s_t, a_t) \\sum_{a_{t+1} \\in \\mathcal{A}} Q_{\\pi}(s_{t+1}, a_{t+1}) \\right],$$ which under mild conditions [@puterman2014markov] converges to the fixed point $Q_{\\pi}.$\n\nSince the goal in reinforcement learning is to find the optimal policy $\\pi^*$ that maximizes the expected sum of rewards obtained by the agent, an equivalent problem is to find $\\pi^*$ that maximizes the average reward $\\bar{R}$ obtained by the agent over timesteps $t = 1, 2, 3, \\dotsc$\n\nMDP theory allows us to write the average reward $\\bar{R}(\\pi)$, obtained by following policy $\\pi$, in terms of $R$, $\\pi$, and the stationary state distribution $\\nu_\\pi(x)$ under $\\pi$. Namely, we have $$\\bar{R}(\\pi) = \\sum_{(s,a) \\in \\mathcal{S} \\times \\mathcal{A}} \\nu_\\pi(s)\\pi(a \\mid s) R(s,a).$$ The stationary state distribution $\\nu_\\pi$ is linear in the stationary state-action distribution $\\mu_\\pi = \\nu_\\pi \\pi$, which suggests that the problem of finding the optimal policy can be formulated as a linear program (LP) with decision variable $\\mu$ over the probability simplex $\\mathcal{C}$: $$\\label{sa_dist_opt}\n\\mu^* = \\operatorname*{arg\\,max}_{\\mu \\in \\mathcal{C}} \\bar{R}(\\mu).$$ [@puterman2014markov] shows that by assuming $\\mu^* \\in \\mathcal{C}$, which holds when the MDP has only one recurrent class, (\\[sa\\_dist\\_opt\\]) is the dual of the LP $$\\label{reward_opt}\n\\begin{split}\n & \\underset{\\bar{R} \\in \\mathbb{R}}{\\max} \\quad \\qquad \\bar{R} \\\\\n & \\text{subj. ",
"to } \\quad \\bar{R} - R(s,a) + V(s) - \\sum_{s'} P(s' \\mid s,a) V(s'), \\qquad \\text{for all } s,a \\in \\mathcal{S} \\times \\mathcal{A},\n\\end{split}$$ where the dual variable $V(\\cdot) = \\sum_{a} P(a \\mid \\cdot{}) Q({}\\cdot{}, a)$ is known as the *value function*. ",
"Since this is a linear program, if the optimal average reward $\\bar{R}^*$ is attained, strong duality holds, and it can be shown that the optimal value function $V^*$ is the solution to the *average-reward Bellman equations* $$\\label{avg_bell}\nV^*(s) = \\underset{a}{\\max} \\left( R(s,a) - \\bar{R}^* + \\sum_{s'} P(s' \\mid s,a) V^*(s) \\right), \\quad \\text{for all } s \\in \\mathcal{S},$$ and that $V^*$ is a fixed point of the Bellman operator $\\mathcal{T}_{\\pi^*}$ under $\\pi^*.$\n\nRegularized Markov Decision Processes\n-------------------------------------\n\n[@neu2017unified] defines a regularized objective $\\bar{R}_\\eta(\\mu)$ inspired by the linear program (\\[reward\\_opt\\]) and proposes the concave optimization problem $$\\label{reg_opt}\n\\underset{\\mu \\in \\mathcal{C}}{\\max} \\ \\bar{R}_\\eta(\\mu) = \\underset{\\mu \\in \\mathcal{C}}{\\max} \\ \\left\\{ \\sum_{s,a} \\big[ \\mu(s,a)R(s,a) \\big] - \\frac{1}{\\eta}W(\\mu) \\right\\},$$ where $\\eta > 0$ is the scale parameter that trades-off between the original objective and regularization and $W : \\mathbb{R}^{\\mathcal{S} \\times \\mathcal{A}} \\rightarrow \\mathbb{R}$ is a convex regularization function.",
"\n\n[@neu2017unified] shows that by using Bregman divergences $D_S\\infdivx{\\mu} {\\mu'}$, induced by the *negative Shannon entropy*, and $D_C\\infdivx{\\mu}{ \\mu'}$, induced by the *conditional entropy*, for some reference distribution $\\mu'$ as choices of $W(\\mu)$ in (\\[reg\\_opt\\]), the dual to (\\[reg\\_opt\\]) is similar to the average-reward Bellman equations (\\[avg\\_bell\\]). ",
"To note, these choices of $W$ allow us to perform *mirror descent* to find both the primal and dual optimal values.",
"\n\nFurthermore, [@neu2017unified] shows that the popular reinforcement learning algorithms Trust Region Policy Optimization (TRPO) [@schulman2015trust] and Asynchronous Advantage Actor-Critic (A3C) [@mnih2016asynchronous] can be formulated as optimization problems with the form of (\\[reg\\_opt\\]) for particular choices of $W$. We will revisit each of these when we discuss TRPO in Section 5.1 and A3C in Section 5.2.",
"\n\n### Relative entropy Bregman divergence\n\nNamely, [@peters2010relative; @zimin2013online; @neu2017unified] show that for $W := D_S\\infdivx{\\cdot}{\\mu'}$, we have $$\\label{rel_ent_opt_dist}\n\\mu_\\eta(s,a)^* \\propto \\mu'(s,a)e^{\\eta \\big(R(s,a) + \\sum_{s'} P(s' \\mid s,a) V^*(s') - V^*(s) \\big)},$$ and the dual function $$\\label{rel_ent_dual_func}\ng(V) = \\frac{1}{\\eta} \\log \\sum_{s,a} \\mu'(s,a)e^{\\eta \\big(R(s,a) + \\sum_{s'} P(s' \\mid s,a) V^*(s') - V^*(s) \\big)}.$$ Assuming that strong duality holds, we have $$\\label{strong_duality_rel_ent}\ng(V^*_\\eta) = \\bar{R}^*_\\eta = \\max_{\\mu \\in \\mathcal{C}} \\bar{R}_\\eta(\\mu)$$\n\n### Conditional entropy Bregman divergence\n\n[@neu2017unified] shows that for $W := D_C\\infdivx{\\cdot}{\\mu'}$, we have $$\\label{cond_ent_opt_pol}\n\\pi_\\eta^*(a \\mid s) \\propto \\pi_{\\mu'}(a \\mid s)e^{\\eta \\big(R(s,a) + \\sum_{s'} P(s' \\mid s,a) V^*(s') - V^*(s) \\big)}$$ and the dual problem of (\\[reg\\_opt\\]) is $$\\label{dual_cond_ent_prob}\n\\begin{split}\n \\underset{\\lambda \\in \\mathbb{R}}{\\max} \\ & \\quad \\lambda \\\\\n \\text{subj. ",
"to } & \\quad V(s) = \\frac{1}{\\eta} \\log{\\sum_{a} \\pi_{\\mu'}(a \\mid s)e^{\\eta \\big( R(s,a) - \\lambda + \\sum_{s'} P(s' \\mid s,a)V(s') \\big)}}, \\quad \\text{for all } s \\in \\mathcal{S},\n\\end{split}$$ which has dual optimal solution $$\\label{dual_cond_end_soln}\nV^*_\\eta (s) = \\frac{1}{\\eta} \\log{\\sum_{a} \\pi_{\\mu'}(a \\mid s)e^{\\eta \\big( R(s,a) - \\bar{R}^*_\\eta + \\sum_{s'} P(s' \\mid s,a) V^*_\\eta(s') \\big)}}, \\quad \\text{for all } s' \\in \\mathcal{S}.$$\n\nDuality in Learning from Demonstration\n======================================\n\nLearning from demonstration (LfD) is a paradigm in which an agent is given demonstrations from some presumably expert agent and aims to imitate those demonstrations as closely as possible or learn the reward function that the expert was trying to maximize. ",
"LfD can be broken into three subfields, behavioral cloning, adversarial imitation learning, and inverse reinforcement learning.",
"\n\nIn behavioral cloning (BC), the agent aims to mimic the expert demonstrations without reward signal nor interaction with the environment. ",
"Though attractively simple, BC is susceptible to compounding errors due to covariate shift and lack of feedback. ",
"Since an agent that performs BC learns only from the demonstrations provided to it, BC usually requires a large amount of data that captures both the behaviors under optimal conditions as well as corrective actions that rectify suboptimal behaviors.",
"\n\nIn adversarial imitation learning, a discriminator is given unlabeled demonstrations from the agent and expert. ",
"For each demonstration the discriminator is trained to classify whether the demonstration was generated by the agent or by the expert. ",
"The agent’s goal is to fool the discriminator as often as possible, and by training to maximize this objective, the agent learns to generate demonstrations that are similar to the expert demonstrations. ",
"This is akin to the generative adversarial network (GAN) framework [@goodfellow2014generative], and indeed, we will soon see that adversarial imitation learning can be see as GAN training [@ho2016generative]. ",
"Unlike in behavioral cloning, in adversarial imitation learning the agent generates trajectories by interacting with the environment.",
"\n\nIn inverse reinforcement learning (IRL), the primary objective is to recover the reward function that the expert agent was optimizing for. ",
"Often simultaneously, an agent is trained to maximize an iteration of this reward function and generates demonstrations comparable to expert demonstrations at convergence. ",
"A major downside to IRL is that it is typically posed as a two-loop problem, in which the inner loop requires performing an expensive reinforcement learning procedure.",
"\n\nGenerative Adversarial Imitation Learning (GAIL)\n------------------------------------------------\n\nGenerative Adversarial Imitation Learning [@ho2016generative] is a framework for learning an expert policy from expert demonstrations while avoiding the need to recover the optimal reward function. ",
"However, it assumes that the expert agent has optimized for some optimal reward function $R^*:\\mathcal{S} \\times \\mathcal{A} \\longrightarrow \\mathbb{R}$ from which a unique optimal policy $\\pi^*:\\mathcal{S} \\longrightarrow \\mathcal{A}$ can be learned. ",
"In fact, since we assume that $R^* \\in \\text{IRL}(\\pi^*)$ and $\\pi^* \\in \\text{RL}(R^*)$, we have $$R^* \\in \\operatorname*{arg\\,max}_{R \\in \\mathcal{R}} \\ \\mathbb{E}_{\\pi^*} \\left[ \\sum_{t=0}^\\infty \\gamma^t R(s_t, a_t) \\right].$$ $$\\pi^* \\in \\operatorname*{arg\\,max}_{\\pi \\in \\Pi} \\ \\mathbb{E}_{\\pi} \\left[ \\sum_{t=0}^\\infty \\gamma^t R^*(s_t, a_t) \\right].$$ IRL optimizes for $R^*$ and $\\pi^*$ simultaneously by solving the saddle-point optimization problem $$\\underset{R \\in \\mathcal{R}}{\\max} \\left( \\underset{\\pi \\in \\Pi}{\\min} \\ \\mathbb{E}_{(s,a) \\sim \\pi} \\left[ R(s,a) \\right] \\right) - \\mathbb{E}_{(s,a) \\sim \\pi^*} \\left[ R(s,a) \\right].$$ Maximum causal entropy IRL [@ziebart2008maximum; @ziebart2010modeling] aims to recover a policy that not only performs well but also captures diverse behaviors. ",
"It does so by modifying the objective directly above to also maximize the causal entropy $H$ of the recovered policy.",
"\n\n[@ho2016generative] shows that under mild conditions, the dual to this modified problem is actually a problem that aims to match the stationary state-action distributions of the expert policy and the policy being trained. ",
"Through this result, they propose an adversarial imitation learning framework with guaranteed convergence results as well as a robust, practical imitation learning algorithm.",
"\n\nDuality in Policy Search\n========================\n\nTrust Region Policy Optimization (TRPO)\n---------------------------------------\n\nPolicy gradient (PG) algorithms [@sutton2000policy; @silver2014deterministic] are a family of algorithms that aim to recover the optimal policy $\\pi^*$ with respect to some reward function $R$, usually by interacting with the environment, obtaining Monte Carlo estimates of the discounted rewards, and computing the gradient of the policy with respect to these rewards so that gradient-based optimization over the policy space converges to $\\pi^*$.\n\nIn vanilla PG, the policy being trained undergoes gradient updates that are based on a loss function with respect to the policy parameters. ",
"Though the policy is kept close in parameter space, in practice vanilla PG can be highly unstable, and policy performance can vary significantly from iteration to iteration. [",
"@schulman2015trust] proposes Trust Region Policy Optimization (TRPO), which overcomes this issue by constraining the expected Kullback-Leibler divergence from the old policy $\\theta^{k+1}$ to the new policy $\\theta^{k}$ over the states encounted while running the old policy. ",
"Namely, [@schulman2015trust] proposes a heuristic approximation to the solution of the theoretical TRPO problem, $$\\label{trpo_objec_1}\n\\begin{split}\n\\theta_{k+1} = \\quad \\operatorname*{arg\\,max}_{\\theta \\in \\Theta} \\quad & \\mathcal{L}(\\theta, \\theta^{k}) \\\\\n\\quad \\text{subj. ",
"to } \\quad & \\bar{D}_{KL}\\infdivx{\\theta}{\\theta^{k}} \\leq \\delta,\n\\end{split}$$ where the *surrogate advantage* function $\\mathcal{L}(\\theta, {\\theta^k})$ quantifies how well the policy $\\pi_\\theta$ performs compared with the old policy $\\pi_{\\theta^k}$ using trajectories obtained by running the old policy, $$\\mathcal{L}(\\theta, {\\theta^k}) = \\underset{(s,a) \\sim \\pi_{{\\theta^k}}}{\\mathbb{E}} \\left[ \\frac{\\pi_\\theta(a \\mid s)}{\\pi_{\\theta^k}(a \\mid s)} \\left( R(s,a) - \\underset{a \\sim \\pi_{\\theta^k}(\\cdot \\mid s)}{\\mathbb{E}} \\left[ R(\\cdot \\mid s) \\right] \\right) \\right],$$ and $$\\bar{D}_{KL}\\infdivx{\\theta}{\\theta^{k}} = \\underset{s \\sim \\pi_{\\theta^k}}{\\mathbb{E}} \\left[ D_{KL}\\infdivx*{\\pi_\\theta(\\cdot \\mid s)}{\\pi_{\\theta^k}(\\cdot \\mid s)} \\right].$$ Interestingly, by using a linear approximation to the objective function and a quadratic approximation to the constraint in (\\[trpo\\_objec\\_1\\]), we get exactly the natural policy gradient [@kakade2002natural] update, $$\\label{nat_grad}\n\\begin{split}\n\\theta^{k+1} = \\quad \\operatorname*{arg\\,max}_{\\theta \\in \\Theta} \\quad & \\nabla_\\theta \\mathcal{L}(\\theta, \\theta^k) \\Big\\rvert_{\\theta = \\theta^k} \\cdot (\\theta - \\theta^k) \\\\\n\\quad \\text{subj. ",
"to } \\quad & (\\theta - \\theta^k)^T H(\\theta^k) (\\theta - \\theta^k) \\leq \\delta,\n\\end{split}$$ where $H$ is the Hessian matrix of the constraint in (\\[trpo\\_objec\\_1\\]) with respect to $\\theta.$ Using duality theory, this problem has the analytical solution $$\\label{analytical_trpo_update}\n\\theta^{k+1} = \\theta^{k} + \\alpha \\sqrt{\\frac{2\\delta}{g^T H^{-1} g}}H^{-1}g,$$ where $\\alpha$ is determined through backtracking line search and $g = \\nabla_\\theta \\mathcal{L}(\\theta, \\theta^k) \\Big\\rvert_{\\theta = \\theta^k}.$\n\nComputing or storing $H^{-1}$ may be prohibitively expensive, but according to the form of (\\[analytical\\_trpo\\_update\\]), finding $H^{-1}g$ is sufficient, and computing or storing this matrix-vector product is relatively cheap. ",
"TRPO uses the conjugate gradient method to obtain $H^{-1}g$ while circumventing computation or storage of $H^{-1}$, enabling its use in practical settings.",
"\n\n### Trust Region Policy Optimization as approximated Mirror Descent\n\n[@neu2017unified] shows that the TRPO update with the form $$\\begin{gathered}\n\\label{trpo_objec}\n\\pi_{k+1} = \\operatorname*{arg\\,max}_{\\pi} \\left\\{ \\sum_{x} \\nu_{\\pi_k}(s) \\sum_{a} \\pi(a \\mid s) \\left( \\vphantom{\\frac{\\pi(a \\mid s)}{\\pi_k(a \\mid s)}} R(s,a) \\right. ",
"\\right. \\\\ ",
"\n\\left. ",
"\\left. ",
"+ \\sum_{s'} P(s' \\mid s,a) V^{\\pi_k}_{\\eta=\\infty}(s') - V^{\\pi_k}_{\\eta=\\infty}(s) - \\frac{1}{\\eta} \\log{\\frac{\\pi(a \\mid s)}{\\pi_k(a \\mid s)}} \\right) \\right\\}\\end{gathered}$$ approximates mirror descent and that this update can be expressed in closed form as $$\\pi_{k+1}(a \\mid s) \\propto \\pi_{k}(a \\mid s)e^{\\eta \\big( R(s,a) + \\sum_{s'} P(s' \\mid s,a) V^{\\pi_k}_{\\eta=\\infty}(s') - V^{\\pi_k}_{\\eta=\\infty}(s) \\big) }.$$ [@schulman2015trust] claims that the theoretical TRPO updates are monotonic improvements, but do not claim whether TRPO converges to an optimal policy. ",
"However, through duality theory, [@neu2017unified] shows that the theoretical TRPO updates indeed converge to the optimal policy $\\pi^*$.\n\nA3C as Dual Averaging\n---------------------\n\n[@neu2017unified] shows that the A3C algorithm [@mnih2016asynchronous] aims to optimize the objective $$\\sum_{x} \\nu_{\\pi_k}(s) \\sum_{a} \\pi(a \\mid s) \\left( R(s,a) + \\sum_{s'} P(s' \\mid s,a) V^{\\pi_k}_{\\eta=\\infty}(s') - V^{\\pi_k}_{\\eta=\\infty}(s) - \\frac{1}{\\eta^k} \\log{\\pi_\\theta(a \\mid s)} \\right),$$ which can be interpreted as a dual-averaging [@xiao2010dual; @duchi2011dual] variant of the TRPO objective in (\\[trpo\\_objec\\]).",
"\n\nAgain through the use of duality theory, [@neu2017unified] conjectures that A3C does *not* converge and proposes a modified method with convergence guarantees.",
"\n\nConstrained Policy Optimization (CPO)\n-------------------------------------\n\n[@achiam2017constrained] uses an approximated update similar to (\\[nat\\_grad\\]) but with an additional constraint that is affine in $\\theta$ to make safety guarantees that hold in expectation. ",
"The dual problem in CPO is similar to that of TRPO, and the optimal update to $\\theta$ can be derived analytically through duality theory here as well.",
"\n\nA Lyapunov-based approach to Safe Reinforcement Learning\n--------------------------------------------------------\n\n[@chow2018lyapunov] puts forth a primal-dual subgradient method that obtains a policy that satisfies certain safety constraints in expectation.",
"\n\nGuided Policy Search (GPS)\n--------------------------\n\n[@levine2013guided] can be used to train complex high-dimensional policies without optimizing the policies directly in high-dimensional parameter spaces. ",
"GPS trains a student policy to imitate a teacher policy that is also being trained to produce behaviors that the the student can demonstrate. ",
"This approach formulates the Lagrangian of a specified cost function and takes gradient steps on primal and dual variables in an alternating fashion.",
"\n\nFurthermore, [@montgomery2016guided] shows that GPS can be seen as an approximate variant of mirror descent. ",
"More generally, [@peters2010relative; @zimin2013online] show that the form of the update in GPS can formulated as mirror descent with the Bregman divergence $D_S$ induced by the relative entropy of the stationary state-action distribution $\\mu_\\pi$ corresponding to the policy $\\pi$.\n\nConclusion\n==========\n\nThe study and application of duality theory has led to key advances in the understanding and efficiency of solving optimization problems in a number of fields. ",
"However, duality hasn’t received comparable focus in reinforcement learning even though much of the influential work in RL has relied on it. ",
"We’ve shown that duality arises more often in RL than one may think, with benefits including increased interpretability, convergence guarantees, and state-of-the-art advances in algorithmic performance and efficiency. ",
"Going forward we hope others will more strongly consider duality while addressing reinforcement learning problems.",
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"September 15, 2017\n\nAKG S30 All-in-One Portable Bluetooth Speaker Specifications\n\nSamsung Galaxy Note 8 is available very soon and aside from its impressive features, you’ll also get cool AKG S30 all-in-one Bluetooth speaker freebie when you avail this latest smartphone in limited time. ",
"The speaker is equipped with wireless Bluetooth streaming, microphone and a power bank that allows you to charge your device while on the go.",
"\n\nAKG30 also features dual microphone that you can use for conferencing boosted noise cancelling for better sound quality on the receiving end. ",
"The sleek and premium design of the speaker makes it better paired with your Samsung Galaxy Note 8.",
"\n\nAKG Harman S30 Speaker Specs and Features\n\nIf you place your pre-order for Samsung Galaxy Note 8 via their network/telco partners, you can also get this speaker for free. ",
"Check out the specifications below.",
"\n\nFeatures:\n\nWireless Bluetooth streaming\n\nDual microphone conferencing (w/ noise cancelling)\n\n2500mAh battery power bank\n\nCompact form factor\n\nSpecifications:\n\nTransducers: 2 x 36mm\n\nRated power: 2 x 5W\n\nFrequency response: 180-20kHz\n\nDimensions: 160.6mm x 27.8mm x 69mm\n\nSignal-to-noise ratio: 80dB\n\nMicro/ USB rating: 5V, 1.0A\n\nWeight:333g\n\nTo connect, just turn on your Bluetooth and pair it with your smartphone to start audio streaming. ",
"The speaker may include carrying pouch that you can use anywhere you go."
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"[image type=”none” float=”none” src=”2159″ alt=”” href=”” title=”” info_content=”” lightbox_caption=”” id=”” class=”” style=”align-text: center;”][text_output]We are proud to introduce the Blueshirts Breakaway Hockey Lexicon , your one-stop shop for learning about hockey analytics in an intuitive and easily digestible manner. ",
"We put months of work and research into creating this resource for the purpose of trying to make the complex and often overwhelming world of hockey analytics, or “fancy stats,” easier to understand for everyone. ",
"Our goal here isn’t to try to convince you all that hockey analytics are the end-all, be-all of player and team analysis; in fact, it’s quite the contrary. ",
"Our goal is to help everyone to learn about the concepts, statistics and resources that are available for free to fans to help supplement your current analysis, hockey conversations and what you see when you watch the game.",
"\n\nWhat we aim to provide is a far more robust resource than a standard glossary or a typical article discussing various analytics. ",
"Instead, we decided we wanted to provide everyone looking to learn more about hockey analytics with a comprehensive learning resources that not only provides the definitions for the litany of advanced stats and concepts available, but also give context to why the stats are important, and how you can use them. ",
"Within the Lexicon, we also summarize and link to various resources that fans can use for free to help learn about a variety of hockey-related items, including statistics, prospects, contracts and the game in general. ",
"Lastly, we provide a lengthy list of people we highly recommending following on Twitter if you would like to learn more, and we offer up suggestions for both Rangers-focused and more general league-wide individuals.",
"\n\nHowever, if this is all more than you are looking for, and all you want is something to help you brush up on the exact definition of a term you are already familiar with, we also provide the Metrics Glossary, which simply provides the definition for the terminology and statistics found in the Lexicon.",
"\n\nOne last thing we would like to point out, is that we have incorporated the definitions housed in the Metrics Glossary throughout our website, so that whenever a term within the Glossary appears in an article, it will be underlined and linked to the definition. ",
"To view the definition on a desktop device, simply hover-over the underlined term with your mouse, and a little blue window will appear containing the definition. ",
"On touchscreen devices such as phones and tablets, you simply need to tap the linked term to view the definition window. ",
"For example, try it here with this term: Game Score.[/text_output][image type=”thumbnail” float=”none” src=”2144″ alt=”” href=”” title=”” info_content=”” lightbox_caption=”” id=”” class=”aligncenter” style=””][text_output]Both the Hockey Lexicon and Metrics Glossary will be resources that will evolve over time. ",
"These resources are not just a one-time information dump that we will never update. ",
"We plan on continuously looking to make additions and improvements to both the content contained within the pages and the usability of the pages. ",
"We already have a number of ideas in the works for how to improve the usability and integration of the resources with our site, but we wanted to at least get this out there now so everyone can begin using them and learning. ",
"If anyone has any questions about the resources or how to use them, or if you have any suggestions for how we can improve them, please do not hesitate to reach out to Drew Way or Constantine (Dean) Chutis. ",
"We value your feedback, and hope to make this the best learning resource possible for hockey fans of all preferences and acumens.[/text_output]"
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"Screw-blade fixation systems in Pauwels three femoral neck fractures: a biomechanical evaluation.",
"\nTo reduce mechanical complications after osteosynthesis of femoral neck fractures, improved fixation techniques have been developed including blade or screw-anchor devices. ",
"This biomechanical study compares different fixation systems used for treatment of unstable femoral neck fractures with evaluation of failure mode, load to failure, stiffness, femoral head rotation, femoral neck shortening and femoral head migration. ",
"Standardized Pauwels type 3 fractures (AO/OTA 31-B2) with comminution were created in 18 biomechanical sawbones using a custom-made sawguide. ",
"Fractures were stabilized using either SHS-Screw, SHS-Blade or Rotationally Stable Screw-Anchor (RoSA). ",
"Femurs were positioned in 25 degrees adduction and ten degrees posterior flexion and were cyclically loaded with an axial sinusoidal loading pattern of 0.5 Hz, starting with 300 N, with an increase by 300 N every 2000 cycles until bone-implant failure occurred. ",
"Mean failure load for the Screw-Anchor fixation (RoSA) was 5100 N (IQR 750 N), 3900 N (IQR 75 N) for SHS-Blade and 3000 N (IQR 675 N; p = 0.002) for SHS-Screw. ",
"For SHS-Screw and SHS-Blade we observed fracture displacement with consecutive fracture collapse as the main reason for failure, whereas RoSA mainly showed a cut-out under high loadings. ",
"Mean stiffness at 1800 N was 826 (IQR 431) N/mm for SHS-Screw, 1328 (IQR 441) N/mm for SHS-Blade and 1953 (IQR 617) N/mm for RoSA (p = 0.003). ",
"With a load of 1800 N (SHS-Screw 12° vs. SHS-Blade 7° vs. RoSA 2°; p = 0.003) and with 2700 N (24° vs. 15° vs. 3°; p = 0.002) the RoSA implants demonstrated a higher rotational stability and had the lowest femoral neck shortening (p = 0.002), compared with the SHS groups. ",
"At the 2700 N load point, RoSA systems showed a lower axial (p = 0.019) and cranial (p = 0.031) femoral head migration compared to the SHS-Screw. ",
"In our study, the new Screw-Anchor fixation (RoSA) was superior to the comparable SHS implants regarding rotational stability and femoral neck shortening. ",
"Failure load, stiffness, femoral head migration, and resistance to fracture displacement were in RoSA implants higher than in SHS-Screws, but without significance in comparison to SHS-Blades."
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"Wide Receiver\n\nTop of the Heap: Stacy Coley (Miami)\n\nColey (above) may never be a featured starter on the outside at the next level, but he projects well to the pro game with his abilities as a route runner paired with his top-end speed and quality ball skills. ",
"A starting gunner on punt coverage who has also made an impact as a returner with the Hurricanes, Coley projects best as a slot receiver who will be active every week because of his well-rounded skill set.",
"\n\nPractice Standout: Austin Carr (Northwestern)\n\nA third-team All-America and first-team All-Big Ten pick this year, Carr has NFL size at 6-1, 195 pounds and transitions really well inside, a position he dominated with the Wildcats. ",
"A former walk-on who didn't see action until his junior year, Carr has solid quickness but he wins with his skill as a route runner and uber-reliable hands. ",
"The redshirt senior made contested grab after contested grab throughout his final season, and that consistency at the catch point will serve him well as he transitions to the NFL. ",
"I expect him to stand out this week in practice because of his ability to win in the \"big man's\" game in jump balls as well as the \"small game\" getting in and out of breaks in those one-on-one drills.",
"\n\nMost Productive College Player: Gabe Marks (Washington State)\n\nMarks is as productive as you can be for a college receiving prospect. ",
"With 316 catches, over 3,400 yards and 37 touchdowns in his career in head coach Mike Leach's high-powered \"Air Raid\" offense, the senior posted video game numbers throughout his career. ",
"He projects best as a slot receiver in the NFL thanks to his size (6-0, 180 pounds), reliable hands and solid route-running abilities.",
"\n\nBest Story: Trey Griffey (Arizona)\n\nGriffey is the son of MLB Hall of Famer Ken Griffey, Jr. and a one-year starter under Rich Rodriguez. ",
"Griffey is a proven special teamer for the Wildcats who gives good effort as a blocker but needs refinement in a lot of areas at the wide receiver spot. ",
"This will be a big week of practice for the senior from Orlando, Florida as he tries to prove that he can be an NFL Draft pick. ",
"He was already chosen in the Major League Baseball Draft by his father's Seattle Mariners.",
"\n\nPhilly Connection: Jalen Robinette (Air Force)\n\nBack in 2008, the Eagles signed an undrafted free agent wide receiver out of Air Force by the name of Chad Hall, who ended up playing for three years in Philadelphia before moving on to San Francisco, Kansas City (where Doug Pederson was the offensive coordinator) and Jacksonville. ",
"This year's Air Force receiver is Robinette, who was very productive for the service academy throughout his career thanks to his size (6-3, 217 pounds), strength and ability to box out defenders at the catch point.",
"\n\nRest of the Pack: Quincy Adeboyejo (Ole Miss), Billy Brown (Shepherd), Kermit Whitfield (Florida State), DeAngelo Yancey (Purdue), Tony Stevens (Auburn), Karel Hamilton (Samford)\n\nTight End\n\nTop of the Heap: Eric Saubert (Drake)\n\nThis is a very deep tight end class overall, which means there's a handful of quality tight end prospects at this game who should hear their names called on draft weekend. ",
"Saubert tops the list. ",
"The redshirt senior comes from a non-scholarship FCS school, so this will be a huge chance for him to prove himself against better competition than what he faced on a weekly basis in college. ",
"Saubert has an NFL body at 6-5, 246 pounds, is a very natural catcher of the football and above all else he is competitive. ",
"That relentless nature shows up as a route runner (where he does need some fine tuning), at the catch point, with the ball in his hands and as a blocker where he dominated at a lower level of competition. ",
"In most years, I think Saubert would be getting buzz in the middle rounds, but it wouldn't shock me at all if he ended up going later in this class because of the depth at the position.",
"\n\nPractice Standout: Anthony Auclair (Laval)\n\nI actually think Shepherd's Billy Brown (listed above as a receiver) projects best as a tight end and will get to show off his unique skill set against defensive backs in one-on-one drills, but you can't forget about Auclair. ",
"At 6-5, 254 pounds, he has an intriguing body type for the tight end spot and, like Shepherd, played receiver in 2016 up at Laval in Canada. ",
"The draft-eligible Auclair has pretty good athletic testing numbers on his résumé, and his versatility as a pass catcher and a tenacious blocker could go a long way to letting him stand out much like former Canadians Laurent Duvernay-Tardif and David Onyemata, using the Shrine Game to vault themselves into the NFL.",
"\n\nMost Productive College Player: Michael Roberts (Toledo)\n\nAt 6-5, 271 pounds, Roberts has an NFL body and he uses his large frame to go up and win in jump ball scenarios. ",
"He's not an explosive athlete, and I do want to see him improve as a blocker, but I think Roberts can show up throughout the week in practice because of his ability to win in contested situations.",
"\n\nBest Story: Colin Jeter (LSU)\n\nThere aren't as many stories as cool as Jeter's in college football. ",
"As a senior high school football player in Texas, he got an offer from the Air Force Academy and was headed down the path to become a civil engineer in the military. ",
"He was three weeks into basic training in Colorado Springs when he got the call no child wants to hear - his mom was diagnosed with breast cancer. ",
"Jeter immediately left the Academy and went home, choosing to play football at nearby Kilgore Community College so that he could be close to his family.",
"\n\nWhile working out after his freshman season, an LSU assistant coach caught wind of Jeter, and soon after he earned a scholarship offer from Les Miles. ",
"Baton Rouge is just a few hours' drive from Jeter's hometown, and with his mom in remission, Jeter went on to become a two-year starter for LSU. ",
"He actually replaced current Eagle Dillon Gordon in the starting lineup after he went down with an injury in 2015. ",
"Like Gordon at LSU, Jeter is more of a blocker than a receiver, and when he gets stronger he'll fit in nicely as a backup in the NFL for a team that is focused heavily on the run game.",
"\n\nPhilly Connection: Scott Orndoff (Pitt)\n\nOrndoff has been one of the tight ends who has flown most under the radar this season, his first full year as a starter for the Panthers. ",
"At 6-5, 255 pounds, he has an NFL frame and speed to win down the seam. ",
"Pitt loved to get the ball in his hands at every level of the field, and he made people pay by averaging 15.5 yards per catch during his career. ",
"Orndoff can line up at a number of spots and win, and I like his potential as both a receiver and as a blocker. ",
"He also comes from a football family - his dad played at California (PA) before playing professionally in Philadelphia for the Stars of the USFL.",
"\n\nRest of the Pack: Taylor McNamara (USC), Blake Jarwin (Oklahoma State)\n\nOffensive Line\n\nTop of the Heap: Will Holden (Vanderbilt)\n\nHolden was a late addition to the roster, but I think he's a player who will stick in the NFL for a long time. ",
"He's got NFL size at 6-7, 312 pounds, has played both tackle spots as well as inside at guard as a three-year starter for the Commodores and has really strong hands at the point of attack. ",
"He's not the greatest athlete in the world, and he is prone to getting beaten by explosive edge rushers around the corner, but Holden reminds me a bit of longtime NFL player Andrew Whitworth. ",
"It's not always pretty, but he's an effective lineman who could surprise NFL teams this week in St. Petersburg.",
"\n\nPractice Standout: Kyle Kalis (Michigan)\n\nA four-year starter for the Wolverines at guard, Kalis is a battle-tested veteran with the mentality and technical skill set needed for a lengthy NFL career. ",
"Offensive linemen tend to stand out best in these games during one-on-one pass protection drills, and I think Kalis is further along as a pass protector than he is as a run blocker at this stage of his career. ",
"I expect his lateral agility, strong anchor and sound technique to serve him well in practice against the interior pass rushers on the East squad.",
"\n\nBest Story: Tobijah Hughley (Louisville)\n\nA former walk-on from nearby Lexington, Kentucky, Hughley spent two years in the shadows for the Cardinals before being thrust into the spotlight. ",
"In head coach Bobby Petrino's first spring practice, he made the decision to promote Hughley to a starting role, shifting a longtime starter to guard to make room for the 6-3, 291-pound sophomore. ",
"He responded by starting every game for the next three seasons, finishing his career as one of the consummate leaders on the team. ",
"From walk-on to captain? ",
"That's a story anyone can get behind.",
"\n\nPhilly Connection: Gavin Andrews (Oregon State)\n\nAndrews' teammate, Sean Harlow, was scheduled to participate in this game, but was forced to bow out due to injury. ",
"That is something Andrews himself is accustomed to. ",
"The senior missed his entire 2015 campaign due to injury, dealt with ankle problems during his third year on campus and missed a month with mono as a true sophomore in 2013. ",
"Andrews played 10 games this season as a redshirt senior, and throughout his career has played at nearly every offensive line spot. ",
"That versatility will serve him well in the NFL, something he can learn from his former teammate, Eagles 2016 third-round pick Isaac Seumalo.",
"\n\nRest of the Pack: Lucas Crowley (North Carolina), Joe Scelfo (N.C. State), Cameron Tom (Southern Miss), Alex Kozan (Auburn), Adam Pankey (West Virginia), Dieugot Joseph (FIU), Erik Magnuson (Michigan), Jonathan McLaughlin (Virginia Tech), Dan Skipper (Arkansas), Chase Roullier (Wyoming), Zack Johnson (North Dakota State), Erik Austell (Charleston Southern), Avery Gennesy (Texas A&M), Evan Goodman (Arizona State), Storm Norton (Toledo), Victor Salako (Oklahoma State), Sam Tevi (Utah)"
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"In the previous parts (1, 2) we were talking about formal logic and its evolution. ",
"We also considered implication, universal quantification and existential quantification. ",
"Now it’s time to build a strong bridge between math notions and programming implementations.",
"\n\nBut firstly, let’s talk about what actually type is. ",
"We use type to restrict data, which comes to our program. ",
"For example type Int is a set of numbers from −2,147,483,648 to 2,147,483,647. ",
"Allowing all possible values of this set is called Int type. ",
"So any of such values can be encoded with 32 bits and now it’s easy to work with it and be sure about memory safety. ",
"But usually our logic notions are much more complicated, so we need a really advanced theory to build basically any kind of restriction over the data.",
"\n\nFrom 1934 to 1969 independently Haskell Curry and William Howard have been observing the correspondence between formals systems and models of computation. ",
"Let’s look at the result of this generalization, which was called later as Curry-Howard Correspondence:\n\nAs we are already familiar with left side of the table, so let’s see what we have in the right column.",
"\n\nProduct type\n\nOne of the most usable types ever. ",
"Corresponds to logical AND. ",
"Structs in C and Rust, classes in Java, objects in JavaScript, records in Haskell are product types. ",
"Basically most of the object orienting programming based on this type. ",
"In math notion the following type\n\ntype A = {a: number, b: string}\n\nsounds as “The set of all (a, b) where a is a number and b is a string”\n\nSum type\n\nVery well known type in various systems, also called as enum or union.",
"\n\ntype A = number | string\n\nBoth product and sum types are most common classes of algebraic types. ",
"Which means basically any kind of composite type. ",
"So now we can deal not with primitive type only, but with their composition.",
"\n\nDependent product type (П type)\n\nHere the fun comes. ",
"Because we have to apply quantifications to types.",
"\n\nAs you remember from logic part, quantification is a generalization over implication (there are some/all clouds, which cause raining)\n\nIf implication is a function in Curry-Howard correspondence, then we need somehow to influence arguments and the result of that function to apply a quantification. ",
"And now the type of our result depends on argument, which is not common for programming languages. ",
"Usually they do not depend on each other at all. ",
"Compiler just expects a type which we pointed out.",
"\n\nFunction with argument x and type F(x) is called П type. ",
"x can be any value, we don’t restrict it, which means it is a universal quantification ∀\n\nNow, let’s have a look what we have:\n\n{\n\nx1: F(x1),\n\nx2: F(x2)\n\n...\n\n}\n\nAnd what was a simple product type:\n\n{\n\na: T1,\n\nb: T2\n\n}\n\nLooks similar, right? ",
"But like the higher level of generalization.",
"\n\nDependent sum type (Σ type)\n\nFor П type we saw that it’s related to universal quantification because we can apply any argument to our function. ",
"Our type consisted of set of pairs x: F(x). ",
"In opposite, Σ type corresponds to only one of such pairs (it’s also called dependent pair). ",
"It reflects the meaning of existential quantification: “there is at least one”. ",
"There is a certain value and function which type depends on this value. ",
"We can union multiple such types (that will be called disjoint union)\n\nx: F(x) | y: F(y) | z: F(z)\n\nLet’s compare with simple sum type:\n\nnumber | string\n\nWhy do we need all of this?",
"\n\nSafety\n\nAs you can see, most of the programming languages don’t care about any kind of complicated types. ",
"But they have to pay for that with run time errors, when the actual value of variable goes out of the expected range, causing program crashing or unexpected behavior.",
"\n\nAll the strong typed languages are aimed to make programs as safe as it possible before running. ",
"Support of algebraic types allows you to protect everything on the type level (Haskell, Rust, Scala) and dependent types allow to add value level restrictions in compile time, which makes programs even more safe (Idris, Coq). ",
"For example you can be sure about List length and don’t get into index is out of range problem.",
"\n\nOne another advantage is that once you described your logic in types it’s likely will work after refactoring. ",
"If the program is compiled successfully, then the logic is still correct.",
"\n\nProof assistants\n\nWriting a program in Haskell or Idris sometimes looks like preparation of documents for a bureaucratic institution. ",
"It’s hard to collect and fill everything out correctly from the first attempt, but if it’s passed — you have a solid paper. ",
"Having dependent types we actually test our types against predicates and if the program is compiled, then it means that our proof is correct and doesn’t have any logical collisions.",
"\n\nSounds promising right? ",
"Just describe your topic of arguing in Idris, Coq or Agda and it will decide who is right and who is wrong. ",
"Politicians should be scared.",
"\n\nBut coming back to the first part, our brain has another nature and such laborious preparation is just usually not worth it. ",
"So commercial use of automated theorem proving is mostly concentrated in integrated circuit design and verification. ",
"We think by probabilities and 60% for us is already more than enough. ",
"So seems like we need … strong typed probabilistic programming language.",
"\n\nBut that’s already another story.",
"\n\nFind me in Twitter"
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"Great. ",
" Let me know when it goes out and get a copy to the group (particulary \nShelley who might have to cover press inquiries if PG&E squawks.) ",
" DF\n\n\n\n\nLee Huber\n01/19/2001 04:58 PM\nTo: Drew Fossum/ET&S/Enron@ENRON\ncc: Rod Hayslett/FGT/Enron@ENRON \n\nSubject: Re: PG&E Letter \n\nI talked with Rod and the plan is to send the letter Monday. ",
" I now have \nKatz's fax number so we will fax and mail."
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"\n\nOfficials from the U.K.'s Competition and Markets Authority (CMA) confiscated computer records to search for evidence of suspected illegal activity by scalpers who sell mass quantities of tickets using StubHub, sources confirmed.",
"\n\nBritish authorities are cracking down on how so-called secondary market websites obtain and resell tickets. ",
"Parliament passed a law this year that will target scalpers in the U.K. who use aggressive software to beat out regular fans in the race to get tickets.",
"\n\nCanadian Julien Lavallée, who is among those StubHub classifies as its \"top sellers,\" is caught up in two separate investigations in the U.K., one by the CMA and the other by law enforcement officials at the National Trading Standards (NTS) agency.",
"\n\nThe Paradise Papers leak of offshore financial records, released this week by the International Consortium of Investigative Journalists, includes documents that reveal Lavallée is a multinational scalper based in Quebec who has moved millions of dollars worth of tickets in Canada, the U.S. and U.K.\n\nBusiness records found in the leak show he uses StubHub, Vivid Seats and Ticketmaster as \"main channels\" to scalp his tickets.",
"\n\n\"Lavallée, on the first day, stuck out like a sore thumb,\" said a source familiar with the NTS probe into mass purchases of online concert tickets.",
"\n\n\"What he is doing is sending something — a bot, a robot — into the system,\" the source said. \"",
"He just bought a hundred tickets, and he probably bought them in less than an hour. ",
"And that is not possible. ",
"It's not physically possible.\"",
"\n\nLavallée refused to answer questions about his online ticket purchases or his relationship with StubHub. ",
"But in a statement, he said his Quebec operation \"considers all its activities are in accordance with laws and regulations in jurisdictions in which it operates and sells its products.\"",
"\n\nStubHub served with warrant\n\nReg Walker, a U.K. event security specialist hired by major concert venues and promoters, said the raid was part of a broader investigation into four main ticket resale sites in Britain: Get Me In, Seatwave, Viagogo and StubHub.",
"\n\n\"I was made aware [CMA] sent out information requests to all four platforms and said, 'Look, we want to know who's selling all these tickets through your sites. ",
"Can you provide this list?'\"",
"\n\nAccording to Walker, Stubhub refused the request, so the CMA got a warrant.",
"\n\nStubHub spokesperson Roisin Miller declined to answer questions about the raid when contacted by the Guardian newspaper.",
"\n\n\"We understand the CMA investigation is ongoing and therefore await the outcome of this,\" Miller wrote in an email.",
"\n\nU.K. exposes scalper secrecy\n\nWhat ultimately put Lavallée on investigators' radar is a transparency law in the U.K. that requires sites like StubHub to post information about resellers operating as businesses.",
"\n\nNo such law exists in Canada.",
"\n\nLavallée used a company called I Want Ticket Inc, registered on the British Isle of Man, to post on StubHub in the U.K. He dissolved the company in October, one day after a reporter with the International Consortium of Investigative Journalists tried to find its offices on the island, which is a well-known tax haven.",
"\n\nHe created a stir last year after journalists and fan advocates spotted him posting hundreds of concert tickets on StubHub for U2, Take That and The Weeknd.",
"\n\nAdam Webb of the London-based Fan Fair Alliance, a group that campaigns against the online scalping industry, says Lavallée is moving so many tickets it makes a mockery of StubHub's marketing as a site for average fans to sell their tickets if they fall ill, break a leg or just can't make it to a show.",
"\n\n\"What's happening here is not fan-to-fan activity. ",
"It's [scalper]-to-fan activity,\" he said. \"",
"All of the platforms operate on that basis ... They are active and complicit in this process.\"",
"\n\nStubHub declined CBC's requests for an interview and wouldn't comment on its relationship with Julien Lavallée.",
"\n\n\"StubHub holds all sellers to a very high standard and requires they follow all relevant laws,\" the company said in an emailed statement.",
"\n\n\"StubHub agrees that the use of bots to procure tickets is unfair and anti-consumer. ",
"StubHub has always supported anti-bots legislation and encourages policy-makers to look comprehensively at the host of factors that impact a fan's ability to fairly access, buy, resell, or even give away tickets.\""
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"Records of 266 patients with PSCC were analyzed. ",
"Parameters examined were tumor stage, grade, nodal status, intratumoral and peritumoral MVD. ",
"Univariate and multivariate analyses were used to evaluate association between different histopathological variables and MVD. ",
"ROC was plotted to derive a prediction model using appropriate cutoff values of the parameters predicting cancer progression. ",
"77 patients were found to have histologically proven metastatic LN. ",
"MVD did not correlate significantly with T stage and grade of tumor. ",
"The intratumoral and peritumoral MVD of patients with metastatic LN was significantly higher than patients with negative LN (58.92 vs. 49.89 and 65.57 vs. 53.72, respectively; P < 0.0001). ",
"Multivariate analysis also revealed that MVD (intratumoral and peritumoral) was independent predictor for LN metastasis. ",
"From ROC curve, at the cutoff value of 54, intratumoral MVD predicted LN metastasis with sensitivity of 91% and specificity of 87%. ",
"Similarly, at cutoff value of 61, peritumoral MVD predicted LN metastasis with sensitivity of 94% and specificity of 89%. ",
"The 5-year survival was 79 and 77% for those with low intratumoral and peritumoral MVD, respectively, as compared to 41 and 39% for those with high intratumoral and peritumoral MVD, respectively (P < 0.05). ",
"Higher intratumoral and peritumoral MVD predicts cancer progression in patients with PSCC. ",
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"Epidemiology and molecular mechanisms of antifungal resistance in Candida and Aspergillus.",
"\nThe significant increase in the use of antifungal agents, both for the treatment of candidiasis and invasive aspergillosis and as azole fungicides in agricultural crop protection has resulted in the emergence of resistant clinical isolates, particularly to triazoles and echinocandins. ",
"Notably, among isolates that were primarily sensitive to fluconazole such as Candida parapsilosis and Candida tropicalis have witnessed an emerging resistance development. ",
"Also for echinocandins, the occurrence of Candida isolates with lower susceptibility to these drugs has been reported, which is possibly due to its broad clinical use. ",
"Triazole resistance among Aspergillus fumigatus and other Aspergillus species is commonly found in European and Asian countries. ",
"Specific mutations are associated with azole resistance in A. fumigatus and these mutations are now reported globally from six continents. ",
"Therefore, we highlight the need to conduct antifungal resistance surveillance studies using clinical isolates of Candida and Aspergillus in different geographical regions and monitoring of the infection rates in distinct population groups for early detection of resistance to these drugs and implementation of efficient policies for infection control and treatment."
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"List of the Cenozoic life of Florida\n\nThis list of the Cenozoic life of Florida contains the various prehistoric life-forms whose fossilized remains have been reported from within the US state of Florida and are between 66 million and 10,000 years of age.",
"\n\nA\n\n †Abderospira\n †Abderospira funiakensis – type locality for species\n †Abelmoschomys\n †Abelmoschomys simpsoni – type locality for species\n Abertella\n †Abra\n †Abra aequalis\n †Abra cylicion – type locality for species\n †Abra lapochi – type locality for species\n †Abra subreflexa\n Acanthocardia\n †Acanthocardia acrocome\n †Acanthocardia claibornense – or unidentified comparable form\n †Acanthocardia ctenolium\n †Acanthocardia propeciliare\n †Acanthocardia spinosifrons – type locality for species\n Acanthochitona\n †Acanthochitona pygmaea\n †Acantholabia\n †Acantholabia floridana\n †Acantholabia sarasotaensis\n Acar\n †Acar domingensis\n †Acar retciulata\n Accipiter\n †Accipiter cooperii\n †Accipiter striatus\n Acer\n †Acer rubrum\n †Acheronictis\n †Acheronictis webbi – type locality for species\n †Acmaturris\n †Acmaturris metria\n Acorylus\n †Acorylus gouldii\n Acris\n †Acris gryllus – or unidentified comparable form\n †Acritohippus\n †Acritohippus isonesus\n Acropora\n †Acropora cervicornis\n †Acropora palmata\n †Acropora panamensis\n †Acropora tampaensis – type locality for species\n Acrosterigma\n †Acrosterigma declive\n Acteocina\n †Acteocina canaliculata\n †Acteocina candei\n †Acteocina fischeri\n †Acteocina incisula\n †Acteocina persimilis\n †Acteocina rusa – type locality for species\n †Acteocina sphalera – type locality for species\n †Acteocina squarrosa\n †Acteocina wetherilli\n Acteon\n †Acteon chipolanus\n †Acteon hamadryados\n †Acteon korphys – type locality for species\n †Acteon luculi\n †Acteon tampae\n †Acteon textilis\n †Acteon vaughani\n Actinocythereis\n †Actinocythereis exanthemata\n Actitis\n †Actitis macularia\n †Acuticythereis\n †Acuticythereis laevissima\n Adeonellopsis\n †Adeonellopsis galeata\n Aegolius\n †Aegolius acadicus\n †Aelurodon\n †Aelurodon taxoides\n †Aepycamelus\n †Aepycamelus major\n Aequipecten\n †Aequipecten camperilis\n †Aequipecten camperis\n †Aequipecten comparilis\n †Aequipecten eboreus\n †Aequipecten fuscopurpureus\n †Aequipecten spillmani\n †Aequipecten suwaneensis\n Aesopus\n †Aesopus proctorae\n Aetobatus\n †Aetobatus narinari\n Agaricia\n †Agaricia agaricites\n †Agaricia dominicensis\n Agaronia\n †Agaronia inglisia – type locality for species\n Agassizia\n †Agassizia clevei\n †Agassizia floridana\n †Agassizia porifera\n Agathistoma\n †Agathistoma fasciatum\n Agatrix\n Agelaius\n †Agelaius phoeniceus\n Agkistrodon\n †Agkistrodon piscivorous\n †Agkistrodon piscivorus\n Agladrillia\n †Agladrillia agla – type locality for species\n †Agladrillia dodona – type locality for species\n †Agladrillia rabdotacoma\n †Agladrillia rabdotacona – type locality for species\n †Agladrillia rabdotocona\n †Agnotocastor\n †Agriotherium\n †Agriotherium schneideri – type locality for species\n Aix\n †Aix sponsa\n †Aizengyps\n †Aizengyps toomeyae – type locality for species\n Ajaia\n †Ajaia ajaja\n †Ajaia chione – type locality for species\n †Akleistostoma\n †Akleistostoma bairdi\n †Akleistostoma carolinensis\n †Akleistostoma crocodila\n †Akleistostoma diegelae\n †Akleistostoma erici\n †Akleistostoma floridana\n †Akleistostoma hughesi\n †Akleistostoma jenniferae\n †Akleistostoma macbrideae\n †Akleistostoma pilsbryi\n †Akleistostoma rilkoi\n †Akleistostoma transitoria\n Alaba\n †Alaba chipolana\n †Alaba dodona – type locality for species\n Alabina\n †Alabina boiplex\n †Alabina turbatrix\n †Albertella\n †Albertella alberti\n †Albertella floridana\n Alca – type locality for genus\n †Alca grandis – type locality for species\n Alderina\n †Alderina pulcherrima\n †Aletomeryx\n †Aletomeryx gracilis – or unidentified comparable form\n Aligena\n †Aligena lineata\n †Aligena pustulosa\n Alligator\n †Alligator mississipiensis\n †Alligator mississippiensis\n †Alligator olseni – type locality for species\n Alnus\n Alosa\n †Alveinus\n †Alveinus rotundus – type locality for species\n Alveopora\n †Alveopora tampae – type locality for species\n Amauropsis – report made of unidentified related form or using admittedly obsolete nomenclature\n †Amauropsis burnsii – or unidentified related form\n †Amblypygus\n †Amblypygus americanus\n †Ambystoma\n †Ambystoma tigrinum\n †Amebelodon\n †Amebelodon britti\n †Amebelodon floridanus\n Americardia\n †Americardia avona\n †Americardia avonum – type locality for species\n †Americardia burnsii\n †Americardia media\n †Americardia protoalicula\n †Americardia protoaliculum – type locality for species\n Amia\n †Amia calva\n †Amiatus\n †Amiatus calvus\n Ammodramus\n †Ammodramus maritimus\n †Ammodramus savannarum\n Amnicola\n †Amnicola adesta\n †Amnicola floridana – or unidentified related form\n †Amphicyon\n †Amphicyon longiramus – type locality for species\n †Amphicyon pontoni – type locality for species\n †Amphimachairodus\n †Amphimachairodus coloradensis – or unidentified comparable form\n †Amphiroa\n †Amphiroa americana\n Amphisorus\n Amphistegina\n †Amphistegina lessonii\n †Amphisterigina\n †Amphisterigina lessoni – or unidentified comparable form\n Amphiuma\n †Amphiuma means\n †Amplibuteo\n †Amplibuteo concordatus – type locality for species\n †Amplibuteo woodwardi\n †Ampullina\n †Ampullina flintensis\n †Ampullinopsis\n †Ampullinopsis amphora\n †Ampullinopsis citrinensis – type locality for species\n †Ampullinopsis flintensis\n Amusium\n †Amusium mertoni\n †Amusium mortoni\n †Amusium ocalanum\n †Amusium precursor\n †Anabernicula\n †Anabernicula gracilenta\n †Anabernicula minuscula – or unidentified comparable form\n Anachis\n †Anachis avara\n †Anachis caloosaensis\n †Anachis camax\n †Anachis chariessa\n †Anachis clavatula\n †Anachis dappi\n †Anachis eutheria\n †Anachis obesus\n †Anachis wieserae\n Anadara\n †Anadara acompsa\n †Anadara aequalis\n †Anadara aequalitas\n †Anadara aequlitas\n †Anadara aresta\n †Anadara callicestosa\n †Anadara campsa\n †Anadara campyla\n †Anadara cardioides – type locality for species\n †Anadara castarca\n †Anadara catasarca\n †Anadara crassicosta\n †Anadara delandensis – or unidentified comparable form\n †Anadara dodona\n †Anadara floridana\n †Anadara gunteri\n †Anadara hoerleae\n †Anadara hypomela\n †Anadara improcera\n †Anadara incongrus\n †Anadara initiator\n †Anadara latidentata\n †Anadara lienosa\n †Anadara lineolata\n †Anadara macneili – type locality for species\n †Anadara megerata\n †Anadara metastrebla\n †Anadara mikkula – type locality for species\n †Anadara mummi – type locality for species\n †Anadara notoflorida – type locality for species\n †Anadara ovalis\n †Anadara petersburgensis\n †Anadara propearesta\n †Anadara rubisiniana\n †Anadara rustica\n †Anadara santarosana – type locality for species\n †Anadara scalarina\n †Anadara scalaris\n †Anadara sellardsi\n †Anadara staminata\n †Anadara strebla\n †Anadara tarponensis\n †Anadara transversa\n †Anadara trapezia\n †Anadara tuberculosa\n †Anadara waltonia – type locality for species\n Anas\n †Anas acuta\n †Anas americana\n †Anas carolinensis\n †Anas clypeata\n †Anas crecca\n †Anas cyanoptera – or unidentified comparable form\n †Anas discors\n †Anas fulvigula\n †Anas itchtucknee – type locality for species\n †Anas platyrhynchos\n †Anas rubripes\n †Anas strepera\n Anatina\n †Anatina anatina\n †Anchitherium\n †Anchitherium clarencei – type locality for species\n Ancilla\n †Ancilla chipolana\n †Ancilla shepardi\n Angulogerina\n †Angulogerina occidentalis\n Angulus\n †Angulus agilis – or unidentified comparable form\n †Angulus merus – or unidentified comparable form\n †Angulus texanus\n †Angulus versicolor\n Anhinga\n †Anhinga anhinga\n †Anhinga grandis\n †Anhinga subvolans – type locality for species\n †Anilioides – type locality for genus\n †Anilioides minuatus – type locality for species\n †Anisaster\n †Anisaster mossomi\n Anisodonta\n †Anisodonta americana\n Anodonta\n Anodontia\n †Anodontia alba\n †Anodontia janus\n †Anodontia santarosana\n †Anodontia schrammi\n Anolis\n †Anolis carolinensis\n †Anolis morphotype A informal\n †Anolis morphotype B informal\n Anomalocardia\n †Anomalocardia aubreyana\n †Anomalocardia brasiliana\n †Anomalocardia callosa\n †Anomalocardia caloosana\n †Anomalocardia chipolana\n †Anomalocardia concinna\n †Anomalocardia cuneimeris\n †Anomalocardia hendryana\n †Anomalocardia penita\n Anomia\n †Anomia floridana\n †Anomia floridiana\n †Anomia glypta – type locality for species\n †Anomia lisbonensis\n †Anomia microgrammata\n †Anomia simplex\n †Anomia suwaneensis\n Anona\n †Anona glabra\n Antalis\n †Antalis ceratum\n †Antalis chipolanum – type locality for species\n †Antalis diopon – type locality for species\n Anthemiphyllia – tentative report\n Anticlimax\n †Anticlimax annae\n †Anticlimax calligypta\n †Anticlimax locklini\n †Anticlimax pilsbryi\n †Anticlimax tholus\n Antigona\n †Antigona listeri\n †Antiguastrea\n †Antiguastrea cellulosa\n †Antiguastrea silicensis\n Antillipecten\n †Antillipecten alumensis\n †Antillipecten anguillensis\n †Antillipecten antillarum\n †Antillipecten cercadicus\n †Antillipecten flintensis\n †Antillocyathus – tentative report\n Antillophos\n †Antillophos candeanus – or unidentified comparable form\n †Antillophos dictyola – type locality for species\n †Antillophyllia\n †Antillophyllia chipolana – type locality for species\n Antropora\n †Antropora minuta\n †Antropora octonaria\n †Antropora pyriformis\n Antrozous\n Aorotrema\n †Aorotrema cistronium\n †Aorotrema pontogenes\n Apalone\n †Apalone ferox\n Aphelocoma\n †Aphelocoma coerulescens\n †Aphelops\n †Aphelops malacorhinus\n †Aphelops mutilus\n Aphera\n †Aphera waltonensis\n †Apicula\n †Apicula apicalis\n †Apicula bowenae\n †Apicula buckinghamensis\n †Apicula gladeensis\n Aquila\n †Aquila bivia – type locality for species\n †Aquila chrysaetos\n Aquitanobursa – tentative report\n †Aquitanobursa chipolana – type locality for species. ",
"Formerly classified as Bursa chipolana. ",
"May warrant creation of new genus altogether.",
"\n †Araloselachus\n †Araloselachus cuspidata\n †Aramides\n †Aramides cajanea\n †Aramiltha\n †Aramiltha disciformis – or unidentified related form\n Aramus\n †Aramus guarauna\n †Aramus pictus\n Arbacia\n †Arbacia crenulata\n Arca\n †Arca aquila\n †Arca grammatodonta\n †Arca imbricata\n †Arca kendrickensis\n †Arca latidentata\n †Arca limula\n †Arca mikkula\n †Arca occidentalis\n †Arca paratina\n †Arca staminata\n †Arca umbonata\n †Arca wagneriana\n †Arca williamsoni\n †Arca zebra\n †Archaeohippus\n †Archaeohippus blackbergi\n †Archaeohippus mannulus – type locality for species\n †Archaeolagus\n Archaeolithothamnium\n †Archaeolithothamnium dalloni\n †Archaeolithothamnium floridanum\n †Archaeolithothamnium gunteri\n †Archaeolithothamnium parisiense\n Archaias\n †Archimediella\n †Archimediella duplinensis\n Architectonica\n †Architectonica alvear\n †Architectonica chipolana\n †Architectonica nobilis\n †Archosargus\n †Archosargus probatocephalus\n Arcinella\n †Arcinella arcinella\n †Arcinella cornuta\n †Arcinella draconis\n †Arcohelia\n †Arcohelia limonensis\n Arcopagia\n †Arcopagia dodona\n †Arcopagia fausta\n †Arcopagia leptalea\n Arcopsis\n †Arcopsis adamsi\n †Arcoptera\n †Arcoptera wagneriana\n †Arctodus\n †Arctodus pristinus\n †Arctonasua\n †Arctonasua eurybates\n †Arctonasua floridana – type locality for species\n Ardea\n †Ardea herodias\n †Ardea polkensis – type locality for species\n Ardeola\n Argobuccinum – report made of unidentified related form or using admittedly obsolete nomenclature\n †Argobuccinum poppelacki\n Argopecten\n †Argopecten anteamplicostata\n †Argopecten anteamsolarioides\n †Argopecten chipolanus\n †Argopecten choctawhatcheensis\n †Argopecten comparilis\n †Argopecten evergladensis – type locality for species\n †Argopecten gibbus\n †Argopecten irradians\n †Argopecten irremotis\n †Argopecten jacksonensis\n †Argopecten nicholsi\n †Argopecten tamiamiensis\n †Argopecten vicenarius\n †Arikareeomys\n †Arikarictis\n †Arikarictis chapini – type locality for species\n Arius\n †Arius felis\n †Armimiltha\n †Armimiltha disciformis\n †Armimiltha heilprini – type locality for species\n Arossia\n †Arossia glyptopoma\n Artena\n †Artena glyptoconcha\n †Artena shepardi\n †Asaphis\n †Asaphis centenaria\n Asio\n †Asio flammeus\n Aspella\n †Aspella engonata\n †Aspella petuchi\n †Aspella senex – type locality for species\n Assiminea\n †Assiminea aldra\n †Astaculus\n Astarte\n †Astarte concentrica\n †Astarte eugonia – type locality for species\n †Astarte floridana\n †Astarte gleni\n †Astarte glenni\n †Astarte isosceles – type locality for species\n †Astarte isosocles\n †Astarte pansyrta – type locality for species\n †Astarte perplana – or unidentified comparable form\n †Astarte sima – type locality for species\n †Astarte symmetrica – or unidentified related form\n †Astarte vaughani\n †Astarte wagneri\n Asterosmilia\n †Asterosmilia exarata\n Astraea\n †Astraea chipolana\n †Astraea scolopax\n †Astraea tectariaformis\n †Astraea withlacoochensis\n †Astraea witlacoochensis\n Astralium\n †Astralium dalli\n †Astralium longispina\n †Astralium phoebium\n †Astralium polkensis\n Astrangia\n †Astrangia calhounensis – type locality for species\n †Astrangia floridana\n †Astrangia leonensis – type locality for species\n †Astrangia lineata\n †Astrangia talquinensis – type locality for species\n †Astrocoenia\n †Astrocoenia meinzeri\n †Astrohippus\n †Astrohippus stockii\n Astyris\n †Astyris lunata\n †Athleenia\n †Athleenia burryi\n Athleta\n †Athleta arangia – type locality for species\n †Athleta arangius\n †Atopomys\n †Atopomys texensis\n Atractosteus\n †Atractosteus spatula\n Atrina\n †Atrina caloosaensis\n †Atrina chipolana\n †Atrina quadrata\n Attiliosa\n †Attiliosa aldridgei\n †Attiliosa striata\n †Attiliosa viaavensis\n †Aturia\n †Aturia alabamensis\n †Aturia cubaensis\n Atys\n †Atys gracilis\n †Atys obscuratus\n †Atys oedemata\n †Atys sandersoni\n †Atys subscuratus\n Aurila\n †Aurila conradi\n Axelella\n †Axelella bifoliata\n †Axelella desmotis – type locality for species\n †Axelella sphenoidostoma\n †Axelella spherotoleura\n Aythya\n †Aythya affinis\n †Aythya americana\n †Aythya collaris\n †Aythya marila\n †Aythya valisineria\n †Aztlanolagus\n\nB\n\n †Babelomurex\n †Babelomurex lindae\n Bactridium\n †Bactridium ellipticum\n †Bactridium sexordinatum\n †Bactridium teges\n Bailya\n †Bailya intricata\n †Bailya roycei\n Baiomys\n Bairdiella\n †Bairdiella chrysoura\n Balaenoptera\n †Balaenoptera acutorostrata\n †Balaenoptera floridana – type locality for species\n Balanus\n †Balanus bloxhamensis\n †Balanus humilis\n †Balanus improvisus – or unidentified related form\n †Balanus leonensis\n †Balanus newburnensis\n †Balanus niveus\n †Balanus ochlockoneensis\n †Balanus ochlockonensis\n †Balanus trigonus\n Balcis\n †Balcis biconica\n Balistes\n Bambusum\n †Bambusum heladum\n Barbatia\n †Barbatia candida\n †Barbatia inglisia – type locality for species\n †Barbatia marylandica\n †Barbatia palmerae – type locality for species\n †Barbatia propatula\n †Barbourofelis\n †Barbourofelis loveorum\n Bartschella\n †Bartschella parkeri – or unidentified comparable form\n Basiliscus – or unidentified comparable form\n †Basilosaurus\n †Basilosaurus cetoides\n †Bassaricyonoides\n †Bassaricyonoides phyllismillerae – type locality for species\n Basterotia\n †Basterotia ambona – type locality for species\n †Basterotia elliptica\n †Basterotia floridana\n †Basterotia miocenica – type locality for species\n Bathypsammia\n Bathytormus\n †Bathytormus protextus\n Batillaria\n †Batillaria advena – type locality for species\n †Batillaria minima\n †Batrachosauroides\n †Batrachosauroides dissimulans\n Beisselina\n †Beisselina implicata\n Bela\n †Bela nassoides – type locality for species\n †Bellatara\n †Bellatara americana – type locality for species\n †Bellatara citrana – type locality for species\n †Bellatara floridana – type locality for species\n Bellucina\n †Bellucina waccamawensis\n †Benzoin\n †Benzoin melissaefolium – or unidentified comparable form\n Bicorbula\n Bigenerina\n †Bigenerina floridana\n Biomphalaria\n †Biomphalaria havanensis\n Bison\n †Bison antiquus\n †Bison latifrons\n Bittiolum\n †Bittiolum podagrinum\n †Bittiolum varium\n Bittium\n †Bittium adela\n †Bittium caseyi\n †Bittium podagrinum\n †Bittium priscum\n †Bittium serenum – type locality for species\n †Bittium sora\n Bivetopsia\n †Bivetopsia rugosa\n †Blagraveia – tentative report\n †Blagraveia gunteri – type locality for species\n Blarina\n †Blarina brevicauda\n †Blarina carolinensis\n †Blastomeryx\n Boa\n †Boa constrictor – type locality for species\n Bolivina\n †Bolivina floridana\n †Bolivina marginata\n †Bolivina paula\n †Bolivina pulchella\n Bonasa\n †Bonasa umbellus\n Boonea\n †Boonea seminuda\n †Boreortalis – type locality for genus\n †Boreortalis laesslei – type locality for species\n Bornia\n †Bornia dodona\n †Bornia floridana\n †Bornia lioica\n †Bornia mazyckii\n †Bornia tampae\n †Bornia triangula – or unidentified comparable form\n †Borophagus\n †Borophagus diversidens\n †Borophagus hilli\n †Borophagus orc\n †Borophagus pugnator\n Bostrycapulus\n †Bostrycapulus aculeatus\n Botaurus\n †Botaurus lentiginosus\n †Bothriodon\n †Bothrocorbula\n †Bothrocorbula radiatula\n †Bothrocorbula synarmostes\n †Bothrocorbula wilcoxii\n Botula\n †Botula cinnamomeus\n †Botula fusca\n †Bouromeryx\n †Bouromeryx americanus\n Bracebridgia\n †Bracebridgia aculeata\n Brachidontes\n †Brachidontes curtulus\n †Brachidontes exustus\n †Brachidontes vetustus\n Brachiodontes\n †Brachiodontes exustis\n †Brachiodontes exustus\n †Brachycythara\n †Brachycythara dasa – type locality for species\n †Brachycythara gordonae\n †Brachycythara terminula\n †Brachysycon\n †Brachysycon amoenum\n †Brachysycon kissimmeensis\n †Brachysycon propeincile\n †Brachysyon\n †Brachysyon willcoxi\n †Brana\n †Brana dickeyi\n Branta\n †Branta canadensis\n †Brasenia\n †Brasenia purpurea\n †Brissopatagus\n Brissopsis\n Brissus\n Bubo\n †Bubo virginianus\n Buccella\n †Buccella hannai\n Buccinum\n †Buccinum contrarium\n Bucephala\n †Bucephala albeola\n †Bucephala ossivallis\n Buchema\n Bufo\n †Bufo defensor – type locality for species\n †Bufo praevius\n †Bufo quercicus\n †Bufo terrestris\n †Bufo tiheni – type locality for species\n †Bufo woodhousei\n Bulimina\n †Bulimina gracilis\n Buliminella\n †Buliminella curta\n †Buliminella elegantissima\n Bulimulus\n †Bulimulus ballistae\n †Bulimulus floridanus\n †Bulimulus heilprinianus\n †Bulimulus remolinus\n †Bulimulus stearnsii\n †Bulimulus tampae\n †Bulimulus tortillus\n Bulla\n †Bulla petrosa\n †Bulla sarasotaensis\n †Bulla striata\n †Bulla umbilicata\n Bullaria\n Bursa\n †Bursa amphritrites\n †Bursa chipolana – type locality for species. ",
"Later reclassified in the genus Aquitanobursa.",
"\n †Bursa rhodostoma\n †Bursa rugosa\n Busycon\n †Busycon aldrichi – type locality for species\n †Busycon atraktoides – type locality for species\n †Busycon basingerensis\n †Busycon bladenense\n †Busycon burnsii\n †Busycon caloosahatcheensis\n †Busycon cannoni\n †Busycon capelettii\n †Busycon carica\n †Busycon carolinensis\n †Busycon carraheri\n †Busycon chowanense\n †Busycon contrarium\n †Busycon dalli\n †Busycon dasum – type locality for species\n †Busycon demistriatum\n †Busycon duerri\n †Busycon echinatum\n †Busycon eismonti\n †Busycon elongatus\n †Busycon epispiniger – type locality for species\n †Busycon excavatum\n †Busycon federicoae\n †Busycon filosum\n †Busycon floridanus\n †Busycon grabaui\n †Busycon griffini\n †Busycon harasewychi\n †Busycon helenae\n †Busycon holeylandica\n †Busycon hollisteri\n †Busycon jonesae\n †Busycon labellensis\n †Busycon laevis\n †Busycon lindajoyceae\n †Busycon maximum\n †Busycon miamiensis\n †Busycon montforti\n †Busycon montfortis\n †Busycon obrapum – or unidentified related form\n †Busycon ovoidea\n †Busycon pachyus\n †Busycon palmbeachensis\n †Busycon pamlico\n †Busycon perversum\n †Busycon planulatum\n †Busycon radix – type locality for species\n †Busycon radula\n †Busycon rapum\n †Busycon roseae\n †Busycon rugosicostata\n †Busycon schmidti\n †Busycon sicyoides – type locality for species\n †Busycon sinistrum\n †Busycon soror\n †Busycon stellatum\n †Busycon superbus\n †Busycon tampaense\n †Busycon titan\n †Busycon tomeui\n †Busycon tropicalis\n †Busycon tudiculatum\n †Busycon turbinalis\n †Busycon waltfrancei\n †Busycon yeehaw\n Busycotypus\n †Busycotypus aepynotum\n †Busycotypus bicoronatum\n †Busycotypus canaliculatus\n †Busycotypus incile\n †Busycotypus libertiensis\n †Busycotypus scotti\n †Busycotypus spiratus\n Buteo\n †Buteo jamaicensis\n †Buteo lineatus\n †Buteo platypterus\n †Buteo swainsoni\n Buteogallus\n †Buteogallus fragilis\n †Buteogallus urubitinga\n Butorides\n †Butorides validipes – type locality for species\n †Butorides virescens\n\nC\n\n Cadulus\n †Cadulus blountense\n †Cadulus carolinensis\n †Cadulus floridanus\n †Cadulus quadridentatus\n †Cadulus tetrodon\n †Cadulus thallus\n Caecum\n †Caecum chipolanum\n †Caecum cinctum\n †Caecum circumvolutum\n †Caecum cooperi\n †Caecum cornellum\n †Caecum cycloferum\n †Caecum floridanum\n †Caecum imbricatum\n †Caecum pararegulare – type locality for species\n †Caecum pulchellum\n †Caecum regulare\n †Caecum strigosum\n †Caecum tortile\n †Calamagras\n †Calamagras floridanus – type locality for species\n †Calamagras platyspondyla\n Calidris\n †Calidris albus – or unidentified comparable form\n †Calidris canutus – or unidentified comparable form\n †Calidris pacis – type locality for species\n †Calidris pusilla – or unidentified comparable form\n †Calippus\n †Calippus cerasinus\n †Calippus elachistus\n †Calippus hondurensis\n †Calippus maccartyi\n †Calippus martini\n †Calippus proplacidus\n Callianassa\n †Callianassa inglisestris – type locality for species\n Calliostoma\n †Calliostoma ceramicum\n †Calliostoma euconulum\n †Calliostoma euglyptum\n †Calliostoma exile\n †Calliostoma flumenvadum – type locality for species\n †Calliostoma grammaticum\n †Calliostoma jujubinum\n †Calliostoma jujucanulum\n †Calliostoma jujuconulum\n †Calliostoma lindae\n †Calliostoma metrium\n †Calliostoma pauli\n †Calliostoma permagnum\n †Calliostoma philanthropus\n †Calliostoma philonthopus\n †Calliostoma prejujubinum\n †Calliostoma pulchrum\n †Calliostoma rhombotoide – type locality for species\n †Calliostoma roseolum\n †Calliostoma rugabasis – type locality for species\n †Calliostoma seminolum\n †Calliostoma silicatum\n †Calliostoma sincerum\n †Calliostoma tampaense\n †Calliostoma tampicum\n †Calliostoma willcoxianum\n †Calliostoma yucatecanum – or unidentified comparable form\n Callista\n †Callista annexa\n Calloarca\n †Calloarca irregularis\n †Calloarca lenensis\n †Calloarca phalacra\n †Calloarca taeniata\n Callocardia\n †Callocardia albofonte – type locality for species\n †Callocardia nux\n †Callocardia prosayana – type locality for species\n †Callocardia silicata\n †Callocardia sincera\n †Callophoca\n †Callophoca obscura\n Callucina\n †Callucina cala\n †Callucina keenae\n †Calodiscus\n †Calodiscus retiferus\n †Caloosarca\n †Caloosarca aequilitas\n †Calophos\n †Calophos nanus\n †Calophos plicatile\n †Calophos wilsoni\n Calotrophon\n †Calotrophon multangula\n †Calotrophon myakka\n †Calotrophon ostrearum\n †Calotrophon phagon\n †Calusaconus\n †Calusaconus evergladensis\n †Calusaconus spuroides\n †Calusaconus tomeui\n †Calusacypraea\n †Calusacypraea briani\n †Calusacypraea globulina\n †Calusacypraea sarasotaensis\n †Calusacypraea tequesta\n Calyptraea\n †Calyptraea centralis\n †Calyptraea conradi\n †Camelops\n Campylocythere\n Cancellaria\n †Cancellaria aldrichi\n †Cancellaria amoena\n †Cancellaria ancycla – type locality for species\n †Cancellaria atraktoides\n †Cancellaria calusa\n †Cancellaria cannoni\n †Cancellaria clewistonensis\n †Cancellaria conradiana\n †Cancellaria defuniak – type locality for species\n †Cancellaria druidarum – type locality for species\n †Cancellaria ecuheea\n †Cancellaria eucheea – type locality for species\n †Cancellaria floridana\n †Cancellaria mitrodita – type locality for species\n †Cancellaria paramoorei – type locality for species\n †Cancellaria pinguis – type locality for species\n †Cancellaria reticulata\n †Cancellaria rotunda\n †Cancellaria spherotopleura – type locality for species\n †Cancellaria stibara – type locality for species\n †Cancellaria subtiarophora\n †Cancellaria tabulata\n †Cancellaria waltoniana – type locality for species\n Cancilla\n †Cancilla desmia\n Cancris\n †Cancris sagra\n Canis\n †Canis armbrusteri\n †Canis dirus – type locality for species\n †Canis edwardii\n †Canis familiaris\n †Canis latrans\n †Canis lepophagus\n †Canis lupus\n †Canis rufus\n Cantharus\n †Cantharus clarksvillensis\n †Cantharus multangulata\n †Cantharus pauper\n Capella\n †Capella delicata\n †Capromeryx\n †Capromeryx arizonensis\n Capulus\n †Capulus chipolanus – type locality for species\n Caracara\n †Caracara cheriway\n †Caracara plancus\n †Caracara prelutosa\n †Caracara prelutosus\n Caranx\n †Caranx hippos\n Carcharhinus\n †Carcharhinus brevipinna\n †Carcharhinus leucas\n †Carcharhinus limbatus\n †Carcharhinus plumbeus\n †Carcharhinus signatus\n Carcharias\n †Carcharias taurus\n Carcharodon\n †Carcharodon auriculatus\n †Carcharodon carcharias\n †Carcharodon hastalis\n †Carcharodon subauriculatus\n Cardinalis\n †Cardinalis cardinalis\n Cardiolucina\n †Cardiolucina multistriatus\n †Cardiolucina parawhitfieldi – type locality for species\n Cardiomya\n †Cardiomya costellata\n †Cardiomya mansfieldi\n †Cardiomya orbignyi\n †Cardiomya ornatissima\n Cardita\n †Cardita apotegea\n †Cardita liveoakensis\n †Cardita seminolensis\n †Cardita shepardi\n Carditamera\n †Carditamera anclotensis\n †Carditamera apotegea – type locality for species\n †Carditamera arata\n †Carditamera catharia\n †Carditamera dasytes\n †Carditamera defuniak – type locality for species\n †Carditamera floridana\n †Carditamera tegea\n †Carditamera vaughani\n Cardium\n †Cardium aclinensis\n †Cardium brooksvillensis\n †Cardium gadsdenense – or unidentified comparable form\n †Cardium hernandoense – or unidentified related form\n †Cardium hernandoensis\n †Cardium panastrum\n †Cardium precursor\n †Cardium suwannense\n Caretta\n †Caretta caretta\n †Carex\n †Caricella\n †Caricella florea – type locality for species\n †Caricella obsoleta – type locality for species\n †Caricella pycnoplecta – type locality for species\n Carinodrillia\n †Carinodrillia cymatoides – type locality for species\n †Carinodrillia pylonia\n †Carolia\n †Carolia floridana\n †Carolinapecten\n †Carolinapecten darlingtonensis\n †Carolinapecten eboreus\n †Carolinapecten jamieae\n †Carolinapecten senescens\n †Carolinapecten solaroides\n †Carolinapecten urbannaensis\n †Carolinapecten walkerensis\n †Carolinapecten watsonensis\n †Carolinapecten yorkensis\n †Carpella\n †Carpella gallinago\n Carphophis\n †Carphophis amoenus\n †Carpocyon\n †Carpocyon limosus – type locality for species\n Carya\n Carychium\n †Carychium mexicanum\n Caryocorbula\n †Caryocorbula cala\n †Caryocorbula caribaea\n †Caryocorbula contracta\n †Caryocorbula cuneata\n †Caryocorbula densata\n †Caryocorbula funiakensis\n †Caryocorbula leonensis\n †Caryocorbula parawhitfieldi\n †Caryocorbula seminella\n †Caryocorbula whitfieldi\n †Casmerodius\n †Casmerodius albus\n Cassidulina\n †Cassidulina crassa\n †Cassidulina laevigata\n Cassidulinoides\n †Cassidulinoides braydi\n Cassis\n †Cassis delta\n †Cassis flintensis\n †Cassis floridensis\n †Cassis jameshoubricki\n †Cassis ketteri\n †Cassis madagascariensis\n †Cassis schnirei\n Castanea\n Castor\n †Castor californicus\n †Castor canadensis\n †Castoroides\n †Castoroides leiseyorum – type locality for species\n †Castoroides ohioensis\n Cathartes\n †Cathartes aura\n Catharus\n Cavilinga\n †Cavilinga blanda\n †Cavilinga trisulcata\n Celleporaria\n †Celleporaria fissurata\n Celleporina\n †Celleporina umbonata\n †Celliforma\n †Celliforma nuda\n †Centetodon\n †Centetodon magnus\n Centropomus\n †Cepolis\n †Cepolis instrumosa\n †Cepolis latebrosa\n Cerastoderma\n †Cerastoderma chipolanum\n †Cerastoderma druidicum\n †Cerastoderma panastrum\n †Cerastoderma waltonianum\n †Cerion\n †Cerion anodonta\n Cerithidea\n †Cerithidea briani\n †Cerithidea costatus\n †Cerithidea diegelae\n †Cerithidea duerri\n †Cerithidea jenniferae\n †Cerithidea lindae\n †Cerithidea pliculosa\n †Cerithidea scalariformis\n †Cerithidea xenos\n Cerithioclava\n †Cerithioclava caloosaensis\n †Cerithioclava caloosanae\n †Cerithioclava eutextile\n †Cerithioclava turriculus\n Cerithiopsis\n †Cerithiopsis aralia\n †Cerithiopsis dauca\n †Cerithiopsis greenii\n †Cerithiopsis inopinus – type locality for species\n †Cerithiopsis silicata\n †Cerithiopsis vinca\n Cerithium\n †Cerithium atratum\n †Cerithium caloosaene\n †Cerithium caloosaense\n †Cerithium caloosaensis\n †Cerithium coccodes\n †Cerithium cookei\n †Cerithium dominicense\n †Cerithium eburneum\n †Cerithium georgianum – or unidentified related form\n †Cerithium glaphyrea\n †Cerithium guinaicum\n †Cerithium harveyensis\n †Cerithium hernandoensis\n †Cerithium insulatum\n †Cerithium litharium\n †Cerithium lutosum\n †Cerithium muscarum\n †Cerithium obesum\n †Cerithium ornatissimum\n †Cerithium plectrum\n †Cerithium praecursor\n †Cerithium suwannensis\n †Cerithium turriculum\n Cerodrillia\n †Cerodrillia simpsoni\n †Certhioclava\n †Certhioclava garciai\n Ceryle\n †Ceryle torquata\n †Cestumcerithium\n †Cestumcerithium brooksvillensis\n †Cestumcerithium liveoakensis\n †Cestumcerithium pascoensis\n †Cestumcerithium vaginatum\n Chaetopleura\n †Chaetopleura apiculata\n Chama\n †Chama caloosana\n †Chama congregata\n †Chama corticosa\n †Chama gardnerae\n †Chama heilprini\n †Chama hillsboroughensis\n †Chama macerophylla\n †Chama radians\n †Chama spinosa\n †Chama tampaensis\n †Chama willcoxii\n Chamelea\n †Chamelea rhodia\n †Chamelea spada\n Charadrius\n †Charadrius vociferus\n †Chasmaporthetes\n †Chasmaporthetes ossifragus\n Cheilea\n †Cheilea uncinata – type locality for species\n Cheiloporina\n †Cheiloporina bellensis – type locality for species\n †Cheiloporina saillans\n Chelonia\n †Chelonia mydas\n Chelonibia\n †Chelonibia patula\n †Chelonibia testudinaria\n Chelydra\n †Chelydra floridana\n †Chelydra sculpta\n †Chelydra serpentina\n Chemnitzia\n †Chesacardium\n †Chesacardium laqueatum\n †Chesaconcavus\n †Chesaconcavus tamiamiensis\n †Chesapecten\n †Chesapecten decemnarius\n †Chesapecten jeffersonius\n †Chesapecten madisonius\n †Chesapecten middlesexensis\n †Chesapecten palmyrensis\n Chicoreus\n †Chicoreus aldrichi – type locality for species\n †Chicoreus brevifrons\n †Chicoreus brevis\n †Chicoreus burnsii\n †Chicoreus calusa\n †Chicoreus chipolanus\n †Chicoreus cornurectus\n †Chicoreus dilectus\n †Chicoreus duerri\n †Chicoreus dujardinoides\n †Chicoreus elusivus\n †Chicoreus floridanus\n †Chicoreus floridensis\n †Chicoreus folidodes – type locality for species\n †Chicoreus gravesae\n †Chicoreus judeae\n †Chicoreus juliagardnerae – type locality for species\n †Chicoreus lepidotus\n †Chicoreus miccosukee\n †Chicoreus nicholsi\n †Chicoreus pyknos\n †Chicoreus sarae\n †Chicoreus shirleyae\n †Chicoreus stephensae\n †Chicoreus stetopus\n †Chicoreus susanae\n †Chicoreus xestos\n Chilomycterus\n Chione\n †Chione ballista\n †Chione burnsii\n †Chione cancellata\n †Chione chipolana\n †Chione cortinaria\n †Chione cribaria\n †Chione cribraria\n †Chione elevata\n †Chione erosa\n †Chione gardnerae\n †Chione interpurpurea\n †Chione moristans\n †Chione morsitans\n †Chione nuciformis\n †Chione procancellata\n Chionopsis\n †Chionopsis bainbridgensis\n †Chionopsis intapurpurea\n †Chionopsis spenceri – or unidentified comparable form\n Chlamys\n †Chlamys anatipes\n †Chlamys brooksvillensis\n †Chlamys buckinghamensis\n †Chlamys caloosensis\n †Chlamys clinchfieldensis\n †Chlamys condylomatus\n †Chlamys crocus\n †Chlamys eboreus\n †Chlamys indecisa\n †Chlamys liveoakensis\n †Chlamys nematopleura\n †Chlamys nicholsi – type locality for species\n †Chlamys nupera\n †Chlamys sayanus\n †Chlamys solarioides\n †Chlamys spillmani\n †Chlamys vaun – or unidentified related form\n Chlorostoma\n †Chlorostoma exoletus\n †Chlorostoma exolutum\n Chondestes – or unidentified comparable form\n †Chondestes grammacus\n Choristodon\n †Choristodon robustus\n Chrysallida\n †Chrysallida locklini – or unidentified comparable form\n †Chrysallida macneili\n Chrysemys\n †Chrysemys floridana\n †Chrysemys nelsoni\n †Chrysemys scripta\n †Chrysemys williamsi\n Cibicides\n †Cibicides concentricus\n †Cibicides deprimus\n †Cibicides floridanus\n †Cibicides lobatulus\n †Cibicides mississippiensis\n Ciconia\n †Ciconia maltha\n Cidaris\n †Cidaris mortoni\n Cinctura\n †Cinctura capelettii\n †Cinctura evergladensis\n †Cinctura holeylandica\n †Cinctura hunteria\n †Cinctura lilium\n †Cinctura lindae\n †Cinctura rhomboidea\n †Cinctura rucksorum\n †Cinctura sarasotaensis\n Circulus\n †Circulus anthera – type locality for species\n †Circulus gunteri\n †Circulus mitorraphes – type locality for species\n †Circulus trilix\n Circus\n †Circus cyaneus – or unidentified comparable form\n Cirsotrema\n †Cirsotrema cirritum\n †Cirsotrema dalli\n Cistothorus\n †Cistothorus brevis\n †Cistothorus platensis\n Cladocora\n †Cladocora arbuscula\n †Cladocora johnsoni\n Clangula\n †Clangula hyemalis\n Clathrodrillia\n †Clathrodrillia aulakoessa – type locality for species\n †Clathrodrillia ebinina\n †Clathrodrillia emmonsi\n †Clathrodrillia empera – type locality for species\n †Clathrodrillia gracilina\n †Clathrodrillia perspirata – tentative report\n †Clathrodrillia podagrina\n †Clathrodrillia subvaricosa – type locality for species\n Clathrus\n †Clathrus antillarum\n †Clathrus junceum\n †Clathrus obtusum\n †Clathrus rupicolum\n Clava\n †Clava menthafontis\n †Clava silicium\n Clavatula\n †Clavatula anthera – type locality for species\n †Clavatula apoia\n †Clavatula compsa – type locality for species\n †Clavatula elatocompsa – type locality for species\n †Clavatula eleutheria – type locality for species\n †Clavatula euparypha – type locality for species\n †Clavatula grabaui\n †Clavatula gunteri – type locality for species\n †Clavatula habra – type locality for species\n †Clavatula kalliglypta – type locality for species\n †Clavatula libertalis – type locality for species\n †Clavatula panopla – type locality for species\n †Clavatula polyploka – type locality for species\n †Clavatula proebenina – type locality for species\n †Clavatula vandenbroecki\n †Clavolithes\n †Clavolithes vicksburgensis\n Clavus\n †Clavus blacki\n †Clavus centrodes – type locality for species\n †Clavus coryphodes – type locality for species\n †Clavus eurysoma – type locality for species\n †Clavus eurystoma\n †Clavus haraldi – type locality for species\n †Clavus illiota\n †Clavus lunata\n †Clavus microneta – type locality for species\n †Clavus pachycheila\n †Clavus pleutonica – or unidentified related form\n †Clavus pogodula\n †Clavus prion – type locality for species\n †Clavus pycnoklosta – type locality for species\n †Clavus silfa\n †Clavus trimitrodita – type locality for species\n †Clavus trypanion – type locality for species\n †Clavus waltoniana – type locality for species\n †Clavus zosta – type locality for species\n Clementia\n †Clementia grayi\n †Clementia inoceriformis\n Clidiophora\n †Clidiophora crassidens – or unidentified comparable form\n †Climacoida\n Climacoidea\n †Climacoidea pleurata\n Closia\n †Closia antiqua\n †Closia popenoei\n Clypeaster\n †Clypeaster cotteaui\n †Clypeaster oxybaphon\n †Clypeaster rogersi\n †Clypeaster rosaceus\n †Clypeaster sunnilandensis\n Cnemidophorus\n †Cnemidophorus sexlineatus\n Coccyzus\n †Coccyzus americanus\n Cochlespira\n †Cochliolepas\n Cochliolepis\n †Cochliolepis arietina – type locality for species\n †Cochliolepis holmesi\n †Cochliolepis nautiformis\n †Cochliolepis striata\n Codakia\n †Codakia chipolana\n †Codakia erosa – or unidentified related form\n †Codakia orbicularis\n Colaptes\n †Colaptes auratus\n Colinus\n †Colinus suilium – type locality for species\n †Colinus virginianus\n †Collinus\n Colpophyllia\n †Colpophyllia natans\n Coluber\n †Coluber constrictor\n Columba\n †Columba fasciata\n Columbella\n †Columbella mercatoria\n †Columbella rusticoides\n †Columbella submercatoria\n Columbellopsis\n †Columbellopsis nycteis – or unidentified comparable form\n Compsodrillia\n †Compsodrillia calesi\n †Compsodrillia drewi\n †Compsodrillia lipana\n †Conantophis – type locality for genus\n †Conantophis alachuaensis – type locality for species\n Concavus\n †Concavus concavus\n †Concavus crassostricola\n †Concavus sarasotaensis\n †Concholepas\n †Concholepas drezi – type locality for species\n Conepatus\n †Conepatus leuconotus\n †Conepatus robustus – type locality for species\n Conomitra\n †Conomitra angulata\n †Conomitra apalachee – type locality for species\n †Conomitra crenulata\n †Conomitra kendrewi\n †Conomitra staminea\n †Conorbis\n †Conorbis porcellanus\n †Conradostrea\n †Conradostrea lawrencei\n †Conradostrea sculpturata\n †Conradostrea scuplturata\n Conus\n †Conus adversarius\n †Conus alleni\n †Conus ambonos\n †Conus anabathrum\n †Conus aneuretos – type locality for species\n †Conus aquoreus – type locality for species\n †Conus chipolanus\n †Conus cookei\n †Conus corrugatus – type locality for species\n †Conus daucus\n \n†Conus delessertii\n †Conus deluvianus\n †Conus demiurgus\n †Conus designatus\n †Conus dodona – type locality for species\n †Conus drezi\n †Conus drezki – type locality for species\n †Conus duidi\n †Conus erugatus – type locality for species\n †Conus evergladensis\n †Conus eversoni – or unidentified comparable form\n †Conus fusiformis – type locality for species\n †Conus gardnerae – type locality for species\n †Conus harveyensis\n †Conus hertwecki\n †Conus hyshugari\n †Conus iliolus\n †Conus imitator – or unidentified related form\n †Conus infulatus\n †Conus isomatratus\n †Conus isomitratus\n †Conus jaclynae\n †Conus jaspideus – type locality for species\n †Conus jonesorum\n †Conus kendrewi\n †Conus largillierti\n †Conus laurenae\n †Conus martinshugari\n †Conus marylandicus\n †Conus marysmansfieldae\n †Conus maureenae\n †Conus miamiensis\n †Conus molis\n †Conus nemorideditus – type locality for species\n †Conus palmbeachensis\n †Conus palmerae\n †Conus parkeri\n †Conus patglicksteinae\n †Conus patricius\n †Conus phluegeri\n †Conus planiceps\n †Conus praecipuus\n †Conus rapunculus – type locality for species\n †Conus robertsi\n †Conus ronaldsmithi\n †Conus sauridens – type locality for species\n †Conus sennottorum\n †Conus sextoni – type locality for species\n †Conus spurius\n †Conus spuroides\n †Conus submoniliferus – type locality for species\n †Conus sulculus\n †Conus suproides\n †Conus tapetus\n †Conus trajectionis – type locality for species\n †Conus tricoratus – type locality for species\n †Conus vegrandis\n †Conus vitius – type locality for species\n †Conus waccamawensis\n †Conus waltonensis – type locality for species\n †Conus yaquensis\n †Copemys\n Coragyps\n †Coragyps atratus\n †Coragyps attratus\n †Coragyps occidentalis\n †Coragyps urubu\n Coralliophaga\n †Coralliophaga coralliophaga\n †Coralliophaga elegantula\n Coralliophila\n †Coralliophila magna\n †Coralliophila mansfieldi\n †Coralliophila miocenica\n Corbula\n †Corbula anteniae\n †Corbula burnsii\n †Corbula cala\n †Corbula caloosae\n †Corbula chipolana – type locality for species\n †Corbula franci – type locality for species\n †Corbula funiakensis – type locality for species\n †Corbula inaequalis\n †Corbula kaghriana\n †Corbula krebsiana\n †Corbula nucleata\n †Corbula parawhitfieldi – type locality for species\n †Corbula sarda\n †Corbula semenoides – type locality for species\n †Corbula seminella\n †Corbula sphenia\n †Corbula wakullensis – type locality for species\n †Corbula waltonensis – type locality for species\n †Cormocyon\n †Cormocyon copei – or unidentified comparable form\n †Cormohipparion\n †Cormohipparion emsliei\n †Cormohipparion goorisi\n †Cormohipparion ingenuum\n †Cormohipparion occidentale\n †Cormohipparion plicatile\n Corvus\n †Corvus brachyrhynchos\n †Corvus ossifragus\n †Corylus\n †Corystosiren\n †Corystosiren varguezi\n †Coskinolina\n †Coskinolina floridana\n Cosmotriphora\n †Cosmotriphora dupliniana\n †Cosmotriphora melanura\n †Costaglycymeris\n †Costaglycymeris drymanos – type locality for species\n †Costaglycymeris subovata\n †Costaglycymeris waltonensis – type locality for species\n Coturnicops\n †Coturnicops noveboracensis\n Crassatella\n †Crassatella deformis\n †Crassatella densus\n †Crassatella eutawacolens\n †Crassatella eutawcolens\n †Crassatella inglisia – type locality for species\n †Crassatella ocordia\n †Crassatella porcus\n †Crassatella portelli\n †Crassatella tanicus\n Crassatellites\n †Crassatellites meridionalis\n Crassimarginatella\n †Crassimarginatella crassimarginata\n Crassinella\n †Crassinella acuta\n †Crassinella dupliniana\n †Crassinella lunulata\n †Crassinella tanica\n †Crassinella tanicus\n †Crassinella triangulatus\n †Crassinella waltoniana\n Crassispira\n †Crassispira boadicea\n †Crassispira calligona\n †Crassispira eupatoria\n †Crassispira laurentii – type locality for species\n †Crassispira loxa – type locality for species\n †Crassispira lyopleura\n †Crassispira meunieri\n †Crassispira perrugata\n †Crassispira sella\n †Crassispira smilia\n Crassostrea\n †Crassostrea labellensis\n †Crassostrea normalis\n †Crassostrea virginica\n †Cremaster – type locality for genus\n †Cremaster\n †Cremaster tytthus – type locality for species\n †Crenatosiren – type locality for genus\n †Crenatosiren olseni\n Crenella\n †Crenella decussata\n †Crenella minuscula\n Crepidula\n †Crepidula aesop\n †Crepidula cannoni\n †Crepidula convexa\n †Crepidula cymbaeformis\n †Crepidula fornicata\n †Crepidula fornicula\n †Crepidula maculosa\n †Crepidula plana\n †Crepidula ponderosa\n †Crepidula rhysseama\n †Crepidula rhyssema\n †Crepidula rostrata\n Crepipatella\n †Crepipatella apprimus\n †Creusia\n †Creusia neogenica\n †Cribrendoecium\n †Cribrendoecium tenuicostulatum\n †Crommium\n †Crommium ocalanum\n Crotalus\n †Crotalus adamanteus\n †Crotalus giganteus\n Crucibulum\n †Crucibulum auricula\n †Crucibulum chipolanum\n †Crucibulum constrictum\n †Crucibulum costataum\n †Crucibulum grande\n †Crucibulum imbricatum\n †Crucibulum multilineata\n †Crucibulum multilineatum\n †Crucibulum ramosum\n †Crucibulum spinosum\n †Crucibulum striata\n †Crucibulum striatum\n †Crucibulum waltonense – type locality for species\n Cryptotis\n †Cryptotis parva\n †Cryrenoida\n †Cryrenoida floridana\n Ctena\n †Ctena chipolana\n †Ctena erosa\n †Ctena leonensis\n †Ctena magnoliana\n †Ctena orbiculata\n †Ctena scurra\n †Ctena speciosa\n Ctenoides\n †Ctenoides floridana\n †Ctenoides scabra\n †Cubitostrea\n †Cubitostrea pauciplicata\n †Cubitostrea rugifera\n Cumingia\n †Cumingia amydra\n †Cumingia lamellosa\n †Cumingia tellinoides\n †Cuneocorbula\n †Cuneocorbula whitfieldi\n Cupuladria\n †Cupuladria biporosa\n Cupularia\n †Cupularia denticulata\n Cuvierina\n †Cuvierina columnella\n †Cuvieronius\n †Cuvieronius tropicus\n Cyanocitta\n †Cyanocitta cristata\n Cyclinella\n †Cyclinella tenuis\n Cyclocardia\n †Cyclocardia granulata\n Cyclopecten\n †Cyclopecten defuniak – type locality for species\n †Cyclopecten diktuotus – type locality for species\n Cyclostremiscus\n †Cyclostremiscus anthera\n †Cyclostremiscus bartschi\n †Cyclostremiscus beaui\n †Cyclostremiscus beauii\n †Cyclostremiscus fargoi\n †Cyclostremiscus gunteri\n †Cyclostremiscus mitorraphes\n †Cyclostremiscus olssoni\n †Cyclostremiscus pentagonus\n †Cyclostremiscus stirophorus\n †Cyclostremiscus trilex – tentative report\n †Cyclostremiscus trilix\n Cygnus\n †Cygnus buccinator\n †Cygnus columbianus\n Cylichna\n †Cylichna anthera – type locality for species\n †Cylichna decapitata\n †Cylichna quercinensis\n Cylichnella\n †Cylichnella bidentata\n †Cylichnella biplicata\n †Cylichnella gabbi\n †Cylichnella jacksonensis\n †Cymakra\n †Cymakra poncei\n Cymatium\n Cymatoica\n †Cymatoica orientalis\n Cymatophos\n †Cymatophos lindae\n Cymatosyrinx\n †Cymatosyrinx aclinica\n †Cymatosyrinx louisae – or unidentified comparable form\n †Cymatosyrinx lunata\n †Cymatosyrinx perplota\n †Cymatosyrinx perpolita\n †Cymatosyrinx vaughanensis\n Cymbovula\n †Cymbovula acicularis\n Cymodocea\n †Cymodocea floridana – type locality for species\n †Cynarctoides\n †Cynarctoides lemur\n †Cynelos\n †Cynelos caroniavorus\n †Cynorca\n Cynoscion\n †Cynthiacetus\n †Cynthiacetus maxwelli\n Cyphastrea\n †Cyphastrea tampae – type locality for species\n Cyphoma\n †Cyphoma carolae\n †Cyphoma finkli\n †Cyphoma gibbosum\n †Cyphoma intermedium\n †Cyphoma miamiensis\n †Cyphoma viaavensis\n Cypraea\n †Cypraea problematica\n Cypraecassis\n †Cypraecassis chipolana\n Cypraedia\n †Cypraedia fenestralis\n Cypraeolina\n †Cypraeolina defuniak – type locality for species\n †Cypraeolina pyrenoides – type locality for species\n †Cypraeorbis\n †Cypraeorbis arlettae – type locality for species\n †Cypraeorbis heilprinii\n †Cypraeorbis kendrewi\n †Cypraeorbis willcoxi – type locality for species\n Cyprideis\n †Cyrbasia\n †Cyrbasia brassica\n †Cyrbasia maisana\n †Cyrbasia ophiura\n Cyrena\n †Cyrena floridana\n †Cyrena pompholyx\n †Cyrenoida\n †Cyrenoida floridana\n Cyrtopleura\n †Cyrtopleura arcuata\n †Cyrtopleura costata\n Cythara\n †Cythara anthera\n †Cythara anthetika – type locality for species\n †Cythara asteria – type locality for species\n †Cythara gardnerae\n †Cythara harveyensis\n †Cythara klimakota – type locality for species\n †Cythara lissa – type locality for species\n †Cythara louisae\n †Cythara magnoliana – or unidentified related form\n †Cythara phrixae – type locality for species\n †Cythara pyrgota – type locality for species\n †Cythara sextoni – type locality for species\n †Cythara stypteria – type locality for species\n †Cythara teirata – type locality for species\n Cytharella\n †Cytharella barbadoides – type locality for species\n †Cytharella chariessa – type locality for species\n †Cytharella compsacosta – type locality for species\n †Cytharella cryptopleura – type locality for species\n †Cytharella galae\n †Cytharella isabellae – type locality for species\n †Cytheredeis\n †Cytheredeis ashermani\n †Cythereis\n †Cythereis americana\n †Cythereis exanthamata\n †Cythereis garretti – or unidentified related form\n †Cythereis martini\n †Cythereis rugipunctata\n †Cythereis vaughani\n Cytherella\n Cytheretta\n †Cytheretta sahnii\n †Cytheriopsis\n †Cytheriopsis alumensis\n Cytheromorpha\n †Cytheromorpha warneri\n Cytherura\n †Cytherura elongata\n †Cytherura johnsoni\n †Cytherura wardensis\n\nD\n\n Daedalochila\n †Daedalochila uvulifera\n †Dallarca\n †Dallarca alomensis\n †Dallarca idarea\n †Dallarca idonea\n Dallocardia\n †Dallocardia muricata\n †Dallocardia phlyctaena\n Daphnella\n †Daphnella elata\n †Daphoenodon\n †Daphoenodon notionastes – type locality for species\n †Daphoenus – tentative report\n Dasyatis\n Dasypus\n †Dasypus bellus – type locality for species\n Dauciconus\n †Dauciconus bassi\n Deirochelys\n †Deirochelys carri\n †Deirochelys reticularia\n †Delphinodon\n †Delphinodon mento – or unidentified comparable form\n Dendraster\n Dendrocopos\n †Dendrocopos borealis\n Dendrocygna\n †Dendrogyra\n †Dendrogyra cylindrus\n Dendropoma\n †Dendropoma irregulare\n Dentalina\n †Dentalina communis\n Dentalium\n †Dentalium antillarium\n †Dentalium antillarum\n †Dentalium attenuatum\n †Dentalium callipeplum – or unidentified related form\n †Dentalium caloosaense\n †Dentalium carolinense\n †Dentalium carolinensis\n †Dentalium ceratum\n †Dentalium eboreum\n †Dentalium ladinum\n †Dentalium laqueatum\n †Dentalium pilsbryi\n †Dentalium pleiocenum\n †Dentalium santarosanum\n †Dentalium sowerbyi\n Dentimargo\n †Dentimargo aureocinctus\n †Dentimargo caloosana\n †Dentimargo dalli\n †Dentimargo eburneola\n †Dentimargo eburneolus\n †Dentimargo polyspira\n Depressiscala\n †Depressiscala nautlae\n Dermomurex\n †Dermomurex antecessor\n †Dermomurex curviductus – type locality for species\n †Dermomurex elizabethae\n †Dermomurex engonatus – type locality for species\n †Dermomurex farleyensis – type locality for species\n †Dermomurex matercula – type locality for species\n †Dermomurex sexangulus\n †Dermomurex vaughani – type locality for species\n †Desmathyus\n †Desmathyus brachydontus\n †Desmatippus\n †Desmatippus texanus\n †Desmocyon\n †Desmocyon matthewi\n Desmodus\n †Desmodus archaeodaptes – type locality for species\n †Desmodus stocki\n Desmophyllum\n †Desmophyllum willcoxi\n †Diabolocornis\n †Diabolocornis simonsi\n Diadophis\n †Diadophis elinorae – type locality for species\n †Diadophis punctatus\n Diastoma\n Dibunostoma – type locality for genus\n †Dibunostoma purii – type locality for species\n Dicathais\n †Dicathais handgenae\n †Diceratherium – or unidentified comparable form\n Dichocoenia\n †Dichocoenia caloosahatcheensis – type locality for species\n †Dichocoenia eminens – type locality for species\n †Dichocoenia stokesi\n †Dichocoenia tuberosa\n †Dictyoconus\n †Dictyoconus cookei\n Didelphis\n †Didelphis marsupialis\n †Didelphis virginiana\n †Didianema\n †Didianema duplinensis\n †Didianema orthorhytis\n †Didianema pauli\n †Didianema waltonia – type locality for species\n Didymosella\n †Didymosella crassa\n †Didymosella irregularis – type locality for species\n Dinocardium\n †Dinocardium hazeli\n †Dinocardium levyi – type locality for species\n †Dinocardium pinellasense\n †Dinocardium robustum\n †Dinocardium taphrium\n †Dinohippus\n †Dinohippus mexicanus\n †Dinohyus\n Diodon\n †Diodon circumflexus – type locality for species\n Diodora\n †Diodora alumensis\n †Diodora caloosaensis\n †Diodora carditella\n †Diodora carolinensis\n †Diodora cayenensis\n †Diodora ceryx\n †Diodora chipolana\n †Diodora corditella\n †Diodora daidala – type locality for species\n †Diodora floridana\n †Diodora meta\n †Diodora nucula\n †Diodora petasa\n †Diodora sayi\n †Dioplotherium\n †Dioplotherium manigaulti\n Diplectrum\n †Diplectrum formosum\n Diplodonta\n †Diplodonta acclinis\n †Diplodonta aclinis\n †Diplodonta alta\n †Diplodonta caloosaensis\n †Diplodonta catopotium\n †Diplodonta glos\n †Diplodonta leptodoma – type locality for species\n †Diplodonta nucleiformis\n †Diplodonta ochlockoneensis\n †Diplodonta paralta – type locality for species\n †Diplodonta puncata\n †Diplodonta punctata\n †Diplodonta radiata\n †Diplodonta semiaspera\n †Diplodonta soror\n †Diplodonta sphaeromorpha – type locality for species\n †Diplodonta subvexa\n Diploria\n †Diploria labyrinthiformis\n †Diploria sarasotana – type locality for species\n †Diplotherium\n †Diplotherium allisoni\n Diplothyra\n †Dipoides\n †Dirocerithium\n †Dirocerithium americanum\n Discinisca\n †Discinisca aldrichi – type locality for species\n †Discinisca lugubris\n †Discinisca multilineata\n †Discocyclina\n †Discocyclina flintensis\n †Discohelix\n Discoporella\n †Discoporella umbellata\n Discorbis\n †Discorbis floridana\n †Discorbis floridensis\n †Discorbis turrita\n Distorsio\n †Distorsio crassidens\n †Distorsio jungi\n †Distorsio mcgintyi – type locality for species\n †Ditremaster\n Divalinga\n †Divalinga quadrisulcata\n †Divalinga waltoniana\n Divaricella\n †Divaricella chipolana\n †Divaricella compsa\n †Divaricella dentata\n †Divaricella robertsi – type locality for species\n †Divaricella waltonia – type locality for species\n †Divaricella waltoniana\n †Divaricella waltonianum\n †Dixieus\n Dolabella\n †Dolabella aldrichi\n †Dolicholatirus\n †Dolicholatirus metae\n Donax\n †Donax aldrichi – type locality for species\n †Donax chipolanus\n †Donax fossor\n †Donax trueloides – type locality for species\n †Donax tumida\n †Donax valhosierr\n †Donax variabilis\n †Dorypaltus – type locality for genus\n †Dorypaltus prophatus\n †Dorypaltus prosphatus – type locality for species\n Dosinia\n †Dosinia acetabulum\n †Dosinia chipolana\n †Dosinia discus\n †Dosinia distans\n †Dosinia liogona\n Dosinidia\n †Dosinidia dalli – type locality for species\n †Dosinidia elegans\n Drymarchon\n †Drymarchon corais\n †Drymarchon corias\n Dryocopus\n Dumetella\n †Dumetella carolinensis\n †Durhamella\n †Durhamella oculanum\n Dyocibicides\n †Dyocibicides biserialis\n\nE\n\n Echinocardium\n †Echinocardium orthonotum\n Echinocyamus\n †Echinofulgur\n †Echinofulgur echinatum\n Echinolampas\n †Echinolampas tanypetalis – type locality for species\n Echinometra\n †Echinometra lucunter\n †Ecphora\n †Ecphora bradleyae\n †Ecphora floridana\n †Ecphora pachycostata\n †Ecphora quadricostata\n †Ecphora roxanae\n †Ecphora striatula\n †Ecphora tampaensis\n †Ecphora violetae\n †Ecphora whiteoakensis\n †Ectopistes\n †Ectopistes migratorius\n †Edaphocyon\n †Edaphocyon palmeri – type locality for species\n Egretta\n †Egretta subfluvia – type locality for species\n †Egretta thula\n †Egretta tricolor – or unidentified comparable form\n Elaphe\n †Elaphe guttata\n †Elaphe obsoleta\n Eleutherodactylus – or unidentified comparable form\n †Ellipsolagena\n †Ellipsolagena bidens\n †Elliptoideus\n Ellisina\n †Ellisina laxa\n Elphidium\n †Elphidium advenum\n †Elphidium chipolensis\n †Elphidium discoidale\n †Elphidium fimbriatulum\n †Elphidium incertum\n †Elphidium latispatium\n Emarginula\n †Emarginula pilsbryi\n †Emersonius\n †Emersonius cybosyrinx – type locality for species\n Enaeta\n †Enaeta isabellae\n Encope\n †Encope abberans\n †Encope aberrans\n †Encope macrophora\n †Encope michelini\n †Encope tamiamiensis\n Endopachys\n †Endopachys tampae – type locality for species\n Engina\n †Engina floridana\n †Engoniophos\n †Engoniophos glyptus – type locality for species\n †Enhydritherium\n †Enhydritherium terraenovae – type locality for species\n †Enhydrocyon\n †Enhydrocyon pahinsintewakpa – or unidentified comparable form\n Enoplostomella\n †Enoplostomella defixa\n †Enoplostomella ligulifera\n Ensis\n †Ensis directus\n †Ensis minor\n Ensitellops\n †Ensitellops elongata\n †Ensitellops protextus\n †Ensitellops tabula\n Eontia\n †Eontia incile – or unidentified comparable form\n †Eontia platyura\n †Eontia playtyura\n †Eontia ponderosa\n †Eontia variabilis\n †Eovasum\n †Eovasum vernoni – type locality for species\n †Epicyon\n †Epicyon haydeni\n †Epicyon saevus\n †Epinephalus\n Episcynia\n †Episcynia inornata\n †Episcynia mauryi – type locality for species\n Episiphon\n †Episiphon schumoi\n Epitonium\n †Epitonium alaquaense\n †Epitonium candeanum\n †Epitonium echinaticosta\n †Epitonium fargoi\n †Epitonium foliaceicostum\n †Epitonium helikum\n †Epitonium humphreysii\n †Epitonium junceum\n †Epitonium lamellosum\n †Epitonium lineata\n †Epitonium novangliae\n †Epitonium rupicola\n †Epitonium sayanum\n †Epitonium virginiae\n Eponides\n †Eponides antillarum\n †Eponides jacksonensis\n †Eponoides\n Eptesicus\n †Eptesicus fuscus\n Equetus\n Equus\n †Equus complicatus\n †Equus fraternus\n †Equus giganteus\n †Equus leidyi\n Eratoidea\n †Eratoidea mollitor\n †Eratoidea pinellasensis\n †Eremotherium\n †Eremotherium eomigrans – type locality for species\n †Eremotherium laurillardi\n Erethizon\n †Erethizon dorsatum\n †Erethizon kleini – type locality for species\n †Erethizon poyeri – type locality for species\n Eretmochelys\n †Ereunetes\n †Ereunetes rayi – type locality for species\n Erolia\n †Erolia penepusilla – type locality for species\n Ervilia\n †Ervilia chipolana\n †Ervilia concentrata\n †Ervilia concentrica\n †Ervilia condra – type locality for species\n †Ervilia lata\n †Ervilia planata\n †Ervilia polita\n †Ervilia valhosierr – type locality for species\n Erycina\n †Erycina actinophora\n †Erycina curtidens\n †Erycina fabulina\n †Erycina indecisa\n †Erycina phaseola\n †Erycina scaptera – type locality for species\n †Erycina undosa\n Escharina\n †Escharina hyndmanni\n Escharoides\n †Escharoides erectus\n Eubalaena\n Eucidaris\n †Eucidaris tribuloides\n †Euclathurella\n †Euclathurella liveoakensis\n †Euclinostomus\n †Euclinostomus gula\n Eucrassatella\n †Eucrassatella densa\n †Eucrassatella meriodonalis\n †Eucrassatella speciosa\n †Eucymba\n †Eucyon\n †Eucyon davisi\n †Eucypraedia\n †Eucypraedia multicarinata – type locality for species\n Eudocimus\n †Eudocimus albus\n †Eudocimus leiseyi – type locality for species\n †Eudocirnus\n †Eudocirnus leiseyi\n †Eudolium\n †Eudolium subfasciatum\n Eugeniconus\n †Eugeniconus irisae\n †Eugeniconus paranobilis\n Euglandina\n †Euglandina rosea\n Eulima\n †Eulima bifasciata\n †Eulima nobilis\n Eulithidium\n †Eulithidium thalassicola\n †Euloxa – report made of unidentified related form or using admittedly obsolete nomenclature\n Eumeces\n †Eumeces fasciatus\n †Eumeces inexpectatus\n Eumops – type locality for genus\n †Eumops glaucinus – type locality for species\n †Euoplocyon\n †Euoplocyon spissidens\n Eupatagus\n †Eupatagus antillarum\n †Eupatagus clevei\n †Eupatagus mooreanus\n Euphagus\n †Euphagus cyanocephalus\n Eupleura\n †Eupleura caloosa\n †Eupleura calusa\n †Eupleura caudata\n †Eupleura intermedia\n †Eupleura miocenica\n †Eupleura pterina – type locality for species\n †Eupleura sulcidentata\n †Eupleura tampaensis\n †Eurhodia\n †Eurhodia patelliformis\n Eurypyrene\n †Eurypyrene miccosukee\n Eurytellina\n †Eurytellina alternata\n †Eurytellina lineata\n †Eurytellina nitens\n †Eurytellina pressa\n †Eurytellina roburina\n †Eurytellina strictolineata\n †Eurytellina tayloriana\n Eusmilia\n †Eusmilia fastigiata\n Euspira\n †Euspira caudata\n †Euspira hemicryptus\n †Euspira rotunda – type locality for species\n Euvola\n †Euvola bowdenensis – or unidentified related form\n †Euvola hemicyclicus\n †Euvola ochlockoneensis\n †Euvola raveneli\n †Euvola smithi\n †Euvola ziczac\n †Exputens\n †Exputens ocalensis\n\nF\n\n Fabella\n †Fabella dalli\n †Fabella navicula\n Falco\n †Falco columbarius\n †Falco peregrinus\n †Falco readi – type locality for species\n †Falco sparverius\n Falsifusus\n †Falsilyria\n †Falsilyria citrusensis\n †Falsilyria eocenia\n †Falsilyria kendrewi\n †Falsilyria mansfieldi\n Farancia\n †Farancia abacura\n Fasciolaria\n †Fasciolaria apicina\n †Fasciolaria calusa\n †Fasciolaria evergladensis\n †Fasciolaria monocingulata\n †Fasciolaria okeechobeensis\n †Fasciolaria petrosa\n †Fasciolaria ramondi\n †Fasciolaria rhomboidea\n †Fasciolaria scalarina\n †Fasciolaria seminole\n †Fasciolaria tulipa\n Favartia\n †Favartia cellulosa\n Favia\n †Favia fragum\n Favites\n †Favites yborensis – type locality for species\n Felis\n †Felis rexroadensis\n Fenimorea\n †Fenimorea fucata\n †Fenimorea moseri\n †Fenimorea pagodula\n Ferrissia\n †Ferrissia hendersoni\n Fibularia\n †Fibularia vaughani\n Ficus\n †Ficus communis\n †Ficus eopapyratia – type locality for species\n †Ficus floridensis\n †Ficus holmesi\n †Ficus jacksonensis\n †Ficus mississippiensis\n †Ficus papyratium – or unidentified related form\n Figularia\n †Figularia crassicostulata\n Fimbria\n †Fimbria olssoni – type locality for species\n †Fimbria vernoni – type locality for species\n Finella\n †Finella adamsi\n †Finella dubia\n Fissurella\n Flabellum\n †Flabellum chipolanum – type locality for species\n †Flabellum dubium\n †Flabellum exaratum\n †Flabellum moseleyi\n †Floradusta\n †Floradusta alumensis – type locality for species\n †Florida\n †Florida caerulea\n †Floridaceras\n †Floridaceras whitei\n †Floridachoerus\n †Floridachoerus olseni – type locality for species\n †Floridameryx – type locality for genus\n †Floridameryx floridanus – type locality for species\n †Floridaophis – type locality for genus\n †Floridaophis auffenbergi – type locality for species\n †Floridatragulus\n †Floridatragulus dolichanthereus – type locality for species\n †Floridemys – type locality for genus\n †Floridemys nanus – type locality for species\n Floridina\n †Floridina antiqua\n †Floridina bifoliata\n †Florimetis\n †Florimetis biplicata\n †Florimetis chipolana\n †Florimetis magnoliana\n Fontigens – report made of unidentified related form or using admittedly obsolete nomenclature\n Fossaria\n †Fossaria cubensis\n Fossarus\n †Fossarus anomala\n †Fossarus chipolanus\n †Fossarus florius – type locality for species\n Fragum\n †Fragum apateticum\n †Fragum sellardsi – type locality for species\n Fugleria\n †Fugleria tenera\n †Fulguopsis\n †Fulguopsis plagosus\n Fulgurofusus\n †Fulgurofusus evergladensis\n †Fulgurofusus spiratum\n Fulguropsis\n †Fulguropsis feldmanni\n †Fulica\n †Fulica americana\n †Fulica minor\n †Fundulus\n Fusimitra\n †Fusimitra conquista\n Fusinus\n †Fusinus ballista\n †Fusinus capeletti\n †Fusinus dianeae\n †Fusinus exilis\n †Fusinus waltonensis – type locality for species\n †Fusinus watermani\n Fusiturricula\n †Fusiturricula condominia\n †Fusiturricula glaphura – type locality for species\n †Fusiturricula lapenotierei\n †Fusiturricula paraservata – type locality for species\n †Fusiturricula servata – or unidentified related form\n\nG\n\n Gadila\n †Gadila clarae\n †Gadila spiniformis\n †Gadila volvulus – type locality for species\n Gadilopsis\n †Gadilopsis spiniformis – type locality for species\n †Gagaria\n †Gagaria mossomi\n †Galaxea\n †Galaxea excelsa – type locality for species\n Galeocerdo\n †Galeocerdo aduncus\n †Galeocerdo contortis\n †Galeocerdo contortus\n †Galeocerdo cuvier\n †Galeocerdo cuvieri\n †Galeocerdo mayumbensis\n Gallinago\n †Gallinago gallinago\n Gallinula\n †Gallinula brodkorbi – type locality for species\n †Gallinula chloropus\n †Gambusia\n †Gambusia affinis\n Gari\n †Gari bowdichi – type locality for species\n †Gari jacksonense\n †Gari jacksonensis\n Gastrochaena\n †Gastrochaena cuneiformis\n †Gastrochaena dodona – type locality for species\n †Gastrochaena emilyana – type locality for species\n †Gastrochaena hians\n †Gastrochaena ligua\n †Gastrochaena rostrata\n †Gastrochaena rotunda\n Gastrocopta\n †Gastrocopta contracta\n †Gastrocopta pentodon\n †Gastrocopta rupicola\n Gastrophryne\n †Gastrophryne carolinensis\n Gaudryina\n †Gaudryina atlantica\n Gavia\n †Gavia concinna\n †Gavia immer\n †Gavia pacifica\n †Gavialosuchus – type locality for genus\n †Gavialosuchus americana – type locality for species\n †Gavialosuchus americanus\n Gegania\n †Gegania acutissima\n †Gelasinostoma\n †Gelasinostoma chipolanum\n †Gelasinostoma elegantula\n Gemma\n †Gemma gemma\n †Gemma magna\n †Gemma triquetra\n Gemmula\n †Gemmula machapoorensis\n †Gemmula vaningeni – type locality for species\n Gemophos\n †Gemophos maxwelli\n †Gemophos tinctus\n Genota\n †Genota floridana – type locality for species\n †Gentilicamelus – or unidentified comparable form\n Geochelone\n †Geochelone mlynarskii – type locality for species\n †Geochelone tedwhitei – type locality for species\n Geomys\n †Geomys floridanus\n †Geomys pinetis\n †Geothlypis\n †Geothlypis trichas\n †Gephrotes\n †Gephrotes quadriserialis\n Gephyrotes\n †Gephyrotes quadriserialis\n Geranoaetus\n †Geringophis\n †Geringophis robustus – type locality for species\n Gibberula\n †Gibberula chondra – type locality for species\n †Gibberula dryados\n †Gibberula floridana\n †Gibberula waltoniana – type locality for species\n Gibbolucina\n †Gibbolucina ocalana\n †Gibbolucina scolaroi – type locality for species\n †Gibbolucina xustris – type locality for species\n †Gigantopecten\n †Gigantopecten pittieri\n Gigantopora\n †Gigantopora cyclops\n †Gigantostrea\n †Gigantostrea trigonalis\n Ginglymostoma\n †Ginglymostoma cirratum\n †Gisortia\n †Gisortia harrisi\n †Glabrocythara\n †Glabrocythara locklini\n Glans\n †Glans scabricostata\n Glaucidium\n †Glaucidium explorator\n Glaucomys\n †Globecphora\n †Globecphora floridana\n Globicephala\n †Globicephala macrorhynchus – type locality for species\n Globigerina\n †Globinassa\n †Globinassa floridana\n †Globinassa roseae\n †Globinassa schizopyga\n Globivenus\n †Globivenus rugatina\n Globorotalia\n †Globorotalia crystalriverensis\n Globularia\n †Globularia fischeri\n †Globularia solidula\n †Globularia streptostoma\n Globulina\n †Globulina gibba\n †Globulina inaequalis\n †Glossotherium\n †Glossotherium chapadmalense\n †Glossotherium garbanii\n Glycymeris\n †Glycymeris americana\n †Glycymeris decussata\n †Glycymeris gadsdenensis\n †Glycymeris hillsboroughensis – tentative report\n †Glycymeris lisbonensis\n †Glycymeris suwannensis\n †Glycymeris tuckerae – tentative report\n †Glycymeris waltonense\n Glyphostoma\n †Glyphostoma aldrichi\n †Glyphostoma belonoides – type locality for species\n †Glyphostoma celosia\n †Glyphostoma chipolanum – type locality for species\n †Glyphostoma harrisi – type locality for species\n †Glyphostoma ischnon – type locality for species\n †Glyphostoma marionae\n †Glyphostoma nannophues – type locality for species\n †Glyphostoma perieilema\n †Glyphostoma polysculptum\n †Glyphostoma sapita\n †Glyphostoma scoptes\n †Glyphostoma tiarophoron – type locality for species\n †Glyphostoma tryphonoides\n †Glyphostoma typhon\n †Glyphostoma watsoni\n †Glyphostoma woodringi\n †Glyphostoma xeston – type locality for species\n Glyphostomops\n †Glyphostomops pinellasensis\n Glyphyalinia\n †Glyphyalinia indentata\n †Glyptanatica\n †Glyptanatica caractica\n †Glyptanatica euglypta – type locality for species\n Glyptoactis\n †Glyptoactis hadra\n †Glyptoactis himerta\n †Glyptoactis serricosta\n †Glyptotherium\n †Glyptotherium arizonae\n †Glyptotherium floridanum – type locality for species\n †Gomphotherium\n †Gomphotherium obscurum – or unidentified comparable form\n †Gomphotherium simplicidens\n †Goneavus\n †Goniodelphis – type locality for genus\n †Goniodelphis hudsoni – type locality for species\n Goniopora\n †Goniopora aucillana – type locality for species\n †Goniopora ballistensis – type locality for species\n †Goniopora calhounensis – type locality for species\n †Goniopora decaturensis – or unidentified comparable form\n †Goniopora jacobiana\n †Goniopora matsoni – type locality for species\n †Goniopora tampaensis – type locality for species\n Gopherus\n †Gopherus polyphemus\n Gouldia\n †Gouldia alta\n †Gouldia cerina\n †Gouldia costaricensis – type locality for species\n †Gouldia erosum\n †Gouldia floridana\n †Gouldia metastriata\n †Gouldia metastriatum\n †Gouldia phacota\n †Granoturris\n †Granoturris padolina\n Granulina\n †Granulina defuniak\n †Granulina ovuliformis\n Graptemys\n †Graptemys barbouri – or unidentified comparable form\n Gregariella\n †Gregariella coralliophaga\n Grus\n †Grus americana\n †Grus canadensis\n †Guara\n †Guara alba\n Guttulina\n †Guttulina caudata\n †Guttulina lactea\n Gymnogyps\n †Gymnogyps californianus\n †Gymnogyps californicus\n †Gymnogyps kofordi – type locality for species\n Gypsina\n †Gypsina globula\n Gyraulus\n †Gyraulus parvus\n\nH\n\n †Hadrodelphis\n Haematopus – type locality for genus\n †Haematopus palliatus – type locality for species\n Haemulon\n Haliaeetus\n †Haliaeetus leucocephalus\n †Haliaetus\n †Haliaetus leucocephalus\n †Halichoeres\n †Halimeda\n Halodule\n Haminoea\n †Haminoea pompholyx\n †Haminoea sulcobasis\n Hanetia\n †Hanetia mengeana\n †Hanetia vaughani\n Haplocytheridea\n †Haplocytheridea bassleri\n Harengula\n †Harrymys\n †Harrymys magnus\n Hastula\n †Hastula cinerea\n Haustellum\n †Haustellum gilli\n †Haustellum messorium\n †Haustellum rubidum\n Hawaiia\n †Hawaiia minuscule\n Hebetoncylus\n †Hebetoncylus excentricus\n Heilprinia\n †Heilprinia caloosaensis\n †Heilprinia carolinensis\n †Heilprinia dalli\n †Heilprinia gunteri\n †Heilprinia hasta\n Heliaster\n †Heliaster microbrachius\n Helicina\n †Helicina ballista\n †Helicina posti\n †Heliscomys\n Helisoma\n †Helisoma conanta\n †Helisoma conanti\n †Helisoma disstoni\n †Helisoma scalare\n Heloderma – tentative report\n †Helonetta – type locality for genus\n †Helonetta brodkorbi – type locality for species\n †Hemiauchenia\n †Hemiauchenia gracilis – type locality for species\n †Hemiauchenia macrocephala\n †Hemiauchenia minima\n Hemicerithium\n †Hemicerithium akriton – type locality for species\n †Hemicerithium cossmanni\n †Hemicerithium craticulum – type locality for species\n †Hemicerithium pagodum – type locality for species\n Hemicythere\n Hemimactra\n †Hemimactra craspeota\n †Hemimactra densa\n †Hemimactra dodona\n †Hemimactra solidissima\n †Hemimactra solidissina\n †Hemimactra solidssima\n †Hemimactra subparilis\n Hemimetis\n †Hemimetis magnoliana\n Hemipristis\n †Hemipristis serra\n †Hemipristis wyattdurhami – or unidentified comparable form\n Here\n †Here densatus\n †Here glenni\n †Here wacissana – or unidentified comparable form\n †Herodias\n †Herodias egretta\n †Herpetotherium\n Hespererato\n †Hespererato chipolana – type locality for species\n †Hespererato maugeriae\n †Hesperisterinia\n †Hesperisterinia filicata\n Hesperisternia\n †Hesperisternia chipolana – type locality for species\n †Hesperisternia miamiensis\n †Hesperisternia multangulus\n †Hesperisternia waltonia – type locality for species\n †Hesperisternia waltonianum\n †Hesperotestudo\n †Hesperotestudo alleni – type locality for species\n †Hesperotestudo crassicutata\n †Hesperotestudo crassiscutata\n †Hesperotestudo incisa\n †Hesperotestudo mlynarsii\n †Hesperotestudo mlynarskii\n †Hesperotestudo turgida – or unidentified comparable form\n Heterodon\n †Heterodon brevis – type locality for species\n †Heterodon platyrhinos\n †Heterodon simus\n Heterostegina\n †Heterostegina ocalana\n †Hexameryx – type locality for genus\n †Hexameryx simpsoni – type locality for species\n Hexaplex\n †Hexaplex fulvescens\n †Hexaplex hertweckorum\n †Hexaplex jameshoubricki\n †Hexaplex trippae\n †Hexaplex veatchi – type locality for species\n Hiatella\n †Hiatella arctica\n Himantopus\n Himerometra\n †Himerometra bassleri\n Hincksina\n †Hincksina bilaminaria – type locality for species\n †Hincksina ocalensis\n Hindsia\n †Hindsia pyta\n Hindsiclava\n †Hindsiclava antealesidota\n †Hindsiclava calligonoides – type locality for species\n †Hindsiclava eupora\n †Hindsiclava perspirata\n †Hindsiella\n †Hindsiella nephritica\n †Hipparion\n †Hipparion tehonense – or unidentified comparable form\n Hipponix\n †Hipponix ceras\n †Hipponix floridana\n †Hipponix floridanus – type locality for species\n †Hipponix levinus\n †Hipponix tampensis\n †Hipponix willcoxii\n Hippopleurifera\n †Hippopleurifera costulata\n †Hippopleurifera crassicollis\n †Hippopleurifera incondita\n †Hippopleurifera ligulata\n †Hippopleurifera moodysbranchensis\n †Hippopleurifera punctata\n †Hippopleurifera radicata\n Hippopodina\n †Hippopodina vibraculifera\n Hippoporidra\n †Hippoporidra calcarea\n Hippoporina\n †Hippoporina lucens\n †Hippotherium\n †Holmesina\n †Holmesina floridanus\n †Holmesina septentrionalis\n †Homiphoca\n †Homiphoca capensis\n Homo\n †Homo sapiens\n †Homotherium\n †Homotherium serum\n †Hoplictis\n Hulingsina\n †Hulingsina ashermani\n †Humboldtiana – tentative report\n †Humboldtiana tuckerae\n Hyalina\n †Hyalina brithia – type locality for species\n †Hyalina chipolana\n †Hyalina coloba\n †Hyalina critha – type locality for species\n †Hyalina denticulatoides\n †Hyalina elegantula\n †Hyalina euancycla – type locality for species\n †Hyalina eurystoma – type locality for species\n †Hyalina impagina\n †Hyalina nanna – type locality for species\n †Hyalina newmani\n †Hyalina silicicifluvia\n †Hyalina vadosa – type locality for species\n †Hyalina xanthophaes – type locality for species\n †Hyalinonetrion\n †Hyalinonetrion clavatum\n †Hyalopyrgus\n †Hyalopyrgus aequicostatus\n †Hydranassa\n †Hydranassa tricolor\n Hydrobia – report made of unidentified related form or using admittedly obsolete nomenclature\n Hydrochoerus\n †Hydrochoerus pinckneyi – or unidentified comparable form\n Hyla\n †Hyla baderi – type locality for species\n †Hyla cinerea\n †Hyla femoralis\n †Hyla goini – type locality for species\n †Hyla gratiosa\n Hylocichla – or unidentified comparable form\n †Hylocichla mustelina\n Hyotissa\n †Hyotissa haitensis – type locality for species\n †Hyotissa meridionalis\n †Hypohippus\n †Hypohippus affinis – or unidentified comparable form\n †Hypohippus chico\n †Hypolagus\n †Hypolagus ringoldensis\n †Hypolagus tedfordi – or unidentified comparable form\n Hysteroconcha\n †Hysteroconcha cypta\n †Hysteroconcha harrisi\n\nI\n\n Ictalurus\n †Ictalurus catus – or unidentified comparable form\n Ilex\n †Ilex glabra\n Ilyanassa\n †Ilyanassa arata\n †Ilyanassa corbis\n †Ilyanassa floridana\n †Ilyanassa granifera\n †Ilyanassa marthae\n †Ilyanassa palmbeachensis\n †Ilyanassa scalaspira\n †Ilyanassa wilmingtonensis\n †Indarctos\n †Inodrillia\n †Inodrillia aepynota\n Ischnochiton\n Iselica\n †Iselica myttonis\n †Iselica psila – type locality for species\n Isognomon\n †Isognomon alatus\n †Isognomon radiatus – tentative report\n Isophyllia\n †Isophyllia desotoensis – type locality for species\n †Isophyllia sinuosa\n Isurus\n †Isurus desori\n †Isurus oxyrinchus\n Ithycythara\n †Ithycythara defuniak – type locality for species\n †Ithycythara emeryi\n †Ithycythara lanceolata\n †Ithycythara maera\n †Ithycythara psila\n †Ithycythara radinos – type locality for species\n †Ithycythara tarri\n Ixobrychus\n †Ixobrychus exilis\n\nJ\n\n Jabiru\n †Jabiru mycteria – type locality for species\n Jacana\n †Jacana farrandi – type locality for species\n †Jacana spinosa\n Japonactaeon\n †Japonactaeon punctostriata\n †Japonactaeon punctostriatus\n †Japsidiconus\n †Japsidiconus wilsoni\n Jaspidella\n †Jaspidella cofacorys – type locality for species\n †Jaspidella colleta\n †Jaspidella jaspidea – tentative report\n †Jenkinsia – or unidentified comparable form\n Jenneria\n †Jenneria hepleri\n †Jenneria loxahatchiensis\n †Jenneria richardsi\n †Jenneria violetae\n †Jimomys – or unidentified related form\n †Jordanella\n †Jordanella floridae\n Julia\n †Julia floridana\n Juliacorbula\n †Juliacorbula scutata\n Junco\n †Junco hyemalis\n\nK\n\n Kalolophus\n †Kalolophus chipolanus\n †Karstala – type locality for genus\n †Karstala silva – type locality for species\n †Kathpalmeria\n †Kathpalmeria georgiana\n Kinosternon\n †Kinosternon subrubrum\n †Kionaster\n †Kionaster petersonae – type locality for species\n Knefastia\n †Knefastia brooksvillensis\n †Knefastia glypta – type locality for species\n †Knefastia lindae\n †Knefastia waltonia – type locality for species\n †Kogiopsis – type locality for genus\n †Kogiopsis floridana – type locality for species\n †Koopmanycteris – type locality for genus\n †Koopmanycteris palaeomormoops – type locality for species\n Kuphus\n †Kuphus incrassatus\n Kurtziella\n †Kurtziella cerina\n †Kurtziella daidalea – type locality for species\n †Kurtziella limonitella\n †Kurtziella limontella\n †Kurtziella prionota – type locality for species\n †Kurtziella ramondi\n †Kurtziella serta\n †Kurtziella stephanophora – type locality for species\n †Kurtziella thektapleura – type locality for species\n †Kurtziella websteri\n †Kyptoceras\n †Kyptoceras amatorum\n\nL\n\n †Lachnolaimus\n †Lachnolaimus maximus\n Laciolina\n †Laciolina magna\n †Lactophrys\n Laevapex\n †Laevapex peninsulae\n †Laevella – type locality for genus\n †Laevella floridana – type locality for species\n Laevicardium\n †Laevicardium compressum\n †Laevicardium mortoni\n †Laevicardium serratum\n Laganum\n †Laganum floridanum\n †Laganum ocalanum\n Lagena\n †Lagena hexagona\n †Lagena laevis\n †Lagena substriata\n †Lagodon\n †Lagodon rhomboides\n †Laguna\n †Laguna floridanum\n Lamarckina\n †Lamarckina atlantica\n Lampropeltis\n †Lampropeltis getulus\n Lamychaena\n †Lamychaena hians\n Lanius\n †Lanius ludovicianus\n †Lantanotherium\n †Lapparia\n †Lapparia conradi – type locality for species\n Larus\n †Larus elmorei – type locality for species\n †Larus elmori\n †Larus lacus – type locality for species\n †Larus perpetuus – type locality for species\n Lasiurus\n †Lasiurus borealis\n †Lasiurus intermedius\n †Latecphora\n †Latecphora bradleyae\n †Latecphora violetae\n Laterallus\n †Laterallus exilis – or unidentified comparable form\n †Laterallus guti\n Latirus\n †Latirus angulata\n †Latirus brevicaudatus\n †Latirus callimorphus\n †Latirus duerri\n †Latirus floridanus\n †Latirus hypsipettus\n †Latirus jucundus\n †Latirus maxwelli\n †Latirus miamiensis\n †Latirus multilineatus\n †Latirus rugatus\n †Latirus seminolensis\n †Leidymys\n Leiocephalus – tentative report\n Leiostomus\n †Leiostomus xanthurus\n †Leitneria\n †Leitneria floridana\n Lemintina\n †Lemintina granifera\n †Lemintina granifora\n †Lemintina mcgintyi\n Leopardus\n †Leopardus pardalis\n †Leopardus wiedii\n †Lepicythara\n †Lepicythara basilissa – type locality for species\n †Lepicythara turrita\n Lepidochelys\n †Lepidocyclina\n †Lepidocyclina ocalana\n Lepisosteus\n †Lepisosteus platystomus\n Lepomis\n †Lepomis gulosus – or unidentified comparable form\n †Lepomis microlophus\n †Leptarctus\n †Leptarctus ancipidens\n †Leptarctus webbi – type locality for species\n †Leptocyon – tentative report\n †Leptomactra\n †Leptomactra delumbis\n †Leptomactra valhosierr – type locality for species\n Leptopecten\n †Leptopecten irremotis\n †Leptopecten leonensis\n Leptoseris\n †Leptoseris cucullata\n Lepus\n †Lepus townsendii – or unidentified comparable form\n †Leucophoyx\n †Leucophoyx thula\n Lichenopora\n Lima\n †Lima caribaea\n †Lima caribbaea\n †Lima halensis\n †Lima vicksburgiana\n Limaria\n †Limaria carolinensis\n †Limaria chipolana\n †Limaria pellucida\n Limatula\n †Limatula subauriculata\n Limea\n †Limea bronniana\n Limnodromus\n †Limnodromus scolopaceus\n †Limnoecus\n †Limosa\n Linatella\n †Linatella caudata\n Lindapecten\n †Lindapecten acanikos – type locality for species\n †Lindapecten chipolanus\n †Lindapecten harrisi\n †Lindapecten muscosus\n †Lindoliva\n †Lindoliva diegelae\n Linga\n †Linga densatus\n †Linga gelnni\n †Linga waccamawensis\n †Liochlamys\n †Liochlamys bulbosa\n †Liochlamys griffini\n Lioglyphostoma\n †Lioglyphostoma rusum – type locality for species\n †Lioglyphostoma solia\n †Lioglyphostoma tyro – type locality for species\n Liotia\n †Liotia agenea\n †Liotia coronata\n †Liotia solariella\n †Liquidamber\n †Lirodiscus\n †Lirodiscus jacksonensis\n Lirophora\n †Lirophora burnsii\n †Lirophora ceramota – type locality for species\n †Lirophora crossata\n †Lirophora crossota\n †Lirophora cumaina\n †Lirophora cymaina\n †Lirophora funiakensis – type locality for species\n †Lirophora glyptocyma\n †Lirophora latilirata\n †Lirophora sellardsi – type locality for species\n †Lirophora trimeris – type locality for species\n †Lirophora ulocyma\n †Lirophora xesta\n Lithophaga\n †Lithophaga antillarum\n †Lithophaga aristata – tentative report\n †Lithophaga bisulcata\n †Lithophaga dalli\n †Lithophaga nigra\n †Lithophaga oryzoides – type locality for species\n Lithophyllum\n †Lithophyllum compactum\n †Lithophyllum zonatum\n †Lithophysema\n Lithopoma\n †Lithopoma americanum\n †Lithopoma lindae\n †Lithopoma precursor\n †Lithopoma scolopax\n †Lithopoma tectariaeformis\n Lithothamnion\n Litiopa\n †Litiopa palaeosargassina\n Littoraria\n †Littoraria angulifera\n †Littoraria caloosahatcheensis\n †Littoraria irrorata\n †Littoraria lindae\n †Littoraria seminole\n †Littoraria sheaferi\n Littorina\n †Littorina sheaferi\n †Lituonella\n Lobatus\n †Lobatus costatus\n †Lobatus gigas\n †Lobatus raninus\n †Lobatus williamsi\n Longchaeus\n †Longchaeus suturalis\n Lontra\n †Lontra canadensis\n Lophelia\n †Lophelia brachycephala – or unidentified comparable form\n †Lophelia gracilis – or unidentified comparable form\n †Lophelia prolifera\n †Lophocetus – or unidentified related form\n Lophodytes\n †Lophodytes cucullatus\n †Lophoranina\n †Lophoranina georgiana\n Lottia\n †Lottia actina\n Lovenia\n †Lovenia clarki\n Loxacypraea\n †Loxacypraea apalachicolae – type locality for species\n †Loxacypraea chilona – type locality for species\n †Loxacypraea emilyae – type locality for species\n Loxoconcha\n †Loxoconcha doryandae\n †Loxoconcha reticularis\n Lucapina\n †Lucapina sowerbii\n †Lucapina suffusa\n †Lucapina talanteia\n Lucapinella\n †Lucapinella limatula\n Lucina\n †Lucina corpulenta\n †Lucina pensylvanica\n Lucinisca\n †Lucinisca calhounensis\n †Lucinisca cribarius\n †Lucinisca cribrarius\n †Lucinisca nassula\n †Lucinisca plesiolophus\n †Lucinisca silicatus\n Lucinoma\n †Lucinoma contractus\n †Lucinoma crenulata\n Luidia\n Lunulites\n †Lunulites distans\n Luria\n †Luria campbelliana\n †Luria dominicensis\n †Luria mariaelisabethae – type locality for species\n †Luria voleki\n †Lutjanus\n Lynx\n †Lynx rufus\n Lyria\n †Lyria citrusensis – type locality for species\n †Lyria heilprini\n †Lyria mississippiensis – tentative report\n †Lyria musicina\n †Lyria pycnopleura – type locality for species\n †Lyropecten\n †Lyropecten burnetti\n †Lyropecten jeffersonensis\n †Lyropecten marionensis\n †Lyropecten nicholsi\n †Lyropecten tamiamiensis – type locality for species\n Lytechinus\n †Lytechinus variegatus\n\nM\n\n †Machaeromeryx\n †Machaeromeryx gilchristensis – type locality for species\n †Machairodus\n Macoma\n †Macoma brevifrons\n †Macoma constricta\n †Macoma irma\n †Macoma paralenis – type locality for species\n †Macoma pseudomera – or unidentified comparable form\n †Macoma tenta\n †Macoma virginiana\n †Macoma virginicana\n Macrocallista\n †Macrocallista acuminata\n †Macrocallista annexa\n †Macrocallista maculata\n †Macrocallista nimbosa\n †Macrocallista reposta\n †Macrocallista waltonensis\n Macrochelys\n †Macrochelys auffenbergi – type locality for species\n †Macrochelys temminckii\n Macrocypraea\n †Macrocypraea cervus\n †Macrocypraea joanneae\n †Macrocypraea spengleri\n Macropneustes\n Mactra\n †Mactra chipolana\n †Mactrocallista\n Mactrotoma\n †Mactrotoma cymata\n †Mactrotoma fragilis\n †Mactrotoma fragilus\n †Mactrotoma undula\n Madracis\n †Madracis decactis\n †Madracis decaseptata – type locality for species\n Madrepora\n †Madrepora oculata\n Magilus\n †Magilus streami\n Magnolia\n †Magnolia virginiana\n Malaclemys\n †Malaclemys terrapin\n Malea\n †Malea springi\n †Mammacyon\n †Mammacyon obtusidens – or unidentified comparable form\n †Mammut\n †Mammut americanum\n †Mammut matthewi\n †Mammuthus\n †Mammuthus columbi – type locality for species\n †Mammuthus hayi\n Manicina\n †Manicina areolata\n †Manicina pliocenica\n †Manicina puntagordensis\n Maoricrypta\n †Maoricrypta costata\n Marevalvata\n †Marevalvata tricarinata\n Margaretta\n †Margaretta congesta – type locality for species\n †Margaretta fallax\n †Margaretta nodifera\n †Margaretta vicksburgica\n †Margaritaria\n †Margaritaria abrupta\n Margarites\n †Margarites tampaensis\n Marginella\n †Marginella amiantula\n †Marginella ballista\n †Marginella bella\n †Marginella bellula\n †Marginella caloosana\n †Marginella clenchi – or unidentified comparable form\n †Marginella contracta – or unidentified related form\n †Marginella denticulata\n †Marginella faunula\n †Marginella gravida – or unidentified comparable form\n †Marginella gregaria\n †Marginella hartleyanum\n †Marginella inepta\n †Marginella infecta\n †Marginella mansfieldi\n †Marginella minuta\n †Marginella pardalis\n †Marginella posti\n Marshallora\n †Marshallora nigrocincta\n Marsupina\n †Marsupina bufo\n Martesia\n †Martesia striata\n †Marvacrassatella\n †Marvacrassatella meridianalis\n †Marvacrassatella meridionalis\n Massyla\n †Massyla distinguenda\n †Massyla propevenusta\n †Massyla runchaena – type locality for species\n †Massyla shirleyae\n †Massyla venusta\n Masticophis\n †Masticophis flagellum\n †Mazzalina – report made of unidentified related form or using admittedly obsolete nomenclature\n †Mazzalina costata\n †Mclelannia\n †Mclelannia aenigma\n Meandrina\n †Meandrina alveolus\n †Meandrina barretti\n †Meandrina costatus\n †Meandrina meandrites\n †Meandrina meandrities\n †Meandrina variabilis\n Megabalanus\n †Megabalanus tintinnabulum\n Megacardita\n †Megacardita hesperide\n Megaceryle\n †Megaceryle alcyon\n †Megahippus\n †Megalagus\n †Megalagus abaconis – type locality for species\n †Megalictis\n †Megalictis frazieri\n †Megalonx\n †Megalonx wheatleyi – or unidentified comparable form\n †Megalonyx\n †Megalonyx jeffersonii\n †Megalonyx leptostomus\n †Megalonyx wheatleyi\n Megalops\n †Megalops atlantica – or unidentified comparable form\n †Megalops atlanticus\n †Megantereon\n †Megantereon hesperus\n Megaptera\n Meioceras\n †Meioceras nitidum\n Melampus\n †Melampus bidentatus\n †Melampus coffea\n †Melampus monile\n Melanella\n †Melanella bartschi\n †Melanella calkinsi\n †Melanella conoidea\n †Melanella jamaicensis\n †Melanella locklini\n †Melanella magnoliana\n Melanerpes\n †Melanerpes carolinus\n †Melanerpes erythrocephalus\n Meleagris\n †Meleagris anza\n †Meleagris gallopavo – type locality for species\n †Meleagris tridens – type locality for species\n Mellita\n †Mellita aclinensis\n †Mellita quinquiesperforata\n Melongena\n †Melongena aspinosa\n †Melongena bispinosa\n †Melongena caloosahatcheensis\n †Melongena cannoni\n †Melongena chickee\n †Melongena consors\n †Melongena corona\n †Melongena crassicornuta\n †Melongena cynthiae\n †Melongena diegelae\n †Melongena draperi\n †Melongena holeylandica\n †Melongena lindae\n †Melongena melongena\n †Melongena sarasotaensis\n †Melongena sculpturata\n †Melongena taurus\n †Melongena turricula\n Melospiza\n †Melospiza georgiana\n †Melospiza melodia\n Membranipora – or unidentified comparable form\n Membraniporella\n †Membraniporella compressa\n Membraniporidra\n †Membraniporidra spissimuralis\n †Memraniporidra\n †Memraniporidra similis\n †Menoceras\n †Menoceras arikarense\n †Menoceras barbouri\n Menticirrhus\n Mephitis\n †Mephitis elongata\n †Mephitis mephitis\n Mercenaria\n †Mercenaria campechiensis\n †Mercenaria carolinensis\n †Mercenaria corrugata\n †Mercenaria langdoni\n †Mercenaria mercenaria\n †Mercenaria nannodes – type locality for species\n †Mercenaria ochlockoneensis\n †Mercenaria permagna\n †Mercenaria prodona\n †Mercenaria prodroma – type locality for species\n Meretrix\n †Meretrix floridana\n †Meretrix imitabilis – or unidentified related form\n †Meretrix waltonensis – type locality for species\n Mergus\n †Mergus merganser\n †Mergus serrator\n Merisca\n †Merisca aequistriata\n †Merisca halidona\n †Merisca merula\n †Merychippus\n †Merychippus brevidontus – or unidentified comparable form\n †Merychippus californicus – or unidentified comparable form\n †Merychippus gunteri – type locality for species\n †Merychippus primus\n †Merycoidodon\n Mesoplodon\n †Mesoplodon longirostris\n †Mesoreodon\n †Mesoreodon floridensis – type locality for species\n †Metatomarctus\n †Metatomarctus canavus\n †Metaxytherium – type locality for genus\n †Metaxytherium albifontanum – type locality for species\n †Metaxytherium crataegense – type locality for species\n †Metaxytherium floridanum – type locality for species\n †Metracolposa\n †Metracolposa incrustans – type locality for species\n †Metradolium\n †Metradolium parvirimulatum\n †Metradolium transversum\n Metula\n †Metula roberti\n †Microcerion\n †Microcerion floridanum\n †Microcythara\n †Microcythara caloosahatcheensis\n Microdrillia\n †Microdrillia hebetika – type locality for species\n Microhyla\n Micromenetus\n †Micromenetus alabamensis\n †Micromenetus diatatus\n †Micromenetus dilatatus\n Micropogonias\n Micropora\n †Micropora coriacea\n Micropterus\n †Micropterus salmoides\n Microtus\n †Microtus australis\n †Microtus hibbardi\n †Microtus pennsylvanicus\n †Microtus pinetorum\n Micrurus\n †Micrurus fulvius\n Millepora\n †Millepora alcicornis\n Miltha\n †Miltha caloosaensis\n †Miltha carmenae – type locality for species\n †Miltha chipolana\n †Miltha chipolanus\n †Miltha hillsboroensis\n Milvago\n †Milvago chimachima\n †Mimus\n †Mimus polyglottos\n †Miogypsina\n †Miogypsina globulina\n †Miohippus\n †Miomyotis – type locality for genus\n †Miomyotis floridanus – type locality for species\n †Miopetaurista\n †Miopetaurista webbi – type locality for species\n †Miospermophilus – or unidentified comparable form\n †Miracinonyx\n †Miracinonyx inexpectatus\n Mitra\n †Mitra acteoglypha – type locality for species\n †Mitra carolinensis\n †Mitra desmia – type locality for species\n †Mitra heilprini\n †Mitra heilpriri\n †Mitra hosfordensis\n †Mitra lindae\n †Mitra lineolata\n †Mitra mitrodita – type locality for species\n †Mitra prodroma – type locality for species\n †Mitra semiferruginea\n †Mitra silicata\n †Mitra stephensoni\n Mitrella\n †Mitrella acanthodes\n †Mitrella alumen – type locality for species\n †Mitrella asema – type locality for species\n †Mitrella belonis – type locality for species\n †Mitrella blastos – type locality for species\n †Mitrella dalli\n †Mitrella dallina – type locality for species\n †Mitrella dicaria\n †Mitrella eluthera\n †Mitrella gardnerae\n †Mitrella hayesorum – type locality for species\n †Mitrella ischna – type locality for species\n †Mitrella juncea – type locality for species\n †Mitrella mikra – type locality for species\n †Mitrella nanna – type locality for species\n †Mitrella oryzoides – type locality for species\n †Mitrella oxia – type locality for species\n †Mitrella pedana – type locality for species\n †Mitrella perfervida\n †Mitrella phagon – type locality for species\n †Mitrella photeina – type locality for species\n †Mitrella phyllisae – type locality for species\n †Mitrella sima – type locality for species\n †Mitrella stikta – type locality for species\n †Mitrella trajectionis\n †Mitrella turgidula\n †Mitrella tytha – type locality for species\n Mitromorpha\n †Mitromorpha dormitor\n Modiolaria\n Modiolus\n †Modiolus americanus\n †Modiolus blandus\n †Modiolus grammatus\n †Modiolus minimus\n †Modiolus silicatus\n Modulus\n †Modulus basileus\n †Modulus biconicus – type locality for species\n †Modulus caloosahatcheensis\n †Modulus calusa\n †Modulus carchedonius\n †Modulus compactus\n †Modulus liveoakensis\n †Modulus modulus\n †Modulus pacei\n †Modulus turbinatus\n †Modulus willcoxii\n †Modulus woodringi\n Moerella\n †Moerella calliglypta\n †Moerella candeana\n †Molleria\n †Molleria duplinensis\n Molothrus\n †Molothrus ater\n Monilispira\n †Monilispira archeri\n †Monilispira leucocyma – or unidentified comparable form\n Monoplex\n †Monoplex – type locality for species A informal\n †Monoplex krebsii\n †Monoplex parthenopeus\n †Monoplex ritteri\n †Monostiolum\n †Monostiolum petiti\n †Monostiolum thomasi\n †Montacula\n Montacuta\n †Montacuta chipolana\n †Montacuta floridana\n Montastrea\n †Montastrea bainbridgensis\n †Montastrea brevis\n †Montastrea cavernosa\n †Montastrea costata – or unidentified comparable form\n †Montastrea davisina – type locality for species\n †Montastrea endothecata\n †Montastrea imbata\n †Montastrea intermedia\n †Montastrea peninsularis – type locality for species\n †Montastrea tampaensis\n †Montezumella\n †Montezumella microporosa\n Mormoops\n †Mormoops megalophylla\n †Moropus\n †Moropus oregonensis – or unidentified comparable form\n †Mortonella\n Morum\n †Morum chipolanum – type locality for species\n †Morum floridanum\n †Morum macgintyi\n †Morum obrienae\n †Morum oniscus\n Morus\n †Morus peninsularis – type locality for species\n Mugil\n †Mulina\n †Mulina congesta\n †Mulina orthria – type locality for species\n Mulinia\n †Mulinia caloosaensis\n †Mulinia congesta\n †Mulinia lateralis\n †Mulinia orthria\n †Mulinia sapotila\n †Mulinia sapotilia\n †Mulinia sapotilla\n Murex\n †Murex bellegladensis\n †Murex chipolanus\n †Murex fulvenscens\n †Murex gilli – type locality for species\n †Murex globosus\n †Murex nicholsi – type locality for species\n †Murex salleanus\n †Murex tritonopsis\n †Murex trophoniformis\n Murexiella\n †Murexiella calhounensis – type locality for species\n †Murexiella crispangula\n †Murexiella glypta\n †Murexiella graceae\n †Murexiella macgintyi – type locality for species\n †Murexiella miamiensis\n †Murexiella petuchi\n †Murexiella shilohensis\n †Murexiella textilis\n Murexsul\n †Murexsul hexagonus\n Muricanthus\n †Muricanthus hertweckorum\n Muricopsis\n †Muricopsis lyonsi\n Musculium\n †Musculium securis\n Musculus\n †Musculus lateralis\n Mussa\n †Mussa affinis\n †Mussa angulosa\n Mussismilia\n †Mussismilia hispida\n Mustela\n †Mustela frenata\n †Mustela peninsulae\n †Mya\n †Mya arenaria\n †Myakkacypraea\n †Myakkacypraea kelleyi\n †Myakkacypraea myakka\n †Myakkacypraea schnireli\n Mycetophyllia\n †Mycetophyllia lamarckiana\n Mycteria\n †Mycteria americana\n †Mycteria wetmorei\n †Mylagaulus\n †Mylagaulus elassos – type locality for species\n †Mylagaulus kinseyi\n Myliobatis\n †Mylodon\n †Mylohyus\n †Mylohyus elmorei\n †Mylohyus floridanus – type locality for species\n †Mylohyus fossilis – type locality for species\n †Mylohyus lenis – or unidentified comparable form\n Myotis\n †Myotis austroriparius\n †Myotis grisescens\n Myrica\n †Myrica cerifera\n Myrtea\n †Myrtea waltonensis – type locality for species\n Mysella\n †Mysella planulata\n Mytiloconcha\n †Mytiloconcha conradiana\n †Mytiloconcha incurvus\n Mytilopsis\n †Mytilopsis lamellata\n †Mytilopsis leucophaeata\n Mytilus\n †Mytilus conradiana\n †Mytilus conradianus\n †Mytilus incrassata\n\nN\n\n †Nannippus\n †Nannippus aztecus\n †Nannippus morgani\n †Nannippus peninsulatus\n †Nannippus westoni\n Nannodiella\n †Nannodiella nemorensis\n †Nannodiella pauca\n †Nanogyra\n †Nanogyra virgula\n †Nanosiren – type locality for genus\n †Nanosiren garciae – type locality for species\n †Nanotragulus\n †Nanotragulus loomisi\n Narona\n †Narona atraktoides – type locality for species\n Nassa – report made of unidentified related form or using admittedly obsolete nomenclature\n †Nassa consensa – or unidentified comparable form\n Nassarina\n †Nassarina glypta\n †Nassarina trachea – type locality for species\n Nassarius\n †Nassarius acutus\n †Nassarius anisonema – type locality for species\n †Nassarius antillarum\n †Nassarius berthae\n †Nassarius bidentata\n †Nassarius bidentatus\n †Nassarius bimitrodita – type locality for species\n †Nassarius caloosaensis\n †Nassarius cinclis – type locality for species\n †Nassarius consensa\n †Nassarius consensus – or unidentified comparable form\n †Nassarius cornelliana\n †Nassarius correlliana\n †Nassarius cystoides – type locality for species\n †Nassarius dalli\n †Nassarius dasa – type locality for species\n †Nassarius dasus\n †Nassarius dasynema – type locality for species\n †Nassarius dryas – type locality for species\n †Nassarius dystakta\n †Nassarius dystaktus\n †Nassarius ethelinda\n †Nassarius eutykta – type locality for species\n †Nassarius fargoi\n †Nassarius floridana\n †Nassarius floridensis\n †Nassarius grapta\n †Nassarius harisi – or unidentified related form\n †Nassarius harrisi\n †Nassarius ischna – type locality for species\n †Nassarius locklini\n †Nassarius nanna – type locality for species\n †Nassarius nannus\n †Nassarius opeas – type locality for species\n †Nassarius oxia – type locality for species\n †Nassarius parapristuis\n †Nassarius parapristus – type locality for species\n †Nassarius pedana – type locality for species\n †Nassarius pedanus\n †Nassarius pedona\n †Nassarius prista – type locality for species\n †Nassarius pristus\n †Nassarius quadridentata\n †Nassarius rasta\n †Nassarius tribaka – type locality for species\n †Nassarius vibex\n †Nassarius waltonensis\n †Nassarius watsoni\n Nasua – or unidentified comparable form\n Natica\n †Natica alticallosa\n †Natica caseyi\n Naticarius\n †Naticarius camera\n †Naticarius canrena\n †Naticarius plicatella\n †Naticarius precursor – type locality for species\n Natrix\n †Natrix cyclopion\n †Natrix erythrogaster – or unidentified comparable form\n †Neatocastor\n †Nebraskaophis\n †Nebraskaophis oligocenicus – type locality for species\n Necturus\n Negaprion\n †Negaprion brevirostris\n †Nekrolagus\n †Nekrolagus progressus\n Nellia\n †Nellia oscitans – type locality for species\n †Nellia tenella\n Nemocardium\n †Nemocardium parile\n †Neochoerus\n †Neochoerus aesopi\n †Neochoerus pinckneyi\n Neofiber\n †Neofiber alleni\n †Neofiber leonardi\n †Neohipparion\n †Neohipparion eurystyle\n †Neohipparion trampasense\n †Neolaganum\n †Neolaganum dalli\n †Neolaganum durhami\n Neomonachus\n †Neomonachus tropicalis\n Neophrontops\n †Neophrontops slaughteri\n †Neortyx\n †Neortyx peninsularis\n †Neosimnia\n †Neosimnia cristata – type locality for species\n †Neosimnia puella – type locality for species\n Neotoma\n †Neotoma floridana\n Nerita\n †Nerita tampaensis\n Neritina\n †Neritina sparsilineata – or unidentified comparable form\n †Neritina sphaerica\n †Neritina usnea\n †Neritina virginea\n †Neritopsis\n †Neritopsis vokesorum – type locality for species\n Nerodia\n †Nerodia fasciata\n †Nerodia sipedon\n †Nerodia taxispilota – or unidentified comparable form\n Nesovitrea\n †Nesovitrea dallilana\n Nettion\n †Nettion carolinense\n †Nettion crecca\n †Neurahytis\n †Neurahytis marshalli\n Neverita\n †Neverita chipolana\n †Neverita chipolanus\n †Neverita duplicatus\n †Neverita eucallosa\n †Neverita eucallosus – type locality for species\n †Nimravides\n †Nimravides galiani – type locality for species\n †Ninoziphius\n †Ninoziphius platyrostris\n Niso\n †Niso interrupta\n †Niso wilcoxiana\n †Niso willcoxiana\n Nitidella\n †Nitidella nitida\n Niveria\n †Niveria carlottae\n †Niveria quadripunctata\n †Niveria suffusa\n Nodipecten\n †Nodipecten caloosaensis\n †Nodipecten collierensis\n †Nodipecten condylomatus\n †Nodipecten nodosus\n †Nodipecten peedeensis\n †Nodipecten peedensis\n †Nodipecten pernodosus\n †Nodipecten pyx\n †Nodipecten vaccamavensis\n Noetia\n †Noetia incile\n †Noetia limula\n †Noetia platyura\n †Noetia playura\n Nonion\n †Nonion glabrellum\n †Nonion grateloupi\n †Nonion pizarrensis\n †Nonion preadvenum\n †Nonion washingtonensis\n Nonionella\n †Nonionella auris\n †Nothodipoides\n †Nothodipoides planus – or unidentified comparable form\n †Nothokemas\n †Nothokemas floridanus\n †Nothokemas waldropi – type locality for species\n †Nothrotheriops\n †Nothrotheriops texanus\n Notophthalmus\n †Notophthalmus viridescens\n Notorynchus\n †Notorynchus cepidianus\n †Nototamias\n †Nototamias hulberti\n Nucinella\n †Nucinella chipolana – type locality for species\n †Nucinella gunteri – type locality for species\n †Nucinella woodii – type locality for species\n Nucleolites\n †Nucleolites conradi\n †Nucleolites ericsoni\n †Nucleolites evergladensis – type locality for species\n †Nucleolites globosus\n †Nucleolites gouldii\n †Nucleolites lyelli\n Nucula\n †Nucula chipolana\n †Nucula dasa – type locality for species\n †Nucula defuniak – type locality for species\n †Nucula gadsdenensis\n †Nucula proxima\n †Nucula sinaria\n †Nucula tampae\n †Nucula taphria\n Nuculana\n †Nuculana acuta\n †Nuculana basilissa – type locality for species\n †Nuculana chipolana\n †Nuculana conica\n †Nuculana diphya – type locality for species\n †Nuculana dodona\n †Nuculana hamlinensis\n †Nuculana leiorhyncha – type locality for species\n †Nuculana leptalea – type locality for species\n †Nuculana linifera\n †Nuculana polychoa – type locality for species\n †Nuculana polychroa\n †Nuculana posti\n †Nuculana proteracuta – type locality for species\n †Nuculana trochilia\n Numenius\n †Numenius americanus\n Nummulites\n †Nummulites floridensis\n †Nummulites moodysbranchensis\n †Nummulites ocalanus – or unidentified comparable form\n †Nummulites ocalina\n Nyctanassa\n †Nyctanassa violacea – type locality for species\n Nycticeius\n †Nycticeius humeralis\n Nycticorax\n †Nycticorax fidens – type locality for species\n †Nycticorax nycticorax\n Nyroca\n †Nyroca affinis\n †Nyssa\n\nO\n\n †Ocalaster – type locality for genus\n †Ocalaster seloyi – type locality for species\n †Ocalaster timucum – type locality for species\n †Ochetosella\n †Ochetosella jacksonica\n Ochrotomys\n †Ochrotomys nuttalli\n †Ocukina\n †Ocukina srasotaensis\n Oculina\n †Oculina diffusa\n †Oculina floridana\n †Oculina robusta\n †Oculina sarasotana – type locality for species\n Odocoileus\n †Odocoileus osceola\n †Odocoileus sellardsiae – type locality for species\n †Odocoileus virginianus\n Odontaspis\n †Odontaspis macrota\n Odostomia\n †Odostomia acutidens\n †Odostomia caloosaensis\n †Odostomia laevigata\n †Ogmophis\n †Ogmophis pauperrimus – type locality for species\n Olar\n †Olar buccinator\n †Oligobunis\n †Oligobunis floridanus – type locality for species\n †Oligopygus\n †Oligopygus haldemani\n †Oligopygus phelani\n †Oligopygus wetherby\n †Oligopygus wetherbyi\n Oliva\n †Oliva adami\n †Oliva alumensis\n †Oliva blowi\n †Oliva bollingi\n †Oliva briani\n †Oliva brooksvillensis\n †Oliva carolinae – or unidentified comparable form\n †Oliva carolinensis\n †Oliva cokyae\n †Oliva duerri\n †Oliva edwardsae\n †Oliva erici\n †Oliva eutorta\n †Oliva gravesae\n †Oliva immortua\n †Oliva jenniferae\n †Oliva keatoni\n †Oliva lindae\n †Oliva liodes\n †Oliva martensii\n †Oliva murielae\n †Oliva paraporphyria\n †Oliva posti\n †Oliva reticularis\n †Oliva roseae\n †Oliva rucksorum\n †Oliva ryani\n †Oliva sayana\n †Oliva smithorum\n †Oliva southbayensis\n †Oliva vokesorum – type locality for species\n †Oliva waltoniana – type locality for species\n †Oliva wendyae\n Olivella\n †Olivella clewistonensis\n †Olivella cotinados – type locality for species\n †Olivella dasa – type locality for species\n †Olivella dealbata\n †Olivella dodona\n †Olivella eleutheria – type locality for species\n †Olivella eleuthria\n †Olivella eutacta\n †Olivella fargoi\n †Olivella floralia\n †Olivella floridana\n †Olivella gladeensis\n †Olivella jacksonensis\n †Olivella lata\n †Olivella liveoakensis\n †Olivella mississippiensis – or unidentified related form\n †Olivella mutica\n †Olivella oryzoides – type locality for species\n †Olivella perfloralia\n †Olivella poinciana – type locality for species\n †Olivella pugilis\n †Olivella pusilla\n †Olivella tamiamiensis\n †Olivella vicksburgensis\n †Olssonella\n †Omanidacna – tentative report\n †Omanidacna gunteri\n Ondatra\n †Ondatra annectens\n †Ondatra idahoensis\n †Ondatra zibethicus\n Onoba\n †Onoba litiopaopsis – type locality for species\n †Ontocetus\n †Ontocetus emmonsi\n Onustus\n †Onustus grayi – type locality for species\n Opalia\n †Opalia deboury\n †Opalia debouryi\n Opheodrys\n †Opheodrys aestivus\n Ophidion\n †Ophiomorpha\n Ophisaurus\n †Ophisaurus compressus\n †Ophisaurus ventralis\n †Opisthomena\n †Opisthomena oglimum\n †Opsanus\n Orbicella\n †Orbicella annularis\n †Orbitoides\n Orbulina\n †Orbulina universa\n Orionina\n †Orionina bermudae\n †Orthaulax\n †Orthaulax gabbi\n †Orthaulax hernandoensis\n †Orthaulax inornatus\n †Orthaulax pugnax\n Orthogeomys\n †Orthogeomys propinetis\n Orthopristis\n †Orthopristis chrysopterus\n Oryzomys\n †Oryzomys palustris\n †Osbornodon\n †Osbornodon iamonensis\n †Osbornodon wangi – type locality for species\n †Oscilla\n †Oscilla biseriata\n Osthimosia\n †Osthimosia glomerata\n Ostrea\n †Ostrea brucei\n †Ostrea compressirostra\n †Ostrea coxi\n †Ostrea densata – or unidentified comparable form\n †Ostrea disparilis\n †Ostrea equestris\n †Ostrea falco\n †Ostrea geraldjohnsoni\n †Ostrea locklini\n †Ostrea meridionalis\n †Ostrea meridonalis\n †Ostrea normalis\n †Ostrea pauciplicata\n †Ostrea podagrina\n †Ostrea scuplturata\n †Ostrea subdigitalina\n †Ostrea vaughani\n †Otodus\n †Otodus megalodon\n Otus\n †Otus asio\n †Oxydactylus – tentative report\n †Oxyura\n †Oxyura hulberti – type locality for species\n †Oxyura jamaicensis\n †Oyenaster – type locality for genus\n †Oyenaster oblidus – type locality for species\n\nP\n\n †Pachyarmatherium\n †Pachyarmatherium leiseyi – type locality for species\n †Pachycrommium\n †Pachycrommium brucei – type locality for species\n †Pachycrommium burnsii\n †Pachycrommium dalli\n †Pachycrommium dodonum – type locality for species\n †Pachycrommium floridana\n †Pachycrommium guppyi\n †Pachycrommium mansfieldi\n †Pachycrommium occiduum – type locality for species\n †Pahayokea\n †Pahayokea alligator\n †Pahayokea aspenae\n †Pahayokea basingerensis\n †Pahayokea erici\n †Pahayokea gabrielleae\n †Pahayokea josiai\n †Pahayokea kissimmeensis\n †Pahayokea mansfieldi\n †Pahayokea parodizi\n †Pahayokea penningtonorum\n †Pahayokea rucksorum\n †Palaeogale\n †Palaeogale minuta\n †Palaeolama\n †Palaeolama mirifica – type locality for species\n †Palaeophis\n †Palaeophoyx – type locality for genus\n †Palaeophoyx columbiana – type locality for species\n †Palaeostruthus\n †Palaeostruthus eurius – type locality for species\n Pallacera\n †Pallacera caseyi\n †Pallacera chipolanus\n †Pallacera costatus\n †Pallacera tribakus – type locality for species\n †Pallacera vicksburgensis\n †Pandanaris\n †Pandanaris convexa\n Pandion\n †Pandion haliaetus\n †Pandion lovensis – type locality for species\n Pandora\n †Pandora arenosa\n †Pandora bushiana\n †Pandora dodona\n †Pandora trilineata\n †Pandora tuomeyi\n Panopea\n †Panopea bitruncata\n †Panopea brooksvillensis\n †Panopea floridana\n †Panopea goldfussi\n †Panopea goldfussil\n †Panopea parawhitfieldi – type locality for species\n †Panopea reflexa\n Panthera\n †Panthera leo\n †Panthera onca\n †Papillina\n †Papillina gunteri – type locality for species\n Papyridea\n †Papyridea bulbosum\n †Papyridea semisulcata\n †Papyridea soleniformis\n †Parablastomeryx\n †Parablastomeryx floridanus – type locality for species\n †Parablastomeryx gregorii\n †Parabornia\n †Parabornia squillina\n Paraconcavus\n †Paraconcavus talquinensis\n Paracyathus\n †Paracyathus vaughani\n Paradentalium\n †Paradentalium disparile\n †Parahippus\n †Parahippus leonensis – type locality for species\n †Paramerychyus\n †Paramerychyus harrisonensis\n Parametaria\n †Parametaria hertweckorum\n †Parametaria lindae\n †Paramylodon\n †Paramylodon harlani\n †Paranasua\n †Paranasua biradica – type locality for species\n †Paraoxybelis – type locality for genus\n †Paraoxybelis floridanus – type locality for species\n †Parasatarte\n †Parasatarte triquetra\n Parastarte\n †Parastarte chipolana – type locality for species\n †Parastarte triquetra\n †Parotodus\n †Parotodus benedeni\n Parvanachis\n †Parvanachis obesa\n †Parvericius\n †Parvericius montanus\n Parvilucina\n †Parvilucina costata\n †Parvilucina crenella\n †Parvilucina crenulata\n †Parvilucina diktyota\n †Parvilucina flumenvadosa – type locality for species\n †Parvilucina multilineatus\n †Parvilucina multistriata\n †Parvilucina piluliformis\n †Parvilucina sphaeriolus\n †Parvilucina vaughani – type locality for species\n Parviturbo\n †Parviturbo milium\n Parviturboides\n †Parviturboides avitus\n Passerculus\n †Passerculus sandwichensis\n Passerella – or unidentified comparable form\n †Passerherbulus\n †Passerherbulus henslowii\n Passerina – or unidentified comparable form\n Patelloida\n †Patelloida pustulata\n Pecari\n Pecten\n †Pecten burnsi\n †Pecten burnsii\n †Pecten hemycyclicus\n †Pecten humphreysii\n †Pecten leonensis\n †Pecten ochlockoneensis\n †Pecten perplanus\n †Pecten poulsoni\n †Pecten wendelli\n †Pedalion\n †Pedalion kecia\n †Pedalion solereperta\n †Pediomeryx\n †Pediomeryx hemphillensis\n Pelecanus\n †Pelecanus erythrorhynchos – or unidentified comparable form\n †Pelecanus schreiberi\n †Peltosaurus\n †Peltosaurus floridanus – type locality for species\n Peneroplis\n †Periarchus\n †Periarchus floridans\n †Periarchus floridanus\n †Periarchus floridianus\n †Periarchus lyelli\n Perigastrella\n †Perigastrella depressa\n †Perigastrella ovoidea\n †Perigastrella tubulosa\n Periglypta\n †Periglypta caesarina\n †Periglypta tarquinia\n Periploma\n †Periploma discus – type locality for species\n Peristernia\n †Peristernia filicata\n Perna\n †Perna conradi\n †Perna conradiana\n †Perna incurvus\n Perognathus\n †Perognathus minutus – or unidentified comparable form\n Peromyscus\n †Peromyscus gossypinus\n †Peromyscus hagermanensis\n †Peromyscus polionotus\n †Peromyscus sarmocophinus – type locality for species\n Peronella\n †Peronella archerensis\n †Peronella crustuloides\n †Peronella cubae\n †Peronella dalli\n †Perplicaria\n †Perplicaria perplexa\n Persicula\n †Persicula amplior – type locality for species\n †Persicula calhounensis\n †Persicula dockeryi\n †Persicula macneili\n †Persicula ovula\n †Persicula suwanneensis\n Persististrombus\n †Persististrombus aldrichi\n †Persististrombus chipolanus\n Petaloconchus\n †Petaloconchus floridanus\n †Petaloconchus graniferus\n †Petaloconchus sculpturatus\n †Petaloconchus varians\n †Petauristodon\n †Petauristodon pattersoni\n Petricola\n †Petricola concoralla\n †Petricola hoerleae – type locality for species\n †Petricola lapicida\n †Petrolisthes\n †Petrolisthes myakkensis – type locality for species\n Petrophyllia\n †Petrophyllia limonensis\n Phacoides\n †Phacoides amabilis\n †Phacoides calhounensis\n †Phacoides chrysostoma\n †Phacoides disciformis\n †Phacoides eupheus – type locality for species\n †Phacoides flumenvadosa\n †Phacoides hernandoensis\n †Phacoides hillsboroensis – tentative report\n †Phacoides hillsboroughensis – tentative report\n †Phacoides nasuta – or unidentified related form\n †Phacoides nereididetus\n †Phacoides parawhitfieldi\n †Phacoides pectinata\n †Phacoides pectinatus – or unidentified comparable form\n †Phacoides sphaeriolus\n †Phacoides tampaensis\n †Phacoides tuomeyi\n †Phacoides wacissanus\n Phalacrocorax\n †Phalacrocorax auritus\n †Phalacrocorax filyawi – type locality for species\n †Phalacrocorax idahensis\n †Phalacrocorax wetmorei – type locality for species\n †Phalacrocorax wvetmorei – or unidentified comparable form\n Phalium\n †Phalium caelatura\n †Phalium globosum\n †Phalium inflatum\n †Phalium murryi\n †Phlaocyon\n †Phlaocyon achoros\n †Phlaocyon leucosteus\n †Phlaocyon taylori – type locality for species\n †Phoberocyon\n †Phoberocyon johnhenryi\n †Phocanella\n †Phocanella pumila\n Phoenicopterus\n †Phoenicopterus copei\n †Phoenicopterus floridanus\n †Phoenicopterus ruber\n Pholadomya\n Phos\n †Phos parrishi – type locality for species\n †Phos sloani\n †Phos ursula\n †Phos vadosus\n Phrontis\n †Phrontis vibex\n †Phugatherium\n †Phugatherium dichroplax\n Phylactella\n †Phylactella parvicollum\n Phyllacanthus\n †Phyllacanthus mortoni\n †Phyllangia\n †Phyllangia americana\n †Phyllangia blakei – type locality for species\n Phyllonotus\n †Phyllonotus evergladesensis\n †Phyllonotus globosus\n †Phyllonotus labelleensis\n †Phyllonotus leonensis\n †Phyllonotus martinshugari\n †Phyllonotus pomum\n †Phyllonotus tritonopsis\n †Phyllonotus trophoniformis\n †Phymotaxis\n †Phymotaxis mansfieldi\n Physa\n †Physa meigsi\n Physella\n †Physella heterostropha\n †Physeterula\n Physodon\n †Physodon triqueter\n †Physogaleus\n †Physogaleus contortus\n Pica\n †Pica pica\n Picoides\n †Picoides villosus – or unidentified comparable form\n Pilsbryspira\n †Pilsbryspira leucocyma\n Pinctada\n †Pinctada imbricata\n Pinna\n Pinus\n †Pinus caribaea\n †Pinus taeda\n †Pipilio\n †Pipilio erythrophthalmus\n Pipilo\n †Pipilo erythrophthalmus\n Pipistrellus\n †Pipistrellus subflavus\n Pisania\n †Pisania nux\n †Piscobalaena\n †Pistia\n †Pistia spathulata\n Pitar\n †Pitar cordatus\n †Pitar cypta\n †Pitar floridana\n †Pitar morrhuanus\n †Pitar prosayana\n †Pitar simpsoni\n †Pitar waltonensis\n Pitarella\n †Pitarella calceola\n Pituophis\n †Pituophis melanoleucas\n †Pituophis melanoleucus\n Pitymys\n †Pitymys mcnowni – or unidentified comparable form\n Placunanomia\n †Placunanomia burnsi\n †Placunanomia floridana\n †Placunanomia plicata\n †Plagiarca\n †Plagiarca arcula\n †Plagiarca rhomboidella – or unidentified comparable form\n Plagiobrissus\n †Plagiobrissus curvus\n †Plagiobrissus dixie\n †Plagiosmittia\n †Plagiosmittia incrustans – type locality for species\n †Plagiosmittia regularis\n †Planecphora\n †Planecphora hertweckorum\n †Planecphora mansfieldi\n †Planicardium\n †Planicardium virginianum\n †Planorbella\n †Planorbella conanti\n †Planorbella disstoni\n †Planorbella duryi\n †Planorbella scalaris\n Planorbis\n †Planorbis elisus\n †Planorbis tampaensis\n †Planorbis willcoxii\n Planularia – tentative report\n †Platybelodon\n †Platygonus\n †Platygonus bicalcaratus\n †Platygonus compressus\n †Platygonus vetus\n †Platylepas\n †Platylepas wilsoni\n †Playgonus\n Plecotus\n †Plecotus rafinesquii\n Plectodon\n †Plectodon granulatus\n †Plectodon scabrata\n Plectofrondicularia\n †Plectofrondicularia mansfieldi\n Plegadis\n †Pleiorhytis\n †Pleiorhytis centenaria\n †Pleiorytis\n †Pleiorytis bowenae\n Plethodon\n †Plethodon glutinosus\n †Pleurodonte\n †Pleurodonte crusta\n †Pleurodonte cunctator\n †Pleurodonte diespiter\n †Pleurodonte haruspica\n †Pleurodonte kendrickensis\n Pleurofusia\n †Pleurofusia brooksvillensis\n †Pleurofusia dowlingi\n †Pleurofusia plutonica\n †Pleurofusia servata\n †Pleuroliria\n Pleuromeris\n †Pleuromeris aposcitula\n †Pleuromeris apsocitula\n †Pleuromeris decemcostata\n †Pleuromeris pitysia\n †Pleuromeris scitula\n †Pleuromeris scituloides\n †Pleuromeris tellia\n †Pleuromeris tridentata\n Pleuroploca\n †Pleuroploca lindae\n Plicatula\n †Plicatula densata\n †Plicatula gibbosa\n †Plicatula lepidota – type locality for species\n †Plicatula romosa\n †Pliocyon\n †Pliocyon robustus\n †Pliogyps\n †Pliogyps charon – type locality for species\n †Pliohippus\n †Pliohippus mirabilis\n †Pliohippus pernix\n †Pliometanastes\n †Pliometanastes protistus – type locality for species\n †Plionarctos\n †Plionictis – tentative report\n †Plithocyon – or unidentified comparable form\n Pocillopora\n †Pocillopora baracoaensis\n †Pocillopora crassoramosa\n Podiceps\n †Podiceps auritus\n †Podiceps dixi\n Podilymbus\n †Podilymbus magnus\n †Podilymbus podiceps\n Pododesmus\n †Pododesmus scopelus\n Podomys\n †Podomys floridanus\n †Poecilia\n †Poecilia latipinna\n Pogonias\n †Pogonias cromis\n Poirieria\n †Poirieria alaquaensis\n †Poirieria clarksvillensis – type locality for species\n †Poirieria fusinoides – type locality for species\n †Poirieria heilprini\n †Poirieria laccopoia – type locality for species\n †Poirieria lychnia – type locality for species\n †Poirieria mauryae – type locality for species\n †Poirieria phagon – type locality for species\n †Poirieria rufirupicolus\n †Polidevcia\n †Polidevcia flexuosa\n Polinices\n †Polinices caroliniana\n †Polinices coensis\n †Polinices demicryptus\n †Polinices hepaticus\n †Polinices judsoni\n †Polinices lacteus\n †Polinices porcellanus\n †Polinices robustus – type locality for species\n †Polinices uber\n Polygireulima\n †Polygireulima calkinsi\n †Polygireulima chipolana\n †Polygireulima conchita\n †Polygireulima defuniak – type locality for species\n †Polygireulima fargoi\n †Polygireulima gibberula\n †Polygireulima magnoliana\n †Polygireulima makista\n †Polygireulima suavis\n Polygonum\n Polygyra\n †Polygyra adamnis\n †Polygyra cereolus\n †Polygyra septemvolva\n Polymorphina\n †Polymorphina advena – or unidentified comparable form\n Polyschides\n †Polyschides lobion – type locality for species\n †Polyschides quadridentatus\n Polystira\n †Polystira albida\n †Polystira albidata – or unidentified loosely related form\n †Polystira albidoides – type locality for species\n †Polystira subsimilis\n †Polystira tampensis\n †Polystira tenagos – type locality for species\n Pomacea\n †Pomacea paludosa\n Pomatodelphis\n †Pomatodelphis bobengi – type locality for species\n †Pomatodelphis inaequalis – type locality for species\n Poricellaria\n †Poricellaria vernoni – type locality for species\n Porites\n †Porites astreoides\n †Porites barracoaensis\n †Porites chipolanum – type locality for species\n †Porites divaricata\n †Porites floridaeprima\n †Porites furcata\n †Porites matanzaensis\n †Porites porites\n Poromya\n †Poromya floridana\n †Poropeltarion – type locality for genus\n †Poropeltarion newelli – type locality for species\n Porphyrula\n †Porphyrula martinica\n Portunus\n Porzana\n †Porzana auffenbergi – type locality for species\n †Porzana carolina\n †Potamides\n †Potamides aspalagensis\n †Potamides cornutus – tentative report\n †Potamides hillsboroensis\n †Potamides suprasulcatus\n †Potamides transecta\n †Pratilepus – tentative report\n †Primonatalus – type locality for genus\n †Primonatalus prattae – type locality for species\n Prionocidaris\n †Prionocidaris cookei\n Prionotus\n †Prismacerithium\n †Prismacerithium prisma\n Pristis\n †Pristis aquitanicus\n †Proacris – type locality for genus\n †Proacris mintoni – type locality for species\n †Probalearica\n †Probalearica crataegensis – type locality for species\n †Procamelus\n †Procamelus grandis\n †Procranioceras\n †Procranioceras skinneri – or unidentified comparable form\n Procyon\n †Procyon lotor – type locality for species\n †Proheteromys\n †Proheteromys floridanus – type locality for species\n †Promantellum\n †Promantellum florpacifica\n †Promilio\n †Promilio brodkorbi – type locality for species\n †Promilio epileus – type locality for species\n †Promilio floridanus – type locality for species\n †Pronotolagus\n †Propelargus\n †Propelargus olseni – type locality for species\n †Prosthennops\n †Prosthennops xiphodonticus\n †Prosynthetoceras\n †Prosynthetoceras texanus\n †Protocardia\n †Protocardia jacksonense\n †Protocitta\n †Protocitta dixi\n †Protohippus\n †Protohippus gidleyi\n †Protohippus perditus\n †Protohippus supremus\n †Protosciurus\n †Protosiren\n †Protospermophilus – tentative report\n Prunum\n †Prunum amabile\n †Prunum apalachee – type locality for species\n †Prunum apicinum\n †Prunum aurora\n †Prunum bellum\n †Prunum capsa – type locality for species\n †Prunum donovani\n †Prunum eleutheria – type locality for species\n †Prunum ericae\n †Prunum guttatum\n †Prunum inntensa\n †Prunum jessicae\n †Prunum limatulum\n †Prunum lipara – type locality for species\n †Prunum myrina\n †Prunum oliviformis\n †Prunum onichidella\n †Prunum precursor\n †Prunum roscidum\n †Prunum sandrae\n Psammacoma\n †Psammacoma holmesii – tentative report\n †Psammacoma hosfordensis\n †Psammacoma marmorea – type locality for species\n †Psammacoma tageliformis\n †Psammacoma torynoides – type locality for species\n Psammechinus\n Psammotreta\n †Psammotreta intastriata\n †Psamosolen\n †Psamosolen aldrichi – type locality for species\n †Psamosolen sanctidominica – or unidentified related form\n †Psephophorus\n Pseudacris\n †Pseudacris ornata\n †Pseudadusta\n †Pseudadusta hertweckorum\n †Pseudadusta kalafuti\n †Pseudadusta ketteri\n †Pseudadusta lindae\n †Pseudadusta marilynae\n Pseudemys\n †Pseudemys caelata – type locality for species\n †Pseudemys concinna\n †Pseudemys floridana\n †Pseudemys nelsoni\n †Pseudemys platymarginata\n †Pseudemys williamsi\n †Pseudhipparion\n †Pseudhipparion curtivallum\n †Pseudhipparion simpsoni\n †Pseudhipparion skinneri\n †Pseudoaluca\n †Pseudoaluca clarki – type locality for species\n †Pseudoaluco\n †Pseudoaluco clarki\n †Pseudobranchus\n †Pseudobranchus robustus – type locality for species\n †Pseudobranchus vetustus – type locality for species\n †Pseudocemophora – type locality for genus\n †Pseudocemophora antiqua – type locality for species\n †Pseudoceras\n †Pseudoceras skinneri\n Pseudochama\n †Pseudochama chipolana\n †Pseudochama corticosa\n †Pseudochama striata\n Pseudodiploria\n †Pseudodiploria clivosa\n †Pseudodiploria sarasotana\n †Pseudodiploria strigosa\n Pseudomiltha\n †Pseudomiltha paranodonta – type locality for species\n Pseudosuccinea\n †Pseudosuccinea columella\n Pseudotorinia\n †Pseudotorinia bisulcata\n †Pseudotorinia nupera\n Pseudozonaria\n †Pseudozonaria portelli\n Psilaxis\n †Psilaxis verecunda\n Pteria\n †Pteria chipolana\n †Pteria colymbus\n †Pteria multangula\n Pterocarya\n †Pterohytis\n †Pterohytis conradi\n Pteromeris\n †Pteromeris perplana\n Pteropurpura\n †Pteropurpura dryas – type locality for species\n †Pteropurpura virginiae\n †Pterorhytis\n †Pterorhytis fluviana\n †Pterorhytis lindae\n †Pterorhytis marshalli\n †Pterorhytis roxaneae\n †Pterorhytis seminola\n †Pterorhytis squamulosa\n †Pterorhytis umbrifer\n †Pterorhytis wilsoni\n Pterorytis\n †Pterorytis dryas\n †Pterosphenus\n †Pterosphenus schucherti\n Pterotyphis\n †Pterotyphis calhounensis – type locality for species\n †Pterotyphis triangularis\n †Pterotyphis vokesae\n †Pterygoboa\n Pterynotus\n †Pterynotus hoerlei – type locality for species\n †Pterynotus phyllopterus\n †Pterynotus pinnatus\n †Pterynotus propeposti\n †Ptychosalpinx\n †Ptychosalpinx duerri\n Puffinus\n †Puffinus micraulax – type locality for species\n †Puffinus puffinus\n Pugnus\n †Pugnus lachrimula\n †Puma\n †Puma concolor\n Pupoides\n †Pupoides albilabris\n †Pupoides pilsbryi\n Puriana\n †Puriana rugipunctata\n Purpura\n †Purpura haemostoma\n †Purpura marshalli\n †Purpura postii\n †Purpura scabrosa\n Pusula\n †Pusula crovoae\n †Pusula dadeensis\n †Pusula lindajoyceae\n †Pusula miccosukee\n †Pusula pediculus\n Pycnodonte\n †Pycnodonte antiguensis – or unidentified related form\n †Pycnodonte leeana\n †Pycnodonte trigonalis\n Pygmaepterys\n †Pygmaepterys drezi – type locality for species\n †Pygmaepterys pratulum – type locality for species\n Pyramidella\n †Pyramidella suturalis\n †Pyrazisinus\n †Pyrazisinus acutus\n †Pyrazisinus campanulatus\n †Pyrazisinus cornutus\n †Pyrazisinus ecarinatus\n †Pyrazisinus gravesae\n †Pyrazisinus intermedius\n †Pyrazisinus kendrewi\n †Pyrazisinus kissimmeensis\n †Pyrazisinus lindae\n †Pyrazisinus palmbeachensis\n †Pyrazisinus roseae\n †Pyrazisinus sarastoaensis\n †Pyrazisinus scalatus\n †Pyrazisinus scalinus\n †Pyrazisinus turriculis\n †Pyrazisinus ultimus – type locality for species\n †Pyrazosomis\n †Pyrazosomis miamiensis\n Pyrazus\n †Pyrazus scalatus\n Pyrgocythara\n †Pyrgocythara coxi\n †Pyrgocythara plicosa\n Pyrgoma\n †Pyrgoma preftoridanum\n Pyrgospira\n †Pyrgospira acurugata\n †Pyrgospira ostrearum\n †Pyrgospira tampaensis\n †Pyrigiscus\n †Pyrigiscus parkeri – or unidentified comparable form\n †Pyrigiscus sisphusi – or unidentified comparable form\n †Pyrigiscus tellusae – or unidentified comparable form\n †Pyrigiscus yama – or unidentified comparable form\n †Pyruconus\n †Pyruconus druidi\n †Pyurella\n †Pyurella demistriatum\n †Pyurella seminole\n †Pyurella turbinalis\n\nQ\n\n Quercus\n †Quercus brevifolia\n †Quercus chapmani – tentative report\n †Quercus laurifolia\n †Quercus virginiana\n Querquedula\n †Querquedula discors\n †Querquedula floridana\n †Querquedula floridiana – type locality for species\n Quinqueloculina\n †Quinqueloculina lamarckiana\n †Quinqueloculina seminula\n †Quinqueloculina subpoeyana – tentative report\n Quiscalus\n †Quiscalus major\n †Quiscalus mexicanus\n †Quiscalus quiscula\n\nR\n\n Radiolucina\n †Radiolucina amianta\n †Radiolucina arrionta\n Raeta\n †Raeta plicatella\n †Rakomeryx\n Rallus\n †Rallus elegans\n †Rallus limicola\n †Rallus longirostris\n †Rana\n †Rana capito\n †Rana catesbeiana\n †Rana grylio\n †Rana pipiens\n †Rana utricularia\n Rangia\n †Rangia cuneata\n †Rangia cyrenoides – or unidentified comparable form\n Rapana\n †Rapana vaughani\n Recurvirostra\n †Recurvirostra americana\n †Regina – or unidentified comparable form\n †Regina alleni\n Reithrodontomys\n †Reithrodontomys humulis\n †Reithrodontomys wetmorei\n Reteporella\n †Reteporella scutulata\n †Reticulocythereis\n †Reticulocythereis floridana\n Retilaskeya\n †Retilaskeya bicolor\n Retusa – tentative report\n †Retusa vaginata\n Reusella\n †Reusella spinulosa\n Reussella\n †Reussella eocena\n †Reussella spinulosa\n Rhadinaea\n †Rhadinaea flavilata\n †Rhadinea\n †Rhadinea flavilata\n †Rhegminornis\n †Rhegminornis calobates – type locality for species\n Rhineura\n †Rhineura floridana\n Rhinoclavis\n †Rhinoclavis caloosaenis\n †Rhinoclavis caloosaensis\n †Rhinoclavis chipolana\n †Rhinoclavis ocalana\n †Rhinoclavis parrishi – type locality for species\n Rhinoptera\n †Rhinoptera bonasus\n Rhizoprionodon\n †Rhizoprionodon terraenovae\n †Rhizoprionodon terranovae\n Rhyncholampas\n †Rhyncholampas chipolanus\n †Rhyncholampas ericsoni\n †Rhyncholampas evergladensis\n †Rhyncholampas globosus\n †Rhyncholampas gouldii\n †Rhynchotherium\n †Rhynchotherium edense\n †Richmondena\n †Richmondena cardinalis\n Rictaxis\n †Rictaxis fusulus\n †Rictaxis myakkanus\n Rimella\n †Rimella smithii\n Rimula\n †Rimula woodringi\n Ringicula\n †Ringicula boyntoni – type locality for species\n †Ringicula chipolana\n †Ringicula floridana\n †Ringicula semilimata\n †Ringicula stiphera – type locality for species\n Rissoa\n †Rissoa lipeus\n †Rissoa phagon – type locality for species\n Rissoina\n †Rissoina bulimina\n †Rissoina catesbyana\n †Rissoina chesnelii\n †Rissoina chipolana\n †Rissoina floridana\n †Rissoina juncea – type locality for species\n †Rissoina liriope\n †Rissoina parkeri\n †Rissoina planata\n †Rissoina sagraiana\n †Rissoina striatocostata\n †Rissonia\n †Rissonia supralaevigata\n Robulus\n †Robulus americanus\n †Robulus iotus\n †Robulus vaughani\n Rosseliana\n †Rosseliana parvipora\n Rostellaria\n †Rostellaria watermani\n †Rotalia\n †Rotalia beccarii\n †Rotalia cushmani\n †Rothpletzia\n †Rothpletzia floridana – type locality for species\n Roxania\n †Roxania chipolana\n †Roxania funiakensis\n Rupellaria\n †Rupellaria grinnelli\n Ruppia – or unidentified related form\n\nS\n\n Sabal\n †Sabal palmetto\n Saccella\n †Saccella canonica\n †Saccella polychoa\n †Saccella trochilia\n †Saccharoturris\n †Saccharoturris centrodes – type locality for species\n †Sagitteria\n †Sarcenaria\n †Sarcenaria acutauricularis\n Sardinella\n Sassia\n †Sassia jacksonensis – type locality for species\n †Satherium\n †Satherium piscinarium\n †Scala\n †Scala virginiae\n †Scalanassa\n †Scalanassa evergladensis\n †Scalanassa olssoni\n †Scaldicetus\n †Scalla\n †Scalopoides – or unidentified related form\n Scalopus\n †Scalopus aquaticus\n Scalpellum\n †Scalpellum gibbum\n †Scambula\n †Scambula alaquensis\n Scaphander\n †Scaphander ballista\n †Scaphander ballistus\n †Scaphander langdoni\n †Scaphander richardsi – type locality for species\n Scapharca\n †Scapharca campechiensis\n Scaphella\n †Scaphella brennmortoni\n †Scaphella floridana\n †Scaphella gravesae\n †Scaphella griffini\n †Scaphella junonia\n †Scaphella martinshugari\n †Scaphella maureenae\n †Scaphella oleiniki\n †Scaphella seminole\n †Scaphella tenholmii\n †Scaphella tomscotti\n †Scaphella trenhomii\n Scaphiopus\n †Scaphiopus holbrooki\n †Scaphiopus holbrookii\n †Schisomopora\n †Schisomopora umbonata\n Schizaster\n †Schizaster americanus\n †Schizaster ocalanus\n †Schizobathysella\n †Schizobathysella saccifera\n Schizomavella\n †Schizomavella arborea\n †Schizomavella granulifera\n †Schizomavella granulosa\n †Schizomavella porosa\n Schizoporella\n †Schizoporella gunteri – type locality for species\n †Schizoporella marginata\n †Schizoporella viminea\n †Sciadopitys\n †Sciaenopus\n †Sciaenopus ocellatus\n Sciuropterus\n †Sciuropterus volans\n Sciurus\n †Sciurus carolinensis\n †Sciurus niger\n Scolopax\n †Scolopax hutchensi – type locality for species\n †Scolopax minor\n Scolymia\n †Scolymia lacera\n Sconsia\n †Sconsia hodgii\n †Sconsia paralaevigata – type locality for species\n †Sconsia prolongata\n Scrupocellaria\n †Scrupocellaria gracilis\n †Scupocellaria\n †Scupocellaria elliptica\n †Scupocellaria gracilis\n †Scutella\n †Scutella aberti\n Sedilia\n †Sedilia aphanitoma\n †Sedilia hoplophorus – or unidentified comparable form\n †Sedilia ochoida – or unidentified comparable form\n †Sedilia ochoidia\n †Sedilia ondulum\n †Sedilia sapa\n †Sedilia transa\n Seila\n †Seila adamsii\n †Seila clavulus\n Semele\n †Semele alumensis\n †Semele alumrensis\n †Semele bellastriata\n †Semele carinata\n †Semele chipolana\n †Semele compacta\n †Semele cytheroidea\n †Semele ebllastriata\n †Semele mutica\n †Semele nuculoides\n †Semele paramutica – type locality for species\n †Semele perlamellosa\n †Semele proficua\n †Semele purpurascens\n †Semele sardonica\n †Semele scintillata\n †Semele sellardsi\n †Semele silicata\n †Semele smithii\n †Semele stearnsii\n †Semele striulata\n †Semele taracodes – type locality for species\n Semelina\n †Semelina nuculoides\n Semicassis\n †Semicassis aldrichi\n †Semicassis granulata\n †Seminoleconus\n †Seminoleconus diegelae\n †Seminoleconus violetae\n †Septastrea\n †Septastrea crassa\n †Septastrea marylandica\n †Septastrea matsoni\n †Seraphs\n †Seraphs belemnitum – type locality for species\n †Serenoa\n †Serenoa serrulata\n Serpula\n Serpulorbis\n †Serpulorbis ballistae\n †Serpulorbis decussatus\n †Serpulorbis granifera\n †Serpulorbis papulosus\n Siderastrea\n †Siderastrea banksi – type locality for species\n †Siderastrea dalli\n †Siderastrea hillsboroensis – type locality for species\n †Siderastrea pliocenica\n †Siderastrea radians\n †Siderastrea siderea\n †Siderastrea silecensis – type locality for species\n Sigatica\n †Sigatica semisulcata\n Sigmodon\n †Sigmodon bakeri – type locality for species\n †Sigmodon curtisi\n †Sigmodon hispidus\n †Sigmodon libitinus\n †Sigmodon minor\n Simnia\n †Simnia terminatincta – type locality for species\n Simnialena\n †Simnialena oryzagrana – type locality for species\n Sincola\n †Sincola gunteri\n Sinum\n †Sinum chipolanum\n †Sinum dodoneum – type locality for species\n †Sinum imperforatum\n †Sinum mississippiensis\n †Sinum multilineatum\n †Sinum perspectivum\n †Sinum polandi\n †Sinum waltonense – type locality for species\n Siphocypraea\n †Siphocypraea brantleyi\n †Siphocypraea cannoni\n †Siphocypraea carolinensis\n †Siphocypraea dimasi\n †Siphocypraea duerri\n †Siphocypraea griffini\n †Siphocypraea grovesi\n †Siphocypraea metae\n †Siphocypraea mulepenensis\n †Siphocypraea philemoni\n †Siphocypraea problematica\n †Siphocypraea transitoria\n †Siphocypraea trippeana\n Siphonochelus\n †Siphonochelus linguiferus\n †Siphonochelus siphonifera\n †Siren\n †Siren hesterna – type locality for species\n †Siren lacertina\n †Siren simpsoni – type locality for species\n Sistrurus\n †Sistrurus miliarius\n Smaragdia\n †Smaragdia chipolana\n †Smaragdia grammica – type locality for species\n †Smaragdia viridis\n †Smilodon\n †Smilodon fatalis\n †Smilodon gracilis\n Smittina\n †Smittina jacksonica\n †Smittina portentosa\n †Smittina strombecki\n †Smittina telum\n Smittipora\n †Smittipora elliptica\n †Smittipora fusiformis\n †Smittipora levigata\n †Smittipora plicata\n †Smittipora sagittellaria\n †Smittipora tenuis\n Solariella\n †Solariella laqua\n †Solariella turritella\n †Solariella vaughani\n Solariorbis\n †Solariorbis blakei\n †Solariorbis eugenes\n †Solariorbis funiculus\n †Solariorbis infracarinatus\n †Solariorbis microforatis\n †Solariorbis mooreanus\n †Solariorbis opsitelotus\n Solecurtus\n †Solecurtus cumingianus\n †Solecurtus sanctaemarthae\n Solen\n †Solen amphistemma\n Solenastrea\n †Solenastrea bournoni\n †Solenastrea globosa\n †Solenastrea hyades\n Solenosteira\n †Solenosteira cancellaria\n †Solenosteira mengeana\n †Solenosteira mulepenensis\n †Solenosteira suwanneensis\n †Solenosteria\n †Solenosteria quinquespina\n Somateria\n †Somateria spectabilis – or unidentified comparable form\n Sorex\n †Sorex longirostris\n Sorites\n †Sorites marginalis\n Spathochlamys\n †Spathochlamys vaginula\n Spatula\n †Spatula cylpeata\n Speotyto\n †Speotyto cunicularia\n Spermophilus\n Sphaerogypsina\n †Sphaerogypsina globula\n Sphenia\n †Sphenia attenuata\n †Sphenia tumida\n Spheniopsis\n †Spheniopsis americana\n †Sphenophalos\n †Sphenophalos garciae\n Sphyraena\n †Sphyraena barracuda\n Sphyrna\n Spilogale\n †Spilogale putorius\n †Spineoterebra\n †Spineoterebra psilis\n †Spinifulgur\n †Spinifulgur gemmulatum\n †Spiraxis – tentative report\n †Spiraxis tampae\n Spiroloculina\n †Spiroloculina dentata\n †Spiroloculina reticulosa\n †Spirolplectamina\n †Spirolplectamina barrowi – or unidentified comparable form\n Spirorbis\n Spisula\n †Spisula craspedota – type locality for species\n †Spisula incrassata\n Spizaetus\n †Spizaetus grinnelli\n Spizella\n †Spizella passerina\n †Spizella pusilla\n Splendrillia\n Spondylus\n †Spondylus americanus\n †Spondylus bostrychites\n †Spondylus chipolanus\n †Spondylus hollisteri\n †Spondylus rotundatus\n Sportella\n †Sportella constricta\n †Sportella leura – type locality for species\n †Sportella lioconcha\n †Sportella lubrica\n †Sportella obolus\n †Sportella protexta\n †Sportella unicarinata\n †Squalodon – tentative report\n †Stamenocella\n †Stamenocella grandis\n †Stamenocella inferaviculifera\n †Stamenocella mediaviculifera\n †Staminocella\n †Staminocella inferaviculifera\n Steginoporella\n †Steginoporella cellariiformis – type locality for species\n †Steginoporella incrustans\n †Steginoporella jacksonica\n †Stellifer\n †Stellifer lanceolatus\n Stephanocoenia\n †Stephanocoenia spongiformis\n Stercorarius\n Sternotherus\n Stewartia\n †Stewartia anodonta\n †Stewartia floridana\n Sthenictis\n †Sthenictis lacota – or unidentified comparable form\n Stigmaulax\n †Stigmaulax guppiana\n †Stigmaulax guppiona\n †Stigmaulax polypum\n Stilosoma\n †Stilosoma vetustum – type locality for species\n Storeria\n †Storeria dekayi\n †Stralopecten\n †Stralopecten caloosaensis\n †Stralopecten ernestsmithi\n Stramonita\n †Stramonita haemostoma\n †Stramonita penelaevis\n †Stramonita sarasotana\n †Striatolamia\n †Striatolamia macrota\n Strigilla\n †Strigilla mirabilis\n †Strigilla paraflexuosa – type locality for species\n †Strigilla sphaerion – type locality for species\n Strioterebrum\n †Strioterebrum bipartitum\n †Strioterebrum brightonensis\n †Strioterebrum chipolana\n †Strioterebrum concava\n †Strioterebrum dislocata\n †Strioterebrum dislocatum\n †Strioterebrum eskata – type locality for species\n †Strioterebrum eskatum\n †Strioterebrum gausapatum\n †Strioterebrum langdoni\n †Strioterebrum onslowensis\n †Strioterebrum petiti\n †Strioterebrum psesta – type locality for species\n †Strioterebrum psestum\n †Strioterebrum pupiformis – type locality for species\n †Strioterebrum rabdota – type locality for species\n †Strioterebrum rabdotum\n †Strioterebrum raptum – type locality for species\n †Strioterebrum seminolum\n †Strioterebrum spiriferum\n †Strioterebrum vertebralis\n †Strioterebrum vinosa\n †Strioterebrum waltonense\n †Strioterebrum waltonensis – type locality for species\n Strix\n †Strix varia\n Strobilops\n †Strobilops hubbardi\n †Strobilops texanianus\n Strombiformis\n †Strombiformis dalli\n †Strombiformis ischna – type locality for species\n †Strombiformis leonensis\n †Strombiformis scotti\n Strombina\n †Strombina aldrichi\n †Strombina ceryx – type locality for species\n †Strombina gunteri\n †Strombina lampra – type locality for species\n †Strombina lissa – type locality for species\n †Strombina margarita\n †Strombina waltonia – type locality for species\n †Strombina waltoniana\n †Strombinophos\n †Strombinophos maxwelli\n †Strombinophos vadosus – type locality for species\n Strombus\n †Strombus alatus\n †Strombus brachior\n †Strombus diegelae\n †Strombus dodoneus – type locality for species\n †Strombus dominator\n †Strombus erici\n †Strombus evergladensis\n †Strombus floridanus\n †Strombus hertweckorum\n †Strombus holeylandicus\n †Strombus jonesorum\n †Strombus keatonorum\n †Strombus leidyi\n †Strombus lindae\n †Strombus liocyclus\n †Strombus mayacensis\n †Strombus pugilis\n †Strombus raninus\n †Strombus scotti\n Sturnella\n †Sturnella magna\n †Stylocoenia\n †Stylocoenia pumpellyi – or unidentified comparable form\n Stylophora\n †Stylophora affinis\n †Stylophora granulata\n †Stylophora imperatoris\n †Stylophora minor\n †Stylophora minutissima\n †Stylophora undata – type locality for species\n †Suaptenos – type locality for genus\n †Suaptenos whitei – type locality for species\n †Subantilocapra\n †Subantilocapra garciae\n Subcancilla\n †Subcancilla compsa\n Sula\n †Sula guano – type locality for species\n †Sula phosphata – type locality for species\n †Sula universitatis – type locality for species\n Sulcoretusa\n †Sulcoretusa chipolana\n †Sulcoretusa prosulcata\n †Sulcularia\n †Sulcularia chipolana\n †Sulcularia prosulcata – type locality for species\n †Sulcularia sulcata\n †Superlucina\n †Superlucina megameris\n †Suwannescapha\n †Suwannescapha lindae\n †Sycospira – type locality for genus\n †Sycospira eocenica – type locality for species\n †Sycospira eocensis\n †Syllomus – or unidentified comparable form\n Sylvilagus\n †Sylvilagus floridanus\n †Sylvilagus palustris\n †Sylvilagus webbi – type locality for species\n †Symbiangia – type locality for genus\n †Symbiangia vaughani – type locality for species\n Synaptomys\n †Synaptomys australis\n †Synaptomys morgani – type locality for species\n Syncera\n †Syncera microgaza – type locality for species\n Synodus\n †Synodus foetens – or unidentified comparable form\n †Synthetoceras\n †Synthetoceras tricornatus – or unidentified comparable form\n Syntomodrillia\n †Syntomodrillia glyphostoma\n †Syntomodrillia newmani\n †Syntomodrillia scissurata\n †Syntomodrillia spica\n †Syntomodrillia tecla\n Syrnola\n †Syzygophyllia\n †Syzygophyllia dentata\n †Syzygophyllia tampae – type locality for species\n\nT\n\n Tachybaptus\n †Tachybaptus dominicus\n Tachycineta\n †Tachycineta speleodytes\n Tadarida\n †Tadarida brasiliensis\n †Tagassu\n †Tagassu tetragonus – or unidentified comparable form\n Tagelus\n †Tagelus divisus\n Talityphis\n †Talityphis pterinus\n Talparia\n †Talparia mariaelisabethae – type locality for species\n Tamias\n †Tamias aristus\n Tamiosoma\n †Tamiosoma advena – type locality for species\n Tantilla\n †Tantilla coronata\n †Taphophoyx – type locality for genus\n †Taphophoyx hodgei – type locality for species\n Tapirus\n †Tapirus haysii\n †Tapirus lundeliusi – type locality for species\n †Tapirus polkensis\n †Tapirus veroensis\n †Tapirus webbi – type locality for species\n Taras\n †Taras nucleiformis\n †Taxocardia\n †Taxocardia floridana\n Taxodium\n †Taxodium distichum\n †Tectariopsis – tentative report\n †Tectariopsis avonensis – type locality for species\n Tectonatica\n †Tectonatica floridana\n †Tectonatica mino – type locality for species\n †Tectonatica platabasis – type locality for species\n †Tectonatica pusilla\n †Tectonatica semen – type locality for species\n Tegula\n †Tegula calusa\n †Tegula exoleta\n †Tegula exoluta\n †Tegula fasciata\n †Tegula fasciatum\n †Tegula lindae\n Teinostoma\n †Teinostoma altum\n †Teinostoma avunculus\n †Teinostoma biscaynense\n †Teinostoma calliglyptum\n †Teinostoma caloosaense\n †Teinostoma carincallus\n †Teinostoma carinicallus\n †Teinostoma chipolanum\n †Teinostoma cocolitoris – or unidentified comparable form\n †Teinostoma goniogyrus\n †Teinostoma harveyensis\n †Teinostoma mekon – type locality for species\n †Teinostoma milium\n †Teinostoma nana\n †Teinostoma parvicallum\n †Teinostoma phacoton – type locality for species\n †Teinostoma tectispira\n †Teinostoma umbilicatum\n †Teinostoma washingtonensis\n †Teleoceras\n †Teleoceras hicksi\n †Teleoceras proterum\n Telescopium\n †Telescopium blackwaterensis\n †Telescopium hernandoensis\n Tellidora\n †Tellidora cristata\n †Tellidora lunulata\n Tellina\n †Tellina acalypta\n †Tellina acalyptya\n †Tellina acloneta\n †Tellina acosmita\n †Tellina agria\n †Tellina atossa\n †Tellina calligypta\n †Tellina chipolana\n †Tellina cloneta\n †Tellina ctenota – type locality for species\n †Tellina dinomera – or unidentified comparable form\n †Tellina dira\n †Tellina dodona\n †Tellina georgiana\n †Tellina hypolispa\n †Tellina lampra\n †Tellina leptalea – type locality for species\n †Tellina lintea\n †Tellina macilenta\n †Tellina merula\n †Tellina mexicana\n †Tellina piesa – type locality for species\n †Tellina segregata\n †Tellina silicata\n †Tellina similis\n †Tellina strophia\n †Tellina subaritica\n †Tellina suberis\n †Tellina sybaritica\n †Tellina waltonensis – type locality for species\n †Temblornia\n †Temblornia virgata – type locality for species\n Tenagodus\n †Tenagodus tampensis\n †Tenuicerithium\n †Tenuicerithium absonum – type locality for species\n †Tenuicerithium ascensum – type locality for species\n †Tenuicerithium permutabile\n †Tephrocyon\n †Tephrocyon scitulus\n †Teratornis\n †Teratornis merriami\n Terebellum\n †Terebellum hernandoenis – tentative report\n †Terebellum hernandoensis\n Terebra\n †Terebra aclinica\n †Terebra aulakoessa – type locality for species\n †Terebra ballista\n †Terebra binodosa\n †Terebra bipartita\n †Terebra dislocata\n †Terebra divisura\n †Terebra hunterae\n †Terebra odopoia – type locality for species\n †Terebra protexta\n †Terebra sulcifera\n †Terebra unilineata\n †Terebraspira\n †Terebraspira calusa\n †Terebraspira cronleyensis\n †Terebraspira diegelae\n †Terebraspira kissimmeensis\n †Terebraspira labellensis\n †Terebraspira lindae\n †Terebraspira maryae\n †Terebraspira okeechobeensis\n †Terebraspira osceolari\n †Terebraspira scalarina\n †Terebraspira seminole\n †Terebraspira sparrowi\n Terebratalia\n †Terebratalia dentilabris\n Terebratulina\n †Terebratulina lachryma\n Teredo\n Terrapene\n †Terrapene carolina\n Tesseracme\n †Tesseracme caloosaense\n †Tesseracme prisma\n Testudo\n Tetraplaria\n †Tetraplaria petila – type locality for species\n †Tetraplaria tuberculata\n †Texomys\n Textularia\n †Textularia articulata\n †Textularia candeiana\n †Textularia mayori\n Thalamoporella\n Thalassia\n †Thalassia syringodium\n †Thalassia testudinum\n †Thalassites – type locality for genus\n †Thalassites parkavonensis – type locality for species\n Thalassodendron\n †Thalassodendron auriculaleporis – type locality for species\n Thamnophis\n †Thamnophis sirtalis\n †Thelecythara\n †Thelecythara floridana\n Thericium\n †Thericium burnsii – type locality for species\n †Thericium callisoma\n †Thericium chipolanum\n †Thericium coccodes\n †Thericium litharium\n †Thericium peratratum\n †Thericium peregrinum\n †Thericium trilicum\n †Thericium triticum\n †Thericium vokesorum – type locality for species\n †Thericium willcoxi\n †Theriodictis\n †Theriodictis floridanus – tentative report\n †Thinobadistes\n †Thinobadistes segnis – type locality for species\n †Thinobadistes wetzeli – type locality for species\n †Thomasococcyx – type locality for genus\n †Thomasococcyx philohippus – type locality for species\n Thomomys\n †Thomomys orientalis\n Thracia\n †Thracia semirugosa\n †Thracia tristana – tentative report\n †Thracia vicksburgiana\n Thyasira\n †Thyasira trisinuata\n †Thysanus\n †Thysanus corbicula – type locality for species\n †Thysanus excentricus\n †Ticholeptus\n †Ticholeptus zygomaticus – or unidentified comparable form\n Timoclea\n †Timoclea grus\n †Titanis – type locality for genus\n †Titanis walleri – type locality for species\n Tocobaga\n †Tocobaga americanus\n Tonna\n †Tonna galea\n Torcula\n †Torcula acropora\n †Torcula alumensis\n †Torcula apicalis\n †Torcula apicaulis\n †Torcula caseyi\n †Torcula chipolana\n †Torcula jacula – type locality for species\n †Torcula jaculus\n †Torcula martinensis\n †Torcula mediosulcata\n †Torcula mississippiensis\n †Torcula mixta\n †Torcula subvariabilis\n †Torcula variabilis\n †Torcula wagneriana\n †Torcula waltonensis – type locality for species\n Totanus\n †Totanus melanoleucas\n †Totlandophis\n †Totlandophis americanus – type locality for species\n Toxostoma\n †Toxostoma rufum\n Trachemys\n †Trachemys inflata\n †Trachemys nuchocarinata\n †Trachemys platymarginata\n †Trachemys scripta\n Trachycardium\n †Trachycardium anclotense\n †Trachycardium brooksvillense\n †Trachycardium cestum\n †Trachycardium declive\n †Trachycardium delphicum\n †Trachycardium egmontianum\n †Trachycardium emmonsi\n †Trachycardium evergladensis\n †Trachycardium floridanum\n †Trachycardium hernandoense – tentative report\n †Trachycardium inconspicuum\n †Trachycardium isocardia\n †Trachycardium leonense\n †Trachycardium malacum\n †Trachycardium mollyni – type locality for species\n †Trachycardium muricatum\n †Trachycardium oedalium\n †Trachycardium plectopleura – type locality for species\n †Trachycardium silicatum\n †Trachycardium striatum\n †Trachycardium ustri\n †Trachycardium ustrix – type locality for species\n †Trachycardium virile\n Trachyphyllia\n †Trachyphyllia bilobata\n †Trachyphyllia dubia\n †Trachyphyllia walli\n Trachypollia\n †Trachypollia trachea\n Trajana\n †Trajana pyta\n †Trajana veracruzana\n Transennella\n †Transennella caloosana\n †Transennella carolinae\n †Transennella carolinensis\n †Transennella caryera\n †Transennella chipolana\n †Transennella conradiana\n †Transennella conradina\n †Transennella cubaniana\n †Transennella dasa – type locality for species\n †Transennella santarosana\n †Transennella stimpsoni\n †Transennella utica\n Tremarctos\n †Tremarctos floridanus\n †Trichechodon\n †Trichechodon huxleyi\n Trichechus\n †Trichechus manatus\n Tricolia\n †Tricolia affinis\n †Tricolia precursor\n †Tricolia probrevis – type locality for species\n †Tricolia umbilicata\n †Trigonictis\n †Trigonictis cookii\n †Trigonictis macrodon\n Trigoniocardia\n †Trigoniocardia aliculum\n †Trigoniocardia berberum\n †Trigoniocardia columba\n †Trigoniocardia deadenense\n †Trigoniocardia gadsdenense\n †Trigoniocardia protoalicum\n †Trigoniocardia simrothi\n †Trigoniocardia willcoxi\n †Trigoniostoma\n †Trigoniostoma sericea\n Trigonopora\n †Trigonopora vicksburgica\n Trigonostoma\n †Trigonostoma carolinense\n †Trigonostoma drudi\n †Trigonostoma druidi\n †Trigonostoma hoelei\n †Trigonostoma hoerlei\n †Trigonostoma marthae\n †Trigonostoma perspectiva\n †Trigonostoma sericea\n †Trigonostoma smithfieldensis\n †Trigonostoma sphenoidostoma – type locality for species\n †Trigonostoma subthomasiae\n †Trigonostoma tampaensis\n †Trigonostoma tenerum\n †Trigonostoma teriera\n Trigonulina\n †Trigonulina dalli – type locality for species\n †Trigonulina emmonsii\n †Trigonulina ornata\n Triloculina\n †Triloculina linneiana\n †Trinacria\n †Trinacria meekii\n Tringa\n †Tringa flaviceps\n †Tringa melanoleuca\n †Tringa solitaria\n Triphora\n †Triphora bartschi\n †Triphora hemphilli\n Triplofusus\n †Triplofusus acmaensis\n †Triplofusus duplinensis\n †Triplofusus giganteus\n †Triplofusus kindlei\n Tritonoharpa\n †Tritonoharpa lanceolata\n Trivia\n †Trivia capillata – type locality for species\n †Trivia chipolana – type locality for species\n †Trivia clypeus\n †Trivia islahispaniolae\n †Trivia juliae – type locality for species\n †Trivia vaughani – type locality for species\n Trochita\n †Trochita aperta\n †Trochita costaria\n †Trochita crenata – type locality for species\n †Trochita floridana\n †Trochita ornata\n Troglodytes\n †Troglodytes aedon\n Trona\n †Trona leporina\n Trophon\n †Trophon lepidota\n †Tropidophis – or unidentified comparable form\n †Tropochasca\n †Tropochasca lindae\n †Tropochasca metae\n †Tropochasca petiti\n †Trossulasalpinx\n †Trossulasalpinx curtus\n †Trossulasalpinx kissimmeenesis\n †Trossulasalpinx lindae\n †Trossulasalpinx maryae\n †Trossulasalpinx trossulus\n †Trossulasalpinx vokesae\n Trypostega\n †Trypostega inornata\n †Tubucella\n †Tubucella gibbosa\n Tucetona\n †Tucetona arata\n †Tucetona lamyi\n †Tucetona pectinata\n Turbinella\n †Turbinella chipolanus\n †Turbinella dodonaius – type locality for species\n †Turbinella hoerlei\n †Turbinella lindar\n †Turbinella polygonatus\n †Turbinella scolymoides\n †Turbinella streami\n †Turbinella suwanneensis\n †Turbinella wendyae\n †Turbinella wheeleri\n Turbo\n †Turbo castaenus\n †Turbo castanea\n †Turbo crenorugatus\n †Turbo duerri\n †Turbo floridensis\n †Turbo lindae\n †Turbo rhectogrammicus\n †Turbo wellsi\n Turbonilla\n †Turbonilla hemphilli\n †Turbonilla levis – or unidentified comparable form\n Turdus\n Turritella\n †Turritella alcida\n †Turritella alumensis\n †Turritella apicalis\n †Turritella atacta\n †Turritella bifastigata – or unidentified related form\n †Turritella bowenae\n †Turritella buckinghamensis\n †Turritella cookei\n †Turritella dalli – type locality for species\n †Turritella etiwanensis\n †Turritella fischeri – type locality for species\n †Turritella floridana\n †Turritella gatunensis\n †Turritella gladeensis\n †Turritella halensis – or unidentified comparable form\n †Turritella holmesi\n †Turritella litharia\n †Turritella magnasulcus\n †Turritella maiquetiana\n †Turritella mansfieldi\n †Turritella martinensis\n †Turritella megalobasis\n †Turritella pagodaeformis\n †Turritella perattenuata\n †Turritella pontoni\n †Turritella segmenta – type locality for species\n †Turritella subannulata\n †Turritella subanulata\n †Turritella subgrundifera\n †Turritella tampae\n †Turritella tarponensis\n †Turritella vicksburgensis\n †Turritella wagneriana\n †Turritella waltonensis\n Tursiops – or unidentified comparable form\n Tutufa\n †Tutufa pelouatensis\n Tympanuchus\n †Tympanuchus cupido\n Typhina\n †Typhina alata\n †Typhina mississippiensis\n †Typhina obesa\n Typhinellus\n †Typhinellus chipolanus – type locality for species\n †Typhinellus floridonus\n Typhis\n †Typhis floridanus – type locality for species\n †Typhis harrisi – type locality for species\n †Typhis keenae – type locality for species\n Typhlops – tentative report\n Tyrannus\n †Tyrannus tyrannus\n Tyronia\n †Tyronia aequiscostata\n †Tyrpostega\n †Tyrpostega inornata\n Tyto\n †Tyto alba\n †Tyto pratincola\n\nU\n\n Ulmus\n †Ulmus prestonia – type locality for species\n Umbonula\n †Umbonula radiata\n †Urocoptis\n †Urocoptis floridana\n Urocyon\n †Urocyon cinereoargenteus\n †Urocyon citrinus – type locality for species\n †Urocyon minicephalus – type locality for species\n †Urocyon webbi – type locality for species\n Uromitra\n †Uromitra amblipleura – type locality for species\n †Uromitra barnardense\n †Uromitra berkeyi\n †Uromitra climacoton – type locality for species\n †Uromitra climax – type locality for species\n †Uromitra cnestum – type locality for species\n †Uromitra ctenotum – type locality for species\n †Uromitra gunteri\n †Uromitra hamadryados\n †Uromitra hamadryas – type locality for species\n †Uromitra healeyi\n †Uromitra holmesii\n †Uromitra mangilopse – type locality for species\n †Uromitra mikkulum – type locality for species\n †Uromitra myrum\n †Uromitra scopuli\n †Uromitra syrum\n †Uromitra triptum – type locality for species\n †Uromitra willcoxi\n Urosalpinx\n †Urosalpinx cinerea\n †Urosalpinx hillsboroensis\n †Urosalpinx inornata\n †Urosalpinx perrugata\n †Urosalpinx phrikna\n †Urosalpinx rucksorum\n †Urosalpinx subsidus\n †Urosalpinx suffolkensis\n †Urosalpinx tribaka – type locality for species\n †Urosalpinx trossulus\n †Urosalpinx violetae\n †Urosalpinx xustris – type locality for species\n †Urosalpinx zulloi\n Ursus\n †Ursus americanus\n Uvigerina\n †Uvigerina auberiana\n †Uvigerina perigrina\n\nV\n\n †Vaginella\n †Vaginella chipolana\n Valvulineria\n †Valvulineria floridana\n Vasum\n †Vasum barkleyae\n †Vasum chilesi\n †Vasum elongatum – type locality for species\n †Vasum floridanum\n †Vasum griffini\n †Vasum haitensis\n †Vasum hertweckorum\n †Vasum horridum\n †Vasum hyshugari\n †Vasum jacksonae\n †Vasum jacksonense\n †Vasum kissimmense\n †Vasum lindae\n †Vasum locklini\n †Vasum martinshugari\n †Vasum muricatum\n †Vasum olssoni\n †Vasum palmerae\n †Vasum shinerae\n †Vasum shrinerae\n †Vasum squamosum\n †Vasum subcapitellum\n †Vasum suwanneensis\n †Vasum tribulosum – type locality for species\n †Vasum violetae\n †Vasum vokesae\n †Vasum vokesi\n †Velates\n †Velates perversus\n Venericardia\n †Venericardia hesperide\n †Venericardia nodifera\n †Venericardia olga\n †Venericardia vicksburgiana\n †Venericardia withlacoochensis – type locality for species\n Ventricolaria\n †Ventricolaria blandiana – or unidentified comparable form\n Ventrilia\n †Ventrilia alumensis\n †Ventrilia carolinensis\n †Ventrilia rucksorum\n †Ventrilia senarium\n †Ventrilia smithfieldensis\n †Ventrilia tenerum\n Venus\n †Venus halidona\n †Venus marionensis\n Vermicularia\n †Vermicularia fargoi\n †Vermicularia nigricana\n †Vermicularia recta\n †Vermicularia spirata\n †Vermicularia weberi\n †Vermicularia woodringi\n Vermivora\n †Vermivora celata – or unidentified comparable form\n Vertebralina\n †Vertebralina cassis\n Verticordia\n †Verticordia dalli\n Vertigo\n †Vertigo milium\n †Vertigo ovata\n Vexillum\n †Vexillum ctenotum\n †Vexillum triptum\n †Vexillum wandoense\n †Viburnum\n †Viburnum dentatum – or unidentified comparable form\n †Viburnum nudum\n †Vireo\n †Vireo griseus\n †Virgulina\n †Virgulina fusiformis – or unidentified comparable form\n †Virgulina miocenica\n †Virgulina pontoni\n Vitis\n †Vitis rotundifolia – or unidentified comparable form\n †Vitricythara\n †Vitricythara metrica\n †Vitricythara micromeris\n Vitrinella\n †Vitrinella excavata – type locality for species\n †Vitrinella floridana\n †Vitrinella seminola – type locality for species\n †Vitrinella waltonia – type locality for species\n Vitularia\n †Vitularia liguabson\n Viviparus\n †Viviparus georgianus\n Vokesimurex\n †Vokesimurex anniae\n †Vokesimurex bellegladeensis\n †Vokesimurex bermontianus\n †Vokesimurex diegelae\n †Vokesimurex rubidus\n †Vokesinotus\n †Vokesinotus lepidotus\n †Vokesinotus perrugatus\n Volsella\n †Voluticella – type locality for genus\n †Voluticella levensis – type locality for species\n Volutifusus\n †Volutifusus emmonsi\n †Volutifusus halscotti\n †Volutifusus mutabilis\n †Volutifusus obtusa\n †Volutifusus obtusus\n †Volutifusus spengleri\n Volvarina\n †Volvarina acusvesta\n †Volvarina albolineata\n †Volvarina avena\n †Volvarina belloides\n †Volvarina eobella – type locality for species\n †Volvarina oryzoides – type locality for species\n Volvula\n †Volvula phoinicoides – type locality for species\n Volvulella\n †Volvulella oxytata\n †Volvulella persimilis\n †Volvulella phoinicoides\n †Volvulella tritica\n Vulpes\n †Vulpes stenognathus\n Vulpes vulpes – type locality for species\n\nW\n\n †Weisbordella\n †Weisbordella cubae\n †Weisbordella johnsoni\n †Wythella\n †Wythella eldridgei\n\nX\n\n Xancus\n †Xancus regina\n †Xanthium\n †Xenochelys\n †Xenochelys floridensis – type locality for species\n Xenophora\n †Xenophora conchyliophora\n †Xenophora conchyliphora\n †Xenophora delecta\n †Xenophora textilina\n †Xenosmilus – type locality for genus\n †Xenosmilus hodsonae – type locality for species\n\nY\n\n Yoldia\n †Yoldia frater\n †Yoldia kurzi\n †Yoldia soror – type locality for species\n †Yoldia waltonensis\n †Yumaceras\n †Yumaceras hamiltoni\n\nZ\n\n Zapus\n Zebina\n †Zebina browniana\n †Zebina johnsoni\n †Zebina laevigata\n †Zebina tersa\n †Zebina vittata – type locality for species\n Zenaida\n †Zenaida macroura\n †Zenaida rnacroura\n †Zenaidura\n †Zenaidura macroura\n Zizyphus\n †Zodiolestes\n †Zodiolestes freundi – type locality for species\n Zonaria\n †Zonaria heilprinii – type locality for species\n †Zonaria praelatior – type locality for species\n †Zonaria shirleyae – type locality for species\n †Zonaria spurcoides\n †Zonaria theresae – type locality for species\n †Zonaria tumulus\n Zonitoides\n †Zonitoides arboreus\n Zonotrichia\n †Zonotrichia albicollis – or unidentified comparable form\n †Zonotrichia leucophrys – or unidentified comparable form\n Zonulispira\n †Zonulispira crocata\n\nReferences\n\n \n\nCategory:Paleontology in Florida\nCategory:Cenozoic life of North America\nC\nC\nCategory:Prehistoric life of North America"
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"Q: Just looking for a new challenge, then?",
"\n\nA: A new challenge. ",
"Being from Ohio, it’s closer to home. ",
"Leaving Portland, Atlanta was my No. ",
"1 option. ",
"I’m happy I’m here.",
"\n\nQ: Had Caleb stayed, do you think you would still be in Portland?",
"\n\nA: That’s tough to say. ",
"Me and Caleb have that relationship you know, outside of soccer. ",
"It’s tough to say what that conversation would have been. ",
"But without him there the decision was easier.",
"\n\nQ: Was Atlanta the destination, or were there some other teams that you thought would be cool?",
"\n\nA: It was the destination. ",
"I’m excited to be here.",
"\n\nQ: How are you going to fit into the lineup. ",
"How do you think Gerardo Martino will use you?",
"\n\nA: He can use me in multiple positions. ",
"But I think in the midfield. ",
"The team is a good possession team. ",
"They are good on the ball, creative on the ball. ",
"I think I can fit in right away.",
"\n\nQ: He calls it a 4-3-3, but it’s usually a 4-2-3-1 so you think you would play between Carlos Carmona and Miguel Almiron, in that bridge position?",
"\n\nA: Yes, I can see that.",
"\n\nQ: But you can also play on the left on the right. ",
"I know you played both last season, according to whoscored.com, at least seven on both sides.",
"\n\nIs there anyone in particular you are looking forward to playing with on Atlanta United?",
"\n\nA: I can’t say there’s anyone in particular. ",
"There’s a lot of talented guys here. ",
"When you have this much talent, I’m looking forward to playing with multiple guys, especially the guys in attack.",
"\n\nI saw what they did last year so hopefully I can jump in and fit.",
"\n\nQ: How big of a draw for you was Gerardo Martino?",
"\n\nA: It’s huge. ",
"To have a coach of that caliber who has coached some of the best players in the world and some of the best teams in the world. ",
"When you come here you know it’s an opportunity to get better and learn.",
"\n\nQ: Is there something in particular you want to get better at that you think he can help you?",
"\n\nA: There’s a bunch of things I can get better at. ",
"In particular, coming here maybe in the final third, get more chances and opportunities in the final third while adding to what I can bring in possession, as well.",
"\n\nQ: One of the things that people say when scouting your or analyzing you is that you should have more goals and should have more assists. ",
"Is that fair?",
"\n\nA: It depends what you are looking for. ",
"If you are looking for that type of player, then yeah. ",
"If you are looking for midfield possession then no. ",
"As a player I can always contribute more in the attack.",
"\n\nQ: Taylor Twellman was telling me yesterday that he doesn’t think that’s a fair criticism of you anymore, that the things you do are the things that lead to impactful stats. ",
"The goals and the assists. ",
"And that you being here could perhaps change the way that people view or judge soccer players.",
"\n\nA: It could. ",
"Soccer, the culture’s different everywhere and the style of play. ",
"I think it just depends where you are. ",
"Different countries or teams prefer guys that can have more of an impact on a team than goals or assists. ",
"Some teams are looking for guys who get goals or assists. ",
"It’s just different, however that person looks at it.",
"\n\nQ: And defense, Atlanta United loves to do that high press, that tenacious press. ",
"How do you fit in with that?",
"\n\nA: I can go get up and down. ",
"It’s a part of my game that I can bring here.",
"\n\nQ: The signing, 350 people. ",
"Does that make you feel good? ",
"Did you expect more? ",
"I’m curious about your expectations.",
"\n\nA: I expected less, I think. ",
"I just wasn’t sure. ",
"It’s a good turnout. ",
"Across the organization everyone’s excited, the fans are excited as well. ",
"It makes me more excited.",
"\n\nQ: A lot of people are making a big deal out of the private jet to pick you up.",
"\n\nA: (Nagbe laughs and laughs). ",
"They are?",
"\n\nQ: Yes. ",
"Jason Davis spent a few minutes on his show talking about it on Sirius radio.",
"\n\nA: That was cool, you know? ",
"They told me the jet was coming. ",
"I was like, “Ok.” ",
"The jet came, I was like, “It really did come.” ",
"Things like that make me feel more welcome. ",
"It wasn’t that I didn’t feel welcome. ",
"Things like that make me know how excited everyone is about me and the opportunity they’ve given me. ",
"I’m thankful and blessed.",
"\n\nQ: Is there any pressure with this being the potentially the largest inter-league trade in MLS history?",
"\n\nA: For me, personally, no. ",
"There’s always that pressure of wanting to do well as a professional, for my teammates and for the organization.",
"\n\nI think that’s pressure enough already.",
"\n\nQ: Some people say Mercedes-Benz Stadium is a football stadium that houses a soccer team. ",
"I was curious your thoughts after your first tour.",
"\n\nA: I didn’t get the feeling. ",
"I walked in here and saw a lot of Atlanta United logos and everything like that everywhere. ",
"I know the Falcons play here. ",
"I think they did a tremendous job where the football team and soccer team can call it home."
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"1. ",
"Field of the Invention\nThe present invention relates to displacement detecting devices that detect relative displacement between an objective lens and a surface to be measured by using an optical astigmatic method. ",
"More specifically, the present invention relates to a displacement detecting device having a light adjustment member disposed between a light source and an objective lens so as to adjust the resolution of output light focused on a surface to be measured or having a light adjustment member disposed between an objective lens and a light receiving element for regulating an incident angle of reflected light reflected by the surface to be measured so as to accurately measure the surface roughness of the surface to be measured.",
"\n2. ",
"Description of the Related Art\nIn the related art, displacement detecting devices have been widely used for measuring the displacement and the shape of a surface to be measured (which will be referred to as a “measurement surface” hereinafter). ",
"In a displacement detecting device, a laser beam emitted from a light source of a non-contact sensor is focused on a measurement surface through an objective lens, and a focus error signal is generated by an astigmatic method on the basis of reflected light reflected by the measurement surface. ",
"By performing servo control using this focus error signal, the focal length of the objective lens is shifted for adjustment. ",
"By reading the divisions on a linear scale integrally attached to the objective lens by means of a link member, displacement of the measurement surface is detected.",
"\nHowever, the above-described displacement detecting device is problematic in that it is difficult to achieve high detection accuracy since the focus error signal itself has poor linearity. ",
"Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication No. ",
"5-89480 proposes a displacement detecting device that is configured to output a corrected output signal corresponding to the focus error signal of the non-contact sensor from a correction table. ",
"In this displacement detecting device, the beam diameter of light to be focused on an object to be measured is reduced by increasing the numerical aperture of the objective lens in order to achieve higher accuracy in the displacement detection. ",
"For example, the displacement detecting device uses a laser beam with about 2 μm in beam diameter (wavelength) as output light and achieves detection accuracy of about several nanometers to a hundred and some nanometers on the linear scale."
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"Q:\n\nCannot resolve symbol 'LocationClient' in Android Studio\n\nI'm getting this error developing an application in Android Studio that I would like to use location services in.",
"I know this question has been asked before but I beleive the previous was with an app developed in Eclipse.",
"\n\nI beleive this may be an issue with the setup of Google Play ServicesI have followed the instructions here http://developer.android.com/google/play-services/setup.html but I am now getting the error.",
"\nCould it be something to do with the fact that I previously installed Google Play Services through the SDK manager in eclipse before?Any help would be appreciated, thanks\n\nA:\n\nSmall trick \nadd google play services older version in your build.gradle\ncompile 'com.google.android.gms:play-services:5.0.89'\n\nI know this is not good solution. ",
"But it could solve your issue.",
"\n\nA:\n\nLocationClient was removed from the Play Services SDK a few months ago. ",
"You now use GoogleApiClient, LocationServices.",
"API, and FusedLocationProviderApi to access the fused location provider in Play Services. ",
"This sample project demonstrates how to get a location fix from this new API, and its use is also covered in this blog post.",
"\n\nA:\n\nOr if you just need the location service so use\ncompile 'com.google.android.gms:play-services-location:x.x.x'\n\nHere you can find a list with some Google Play services API (scroll to Table 1)\nP.S.: Can't add comments yet :(\n\n"
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"Introduction\n============\n\nIn recent years, home health care has been the fastest growing Medicare benefit. ",
"Medicare home health spending was estimated at \\$10.2 billion in fiscal year (FY) 1993---a 42-percent increase over FY 1992 and a 298-percent increase over FY 1989 ([@b8-hcfr-16-1-91]).",
"\n\nAs one of its many initiatives to make provision of Medicare services more cost effective, HCFA has implemented a demonstration program of prospective payment for home health care. ",
"The major goal of introducing prospective payment to home health care is to minimize public expenditures by providing care more efficiently while ensuring that access to care and the quality of care are adequate.",
"\n\nDuring the first phase of this demonstration, participating agencies were paid a prospectively determined rate for each home health visit rendered to Medicare beneficiaries. ",
"Under the second phase of the demonstration, agencies will be paid a prospectively determined rate for each episode of home health care they render. ",
"In both phases of the demonstration, agencies retain most of any reasonable surplus of payments over costs and are at risk for shortfalls, giving them a financial incentive to provide home care in a more cost-efficient manner than they might under the current method of cost reimbursement. ",
"HHAs are currently reimbursed for reasonable costs incurred. ",
"Costs are judged to be reasonable if they do not exceed specified limits. ",
"During the per visit demonstration, the limits in effect for freestanding agencies were set at 112 percent of the mean cost per visit incurred by all agencies in the same geographic area. ",
"The limits for hospital-based agencies were 13 to 16 percent higher than those for freestanding agencies. ",
"The limits are applied in the aggregate; costs that are above the limit for one type of visit may be offset by lower costs for another type of visit.",
"\n\nThis article reports on our early estimates of the impacts of per visit prospective payment, estimated on data from the first year of the per visit home health prospective payment demonstration. ",
"We examine impacts on per visit costs, use of home health services, agency financial performance, selection and retention of patients, and quality of care. ",
"These preliminary findings are not necessarily indicative of program impacts during the life of the demonstration.",
"\n\nThe Per Visit Demonstration\n===========================\n\nAccording to the terms of the per visit demonstration, the prospectively set rates that an agency received for the six types of home health visits covered by Medicare (skilled nursing, physical therapy, occupational therapy, speech therapy, medical social services, and home health aide) were based on the agency\\'s own costs during a base year (the year immediately preceding its entry into the demonstration), adjusted annually for local increases in the prices of inputs required to produce health services.",
"\n\nIn recognition of the inverse relationship between volume and average per visit costs for home health services, the demonstration also included provisions to adjust the payment rate downward (from base-year costs) for agencies that grew appreciably and upward for those that shrank. ",
"Rates were decreased 1 percent for every 10-per-centage-point increase in the number of Medicare visits rendered (relative to the base year) and increased 1 percent for every 10-percentage-point decrease in the number of such visits. ",
"Although research indicates that average cost per visit varies inversely with the volume of home health visits rendered and average cost per visit for home health care, there is considerable uncertainty about their exact relationship. ",
"Cross-sectional analyses (which investigate the differences in average cost per visit for agencies that render different volumes of output during a given period and which assume that the underlying cost structure of the home health industry is in economic equilibrium) have generally concluded that smaller agencies experience economies of scale as they grow. ",
"However, the results of these studies differ with respect to the magnitude of these economies and the range over which they apply ([@b3-hcfr-16-1-91]; [@b2-hcfr-16-1-91]; [@b4-hcfr-16-1-91]; [@b6-hcfr-16-1-91]; [@b1-hcfr-16-1-91]). ",
"Longitudinal analyses investigating the relationship between the year-to-year change in the average cost per visit and the change in the volume of output ([@b5-hcfr-16-1-91]; [@b1-hcfr-16-1-91]) suggest much larger changes in average cost per visit as volume changes than do the cross-sectional analyses.",
"\n\nThe demonstration included provisions for HCFA to share profits and absorb losses that exceeded certain levels. ",
"At the end of each year, HCFA shared in any profits greater than 5 percent of an agency\\'s Medicare-allowable cost of providing the prospectively paid services. ",
"HCFA also reimbursed agencies for any losses greater than 5 percent of these costs, provided the payment did not exceed the cost limits.",
"\n\nThe demonstration also included procedures to ensure that the number of visits rendered was appropriate and that the quality of care was adequate. ",
"The number of visits was monitored through a medical review process identical to that under cost reimbursement, and an independent organization reviewed a sample of cases from each prospectively paid agency to assess the quality of care rendered. ",
"Forty-seven agencies in the five demonstration States (California, Florida, Illinois, Massachusetts, and Texas) participated in the per visit demonstration for at least 1 year, entering between October 1990 and October 1991, as their FYs began. (",
"Two other agencies dropped out before the end of their first year.) ",
"Each agency operates under the demonstration for a total of 3 years; thus, demonstration operations will be completed at the end of September 1994.",
"\n\nAs [Table 1](#t1-hcfr-16-1-91){ref-type=\"table\"} indicates, the agencies participating in the demonstration represented a broad mix of HHAs. ",
"They operated under a mix of auspices, with most being proprietary. ",
"A little more than one-fourth were members of a chain. ",
"The majority of demonstration agencies had been in operation for more than 6 years.[^1^](#fn2-hcfr-16-1-91){ref-type=\"fn\"} They predominantly served Medicare patients, and most demonstration agencies offered all six home health services covered by Medicare. ",
"The demonstration agencies varied in size, from more than 240,000 Medicare visits during their base year to only 122 Medicare visits during that year. ",
"Most of the demonstration agencies had been growing prior to entering the demonstration; more than one-half of them had experienced rapid growth prior to entering the demonstration, increasing the number of Medicare visits rendered by 30 percent or more. ",
"Four out of every five of the demonstration agencies had base-year costs that were below the limits, and more than one-third had base-year costs that were less than 85 percent of the limits.",
"\n\nThe participating agencies were randomly assigned to either a treatment group, which was paid under the demonstration\\'s prospective ratesetting mechanism, or a control group, which was paid under Medicare\\'s normal cost-reimbursement procedure. ",
"Because the number of agencies participating in the demonstration was small, the treatment and control groups differed somewhat despite randomization. ",
"Although not statistically significant, there were material predemonstration differences between treatment and control agencies that may have affected the outcome we examined, including differences in agency size and costs. [",
"Table 1](#t1-hcfr-16-1-91){ref-type=\"table\"} provides descriptive statistics on treatment and control agencies.",
"\n\nResearch Issues\n===============\n\nPaying HHAs a fixed, predetermined amount per visit creates a number of incentives. ",
"Because agencies retain profits (or surpluses), they will benefit from selecting the most efficient way to deliver their services, perhaps altering direct care or administrative operations. ",
"Agencies may also want to increase the volume of services rendered to benefit from economies of scale. ",
"In addition, agencies that are able to reduce their costs below the per visit payment have an incentive to increase the number of visits provided because each visit generates additional net revenue.",
"\n\nPatient care may be affected by these incentives. ",
"The fixed rate of payment per visit could encourage agencies to avoid or drop certain patients who require lengthy or expensive visits or to make operational changes (such as requiring staff to make more visits per day or reducing supervisory staff) that might result in a poorer quality of care and, perhaps, in higher use of other Medicare services. ",
"On the other hand, an increase in volume of visits rendered could lead to better care for beneficiaries and, as a result, could reduce the use of other Medicare services.",
"\n\nThus, a full understanding of the effects of prospective ratesetting for home health care requires that a number of potential program outcomes be addressed. ",
"In this article, we examine data from the first year of demonstration operations to test hypotheses about the possible effects of prospective ratesetting on:\n\n- Cost per visit, by type of visit and type of cost.",
"\n\n- The use of home health services (including the volume of visits rendered by agencies) and characteristics of episodes (including duration, intensity, and number of visits).",
"\n\n- Agencies\\' net revenues and profits.",
"\n\n- Patient selection and retention.",
"\n\n- Quality of care.",
"\n\n- Use and costs of all Medicare-covered services by agency patients.",
"\n\nWe tested a number of hypotheses under each of these areas, most of which stated that prospective ratesetting had no effect on the outcome examined. ",
"The only directional hypotheses tested were for cost per visit; these stated that prospective ratesetting did not reduce per visit costs. ",
"Many of the specific hypotheses examined will be evident from the tables to be presented.",
"\n\nWhen data for all 3 years of the demonstration become available, we will examine the same issues for the demonstration in its entirety and will also examine impacts on the use of services not covered by Medicare. (",
"Data on the use of these services were collected only once during the second demonstration year.)",
"\n\nData and Methodology\n====================\n\nThe analysis relies on data from many sources and from a number of samples, some of which are based on agency-level data. ",
"Most of the agency-level analyses rely on data for the 3 predemonstration years and for the first demonstration year, with the agency-year as the unit of analysis. ",
"The number of agency-years for which data were available varies from 134 to 189, depending on the analysis. ",
"Other analyses of agency-level data are limited to the first demonstration year only and data for 41 to 49 agencies, depending on the analysis.",
"\n\nMany analyses use data on individual home health patients in the treatment and control agencies during the first demonstration year. ",
"For these analyses, the unit of analysis is the home health episode, as defined by agency-reported start and end dates.[^2^](#fn3-hcfr-16-1-91){ref-type=\"fn\"} In general, the number of episodes included varies from 24,366 to 25,339, depending on the analysis.",
"\n\nOur samples are for virtually the entire population of agencies participating in the demonstration and all of the episodes they rendered during the first demonstration year. ",
"However, it is useful to consider the statistical power that would be available for testing hypotheses if they were random samples of agencies and episodes. ",
"Only substantial differences can be detected with the agency-level data. ",
"For cost per visit, a key dependent variable, the unit of analysis is agency-year. ",
"For a range of assumptions about the correlation of observations across years and the amount of variance of the dependent variable explained by our regression models, we estimate that we can detect differences in cost per visit of about one-third to one-half a standard deviation, or about 15 to 25 percent of the mean, with 80-percent power.[^3^](#fn4-hcfr-16-1-91){ref-type=\"fn\"} The statistical power of the episode-level analysis is sufficient (even with conservative assumptions) to allow us to detect a difference of approximately 10 percent of the standard deviation of the dependent variable (equivalently, about 5 percentage points in a binary variable) with 80-percent power.[^4^](#fn5-hcfr-16-1-91){ref-type=\"fn\"}\n\nData to construct variables were drawn from a number of sources. ",
"A great deal of the data on agencies were obtained from Medicare Cost Reports; Medicare claims constituted the primary data source for the episode-level analyses. ",
"Other key data sources included the demonstration-agency survey, home health certification (HCFA 485 and 486) forms, patient intake forms developed for this evaluation, Medicare eligibility file, and reviews of case records by the quality assurance contractor, New England Research Institute (NERI). ",
"Some variables also were developed from the Provider of Service File, section 223 limit file, Area Resource File, agency financial statements, and predemonstration agency characteristics data collected by Abt Associates Inc., the technical assistance contractor for the demonstration.",
"\n\nThe basic methodology of all of our analyses is to compare the experiences of the treatment and control agencies and their patients to estimate the impact of per visit ratesetting. ",
"In virtually all of the impact analyses, we control for differences between treatment and control agencies that arose by chance, using ordinary least squares regression (for continuous dependent variables) and logit analysis (for binary dependent variables). ",
"To account for the correlation between observations on a given agency across years in those analyses using the agency-year as the unit of analysis, we estimated two specifications: (1) a fixed-effects model (which controls for time-invariant, agency-specific factors by including a series of binary variables representing agencies)[^5^](#fn6-hcfr-16-1-91){ref-type=\"fn\"} and (2) a random-effects model (which includes an agency-specific component in the error term). ",
"The random-effects model provides more precise estimates; however, these will be biased if unmeasured agency characteristics are correlated with treatment status. ",
"The fixed-effects model, on the other hand, yields unbiased but less precise estimates.",
"\n\nWe present the estimated impacts of per visit ratesetting obtained from our multivariate models. ",
"To help put the magnitude of an impact estimate in perspective, we also present the treatment group mean for the demonstration period.",
"\n\nFindings\n========\n\nRegardless of the issue examined, we find no compelling evidence that prospective ratesetting had any impact during the first year of the demonstration.",
"\n\nCost per Visit\n--------------\n\nOur estimates suggest that prospective ratesetting has not led to lower costs per visit among treatment agencies, for any type of visit, than would have occurred in the absence of the demonstration. ",
"This finding holds for both total cost per visit, which includes allocated overhead expenses, and direct cost per visit, which excludes such expenses. ",
"Using data from the 3 years preceding agencies\\' entry into the demonstration and from the year after entry, average cost per visit for each type of visit was regressed on time and treatment-status interaction terms, plus agency and area characteristics. ",
"The impacts on costs were estimated from the model coefficients as the predicted difference between treatment and control agencies in the change in average cost per visit between the 3-year predemonstration period and the postdemonstration year, controlling for the various agency and area characteristics.",
"\n\nThe findings are not sensitive to the econometric specification used to account for the correlation of an agency\\'s costs across years (that is, a random- or fixed-effects model) nor to the set of control variables used to account for possible pre-existing differences between treatment and control agencies. ",
"Because there were material predemonstration differences between the treatment and control agencies in agency size and costs, we included concurrent measures of volume and case mix as control variables in some of the models. ",
"Concurrent measures of volume and case mix could be affected by treatment status, however, and their inclusion could possibly bias our estimates of the full impact of prospective ratesetting. ",
"Therefore, we also estimated models that included only predemonstration agency characteristics as control variables.",
"\n\nOf the 48 estimates obtained (6 visit types, 2 types of costs, 2 sets of control variables, and 2 econometric specifications), none was significantly different from 0. ",
"Furthermore, the estimates were as likely to show a cost increase as they were to show the hypothesized cost decrease. ",
"To illustrate, [Table 2](#t2-hcfr-16-1-91){ref-type=\"table\"} presents impact estimates for total cost per visit for each of the six visit types from the fixed-effects model, excluding control variables for volume and case mix.",
"\n\nUse of Home Health Services\n---------------------------\n\nThe opportunity to retain savings and the greater risk of losses under prospective payment provide treatment agencies with incentives to reduce their cost per visit by shifting the total volume toward a more efficient level and to increase net revenue by shifting toward the types of visits or patients for which profit margins are the greatest. ",
"In general, the incentives are to increase the volume of visits rendered. ",
"However, because prospective rates are set at the agency\\'s own base-year average cost, different shifts in volume may be appropriate for different agencies, depending on their own size and cost structures.",
"\n\nDespite the incentives under the demonstration, we find no compelling evidence that during the first demonstration year treatment agencies have either increased or decreased total visits, Medicare visits, or Medicare visits as a proportion of total visits, relative to control agencies. ",
"This finding is not sensitive to the econometric specification (that is, a fixed- or random-effects model) nor to the set of control variables. ",
"Some models included only predemonstration agency and area characteristics. ",
"Other models included variables describing the mix of patients served by each agency during the first demonstration year. ",
"To illustrate, [Table 3](#t3-hcfr-16-1-91){ref-type=\"table\"} presents impact estimates for Medicare visits for each of the six visit types from the random-effects model, controlling for predemonstration agency characteristics and case mix during the first demonstration year.",
"\n\nTreatment agencies appear to have treated their patients differently, or served a different mix of patients, than did control agencies. ",
"After controlling for observed differences in patient characteristics, agency predemonstration behavior concerning episode duration and intensity, and agency characteristics, we estimate that the patients of treatment agencies received significantly fewer visits per episode and significantly more visits per week than did the patients of control agencies, although the duration of episodes did not differ for the two groups ([Table 4](#t4-hcfr-16-1-91){ref-type=\"table\"}). ",
"Given the lack of evidence of program effects on total agency volume and the demonstration incentive to increase the number of visits, it is difficult to plausibly explain how prospective rate-setting might be responsible for a reduction in visits per episode. ",
"Moreover, these estimates are internally inconsistent Visits per episode equals visits per week multiplied by episode duration (in weeks); therefore, the estimated percent change in visits per episode should equal the estimated percent change in duration plus the estimated percent change in visits per week. ",
"Our results controlling for patient characteristics, predemonstration behavior, and agency characteristics, however, indicate a sizable percent reduction in visits per episode (-9.5 percent), which is not consistent with the small percent reduction in duration (-3.4 percent) and the increase in visits per week observed (+2.8 percent). ",
"Finally, the sign of the estimate on visits per week is sensitive to the control variables included in the model, reversing direction when agency characteristics were added.",
"\n\nGiven the anomalies, we conclude that the estimated treatment-control differences are probably not due to the effects of prospective payment. ",
"They are more likely to result from failure of the regression models to accurately reflect the true effect of observed preexisting differences on outcome measures or unmeasured predemonstration differences between treatment and control agencies or their patients.",
"\n\nAgency Revenues and Surplus\n---------------------------\n\nWe also found no evidence that agencies increased their revenues or probability of generating a surplus (equivalently, a profit for the for-profit agencies) as a result of the demonstration. ",
"This finding is not surprising, given the absence of any demonstration effects on costs.",
"\n\nThe overall pattern observed during the 4-year period examined is one of change and uncertainty. ",
"Revenues increased rapidly during the predemonstration period, and about one-half of the 41 non-hospital-based agencies lost money on their overall (combined Medicare and non-Medicare) operations during that period. (",
"Hospital-based agencies do not report revenues separately for their home health business; therefore, they were excluded from this analysis.)",
"\n\nProspective ratesetting does not appear to have induced treatment agencies to change the mix of their Medicare and non-Medicare business during the first demonstration year. ",
"The regression-adjusted mean proportion of visits paid for by Medicare is 62 percent for the control group, compared with 64 percent for the treatment group.",
"\n\nAlthough both treatment and control agencies fared somewhat better during the first demonstration year than during the preceding years, more than one-third of all agencies lost money on their overall operations during that year. ",
"Controlling for agency and area characteristics, logit analysis indicates that control agencies were slightly more likely to have generated an overall surplus (70 percent, compared with 59 percent for treatment agencies), but the difference was not statistically significant Because HHAs cannot generate a surplus on Medicare-covered visits under the current cost-reimbursement system, any surplus realized by control agencies during the demonstration period (and by all agencies during the predemonstration period) came solely from their non-Medicare business and other sources of income.",
"\n\nAs [Table 5](#t5-hcfr-16-1-91){ref-type=\"table\"} indicates, treatment agencies may have been somewhat more likely than control agencies to reduce their costs relative to their predemonstration level, after adjustment for inflation and any change in the volume of visits rendered.[^6^](#fn7-hcfr-16-1-91){ref-type=\"fn\"} Controlling for agency and area characteristics, logit analysis indicates that about one-half (48 percent) of the treatment agencies generated surpluses on their Medicare business by holding per visit costs below their adjusted base-year rates, whereas only 29 percent of the control agencies did so. (",
"This difference is statistically significant at the 0.10 level.) ",
"The ratio of demonstration costs to adjusted base-year costs, however, was much more variable for treatment agencies. ",
"Also, as described above, we found that the control agencies were more likely to have overall surpluses, and that prospective rate-setting did not reduce per visit costs significantly. ",
"Taken together, these results suggest that treatment agencies may have been somewhat successful in holding cost increases for their Medicare operations below those experienced by control agencies, but the difference, if any, was slight.",
"\n\nPatient Selection and Retention\n-------------------------------\n\nAlthough financial incentives exist for treatment agencies to avoid serving or to drop patients who are particularly costly to serve, we found no compelling evidence of these behaviors. ",
"This issue is of particular importance to those considering national conversion to prospective ratesetting, because such behaviors could result in restricted access to home care services for certain types of patients and to greater use of and costs for other health care services, including hospitals and skilled nursing facilities.",
"\n\nWe examined the issue of program effects on agencies\\' selection and retention of patients by comparing the characteristics of patients in the treatment and control agencies. ",
"Using logit analysis for the binary dependent variables and ordinary least squares for the continuous variables, each of a series of patient characteristics was regressed on treatment status, controlling for predemonstration agency and area characteristics. ",
"The patient characteristics were those associated with the severity of patient condition and with diagnoses likely to require home health visits that are longer (more expensive) or shorter than average. ",
"Controlling for predemonstration agency and area characteristics, we also estimated the impact of per visit ratesetting on the number of visits per episode for subgroups of patients having characteristics associated with long visits. ",
"We also compared the regression-adjusted proportions of patients who were transferred and who resided in areas that were expensive to serve because the agencies considered them unsafe and provided escorts for staff.",
"\n\nAs [Table 6](#t6-hcfr-16-1-91){ref-type=\"table\"} indicates, we found a number of statistically significant differences between the treatment and control groups with respect to patient characteristics. ",
"The differences were often small in magnitude, however, and did not always indicate that treatment agencies were more likely than control agencies to avoid high-cost patients. ",
"On the one hand, treatment-agency patients were significantly less likely than control-agency patients to have had various types of functional impairments and comorbidities at the beginning of their home health episode. ",
"On the other hand, treatment-agency patients were less likely to be clinically stable and to have caregivers.",
"\n\nWe found no convincing evidence that patients admitted to treatment agencies were less likely than those admitted to control agencies to require treatments typically associated with long home health care visits.[^7^](#fn8-hcfr-16-1-91){ref-type=\"fn\"} The treatment-control difference was statistically significant for only one of the nine variables examined (intravenous therapy). ",
"Furthermore, after controlling for predemonstration agency and area characteristics, we found no treatment-control difference in the number of visits per episode delivered to those patients requiring any of the treatments typically associated with expensive home health visits. ",
"Treatment-agency patients were also no more likely than control-agency patients to be transferred to another HHA or to reside in unsafe areas. ",
"Thus, we found no evidence that the program incentives induced treatment agencies to \"dump\" patients who were expensive to serve.",
"\n\nQuality of Care\n---------------\n\nWe found no evidence that the treatment agencies altered their behavior in ways that affect the quality of home health care. ",
"Although demonstration incentives could induce agencies to make changes (for example, to reduce the length of visits or amount of supervisor time), such changes, if they occurred, did not result in poorer outcomes for patients of treatment agencies relative to those of control agencies. ",
"We also found no evidence that the incentive to increase visits led to improved quality of care by treatment agencies.",
"\n\nNo differences between the treatment and control agencies were found in any of the agency structure or process characteristics that might be linked to quality of care. ",
"The 18 measures examined reflected nurses\\' workloads, hiring practices, training procedures, staff competency (based on a federally mandated test for home health aides), changes in care planning, amount of supervision, accreditation, and number of patient complaints. ",
"Because we had so few observations on these structure and process measures (44 agencies), this analysis was limited to comparison of treatment and control group means.",
"\n\nIn our logit analysis of the six quality assurance review indicators, we observed only one statistically significant difference in quality problems. ",
"As [Table 7](#t7-hcfr-16-1-91){ref-type=\"table\"} indicates, controlling for predemonstration agency, area, and patient characteristics, treatment agencies were significantly more likely than control agencies to fail to address all acute problems immediately. ",
"However, we observed no significant difference on the key quality assurance variable examined---the existence of confirmed quality problems with the potential to affect patients adversely.[^8^](#fn9-hcfr-16-1-91){ref-type=\"fn\"}\n\nControlling for agency, area, and patient characteristics, we observed no differences between the patients of treatment and control agencies in our logit analysis of post-discharge patient outcome measures: death within 30 days, admitted to a hospital within 30 days for the same or any diagnosis, or readmitted to a HHA within 30 days for the same or any diagnosis.",
"\n\nUse of Medicare-Covered Services\n--------------------------------\n\nTreatment-agency patients received significantly fewer Medicare-covered services than did control-agency patients during their home health care episodes. ",
"Although this difference could have resulted from improvements in the quality of home care under the demonstration, our analysis of quality of care produced no evidence of such an impact. ",
"We conclude that the observed difference in the use of Medicare-covered services is due to differences in the case mixes of the two groups of agencies (rather than a program impact), with the treatment agencies having more acutely ill patients and the control agencies treating a higher proportion of chronically ill patients.",
"\n\nUsing ordinary least squares or logit analysis and controlling for patient characteristics at home health admission and for predemonstration agency characteristics, we found no significant differences in overall Medicare reimbursements or in hospital use. ",
"We did find, however, that treatment-agency patients had significantly lower home health use (and costs), durable medical equipment use, practitioners\\' service use, and other Part B service costs during their home health care episodes ([Table 8](#t8-hcfr-16-1-91){ref-type=\"table\"}). ",
"Treatment-agency patients\\' shorter average length of episode partly explained these differences. ",
"When the utilization and cost measures for Medicare-covered services were expressed in terms of per day of episode, to standardize for this difference, we found that relative to control-agency patients, treatment-agency patients had higher Part A and Part B reimbursements per day of episode.",
"\n\nWe conclude from this pattern of shorter episodes and higher cost per day and from the results of the analysis of patient characteristics at admission that treatment-agency patients were more likely than control-agency patients to have an acute problem (such as a broken limb) resulting in the need for a relatively brief home care episode, consisting mainly of nursing or therapy (rather than aide visits), until their recovery. ",
"Conversely, control-agency patients appear to have had more functional impairments, increasing their need for aide-intensive home health care over a longer period. ",
"This difference in care needs would account for the higher cost per day observed for treatment-agency patients, because aide visits, on average, cost only about one-third as much as nursing or therapy visits.",
"\n\nLimitations and Implications\n============================\n\nThe findings from this preliminary analysis are limited by the data. ",
"Only 47 agencies participated for the entire first year of the demonstration, and only data for the first year of the 3-year demonstration period were available for the study. ",
"With the limited number of agencies, there may well be important pre-existing differences between the treatment and control agencies, despite randomization, possibly leading to differences in outcome measures between the two groups that cannot be attributed to prospective ratesetting. ",
"Thus, we are more dependent on the statistical models to control for these differences than one might expect in a study with random assignment of participants. ",
"The small number of agencies also means that relatively few such variables can be used in the statistical models to account for the effects of these pre-existing differences, and that the parameters of the models cannot be estimated with a high level of precision. ",
"Furthermore, in addition to these potential biases in the estimates, one must recognize that there is very little statistical power to detect moderate-size effects of the demonstration on agency-level outcomes of interest, such as costs and profits. ",
"That is, even if prospective rate-setting did affect agencies\\' behavior, the effects would have to be fairly large in order to have a high probability of detecting them with our sample because of the natural variation across agencies. ",
"Having data for only the first year of the demonstration also limits the precision of our estimates; more important, prospective ratesetting may have impacts that do not occur or that are not reflected in our outcome measures until after the first year of the demonstration. ",
"It is also possible that the impact of per visit ratesetting may differ depending on the characteristics of agencies and patients. ",
"For this preliminary analysis, we did not conduct subgroup analyses.",
"\n\nDespite these limitations, our results are reasonably consistent across the different study areas and with the results of our study of agency operations under the demonstration ([@b7-hcfr-16-1-91]). ",
"A finding of no demonstration impacts on costs is consistent with our interviews with participating HHAs, in which treatment agencies reported having made few modifications to their operations in response to the demonstration. ",
"Thus, we should see little or no impact on agencies\\' costs, on the quality of care, or on patient selection---and that is essentially what we observed. ",
"The lack of effects on quality of care, in turn, suggests that we should see no impacts on the use and costs of Medicare services by treatment-agency patients. ",
"Although we observed some differences, these appear to result from differences in the mix of patients served by treatment and control agencies, rather than from a program effect We will re-investigate all of these issues in the final reports on the per visit home health evaluation, in which we will analyze data from all three demonstration years and will consider results for subgroups defined by agency and patient characteristics.",
"\n\nTo date, our overall finding is that per visit prospective payment did not stimulate the expected responses. ",
"In addition to the limitations of the analysis discussed previously, several factors may explain this outcome ([@b7-hcfr-16-1-91]). ",
"First, the incentives of per visit ratesetting were diluted to some extent because the demonstration procedures were not entirely prospective: Volume adjustment was applied retrospectively and final per-visit rates could not be established until base-year cost reports could be audited, many months after agencies entered the demonstration. ",
"Second, the control agencies were also likely to be seeking ways to operate more efficiently. ",
"The demonstration took place in a national policy environment that emphasizes the efficient production of health care, and where all HHAs look for ways to ease the paperwork burden on their staff. ",
"Third, the opportunity to reduce clinical costs is limited by the requirements for participation in the Medicare program, State regulations, accrediting bodies, the demands of referral sources, and the professional standards of staff. ",
"Finally, agencies face incentives to control costs under cost reimbursement (particularly, the section 223 limits), which appears to have induced agencies to restrain cost increases. ",
"During the last decade, the increase in the average cost for a Medicare home health visit has been only marginally greater than the increases in the general Consumer Price Index.",
"\n\nUnder per episode ratesetting, agencies will face stronger incentives to change their behavior than under per visit ratesetting and may have greater opportunity to do so. ",
"Reimbursed a fixed, predetermined amount for each episode of care rendered, agencies will face incentives to reduce the number of visits per episode, as well as cost per visit, perhaps giving them a greater opportunity than under per visit ratesetting to increase their operational efficiency and realize a financial advantage.",
"\n\nThis article is derived from material first produced under Contract Number 500-90-0047 from the Health Care Financing Administration (HCFA) to Mathematica Policy Research, Inc., and the Bigel Institute for Health Policy, Brandeis University. ",
"Barbara R. Phillips, Randall S. Brown, Craig V. Thornton, Amy C. Klein, and Jennifer L. Schore are with Mathematica Policy Research, Inc. Christine E. Bishop, Grant A Ritter, and Kathleen C Skwara are with the Bigel Institute for Health Policy, Brandeis University. ",
"The opinions expressed are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views or policy positions of Mathematica Policy Research, Inc., Brandeis University, or HCFA.",
"\n\nAgencies that had been operating for fewer than 3 years (as of the base year) were excluded from the demonstration.",
"\n\nThe end date used is the closing date of the final bill submitted by an agency for a given episode.",
"\n\nIn our sample, the correlation in the total cost of a skilled nursing visit between the base year and the previous year is 0.8, and our models explain about 70 percent of the variance in total cost of a skilled nursing visit. ",
"The minimum detectable difference is about one-third of the standard deviation (\\$38 in our sample), or about 16 percent of the sample mean of \\$80.",
"\n\nThis estimate is for a one-tailed test of differences in simple means; the minimum detectable difference will be smaller for regression-adjusted means. ",
"We have assumed that the proportion of variance that is agency-specific is .07, which is the observed value in our sample for the number of visits per episode, and that the variance of the binary variable is .25 (the maximum possible).",
"\n\nOr, equivalently, by transforming each dependent and independent variable into deviations around its agency-specific mean during the 4 observed years.",
"\n\nWe adjusted the base-year per visit costs of control agencies for inflation and change in volume under the procedures applied to the treatment group.",
"\n\nThe patient characteristics associated with the need for long visits are: daily intravenous/infusion therapy planned, administration of intravenous therapy, diagnosis of serious cancer, diagnosis of complicated wounds, diagnosis of decubiti, terminal illness noted at admission, and decreased within 90 days of admission.",
"\n\nOnly one episode, for a patient of a treatment agency, was found to have had a quality problem that actually had a significant adverse effect on the patient In our analysis, this case is included with those with a problem with the potential to affect patients adversely.",
"\n\nReprint Requests: Barbara R. Phillips, Ph.D., Mathematica Policy Research, Inc., P.O. Box 2393, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-2393.",
"\n\n###### Base-Year Characteristics of Treatment and Control Agencies in the Demonstration\n\n Characteristic Treatment Control\n --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------- ---------\n **Auspice** (Percent) \n Hospital-Based 19 10\n Proprietary 54 62\n Non-Profit 27 29\n Chain Member (Percent) 23 33\n **Years of Operation** (Percent) \n 5 or Fewer 35 24\n 6-20 54 62\n More Than 20 12 14\n **Location of Fiscal Intermediary** (Percent) \n California 19 19\n Florida 12 10\n Illinois 15 19\n Iowa 15 14\n Maine 12 14\n New Mexico 27 24\n **Number of Medicare Visits Rendered** (Percent) \n 3,500 or Fewer 15 19\n 3,501-7,000 23 10\n 7,001-15,500 15 38\n More Than 15,500 46 33\n Provided All Six Medicare Services (Percent) 65 57\n **Visits Covered by Medicare** (Percent) \n 50 Percent or Less 15 5\n 51-70 Percent 15 10\n 71-90 Percent 15 19\n More Than 90 Percent 54 67\n **Cost per Visit** \n Skilled Nursing \\$87 \\$72\n Physical Therapy 74 73\n Speech Therapy 79 78\n Occupational Therapy 80 72\n Medical Social Services 134 94\n Home Health Aide 39 38\n **Growth in Medicare Visits** (Percent)[^1^](#tfn1-hcfr-16-1-91){ref-type=\"table-fn\"} \n Decline 12 10\n Growth up to 30 Percent 35 35\n 30-80 Percent 31 35\n More Than 80 Percent 23 20\n **Ratio of Costs to the Limits** (Percent) \n 0.70 or Less 12 15\n 0.71-0.85 19 25\n 0.86-1.0 42 50\n More Than 1.0 27 10\n Patients Discharged From Hospital (Percent) 52 52\n Number of Hospital Stays in Prior Year for Agency Patients 1.72 1.65\n\nGrowth rates given are from the year prior to base year to the base year.",
"\n\nSOURCE: Data on auspice and chain membership were obtained from the demonstration contractor, Abt Associates, Inc. Data on related organizations and years of operation were obtained from the Initial agency survey for the demonstration. ",
"All other data were obtained from Medicare Cost Reports. ",
"Data are for 26 treatment agencies and 21 control agencies.",
"\n\n###### Impacts on Total Cost per Visit: Fixed-Effects Model, Excluding Control Variables for Volume and Case Mix, by Type of Visit\n\n -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n Type of Visit Unadjusted Treatment Group Mean Estimated Impact of per Visit Ratesetting\n ------------------------- --------------------------------- -------------------------------------------\n Skilled Nursing \\$88.01 \\$1.51\\\n (0.30)\n\n Home Health Aide \\$39.87 \\$3.94\\\n (0.92)\n\n Physical Therapy \\$87.66 \\$3.67\\\n (0.28)\n\n Occupational Therapy \\$88.79 -\\$6.08\\\n (-0.69)\n\n Speech Therapy \\$81.68 -\\$2.01\\\n (-0.25)\n\n Medical Social Services \\$133.48 -\\$28.39\\\n (-0.70)\n -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nNOTES: Numbers in parentheses are *t*-statistics. ",
"The estimated impact of per visit ratesetting is computed as the expected value of the treatment-control difference in the demonstration year minus the average treatment-control difference in the predemonstration period, estimated from the coefficients of the fixed-effects model. ",
"The unit of analysis is the agency-year. ",
"The sample size varies by type of visit (not all agencies offered all types of visits). ",
"The maximum number of agency-years is 189, and the minimum is 134. ",
"The maximum number of agencies in any given year is 48 (27 treatment and 21 control), and the minimum is 32 (19 treatment and 13 control).",
"\n\nSOURCE: Authors\\' calculations from Medicare Cost Report data.",
"\n\n###### Impacts on Medicare Visits Rendered: Random-Effects Model, Controlling for Agency Characteristics, Volume, and Case Mix, by Type of Visit\n\n -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n Type of Visit Unadjusted Treatment Group Mean Estimated Impact of per Visit Ratesetting\n ------------------------- --------------------------------- -------------------------------------------\n Total 37,982 1,760\\\n (0.23)\n\n Skilled Nursing 20,353 3,697\\\n (0.90)\n\n Home Health Aide 12,651 -630\\\n (-0.24)\n\n Physical Therapy 3,683 -252\\\n (-0.24)\n\n Occupational Therapy 533 -25\\\n (-0.13)\n\n Speech Therapy 238 14\\\n (0.18)\n\n Medical Social Services 524 52\\\n (0.33)\n -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nNOTES: Numbers In parentheses are *t*-statistics. ",
"The unit of analysis is the agency-year. ",
"The sample size varies by type of visit (not all agencies offered all types of visits). ",
"The maximum number of agency-years is 189, and the minimum is 138. ",
"The maximum number of agencies in a given year is 48 (27 treatment and 21 control), and the minimum is 32 (19 treatment and 13 control).",
"\n\nSOURCE: Authors\\' calculations from Medicare Cost Report data.",
"\n\n###### Treatment-Control Differences in Home Health Visits per Episode, Duration, and Visits per Week (Medicare Only), by Outcome\n\n ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n Outcome Unadjusted Treatment Group Mean Treatment-Control Difference Controlling for: \n -------------------------- --------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------\n Total Visits per Episode 34.3 -9.7\\ -6.0\\ -3.6\\\n [\\*\\*](#tfn8-hcfr-16-1-91){ref-type=\"table-fn\"}(-10.84) [\\*\\*](#tfn8-hcfr-16-1-91){ref-type=\"table-fn\"}(-6.67) [\\*\\*](#tfn8-hcfr-16-1-91){ref-type=\"table-fn\"}(-3.55)\n\n Skilled Nursing 19.3 -2.6\\ -1.1\\ 1.4\\\n [\\*\\*](#tfn8-hcfr-16-1-91){ref-type=\"table-fn\"}(-5.17) [\\*](#tfn7-hcfr-16-1-91){ref-type=\"table-fn\"}(-2.18) [\\*](#tfn7-hcfr-16-1-91){ref-type=\"table-fn\"}(-2.47)\n\n Home Health Aide 11.3 -7.0\\ -4.8\\ -3.8\\\n [\\*\\*](#tfn8-hcfr-16-1-91){ref-type=\"table-fn\"}(-12.38) [\\*\\*](#tfn8-hcfr-16-1-91){ref-type=\"table-fn\"}(-8.50) [\\*\\*](#tfn8-hcfr-16-1-91){ref-type=\"table-fn\"}(-5.92)\n\n Physical Therapy 2.7 -0.3\\ -0.2\\ -1.0\\\n [\\*\\*](#tfn8-hcfr-16-1-91){ref-type=\"table-fn\"}(-2.86) (-1.72) [\\*\\*](#tfn8-hcfr-16-1-91){ref-type=\"table-fn\"}(-4.21)\n\n Occupational Therapy 0.3 0.1\\ 0.1\\ -0.1\\\n [\\*](#tfn7-hcfr-16-1-91){ref-type=\"table-fn\"}(2.29) (1.79) (-1.73)\n\n Speech Therapy 0.2 -.01\\ -0.02\\ -0.1\\\n (-0.32) (-0.49) (-1.78)\n\n Medical Social Services 0.4 0.1\\ 0.1\\ -0.1\\\n [\\*\\*](#tfn8-hcfr-16-1-91){ref-type=\"table-fn\"}(-5.89) [\\*\\*](#tfn8-hcfr-16-1-91){ref-type=\"table-fn\"}(-3.90) [\\*\\*](#tfn8-hcfr-16-1-91){ref-type=\"table-fn\"}(-5.10)\n\n Duration of Episode\\ 65.1 -9 8\\ -6.2\\ -2.3\\\n (Days) [\\*\\*](#tfn8-hcfr-16-1-91){ref-type=\"table-fn\"}(-9.23) [\\*\\*](#tfn8-hcfr-16-1-91){ref-type=\"table-fn\"}(-5.81) (-1.91)\n\n Visits per Week 3.7 -0.2\\ -0.1\\ 0.1\\\n [\\*\\*](#tfn8-hcfr-16-1-91){ref-type=\"table-fn\"}(-6.32) [\\*\\*](#tfn8-hcfr-16-1-91){ref-type=\"table-fn\"}(-3.41) [\\*\\*](#tfn8-hcfr-16-1-91){ref-type=\"table-fn\"}(-3.13)\n ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nSignificantly different from zero at the .05 level, two-tailed test.",
"\n\nSignificantly different from zero at the .01 level, two-tailed test.",
"\n\nNOTES: Numbers in parentheses are *t*-statistics. ",
"The sample size Is 25,339 (19,029 treatment and 6,310 control) episodes.",
"\n\nSOURCE: Authors\\' calculations from Medicare claims data.",
"\n\n###### Impacts on Agency Surpluses From Medicare Home Health Visits, by Outcome\n\n --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n Outcome Unadjusted Treatment Group Mean Estimated Impact of per Visit Ratesetting\n --------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------\n Agencies Earning a Surplus on Medicare Home Health Visits (Percent) 48.1 [^1^](#tfn11-hcfr-16-1-91){ref-type=\"table-fn\"}19.0\\\n (1.28)\n\n Surplus as a Percent of Revenue -6.6 -2.3\\\n (-0.36)\n\n Surplus per Medicare Home Health Visit -\\$6.5 -\\$3.2\\\n (-0.67)\n --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nThis estimate is the average difference between two predicted probabilities calculated for each individual from a logit model, one treating the individual as a treatment group member and the other treating the individual as a control group member. ",
"The *t*-statistic pertains to the coefficient on the treatment status variable in the logit model.",
"\n\nNOTES: Numbers in parentheses are *t*-statistics. ",
"Control agencies did not earn surpluses from Medicare home health visits. ",
"However, we have adjusted their base-year per-visit costs for inflation and change in volume to estimate the per-visit rates they would have received if they had been paid prospectively according to the procedures used to pay treatment agencies and then computed their hypothetical revenues and surpluses under these rates.",
"\n\nSOURCE: Authors\\' calculations from Medicare Cost Reports from 48 agencies (27 treatment and 21 control) for the first demonstration year.",
"\n\n###### Differences in Characteristics of Patients at Admission, by Outcome\n\n ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n Outcome Unadjusted Treatment Group Mean Estimated Treatment-Control Difference[^1^](#tfn16-hcfr-16-1-91){ref-type=\"table-fn\"}\n -------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n **Functioning** \n\n Eating/Tube Feeding 40.5 -9.5\\\n [\\*\\*](#tfn15-hcfr-16-1-91){ref-type=\"table-fn\"}(-7.50)\n\n Transfer 62.9 -9.2\\\n [\\*\\*](#tfn15-hcfr-16-1-91){ref-type=\"table-fn\"}(-7.73)\n\n Toileting/Elimination 55.7 -9.4\\\n [\\*\\*](#tfn15-hcfr-16-1-91){ref-type=\"table-fn\"}(-7.79)\n\n Dressing 69.7 -7.8\\\n [\\*\\*](#tfn15-hcfr-16-1-91){ref-type=\"table-fn\"}(-6.81)\n\n Bathing 79.2 -7.4\\\n [\\*\\*](#tfn15-hcfr-16-1-91){ref-type=\"table-fn\"}(-7.36)\n\n Walking/Wheeling 72.6 -5.9\\\n [\\*\\*](#tfn15-hcfr-16-1-91){ref-type=\"table-fn\"}(-5.37)\n\n Urinary Incontinence 20.0 -1.5\\\n (-1.52)\n\n Bowel/Bladder Incontinence 15.1 -2.2\\\n [\\*\\*](#tfn15-hcfr-16-1-91){ref-type=\"table-fn\"}(-2.60)\n\n Impaired in Ambulation 74.8 1.1\\\n (0.91)\n\n Impaired in Endurance 86.2 -1.0\\\n (-0.91)\n\n **General Health Status** \n\n Preadmission Location (Percent) \n\n Home or Apartment 29.8 0.9\\\n (0.80)\n\n Nursing Home/Rehabilitation Hospital 7.7 -0.7\\\n (-0.90)\n\n Acute-Care Hospital 59.1 0.1\\\n (0.08)\n\n Other 2.6 0.2\\\n (0.26)\n\n Number of Hospitalizations in Previous 12 Months 1.6 0.0\\\n (0.48)\n\n Clinically Stable (Percent) 37.8 -4.1\\\n [\\*\\*](#tfn15-hcfr-16-1-91){ref-type=\"table-fn\"}(-2.86)\n\n One or More Comorbidities (Percent) 46.1 -6.9\\\n [\\*\\*](#tfn15-hcfr-16-1-91){ref-type=\"table-fn\"}(-5.56)\n\n Medicare Expenditures in Previous Year \\$17,473 -\\$611\\\n (-1.29)\n\n **Informal Caregivers** Percent \n\n Caregivers Live in Home 64.4 2.1\\\n (1.75)\n\n No Visiting or Live-In Caregivers 17.0 2.0\\\n [\\*](#tfn14-hcfr-16-1-91){ref-type=\"table-fn\"}(2.13)\n\n Informal/Self Medical Care Likely 74.8 -0.4\\\n (-0.37)\n\n Caregivers Available to Assume Personal Care 55.0 -2.7\\\n [\\*](#tfn14-hcfr-16-1-91){ref-type=\"table-fn\"}(-2.19)\n ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nSignificantly different from zero at the .05 level, two-tailed test.",
"\n\nSignificantly different from zero at the .01 level, two-tailed test.",
"\n\nFor binary dependent variables, this estimate is the average difference between two predicted probabilities calculated for each individual from a logit model, one treating the individual as a treatment group member and the other treating the Individual as a control group member. ",
"The *t*-statistic pertains to the coefficient on the treatment status variable in the logit model.",
"\n\nNOTES: Numbers in parentheses are *t*-statistics. ",
"The sample size is 24,555 (18,402 treatment and 6,153 control) episodes.",
"\n\nSOURCE: Authors\\' calculations from the demonstration patient Intake form, HCFA certification forms 485 and 486, and Medicare claims.",
"\n\n###### Impacts on Quality Assurance Review Indicators, by Outcome\n\n -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n Outcome Unadjusted Treatment Group Mean Estimated Impact of per Visit Ratesetting[^1^](#tfn20-hcfr-16-1-91){ref-type=\"table-fn\"}\n -------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n **Confirmed Quality Problem** \n\n With the Potential for Significant Adverse Effect 3.9 0.5\\\n (0.20)\n\n Without the Potential for Significant Adverse Effect 36.6 -3.0\\\n (-0.64)\n\n **Screen Failure Regarding** \n\n Addressing All Documented Problems 17.7 0.8\\\n (1.22)\n\n Addressing All Acute Problems Immediately 4.4 3.9\\\n [\\*](#tfn19-hcfr-16-1-91){ref-type=\"table-fn\"}(2.00)\n\n Delivery of All Prescribed Nursing or Therapy Services 30.5 3.1\\\n (0.72)\n\n Adequacy of Discharge Plan 4.4 -3.6\\\n (-0.90)\n -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nSignificantly different from zero at the .05 level, two-tailed test.",
"\n\nThese estimates are the average difference between two predicted probabilities for each individual estimated from a logit model, one treating the individual as a treatment group member and the other treating the individual as a control group member. ",
"The *t*-statistic pertains to the coefficient on the treatment status variable in the logit model.",
"\n\nNOTES: Numbers in parentheses are *t*-statistics. ",
"The sample size is 650 (407 treatment and 243 control) episodes.",
"\n\nSOURCE: Authors\\' calculations from New England Research Institute quality assurance review assessments, completed as of November 1992.",
"\n\n###### Treatment-Control Differences in Use of and Reimbursement for Medicare Services During Home Health Episodes, by Outcome\n\n ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n Outcome Unadjusted Treatment Group Mean Estimated Treatment-Control Difference\n -------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------\n **Total Reimbursement** \n\n Part A \\$3,211 -\\$193\\\n (-1.23)\n\n Part B \\$869 -\\$61\\\n (-1.00)\n\n Total Medicare \\$4,080 -\\$289\\\n (-1.48)\n\n **Inpatient Hospital Services** \n\n Number of Admissions .26 -0.01\\\n (-0.48)\n\n Number of Days 1.8 -0.1\\\n (-0.44)\n\n **Home Health Services** \n\n Number of Visits [^1^](#tfn25-hcfr-16-1-91){ref-type=\"table-fn\"}29.7 -10.9\\\n [\\*\\*](#tfn24-hcfr-16-1-91){ref-type=\"table-fn\"}(-6.28)\n\n Medicare Reimbursement \\$2,039 -\\$233\\\n [\\*](#tfn23-hcfr-16-1-91){ref-type=\"table-fn\"}(-2.29)\n\n **Emergency Outpatient Services** \n\n Number of Visits .13 -0.02\\\n (-1.21)\n\n **Non-Emergency Outpatient Services** \n\n Number of Visits .75 0.12\\\n (1.81)\n\n **Practitioner Services**[^2^](#tfn26-hcfr-16-1-91){ref-type=\"table-fn\"} \n\n Number of Visits 5.06 -1.07\\\n [\\*\\*](#tfn24-hcfr-16-1-91){ref-type=\"table-fn\"}(-3.72)\n\n **Durable Medical Equipment (DME)** \n\n Receipt of DME\\ 33.9 [^3^](#tfn27-hcfr-16-1-91){ref-type=\"table-fn\"}-4.6\\\n (Percent) [\\*\\*](#tfn24-hcfr-16-1-91){ref-type=\"table-fn\"}(3.80)\n\n Medicare Reimbursement \\$105 -\\$50\\\n [\\*\\*](#tfn24-hcfr-16-1-91){ref-type=\"table-fn\"}(-3.91)\n\n **Other Part B Services**[^4^](#tfn28-hcfr-16-1-91){ref-type=\"table-fn\"} \n\n Use of Services\\ 66.5 [^3^](#tfn27-hcfr-16-1-91){ref-type=\"table-fn\"}-5.2\\\n (Percent) [\\*\\*](#tfn24-hcfr-16-1-91){ref-type=\"table-fn\"}(-4.02)\n\n Medicare Reimbursement \\$272 \\$13\\\n (0.37)\n ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nSignificantly different from zero at the .05 level, two-tailed test.",
"\n\nSignificantly different from zero at the .01 level, two-tailed test.",
"\n\nDiffers from the mean number of visits per episode presented in [Table 4](#t4-hcfr-16-1-91){ref-type=\"table\"}. ",
"The two analyses rely on somewhat different samples and different sources of Medicare claims (the demonstration fiscal intermediary and the National Claims History file).",
"\n\nPractitioner services include those delivered outside of home health care by physicians; physical, occupational, and speech therapists; certified nurse anesthetists; nurse midwives; psychologists; and social workers.",
"\n\nThese estimates are the average difference between two predicted probabilities for each individual from a logit model, one treating the individual as a treatment group member and the other treating the individual as a control group member. ",
"The *t*-statistic pertains to the coefficient on the treatment status variable in the logit model.",
"\n\nOther Part B services include diagnostic laboratory and radiology services, supplies and devices, mental health services, drugs, radiation therapy, ambulance, pap smears, and mammograms.",
"\n\nNOTES: Numbers in parentheses are *t*-statistics. ",
"The sample size is 24,396 (18,298 treatment and 6,098 control) episodes.",
"\n\nSOURCE: Authors\\' calculations from Medicare claims data.",
"\n"
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"[The ΔF508 mutation in cystic fibrosis patients].",
"\nCystic fibrosis is a serious autosomal recessive disorder. ",
"It is commonest among the white Caucasian populations in North and Western Europe. ",
"However, no information is available on this disease in Iceland. ",
"Only 21 patients have been diagnosed with this condition in Iceland since 1958, hence the prevalence is estimated to be around 1/7000. ",
"Three young children, aged 6-30 months, with clinical symptoms suggestive of cystic fibrosis: namely recurrent respiratory infections, malabsorption of fat, low trypsin and chymotrypsin activity and positive sweat test, were investigated. ",
"Mutational analysis revealed that all three children were homozygous for the AF508 mutation in the cystic fibrosis gene. ",
"This is the first report of cystic fibrosis in Iceland. ",
"It is expected that 2-3% of the population are carriers of cystic fibrosis. ",
"Identification of all disease-causing mutations in the population should be feasible and encouraged."
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"A General Method for Imine Formation Using B(OCH2CF3)3.",
"\nTris(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)borate [B(OCH2CF3)3] was found to be a mild and general reagent for the formation of a variety of imines by condensation of amides or amines with carbonyl compounds. ",
"N-Sulfinyl, N-toluenesulfonyl, N-(dimethylamino)sulfamoyl, N-diphenylphosphinoyl, N-(α-methylbenzyl), and N-(4-methoxyphenyl) aldimines are all accessible using this reagent at room temperature. ",
"The reactions are operationally simple, and the products are obtained without special workup or isolation procedures."
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"To keep the objects from interfering with each other, my main loop should call PushClientAttrib(CLIENT_VERTEX_ARRAY_BIT) before either draw or load is called, correct? (",
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"\nWhen I push/pop that state to protect my load function, the object doesn't get drawn. ",
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"PushClientAttrib(gl.",
"CLIENT_VERTEX_ARRAY_BIT)\n e.SceneAdded()\n gl.",
"PopClientAttrib()\n\nAnd here's how I call each object's draw function:\n\n gl.",
"PushClientAttrib(gl.",
"CLIENT_VERTEX_ARRAY_BIT)\n gl.",
"PushMatrix()\n p.Paint()\n gl.",
"PopMatrix()\n gl.",
"PopClientAttrib()\n\nHere's the object's load function:\n\n // Make the vertex & texture data known to GL.",
"\n gl.",
"GenBuffers(1, &vboId)\n gl.",
"BindBuffer(gl.",
"ARRAY_BUFFER, vboId)\n gl.",
"BufferData(gl.",
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"VertexPointer(3, gl.",
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"BindBuffer(gl.",
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"EnableClientState(gl.",
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"UNSIGNED_SHORT, nil)\n}\n\nJust to be clear, if I move the two EnableClientState calls from draw to load, and if I don't protect load with PushClientState, everything works fine.",
"\n\nA:\n\nThe answer to the question I actually asked is that gl.",
"VertexPointer() and friends need to be called from the object's draw function. ",
"My main loop is pushing and popping all state related to client vertices, so of course that gets lost.",
"\nThe question I implied is, \"How can I convert my old, GL2 program to new, GL3 code?\" ",
"That's answered very elegantly here.",
"\n\n"
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"When we are asked what products and services we offer the list is extensive. ",
"It would be easier to say what we do not do. ",
"The best solution is to give us a call. ",
"We have learnt that what one person called a flyer another calls a brouchure or a pamhlet. ",
"So the best solution is to use oue web site and the request an estimate function on the home page. ",
"Below is a sampling of the products and services we provide. ",
"To learn more about what we can do for you, contact one of our representatives today. ",
"fourways@minutemanpress.com or 011 658 1580\n\nProducts & Services we Offer\n\nServices"
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"Vellar River\n\nVellar is a river which originates in the Shevaroy Hills and runs through the districts of Salem, Perambalur and Cuddalore in the northern part of the Indian state of Tamil Nadu before draining into the Bay of Bengal near Parangipettai.",
"\n\nThe total length of the Vellar river is about . ",
"The total area of the basin is . ",
"The Vellar river basin is in the northern part of Tamil Nadu State in South India, between the latitudes 11° 13'N - 12 00' N and longitude 78° 13'E - 79° 47 E. This basin is between the Ponnaiar, Paravanar and Cauvery river basins. ",
"The terrain lying in the Kalrayan hills, Attur Taluk of Salem District is drained by river upper velar, Vasis ta Nadhi known as Upper Vellar joined with to form the Vellar in the Perambalur Taluk of Permabalur District.",
"\n\nTributaries\nThe river Vellar has six named tributaries. ",
"They are Anaimaduvu, Swethanadhi, Kallar, Chinnar, Manimukthanadhi, and Gomukhi.",
"\n\nA portion of Dharmapuri, Salem, Namakkal, Perambalur, Trichy, Villupuram and Cuddalore districts fall within the Vellar river basin. ",
"Manimukthanadhi, which is the major tributary, also originates from Kalrayan hills in Villupuram district, traverses about and joins Vellar near Srimushnam in Chidambararm taluk of Cuddalore District. ",
"Upper Vellar drains the water from the southern slopes of the Kalrayan hills on the northern boundary of Attur Taluk of Salem district. ",
"It originates at an elevation of above mean sea level. ",
"At its starting point, it is known as Anaimaduvu River and flows southwards for and then south-east.",
"\n\nOne reservoir constructed across Anaimaduvu River is called Anaimaduvu reservoir. ",
"Just below this point another tributary known as Thumbal River, formed by two drainages viz., ",
"Karyakoil river and Ammapalayam river flowing southwards from Kottaipatti pass on the Kalrayan hills, joins on the left flank. ",
"Another stream called Periyar originating in Jalluthu Reserve forest just east of Salem taluk joins this stream. ",
"As Periyar River approaches Salem - Attur road it bends eastwards and receives on the south, the Singipuram River. ",
"Vasistanadi then flows towards southeast for about along with boundary between Attur and Perambalur Taluk of Perambalur district on the one aide and Vridhachalam taluk of Cuddalore district on the other.",
"\n\nNear Peraiyur in the Perambalur taluk, it is joined by Swetanadhi to the west of the Chennai–Trichy National Highway near Tholudur in Cuddalore district. ",
"In the reach between the confluence points of Singipuram and Swetanadhi with Vasistanadhi, the tributaries Kallar and Saval Odai join the main river: on the left flank and Chittar, Koraiyar, Manjani Odai and Ellar Odai on the flank join the Vasistanadhi. ",
"The drainage area up to the confluence with the Swetanadhi is . ",
"An area of is irrigated through 70 tanks and 79 anicuts.",
"\n\nVellar Flood in 2015\nThe River Vellar has been flooded in the parts of Cuddalore due to the heavy rainfall in Tamil Nadu in the November and December months of 2015. ",
"Prior to 2015, it flooded two to three times over the past 10 years.",
"\n\nSee also \nList of rivers of Tamil Nadu\n\nCategory:Rivers of Tamil Nadu\nCategory:Rivers of India"
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"Bacteria associated with beak necrosis in broiler breeder hens.",
"\nBeak necrosis occurred in 48 per cent of female broiler breeders used fro nutritional studies but none was found in male broiler breeders or in either sex of single comb white Leghorns. ",
"About 10 per cent mortality, probably largely due to beak necroses, occurred in the affected flock. ",
"Based on electron microscopic photographs of affected beak tissue, we suggest that in our study the breakdown of beaks was associated with the presence of a single morphological type of Gram-positive bacterium."
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"Q:\n\nSlackware - Assigning routes (IP address ranges) to one of many network adapters\n\nI am using a Slackware 13.37 virtual machine within VirtualBox (current).",
"\nI currently have a number of Ubuntu VMs on a single server, along with this Slackware VM. ",
"All VMs have been set up to use \"Internal Network\" mode, so they are all on a private LAN, and can see each other (ie: share files amongst themselves), but they remain private from the outside world.",
"\nOn on the these VMs (the Slackware one), I need to be able to grant it access to both this private network, and the internet at large. ",
"The first suggestion I found for handling this is to add another virtual network adapter to the VM, then set it to NAT. ",
"This results in the Slackware VM having the following network adapter setup:\n-NIC#1: Internal Network\n-NIC#2: NAT\n\nI want to set up the first network adapter (NIC#1) to handle all traffic on the following subnets:\n10.10.0.0/255.255.0.0\n192.168.1.0/255.255.255.0\n\nAnd I want the second virtual network adapter (NIC#2) to handle everything else (ie: internet access).",
"\nMay I please have some assistance in setting this up on my Slackware VM?",
"\nAdditionally, I have searched for similar questions on SuperUser and Stackoverflow, but they all seem to pertain to my situation (ie: they all refer to OSX, or Ubuntu via the use of some UI-based tool). ",
"I'm trying to do this on Slack specifically via the command-line.",
"\nThanks!",
"\n\nA:\n\nTo change network config in slackware in CLI interface.",
"\nAs root,\nnano /etc/rc.d/rc.inet1.conf\n\nYou have to edit your interface (eth0, eth1 im guessing) with the required parameter\nbut the structure is already there. ",
"then ctrl-x, Y, enter (with nano, to exit and save changes).",
"\nafter that run the following cmd:\n/etc/rc.d/rc.inet1 eth0_restart\n/etc/rc.d/rc.inet1 eth1_restart\n\nas root of course. ",
"Now in a V.M., you might have to reboot after you added the nic, before these commands. ",
"Maybe there is a way without rebooting, but I don't know.",
"\n\n"
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"Factors affecting spiking related to sleep and wake states in temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE).",
"\nThe aim of the study was to investigate the influence of different clinical factors on spiking during sleep and wakefulness in temporal lobe epilepsy. ",
"The study included 38 temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) patients who underwent long-term electroencephalography (EEG) monitoring. ",
"In addition to traditional sleep scoring, waking was subdivided into eyes opened (WEO) and eyes closed (WEC) states. ",
"The following spike measures were investigated: spiking rates for each state, mean spike rate, spiking stability across wake and sleep states and relative spike density for each state. ",
"These measures were investigated according to clinical variables, such as age, age at epilepsy onset, duration of epilepsy, seizure frequency, the presence of secondarily generalised tonic-clonic (SGTC) seizures and the data on epileptogenic lesions based on MRI. ",
"Spiking rates during most states and spiking stability showed a significant positive correlation with epilepsy duration. ",
"Relative spike density during sleep stage NREM3,4 significantly increased with age at epilepsy onset. ",
"Relative spike density during WEC was significantly higher in the presence of hippocampal sclerosis (HS). ",
"Spiking rate during REM was significantly higher if a patient had SGTC seizures. ",
"Our data provide evidence that different aspects of spiking are associated with different aspects of TLE. ",
"We suggest that spike behaviour analysis offer new aspects both for diagnosis and research."
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"In an attempt to survive the airline has had to accept these previously unthinkable cuts.",
"\n\nBranson’s Virgin Australia has already had to go into voluntary administration, meaning it has had to cease trading as it cannot meet its debts.",
"\n\nFinances\n\nVirgin Atlantic is 51% owned by Richard Branson and 49% owned by Delta Airlines. ",
"The airline has been losing money for many years. ",
"With the coronavirus crisis it is now burning through incredible amounts of cash with very little income.",
"\n\nThe airline is currently being bailed out by the UK taxpayer through the furlough scheme.",
"\n\nVirgin finances have always been controversial. ",
"The ultimate owner, Richard Branson, is a billionaire who lives on a Caribbean island and pays no UK income tax. ",
"The tax affairs of his Virgin Group ultimately end up in the Caribbean.",
"\n\nThere is little sympathy for Branson, but huge amounts for the excellent staff of the airline.",
"\n\nThe airline needs £500 million of direct funding to see it through. ",
"Branson could just give the £500 million himself or even get a loan from Virgin Money.",
"\n\nVirgin is being supported by the UK tax payer by the government’s Job Retention Scheme.",
"\n\nLeaving Gatwick\n\nVirgin Atlantic is cutting all flights from Gatwick. ",
"This is especially painful for airline and airport as Virgin made its maiden flight from Gatwick in 1984.",
"\n\nThe airline now plans to operate only from Heathrow but says it intends to retain the slot portfolio at Gatwick for when demand returns.",
"\n\nNo mention of how that works. ",
"But could be music to British Airways ears!",
"\n\nJob cuts\n\nVirgin proposes to cit 3,150 jobs, a third of its workforce. ",
"Of the 3,150 proposed redundancies, 2,000 are pilots and cabin crew. ",
"This is despite Virgin using the UK government furlough scheme.",
"\n\nIn the last week British Airways, Ryanair and now Virgin Atlantic have collectively announced plans to lay off 18,000 staff, despite having used the government’s Job Retention Scheme.",
"\n\nFleet retirements\n\nVirgin Atlantic will permanently ground its fleet of seven Boeing 747 as of now.",
"\n\n4 Airbus A330s will leave in 2022. ",
"The fleet will then consist of 36 twin-engine aircraft.",
"\n\nEnd result\n\nBranson will probably get away with it. ",
"He is a smart operator and will surely find some deal that will enable him to keep the airline flying with someone else paying.",
"\n\nThousands of jobs lost, lives ruined and a billionaire back on his Caribbean paradise.",
"\n\nWe can only hope that the UK government makes Branson pay personally from his estimated FOUR BILLION pounds fortune.",
"\n\nAnd please make him give hat island forever for holidays for cancer and kidney patients from the NHS. ",
"With free flights Virgin Atlantic."
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"Solid organ pancreas transplantation: a review of the current status and report of one institution's experience.",
"\nPancreas transplantation is a procedure with numerous potential complications for graft and patient. ",
"However, the severity of the complications of diabetes, including nephropathy, retinopathy, neuropathy, etc., ",
"makes pancreas transplantation a viable alternative, if not necessity, in the end-stage diabetic. ",
"The procedure is being performed more and more frequently worldwide with improvements in graft survival and patient quality of life. ",
"Options for graft placement, including systemic-versus-portal venous drainage and enteric-versus-bladder exocrine drainage, are raising questions as to the best method for prevention of complications and for monitoring of graft function. ",
"A review of pancreas transplantation as well as the experience with 60 such transplants performed between April 1989 and January 1993 at the University of Tennessee, Memphis, is reported."
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"1. ",
"Introduction\n===============\n\nHigh permittivity (*k*) gate dielectric films are widely studied to substitute SiO~2~ as gate oxides to suppress the unacceptable gate leakage current when the traditional SiO~2~ gate oxide becomes ultrathin. ",
"However, it is well known that some rare earth high-*k* oxides, especially La~2~O~3~, are not very stable in air and very hygroscopic, forming hydroxide \\[[@B1-materials-05-01413],[@B2-materials-05-01413]\\]. ",
"As a gate dielectric, it is inevitable that it becomes involved with wet processes (water is used) and exposure to air in the conventional CMOS process \\[[@B3-materials-05-01413]\\]. ",
"Therefore, before we consider the possibility of rare earth oxides as a high-*k* gate dielectric, it is necessary to investigate the effects of moisture absorption on the properties of the La~2~O~3~ film. ",
"If the moisture absorption can degrade the properties of rare earth oxides as high-*k* gate dielectric, it will be very important to clarify the mechanisms of the moisture absorption to propose methods for stabilizing rare earth oxide films in air via suppressing the moisture absorption. ",
"Furthermore, one very important reason for lanthanum oxide (La~2~O~3~) as a promising high-*k* gate dielectric to replace SiO~2~ is its high permittivity. ",
"However, many low permittivity La~2~O~3~ films have also been reported \\[[@B4-materials-05-01413],[@B5-materials-05-01413],[@B6-materials-05-01413]\\].",
"\n\nIn this paper, I will intensively review the most recent progresses of the experimental and theoretical studies for preparing higher-*k* and more stable, in terms of hygroscopic tolerance and crystallization behavior, Hf- and La-based ternary high-*k* gate oxides.",
"\n\n2. ",
"Design for More Stable High-*k* Gate Dielectric Films\n========================================================\n\n[Figure 1](#materials-05-01413-f001){ref-type=\"fig\"} shows the X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns of La~2~O~3~ films exposed to air over different times. ",
"From the XRD pattern, it is found that La~2~O~3~ film with zero hour exposed to air is poly-crystallized in the hexagonal phase. ",
"After exposure to air for 6 hours, a couple of peaks attributed to La(OH)~3~ appear, whereas the intensities of peaks attributed to the hexagonal La~2~O~3~ decrease. ",
"After exposure to air for 12 hours, strong La(OH)~3~ phase peaks are found, while peaks of hexagonal La~2~O~3~ disappear completely. ",
"Therefore, we can conclude that the amount of hexagonal La(OH)~3~ in the La~2~O~3~ film increased with the time exposed to air. [",
"Figure 2](#materials-05-01413-f002){ref-type=\"fig\"} shows atomic force microscopy (AFM) images of La~2~O~3~ films after exposure to air for different times: 0, 6, and 12 hours. ",
"It can be obviously observed that the surface roughness of La~2~O~3~ films increases with time exposed to air, from 0.5 nm to 2.4 nm. ",
"In terms of the reason for the surface roughness enhancement after the moisture absorption, one very possible reason is non-uniform moisture absorption of the La~2~O~3~ film, followed by non-uniform volume expansion of the film due to moisture absorption. ",
"A slight film thickness increase after the moisture absorption could be observed (data is not shown here), which indicates the volume expansion of the film. ",
"The original cause of the volume expansion is the density difference between hexagonal La(OH)~3~ and hexagonal La~2~O~3~. The density of hexagonal La(OH)~3~ (ρ = 4.445 g/cm^3^) \\[[@B7-materials-05-01413],[@B8-materials-05-01413]\\] is much smaller than that of hexagonal La~2~O~3~ (ρ = 6.565g/cm^3^).",
"\n\n{#materials-05-01413-f001}\n\n{#materials-05-01413-f002}\n\n3. ",
"Low Permittivity Phenomena of La~2~O~3~ Films\n================================================\n\nIn terms of the reasons for the low permittivity of La~2~O~3~ films reported in literature, one very possible reason could be moisture absorption due to the formation of lanthanum hydroxide as discussed above. [",
"Figure 3](#materials-05-01413-f003){ref-type=\"fig\"} shows a CET (capacitance equivalent thickness) *versus* a La~2~O~3~ film thickness plot for different samples. ",
"The zero hour exposure to air means that the sample was put in the sputtering chamber for SiO~2~ layer deposition as quickly as possible after annealing in a rapid thermal annealing (RTA) furnace. ",
"Also, the permittivity (*k~exp~*, k-value obtained experimentally from the slope) of the La~2~O~3~ film exposed to air can be calculated from the slope of linear fitting to experimental CETs. ",
"It is observed that the permittivity of the film is degraded with time exposed to air ([Figure 3](#materials-05-01413-f003){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ",
"The permittivity of La~2~O~3~ film in air for 0 hour is about 20. ",
"And exposure to air for 12 hours, the permittivity is degraded to only 7.",
"\n\n{#materials-05-01413-f003}\n\nAs discussed earlier, it has been concluded that the amount of hexagonal La(OH)~3~ in the La~2~O~3~ film increases with time exposed to air. ",
"Although there is no report about the permittivity of hexagonal La(OH)~3~, we can estimate the permittivity of hexagonal La(OH)~3~ on the basis of an additivity rule of the polarizability from Shannon's consideration \\[[@B7-materials-05-01413]\\]. ",
"From the **Clausius-Mossotti** relationship, the dielectric constant is described by: where V~m~ and α^T^ denote molar volume and total polarizability respectively. ",
"For hexagonal La(OH)~3~, α^T^ is 12.81 Å^3^ from Shannon's additivity rule \\[[@B7-materials-05-01413]\\], (α^T^(La(OH)~3~) = α(La^3+^) + 3α(OH^−^)) and V~m~ is 71 Å^3^ from Reference \\[[@B8-materials-05-01413]\\]. ",
"With the above values, we can estimate the permittivity of hexagonal La(OH)~3~ which is about 10. ",
"This result indicates that hexagonal La(OH)~3~ has a much lower permittivity compared to La~2~O~3~. Therefore, the effective permittivity of La~2~O~3~ film exposed to air could be degraded. ",
"In fact, with time exposed to air, [Figure 3](#materials-05-01413-f003){ref-type=\"fig\"} shows the degradation of *k~exp~* (*k*-value obtained experimentally from the slope), though it is necessary to take account of an inhomogeneity of the film due to the partial reaction of the La~2~O~3~ with moisture. ",
"Therefore, the moisture absorption which causes the formation of low permittivity lanthanum hydroxide should be a very possible reason for scattering of the permittivity value of La~2~O~3~ films in previous literatures \\[[@B4-materials-05-01413],[@B5-materials-05-01413],[@B6-materials-05-01413]\\], although details of the process are not mentioned in the literature.",
"\n\nFrom [Figure 1](#materials-05-01413-f001){ref-type=\"fig\"}, it could be concluded that with time exposed to air, the amount of hexagonal La(OH)~3~ in La~2~O~3~ film increases and then the density of the film is degraded. ",
"Therefore, the effect of moisture absorption on the surface roughness should be another concern of hygroscopic La~2~O~3~ film application. ",
"According to the above discussion, it seems that the reported low permittivity of the La~2~O~3~ can be attributed to moisture absorption phenomena. ",
"However, we also have to note that the permittivity of La~2~O~3~ film in air for 0 hour was still a little low, about 20. ",
"This value is much lower than the reported highest one, 27 \\[[@B9-materials-05-01413]\\], although the possibility of moisture absorption still cannot be excluded, because the sample was exposed to the air. ",
"To exclude the effect on the permittivity of La~2~O~3~ films and obtain the permittivity of La~2~O~3~ films without moisture absorption, we used the *in-situ* heating method in a high vacuum chamber. ",
"The La~2~O~3~ film was annealed at 400 °C in the high vacuum (HV) chamber (10^−6^ Pa) to make lanthanum hydroxide decompose into La~2~O~3~ and H~2~O and then followed by 6 nm SiO~2~ layer deposition to prevent moisture absorption after removal from the sputtering chamber for the electrode deposition.",
"\n\nCapacitance-voltage (C-V) measurements were performed for the Au/SiO~2~/La~2~O~3~/Si/Al metal insulator semiconductor (MIS) capacitors with a frequency of 100 kHz. ",
"The capacitance equivalent thickness (CET) has a good linear relationship with La~2~O~3~ film thickness, as shown in [Figure 4](#materials-05-01413-f004){ref-type=\"fig\"}, where the CET includes both La~2~O~3~ and SiO~2~films. ",
"Here, note that the thickness of capping SiO~2~ layer was fixed (\\~6 nm) and the thickness of La~2~O~3~ film was varied. ",
"Then, the permittivity of La~2~O~3~ can be calculated from the slope to be about 24. ",
"This result obviously indicates that the permittivity of our La~2~O~3~ film is still a little low, even though moisture absorption by the film was prevented. ",
"This means that moisture absorption is not the only factor contributing to the low permittivity of La~2~O~3~ films.",
"\n\n{#materials-05-01413-f004}\n\n3.1. ",
"Hygroscopic Tolerance Enhancement of La~2~O~3~ Films\n---------------------------------------------------------\n\nAs discussed earlier, the moisture absorption process of La~2~O~3~ films is related with the formation of the OH ion. ",
"In the XRD pattern, peaks of hexagonal La(OH)~3~ appeared after exposure to air for 6 hours ([Figure 1](#materials-05-01413-f001){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ",
"Based on the consideration of possible reactions of the moisture absorption of La~2~O~3~ films, one very possible mechanism is the intrinsic reaction of La~2~O~3~ and H~2~O.\n\nDue to the high ionicity of La~2~O~3~, it can react with H~2~O directly as per the following Equations:\n\nThis moisture absorption progress is mainly due to the small lattice energy of La~2~O~3~ that promotes the reaction \\[[@B10-materials-05-01413]\\]. ",
"Lattice Energy (U) is the energy required to completely separate one mole of a solid ionic compound into gaseous ions which indicates the strength of the ionic bonds in an ionic lattice as shown below:\n\nIt has been reported that the lattice energy of ionic oxides is inversely proportional to the sum of the metal ion and oxygen ion radius \\[[@B11-materials-05-01413]\\]. ",
"In other words, the oxide with a larger metal ion radius shows a smaller lattice energy. ",
"In the case for rare earth oxides, because lanthanum ions have the largest radius, La~2~O~3~ shows the smallest lattice energy within rare earth oxides \\[[@B12-materials-05-01413]\\].",
"\n\nThus, to enhance the hygroscopic tolerance of La~2~O~3~ films, it is necessary to enhance the lattice energy of La~2~O~3~. Furthermore, poorly crystallized film is looser than well crystallized. ",
"This makes water easier to diffuse into the film and react with La~2~O~3~. Therefore, one method to enhance the hygroscopic tolerance is to enhance the crystallinity of La~2~O~3~ film. ",
"As the poor crystallinity is intrinsic to La~2~O~3~, to enhance the crystallinity of La~2~O~3~, doping with other elements or oxides is necessary. ",
"When we select oxides for doping, we have to consider the lattice energy, and larger lattice energy oxides are preferred. ",
"From the phase diagram of the La~2~O~3~-Y~2~O~3~ system \\[[@B13-materials-05-01413]\\], a high melting point of La~2−*x*~Y*~x~*O~3~ can be observed, which indicates a low crystallization temperature of La~2−*x*~Y*~x~*O~3~. On the other hand, Y~2~O~3~ shows a much lower crystallization temperature than La~2~O~3~. It is very possible that La~2−*x*~Y*~x~*O~3~ films could also exhibit a low crystallization temperature or be very easy to be crystallized \\[[@B14-materials-05-01413]\\]. ",
"Furthermore, Y is in the same element group in the elements table as La and is the nearest element to La. It can be expected that La~2−*x*~Y*~x~*O~3~ might show similar properties as La~2~O~3~: for example permittivity, large band gap, and so on.",
"\n\nLa~2−*x*~Y*~x~*O~3~ films with different Y atomic concentrations (Y/La + Y = 0%, 10%, 40%, 70%, 90% and 100%) were deposited on the HF-last Si (100) substrates or thick Pt films deposited on SiO~2~/Si substrates by RF co-sputtering of La~2~O~3~ and Y~2~O~3~ targets (provided by Kojundo Chemical, Saitama, Japan) in Ar ambient at room temperature and then annealed at 600 °C in pure N~2~ or 0.1%-O~2~+N~2~ ambient for 30 seconds in a rapid thermal annealing (RTA) furnace. ",
"The Y concentrations were determined by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) measurement. ",
"Moisture absorption experiments were performed in room air. ",
"The temperature and relative humidity of the air was 25 °C and 25% respectively. ",
"The XRD patterns of films before and after the moisture absorption were investigated. ",
"The MIM (metal-insulator-metal) capacitors on thick Pt films deposited on SiO~2~/Si substrates were prepared by depositing the Au film on the La~2−*x*~Y*~x~*O~3~ films to evaluate the permittivities. ",
"Au was also deposited on some La~2~O~3~ and La~2−*x*~Y*~x~*O~3~ films on silicon to form Au/La~2~O~3~ or La~2−*x*~Y*~x~*O~3~/Si metal insulator semiconductor (MIS) capacitors. ",
"The capacitance-voltage (C--V) with a frequency of 100 kHz and the gate current density-gate voltage (J--V) measurements were performed for MIS capacitors. ",
"The physical thicknesses of films were determined with grazing incident x-ray reflectivity (GIXR) and spectroscopic ellipsometry (SE) measurements.",
"\n\n[Figure 5](#materials-05-01413-f005){ref-type=\"fig\"} shows the permittivities of all La~2−*x*~Y*~x~*O~3~ films after exposed to air for 0 and 24 hours. ",
"No permittivity degradation of La~2−*x*~Y*~x~*O~3~ (*x* = 0.8), La~2−*x*~Y*~x~*O~3~ (*x* = 1.4), La~2−*x*~Y*~x~*O~3~ (*x* = 1.8) and Y~2~O~3~ films was observed after films were exposed to air for 24 hours. ",
"However, the permittivities of La~2−*x*~Y*~x~*O~3~ (*x* = 0.2) film and La~2~O~3~ film decrease dramatically after exposure to air for 24 hours, due to the formation of low permittivity hydroxide ([Figure 6](#materials-05-01413-f006){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ",
"The XRD patterns of all La~2−*x*~Y*~x~*O~3~ films exposed to air for 24 hours are shown in [Figure 6](#materials-05-01413-f006){ref-type=\"fig\"}. ",
"The characteristic peaks attributed to hexagonal hydroxide due to the moisture absorption appear in XRD patterns of La~2−*x*~Y*~x~*O~3~ (*x* = 0.2) film and La~2~O~3~ film, while those are not found in XRD patterns of La~2−*x*~Y*~x~*O~3~ (*x* = 0.8), La~2−*x*~Y*~x~*O~3~ (*x* = 1.4), La~2−*x*~Y*~x~*O~3~ (*x* = 1.8), and Y~2~O~3~ films. ",
"This means that when the Y concentration is higher than, or equal to, 40% (*x* = 0.8), the La~2−*x*~Y*~x~*O~3~ film will exhibit good moisture resistance. ",
"From the electrical properties measurements, we can also know the strong moisture-resistance of La~2−*x*~Y*~x~*O~3~ films. ",
"No degradation of C--V characteristics of La~2−*x*~Y*~x~*O~3~ (*x* = 1.4) film is observed after exposed to air for 24 hours. ",
"At the same time, the gate leakage current of Au/La~2−*x*~Y*~x~*O~3~ (*x* = 1.4)/Si MIS capacitor shows no apparent increase after exposed to the air for 24 hours. ",
"On the contrary, for the La~2~O~3~ film after exposure to air for 24 hours, the maximum capacitance decrease in the accumulation side of the C--V curve and the flat band shift are observed. ",
"The gate leakage current of the Au/La~2~O~3~/Si MIS capacitor also increased by about two orders of magnitude when the La~2~O~3~ film was exposed to air for 24 hours before Au deposition.",
"\n\n{#materials-05-01413-f005}\n\n![",
"XRD patterns of La~2−*x*~Y*~x~*O~3~ films with different Y concentrations after exposure to air for 24 hours. ",
"Temperature and relative humidity of the air is 25 °C and 50% respectively. ",
"The films were annealed at 600 °C. ( ![](",
"materials-05-01413-i001.jpg): hydroxide).](materials-05-01413-g006){#materials-05-01413-f006}\n\nAs discussed earlier, the moisture absorption reaction is intrinsically due to the small lattice energy of La~2~O~3~. The larger lattice energy could induce stronger moisture resistance due to the suppression of a reaction between La~2~O~3~ and H~2~O. It is possible that the well crystallized film should exhibit a relatively larger lattice energy than the amorphous or poorly crystallized film. ",
"In our experiments, La~2~O~3~ had poorer crystallinity (full-width at half-maximum (FWHM) ≈ 1.4 degree) than 40%Y (*x* = 0.8) and 70%Y (*x* = 1.4) La~2−*x*~Y*~x~*O~3~ films (FWHM ≈ 0.4 degree) from the XRD patterns. ",
"This indicates that the lattice energy of 40%Y (*x* = 0.8) and 70%Y (*x* = 1.4) La~2−*x*~Y*~x~*O~3~ films might be larger than that of La~2~O~3~, thanks to better crystallinity. ",
"Furthermore, Y~2~O~3~ exhibits a much larger lattice energy of 158.47 eV/mol than that of La~2~O~3~ (146.83 eV/mol). ",
"Therefore, Y~2~O~3~ doping could effectively enhance the lattice energy of La~2~O~3~. Furthermore, the lattice energy is related to the crystal forms of the film. ",
"One thing we should note is that 40%Y (*x* = 0.8) and 70%Y (*x* = 1.4) La~2−*x*~Y*~x~*O~3~ films also show a much higher permittivity (\\~26) than La~2~O~3~ film in our study. ",
"The high permittivities are due to the formation of high permittivity hexagonal phase of La~2−*x*~Y*~x~*O~3~ films with very good crystallinity after the annealing. ",
"The permittivity of lanthanum based oxides will be discussed in more details in the later paragraphs. ",
"These results indicate that La~2−*x*~Y*~x~*O~3~ films not only show strong moisture resistance, also show a high permittivity when the Y concentration is between 40% (*x* = 0.8) and 70% (*x* = 1.4).",
"\n\nTherefore, due to the introduction of Y~2~O~3~, 40%Y (*x* = 0.8) and 70%Y (*x* = 1.4) La~2−*x*~Y*~x~*O~3~ films after annealed at 600 °C exhibit much larger lattice energy than La~2~O~3~ film which induces stronger hygroscopic tolerance of La~2−*x*~Y*~x~*O~3~ films. ",
"The results also indicate that phase control is an effective method to enhance the moisture-robustness of La~2~O~3~ films.",
"\n\nTo further understand the mechanism for enhancing moisture resistance via second oxide doping, thermodynamic analysis of moisture absorption phenomena in high-*k* gate dielectrics has been performed \\[[@B15-materials-05-01413]\\]. ",
"Intrinsically, the moisture absorption phenomenon in high-*k* oxides is the reaction between the solid oxide (*M~m~O~n~*) film and gaseous state water (*H~2~O*) in air, which can be expressed by Equation (5) as discussed above.",
"\n\nM\n\nm\n\nO\n\nn\n\n\\+ n\n\nH\n\n2\n\nO\n\n(\n\ng\n\n) ⇄\n\nM\n\nm\n\n(\n\nOH\n\n)\n\n2\n\nn\n\nIt is well known that the rate of a chemical reaction can be indexed by the Gibbs free energy change, Δ*G*, of the reaction, which is given by Equation (6) \\[[@B16-materials-05-01413]\\]. ",
"where, Δ*H* is the enthalpy change of the reaction, Δ*S* is the entropy change of the reaction, and *T* is the ambient temperature. ",
"Both of Δ*S* and Δ*H* are calculated by subtracting the sum (entropy or enthalpy) of the left side of the reaction equation to that of the right side of the reaction equation. ",
"The entropy and enthalpy data of *H*~2~*O*, *M*(*OH*) and *M~m~O~n~* were obtained from the database of HSC Chemistry software \\[[@B17-materials-05-01413]\\] and Reference \\[[@B18-materials-05-01413]\\] (only for Hf(OH)~4~). ",
"The negative Δ*G*, meaning the decrease in system energy after the reaction, indicates a possibility for the occurrence of the reaction. ",
"Furthermore, when Δ*G* is negative, a larger absolute value of Δ*G* means a larger reaction rate. ",
"However, note that in the real case of high-*k* oxide films, the reaction rate is influenced by many other factors. ",
"In our study, we focused on the thermodynamic process of the moisture absorption reaction, which could be the main factor for determining the reaction rate.",
"\n\n[Figure 7](#materials-05-01413-f007){ref-type=\"fig\"} shows the calculated Δ*G* of the moisture absorption reactions of main high-*k* oxide candidates. ",
"For the purpose of comparison, the data of the reaction between SiO~2~ and H~2~O is also included in the figure. ",
"It can be obviously observed that, under standard conditions (temperature = 298.15 K, pressure = 1 atm), the moisture absorption reaction in SiO~2~ could not occur, since the Δ*G* of the reaction is positive. ",
"This fact is the chemical reason for the stable SiO~2~ film in the air as a gate oxide. ",
"On the other hand, a large range of Δ*G* values in high-*k* oxides, indicating different moisture-absorption-reaction rates, could be observed. ",
"Hafnium oxide (HfO~2~), the most studied high-*k* gate dielectric so far, shows a positive Δ*G*, meaning a small moisture-absorption-reaction rate. ",
"This result is coincident with the experimental results, since there have been few reports about the moisture absorption phenomenon in HfO~2~. On the contrary, note that zirconium oxide (ZrO~2~), which is also thought to be a promising high *k* oxide, shows a large negative Δ*G*. ",
"However, the moisture absorption phenomenon in ZrO~2~ film as a high *k* gate dielectric has not been emphasized in the literature yet. ",
"As a matter of fact, the formation of zirconium hydroxide at the surface of ZrO~2~ film has been reported \\[[@B19-materials-05-01413]\\]. ",
"Furthermore, La~2~O~3~ shows the most negative Δ*G* among all main high-*k* oxide candidates. ",
"This is the reason for the serious moisture absorption phenomenon in La~2~O~3~ films. ",
"This fact also suggests that the moisture absorption phenomenon in La~2~O~3~ films is the intrinsic property of La~2~O~3~, rather than caused by some external factors. ",
"On the other hand, it can be found from [Figure 7](#materials-05-01413-f007){ref-type=\"fig\"} that all rare earth oxides show a large moisture-absorption-reaction rate, except for scandium oxide (Sc~2~O~3~), meaning that most pure rare earth oxides might not be suitable as high-*k* gate oxides, although they usually show high permittivities.",
"\n\n![",
"Δ*G* of the moisture absorption reactions in high-*k* oxides under standard conditions. ",
"All entropy and enthalpy data of oxides, H~2~O and hydroxides were obtained from the database of HSC chemistry software, except for Hf(OH)~4~, which is cited from Reference \\[[@B18-materials-05-01413]\\].](materials-05-01413-g007){#materials-05-01413-f007}\n\nNext, we discuss how to enhance the moisture resistance of rare earth oxides, especially that of La~2~O~3~. Through considering the thermodynamic process of the moisture absorption reaction as shown in Equation (5), the most direct method of enhancing the moisture resistance or decreasing the moisture-absorption-reaction rate of an oxide film is doping with a second oxide that exhibits a stronger resistance to moisture absorption. ",
"We have observed that Y~2~O~3~ doped La~2~O~3~ films show much stronger strong moisture resistance than La~2~O~3~ \\[[@B20-materials-05-01413],[@B21-materials-05-01413]\\], which is a demonstration of this method ([Figure 6](#materials-05-01413-f006){ref-type=\"fig\"}). [",
"Figure 8](#materials-05-01413-f008){ref-type=\"fig\"} shows the Δ*G* of several La-based ternary oxides with a molecule ratio of 1:1 between La~2~O~3~ and the second oxide, which are simply calculated by averaging the Δ*G* of the moisture absorption reaction of La~2~O~3~ and the second oxides.",
"\n\n{#materials-05-01413-f008}\n\nAs shown in [Figure 8](#materials-05-01413-f008){ref-type=\"fig\"}, doping a second oxide is an effective method for decreasing moisture-absorption-reaction speed. ",
"Furthermore, SiO~2~, Sc~2~O~3~, HfO~2~, Al~2~O~3~, Lu~2~O~3~, and Y~2~O~3~ are better candidates than other oxides for doping to enhance the moisture resistance of La~2~O~3~. On the other hand, note that the permittivity of the doped La~2~O~3~ has to be considered when we select a second oxide. ",
"This issue will be discussed further later. ",
"Furthermore, the moisture resistance of an oxide film is also affected by several external factors, like the crystallinity \\[[@B20-materials-05-01413]\\] of the film and oxygen vacancies in the film \\[[@B22-materials-05-01413]\\], which will be discussed in more detail later. ",
"We can understand these behaviors by a more detailed analysis of the moisture absorption reaction. ",
"The reaction in Equation (5) could be divided into three steps as shown in Equations (7), (8) and (9).",
"\n\nThe Equations (7) and (8) are the key reactions for determining the rate of the whole moisture absorption reaction. ",
"Physically, the reaction rate of Equation (7) is determined by the lattice energy of the oxide, which is mainly determined by the ionicity (or electronegativity) of *M* ion and could also be affected by the crystallinity of the oxide in the case of a thin film. ",
"The larger electronegativity means a larger ionicity, resulting in a smaller lattice energy and a larger reaction rate of Equation (7). ",
"In fact, the Δ*G* results in [Figure 7](#materials-05-01413-f007){ref-type=\"fig\"} coincide well with the reported electronegativity data \\[[@B23-materials-05-01413]\\]. ",
"On the other hand, the reaction Equation (4) is responsible for the formation of OH^−^, resulting in the formation of hydroxide after being combined with *M^n+^* (Equation (9)). ",
"The oxygen vacancies, however, can also induce the formation of OH^−^, which is the reason for the more serious moisture absorption phenomenon in oxygen-deficient La~2~O~3~ films. ",
"However, as shown in [Figure 7](#materials-05-01413-f007){ref-type=\"fig\"} a thermodynamic process could be the main and intrinsic factor for determining the rate of the moisture absorption reaction.",
"\n\nIn summary, the moisture absorption phenomena in main high-*k* gate oxides have been theoretically discussed by comparing the Gibbs free energy change of the moisture absorption reactions of these oxides. ",
"The results show that moisture absorption could occur in most high-*k* oxides, especially in rare earth oxides. ",
"On the other hand, La~2~O~3~ shows the largest moisture-absorption-reaction speed among main high-*k* oxide candidates. ",
"To enhance the moisture resistance of La~2~O~3~, doping a second oxide, which has a stronger moisture resistance than La~2~O~3~, could be an applicable solution.",
"\n\n3.2. ",
"Hygroscopic Tolerance Enhancement of La~2~O~3~ Films by Ultraviolet Ozone Treatment\n----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nIn our experiments, we found that the oxygen-ambient-annealing La~2~O~3~ film shows stronger moisture resistance than nitrogen-ambient-annealing La~2~O~3~ film, although the moisture absorption phenomenon was still observed after being in air for several days. ",
"So, it seems that moisture absorption is partly related to oxygen vacancies in the films. ",
"In other words, if the oxygen vacancies in La~2~O~3~ film could be eliminated, moisture resistance could be enhanced to some degree. ",
"The most direct method is to eliminate or heal the oxygen vacancy. ",
"It has been reported that ultraviolet (UV) ozone treatment at room temperature can eliminate oxygen vacancies in oxide films \\[[@B24-materials-05-01413]\\]. ",
"Thus, moisture absorption suppression is expected with UV ozone post treatment, thanks to the healing of oxygen vacancies. ",
"The low temperature of UV ozone treatment merits the CMOS process which could prevent the formation of a thick interface layer. ",
"The interface layer could enhance the total EOT (Equivalent Oxide Thickness) of the gate dielectric. ",
"La~2~O~3~ films were deposited on HF-last Si by sputtering the La~2~O~3~ target in argon at ambient room temperature and then annealed at 600 °C in pure N~2~ or 0.1%-O~2~+N~2~ ambient for 30 seconds in a rapid thermal annealing (RTA) furnace. ",
"Some samples were treated with UV ozone for 9 minutes at room temperature.",
"\n\nThe moisture absorption experiments were performed in room air. ",
"The temperature and relative humidity of the air were 25 °C and 25%, respectively. ",
"The root-mean-square (rms) surface roughnesses and XRD patterns of films before and after the moisture absorption were investigated. ",
"Au was also deposited on some La~2~O~3~ films on silicon to form Au/La~2~O~3~/Si metal insulator semiconductor (MIS) capacitors. ",
"The capacitance-voltage (C--V) with a frequency of 100 kHz and the gate current density--gate voltage (J~g~--V~g~) measurements were performed for MIS capacitors. ",
"The physical thickness films were determined with grazing incident x-ray reflectivity (GIXR) and spectroscopic ellipsometry (SE) measurements.",
"\n\nSince, as reported, that the UV ozone treatment can eliminate oxygen vacancies in the oxide films, moisture absorption suppression is expected with the UV ozone post treatment, thanks to the healing of oxygen vacancies. [",
"Figure 9](#materials-05-01413-f009){ref-type=\"fig\"} shows the XRD patterns of La~2~O~3~ films with and without UV ozone post treatment after N~2~ annealing. ",
"0 hour in air means that the sample was measured as soon as possible after annealing or UV ozone post treatment. ",
"It is found that both are poly-crystallized in the hexagonal phase when they are exposed to air for 0 hour. ",
"After exposure to air for 24 hours, in the XRD pattern of the La~2~O~3~ film without UV ozone post treatment after N~2~ annealing, the characteristic peaks attributed to hexagonal La(OH)~3~ due to moisture absorption appear, while these peaks are not found in the XRD pattern of the La~2~O~3~ film with UV ozone post treatment. [",
"Figure 10](#materials-05-01413-f010){ref-type=\"fig\"} shows AFM images of La~2~O~3~ films with and without UV ozone post treatment after the films were exposed to air for different times. ",
"The root-mean-square (rms) surface roughness of the La~2~O~3~ film without UV ozone post treatment after N~2~ annealing increases with time exposed to air, due to the formation of low density hexagonal La(OH)~3~. In contrast, the surface roughness of the La~2~O~3~ film with UV ozone post treatment after N~2~ annealing increases very little even after the film was exposed to the air for 24 hours. ",
"The above results suggest that UV ozone treatment can suppress the moisture absorption of La~2~O~3~ films.",
"\n\nTo investigate the origin of the suppression effect with UV ozone treatment, moisture resistances of La~2~O~3~ films with ambient oxygen (0.1%-O~2~ + N~2~) annealing and as-deposited La~2~O~3~ film (without annealing or post treatment) were also investigated. ",
"It was clearly observed (data is not shown here) that the rms surface roughness of the UV ozone post treatment film and ambient oxygen annealing film show almost no increase with the time exposed to air. ",
"On the contrary, as-deposited and N~2~ annealing films' rms surface roughnesses rapidly increase with time exposure to air. ",
"Since UV ozone post treatment and ambient oxygen annealing cause the same effect of healing the oxygen vacancies, it is reasonable to think that the origin of the moisture absorption suppression with the UV ozone post treatment might be the healing of the oxygen vacancies in La~2~O~3~\n\nAs discussed previously, the hygroscopic phenomena in La~2~O~3~ films are due to the low lattice energy of La~2~O~3~. Therefore, it is considered that the oxygen vacancy can decrease the lattice energy of La~2~O~3~. The oxygen vacancy could enlarge the charge transfer between La and O atoms and then make the La-O bond more ionic, resulting in a smaller lattice energy of La~2~O~3~ films.",
"\n\n{#materials-05-01413-f009}\n\nOn the other hand, it means that if we can heal oxygen vacancies in the La~2~O~3~ films, moisture absorption should be suppressed to some degree. ",
"Ozone (O~3~) can enhance the kinetics of oxidation (or oxygen vacancy healing) compared with conventional thermal oxidation (ambient oxygen annealing). ",
"For the La~2~O~3~ films containing oxygen vacancies (La~2~O~3−*x*~), the oxidation reaction can occur at low temperatures, and can heal the oxygen vacancies in the La~2~O~3~ films during UV ozone treatment.",
"\n\n{#materials-05-01413-f010}\n\nOn the other hand, for ambient oxygen annealing to heal oxygen vacancies, a high temperature process is generally necessary. ",
"Although ambient oxygen annealing shows similar effects as the UV ozone treatment in terms of the moisture absorption suppression, compared to the UV ozone post treatment, ambient oxygen annealing enhanced the capacitance equivalent thickness (CET) of the film ([Figure 11](#materials-05-01413-f011){ref-type=\"fig\"}) due to the formation of a thicker interface layer between silicon substrate and La~2~O~3~ film. ",
"Therefore, the UV ozone post treatment is a good method to suppress the moisture absorption suppression of La~2~O~3~ films with the merit of no interface layer thickness enhancement.",
"\n\n{#materials-05-01413-f011}\n\n3.3. ",
"Design for Higher-*k* of HfO~2~ and La~2~O~3~ Gate Dielectric Films\n------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nOne very important reason for lanthanum oxide (La~2~O~3~) as a promising high-*k* gate dielectric to replace SiO~2~ is its high permittivity. ",
"However, many low permittivity La~2~O~3~ films have been reported \\[[@B4-materials-05-01413],[@B5-materials-05-01413],[@B6-materials-05-01413]\\]. ",
"In terms of the reasons for the low permittivity of La~2~O~3~ films, two very possible ones are being considered as mentioned earlier. ",
"The first is moisture absorption which degrades the permittivity of La~2~O~3~ films due to the formation of low permittivity lanthanum hydroxide as discussed above \\[[@B25-materials-05-01413]\\]. ",
"The second is the low density of amorphous La~2~O~3~ films. ",
"In fact, the permittivity of La~2~O~3~ film without moisture absorption (0 hour in the air) still shows some low permittivity (\\~20). ",
"This indicates that the low permittivity could be an intrinsic property of La~2~O~3~ films, which could be partly attributed to poor cystallinity, *i.e*., ",
"not totally attributed to moisture absorption.",
"\n\nTherefore, it is necessary to prepare well-crystallized La-based films to enhance and stabilize the permittivity of La~2~O~3~ films. ",
"From the phase diagram of the La~2~O~3~-Y~2~O~3~ system, a high melting point of La~2−*x*~Y*~x~*O~3~ could be observed which indicates a low crystallization temperature of La~2−*x*~Y*~x~*O~3~. On the other hand, Y~2~O~3~ shows a much lower crystallization temperature than La~2~O~3~ ([Figure 12](#materials-05-01413-f012){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ",
"It is very possible that La~2−*x*~Y*~x~*O~3~ films could also exhibit a low crystallization temperature. ",
"Furthermore, Y is in the same element group in the elements table as La and is the nearest element to La. It can be expected that La~2−*x*~Y*~x~*O~3~ can show similar properties as La~2~O~3~, for example permittivity, band gaps and so on, except for moisture absorption phenomena. ",
"On the other hand, a very common viewpoint is that amorphous film (high crystallization temperature) is better than crystallized film as high-*k* gate insulators. ",
"It is believed that grain boundaries in polycrystalline films might constitute electrical leakage paths, giving rise to dramatically increased gate leakage currents. ",
"However, there are few reports about the grain boundary induced leakage current in high-*k* gate dielectrics; currently, expitaxial (crystalline) film are also technologically feasible.",
"\n\n{#materials-05-01413-f012}\n\nAmong La-based high-*k* materials, La~1−*x*~Hf*~x~*O*~y~* and LaAlO~3~ are two attractive ones because La~1−*x*~Hf*~x~*O*~y~* is a good amorphous insulator up to 900 °C \\[[@B26-materials-05-01413]\\] and LaAlO~3~ shows a high permittivity and a large band gap. ",
"\\[[@B19-materials-05-01413]\\] However, La~1−*x*~Hf*~x~*O*~y~* film crystallizes in the pylochlore La~2~H~2~fO~7~ after annealing at 1000 °C \\[[@B27-materials-05-01413]\\], while in the conventional complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) process, annealing higher than 1000 °C is necessary to activate the source and drain dopant. ",
"In terms of LaAlO~3~ film, as low permittivity LaAlO~3~ films (\\<20) are always reported, \\[[@B28-materials-05-01413]\\] it might be very difficult to prepare high permittivity LaAlO~3~ films. ",
"A very possible reason for the low permittivity of LaAlO~3~ films is the poor crystallinity which induces the low density of films. ",
"These results indicate that it is very difficult to prepare an amorphous high permittivity dielectric film as an alternative gate insulator. ",
"Although Ta~2~O~5~ film shows a high permittivity even in the amorphous state, \\[[@B29-materials-05-01413]\\] due to its very small conduction band offset with silicon, it cannot be used as a high-*k* gate dielectric. ",
"It is well known that La~2~O~3~ has a large conduction band offset with silicon of about 2.3 eV and a high permittivity. ",
"Therefore, La~1−*x*~Ta*~x~*O*~y~* film with an appropriate Ta concentration might be suitable as a gate dielectric which exhibits a medium conduction band offset with silicon, due to the introduction of La~2~O~3~. At the same time, a high permittivity of La~1−*x*~Ta*~x~*O*~y~* film can be expected thanks to the high permittivity of La~2~O~3~ and Ta~2~O~5~. In terms of crystallization temperature, due to the low melting point of La~1−*x*~Ta*~x~*O*~y~* from the La~2~O~3~-Ta~2~O~5~ phase diagram \\[[@B30-materials-05-01413]\\], La~1−*x*~Ta*~x~*O*~y~* films might show a high crystallization temperature. ",
"Therefore, we also investigated La~1−*x*~Ta*~x~*O*~y~* films with different Ta concentrations as high-*k* gate insulators in terms of the crystallization temperature, permittivity, band gap and electrical properties. ",
"The above discussion indicates that, theoretically and practically, both amorphous and well-crystallized high-*k* films might also be possible choices as gate insulators.",
"\n\nThe La~2−*x*~Y*~x~*O~3~ and La~1-*x*~Ta*~x~*O*~y~* films with different Y or Ta atomic concentrations were deposited on the HF-last Si (100) substrates or thick Pt films deposited on SiO~2~/Si substrates by RF co-sputtering of La~2~O~3~ and Y~2~O~3~ or Ta~2~O~5~ targets (provided by Kojundo Chemical, Japan) in Ar ambient at room temperature. ",
"The Y and Ta concentrations were determined by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) measurement. ",
"The physical thicknesses of the films were determined with spectroscopic ellipsometry (SE) and glazing incident x-ray reflectivity (GIXR) measurements. ",
"The crystallinity of films was investigated by x-ray diffraction (XRD) measurement. ",
"The MIM (metal-insulator-metal) capacitors on thick Pt films deposited on SiO~2~/Si substrates were prepared by depositing the Au film on the La~2−*x*~Y*~x~*O~3~ or La~1−*x*~Ta*~x~*O*~y~* films to evaluate the permittivities. ",
"Au was also deposited on some La~2−*x*~Y*~x~*O~3~ and La~1−*x*~Ta*~x~*O*~y~* films on silicon to form Au/La~2−*x*~Y*~x~*O~3~ or La~1−*x*~Ta*~x~*O*~y~*/Si metal insulator semiconductor (MIS) capacitors. ",
"The capacitance-voltage (C-V) with a frequency of 100 kHz and gate current density-gate voltage (J-V) measurements were performed for the Au/La~2−*x*~Y*~x~*O~3~ or La~1−*x*~Ta*~x~*O*~y~*/Si MIS capacitors.",
"\n\n[Figure 13](#materials-05-01413-f013){ref-type=\"fig\"} shows the permittivity variation of La~2−*x*~Y*~x~*O~3~ films annealed at 600 °C in pure N~2~ ambient with the Y concentration. ",
"It is noticed that the permittivity of La~2~O~3~ film is low compared with the large value of 27 reported previously. ",
"The low permittivity of La~2~O~3~ film might be attributed to the poor crystallization of the film and to the moisture absorption because we did not intentionally exclude the sample from moisture. ",
"In our study, the Y~2~O~3~ film has a permittivity of 12 as reported \\[[@B31-materials-05-01413]\\]. ",
"The permittivity of La~2−*x*~Y*~x~*O~3~(*x* = 0.2) film is a little smaller than that of the La~2~O~3~ film, whereas the La~2−*x*~Y*~x~*O~3~(*x* = 0.8) and La~2−*x*~Y*~x~*O~3~(*x* = 1.4) films show much higher permittivity (\\~26) than La~2~O~3~ film in our study. ",
"This value is also very close to the high permittivity value of La~2~O~3~ film as reported \\[[@B9-materials-05-01413]\\]. ",
"When the Y concentration is as high as 90% (*x* = 1.8), the permittivity of La~2−*x*~Y*~x~*O~3~ film decreases to 15. ",
"But this value is still higher than the permittivity of Y~2~O~3~.\n\n{#materials-05-01413-f013}\n\nTo explain the reason for high permittivity of La~2−*x*~Y*~x~*O~3~ films, it is necessary to discuss the **Clausius-Mosotti** equation for the theory calculation of permittivity \\[[@B32-materials-05-01413]\\].",
"\n\nPut simply, the **Clausius-Mosotti** equation tells us that the permittivity of a well crystallized film is determined by the molar volume and total polarizability which is given as Equation (1). ",
"We can understand easily from Equation (1) that if α^T^ is assumed to be a constant in spite of the V~m~ change, the smaller V~m~ will induce a larger permittivity. ",
"For rare earth oxides (R~2~O~3~), the hexagonal phase exhibits much smaller molar volumes, as shown in [Figure 14](#materials-05-01413-f014){ref-type=\"fig\"}. ",
"For hexagonal La~2~O~3~, α^T^ is 18.17Å from the Shannon's additivity rule (α^T^(La~2~O~3~) = 2α(La^3+^) + 3α(O^−2^)) and V~m~ is 82.7 Å^3^ from Reference \\[[@B33-materials-05-01413]\\]. ",
"With the above values, we can estimate that the permittivity of hexagonal La~2~O~3~ is about 35, which is larger than the reported permittivities of La~2~O~3~ films. ",
"This difference comes from the poor crystallinity of the reported La~2~O~3~ films and the low permittivity cubic phase of some La~2~O~3~ films. ",
"The same method is applied to hexagonal Y~2~O~3~ to estimate the permittivity. ",
"The V~m~ of hexagonal Y~2~O~3~ is assumed to be 90% to that of cubic Y~2~O~3~ \\[[@B34-materials-05-01413]\\], as in the case of La~2~O~3~, because no XRD pattern of the hexagonal Y~2~O~3~ has been reported. ",
"We can then estimate that the permittivity of hexagonal Y~2~O~3~ is 22, which is much larger than the permittivity of the cubic phase Y~2~O~3~ in our study (*k*\\~11). ",
"In summary, for rare earth oxides, hexagonal phase (and well crystallized) is preferred in order to achieve high permittivity. ",
"Next, let me explain the reason for the high permittivity of La~2−*x*~Y*~x~*O~3~ films. [",
"Figure 15](#materials-05-01413-f015){ref-type=\"fig\"} shows the XRD patterns of all La~2-*x*~Y*~x~*O~3~ films on Pt film after annealing at 600 °C. ",
"It can be observed that the La~2~O~3~ film is polycrystallized in the hexagonal phase. ",
"In the XRD pattern of La~2−*x*~Y*~x~*O~3~(*x* = 0.2) film, both peaks attributed to the cubic phase and hexagonal phase are found. ",
"Therefore, the permittivity of La~2−*x*~Y*~x~*O~3~(*x* = 0.2) film is smaller than that of the La~2~O~3~ film, due to the low permittivity of the cubic phase.",
"\n\n{#materials-05-01413-f014}\n\n![",
"XRD patterns of La~2−*x*~Y*~x~*O~3~ films with different Y concentrations after annealing at 600 °C. (![](",
"materials-05-01413-i002.jpg): Hexagonal La~1−*x*~Y*~x~*O~3~ (002), ![](",
"materials-05-01413-i003.jpg): Cubic Y~2~O~3~ (222), ![](",
"materials-05-01413-i004.jpg): Cubic La~2~O~3~ (222)).](materials-05-01413-g015){#materials-05-01413-f015}\n\nThe 40%Y (*x* = 0.8) and 70%Y (*x* = 1.4) La~2−*x*~Y*~x~*O~3~ films are well crystallized in the hexagonal phase after annealing at 600 °C. ",
"The crystallinity of the film can be estimated with the full-width at half-maximum (FWHM) of the XRD peak. ",
"The smaller FWHM indicates better crystallinity. ",
"The FWHM of hexagonal (002) peak of 40%Y (*x* = 0.8) and 70%Y (*x* = 1.4) La~2−*x*~Y*~x~*O~3~ films' XRD patterns are only 0.4 degree, while that of La~2~O~3~ film is about 1.4 degree. ",
"It indicates that 40%Y (*x* = 0.8) and 70%Y (*x* = 1.4) La~2−*x*~Y*~x~*O~3~ films exhibit a better crystallinity than La~2~O~3~ film. ",
"As reported by R.A.B Devine \\[[@B4-materials-05-01413]\\], the permittivity of amorphous La~2~O~3~ is very low, due to its low density. ",
"Therefore, the better crystallinity results in 40%Y (*x* = 0.8) and 70%Y (*x* = 1.4) La~2−*x*~Y*~x~*O~3~ films having a much higher permittivity than La~2~O~3~ film, even though low polarizibility Y^3+^ ions were introduced. ",
"Another very important factor is that 40%Y (*x* = 0.8) and 70%Y (*x* = 1.4) La~2−*x*~Y*~x~*O~3~ films were both crystallized in the hexagonal phase rather than the cubic phase. ",
"As discussed above, the hexagonal rare earth oxides show much larger permittivities than cubic rare earth oxides as expected from the **Clausius-Mossotti** relationship. ",
"It is reasonable that the 40%Y (*x* = 0.8) and 70%Y (*x* = 1.4) La~2−*x*~Y*~x~*O~3~ films which are well crystallized in the hexagonal phase show a high permittivity of 26. ",
"In addition, the peak of the hexagonal (002) La~2−*x*~Y*~x~*O~3~ gradually shifts to a larger 2θ as Y concentration increases. ",
"This shift is attributed to the decrease of the lattice parameter due to the smaller ionic radius of Y^3+^ than that of La^3+^. For the La~2−*x*~Y*~x~*O~3~ (*x* = 1.8) film, it is found from the XRD pattern that the film contains both the cubic and hexagonal phases. ",
"Therefore its permittivity is larger than that of the Y~2~O~3~ with a cubic phase, but smaller than that of 40%Y (*x* = 0.8) and 70%Y (*x* = 1.4) La~2−*x*~Y*~x~*O~3~ films due to the low polarizibility Y^3+^ ion and the low permittivity cubic phase.",
"\n\nWe also prepared La~1−*x*~Ta*~x~*O*~y~* films with different Ta concentrations. ",
"The permittivities were measured with Au/La~1−*x*~Ta*~x~*O*~y~*/Pt MIM capacitors. ",
"La~1−*x*~Ta*~x~*O*~y~*(*x* = 0.35) film shows a high permittivity of about 30 ([Figure 16](#materials-05-01413-f016){ref-type=\"fig\"}), which is comparable to the largest reported permittivity of La~2~O~3~ \\[[@B35-materials-05-01413]\\] and amorphous Ta~2~O~5~. This permittivity value is also much larger than that of amorphous La~1−*x*~Hf*~x~*O*~y~* and well crystallized LaAlO~3~ films. ",
"The very possible reason for the high permittivity of amorphous La~1−*x*~Ta*~x~*O*~y~* is a higher density of Ta~2~O~5~ \\[[@B36-materials-05-01413],[@B37-materials-05-01413]\\] than La~2~O~3~. This higher density could induce a higher permittivity. ",
"The main reason is as follows: if we assume that the unit structure of La~2~O~3~ is not changed by Ta~2~O~5~ doping, the higher material density would induce a higher dipole density (more dipoles in the unit volume), resulting in a higher permittivity. ",
"Therefore, a high density Ta~2~O~5~ doping will enhance the permittivity of La~2~O~3~ although the film is amorphous, which will be discussed in more detail later.",
"\n\n{#materials-05-01413-f016}\n\n3.4. ",
"Design of Crystallization Behavior of High-k Gate Dielectric Films\n-----------------------------------------------------------------------\n\n[Figure 17](#materials-05-01413-f017){ref-type=\"fig\"}(a) shows the XRD patterns of La~1−*x*~Ta*~x~*O*~y~* films with a Ta concentration of 35% (*x* = 0.35) after they were annealed at 800 °C, 900 °C and 1000 °C in ambient N~2~. It can be observed that the film was still in the amorphous state even it was annealed at 1000 °C. ",
"This indicates that the crystallization temperature of La~1−*x*~Ta*~x~*O*~y~*(*x* = 0.35) film is higher than 1000 °C. ",
"As a gate dielectric, an amorphous film is preferred rather than a poly-crystallized film because grain boundaries can induce a leakage current through the dielectric \\[[@B38-materials-05-01413]\\]. ",
"As La~1−*x*~Ta*~x~*O*~y~*(*x* = 0.35) film shows a crystallization temperature higher than 1,000 °C, it will be compatible with the conventional CMOS process. ",
"On the other hand, both La~2~O~3~ and Ta~2~O~5~ films crystallize after annealing at 800 °C ([Figure 17](#materials-05-01413-f017){ref-type=\"fig\"}b). ",
"Furthermore, crystallization temperatures of La~1−*x*~Ta*~x~*O*~y~*(*x* = 0.35) and La~1−*x*~Ta*~x~*O*~y~*(*x* = 0.6) films are about 800 °C and 1000 °C, respectively. ",
"Both are higher than that of La~2~O~3~ \\[[@B39-materials-05-01413]\\] and Ta~2~O~5~ \\[[@B35-materials-05-01413]\\]. ",
"It also indicates that the crystallization temperature of La~1−*x*~Ta*~x~*O*~y~* film is sensitive to the Ta concentration, and to prepare the high crystallization temperature La~1−*x*~Ta*~x~*O*~y~* film it is crucial to control the Ta concentration. ",
"In the case of La~2−*x*~Y*~x~*O~3~, this shows a very low crystallization temperature \\[[@B40-materials-05-01413]\\]. ",
"Why is there so large a difference? ",
"To answer this question, I will explain the crystallization mechanism of La-based ternary oxides (La~2−*x*~M*~x~*O~3~ or La~1−*x*~M*~x~*O*~y~*) in more detail later. ",
"We think there are two main factors to influence the crystallization temperature of La-based ternary oxides. ",
"One is the size difference between La and M ions. ",
"And the other is the difference of valence state of La and M ions.",
"\n\n{#materials-05-01413-f017}\n\nIt has been reported that the stability of amorphous ternary metal oxide (A~2−*x*~M*~x~*O~3~) is substantially determined by the size difference between metal A ion and metal M ion when A and M has the same valence state \\[[@B41-materials-05-01413]\\]. ",
"The close size of metal A ion to metal M ion would induce the formation of a solid solution. ",
"When there is a large size difference between metal A ion and metal M ion, such a solid solution is not stable. ",
"Then, the oxide can be stabilized in the amorphous state. ",
"In the case of La-based ternary oxides, the difference between La^3+^ ion size(r(La^3+^)) and M^3+^ ion size(r(M^3+^)) could affect the crystallization temperature of La~2−*x*~M*~x~*O~3~. [Table 1](#materials-05-01413-t001){ref-type=\"table\"} shows the crystallization temperatures of La~2−*x*~Al*~x~*O~3~ \\[[@B42-materials-05-01413]\\], La~2−*x*~Sc*~x~*O~3~ \\[[@B43-materials-05-01413]\\] and La~2−*x*~Y*~x~*O~3~ films \\[[@B21-materials-05-01413]\\]. ",
"This is because r(La^3+^) \\> r(Y^3+^) \\> r(Sc^3+^) \\> r(Al^3+^), La~2−*x*~Al*~x~*O~3~ has the highest crystallization temperature, and La~2−*x*~Y*~x~*O~3~ the lowest. ",
"Thus, we obtained the well crystallized La~2−*x*~Y*~x~*O~3~ films as discussed earlier.",
"\n\nmaterials-05-01413-t001_Table 1\n\n###### \n\nCrystallization temperatures of La~1−*x*~M*~x~*O*~y~* ternary metal oxides in the case of M^3+^.\n\n Ternary Oxide (La~2−*x*~M*~x~*O~3~) Metal Ion Size (La-M)(Å) Crystallization Temperature (°C)\n ------------------------------------- -------------------------- ----------------------------------\n La~2−*x*~Al*~x~*O~3~ 1.16--0.51 800\n La~2−*x*~Sc*~x~*O~3~ 1.16--0.73 650\n La~2−*x*~Y*~x~*O~3~ 1.16--1.02 400\n\nWe think that the valence state of the M ion can also affect the crystallization temperature of La~1−*x*~M*~x~*O*~y~* ternary oxide because the valence state could determine the oxygen ratio in MO*~y~*. ",
"When we dope MO*~y~* into La~2~O~3~ (LaO~1.5~), and if *y* is larger than 1.5, there will be superfluous oxygen which can distort the oxide network and then enhance the crystallization temperature of La~2~O~3~. We studied several La~1−*x*~M*~x~*O*~y~* ternary metal oxides with different valence states of M (Y^3+^, Hf^4+^ and Ta^5+^). ",
"The crystallization temperatures of these ternary metal oxides are shown in [Table 2](#materials-05-01413-t002){ref-type=\"table\"}. ",
"An obvious trend can be found from the table: the ternary metal oxide which exhibits a larger valence state of the M ion (larger *y*) shows a higher crystallization temperature. ",
"La~1−*x*~Ta*~x~*O*~y~* ternary oxide shows the highest crystallization temperature among these ternary metal oxides because of the difference of ion size and valence state of La and M. La~2−*x*~Y*~x~*O~3~ films show a low crystallization temperature due to the close size of La^3+^ to Y^3+^ and the same valence state of La^3+^ and Y^3+^. And La~1−*x*~Hf*~x~*O*~y~* film also shows a relatively high crystallization temperature, thanks to the large size difference between La^3+^ and Hf^4+^. In summary, the high crystallization temperature of La~1−*x*~Ta*~x~*O*~y~* film can be attributed to the large size and valence state difference between La^3+^ and Ta^5+^.\n\nmaterials-05-01413-t002_Table 2\n\n###### \n\nCrystallization temperatures of La~1−*x*~M*~x~*O*~y~* ternary metal oxides in the case of M^3+^, M^4+^ and M^5+^.\n\n Ternary oxide (La~1−*x*~M*~x~*O*~y~*) Metal ion size(La--M)(Å) Crystallization temperature (°C)\n --------------------------------------- -------------------------- ----------------------------------\n La~1−*x*~Ta*~x~*O*~y~* (M^5+^) 1.16--0.74 \\>1000\n La~1−*x*~Hf*~x~*O*~y~* (M^4+^) 1.16--0.83 1000\n La~2−*x*~Y*~x~*O~3~ (M^3+^) 1.16--1.02 400\n\n3.5. ",
"Summary\n------------\n\nIn this paper, most recent progresses of two most important issues, moisture absorption phenomena and low experimental permittivity, of rare earth oxide films used as high-*k* gate insulators for advanced CMOS devices, have been reviewed from both experimental and theoretical points of view.",
"\n\nIt has been found that moisture absorption degrades the permittivity of La~2~O~3~ film annealed in N~2~ ambient after exposure to air for several hours because of the formation of La(OH)~3~ with a lower permittivity and it is thus concluded that the moisture absorption could be a possible reason for the scattering *k*-values of La~2~O~3~ films. ",
"Furthermore, AFM results indicate that moisture absorption also increases the surface roughness of La~2~O~3~ films on silicon. ",
"Thus, an *in situ* gate electrode process would be needed for La~2~O~3~ CMOS application.",
"\n\nAccordingly, the moisture absorption phenomena in main high-*k* gate oxides have been theoretically discussed by comparing the Gibbs free energy change of the moisture absorption reactions of these oxides. ",
"The results show that moisture absorption could occur in most high-*k* oxides, especially in rare earth oxides. ",
"On the other hand, La~2~O~3~ shows the largest moisture-absorption-reaction rate among main high-*k* oxide candidates. ",
"To enhance moisture resistance of La~2~O~3~, doping a second oxide, which has a stronger moisture resistance than La~2~O~3~, could be an applicable solution.",
"\n\nThe moisture absorption and associated leakage current of La~2~O~3~ films were suppressed by UV ozone post treatment. ",
"The suppression effect by UV ozone treatment has been considered to come from the healing of oxygen vacancies in La~2~O~3~ films, since ambient oxygen annealing also shows the same suppression effect. ",
"Compared with ambient oxygen annealing, however, UV ozone post treatment can be carried out at low temperatures, which prevents the formation of a thick interface layer.",
"\n\nWith the phase control method, the permittivities and the moisture-resistance of La~2~O~3~ films have been improved significantly. ",
"Higher-*k* well crystallized lanthanum based oxide films, La~2−*x*~Y*~x~*O~3~, were prepared, which exhibit a permittivity as high as 28 with an appropriate Y concentration, due to the formation of a high permittivity hexagonal phase, and also show much better resistance to moisture than La~2~O~3~ film after annealing at 600 °C. ",
"La~1−*x*~Ta*~x~*O*~y~* films with different Ta concentrations were investigated. ",
"The La~1−*x*~Ta*~x~*O*~y~* (*x* = 0.35) film shows not only a high crystallization temperature (\\>1000 °C), but also a high permittivity (\\~30).",
"\n\nFurthermore, a systematic discussion on the crystallization behaviors of lanthanum-based ternary oxide has been given, which provides a possible guideline for preparing amorphous or well crystallized lanthanum-based ternary oxides. ",
"This should be also useful for other high-*k* oxides to prepare well crystallized or amorphous films as new gate insulators.",
"\n\nThe author would like to thank Akira Toriumi, Kentaro Kyuno (now with Shibaura Institute of Technology, Japan), and Koji Kita at The University of Tokyo, Japan for their continuous supervision and support during my PhD study, which induced the main results reviewed in this paper. ",
"The author also acknowledges financial support from the National Program on Key Basic Research Project (973 Program) of China (No. ",
"2011CBA00607), National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. ",
"61106089) and open funds of State Key Laboratory of ASIC and System at Fudan University (No.10KF001) to continue the research topics in this paper.",
"\n"
] | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
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"/*============================================================================\n\nThe Medical Imaging Interaction Toolkit (MITK)\n\nCopyright (c) German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ)\nAll rights reserved.",
"\n\nUse of this source code is governed by a 3-clause BSD license that can be\nfound in the LICENSE file.",
"\n\n============================================================================*/\n\n#include \"QmitkNodeSelectionButton.h\"\n\n// mitk core\n#include <mitkBaseRenderer.h>\n#include <mitkExtractSliceFilter.h>\n#include <vtkMitkLevelWindowFilter.h>\n#include <mitkPlanarFigure.h>\n#include <mitkPropertyNameHelper.h>\n\n// mitk qt widgets module\n#include <QmitkNodeDescriptorManager.h>\n\n// berry includes\n#include <berryWorkbenchPlugin.h>\n#include <berryQtStyleManager.h>\n\n#include <vtkLookupTable.h>\n\n#include <QEvent>\n#include <QPainter>\n#include <QTextDocument>\n\nQPixmap GetPixmapFromImageNode(const mitk::DataNode* dataNode, int height)\n{\n if (nullptr == dataNode)\n {\n return QPixmap();\n }\n\n const mitk::Image* image = dynamic_cast<const mitk::Image*>(dataNode->GetData());\n if ((nullptr == image || !",
"image->IsInitialized()) || // -> must be an image\n (image->GetPixelType().GetNumberOfComponents() !",
"= 1)) // -> for now only single component are allowed\n {\n auto descManager = QmitkNodeDescriptorManager::GetInstance();\n auto desc = descManager->GetDescriptor(dataNode);\n auto icon = desc->GetIcon(dataNode);\n auto fallBackMap = icon.pixmap(height, height);\n return fallBackMap;\n }\n\n mitk::PlaneGeometry::Pointer planeGeometry = mitk::PlaneGeometry::New();\n int sliceNumber = image->GetDimension(2) / 2;\n planeGeometry->InitializeStandardPlane(image->GetGeometry(), mitk::PlaneGeometry::Axial, sliceNumber);\n\n mitk::ExtractSliceFilter::Pointer extractSliceFilter = mitk::ExtractSliceFilter::New();\n extractSliceFilter->SetInput(image);\n extractSliceFilter->SetInterpolationMode(mitk::ExtractSliceFilter::RESLICE_CUBIC);\n extractSliceFilter->SetResliceTransformByGeometry(image->GetGeometry());\n extractSliceFilter->SetWorldGeometry(planeGeometry);\n extractSliceFilter->SetOutputDimensionality(2);\n extractSliceFilter->SetVtkOutputRequest(true);\n extractSliceFilter->Update();\n\n vtkImageData* imageData = extractSliceFilter->GetVtkOutput();\n\n mitk::LevelWindow levelWindow;\n dataNode->GetLevelWindow(levelWindow);\n vtkSmartPointer<vtkLookupTable> lookupTable = vtkSmartPointer<vtkLookupTable>::New();\n lookupTable->SetRange(levelWindow.",
"GetLowerWindowBound(), levelWindow.",
"GetUpperWindowBound());\n lookupTable->SetSaturationRange(0.0, 0.0);\n lookupTable->SetValueRange(0.0, 1.0);\n lookupTable->SetHueRange(0.0, 0.0);\n lookupTable->SetRampToLinear();\n\n vtkSmartPointer<vtkMitkLevelWindowFilter> levelWindowFilter = vtkSmartPointer<vtkMitkLevelWindowFilter>::New();\n levelWindowFilter->SetLookupTable(lookupTable);\n levelWindowFilter->SetInputData(imageData);\n levelWindowFilter->SetMinOpacity(0.0);\n levelWindowFilter->SetMaxOpacity(1.0);\n int dims[3];\n imageData->GetDimensions(dims);\n double clippingBounds[] = { 0.0, static_cast<double>(dims[0]), 0.0, static_cast<double>(dims[1]) };\n levelWindowFilter->SetClippingBounds(clippingBounds);\n levelWindowFilter->Update();\n imageData = levelWindowFilter->GetOutput();\n\n QImage thumbnailImage(reinterpret_cast<const unsigned char*>(imageData->GetScalarPointer()), dims[0], dims[1], QImage::Format_ARGB32);\n\n if (dims[0] > dims[1])\n {\n thumbnailImage = thumbnailImage.scaledToWidth(height, Qt::SmoothTransformation).rgbSwapped();\n }\n else\n {\n thumbnailImage = thumbnailImage.scaledToHeight(height, Qt::SmoothTransformation).rgbSwapped();\n }\n\n return QPixmap::fromImage(thumbnailImage);\n}\n\nQmitkNodeSelectionButton::QmitkNodeSelectionButton(QWidget *parent)\n : QPushButton(parent)\n , m_OutDatedThumbNail(true)\n , m_DataMTime(0)\n , m_IsOptional(true)\n , m_NodeModifiedObserverTag(0)\n , m_NodeObserved(false)\n{\n}\n\nQmitkNodeSelectionButton::~QmitkNodeSelectionButton()\n{\n this->RemoveNodeObserver();\n this->m_SelectedNode = nullptr;\n}\n\nvoid QmitkNodeSelectionButton::AddNodeObserver()\n{\n if (this->m_SelectedNode.",
"IsNotNull())\n {\n if (m_NodeObserved)\n {\n MITK_DEBUG << \"Invalid observer state in QmitkNodeSelectionButton. ",
"There is already a registered observer. ",
"Internal logic is not correct. ",
"May be an old observer was not removed.\";",
"\n }\n\n auto modifiedCommand = itk::MemberCommand<QmitkNodeSelectionButton>::New();\n modifiedCommand->SetCallbackFunction(this, &QmitkNodeSelectionButton::OnNodeModified);\n\n // const cast because we need non const nodes and it seems to be the lesser of two evil.",
"\n // the changes to the node are only on the observer level. ",
"The other option would be to\n // make the public interface require non const nodes, this we don't want to introduce.",
"\n auto nonconst_node = const_cast<mitk::DataNode*>(this->m_SelectedNode.",
"GetPointer());\n m_NodeModifiedObserverTag = nonconst_node->AddObserver(itk::ModifiedEvent(), modifiedCommand);\n m_NodeObserved = true;\n }\n}\n\nvoid QmitkNodeSelectionButton::RemoveNodeObserver()\n{\n if (this->m_SelectedNode.",
"IsNotNull())\n {\n // const cast because we need non const nodes and it seems to be the lesser of two evil.",
"\n // the changes to the node are only on the observer level. ",
"The other option would be to\n // make the public interface require non const nodes, this we don't want to introduce.",
"\n auto nonconst_node = const_cast<mitk::DataNode*>(this->m_SelectedNode.",
"GetPointer());\n nonconst_node->RemoveObserver(m_NodeModifiedObserverTag);\n }\n m_NodeObserved = false;\n}\n\nvoid QmitkNodeSelectionButton::OnNodeModified(const itk::Object * /*caller*/, const itk::EventObject & event)\n{\n if (itk::ModifiedEvent().CheckEvent(&event))\n {\n this->update();\n }\n}\n\nconst mitk::DataNode* QmitkNodeSelectionButton::GetSelectedNode() const\n{\n return m_SelectedNode;\n}\n\nvoid QmitkNodeSelectionButton::SetSelectedNode(const mitk::DataNode* node)\n{\n if (m_SelectedNode !",
"= node)\n {\n this->RemoveNodeObserver();\n this->m_SelectedNode = node;\n this->m_OutDatedThumbNail = true;\n this->AddNodeObserver();\n }\n\n this->update();\n}\n\nvoid QmitkNodeSelectionButton::SetNodeInfo(QString info)\n{\n this->m_Info = info;\n this->update();\n}\n\nvoid QmitkNodeSelectionButton::paintEvent(QPaintEvent *p)\n{\n QString stylesheet;\n\n ctkPluginContext* context = berry::WorkbenchPlugin::GetDefault()->GetPluginContext();\n ctkServiceReference styleManagerRef = context->getServiceReference<berry::IQtStyleManager>();\n if (styleManagerRef)\n {\n auto styleManager = context->getService<berry::IQtStyleManager>(styleManagerRef);\n stylesheet = styleManager->GetStylesheet();\n }\n\n QPushButton::paintEvent(p);\n\n QPainter painter(this);\n QTextDocument td(this);\n td.setDefaultStyleSheet(stylesheet);\n\n auto widgetSize = this->size();\n QPoint origin = QPoint(5, 5);\n\n if (this->m_SelectedNode)\n {\n auto iconLength = widgetSize.height() - 10;\n auto node = this->m_SelectedNode;\n\n itk::ModifiedTimeType dataMTime = 0;\n if (m_SelectedNode->GetData())\n {\n dataMTime = m_SelectedNode->GetData()->GetMTime();\n }\n if (dataMTime>m_DataMTime || this->m_OutDatedThumbNail)\n {\n this->m_ThumbNail = GetPixmapFromImageNode(node, iconLength);\n this->m_OutDatedThumbNail = false;\n m_DataMTime = dataMTime;\n }\n\n auto thumbNailOrigin = origin;\n thumbNailOrigin.setY(thumbNailOrigin.y() + ((iconLength - m_ThumbNail.height()) / 2));\n painter.drawPixmap(thumbNailOrigin, m_ThumbNail);\n origin.setX(origin.x() + iconLength + 5);\n\n if (this->isEnabled())\n {\n td.setHtml(QString::fromStdString(\"<font class=\\\"normal\\\">\" + node->GetName() + \"</font>\"));\n }\n else\n {\n td.setHtml(QString::fromStdString(\"<font class=\\\"disabled\\\">\" + node->GetName() + \"</font>\"));\n }\n }\n else\n {\n if (this->isEnabled())\n {\n if (this->m_IsOptional)\n {\n td.setHtml(QString(\"<font class=\\\"normal\\\">\") + m_Info + QString(\"</font>\"));\n }\n else\n {\n td.setHtml(QString(\"<font class=\\\"warning\\\">\") + m_Info + QString(\"</font>\"));\n }\n }\n else\n {\n td.setHtml(QString(\"<font class=\\\"disabled\\\">\") + m_Info + QString(\"</font>\"));\n }\n }\n\n auto textSize = td.size();\n\n origin.setY( (widgetSize.height() - textSize.height()) / 2.);",
"\n\n painter.translate(origin);\n td.drawContents(&painter);\n}\n\nvoid QmitkNodeSelectionButton::changeEvent(QEvent *event)\n{\n if (event->type() == QEvent::EnabledChange)\n {\n this->update();\n }\n}\n\nbool QmitkNodeSelectionButton::GetSelectionIsOptional() const\n{\n return m_IsOptional;\n}\n\nvoid QmitkNodeSelectionButton::SetSelectionIsOptional(bool isOptional)\n{\n m_IsOptional = isOptional;\n this->update();\n}\n"
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"Powerful program even helps parents to keep an eye on the web activities and online chat details of children, kids and spouses and prevent them from internet misuse.",
"\n\nKeyLogger Software Capabilities:\n\nKeyLogger software records:\n\nTyped text and documents\n\nUser logins and passwords\n\nComposed and send emails\n\nTyped website urls and visited web pages\n\nTyped online chat sessions and more…\n\nKeyLogger Software Features:\n\nMonitors Keystroke typed: Software monitors every keystroke entry made from your system keyboard.",
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"Left: Paul Labbe and Donna Lozon at a Republican watch party on Election Day, in Sarasota. ",
"Photograph by Chip Litherland. ",
"Right: In Denver, Democrats celebrate as Barack Obama wins a second Presidential term. ",
"Photograph by Landon Nordeman\n\nWhen historians look back on Mitt Romney’s bid for the Presidency, one trend will be clear: no Republican candidate ever ran a similar campaign again. ",
"For four decades, from Richard Nixon to Ronald Reagan through the two Bush Presidencies, the Republican Party won the White House by amassing large margins among white voters. ",
"Nixon summoned the silent majority. ",
"Reagan cemented this bloc of voters, many of whom were former Democrats. ",
"Both Bushes won the Presidency by relying on broad support from Reagan Democrats. ",
"In that time, Republicans transformed the South from solidly Democratic to solidly Republican, and they held the White House for twenty-eight out of forty years. ",
"Last Tuesday, Romney won three-fifths of the white vote, matching or exceeding what several winning Presidential candidates, including Reagan in 1980 and Bush in 1988, achieved, but it wasn’t enough. ",
"The white share of the electorate, which was eighty-seven per cent in 1992, has steadily declined by about three points in every Presidential election since then. ",
"At the present rate, by 2016, whites will make up less than seventy per cent of voters. ",
"Romney’s loss to Barack Obama brought an end not just to his eight-year quest for the Presidency but to the Republican Party’s assumptions about the American electorate.",
"\n\nSome interpretations of the election results by conservatives were particularly dark. ",
"Mary Matalin, the Republican commentator, wrote that Obama was a “political narcissistic sociopath” who “leveraged fear and ignorance” to win. ",
"On Tuesday evening, before the race was called, Bill O’Reilly, after acknowledging that “the demographics are changing,” offered the following explanation for an Obama victory: “It’s not a traditional America anymore. ",
"And there are fifty per cent of the voting public who want stuff. ",
"They want things. ",
"And who is going to give them things? ",
"President Obama. ",
"He knows it and he ran on it. ",
"Whereby twenty years ago President Obama would have been roundly defeated by an establishment candidate like Mitt Romney. ",
"The white establishment is now the minority.” ",
"He added, “You’re going to see a tremendous Hispanic vote for President Obama. ",
"Overwhelming black vote for President Obama.”",
"\n\nBut far from Fox News Channel’s newsroom in Manhattan and the insular world of the Beltway’s conservative commentariat, one significant element of the Republican Party has for the past two years been grappling with and adapting to the demographic future that was so starkly revealed by last Tuesday’s outcome. ",
"On Halloween, less than a week before Election Day, I rode with Ted Cruz, now the senator-elect from Texas, who was folded into the back seat of a Toyota Corolla as an aide drove him from San Antonio to Austin. ",
"Cruz, who has a thick head of pomaded, neatly combed hair, is a former college debate champion and Supreme Court litigator, and is a commanding public speaker. ",
"That morning, he had addressed a small crowd of employees eating Kit Kats and candy corn at Valero, a major oil refiner whose headquarters are in San Antonio. ",
"As he told the story of his father’s journey from Cuba to Texas, the room fell silent. ",
"Cruz, who is forty-one, eschews teleprompters, instead roaming across the stage and speaking slowly and dramatically, with well-rehearsed sweeps of his hands. ",
"He is one of several political newcomers who offer hope to Republicans after a disappointing election.",
"\n\nIn the car, sipping a Diet Dr Pepper while he talked about his background and discussed the future of the Party, Cruz was more down to earth than his Hermès tie and Patek Philippe watch suggested. ",
"He said that he had relaxed the previous evening at his hotel by watching “Cowboys and Aliens.” “",
"It is every bit as stupid as it sounds,” he said. “",
"But it actually has a really good cast.”",
"\n\nCruz, a lawyer who was solicitor general of Texas from 2003 to 2008, combines a compelling personal biography with philosophically pure conservatism. ",
"He won his Senate primary in an upset, earlier this year, partly by adhering to the secure-the-borders mentality popular with most Texas Republicans. ",
"He promised to triple the size of the U.S. Border Patrol and to build a larger border wall than his opponent proposed. ",
"In January, when he is sworn in, he will become one of the most right-wing members of the U.S. Senate. ",
"A Tea Party favorite who also happens to be Hispanic, Cruz is viewed by many as a key figure in helping to transform the Party. ",
"According to exit polls, Hispanics, one of the fastest-growing segments of the U.S. population, made up ten per cent of the electorate, their highest share in American history, and Romney lost the Hispanic vote to Obama by a margin of seventy-one per cent to twenty-seven per cent, the lowest level of support for a Republican since 1996.",
"\n\nCruz is a first-generation citizen. ",
"His father, Rafael, as a teen-ager in Cuba, fought alongside Castro’s revolutionaries against the dictatorship of Fulgencio Batista. ",
"He was jailed and beaten by the regime. “",
"My grandmother said that his suit, which had started out bright white, you couldn’t see a spot of white on it,” Cruz said. “",
"It was just stained with blood and mud, and his teeth were dangling from his mouth.” ",
"Rafael left for the United States, and in 1957 started at the University of Texas on a student visa. ",
"He continued to support Castro. “",
"He learned English very quickly and began going around to local Rotary Clubs and Kiwanis Clubs and speaking about the Revolution and raising money for Castro,” Cruz said. “",
"He was a young revolutionary. ",
"He would get Austin businesspeople to write checks.”",
"\n\nWhen Castro came to power, in 1959, the elder Cruz quickly grew disillusioned. ",
"His younger sister fought in the counter-revolution and was tortured by the new regime. ",
"Rafael returned to Cuba in 1960 to see his family, and was shaken by what Castro’s Communist dictatorship had wrought. “",
"When my father got back to Austin,” Cruz said, “he sat down and made a list of every place he’d gone to speak, and he made a point of going back to each of them and standing in front of them and saying, ‘I owe you an apology. ",
"I misled you. ",
"I took your money and I sent it to evil ends.’ ",
"And he said, ‘I didn’t do so knowingly, but I did so nonetheless, and for that I’m truly sorry.’ ",
"When I was a kid, my dad told me that story over and over again. ",
"To me, that always defined character: to have the courage to go back and apologize.”",
"\n\nRafael made sure that his son entered politics from the opposite side of the political spectrum. ",
"In high school, Ted became involved with a group known as the Free Market Education Foundation, which introduced him to the writings of conservative economic philosophers such as Milton Friedman, Friedrich Hayek, Frédéric Bastiat, and Ludwig von Mises. ",
"Cruz travelled to Rotary and Kiwanis groups in Texas as his father had a generation earlier. ",
"But, instead of expounding on Castro, he competed against other teen-agers in speech contests; the contestants delivered twenty minutes of memorized remarks about free-market economics. ",
"He soon joined a spinoff group, the Constitutional Corroborators, and learned a mnemonic device for memorizing an abbreviated version of the Constitution, which he and other club members would write out on easels for lunchtime crowds of Rotarians or local political groups around Texas. ",
"By the time he graduated from high school, he had given several dozen speeches across the state."
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"Q:\n\nSending Email (unicode) From dot net application\n\nHow can I send email in multiple languages from my .net application using an xsl/xslt file to format the e-mail message?",
"\nI experience an error when I send emails in Russian, I can see the Russian Characters in Hotmail and OutLook properly. ",
"But I can't see them in gmail and yahoo mail.",
"\nWhat changes do I need to make to correctly render Russian Characters in gmail and yahoo mail?",
"\n\nA:\n\nLook at this samples : http://www.example-code.com/csharp/RussianEmail.asp \nI assume you are already setting the Charset and file encoding.. \nemail.",
"Charset = \"koi8-r\";\n\nMay be encode everything as default Russian encoding of iso-8859-5. ",
"For testing purpose hardcode email body with some Russian Characters and save the source code file Unicode (code page 1200) from File - Advanced Save Options...\n\n"
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"Green Bean & Bacon Succotash\n\nGreen Bean & Bacon Succotash\n\nI found a new way to get my kid to eat an entire bowl of veggies – just add bacon! ",
"I must admit that he was taste testing the corn and green beans before they were even cooked, but the bacon made it extra appealing and I can’t say I blame him. ",
"In my own defense, I did use nitrate free 95% fat free turkey bacon from Whole Foods\n\nShuck corn and remove all silk. ",
"Cut kernels off each ear with a sharp knife. ",
"Cut green beans into 1/2 inch pieces. ",
"Place corn kernels and green beans in a medium bowl and toss with olive oil. ",
"Season with salt and pepper and saute in a frying pan over medium heat until corn begins to just brown. ",
"Remove from heat and transfer to a bowl. ",
"Set aside. ",
"Place bacon in the same frying pan and cook until brown and just beginning to crispen. (",
"Do not make bacon super stiff!) ",
"Remove bacon from heat and dice up into bite sized pieces. ",
"Return veggies to frying pan, add bacon and re-warm everything together over low heat. ",
"Serves 4.",
"\n\nWonderful items from you, man. ",
"I’ve take into account your stuff previous to and you are just too magnificent. ",
"I actually like what you have acquired here, certainly like what you’re saying and the way in which by which you assert it. ",
"You make it enjoyable and you continue to care for to stay it sensible. ",
"I can not wait to learn much more from you. ",
"This is really a tremendous website.",
"\n\n• • • IMPORTANT • • •\nCooking with a child involves risk. ",
"It is important to use caution and common sense when cooking with a child. ",
"Although photos may represent children cooking, the cooking is done under close supervision and the images are for entertainment only. ",
"The reader is responsible for keeping children at a safe distance from cooking tools, hot stoves and any other potentially harmful cooking apparatus. ",
"Always follow manufacturers' instructions and cook at your own risk."
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"import React from \"react\";\nimport {\n List,\n Datagrid,\n TextField,\n ReferenceField,\n EditButton,\n Edit,\n SimpleForm,\n DisabledInput,\n ReferenceInput,\n SelectInput,\n TextInput,\n LongTextInput,\n Create,\n Filter,\n Responsive,\n SimpleList,\n} from \"react-admin\";\n\nconst PostTitle = ({ record }:any) => {\n return <span>Post {record ? ",
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"Q:\n\nR won't load installed package, citing errors that other packages must be unloaded first (and that they can't be unloaded)\n\nI deeply don't understand the problem I am facing here and likely am not posting enough information, please be patient as I update/respond to comments... Thank you,\nI've recently tried installing the package \"metagenomeSeq\" (URL: http://www.cbcb.umd.edu/software/metagenomeSeq ). ",
"This package uses its own installation routines, using the R script biocLite to install:\nsource(\"http://bioconductor.org/biocLite.",
"R\")\nbiocLite(\"metagenomeSeq\")\n\nInstallation is apparently successful:\n> biocLite(\"metagenomeSeq\")\nBioC_mirror: https://bioconductor.org\nUsing Bioconductor 3.2 (BiocInstaller 1.20.1), R 3.2.5 (2016-04-14).",
"\nInstalling package(s) ‘metagenomeSeq’\n...\n[snippped]\n...\n* installing *source* package ‘metagenomeSeq’ ...\n** R\n** data\n** inst\n** preparing package for lazy loading\n** help\n*** installing help indices\n** building package indices\n** installing vignettes\n** testing if installed package can be loaded\n* DONE (metagenomeSeq)\n\nHowever, attempting to load the packages yields the following:\n> library(\"metagenomeSeq\")\nLoading required package: Biobase\nError in unloadNamespace(package) : \n namespace ‘Biobase’ is imported by ‘DESeq2’, ‘genefilter’, ‘multtest’, ‘annotate’, ‘geneplotter’, ‘AnnotationDbi’ so cannot be unloaded\nError in library(pkg, character.only = TRUE, logical.return = TRUE, lib.loc = lib.loc, : \n Package ‘Biobase’ version 2.26.0 cannot be unloaded\n\nI am using R v3.2.5 and Rstudio v099.491. ",
"Operating system: Ubuntu 14.04. ",
"Packages are:\nlibrary(\"scales\")\nlibrary(\"ape\")\nlibrary(\"ggplot2\")\nlibrary(\"RColorBrewer\")\nlibrary(\"igraph\")\nlibrary(\"vegan\")\nlibrary(\"gridExtra\")\nlibrary(\"cowplot\")\nlibrary(\"RAM\")\nlibrary(\"plyr\")\nlibrary(\"stringr\")\nlibrary(\"gridExtra\")\nlibrary(\"ggdendro\")\nlibrary(\"reshape2\")\nlibrary(\"xtable\")\nlibrary(\"knitr\")\nlibrary(\"phyloseq\")\nlibrary(\"indicspecies\")\n\nEdit 1:\nThe package loads when I open up a fresh instance of R studio without loading any other packages first. ",
"Is it possible for an R's packages dependencies to have conflicts with other packages that require their dependencies to be unloaded? ",
"I've never come across this before. ",
"\nEdit 2: Included packages I was using. ",
"\n\nA:\n\nLazy fix: removing the libraries \"reshape\" and \"RAM\" (RAM depended on reshape) alleviated my problems.",
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"Extracellular matrix (ECM) in biological tissue is involved in recruitment, adhesion, survival, proliferation and differentiation of cells during embryonic morphogenesis, development and repair of tissues. ",
"ECM-mimetic biomaterials play a key role in successful therapy in regenerative medicine. ",
"Information obtained from knowledge of protein components of ECM is needed for design of these biomaterials utilizes.",
"\nECM is composed of structural proteins generally found in abundant quantities, and also contains smaller amounts of specialized proteins. ",
"Structural proteins include collagens, elastins and laminins which have been well characterized. ",
"Specialized proteins however remain largely uncharacterized. ",
"Detailed knowledge of functions of ECM proteins is needed to facilitate design of ECM mimetics.",
"\nProteomics techniques have been largely unsuccessful in determining peptide sequences of protein features that are displayed on the surface of ECM proteins. ",
"There is a need to develop tools for characterizing functional aspects of protein components of the ECM surface, such as devices, methods, and systems to identify peptides displayed on proteins that function as ligands, and to identify corresponding modulatory proteins."
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"Crochet NJ\n\nWelcome\n\nWelcome to a new home of online crochet community of New Jersey. ",
"We are working very hard to make this a place where you can find any information you might need. ",
"Eventually there is going to be a locator of crochet friendly yarn stores, crochet classes, local yarnies (producers of fiber, spinners and dyers), anything and everything that relates to crochet in NJ.",
"\n\nIf you are a yarn store owner and would like your store to be listed, please email your information (address, phone, web site, short description) to\nThis e-mail address is being protected from spambots. ",
"You need JavaScript enabled to view it\n. ",
"If you would like to help please contact us at\nThis e-mail address is being protected from spambots. ",
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"Photo: Getty\n\nScience fiction authors have been writing about it for decades. ",
"Privacy activists have warned it’s just around the corner. ",
"Today, perfected facial recognition is one step closer to becoming a reality.",
"\n\n\n\n\nUK authorities landed their first arrest last week relying on an automatic facial recognition (AFR) system, the South Wales Police confirmed to Ars Technica on Tuesday. ",
"Not much is known presently about the man or the crime he allegedly committed, but his face is presumed to be one of about 500,000 contained in a law enforcement database.",
"\n\nIn a statement to Ars, a South Wales police commissioner said the force’s use of facial recognition was “centered upon early intervention and prompt, positive action,” and that the technology offered police the ability to “identify vulnerability, challenge perpetrators, and reduce instances of offending within environments where the technology is deployed.”",
"\n\n\nIn other words, the aim of deploying AFR is as much about catching perpetrators as it is predicting and preventing crime—the theory being that if a potential offender is aware that his face has already been recognized, he’ll be far less likely to engage in an offense against the law.",
"\n\nThe camera that captured the man’s face in South Wales was reportedly mounted atop of a police van deployed ahead of the UEFA Champions League final. ",
"Police declined to reveal more about the offense involved, Ars said, likely because the case is ongoing.",
"\n\nFacial recognition is a technology that could one day alert authorities to the presence of a potential terrorist like Youssef Zaghba, who, despite being on a watchlist in Italy, was able to ram a van into pedestrians on London Bridge last weekend before launching into a stabbing spree at the nearby Borough Market.",
"\n\nBut it is also a frightening technology, even among a people obsessed with cameras. ",
"And the advent of police-worn surveillance gear, which could be linked to these systems one day, there’s the potential for citizens, even those not suspected of any crimes, to be monitored wherever they go.",
"\n\n\nDue to the level of secrecy surrounding digital surveillance and the police databases that power it, it may be impossible to detect abuses when they occur—and, undoubtedly, they will occur. ",
"Once we’re all tagged with our every movement tracked, there may be no coming back from that dystopian nightmare. ",
"Privacy could become a thing we remember fondly but never fully achieve again.",
"\n\n[Ars Technica]"
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"\n\nDONATIONS ACCEPTED\n\nAs a non profit community theatre group, Markham Little Theatre welcomes financial support from individuals or businesses, in our ongoing efforts to provide top quality community theatre to the residents of Markham and surrounding areas.",
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