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[ "/* SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0 */\n/*\n * Remote Network Driver Interface Specification (RNDIS)\n * definitions of the magic numbers used by this protocol\n */\n\n/* Remote NDIS Versions */\n#define RNDIS_MAJOR_VERSION\t\t0x00000001\n#define RNDIS_MINOR_VERSION\t\t0x00000000\n\n/* Device Flags */\n#define RNDIS_DF_CONNECTIONLESS\t\t0x00000001U\n#define RNDIS_DF_CONNECTION_ORIENTED\t0x00000002U\n#define RNDIS_DF_RAW_DATA\t\t0x00000004U\n\n/*\n * Codes for \"msg_type\" field of rndis messages;\n * only the data channel uses packet messages (maybe batched);\n * everything else goes on the control channel.", "\n */\n#define RNDIS_MSG_COMPLETION\t0x80000000\n#define RNDIS_MSG_PACKET\t0x00000001\t/* 1-N packets */\n#define RNDIS_MSG_INIT\t\t0x00000002\n#define RNDIS_MSG_INIT_C\t(RNDIS_MSG_INIT|RNDIS_MSG_COMPLETION)\n#define RNDIS_MSG_HALT\t\t0x00000003\n#define RNDIS_MSG_QUERY\t\t0x00000004\n#define RNDIS_MSG_QUERY_C\t(RNDIS_MSG_QUERY|RNDIS_MSG_COMPLETION)\n#define RNDIS_MSG_SET\t\t0x00000005\n#define RNDIS_MSG_SET_C\t\t(RNDIS_MSG_SET|RNDIS_MSG_COMPLETION)\n#define RNDIS_MSG_RESET\t\t0x00000006\n#define RNDIS_MSG_RESET_C\t(RNDIS_MSG_RESET|RNDIS_MSG_COMPLETION)\n#define RNDIS_MSG_INDICATE\t0x00000007\n#define RNDIS_MSG_KEEPALIVE\t0x00000008\n#define RNDIS_MSG_KEEPALIVE_C\t(RNDIS_MSG_KEEPALIVE|RNDIS_MSG_COMPLETION)\n/*\n * Reserved message type for private communication between lower-layer host\n * driver and remote device, if necessary.", "\n */\n#define RNDIS_MSG_BUS\t\t0xff000001\n\n/* codes for \"status\" field of completion messages */\n#define\tRNDIS_STATUS_SUCCESS\t\t\t0x00000000\n#define RNDIS_STATUS_PENDING\t\t\t0x00000103\n\n/* Status codes */\n#define RNDIS_STATUS_NOT_RECOGNIZED\t\t0x00010001\n#define RNDIS_STATUS_NOT_COPIED\t\t\t0x00010002\n#define RNDIS_STATUS_NOT_ACCEPTED\t\t0x00010003\n#define RNDIS_STATUS_CALL_ACTIVE\t\t0x00010007\n\n#define RNDIS_STATUS_ONLINE\t\t\t0x40010003\n#define RNDIS_STATUS_RESET_START\t\t0x40010004\n#define RNDIS_STATUS_RESET_END\t\t\t0x40010005\n#define RNDIS_STATUS_RING_STATUS\t\t0x40010006\n#define RNDIS_STATUS_CLOSED\t\t\t0x40010007\n#define RNDIS_STATUS_WAN_LINE_UP\t\t0x40010008\n#define RNDIS_STATUS_WAN_LINE_DOWN\t\t0x40010009\n#define RNDIS_STATUS_WAN_FRAGMENT\t\t0x4001000A\n#define\tRNDIS_STATUS_MEDIA_CONNECT\t\t0x4001000B\n#define\tRNDIS_STATUS_MEDIA_DISCONNECT\t\t0x4001000C\n#define RNDIS_STATUS_HARDWARE_LINE_UP\t\t0x4001000D\n#define RNDIS_STATUS_HARDWARE_LINE_DOWN\t\t0x4001000E\n#define RNDIS_STATUS_INTERFACE_UP\t\t0x4001000F\n#define RNDIS_STATUS_INTERFACE_DOWN\t\t0x40010010\n#define RNDIS_STATUS_MEDIA_BUSY\t\t\t0x40010011\n#define\tRNDIS_STATUS_MEDIA_SPECIFIC_INDICATION\t0x40010012\n#define RNDIS_STATUS_WW_INDICATION\t\tRDIA_SPECIFIC_INDICATION\n#define RNDIS_STATUS_LINK_SPEED_CHANGE\t\t0x40010013L\n#define RNDIS_STATUS_NETWORK_CHANGE\t\t0x40010018\n\n#define RNDIS_STATUS_NOT_RESETTABLE\t\t0x80010001\n#define RNDIS_STATUS_SOFT_ERRORS\t\t0x80010003\n#define RNDIS_STATUS_HARD_ERRORS\t\t0x80010004\n#define RNDIS_STATUS_BUFFER_OVERFLOW\t\t0x80000005\n\n#define\tRNDIS_STATUS_FAILURE\t\t\t0xC0000001\n#define RNDIS_STATUS_RESOURCES\t\t\t0xC000009A\n#define\tRNDIS_STATUS_NOT_SUPPORTED\t\t0xc00000BB\n#define RNDIS_STATUS_CLOSING\t\t\t0xC0010002\n#define RNDIS_STATUS_BAD_VERSION\t\t0xC0010004\n#define RNDIS_STATUS_BAD_CHARACTERISTICS\t0xC0010005\n#define RNDIS_STATUS_ADAPTER_NOT_FOUND\t\t0xC0010006\n#define RNDIS_STATUS_OPEN_FAILED\t\t0xC0010007\n#define RNDIS_STATUS_DEVICE_FAILED\t\t0xC0010008\n#define RNDIS_STATUS_MULTICAST_FULL\t\t0xC0010009\n#define RNDIS_STATUS_MULTICAST_EXISTS\t\t0xC001000A\n#define RNDIS_STATUS_MULTICAST_NOT_FOUND\t0xC001000B\n#define RNDIS_STATUS_REQUEST_ABORTED\t\t0xC001000C\n#define RNDIS_STATUS_RESET_IN_PROGRESS\t\t0xC001000D\n#define RNDIS_STATUS_CLOSING_INDICATING\t\t0xC001000E\n#define RNDIS_STATUS_INVALID_PACKET\t\t0xC001000F\n#define RNDIS_STATUS_OPEN_LIST_FULL\t\t0xC0010010\n#define RNDIS_STATUS_ADAPTER_NOT_READY\t\t0xC0010011\n#define RNDIS_STATUS_ADAPTER_NOT_OPEN\t\t0xC0010012\n#define RNDIS_STATUS_NOT_INDICATING\t\t0xC0010013\n#define RNDIS_STATUS_INVALID_LENGTH\t\t0xC0010014\n#define\tRNDIS_STATUS_INVALID_DATA\t\t0xC0010015\n#define RNDIS_STATUS_BUFFER_TOO_SHORT\t\t0xC0010016\n#define RNDIS_STATUS_INVALID_OID\t\t0xC0010017\n#define RNDIS_STATUS_ADAPTER_REMOVED\t\t0xC0010018\n#define RNDIS_STATUS_UNSUPPORTED_MEDIA\t\t0xC0010019\n#define RNDIS_STATUS_GROUP_ADDRESS_IN_USE\t0xC001001A\n#define RNDIS_STATUS_FILE_NOT_FOUND\t\t0xC001001B\n#define RNDIS_STATUS_ERROR_READING_FILE\t\t0xC001001C\n#define RNDIS_STATUS_ALREADY_MAPPED\t\t0xC001001D\n#define RNDIS_STATUS_RESOURCE_CONFLICT\t\t0xC001001E\n#define RNDIS_STATUS_NO_CABLE\t\t\t0xC001001F\n\n#define RNDIS_STATUS_INVALID_SAP\t\t0xC0010020\n#define RNDIS_STATUS_SAP_IN_USE\t\t\t0xC0010021\n#define RNDIS_STATUS_INVALID_ADDRESS\t\t0xC0010022\n#define RNDIS_STATUS_VC_NOT_ACTIVATED\t\t0xC0010023\n#define RNDIS_STATUS_DEST_OUT_OF_ORDER\t\t0xC0010024\n#define RNDIS_STATUS_VC_NOT_AVAILABLE\t\t0xC0010025\n#define RNDIS_STATUS_CELLRATE_NOT_AVAILABLE\t0xC0010026\n#define RNDIS_STATUS_INCOMPATABLE_QOS\t\t0xC0010027\n#define RNDIS_STATUS_AAL_PARAMS_UNSUPPORTED\t0xC0010028\n#define RNDIS_STATUS_NO_ROUTE_TO_DESTINATION\t0xC0010029\n\n#define RNDIS_STATUS_TOKEN_RING_OPEN_ERROR\t0xC0011000\n\n/* codes for RNDIS_OID_GEN_PHYSICAL_MEDIUM */\n#define\tRNDIS_PHYSICAL_MEDIUM_UNSPECIFIED\t0x00000000\n#define\tRNDIS_PHYSICAL_MEDIUM_WIRELESS_LAN\t0x00000001\n#define\tRNDIS_PHYSICAL_MEDIUM_CABLE_MODEM\t0x00000002\n#define\tRNDIS_PHYSICAL_MEDIUM_PHONE_LINE\t0x00000003\n#define\tRNDIS_PHYSICAL_MEDIUM_POWER_LINE\t0x00000004\n#define\tRNDIS_PHYSICAL_MEDIUM_DSL\t\t0x00000005\n#define\tRNDIS_PHYSICAL_MEDIUM_FIBRE_CHANNEL\t0x00000006\n#define\tRNDIS_PHYSICAL_MEDIUM_1394\t\t0x00000007\n#define\tRNDIS_PHYSICAL_MEDIUM_WIRELESS_WAN\t0x00000008\n#define\tRNDIS_PHYSICAL_MEDIUM_MAX\t\t0x00000009\n\n/* Remote NDIS medium types. */", "\n#define RNDIS_MEDIUM_UNSPECIFIED\t\t0x00000000\n#define RNDIS_MEDIUM_802_3\t\t\t0x00000000\n#define RNDIS_MEDIUM_802_5\t\t\t0x00000001\n#define RNDIS_MEDIUM_FDDI\t\t\t0x00000002\n#define RNDIS_MEDIUM_WAN\t\t\t0x00000003\n#define RNDIS_MEDIUM_LOCAL_TALK\t\t\t0x00000004\n#define RNDIS_MEDIUM_ARCNET_RAW\t\t\t0x00000006\n#define RNDIS_MEDIUM_ARCNET_878_2\t\t0x00000007\n#define RNDIS_MEDIUM_ATM\t\t\t0x00000008\n#define RNDIS_MEDIUM_WIRELESS_LAN\t\t0x00000009\n#define RNDIS_MEDIUM_IRDA\t\t\t0x0000000A\n#define RNDIS_MEDIUM_BPC\t\t\t0x0000000B\n#define RNDIS_MEDIUM_CO_WAN\t\t\t0x0000000C\n#define RNDIS_MEDIUM_1394\t\t\t0x0000000D\n/* Not a real medium, defined as an upper-bound */\n#define RNDIS_MEDIUM_MAX\t\t\t0x0000000E\n\n/* Remote NDIS medium connection states. */", "\n#define RNDIS_MEDIA_STATE_CONNECTED\t\t0x00000000\n#define RNDIS_MEDIA_STATE_DISCONNECTED\t\t0x00000001\n\n/* packet filter bits used by RNDIS_OID_GEN_CURRENT_PACKET_FILTER */\n#define RNDIS_PACKET_TYPE_DIRECTED\t\t0x00000001\n#define RNDIS_PACKET_TYPE_MULTICAST\t\t0x00000002\n#define RNDIS_PACKET_TYPE_ALL_MULTICAST\t\t0x00000004\n#define RNDIS_PACKET_TYPE_BROADCAST\t\t0x00000008\n#define RNDIS_PACKET_TYPE_SOURCE_ROUTING\t0x00000010\n#define RNDIS_PACKET_TYPE_PROMISCUOUS\t\t0x00000020\n#define RNDIS_PACKET_TYPE_SMT\t\t\t0x00000040\n#define RNDIS_PACKET_TYPE_ALL_LOCAL\t\t0x00000080\n#define RNDIS_PACKET_TYPE_GROUP\t\t\t0x00001000\n#define RNDIS_PACKET_TYPE_ALL_FUNCTIONAL\t0x00002000\n#define RNDIS_PACKET_TYPE_FUNCTIONAL\t\t0x00004000\n#define RNDIS_PACKET_TYPE_MAC_FRAME\t\t0x00008000\n\n/* RNDIS_OID_GEN_MINIPORT_INFO constants */\n#define RNDIS_MINIPORT_BUS_MASTER\t\t\t0x00000001\n#define RNDIS_MINIPORT_WDM_DRIVER\t\t\t0x00000002\n#define RNDIS_MINIPORT_SG_LIST\t\t\t\t0x00000004\n#define RNDIS_MINIPORT_SUPPORTS_MEDIA_QUERY\t\t0x00000008\n#define RNDIS_MINIPORT_INDICATES_PACKETS\t\t0x00000010\n#define RNDIS_MINIPORT_IGNORE_PACKET_QUEUE\t\t0x00000020\n#define RNDIS_MINIPORT_IGNORE_REQUEST_QUEUE\t\t0x00000040\n#define RNDIS_MINIPORT_IGNORE_TOKEN_RING_ERRORS\t\t0x00000080\n#define RNDIS_MINIPORT_INTERMEDIATE_DRIVER\t\t0x00000100\n#define RNDIS_MINIPORT_IS_NDIS_5\t\t\t0x00000200\n#define RNDIS_MINIPORT_IS_CO\t\t\t\t0x00000400\n#define RNDIS_MINIPORT_DESERIALIZE\t\t\t0x00000800\n#define RNDIS_MINIPORT_REQUIRES_MEDIA_POLLING\t\t0x00001000\n#define RNDIS_MINIPORT_SUPPORTS_MEDIA_SENSE\t\t0x00002000\n#define RNDIS_MINIPORT_NETBOOT_CARD\t\t\t0x00004000\n#define RNDIS_MINIPORT_PM_SUPPORTED\t\t\t0x00008000\n#define RNDIS_MINIPORT_SUPPORTS_MAC_ADDRESS_OVERWRITE\t0x00010000\n#define RNDIS_MINIPORT_USES_SAFE_BUFFER_APIS\t\t0x00020000\n#define RNDIS_MINIPORT_HIDDEN\t\t\t\t0x00040000\n#define RNDIS_MINIPORT_SWENUM\t\t\t\t0x00080000\n#define RNDIS_MINIPORT_SURPRISE_REMOVE_OK\t\t0x00100000\n#define RNDIS_MINIPORT_NO_HALT_ON_SUSPEND\t\t0x00200000\n#define RNDIS_MINIPORT_HARDWARE_DEVICE\t\t\t0x00400000\n#define RNDIS_MINIPORT_SUPPORTS_CANCEL_SEND_PACKETS\t0x00800000\n#define RNDIS_MINIPORT_64BITS_DMA\t\t\t0x01000000\n\n#define RNDIS_MAC_OPTION_COPY_LOOKAHEAD_DATA\t\t0x00000001\n#define RNDIS_MAC_OPTION_RECEIVE_SERIALIZED\t\t0x00000002\n#define RNDIS_MAC_OPTION_TRANSFERS_NOT_PEND\t\t0x00000004\n#define RNDIS_MAC_OPTION_NO_LOOPBACK\t\t\t0x00000008\n#define RNDIS_MAC_OPTION_FULL_DUPLEX\t\t\t0x00000010\n#define RNDIS_MAC_OPTION_EOTX_INDICATION\t\t0x00000020\n#define RNDIS_MAC_OPTION_8021P_PRIORITY\t\t\t0x00000040\n#define RNDIS_MAC_OPTION_RESERVED\t\t\t0x80000000\n\n/* Object Identifiers used by NdisRequest Query/Set Information */\n/* General (Required) Objects */\n#define RNDIS_OID_GEN_SUPPORTED_LIST\t\t0x00010101\n#define RNDIS_OID_GEN_HARDWARE_STATUS\t\t0x00010102\n#define RNDIS_OID_GEN_MEDIA_SUPPORTED\t\t0x00010103\n#define RNDIS_OID_GEN_MEDIA_IN_USE\t\t0x00010104\n#define RNDIS_OID_GEN_MAXIMUM_LOOKAHEAD\t\t0x00010105\n#define RNDIS_OID_GEN_MAXIMUM_FRAME_SIZE\t0x00010106\n#define RNDIS_OID_GEN_LINK_SPEED\t\t0x00010107\n#define RNDIS_OID_GEN_TRANSMIT_BUFFER_SPACE\t0x00010108\n#define RNDIS_OID_GEN_RECEIVE_BUFFER_SPACE\t0x00010109\n#define RNDIS_OID_GEN_TRANSMIT_BLOCK_SIZE\t0x0001010A\n#define RNDIS_OID_GEN_RECEIVE_BLOCK_SIZE\t0x0001010B\n#define RNDIS_OID_GEN_VENDOR_ID\t\t\t0x0001010C\n#define RNDIS_OID_GEN_VENDOR_DESCRIPTION\t0x0001010D\n#define RNDIS_OID_GEN_CURRENT_PACKET_FILTER\t0x0001010E\n#define RNDIS_OID_GEN_CURRENT_LOOKAHEAD\t\t0x0001010F\n#define RNDIS_OID_GEN_DRIVER_VERSION\t\t0x00010110\n#define RNDIS_OID_GEN_MAXIMUM_TOTAL_SIZE\t0x00010111\n#define RNDIS_OID_GEN_PROTOCOL_OPTIONS\t\t0x00010112\n#define RNDIS_OID_GEN_MAC_OPTIONS\t\t0x00010113\n#define RNDIS_OID_GEN_MEDIA_CONNECT_STATUS\t0x00010114\n#define RNDIS_OID_GEN_MAXIMUM_SEND_PACKETS\t0x00010115\n#define RNDIS_OID_GEN_VENDOR_DRIVER_VERSION\t0x00010116\n#define RNDIS_OID_GEN_SUPPORTED_GUIDS\t\t0x00010117\n#define RNDIS_OID_GEN_NETWORK_LAYER_ADDRESSES\t0x00010118\n#define RNDIS_OID_GEN_TRANSPORT_HEADER_OFFSET\t0x00010119\n#define RNDIS_OID_GEN_PHYSICAL_MEDIUM\t\t0x00010202\n#define RNDIS_OID_GEN_MACHINE_NAME\t\t0x0001021A\n#define RNDIS_OID_GEN_RNDIS_CONFIG_PARAMETER\t0x0001021B\n#define RNDIS_OID_GEN_VLAN_ID\t\t\t0x0001021C\n\n/* Optional OIDs */\n#define RNDIS_OID_GEN_MEDIA_CAPABILITIES\t0x00010201\n\n/* Required statistics OIDs */\n#define RNDIS_OID_GEN_XMIT_OK\t\t\t0x00020101\n#define RNDIS_OID_GEN_RCV_OK\t\t\t0x00020102\n#define RNDIS_OID_GEN_XMIT_ERROR\t\t0x00020103\n#define RNDIS_OID_GEN_RCV_ERROR\t\t\t0x00020104\n#define RNDIS_OID_GEN_RCV_NO_BUFFER\t\t0x00020105\n\n/* Optional statistics OIDs */\n#define RNDIS_OID_GEN_DIRECTED_BYTES_XMIT\t0x00020201\n#define RNDIS_OID_GEN_DIRECTED_FRAMES_XMIT\t0x00020202\n#define RNDIS_OID_GEN_MULTICAST_BYTES_XMIT\t0x00020203\n#define RNDIS_OID_GEN_MULTICAST_FRAMES_XMIT\t0x00020204\n#define RNDIS_OID_GEN_BROADCAST_BYTES_XMIT\t0x00020205\n#define RNDIS_OID_GEN_BROADCAST_FRAMES_XMIT\t0x00020206\n#define RNDIS_OID_GEN_DIRECTED_BYTES_RCV\t0x00020207\n#define RNDIS_OID_GEN_DIRECTED_FRAMES_RCV\t0x00020208\n#define RNDIS_OID_GEN_MULTICAST_BYTES_RCV\t0x00020209\n#define RNDIS_OID_GEN_MULTICAST_FRAMES_RCV\t0x0002020A\n#define RNDIS_OID_GEN_BROADCAST_BYTES_RCV\t0x0002020B\n#define RNDIS_OID_GEN_BROADCAST_FRAMES_RCV\t0x0002020C\n\n#define RNDIS_OID_GEN_RCV_CRC_ERROR\t\t0x0002020D\n#define RNDIS_OID_GEN_TRANSMIT_QUEUE_LENGTH\t0x0002020E\n\n#define RNDIS_OID_GEN_GET_TIME_CAPS\t\t0x0002020F\n#define RNDIS_OID_GEN_GET_NETCARD_TIME\t\t0x00020210\n\n#define RNDIS_OID_GEN_NETCARD_LOAD\t\t0x00020211\n#define RNDIS_OID_GEN_DEVICE_PROFILE\t\t0x00020212\n#define RNDIS_OID_GEN_INIT_TIME_MS\t\t0x00020213\n#define RNDIS_OID_GEN_RESET_COUNTS\t\t0x00020214\n#define RNDIS_OID_GEN_MEDIA_SENSE_COUNTS\t0x00020215\n#define RNDIS_OID_GEN_FRIENDLY_NAME\t\t0x00020216\n#define RNDIS_OID_GEN_MINIPORT_INFO\t\t0x00020217\n#define RNDIS_OID_GEN_RESET_VERIFY_PARAMETERS\t0x00020218\n\n/* These are connection-oriented general OIDs. */", "\n/* These replace the above OIDs for connection-oriented media. */", "\n#define RNDIS_OID_GEN_CO_SUPPORTED_LIST\t\t0x00010101\n#define RNDIS_OID_GEN_CO_HARDWARE_STATUS\t0x00010102\n#define RNDIS_OID_GEN_CO_MEDIA_SUPPORTED\t0x00010103\n#define RNDIS_OID_GEN_CO_MEDIA_IN_USE\t\t0x00010104\n#define RNDIS_OID_GEN_CO_LINK_SPEED\t\t0x00010105\n#define RNDIS_OID_GEN_CO_VENDOR_ID\t\t0x00010106\n#define RNDIS_OID_GEN_CO_VENDOR_DESCRIPTION\t0x00010107\n#define RNDIS_OID_GEN_CO_DRIVER_VERSION\t\t0x00010108\n#define RNDIS_OID_GEN_CO_PROTOCOL_OPTIONS\t0x00010109\n#define RNDIS_OID_GEN_CO_MAC_OPTIONS\t\t0x0001010A\n#define RNDIS_OID_GEN_CO_MEDIA_CONNECT_STATUS\t0x0001010B\n#define RNDIS_OID_GEN_CO_VENDOR_DRIVER_VERSION\t0x0001010C\n#define RNDIS_OID_GEN_CO_MINIMUM_LINK_SPEED\t0x0001010D\n\n#define RNDIS_OID_GEN_CO_GET_TIME_CAPS\t\t0x00010201\n#define RNDIS_OID_GEN_CO_GET_NETCARD_TIME\t0x00010202\n\n/* These are connection-oriented statistics OIDs. */", "\n#define RNDIS_OID_GEN_CO_XMIT_PDUS_OK\t\t0x00020101\n#define RNDIS_OID_GEN_CO_RCV_PDUS_OK\t\t0x00020102\n#define RNDIS_OID_GEN_CO_XMIT_PDUS_ERROR\t0x00020103\n#define RNDIS_OID_GEN_CO_RCV_PDUS_ERROR\t\t0x00020104\n#define RNDIS_OID_GEN_CO_RCV_PDUS_NO_BUFFER\t0x00020105\n\n\n#define RNDIS_OID_GEN_CO_RCV_CRC_ERROR\t\t0x00020201\n#define RNDIS_OID_GEN_CO_TRANSMIT_QUEUE_LENGTH\t0x00020202\n#define RNDIS_OID_GEN_CO_BYTES_XMIT\t\t0x00020203\n#define RNDIS_OID_GEN_CO_BYTES_RCV\t\t0x00020204\n#define RNDIS_OID_GEN_CO_BYTES_XMIT_OUTSTANDING\t0x00020205\n#define RNDIS_OID_GEN_CO_NETCARD_LOAD\t\t0x00020206\n\n/* These are objects for Connection-oriented media call-managers. */", "\n#define RNDIS_OID_CO_ADD_PVC\t\t\t0xFF000001\n#define RNDIS_OID_CO_DELETE_PVC\t\t\t0xFF000002\n#define RNDIS_OID_CO_GET_CALL_INFORMATION\t0xFF000003\n#define RNDIS_OID_CO_ADD_ADDRESS\t\t0xFF000004\n#define RNDIS_OID_CO_DELETE_ADDRESS\t\t0xFF000005\n#define RNDIS_OID_CO_GET_ADDRESSES\t\t0xFF000006\n#define RNDIS_OID_CO_ADDRESS_CHANGE\t\t0xFF000007\n#define RNDIS_OID_CO_SIGNALING_ENABLED\t\t0xFF000008\n#define RNDIS_OID_CO_SIGNALING_DISABLED\t\t0xFF000009\n\n/* 802.3 Objects (Ethernet) */\n#define RNDIS_OID_802_3_PERMANENT_ADDRESS\t0x01010101\n#define RNDIS_OID_802_3_CURRENT_ADDRESS\t\t0x01010102\n#define RNDIS_OID_802_3_MULTICAST_LIST\t\t0x01010103\n#define RNDIS_OID_802_3_MAXIMUM_LIST_SIZE\t0x01010104\n#define RNDIS_OID_802_3_MAC_OPTIONS\t\t0x01010105\n\n#define RNDIS_802_3_MAC_OPTION_PRIORITY\t\t0x00000001\n\n#define RNDIS_OID_802_3_RCV_ERROR_ALIGNMENT\t0x01020101\n#define RNDIS_OID_802_3_XMIT_ONE_COLLISION\t0x01020102\n#define RNDIS_OID_802_3_XMIT_MORE_COLLISIONS\t0x01020103\n\n#define RNDIS_OID_802_3_XMIT_DEFERRED\t\t0x01020201\n#define RNDIS_OID_802_3_XMIT_MAX_COLLISIONS\t0x01020202\n#define RNDIS_OID_802_3_RCV_OVERRUN\t\t0x01020203\n#define RNDIS_OID_802_3_XMIT_UNDERRUN\t\t0x01020204\n#define RNDIS_OID_802_3_XMIT_HEARTBEAT_FAILURE\t0x01020205\n#define RNDIS_OID_802_3_XMIT_TIMES_CRS_LOST\t0x01020206\n#define RNDIS_OID_802_3_XMIT_LATE_COLLISIONS\t0x01020207\n\n#define RNDIS_OID_802_11_BSSID\t\t\t\t0x0d010101\n#define RNDIS_OID_802_11_SSID\t\t\t\t0x0d010102\n#define RNDIS_OID_802_11_INFRASTRUCTURE_MODE\t\t0x0d010108\n#define RNDIS_OID_802_11_ADD_WEP\t\t\t0x0d010113\n#define RNDIS_OID_802_11_REMOVE_WEP\t\t\t0x0d010114\n#define RNDIS_OID_802_11_DISASSOCIATE\t\t\t0x0d010115\n#define RNDIS_OID_802_11_AUTHENTICATION_MODE\t\t0x0d010118\n#define RNDIS_OID_802_11_PRIVACY_FILTER\t\t\t0x0d010119\n#define RNDIS_OID_802_11_BSSID_LIST_SCAN\t\t0x0d01011a\n#define RNDIS_OID_802_11_ENCRYPTION_STATUS\t\t0x0d01011b\n#define RNDIS_OID_802_11_ADD_KEY\t\t\t0x0d01011d\n#define RNDIS_OID_802_11_REMOVE_KEY\t\t\t0x0d01011e\n#define RNDIS_OID_802_11_ASSOCIATION_INFORMATION\t0x0d01011f\n#define RNDIS_OID_802_11_CAPABILITY\t\t\t0x0d010122\n#define RNDIS_OID_802_11_PMKID\t\t\t\t0x0d010123\n#define RNDIS_OID_802_11_NETWORK_TYPES_SUPPORTED\t0x0d010203\n#define RNDIS_OID_802_11_NETWORK_TYPE_IN_USE\t\t0x0d010204\n#define RNDIS_OID_802_11_TX_POWER_LEVEL\t\t\t0x0d010205\n#define RNDIS_OID_802_11_RSSI\t\t\t\t0x0d010206\n#define RNDIS_OID_802_11_RSSI_TRIGGER\t\t\t0x0d010207\n#define RNDIS_OID_802_11_FRAGMENTATION_THRESHOLD\t0x0d010209\n#define RNDIS_OID_802_11_RTS_THRESHOLD\t\t\t0x0d01020a\n#define RNDIS_OID_802_11_SUPPORTED_RATES\t\t0x0d01020e\n#define RNDIS_OID_802_11_CONFIGURATION\t\t\t0x0d010211\n#define RNDIS_OID_802_11_POWER_MODE\t\t\t0x0d010216\n#define RNDIS_OID_802_11_BSSID_LIST\t\t\t0x0d010217\n\n/* Plug and Play capabilities */\n#define RNDIS_OID_PNP_CAPABILITIES\t\t0xFD010100\n#define RNDIS_OID_PNP_SET_POWER\t\t\t0xFD010101\n#define RNDIS_OID_PNP_QUERY_POWER\t\t0xFD010102\n#define RNDIS_OID_PNP_ADD_WAKE_UP_PATTERN\t0xFD010103\n#define RNDIS_OID_PNP_REMOVE_WAKE_UP_PATTERN\t0xFD010104\n#define RNDIS_OID_PNP_ENABLE_WAKE_UP\t\t0xFD010106\n\n/* RNDIS_PNP_CAPABILITIES.Flags constants */\n#define RNDIS_DEVICE_WAKE_UP_ENABLE\t\t\t0x00000001\n#define RNDIS_DEVICE_WAKE_ON_PATTERN_MATCH_ENABLE\t0x00000002\n#define RNDIS_DEVICE_WAKE_ON_MAGIC_PACKET_ENABLE\t0x00000004\n\n#define REMOTE_CONDIS_MP_CREATE_VC_MSG\t\t0x00008001\n#define REMOTE_CONDIS_MP_DELETE_VC_MSG\t\t0x00008002\n#define REMOTE_CONDIS_MP_ACTIVATE_VC_MSG\t0x00008005\n#define REMOTE_CONDIS_MP_DEACTIVATE_VC_MSG\t0x00008006\n#define REMOTE_CONDIS_INDICATE_STATUS_MSG\t0x00008007\n\n#define REMOTE_CONDIS_MP_CREATE_VC_CMPLT\t0x80008001\n#define REMOTE_CONDIS_MP_DELETE_VC_CMPLT\t0x80008002\n#define REMOTE_CONDIS_MP_ACTIVATE_VC_CMPLT\t0x80008005\n#define REMOTE_CONDIS_MP_DEACTIVATE_VC_CMPLT\t0x80008006\n" ]
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[ "End of life and beyond as hidden curriculum.", "\nEnd-of-life experiences are unique. ", "Most can vividly recall feelings during those times. ", "Governing boards in the United States attempt to guide nursing faculty regarding end of life curriculum. ", "Yet, the beliefs of faculty members arising from those unique experiences can alter the tone and message of what students are actually taught--often surfacing as hidden curriculum. ", "In this column the authors discuss hidden curriculum while presenting the beliefs regarding end of life, of four nursing faculty members from a single university. ", "Heightened awareness and respect for the beliefs of all faculty members within any university setting is imperative in decreasing the development of hidden curriculum." ]
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[ "Utility\n\nMain navigation\n\nDelivering a document or parcel through to dangerous goods and bulk commodities, we have the experience, the infrastructure and the global networks to get your freight moving - across towns, across countries and across continents.", "\n\nWe provide sophisticated supply chain solutions, from end-to-end or part solutions, warehousing and distribution to dedicated transport solutions, across the globe and to some of the most remote corners of the world.", "\n\nFrom documents and parcels through to critical spare parts and medical supplies our Express Services are designed with our customers in mind, and offer unrivalled access to our domestic and global network.", "\n\nWe have created a suite of Business Services developed through collaboration with our customers; from Data Encryption Service and Information Logistics through to recruitment and relocation services for your staff needs.", "\n\nGet a Quote or Service Information\n\nFind My Parcel or Shipment\n\nParcel or Shipment delayed? ", "Please access MyToll to check the delivery status. ", "If you are still unable to determine the whereabouts of an expected shipment via MyToll, please provide detailed information using the Find My Parcel or Shipment form.", "\n\nGet a Quote or Service Information\n\nFind My Parcel or Shipment\n\nParcel or Shipment delayed? ", "Please access MyToll to check the delivery status. ", "If you are still unable to determine the whereabouts of an expected shipment via MyToll, please provide detailed information using the Find My Parcel or Shipment form.", "\n\nUtility\n\nFreight\n\nDelivering a document or small parcel through to moving dangerous goods and bulk commodities, we have the experience, the infrastructure and the global networks to get your freight moving – across towns, across countries and across continents." ]
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[ "Jann McFarlane\n\nJann Sonya McFarlane (born 22 May 1944), Australian politician, was an Australian Labor Party member of the Australian House of Representatives from October 1998 to October 2004, representing the Division of Stirling, Western Australia. ", "She was born in Sydney, New South Wales, and was educated at Macquarie University, Sydney. ", "She was a clerk, secretary, and community worker before entering politics. ", "She was defeated by Liberal candidate Michael Keenan at the 2004 election.", "\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:1944 births\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:Australian Labor Party members of the Parliament of Australia\nCategory:Members of the Australian House of Representatives for Stirling\nCategory:Clerks\nCategory:Women members of the Australian House of Representatives\nCategory:21st-century Australian politicians\nCategory:21st-century Australian women politicians\nCategory:20th-century Australian politicians" ]
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[ "FAIRBURN — Authorities say an 8-year-old boy was shot in the back while he slept in his bed south of Atlanta.", "\n\nFulton County police Sgt. ", "Scott McBride says that a gunman fired multiple shots into the boy's home around 11:30 p.m. Tuesday.", "\n\nPolice say the boy was asleep in his upstairs bedroom in the south Fulton County home when he was hit. ", "He was taken to Grady Memorial Hospital in Atlanta, where his condition was not known early Wednesday.", "\n\nMcBride says the boy's mother and four other adults and children were inside the house at the time. ", "No one else was struck by the gunfire." ]
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[ "Everyone is rushing to meet the federal deadline which is on April 17. ", "The deadline was extended because the fifteenth falls on a Sunday and Emancipation Day is celebrated in the District of Columbia on Monday." ]
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[ "Wednesday, May 20, 2015\n\nThe not happy side of Care Giving.", "\n\nI had an interesting talk with my stepdaugher...oh hell, let's just say she is my daughter. ", "For all the help and support I've gotten over the years she is as close to a biological child as I could get.", "Sometimes I wonder how I'd get through things without her. ", "I know I can call her and blow steam off.", "Last night we discussed how dramatically different Rich will be with her or the nurses and staff at the UW and at the VA.He charms their pants off. ", "Smiles, agrees to what they tell him, jokes around and stops to talk at length with other veterans. ", "All in all what I see in public is a well rounded happy person who is dealing with cancer of the throat.", "Suddenly the tables turn when we walk in the door. ", "He becomes angry, frustrated, and will lash out if I ask him if he is going to 'flush' his PEG tube. ", "He seems to get confused and can't recall what the doctors told him and WHY they told him these things.", "I pull out the handy voice recorder and offer to play it back for him and he gets angry again. ", "He tells me I'm a nag. ", "He makes a 'face' at me and gives me the look.", "Finally he just tells me to ...just leave him alone.", "I try to let things just roll off my back and try to remind myself that these are just words and that he is the one with the illness.", "And then there it is, the little nag in the back of my brain that is mean. ", "I want to lash out and tell him off. ", "Let him have some of his own medicine.", "Make your own bed, make your own meals, take care of chores, bills, if you know so dang much do it yourself. ", "If I can't do anything the right way then fine,...I quit.", "But no, I don't do that. ", "Somewhere there is an end and treatment will be done and there will be a road to recovery.", "I always believe in hope even when it is difficult.", "I hope." ]
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[ "Grazer Philosophische Studien 80 (2010), 263–285. ", "ZWISCHEN WEISHEIT UND WISSENSCHAFT SCHLICKS WEITES PHILOSOPHISCHES SPEKTRUM1 Th omas MORMANN University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Spain Moritz Schlick, oft als Haupt des Wiener Kreises apostrophiert, ist in der philosophi schen Diskussion heute weniger präsent als manches „einfache Mitglied\" des Kreises oder als viele seiner Zeitgenossen, die irgendwann als „dem Kreis Nahestehende\", oder „zur Peripherie Gehörende\" mit dem Kreis in mehr oder minder enger Be ziehung standen – man denke an Carnap, Neurath, Popper, Gödel, Tarski, Russell oder Wittgenstein. ", "Die Gründe für Schlicks relative Unbekanntheit sind vielfältig. ", "Einer ist sicher sein früher Tod, der verhinderte, dass sein Werk in der angelsächsischen Philosophie bekannt wurde, und deshalb auch nicht unter dem attraktiven Rubrum „analytische Philosophie\" in die deutsche Philosophie reimportiert werden konnte. ", "Ein anderer Grund könnte darin liegen, dass es überhaupt schwierig ist, für Schlicks Denken einen passenden Ort in der Landschaft der Philosophie des 20. ", "Jahrhunderts zu fi nden. ", "Weder seine philosophischen Interessen noch sein philoso phischer Stil erlauben es, ihn umstandslos als logischen Empiristen zu charakterisieren, aber auch andere Etiketten wie Proto-empirizist, Empirio kritizist, kritischer Realist oder dergleichen wollen nicht recht passen oder erweisen sich als wenig hilfreich. ", "Man sollte ihn deshalb ohne klassifi ka torische Scheuklappen lesen und dabei auf einige Überraschungen gefasst sein – Schlick war kein logischer Empirist, wie er im Buche steht. ", "1. ", "Besprechungsaufsatz zu folgenden Neuerscheinungen: Mathias Iven, Moritz Schlick. ", "Die frühen Jahre (1882–1907). ", "Berlin: Parerga, 2008 (Schlickiana Band 2) 238 Seiten. ", "ISBN 13 978-3-937-26284-0. ", "Moritz Schlick, Kritische Gesamtausgabe. ", "Herausgegeben von Friedrich Stadler und HansJürgen Wendel, Wien und New York: Springer, 2006ff . ", "Abteilung I, Band 2: Über die Refl exion des Lichtes in einer inhomogenen Schicht und Raum und Zeit in der gegenwärtigen Physik. ", "Herausgegeben von Fynn Ole Engler und Mathias Neuber, 2006, 412 Seiten. ", "ISBN 13 9783-211-29785-8. (", "MSGA 2) Abteilung I, Band 3: Lebensweisheit, Versuch einer Glückseligkeitslehre und Fragen der Ethik. ", "Herausgegeben von Matthias Iven, 2006, 581 Seiten. ", "ISBN 13 798-3-211-29789-6 (MSGA 3). ", "Abteilung I, Band 6: Die Wiener Zeit. ", "Aufsätze, Beiträge, Rezensionen 1926–1936. ", "Herausgegeben von Johannes Friedl und Heiner Rutte, 2008, 946 Seiten. ", "ISBN 13 978-3-211-33114-9. (", "MSGA 6) 264 Die Möglichkeiten einer ernsthaften und umfassenden Rezeption Schlicks haben sich in den letzten Jahren er heblich verbessert. ", "Unter der Gesamtherausgeberschaft von Friedrich Stadler und Hans Jürgen Wendel sind seit 2006 von der auf etwa fünfzehn Bände angelegten „Moritz Schlick Gesamtausgabe\" (MSGA) vier Bände erschienen. ", "Auch die Sekundärliteratur ist im Anschwellen be griff en, und die ersten Bände der auf die Erforschung von Schlicks Philosophie spe zi a li sier ten Zeitschriften Schlickiana und Schlickstudien sind erschienen. ", "Die bisher vorliegenden Bände der Gesamtausgabe (MSGA) sind editorisch hervorragend gestaltet, jeder Klassiker, salopp ausgedrückt, ist postum zu beglückwünschen, wenn er mit einer solchen Ausgabe seiner Werke bedacht wird. ", "Das gilt nicht nur für die Ausstattung der Bände selbst, die auch gehobenen bibliophilen An sprüchen genügt, es gilt insbesondere für die sorgfältigen und ausführlichen Einleitun gen und Kommentare der Herausgeber. ", "Wie wenig der „ganze\" Schlick im Bewusstsein der allgemeinen philosophischen Öff ent lichkeit verankert ist, belegt ein 1996 in den Wittgenstein Studien erschienener Bericht über ein Gedenksymposium, welches die Universität Wien aus Anlass von Schlicks 60. ", "Todestag abgehalten hatte und in dem schlicht vom „öster reichischen Philosophen\" Moritz Schlick die Rede ist. ", "Dieser Lapsus spiegelt präg nant die lange Zeit vor herr schende Rezeption Schlicks wider, die ihn auf seine Rolle im Wiener Kreis reduzierte und seine philosophische vor-wiener Ver gangen heit vollständig ausblendete. ", "Das ist ein Fehler, denn es wäre keineswegs völlig abwegig, die Allgemeine Erkenntnislehre (1918) als Schlicks wichtigstes Werk anzusehen, das er verfasste, geraume Zeit bevor er nach Wien ging, und von dem er sich überdies in Wien mehr und mehr distanzierte. ", "Lange Zeit war über den frühen Schlick, seine Lebensumstände und seine wissenschaftlichen und philo so phi schen Ursprünge recht wenig bekannt. ", "Hier füllt Mathias Ivens Moritz Schlick. ", "Die frühen Jahre (1882 – 1907) eine empfi ndliche Lücke. ", "Iven konzentriert sich auf die Erforschung von Schlicks äusseren Lebens umständen. ", "Da sich diese als keineswegs bedeutungs los für die Inhalte seiner Philosophie erweisen, kann sein Buch auch als eine „intellektuelle Biographie\" des jungen Schlick gelesen werden. ", "Schlicks philosophische Anfänge liegen in einer Zeit, die man grob als die wilhelminische Epoche auf dem Höhepunkt ihres äusseren Glanzes beschreiben kann. ", "Die „philosophische Gestalt\" die ser Zeit ist uns heute jedoch noch keineswegs klar, sie war bestimmt durch zahl reiche, oft antagonistische Einfl üsse wie die verschiedenen Strömungen der Lebens phi lo so phie, einen weit verbreiteten Nietzscheanismus, die neuromantische Zivilisations kritik der Jugendbewegung, und in der akademischen Sphäre durch die Philosophie des Neukantianismus, um nur einige zu nennen. ", "265 Geboren 1882 in einem grossbürgerlichen, wohlhabenden Elternhaus, das nicht ungern die nach Ivens Recherchen allerdings zweifelhaften aristokratischen Wurzeln der Familie betonte (cf. ", "Iven 2008, 15ff ), wuchs Moritz Schlick als jüngster Sohn von Albert Schlick und seiner Frau Wilhelmine, geb. ", "Arndt, im Berlin des Zweiten Kaiserreiches auf. ", "Der Tätigkeitsbereich des väterlichen Unternehmens, eine „Elfen bein handlung und Dampf schneide-Anstalt\", erinnert eher an eine Manufaktur des frühen 19. ", "Jahrhunderts als an ein modernes industrielles Unternehmen, scheint aber zumindest bis zum Beginn des ersten Weltkriegs so viel Profi t abgeworfen zu haben, dass der Vater seinem Sohn Moritz und dessen junger Familie ein materiell sorgenfreies Leben ermöglichen konnte. ", "Der junge Schlick führte das Leben eines wissenschaftlich begabten jungen Mannes aus wohlsituiertem Hause, der für seinen Lebensunterhalt nicht selber aufkommen musste, zunächst Physik studierte, in diesem Fach auch promovierte, aber eigentlich noch nicht genau wusste, was er machen wollte. ", "Für längere Zeit schwankte Schlick zwischen Physik, Psychologie und Philosophie und widmete sich ausserdem noch intensiv seinem philosophischen Hobby, nämlich der Ausarbeitung seines ersten Buches Lebensweisheit. ", "Versuch einer Glückseligkeitslehre. ", "Bereits während seiner Gymnasialzeit hatte er sich mit dieser Th ematik beschäftigt, veröff entlicht wurde das Buch schliesslich 1908. ", "Iven hat in Die frühen Jahre minutiös die aus dieser Periode noch vorhandenen spärlichen Daten zusammengetragen, so dass wir jetzt ein einigermassen vollständiges Bild von Schlicks Lebensumständen, seinen Plänen und Projekten aus dieser Zeit haben. ", "Einige immer noch vorhandene Lücken werden sich aber wohl nicht mehr schliessen lassen. ", "Nach dem Abitur begann Schlick im Wintersemester 1900 mit dem Studium der Physik an der Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität zu Berlin. ", "Nach Gastsemestern in Hei del berg und Lausanne kehrte er nach Berlin zurück und begann im Wintersemester 1903/04 mit einer Dissertation aus dem Gebiet der klassischen Strahlenoptik unter der Leitung Max Plancks. ", "Die Arbeit Über die Refl exion des Lichtes in einer inhomogenen Schicht erhielt das Prädikat „cum laude\" und im Mai 1904 wurde Schlick mit „magna cum laude\" promoviert. ", "Obwohl Schlick nach seiner Dissertation in der Physik keine nennenswerte Arbeit mehr veröff entlichte, blieb er Zeit seines Lebens mit seinem Doktorvater Planck in freundschaftlichem Kontakt. ", "Noch 1938 erinnert sich Planck seiner als eines seiner bemerkenswertesten Schüler. ", "Umgekehrt blieben Plancks wissen schaftliche und philosophische Überzeugungen für Schlick ein Orientierungspunkt, den er bei seinen eigenen philosophischen Explo ra tionen nicht aus den Augen verlor, auch wenn er, besonders in seiner Wiener Zeit, mit Planck keineswegs immer einer Meinung war. ", "Die genauere Erforschung der Beziehungen zwischen Schlick und seinem wissenschaftlichen Mentor Planck dürfte in den nächsten Jahren ein wichtiges Th ema der Schlick-Forschung bilden. ", "266 Bis zur Promotion kann Schlicks Lebenslauf als Musterbeispiel für den Beginn einer erfolgreichen wissen schaft lichen Laufbahn gelten: Immatrikulation an einer renommierten Universität, zügiges Studium ohne Umwege, und eine erfolgreiche Pro mo tion bei einer Ko ry phäe seines Faches versprachen für die Zukunft eine glänzende wissenschaftliche Laufbahn. ", "Diese gradlinige Entwicklung setzte sich nach der Promotion zunächst jedoch nicht fort. ", "Es begann eine Phase, die man nicht nur im geographischen Sinne als Schlicks Wanderjahre be zeich nen kann, und die ihn auf recht verschlungenen Pfaden von der Physik schliesslich zur Philosophie führten. ", "Es ist ein Verdienst von Ivens Die frühen Jahre, die Geschehnisse dieser Zeit minutiös rekonstruiert zu haben. ", "Schlicks Dissertation Über die Refl exion des Lichtes in einer inhomogenen Schicht (1904) (MSGA 2) war seine erste Publikation überhaupt und zugleich auch seine letzte nennenswerte Veröff ent lichung in der Physik. ", "Obwohl Planck ein höchst angesehener Physiker war, hatte er nur wenige Doktoranden. ", "Er galt als „schwierig\", weil er von seinen Schülern grosse Selbständigkeit verlangte. ", "Bei Planck zu promovieren, war deshalb etwas Besonderes. ", "Schlicks Dissertation war eine theo retische Ar beit aus dem Bereich der Optik im Rahmen von Maxwells elektromagnetischer Th eorie des Lichtes. ", "Es ging um das Verhalten von Lichtstrahlen in inhomogenen Medien, genauer um die Frage, ob „beim Durchgange des Lichtes durch ein Medium mit räumlich variablem Brechungsexponenten stets Refl exionen auftreten, oder ob solche nur eintreten, wenn die optischen Eigenschaften des Mittels im Raume unstetig sind.\" (", "MSGA 2, 63) Schlick beant wortete diese Frage für bestimmte Fälle positiv, indem er die zugehörigen Maxwellschen Diff erential glei ch ungen explizit aufstellte und integrierte. ", "Er wies jedoch darauf hin, dass eine empi ri sche Be stä tigung seiner Resultate noch ausstehe. ", "Im wissenschafts philosophischen Vokabular Kuhns ist Schlicks Dissertation wohl ein typischer Fall von Normal wis senschaft, in dem ein allgemeines, nicht in Frage ge stelltes Paradigma auf einen speziellen Fall erfolgreich angewendet wird, wodurch der „Novize\" unter Beweis stellt, dass er die paradigmaspezifi schen Methoden seiner Wissenschaft anzuwenden weiss, um ein „Puzzle\" zu lösen. ", "Nach der Promotion immatrikulierte Schlick sich zunächst wieder in Göttingen, um sich mit Experimentalphysik zu befassen, gleichzeitig setzte er die bereits 1902 begonnene Arbeit an einem Manuskript fort, aus dem schliesslich sein erstes Buch Lebensweisheit hervorgehen sollte. ", "Die Arbeit im Göttinger Labor für Experimentalphysik befriedigte ihn jedoch in keiner Weise. ", "Er verbrachte viel Zeit mit Reisen und Kuraufenthalten. ", "So war er Anfang 1905 einige Wochen in Heidelberg „um der schönen Landschaft willen\" (Schlick nach Iven, 111). ", "Dort lernte er seine spätere Frau Blanche Guy Hardy kennen, die aus einer in Massachusetts ansässigen methodistischen Past o ren familie stammte. ", "In den fol267 genden Monaten arbeitete er weiter an der Lebensweisheit, sprach mit Eucken über die Möglichkeit, in Jena als Phi losoph zu ar bei ten, gab diesen Plan aber auf, da er mit dessen philosophischer Orien tie rung nichts an fan gen konnte, und ging dann für einige Semester (bis Anfang 1910) nach Zürich, um Vor lesungen in Psy cho lo gie bei Gustav Störring zu hören (cf. ", "Iven 2008, 167ff ). ", "Im September 1907 reist er nach Massachusetts, um dort seine Verlobte Blanche zu heiraten. ", "Nach ihrer Rückkehr nach Europa liess sich das junge Paar in Zürich nieder. ", "Mitte 1909 stellte Schlick den Antrag auf Zulassung als Privatdozent an der Uni ver sität Zürich, sein Antrag wurde aber abgelehnt, da er zu dieser Zeit noch kaum etwas ver öff entlicht hatte. ", "Auch Pläne für eine Habilitation in Kiel und Giessen zerschlugen sich, so dass Schlick mit Frau und Sohn zunächst zu seinen Eltern nach Berlin zurückkehrte. ", "Im Sommer 1910 zog er mit seiner Familie nach Rostock, wo er im Mai 1911 mit der Habilitations schrift Das Wesen der Wahrheit nach der modernen Logik schliesslich die venia legendi im Fach Philosophie erlangte. ", "Nichts an diesem etwas krausen Curriculum des jungen Privatdozenten deu tete darauf hin, dass dieser kaum zehn Jahre später zum institutionellen Mittelpunkt eines der wichtigsten Zentren der wissenschaftlichen Philosophie in Europa avancieren würde. ", "Zwar konnte seine „gedie gene Dissertation\" (Planck) als Ausweis solider Kennt nisse in Physik gelten, Wissenschafts philo sophie im eigentlichen Sinne aber war noch keineswegs der ausgewiesene Schwerpunkt von Schlicks philosophischer Arbeit. ", "Ausser der Habilitations schrift hatte er nur den Aufsatz Das Problem der Ästhetik in entwicklungsgeschichtlicher Hinsicht (1909) veröff entlicht. ", "Beide Arbeiten hatten wenig oder nichts mit Wissenschafts phi lo so phie der empirischen Wissenschaften zu tun. ", "Der Schwerpunkt seiner philoso phischen Arbeit lag damals noch eindeutig auf der Ethik. ", "Das wird noch deutlicher, wenn man nicht nur seine veröff entlichten Schriften wie Lebensweisheit berück sich tigt, sondern auch die kurz nach der Fertigstellung von Lebensweisheit begonnenen (und später aufgegebenen) Werke Der neue Epikur und Die Philosophie der Jugend. ", "Motive und Stilelemente der Lebens weisheit lassen sich in Schlicks gesamtem Philo so phieren fi nden, so dass man dieses Werk durchaus nicht als eine jugendliche Verirrung abtun sollte, die nichts mit seinem „eigentlichen\" Werk zu tun hätte. ", "Lebens weisheit ist ein Dokument, das viel zum Verständnis von Schlicks späterem Denken beiträgt und die intellektuellen Ausgangspunkte seiner Entwicklung sichtbar werden lässt, von denen er sich – entgegen dem Anschein – niemals sehr weit entfernt hat. ", "In den folgenden Erör ter ungen behandeln wir daher zunächst Lebensweisheit und Fragen der Ethik (MSGA 3), gehen dann ein auf Raum und Zeit in der gegenwärtigen Physik (MSGA 2) und betrachten schliesslich die in Die Wiener Zeit. ", "Aufsätze, Beiträge, Rezen268 sionen 1926–1936 (MSGA 6) versammelten Arbeiten aus seinem letzten Lebensjahrzehnt. ", "Auf den ersten Blick ist Lebensweisheit ein einigermassen seltsames, bisweilen unfreiwillig komisches Buch. ", "In ihm gehen das Streben nach Wissen schaft lichkeit und bildungsbürgerlicher Erbau ung eine eigentüm liche Mischung ein. ", "Lebensweisheit kann als Versuch gelesen werden, auf „wissen schaft licher\" Grundlage eine von bürgerlichen Idealen geprägte Utopie einer von allen Zwängen und Einschränkungen freien Gesellschaft zu formulieren, in der man nicht mehr zu arbeiten brauchte, in der der Gegensatz zwischen Kultur und Natur aufgehoben war, und wo die auf entfremdeter Arbeit beruhende Zivilisation der kapitalistischen Industriegesellschaft einer Kultur des „Spieler i schen\" Platz gemacht hatte. ", "In dieser Welt lebte zwar jeder sein Leben nach dem hedonistischen Prinzip der höchsten individuellen Lusterfüllung, diese bestand aber darin, seinen Beitrag zur Verwirklichung des Glücks der anderen zu leisten, was dann in einer allseitigen und universellen Harmonie aller Menschen mündete. ", "Lebensweisheit ist ein interessantes Dokument seiner Zeit, da Schlick in diesem Werk zahlreiche Ideen der damals populären philosophischen und (pseudo) wissen schaftlichen Strömungen verwendete, so z.B. von Nietzsche, Darwin und Stirner, garniert mit Versatzstücken aus dem klassischen Repertoire der bürgerlichen Kulturkritik wie den Gegensätzen von „Kultur und Zivilisation\", „Kultur und Natur\", „Körper und Seele\", der Unter scheidung von „höheren\" und „niederen\" Genüssen, der von der Industri a li sierung ver ur sach ten Entfremdung und der Unter drückung des natürlichen Trieblebens durch die Konven tionen der bürgerlichen Gesell schaft usw. ", "Als idealen Gegenentwurf zur wilhelminischen Gesellschaft zu Anfang des 20. ", "Jahrhunderts skizziert Schlick in Lebensweisheit ein Leben, das, etwas unfreundlich ausgedrückt, an eine Rokokoidylle des 18. ", "Jahrhunderts erinnert. ", "Dieser Entwurf ergibt sich für ihn aus seiner idio syn kratischen Inter pre tation der Darwinschen Evolutionstheorie, in die Momente einer von Nietzsche inspirierten Triebpsychologie eingehen. ", "Danach ist das Handeln des Menschen grundsätzlich bestimmt vom „Willen zur Lust\" oder vom „Willen zum Glück\", was für Schlick auf dasselbe hinausläuft (MSGA 3, 94). ", "Der Wille zum Glück ist das oberste und einzige Gesetz, dem der Mensch unbedingt gehorchen muss, nicht weil es ihm von aussen auferlegt worden wäre, sondern weil es ihm immanent ist (MSGA 3, 108). „", "Lust\" entsteht aus der Befriedigung eines Triebes. ", "Da es verschiedene, einander oft widerstreitende Triebe gibt, die nicht alle zugleich und sofort befriedigt werden können, stellt sich die Frage, wie diesem Imperativ des „Willens zur Lust\" am besten Folge zu leisten ist, welcher Trieb also derjenige ist, dessen Befriedigung die höchste Lust be reitet. ", "Dieses Problem wird dadurch kompliziert, dass viele Triebe, zumindest in der real existierenden bürger lichen 269 Gesellschaft, nicht sofort befriedigt werden können. ", "Freudianisch gesprochen, ist die bürgerliche Gesellschaft auf Triebaufschub und Triebverzicht aufgebaut. ", "Konkret bedeutet das, man muss in dieser Gesellschaft arbeiten oder andere dazu bringen, für einen zu arbeiten, um danach (vielleicht) geniessen zu können, also seinen Willen zum Glück be friedigen zu können. ", "Eine durch Arbeit erlangte Triebbefriedigung bleibt nach Schlick jedoch immer unvollkommen, einmal, weil jede Arbeit etwas Unnatürliches ist, das letzten Endes die Unterjochung und Beherrschung der Natur zum Zweck hat und so den Menschen in einen Gegensatz zur Natur bringt; zum anderen, weil Arbeit immer mit unlustvollen Handlungen verbunden ist, die nur der Vorbereitung der Triebbefriedigung dienen, selbst aber nicht lustvoll sind. ", "Kurz, Arbeit schien dem jungen Gelehrten aus gutem Hause nicht der richtige Weg zur vollkommenen Glückseligkeit. ", "Den Inbegriff all dessen, was durch die Arbeit geschaff en worden ist, nennt Schlick Zivilisation. ", "Die Zivilisation sei um des Glücks des Leibes willen erfunden worden, erlaube also höchstens die Befriedigung der leiblichen Triebe, die Schlick als minderwertig gegenüber den seelischen ansah. ", "Entsprechend dem in Deutschland endemisch verbreiteten Topos von „Kultur versus Zivili sation\" defi nierte er Kultur im Gegensatz zur „Zivilisation\" als „Inbegriff aller künstlichen Mittel, die die Menschheit ge schaff en hat, um ihre Glückseligkeit – des Leibes wie der Seele – zu mehren.\" (", "MSGA 3, 110) Aber nicht nur die Zivilisation „in ihrer gegenwärtigen Gestalt ... ist ... eine Verirrung\", auch „eine Kultur, welche Fabrik auf Fabrik baut, die Luft mit Lärm und Schmutz erfüllt, ... kann nur wenig Ähnlichkeit mit jener ... Kultur haben, wonach der Leib sich sehnt.\" (", "MSGA 3, 118) Die technisch-industrielle Zivilisation ist also kein geeigneter Rahmen für die Verwirklichung des menschlichen Glücksstrebens. ", "Gleichwohl werde, so Schlick opti mistisch, die technisch-industrielle Zivilisation das menschliche Leben nicht auf die Dauer behindern, und es werde auch keinen katastrophischen Rückfall in einen vorindustriellen Urzustand geben, vielmehr werde der Mensch die moderne Zivilisation in aller Ruhe überwinden, langsam und ohne Los reissungs schmer zen, nachdem er von ihr gelernt hat, was zu lernen ihm Not tat; geläutert und gereift wird er aus ihrer Schule hervorgehen. (", "MSGA 3, 119) Auch wenn also für Schlick, in direkter Opposition zu den Verfechtern einer protestantischen Ethik im Sinne Webers, Arbeit nicht den Weg ins Paradies wies, brauchte der nach Glückseligkeit strebende Mensch die Hoff nung nicht aufzugeben. ", "Es gab einen anderen, wissenschaftlich begründeten Weg zur Glückseligkeit. ", "270 Einen ersten Hinweis lieferte für Schlick die Beobachtung, dass es Handlungen gab, die nicht der Vorbe reitung der Trieb be frie digung dienten, sondern deren Vollzug selbst bereits Triebbe friedigung dar stellte. ", "Hierzu zählten Handlungen, die wir im interesselosen und zweck freien Spiel vollziehen. ", "Der Weg zur vollkommenen Befriedigung unserer Triebe verläuft für Schlick also nicht über die Arbeit, sondern über das Spiel. ", "Spielen, also Handeln, das seinen Zweck in sich selbst fi ndet, macht uns glücklicher als Arbeit, die immer nur das Mittel zum Zweck für etwas anderes ist. ", "Überdies entspricht eine spielerische Existenz besser den eigentlichen Zielen der Evolution, denn, so Schlick ... es kann kein Zweifel sein, dass die Evolution in rastloser Unermüdlichkeit dahin zielt, die Menschen, wie überhaupt alles Lebendige, zu glücklicheren Wesen zu machen. ", "Dies ist seit Darwin der fröhliche Optimismus der Wissen schaft, ... (MSGA 3, 98) Aus einer evolutionären Perspektive betrachtet sind die Eigenschaften des heutigen Menschen, ins be sondere seine Triebstruktur, nicht endgültig festgelegt, sondern verän derlich. „", "Und nirgends\", prophezeite Schlick, „werden wir am Menschen so inter es sante Veränder un gen wahrnehmen wie gerade in seinen Trieben.\" (", "98) Gewisse („menschliche, allzu menschliche\") Triebe werden an Kraft verlieren, während andere („über mensch li che\") Triebe an Bedeutung gewinnen werden. ", "Die mit der biologischen Evolution einher gehende Evolution der Triebe garantiert, zumindest „in the long run\", die totale Befriedigung des „Willens zum Glück\". ", "Trieb auf schub und temporärer Triebverzicht werden letzten Endes überfl üssig, denn [D]ie Evolution strebt dahin, alle arbeitenden Tätigkeiten allmählich in spielen de zu verwandeln. (", "MSGA 3, 146) Die Evolution des Menschen wird also in eine spielerische Existenzform münden, in der ein tugendhaftes Leben keiner Anstrengung mehr bedarf. ", "Manche Privilegierte allerdings haben das Glück, diese Existenzform schon heute zumindest in Ansätzen vorwegnehmen zu können. ", "In Schlicks evolutionärer Utopie verwandelt sich das Privileg, das etwa in der antiken Sklaven halter ge sell schaft die Herren gegenüber den Sklaven innehatten, oder im Kapitalismus des 19. ", "Jahrhunderts die Bildungsbürger gegenüber dem Proletariat, in ein „fundamentales Prinzip der Evolution\", so dass in einem späteren Stadium der Evolution alle Angehörigen der Spezies dieses Privileg würden geniessen können. ", "Mit einigen Abstrichen blieben Schlicks Auff assungen über Ethik im Laufe seines ge samten Le bens gleich. ", "Zwar nahm er in Fragen der Ethik (1930, MSGA 271 3) den in Lebens weisheit vorherrschenden schwärmer i schen Ton zurück und ver suchte, seinen Ansatz zumindest oberfl ächlich an seine später entwickelten logisch-em pi ri sti schen Auff assungen von Philosophie anzupassen. ", "Das aber berührte die Grundlagen seiner hedonistischen Ethik kaum. ", "Man sollte sich deshalb nicht von der Tatsache täuschen lassen, dass Schlick in Fragen der Ethik die jugendliche Lebensweisheit verleugnete: Auf Lebensweisheit wird in Fragen der Ethik nirgendwo Bezug genommen. ", "Auch der Nietzsche-Jargon des Frühwerks wird zurückgenom men und die wilden evolu tions theore tischen Speku lationen verschwinden. ", "Der Kern seiner Argumen ta tion bleibt davon unberührt. ", "Moralisches Handeln entspringt aus natürlichen Neigungen, also aus Triebhandlungen. (", "MSGA 3, 409) Die natürlichen Neigungen des Menschen aber werden durch seine Triebstruktur bestimmt. ", "Die Triebstruktur ist variabel und kann und sollte in Richtung auf eine Verstärkung der „höheren\" sozialen Triebe geändert werden. ", "Die Formung, oder besser die Veränderung der menschlichen Triebstruktur hin zu den „höheren\" Trieben, die er in Lebensweisheit noch dem blinden Wirken der Evolution überlassen hatte, die bestrebt sei, allen Lebewesen ein immer glücklicheres Dasein zu bescheren, wird nun in einem nicht näher spezifi zierten Sinne von der Gesellschaft übernommen. ", "Die Gesellschaft belohnt die „sozialen\" Triebe, die somit diejenigen sind, die ihren Trägern am ehesten ein freudenreiches Leben sichern: Mir ist es nicht zweifelhaft, dass die Erfahrung mit grosser Deutlichkeit die sozialen Triebe als diejenigen zeigt, die ihrem Träger am ehesten ein freu denreiches Leben sichern. ", "Die sozialen Triebe sind diejenigen Dispositionen in einem Wesen, vermöge de ren die Vorstellung von freudigen bzw. ", "unlustvollen Zuständen eines an de ren Wesens selbst ein lustvolles bzw. ", "unlustvolles Erlebnis ist. (", "MSGA 3, 517) Die äusseren Erscheinungsformen der sozialen Triebe sind gütiges Handeln und Altruismus. (", "MSGA 3, 522). ", "Die hedonistische Ethik ist also, im Gegensatz zur kantischen, die ihren Aus gang nimmt vom Begriff der Pfl icht, eine Wunschethik, die mit der Frage beginnt: „Wie muss ich leben, um glücklich zu sein?\" ", "Schlicks allgemeine Antwort auf diese Grundfrage lau tete, dass aller Wahrscheinlichkeit nach derjenige ein glückliches Leben führen würde, der den sozialen Trieben Priorität vor allen anderen einräumt. ", "Ein eher zufälliger Unterschied zwischen Lebensweisheit und Fragen der Ethik besteht darin, dass im letzteren das Plädoyer für eine spielerische Existenz, welches in seinem Frühwerk noch einen breiten Raum eingenommen hatte, nicht wieder aufgenommen wird. ", "Das heisst jedoch nicht, dass Schlick diese Th ematik 272 in seiner Wiener Zeit aufgegeben hätte. ", "Noch 1927 in Der Sinn des Lebens und auch in späteren (unver öff ent lichten) Frag men ten verfocht er das Ideal einer „spieler i schen Existenz\" des Menschen. ", "An die Stelle des „fundamentalen Prinzips\" der evolutionären Verwandlung aller arbeitenden in spielerische Tätigkeiten tritt der Imperativ, jeder solle versuchen, sich eine „spielerische\" Einstellung gegenüber dem Leben zu bewahren, wie sie charakteristisch sei für die „Jugend\", diese nicht ver standen als eine biologische Phase des Lebens, sondern als eine Form der Existenz, die frei von der Herrschaft äusserer Zwecke ihren Sinn in sich selber trage. ", "Schlicks Mentor Planck hatte für dieses „hinreissende, menschlich ergreifende Lied auf die Jugend\" (so ein enthusiastischer Kritiker) wenig übrig: er bemerkte sarkastisch, er betrachte die Sehnsucht nach dem Glück der Jugend als eine Alterserscheinung. ", "Vielleicht sollte man es sich mit der Verabschiedung von Schlicks Plädoyer für eine mehr spielerische Existenzform nicht ganz so ein fach machen. ", "Im Verlauf des 20. ", "Jahrhundert haben eine Reihe ganz unterschiedlicher Denker wie Hui zinga, Erikson, Pieper, Russell, Marcuse, oder neuerdings Sennett Vorschläge gemacht, dem Spielerischen oder der Musse (die nicht mit „Freizeit\" oder blossem Nichtstun zu verwechseln ist) für den Aufbau einer nicht ent fremdeten, wirklich mensch li chen Ge sell schaft mehr Gewicht zu geben. ", "Keiner dieser Autoren hat jedoch Schlicks Ar bei ten zur Kenntnis genommen. ", "Die politische Naivität, wie sie in Lebensweisheit durchscheint, blieb Schlick zeitlebens erhalten. ", "In seiner Wiener Zeit äusserte sie sich z.B. darin, dass er es strikt ablehnte, eine wie auch immer geartete politische Dimension des wissenschaftlichen Wissens auch nur zu diskutieren. ", "Diese Haltung gipfelte in dem Versuch, angesichts der Pressionen der Austrofaschisten jeglichen Kontakt des Vereins Ernst Mach, dessen Vorsitzender er ja war, zur öster reichischen Sozialdemokratie zu leugnen und sich statt dessen der Dollfuss re gierung an den Hals zu werfen, um die Weiterexistenz des Vereins zu sichern, was bekanntlich misslang. ", "Nach der Habilitation 1910 veröff entlichte Schlick zunächst zahlreiche Rezensionen philoso phischer, mathematischer und logischer Werke, bevor er mit der philo sophischen Inter pretation der Relativitätstheorie ein Th ema fand, das ihn in der philosophischen und wissenschaftlichen Szene bekannt machen sollte. ", "Seine erste Publikation in diesem Feld Die philosophische Bedeu tung des Re la tivitäts prinzips datiert von 1915 und kann bis heute als eine hervorragende philo so phische Ein führung in die Grund ge danken der (spe ziellen) Relativitäts the o rie gelten. ", "Noch wichtiger für Schlicks Reputation aber war Raum und Zeit in der gegen wärtigen Physik (1917), das auch die kurz zuvor von Einstein entwickelte allge meine Th eorie der Relativität berücksichtigte. ", "Der von Fynn Ole Engler und Matthias Neu ber herausgegebene Band Über die Refl exion des Lichtes in einer 273 inhomogenen Schicht umd Raum und Zeit in der gegenwärtigen Physik (MSGA 2) enthält zwei mustergültig edierte Versionen dieses wichtigen Werkes, einmal die frühe Aufsatz fassung von 1917 und zum anderen die stark erweiterte vierte (und letzte) Aufl age der Buchfassung von 1922. ", "Raum und Zeit wurde schnell eine der erfolgreichsten populärwissenschaftlichen Einführ ungen in die Grund gedanken der Relativitätstheorie, die ei nen kaum zu überschätzenden Einfl uss auf Generationen von Lesern ausgeübt hat, die mit ganz unterschiedlichen Erwartungen und Voraussetzungen an diesen Text herangetreten sind. ", "Raum und Zeit hat für Phi lo sophen und andere Nichtphysiker das Bild der neuen Th eorien geprägt, und um ge kehrt hat es vielen Physikern eine bestimmte philosophische Interpretation der Ein steinschen Th eorien nahe gelegt. ", "Die Entstehungsgeschichte von Raum und Zeit ist einiger massen kompliziert, siehe den edi to rischen Bericht in Band 2 der MSGA (121–156). ", "Das Werk erschien zuerst 1917 als Aufsatz in den Naturwissenschaften. ", "In der Folgezeit erfuhr es mehrere Neu aufl agen und Erweiterungen, 1922 erschien die gegenüber der Aufsatzfassung um mehrere Kapitel erweiterte vierte und letzte Aufl age. ", "Die folgende Darstellung orientiert sich an der ersten Aufl age, später gehen wir kurz auf die wichtigsten Änderungen in der vierten Aufl age ein, die insbesondere die philosophischen Inter pre ta tion von Einsteins Th eorien betrafen. ", "Als anschauliche Motivation für den neuartigen Ansatz der speziellen Th eorie wählt Schlick Einsteins Erklärung des Michelson-Morley-Experiments. ", "Anstatt wie Lo rentz und Fitzgerald das negative Resultat dieses Experiments mithilfe neuer physikalischer Hypothesen („Lorentz trans formationen\") zu erklären, beruhte Einsteins Erklärung auf einer tief greifenden begriffl ichen Revision unserer grundlegenden Ideen über Raum und Zeit, die in der neuen Th eorie „von allen Unklarheiten und unnötigen Denkzutaten befreit [werden]\" (MSGA 2, 305). ", "Um zu erklären, wie diese Revision vonstatten geht, beginnt Schlick mit der fundamentalsten Frage, die man über Zeit und Raum überhaupt stellen kann: \"Sind Raum und Zeit eigentlich etwas Wirkliches?\" (", "MSGA 2, 306). ", "Zur Beantwortung dieser Frage folgt Schlick seinem Mentor Planck und zieht das folgende Kriterium heran: „Was man messen kann, das existiert auch.\" (", "MSGA 2, 307) Mit Poincarés bekanntem Gedanken ex pe ri ment der Vergrösserung aller Gegenstände über Nacht zeigt er, dass raumzeitliche Bestim mungen für sich betrachtet Abstraktionen sind, von denen nicht ausgemacht ist, dass ihnen ein realer Sinn zukommt. (", "MSGA 2, 310) Nur Raum und Zeit zusammen mit den Dingen sind etwas Wirkliches.2 In mathematischer Sprache heisst das: „Zwei Welten, die durch eine völlig beliebige (aber stetige und eindeutige) 2. ", "Streng genommen also benutzt er das Wirklichkeitskriterium „Nur was man messen kann, existiert\", also die Umkehrung des oben genannten Kriteriums. ", "274 Punkttransformation inein ander übergeführt werden können, sind hinsichtlich ihrer physikalischen Gegenständ lichkeit miteinander identisch. (", "MSGA 2, 312) Anstatt von zwei Welten zu sprechen erweist es sich als zweck mässiger, von zwei funktional äquivalenten Koordinatensystemen zu sprechen, die die eine Welt nur ver schiede n be schreiben. ", "Ein Koordinatensystem aber ist nichts anderes als eine Geometrie. ", "Von der Geometrie eines Raumes, und das heisst auch, von empirisch sinnvollen Messungen räumlicher und zeitlicher Grössen kann man also nur sprechen, wenn man das physikalische Verhalten der räumlichen Körper in die Be trachtung einbezieht, was schon Poincaré so formulierte: „Der Raum ist in Wirklichkeit ge staltlos, und allein die Dinge, die darin sind, geben ihm eine Form.\" (", "MSGA 2, 316) Die allgemeine Relati vi täts theorie führt dann zu der folgenden präzisierenden Verall gemein erung dieser Th ese: Raum und Zeit sind nur in der Abstraktion von den physischen Dingen und Vorgängen trennbar. ", "Wirklich ist nur die Vereinigung, die Einheit von Raum, Zeit und Dingen; jedes für sich ist eine Abstraktion. ", "Und bei einer Ab strak tion muss man sich immer fragen, ob sie auch naturwissen schaftlichen Sinn hat, d.h. ", "ob das durch die Abstraktion Getrennte auch tat säch lich von ein ander unabhängig ist. (", "MSGA 2, 320) Diese Einsicht ermöglichte es Einstein, so Schlick, den fruchtlosen Streit zwischen Anhän gern und Gegnern der Existenz absoluter (beschleunigter) Bewegungen auf eine neue Ebene zu heben. ", "Einerseits sei gegen Newton zu sagen, dass es keine zureichenden Gründe für die Annahme der Existenz solcher Bewegungen gibt, andererseits reichen Machs allgemeine Argumente für die Relativität aller beschleunigten Bewegungen nicht aus. ", "Vom Standpunkt der Erfahrung gebe es für keine der beiden Positionen zwingende Argumente. ", "Ein entscheidendes Verdienst von Einsteins allgemeiner Th eorie bestehe nun darin, ein gutes empirisches Argument für die allgemeine Relativität auch beschleunigter Bewe gun gen gefunden zu haben, nämlich die Identität von träger und schwerer Masse. (", "MSGA 2, 326) Da nach kann die beobachtbare Beschleunigung eines Körpers an irgendeinem Punkt des Uni ver sums entweder als Trägheitsoder als Gravitationswirkung aufgefasst werden. ", "Dies hat drastische mathematische Konsequenzen. ", "Wenn man das allgemeine Relativitäts postulat aufrecht erhalten will, wonach es keine ausgezeichneten Bezugssysteme gibt, muss man darauf verzichten, die raumzeitlichen Beziehungen von Körpern mit Hilfe euklidischer Me tho den zu beschreiben. ", "Der Raum oder besser die Raumzeit hat nur noch die Struktur einer allgemeinen Rie mann schen Mannigfaltigkeit mit variabler Riemannscher Metrik, die nur „infi nitesimal\" euklidisch ist. ", "275 Raum und Zeit für sich sind niemals Gegenstände der Messung; sie bilden zu sammen nur ein vierdimensionales Schema, in welches wir mit Hilfe un serer Beobachtungen und Messungen die physikalischen Objekte und Pro zesse einordnen (MSGA 2, 331). ", "Diese Einordnung folgt einem Stetigkeitsprinzip, dem zufolge für kleine Änderungen die Ein ordnung der allgemeinen Relativitätstheorie die Messungen der ge wöhnlichen Newtonschen Physik approximiert („eine Art Kontinuitätsprinzip\"). (", "MSGA 2, 337) Wie im editorischen Bericht der Herausgeber detailliert ausgeführt wird, erfährt Raum und Zeit in den folgen den Aufl agen erhebliche Umarbeitungen und Erweiterungen. ", "So kommen einige vollständig neue Kapitel hinzu. ", "Insbesondere setzte sich Schlick in einem neuen Schlusskapitel „Beziehungen zur Philosophie\" mit Argumenten Cassirers auseinander, die dieser in seinem 1921 erschienenen Buch Zur Einsteinschen Relativitätstheorie zugunsten einer neukan ti a nischen Interpretation von Einsteins Ergebnissen vorgebracht hatte. ", "Raum und Zeit war ein äusserst erfolgreiches Buch, das Schlicks Ruf als eines führenden phi lo sophischen Interpreten der Relativitätstheorie begründete. ", "Auch wenn Schlick zu nächst noch nicht zu einer streng em pi ri stischen Interpretation der Relativitätstheorie ge langte, wendete er sich doch von Anfang an gegen Versuche neukantianischer Phi lo so phen wie Natorp und Cassirer, die Rela tivi täts the o rie als Beleg für die Richtigkeit der neu kan ti a ni schen Wissenschafts philo so phie zu verein nah men. ", "Die Logischen Empiristen selbst, aber auch spätere Wissenschaftsphilosophen wie Coff a behaupteten, Schlicks philoso phische Interpretation der Relativitätstheorie und seine Kritik an Cassirers Versuch, Einsteins Th eorie als mit der neukantianischen Phi lo sophie kompatibel zu erweisen, hätten endgültig gezeigt, dass die neukantianische Wis sen schaftsphilosophie mit der Naturwissenschaft des 20. ", "Jahrhunderts unvereinbar sei. ", "Die Plausibilität dieser bündigen Bestandsaufnahme ist neuerdings in Zweifel gezogen worden, etwa von Ryckman in Th e Reign of Relativity (Ryckman 2005) und in einigen Arbeiten Friedmans. ", "In der Tat gibt es einige triftige Argumente dafür, dass Schlick in der Debatte um die Rolle des syn the tischen Apriori in der empirischen Erkenntnis Cassirers Ansatz, der von einem syn thetischen Apriori ausging, das einen genetischen Charakter besass und eine historische Ent wick lung durchlief, missverstanden hat. ", "Auch wenn dies so ist, ändert das nichts an der Tatsache, dass Schlicks empiristische Interpretation der Ein stein schen Th eorien für lange Zeit so etwas wie die herrschende Meinung war („the only game in town\"), und der Neukantianismus als Wis sen schaftsphilosophie von den Wissen schaftlern selbst (bis auf wenige Ausnahmen wie Weyl oder Margenau) kaum zur Kenntnis, geschweige denn ernst genommen wurde. ", "276 Machen wir nun einen weniger sachlich als rezensionstechnisch begründeten Sprung zu Schlicks Spätwerk, d.h. ", "den Werken, die er in seinem letzten Lebensjahrzehnt (1926–1936) in Wien verfasst hat. ", "Band 6 der Kritischen Gesamt ausgabe, detailliert und kenntnisreich herausgegeben, eingeleitet und kom mentiert von Johannes Friedl und Heiner Rutte, enthält die meisten dieser kleineren Ar bei ten, die zwischen 1926 und 1936 erschienen sind. ", "Nicht aufgenommen wurden einige Texte wie Form and Content und L'école de Vienne et la Philosophie tra d i tionelle, die zwar im genannten Zeitraum entstanden sind, aber erst postum ver öff ent licht wurden. ", "Für alle, die an Schlicks Philosophie nicht nur in grossen Zügen, sondern auch in den Details interessiert sind, an ihren internen Verschiebungen und subtil veränderten Schwerpunkt setzungen, ist die Lektüre dieser opera minora ein Muss. ", "Sehr hilfreich dafür sind die Einführungen, Kommentare und Verweisungen der Heraus geber, die die Ent stehungs geschichte, den philosophischen Kontext und das wissenschaftliche Umfeld be leuchten, in denen diese Arbeiten entstanden sind. ", "Wie alle bisher erschienenen Bände der kritischen Gesamtausgabe ist auch dieser von herausragender editorischer Qualität. ", "Der Band enthält insgesamt 40 Texte, die sich in zwei Kate gorien ein teilen lassen: zum einen 16 kurze Rezensionen und kleinere akademische Ge le gen heits arbeiten, zum anderen 24 Artikel, die in philoso phi schen Zeitschriften und Kongressberichten erschienen sind. ", "Die in (MSGA 6) gesammelten Rezensionen sind kurze, für ein allgemeines philoso phisches Publikum geschriebene Texte, die meist wohlwollend, aber philosophisch nicht in die Tiefe gehend über den Inhalt der zu besprechenden Werke berichten. ", "Unter den besprochenen Autoren fi nden sich neben heute vergessenen Autoren unter anderen auch Schlicks philosophische Diskussionspartner Carnap, Russell, Reichenbach und Bridgman. ", "Philosophisch bedeutsamer sind die (MSGA 6) versammelten Aufsätze. ", "Neben „Klassikern\" wie Erleben, Erkennen, Metaphysik (1932), Die Wende der Philosophie (1932) oder Das Fundament der Erkenntnis (1934), hat Schlick während seiner Wiener Zeit auch eher „abseitige\" Arbeiten verfasst wie Der Sinn des Lebens (1927), die mit dem Logischen Empi ris mus des Wiener Kreises höchstens indirekt in Verbindung stehen und eher als Reprise seiner Jugendwerke aufzufassen sind. ", "Ausserdem enthält der vorliegende Band eine Reihe englischsprachiger Arbeiten Schlicks, die bislang so gut wie unzugänglich waren, und die Schlick im Rahmen seiner Ver pfl ich tungen als Gastprofessor in Berkeley verfasste. ", "Dazu kommen einige Aufsätze in fran zö si scher Sprache, die sich aus seinen Verbindungen mit Vertretern der „wissen schaft lichen Phi losophie\" in Frankreich ergaben. ", "Schlick kann, das dokumentieren die in diesem Band ver sam melten Arbeiten, wohl als einer der ersten „interna ti o nalen\" Philo sophen des 20. ", "Jahrhunderts angesehen werden. ", "277 Die grosse Zahl der hier versammelten Texte, die ein weites Feld von Th emen und Problemen abdecken, lassen es nicht ratsam erscheinen, sie in dieser Be sprechung alle im Einzelnen zu behandeln. ", "Statt dessen möchte ich von der Freiheit des Rezensenten Gebrauch machen und nur auf einige Texte genauer eingehen, die mir aus verschiedenen Gründen besonders bemerkenswert erscheinen, sei es, weil sie zu den kanonischen Texten gehören, die man von Schlick gelesen haben sollte, sei es, weil sie Facetten von Schlicks philosophischer Persönlichkeit beleuchten, die oft zu wenig beachtet werden. ", "Es wäre zu einfach, die Jahre 1922–1936 lediglich als Schlicks „logischempiristische Pe ri ode\" zu charakterisieren. ", "Schlick bleibt in Bezug auf den Kreis, dessen Mittelpunkt er bildete, durchaus „exzentrisch\", wie etwa sein anhaltendes Interesse an ethischen und philosophie historischen Fragen belegt. ", "Das wird ersichtlich nicht nur aus seinen in der Wiener Zeit entstandenen Schriften, sondern auch aus seinen Lehrveranstaltungen. ", "Das Verzeichnis der von Schlick in Wien gehaltenen Seminare und Vorlesungen hat sich erhalten und zeigt ein recht breites Th emenspektrum, das weit über die Wissenschafts theorie hinaus reichte. ", "Es fi nden sich Veranstaltungen zur Grundlegung der Metaphysik der Sitten, zu Schopenhauer und sogar zu Hegel. ", "Wiederholt behandelte er Russells nichttechnische Werke Probleme der Philosophie oder Einführung in die mathematische Philosophie. ", "Dazu kamen aber auch allgemeine Th emen wie Philosophie der Psychologie, der Wahr scheinlichkeit, oder Gestalt theorie. ", "Im Vorlesungsver zeichnis einer deutsch sprachigen Uni versität unserer Tage würde Schlicks Veranstaltungsliste kaum als antiquiert auff allen. ", "Auch die wissenschaftsphilosophischen Arbeiten im engeren Sinne bilden keineswegs eine ho mo gene Klasse. ", "Einige verraten deutlich den Einfl uss Wittgen steins, andere verwenden Argu mente aus der Philosophiegeschichte, was bei anderen Mit gliedern des Kreises eher unüblich war. ", "Eine Gruppe für sich bilden die im engeren Sinne logisch-empiristischen Arbeiten, die sich insbe sondere auf die Protokollsatzdebatte beziehen, in der zum ersten Mal kreisinterne Gegensätze öff entlich diskutiert wurden. ", "Mit Schlicks Wechsel nach Wien begann also keineswegs sofort eine ganz neue, eben die logisch-empiristische Periode seines Philoso phier ens. ", "Ältere Strata seines Denkens blieben durchaus noch für längere Zeit sichtbar und wurden erst langsam von neueren Komponenten überlagert oder verdrängt. ", "Manches erhielt sich praktisch unver ändert als Zeuge längst vergangener Denkepochen. ", "Dazu gehört zum Beispiel der Aufsatz Der Sinn des Lebens (1927), der als eine Art Fossil die Th emen und Denkweisen aus seiner frühesten Zeit, insbesondere aus seinem Jugendwerk Lebensweisheit. ", "Versuch einer Glückseligkeitslehre (1908) fast unverändert wieder aufnimmt, als hätte es die Begegnung mit Wittgenstein und dem Wiener Kreis nie gegeben. ", "278 Die philosophisch interessanten Veränderungen, die sich während der Wiener Jahre in Schlicks Denken ereig ne ten, betrafen wie gesagt nicht die Ethik, sondern ereigneten sich auf anderen Gebieten. ", "Sie führten ihn insbesondere von einem strukturellen Re a lis mus, wie er ihn in der Allgemeinen Erkenntnislehre vertreten hatte, zu seiner Version des logi schen Empirismus, die bis heute nicht in allen Einzelheiten aufgearbeitet und verstanden worden ist. ", "Immerhin aber kann man sagen, dass sein logischer Empirismus keineswegs identisch war mit dem Carnaps oder gar Neuraths. ", "Einen guten Beleg bietet dafür der Aufsatz Erleben, Erkennen, Metaphysik (1926). ", "Zwar knüpfte er weiterhin an die in der Allgemeinen Erkenntnislehre ent wickelte Unterschei dung von „Erkennen\" und „Kennen (Erleben)\" an, jedoch radikalisierte er sie zu der Th ese, erkennen könne man nur die „reine Form\" oder „Struktur\" der Welt, während alle erlebten qualitativen Bewusstseinsinhalte grund sätzlich „privatim\" und noch nicht einmal sprach lich mitteilbar seien (MSGA 6, 38). ", "Alle unsere Aus sagen, mögen sie sich nun auf die gewöhnlichen Tatsachen der Lebenswelt beziehen oder wissen schaftliche Tatsachen betreff en, gäben immer nur formale Bezieh ung en der Welt wieder. ", "Jede scheinbar noch so „anschauliche\" Erkenntnis war deshalb nach Schlick genauso „abstrakt\" wie die Erkenntnis der Physik. ", "Diese Auff assung führte ihn dann dazu, den Unterschied zwischen „Realismus\" und „Positivismus\" einzuebnen: für die strukturelle Konzeption von Erkenntnis ist es gleichgültig, ob man den Gegenständen realistisch eine „selbständige Wirklichkeit\" zuschreibt oder diese po si tivistisch als „gedankliche Konstruktionen\" auff asste (MSGA 6, 42, 43), da in die Erkenntnis ja nur ihre Struktur eingeht. ", "Das ist eine typisch logisch-positivistische Auff assung, die sich zum Beispiel auch im Aufbau fi ndet. ", "Noch stärker akzentuiert wurde der neue logisch-empiristische Stand punkt in Positivismus und Realismus (1932), wo Schlick auf die antipositi vi stischen Über zeugungen prominenter Phy si ker wie Einstein, Planck und Sommerfeld reagierte. ", "Dies führte zu einer gewissen Annähe rung an Mach, dessen Phänomenalismus er in der Allgemeinen Erkenntnislehre noch vehe ment abgelehnt hatte. ", "Am deutlichsten markiert vielleicht Die Wende in der Philosophie (1930) Schlicks Adaption an die Wiener Umgebung. ", "Schon bei oberfl ächlicher Lektüre verrät der Text den massiven Einfl uss Wittgensteins. ", "Nach Schlick verdanken wir Wittgensteins Tractatus die grundlegende neue Einsicht in das Wesen der Philosophie. ", "Danach besteht ihr Zweck nicht in der Aufstellung genuin philosophischer Sätze, sondern in der logischen Klärung der Gedanken: „Die Philosophie ist keine Lehre, sondern eine Tätigkeit.\" (", "Tractatus 4.112). ", "Das führte zu einer akkuraten Arbeitsteilung: die Wissenschaften verifi zieren Sätze, die Philosophie klärt den Sinn wissenschaftlicher Aussagen. ", "Die Wende kann zunächst als Gegenentwurf zum „offi ziellen Programm\" des Wiener Kreises 279 gesehen werden, dem so genannten Manifest des Wiener Kreises, das der „linke Flügel\" des Kreises 1929 veröff entlicht hatte und das Schlick höchlich missfallen hatte. ", "Neben Wittgensteins Einfl uss lassen sich in der Wende auch stilistische Einfl üsse aus früheren Phasen seines Denken konstatieren, etwa wenn Schlick die Philosophie als Königin der Wis senschaften apostrophiert, die zwar selbst keine Wissenschaft ist, aber ihnen „Inhalt, Seele und Geist\" verleiht und so „das Alpha und Omega aller wissen schaftlichen Erkennt nis ist.\" ", "In gewissem Sinne explizierte Schlick in Wende das Modell von Philosophie, das er schon in Raum und Zeit praktiziert hatte, nämlich die Philosophie als Explikation der Naturwissen schaften. ", "Eine Fortsetzung und Adaption der Th ematik der Wende an die Bedürfnisse eines eng lisch sprachigen Publikums fi nden sich in den beiden Arbeiten Th e Future of Philosophy (1931) und Th e Future of Philosophy (1934). ", "Dort begründete er die neue Konzeption der Philosophie als einer Tätigkeit nicht nur sprachlogisch, sondern auch durch Rekurs auf die Philosophiegeschichte, indem er Spuren des neuen Verständnisses von Philosophie schon bei Sokrates, Leibniz und Kant aufzuweisen ver sucht. (", "376, 387) Diesen Ansatz führte er, was später noch genauer behandelt werden soll, ins Extrem, wenn er in dem postum erschienenen Aufsatz L'école de Vienne et la Philosophie tra d i tionelle (1938) Sokrates als eigentlichen Lehrer des Wiener Kreises identifi zierte. ", "Über das Fundament der Erkenntnis (1934) war ein im Kreis höchst umstrittener Beitrag zur Protokollsatzdebatte. ", "Ob Schlick als erkenntnistheoretischer „Funda men talist\" anzusehen sei, ist unter Experten durchaus umstritten. ", "Dass diese Frage keines wegs so einfach zu beantworten ist, wie man meinen könnte, wird schon daraus er sichtlich, dass nach Schlick „Konstatierungen\" nicht als Fundament der Erkenntnis im üb lichen Sinne aufzu fassen waren: [Konsta tierungen] ... liegen keineswegs am Grunde der Wissenschaft, sondern die Erkenntnis züngelt gleichsam zu ihnen auf, jeden nur in einem Augenblick erreichend und ihn sogleich verzehrend. ", "Und neu genährt und gestärkt fl ammt sie dann zum nächsten empor. ", "Diese Augenblicke der Erfüllung und des Verbrennens sind das Wesentliche. ", "Von ihnen geht alles Licht der Erkenntnis aus. ", "Und dies Licht ist es eigentlich, nach dessen Ursprung der Philosoph fragt, wenn er das Fundament des Wissens sucht.\" (", "MSGA 6, 514) Für den wenig feinsinnigen Neurath dokumentierten diese Ausführungen einen schweren Fall von Begriff s lyrik, was der empfi ndliche Schlick sehr übel nahm, wie er Carnap in einem Brief kundtat. ", "Deutlich brachte er seine Kritik am seiner Meinung nach zu ratio na listischen Positivismus Neuraths und Carnaps in Facts 280 and Propositions (1935) zur Sprache. ", "In diesem Aufsatz versuchte er seine Th ese, wonach Sätze durchaus mit Tatsachen vergleichbar seien, als Standpunkt eines boden ständigen Empiristen gegen die rationalistischen Übertreibungen seiner „guten Freunde und Gegen spieler\" (MSGA 6, 573) in der Protokoll satzdebatte darzustellen. ", "Konstatierungen fungierten für ihn dabei als letzte, nicht weiter diskutierbare Garanten für die Wahrheit wissenschaftlicher Sätze. ", "In Sur les constatations (1935) hält Schlick an dieser Konzeption fest, versucht sie aber diesmal durch ein Wittgensteinsches Argument zu stützen, wonach sich „die Grammatik der Konsta tierungen\" wesentlich von „der Grammatik der Protokollsätze\" unterscheide. (", "MSGA 6, 664) Was den Status von Konsta tierungen angeht, scheint es unter den Mitgliedern des Kreises nicht mehr zu einer Einigung gekommen zu sein. ", "Die Protokollsatzdebatte endete, ohne dass sich die Kontra henten darüber geeinigt hätten, was unter Protokollsätzen oder Konstatierungen zu ver stehen sei. ", "Der Aufsatz Gibt es ein materiales Apriori? (", "1932) nimmt eine Th ematik wieder auf, die Schlick schon seit den Anfängen seiner philosophischen Laufbahn beschäftigt hatte, nämlich die Rolle der Anschauung in der Erkenntnis. ", "In scharfer Opposition zur Phänomenologie Husserls und Schelers verteidigte er die schon in der Allgemeinen Erkenntnislehre vertretene Th ese, dass es nur ein formales Apriori geben könne, eine Einsicht, die, wenn auch unvoll kom men, bereits in Kants Konzeption dieses Begriff s angelegt gewesen sei. ", "Versuche der Phäno meno logen, das Kantische synthetische Apriori auf Farbinkompatibilitäten und ähnliche Phänomene auszu weiten, lehnt er als unkantisch und sachlich unhaltbar strikt ab. ", "Mit Wittgenstein ar gu men tiert er, vermeintlich synthetisch apri orische Sätze wie „Nichts ist zu gleich rot und grün\" oder „Ein Körper mit dem Gewicht 2kg kann nicht 3kg wiegen\" ergäben sich analytisch aus der Grammatik der Farben oder des Ge wichtsbegriff s. Tatsächlich ist die Beziehung zwi schen Phäno me no logie und Wittgen stein scher Grammatik nicht so einfach, wie Schlick sie darstellt. ", "Jaakko und Meryll Hintikka etwa haben in Investigating Wittgenstein ar gu men tiert, man könne, zumindest für eine gewisse Zeit, durchaus von einer Wittgen stein schen Phä no me no logie spre chen. ", "Eine elegante Kritik der damals verbreiteten „Ganzheits phi lo sophie\" fi ndet sich in dem kleinen Aufsatz Über den Begriff der Ganzheit (1935). ", "Schlick gibt darin ein Musterbeispiel einer elementaren logischen Analyse eines bei damaligen „traditionellen\" Phi losophen sehr geschätzten opaken Begriff s, dessen unkritische Verwendung zu über fl üssigen Unklarheiten und Scheinproblemen führt. ", "Üblicherweise wurde der Begriff der „Ganzheit\" (oder „Gestalt\") dem Begriff der blossen „Summe\" entgegengesetzt, wobei man davon ausging, dass der Begriff „Summe\" philosophisch unproblematisch sei. ", "In diesem Verständnis ist dann eine Melodie mehr als die Summe ihrer Töne und ein Organismus ist mehr 281 als die Summe der Zellen, aus denen er besteht. ", "Schlick weist darauf hin, dass man sich auf diese Weise die Dinge etwas zu einfach macht. ", "Es ist z.B zunächst durchaus nicht klar, was unter einer Summe von Ge schwin dig keiten oder einer Summe von Temperaturen zu verstehen ist. ", "Eine Summe physi ka li scher Grössen ebenso wie eine Ganzheit muss viel mehr defi niert werden. ", "Wie das geschieht, ist erst ein mal willkürlich. ", "Deswegen bezeichnen die Worte „ganzheitlich\" und „summen haft\" nicht verschiedene ob jektive Eigenschaften irgendwelcher Gebilde, sondern sie bedeuten zu nächst verschiedene Dar stel lungsarten. (", "MSGA 6, 556) Die „ganzheit liche\" Philosophie glaubt sich der begriffl ichen Ar beit einer Defi nition von Ganzheiten enthoben und ver meint, einen direkten „intuitiven\" Zu gang zu der Sphäre der „Ganzheiten\" zu haben, die der empirischen Forschung weit gehend entzogen ist. ", "Das führt, so Schlick, in die Untiefen der Metaphysik. ", "Eine populärwissenschaftlich gehaltene Anwendung der in Wende skizzierten Konzeption von Philosophie als Tätigkeit auf das Problem ihrer Beziehung zu den Geistesund Naturwissenschaften fi ndet sich in Philosophie und Naturwissenschaft (1934). ", "Nach Schlick weist die übliche Vorstellung des Verhältnisses zwischen Philosophie und Natur wissenschaften der Philosophie eine systematisierende oder einheits stiftende Rolle zu: Die Naturwissenschaften entwerfen ein „Weltbild\" der Wirk lich keit, was die Philosophie zur Herstellung einer „Weltanschauung\" benutzen (MSGA 6, 522).3 Schlick lehnte diese Auff assung nicht rundweg ab, hielt sie aber in wesentlichen Punkten für re vi sions bedürftig. ", "Nach ihm ist die Philosophie überhaupt keine Wissenschaft, ge schweige denn eine Grundwissenschaft, sondern eine Tätigkeit, „durch welche der Sinn aller zur Erkenntnis notwendigen Begriff e erklärt wird.\" (", "MSGA 6, 527) Das Verhältnis zwischen Na tur wissenschaft und Philosophie beschreibt Schlick vage als den „eigentümliche(n) Prozess, durch den die wahre Bedeutung der naturwissenschaftlichen Begriff e entdeckt, und von ihnen ausgehend die Weltanschauung geformt wird.\" (", "MSGA 6, 528) Die Naturwissenschaften aber, besser gesagt ihre Grundbegriff e, bestimmen die wesentlichen Züge der Weltan schauung. ", "Die anderen Wissenschaften, insbesondere die Geisteswissenschaften spielen eine sekundäre „bewertende\" Rolle. ", "Dabei verwenden sie im Wesentlichen dieselben Begriff e wie die, die „schon im Leben und Treiben des Alltags gebraucht werden.\" (", "MSGA 6, 537) Die Naturwissenschaften sind begriffl ich weiter entwickelt und deshalb, so Schlick, „philo so phi scher\" als die Geistes wissen schaften. ", "Philosophie und Naturwissenschaft ist auch inso fern bemerkenswert, als er eine der wenigen nicht po lemischen 3. ", "Wie weit in Schlicks Verwendung des Ausdrucks „Weltanschauung\" eine unterschwellige Po lemik gegen Neurath mitschwingt, der den Begriff „Weltanschauung\" vehement ab lehnte und stattdessen immer von „wissenschaftlicher Weltauff assung\" sprach, muss hier off enbleiben. ", "282 Darstellungen der Positio nen des südwestdeutschen Neukanti anismus (Rickert und Windelband) enthält, die jemals von einem Mitglied des Wiener Kreises verfasst worden ist.4 Die Arbeit Meaning and Verifi cation (1936) geht auf eine Anregung von Clarence Irving Lewis zurück, etwas für eine bessere Verständigung zwischen amerikanischem Pragma tismus und logischem Empirismus des Wiener Kreises zu tun. ", "Zu diesem Zweck hatte Lewis seinen 1934 erschie ne nen Essay Experience and Meaning an Schlick und Carnap geschickt und angeregt, das Projekt eines Vergleichs zwischen beiden Schulen ins Auge zu fassen. ", "Meaning and Verifi cation war Schlicks Antwort auf Lewis, in der er den Wiener logischen Positivismus gegen Lewis' pragmatistische Kritik verteidigte. ", "Insbesondere versucht Schlick Lewis' Einwand zu widerlegen, der Wiener Ansatz sei einem „methodo lo gischem Solipsismus\" verpfl ichtet, der empirisches Wissen grundsätzlich als Wissen eines einsamen Subjektes konzipiere. ", "Mit Lewis stimmt er darin überein, dass ein wissen schaftlicher Empirismus (wie ihn sowohl der Wiener Kreis wie auch der amerikanische Pragmatismus anstrebten) durchaus nicht auf einen Solipsismus festgelegt sei. ", "Gegen Lewis versucht er zu zeigen, dass nur eine oberfl ächliche Interpretation etwa von Carnap's Aufbau, die Meinung nahelegen könne, die Wiener Empiristen verträten eine solche Auff assung. ", "Meaning and Verifi cation kann als Beginn einer letztlich wenig ertragreichen Diskussion zwischen amerikanischen Pragmatisten und logischen Empiristen verstanden werden, die sich bis in die sechziger Jahre hinein fortsetzte, aber kaum konkrete Er gebnisse zeitigte. ", "Ein Grund dafür mag gewesen sein, dass im Gegensatz zu Schlick Carnap, den Lewis ebenfalls angesprochen hatte, recht wenig Interesse an einem ernsthaften Dialog mit Lewis, Morris, Dewey und anderen amerikanischen Pragmatisten zeigte. ", "In Stil und Duktus war Schlick ein bürgerlicher Philosoph des langen 19. ", "Jahrhunderts mit leicht bohemehaften Zügen, wie man bereits an seinem etwas exaltiert formulierten He do nismus der Lebensweisheit sehen kann, was aber auch in vielen seiner späteren Äusserungen durchscheint. ", "Schlick besass eine Weltläufi gkeit, die den meisten anderen Mitgliedern des Kreises, zumindest am Anfang ihrer Karriere, abging. ", "Er leistete einen wesentlichen Beitrag zur Interna tio na li sierung des Kreises, insbesondere durch seine Kontakte in die USA sowie nach England und Frank reich. ", "Schlicks gross bür gerlich-aristokratischer Lebensstil hatte auch Aus wirk ungen auf den Stil seines Philo sophierens. ", "In der Protokollsatzdebatte agierte er längst nicht so ver bissen wie manche seiner 4. ", "Während Schlick in der ursprünglichen Fassung von Philosophie und Naturwissenschaften noch von „besonderen Ver diensten\" Rickerts und Windelbands für die Wissenschaftsphilosophie der Geisteswissenschaften sprach, ist allerdings in der in Erkenntnis veröff entlichten Version nur noch von „gewissen Verdiensten\" die Rede. ", "283 Gegenspieler. ", "Eine spielerische Nonchalance in seinem Philoso phieren, die man auch als Arroganz interpretieren konnte, ist manchmal kaum zu überhören: When in the spring of last year I wrote my short paper on Das Funda ment der Erkenntnis sitting leisurely on a balcony overlooking the blue bay of Sa lerno ... (MSGA 6, 567). ", "Bei manchen Gelegenheiten legte er ein geradezu divenhaftes Verhalten an den Tag, etwa wenn er gegenüber Carnap briefl ich seine „Verwun derung\" über Neuraths drastische Kritik am Fundament der Erkenntnis zum Ausdruck brachte und anschliessend bemerkte: „Ich werde natürlich nicht direkt darauf antworten, sondern höchstens gelegentlich einmal etwas schreiben, was man als Antwort auff assen kann, wenn man will.\" (", "MSGA 6, 562) Anekdoten wie diese belegen, dass die Kommunikation zwischen den Mitgliedern des Kreises keineswegs immer den Normen eines rationalen, rein am Inhaltlichen interessierten Diskurses folgte, wie ihn Carnap idealisierend in seiner Intellektuellen Auto bio graphie beschrieb, sondern wesentlich wohl auch durch die sozial und klassen spezifi sch bestimmten Verhaltenseigenarten der Beteiligten bestimmt wurde. ", "Wie weit sich Schlick off enbar vom mainstream des logischen Empirismus in seinen letzten Jahren entfernt hatte, wird ersichtlich aus einer seiner letzten Schriften, seinem Beitrag L'école de Vienne et la phi lo so phie traditionelle zum Internationalen Descartes Kongress 1937 in Paris, der erst postum erschienen ist.5 Darin geht er so weit, ethische und moralische Fragen als das eigent liche Zentrum der philo so phischen Tätigkeit der „Wiener Schule\" zu deklarieren: Der „wahre Vater unserer Philosophie\" ist weder ein Gelehrter noch ein Logiker, weder Comte, noch Frege, noch Poincaré, noch Russell, ... sondern Sokrates. ", "Er war der erste, der seine Schüler die Kunst lehrte, richtige Fragen zu stellen. ... ", "In Wirklichkeit verhält sich die ‚Wiener Schule der Philosophie' zu Fragen der Wer te und der Moral genauso wie die Philosophie des Sokrates: für sie ist die Ethik eine Aufgabe der Philosophie und sie weiss, dass die Klärung der mo ra li schen Begriff e unendlich wichtiger für die Menschen ist als alle theo re ti schen Pro bleme. ", "Für den späten Schlick war also die „Wiener Schule der Philosophie\" nur eine „Vorschule\" der Ethik, die zum Bedauern ihres Oberhauptes noch nicht zu ihrem 5. ", "Als zu Lebzeiten nicht veröff entlichter Text soll diese Arbeit in einem späteren Band der MSGA erscheinen. ", "284 eigentlichen Th ema, eben der Klärung mora lischer Begriff e, vorgedrungen war. ", "Es ist nicht klar, wie viel von dieser gelinde gesagt neuartigen Interpretation des Wiener Kreises dem Versuch einer Anpassung an den Kontext des damals bereits in Österreich herrschenden Austrofaschismus geschuldet war, sicher ist, dass sie logischen Empiristen wie Neurath, Carnap oder Frank nicht gefallen hat. ", "Sie belegt einmal mehr die exzentrische Position Schlicks innerhalb des Wiener Kreises. ", "Diese Exzentrizität verträgt sich zwar gut mit seinen philosophischen Anfängen, also der Lebensweisheit, aber kaum mit dem aufklärungsorientierten, engagierten wissenschaftlichen Modernismus, wie er etwa im Manifest oder im Vorwort des Aufbaus formuliert wurde. ", "Vielleicht kann man L'école de Vienne tatsächlich als genuinen Ausdruck von Schlicks bür ger lichem Logischen Empirismus lesen. ", "Das wäre nicht neu, schon Feigl hatte in seinem etwas hymnischen Nachruf Schlicks Philosophieverständnis als „sokratische Tätigkeit der Sinnerklärung\" charakterisiert. ", "Dieser Empirismus lehnte Carnaps Kon zeption von Philosophie als Wissenschaftslogik explizit ab und hatte erst recht nichts übrig für Neu raths Projekt, Philosophie durch „Einheitswissenschaft\" zu ersetzen. ", "Stattdessen sah er sich als Statthalter der einen philosophia perennis, die seit jeher im Kampf mit den schnell wechselnden „Modephilosophien\" verschiedener Provenienz lag. ", "Spezifi sche Probleme des modernen Wissens und der modernen Gesellschaft gerieten dabei nicht mehr ins Blickfeld. ", "Für Schlicks Wissenschaftsphilosophie bedeutete das insbesondere, dass in ihr die Rolle von Wissenschaft und Technik in der modernen Industriegesellschaft nicht the ma tisiert wurde. ", "Stattdessen bettet sich seine Spätphilosophie ein in eine vage, bil dungs bürgerlich konzipierte Aufklärung, die die grossen Namen der abendländischen Geistes ge schichte Revue passieren lässt, die aber für wesentliche Aspekte einer modernen Gesellschaft des 20. ", "Jahrhunderts blind blieb. ", "Ausserhalb der Wissenschaftsphilosophie war Schlick kein moderner Denker. ", "Vielleicht könnte man ihn als einen aufgeklärten Vertreter der Mandarintradition des deutschen Ge lehrten tums6 cha rak terisieren, die spätestens mit der Weimarer Republik und der Ersten Republik in Österreich unterging. ", "Eine solche Einschätzung zu geben, heisst nicht Schlicks moderaten bürgerlichen Logischen Empiris mus gering zu schätzen. ", "Um das einzusehen, genügt es, sich vor Augen zu halten, was für eine Art von Phi lo sophie in den folgenden Jahrzehnten an der Universität Wien – weit über das Ende des tausendjährigen Reiches hinaus – den Ton angeben sollte. ", "Schlicks philosophisches Werk ist unvollendet geblieben. ", "Ein opus magnum hat er nach der All ge meinen Erkenntnislehre (1918/1925) nicht mehr geschrieben, und die kleineren Arbeiten, die er in seinen Wiener Jahren verfasste, können 6. ", "Vgl. ", "Fritz Ringer 1969: Th e Decline of the German Mandarins. ", "Cambridge Mass.: Harvard University Press. ", "285 kaum als Fragmente eines grösse ren Werkes gesehen werden, das sich später vielleicht aus ihnen ergeben hätte. ", "Sie blei ben membra disiecta eines moderaten, in wesentlichen Zügen an das 19. ", "Jahrhundert er in nern den, lo gi schen Empirismus, der versuchte, Weisheit und Wissenschaft zusammen zu denken. ", "Auch wenn ihm das aus heutiger Sicht wohl nicht völlig überzeugend gelungen ist, markiert Schlicks Werk einen Meilenstein in der Entwicklung der Wissen schafts philosophie. ", "Die jetzt im Erscheinen begriff ene, in wichtigen Teilen bereits vorliegende Gesamtausgabe eröff net optimale Möglichkeiten, sich Schlicks philo so phisches Erbe kritisch anzueignen. ", "7 7. ", "Ich danke Anne Siegetsleitner und Massimo Ferrari, dass sie mir einige ihrer (unveröff entlichten) Arbeiten zu Schlicks Philosophie zur Verfügung gestellt haben." ]
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[ "Microsoft CEO Nadella's Remarks Add To Tech's Sexism Problem\n\nEnlarge this image toggle caption Adnan Abidi/Reuters/Landov Adnan Abidi/Reuters/Landov\n\nMicrosoft CEO Satya Nadella's comments on women asking for raises triggered an instant backlash, but they also raise more questions about the tech industry's male-dominated culture and spotlight the challenges women in tech face.", "\n\nIronically, Nadella made these remarks Thursday at a conference named after Grace Hopper, one of the women who helped pioneer computer programming.", "\n\nToward the end of an interview with Maria Klawe, a member of Microsoft's board, Nadella was asked what advice he would give women who were hesitant to ask for a raise.", "\n\n\"It's not really about asking for the raise, but knowing and having faith that the system will actually give you the right raises as you go along,\" he said. \"", "And that, I think, might be one of the additional 'superpowers' that, quite frankly, women who don't ask for a raise have because that's good karma. ", "It'll come back.\"", "\n\nIn other words, Nadella advised women to trust a system that pays women 78 percent as much as men. ", "People jumped onto Twitter to criticize Nadella's comments:\n\nIn response, Nadella tweeted:\n\nPrior to the conference, Nadella emailed Microsoft employees, saying he was going to the conference \"to learn and to listen\" about the growing role women play in tech. ", "Last night, he told employees that his comments forced him to learn a lesson.", "\n\nBut this isn't the first time the tech industry has acknowledged it has a long way to go in terms of equal rights for women.", "\n\nThe tech industry's diversity problem isn't a new one. ", "In June, NPR's Elise Hu reported on how diversity numbers from Facebook, Google and Yahoo compare to the overall workforce:\n\nMicrosoft released its numbers just last week, becoming one of the last major tech companies to do so. ", "Its workforce is 71 percent male, 29 percent female. ", "In tech jobs specifically, it's about 83 percent to 17 percent.", "\n\nIt took tech companies years to admit these disparities. ", "A San Jose Mercury News reporter sued and fought a legal battle for two years just to get the big tech companies to release the numbers.", "\n\nFor women who do get hired by the biggest tech companies, they enter an industry that's fraught with a culture of sexism.", "\n\nAt Techweek Chicago this past June, Elise reported that organizers sent out a party invite for a \"Black Tie Rave\" featuring \"beautiful, scantily clad women.\" ", "A sexist presentation slide showed up earlier that week at a tech conference in Berlin.", "\n\nLast year, after an all-night hackathon at TechCrunch Disrupt, Australian programmers presented an app called Titstare. \"", "Titstare is an app where you take photos of yourself staring at tits,\" Jethro Batts explained. ", "He went on to say, \"I think this is the breast hack ever.\"", "\n\nFollowing this incident, Elise talked to experts on the tech industry's sometimes sexist \"brogrammer\" culture:\n\n\"First, Rachel Sklar. ", "She's founder of Mediaite and co-founder of TheLi.st, a community for women in technology. ", "She explains how the pervasive culture allows for these offensive ideas to get thought up in the first place: \" 'They didn't think it was a big deal, because nothing about the place where they were presenting made them think it would be. ", "Boys will be boys, and where it's mostly boys around to reinforce those norms, the lines between what's cool to say in a professional context relax and blur. (", "Two words: Booth babes.) ", "Dissent will tend to be shushed, and people who object will be told to calm down and learn to take a joke. ", "And because such \"jokes\" have minimal negative feedback, it's less noticeable when envelopes are pushed. ", "That's how these things usually happen — someone gets a bit too comfortable, and a line is crossed. ", "But the comfort comes from somewhere.' \"", "\n\nWhile the environment at tech companies presents women with more obstacles to getting paid more, women in general are often uncomfortable asking for a raise.", "\n\nIn April, NPR's Jessica Glazer asked women about this issue. ", "Many said they weren't motivated to ask for more until male colleagues, husbands or boyfriends encouraged them. ", "Most women responded that they didn't negotiate the terms of their first contract because they didn't know that they could.", "\n\nEven when women do negotiate, they often ask for much less than they should. ", "In an experiment testing this theory, Emily Amanatullah, an assistant professor of management at the University of Texas, found that women asked for an average of $7,000 less than men.", "\n\n\"Amanatullah says when women advocate for themselves, they have to navigate more than a higher salary: They're managing their reputation, too. ", "Women worry that pushing for more money will damage their image. ", "Research shows they're right to be concerned: Both male and female managers are less likely to want to work with women who negotiate during a job interview.\"", "\n\nNadella's comments don't help this insecurity. ", "When Elise talked to women in tech, many suggested that the idea that women don't belong in the industry starts at a young age.", "\n\n\"Adria Richards, a developer who was on stage when the outrage-inducing Titstare app was presented, suggests the solution lies in the pipeline of women and girls who are interested in tech. \" '", "There are three messages that young girls get before they get interested in computers, and if we can reach them before these messages, then I think their chance of embracing technology and staying in it is much higher. ", "The messages they get are: One, you wouldn't be interested in this. ", "Two, you wouldn't be good at this. ", "And three, you don't belong here. ", "I can see now, 10-year-olds, 12-year-olds who I used to work with at coding camps. ", "They are older now, and when they get these messages they're saying back, \"No, I've been doing this since I was a kid. ", "Look at my code. ", "I do like this, I do belong, and I am good at it.\" ' \"", "\n\nChanging this perception will be an uphill battle for women in tech, but in order for tech companies to get on board, they need to do more than release diversity numbers.", "\n\nSamantha Raphelson is a digital news intern at NPR.org. ", "You can reach out to her on Twitter, where she is often tweeting obsessively about the Foo Fighters and the Phillies." ]
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[ "Q:\n\nResults for Hitting Times of (Not Stationary) Ito Processes\n\nLet $W_t$ denote the Wiener process and let\n$$\ndX_t = a(t, X_t) dt + b(t, X_t) dW_t\n$$\nbe an one dimensional Ito SDE (stochastic differential equation, see Ito stochastic calculus).", "\nA hitting time $\\tau_H$ for a suitable subset $H \\subset \\mathbb{R}$ is a random variable depending on the sample paths of $X_t$.\nI'm interested in a concrete SDE that can be used to explain stochastic resonance (there is also a page about this on the Azimuth project of John Baez, but the Wiki is down at the moment, unfortunately).", "\nThis would be \n$$\ndX_t = (X_t - X_t^3 + A \\; sin(t + \\phi)) \\; dt + C \\; dW_t\n$$ \nThis equation has three real positive parameters $A, \\phi, C \\in \\mathbb{R}_+$. The initial condition is $X_0 = 1$.\nWhat is known about the hitting time $\\tau_{[- \\infty, 0]}$? (", "That is the time when the process first crosses 0, coming from 1).", "\nI'm interested in all kinds of analytic results that one could e.g. use to crosscheck results from numerical simulations. ", "I'm also interested in results known for simpler models (or more general ones, of course). ", "\nFirst example: \nAre there any results if we simplify the problem by eliminating the explicit time dependency, setting $A = 0$?", "\nSecond example:\nI think I once read about the asymtotic expansion of the hitting time of the Ornstein-Uhlenbeck process for small t (for getting absorbed at a prescribed point) , but could not find any reference.", "\nThe reason for this question was that John Baez asked about proofs for the existence of stochastic resonance, like a proof for the existence of an optimal value of the drift constant $C$, so if my question is misguided in the light of this goal, please tell me :-)\n\nA:\n\nI just discovered some interesting theorems on stochastic resonance here:\nPeter Imkeller, Energy balance models - viewed from stochastic dynamics.", "\nIn particular, Theorem 5.4 near the end seems to be a step towards proving the existence of stochastic resonance in the model you describe.", "\n\n" ]
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[ "Óscar Cabral\n\nÓscar Cabral (born 18 November 1921) was a Portuguese water polo player. ", "He competed in the men's tournament at the 1952 Summer Olympics.", "\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:1921 births\nCategory:Possibly living people\nCategory:Portuguese male water polo players\nCategory:Olympic water polo players of Portugal\nCategory:Water polo players at the 1952 Summer Olympics\nCategory:Place of birth missing (living people)" ]
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[ "import React from 'react'\nimport PropTypes from 'prop-types'\n\nimport SVG from './SVG'\n\nconst IosTabletPortrait = props => {\n return (\n <SVG\n style={props.style}\n className={props.className}\n fill={props.color}\n width={props.fontSize}\n height={props.fontSize}\n viewBox=\"0 0 1024 1024\"\n onClick={props.onClick}\n rotate={props.rotate ? ", "1 : 0}\n shake={props.shake ? ", "1 : 0}\n beat={props.beat ? ", "1 : 0}\n >\n <path d=\"M804 64h-584c-15.6 0-28 12.2-28 28v840c0 15.8 12.4 28 28 28h584c15.6 0 28-12.2 28-28v-840c0-15.8-12.6-28-28-28zM511.2 97.4c7.8 0 14 6.2 14 14s-6.2 14-14 14c-7.8 0-14-6.2-14-14-0-7.6 6.4-14 14-14zM512 940c-15.4 0-28-13-28-28.2 0-15 12.4-28 28-28 15.4 0 28.2 12.8 28.2 28-0.2 15.2-12.8 28.2-28.2 28.2zM800 864h-576v-704h576v704z\"></path>\n </SVG>\n )\n}\n\n\nIosTabletPortrait.defaultProps = {\n // style\n style: {},\n color: '#000000',\n fontSize: '22px',\n\n // animation\n shake: false,\n beat: false,\n rotate: false,\n}\n\n\nIosTabletPortrait.propTypes = {\n // style\n style: PropTypes.object,\n color: PropTypes.string,\n fontSize: PropTypes.string,\n\n // animation\n shake: PropTypes.bool,\n beat: PropTypes.bool,\n rotate: PropTypes.bool,\n\n // functions\n onClick: PropTypes.func\n}\n\n\nexport default IosTabletPortrait\n" ]
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[ "\"Thong Song\" is a song recorded by American R&B artist Sisqó. ", "It was released on December 31, 1999 as the second single from Sisqó's 1999 solo debut LP Unleash the Dragon. \"", "Thong Song\" garnered 4 Grammy nominations and numerous other awards as well. ", "The song peaked at number three on the Billboard Hot 100, Sisqó's second highest-peaking hit behind \"Incomplete\".[1] It was a major success worldwide as well, reaching the top ten throughout European charts, including number one in Sweden and Norway, and number three in the United Kingdom, Netherlands, and Denmark. ", "The song also topped the charts in New Zealand.", "\n\nThe alternate version, the official remix to the original version, \"Thong Song Uncensored\" (which has no explicit adult language), features a guest rap from Foxy Brown in the spot where Sisqó whispers the main verse for the third time, and is included on the soundtrack for Nutty Professor II: The Klumps. ", "A second, more urban-themed,[clarification needed] video was shot for the remix by Little X.\n\nSet in Miami, Sisqó goes to the beach from his home to participate in a Spring Break party with a large number of young women who are all wearing bikinis and thongs, with the exception of one female who wears a g-string. ", "There are also scenes with Sisqo and his backup dancers driving a Bentley Azure down the highway and cameos from the other three members of Sisqó's group Dru Hill, Method Man, Redman, Ja Rule and LL Cool J. Sisqó proceeds to perform acrobatic feats atop the crowd that contradict the laws of physics, culminating in a stage performance lit with blacklights and an orchestra in the background. ", "The whole video, being cuts between Sisqó and barely clad women, drew minor criticism for exploiting women as sex objects, and was credited for starting a new wave of \"booty\" videos. ", "The director of the video, Joseph Kahn, was quoted as saying, \"I listen to 'Thong Song', and I say, 'Well, this song is about asses.' ", "So you can either accept it and do something like I did, or you can go and try and turn the 'Thong Song' into some kind of Chemical Brothers video and make it all pretentious; about some fucking communist upheaval or something. ", "Let's just relax and make a booty video, and let's make a really good one, and make it fun.", "\"[3]\n\nAfter giving a radio interview with Nokio and Jazz of Dru Hill in his home town of Baltimore, Sisqó escapes from a group of fans with the help of Foxy Brown to a fashion show, where models strut in sexy costumes, which (again) all consist of bikinis just as in the original video, this time for the exception of two females who did sport thongs. ", "The video also features a cameo by professional wrestlerBig Show. ", "The song was done for the soundtrack of Nutty Professor II: The Klumps. ", "The video was directed by Little X.[4]" ]
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[ "not really oscillation...\nI tested it with oscilloscope... it's ok...\nwell...it at least take 10 sec to be stable....\nI think I'll get a delay circuit .... since I always forgot turn on my tube pre-amp first... @@\n\nQuote:\n\nOriginally posted by ShiFtY You might have some sort of oscillation? ", "Hmmm...\n\nAre you using a solid state power amp?", "\nIf so this warm up instability is normal. ", "You may want to try fitting a timer delay until your valves have reached their operating temp.", "\nIt sounds like your diong the right thing by delaying the turn on of your power amp.", "\nPhil." ]
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[ "This is a blog maintained by B1-level students in Maria Markaki school. ", "Here you can read some of their compositions or take a look at their favourite YouTube videos and webpages.", "\n\nThursday, October 16, 2014\n\nEilean Donan Castle\n\nThe most popular castle in Scotland is Eilean Donan. ", "The castle is between three great sea lochs and around the castle is a majestic scnery.", "\n\nAlthough first inhabited around the 6th century, the first castle was built in the mid 13th century.", "Since then, at least four different versions of the castle have been built and re-built as the feudal history of Scotland unfolded through the centuries.", "\n\nThe castle destroyed in a uprising in 1719. ", "Colonel John MacRace-Gilstrap bought the island in 1911 and proceeded to restore the castle to its former glory. ", "After 20 years of toil and labour the castle was re-opened in 1932.", "\n\nToday, you can explore all the area of the castle.", "\n\nThe castle now has its own visitor centre, which includes the ticket office, coffee shop and gift shop.", "\n\nAll the people that had visited the castle said that it is very beautiful." ]
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[ "If this is your first visit, be sure to\ncheck out the FAQ by clicking the\nlink above. ", "You will be required to register\nbefore you can post: click the register link above to proceed. ", "To start viewing messages,\nselect the forum that you want to visit from the selection below.", "\n\nYour jetting equipment:\n\n01-03-2010, 02:44 PM\n\nI've read through several threads about jetting equipment, but am still interested in what everyone here likes/uses. ", "I own a 3.5gpm 4kpsi cart jetter and am interested in something with more oomph.", "\nIf this year goes well, looking to upgrade to 5.5gpm 4-5kpsi. (", "I already know gpm more valuable over 3k). ", "I have Suttner fixed and spinning nozzle for both sized reels I own. ", "I have 1/8\" and 1/4\" reels. ", "Things seem to work ok in pvc; but I'm having trouble making turns in CI.", "\nI've beat all kinds of scratches in the tip of the fixed nozzle trying to make bottom 90's and other sharp turns. ", "Anyone like the drop-head nozzles? ", "Really interested to know what you use and where you buy it. ", "One reason I want to upgrade to the 5.5gpm cart unit is to get a 3/8\" reel and perhaps a Warthog. ", "I see 3/8\" is the smallest they sell. ", "Just doing residential and small commercial work. ", "Lines 4\" and smaller. ", "Not ready to buy trailer jetter yet. ", "I do value all your advice and opinions; already own a K60... Used it 3 times last week! ", "I don't regret the purchase.. Yet..\n\nComment\n\nThanks, Ace, Jake. ", "Ace, I own a small electric like yours for kitchen work and small inside lines. ", "Saw your videos a while back. ", "I run the 1/8\" line with that; it's not very powerful at all. ", "I hate to sound cheap, but I'd like to avoid a trailer for a while if I could. ", "I leave my jetting equipment @ the shop unless I have drain calls. ", "Just takes up too much space. ", "Ace, one reason I like the 5.5 is as long as I have a good hose bib, I don't need a tank. ", "If that's your workhorse, that would probably work for me as well. ", "While I'm not thrilled with the performance of the Suttner nozzles, they're very cheap; I can't complain. ", "Root Ranger? ", "If I come across a main full 'O roots, I'd probably be more into trying to pull some of that bulk out of the line with my 7/8\" IC cable with myK60. ", "Sure, it may be a great nozzle, but I'm really looking to clean the walls more than cut roots with my jetter. ", "Also, mostly smaller lines. ", "Many on the forum have more drain cleaning experience. ", "As I gain more, I'm finding CI much harder to deal with than plastic. ", "Almost got my 5/8\" open wind stuck somewhere down a kitchen stack(CI) and it scared me! ", "I don't have a camera/locator, so I couldn't tell where it got hung up. ", "Line was flowing, just tried to make a path for my 1/4\" jetter nozzle. ", "It made the bottom 90 once; after that, it wouldn't go again." ]
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[ "Neighbors\n\nThe De Soto United Methodist Church wishes to thank all the women who came to the church on Aug. 9 and helped make bierocks that sold at the booth during the De Soto Days Festival Aug. 30.", "\n\nThe De Soto United Methodist Church will have its \"Gathering of Women\" at 9 a.m. Sept. 20 at Fellowship Hall. ", "The church also is asking everyone to get tickets for the quality drawing at the Election Day Dinner.", "\n\nThe De Soto United Methodist Church will serve lunch Sept. 7. ", "Volunteers are needed to cook, buy and help serve the Grand Avenue Luncheon Outreach Program. ", "Call Linda Rumsey if you can help with this.", "\n\nThe De Soto Methodist Youth organization asks you to join them Sept. 7 to celebrate Grandparents Day. ", "A reception for all honorees will be served between the two services.", "\n\nAfter much consideration the \"Parents Night Out\" will be discontinued. ", "Thanks to all those parents who supported this program the last several years.", "\n\nRev. Jerry Vaughn and his wif,e Jan, are asking everyone who would like to join them in the \"Star Thrower Scoiety\" to contact them at 583-1359.", "\n\nCongratulations to Sara Ritter for being chosen as the Grand Marshal of the De Soto Days Festival Parade. ", "As the De Soto Chamber of Commerce executive director, she serves the community in many ways.", "\n\nSaturday morning's De Soto Days Parade was great. ", "It featured lots of floats and had entries of all kinds. ", "The vehicles and antiques were also great. ", "The high school band and cheer squad were great playing their music and performing.", "\n\nThe De Soto Baptist Church mini-camp for pre-kindergarten through middle school has been rescheduled from 1 to 5 p.m. Sept. 7. ", "This is the first of the meetings for the year. ", "Additional meetings will take place on the first and third Wednesdays of each month from 6:30 to 8 p.m. The next meeting following the mini-camp will be Sept. 17. ", "Call Mary Jo McDaniels or the Church at 585-1026 for more.", "\n\nMy son Carlin in Illinois called me last Friday and his four grandchildren told me about their schools.", "\n\nThe annual Herring family reunion was Aug. 31 south of Joplin, Mo., at my niece's and her husband's 10-acre place. ", "In all, we had 38 attend the reunion, including three of my children, Jerry, Michael and Debbie.", "\n\nI had the 21 stitches in my arm looked at last Friday at the hospital in Olathe. ", "Some were hurting yet.", "\n\nThose celebrating birthdays this week are Louella Davis, Lisa Zimmerman, Willietta Lawhead, Steven Crisco, Marilyn Layman, Steve Buehler and my great-great-granddaughter Isabelle who lives in South Carolina. ", "She is 6 years old now.", "\n\nThose celebrating anniversaries this week are Stuart and Suzanne Adams.", "\n\nDarrel and Ruth Zimmerman celebrated their 50th Wedding Anniversary Aug. 31. ", "We wish them many more.", "\n\nThe De Soto Multi-Service Center needs for this week are tuna and macaroni and cheese. ", "Toilet paper and Kleenex are also needed. ", "Other needs include school supplies, such as notebooks, ink pens and pencils.", "\n\nThere are several on the sick list who need prayers this week. ", "Merle Couch has been transferred back to Sedalia, Mol, for his rehab treatment. ", "Juanita Martinez is out of the hospital and back to Sweet Life Rehab. ", "Libby Stone also is need of prayers and so is former De Sotian Kevin Freeman's son who is going to have brain surgery in October. ", "He is just 13 years old. ", "Claude Cowart still needs prayers after his surgery. ", "My daughter-in-law Jeanne also had hip surgery recently and is in need of prayers as well. ", "Ruth Motzkus is at the nursing home in Shawnee. ", "She calls me every day and lately she has had a bad cough.", "\n\nThe Wednesday Bible Group will begin meeting at 10 a.m. at the De Soto Baptist Church. ", "The Monday night Bible group meets at 6:30 p.m. at Fellowship Hall. ", "Anyone is welcome to join these groups.", "\n\nThe De Soto Baptist Church is giving the church nursery a whole new look with paint and paper. ", "Volunteers are needed to help decorate it. ", "They will be working through Sept. 6 in the afternoons and evenings. ", "If you can help, please call Karen Wall at 583-9912. ", "The room will bring lots of smiles when it is done, not only to the children but to the parents and adults, too." ]
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[ "Dear USIBC Members and Friends, \n\nWe regret to inform you that the Indian Prime Minister, Atal Bihari Vajpayee, \nand his accompanying delegation will not visit San Francisco due to \nunforeseen health reasons, and thus all scheduled USIBC events on September \n11 are cancelled.? ", "You may refer to the article at \nhttp://www.siliconindia.com/shownewsdata.asp?newsno=4953&newscat=Technology \nfor further details.? ", "\n\nAccording to the changed schedule, the Prime Minister will reach New York on \nSeptember 7, 2000, and the Washington D.C. program will remain unchanged.? ", "\nThe U.S. - India Business Council will host events in Washington D.C., \nincluding a Commercial Dialog and other Members Only events described below.? ", "\nInterested members or prospective members may also contact Rick Rossow via \ne-mail at rrossow@uschamber.com or by phone at (202) 463-5323 for further \ninformation. ", "\n\nWe sincerely appreciate the efforts of all members and friends to date, and \nhope to see each of you in Washington, D.C. \nSincerely, \nKate Sherwood \n======================== \nKatherine R. Sherwood \nDirector, West Coast Office \nU.S.-India Business Council \n250 Montgomery Street, 14th Floor \nSan Francisco, CA 94104 \nTel: 415-986-1914 \nFax: 415-986-1915 \nE-mail: ksherwood@uschamber.com \nWebsite: http://www.usibc.com \n\nDear Members & Friends: \n\nThe meetings organized in San Francisco on Sept 11 have been cancelled due to \nthe Prime Minister's poor health.? ", "However, the program for the Sept 14 - \nWashington, DC portion of the Prime Minister's visit to the United States are \nbeing finalized.? ", "We have had to work around the schedules of U.S. Commerce \nSecretary Norman Mineta, who is leaving for Chicago mid-afternoon, and Prime \nMInister Vajpayee, who is busy until the late afternoon.? ", "Here is the updated \nagenda:\n\n_________________________ \n\nMain Track \n\nParticipation at the Commercial Dialogue & Prime Minister Reception will be \nlimited to one representative per company, except for corporate sponsors and \nin cases where your company will be represented by the Chairman, Vice \nChairman, President or CEO, in which case a second participant will be \nallowed to staff.", "\n\n10:00am:? ", "U.S. Chamber of Commerce: Live broadcast of Prime Minister \nVajpayee's address to joint session of Congress (see below). ", "\n\n10:30am:? ", "U.S. Chamber of Commerce: U.S.-India Commercial Dialogue meeting \nbegins, with U.S. Commerce Secretary Mineta, Indian Commerce Minister \nMurasoli Maran, and other U.S. & Indian Gov't dignitaries.", "\n\n12:30pm: U.S. Chamber of Commerce: Luncheon program, keynote by U.S. \nGovernment TBD* \n\n? ", "2:00pm: U.S. Chamber of Commerce: Sectoral panel discussions, confirmed \nattendees include U.S. Department of State, U.S. Department of \nTransportation, USAID, and other U.S. Government agencies\n\n? ", "5:00pm: U.S. Chamber of Commerce: U.S.-India Business Council Reception \nwith Honorable Murasoli Maran and U.S. Government dignitaries.", "\n\n___________________________________ \n\nCongressional Track: \n\nSeating at the following events is extremely limited.? ", "The USIBC plans to \nhold a small number of seats for these events for sponsors of the U.S.-India \nCommercial Dialogue & Commerce & Industry Minister's reception later in the \nday at the U.S. Chamber of Commerce.", "\n\n10:00am:? ", "Capitol Building: Prime Minister Vajpayee addresses joint session \nof Congress. ", "\n\n12:30pm:? ", "Capitol Building: Congressional Caucus on India Affairs hosts \nluncheon with Prime Minister Vajpayee (invited guests only)\n\n___________________________________ \n\nThere are sponsorships available for the Commercial Dialogue & Prime \nMinister's reception at $15,000 each.? ", "Sponsors will receive a variety of \nbenefits, including:\n\nPreferential seating assignments at seated portions of meeting;\nPrivate meetings with Indian Government officials (pending availability);\nLogo on signage & printed materials;\nSpeaking role for senior officer of sponsoring company;\n2 Free tickets for representatives of sponsoring company;\nTickets for Prime Minister address to Congress and India Caucus luncheon \n(pending availability).", "\n\nPlease respond to Rick Rossow with any questions.? ", "We expect registration to \nbegin at the end of this week or early next week, once we have a final list \nof Indian & U.S. Government dignitaries expected to attend." ]
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[ "Victory! ", "Boycott forces GoDaddy to drop its support for SOPA\n\nUnder intense pressure from an Internet-wide boycott, domain registrar GoDaddy has given the open Internet an early Christmas present: it's dropping its support for the Stop Online Piracy Act. ", "The change was announced in a statement sent to Ars Technica:\n\nGo Daddy is no longer supporting SOPA, the \"Stop Online Piracy Act\" currently working its way through U.S. Congress.", "\n\n\"Fighting online piracy is of the utmost importance, which is why Go Daddy has been working to help craft revisions to this legislation—but we can clearly do better,\" Warren Adelman, Go Daddy's newly appointed CEO, said. \"", "It's very important that all Internet stakeholders work together on this. ", "Getting it right is worth the wait. ", "Go Daddy will support it when and if the Internet community supports it.\"", "\n\nGoDaddy's embarrassing climbdown took barely 24 hours. ", "The boycott started on Thursday on reddit (an Ars sister site), but it quickly spread to the broader Internet. ", "GoDaddy's competitors began offering special deals with promo codes like \"SopaSucks\" to entice GoDaddy switchers.", "\n\nInitially, GoDaddy was defiant. ", "In a statement emailed to Ars Technica Thursday evening, the company said \"Go Daddy has received some emails that appear to stem from the boycott prompt, but we have not seen any impact to our business.\"", "\n\nBut this reaction only enraged GoDaddy's customers. ", "And evidently, the impact on their business began to be more obvious on Friday.", "\n\nGoDaddy claims that during negotiations over SOPA, the company \"fought to express the concerns of the entire Internet community and to improve the bill\" by pushing to make the bill's provisions less onerous. ", "But now the company has been forced to concede that the bill's authors did not adequately address the Internet community's concerns.", "\n\n\"In changing its position, Go Daddy remains steadfast in its promise to support security and stability of the Internet,\" the company's Friday statement reads. ", "GoDaddy says it has removed past postings expressing support for the legislation from its website.", "\n\nI think I just came as close as I ever have to LITERALLY rolling on the floor laughing. ", "Half a day after their \"no business impact expected from your puny boycott.\" ", "HALF A DAY.", "\n\nIt's a half-victory. ", "No doubt behind closed doors, whoever at Godaddy wanted to support this still supports this. ", "However, it's now very very in the open what the internet-using portion of the general public thinks about this bill...\n\nThat was fast, but let's not get too happy too soon-they're capable of sneaking back in through the rear door, and supporting it quietly.", "It's called 'campaign donations' to those who get the law passed.", "\n\nBut they're also not the only ones who were on the list of public support for SOPA-those have to crumble too, to get a real win.", "\n\n'Fighting online piracy is of the utmost importance, which is why Go Daddy has been working to help craft revisions to this legislation—but we can clearly do better,\" Warren Adelman'\n\nMeaning he still thinks that government intervention and survellience is the way to go. ", "So, once the heat dies down, he'll \"help craft\" more legislation and, this time, have the process be more low profile.", "\n\n'Fighting online piracy is of the utmost importance, which is why Go Daddy has been working to help craft revisions to this legislation—but we can clearly do better,\" Warren Adelman'\n\nMeaning he still thinks that government intervention and survellience is the way to go. ", "So, once the heat dies down, he'll \"help craft\" more legislation and, this time, have the process be more low profile.", "\n\nSorry, Adelman, but a leapord doesn't change its spots that easily.", "\n\nThe question I have is what was in this bill that was going to make money for GoDaddy?", "\n\nSOPA sucks so bad that even go daddy couldnt wait untill the 30th when they are going to take a massive hit regardless of wether they support the bill or not. ", "As far as I am aware godaddy was being given the right to buy the domains that SOPA would of confiscated and this alone was enough to get them to support the craziest bill ever put before any legislative body. ", "I felt sure that they would cave in I just didnt expect them to not even last till xmas.", "\n\n'Fighting online piracy is of the utmost importance, which is why Go Daddy has been working to help craft revisions to this legislation—but we can clearly do better,\" Warren Adelman'\n\nMeaning he still thinks that government intervention and survellience is the way to go. ", "So, once the heat dies down, he'll \"help craft\" more legislation and, this time, have the process be more low profile.", "\n\nSorry, Adelman, but a leapord doesn't change its spots that easily.", "\n\nThe question I have is what was in this bill that was going to make money for GoDaddy?", "\n\nFrom what I understand their head of legal counsel used to be head of copyright enforcement for the government, so she probably just leans that way naturally after that position.", "\n\nThe other theory, which has a little too much conspiracy in it perhaps, is that being a big company they could handle the painful administration that this bill would create for domain registrars, while other smaller companies could not. ", "Not sure if that can hold much water.", "\n\nI moved my domains. ", "After the elephant hunting by their CEO I was actually thinking of switching anyway (not against hunters, but I can't support elephant hunting) so this just sealed the deal for me.", "\n\nI'm still moving my domains. ", "The SOPA stuff just pushed them on to my list of companies I won't endorse. ", "Supporting the bill and then backpedaling due to fall out, doesn't change the fact that you initially backed SOPA and probably still do.", "\n\nThe question I have is what was in this bill that was going to make money for GoDaddy?", "\n\nI don't know. ", "Maybe there was some sort of quid pro quo involved. ", "Or maybe he supported it for ideological reasons. ", "Regardless of the reasons behind his support, the fact remains that he *did* support it, and by his own accounting helped craft the bill in some manner or other.", "\n\nIt's pretty great that consumers can still have an impressive impact on a company.", "\n\nIt doesn't change my mind about leaving them, as it seems to primarily be a marketing move to stanch the bleeding.", "\n\nFuck em. ", "I've wanted to leave them since they started the misogynistic advertising, but inertia and all that. ", "Not a valid excuse for not leaving, just the truth. ", "Their stance on SOPA was the kick in the ass that I needed.", "\n\nDamn I didn't know that they were supporting SOPA. ", "Now, I am going to have to move all my domains, which is going to be a royal pain in the a$$. It doesn't matter that they have changed their mind under pressure, this isn't something they should have been backing in the first place. ", "I suppose it is a good thing a lot of them were coming up for renewal, but this is still going to cost a fortune.", "\n\nThey are going to feel the pain of this for quite a while as the articles/tweets and what not are not just going to disappear.", "\n\nThe general population might be stupid, but they are not THAT stupid... and GD's base were/are of the geek variety, not average stupid Joe - they tend to identify a big pile of stinking shit on the very first sniff.", "\n\nFor a business that was \"not feeling the impact\" at all from the boycott that was a pretty fast about turn though one would be forgiven for thinking they were a bunch of lying SOBs when they made that statement just a few hours ago.", "\n\nThis also brings to light a pretty good tactic, identify the companies supporting SOPA and go after them one by one with a boycott...\n\nIs GoDaddy also going to retract its statement given in support of SOPA to congress? ", "You know the ones, the ones that would invite anyone in favor of SOPA to participate yet leave out anyone opposed and you know... the american public as a whole, yeah those guys." ]
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[ "Kuniko Ozaki\n\n, (born 1956) is a Japanese lawyer who served as judge of the International Criminal Court and the Presiding Judge of Trial Chamber V, constituted to try the cases against four Kenyan nationals.", "\n\nEarly life and career\nOzaki graduated from Tokyo University in 1978 and, in 1982, was awarded an M. Phil. ", "in International Relations at Oxford University.", "\n\nAfterwards, Ozaki worked in several positions for the Japanese Foreign Ministry. ", "From 2006 to 2009, she worked for the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) where she was a Director for Treaty Affairs. ", "In addiiton to her role in the diplomatic service, she has worked as a professor of international law at Tohoku University and at other universities. ", "She also has written on international criminal law and other fields of law.", "\n\nJudge of the International Criminal Court, 2010-2018\nOn 20 January 2010, Ozaki assumed her position as a judge in the Trial Division of the International Criminal Court. ", "While she is no qualified lawyer, she had stressed her experience in lecturing in international law and her time at Japan’s Ministry of Justice in responses to a CICC questionnaire at the time of her election on 18 November 2009. ", "She was elected for a term that lasts until 11 March 2018.", "\n\nOzaki was assigned to Trial Chamber V which is to try four Kenyan nationals for crimes against humanity. ", "She was elected Presiding Judge. ", "Until 2016, she also served as member of Trial Chamber III for the case of Jean-Pierre Bemba, the first case in which the ICC has found a high official directly responsible for the crimes of his subordinates, as well as the first to focus primarily on crimes of sexual violence committed in war.", "\n\nIn October 2013, Ozaki notably gave a dissenting opinion on the court’s majority ruling that conditionally excused President Uhuru Kenyatta of Kenya from attending all the sittings of his trial in The Hague, criticizing the decision of going against the provisions of the Rome Statute. ", "In a September 2014 ruling, the Chamber presided by Ozaki ordered that Kenyatta should physically appear before the court, making him the first head of state to do so.", "\n\nLater career\nIn February, 2019, Ozaki was appointed Japan's Ambassador to Estonia and accordingly requested a transfer to part-time status with the ICC. ", "Her decision to continue hearing cases while serving ambassador was criticized as a violation of the ICC's code of ethics, which states that \"[j]udges shall not exercise any political function.\" ", "On 18 April 2019 she resigned as ambassador before taking office and continued being judge in The Hague.", "\n\nReferences \n\nCategory:1956 births\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:International Criminal Court judges\nCategory:Ambassadors of Japan to Estonia\nCategory:Japanese women judges\nCategory:Tohoku University faculty\nCategory:National Graduate Institute for Policy Studies faculty\nCategory:University of Tokyo alumni\nCategory:Alumni of the University of Oxford\nCategory:Japanese judges\nCategory:Japanese judges of international courts and tribunals\nCategory:Japanese women diplomats" ]
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[ "what I saw was a worm like it remind of a stomach worm, ..it was small a round like that, but it was at not less than 5-6 feet and about 6\"-10\" down was two flat square, it was durning a breack in a thunder storm ,it travel up to me at a speed that seem impossiable. ", "it tavel in high grass at less 2-3' high and it travel on top of the grass like a snake with the front rasied up about two feet there was no eyes or any thing like that, it was a bright white\n\n((NUFORC Note: Date is approximate. ", "We include this report, simply because we have no idea what the witness may have seen. ", "The witness describes self as being retired, so we presume that he may be a credible witness. ", "PD))" ]
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[ "{\n\t\"\": [\n\t\t\"--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\",\n\t\t\"Copyright (c) Microsoft Corporation. ", "All rights reserved.\",", "\n\t\t\"Licensed under the MIT License. ", "See License.txt in the project root for license information.\",", "\n\t\t\"--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\",\n\t\t\"Do not edit this file. ", "It is machine generated.\"", "\n\t],\n\t\"version\": \"1.0.0\",\n\t\"contents\": {\n\t\t\"package\": {\n\t\t\t\"displayName\": \"PHP Language Basics\",\n\t\t\t\"description\": \"Provides syntax highlighting and bracket matching for PHP files.\"", "\n\t\t}\n\t}\n}" ]
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[ "Q:\n\nCloud-to-device Azure IoT REST API\n\nI explored on sending data from Device to Cloud using Azure REST Apis. ", "It is working seamlessly without any issues. ", "I'm not finding good articles on sending Cloud-to-Device messages to Arduino board using \"Azure IoT Hub REST Apis\". ", "Could some one provide suggestions on this \n\nA:\n\nYou could also send the request as the azure portal does it. ", "All C2D from AZ Portal are sent through this Endpoint https://main.iothub.ext.azure.com/api/Service/SendMessage/ and the payload is a json that look like this: \n{\n \"hostName\": \"iothub-hostname\",\n \"owner\": \"twinUpdate\",\n \"key\": \"key for the iothub\",\n \"deviceID\": \"your device on that hub\",\n \"body\": \"{\\\"test\\\": \\\"This is a test over postman\\\"}\",\n \"properties\": \"[]\"\n}\n\nKeep in mind that you need to add an Authorization Header with valid Bearer token. ", "You can get this when you log in to AZ Portal.", "\n\n" ]
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[ "Analytical study of performance in a 3D PET scanner.", "\nThe use of arrays of small discrete detectors and thin slices to achieve a high isotropic spatial resolution in positron emission tomography (PET) results in systems with a low ring sensitivity. ", "In a multi-ring system, the overall sensitivity can be considerably improved by removing the interslice collimators to make full use of all cross slices coincidences, but this is achieved at the expense of increased scatter and accidental rates in the image. ", "For imaging of small laboratory animals (diameter of 10 cm or less), the relieved burden of scatters, and to some extent accidentals, suggests that volumetric imaging may be of particular value. ", "In order to evaluate the performance to be expected from a small animal PET scanner (10 cm diameter field) with and without the interplane collimators, the incident event rates for singles (unscattered and single scattered) and true, scatter and accidental coincidences were evaluated analytically. ", "The performance was evaluated for various source sizes and activities in terms of five criteria: true/single ratio, scatter fraction, accidental fraction, image contrast and noise effective sensitivity. ", "As a result of a 3-fold increase in scatter fraction and of a significant increase in accidental fraction for larger sources, the image contrast (true/(scatter+accidental)) is observed to always be inferior with the collimators removed. ", "However, a significant improvement in noise effective sensitivity is obtained with the volumetric configuration, especially for small size sources placed at the centre of the field of view. ", "It is concluded that the volumetric configuration is more advantageous than the multislice configuration to image small animals because the gain in sensitivity overcomes the loss of accuracy due to higher scatter and accidental rates." ]
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[ "/*\n * This file is open source software, licensed to you under the terms\n * of the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\"). ", " See the NOTICE file\n * distributed with this work for additional information regarding copyright\n * ownership. ", " You may not use this file except in compliance with the License.", "\n *\n * You may obtain a copy of the License at\n *\n * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n *\n * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,\n * software distributed under the License is distributed on an\n * \"AS IS\" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY\n * KIND, either express or implied. ", " See the License for the\n * specific language governing permissions and limitations\n * under the License.", "\n */\n/*\n * Copyright (C) 2015 Cloudius Systems, Ltd.\n */\n\n#pragma once\n\n#include \"sharded.hh\"\n\nnamespace seastar {\n\n\ntemplate <typename Service>\nusing distributed = sharded<Service>;\n\n}\n" ]
{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }
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[ "/**\n * Copyright (c) 2009--2014 Red Hat, Inc.\n *\n * This software is licensed to you under the GNU General Public License,\n * version 2 (GPLv2). ", "There is NO WARRANTY for this software, express or\n * implied, including the implied warranties of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS\n * FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. ", "You should have received a copy of GPLv2\n * along with this software; if not, see\n * http://www.gnu.org/licenses/old-licenses/gpl-2.0.txt.", "\n *\n * Red Hat trademarks are not licensed under GPLv2. ", "No permission is\n * granted to use or replicate Red Hat trademarks that are incorporated\n * in this software or its documentation.", "\n */\npackage com.redhat.rhn.frontend.action.kickstart;\n\nimport com.redhat.rhn.common.db.datasource.", "DataResult;\nimport com.redhat.rhn.common.localization.", "LocalizationService;\nimport com.redhat.rhn.domain.org.", "Org;\nimport com.redhat.rhn.domain.user.", "User;\nimport com.redhat.rhn.frontend.listview.", "PageControl;\nimport com.redhat.rhn.frontend.struts.", "RequestContext;\nimport com.redhat.rhn.frontend.struts.", "RhnAction;\nimport com.redhat.rhn.frontend.struts.", "RhnHelper;\nimport com.redhat.rhn.frontend.taglibs.list.", "ListTagHelper;\nimport com.redhat.rhn.manager.kickstart.", "KickstartLister;\nimport com.redhat.rhn.manager.kickstart.", "KickstartUrlHelper;\nimport com.redhat.rhn.manager.rhnset.", "RhnSetDecl;\n\nimport org.apache.struts.action.", "ActionForm;\nimport org.apache.struts.action.", "ActionForward;\nimport org.apache.struts.action.", "ActionMapping;\n\nimport java.net.", "MalformedURLException;\nimport java.net.", "URL;\n\nimport javax.servlet.http.", "HttpServletRequest;\nimport javax.servlet.http.", "HttpServletResponse;\n\n/**\n * KickstartsSetupAction.", "\n * @version $Rev: 1 $\n */\npublic class KickstartIpRangeSetupAction extends RhnAction {\n\n /** {@inheritDoc} */\n public ActionForward execute(ActionMapping mapping,\n ActionForm formIn,\n HttpServletRequest request,\n HttpServletResponse response) {\n\n RequestContext requestContext = new RequestContext(request);\n User user = requestContext.getCurrentUser();\n\n String urlStr;\n try {\n URL url = new URL(\n requestContext.getRequest().getRequestURL().toString());\n urlStr = KickstartUrlHelper.getKickstartFileUrlIpRange(user\n .getOrg(), url.getHost(), url.getProtocol());\n }\n catch (MalformedURLException e) {\n throw new IllegalArgumentException(\"Bad argument when creating URL for \" +\n \"Kickstart IP Ranges\");\n }\n String urlRange =\n LocalizationService.getInstance().getMessage(\"kickstart.iprange.url\", urlStr);\n request.setAttribute(\"urlrange\", urlRange);\n\n request.setAttribute(ListTagHelper.", "PARENT_URL, request.getRequestURI());\n\n request.setAttribute(RequestContext.", "PAGE_LIST, getDataResult(requestContext, null));\n\n return mapping.findForward(RhnHelper.", "DEFAULT_FORWARD);\n\n }\n\n\n /**\n *\n * {@inheritDoc}\n */\n protected DataResult getDataResult(RequestContext rctx, PageControl pc) {\n Org org = rctx.getCurrentUser().getOrg();\n return KickstartLister.getInstance().kickstartIpRangesInOrg(org, pc);\n }\n\n /**\n *\n * @return the kickstart profile security label\n */\n public RhnSetDecl getSetDecl() {\n return RhnSetDecl.", "KICSKTART_IPRANGES;\n }\n\n}\n" ]
{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }
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3093 }, { "analysis_explanation": null, "end": 3158, "entity_type": "URL", "recognition_metadata": { "recognizer_identifier": "UrlRecognizer_140094861343568", "recognizer_name": "UrlRecognizer" }, "score": 0.5, "start": 3140 } ]
[ "Q:\n\nHow to form @Named Backing Bean in JSF\n\nI read somewhere that it's better to use CDI @Named instead of JSF @ManagedBean, because of CDI, so I'm trying to convert some of my code.", "\nI'm trying to use @Named in JSF, but it's always unreachable.", "\nWhen using @ManagedBean there was no problem.", "\nI'm using it like @ManagedBean, as below\nCustomerBacking.java\npackage com.wordpress.marczykm.backing;\n\nimport javax.ejb.", "EJB;\nimport javax.enterprise.context.", "RequestScoped;\nimport javax.inject.", "Named;\n\n@Named(\"customer\")\n@RequestScoped\npublic class CustomerBacking {\n\n @EJB\n private CustomerService customerService;\n\n public CustomerBacking() {\n }\n\n public String addCustomer(Customer customer) {\n customerService.addCustomer(customer);\n return \"customer_overview\";\n }\n\n public Customer getCustomer(){\n return customerService.getCustomer();\n }\n}\n\nindex.xhtml\n <!", "DOCTYPE html PUBLIC \"-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN\" \n \"http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd\">\n\n <html xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml\"\n xmlns:ui=\"http://java.sun.com/jsf/facelets\"\n xmlns:h=\"http://java.sun.com/jsf/html\"\n xmlns:f=\"http://java.sun.com/jsf/core\">\n\n <h:head>\n <title>EJB 3.0 Test</title>\n </h:head>\n <h:body>\n <h:outputText value=\"#{customer.firstname}\"/>\n <h:form>\n <h:outputText value=\"Imię\"/>\n <h:inputText id=\"firstname\" name=\"firstname\" value=\"#{customer.firstname}\" /><br/>\n\n <h:outputText value=\"Nazwisko\"/>\n <h:inputText id=\"lastname\" name=\"lastname\" value=\"#{customer.lastname}\" /><br/>\n\n <h:commandButton value=\"Dodaj\" actionListener=\"#{customer.addCustomer}\"/>\n </h:form>\n</h:body>\n</html>\n\nA:\n\nTo sum up, looking at Netbeans sample CDI app, the bean which needs to be accesible by JSF page needs to:\n\nhave @Named annotation (javax.inject.", "Named)\nhave scope annotation (like @SessionScoped, @RequestScoped, @ViewScoped), but imported from javax.enterprise.context.*", "\ndoesn't have to have empty, non-argument constructor\nand the thing that wasn't in my code is that, that the bean needs to implement Serializable (java.io.", "Serializable)\nlast thing is that if your app is a web application it needs a beans.xml (can be completly empty) in WEB-INF directory, if it is a bean app it have to be in META-INF directory\n\n" ]
{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }
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[ "Justin Boston will start today's ARCA race in Mobile on the pole\n\nJustin Boston is pictured with Kerry Allen, territory manager with Ansell, after his third career Menards Pole Award presented by Ansell.", "\n\nJustin Boston is pictured with Kerry Allen, territory manager with Ansell, after his third career Menards Pole Award presented by Ansell.", "\n\nSun staff reports\n\nJustin Boston will start on the pole for today's ARCA Mobile 200 after recording the fastest time during pole qualifying Friday night.", "\n\nBoston, in the No. ", "25 ZLOOP Computer & Electronics Recycling Toyota, won his third Menards pole award, with the other two coming at Salem Speedway during the 2013 season.", "\n\n\"We came here for one reason and that's to win the race,\" said Boston, a Boys' Latin alumnus from Baltimore County.", "\n\nHe will be joined on the front row by Mason Mitchell in the No. ", "98 Thermal Technology Services Ford. ", "Mitchell has a streak of 10 straight top 10 finishes in the ARCA racing series.", "\n\nStarting third will be the Cunningham Motorsports SCOTT Rookie Challenge candidate Anderson Bowen. ", "Bowen, 16, was one of three Cunningham cars in the top six, ahead of Austin Wayne Self in the AM Technical Solutions Dodge (fifth) and Tom Hessert in the Caregard-Axiom Warranty.com Dodge No. ", "72 (sixth)." ]
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[ "Introduction\n============\n\nThe pattern of fixations and saccades during reading is arguably one of the most practiced and fastest motor activities humans routinely perform. ", "Eye movements during silent reading are clearly affected by cognitive processing. ", "Both low-level visuo-motor factors and high-level comprehension processes co-determine where the eyes land within a word during reading (see [@B52], [@B53], for reviews). ", "Cognitive modulation of oculomotor control has been incorporated in all successful computational models of eye movements during reading, such as SWIFT ([@B16], [@B17]), EZ-reader ([@B59], [@B60]), or Glenmore ([@B61]). ", "However, almost all of the data on which these models are based originates from studies examining silent reading. ", "Here we argue that, by measuring the dynamics between eyes and voice during oral reading \\[i.e., ", "differences between the fixated and pronounced words related to processing difficulty at a given point in time; eye-voice span (EVS)\\], we obtain information about limits of phonological representations of words in working memory ([@B29]), episodic buffer ([@B5]), or long-term working memory ([@B18]), available for cognitive processing of the text. ", "Fixation location approximately tells us which input is processed at any point in time, taking into account the fact that the perceptual span during reading has a maximum extent of 10--15 characters to the right of fixation ([@B50]). ", "Articulatory output of a word presumably tells us that it no longer needs to be buffered in working memory. ", "Note that these limits are obtained during a continuous updating of working memory. ", "Indeed, the regulation of the EVS by local processing difficulty may be the most direct measure of limits associated with these constructs. ", "It may also provide additional constraints for computational models of eye-movement control during reading.", "\n\nSilent reading is a fairly recent cultural invention, at least in the West, where it was introduced only around the 8th century, following the introduction of word spaces ([@B46]). ", "Even though there are reported instances of reading silently, reading aloud was the default in classical antiquity. ", "Similarly, reading aloud precedes silent reading in individual development, for example, in primary school education. ", "Thus, in addition to developing a mental model of the text, a major goal of the reading process is to prepare the words for pronunciation. ", "Indeed, there is evidence that subvocalization takes place even during silent reading and typically occurs during fixation of the subsequent word ([@B29]; [@B15]; [@B69]).", "\n\nGiven the importance of oral reading, the lack of data on the coordination of eye and voice during oral reading is surprising. ", "Most of the available data appear to originate with [@B11], [@B12] seminal work using an early eye tracker (see also [@B65], for an early approach at simultaneous recording). [", "@B11]) found that the pattern of eye movements during oral reading, just like the pattern during silent reading, consists of forward saccades, regressions, refixations, and word skippings. ", "More recent research supports the view that eye movements during silent and oral reading are qualitatively similar, although there are also a number of consistently reported quantitative differences. ", "Due to the additional articulatory demands, the average fixation duration is about 50 ms longer in oral reading, the average saccade length is shorter, and there are more regressions ([@B56], p. 92; [@B32]). ", "However, the correlation between eye-movement measures obtained during silent and oral reading is high ([@B2]). ", "In essence this suggests that oral reading processes may be essentially the same as silent reading processes, but that readers don't want the eyes to go too far ahead of the voice.", "\n\nParafoveal processing of upcoming text is important for efficient silent reading (e.g., [@B63]). ", "Interestingly, although parafoveal processing also plays a role in oral reading, the size of the perceptual span is smaller in this mode, possibly related to the overall decrease in saccade size, ([@B4]) or the later use of parafoveally extracted information ([@B32]). ", "Thus although more time is available due to the longer fixations in oral reading, apparently this time is not used in the same way for parafoveal preprocessing. ", "Nevertheless, given that parafoveal processing plays a role in silent reading, the spatial region of information extraction and cognitive processing is somewhat larger than the EVS.", "\n\n[@B11]) defined EVS as the distance that the eye is ahead of the voice during reading aloud. ", "He reported the EVS to be on the order of 15 letters (or two to three words) for college students and as increasing over the course of high-school education ([@B11], Table 1). ", "Buswell also reported that the EVS is sensitive to local processing difficulty, e.g., he found an increased number of regressions (saccades against the reading direction) following a large EVS (see also [@B19]). ", "However, he did not have available the rich set of tools that statistics and psycholinguistics provide us with today. ", "These allow us to examine influences of linguistic word properties (e.g., word length, frequency, and predictability) of the currently fixated word or of its neighbors on eye-movement measures of the currently fixated or the currently spoken word. ", "Linear mixed models (LMMs) allow us to evaluate the degree of parallel processing. ", "For example, we can re-evaluate Buswell's hypothesis that the EVS might be responsible for long fixation durations---a hypothesis he could not confirm with his analysis methods ([@B11], pp. ", "80--81).", "\n\nThe empirical database on the EVS during reading aloud is very sparse, and most published articles after Buswell used a rather imprecise offline method, that is without recording of eye movements (e.g., [@B45]). ", "The offline method works by switching off the light during reading of a sentence and counting how many words can be articulated after the light was off. ", "Obviously, this \"off-line EVS\" not only includes parafoveal preview and guessing, but may also depend on task-dependent strategies such as looking at the final part of the sentence before starting to read aloud. ", "For these reasons, the offline EVS typically ranges from 6 to 10 words and, to anticipate one of our results, grossly overestimates the EVS measured with eyetracking equipment. ", "Using an eyetracker, [@B33]) determined the temporal EVS, that is the average time the voice trails behind the eyes. ", "They found an average temporal EVS of about 500 ms, which is in good agreement with [@B11]), but certainly too short to process 6--10 words, given an average fixation duration of 250 ms. ", "In the most recent study, [@B14]) reported a spatial EVS of about 13.8 letters for normal and of 8.4 letters for dyslexic readers.", "\n\nWhat does the EVS measure? ", "Although it is possible that synchronization of the eyes with the speed of articulation is attempted for no particular reason, the EVS is more likely related to updating of working memory. ", "During the time between visual input and speech output, the written text is transformed into a phonological code, which is then buffered in the phonological loop ([@B6]). ", "The need for translation into a phonological code arises from the fact that purely visual short-term memory decays very quickly ([@B64]). ", "Buffering is necessary because the articulatory motor system is just too slow to produce understandable speech at the maximum rate of visual decoding and grapheme-to-phoneme conversion. ", "In support of this view, [@B48]) found that the EVS in a RAN task correlated with naming speed only when highly familiar and practiced symbols (digits) were named automatically, but not with naming of less well-practiced items with identical articulatory demands (number of dots on a dice). ", "Moreover, dyslexic readers did not exhibit this correlation between EVS and automatic naming of digits, suggesting that a larger EVS is indicative of buffering of material that can be rapidly decoded and translated from graphemic input into a phonological code. ", "Buffering is followed by selection of and commitment to a single phonological code in order to conduct explicit programming for the articulatory response ([@B36]). ", "Thus dyslexic readers also exhibit a temporal EVS delay on RAN, which is specific to this measure, i.e., no analogous deficit appears in gaze duration (GD; [@B35]).", "\n\nSuch a first-in-first-out buffer is conceptualized with a finite and rather limited capacity, that is, it cannot sample input infinitely when no output occurs. ", "In general, as we don't appear to use visual short-term memory for buffering of text, most of the buffering during oral reading is probably on the phonological side of the translation, but before the actual articulatory motor processes start. ", "This is compatible with estimates of the inner voice during silent reading: phonological codes appear to be activated for most words we read and this phonological information is held in working memory and is used to comprehend text ([@B56], chap. ", "7). ", "These phonological codes lag behind the eyes in reading. ", "The phonological buffer in the [@B6]) working-memory model has a special capacity for temporal order information. ", "Thus, one important function of phonological codes is to provide access to the order in which words were read.", "\n\nSynchronized recordings of eye movements and other motor activity are occasionally reported from other domains ([@B43], for an overview); for example there are several reports of the eye-hand span during piano playing ([@B66]; [@B20]), writing ([@B1]), typewriting ([@B13]; [@B31]; [@B34]; [@B30]), or performing sports ([@B41]; [@B42]). ", "One general finding emerging from these studies is that the eye-hand span increases with expertise if measured in units of information (letters or notes), whereas it appears to be fairly constant at around one second if measured in units of time (e.g., [@B13]; [@B20]). ", "Although these data are only indirectly related to oral reading because of obvious differences in input information and effector system, they are similar in the need to coordinate fast eye movements and a much slower motor system. ", "In particular, working memory buffering is also needed for other forms of output, but may use different codes depending on the output demands.", "\n\nThe aims of the current study are twofold. ", "First, we measure visual sampling of the input and oral output simultaneously to obtain a precise estimate of cognitive processing times during oral reading., ", "These data yield a description of the EVS that allows us to evaluate [@B11]) findings with state-of-the art equipment. ", "Second, we investigate the dynamics of the EVS during reading aloud with LMMs for statistical inference and with reference to the possible role of working memory. ", "In perspective, these analyses are to provide constraints for computational models of eye movement control during reading.", "\n\nArguably, during silent reading there are well-documented effects of neighboring words on fixation duration ([@B40]; [@B38]; [@B68]; but see [@B57]). ", "For example, [@B40]) examined the effect of word frequency of the current, past, and upcoming word on current fixation duration during the reading of German sentences. ", "They reported that the negative linear influence of word frequency of the currently fixated word was weaker than that of the word frequency of its left neighbor, indicating that lagged cognitive processing can directly influence saccade programming (see also [@B54]). ", "There was also a weak, but significant negative effect of the word frequency of the right neighbor. ", "Moreover, in the same analyses, the predictability of the upcoming word prolonged fixation durations, as indicated by a significant *positive* effect of the predictability of its right neighbor, suggesting that memory retrieval of the right-parafoveal word is attempted when it is likely to be successful. ", "These effects were obtained across nine independent samples of readers ([@B38]).", "\n\nExperimental evidence for preprocessing of the parafoveal word to the right also comes from studies using the gaze-contingent display-change paradigm ([@B50]), in which a preview is replaced by a target word during a saccade to the target; preview benefit is the reduction of target fixation duration as a function of the relatedness of the preview relative to a non-word or unrelated preview word. ", "Orthographic and phonological information has long been known to produce preview benefits (e.g., [@B51]; [@B55]; [@B49]; [@B25]), and although overall the data are not completely clear ([@B53]), evidence is accumulating that semantic relatedness can also result in preview benefit ([@B71]; [@B28]; [@B44]; [@B62]).", "\n\nIn summary, during a fixation on a word, processing of the last and of the upcoming word as well as predictive processes are simultaneously ongoing. ", "Given that not only properties of the current word, but also those of its neighbors influence a fixation duration, the question arises to what extent they also affect the EVS. ", "Conversely, how does the EVS affect the where and when of eye movement programming? ", "Having access to an explicit measure of the EVS allows us to answer these questions in detail. ", "The goal of the present work is to present a rich description of the EVS, its relation to eye-movement behavior and to cognitive demands. ", "In perspective, we aim for a novel, on-line characterization of the working memory buffer during actual reading that we hope stimulates and constrains further modeling attempts.", "\n\nMaterials and Methods {#s1}\n=====================\n\nParticipants\n------------\n\nThirty-two subjects (12 males, 20 females) received 7 € or course credit for participating in an oral experiment lasting approximately 40 min. ", "Their mean age was 18 years (*SD* = 1.5 years, range = 16--24 years). ", "An additional 31 subjects (12 males, 19 females; mean age 19 years, *SD* = 1.4 years, range = 16--24 years) read the same sentences in a silent reading experiment. ", "All subjects had normal or corrected-to-normal vision. ", "Experiments comply with the June 1964 Declaration of Helsinki (entitled \"Ethical Principles for Medical Research Involving Human Subjects\"), as last revised, concluded by the World Medical Association. ", "Our eye-tracking research has been approved by Ethikkommission der DGPs (Registriernummer: JKRKRE19092006DGPS).", "\n\nApparatus and Material\n----------------------\n\nSentences were presented on a 22″ Iiyama Vision Master Pro 514 CRT monitor with a resolution of 1280 × 960 pixels controlled by a custom C++ program running on a standard PC. ", "Voice was recorded to hard disk using a Sennheiser K6 series condensator microphone connected to an ASIO compatible SoundBlaster Audigy sound card inside the PC, ensuring a fixed audio latency of 5 ms. ", "Eye movements were registered using the Eyelink 1000 tower mount (SR Research, Ottawa, ON, Canada). ", "The head was stabilized and a viewing distance of 60 cm was assured with a headrest, but the usual additional chinrest was removed to allow for easy articulation. ", "Eye movements and voice protocols were synchronized by sending trigger signals to the eye tracker at the beginning and end of each sound recording, which were recorded in tracker time in the series of eye tracker time stamps and later adjusted for the audio output delay.", "\n\nThe experimental material was the Potsdam Sentence Corpus 2 (PSC2), consisting of 144 simple, declarative German sentences taken from various newspapers (Poltrock, unpublished Diploma thesis). ", "Word length ranged from 2 to 13 letters (*M* = 5.26, *SD* = 2.59 letters), sentence length ranged from 7 to 13 words (*M* = 8.54, *SD* = 1.44) and from 34 to 84 letters (*M* = 54.58, *SD* = 10.67). ", "Word frequency information for the 1230 words was obtained from the DWDS/dlexdb corpus ([@B22]) based on ca. ", "120 Million entries. ", "Median word frequency was 234.2 per Million, and the range was from 0.008 to 26530 per Million (for \"Geplä nkels\" and \"der\", respectively). ", "Incremental cloze predictabilities were collected from different 283 participants generating more than 85,000 predictions (mean N of predictions per word 69.6, range from 57 to 84) using an internet-based questionnaire, combined with an ipod lottery to increase motivation. ", "The mean predictability over words in the corpus was 0.188, and the median predictability was 0.042; about 1/3 of all words were completely unpredictable. ", "As usual in single-sentence material, predictability in the PSC2 increases with position of word in the sentence (e.g., mean predictability of 0.063 and 0.435 for sentence-initial and sentence-final words, respectively).", "\n\nProcedure\n---------\n\nThe 144 experimental sentences were read in random order after six initial training sentences used to familiarize the participants with the task and to adjust the volume/gain setting of the microphone. ", "One sentence was presented per trial, vertically centered on the screen, in black on a white background, using a fixed-width Courier New font with a font size of 24 points. ", "A letter subtended 14 pixels or 0.45° of visual angle horizontally. ", "A trial started with a drift correction in the screen center (standard drift correction target), followed by presentation of a gaze-contingent sentence trigger target 18.1° to the left of the screen center, followed by presentation of the sentence. ", "The sentence was only revealed after the gaze-contingent trigger had been fixated for at least 50 ms. ", "Visual properties of the sentence trigger target were identical to those of the drift correction target. ", "Sentences were aligned with the center of the first word positioned slightly to the right of the sentence trigger target; so that the gaze was initially positioned at the first word's optimal viewing position. ", "Sentence presentation ended when subjects fixated a point in the lower right screen corner. ", "To ensure that subjects read the sentences and not just moved their eyes, a randomly determined third of sentences were followed by an easy comprehension question, requiring a three-alternative choice response.", "\n\nThe eye tracker was calibrated at the beginning of the experiment and after every 36th trial or whenever calibration was bad. ", "Bad calibrations were detected at the beginning of each trial: when the gaze was not detected within an area of 1° centered on the sentence trigger target within 1 s from the start of its presentation, a re-calibration was automatically scheduled. ", "A trial ended when subjects fixated another gaze-contingent trigger (150 × 150 pixels square) in the bottom right corner of the screen for at least 50 ms, which was visually represented by a 5-×-5 pixel in its center.", "\n\nData Analysis\n-------------\n\n### Eye Movement Recordings\n\nThe horizontal position of the gaze was mapped to letter positions, and standard measures were determined such as first-fixation duration (FFD; duration of the first fixation on a word in firstpass reading), single fixation duration (SFD; duration of fixations on words that received exactly one first-pass fixation), GD (sum of all first-pass fixations) as well as skipping refixation, regression, and single-fixation probabilities. ", "Trials with eye blinks were removed from the analysis. ", "Also data from the first and last words of each sentence were not included in the analysis.", "\n\n### Voice Recordings\n\nA Praat ([@B9]; [@B10]) script was prepared that looped over subjects and sentences and presented each sentence (divided into words) together with its associated sound recording, showing a representation of the waveform together with a spectrogram, formants, and intensity and pitch contours. ", "The script attempted to locate the beginning and end of spoken parts by crossings of an intensity threshold, and initially distributed word boundaries across the spoken part in proportion to word length. ", "Human scorers then manually dragged word boundaries to the subjective real boundary locations by repeatedly listening to stretches of the speech signal. ", "Several zoom levels were available, and scorers were instructed to zoom in so far that only the word in question and its immediate neighbors were visible (and audible) for the ultimate adjustment. ", "In the case of ambiguous boundaries due to co-articulation, scorers were instructed to locate the boundary in the middle of such ambiguous stretches^[1](#fn01){ref-type=\"fn\"}^. Only articulated word durations from sentences that were read without error were used in further analyses.", "\n\n### Eye-Voice Span\n\nThe 86% of sentences (3938 out of 4608) with correct articulation and without eye blinks were used in analyses of the EVS. ", "The EVS can be defined in either temporal or spatial units, or either relative to the fixated or the articulated word. ", "As temporal measures, we calculated the time difference in milliseconds to articulation onset at the beginning of the first fixation on a word (termed *onset-EVS* below) and at the end of the last fixation on a word (*offset-EVS*). ", "As spatial measures, we calculated the distance in letters of the currently articulated letter relative to each fixation onset and offset.", "\n\nLabeling word boundaries in the auditory signal is like sampling the signal only at word boundaries. ", "However, the eye and voice are to a certain degree independent of each other, that is fixations usually start during the pronunciation of a word. ", "In an attempt to increase the precision of the position of the voice at fixation onset, we made use of the very high linear correlation between articulated word times and word length in German (*r* = 0.86 in the present data). ", "Specifically, we linearly interpolated letters by assuming that the per-letter duration is given by the word's articulated duration divided by its number of letters to estimate the proportion of a word that was spoken at fixation onset. ", "For most analyses reported below, the spatial distance in letters at first-fixation onset or offset will be used.", "\n\n### (Generalized) Linear Mixed Models\n\nAnalyses were performed with the R statistical computing environment ([@B58]) and the packages lme4 ([@B8]) and remef ([@B27]), using a LMM approach that allows to investigate experimental effects with statistical control due to differences between subjects and sentences as random factors ([@B7]). ", "We used two GLMMs and two LMMs. ", "With the two GLMMs we modeled regressive and refixation saccades as a function of either onset EVS and the change in EVS (from onset-EVS to offset-EVS) during a fixation using the logit link, with statistical control for differences between participants and sentences. ", "With the two LMMs we modeled SFDs; to achieve normally distributed residuals, SFDs were log transformed. ", "Both models used the covariates reported in [@B40]) with nine word and three oculomotor variables as a starting point (see Results for details). ", "These covariates are not necessarily in a strict linear relation with the dependent variable. ", "Therefore, to guard against overlooking an important non-linear contribution, we modeled these covariates with quadratic polynomials, except frequency of the fixated word for which we specified a cubic trend (see [@B23]). ", "To the first LMM, we added EVS (a linear within-subject covariate) and its interactions with all the other covariates as additional fixed effects. ", "Analogously, we added reading condition (oral vs. silent; a between-subject fixed factor) and its interactions with the other covariates. ", "Thus, the two LMMs were of equal complexity. ", "Moreover, for all models we determined significant variance components for experimental effects and associated correlation parameters. ", "In principle, there is no upper limit to model complexity with 12 quadratic (or higher-order) covariates. ", "Therefore, we built the LMM with the constraint that the model was not overparameterized, following recommendations and procedures in [@B26]) and [@B8]). ", "Data, scripts, and results of all analyses are available as a supplement at Rpubs.com.", "\n\nResults\n=======\n\nGeneral descriptive statistics relating to eye movements and articulation during oral reading are summarized in **Table [1](#T1){ref-type=\"table\"}**. ", "For comparison we include also eye movement data from a new sample of 31 readers who read the same material silently. ", "The comprehension questions were accurately answered in both reading modes, with mean accuracies of 97.7% (range 94--100%) for oral and 97.4% (range 94--100%) for silent reading. ", "Fixation durations were longer and saccades were shorter during oral than during silent reading. ", "The probability of refixating a word was higher, whereas the probabilities of word skipping and of regressions were lower in oral than in silent reading. ", "The average spoken word duration in oral reading was similar to the average GD. ", "Notably, the time till pronunciation of the first word was about the duration of three spoken words, suggesting that the eye initially gets a head start before articulation of the sentence starts.", "\n\n###### \n\nDescriptive statististics for oral and silent reading.", "\n\n Oral Silent \n ----------------------------------------- ------ -------- ------ ------\n Fixation duration \\[ms\\] 253 96 209 81\n First fixation duration \\[ms\\] 262 96 213 81\n Single fixation duration \\[ms\\] 273 99 216 82\n Gaze duration \\[ms\\] 334 162 247 124\n Total viewing time \\[ms\\] 362 187 288 173\n Saccade length \\[letters\\] 5.9 2.6 7.0 3.1\n Skipping probability 0.14 0.35 0.21 0.41\n Single fixation probability 0.51 0.50 0.59 0.49\n Refixation probability 0.18 0.38 0.11 0.31\n Regression probability 0.06 0.23 0.10 0.30\n Time to first-word pronunciation \\[ms\\] 877 191 \n Spoken word duration \\[ms\\] 293 150 \n\nIn the following we focus on the dynamic relation of eye and voice. ", "The presentation of results is organized as follows. ", "In the first sections the focus is on active control of EVS by regression, refixation, and fixation durations. ", "The final section informs about whether previously reported effects of distributed processing of words in the perceptual span on fixations during silent reading are also observed during oral reading.", "\n\nEye-Voice Spans\n---------------\n\nThe signature marker of oral reading is the EVS, which can be measured with respect to the temporal or the spatial distance between eye and voice. ", "We illustrate these concepts with three examples. ", "Each panel in **Figure [1](#F1){ref-type=\"fig\"}** shows the traces of the eye (blue line) and the voice (green line) over time during the reading of a sentence. ", "In the top left panel the eye leads the voice by a fairly constant time or distance throughout the sentence. ", "In the top right panel, the EVS all but vanishes during refixations of the word \"Studienplatz.\" ", "In the bottom left panel, the eye regresses back twice to previous words to wait for the voice to catch up, followed by the eye jumping ahead of the voice again to ensure a distance similar to the one before the regression. ", "Arguably, the latter two cases represent prototypes of how eye and voice take care of a local disturbance. ", "Often this is due to a particularly difficult word, like in the refixations example where, in a way, the difficult word serves as a point of synchronization. ", "The determiner \"einen,\" on the other hand, is unlikely to cause processing difficulties in normal reading, possibly the function of the regression is to reduce the distance between eye and voice. ", "In the bottom right panel, finally, regressions and refixations are displayed, and a particular pattern appears at the beginning of the sentence, where the eye initially scouts ahead, and makes a regression to the beginning word just before the voice starts pronouncing it. ", "This sentence-initial pattern that looks like an initial re-synchronization to maintain a manageable buffer size was quite typical.", "\n\n![**", "Examples of eye and voice positions over time during reading of three different sentences.** ", "The blue trace shows the eye position, with circles marking fixation onsets and Xs marking fixation offsets. ", "The green line shows the onset times of each word's pronunciation. ", "See text for details.](fpsyg-06-01432-g001){#F1}\n\n### Temporal EVS\n\nThe temporal EVS distributions are displayed in the left panel of **Figure [2](#F2){ref-type=\"fig\"}**. ", "The distribution of the EVS in milliseconds from the beginning of the first fixation on a word to the onset of its pronunciation was nearly symmetric, with a mean of 561 ms and a standard deviation of 230 ms (**Figure [2](#F2){ref-type=\"fig\"}**, right distribution in left panel). ", "In contrast to most other measures during reading, the interindividual variability in temporal EVS (*SD* = 73 ms) was smaller than the intraindividual variability (*SD* = 218 ms). ", "The mean EVS per subject ranged from 428 to 781 ms in our sample. ", "Obviously, during oral-reading fixations the voice is able to catch up with the eyes. ", "Consequently, the temporal EVS from the end of the last fixation on a word to the onset of its pronunciation was much shorter with a mean of 254 ms and a standard deviation of 216 ms (**Figure [2](#F2){ref-type=\"fig\"}**, left distribution in left panel). ", "The standard deviations of the onset and offset distributions were not significantly different; Levene's test, *F* = 2.66, *p* = 0.103.", "\n\n![**", "Distribution of the eye-voice span (EVS). (", "A)** Time from onset or offset of the first fixation on a word until beginning of pronunciation of the word, **(B)** spatial distance in letters between position of the eye and (interpolated) position of the voice at fixation onset or offset. ", "Positive numbers indicate that the eye is ahead of the voice.](fpsyg-06-01432-g002){#F2}\n\n### Spatial EVS\n\nThe spatial EVS distributions are displayed in the right panel of **Figure [2](#F2){ref-type=\"fig\"}**. ", "The distance in letters between the position of the eye and the position of the voice was estimated at each fixation onset after articulation of the words had started. ", "Like the temporal EVS distribution, the spatial EVS distribution was nearly symmetric and showed considerable variability. ", "The distribution at first fixation onset had a mean of 16.2 letters (*SD* = 5.2 letters). ", "The interindividual variability (*SD* = 1.5 letters) was smaller than the intraindividual variability (*SD* = 4.9 letters). ", "At last fixation offset, the eye was still 9.7 letters ahead of the voice (*SD* = 3.6 letters). ", "Thus, during a fixation the spatial EVS was reduced on average by 6.5 letters (which is very close to the average saccade size); moreover, this reduction in spatial EVS went along with a significant reduction of its standard deviation; Levene's test, *F* = 797, *p \\<* 0.001. ", "We interpret these results as evidence for active control of spatial rather than temporal EVS.", "\n\nEye-Voice Span as Predictor of Eye-Movement Control\n---------------------------------------------------\n\nA dominant goal of oral reading is to maintain a steady pace, modulated only for various prosodic effects. ", "The observation that fixation durations are locally adjusted to keep the EVS at fixation offset at a fairly constant level of about 10 characters reflects this regulation. ", "In this section we analyze by which means active control of spatial EVS is achieved. ", "Specifically we show that at a given point in time the EVS is predictive of (1) regressions, (2) refixations, and (3) fixation durations that are followed by a forward saccade. ", "Note that with this definition we analyze three non-overlapping sets of fixations and their associated EVSs from reading the same sentences.", "\n\n### Spatial EVS Predicts Regression and Refixation Probabilities\n\nMoving beyond anecdotal evidence and descriptives, we demonstrate regulation with analyses of regression and refixation probabilities as a function of EVS at the beginning and at the end of a fixation. ", "Effects were tested with two GLMMs using the logit link function to predict binomial responses (either refixations or regressions) with EVS at onset and the difference between onset-EVS and offset-EVS as predictors, including both linear and quadratic trends.", "\n\nThe left panel of **Figure [3](#F3){ref-type=\"fig\"}** shows the key results for regression and refixation probabilities as a function of the EVS at fixation onset. ", "Both probabilities increased with an increase in EVS, suggesting that it is often determined already at the onset of a fixation whether a halt or a regressive eye movement will be programmed. **", "Table [2](#T2){ref-type=\"table\"}** shows that for both refixations and regressions, there were purely linear effects on the logit scale, indicating that the odds of making a regression or refixation increase with every character increase in the onset-EVS.", "\n\n![**", "Regression and refixation probabilities as function of EVS at fixation onset **(left)** and offset (right).** ", "Black dots represent overall means, and colored dots predicted means, adjusted for random effects. ", "The lines represent second-order polynomial regression fits (black dotted) or GLMM fits (colored, solid). ", "EVS at fixation onset is already predictive of an upcoming regression or refixations, but offset-EVS is more predictive. ", "When EVS was large at offset, there was a high likelihood of making a regression.](fpsyg-06-01432-g003){#F3}\n\n###### \n\nEstimates of GLMMs for regressions (upper part) and refixations (lower part) as a function of the Eye-Voice-Span.", "\n\n Regressions \n ------------------- -- -- -------------- ---------- --------------- --------- ---------\n **Fixed effects** \n **Estimate** ***SE*** ***z* value** ***p*** **Sig**\n\nΔEVS indicates the effect of the difference of offset-EVS minus onset-EVS.", "\n\nThe right panel of **Figure [3](#F3){ref-type=\"fig\"}** shows that the correlation between the offset-EVS and regression and refixations probabilities was considerably stronger at fixation offset than at fixation onset. ", "This is captured by a significant coefficient for the ΔEVS-effects in **Table [2](#T2){ref-type=\"table\"}**. ", "For both regressions and refixations, there was a strong increase in the linear effects. ", "Additionally, there was a negative quadratic trend for refixations, meaning that when offset-EVS was very large, the likelihood of refixating increased no further; so that when offset-EVS was large, the probability of making a regression exceeded the refixations probability (the apparent positive quadratic trend for regressions was linear on the logit scale, indicating that with every character increase in the EVS, there is a proportional increase in the odds of making a regression). ", "The fact that offset-EVS is more strongly related to regression behavior than onset-EVS suggests that the control of fixation durations is sometimes successful in decreasing the EVS.", "\n\nIn summary, the EVS is regulated by programming a refixation or a regression when the EVS gets too large. ", "Whether a refixation or a regression is programmed is related to the size of the EVS at fixation offset: the likelihood of making a regression strongly increases with every additional character of EVS, whereas the likelihood of making a refixation initially increases, but then drops again for large EVS, for which regressions are the rule. ", "The increase in regression or refixations probabilities with offset-EVS was larger than with onset-EVS. ", "Taken together, this suggests that regressions or refixations are programmed when the control of fixation duration is not sufficient in down-regulating the EVS.", "\n\n### Spatial Onset EVS Predicts Fixation Durations\n\n#### Main effect of EVS\n\nThe analyses in the last section demonstrated that EVS at the end of a fixation (offset EVS) is strongly predictive of regressive and refixation saccades. ", "In this section, we test whether fixation durations that are followed by a forward saccade are influenced by onset EVS. ", "On the assumption that not only eye movements (i.e., regressions and refixations), but also fixation durations are in the service of maintaining fluent speech, the spatial EVS at fixation onset, should be predictive of the subsequent fixation duration. ", "Specifically, the expectation is that if the EVS at fixation onset is large, long fixations should follow. ", "There was clear evidence for this hypothesis in the data (see top left panel in **Figure [4](#F4){ref-type=\"fig\"}**). ", "The partial effect of onset-EVS on SFD (i.e., the regression line) represents a good fit of the observed mean SFDs at the various EVS levels (i.e., the dots). ", "EVS at fixation onset was one of the strongest predictors of SFD, and had a substantial linear influence that was larger than well-established effects such as word frequency or word predictability.", "\n\n![**", "Visualization of LMM estimates of main effect of onset EVS and three EVS-related interactions; LMM used three continuous covariates. ", "Top left** : main effect of EVS; dots are observed mean SFDs at levels of EVS; **top right** : EVS × N+1 length interaction; **second row**, **left** : EVS x N-1 predictability; **second row**, **right** : EVS × N predictability; **third row** : EVS × N-frequency × N-1-frequency; **bottom row** : EVS × launch site × N-1 length. ", "Factors in panels are based on median splits for visualization; LMM estimation used continuous covariates. ", "Error bands represent 95% confidence intervals based on LMM residuals. ", "Effects are plotted on a log-scale of fixation durations, thus they show the backtransformed effects as they were estimated in the LMM.](fpsyg-06-01432-g004){#F4}\n\nThe partial effect of EVS was estimated with statistical control of (a) the other covariates listed in **Table [3](#T3){ref-type=\"table\"}**, (b) differences between subject-related and sentence-related differences in mean fixation duration and effects, (c) subject-related and sentence-related differences in five effects each (i.e., variance components for N-length, N-frequency, N-predictability, N-1-length, and N-1-frequency effects, listed in **Table [4](#T4){ref-type=\"table\"}**), and (d) correlations between subject-related (-0.43) and sentence-related (+0.80) effects of length and frequency (i.e., correlation parameters). ", "Estimates, standard errors, and *t*-values are reported in **Table [3](#T3){ref-type=\"table\"}**. ", "We describe effects as significant if *t*-values are larger than 2.0. ", "This is a conservative criterion because, given our past research, all statistical inference is one-tailed.", "\n\n###### \n\nFixed-effect estimates of LMM for single fixation durations (SFDs), including EVS as covariate.", "\n\n Estimate *SE* *t-value* Estimate *SE* *t-value*\n ----------------------------------- ----------- ---------- ------- ------------ ----------------------------------------- ---------- ------- ------------\n Grand Mean SFD 5.492 0.018 **301.38** Main effect of EVS 0.012 0.001 **14.68**\n N-1 length Linear -0.170 0.988 -0.17 EVS × N-1 length -0.021 0.138 -0.15\n Quadratic 0.771 0.478 -0.61 0.232 0.088 **2.65**\n N-1 frequency Linear -0.689 0.868 -0.79 EVS × N-1 frequency 0.115 0.131 0.88\n Quadratic -0.969 0.500 -1.94 0.050 0.078 0.64\n N-1 predictability Linear 0.559 0.440 1.27 EVS × N-1 predictability -0.246 0.083 \\-**2.97**\n Quadratic 0.416 0.449 0.93 0.121 0.080 1.52\n N length Linear 5.006 1.081 **4.63** EVS × N length -0.204 0.133 -1.54\n Quadratic 0.342 0.441 0.78 0.070 0.078 0.90\n N frequency Linear -0.138 1.214 -0.11 EVS × N frequency -0.656 0.138 \\-**4.74**\n Quadratic 2.296 0.553 **4.15** -0.159 0.096 -1.65\n Cubic -2.668 0.500 \\-**5.34** -0.025 0.091 -0.28\n N predictability Linear -2.096 0.734 \\-**2.86** EVS × N predictability 0.217 0.086 **2.53**\n Quadratic 1.487 0.470 **3.16** -0.142 0.078 -1.82\n N+1 length Linear 0.166 0.708 0.24 EVS × N+1 length -0.312 0.132 \\-**2.36**\n Quadratic -2.012 0.457 \\-**4.40** 0.064 0.081 0.80\n N+1 frequency Linear -2.350 0.738 \\-**3.18** EVS × N+1 frequency -0.167 0.138 -1.22\n Quadratic 0.409 0.461 0.89 -0.045 0.085 -0.53\n N+1 predictability Linear 1.055 0.466 **2.27** EVS × N+1 predictability -0.113 0.080 -1.42\n Quadratic 0.843 0.441 1.91 -0.020 0.075 -0.27\n launch site distance Linear 6.525 0.388 **16.80** EVS × launch site distance -0.152 0.083 -1.83\n Quadratic 1.099 0.306 **3.59** 0.037 0.067 0.55\n landing site Linear 6.137 0.370 **16.60** EVS × landing site 0.015 0.083 0.18\n Quadratic -0.423 0.309 -1.37 -0.024 0.072 -0.34\n saccade size Linear 7.542 0.363 **20.78** EVS × saccade size 0.155 0.080 1.93\n Quadratic 1.971 0.313 **6.31** 0.090 0.067 1.35\n N- freq x N-1 freq Linear 3.258 0.325 **10.02** EVS × N- frequency × N-1 freq 0.116 0.057 **2.05**\n Quadratic 1.227 0.329 **3.73** -0.048 0.055 -0.88\n Cubic -1.252 0.318 \\-**3.94** -0.013 0.057 -0.23\n N-freq x N+1 freq Linear 0.880 0.325 **2.71** EVS × N-frequency × N+1 frequency -0.094 0.061 -1.54\n Quadratic 0.304 0.358 0.85 -0.105 0.064 -1.64\n Cubic 0.055 0.380 0.14 0.035 0.068 0.52\n N-1 length x launch site distance -0.076 0.012 \\-**6.14** EVS × N-1 length x launch site distance -0.007 0.003 \\-**2.29**\n\nEye-voice span was specified as a centered covariate. ", "Therefore, the intercept estimates the Grand Mean SFD. ", "Main effects of covariates (and associated test statistics) are presented in the left four columns; coefficients for their interactions with EVS in the right four columns; see text for details. ", "Bold values indicate significant contrasts.", "\n\n###### \n\nVariance components and correlation parameters for LMMs.", "\n\n EVS LMM Oral/Silent LMM \n ------------------------ ------------------ ------- ------------------------ ------------------ -------\n Sentence N-length 0.177 Sentence N-length 0.185\n (*N* = 144) N-frequency 0.052 (*N* = 144) N-frequency 0.049\n N-predictability 0.171 N-predictability 0.192\n N-1 frequency 0.024 N-1 frequency 0.032\n N-1 length 0.092 N-1 length 0.105\n Mean SFD 0.062 Mean SFD 0.045\n Subject N-length 0.098 Subject N-length 0.081\n (*N* = 32) N-frequency 0.029 (*N* = 63) N-frequency 0.023\n N-predictability 0.055 N-predictability 0.041\n N-1 frequency 0.012 N-1 frequency 0.010\n N-1 length 0.078 N-1 length 0.075\n Mean SFD 0.096 Mean SFD 0.114\n Residual (*N* = 11709) 0.272 Residual (*N* = 31185) \n\nCorrelation parameters for were 0.80 and -0.40 for sentence-related and subject-related N-length and N-frequency effects, respectively, in the EVS LMM; corresponding correlation parameters were 0.82 and -0.55 in the oral/silent LMM.", "\n\nThe main EVS effect was moderated by (interacted with) length of the next word N+1 (i.e., N+1-length), N-frequency, N-predictability, and N-1-predictability. ", "In addition, there were two three-covariate interactions: EVS × N-frequency × N-1-frequency and EVS × N-1-length × launch distance (see **Table [2](#T2){ref-type=\"table\"}**). ", "These interactions are shown in the remaining panels of **Figure [4](#F4){ref-type=\"fig\"}**.", "\n\n#### EVS × N+1-length\n\nAn effect of the length of the next word is obtained for short EVS. ", "Presumably, with short EVS weight of processing can shift in the direction of reading, increasing the chances of observing a parafoveal-on-foveal effect of word length.", "\n\n#### EVS × N-1-predictability\n\nIf the last word was of low predictability the EVS slope was steeper than when the last word was highly predictable. ", "High processing difficulty appears to be associated with stronger EVS effects.", "\n\n#### EVS × N predictability\n\nAn effect of the predictability of the fixated word is obtained for short onset-EVS, but not for long onset-EVS. ", "This suggests that if the voice lags far behind the eye at fixation onset, prediction of the fixated word is limited. ", "It can possibly be interpreted as a working memory effect; if the working memory buffer is too full, prediction of the upcoming word becomes very hard.", "\n\n#### EVS × N-frequency × N-1-frequency\n\nThe third row of **Figure [4](#F4){ref-type=\"fig\"}** displays the interaction between current and last-word frequency for small and large EVS. ", "This interaction also subsumes the EVS × N-1-frequency interaction. ", "The most striking feature is the high-N-frequency hump after high frequency words N-1. ", "This two-way interaction (also in its direction) was already reported in [@B40]; also [@B38]). ", "The most plausible interpretation is that it reflects processing of word N+1 during a fixation on word N. We suggest that the attenuation of the high-frequency hump when word N-1 was of low frequency is evidence for less parafoveal processing during these fixations, presumably due to needs to deal with spillover from the last word. ", "Qualitatively, this interaction was similar for short and large EVS. ", "With a focus on differences, frequency effects were larger and more linear when the EVS was large. ", "EVS moderated the frequency effect on fixation durations even more strongly when word N-1 was of low frequency; a strong and more or less linear N-frequency effect was observed in this case when EVS was large, whereas the N-frequency effect had little time to unfold when EVS was small. ", "Thus when the onset-EVS is large, more cognitive resources seem to be allocated to processing of the current word rather than its neighbors.", "\n\n#### EVS × N-1-length × launch site\n\nThe fourth row of **Figure [4](#F4){ref-type=\"fig\"}** displays the interaction between launch site and length of word N-1 for small and large EVS. ", "Fixation durations are especially long for the combination of large launch site and short words. ", "Presumably the major source of this interaction is skipping which, on the one hand, is strongly linked to short words and, on the other hand, it is commonly accepted that fixations after skipped words are longer than average (e.g., [@B39], Table 1 for a review). ", "Again, this interaction was qualitatively similar for short and large EVS. ", "In this case, the effect of EVS for short last words was larger for long launch sites (i.e., high skipping probability).", "\n\nDistributed Processing during Oral Reading\n------------------------------------------\n\nFixation durations are not only predicted by the EVS, but also sensitive to numerous visual and lexical indicators of processing difficulty as well as to oculomotor demands. ", "All the covariates listed in **Table [3](#T3){ref-type=\"table\"}** were used in previous research on silent reading and almost all of them showed consistent effects across nine samples of readers (e.g., [@B40]; [@B38]). ", "In the previous section we used these variables as statistical control variables for assessing the effect of onset EVS on fixation duration. ", "In this section, we assess their effects on their own right, so to say, by comparing them directly with a group of readers who read the same sentences silently. ", "With one exception, this second LMM was identical to the first LMM reported above. ", "Instead of the within-subject covariate EVS, we included the between-subject variable oral vs. silent reading. ", "Estimates, standard errors, and *t*-values for the second LMM are reported in **Table [5](#T5){ref-type=\"table\"}** ; estimates of variance components are listed in **Table [4](#T4){ref-type=\"table\"}**. ", "Again, we describe effects as significant if *t*-values are larger than 2.0. ", "Please note that, as this is an article about the EVS, there is not enough space to discuss in detail effects that relate to other domains of research on eye-movement control during reading. ", "Therefore, this section will be selective in highlighting results that are likely to be of interest beyond the EVS context of eye-movement control during reading.", "\n\n###### \n\nFixed-effect estimates of LMM for SFDs, comparing silent and oral reading.", "\n\n Estimate *SE* *t-value* Estimate *SE* *t-value*\n ----------------------------------- ----------- ---------- ------- ------------ ----------------------------------------------- ---------- ------- -------------\n Mean oral SFD 5.514 0.021 **266.02** Δ (s -- o SFD) -0.221 0.029 \\-**7.62**\n N-1 length Linear -0.812 1.365 -0.60 Δ (s -- o) N-1-length 5.565 1.622 **3.43**\n Quadratic 1.874 0.599 **3.13** -0.613 0.648 -0.95\n N-1 frequency Linear -0.340 1.177 -0.29 Δ (s -- o)-N-1 frequency 3.613 1.169 **3.09**\n Quadratic -2.683 0.627 \\-**4.28** 2.537 0.645 **3.94**\n N-1 predictability Linear 0.601 0.554 1.09 Δ (s -- o)-N-1 predictor -0.767 0.649 -1.18\n Quadratic 0.388 0.556 0.70 0.083 0.628 0.13\n N length Linear 7.583 1.564 **4.85** Δ (s -- o)-N length -4.165 1.597 \\-**2.61**\n Quadratic -0.190 0.613 -0.31 2.011 0.672 **2.99**\n N frequency Linear -0.897 1.617 -0.55 Δ (s -- o)-) N frequency 2.284 1.648 1.39\n Quadratic 5.156 0.701 **7.36** 0.098 0.737 0.13\n Cubic -2.667 0.663 \\-**4.02** 1.478 0.682 **2.17**\n N predictability Linear -2.970 1.052 \\-**2.82** Δ (s -- o)-N predictor 0.071 0.807 0.09\n Quadratic 1.760 0.602 **2.93** -0.041 0.617 -0.07\n N+1 length Linear 0.954 0.900 1.06 Δ (s -- o)- N+1 length -0.757 1.021 -0.74\n Quadratic -2.717 0.571 \\-**4.76** 1.657 0.629 **2.63**\n N+1 frequency Linear -3.244 0.944 \\-**3.44** Δ (s -- o)-N+1 frequency -1.215 1.061 -1.15\n Quadratic 0.631 0.576 1.10 -0.926 0.649 -1.43\n N+1 predictability Linear 1.138 0.568 **2.01** Δ (s -- o)-N+1 predictor 1.587 0.627 **2.53**\n Quadratic 1.710 0.554 **3.09** 0.122 0.606 0.20\n launch site distance Linear 11.128 0.546 **20.40** Δ (s -- o)-launch site distance 3.475 1.075 **3.23**\n Quadratic 1.965 0.436 **4.51** 1.694 0.883 1.92\n landing site Linear 11.547 0.623 **18.53** Δ (s -- o)-landing site -4.571 0.994 \\-**4.60**\n Quadratic -1.803 0.532 \\-**3.39** -2.259 0.858 \\-**2.63**\n saccade size Linear 12.684 0.552 **22.97** Δ (s -- o)-saccade size -8.372 0.789 \\-**10.61**\n Quadratic 2.484 0.421 **5.90** 0.690 0.684 1.01\n N-frequency × N-1 freq Linear 3.962 0.444 **8.93** Δ (s -- o)-N- frequency × N-1 frequency -1.289 0.464 \\-**2.78**\n Quadratic 1.650 0.440 **3.75** -0.250 0.442 -0.57\n Cubic -1.121 0.439 \\-**2.55** 0.444 0.449 0.99\n N-frequency × N+1 freq Linear 1.461 0.431 **3.39** Δ (s -- o)- N-frequency × N+1 frequency -0.705 0.462 -1.53\n Quadratic 1.234 0.484 **2.55** -0.068 0.508 -0.13\n Cubic 0.561 0.490 1.15 -0.543 0.514 -1.06\n N-1 length × launch site distance -0.075 0.011 \\-**6.67** Δ (s -- o)- N-1 length × launch site distance -0.070 0.019 \\-**3.75**\n\nReading condition was specified as a treatment contrast with oral reading as reference. ", "Therefore, main-effect coefficients in the left four columns represent mean and covariate effects (slopes) for oral reading; coefficients in the right four columns represent corresponding differences between oral and silent conditions (i.e., interactions between reading condition and covariate; differences in slopes between conditions). ", "Thus, the sum of corresponding coefficients yields the effects for silent reading. ", "Example: D (s -- o) N-1-length: partial-effect estimate of difference between silent and oral condition for slopes associated with length of last word. ", "Bold values indicate significant contrasts.", "\n\n### Canonical Effects\n\nEffects of word length, frequency, and predictability of the fixated word, corresponding effects of its left and right neighbor as well as effects of launch site, fixation position within word, and the amplitude of the outgoing saccade count among the best-studied covariates for single-fixation duration during silent reading. **", "Figure [5](#F5){ref-type=\"fig\"}** is modeled on Figure 3 of [@B40]), but displays partial effects both for silent (red lines) and oral (blue lines) reading (i.e., the interaction of reading condition with each covariate). ", "In addition, the gray lines and gray dots in each panel inform about the zero-order (i.e., simple) regression of SFD on the covariates and observed means categorized according to some covariate-dependent binning. ", "Those panels in which the red and blue lines depart substantially from their gray-line neighbors were much affected by statistical control.", "\n\n![**", "Visualization of LMM estimates of interactions of reading condition (oral vs. silent) with 12 covariates.** ", "Colored lines represent partial effects; gray lines represent zero-order effects (i.e., simple regression of SFD on covariate); dots are observed mean SFDs suitably binned for the specific covariate; error bands represent 95% confidence intervals based on LMM residuals. ", "The interactions of reading condition with N-1-frequency, N-frequency, N-1-length, and launch site distance should not be interpreted as such, because they are subordinated to higher-order interactions (see **Figure [6](#F6){ref-type=\"fig\"}**). ", "Note that effects are plotted on a log-scale of fixation durations.](fpsyg-06-01432-g005){#F5}\n\nObviously, aside from the generally longer fixation durations during oral than silent reading, there is much similarity with respect to the direction and profile of the canonical effects. ", "In general, fixation durations increased when processing was difficult. ", "The direction and shape of well-established effects of word length, frequency, and predictability were similar in oral and in silent reading. ", "However, there were also some differences between reading modes, which we will discuss further below.", "\n\n### Controversial and Novel Effects\n\nAside from corroboration of well-established effects, the data also provided new information on controversial effects. ", "An in-depth discussion of each topic is beyond the scope of this article. ", "Moreover, the results attest to the reliability of effects, but do not really lead to resolution of the associated theoretical controversies. ", "Therefore, the report of these results is to serve primarily as a pointer to the relevant literature. ", "All effects are shown in panels of **Figure [5](#F5){ref-type=\"fig\"}**.", "\n\n#### N+1-frequency and N+1-predictability\n\nThere were two controversial effects that were replicated quite strongly in both oral and silent reading: negative N+1-frequency effect and positive N+1 predictability effect. ", "The direction of the former effect is canonical (i.e., shorter fixation durations for high N+1 frequency words) whereas the direction the latter is non-canonical (i.e., longer fixation durations for high N+1 predictability words. ", "The opposite direction of effects on fixation duration is remarkable, given that frequency and predictability of words are positively correlated. ", "Both effects were reported in [@B40]), but are not well understood, and evidence has primarily been obtained from corpus studies ([@B37]; [@B38]; [@B57]; [@B3]). ", "Their appearance during oral reading strongly supports their reliability and may provide new perspectives on their explanation. ", "First note that there is no statistical difference between oral and silent reading with respect to the negative N+1 frequency effect. ", "Thus, this effect replicates across reading modes and with new sentence material. ", "It likely indicates parafoveal preprocessing of the upcoming words. ", "Second, the non-canonical positive N+1 predictability effect has been interpreted as an effect of memory retrieval (i.e., not as a parafoveal-on-foveal effect; [@B40]). ", "Again the effect replicated across reading modes, although it also interacted with reading mode, as will be discussed below.", "\n\n#### Fixation position\n\nThe signature effect of fixation position in word on SFD is the inverted u-shape of the function ([@B67]). ", "Again, several explanations have been advanced for this result ([@B47], for a review), including fast correction of mislocated fixations near the word boundaries. ", "Our results reveal an important difference between the zero-order relation and the partial effects. ", "The zero-order functions reveal a peak of SFDs in the word whereas for partial effects SFDs increase across the word. ", "Note that all curves are of negative quadratic shape. ", "The divergence between zero-order and partial effects suggests that the commonly observed decrease of SFDs toward the end of words is accounted for by covariates in the LMM. ", "Most importantly, the result was obtained for the group of oral and the group of silent readers, despite minor differences, as will be discussed below.", "\n\n#### N-1 frequency\n\nThe second example of a strong and quite unexpected difference between zero-order and partial effects concerns the effect of the frequency of the last word. ", "The zero-order functions exhibit the negative effect known from past research (e.g., [@B40]) for both oral and silent reading. ", "Usually this pattern is interpreted as evidence for spillover from processing the previous word. ", "In this case, the partial effects for the reading condition × N-1-frequency interactions are actually quite misleading and should not be interpreted because this interaction is subordinated to the three-covariate interaction reading-condition × N-1-frequency × N-frequency, shown in **Figure [6](#F6){ref-type=\"fig\"}** (top row) and discussed below.", "\n\n![**", "Visualization of two LMM interactions involving three covariates; except reading condition, LMM used continuous covariates. ", "Top row** : oral vs. silent × N-frequency × N-1 frequency. **", "Bottom row** : oral vs. silent × launch site × N-1 length. ", "Factors in panels are based on median splits; LMM estimation used continuous covariates. ", "Error bands represent 95% confidence intervals based on LMM residuals. ", "Note that effects are plotted on a log-scale of fixation durations.](fpsyg-06-01432-g006){#F6}\n\n### Evidence for Differences between Oral and Silent Reading\n\nThe LMM provides test-statistics for the interaction between reading condition and each of the covariates. ", "This interaction was significant for 9 of 12 covariates (see **Table [5](#T5){ref-type=\"table\"}**). ", "Four of them were nested within a higher-order interaction and will be covered in this context (for sake of completeness all two-way interactions with reading mode are visualized in **Figure [5](#F5){ref-type=\"fig\"}**). ", "Others are due to a quantitative rather than qualitative change in the degree of non-linearity. ", "For example, the negative cubic trend of word-N frequency was present in both reading modes, but more pronounced in oral (-2.667) than in silent reading (-2.667 + 1.478 = -1.189). ", "We had no specific expectation with respect to these differences; they were beyond the level of the current theoretical discourse. ", "In the following we provide separate descriptions of these differences before an attempt at an integrative discussion.", "\n\n#### Oral/silent main effect\n\nAs expected, silent reading was faster than oral reading. ", "This at least partly reflects the need to wait for the slower voice, because otherwise working memory demands would become to great.", "\n\n#### Oral/silent × N length\n\nThere were positive linear and quadratic effects for silent reading, but only a (stronger) positive linear effect for oral reading, suggesting that the whole range of word lengths affects SFD in oral reading, whereas the word length effect is restricted to longer words in silent reading.", "\n\n#### Oral/silent × N+1 length\n\nThere were negative quadratic effect for both reading modes, which were stronger for oral reading.", "\n\n#### Oral/silent × N+1 predictability\n\nPositive linear and quadratic trends were observed in both reading modes; however, the linear component was stronger in silent reading. ", "Since the effect of N+1 predictability has been linked to memory retrieval ([@B40]), this possibly indicates greater interference of ongoing articulatory planning with retrieval of expected words during oral reading.", "\n\n#### Oral/silent × landing site\n\nAlthough there were strong positive linear and negative quadratic effects for both modes, the linear trend was stronger and the quadratic trend weaker in oral reading. ", "We had no particular expectations about reading mode differences in landing position. ", "The IOVP-effect in silent reading has been linked to fast correction of mislocated fixations; it is possible that the oral reading constraint to maintain the EVS leads to a weaker influence of such lower-level oculomotor control mechanisms.", "\n\n#### Oral/silent × saccade amplitude\n\nThe most striking interaction with reading condition involved the outgoing saccade amplitude (see **Figure [5](#F5){ref-type=\"fig\"}**, bottom right panel). ", "There was a much stronger increase in SFD with the amplitude of the next saccade for oral than for silent reading. ", "This interaction might be related to EVS: if a reader plans a long saccade, possibly involving skipping of the next word, and if at the same time aim the EVS must not become too large, one option (or even a necessity) is to wait a little longer.", "\n\n#### Oral/silent × N-1 frequeny × N frequency\n\nPositive quadratic and negative cubic effects of word-N frequency were observed in both reading modes, but the latter was even stronger negative in oral reading. ", "The quadratic trend, i.e., the upswing for the combination of high-frequency words N and high-frequency words N-1, indicates preprocessing of the upcoming word; there is increased parafoveal preprocessing when foveal processing is easy ([@B24]; [@B40]). ", "Since the cubic effect mainly dampens the upswing caused by the quadratic effect, this is possibly related to the somewhat smaller perceptual span in oral reading. ", "However, when word N received less preprocessing due to a difficult word N-1, frequency effects were monotonous across the whole range. ", "This effect was even stronger during oral reading, when low-frequency words N-1 are also associated with articulatory difficulty. ", "In support of this interpretation, this effect in oral reading appears to be linked to a large EVS (see **Figure [4](#F4){ref-type=\"fig\"}**, third row).", "\n\n#### Oral/silent × launch site × N-1-length\n\nThere was also a very strong interaction between reading condition, launch site distance and length of the last word (see **Figure [6](#F6){ref-type=\"fig\"}**, bottom row), analogous to the interaction between short vs. large EVS and the latter two covariates. ", "The main source of this interaction is the steeper positive slope of launch site for short words N-1 during silent reading. ", "This result is mainly due to a higher probability of skipping during silent reading (see **Table [1](#T1){ref-type=\"table\"}**) coupled with the well-known longer fixation durations following skipped words ([@B39]). ", "Again it suggests that parafoveal preprocessing of word N took place in both modes, but was more effective in silent reading.", "\n\nIn summary, although there were some differences due to reading mode, the overall pattern of effects looked rather similar for oral and silent reading. ", "Most of the differences are probably related to the faster pace of silent reading. ", "Some of them (i.e., the stronger linear outgoing saccade amplitude effect) appear to be linked to maintenance of the EVS; other effects (the stronger linear launch site distance effect, and the weaker negative cubic trend in current word frequency effect in silent reading) appear to indicate more parafoveal preprocessing in silent than in oral reading. ", "The more restricted effects of both previous word length and previous word frequency suggest that lagged processing plays less of a role in oral than in silent reading. ", "However, when word N-1 is of low frequency, word-N frequency effects are stronger in oral than in silent reading, suggesting a role of articulatory processing--note that during a fixation on word N, it is typically word N-2 that is pronounced, hence word N-1 is prepared for articulation. ", "Finally, there was also a reading mode difference in the effect of N+1 predictability, which is stronger in silent than in oral reading, possibly suggesting phonological interference with lexical retrieval. ", "Clearly, more experimental work is needed to support these interpretations.", "\n\nDiscussion\n==========\n\nOral reading is considerably slower than silent reading because of the demand to produce intelligible speech. ", "In principle, longer fixation durations might offer a better chance to shift attention into the parafovea and thereby increase parafoveal aspects. ", "The present results rather show that, despite some differences, eye movements during oral and silent reading are similar in many respects^[2](#fn02){ref-type=\"fn\"}^. However, by analyzing the EVS, we have identified a previously unobserved, but very important regulatory influence on eye movements during reading. ", "The present study is the first systematic investigation of how the spatial distance that the eye leads the voice regulates eye movement behavior. ", "We have found the EVS to be predictive of regressions, refixations, and fixation durations. ", "Indeed, effects of the EVS were among the strongest effects observed in the LMM analyses. ", "Thus, the EVS during oral reading is a critical variable regulating eye movement behavior during reading. ", "Given the documented effects of subvocalization on eye movements during silent reading, there is good reason to suspect that many of these influences are also at work during silent reading.", "\n\nBefore discussing the EVS in detail, we will focus on two methodological aspects that the present analyses brought forward. ", "First, covariates of fixation durations typically exhibit substantial correlations (e.g., length and frequencies of word correlate around 0.70). ", "Multivariate statistical tests of the significance of individual covariates take these correlations into account and yield partial effects. ", "If covariates were uncorrelated, the direction and magnitude of the observed (zero-order) effect would be identical to the partial effect (i.e., there is no adjustment for uncorrelated covariates). ", "With correlated covariates, in principle, there can be complete dissociation between zero-order and partial effects; [@B70]) provide such dissociation for effects of word length and morphological complexity. ", "In addition, in the presence of significant interactions between covariates, partial effects of the subordinate terms (i.e., the two main effects for a simple interaction) must not be interpreted independent of the interaction. ", "The most striking example of this kind occurred for the N-1-frequency effects in oral and silent reading, which were nested under higher-order interactions involving N-frequency and reading condition.", "\n\nSecond, the LMMs were based on continuous covariates (except, naturally, the oral vs. silent reading condition). ", "For visualization of interactions we binned one or two such covariates. ", "Therefore, when interpreting interaction plots one must keep in mind that the visualization may have missed a major source of the interaction, perhaps apparent with a different, usually more fine-grained binning. ", "Not withstanding this cautionary note, we are more impressed by the qualitative similarity of the interactions when comparing short or large EVS or when comparing oral and silent reading. ", "In other words, as far as we can tell the significance of 3-covariate interactions are likely due to slight differences in the degree of non-linearity, not in the basic pattern. ", "At this point such quantitative differences are clearly beyond the scope of theoretical proposals. ", "Therefore, we primarily interpret the qualitatively similar interactions obtained across levels of EVS or across oral and silent reading as evidence for successful and non-trivial conceptual replications.", "\n\nReturning to the EVS, the overall pattern of results suggests that the EVS is quite flexible, and is adjusted according to cognitive, oculomotor, and articulatory demands. ", "Given that the voice proceeds fairly linearly through the text, most of the adjustment is actually performed by the oculomotor system. ", "The eyes, and also the mind, could in principle proceed faster than the voice, since silent reading is faster than oral reading. ", "However, the eyes need to wait for the voice because the size of the working memory buffer is limited. ", "The major target value in the system controlling the eyes during oral reading is a constant EVS at fixation offset of about 10 letters, translating into an average temporal EVS of about 560 ms, in good agreement with [@B33]). ", "The spatial EVS yielded a stronger signal for the dynamics than the temporal EVS, as suggested by the relatively narrow distribution of EVS at fixation offset compared to EVS at onset. ", "This differentiation was much less pronounced for temporal EVS. ", "There was also clear evidence that spatial offset-EVS is typically regulated within a fixation duration. ", "Of course, sometimes this within-fixation adjustment fails and in these cases the probability of a refixation increases. ", "If the EVS is too large for a refixation to effectively down-regulate the EVS, then a regression occurs with high probability.", "\n\nIt is worthwhile to put our results in a historical perspective. ", "The absolute size of the onset-EVS is in surprisingly good agreement with Buswell's early recordings, using Charles Judd's sophisticated analog eye tracker with a tuning fork generating 50 Hz time stamps on a photo recording plate ([@B21]). ", "In comparison, the EVS estimate from offline studies using the lights-off paradigm ([@B45]) is widely off-track, and while it might measure something useful, the label \"EVS\" is somewhat of a misnomer. ", "We suspect that our on-line EVS method measures how much is typically buffered, i.e., how much potential buffering capacity is actually used, whereas the offline method might measure its maximum under the most favorable circumstances. ", "Why do the two estimates differ so widely? ", "One reason could be the difference in tasks: whereas reading stops in the lights-off paradigm, it continues in the standard oral reading task, meaning that the working memory buffer needs to be continuously updated. ", "Updating operations are costly and may be the reason for the much smaller estimate using the on-line measure.", "\n\nBuswell furthermore reported that the EVS increased immediately prior to regressions, and was correlated with reading speed. ", "Both of these results also hold in our data. ", "Whereas Buswell had sophisticated recording equipment, he did not have any modern automated analysis tools or statistical models available. ", "Thus, although he suspected that the EVS might be related to fixation duration, he was not able to find empirical evidence for this fact^[3](#fn03){ref-type=\"fn\"}^, which was pronouncedly present in our data. ", "Failing to find evidence for a modulation of fixation duration by the EVS, Buswell examined other potential causes for long fixations, and found that difficult words like \"hypnagogic\" or \"hallucinations\" caused increased fixation durations. ", "In modern terms, he discovered a word frequency effect on fixation duration.", "\n\nReturning to our results, we went beyond Buswell by showing that the frequency effect, which is now well documented for fixation durations, also interacts with the EVS, such that the regulation of the EVS by fixation duration is much stronger for low frequency words. ", "We also found this regulatory effect to be stronger for low-predictability words to the left of the fixated word. ", "This pattern seems best explained by an oculomotor strategy that is influenced by cognitive processing and allows the eye to scout further ahead only when there is free capacity in the working memory buffer. ", "Finally, the anecdotal observation that the eye often scouts ahead when a sentence is initially revealed, followed by a regression to synchronize with the voice and to maintain a manageable buffer size, is also consistent with the hypothetical oculomotor strategy. ", "In summary, the oculomotor system has several means to regulate the EVS at offset, e.g., adjustment of fixation duration, of saccade direction, and of saccade amplitude, and all of them appear to be used.", "\n\nReading aloud involves working memory, specifically the phonological loop. ", "Indeed, due to the serial output requirement, the working memory buffer during reading aloud is in some respect akin to a first-in, first-out queue. ", "Phonological information is stored in the buffer in the serial order needed for output, since rearranging the phonological buffer is quite difficult. ", "However, it is not clear whether the corresponding lexical units are also serially activated. ", "In fact, one major difference between current computational models of eye movement control during reading is whether they assume serial or parallel lexical activation.", "\n\nWhat then are the implications of our results for reading models? ", "Although the temporal and spatial parameters are slightly different from silent reading, the general pattern of effects on fixation durations and probabilities speak for a similar control mechanism in both reading modes. ", "Therefore, current models for silent reading can be used as a starting point for models of oral reading. ", "Arguably, one necessary extension is an on-line working memory buffer that operates during reading. ", "In particular, our results provide strong evidence that the oculomotor system is regulated by the cognitive system such that a relatively constant amount of information is buffered in working memory. ", "Critically, this buffer is constantly updated during reading, requiring on-line control. ", "The control process regulates both where- and when-decisions of eye movements: a large EVS goes along with increases in fixation durations as well as refixation and regression probabilities. ", "Our data thus provided temporal constraints for eye movement models, since it can probably be assumed that a word that has been articulated is no longer a member of the set of potential saccade target locations. ", "In the SWIFT model, for example, the lexical activation of a word should again be at zero by the time the word is articulated. ", "Although oral reading is somewhat slower than silent reading due to the output demand to produce comprehendible speech, the size of the working memory buffer during silent reading is probably limited as well; it might be somewhat larger, but is surely on the same order of magnitude, given that fixation durations are not that dramatically different and given that sub-vocalization also takes place during silent reading. ", "Indeed, it may well be that oral-reading models do a better job of predicting performance in silent reading than the original models.", "\n\nModeling oral reading would thus be a worthwhile effort, and has implications far beyond eye movement control. ", "At least in the U.S. and the UK, oral reading fluency is a major arena of reading instruction and a benchmark of educational success. ", "In most of the education-related reading literature this is treated as a monolithic construct that is examined in relation to other equally abstract latent variables like \"decoding\" and \"comprehension.\" ", "Research on the EVS has the potential to crack this black box open and begins to understand oral reading fluency in a much more fundamental way.", "\n\nWe presented a first description of the EVS, mainly using the approach of statistical control in multivariate analyses. ", "Of course, further experimental analyses looking at specific aspects of the data will reveal new insights. ", "In summary, we reported a detailed description of how during the EVS oral reading is regulated by cognitive processing difficulty. ", "We discovered quite a few thought-provoking aspects of the cognitive regulation of the interplay between eye and voice during reading. ", "The study provides an important first step at understanding how eye and voice are coordinated to achieve fast reading with a manageable working memory load.", "\n\nConflict of Interest Statement\n==============================\n\nThe authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.", "\n\nThis work was funded by ESF (05_ECRP-FP06) and DFG (KL 955/7-1) grants to RK. ", "We acknowledge the support of the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft and Open Access Publishing Fund of University of Potsdam. ", "We thank Petra Schienmann for help with data collection and Manon Jones, Alan Kennedy, Stephen Monsell, Ralph Radach, and Aaron Veldre for helpful comments on an earlier version\n\nEven with this computer-assisted procedure, scoring of word boundaries was rather laborious.", "\n\nOne difference between oral and silent reading is that oral reading requires the participant to retrieve and articulate each word accurately while silent reading requires only that the reader have extracted a sufficient understanding of the sentence to answer an easy multiple choice question. ", "Skimming strategies are likely to be used under these low comprehension requirements. ", "This difference is potentially heightened by the removal of oral reading trials with articulation errors -- i.e., the same cannot be done for silent reading trials. ", "It's not necessarily clear how these selection effects would impact on the pattern of results, but it is unlikely to have had a major impact here, first, because of the overall similarity between the fixations duration patterns in oral and silent reading, and second, because of the relatively low number of sentences removed due to articulation errors.", "\n\nThis is probably a consequence of the fact that [@B11], pp. ", "80f) only examined the span differences between the 10 longest and the 10 shortest fixations, and not at all of the data points.", "\n\n[^1]: Edited by: *Sachiko Kinoshita, Macquarie University, Australia*\n\n[^2]: Reviewed by: *Manon Wyn Jones,Bangor University, UK; Aaron Veldre,University of Sydney, Australia*\n\n[^3]: This article was submitted to Language Sciences, a section of the journal Frontiers in Psychology\n" ]
{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Central" }
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[ "---\nabstract: 'We present sub-millimeter and mid-infrared images of the circumstellar disk around the nearby F2V star $\\eta$ Corvi. ", "The disk is resolved at 850 $\\mu$m with a size of $\\sim 100$ AU. ", "At 450 $\\mu$m the emission is found to be extended at all position angles, with significant elongation along a position angle of $130 \\pm 10^\\circ$; at the highest resolution ($9\\farcs 3$) this emission is resolved into two peaks which are to within the uncertainties offset symmetrically from the star at 100 AU projected separation. ", "Modeling the appearance of emission from a narrow ring in the sub-mm images shows the observed structure cannot be caused by an edge-on or face-on axisymmetric ring; the observations are consistent with a ring of radius $150 \\pm 20$ AU seen at $45 \\pm 25^\\circ$ inclination. ", "More face-on orientations are possible if the dust distribution includes two clumps similar to Vega; we show how such a clumpy structure could arise from the migration over 25 Myr of a Neptune mass planet from 80-105 AU. ", "The inner 100 AU of the system appears relatively empty of sub-mm emitting dust, indicating that this region may have been cleared by the formation of planets, but the disk emission spectrum shows that IRAS detected an additional hot component with a characteristic temperature of $370 \\pm 60$ K (implying a distance of 1-2 AU). ", "At 11.9 $\\mu$m we found the emission to be unresolved with no background sources which could be contaminating the fluxes measured by IRAS. ", "The age of this star is estimated to be $\\sim 1$ Gyr. ", "It is very unusual for such an old main sequence star to exhibit significant mid-IR emission. ", "The proximity of this source makes it a perfect candidate for further study from optical to mm wavelengths to determine the distribution of its dust.'", "\nauthor:\n- 'M. C. Wyatt, J. S. Greaves, W. R. F. Dent, I. M. Coulson'\ntitle: 'Sub-millimeter images of a dusty Kuiper belt around $\\eta$ Corvi'\n---\n\nIntroduction {#s:intro}\n============\n\nThe infrared satellite IRAS found that some 15% of nearby main sequence stars exhibit infrared emission in excess of that expected from the stellar photosphere alone (e.g., Aumann et al. ", "1984; Backman & Paresce 1993). ", "This excess emission is thought to come from dust which is heated by the star and its temperature ($<120$ K) implies that for the majority of stars this dust is in regions analogous to the Kuiper belt in the Solar System ($>30$ AU; Wyatt et al. ", "2004). ", "This analogy is reinforced by detailed analysis of these systems which show that the dust must be continually replenished from a reservoir of larger (km-sized) planetesimals (Wyatt & Dent 2002). ", "Very few stars have been seen to exhibit warm emission from dust at $<20$ AU from the star; those that do tend to be young with age $<400$ Myr (Laureijs et al. ", "2002), an observation which may indicate that these inner regions have been cleared by the formation of planets (e.g., Williams et al. ", "2004). ", "Further indirect evidence for the presence of planets in these inner regions comes from the clumpy and asymmetric structures of the disks (Holland et al. ", "1998; Greaves et al. ", "1998); modeling has shown that these structures may be caused by the effect of an unseen planet’s gravity on the disk (Wyatt et al. ", "1999; Ozernoy et al. ", "2000; Wyatt 2003). ", "Thus these debris disks play a fundamental role in increasing our understanding of the outcome of planet formation.", "\n\nWhile several hundred stars are now known to exhibit infrared excesses, the next fundamental step is to image this emission. ", "Such images are important for a number of reasons: Imaging confirms that the IRAS excess is associated with star, since the large IRAS beam size means that some excess sources are confused with background objects (Lisse et al. ", "2002; Jayawardhana et al. ", "2002; Sheret, Dent, & Wyatt 2004). ", "It also gives a direct measure of the radial location of dust from which conclusions can be drawn about the size and emptiness of the inner regions, as well as about the size and composition of the dust (Wyatt & Dent 2002; Sheret et al. ", "2004). ", "The detection of asymmetric structures in the images can also be used to set constraints on an unseen planetary system in the inner region (Wyatt 2003). ", "Once this type of detailed information has been accumulated for a sufficient number of disks it will be possible to consider their evolutionary sequence and the diversity of possible outcomes of planet formation around different types of star.", "\n\nUntil recently only six disks had been imaged at wavelengths ranging from the optical (Clampin et al. ", "2003) through the mid-IR (Telesco et al. ", "2000), to the sub-mm (Holland et al. ", "1998; Greaves et al. ", "1998; Holland et al. ", "2003), and the mm (Koerner et al. ", "2001; Wilner et al. ", "2001). ", "Not surprisingly these were also the six brightest candidates found by IRAS. ", "Five of these disks are found around bright A stars, and one around the nearby K star $\\epsilon$ Eri. ", "The challenge with imaging of debris disks is that they are faint; sub-mm imaging of the brightest disks required several nights of telescope time. ", "Given that fluxes and size scales have large uncertainties based on the IRAS fluxes it is prohibitive to study all IRAS excess sources in the same detail. ", "Recent observational campaigns have had success at resolving disks by focussing on young stars (Williams et al. ", "2004; Kalas, Liu & Matthews 2004); the disks of stars younger than a few 100 Myr might be expected to be brighter than those of older stars, since there is evidence that disk mass decreases with age (Habing et al. ", "2001; Greaves & Wyatt 2003). ", "However, a disk was recently resolved in sub-millimeter imaging around a star which is older than the Sun (Greaves et al. ", "2004). ", "Since the three newly resolved disks are around G and M stars, these new images are filling in our understanding of how disk parameters are affected by spectral type and age.", "\n\nHere we report on the discovery of a resolved disk around the nearby star $\\eta$ Corvi (HD109085), located at $18.2 \\pm 0.2$ pc from the Sun. ", "The star is of spectral type F2V (Mora et al. ", "2001) and has an age of $\\sim 1$ Gyr (see §\\[s:concl\\]). ", "Its disk is the first to be resolved around a main sequence F star. ", "Previous surveys of the IRAS database found this star to exhibit an infrared excess (Stencel & Backman 1991; Mannings & Barlow 1998), and a recent sub-mm photometric survey concluded that this disk should be large enough to be resolved with sub-mm imaging (Sheret et al. ", "2004). ", "Sheret et al. ", "also noted that there is a large mid-IR excess in this system which is expected to be at a different radial location to the sub-mm emission.", "\n\nThe structure of this paper is as follows. ", "Sub-mm imaging observations of this system are described in §\\[s:obs\\] and the results presented in §\\[s:res\\]. ", "Mid-IR observations of this system are also described in §\\[s:obs\\] and §\\[s:res\\]. ", "Modeling of the observations and of the disk’s spectral energy distribution are presented in §\\[s:disc\\] and a discussion of the implications for the nature of this disk are given in §\\[s:concl\\].", "\n\nObservations {#s:obs}\n============\n\nSub-mm {#ss:submm}\n------\n\nThe sub-mm observations of $\\eta$ Corvi were made using the Submillimetre Common-User Bolometer Array, SCUBA at the James Clerk Maxwell telescope (JCMT). ", "SCUBA images at wavelengths of 850 and 450 $\\mu$m simultaneously onto arrays containing 91 and 37 bolometers respectively covering a total field of view of $\\sim 2\\farcm 3$ diameter (Holland et al. ", "1999). ", "Each bolometer has diffraction-limited resolution on the sky with beam sizes of $14\\arcsec$ and $8\\farcs 1$ at 850 and 450 $\\mu$m respectively. ", "We observed $\\eta$ Corvi ($12^h32^m04\\fs 23$, $-16^\\circ 11'45\\farcs 6$) for a total of 13.5 hours over 10 nights (6.4 hours in 2003 January 5-9 and 7.1 hours in 2003 March 13-16 and 21) at an average airmass of 1.4. ", "All nights had excellent weather conditions with zenith opacities in the range 0.5-0.9 at 450 $\\mu$m and 0.12-0.20 at 850 $\\mu$m. ", "Since the arrays instantaneously undersample the sky, a fully sampled image was achieved using the standard technique of jiggle-mapping. ", "In this method the final map is made up of a co-add of 2 second jiggle observations in which the arrays are pointed at different offsets from the star using the secondary mirror (Holland et al. ", "1999).", "\n\nGiven the small scale of the predicted structure, the pointing was checked thoroughly before and after each 20-40 minute observation on pointing sources 1213-179 or 3C279. ", "The pointing accuracy was found to be $\\sim 1\\farcs 7$, slightly better than the $\\pm 2\\arcsec$ errors quoted for the JCMT. [", "^1] The data for each night were calibrated using Mars when available, or one of the standard secondary JCMT calibrators. ", "Calibration uncertainties were estimated from the night to night gain variation as $\\pm 9\\%$ at 850 $\\mu$m and $\\pm 13\\%$ at 450 $\\mu$m. ", "Point source calibration observations were modeled to show that the PSF of the SCUBA observations could be well fit by Gaussians with FWHM of $14\\arcsec$ and $8\\farcs 1$ at 850 and 450 $\\mu$m respectively.", "\n\nThe first part of the data reduction was accomplished using the *SURF* package (Jenness & Lightfoot 1998). ", "The data were corrected for atmospheric extinction using 850 and 450 $\\mu$m sky opacities derived from the CSO’s 225GHz (January) and 350 $\\mu$m (March) dipper measurements (Weferling 2004). ", "The CSO dip measurements were taken at 10 minute intervals and their relation to sub-mm opacities is well understood (Archibald et al. ", "2002). ", "Each 20-40 minute observation was reduced assuming an opacity derived from a polynomial fit to the long term trend of the opacity variation on each night. ", "The accuracy of this method was confirmed using observations of the 850 $\\mu$m opacity measured less frequently at the JCMT using the skydip method (Archibald et al. ", "2002).", "\n\nThe standard observational technique of sky chopping (at $\\sim 8$ Hz) was used to remove the dominant sky background during each observation; the chop throw employed was $60\\arcsec$ in January and $120\\arcsec$ in March. ", "The telescope primary was nodded (every 16 seconds) to place the source alternately in both chop beams and thus cancel slower varying sky gradients. ", "Short timescale spatial and temporal variations in sky emissivity (“sky-noise”) were further removed using the *SURF* routine REMSKY which subtracts the mean level of bolometers not on source during each 2 second jiggle observation. ", "However, even employing these sky subtraction methods a low-level residual background signal remained in each 20-40 minute observation at a level of $\\pm 3$ and $\\pm 19$ mJy/beam at 850 and 450 $\\mu$m respectively. ", "This DC-offset is believed to be caused by residual beam imbalance (not cancelled by nodding) due to a time-dependent spillover signal, most likely from beyond the edge of the primary as the secondary chops and jiggles during a 20-40 minute observation. ", "This residual sky level was removed by subtracting the mean surface brightness $>30\\arcsec$ from the star from each observation. ", "Since the DC level is constant across the array the subtraction does not result in higher resolution structure being introduced into the final map.", "\n\nThe final part of the reduction was accomplished using custom routines. ", "The data for observations on all nights were rebinned, with the measurements from different bolometers (on different nights) weighted according to their noise; this noise level was estimated from the standard deviation of flux measurements made by each bolometer in an observation. [", "^2] Bolometers with above average noise on any given night were not included in the final map, and anomalous signals were clipped above the 3 $\\sigma$ level. ", "The resulting maps do not differ significantly to those produced using *SURF*’s rebin, however the routines also return a map of the uncertainty in the flux measurements in the map.", "\n\nMid-IR {#ss:midir}\n------\n\nThe mid-IR observations were performed using the Thermal Infrared MultiMode Instrument TIMMI2 at the ESO 3.6m telescope at La Silla. ", "We imaged $\\eta$ Corvi for 840 seconds in 2003 November 19 at an airmass of 1.7. ", "The observations used the instrument’s 11.9 $\\mu$m filter and a $0\\farcs 2$ pixel scale was chosen giving a total field of view of 64x 48on the 320x240 pixel array. ", "The sky background was removed by chopping North-South with $10\\arcsec$ amplitude and the telescope emission and sky residuals were subtracted by nodding East-West, again with $10\\arcsec$ amplitude. ", "This observing strategy means that a straight co-add of the data results in an image which contains two positive and two negative images of any given source. ", "The image was calibrated using observations of the standard star HD71701 taken immediately before the science observation at an airmass of 1.5; the flux of the calibrator in this waveband, 6312 mJy, was derived from the template for the emission spectrum of this star given in Cohen et al. (", "1999). ", "A conservative estimate of the calibration accuracy was determined from the gain variation throughout the night to be $\\pm 16$%. ", "The PSF of point sources on this night had FWHM of between $1\\farcs0$ and $1\\farcs2$.\n\nResults {#s:res}\n=======\n\nSub-mm {#s:submmresults}\n------\n\nThe rebinned 850 and 450 $\\mu$m images of a $67\\arcsec$x$67\\arcsec$ region centered on $\\eta$ Corvi are shown in Fig.", " \\[fig:scuba\\]. ", "Each $0\\farcs 2$ pixel in the images represents the weighted mean of all bolometer measurements falling (a) within $6\\arcsec$ at 850 $\\mu$m, (c) within $7\\arcsec$ at 450 $\\mu$m, and (e) within $4\\arcsec$ at 450 $\\mu$m. ", "The error is not constant across the image because of the different noise levels in different bolometers, but its distribution in the region plotted can be approximated by Gaussians with (a) $5.1 \\pm 0.8$, (c) $19 \\pm 1.4$, and (e) $34 \\pm 3$ $\\mu$Jy arcsec$^{-2}$. This uncertainty is quantified in Figs.", " \\[fig:scuba\\]b, \\[fig:scuba\\]d, and \\[fig:scuba\\]f which show the corresponding signal to noise maps. ", "The same rebin methods were applied to the calibration data which showed that point sources rebinned in this way are slightly smoothed and can be fitted by Gaussians of FWHM (a) 158, (c) 137, and (e) 95.", "\n\nExtended emission was detected centered on the star (hereafter source A) at each wavelength with greater than $5 \\sigma$ confidence. ", "Another source (hereafter source B) was also detected with $>4 \\sigma$ confidence at both wavelengths at $\\sim 24\\arcsec$ NNW of $\\eta$ Corvi. ", "The $100\\arcsec$x$100\\arcsec$ field around the star was analyzed to determine the noise level. ", "Structure at $<3 \\sigma$ confidence is found randomly distributed across the field of view and has the same level and distribution as that expected from noise.[^3] Thus the zero levels in all maps were set to show only structure detected with $>3\\sigma$ confidence. ", "The remaining field is blank on this scale apart from a source (hereafter source C) detected with $>3\\sigma$ confidence $50\\arcsec$ SW of $\\eta$ Corvi at 850 $\\mu$m but not at 450 $\\mu$m; the edge of source C can just be seen in the bottom left corner of Figs.", " \\[fig:scuba\\]a and \\[fig:scuba\\]b. ", "The fluxes, locations and morphologies of these sources are discussed in more detail below.", "\n\n### Source A: Circumstellar disk {#ss:srca}\n\nThe extended emission found centred on the star (source A) we attribute to a circumstellar disk detected by IRAS in the far-IR (e.g., Stencel & Backman 1991). ", "Fitting a Gaussian to the rebinned 850 $\\mu$m data indicates that the 850 $\\mu$m emission has a FWHM of $19\\farcs 4 \\pm\n0\\farcs 2$ and is centered on the star to within $\\pm 2\\arcsec$. Subtracting the observed PSF (which has a FWHM of $15\\farcs 8$) in quadrature from this measurement implies that the disk is significantly extended on a scale of $11\\farcs 3 \\pm 0\\farcs 4$, indicative of a disk of 100 AU radius. ", "There is no evidence for any azimuthal asymmetry in the 850 $\\mu$m emission.", "\n\nThe structure of the disk is also evident in the 450 $\\mu$m observation at much higher resolution. ", "The 450 $\\mu$m data are presented in two ways: Figs.", " \\[fig:scuba\\]c and \\[fig:scuba\\]d show the data rebinned to a resolution of $13\\farcs 7$, while Figs.", " \\[fig:scuba\\]e and \\[fig:scuba\\]f were rebinned to a resolution of $9\\farcs 5$. The former images are appropriate for studying the disk’s larger scale structure, while the latter images show its high resolution structure.", "\n\nThe highest contours in Figs.", " \\[fig:scuba\\]c and \\[fig:scuba\\]d show that the emission is elongated along a position angle of $130 \\pm 10^\\circ$. The origin of this axis of symmetry is seen more clearly in the higher resolution image of Fig.", " \\[fig:scuba\\]e in which the emission is resolved into two peaks. ", "These peaks are at an RA and Dec offset of $-1\\farcs 8$, $-3\\farcs 7$ (at 0.15 mJy arcsec$^{-2}$) and $+7\\farcs 1$, $2\\farcs 8$ (at 0.13 mJy arcsec$^{-2}$). ", "Given that the two peaks are detected at the $4.9\\sigma$ and $4.5\\sigma$ levels, the location of each peak is not known with better precision than $\\pm 1\\farcs 8$ (beam size divided by signal-to-noise), and the peaks are equally bright to within the uncertainties. [", "^4] Thus the observed structure is entirely consistent with two equally bright peaks at 0.14 mJy arcsec$^{-2}$ that are equidistant from the star at an offset of $5\\farcs 5$ (100 AU) and a position angle of $130\n\\pm 10^\\circ$ (counterclockwise from north). ", "Since this is the simplest interpretation of the data, it is the one we adopt in the rest of the paper.", "\n\nThe total flux in a $30\\arcsec$ ($40\\arcsec$) aperture centered on the star is $14.3 \\pm 1.3$ ($17.1 \\pm 1.8$) mJy at 850 $\\mu$m and $58.2 \\pm 6.2$ ($74.9 \\pm 8.5$) mJy at 450 $\\mu$m. ", "Adding the calibration error in quadrature gives the uncertainty of these measurements as $\\pm 1.8$ (2.4) mJy at 850 $\\mu$m and $\\pm 9.8$ (12.9) mJy at 450 $\\mu$m. ", "These fluxes imply disk emission with a spectrum $\\propto \\lambda^{-2.2 \\pm 0.5}$ in the sub-mm, consistent with black body emission in the Rayleigh-Jeans regime. ", "The 850 $\\mu$m flux is almost a factor of two higher than that presented by Sheret et al. (", "2004) who measured $7.5 \\pm 1.2$ mJy for this source. ", "However, the two datasets are consistent because their observations were performed in photometry mode which is insensitive to emission extended on scales larger than the beamsize; Sheret et al. ", "noted that the fluxes they derived could underestimate the true flux by a factor of 2 if the source is extended.", "\n\n### Sources B and C {#ss:srcbc}\n\nSource B is located $8\\arcsec$ W and $25\\arcsec$ N of $\\eta$ Corvi at 850 $\\mu$m. ", "Its measured FWHM of 14at 850 $\\mu$m is not significantly different to that of a point source, and its total flux is $6.2 \\pm 0.8$ mJy in an aperture of $18\\arcsec$ diameter[^5]. ", "This source thus provides an independent measure of the PSF in the image for comparison with source A. At 450 $\\mu$m the emission peaks at $9\\arcsec$ W and $21\\arcsec$ N of $\\eta$ Corvi and has a total flux of $19.0 \\pm 4.1$ mJy in an $18\\arcsec$ aperture. ", "Source C was discovered in the 850 $\\mu$m map at an offset of $26\\arcsec$ E, $39\\arcsec$ S of $\\eta$ Corvi with a total flux of $3.9 \\pm 0.8$ ($5.4 \\pm 1.3$) mJy in an $18\\arcsec$ ($30\\arcsec$) aperture. ", "No emission was detected from the location of source C in the 450 $\\mu$m image at the $3\\sigma$ upper limit level of $<12$ (21) mJy in an $18\\arcsec$ ($30\\arcsec$) aperture. ", "This implies a spectrum of emission $\\propto \\lambda^{>-1.8}$.\n\n### Background Confusion {#ss:back}\n\nSeveral background sources are expected in any given sub-mm image. ", "Since this star is not in the Galactic plane (it is at a Galactic latitude of $46^\\circ$) and is far from known regions of star formation, the density of background sources in this image would be expected to be the same as that measured in similar regions. ", "Scott et al. (", "2002) estimate that there are about 620 sources per square degree above 5 mJy at 850 $\\mu$m, while there are as many as 2000 sources per square degree above 3 mJy at 850 $\\mu$m (Eales et al. ", "2000). ", "Smail et al. (", "2002) estimate that there are some 2000 $>10$ mJy sources at 450 $\\mu$m per square degree. ", "Thus in the field of view analyzed in this paper, $100\\arcsec$x$100\\arcsec$, we would expect to find: 1.5 sources above 3 mJy in our 850 $\\mu$m image and 1.5 sources above 10 mJy in our 450 $\\mu$m image. ", "These number counts are consistent with sources B and C being background objects and from now on we interpret them as such. ", "The probability of two background sources (at either $>3$ mJy or $>10$ mJy at 850 and 450 $\\mu$m respectively) falling within $10\\arcsec$ of $\\eta$ Corvi, and so providing confusion with source A, is less than 1:300; the chance of one such object falling within this distance is 1:16, so background objects should be considered as a potential source of uncertainty in the low level morphology of this source.", "\n\nWhile source B is interpreted as a background object, we note that a 19 mJy source was observed at an offset of $34\\arcsec$ (660 AU projected separation) in 850 $\\mu$m images of $\\beta$ Pictoris (Holland et al. ", "1998). ", "Thus it is possible that offset sub-mm clumps may be more commonly associated with debris disks. ", "The spectral slope of source B, emission $\\propto\n\\lambda^{-1.8 \\pm 0.5}$, is similar to that of source A, meaning that it is not inconsistent with the sources being comprised of dust with similar properties. ", "However, this spectral slope is also similar to that of other background sub-mm objects ($F_{450}/F_{850} = 3.4 \\pm 0.6$, Smail et al. ", "2002) and further study is required to determine the true nature of this object. ", "If associated with the star the projected separation of source B (480 AU) would make it a highly unusual object.", "\n\nMid-IR {#ss:midirresults}\n------\n\nThe image resulting from the 11.9 $\\mu$m observations of $\\eta$ Corvi described in §\\[ss:midir\\] is presented in Fig.", " \\[fig:midir\\]. ", "The pattern of positive and negative sources shown in this image is that expected from a single source centered on the star. ", "Each of the peaks was detected with a statistical signal to noise of $>23$, and is consistent with point source emission (FWHM of $1\\farcs 21 \\pm\n0\\farcs 02$). ", "The total measured flux was $1.51 \\pm 0.24$ Jy ($SNR=7$); the dominant uncertainty in this flux estimate is the calibration uncertainty. ", "This is consistent, within the error bars of the measurement, with the $1.642 \\pm 0.038$ Jy at 12 $\\mu$m measured by IRAS (Table \\[tab:fluxes\\]). ", "Further point-like sources within the field of view, including at the location of source B, were ruled out at $<70$ mJy with $3\\sigma$ certainty.", "\n\nModeling {#s:disc}\n========\n\nModeling the 450 $\\mu$m images {#ss:ring}\n------------------------------\n\nA disk structure characterized by two bright lobes equidistant from the star has previously been seen in the disks of Fomalhaut and HR4796A and interpreted as evidence of an edge-on dust ring (e.g., Holland et al. ", "1998; Telesco et al. ", "2000; Holland et al. ", "2003). ", "However, two clumps straddling the star have also been observed and interpreted as azimuthal asymmetries in a face-on dust ring around Vega (Holland et al. ", "1998; Koerner et al. ", "2001; Wilner et al. ", "2002). ", "Vega’s disk was assumed to be face-on due to the symmetric nature of the lower level contours (Holland et al. ", "1998). ", "In this respect the $\\eta$ Corvi disk bears more resemblance to Vega than to Fomalhaut: In Fig.", " \\[fig:scuba\\]c the source is significantly resolved at all position angles, and is only slightly elongated with a FWHM of $24\\arcsec$ along a position angle of $130^\\circ$ and $22\\arcsec$ at $40^\\circ$. Subtracting these observed widths in quadrature from the FWHM of a point source ($13\\farcs 7$), we infer that this emission comes from a ring at moderate inclination ($\\sim 60^\\circ$ from edge-on) to our line-of-sight.", "\n\nWe simulated the 450 $\\mu$m image by making a model of the predicted emission distribution, smoothing it by the PSF ($8\\farcs 1$ Gaussian), then using the resulting image to determine the expected flux measured by each bolometer in each jiggle observation in the SCUBA data and rebinning the model in the same way as the observation (Fig.", " \\[fig:scuba\\]). ", "A noisy model was also made by adding Gaussian noise at the same level as the deviation in the measurements for bolometers in individual observations to determine the extent to which noise affects the observed structure.", "\n\nThe simplest model which was considered was one in which the emission comes from an axisymmetric torus of width $dr = 10$ AU which is inclined to our line-of-sight. ", "The radius and surface density of the ring were constrained by the FWHM and peak fluxes in the resulting images, leaving the inclination of the ring as the only free parameter. ", "Simulated observations of models inclined by $0^\\circ$, $45^\\circ$, and $90^\\circ$ from edge-on are shown in Figs.", " \\[fig:mod\\]a, \\[fig:mod\\]b, and \\[fig:mod\\]c, respectively; the radii of the rings in these models were determined to be 140, 150, and 180 AU respectively, all with errors of $\\pm 10$ AU. ", "It is possible to rule out the edge-on model at the statistically significant level, because this model does not fit the run of flux vs distance from the peak along a position angle of $40^\\circ$ (the model is unresolved, FWHM of $13\\farcs 7$, in the left panel of Fig.", " \\[fig:mod\\]a). ", "This means that while the peak fluxes in the images are well reproduced, the total flux within 15from this model is just 37 mJy, more than $3\\sigma$ below that observed. ", "The face-on model is also ruled out at a statistically signficant level because it fails to reproduce an axis of symmetry. ", "This symmetry can be shown to be significant, since the total flux measured by bolometers falling within 10of the star and within $30^\\circ$ of a position angle of $120^\\circ$ is $17.2 \\pm 2.1$ mJy, whereas the same measurements for position angles centered on $0^\\circ$ and $60^\\circ$ are $8.3 \\pm 2.1$ and $5.6 \\pm 2.0$ mJy respectively. ", "We conclude that if this disk is axisymmetric, an inclination of $\\sim 45 \\pm 25^\\circ$ to our line-of-sight is most likely, and its radius is $150 \\pm 20$ AU. ", "An inclination of $45-60^\\circ$ from edge-on is consistent with the disk being aligned with the stellar equator given that the star $\\eta$ Corvi has $v\\sin{i} = 68$ km s$^{-1}$ (Mora et al. ", "2001) whereas the mean $v\\sin{i}$ for F0V stars is 106 km s$^{-1}$ (Abt & Morrell 1995).", "\n\nAn inclination of $\\geq 60^\\circ$ is still possible, however, if, like the Vega disk, the structure of the $\\eta$ Corvi disk includes two clumps, one on either side of the star. ", "Such an axis of symmetry is to be expected if the disk is being perturbed by planets. ", "Under a wide variety of conditions two clumps approximately equidistant from the star are expected, either because P-R drag makes the dust migrate into the exterior mean motion resonances of a massive planet (Kuchner & Holman 2003) or because the parent planetesimals feeding the dust disk were trapped into the resonances of a planet when that planet migrated outward (Wyatt 2003). ", "In Fig.", " \\[fig:mod\\]d we show how the 450 $\\mu$m disk structure can be explained by a disk inclined by $60^\\circ$ to our line-of-sight in which a Neptune mass planet ($17M_\\oplus$) migrated out from 80 to 105 AU over a period of 25 Myr and so trapping planetesimals into its 3:2 and 4:3 resonances (Wyatt 2003). ", "In this model the planet is at an offset of $5\\arcsec$ at a position angle of either 40 or $220^\\circ$. The planet’s mass (and the time it took to complete its migration) are poorly constrained in this model because a wide variety of parameters would cause two clumps (Wyatt 2003).", "\n\nWe have presented two possible models which fit the 450 $\\mu$m observations to within the uncertainty due to noise (Figs.", " \\[fig:mod\\]b and \\[fig:mod\\]d). ", "Clearly further observations are required to determine the true morphology and orientation of the disk. ", "High resolution observations, such as those provided by sub-mm or mm interferometry or optical coronography, would be able to distinguish between the two models presented here, or tell if an alternative model is required.", "\n\nRegardless of the axisymmetry of the dust ring and its inclination, the 450 $\\mu$m images show there is a lack of sub-mm emitting dust inside 100 AU. ", "To understand this, consider that the models presented in Figs.", " \\[fig:mod\\]b and \\[fig:mod\\]d fit the surface brightness distribution at both $>150$ AU from the star and at the stellar location, even though there is no dust at $<100$ AU in the models. ", "The reason is that emission at the stellar location is seen from the 150 AU ring because of the resolution of the observation. ", "We set a conservative constraint on the emission from an unresolved sub-mm component from the $5\\sigma$ uncertainty in the surface brightness at the center of Figs.", " \\[fig:scuba\\]c and \\[fig:scuba\\]e; i.e., an additional unresolved component is ruled out at $<19$ mJy at 450 $\\mu$m, or less than one third of the total disk flux.", "\n\nModeling the SED {#ss:sed}\n----------------\n\nThe SED of $\\eta$ Corvi from optical to sub-mm wavelengths is plotted in Fig.", " \\[fig:sed\\]. ", "The IRAS fluxes were determined from SCANPI (IRAS Scan Processing and Integration), available at the IRSA website (http://irsa.ipac.caltech.edu) and the new values (including a previously unpublished detection at 100 $\\mu$m) are given in Table 1. ", "The stellar fluxes at mid-IR to sub-mm wavelengths were determined from a 7080 K Kurucz atmosphere scaled to the near-IR fluxes in Sylvester et al. (", "1996). ", "Color corrected stellar fluxes were subtracted from the IRAS fluxes to give the excess fluxes (which were also color corrected). ", "Excess emission is found at all wavelengths from 12-850 $\\mu$m. ", "As noted by previous authors, the spectrum of this excess emission is such that it cannot all be accounted for by dust at a single temperature or distance from the star (Sheret et al. ", "2004).", "\n\nMid-IR spectroscopy presented in Sylvester & Mannings (2000) found that most of the 12 $\\mu$m excess emission must be centered on the star. ", "It is also important that our 11.9 $\\mu$m observations did not detect any additional nearby sources which could be contributing to the 12 $\\mu$m flux measured by IRAS (which could originate anywhere within 30of the star; Lisse et al. ", "2002); in particular source B does not have a significant counterpart at 12 $\\mu$m. ", "Combining these findings implies that most of the IRAS emission is centered on a region around the star that is smaller than our measured FWHM, i.e., at $<10$ AU. ", "Thus we modeled the disk as a single temperature cool component (causing the excess at $\\lambda \\geq 60 \\mu$m) with an additional single temperature hot component (causing the excess at $\\lambda \\leq 60 \\mu$m). ", "The fluxes from the individual components were modeled assuming a black body emission distribution modified by a ratio $(\\lambda_0/\\lambda)^\\beta$ at $\\lambda > \\lambda_0$ (e.g., Dent et al. ", "2000).", "\n\nThe cool component is well fit by emission at $T=40 \\pm 5$ K, $\\beta=0.5$ and $\\lambda_0=20$ $\\mu$m. ", "The fractional luminosity of this component is $f=L_{ir}/L_\\star=3 \\times 10^{-5}$ and the inferred dust mass assuming an opacity of $\\kappa_{850} = 0.17$ m$^2$ kg$^{-1}$ (e.g., Wyatt, Dent & Greaves 2003 and references therein) is $0.04 M_\\earth$. The black body temperature at a distance of 150 AU is 34 K. Thus the dust is only slightly warmer than black body, implying that the dust is comprised of grains larger than a few 10s of $\\mu$m. ", "This is consistent with the inferred $\\beta$ which is comparable with that of debris disks of similar age (Dent et al. ", "2000). ", "In a further study we performed a more detailed SED model using realistic grain properties (see, e.g., Wyatt & Dent 2002; Sheret et al. ", "2004) and found that this spectrum could be fitted with a dust ring at 150 AU with the same dust size distribution as that expected from a collisional cascade, but one with an additional imposed cut-off for grains smaller than $D_{min} = 30$ $\\mu$m rather than at $\\sim 4 \\mu$m as expected from radiation pressure blow-out (Wyatt et al. ", "1999). ", "Grains in the size range of 4-30 $\\mu$m must be absent because they are too hot ($>40$ K) at this distance from the star to explain the shape of the SED, which would have stronger emission at 25 and 60 $\\mu$m if these grains were present. ", "Possible reasons for the absence of small grains, also seen in the spectrum of $\\epsilon$ Eridani, were discussed in Sheret et al. (", "2004). ", "These include the possibility that the $4-30$ $\\mu$m grains in the outer disk of $\\eta$ Corvi are destroyed in collisions with $<4$ $\\mu$m grains which are in the process of being blown out of the inner regions by radiation pressure (Krivov et al. ", "2000). ", "We also note that a dearth of small grains is expected in the model in which clumpy structure is formed by planet migration (Wyatt 2003).", "\n\nThe fit presented in Fig.", " \\[fig:sed\\] shows the hot component has a temperature of $370 \\pm 60$ K (assumed to be black body, i.e., $\\beta=0$) and has a fractional luminosity of $f=5 \\times 10^{-4}$. While this fractional luminosity is an order of magnitude higher than that of the cool component, the mass of the hot component is inferred to be at least two orders of magnitude less than that of the cold component (because of its higher temperature and lower inferred sub-mm flux). ", "This temperature implies that the dust lies 1-2 AU from the star. ", "While this is the interpretation discussed in the rest of this paper, we note that this distance should be regarded as suggestive rather than definitive, since the two temperature model used to fit the SED may be an oversimplification of the true dust distribution. ", "It is also possible that the dust lies in a more extended distribution wherein the 12 $\\mu$m excess comes from dust which is hotter than 370 K (and so is unresolved), and the 25 $\\mu$m excess comes from cooler dust located between 1 and 150 AU. ", "High resolution mid-IR observations are required to determine the location of the 25 $\\mu$m emission.", "\n\nDiscussion {#s:concl}\n==========\n\nThe age of this star has been estimated in the literature to be 1.3 Gyr from its position relative to evolutionary tracks in the HR diagram (Mallik, Parthasarathy & Pati 2003). ", "Such a high age is also consistent with the low X-ray luminosity of $\\eta$ Corvi. ", "Hünsch et al. (", "1999) found this star to have $L_X = 47.8 \\times 10^{27}$ erg s$^{-1}$, a value which is significantly below that of members of the Pleiades with similar $B-V=0.4$ (Micela et al. ", "1999), implying an age of $>125$ Myr. ", "On the other hand, this X-ray luminosity lies very close to the mean value of A-F stars in the Hyades cluster (Stern, Schmitt & Kahabka 1995) implying an age of 600-800 Myr. ", "Here we adopt an age of 1 Gyr for $\\eta$ Corvi.", "\n\nGiven such a large age, the dust in this system cannot be primordial, since this is much longer than the P-R drag lifetime of the dust: dust with $F_{rad}/F_{grav} = 0.5$ would migrate from 150 AU to 0 AU (where it would evaporate) on timescales of 20 Myr (Burns et al. ", "1979). ", "This is unlikely to be the ultimate fate of the dust originating at 150 AU, however, since the collisional lifetime of this dust is $\\sim 1$ Myr, so it is more likely to be destroyed in mutual collisions (and then removed by radiation pressure) before it reaches the inner regions. ", "In any case, the dust must be replenished, presumably by the collisional destruction of a population of planetesimals orbiting at 150 AU from $\\eta$ Corvi. ", "Using the same collisional modeling as that presented in Wyatt & Dent (2002), we infer from the age of 1 Gyr that the collisional cascade in this system starts with planetesimals a few km in size implying a total mass of $20 M_\\oplus$ in planetesimals in the ring at 150 AU. [", "^6] This is similar to the mass inferred for the collisional cascade of the disk around star Fomalhaut which has an age of 200 Myr (Wyatt & Dent 2002).", "\n\nThe relative lack of dust at $<100$ AU indicates that there is a significant lack of colliding planetesimals in this region. ", "This could be because planet formation has proceeded to such a stage that the planetesimals have grown into planets (e.g., Kenyon & Bromley 2002); the perturbations from the outermost planet of that system are potentially observable in the structure of the outer ring (§\\[ss:ring\\]). ", "The dust at a few AU must also be replenished. ", "Just like the zodiacal cloud in the solar system, this replenishment could come from either the collisional destruction of planetesimals in an asteroid belt at a few AU or in the sublimation of comets, possibly comets which originated in the cooler outer ring. ", "Mid-IR spectroscopy may be able to shed light on the composition of this dust, and so be able to determine whether this dust formed in a hot region close to the star or if it formed in a cold region far from the star.", "\n\nThe age of 1 Gyr means that it is very surprising that this star has detectable hot emission. ", "The only other stars with mid-IR excesses are young; e.g., Laureijs et al. (", "2002) found no stars older than 400 Myr with excess 25 $\\mu$m emission and Weinberger et al. (", "2004) found that even at 10 Myr, very few stars have significant mid-IR excess. ", "While it is possible that this is a system which has always had an unusually massive hot dust population, another possibility is that the mid-IR excess is a transient phenomenon. ", "An increase in mid-IR excess might be expected after the break-up of a massive asteroid in an asteroid belt at a few AU (Grogan, Dermott, & Durda 2001), or after an event which perturbed comets from the ring at 150 AU into the inner region. ", "Such an event could have been the recent close passage of a nearby star (Larwood & Kalas 2001), or the recent scattering and subsequent migration of a Neptune-sized planet from its formation at a few 10s of AU out to $\\sim 100$ AU (e.g., Thommes, Duncan & Levison 2002).", "\n\nThe JCMT is operated by the Joint Astronomy Centre on behalf of the UK Particle Physics and Astronomy Research Council, the Canadian National Research Council and the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research. ", "This research has made use of the NASA/ IPAC Infrared Science Archive, which is operated by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. ", "This research was supported in part by PPARC funding. ", "The careful analysis of the referee, C. M. Lisse, has also greatly improved this paper.", "\n\nAbt, H. A., & Morrell, N. I. 1995, , 99, 135 Archibald, E. N., et al. ", "2002, , 336, 1 Aumann, H. H., et al. ", "1984, , 278, L23 Backman, D. E., & Paresce, F. 1993, in Protostars and Planets III, ed. ", "E. H. Levy & J. I. Lunine (Tucson: Univ. ", "Arizona Press), 1253 Burns, J. A., Lamy, P. L., & Soter, S. 1979, Icarus, 40, 1 Clampin, M., et al. ", "2003, , 126, 385 Cohen, M., Walker, R. G., Carter, B., Hammersley, P., Kidger, M., & Noguchi, K. 1999, , 117, 1864 Dent, W. R. F., Walker, H. J., Holland, W. S., & Greaves, J. S. 2000, , 314, 702 Eales, S., Lilly, S., Webb, T., Dunne, L., Gear, W., Clements, D., & Yun, M. 2000, , 120, 2244 Greaves, J. S., et al. ", "1998, , 506, L133 Greaves, J. S., & Wyatt, M. C. 2003, , 345, 1212 Greaves, J. S., Wyatt, M. C., Holland, W. S., & Dent, W. R. F. 2004, , 351, L54 Grogan, K., Dermott, S. F., & Durda, D. D. 2001, Icarus, 152, 251 Habing, H. J., et al. ", "2001, A&A, 365, 545 Holland, W. S., et al. ", "1998, , 392, 788 Holland, W. S., et al. ", "1999, , 303, 659 Holland, W. S., et al. ", "2003, , 582, 1141 Hünsch, M., Schmitt, J. H. M. M., Sterzik, M. F., & Voges, W. 1999, A&AS, 135, 319 Jayawardhana, R., Holland, W. S., Kalas, P., Greaves, J. S., Dent, W. R. F., Wyatt, M. C., & Marcy, G. M. 2002, , 570, L93 Jenness T., Lightfoot J. F. 1998, in Astronomical Analysis Software and Systems VII, ASP Conf. ", "Sed. ", "145, eds. ", "R. Albrecht, R. N. Hook & H. A. Bushouse, (San Francisco: Astron. ", "Soc. ", "Pac.), ", "216 Kalas, P., Liu, M. C., & Matthews, B. C. 2004, Science, 303, 1990 Kenyon, S. J., & Bromley, B. C. 2002, , 577, L35 Koerner, D. W., Sargent, A. I., & Ostroff, N. A. 2001, , 560, L181 Krivov, A. V., Mann, I., & Krivova, N. A. 2000, A&A, 362, 1127 Kuchner, M. J., & Holman, M. J., , 588, 1110 Larwood, J. D., & Kalas, P. G. 2001, , 323, 402 Laureijs, R. J., Jourdain de Muizon, M., Leech, K., Siebenmorgen, R., Dominik, C., Habing, H. J., Trams, N., & Kessler, M. F. 2002, A&A, 387, 285 Lisse, C., et al. ", "2002, , 570, 779 Micela, G., et al. ", "1999, A&A, 341, 751 Mallik, S. V., Parthasarathy, M., & Pati, A. K. 2003, A&A, 409, 251 Mannings, V., & Barlow, M. J. 1998, , 497, 330 Mora, A., et al. ", "2001, A&A, 378, 116 Ozernoy, L. M., Gorkavyi, N. N., Mather, J. C., & Taidakova, T. A. 2000, , 537, L147 Scott, S. E., et al. ", "2002, , 331, 817 Sheret, I., Dent, W. R. F., & Wyatt, M. C. 2004, , 348, 1282 Smail, I., Ivison, R. J., Blain, A. W., & Kneib, J.-P. 2002, , 331, 495 Stencel, R. E., & Backman, D. E. 1991, , 75, 905 Stern, R. A., Schmitt, J. H. M. M., & Kahabka, P. T. 1995, , 448, 683 Sylvester, R. J., & Mannings, V. 2000, , 313, 73 Sylvester, R. J., Skinner, C. J., Barlow, M. J., & Mannings, V. 1996, , 279, 915 Telesco, C. M., et al. ", "2000, , 530, 329 Thommes, E. W., Duncan, M. J., & Levison, H. F. 2002, , 123, 2862 Weferling, B. 2004, A&A, in press Weinberger, A., Becklin, E. E., Zuckerman, B., & Song, I. 2004, , 127, 2246 Williams, J. P., Najita, J., Liu, M. C., Bottinelli, S., Carpenter, J. M., Hillenbrand, L. A., Meyer, M. R., & Soderblom, D. R. 2004, , 604, 414 Wilner, D. J., Holman, M. J., Kuchner, M. J., & Ho, P. T. P. 2002, , 569, L115 Wyatt, M. C. 2003, , 598, 1321 Wyatt, M. C., & Dent, W. R. F. 2002, , 334, 589 Wyatt, M. C., Dent, W. R. F., & Greaves, J. S. 2003, , 342, 876 Wyatt, M. C., Dermott, S. F., Telesco, C. M., Fisher, R. S., Grogan, K., Holmes, E. K., & Piña, R. K. 1999, , 527, 918 Wyatt, M. C., Holland, W. S., Greaves, J. S., Dent, W. R. F. 2004, Earth Moon Planets, 92, 423\n\n[c]{}\n\n[c]{}\n\n[c]{}\n\n[c]{}\n\n[cccccc]{} $2170 \\pm 42$ & $820 \\pm 50$ & $410 \\pm 55$ & $500 \\pm 95$ & $58.2 \\pm 9.8$ & $14.3 \\pm 1.8$\\\n1039 & 243 & 42 & 15 & 0.7 & 0.2\\\n$603 \\pm 38$ & $434 \\pm 46$ & $338 \\pm 52$ & $479 \\pm 94$ & $57.5 \\pm 9.8$ & $14.1 \\pm 1.8$\\\n\n[^1]: The accuracy quoted here is the difference in pointing offsets for the pointings before and after the observations. ", "This was corrected in the reduction by setting the pointing midway between the two pointing observations (i.e., implying that pointing accuracy is $\\pm 0\\farcs 8$). ", "In all analysis the tracking error due to the F2 correction (http://www.jach.hawaii.edu/JACpublic/JCMT/Facility\\_description/Pointing/tracking\\_fault.html) was completely removed in the data reduction; the maximum correction applied during any one observation was $2\\farcs 4$.\n\n[^2]: While the jiggle pattern may mean that a bolometer moves on and off source during an observation, this does not affect the noise estimate since the source signal is at least ten times fainter the noise in a single 2 second exposure.", "\n\n[^3]: The expected noise distribution was determined by simulating an observation of a blank field: each bolometer was assumed to see noise with a Gaussian distribution with the same standard deviation as the observed scatter in the measurements for that bolometer (in that observation); these data were then rebinned in the same way as the observations in Fig.", " \\[fig:scuba\\].", "\n\n[^4]: The uncertainties in clump location and flux were confirmed by analyzing the effect of noise on models which, in the absence of noise, reproduce two equidistant peaks of equal brightness (§\\[ss:ring\\]).", "\n\n[^5]: The width of this aperture was chosen to maximise the signal to noise of the detection while not losing the flux at large offsets from the center.", "\n\n[^6]: In this model, the collisional lifetimes of planetesimals of different sizes are computed using a model for the outcome of different collisions and assuming a size distribution appropriate for material in a collisional cascade scaled to the surface area of dust in that distribution through a fit to the SED of the disk emission.", "\n" ]
{ "pile_set_name": "ArXiv" }
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[ "Q:\n\nWhat are the differences between a node, a cluster and a datacenter in a cassandra nosql database?", "\n\nI am trying to duplicate data in a cassandra nosql database for a school project using datastax ops center. ", "From what I have read, there is three keywords: cluster, node, and datacenter, and from what I have understand, the data in a node can be duplicated in another node, that exists in another cluster. ", "And all the nodes that contains the same (duplicated) data compose a datacenter. ", "Is that right?", "\nIf it is not, what is the difference?", "\n\nA:\n\nThe hierarchy of elements in Cassandra is:\n\nCluster\n\nData center(s)\n\nRack(s)\n\nServer(s)\n\nNode (more accurately, a vnode)\n\nA Cluster is a collection of Data Centers.", "\nA Data Center is a collection of Racks. ", "\nA Rack is a collection of Servers.", "\nA Server contains 256 virtual nodes (or vnodes) by default.", "\nA vnode is the data storage layer within a server.", "\nNote: A server is the Cassandra software. ", "A server is installed on a machine, where a machine is either a physical server, an EC2 instance, or similar.", "\nNow to specifically address your questions.", "\nAn individual unit of data is called a partition. ", "And yes, partitions are replicated across multiple nodes. ", "Each copy of the partition is called a replica.", "\nIn a multi-data center cluster, the replication is per data center. ", "For example, if you have a data center in San Francisco named dc-sf and another in New York named dc-ny then you can control the number of replicas per data center.", "\nAs an example, you could set dc-sf to have 3 replicas and dc-ny to have 2 replicas. ", "\nThose numbers are called the replication factor. ", "You would specifically say dc-sf has a replication factor of 3, and dc-ny has a replication factor of 2. ", "In simple terms, dc-sf would have 3 copies of the data spread across three vnodes, while dc-sf would have 2 copies of the data spread across two vnodes. ", "\nWhile each server has 256 vnodes by default, Cassandra is smart enough to pick vnodes that exist on different physical servers.", "\nTo summarize:\n\nData is replicated across multiple virtual nodes (each server contains 256 vnodes by default)\nEach copy of the data is called a replica\nThe unit of data is called a partition\nReplication is controlled per data center\n\nA:\n\nA node is a single machine that runs Cassandra. ", " A collection of nodes holding similar data are grouped in what is known as a \"ring\" or cluster.", "\nSometimes if you have a lot of data, or if you are serving data in different geographical areas, it makes sense to group the nodes of your cluster into different data centers. ", " A good use case of this, is for an e-commerce website, which may have many frequent customers on the east coast and the west coast. ", " That way your customers on the east coast connect to your east coast DC (for faster performance), but ultimately have access to the same dataset (both DCs are in the same cluster) as the west coast customers.", "\nMore information on this can be found here: About Apache Cassandra- How does Cassandra work?", "\n\nAnd all the nodes that contains the same (duplicated) data compose a datacenter. ", "Is that right?", "\n\nClose, but not necessarily. ", " The level of data duplication you have is determined by your replication factor, which is set on a per-keyspace basis. ", " For instance, let's say that I have 3 nodes in my single DC, all storing 600GB of product data. ", " My products keyspace definition might look like this:\nCREATE KEYSPACE products\nWITH replication = {'class': 'NetworkTopologyStrategy', 'MyDC': '3'};\n\nThis will ensure that my product data is replicated equally to all 3 nodes. ", " The size of my total dataset is 600GB, duplicated on all 3 nodes.", "\nBut let's say that we're rolling-out a new, fairly large product line, and I estimate that we're going to have another 300GB of data coming, which may start pushing the max capacity of our hard drives. ", " If we can't afford to upgrade all of our hard drives right now, I can alter the replication factor like this:\nCREATE KEYSPACE products\nWITH replication = {'class': 'NetworkTopologyStrategy', 'MyDC': '2'};\n\nThis will create 2 copies of all of our data, and store it in our current cluster of 3 nodes. ", " The size of our dataset is now 900GB, but since there are only two copies of it (each node is essentially responsible for 2/3 of the data) our size on-disk is still 600GB. ", " The drawback here, is that (assuming I read and write at a consistency level of ONE) I can only afford to suffer a loss of 1 node. ", " Whereas with 3 nodes and a RF of 3 (again reading and writing at consistency ONE), I could lose 2 nodes and still serve requests.", "\nEdit 20181128\n\nWhen I make a network request am I making that against the server? ", "or the node? ", "Or I make a request against the server does it then route it and read from the node or something else? ", "\n\nSo real quick explanation: server == node\nAs far as making a request against the nodes in your cluster, that behavior is actually dictated from the driver on the application side. ", " In fact, the driver maintains a copy of the current network topology, as it reads the cluster gossip similar to how the nodes do.", "\nOn the application side, you can set a load balancing policy. ", " Specifically, the TokenAwareLoadBalancingPolicy class will examine the partition key of each request, figure out which node(s) has the data, and send the request directly there.", "\nFor the other load balancing policies, or for queries where a single partition key cannot be determined, the request will be sent to a single node. ", " This node will act as a \"coordinator.\" ", " This chosen node will handle the routing of requests to the nodes responsible for them, as well as the compilation/returning of any result sets.", "\n\nA:\n\nNode:\nA machine which stores some portion of your entire database. ", "This may included data replicated from another node as well as it's own data. ", "What data it is responsible for is determined by it's token ranges, and the replication strategy of the keyspace holding the data.", "\nDatacenter:\nA logical grouping of Nodes which can be separated from another nodes. ", "A common use case is AWS-EAST vs AWS-WEST. ", "The replication NetworkTopologyStrategy is used to specify how many replicas of the entire keyspace should exist in any given datacenter. ", "This is how Cassandra users achieve cross-dc replication. ", "In addition their are Consistency Level policies that only require acknowledgement only within the Datacenter of the coordinator (LOCAL_*)\nCluster\nThe sum total of all the machines in your database including all datacenters. ", "There is no cross-cluster replication.", "\n\n" ]
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[ "Nights Like This (album)\n\nNights Like This is the third studio album by American singer Stacey Q, released on June 8, 1989 by Atlantic Records. ", "It was her last album to be released on the Atlantic label before she went on a hiatus from making music until the release of her album Boomerang (1997). ", "After the moderate commercial success of her album Hard Machine (1988), Swain decided to pursue a new musical direction. ", "She again worked with Jon St. James but also invited other producers, such as Clivillés & Cole, Robert Gordon or Bruce Gaitsch, to achieve a different sound. ", "Nights Like This is predominantly influenced by freestyle and house music, making it a musical departure from her previous work. ", "The album is, like her album Hard Machine, dedicated to her friend and hair stylist, Danny Medellin, who died in 1988.", "\n\nUpon its release, Nights Like This received generally positive reviews from music critics, but was a commercial failure. ", "It became her first album not to reach the Billboard 200.", "\n\nTwo singles were released from the album. ", "The lead single, \"Give You All My Love\", peaked at number sixteen on the Billboard Hot Dance Club Songs and number eight on the Singles Sales chart. ", "Accompanying music videos were released for both, the album version and the Crossover House Mix of the song. \"", "Heartbeat\" was released as the second single and it became a minor adult contemporary format radio hit.", "\n\nSingles\n\"Give You All My Love\" was released as the lead single from the album on May 25, 1989. ", "The music video was shot in Los Angeles, California. ", "It features Swain dancing with her friends inside a loft apartment. ", "One of the dancers is Michael Chambers.", "\n\nCritical reception\n\nUpon its release, Nights Like This received generally positive reviews from music critics, mostly praising its dance club sound. ", "Justin Kantor at AllMusic gave it two and a half star out of five, calling the songs on the album \"more trend-setting than trend-conscious\" and recommending it to \"club-goers looking for a rhythmically consistent album with just a touch of a pop sensibility.\"", "\n\nTrack listing\n\nCredits and personnel\n\n Stacey Swain – lead and backing vocals\n Roger Behle, Jr. – guitars\n Robert Clivillés – producer\n David Cole – producer\n Michael Eckhart – producer, keyboards, programming, backing vocals\n Bruce Gaitsch – producer, guitars, keyboards, engineer\n Mark Gamble – producer\n Sam Lister\n Jon St. James – producer, backing vocals\n David Williams – producer\n Jocelyn Brown – backing vocals\n David Cordrey – backing vocals\n Craig Derry – backing vocals\n Ruth Joy – backing vocals\n Ed Reddick – backing vocals\n Timothy B. Schmit – backing vocals\n Martha Wash – backing vocals\n\n Ken Komisar – executive producer\n Charlie Watts – engineer\n Steve \"Griss\" Grissen – engineer\n Bruce Miller – engineer\n Jim \"Bonzai\" Lyon – engineer\n Ron Gordon – engineer\n Bob Defrin – art direction\n Anthony Ranieri – design\n Jeff Katz – photography\n Yettie – make-up\n\nCredits adapted from the album's liner notes.", "\n\nChart performance\n\nSingles\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n[ Nights Like This] at AllMusic\n\nCategory:1989 albums\nCategory:Stacey Q albums\nCategory:Atlantic Records albums" ]
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[ "Insular carcinoma of the thyroid in an adolescent: a case report and review of the literature.", "\nA 15-year-old girl was referred for a thyroid gland mass, which rapidly enlarged in the brief interval between initial evaluation and surgery. ", "Fine needle aspiration of the mass suggested a diagnosis of papillary thyroid carcinoma. ", "Upon pathological examination of this aggressive tumor, an \"insular\" pattern of tumor was identified. ", "Insular carcinoma of the thyroid gland is unusual in the pediatric age group, however its aggressive nature and prognosis have important management implications for those physicians involved in the care of affected patients. ", "Aggressive surgical debulking, very close observation of the course of disease, and adjunctive radioiodine therapy may all be indicated as were performed in this case. ", "A description of the pathology of this condition, and a review of the clinical experience with insular carcinoma in childhood and adolescence are presented." ]
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[ "- OK, are you ready?", "\n- [Cameraman Mark] Let's go.", "\n- We are about to\nget into an enclosure\nwith the Common Marmoset.", "\nAlright, I'll go first.", "\n(door clanks open)\n(suspenseful music)\nYou can't see them, they're\nhiding in the leaves.", "\n(marmosets squeek)\nNo sudden movements.", "\n(suspenseful music)\n- Oh!", "\n- Oh, Mark, it's on your leg.", "\n(upbeat music)\n(jungle music)\nToday the crew and I are\nvisiting a wildlife sanctuary\ncalled \"Kids Saving\nthe Rainforest.\"", "\nThis location is home\nto many rescued animals\nthat are being rehabilitated\nso that they can\nultimately be released\nback into the wild.", "\nHowever, there's one\nresident species that cannot\nbe released because it's native\nto the jungles of Brazil.", "\nBut that wasn't going\nto stop me or the crew\nfrom getting the\ncameras up close.", "\nGet ready to meet the Marmoset.", "\nOh, I see one.", "\nAnd we are locked in.", "\nThere they are.", "\nThat's the Common Marmoset,\none of the smallest,\nnew world monkey\nspecies in the world.", "\nHello there.", "\nHow are you?", "\nOnly thing smaller than\nthis is the Pygmy Marmoset.", "\nThe goal here is\ngonna be to have them\nget comfortable enough to\nactually walk on my shoulders\nand on my hands and\nhopefully I'm not bitten\nbecause they have a very\nimpressive set of chompers.", "\nThe mouth almost looks like\nthe mouth of a piranha.", "\nTheir teeth are all\n(Coyote imitates a roar)\nsprawled out everywhere.", "\nAnd the teeth are,\noh, here we go,\ngot one coming right here.", "\nThe teeth are very\nimportant for this monkey\nbecause they actually use\nit, they're very specialized.", "\nThey can dig into\nthe bark of trees\nand one of their favorite\nthings to eat is tree sap;\nthey love sweets.", "\nThere you are, watch this.", "\nI'm going to bring out\nthe marshmallows, OK.", "\n- [Cameraman Mark] This\nis the secret treat?", "\n- This is the secret treat.", "\nAnd\nI'm gonna just, to start,\nput my thumb out\non this branch here\nand see if one will come close.", "\n- [Cameraman Mark]\nDo you have a call\nthat you use for these or?", "\n- Yeah I do, watch this.", "\nLittle Marmoset, I\ngot your marshmallows.", "\n(kissing sounds)\nWhere did they go?", "\n- [Cameraman Mark] I don't know.", "\n- It's a little\neerie in here knowing\nthat they're hiding\nsomewhere in the leaves.", "\nHello?", "\n(monkeys screech)\nThere's one, down there.", "\nNope, there's one right there\nby my foot look at that.", "\n- What a stealth.", "\n- Didn't even see it.", "\nOK, look at this, watch,\nwatch, watch, look.", "\nOh!", "\nHere he comes.", "\nUp here!", "\n(Coyote tuts)\nYes, yes, yes, yes, yes.", "\nBuilding trust, just\nbuilding trust right now.", "\nOoh!", "\nOh, I felt those teeth.", "\nThose teeth are definitely\nsharp, look at that, OK.", "\nHi, how are you?", "\nThat is a marmoset, OK.", "\nLemme see if I can\nkinda crouch down.", "\n- Oh.", "\n- Oh, Mark, it's on your leg.", "\n- I can see that.", "\n- [Coyote] You've got\na marmoset on you.", "\nOoh, he likes the camera.", "\nHow about this camera? ", "Why\ndon't you focus on this camera?", "\nAnd this is what it looks\nlike when the cameramen\nget closer to the animal\nthan the host does.", "\n- Hey buddy.", "\n- [Coyote] No sudden\nmovements here, let me see\nif I can get him\nonto my hand here.", "\nHey, here we go.", "\n- Oh there we go, there we go.", "\n- There we go.", "\nOK, now it is on my shoulder.", "\nOh boy, this is,\nthis is close, OK.", "\nJust a little tiny piece.", "\nMmm,\nmarshmallow.", "\nOK, there we go.", "\n- Yum, yum, yum, yum.", "\n- That's the good stuff, huh?", "\nWow, look at those front feet.", "\nThe dexterity in those fingers\nand those wrists is incredible.", "\nNow, that makes him a\nlittle more primitive\nthan some new world\nmonkey species is the fact\nthat they have claws\nand not fingernails.", "\nAnd look at the tufts\non the side of the head.", "\nI see you, can you\nhang out for just,\noh, there you are,\nup on my shoulder.", "\nI love those tufts, you know\nwhat it makes them look like?", "\nGizmo, from the movie Gremlins.", "\nAs long as we don't\nfeed you after midnight,\nhopefully you won't\nturn into a gremlin.", "\nLook at that.", "\nWouldn't it be awesome\nto just have one of these\non your shoulder all the time?", "\nYou can see because\nthey're so cute,\nthey're oftentimes\nfound in the pet trade.", "\nUnfortunately, though, this\ndoes not make a good pet.", "\nHi.", "\nAt one point in time,\nthese marmosets were found\nroaming in the nearby\nrainforest and because they\nare non-native species,\nspecialists safely captured\nand brought them to\nthe sanctuary where\nthey will live a happy\nand healthy life.", "\nIt is necessary for us to\nstay within the confines\nof their enclosure to ensure\nthat they don't escape\nback into the wild,\nwhere they would compete\nwith the native wildlife.", "\nThis is an arboreal species\nand they are found high up\nin the trees where they are\nsearching for they favorite food\nof berries and seeds.", "\nBut, like I said, they do\nspecialize in eating tree sap.", "\nThat's one grippy,\nlittle tongue.", "\nLook at that face.", "\n- [Cameraman Mark] Is the\ntongue rough or smooth?", "\n- [Coyote] It's rough\njust like a cat's tongue.", "\nAnd you can see why they\nwould need a rough tongue\nto be able to lick up sap.", "\nIt's a long tongue\nthat this guy's got.", "\n- [Cameraman Mark]\nThey have long tails.", "\n- They do!", "\n- For their body.", "\n- Now that tail\nis not prehensile\nwhich a lot of new world\nmonkeys have a prehensile tail,\nwhich allows them to use\nit almost like a fifth hand\nwhere they can hang upside\ndown from a tree branch.", "\nThe tail of the marmoset\nis just used for balance\nwhen they're running around\nin the tree branches.", "\nAnd they don't even run,\nit's more kinda like\nthis bouncing stride.", "\n- [Cameraman Mark] Almost\nlike a kangaroo rat.", "\n- Yeah, where did my friend go?", "\nThere we go.", "\nHmm, look at that.", "\nHi, how are you?", "\nTwo little, tiny\nshoulder buddies.", "\nOK, I feel much more\ncomfortable with the marmoset\nthan I did the squirrel monkey.", "\nOh! ", "Oh! ", "Oh!", "\n(squirrel monkey screeching)\nI'm sorry!", "\nHi there, oh, you found\nmy pocket, I see that.", "\nWell, how cool is this;\nspending our afternoon\nhanging out with\nthe common marmoset.", "\nI'm Coyote Peterson.", "\nBe brave.", "\nStay wild.", "\nWe'll see you on\nthe next location!", "\nIf you thought the\nmarmoset was cute,\nmake sure to go back and\nwatch me get up-close\nwith B-Rad, the world's\nmost adorable baby sloth.", "\nAnd don't forget:\nSubscribe so you can\njoin me and the crew\non our next location!", "\n(bear roars)\n(eagle cries)\n" ]
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[ "WKDZ-FM\n\nWKDZ-FM (106.5 FM) is a radio station licensed in Cadiz, Kentucky. ", " WKDZ-FM is owned by Ham Broadcasting. ", " Beth Mann serves as Ham Broadcasting owner/president.", "\n\nIn 2004, Ham Broadcasting moved from their former Will Jackson Road location to a new facility at Broadbent Square in east Cadiz.", "\n\nHistory \nThe station first signed on the air at 106.3 megahertz on May 18, 1972. ", "It began as a 3,000-watt FM simulcast station of WKDZ-AM for its first ten years on the air. ", "At that time, WKDZ-AM broadcast a Variety format. ", "In the mid 1980s, the station became separate from the AM counterpart, and began broadcasting an Adult contemporary format.", "\n\nUnder the WBZD callsign from 1985 to 1991, the station continued its Adult Contemporary format. ", "In 1991, the station's callsign was reverted to the original WKDZ-FM, and it began broadcasting a country format.", "\n\nProgramming\n\nFormat and coverage area\nWKDZ-FM broadcasts a country music format and serves Trigg, Christian, Caldwell, Lyon, and Todd counties in Kentucky, along with nearby Montgomery and Stewart counties in Middle Tennessee.", "\n\nSports programming\nIn addition to its usual music programming, WKDZ-FM is an affiliate of the Tennessee Titans Radio Network, which broadcasts live games involving the NFL's Tennessee Titans based in Nashville. ", "WKDZ-FM also serves as one of three affiliates of the University of Kentucky Wildcats radio network in the Clarksville-Hopkinsville market (the other two are WHOP-AM and WHOP-FM). ", "WKDZ-FM also broadcasts Trigg County High School football games on Friday nights from mid-August through November.", "\n\nOn August 1, 2017, the station launched YourSportsEdge.com, a sports website dedicated to covering sports at Trigg County High School, Caldwell County High School, Lyon County High School, Hopkinsville High School, Christian County High School, Heritage Christian Academy, University Heights Academy, Fort Campbell High School, and Todd County Central High School. ", " In addition, the site covers college sports and the Hoptown Hoppers Ohio Valley League baseball team.", "\n\nNews operation\nWKDZ-FM is unique in that it, along with sister stations WHVO and WKDZ-AM, boasts a full-time news department in house. ", "The one-hour newscasts, branded as News Edge, are broadcast at 12 Noon and 5:00 p.m. Central Time over all three Ham Broadcasting-owned stations. ", "Shorter newscasts are run at 6, 7, and 8 a.m. CT. ", "Hourly national news updates are provided by Fox News Radio at the top of each hour.", "\n\nAwards and recognitions\nWKDZ-FM has been recognized many times for its community service. ", "The station also has won a Marconi Award for \"Small Market Station Of The Year\" in 2008, 2013, and 2017. ", "WKDZ-FM has also been consistently nominated for the coveted NAB Crystal Award for Community Service, which they won in 2013.", "\n\nOn-air staff\n\nWeekdays\nAlan Watts (mornings 5 - 9 am)\nCindy Allen Lax (mornings 7:30 - 9 am)\n Eddie Owen (midday 9 am - 12 pm)\nBill Booth 'Live Afternoon Drive' (1 - 5 pm)\nGreg Leath (evenings 6 pm - 12 am) \nScott Brown (sports)\nAnn Petrie (news - 5 pm News Edge Host)\nTammy Hancock (news)\nBoyd Clark (news - 12 Noon News Edge Host)\n\nWeekends\n Scott Brown 'Your Sports Edge Saturday' (Saturday 8:15 - 9 am)\nBill Booth (Saturday 6 - 8 am & 9 am - 1 pm & Sunday from 10 am to 3 pm)\nEddie Owen (Saturday 1 - 6 pm)\nGreg Leath (Saturday 6 pm - 12 am)\nRich Miller 'Power County' (Sunday 6 - 8 am)\nJohn Ritter 'Rise Up' (Sunday 8 am - 10 am)\nJoshua Claussen (Sunday 3 - 7 pm)\nRick Jackson's Country Classics (Sunday 7 - 10 pm)\nSteve Stewart 'The Road' (Sunday 10 pm - 12 am)\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nWKDZ-FM official website\nWKDZ News E-dge\nWKDZ Sports E-dge\n\nKDZ-FM\nCategory:Radio stations established in 1972\nCategory:Country radio stations in the United States\nCategory:Trigg County, Kentucky" ]
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[ "Subscribe to our Weekly Edition\n\nMain menu\n\nIsrael takes the lead in the cleantech revolution\n\nThe world may just be waking up to the need for clean technologies now, but Israel, with its scarce resources and need for independence, has been developing them for years. ", "From communications to software, to semiconductors, to medical devices …\n\nThe world may just be waking up to the need for clean technologies now, but Israel, with its scarce resources and need for independence, has been developing them for years.", "\n\nFrom communications to software, to semiconductors, to medical devices – Israel has been at the cutting edge of technology for the last 30 years, and it’s not about to miss the next revolution, in which technology will facilitate a cleaner, more sustainable world.", "\n\nGlobal concern over a looming energy crisis, water scarcity and man-made climate change are driving a huge demand for clean technologies, which focus on preserving the earth’s resources – energy, water, air and soil.", "\n\nDaily headlines highlight the brisk growth in renewable energy investment, new solar installations, water desalination plants, and biofuel developments across the globe. ", "These emerging business opportunities combined with a governmental push (the Bali conference in December, EU and US energy legislation) have led to a boom in clean technologies in the last several years.", "\n\nIsrael at first glance may appear an insignificant player in the game, but actually has a lot to offer and to gain from efforts to promote clean technologies.", "\n\nLocated in one of the most arid deserts in the world, Israel has developed in spite of its severe water crisis. ", "The country’s growing population and trend to urbanization require increasing water supplies on an annual basis, all the while water resources are shrinking. ", "The Jordan river has been reduced to a trickle during summer months and the water level in the Kinneret Sea has dropped for four years. ", "Even the underground aquifers are not being replenished quickly enough to quench Israeli thirst.", "\n\nIn order to combat this problem, Israeli entrepreneurs have developed innovative solutions over the last several decades. ", "For example, Netafim, now a global irrigation company with hundreds of millions of dollars in sales, was founded to produce water-saving drip irrigation systems for the Israeli agricultural sector. ", "Newer startups such as Atlantium (ultraviolet water disinfection) and AqWise (wastewater treatment) are popping up across the country to help solve various water issues, and older industrial companies such as IDE (desalination) are growing fast with increased projects in Israel and abroad.", "\n\nIsrael’s water technology companies are helped by several governmental support mechanisms, including Mekorot’s WaTech and the government’s IsraelNewTech, which support new startups with beta site opportunities and R&D funding, respectively. ", "Additionally, research by Ben Gurion University, the Technion and Weizmann Institute has led to innovative technologies to address the crisis.", "\n\nAlternative energy – particularly solar power – is also a huge focus factor for Israel. ", "With little to no natural petroleum resources of its own, the country has been reliant on imported oil since its inception. ", "As oil prices have tiptoed back and forth across the $100 mark and stability in supplier regions decreased (i.e., South America, several former Soviet Republics and the Middle East), Israel has begun to focus on energy independence as a political goal.", "\n\nIn this aspect, the country has one amazing thing going for it: the Negev desert. ", "The southern half of Israel, 13,000 square kilometers, has more than enough sun to power all of Israel via solar power plants. ", "Although that doesn’t look like it will happen anytime soon, there are significant efforts to produce sun-based energy in Israel. ", "Companies such as Luz II and Solel (pioneers in concentrated solar thermal power plants), Pythagoras Solar (undisclosed solar photovoltaic technology), and SolarPower (solar solutions provider) are concentrating on bringing novel solar technology to the local and global markets.", "\n\nThe government has given its blessing to the efforts by passing clean energy friendly legislation, including the announcement of a feed-in tariff for solar-generated electricity, solar water heaters, and a tender for a 250 MW solar power plant, among others.", "\n\nMeanwhile, others are concentrating on energy through other means. ", "This includes Ormat, which developed geothermal power generation (using underground steam to power turbines for electricity generation) technology many years ago. ", "Ormat successfully went public on the NYSE several years ago and has a significant share of the global geothermal power market.", "\n\nAfter the government made it law, many years ago, that all new buildings install rooftop solar waters heaters, multiple companies were created to sell to the market. ", "Installation of these solar water heaters has saved about three percent of overall energy usage annually and made Israel a world-leader in solar water heaters, with installations in 75% of households.", "\n\nPerhaps the most publicized and recent development in Israel is Project Better Place (PBP), which plans to make electric vehicles a mass-market reality. ", "The company, headed by Israeli Shai Agassi, is planning to initiate its first project in Israel. ", "Through a three-way cooperation agreement between PBP, Renault-Nissan and the Israeli government, the partners plan to manufacture electric vehicles (Renault-Nissan), provide incentives to purchase them (government) and build the infrastructure to charge them (PBP).", "\n\nThe bold plan will reduce air pollution and, to the extent that the Israeli power grid moves increasingly to greener sources of power, it will help shift energy usage away from petroleum imports.", "\n\nSo one may ask, how did this happen? ", "How did Israel end up with so much cleantech innovation and will it become a long-term leader in this field? ", "Beyond Israel’s precarious energy and water situation, I believe the convergence of several key factors will bring Israel to the forefront of clean technologies and ensure that it remains a global leader in the space.", "\n\nFirst, Israel has a history of very innovative and entrepreneurial individuals who can creatively solve the issues at hand. ", "Many of them are experienced and successful entrepreneurs from the high tech sectors and are ready to apply the knowledge and lessons they have learned to the cleantech field.", "\n\nSecond, there is wide government support for new technologies to solve Israel’s water and energy problems, and robust cleantech-related research in Israel’s public universities and research institutions.", "\n\nFor decades, Israel has faced the energy, water and environmental challenges that every country in the world is now coming to grips with. ", "It has been researching, developing and commercializing products to mitigate those problems for years. ", "The country has the history, the entrepreneurs, the know-how, and the cooperation of universities, government and private interests necessary to make it a leading source of clean technologies." ]
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[ "1. ", "Introduction {#sec1}\n===============\n\nAdequate platelet inhibition plays a key role in the prevention of recurrent ischemic events in patients with acute coronary syndromes (ACSs) undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). ", "Accordingly, the use of clopidogrel as a part of the dual-antiplatelet strategy represents a standard of care in clinical practice \\[[@B1]--[@B3]\\]. ", "Recently, the presence of defective alleles of the CYP2C19 enzyme, which is required for the conversion of clopidogrel to its active metabolite, has been associated with lower levels of the active metabolite corresponding in turn to diminished antiplatelet effect and potentially higher rates of adverse cardiovascular events \\[[@B4], [@B5]\\]. ", "Consistently, the U. S. Food and Drug Administration (U.S. FDA) has added a black-box warning to the clopidogrel label emphasizing the increased risk of cardiovascular outcomes in patients carrying two loss of function (LoF) CYP2C19 alleles, particularly carriers of *CYP2C19*\\**2* and *CYP2C19*\\**3*, which accounts for 85% of reduced function alleles in Whites and 99% in Asians \\[[@B6]\\]. ", "No similar warning has been given for one LoF CYP2C19 allele carriers. ", "This warning also advocates the availability of genetic testing to identify a CYP2C19 genotype status and the use of genetic testing to aid therapeutic strategy. ", "Following the \"black box\" warning, two major guidelines in the USA \\[[@B7]\\] and Europe \\[[@B8]\\] highlighted the use of genotyping and phenotyping as one part of state-of-the-art modern antiplatelet strategies. ", "To date, the diagnostic roles of genotyping in predicting clopidogrel response and subsequently determining therapeutic strategy in clopidogrel nonresponders are less clear, and the clinical utility in the \"real world\" is not obvious. ", "Furthermore, most of the studies have been performed on Western subjects with no data available for the Malaysian population, especially the influence of CYP2C19 genotype on clopidogrel response. ", "Therefore, we conducted a study to assess the association between *CYP2C19*\\**2* genotype status and clopidogrel response on healthy Malaysian volunteers.", "\n\n2. ", "Materials and Methods {#sec2}\n========================\n\n2.1. ", "Subjects {#sec2.1}\n-------------\n\nThis study was approved by the University ethics committee (Joint Ethic Committee, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia Hospital Lam Wah Ee, USM HLWE/IEC/2011/0006) on March 2011, and all of the subjects gave written informed consent to participate in the index study. ", "Briefly, 90 healthy Malaysian volunteers between 21 and 40 years of age were recruited between April and May 2011. ", "Volunteers were comprised of 34 Malay, 49 Chinese, and 7 Indian descendents. ", "The volunteers were recruited from Universiti Sains Malaysia (Penang, Malaysia) and were enrolled based on the following criteria: Malaysian citizenship; age between 21 and 55 years old; normal BMI; and no remarkable medical history. ", "All the volunteers have self reported to be free from any medical conditions, normal blood glucose, creatinine level, and vital signs, including blood pressure and heart rate. ", "Hence, they were considered to be healthy. ", "Of the 90 volunteers genotyped, 45 (18 Malays, 25 Chinese, and 2 Indians) agreed to participate in the clopidogrel response study and were asked to refrain from alcohol, caffeine, and cigarettes 24 hours prior to clopidogrel administration. ", "The subjects were also instructed to stop taking multivitamins, supplements, over-the-counter medications, or any other medications one week prior to drug administration. ", "Study subjects were administered a standard loading dose of 300 mg clopidogrel with 240 mL of plain water. ", "Blood samples were drawn four hours after receiving clopidogrel to test platelet function.", "\n\n2.2. ", "Genotyping {#sec2.2}\n---------------\n\nWe performed genotyping for the *CYP2C19*\\**2*and *CYP2C19*\\**3*alleles in all of the volunteers. ", "Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) was extracted from fresh blood using the *HiYield* Genomic DNA Mini Kit (Real Biotech Corporation, Taipei, Taiwan) and stored at −20°C. ", "All of the subjects were genotyped using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with *i*-Taq plus DNA polymerase (iNtRON Biotechnology Inc., Kyungki-Do, Korea). ", "Primers used to analyze the *CYP2C19*\\**2*allele included 5′-CAACCAGATCTTGGCATATTG′-3 and 5′-TAAAGTCCCGAGGGTTGTTG′-3. ", "The primers used to analyze the *CYP2C19*\\**3*allele were 5′-CTTCACCCTGTGATCCCACT′-3 and 5′-TGGTTTCTCAGGAAGCAAAAA′-3. ", "The PCR amplification protocol included denaturation at 94°C for 2 min, followed by 40 cycles at 94°C for 30 s, 60°C for 10 s, 72°C for 20 s, and a final elongation at 72°C for 2 min. ", "Negative controls were always included in each PCR analysis. ", "Prior to sequencing, all of the PCR products were purified using LaboPass gel and a PCR Clean-Up Kit (Cosmo Genetech, Seoul, Korea). ", "Direct sequencing was performed with forward and reverse primers using an ABI3730XL capillary-based DNA sequencer (Applied Biosystems, USA) to detect the presence of *CYP2C19*\\**2* and *CYP2C19*\\**3*. ", "Sequencing results were interpreted using BioEdit software version 7.0.8.0, which is a biological sequence alignment editor \\[[@B9]\\]. ", "The *CYP2C19*\\**1* allele was assigned when none of the assayed alleles were present.", "\n\n2.3. ", "Platelet Function {#sec2.3}\n----------------------\n\nPlatelet function was measured using the VerifyNow-P2Y12 test (Accumetrics, San Diego, CA, USA). ", "Results are expressed as P2Y12 reaction units (PRUs), where a lower PRU value is associated with a greater degree of P2Y12 inhibition by clopidogrel and therefore is associated with the expected antiplatelet effect. ", "Nonresponders were prespecified as PRU ≥ 230, and this cutoff point defines a high residual platelet reactivity and has been demonstrated to predict long-term cardiovascular events following percutaneous coronary intervention, including death, myocardial infarction (MI), and stent thrombosis (ST) \\[[@B10]\\].", "\n\n2.4. ", "Endpoints {#sec2.4}\n--------------\n\nEndpoints were a PRU value four hours following clopidogrel administration in three genotype groups, *CYP2C19*\\**1/*\\**1*, *CYP2C19*\\**1/*\\**2*, and *CYP2C19*\\**2/*\\**2*, and the total number of nonresponders (PRU ≥ 230) irrespective of their genotype status.", "\n\n2.5. ", "Statistical Analyses {#sec2.5}\n-------------------------\n\nFor sample size calculation, we assumed that a 300 mg dose of clopidogrel would result in a PRU absolute difference of 100 PRU with a standard deviation of 50 PRU in P2Y12 ADP-induced platelet reactivity between the *CYP2C19*\\**1/*\\**1*carriers and *CYP2C19*\\**1/*\\**2*carriers. ", "This assumption was based on our preliminary unpublished data. ", "It was estimated that at least eight volunteers in each genotype group were required to provide a power of 95% to reach statistically significant differences with a two-tailed alpha of 0.05. ", "The categorical variables are presented as numbers or percentages and were compared using a chi-square test. ", "Continuous variables, presented as means ± SD, were compared using a one-way analysis of variance (one-way ANOVA). ", "After demonstrating a significant difference among the variables with a one-way ANOVA, comparisons among the groups were performed with Tukey\\'s HSD post hoc test to determine which group was significantly different. ", "Statistical significance was *P* \\< 0.05. ", "All statistical analyses were performed using SPSS for Windows (SPSS 16.0 Family, SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL).", "\n\n3. ", "Results {#sec3}\n==========\n\n3.1. ", "Baseline Characteristics of the Study Population {#sec3.1}\n-----------------------------------------------------\n\n[Table 1](#tab1){ref-type=\"table\"} summarizes the demographic characteristics of the study cohort. ", "Ninety healthy Malaysian volunteers were enrolled in the study (34 Malays, 49 Chinese, and 7 Indians). ", "37.8% of the volunteers were male, with an average age of 24.1 ± 3.6 years. ", "Mean BMI was 21.3 ± 3.2 kg/m². ", "The vast majority were nonsmokers (98.9%). ", "Of the 90 volunteers genotyped, 45 were included in the clopidogrel response studies (18 Malays, 25 Chinese, and 2 Indians). ", "All 45 subjects were triaged into three genotypes, namely, *CYP2C19*\\**1/*\\**1 n* = 17 (8 Malays, 8 Chinese, and 1 Indian), *CYP2C19*\\**1/*\\**2 n* = 21 (7 Malays and 14 Chinese), and *CYP2C19*\\**2/*\\**2 n* = 7 (3 Malays, 3 Chinese, and 1 Indian).", "\n\n3.2. ", "CYP2C19 Status of the Study Population {#sec3.2}\n-------------------------------------------\n\n[Figure 1](#fig1){ref-type=\"fig\"} shows the prevalence of the CYP2C19 genotype in the 90 volunteers. ", "Of the 90 volunteers genotyped, 37.8% were noncarriers of *CYP2C19*\\**2* or *CYP2C19*\\**3*and therefore were assigned as *CYP2C19*\\**1/*\\**1* carriers. *", "CYP2C19*\\**2* was detected in all races (60.0%) and found more in Chinese volunteers (67.3%), followed by Indians (57.1%) and Malays (50.0%). *", "CYP2C19*\\**3* was detected in only 3.3% of the volunteers. ", "Specifically, 42.2% of the volunteers carried one LoF for the *CYP2C19*\\**2* allele, namely, *CYP2C19*\\**1/*\\**2*. ", "Only 16.7% of the volunteers carried two LoF for the *CYP2C19*\\**2*, namely, *CYP2C19*\\**2/*\\**2*. *", "CYP2C19*\\**1/*\\**3*was detected in 2.2% of the volunteers, and only 1.1% of the volunteers were detected carrying both defective alleles, namely, *CYP2C19*\\**2/*\\**3*. ", "None of the volunteers carried *CYP2C19*\\**3/*\\**3*.", "\n\n3.3. ", "Impact of CYP2C19∗2 on Platelet Reactivity Following Clopidogrel Administration {#sec3.3}\n------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nBaseline platelet reactivity was essentially similar between the *CYP2C19∗1/∗1*, *CYP2C19∗1/∗2*, and *CYP2C19∗2/∗2* carriers (303.9 ± 27.4 versus 331.4 ± 37.1 versus 322.6 ± 47.0 PRU, respectively, *P* = 0.069). ", "However, platelet reactivity following clopidogrel administration was influenced by the CYP2C19 genotype status with the CYP2C19∗2/∗2 carriers having significantly greater mean platelet reactivity compared to the *CYP2C19*\\**1/*\\**2* and *CYP2C19*\\**1/*\\**1*carriers, reflecting an impaired clopidogrel response in the carriers of at least one LoF for the *CYP2C19*\\**2* allele (291.0 ± 62.1 versus 232.5 ± 81.4 versus 147.4 ± 87.2 PRU, respectively, *P* \\< 0.001) ([Figure 2](#fig2){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "Post hoc comparisons using Tukey\\'s HSD test indicated that the mean PRU value for the *CYP2C19*\\**1/*\\**1* carriers was significantly lower from the *CYP2C19*\\**1/*\\**2* and *CYP2C19*\\**2/*\\**2* carriers. ", "However, the mean PRU value between the *CYP2C19*\\**1/*\\**2* and *CYP2C19*\\**2/*\\**2* carriers did not significantly differ, although we observed a trend towards higher PRU levels in *CYP2C19*\\**2/*\\**2* carriers compared to *CYP2C19*\\**1/*\\**2* carriers.", "\n\nFor the entire cohort, the proportion of clopidogrel nonresponders (defined by PRU ≥ 230) was 46.7%, irrespective of the *CYP2C19*\\**2* status. ", "Interestingly, three out of the 17 (17.6%) *CYP2C19*\\**1/*\\**1* carriers were nonresponders, and all 7 (100%) *CYP2C19*\\**2/*\\**2* carriers were nonresponders. ", "In the case of the *CYP2C19*\\**1/*\\**2* carriers, 11 out of 21 (52.4%) were also found to be nonresponders. ", "To identify CYP2C19 genotype status of the clopidogrel nonresponders, we constructed a scatter plot consisting of the individual responses in the three strata defined by CYP2C19 genotype status ([Figure 3](#fig3){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "Interestingly, we found clopidogrel nonresponders not only in the carriers of two LoF for *CYP2C19*\\**2*, but also in the carriers of one LoF for *CYP2C19*\\**2* and the noncarriers. ", "All of the *CYP2C19*\\**2/*\\**2* carriers were nonresponders with the lowest PRU value of 231, whereas three of the *CYP2C19*\\**1/*\\**1* carriers were identified as nonresponders with a PRU value of 289, 286, and 285. ", "Despite the small sample size for the *CYP2C19*\\**1/*\\**2* carriers, we observed a broad spectrum of response to clopidogrel, ranging from PRU values as low as 72 to as high as 362, reflecting high variability. ", "A total of 52.4% of the *CYP2C19*\\**1/*\\**2*carriers were nonresponders and demonstrated overlapped PRU values with the *CYP2C19*\\**2/*\\**2* carriers, indicating that the diminished clopidogrel antiplatelet effect occurs not only in those having two LoF for *CYP2C19*\\**2* alleles but also in those having one LoF *CYP2C19*\\**2*. ", "Most importantly, this observation implies that the *CYP2C19*\\**1/*\\**2* genotype does not correlate well with phenotype to adequately predict clopidogrel response.", "\n\n4. ", "Discussion {#sec4}\n=============\n\nThe main findings of the present study can be summarized as follows.", "The *CYP219*\\**2* allele is consistently present in the Malaysian population, in all main races in Malaysia, namely, Malays, Chinese, and Indians. *", "CYP2C19*\\**1/*\\**2* is the most common genotype found in this study population, and a small but significant percentage of the volunteers carried the *CYP2C19*\\**2/*\\**2* allele. ", "The *CYP2C19*\\**3* allele was also detected in this study population with a lesser degree than the *CYP2C19*\\**2* allele.", "The *CYP2C19*\\**2* allele was significantly associated with impaired clopidogrel response. ", "The association is not only seen in the carriers of two LoF *CYP2C19*\\**2* carriers, but also in the carriers of one LoF *CYP2C19*\\**2* and *CYP2C19*\\**1/*\\**1* carriers. ", "This observation implies that a decreased antiplatelet effect of clopidogrel occurs irrespective of *CYP2C19*\\**2* genotype status.", "A broad spectrum of response was observed in the *CYP2C19*\\**1/*\\**2* genotype group with half of the carriers clopidogrel nonresponders and another half clopidogrel responders, reflecting that *CYP2C19*\\**1/*\\**2*genotype status does not correlate well with phenotype to adequately predict clopidogrel responsiveness. ", "Based on this observation, our data suggests that CYP2C19 genotype information alone cannot serve as a reliable surrogate for prediction of platelet reactivity and therefore failed to discriminate between clopidogrel responders or nonresponders, except in those who are carrying two LoF *CYP2C19*\\**2/*\\**2*. ", "Thus, the genotyping approach is probably more predictive in subjects carrying the *CYP2C19*\\**2/*\\**2* allele compared to the *CYP2C19*\\**1/*\\**2* allele.", "\n\nTo the best of our knowledge, this is the first paper of an association between *CYP2C19*\\**2* genotype and impaired clopidogrel response performed in a young, healthy Malaysian population. ", "Most importantly, apart from confirming the strong impact of the *CYP2C19*\\**2* allele on the antiplatelet effects of clopidogrel, our paper has also demonstrated that genotyping for CYP2C19 is insufficient to predict clopidogrel response without utilizing the platelet function test.", "\n\nA timely genome-wide association study has showing that among 400,000 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), the most significant SNP associated with impaired clopidogrel response was *CYP2C19*\\**2.* ", "The carriers of this variant who underwent PCI had reduced protection from clopidogrel in preventing cardiovascular ischemic events or death during one year of followup \\[[@B11]\\]. ", "A recent meta-analysis which analyzed nine studies predominantly in patients receiving PCI demonstrated that the carriers of at least one LoF for CYP2C19 are at a greater than 50% increased risk for adverse cardiovascular events and a nearly threefold increased risk for ST, whereby the higher risk of ST was demonstrated in the carriers of two LoF for CYP2C19 than the carriers of one LoF \\[[@B12]\\].", "\n\nThe catastrophic consequences caused by suboptimal ADP-mediated platelet suppression demonstrated in clopidogrel nonresponders were of concern; therefore, more potent P2Y12 inhibitors are needed. ", "Clinical benefits of achieving lower levels of on-treatment platelet reactivity are suggested by two large, randomized controlled trials \\[[@B13], [@B14]\\]. ", "In both trials, more potent P2Y12 inhibitors, prasugrel, and ticagrelor were compared with clopidogrel, and both drugs are associated with greater degrees of adenosine diphosphate-mediated platelet inhibition and therefore are associated with a greater suppression of clinical ischemic events. ", "Although the use of more potent P2Y12 inhibitors represents an alternative treatment strategy, this approach is currently unappealing in economic aspects particularly in a country in which affordability and accessibility are still an issue. ", "Based on the aforementioned factor, there is a need to utilize the genetic testing and platelet function tests to determine the best therapeutic strategy.", "\n\nMore recently, the utility of platelet function testing in guiding antiplatelet therapy was investigated in two prospective trials, namely, (GRAVITAS) with a VerifyNow Assay-Impact on Thrombosis and Safety Gauging Responsiveness \\[[@B15]\\] and Testing Platelet Reactivity in Patients Undergoing Elective Stent Placement on Clopidogrel to Guide Alternative Therapy with Prasugrel (TRIGGER-PCI) \\[[@B16]\\]. ", "GRAVITAS suffered from a modest pharmacodynamic effect which resulted in no significant difference of clinical outcomes in patients with high platelet reactivity randomized to standard- or high-maintenance dose of clopidogrel and therefore does not support a treatment strategy for high-dose clopidogrel in patients with high residual activity identified by a single platelet function test in stable patients undergoing PCI. ", "TRIGGER-PCI, which is a trial assessing clinical outcomes in high platelet reactivity patients undergoing elective PCI randomized to prasugrel or clopidogrel, on the other hand suffered from low rates of events and was recently halted. ", "More recently, a pharmacogenetic approach was introduced in the (RAPID-GENE) using an individualized strategy based on genetic evaluation reassessment of antiplatelet therapy trial \\[[@B17]\\]. ", "This proof-of-concept pharmacogenetic trial has demonstrated that none of the carriers of at least one LoF *CYP2C19*\\**2* or the noncarriers in the rapid genotyping arm had PRU \\> 234 compared with the standard therapy arm, reflecting the utility of a pharmacogenetic approach to tailor therapy based on genetic information. ", "However, there are no large-scale clinical studies to date demonstrating that adjustment of antiplatelet therapy based on a pharmacogenetic approach improves clinical outcomes.", "\n\nPharmacogenetic issues of clopidogrel are significant in Malaysia as the *CYP219*\\**2* allele is highly prevalent in the Malaysian population. ", "It was reported that the prevalence of the carriers of two LoF *CYP2C19*\\**2*and/or *CYP2C19*\\**3* was 5.6% in Malaysian Malays, 19.1% in Malaysian Chinese, and 10.0% in Malaysian Indians \\[[@B18]\\]. *", "CYP2C19*\\**2* was reported as the major CYP2C19 variant found in the Malaysian population with the *CYP2C19*\\**1/*\\**2* genotype mostly detected, especially in Chinese. *", "CYP2C19*\\**3* was reported in a smaller percentage than *CYP2C19*\\**2* but not an insignificant number. ", "Our study reported a similar trend, although the sample size was smaller than the previously published data. ", "Multiple lines of evidence show that the presence of *CYP2C19*\\**2* is associated with impaired antiplatelet effects of clopidogrel with the association not only seen in healthy volunteers \\[[@B19], [@B20]\\] but also in patients \\[[@B21], [@B22]\\]. ", "Most of the studies were performed in Caucasians, and only a handful of studies involved the Asian population. ", "Our findings of CYP2C19 variants and clopidogrel response are largely consistent with studies of others and contribute additional data for the Asian population and unarguably the first report involving the Malaysian population. ", "Interestingly, we observed few clopidogrel nonresponders not only detected in the carriers of at least one LoF *CYP2C19*\\**2*, but also in the noncarriers. ", "This finding reflects the fact that *CYP2C19*\\**2* only account for a certain percentage of variability in clopidogrel response. ", "A possible explanation for this finding might be that other nongenetic or genetic factors could play additional roles. ", "It was reported that the *CYP2C19*\\**2* genotype only accounts for approximately 12% of the variation in clopidogrel response in patients cohort, whereas another 10% of the variability is contributed by clinical risk factors with the majority of these causes remaining unexplained \\[[@B11]\\]. ", "All *CYP2C19*\\**2/*\\**2* carriers were nonresponders reflecting diminished clopidogrel responsiveness in the carriers of two LoF *CYP2C19*\\**2,* which represents a group of poor metabolizers. ", "It was reported in at least two prospective studies that even with the maintenance clopidogrel doses up to 300 mg \\[[@B23]\\] and loading doses up to 900 mg \\[[@B24]\\], *CYP2C19*\\**2/*\\**2* carriers responded poorly, suggesting a profile of complete resistance to clopidogrel. ", "We also observed a broad spectrum of response within the *CYP2C19*\\**1/*\\**2* genotype group. ", "As such, more than half of the *CYP2C19*\\**1/*\\**2* carriers were clopidogrel nonresponders, and the remaining carriers were responsive to clopidogrel. ", "Similarly, it was reported in a study using stable coronary artery disease patients that approximately 18--25% of the *CYP2C19*\\**1/*\\**1* carriers and 38--43% of the *CYP2C19*\\**1/*\\**2* carriers demonstrated high platelet reactivity following clopidogrel administration \\[[@B25]\\].", "\n\nThere are two major implications for these findings. ", "The U.S. FDA emphasized increased risk of adverse cardiovascular outcomes in patients with two LoF CYP2C19 variants, and no similar warning was given for those with one LoF CYP2C19. ", "Our study clearly demonstrated that significant portions of *CYP2C19*\\**1/*\\**2* carriers have overlapping PRU values with *CYP2C19*\\**2/*\\**2* carriers and therefore are regarded as nonresponders. ", "In light of this observation, we think that the decreased clopidogrel response does not exclusively belong to the carriers of two LoF *CYP2C19*\\**2*only, but also in one LoF *CYP2C19*\\**2*carriers, therefore carrying a similar increased risk of adverse cardiovascular events. ", "Secondly, the wide response variability observed in *CYP2C19*\\**1/*\\**2* carriers implies that genotype information may fail to identify a large portion of patients with high platelet reactivity or patients with optimal platelet reactivity and therefore unable to discriminate between clopidogrel responders and nonresponders. ", "This is the main reason why genotype information is not a robust surrogate or marker for predicting pharmacodynamic response to clopidogrel. ", "However, our data suggest that for persons carrying two LoF *CYP2C19*\\**2/*\\**2*, genotype correlates well with phenotype to adequately predict clopidogrel nonresponders. ", "Therefore, if one were to personalize clopidogrel therapy on the basis of genotype information alone, many *CYP2C19*\\**1/*\\**2* carriers who are potentially responding to clopidogrel are unnecessarily switched to the new generation of P2Y12 inhibitors. ", "The role of genotyping may be important for *CYP2C19*\\**2/*\\**2* carriers for selecting intensified clopidogrel therapy or more potent P2Y12 inhibitors. ", "As a large proportion of *CYP2C19*\\**1/*\\**2*carriers were reported in the Malaysian population, and if drug costs are taken into account, especially when generic clopidogrel will substantially reduce the cost, it seems that the roles of phenotyping outperform genotyping. ", "Furthermore, phenotyping provides significant advantages as it measures the final drug response irrespective of genetic or nongenetic factors which contribute to clopidogrel unresponsiveness.", "\n\n5. ", "Limitation of Study {#sec5}\n======================\n\nThis study has several limitations that require mentioning. ", "This study is a single-center study involving only a small number of healthy volunteers. ", "Nonetheless, the results showed that a high proportion of the Malaysian population might be resistant to clopidogrel therapy. ", "We did not measure the plasma clopidogrel active thiol metabolite and therefore were not able to correlate pharmacodynamic response with pharmacokinetic data. ", "Our results are merely laboratory findings without associated clinical outcomes, since we did not assess the clinical impact of the reduced clopidogrel response in patients with altered CYP2C19 activity.", "\n\n6. ", "Conclusions {#sec6}\n==============\n\nIn healthy Malaysian volunteers,*CYP2C19*\\**2* is associated with a marked decrease in platelet responsiveness to clopidogrel, but genotype information alone cannot serve as a reliable surrogate or marker for platelet reactivity especially in the carriers of one LoF *CYP2C19*\\**2*. ", "Therefore, genotyping is a less robust approach in predicting clopidogrel response compared to platelet studies. ", "These data warrant further investigation in a larger sample size and in the clinical setting of a randomized trial.", "\n\nThe authors had full access to the data and take full responsibility for its integrity. ", "All authors have read and agreed to the paper as written.", "\n\nThe authors declare that they have no conflict of interests in regard to the present paper.", "\n\nThis work was funded by the Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia, and HeartDrug Research Laboratories, Johns Hopkins University, Towson, MD, USA.", "\n\n![", "CYP2C19 status of the study population.](CRP2013-128795.001){#fig1}\n\n![", "CYP2C19 genotype status and PRU values. ", "Values are expressed as (PRUs) P2Y12 reaction units. ", "The error bars indicate standard deviations of the mean.](CRP2013-128795.002){#fig2}\n\n![", "CYP2C19 genotype and PRU distribution. ", "Values are expressed as (PRUs) P2Y12 reaction units. ", "The dotted lines indicate a PRU value equal to 230. ", "The boxes represent an individual PRU value.](CRP2013-128795.003){#fig3}\n\n###### \n\nDemographic characteristics of the study population.", "\n\n --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n Characteristics All volunteers\\ Malays\\ Chinese\\ Indians\\ *P* value\n (*n* = 90) (*n* = 34) (*n* = 49) (*n* = 7) \n ----------------- ----------------- ------------ ------------ ------------ -----------\n Age (yrs) 24.1 ± 3.6 22.4 ± 1.4 25.3 ± 4.4 24.3 ± 1.8 0.055\n\n Male sex 34 (37.8) 16 (47.1) 15 (30.6) 3 (42.9) 0.254\n\n BMI (kg/m²) 21.3 ± 3.2 22.6 ± 3.4 20.1 ± 2.4 21.4 ± 4.2 0.014\n\n Smokers 1 (1.1) 1 (2.9) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0.424\n\n *CYP2C19*\\**2* 54 (60.0) 17 (50.0) 33 (67.3) 4 (57.1) 0.348\n\n *CYP2C19*\\**3* 3 (3.3) 2 (5.9) 1 (2.0) 0 (0) 0.877\n --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nValues are mean ± SD or *n* (%).", "\n\n[^1]: Academic Editor: Ping-Yen Liu\n" ]
{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Central" }
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[ "ACTIVE\nNetwork, Inc. (NYSE: ACTV), the leader in cloud-based Activity and\nParticipant Management™ (APM), announced the launch of its enhanced\ndeveloper center, ACTIVE\nAccess, which brings together all aspects of ACTIVE Network’s\ndistribution offerings in a single, user-friendly site. ", "ACTIVE’s core\nActivity API allows software developers to get inspired, get rewarded\nand get paid for creating custom apps which utilize the robust, global\ninventory of events and activities listed on ACTIVE Network’s online\nmedia property, ACTIVE.com.", "\n\nACTIVE Access offers developers a centralized hub where they can:\n\nGain 24/7 access to resources, APIs as well as article and search\nwidgets;\n\nMonetize applications and traffic through an integrated affiliate\nprogram;\n\nGet answers from a comprehensive help center that includes FAQs, user\nforums and a blog;\n\nShowcase their work and win prizes for innovative uses of the\nACTIVE.com API.", "\n\n“Since first launching our original developer center in 2009, ACTIVE’s\npublic APIs have generated 255 million API calls and 121% year-over-year\ngrowth in developer accounts accessing our platform,” said Kristin\nCarroll, vice president of corporate and consumer marketing at ACTIVE\nNetwork. “", "We are excited to provide a platform for developers from\naround the world to more broadly distribute activities on behalf of the\nover 50,000 organizers we power. ", "Ultimately, our goal is to provide\naccess to activities anywhere and increase participation.”", "\n\nACTIVE Network has steadily grown its affiliate program with over 200\ndistribution partners to date including well-known brands such as espnW,\nEventful, Fitness Magazine, PGA.com, and Prevention. ", "ACTIVE\nAccess supports desktop and mobile applications across endurance sports,\ncommunity recreation events, summer camps, camping, golf tee times,\nbusiness events, and more. ", "ACTIVE Network is working to add new API\nofferings that will be available through ACTIVE Access for developers\nacross a range of markets.", "\n\nACTIVE\nNetwork (NYSE: ACTV) is on a mission to make the world a more active\nplace. ", "With deep expertise in Activity and Participant Management™\n(APM), our ActiveWorks® cloud technology helps organizations transform\nand grow their businesses. ", "We do this through technology\nsolutions that power the world’s activities and through online\ndestinations such as ACTIVE.com®\nthat connect people with the things they love to do. ", "Serving over 50,000\nglobal business customers and driving over 80 million transactions\nannually, we help organizations get participants, manage their events\nand build communities. ", "ACTIVE Network is headquartered in San Diego,\nCalifornia and has over 30 offices worldwide. ", "Learn more at ACTIVEnetwork.com\nor ACTIVE.com\nand engage with us on Twitter @ACTIVEnetwork,\n@ACTIVE\nand on Facebook.", "\n\nAbout Forward-Looking Statements\n\nThe Active Network, Inc. cautions you that the statements included in\nthis press release that are not a description of historical facts are\nforward-looking statements within the meaning of the federal securities\nlaws. ", "Any such statements are subject to substantial risks and\nuncertainties, and actual results may differ materially from those\nexpressed in these forward-looking statements. ", "More detailed information\nabout The Active Network, Inc. and the risks and uncertainties that may\naffect the realization of these forward-looking statements is set forth\nin its filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). ", "These\nfilings may be read free of charge on the SEC's website at www.sec.gov.", "\nYou are cautioned not to place undue reliance on these forward-looking\nstatements, which speak only as of the date hereof. ", "All forward-looking\nstatements are qualified in their entirety by this cautionary statement\nand The Active Network, Inc. undertakes no obligation to revise or\nupdate this press release to reflect events or circumstances after the\ndate hereof." ]
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[ "A new vision for housing, built on mixed reality\n\nMixed reality combines an untethered device with business apps and solutions that help people across your business learn, communicate, and collaborate more effectively. ", "It’s the culmination of breakthroughs in hardware design, artificial intelligence (AI), and mixed reality, designed to help you lead your business into the future—starting today. ", "Join this session to understand the benefits of Dynamics 365 and Mixed Reality including:\n\nMobile workforces working together from anywhere;\n\nHaving the ability to solve problems in real time through sharing what you see with employees in remote locations to stay hands-on with your work while you work;\n\nBeing able to walk the site in near real time without being on location; and\n\nSurfacing critical information into view including schematics and diagrams from applications you already use." ]
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[ "“Instead of going through allurement, investors are advised to go through terms and conditions of the scheme carefully before investing,” Sebi DGM Surya Kant Sharma said on Monday while delivering his keynote address at a seminar in Amar Nath Girls Degree college in Mathura.", "\n\nAt the regionalseminar titled ‘Investor’s education’, organised jointly by BSE and the Securities and Exchange Board of India (Sebi) here, he stressed on proper investmentand protection of investors from frauds.", "\n\nHe advised the students to keepdetails of schemes and agents for future reference, cautioning them against ponzi offerings to avert any financial loss.", "\n\nThe official also explained various government programmes, including Pradhan Mantri Suraksha Bima Yojna, Pradhan Mantri Jeevan Jyoti Bima Yojna and Sukanya Samridhi Scheme. ", "He asked participants of the seminar to opt for Atal Pension Scheme.", "\n\nSharma made out a case for educating the poor to avail of benefits from government schemes.", "\n\nSumming up the seminar, Rekha Verma, Manager IDC, Sebi, advised investors, not to keep unused funds and rather develop the habit of investing money in saving and recurring schemes." ]
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[ "PSV have already announced that Lammers is available on loan this summer with Eindhoven Dagblad reporting on Friday that seven clubs are interested.", "\n\nOne of those clubs is Heerenveen, but the Frisians are only interested in a permanent deal while PSV are only interested in a loan. ", "Negotiations between the two club have not yet come to an agreement.", "\n\nThe 21-year-old failed to net in seven Eredivisie appearances last season but scored 11 goals in 16 appearances for Jong PSV in the Jupiler League. ", "He has also held talks with VVV Venlo, but would prefer a move to Heerenveen." ]
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[ "Position Keyframes\n\nThe position keyframes are likely going to be the most common keyframes you will encounter or use. ", "They allow you to modify the path a widget will take on screen during a transition. ", "For example, let’s take the following animation of a single widget, contained in a MotionLayout (“parent”):\n\nWe have a start (bottom left) and end (top right) states, and the motion path is simply the linear interpolation between those two states — the widget will move in a straight line.", "\n\nBy introducing a position keyframe, we can change the motion path to a curved motion:\n\nAdding more keyframes will allow you to create complex motion paths.", "\n\n<KeyFrameSet>\n\n<KeyPosition\n\nmotion:keyPositionType=\"pathRelative\"\n\nmotion:percentX=\"0.75\"\n\nmotion:percentY=\"-0.3\"\n\nmotion:framePosition=\"25\"\n\nmotion:target=\"@id/button\"/>\n\n<KeyPosition\n\nmotion:keyPositionType=\"pathRelative\"\n\nmotion:percentY=\"-0.4\"\n\nmotion:framePosition=\"50\"\n\nmotion:target=\"@id/button\"/>\n\n<KeyPosition\n\nmotion:keyPositionType=\"pathRelative\"\n\nmotion:percentX=\"0.25\"\n\nmotion:percentY=\"-0.3\"\n\nmotion:framePosition=\"75\"\n\nmotion:target=\"@id/button\"/>\n\n</KeyFrameSet>\n\nWhy Position Keyframes?", "\n\nYou may ask yourself what is the point of position keyframes, if ConstraintSets already allow you to position your widget in a very flexible manner. ", "There are a few reasons:\n\nkeyframes are expressing a transient modification, while ConstraintSets express a “resting” state\n\nkeyframes are more lightweight than ConstraintSet to compute\n\nposition keyframes allow you to manipulate the motion path of a widget— ConstraintSets instead specify the position of a widget, relative to other widgets.", "\n\nNote: It is possible to define multiple ConstraintSets within a MotionScene, so if you have a multi-step motion where such steps are valid “resting” state, you can use them instead of keyframes. ", "Transitioning state to state would have to be done in code (change listeners are available).", "\n\nXML Representation\n\nKeyframes are contained in a <KeyFrameSet> attribute, itself contained in a <Transition> in the MotionScene file. ", "Position keyframes are represented via the tag <KeyPosition> , and need to contain at least:\n\ntarget : the widget the keyframe apply to\n\n: the widget the keyframe apply to framePosition : from 0 to 100, when does the keyframe applies\n\n: from 0 to 100, when does the keyframe applies keyPositionType : the coordinate system used, parentRelative, deltaRelative, pathRelative\n\n: the coordinate system used, percentX / percentY : the (x,y) coordinate of the position\n\n<Transition ...>\n\n<KeyFrameSet>\n\n<KeyPosition\n\nmotion:keyPositionType=\"parentRelative\"\n\nmotion:percentY=\"0.25\"\n\nmotion:framePosition=\"50\"\n\nmotion:target=\"@+id/button\"/>\n\n</KeyFrameSet>\n\n</Transition>\n\nDifferent coordinate systems\n\nThe start and end states in MotionLayout allow complex positioning. ", "As ConstraintSets, they have access to the full capabilities of ConstraintLayout. ", "The system will correctly handle changes in density, screen orientation, language, etc., ", "for those states.", "\n\nFor position keyframes to be useful in such a system, we need them to be able to position themselves in a similar, adaptive manner — we can’t simply have them be defined as fixed positions.", "\n\nTo address this, yet keep the keyframes system lightweight, we came up with a flexible approach — each keyframe’s position is expressed in terms of a (x,y) coordinate pair, in a given coordinate system:\n\nmotion:percentX=”<float>”\n\nmotion:percentY=”<float>”\n\nThe meaning of those coordinates depends on the type of coordinate system used: parentRelative , deltaRelative , or pathRelative .", "\n\nNote: each keyframe position is done individually — each one can be expressed using their own coordinate system, independent from the others.", "\n\nparentRelative\n\nThe coordinates are expressed relative to the parent container. ", "This is a very straightforward and intuitive way to express the position of the keyframe, and will often be enough. ", "You typically would use this for large motions that need to be relative to the container.", "\n\nAs this coordinate system is based only on the parent dimensions, and not on the start/end positions of the moving widget, you may encounter situations where the resulting keyframe position ends in a suboptimal position (relative to the start/end positions).", "\n\ndeltaRelative\n\nThis second coordinate system addresses this exact issue, by being defined using the start/end positions. ", "The coordinates express a percentage of the distance between the start and end positions.", "\n\nSimilar to parentRelative , this is a relatively intuitive coordinate system, and will generally give good results as well. ", "It is particularly useful when you want widgets to begin or end in a horizontal or vertical motion.", "\n\nThere’s also a potential issue with it — as it’s defined based on the difference between the start and end position of the widget, if the difference is very small (or nil), the position of the keyframe will not change in the affected axis. ", "For example, if a widget moves from left to right on the screen, while staying at the same height, using a deltaRelative percentY for a position keyframe will have no effect.", "\n\npathRelative" ]
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[ "Q:\n\nHow to register Spring Context Events for current test ApplicationContext at runtime\n\nBackground:\nMy goal is to collect various timestamps while executing JUnit 5 tests in a Spring environment to create a statistic of the durations of the different tasks. (", "Repository for reference)\nBecause I can't touch the actual test code, I have to register callbacks like the ContextRefreshedEvent from within my JUnit Jupiter extension. ", "Currently I am registering these callbacks in a Spring configuration object and hope that this is found by some component scan in the test application. ", "As you can imagine this does not work reliably for every test context.", "\nProblem:\nI hope that I can somehow register these events like the ContextRefreshedEvent manually in my first callback method from JUnit. ", "As far as I understand, this requires me to add either a Configuration or a Component containing the callbacks to the currently running Spring Context at runtime. ", "\nIs that possible or do you know any other solution to my initial problem? ", "I would really appreciate any input you have on this issue because I am working on this for quite a while now.", "\nThank you very much in advance!", "\n\nA:\n\nUpdate:\nSpring Framework 5.2 will have built-in support for test events. ", "See GitHub issue 18490 for details.", "\n\nThe best way to fire test-related events in a Spring ApplicationContext is to implement a custom (Spring) TestExecutionListener that fires the events via the ApplicationEventPublisher API (which ApplicationContext implements).", "\nYou can access the test's ApplicationContext within lifecycle methods in your custom TestExecutionListener via TestContext#getApplicationContext().", "\nTo avoid having to touch test code, you can have Spring automatically register your custom TestExecutionListener, as described here: https://docs.spring.io/spring/docs/5.1.4.RELEASE/spring-framework-reference/testing.html#testcontext-tel-config-automatic-discovery\nYour custom TestExecutionListener will then be automatically applied to all tests run via the Spring TestContext Framework -- unless a given test class is configured to override the default listeners (e.g., via @TestExecutionListeners(...)).", "\nFor related discussion, see the following Spring JIRA issues:\n\nhttps://jira.spring.io/browse/SPR-8710\nhttps://jira.spring.io/browse/SPR-13916\n\nRegards,\nSam (author of the Spring TestContext Framework)\n\n" ]
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[ "As expected, the opening sketch Saturday parodied last week's presidential debate between Trump and Hillary Clinton.", "\n\nAD\n\n\"Good evening, America,\" Baldwin-as-Trump said in his opening statement. \"", "I am going to be so good tonight. ", "I am going to be so calm and so presidential.\"", "\n\nAD\n\nWith a boast and a locker-room joke, Baldwin immediately captured Trump's style.", "\n\nLater, Baldwin hit on three other Trump habits — repeating phrases, making excuses and peddling conspiracy theories: \"My microphone is broken. ", "She broke it. ", "With Obama. ", "She and Obama stole my microphone. ", "They took it to Kenya. ", "They took my microphone to Kenya, and they broke it, and now it's broken.\"", "\n\nOther jokes centered on Trump's hair, his pronunciation of \"China\" and his debate-night sniffles. ", "It was funny stuff, but it is unlikely to satisfy critics such as comedian Samantha Bee, who a couple weeks ago shredded NBC for normalizing Trump through shows like \"Saturday Night Live.\"", "\n\nAD\n\n\"To its credit,\" Bee said on her weekly TBS show, \"NBC did sever ties with Trump after he called Mexicans rapists — if by severing ties you mean inviting him on their flagship comedy programs to show millions of Americans what a fun guy he is.\"", "\n\nAD\n\nLast June, NBC said it was ending its business relationship with Trump, who had been the longtime host of \"The Apprentice\" and the network’s partner on telecasts of the Miss USA and Miss Universe pageants. ", "Five months later, however, the network invited Trump to host \"Saturday Night Live,\" and the real estate mogul has appeared with Jimmy Fallon on \"The Tonight Show\" three times since September 2015.", "\n\nSome late-night shows, including Bee's \"Full Frontal,\" have taken an oppositional, hard-edge approach to Trump comedy. ", "Even on NBC, Seth Meyers — a former SNL cast member — has described Trump as \"a race-baiting, xenophobic serial liar who peddles conspiracy theories and thinks the National Enquirer is a real newspaper.\"" ]
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[ "MODULE StringTest;\nFROM Strings IMPORT\n Assign, Insert, Delete, Pos, Copy, Concat, Length, CompareStr;\nFROM Test IMPORT fail, finished;\n\n(* Asserts condition or fails with code. *)", "\nPROCEDURE A(cond: BOOLEAN; code: INTEGER);\nBEGIN\n IF NOT cond THEN fail(code) END\nEND A;\n\nVAR\n small: ARRAY [0..3] OF CHAR;\n big: ARRAY [0..99] OF CHAR;\nBEGIN\n (* CompareStr *)\n A(CompareStr(\"ablaze\", \"ablaze\") = 0, 1);\n A(CompareStr(\"ablaze\", \"abloom\") < 0, 2);\n A(CompareStr(\"abloom\", \"ablaze\") > 0, 3);\n A(CompareStr(\"abloom\", \"abloom\") = 0, 4);\n\n (* Assign, Insert, Delete *)\n Assign(\"obsequiosity\", small);\n A(CompareStr(\"obsequiosity\", small) > 0, 11H);\n Assign(\"obsequiosity\", big);\n A(CompareStr(\"obsequiosity\", big) = 0, 12H);\n A(big[11] = 'y', 13H);\n A(big[11] # 0C, 14H);\n A(big[12] # 'y', 15H);\n A(big[12] = 0C, 16H);\n Insert(\" omnihuman\", big, 9);\n A(CompareStr(\"obsequios omnihumanity\", big) = 0, 17H);\n Delete(big, 6, 15);\n A(CompareStr(\"obsequy\", big) = 0, 18H);\n\n (* Pos, Concat *)\n Assign(\"Now is the time for all good men to come...\", big);\n A(Pos(\"w\", big) = 2, 21H);\n A(Pos(\"t\", big) = 7, 22H);\n A(Pos(\"ti\", big) = 11, 23H);\n A(Pos(\"men\", big) = 29, 24H);\n A(Pos(\"women\", big) > 42, 25H);\n Copy(big, 29, 2, small);\n A(CompareStr(\"me\", small) = 0, 26H);\n\n (* Concat, Length *)\n Concat(\"pictorial\", \"ist\", big);\n A(CompareStr(\"pictorialist\", big) = 0, 31H);\n A(Length(big) = 12, 32H);\n Concat(\"zit\", \"her\", small);\n A(CompareStr(\"zither\", small) > 0, 33H);\n A(Length(small) < 5, 34H);\n\n finished;\nEND StringTest.", "\n" ]
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[ "The present invention relates to a thermal transfer ink and a thermal transfer element using the same.", "\nHitherto, there has widely been employed a thermal transfer ink for use in a thermal transfer element, which ink contains a coloring agent and a heat-meltable vehicle which is composed of a wax, or a wax and a heat-meltable resin.", "\nHowever, in the case of a solvent coating type thermal transfer ink containing a wax which is dissolved or dispersed into a solvent for application, the coating liquid thereof needs to be kept under heating at a temperature higher than room temperature in the preparation and application thereof due to the poor solubility of the wax used. ", "In removing the solvent by drying after the application, the solvent does not readily vaporize, i.e. the drying property of a wet coating of the coating liquid is poor, which causes problems such as a prolonged drying period and formation of an ununiform ink layer.", "\nThe dispersibility of coloring agents, such as carbon black, to waxes is generally poor, which causes agglomeration of the coloring agent in the ink. ", "For this reason, both inks of solvent coating type and hot-melt coating type have problems such as poor ink stability, poor coating property and difficulty of forming printed images with a high density.", "\nIn view of the foregoing, it is an object of the present invention to provide a thermal transfer ink which is excellent all in solubility to a solvent for application, solvent drying property, ink stability, coating property and printing property (print image density) in spite of using a wax as a vehicle, and a thermal transfer element using the same.", "\nThis and other objects of the invention will become apparent from the description hereinafter." ]
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[ "Wondering whether an open house is the right choice for you? ", "There are many factors to take into consideration: is there enough interest to warrant an open house, or would just one couple turn up? ", "Do you have a tenant and will they cooperate?", "\n\nA good estate agent should be able to answer these questions and suggest whether or not you should opt for an open house style viewing.", "\n\nHere, Guild member agents offer their views on the practicalities of hosting an open house and how successful they can be with the right attitude.", "\n\nBefore you rush out to buy ground coffee and a bread-making machine there is a less extreme approach.", "\n\nOf course de-clutter, attend to those pesky maintenance jobs, tidy up – make it visually appealing, but before any of that you must employ the right agent for the job.", "\n\nThere’s no point in appointing an agent that has no experience of the town/village you live in. ", "You will need an agent who is well and truly embedded in the community, knows the area and, more importantly, one that knows who your target audience is.", "\n\nAt Holroyd Miller we approach the open house format very differently. ", "In fact, we purposely don’t call it an open house, and with very good reason. ", "We prefer to organise grouped viewings; the main distinction is we book each individual viewing with its own time slot and dedicated attention with a member of our team, but, the appointment is designed to slightly overlap with the next booked session. ", "The overlap creates a steady stream of visitors and it indicates serious interest in the property. ", "It encourages faster decisions rather than a ‘walk away and think about it’ approach.", "\n\nThis steady stream also allows us to do the best job we can with the ultimate aim of obtaining an offer that day. ", "We have found a higher percentage of potential buyers are reluctant to walk away without putting their cards on the table. ", "It works for us, we achieve more instant offers with approach, and more importantly the house is sold much quicker!", "\n\nAn open house viewing day/event strategy is only beneficial in certain circumstances. ", "Firstly, the market, or at least the property in question, should warrant an open day e.g. there should be sufficient buyer demand.", "\n\nWe have found that by allocating specific viewing time slots, you allow prospective buyers their own time to take everything in. ", "Even if those time slots are just 10-15 mins long, the prospective buyer is able to focus on the viewing, instead of bumping into others. ", "In our experience, and based on client feedback, house hunters really do appreciate this one-on-one time and they feel more comfortable asking questions.", "\n\nWe would usually start with a 2 hour viewing window and have the event take place 7-14 days after the property goes onto the market. ", "When the viewings are being booked you will usually find that the initial viewing window will increase, dependant on the level of interest coming in.", "\n\nWe believe it’s important to be clear with those viewing the property as to exactly what would happen should they wish to make an offer. ", "Each prospective buyer is given a set of property details along with an Offer Form. ", "The form requests information to assess a buyers’ circumstances and buying credentials, for example ‘what is the offer you wish to make?’, ‘", "do you require a mortgage?’ ", "and ‘what level of deposit do you have?’, ", "and so on.", "\n\nThe Offer Form explains how to submit an offer and the timeframe. ", "For example, since these events are often conducted on a Saturday, offers are to be received by midday on the following Monday or Tuesday.", "\n\nWe strongly advise the seller to go out for the day, and leave everything to the agent. ", "That being said, when sellers spend a few pounds on some sandwiches, crisps, cold drinks, even a few bottles of wine, the prospective buyers really appreciate the gesture. ", "Bringing children to a viewing can be demanding for them, so a few light refreshments go down very well. ", "Of course, this kind of scenario may not suit every situation, but it has never failed to impress and is not a big expense for the seller.", "\n\nGetting any tenant on side can save issues. ", "Whilst the seller is motivated to find a buyer, it often pays to work with the tenant; a day’s free rent in return for making the property as clean, tidy and uncluttered as possible, as well as going out for the day, could well be worth it.", "\n\nThomas Morris holds many open house events and has enjoyed huge success with them. ", "Below are some key tips they would offer:\n\nPricing. ", "The price of the property is incredibly important. ", "In order to generate high levels of activity and ensure a busy and successful open house the price needs to be attractive. ", "We have found that where this is the case the final selling price is often far in excess of the initial asking price as having a number of interested buyers, when handled correctly, will inevitably push all potential buyers to offer their maximum for the property. ", "In most cases, when holding an open house, we will set the property price as a guide price only, as this seems to be far less fixed and helps to encourage offers above the asking price.", "\n\nTiming. ", "When organising an open house, our teams put much thought into the most appropriate time to hold the event. ", "When is it most likely that potential buyers will be available? ", "We have always found that weekends encourage more interest, and in particular scheduling it across a lunchtime may mean people who work weekends can find the time to visit.", "\n\nPre-event marketing. ", "It goes without saying that the higher the marketing exposure you are able to give the event, the more likely it is to be a success. ", "However, it is also important to consider the period of time given to market the property before the event. ", "If the property and the event are not marketed for long enough, it won’t generate the maximum levels of interest. ", "Conversely, if the property is marketed for too long then buyers can lose interest before the open house as other properties take their eye. ", "The optimum marketing time can depend on a number of things; price, desirability and likely demand for the property, time of year, current market conditions and other factors should all be considered when deciding when to book the open house.", "\n\nConducting an open house. ", "Staff hosting are always fully versed with as much information as possible on all relevant aspects of the property, including the seller’s situation, the immediate location and wider area, current market conditions and the offering and sales process. ", "The ability to address and answer all of the buyers’ concerns will give them the confidence to make strong offers.", "\n\nThere are many different ways to approach the event, and each agent works out the best way to deal with their own, based on their many years of experience and detailed knowledge. ", "With the right approach, an open house event can be extremely successful!", "\n\nMortgage Advice: Early Repayment Charges\n\nContact us\n\nFollow us\n\nAbout us\n\nC R Child & Partners Ltd is an independent estate agent founded in 1929 which has gone from strength to strength in recent years and now boasts being one of Hythe’s leading estate agents covering Hythe and the whole of the southeast." ]
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[ "Real Madrid's Under-19s put the icing on the cake of what has been a historic season this afternoon in Calahorra. ", "The youth team got the better of Atlético de Madrid in extra-time of the Copa del Rey final, showcasing their winning mentality to get their hands on a 13th cup title and achieve a historic feat for the Whites academy. ", "It was the final part of a treble, having already won Grupo V of the División de Honor and the Copa de Campeones. ", "Óscar,,Toni and César were the madridistas' goal scorers.", "Guti's charges took no time at all to impose themselves in this grand finale. ", "Dominant in the centre of the park, they were the superior side from the off and deservingly took the lead with 13 minutes on the clock, asopened the scoring. ", "The captain, who else, curled a wonderful free kick over the wall and straight into the back of the net at La Planilla.", "The Whites continued to monopolise possession following the goal, andwas inches away from making it two in the 23rd minute, when he crashed the ball against the post as Dos Santos raced out to meet him. ", "Atlético pressed in search of the equaliser as time wore on, but they were kept at bay by an impressive Belman, who stood firm in a one-on-one with Giovanni before stopping a powerful Agüero drive. ", "The goalkeeper was then helpless to stop an Óscar Clemente strike which did bring the scores level on the stroke of half-time." ]
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[ "e remainder when 6 is divided by m.\n0\nSuppose 8 = -4*s - 8. ", "Calculate the remainder when 52 is divided by (-1*2 + s)*-3.", "\n16\nLet l(q) = -q**3 - 11*q**2 - 12*q - 8. ", "What is the remainder when (32 - -2) + (1 - 1) is divided by l(-10)?", "\n10\nCalculate the remainder when 43 is divided by -22*(3/6 + -1).", "\n10\nLet a(l) = l**2 + 11*l + 10. ", "Let z be a(-7). ", "Let i = z - -46. ", "Calculate the remainder when i is divided by 6.", "\n4\nLet r(c) = c**2 + 2*c - 7. ", "Suppose x - 3*n = -4*x + 15, -2*n = -5*x + 10. ", "Suppose x = -o - o + 18. ", "What is the remainder when r(-6) is divided by o?", "\n8\nLet q = 4 + -2. ", "Suppose -q*u + 275 = 3*u. ", "What is the remainder when u is divided by 14?", "\n13\nLet f(j) = -j**3 + 3*j**2 + 4*j - 4. ", "Suppose r - 21 - 2 = 0. ", "Calculate the remainder when r is divided by f(3).", "\n7\nLet a(s) = s**3 + s**2 + 1. ", "Let z(d) = -d**3 - d**2 - 2. ", "Let j(c) = 4*a(c) + 3*z(c). ", "Let b(h) = 2*h. ", "Calculate the remainder when j(3) is divided by b(6).", "\n10\nSuppose 5*m + g + 15 = 8*m, 0 = -m - 4*g + 5. ", "Suppose -4 = -2*u + 4*l + 8, m*u - l - 75 = 0. ", "Calculate the remainder when u is divided by 6.", "\n4\nLet u = 7 - 2. ", "Suppose 0 = 4*k + u*s - 51, 0*k + 33 = 2*k + 5*s. ", "Suppose -5*q + 165 = l, -3*l + 19 = q - 0*l. ", "What is the remainder when q is divided by k?", "\n7\nLet k(d) = -d**3 + 2*d**3 + 13 - 10*d - 10*d**2 - 2*d**3 - d. What is the remainder when k(-9) is divided by 8?", "\n7\nLet m = -19 + 32. ", "Suppose 0 = 4*j - m - 3. ", "Suppose -w + 2*d = -5*w + 22, 5*d = 4*w - 29. ", "What is the remainder when w is divided by j?", "\n2\nSuppose -2*z - 144 = -4*i, -2*z + 108 = 3*i - 0*i. ", "What is the remainder when 105 is divided by i?", "\n33\nSuppose -4*v + 135 = -v. ", "Suppose 0 = -m + 6 + 10. ", "What is the remainder when v is divided by m?", "\n13\nLet h(r) = -2*r. ", "Let j be h(-2). ", "Suppose j*t + 2 - 6 = 0. ", "Suppose 3*k - 3 = 3. ", "Calculate the remainder when k is divided by t.\n0\nLet b(r) = 6*r - 5. ", "Suppose -5*m - 6*n + 15 = -n, -5*n = 5. ", "What is the remainder when b(3) is divided by m?", "\n1\nLet a be (-4)/(-6)*9/(-3). ", "Let j(q) = 2*q**2 + 2*q + 2. ", "Calculate the remainder when 2 - (-4 + (-3 - 2)) is divided by j(a).", "\n5\nLet s(k) = 3*k - 5. ", "What is the remainder when 0 + 8 + ((-4)/1)/(-4) is divided by s(3)?", "\n1\nLet z = 53 + -48. ", "Let h(r) = -5*r**2 + 4*r - 3. ", "Let m(i) = -i**2 - i + 1. ", "Let w(d) = -h(d) + 3*m(d). ", "What is the remainder when 62 is divided by w(z)?", "\n20\nLet q(t) = -t**3 - 9*t**2 + 10*t + 1. ", "Let p be (12/(-9))/(8/60). ", "What is the remainder when 2 is divided by q(p)?", "\n0\nLet q be -1 - 2 - (0 - 0). ", "Let l be ((-26)/8)/(q/(-12)). ", "Let m = l - -18. ", "Calculate the remainder when 13 is divided by m.\n3\nLet n(b) = 3*b - 3. ", "Calculate the remainder when 23 is divided by n(3).", "\n5\nLet h = 17 + -8. ", "Let d(v) = 3*v**2 - 1. ", "Suppose -2*f = 4*w + 10, -5*f - 2*w = -w + 16. ", "Calculate the remainder when d(f) is divided by h.\n8\nSuppose -3*k = k - 12. ", "Let j(w) = -w**2 + 5*w - 2. ", "Let a be j(k). ", "What is the remainder when a/14 + 150/14 is divided by 6?", "\n5\nLet s(n) = 3. ", "Let o(i) = i + 6. ", "Let w(c) = -3*o(c) + 6*s(c). ", "Calculate the remainder when w(-2) is divided by 2.", "\n0\nSuppose -q = -3 - 0. ", "Calculate the remainder when q is divided by 2.", "\n1\nLet x be (-3)/(-2)*72/27. ", "Suppose -3*p + 4*p = 3*t - 35, -2*t - x*p = 0. ", "Calculate the remainder when 18 is divided by t.\n8\nSuppose 8*x + 124 = 5*s + 4*x, 0 = -2*x - 2. ", "Calculate the remainder when s is divided by 13.", "\n11\nLet f(v) = 23*v - 4. ", "What is the remainder when f(4) is divided by 30?", "\n28\nSuppose 0 = k + 4 - 5. ", "Let a = 0 + k. What is the remainder when 1 is divided by a?", "\n0\nSuppose 2*s - 4*c + 12 = 2, 2*s = c + 2. ", "Let d(v) = -5*v**2 - 3 - v**3 + 0 - v - s*v + 2*v**2. ", "Calculate the remainder when d(-2) is divided by 1.", "\n0\nSuppose 0 = -5*v - 2*g + 147, 4*v - 2*g - g - 136 = 0. ", "Calculate the remainder when 91 is divided by v.\n29\nLet q = -8 - -17. ", "Suppose -7 - 5 = -5*f - 4*d, 3*f - 3*d + 9 = 0. ", "Calculate the remainder when 21 is divided by f + -1 + q + 3.", "\n10\nSuppose -5*z - 86 = -h - 258, 0 = -5*z + 3*h + 176. ", "Calculate the remainder when z is divided by 21*(3 + (-15)/9 + -1).", "\n6\nLet l(n) = -6*n - 17. ", "Calculate the remainder when 50 is divided by l(-5).", "\n11\nLet k(w) = -w**3 - 8*w**2 - w - 11. ", "Let q be k(-8). ", "Let x(m) = 5*m + 2. ", "Calculate the remainder when x(4) is divided by (q + -13)*(-3)/4.", "\n10\nSuppose 3*u + 179 = 4*l, -5*l + u = -312 + 102. ", "What is the remainder when 163 is divided by l?", "\n40\nLet u = 23 - 15. ", "What is the remainder when u is divided by 2?", "\n0\nSuppose 44 = 3*p + p - 4*j, -4*p - 5*j + 17 = 0. ", "Let o(s) = s + 49. ", "Calculate the remainder when o(-18) is divided by p.\n7\nLet t(q) = 2*q**2 - 38*q + 8. ", "What is the remainder when t(20) is divided by 25?", "\n23\nLet o(d) = -d**3 - 6*d**2 - 2*d + 4. ", "Let i be o(-6). ", "Let m be ((-10)/3)/((-4)/6). ", "Suppose 3*s - m*s = -i. ", "What is the remainder when 14 is divided by s?", "\n6\nLet o(j) = -2*j**3 + j**2 + j. Calculate the remainder when 66 is divided by o(-2).", "\n12\nLet j = -16 - -23. ", "Let q(t) = 7*t + 2. ", "Let r(c) = -13*c - 5. ", "Let i(n) = 11*q(n) + 6*r(n). ", "Calculate the remainder when j is divided by i(-11).", "\n1\nSuppose -w + 4 = 5*m, -5*w + 0*m - 3*m + 20 = 0. ", "Let k(j) = j**2 - 2*j + 3. ", "Let b be k(w). ", "Suppose l - 2 = b. What is the remainder when 38 is divided by l?", "\n12\nSuppose 2*l + 2*z - 6 = 0, 11 = -0*l + 3*l + 2*z. ", "Let t be (21/14)/(6/20). ", "Let i = 7 - t. What is the remainder when l is divided by i?", "\n1\nLet v be 1*11 + 10/10. ", "Suppose -j = 2, -i + 5*j + v = -11. ", "Calculate the remainder when i is divided by 8.", "\n5\nLet d be 4*((-6)/4 + 2). ", "Suppose -4*a = -d*a - 20. ", "Let j = 22 + -3. ", "Calculate the remainder when j is divided by a.\n9\nLet g = 1 - -6. ", "Suppose 0 = n - 3, 0 = -5*a + 2*n + 3*n + 75. ", "Calculate the remainder when a is divided by g.\n4\nLet t = 157 - 99. ", "Calculate the remainder when t is divided by 20.", "\n18\nLet w = 7 - 3. ", "Suppose -x + 20 = w*x. ", "Suppose 4*n + x + 0 = 4*b, -b - 5*n = -25. ", "Calculate the remainder when b is divided by 3.", "\n2\nLet j(x) = x**2 - 7*x + 3. ", "Let d be j(6). ", "Let r = 5 + d. Calculate the remainder when 3 is divided by r.\n1\nLet i(u) = 2*u**2 + 10*u - 15. ", "Calculate the remainder when 22 is divided by i(-7).", "\n9\nSuppose 0 = -b - 3*s + 10 + 21, 2*s = 5*b - 172. ", "Suppose -u = -2*u - 33. ", "Calculate the remainder when b is divided by 1 - 0 - u/3.", "\n10\nWhat is the remainder when 65 is divided by 37/2 - (-30)/(-20)?", "\n14\nSuppose -2*m + 12 = 4*x - 14, 5*m - 3*x = 91. ", "Calculate the remainder when m is divided by 16/3 + 2/3.", "\n5\nSuppose 0 = 2*w - 2 - 2. ", "Let f(v) = v**3 - 2*v**2 + v + 1. ", "Let d be f(w). ", "Suppose 27 = d*h - 0*h. ", "Calculate the remainder when h is divided by 5.", "\n4\nLet w = -42 + 71. ", "What is the remainder when w is divided by (-39)/(-4) - (-2)/8?", "\n9\nWhat is the remainder when 89 is divided by -3 - (-13*1 + -6 + 3)?", "\n11\nLet t(m) = -m**2 + 5*m + 6. ", "Let j be t(8). ", "Let r = -2 - j. Calculate the remainder when r is divided by 6.", "\n4\nSuppose 0 = -3*p - 6. ", "Let q(c) = -2*c + 1. ", "Let w be q(p). ", "Calculate the remainder when 14 is divided by (-9)/(-3)*w/3.", "\n4\nLet o(n) = 5*n**2 + 2*n + 16. ", "What is the remainder when 217 is divided by o(-3)?", "\n52\nLet y = 11 - 7. ", "Suppose y*j - 2*j = 40. ", "What is the remainder when (39/2)/((-2)/(-4)) is divided by j?", "\n19\nLet w be (4 + -11)/((-2)/4). ", "Let t = 23 - w. What is the remainder when 25 is divided by t?", "\n7\nLet a = 25 + 37. ", "What is the remainder when a is divided by 21?", "\n20\nLet q(l) = l**3 - 6*l**2 + 3*l - 5. ", "Suppose 0*p - 3*p - c + 62 = 0, 0 = 4*p - 4*c - 72. ", "Let x = 30 + p. Calculate the remainder when x is divided by q(6).", "\n11\nSuppose y = -3*y + 56. ", "Calculate the remainder when 31 is divided by (7/y)/((-2)/(-44)).", "\n9\nLet o(y) = -y**3 + 9*y**2 - 8*y + 4. ", "Let b be o(8). ", "Suppose -n = -0 - b. Calculate the remainder when 6 is divided by n.\n2\nWhat is the remainder when 137*(1 - (-4)/4) is divided by 46?", "\n44\nLet l = -14 + 20. ", "Calculate the remainder when 10 is divided by l.\n4\nSuppose 4*m - 12 - 64 = 0. ", "Suppose -97 = -4*x + 127. ", "What is the remainder when x is divided by m?", "\n18\nSuppose -1 + 113 = 7*c. ", "Calculate the remainder when 63 is divided by c.\n15\nSuppose 4*g - 8 = -0*g, 0 = l - 2*g - 12. ", "Suppose -2*a = -0*a + 24. ", "Let s = 18 + a. Calculate the remainder when l is divided by s.\n4\nLet n = 109 - 76. ", "Let d be ((-3)/(-6))/((-1)/(-20)). ", "Calculate the remainder when n is divided by (-3 - -1)/(-1) + d.\n9\nSuppose -4*r + 5*r - 4 = 0. ", "Suppose -t = 3*p, t + r*t - 12 = -3*p. ", "What is the remainder when 4 is divided by" ]
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[ "(chuh•tar•ee)\n\nVacant Lots, Outro Waltz, and Summer Shows\n\n1. ", "A new music video from the longest track I’ve ever recorded,”Uncivilized” (not to be confused with the album of the same name which was released last year). ", "It’s a collection of video clips from 35 different vacant lots in Brooklyn which I filmed in a single day on my iPhone:\n\n2. ", "I’ll be releasing a new double-album, entitled Outro Waltz, on Tiny Montgomery Records on Tuesday, August 4th. ", "We’re celebrating at The Manhattan Inn over in Greenpoint, Brooklyn on Thursday, July 23rd at 11pm (we recorded Side 2 of the album in the vibey backroom here in February): www.facebook.com/events/422679264587399/" ]
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[ "Re-engineering trust: the adoption and adaption of four models for external quality assurance of health care services in western European health care systems.", "\nAccreditation, ISO, EFQLM and visitatie are, in essence, control mechanisms in health care systems. ", "An analysis is provided of the way the four models have been adopted and adapted in European health care systems over the past decade. ", "After a short discussion of the major reforms in the European health care systems in the direction of regulated markets, deregulation and decentralization, the features of the four models are highlighted and it is explained how each of them can help to fill the 'accountability gap' between health care providers on the one hand and patients, financiers and governments on the other. ", "The quality system perspective of ISO, the quality management development perspective of EFQM, the health care organization perspective of accreditation and the professional perspective of visitatie can each be appropriate given the balance of power between parties in the health care system and the focus and scope of accountability. ", "Although a general convergence between the four models can be observed, actual convergence will depend on their adoption in specific health system contexts. ", "Potential pitfalls for further convergence are the differences in distribution of responsibilities for quality of care among the various European countries, the drift away from clinical decision making, bureaucratic tendencies and too much focus on efficiency and patient empowerment compared with attention to medical effectiveness." ]
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[ "Management of 53 cases of testicular trauma.", "\nFifty-three patients with testicular injury were investigated. ", "Four (8%) had bilateral testicular injury and 15 (28%) had associated injuries, such as penile, spermatic cord, epididymal disruption, thigh, urethral, perineal skin avulsion, femoral vessel disruption and axillary venous injury. ", "The mode of testicle trauma was blunt in 36 (63%) and penetrating in 21 (37%) cases. ", "Early exploration was done in 43 (81%) patients including 4 with bilateral testicular injury: hematoma evacuation in 23 (49%), partial orchiectomy in 16 (34%) and total orchiectomy in 8 (17%) cases, respectively. ", "Otherwise, delayed exploration, due to the late presentation of more than 3 days after trauma, was done in the remaining 10 (19%) patients: hematoma evacuation in 6 (60%) and partial orchiectomy in 4 (40%) cases. ", "The testicle salvage rate was 49/57 (86%), depending on the nature of testicular trauma. ", "Hospitalization for uncomplicated cases was 4.82 +/- 1.85 days, with prolongation to 10.79 +/- 3.64 days (p < 0.05) for patients having associated injuries. ", "Exploration is advocated in all cases of hematocele, irrespective of testicle contusion or rupture. ", "As minimal, the blood-clot from the tunica vaginalis sac should be evacuated, which would relieve disability and hasten recovery." ]
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[ "The invention relates generally to an electronic transceiver assembly, and more particularly, to a receptacle which is mounted on a circuit board and a transceiver module pluggable into the receptacle.", "\nVarious types of fiber optic and copper based transceivers that permit communication between electronic host equipment and external devices are known. ", "These transceivers may be incorporated into modules that can be pluggably connected to the host equipment to provide flexibility in system configuration. ", "The modules are constructed according to various standards for size and compatibility, one standard being the Small Form-factor Pluggable (SFP) module standard.", "\nThe SFP module is plugged into a receptacle that is mounted on a circuit board within the host equipment. ", "The receptacle includes an elongated guide frame, or cage, having a front that is open to an interior space, and an electrical connector disposed at a rear of the cage within the interior space. ", "Both the connector and the guide frame are electrically and mechanically connected to the circuit board, and when an SFP module is plugged into a receptacle it is electrically and mechanically connected to the circuit board as well. ", "Conventional SFP modules and receptacles perform satisfactorily carrying data signals at rates up to 2.5 gigabits per second (Gbps).", "\nA standard currently in development for a next generation of SFP modules, presently being called the XFP standard, calls for the transceiver modules to carry data signals at rates up to 10 Gbps. ", "The transceiver modules will encounter several problems at the increased data rate not experienced previously. ", "One problem is that the transceiver modules and the surrounding circuitry will generate significantly greater quantities of heat to be removed in order for the electronic components to survive long term. ", "Another problem is that the transceiver modules will generate increased quantities of electro-magnetic (EM) energy at very short wavelengths. ", "As the EM energy at the short wavelengths increases, the potential exists for more EM energy to pass through gaps in the shielding of the receptacle or guide frame. ", "As more EM energy is accepted through the receptacle, the data signals conveyed by adjacent transceiver modules experience more EM interference (EMI). ", "It is desirable to shield or isolate the data signals from EMI to the extent practical.", "\nFurther, conventional transceiver module assemblies include latch mechanisms to secure the transceiver module in the receptacle and to eject the transceiver module from the receptacle. ", "It is desirable to provide a latch mechanism that is reliable, secure and robust.", "\nThere is a need to improve the design of a pluggable electronic module and receptacle in order to overcome present deficiencies and anticipated problems, among other things, due to higher data rates.", "\nIn accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the invention, a receptacle assembly comprises a guide frame having top, bottom and side walls joined to form an interior cavity configured to receive an electrical module. ", "One of the top, bottom and side walls has an opening therethrough, and a heat sink is mounted over the opening. ", "The heat sink has an engagement surface located proximate the interior cavity of the guide frame, and the engagement surface of the heat sink is configured to physically contact a module when installed in the interior cavity.", "\nIn accordance with another exemplary embodiment of the invention, the receptacle is a transceiver receptacle assembly. ", "The assembly comprises a guide frame having top, bottom and side walls joined to form an interior cavity that is configured to receive a transceiver. ", "One of the top, bottom and side walls has an opening therethrough, and a heat sink is mounted over the opening. ", "The heat sink has an engagement surface located proximate the interior cavity of the guide frame, and the engagement surface of the heat sink is configured to physically contact the transceiver when installed in the interior cavity.", "\nIn an exemplary embodiment, the opening is in the top wall of the guide frame, and the bottom wall of the guide frame is configured to be mounted to a circuit board. ", "The top wall of the guide frame includes front, rear and opposed lateral portions that define a perimeter of the opening and that support the heat sink when mounted over the opening. ", "A retention tab is formed on one of the side walls of the guide frame, and the retention tab engages a heat sink clip retaining the heat sink on the guide frame. ", "The heat sink includes an engagement surface which is stepped to extend into an interior cavity of the guide frame. ", "A spring member is secured over the heat sink, and the spring member flexes to permit the heat sink to move outward away from the guide frame when a module assembly is inserted. ", "The spring member exerts a desired force against the heat sink to facilitate thermal transfer from the module assembly." ]
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[ "Specific profiles of house dust mite sensitization in children with asthma and in children with eczema.", "\nSensitization to house dust mites (HDM) is highly prevalent among the young atopic population in Singapore. ", "Previously published data suggest that individuals with skin allergies show preferred sensitization to Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus while individuals with pure respiratory allergies show preferred sensitization to Blomia tropicalis. ", "The aim of our study was to compare the sensitization profiles between children with asthma and those with eczema to D. pteronyssinus and B. tropicalis and their specific allergens. ", "A total of 60 children, 30 with asthma and 30 with eczema were recruited. ", "IgE levels specific for a panel of HDM allergens from the two mite species were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. ", "The asthma group showed highest sensitization to Blo t5 while the eczema group showed highest sensitization to Der p5. ", "Comparison between the two disease groups showed that the eczema group had significantly higher IgE levels for Der p (p = 0.042) and its allergens Der p1 (p = 0.019) and Der p5 (p = 0.001). ", "Generally, the eczema group was more sensitized to the panel of allergens compared to the asthma group. ", "Individuals with asthma and those with eczema showed different sensitization profiles to HDM. ", "These findings highlighted possible mechanisms for different manifestation of allergy." ]
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[ "The electron microscopy core (EM Core) houses and maintains all the instrumentation, in particular an FEI Tecnai F30 electron microscope with a field emission gun operating at 300 kV, needed for the recording of high-resolution images of complexes between influenza virus hemagglutin (HA) and the Fabs of neutralizing antibodies. ", "These complexes will be analyzed either as symmetrical displays on an icosahedral scaffold or as HA rosettes.. It also contains another high-resolution instrument (an FEI Tecnai F20 that will be installed at Brandeis during the next 12 months) and two smaller instruments for sample screening. ", "The electron microscopes will be maintained by Dr. Chen Xu (Brandeis). ", "Furthermore, the EM Core provides computing facilities to process the image data and produce high-quality 3D reconstructions. ", "An image processing pipeline for medium throughput processing of these structures will be set up by Dr. James Chen (Brandeis)." ]
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[ "Cerebrovascular, biochemical, and cytoprotective effects of isradipine in laboratory animals.", "\nDose-response curves of isradipine for blood pressure, total peripheral conductance, and regional cerebral conductances and blood flows were obtained in anesthetized cats and rabbits using the microsphere method. ", "Cerebrovascular effects occurred at lower doses than systemic effects, and the effective duration was longer in the brain than in the periphery. ", "In a rat model of embolic stroke (unilateral occlusion of the middle cerebral artery), isradipine has been shown to have cytoprotective efficacy (Sauter A, Rudin M: Stroke 1986; 17: 1228-1234; Rudin M, Sauter A, Wiederhold K-H: Therapie 1987; 42: 477-481; Sauter A, Rudin M, Wiederhold K-H: Neurochem Pathol 1989 [in press]). ", "Using this model, dose-response curves for infarct size, measured by magnetic resonance imaging, and biochemical markers of infarction were obtained for various calcium antagonists. ", "Isradipine showed the biggest improvements (50 to 60 percent at 2.5 mg/kg subcutaneously), followed by nimodipine (30 to 40 percent at 5 mg/kg subcutaneously), nitrendipine (30 to 40 percent at 10 mg/kg subcutaneously), darodipine (20 to 30 percent at 10 mg/kg subcutaneously), and nicardipine (10 percent at 10 mg/kg subcutaneously). ", "It is concluded that isradipine differs in both efficacy and potency from the other calcium antagonists tested. ", "The effects of isradipine, nimodipine, and darodipine on cerebral blood flow were further investigated in this model using the [14C]iodoantipyrine method. ", "Despite systemic hypotension, cerebral blood flow was dose dependently increased in the normal and ischemic hemispheres. ", "Isradipine elicited maximal improvements over a wider dose range than the other drugs tested (0.1 to 2.5 mg/kg), preferentially affecting cerebral blood flow in the ischemic areas, as further demonstrated using autoradiographic techniques. ", "These effects are in good, quantitative agreement with the reductions in infarct size, observed by magnetic resonance imaging and histology, emphasizing the importance of cerebrovascular mechanisms for cytoprotection in stroke. ", "The concurrence between cat, rabbit, and rat experiments suggests that the findings may also apply to humans." ]
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[ "Conical reducers are commonly used in HVAC ducting to serve as a transition between a larger diameter duct and a smaller diameter duct. ", "The conical reducer can be joined between an end of a larger size diameter or duct and the adjacent end of a smaller diameter duct. ", "Also, conical fittings can be used to intersect a larger diameter duct in a direction transversely to the length of the larger diameter duct. ", "For this purpose, conical taps and saddle taps are typically used. ", "Further, wye fittings can be used to connect two smaller diameter lines to the end of a larger diameter line, with the two smaller diameter lines being angularly disposed relative to each other.", "\nSuch conical fittings typically have been formed from a flat pattern that is then rolled to form a conical shape and welded along a seam. ", "Collar sections are then welded, riveted or otherwise attached to the smaller end portion of the conical fitting, and also sometimes to the larger end portion of the conical fitting. ", "This is a slow, labor intensive process causing the conical fittings to be relatively expensive to manufacture.", "\nMoreover, current manufacturing techniques limit the gauge of material used to form the conical reducers to about 22 gauge. ", "It would be advantageous if thinner gauge material, perhaps down to 26 gauge, could be used for conical fittings thereby reducing the weight and cost of such fittings. ", "The present invention addresses the foregoing shortcomings of existing methods of manufacturing conical fittings by incorporating spin forming techniques." ]
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[ "Castle Salem, Cork\n\nCastle Salem is a fortified house near Rosscarbery, in County Cork, Ireland. ", "The house was home to the Morris family from around 1660 until the early 1800s, and was bought in 1895 by the Daly family, descendants of whom now run it as a guest house.", "\n\nHistory\nAccording to a Charles Smith, who terms it 'a strong romantic building', Benduff Castle was built by the O'Donovans. ", "However, it was almost certainly built around 1470 by Catherine Fitzgerald, daughter of Thomas 8th Earl of Desmond who married Finghin MacCarthy Reagh The Annals of the Four Masters says that she died in 1506. ", "This Earl, one of the most powerful men in Ireland was Viceroy of Ireland under Edward IV., ", "was executed at Drogheda, in 1466, having fallen a victim, it is said, to the malice of Edward's Queen, Elizabeth Grey, in consequence of his having made a disrespectful speech in reference to her to that King. ", "Earl Thomas's daughter is probably the person who has come down to us as \"The Black Lady,\" of whom various legends were told in connection with Benduff.", "\n\nThe ancient Castle of Benduff (In Irish Bhinn Dubh 'The Black Peak'), now called Castle Salem (the castle is sometimes referred to as Castlesalem, Castle Sally & Mount Salem), is situated about a mile to the north-west of Rosscarbery, in the bosom of a secluded valley shut in by hills and at one time by a dense plantation of trees. ", "It thus differed from the generality of the feudal strongholds of old which were either perched on a rocky eminence or surmounted the summit of some rising' ground. ", "But the sheltered and isolated position of this castle probably protected it from external danger.", "\n\nOriginally a strong structure, Benduff Castle was built in the usual style of the Norman fortresses which studded Ireland during the Middle Ages, distinguished for their square central keep or tower, with thick massive walls and loop holes for the use of arms as well as the admission of light, to which were generally attached side buildings furnished with bastions, and strong outer walls enclosing the entire foundation — these latter being sometimes provided with covered ways. ", "Benduff Castle has three internal arches; its walls 11 feet thick, with passages and recesses, and the usual stone stairway. ", "It was originally about 70 feet high till old William Morris took the top off, and put on it a slated roof.", "\n\nCivil War period\nThe lands of Knocknamadogue with the Castle of Benduff had been the property of Florence McCarthy, a Roman Catholic rebel whose estates were forfeited by Oliver Cromwell. ", "Ballihagornagh (Barley Hill) had belonged to John Marrigoe, who had a similar history, and most of the rest of the lands had been in the possession of the O'Donovans.", "\n\nCaptain William Morris (abt. ", "1620–1680) was given over 1500 acres of land, including the castle and he changed the name to Castlesalem. ", "This was in around 1660. ", "The land was formally granted in a grant under the act of settlement in 1678.", "\n\nTo William Morris, gent. ", "Knocknamadogue, to be forever called Montsalem, 252 acres— Kemanabrickey, to be named Libott-Wood, 92 acres—Balanagornaganey, to be called Longnor, 66 acres—Manulagawne or Mullagowne, to be called Mount Stafford, 93 acres 2 roods—Kilbegg, to be called Stoney Furlong, 54 acres—Maulmurreene, to be called Green Furlong, 34 acres 2 roods— Knockrudeene (part) to be called Narrow Furlong, 11 acres—In the Baronies of East and West Carbery. ", "The total quantity being 976 acres 3 roods statute measure at a total rent of £9.3.1 per annum. ", "Dated 4 September 20 year Charles II. ", "Enrolled 17 September 1666. ", "By patent of 1 November 1678 Mr Morris had an abatement of £2.3.1. ", "1/3 of his annual rent, so that same was reduced to £7 per annum.", "\n\nTo Captain William Morris. ", "In ye West part of Dunscullis alias Downescully 13 acres (to be forever called by the name of Burton)—Gortroe, 101 acres in ye East part of Dungannon (to be called Wostason)—26 acres (to be called Netley)—in ye East part of Drumuliky 5 acres (to be called ye Mill Pasture), the total quantity being 234 acres 3 roods 18 perches statute measure at a total rent of £2.3.10 per annum.", "\n\nThe easterly part of Carhigariff in ye part thereof by an east and west line, 92 acres 2 roods 26 perches (to be called Tullagh)—Bann-u-Iband or Baunare—Ibane, part of Carhugariffe and part of Carren, in ye north part thereof, next adjoining ye lands of Sam Woodriffe, 92 acres 1 rood 14 perches, with a proportionate part of all the unprofitable lands belonging to ye said lands (to be called Blackhurst). ", "At a rent of £2.16.2 per annum. ", "Dated 17 July 21 year Charles II. ", "Enrolled 4 August 1669. ", "By patent dated 1 November 1678 Captain Morris had an abatement of his rent of these lands, so that same was reduced to £2 per annum.", "\n\nWilliam Morris and the Quakers\nWilliam Morris despite having been a Cromwellian soldier became a Quaker in 1656 and was an active member of the emerging Friends community in Ireland. ", "John Rutty gives an interesting account from the Journal of William Edmondson who describes Captain Morris as a man of talents and influence.", "\n\nThere was also one William Morris, an Elder amongst the Baptists in great repute. ", "Captain of a Company, Justice of the Peace, Commissioner of the Revenues, Chief Treasurer in that Quarter, also Chief Governor of three garrisons, to whom the news of this day's work was soon carried, whereat he was much troubled in mind and told the messenger who was a justice of the peace 'it was a shame for them to suffer us to be so abused' saying 'the time would come that they would be glad to shelter under our wings'. ", "The Rumour soon went amongst the Baptists and to the court at Dublin that Captain Morris was turned Quaker, whereupon he was removed with his company southward; not long after he was sent to Dublin to appear before the General and chief officers, many of whom were Baptists. ", "He was examined about his being turn'd Quaker which he did not deny, but confessed our Faith and Principles and at that time was discharg'd from his command because he was a Quaker. ", "He was a worthy wise man, had a Testimony in our Meetings and died in the Faith of Jesus. ", "I was at Dublin at the time when they took his command from him. ", "He would often say that I was a great help and strength to him in the truth. ", "He was serviceable upon many occasions with the Government in appearing on behalf of suffering Friends, tho' he was also divers times a sufferer in bonds for his testimony. ", "He wrote an excellent short Treatise entitled Tythes No Gospel Ordinance, (printed 1659).", "\n\nDuring 1656 William formed a Quaker meeting in Belturbet, County Cavan, with William Parker and his wife and Robert Wardell and his father. ", " Sometime later in 1656 he was discharged from his post and returned to Cork. ", "Like many educated men of his time with financial means he used his influence as a vehicle for change. ", "William had published in 1659 a short treatise entitled Tythes no gospel ordinance. ", "He attempts to prove by reference to Scripture that Tythes are unjust to rich and poor alike and like many Friends this was to get him into trouble with the establishment.", "\n\nWilliam also wrote a treatise to the English Parliament in 1659. ", "To the Supream Authoritie (under God) of the Commonwealth of England, Scotland, and Ireland, the Commons in Parliament Assembled. ", "The true and faithfull Testimony of William Morris, a late Member of the Army in Ireland. ", "London, Printed for Thomas Simmons, at the Bull and Mouth, near Aldersgate. ", "4to. ", "1659. ", "The work seeks to challenge Parliament about the persecution of Quakers in Ireland by Henry Cromwell, Oliver’s fourth son. ", "Henry's principal objective in Ireland was to secure the authority of the Protectorate and to crush all disloyalty. ", "He opposed the Baptists among the soldiers and civilian administrators because of their close association with republicans. ", "By late 1656, Henry had succeeded in forcing leading Baptist officers to resign their commissions or to leave Ireland. ", "He discouraged the spread of Quakerism into Ireland by arresting Quaker missionaries and dismissing army officers who appeared susceptible to their message. ", "On the other hand, he encouraged moderate Presbyterian and Independent clergymen to come over to Ireland. ", "Having suppressed the radicals, Henry worked to reconcile the main Protestant groupings, to gain the support of the gentry and to stabilise the administration. ", "The policy of land seizure and transplanting the native Irish was largely carried out before his appointment as Lord-Deputy, so although he remained suspicious and watchful, Henry's treatment of the Irish Catholics tended to be moderate. ", "Henry supported the succession of his brother Richard to the office of Lord Protector in 1658, but was powerless to prevent the collapse of the Protectorate the following year. ", "He resigned as Lord-Deputy in June 1659 and the Restoration of Charles II just one year away in May 1670.", "\n\nThe work that could have cemented William as a major Quaker theologian and author was written with George Fox and John Perrot entitled, Severall [sic] Warnings to the Baptised People, published in 1659.", "\n\nLike many of the early Friends William was to suffer for his beliefs and was imprisoned on a number of occasions. ", "Joseph Besse writing in 1753 told how in 1660:\n\nIn the County of Cork, William Morris, William Brimsby, Walter Castle, and John Exham, being met with others in Edward Cooke 's House at Bandon-bridge, were committed to Goal by John Laundon, Provost, and put into a nasty Dungeon, where they were kept two Weeks, their Friends not being admitted to bring them Food, but as it was given them through a Grate, and the Provost was offended with the Goaler's Wife, for suffering some Straw to be brought them to lie on.", "\n\nFollowing his treatise against the payment of Tythes in 1663/4 Paul and William Morris were sued for tithes by the Archdeacon of Ross but the Archdeacon died suddenly under circumstances which so affected his brother clergy that for some years the Morrises were not again sued for tithes.", "\n\nA Testimony against John Reeve & Lodowick Muggleton, by the Quakers of Cork, signed by Wm. ", "Morris, Wm. ", "Edmondson, Robert Sandham and 23 others with Muggleton's Sentence of damnation upon them, 'p. 379-401. ", "And the names of many other Friends & things concerning Friends are scattered throughout the vol.", "\n\nGeorge Fox (1624–1691), the founder of the Quaker faith, despite being unwelcome visited Ireland in 1669. ", "He first visited Bandon then went on to Cork. ", "The mayor was not keen to welcome Fox to Cork. ", "Paul Morris was a brother of William Morris and acted as the guide to George Fox when he rode through the streets of Cork unharmed though there were warrants out against him and even the Mayor recognised him. ", "The Morrises where clearly people of influence.", "\n\nFox describes how:\n\nWhen we came near the town, Friends would have shown me a way through the back side of it; but I told them my way was through the streets. ", "Taking Paul Morrice to guide me through the town, I rode on. ", "As we rode through the market-place, and by the mayor's door, he, seeing me, said, \"There goes George Fox\"; but he had not power to stop me. ", "When we had passed the sentinels, and were come over the bridge, we went to a Friend's house and alighted. ", "There the Friends told me what a rage was in the town, and how many warrants were granted to take me. ", "While I was sitting there I felt the evil spirit at work in the town, stirring up mischief against me; and I felt the power of the Lord strike at that evil spirit. ", "By-and-by some other friends coming in, told me it was over the town, and amongst the magistrates that I was in the town. ", "I said, \"Let the devil do his worst.\" ", "After we had refreshed ourselves, I called for my horse, and having a Friend to guide me, we went on our way.", "\n\nWilliam Penn\nApart from George Fox the other most widely known Quaker is William Penn (1644–1718). ", "As a close friend William Penn often at Castlesalem, particularly in the early months of 1670. ", "Writing in his Irish Journal frequently talks of his time with William Morris. ", "At this time Morris was one of the most prominent Friends in the South of Ireland and clearly respected and admired by William Penn who had him act as his agent in Cork collecting rents etc. ", "Penn stayed or visited Castle Salem on February 21, 1670, February 23, 1670, February 24, 1670, February 25, 1670, March 26, 1670, March 29, 1670 – April 3, 1670, April 6, 1670, April 16, 1670. ", "There may have been other times but these are not recorded.", "\n\nPenn wrote some of his Great Case of Liberty of Conscience Once More Briefly Debated and Defended at Castle Salem, as he refers to it a number of times in his diary.", "\n\nThe New House (1682)\nRutty describes the death of William in 1680. \"", "This year died William Morris of Castle Salem in the Co of Cork, who though a man of great parts and wisdom, was convinced of Truth by a weak instrument\". ", "Following the death of his father in 1680, Fortunatus Morris built a new house on to the fortress at Benduff. ", "It is 'L' shaped, the tower being at the angle of the 'L'. ", "It is built of small pieces of bad stone, with a high outside chimney and two gables. ", "Fortunatus’ house was built at its rear against the old building, and from the first landing of its stairs one could step into the Castle by the ancient doorway which was placed about 12 feet from the ground. ", "Later a Georgian hall door was added. ", "The gardens were very extensive and laid out in old Dutch style with ponds, little islands and clipped yew trees.", "\n\n19th century\nThe Morris family still lived in the castle at the beginning of the 19th century. ", "It was described in 1815 as the seat of William Morris. ", "There was an 'old house joined to a castle of still greater antiquity, standing on a rock rising in the centre of a small romantic vale surrounded by steep and lofty hills. ", "Of the trees that were formerly very abundant many still remain, amongst which are a yew and some beech of great size. ", "A very singular circumstance occurs here of a rookery in a grove of laurels'.", "\n\nThe castle was offered for sale at the encumbered estates court on 3 June 1853 and was bought by a Dr. Fitzgibbon for £1,350. ", "In 1870 it was in the hands of Mrs Eliza Fitzgibbon.", "\n\nPatrick Daly family bought the castle in 1895 from the Fitzgibbons and three generations of the family have now farmed the land. ", "Under the stewardship of Michael and Margaret Daly and their family the Castle tower has been partially restored. ", "It is still a working farm and offers bed and breakfast as well as tours.", "\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\n Map sources: \n Castle website including aerial photograph\n\nSalem\nCategory:Irish Quakers\nCategory:MacCarthy dynasty" ]
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[ "With oil development advocates again emboldened by the prospects of cracking open the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge, a big secret that could add to the continuing debate over exploration remains as cloaked in mystery as ever.", "\n\nExperts say data from the KIC-1 well — the only well ever drilled in the refuge — remains the tightest of North America's \"tight holes,\" an industry term for top-secret wells.", "\n\nThe explorers, BP, Chevron and two Alaska Native corporations — subsurface landowner Arctic Slope Regional Corp. and village corporation Kaktovik Inupiat Corp.— have kept the data hidden, with only a small number of people aware of what the drillers found.", "\n\nFederal government geologists aren't in the know. ", "The rare Alaska state employee who has viewed the information isn't talking.", "\n\nBut the results from the 1986 well, drilled 15 miles southeast of the village of Kaktovik, could be something of a Rosetta stone, helping to unlock the refuge's complex geology and uncertain oil potential.", "\n\nIt also could add information to the decadeslong political fight to allow oil explorers into the 1.5-million-acre \"1002 area\" — the Arctic refuge's coastal plain named for a section of the 1980 law that set the area aside for possible development if Congress ever approves.", "\n\nWithout that data, whether pools of petroleum lie underground can only be inferred by geological techniques like studying rock formations or seismic exploration. ", "But crude oil has also seeped to the surface, tantalizing oil explorers with its smell.", "\n\nConservation groups say the 1002 area — 8 percent of the refuge — is critical habitat for the Porcupine caribou herd and threatened polar bears that den along the coast in greater numbers than elsewhere in Alaska.", "\n\nOne person who had government responsibility for the area, Deborah Williams, the special assistant for Alaska under former U.S. Interior Secretary Bruce Babbitt, said that in her opinion, the remarkable secrecy surrounding the well suggests oil wasn't discovered in significant amounts.", "\n\nThe oil industry hasn't pushed hard to open the refuge, she said. ", "They would have, she added, if they'd found a large pool of oil.", "\n\n\"The main thing is the dog didn't bark,\" Williams said. \"", "And humans just aren't good at keeping big, fat juicy secrets, particularly when there's so much opportunity for that data to help them politically and policywise.\"", "\n\nOfficials with ASRC, BP and Chevron did not respond to requests for comment.", "\n\nGeologists who have studied the refuge for decades, and are also familiar with the business, say the companies would keep quiet, whether they stumbled onto an elephant field or found nothing at all.", "\n\nWhat's known about the refuge's oil potential is based on a two-dimensional seismic survey done in 1984 and 1985. ", "A petroleum-industry consortium that did the fieldwork was hunting for a giant — another Prudhoe Bay, where more than 12 billion barrels of oil has been produced over 40 years.", "\n\nThey found structures that could contain massive oil fields. ", "But the seismic waves shot into the earth were widely spaced.", "\n\nThey left large gaps that could contain unidentified traps big enough to hold economically viable oil fields, said David Houseknecht, project chief for the U.S. Geological Survey's Energy Resources Program for Alaska.", "\n\nA 1998 assessment by the USGS, based on the 1980s survey, was the agency's most recent review of the refuge's oil potential. ", "Its estimate: The 1002 area might contain 7.7 billion barrels.", "\n\nNearly another 3 billion barrels might be located on adjacent state and Alaska Native lands.", "\n\nWith such scant information, core-sample rocks, and possibly oil, gas and water pulled from the 3-mile-deep KIC well could be worth a lot, geologists said. ", "Companies would hold it to trade or sell, or keep for themselves to win the best tracts, if leasing was allowed in the refuge.", "\n\n\"Good, bad or indifferent, it will tell you something someone else doesn't know. ", "That has value,\" said Ken Boyd, a former director of Alaska's oil and gas division.", "\n\nLike any well drilled in Alaska on state, private or federal land, the results were provided to the Alaska Oil and Gas Conservation Commission, the state's oil-well regulators.", "\n\nBut the oil companies and ASRC fought in court to keep the information from also being viewed by the Alaska Department of Natural Resources, said Robert Mintz, a former assistant attorney general who worked on the case.", "\n\nIn 1992, the companies reached a settlement with the state that allowed limited disclosure to key officials within DNR, primarily experts in the oil and gas division.", "\n\nThe deal allowed DNR to use the results to carry out its duties, including estimating the value of state lands.", "\n\nBut it called for lifetime pledges of confidentiality for those aware of the secret. ", "They couldn't even take notes or make other records.", "\n\nToday, the information is tightly held at AOGCC in Anchorage, contained within a locked box within a safe in a locked room in the agency's secured area. ", "Different people know codes for the different locks, so no one can get to the data alone.", "\n\n\"All our confidential information is secure, but this is the most secured bit of our confidential information,\" said Cathy Foerster, longtime AOGCC member.", "\n\nWould Foerster allow a photograph of the safe?", "\n\n\"Not only no, but hell no,\" she said.", "\n\nFoerster said she's never peeked inside. ", "She doesn't want to risk spilling the details.", "\n\nAt DNR, only one person is authorized to view the material today, said Elizabeth Bluemink, a spokesperson.", "\n\nBoyd, now retired, believes less than 10 people at DNR have ever seen the results. ", "He was one of the first state officials to see the data, at BP's offices in 1992.", "\n\n\"Their geologist did a very, very good job of answering questions, and rolling out data, for a couple of hours,\" Boyd said in an interview last week.", "\n\nBoyd refused to provide any details about the well's contents. ", "He never has, he said.", "\n\nMum, too, is Mark Myers, also a former oil and gas division director who once saw the results from company officials.", "\n\n\"I can't tell you anything about the well,\" he said, adding he could possibly be prosecuted for disclosing details.", "\n\nHouseknecht, with USGS, is known for squeezing secrets from industry geologists.", "\n\nBut, he said, he never got a peep from a friend who retired from BP more than a year ago, despite attempts. ", "The friend had seen the data in BP's secret vault.", "\n\nShe was one of three BP employees, as he understands, authorized to know the details at any one time.", "\n\n\"I've gotten information on other tight holes, for a variety of reasons,\" Houseknecht said. \"", "But the KIC well, I've never gotten any information out of anyone about it.\"", "\n\nHouseknecht wouldn't speculate on whether ANWR hosts a giant oil field.", "\n\nThe USGS, interpreting the 1980s seismic data, has said the primary source rocks and reservoir rocks found at Prudhoe don't extend to the coastal plain.", "\n\nThe lack of major geological trends found at Prudhoe raises questions, he said.", "\n\n\"Any time you eliminate the richest source rock from an area, that increases risk factors you'd rather not have if you're looking for oil,\" he said.", "\n\nOil could still be trapped beneath the coastal plain, but from other sources, he said.", "\n\nCompanies have made sizable discoveries near the refuge that would be celebrated elsewhere. ", "But they weren't big enough for development in the costly Arctic.", "\n\nHouseknecht said he might know more about the 1002 area's oil potential after the federal agency updates its 1998 assessment, a step proposed by the pro-development Trump administration in May.\n\n\"Talk to me in a year and a half and I may have a different answer,\" he said.", "\n\nNicole Whittington-Evans, Alaska regional director of The Wilderness Society, cautioned that oil production on the plain, whether tied to a large field or many smaller ones, would lead to industrial sprawl harmful to wildlife and the refuge." ]
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[ "The copolyester portion of this invention is described in U.S. Pat. ", "Nos. ", "4,420,607, 4,459,402, and 4,468,510. ", "Of these patents, U.S. Pat. ", "Nos. ", "4,420,607 and 4,468,510 specifically disclose polyesters of terephthalic acid and 1,4-cyclohexanedimethanol modified with 50 to 100 mol % trans-4,4'-stilbenedicarboxylic acid (see Table 1 in each patent). ", "No examples of blends of these copolyesters are contained in these patents.", "\nOther art related to trans-4,4'-stilbenedicarboxylic acid include: U.S. Pat. ", "Nos. ", "2,657,194, 2,657,194, 3,190,174, 3,247,043, 3,496,839, 3,842,040, 3,842,041, 4,073,777, and Japanese Kokai No. ", "72348/74. ", "In addition, polyesters of trans-4,4'-stilbenedicarboxylic acid and neopentyl glycol, 1,5-pentanediol, 1,6-hexanediol, and 1,10-decanediol are disclosed by Meurisse, et al, in the British Polymer Journal, Vol. ", "13, 1981, p 57 (Table 1). ", "None of these references disclose examples of blends of the copolyesters and polycarbonates of our invention.", "\nOur copending application filed of even date herewith claims the copolyesters used in this invention." ]
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[ "1. ", "Field of the Invention\nThe present invention relates generally to state retention of an integrated circuit, and\nmore particularly to leveraging a clock network shielding to distribute a state retention supply voltage to state retention devices on the integrated circuit.", "\n2. ", "Description of the Related Art\nLow Power consumption is emerging as a very important feature for many handheld and battery powered applications. ", "In conventional configurations, however, low power design was not free and added considerable overhead in both silicon area and routing. ", "In particular, an application may be configured with one or more low power states in which only a subset of the components remain powered on to maintain the state of the device. ", "The state retention devices are typically distributed throughout the chip or integrated circuit (IC). ", "In the conventional configuration, a state retention supply voltage was distributed to the state retention devices using a separate state retention power grid. ", "The state retention power grid consumed significant routing resources and reduced the available space for functional components. ", "Further, the state retention power grid often required additional metal layers complicating design and substantially increasing cost." ]
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[ "List of highways numbered 291\n\nThe following highways are numbered 291:\n\nCanada\nManitoba Provincial Road 291\n Quebec Route 291\n\nJapan\n Japan National Route 291\n\nUnited States\n Interstate 291 (multiple highways)\n Alabama State Route 291\n Arkansas Highway 291\n Colorado State Highway 291\n Florida State Road 291\n Georgia State Route 291 (former)\n Kentucky Route 291\n Maryland Route 291\n Minnesota State Highway 291\n Missouri Route 291\n Montana Secondary Highway 291 (former)\n Nevada State Route 291 (former designation for Nevada State Route 140)\n New Mexico State Road 291\n New York State Route 291\n New York State Route 291 (former)\n Ohio State Route 291\n Pennsylvania Route 291\n South Carolina Highway 291\n Tennessee State Route 291\n Texas:\n Texas State Highway 291 (former)\n Texas State Highway Loop 291\n Farm to Market Road 291\n Utah State Route 291\n Washington State Route 291\n Wyoming Highway 291" ]
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[ "According to Case-Shiller national and 20-city home price indices for October, home prices continued to rise. ", "National home prices rose 0.70 percent for the three months ending in October. ", "Year-over-year, national home prices increased by 6.20 percent. ", "The 20-City Home Price Index also rose by 0.70 percent in October and reported a year-over-year increase of 6.40 percent.", "\n\nThe top three metro areas in the 20-City Index were Seattle, Washington with a year-over-year increase of 6.40 percent; Las Vegas Nevada followed with year-over-year home price growth of 10.20 percent. ", "San Diego, California had the third highest home price growth rate at 8.10 percent year-over-year.", "\n\nThe year-over-year percentage increase was 1.30 percent below the all-time high reading for the 20-City Index.", "\n\nHome Price Growth, Sales Could Face Headwinds in 2018\n\nDavid M. Blitzer, CEO of the S&P Indices Committee, said that 2018 may bring challenges to home price growth. ", "Mr. Blitzer said that while strong labor markets, economic growth, and low mortgage rates were major factors driving home price growth, higher mortgage rates are expected next year. ", "Rising rates would make buying a home less affordable for some. ", "Home price growth continued to outstrip inflation and income growth.", "\n\nMr. Blitzer cited an Urban Institute report that indicated that high-priced metro areas may compel would-be home buyers to consider renting. ", "High-demand metro areas are subject to high rates of buyer competition and bidding wars can drive affordable home prices beyond the reach of first-time and moderate-income buyers. ", "Significant numbers of buyers turning to rentals could drop the demand for homes and possible ease the rate of home price growth.", "\n\nAnalysts expected home prices to continue increasing due to low supplies and high demand. ", "Millennials are entering their home-buying years and relatively low mortgage rates have supported affordability, but higher mortgage rates and continued competition from investors and cash buyers could stifle demand for homes in the new year." ]
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[ "Q:\n\nTwisted Vivaldi\n\nThere are 5 riddles. ", "Each riddle will lead to a one word clue for the final answer. ", "Your job is to guess the final answer. ", "The problem is, each riddle has a twist:\n1 of them is a red herring.", "\n1 of them is an anagram.", "\n1 of them has either an extra letter or a missing letter.", "\n1 of them has a one letter difference.", "\n1 of them stays the same.", "\n\n1.", "\n You give me to a worker, when they do a good job\n I am one end of a pencil or a sword\n If you do this to a glass of water, the water spills.", "\n\n 2.", "\n I am used to tell the time,\n Although I am also in your body;\n I have a child used to stop,\n They are exactly half of me.", "\n3.", "\n You see me gliding through the air,\n or you crunch me on the ground.", "\n Sometimes I hold on as hard as I can,\n until the wind comes and blows me away.", "\n4.", "\n I'm on the ground when you walk out your door,\n You'll meet me in the forest if you choose to explore,\n I'm not red, blue, or even brown,\n If you want to see me, you'll have to look down.", "\n5.", "\n You collect me in Minecraft,\n I am very general,\n I am a category,\n Re-arranged, I spell TIME.", "\n\nWhat is the overall answer?", "\nHint:\n\n Each answer is singular\n\nA:\n\nI have a feeling this riddle is too broad to be solved, but here’s my best go:\n\n The answer is a flower. ", "Or fruit, or the season of spring. ", "I derive this from PIT, LEAF, STEM, and SOW, all words that have to do with planting seeds and growing flowers and whatnot. ", "The answer seems very ambiguous, but at least ties back to Vivaldi’s Four Seasons. ", "Beside, trying to get one answer per season really feels like shoehorning.", "\n\nMy operations on each riddle’s answer:\n1)\n\n The answer, tip, is an anagram of PIT, as that of a peach or other fruit.", "\n\n2)\n\n The answer, hand, is a red herring.", "\n\n3)\n\n The answer, leaf, stays the same.", "\n\n4)\n\n The answer, snow, loses a letter to become SOW. ", "This riddle could also be ROCK, GRASS, or really anything you find on the ground outside that isn’t dirt.", "\n\n5)\n\n The answer, item, changes one letter to become STEM.", "\n\nA:\n\n1)\n\nTip\n\n2)\n\nFinger [Half is fin, or stop/ending]\n\n3)\n\nLeaf\n\n4)\n\nShadow\n\n5) \n\nItem\n\nA:\n\nMy answer : \n\n Donna Noble, one of the Tenth Doctor's companions in Doctor Who\n\nMy reasoning :\nThe riddle's title points me towards \n\n TV series\n\nbecause \n\n Vivaldi wrote The Four Seasons, TV series are divided into seasons. ", "Also as @cpcodes pointed out in the comments, the initials of Twisted Vivaldi are TV\n\nAssuming the answers to the riddles are as follow :\n\n 1) TIP\n 2) FINGER (@Logikable)\n 3) LEAF\n 4) SHADOW\n 5) ITEM\n\nI get the following words by applying the twists :\n\n TRIP (TIP plus one letter)\n TIME (ITEM anagram)\n\n These two together hint towards Doctor Who\n\n GINGER (FINGER with one letter difference)\n\n This hints towards either Donna Noble or Amy Pond\n\n SHADOW (stays the same)\n\n LEAF is the red herring here\n\nThe answer is deduced by :\n\n This last word points towards the episode Silence in the Library where the Vashta Nerada appear as shadows. ", "Donna was the Doctor's companion in that episode.", "\n\n" ]
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[ "Q:\n\nASP.NET MVC many to many model on client side\n\nI have 3 many-many tables: Users -< UserRoles >- Roles. ", "I set up my model like this:\npublic class User\n{\n public int UserId {get; set;};\n public IEnumerable<Role> Roles {get; set;};\n}\n\npublic class Role\n{\n public int RoleId {get; set;};\n public string RoleName {get; set};\n}\n\npublic class UserDisplayModel\n{\n public User User{get; set;};\n public IEnumerable<Role> AllRoles {get; set;}\n}\n\nWhen editing/creating the user, how do I go about getting the checked checkbox of the roles in the controller and how would I set this up in my view?", "\nIf i'm wrong from the start on the way I set up my Model, please tell me and assist on how I would go about doing this.", "\nThanks.", "\n\nA:\n\nThe key is that you need your collection properly rendering in the view. ", "First off, add a Boolean property to the Role view data object so we have something to bind our check box to:\npublic class Role\n{\n public bool IsInRole { get; set; }\n [HiddenInput(DisplayValue = false)]\n public int RoleId { get; set; }\n [HiddenInput(DisplayValue = true)]\n public string RoleName { get; set; }\n}\n\nNotice I put some HiddenInput attribute on the properties (more on that later). ", "Also you could pass your User object as shown above to the view - this already has the child collection of Roles. ", " There are a few ways to render this collection in the view, but one of the easiest is:\n<%: Html.", "EditorFor(m => m.Roles) %>\n\nNow add an editor template for the Role object so the line above does what we want. ", "Add Role.ascx to /Views/Shared/EditorTemplates folder. ", "Roles.ascx can looking something like this:\n<%@ Control Language=\"C#\" Inherits=\"System.", "Web.", "Mvc.", "ViewUserControl<MvcApplication5.Controllers.", "Role>\" %>\n<%: Html.", "EditorFor(m => m.IsInRole) %>\n<%: Html.", "EditorFor(m => m.RoleId) %>\n<%: Html.", "EditorFor(m => m.RoleName) %>\n\nYou'll see when you do a view source that your html looks something like this:\n<input class=\"check-box\" id=\"Roles_0__IsInRole\" name=\"Roles[0].IsInRole\" type=\"checkbox\" value=\"true\" /><input name=\"Roles[0].IsInRole\" type=\"hidden\" value=\"false\" />\n<input id=\"Roles_0__RoleId\" name=\"Roles[0].RoleId\" type=\"hidden\" value=\"1\" />\nRoleName1<input id=\"Roles_0__RoleName\" name=\"Roles[0].RoleName\" type=\"hidden\" value=\"RoleName1\" />\n<input class=\"check-box\" id=\"Roles_1__IsInRole\" name=\"Roles[1].IsInRole\" type=\"checkbox\" value=\"true\" /><input name=\"Roles[1].IsInRole\" type=\"hidden\" value=\"false\" />\n<input id=\"Roles_1__RoleId\" name=\"Roles[1].RoleId\" type=\"hidden\" value=\"2\" />\nRoleName2<input id=\"Roles_1__RoleName\" name=\"Roles[1].RoleName\" type=\"hidden\" value=\"RoleName2\" />\n\nThis is key for model binding when your form is posted back. ", "We used DisplayValue=true for the display name because we need the hidden input for post back model binding, but it's need to be read-only. ", "for the roleId, that is a hidden input and no value is displayed to the user. ", "See this post for more information on the HiddenInput.", "\nWhen you post this back, MVC built-in model binder will ensure that your roles collection is constructed property and you'll see the check boxes state properly reflected in your model.", "\n\n" ]
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[ "Die ungarische Hochzeit\n\nDie ungarische Hochzeit (The Hungarian Wedding) is a 1939 operetta by Nico Dostal to a libretto by Hermann Hermecke. ", "It was premiered 4 February 1939 in Stuttgart.", "\n\nRecordings\nDie ungarische Hochzeit - Anny Schlemm, Franz Fehringer, Ruth Zillger, Willy Hofmann, Lissy Niemz, Jürgen Goslar, Hans Schanzara, Herta Talmar, Kurt Großkurth, Walter Gruberth, Paul Bürks, Herbert Hennies, Friedrich Himmelmann, Kölner Rundfunkchor & Kölner Rundfunkorchester, Franz Marszalek 1955\nDie ungarische Hochzeit - Jevgenij Taruntsov, Regina Riel, Thomas Zisterer, Tomas Kovacic, Rita Peterl, Chor des Lehar Festivals Bad Ischl, Franz Lehar-Orchester, Marius Burkert. ", "CPO, 2015\nselections - Margit Schramm, Anton de Ridder, Willi Brokmeier, Isy Orén, Chor der Städtischen Bühnen Köln, Philharmonia Hungarica Roman Dostal EMI\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Operas\nCategory:1939 operas\nCategory:Operas by Nico Dostal\nCategory:German-language operas" ]
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[ "Editorial: Marijuana matters much on locals' minds\n\nFort Morgan Times editorial\n\nPosted:\n02/22/2013 11:56:51 AM MST\n\nMarijuana has been much on the minds of local city councils, town boards and law enforcement folks since the passing of Amendment 64.", "\n\nJust take a look at the Fort Morgan City Council meeting earlier this week, when a significant portion of the session was devoted to discussion of possible local ramifications of the legalization of small amounts of marijuana for private recreational use by adults.", "\n\nAnd Brush has already had one business make an unsuccessful attempt to have a smokers' club.", "\n\nSuch clubs are doomed on two fronts, in Brush, at least, under current law.", "\n\nAmendment 64 excludes public use, which basically means that one cannot walk into a public place such as a bar or lounge and order up a joint or a pipeful of pot.", "\n\nAnd if one tries to charge admission to make it a private affair, Brush has an ordinance against such things.", "\n\nMeanwhile, local government bodies are waiting for the state to get its act together on regulations. ", "Not a bad idea, but the locals might not want to wait too long on that.", "\n\nThe folks who are dead set against retail outlets for marijuana might consider the possibility that those might be the lesser of the evils. ", "Envision if you will a proliferation of home grows with careless people hooking up all sorts of daisy-chained extension cords and goodness knows what other fire hazards.", "\n\nHere's another wrinkle -- ordinances may have to be changed so that it is no longer illegal for someone to possess a pot pipe or for media outlets to accept marijuana-related advertising money.", "\n\nAdvertisement\n\nAnd law enforcement agencies might want to rethink zero tolerance for past marijuana use by applicants. ", "Fort Morgan Police Chief Keith Kuretich said his department is hurting for officers and half the candidates have experimented with drugs. ", "It might be better to decide on a case-by-case basis.", "\n\nMorgan's council is talking about a public engagement campaign on rules and responsibilities, and that's a good idea.", "\n\nMeanwhile, pot smokers should be considerate of non-smokers, concerning both secondhand smoke and smell.", "\n\nAnd all of us need to be more careful than ever on the road -- now we need to worry not just about drunken drivers but stoned drivers, as well.", "\n\nThe views expressed in The Times editorial are independent from the news coverage, offering our opinion and additional commentary on items of public interest. ", "The editor can be reached at editor@fmtimes.com.", "\n\nArticle Comments\n\nWe reserve the right to remove any comment that violates our ground rules, is spammy, NSFW, defamatory, rude, reckless to the community, etc.", "\n\nWe expect everyone to be respectful of other commenters. ", "It's fine to have differences of opinion, but there's no need to act like a jerk.", "\n\nUse your own words (don't copy and paste from elsewhere), be honest and don't pretend to be someone (or something) you're not.", "\n\nOur commenting section is self-policing, so if you see a comment that violates our ground rules, flag it (mouse over to the far right of the commenter's name until you see the flag symbol and click that), then we'll review it." ]
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[ "Theoretical analysis of the relationship between positive/negative cooperativity and enzyme activation/inhibition.", "\nCooperativity is one of the \"paradigms\" in enzyme kinetics and molecular biology. ", "But the classical textbook treatment of enzyme kinetics always indeed separates the concepts of positive/negative cooperativity from enzyme activation/inhibition, at least partially. ", "Few theoretical analysis of their relationship has been discussed, although its experimental investigations might date back at least to 1970s. ", "In the present paper, we try to apply the change of free energy as a connective parameter for investigating the relationship between positive/negative cooperativity and enzyme activation/inhibition through several classic equilibrium binding models. ", "It is explicitly shown that the terms of positive/negative cooperativity could be equivalently regarded as enzyme activation/inhibition of the saturation function induced by the substrate molecule itself rather than any other additional effectors. ", "Moreover, both the degree of cooperativity phenomenon and the degree of enzyme activation/inhibition monotonically increase with the change of free energy. ", "Note that this result is quite different from the idea of relating cooperativity to the concepts of \"substrate activation/inhibition\", which is identified when at high substrate concentrations the reaction rate decreases instead of tending towards the maximum velocity, since it always needs a second substrate molecule." ]
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[ "While Zuma was delivering his January 8 speech, the EFF leader was giving one of his own; insisting that Jacob Zuma is anti-education and that white people feel threatened by educated black people.", "\n\nZuma, his family and their loyalists are anti-education. ", "This was the message from EFF leader Julius Malema after checking in on incarcerated student activist Bonginkosi Khanyile — who was arrested for assault and possession of a dangerous weapon during last year’s #FeesMustFall protests –, at the Westville Correctional Services Centre in Durban.", "\n\n“We don’t want to be like Jacob Zuma. ", "We don’t want to be like Zuma’s family, we want to be educated, that is what we are fighting for. ", "Even Khulubuse is not educated. ", "We don’t want anything that has got to do with that family. ", "We are rejecting anything that represents Jacob Zuma. ", "Lack of education is what represents Jacob Zuma,” Juju told supporters.", "\n\nMalema also took aim at former SABC employee Hlaudi Motsoeneng — who famously said that being too educated is a bad thing — saying the refused education as if it were a “biting animal.”", "\n\nIt didn’t take long for the EFF leader to shift the focus from government to white people, saying that whites feared educated black people, as it would mean an end to domestic workers and other forms of informal labour.", "\n\n“It is threatening white privilege, white supremacy and capitalism because when you are educated, who is going to be a domestic worker in the house of a white man? ", "Who is going to provide the cheap labour?”", "\n\nJuju added that South Africa should aim to be like Zimbabwe and that, once the “illegal sanctions” crippling the Zimbabwean economy are defeated they will be the “capital of Africa.”" ]
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[ "Transition-state spectroscopy using ultrashort laser pulses.", "\nTo gain a complete understanding of a chemical reaction, it is necessary to determine the structural changes that occur to the reacting molecules during the reaction. ", "Chemists have long dreamed of being able to determine the molecular structure changes that occur during a chemical reaction, including the structures of transition states (TSs). ", "The use of ultrafast spectroscopy to gain a detailed knowledge of chemical reactions (including their TSs) promises to be a revolutionary way to increase reaction efficiencies and enhance the reaction products, which is difficult to do using conventional methods that are based on trial and error. ", "To confirm the molecular structures of TSs predicted by theoretical analysis, chemists have long desired to directly observe the TSs of chemical reactions. ", "Direct observations have been realized by ultrafast spectroscopy using ultrashort laser pulses. ", "Our group has been able to stably generate visible to near-infrared sub-5-fs laser pulses using a noncollinear optical parametric amplifier (NOPA). ", "We used these sub-5-fs pulses to study reaction processes (including their TSs) by detecting structural changes. ", "We determine reaction mechanisms by observing the TSs in a chemical reaction and by performing density-functional theory calculations." ]
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[ "DETROIT – Jake Arrieta is on his way back to Norfolk to rejoin the Tides. ", "However, Arrieta isn’t listed as one of Norfolk’s probable pitchers yet.", "\n\nKevin Gausman and Josh Stinson are pitching in Wednesday’s doubleheader. ", "Jair Jurrjens is listed for Thursday and Tsuyoshi Wada is Saturday’s probable. ", "There is no pitcher listed for Friday, but Arrieta would have to pitch on three days' rest, and that’s unlikely.", "\n\n“I know he’s going to start his next outing, and then at some point, we’ll probably step back and see where we are with it,” manager Buck Showalter said. “", "I want to get him back on good ground.”", "\n\nOn Monday, Arrieta allowed five runs on 10 hits in 4 2/3 innings against the Tigers and was immediately returned to Norfolk.", "\n\n“Jake knows he’s capable of better and Jake also knows it’s not good enough.”", "\n\nLast Friday when he was recalled after Gausman was sent down, Arrieta said he was open to the idea of relieving. ", "The Orioles could contemplate changing the way he pitches.", "\n\n“We’ve talked about all those things,” Showalter said.", "\n\n“We constantly look at things with guys with really good arms like Jake. ", "He gets the ball down, he’s effective. ", "How do you do it? ", "Is it a mentality?”", "\n\nArrieta has continually frustrated the Orioles, teasing them with his potential, and then failing to follow up." ]
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[ "Recorded Live\n\nRecorded Live is the third live album by British blues rock musicians Ten Years After, which was released as a double LP in 1973.", "\n\nThis album, containing no overdubs or additives, was recorded over four nights in Amsterdam, Rotterdam, Frankfurt and Paris with the Rolling Stones' mobile recording truck and later mixed from sixteen tracks to stereo at Olympic Studios in London. ", "The album was rereleased as a CD in 2014, with seven previously unreleased tracks.", "\n\nTrack listing (original album)\n\nSide one\n \"One of These Days\" (A. Lee) – 5:36\n \"You Give Me Loving\" (A. Lee) – 5:25\n \"Good Morning Little Schoolgirl\" (Williamson) – 7:15\n\nSide two\n \"Hobbit\" (excluded from some CDs) (R. Lee) – 7:15\n \"Help Me\" (Williamson/Dixon/Bass) – 10:44\n\nSide three\n \"Classical Thing\" (A. Lee) – 0:55\n \"Scat Thing\" (A. Lee) – 0:54\n \"I Can't Keep From Cryin' Sometimes (part 1)\" (A. Kooper) – 1:57\n \"Extension on One Chord\" (A. Lee/R. Lee/Churchill/Lyons) – 10:46\n \"I Can't Keep From Cryin' Sometimes (part 2)\" (A. Kooper) – 3:21\n\nSide four\n \"Silly Thing\" (A. Lee) – 0:26\n \"Slow Blues in 'C'\" (A. Lee) – 7:24\n \"I'm Going Home\" (A. Lee) – 9:30\n \"Choo Choo Mama\" (A. Lee) – 2:56\n\nTrack listing (CD reissue of original album)\n\nCD 1\n \"One of These Days\" (A. Lee) – 5:36\n \"You Give Me Loving\" (A. Lee) – 5:25\n \"Good Morning Little Schoolgirl\" (Willamson) – 7:15\n \"Hobbit\" (excluded from some CDs) (R. Lee) – 7:15\n \"Help Me\" (Williamson/Bass) – 10:44\n\nCD 2\n \"Classical Thing\" (A. Lee) – 0:55\n \"Scat Thing\" (A. Lee) – 0:54\n \"I Can't Keep From Cryin' Sometimes (part 1)\" (A. Kooper) – 1:57\n \"Extension on One Chord\" (A. Lee/R. Lee/Churchill/Lyons) – 10:46\n \"I Can't Keep From Cryin' Sometimes (part 2)\" (A. Kooper) – 3:21\n \"Silly Thing\" (A. Lee) – 0:26\n \"Slow Blues in 'C'\" (A. Lee) – 7:24\n \"I'm Going Home\" (A. Lee) – 9:30\n \"Choo Choo Mama\" (A. Lee) – 2:56\n\nTrack listing (2013 CD reissue of original album with bonus tracks)\n\nCD 1, original record tracks are 1–5 and bonus tracks are 6–8\n \"One of These Days\" (A. Lee) – 6:20 (Frankfurt)\n \"You Give Me Loving\" (A. Lee) – 6:10 (Frankfurt)\n \"Good Morning Little Schoolgirl\" (Willamson) – 7:27 (Frankfurt)\n \"Hobbit\" (R. Lee) – 8:36 (Frankfurt)\n \"Help Me\" (Willamson/Bass) – 10:49 (Amsterdam)\n \"Time Is Flying\" (A. Lee) – 5:36 (Frankfurt)\n \"Standing at the Station (A. Lee) – 11:51 (Frankfurt)\n \"Jam\" (A. Lee/R. Lee/C. Churchill/L. Lyons) – 18:09 (Amsterdam)\n\nCD 2, original record tracks are 5–13 and bonus tracks are 1–4\n \"Help Me\" (Williamson/Dixon/Bass) – 12:06 (Paris) \n \"I Woke Up This Morning\" (A. Lee) – 4:26 (Rotterdam)\n \"Sweet Little Sixteen\" (C. Berry) – 4:24 (Frankfurt)\n \"Jam\" (A. Lee/R. Lee/C. Churchill/L. Lyons) – 16:33 (Frankfurt)\n \"Classical Thing\" (A. Lee) – 0:53 (Paris)\n \"Scat Thing\" (A. Lee) – 0:57 (Paris)\n \"I Can't Keep From Cryin' Sometimes (part 1)\" (A. Kooper) – 1:57 (Paris)\n \"Extension on One Chord\" (A. Lee/R. Lee/Churchill/Lyons) – 10:45 (Paris)\n \"I Can't Keep From Cryin' Sometimes (part 2)\" (A. Kooper) – 3:12 (Paris)\n \"Silly Thing\" (A. Lee) – 1:09 (Frankfurt)\n \"Slow Blues in 'C'\" (A. Lee) – 8:14 (Frankfurt)\n \"I'm Going Home\" (A. Lee) – 10:54 (Frankfurt)\n \"Choo Choo Mama\" (A. Lee) – 3:21 (Frankfurt)\n\nPersonnel\nTen Years After\n Alvin Lee – guitar and vocals\n Leo Lyons – bass\n Chick Churchill – organ and piano\n Ric Lee – drums\n\nAdditional personnel\n Recording Engineer – Chris Kimsey\n Photography by Brian Cooke\n Cover by Visualeyes\n Cover Conception – Walter Wanger\n Executive Coordination – Chris Wright\n Produced by Ten Years After\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Ten Years After albums\nCategory:1973 live albums\nCategory:Chrysalis Records live albums\nCategory:Columbia Records live albums" ]
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[ "Judge Dismisses ‘Clock Boy’ Discrimination Case, Again\n\nDALLAS (CN) – A federal judge dismissed for the final time Tuesday a civil rights lawsuit brought by the family of a black Muslim teenager known as “clock boy” against a Dallas-area school district and suburb who had him arrested after he brought a homemade clock to his high school in 2015.", "\n\nThe lawsuit claimed Ahmed Mohamed’s civil rights were violated by the city of Irving, the Irving Independent School District, MacArthur High School principal Daniel Cummings and several others.", "\n\nMohamed was 14 years old when he was arrested after he built the clock using a circuit board and power supply that he wired into a digital display inside a metal pencil case and brought it to school to show a teacher. ", "The defendants deemed the contraption a “hoax bomb” and suspended him. ", "Police released Mohamed to his parents hours later.", "\n\nOn Tuesday, U.S. District Judge Sam Lindsay in Dallas ordered Mohamed take nothing from the defendants and dismissed the claims with prejudice, preventing the case from being refiled.", "\n\nLindsay first dismissed the 2016 lawsuit the following year, finding he could not “reasonably infer” any school employee intentionally discriminated against Mohamed.", "\n\nHowever, the judge cited U.S. Supreme Court and Fifth Circuit precedent in allowing the Mohameds to refile the lawsuit in order to amend claims that were “factually deficient.”", "\n\nImages of a bewildered Mohamed being led away by police in handcuffs went viral on the internet immediately after his arrest.", "\n\nThen-President Barack Obama invited him to the White House, and Mohamed later accepted a scholarship offer to study in Qatar and leave Texas.", "\n\nPolice defended the arrest, saying at the time the device could be mistaken for something dangerous if it was left in a bathroom or car.", "\n\nMohamed’s family later demanded written apologies and a total of $15 million from the school district and city before suing.", "\n\nTheir lawsuit disputed police claims that Mohamed was “less than forthcoming” about the clock during a 90-minute interrogation without his parents.", "\n\n“The officers pulled him forcefully out of his chair, yanked his arms up behind his back so far that his right hand touched the back of his neck, causing a lot of pain,” the complaint stated. “", "They placed Ahmed in handcuffs and marched him out of the front of the school, four officers grabbing onto him, two on each side holding his hands and his arms. ", "They put him into the back of a police car. ", "They took him to the police station and booked him as a criminal, with mug shots and fingerprinting – all still without his parents.”", "\n\nMohamed’s attorney, James Hudson with Hutchison Stoy in Fort Worth, did not immediately respond Wednesday to an email requesting comment.", "\n\nCity officials said that they are “extremely pleased” by the dismissal. ", "They say it “supports the justifiable actions” taken by police.", "\n\n“We remain committed to ensuring the safety of all Irving residents and schoolchildren,” Irving officials said in a written statement." ]
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[ "More Dilophosaur Encountering Tips\n\nJust wish dilos can get a alpha pack bonus, too easy to kill when ur a pro, and when u get a army of em, the one you’ve been training won’t be an ordinary, but the one that has a red glow. ", "U-P-V-O-T-E if u agree!", "\n\nEver get hit by Dilophosaurus spit? ", "Easy fix. ", "Simple way to avoid getting poisoned is by moving left to right. ", "Not too much, not too little. ", "Not too fast, not too slow. ", "If that doesn’t work, simply run in circles while facing the dilo." ]
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[ "The decision to disband the ANC Youth League national executive committee came a few weeks after it was assured by the ANC's top six it would not be disbanded.", "\n\nThe Mail & Guardian learnt on Sunday that immediately after the decision was taken, the NEC asked the youth league's acting president Ronald Lamola and deputy secretary general Kenetswe Mosenogi to leave, as they were no longer regarded as part of the executive.", "\n\nNEC members who pushed for the disbanding of the youth league executive include Gauteng Premier Nomvula Mokonyane, Deputy Minister of Public Service and Administration Ayanda Dlodlo and former youth league spokesperson Zizi Kodwa.", "\n\nTwo ANC Youth League NEC members, who preferred to remain anonymous, said they were shocked by the ANC’s decision at the party's NEC meeting, which is under way in Pretoria.", "\n\n\"The top six officials said they won’t disband us. ", "We met with them two times this year, we gave them our programme, we visited all the provinces and we were committed to work with the newly elected leadership. ", "It came as a serious shock that they decided to disband us.\"", "\n\n“We will encourage our members to respect their decision. ", "Democracy must not work like this. ", "This is equal to Stalinism – that’s not how the ANC should operate,” said one youth league NEC member.", "\n\nAnother youth league NEC member said: \"These people are serious about what they are doing. ", "They are not playing – they mean business. ", "There is no political reason why the youth league's NEC should be disbanded. ", "We met the leadership of the ANC immediately after the conference. ", "It is clear that they want to take control. ", "They want stooges. ", "Many people in the current youth league NEC agreed that it must be independent but the current leadership of the ANC want people who will agree with them on everything.”", "\n\nAfter the ANC's elective conference in Mangaung, the youth league leadership toned down its rhetoric, often uttered by former youth league leader Julius Malema. ", "In an interview with the Sowetan​ on Friday, Lamola said the youth league was willing to toe Zuma's line.", "\n\nThe ANC is expected to announce the national task team that will oversee the affairs of the youth league until the new leadership is elected.", "\n\nThe decision to disband the youth league came just a few hours after the NEC dissolved the Limpopo provincial executive, under the leadership of Premier Cassel Mathale. ", "Limpopo was the first province to call for the removal of Zuma as president of the ANC." ]
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[ "Q:\n\nls gives me \"illegal option\"\n\nI recently installed zsh and now whenever I ls or ls -l or ls anything I get \"illegal option\". ", "Not sure where to start looking to fix this.", "\n\nA:\n\nRun which ls to see what exactly is ran why you type ls. ", "ls may be configured as an alias with options not available on your system.", "\n\n" ]
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[ "22 March 2017\n\n‘Justified and useful’\n\nOver on Aeon, there is an excellent essay by Stephen Angle, Kwame Anthony Appiah, Julian Baggini, Daniel Bell, Nicholas Berggruen and a number of others, exploring the merits and potential pitfalls of a political-philosophical case for hierarchy.", "\n\nI do have my disagreements with Stephen Angle (notably over the merits of the institutionalist strain of Confucian thinking which rose to prominence in the Han, Tang and Qing Dynasties – that may be part of what he’s aiming at when the reference to ‘ossified’ hierarchies gets made), but he and his colleagues have got a lot of worthwhile things to say here, things which I fully endorse.", "\n\nWhen I claim that equality is a conditional rather than an absolute good, this is largely what I mean, particularly when I refer to Confucius and (more recently) Plato in making such a claim. ", "Indeed, the authors appear to be referring directly to a Socratic-Platonic defence of knowledge when they say that ‘[w]e prefer to be treated by senior surgeons not medical students, get financial advice from professionals not interns’. ", "Further, I agree wholeheartedly with the authors that ‘[t]o the extent that hierarchies are inevitable, it is important to create good ones and avoid those that are pernicious. ", "It is also important to identify the ways in which useful and good hierarchies support and foster good forms of equality.’", "\n\nThe authors, I presume, do indeed care a great deal about equality, and are concerned by the ways in which our cultural detestation of reasonable and proportionate hierarchies is, ironically, creating for us irrational, unhealthy and cancerous ones. ", "Equality, as a conditional rather than an absolute good, is a value which is necessary to retain; it’s unfortunate that many who are now disillusioned with democracy are willing to throw the baby out with the bathwater as far as that philosophical concept is concerned.", "\n\nIn light of that, the question of ‘meritocracy’ is one that needs to be further explored. ", "The Qing ‘gerontocracy’ which is highlighted in this piece as being at least partially meritocratic is a fairly mild and modest example. ", "It also happens to be one which I personally admire, in that lower-income families had access to political power, and in that the material welfare of the poorest families (in this essay, represented by life expectancy) was not that grossly different from that of the wealthiest families. ", "In fact, Branko Milanović, in his studies on historical inequality, cites the Qing Dynasty of the late 19th century as one of the more egalitarian societies in the world – and that in spite of its being an empire with a hereditary head-of-state.", "\n\nBut as a general concept, the idea of ‘meritocracy’, when not qualified, has its problems – firstly in that it potentially confuses bureaucratic competencies (as measured in a utilitarian fashion, by the material outcomes produced) for virtue; and secondly in that it can easily stratify itself away from the ideals of the Qing government, producing intolerable psychological and social pressures on the individual who gets left behind. ", "As I’ve said before, the original Greek idea of ‘aristocracy’, or the Confucian idea of ‘gentlemanly’ conduct, may be better measures of merit than the ones we are used to using.", "\n\nAnd lastly but absolutely not least – this piece mentions traditional hierarchies in Africa, but rather glosses them over where we should want to hear more about them. ", "The wisdom of older generations in sub-Saharan Africa has neither been forgotten, nor is it going away anytime soon. ", "And even though it may appear to the eyes of the global north to be the product of a culture which has not yet ‘progressed’ far enough in the desired direction, it is worthwhile to note that this traditionalism enables certain communitarian goals from which the global north can learn: solidarity, reciprocity, harmony, mutual respect, defence of the powerless.", "\n\nHowever, this piece is well worth the read. ", "Major kudos to the authors!", "\n\nNo comments:\n\nPost a Comment\n\nWelcome\n\nThe Heavy Anglo-Orthodox (explanation here) is the blog of one convert’s haphazard thoughts, occupying a tense and largely-unclaimed space on the Orthosphere somewhere between reaction and revolution.", "\n\nI am an Orthodox blogger, chrismated into the Moscow Patriarchate and member of an OCA parish in Minneapolis. ", "I am also a happy husband and father of two; a graduate of Kalamazoo College (BA in philosophy) and of the University of Pittsburgh - GSPIA (MID in sustainable development); a former volunteer college guide in AmeriCorps; a former expat English teacher in Kazakhstan and China currently based in the Twin Cities of Minnesota.", "\n\nMy politics may be described as œconomically left-wing, culturally conservative and foreign-policy dovish; best summed as Tory radical. ", "My loyalty belongs to the regional culture of the Upper Midwest and Plains states (including Upper Canada), but intellectually I also have Anglophile, Slavophile, Persophile and Sinophile tendencies. ", "My interests are language, history, genealogy, theology, political œconomy and heavy metal.", "\n\nMost Holy Theotokos\n\nIt is truly right to bless you, Theotokos, ever blessed, most pure and Mother of our God. ", "More honourable than the Cherubim and more glorious beyond compare than the Seraphim, you incorruptibly gave birth to God the Word. ", "We magnify you, the true Theotokos!" ]
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[ "Q:\n\nCómo puedo devolver específicas letras aleatoria?", "\n\nCual seria la mejor manera de devolver letras específicas pero a la misma vez esas letras aleatorias, por ejemplo de la distancia a hasta f [a,b,c,d,e,f]. ", "Yo se cómo hacerlo con todo el alfabeto usando la función random y string.ascii_letters, pero no entiendo como hacerlo específico. ", "\n def gen():\n return random.choice(string.ascii_letters + string.digits)\n\n# prints the first digits until %s, and starts printing random generation.", "\ndef printme():\n combo1 = '999999991468%s111%s1%s%s%s%s%s%s%s%s%s%s%s%s%s%s%s' % (\n gen().upper(), gen().upper(), gen().upper(),\n gen().upper(), gen().upper(), gen().upper(),\n gen().upper(), gen().upper(), gen().upper(),\n gen().upper(), gen().upper(), gen().upper(),\n gen().upper(), gen().upper(), gen().upper(),\n gen().upper(), gen().upper()\n )\n\nA:\n\nLo puedes hacer exactamente igual pero usando el subconjunto que quieras. ", "Por ejemplo:\ndef gen():\n return random.choice(list('abcdef'))\n\n" ]
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[ "Steroid Refractory Chronic Graft-Versus-Host Disease: Cost-Effectiveness Analysis.", "\nGiven the increasing incidence of chronic graft-versus-host disease (cGVHD) and its rapidly escalating costs due to many lines of drug treatments, we aimed to perform a meta-analysis to assess the comparative effectiveness of various treatment options. ", "Using these results, we then conducted a cost-effectiveness analysis for the frequently utilized agents in steroid-refractory cGVHD. ", "We searched for studies examining tacrolimus, sirolimus, rituximab, ruxolitinib, hydroxychloroquine, imatinib, bortezomib, ibrutinib, extracorporeal photopheresis, pomalidomide, and methotrexate. ", "Studies with a median follow-up period shorter than 6 months and enrolling fewer than 5 patients were excluded. ", "Meta-analysis for overall and organ system-specific GVHD response (overall response [ORR], complete response [CR], and partial response [PR]) was conducted for each intervention. ", "Cost per CR and cost per CR + PR were calculated as the quotient of the 6-month direct treatment cost by CR and CR + PR. ", "Forty-one studies involving 1047 patients were included. ", "CR rates ranged from 7% to 30% with rituximab and methotrexate, respectively, and ORR ranged from 30% to 85% with tacrolimus and ruxolitinib, respectively. ", "Cost per CR ranged from US$1,187,657 with ruxolitinib to US$680 with methotrexate. ", "Cost per ORR ranged from US$453 for methotrexate to US$242,236 for ibrutinib. ", "The most cost-effective strategy was methotrexate for all of the organ systems. ", "Pomalidomide was found to be the least cost-effective treatment for eye, gastrointestinal, fascia/joint, skin, and oral GVHD, and imatinib was found to be the least cost-effective treatment for liver and extracorporeal photopheresis for lung GVHD. ", "We observed huge cost-effectiveness differences among available agents. ", "Attention to economic issues when treating cGVHD is important to recommend how treatments should be sequenced, knowing that many patients will cycle through available agents." ]
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[ "Q:\n\nHow do I get the weather widget in the Notifications Center of the iPad?", "\n\nThis is driving me crazy because I see this in notification center in a lot of a screenshots for iOS reviews:\n\nWhat is the app that adds weather to the notification center?", "\n\nA:\n\nIt's not available on iPad. ", "It's an iPhone feature. ", "\n\n" ]
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[ "Indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA), microagglutination test (MA) and enzyme-linked-immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in diagnosis of legionellosis.", "\nLipopolysaccharide was extracted with cold phenol water from Legionella pneumophila and used as antigen for ELISA. ", "IgG and IgM antibodies were measured with the ELISA and the immunofluorescence assay (IFA). ", "Agglutinating antibodies were measured by the microagglutination (MA) test. ", "In tests on sera from 27 patients with confirmed Legionella infections predominantly due to L. pneumophila serogroup 1 the results with the ELISA, the IFA and the MA were compared to each other. ", "Antibody titers obtained by the ELISA were in general much higher than those obtained by both other tests. ", "The ELISA proved to be the most sensitive method (IgG: 91.3%, IgM: 52.2%) whereas the sensitivities of IFA and MA were IgG: 69.6%, IgM: 30.4% and 60.9%, respectively. ", "There was low correlation of the IgG antibody titers but good correlation of the IgM titers. ", "Further 49 sera from patients without Legionella infection were screened to calculate the specificities of the three tests which were equally good with all methods (98%)." ]
{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }
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[ "Introduction {#sec1}\n============\n\nMedical diagnostics stands to benefit from the development of cost-effective and reliable protein detection methods. ", "Detection of protein--protein or protein--ligand interactions, which are vital processes in living organisms, deepens the understanding of associated biological processes and provides invaluable tools to diagnose many diseases. ", "In this context, the suitability of field-effect transistors (FETs) based on one-dimensional nanomaterials, such as nanowires and single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs), as versatile and label-free electronic biosensors has been thoroughly studied.^[@ref1]^ Their ease of integration into next-generation electronic circuits, coupled with dimensions on the size order of individual molecules, results in promising potential applications in diagnostics.^[@ref1],[@ref2]^ When testing a biosensor's feasibility, well-known biosystems, such as the hybridization of single-stranded nucleic acids^[@ref3]^ or the binding of streptavidin or avidin to biotin^[@ref4]^ play an important role. ", "Usually, one of the system's components is immobilized onto the sensitive area of the sensor as a probe, while the other is used as a target analyte. ", "Both of these testing systems utilize properties that are exceptional in nature, taking advantage of DNA's high charge and the high binding affinity between streptavidin and avidin to biotin (*K*~D~ is in the order of 10^--14^ M).^[@ref5]^ These strong interactions have helped immensely in understanding the underlying sensing mechanisms and restrictions of FET sensors in detail. ", "The dominant sensing mechanism for functionalized SWNT FETs is commonly accepted as electrostatic gating due to the presence of charged moieties in the proximity of the nanotube's surface, leading to a shift of the threshold voltage of the transistor.^[@ref6]^ While this effect is largely responsible for the ability to perform label-free sensing, devices are limited in terms of the electric double layer forming a so-called Debye screening length, rendering sensing in physiological conditions challenging.^[@ref7]−[@ref9]^\n\nIn this Article, we address the need to develop alternative biosystems closer to real demands of FET sensors, which can be used to optimize the sensor for real-life applications, such as point-of-care (POC) testing. ", "For this purpose, we used the CaptAvidin--biotin system, which offers a pH-tunable binding affinity with strong affinity occurring at pH 4 and complete dissociation of the protein--ligand complex occurring at pH 10.^[@ref10]^ Hence, these biotinylated devices can be regenerated by washing with pH 10 buffers, rendering this system interesting for engineering biosensors capable of selective protein detection.^[@ref11],[@ref12]^ Additionally, the strong interactions of the biotin-(strept)avidin system, widely used in biotechnology,^[@ref13]^ were utilized with our devices to create protein \"fingerprint\" sensors by studying SWNT FET response under varying pH values. ", "Finally, CaptAvidin experiments were also performed with gold nanoparticle (AuNP) decorated devices, offering the possibility for complementary surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) measurements.", "\n\nExperimental Section {#sec2}\n====================\n\nSWNT FET devices were fabricated as previously reported.^[@ref14]^ Briefly, interdigitated electrodes (with channel length of 10 μm) were patterned via a standard photolithography procedure on silicon substrates (200 nm SiO~2~, 30 nm Ti, 100 nm Au). ", "P2-SWNTs from Carbon Solutions, Inc. (purity \\>90%) were dispersed in *N,N*-dimethylformamide (DMF) and deposited as the active layer between the predefined electrodes via alternating current dielectrophoresis.^[@ref15]^ The chips were placed onto a ceramic dual in-line package fitted with a liquid compartment affixed by polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). ", "Electrical characterization in this work was conducted by recording transfer curves at a fixed source-drain bias of 50 mV and sweeping the gate potential from −0.6 V to +0.6 V. The transistors were operated in electrolyte-gate mode with a Ag/AgCl electrode immersed in the buffer solution (Figure [1](#fig1){ref-type=\"fig\"}a). ", "All electrical measurements were conducted using two Keithley 2400 sourcemeters.", "\n\n![(", "a) Schematic illustration of an electrolyte-gated single-walled carbon nanotube field-effect transistor (SWNT FET). (", "b) Typical transfer curves recorded for the electrical detection of CaptAvidin. ", "Transfer curve 1 was taken before exposure to the protein, 2 after incubation with 140 nM CaptAvidin, and 3 after 15 min exposure to pH 10 buffer, which is known to reverse the biotin/CaptAvidin binding. (", "c) Normalized sensor response (*I*~0~--*I*~P~)/*g*~m~ at different buffer pH as a function of CaptAvidin concentration. (", "d) Effect of Debye screening length on sensor response to 140 nM CaptAvidin in pH 4 buffer with varying concentrations of KCl.](jp-2014-03670a_0001){#fig1}\n\nAuNP-SWNT hybrid devices were fabricated on chip via bulk electrolysis in a three-electrode configuration. ", "The nucleation of gold nanoparticles of varying size from chloroauric acid (1 mM AuCl~3~ in 0.1 M HCl) onto the SWNTs was realized with a nucleation potential fixed at −0.4 V and varying pulse durations (10--40 s, further details are supplied in the [Supporting Information](#notes-1){ref-type=\"notes\"}).", "\n\nFor the detection of biotin-binding proteins, the SWNTs were functionalized with pyrene-biotin (P--B) by incubating the devices in a 50 μM P--B solution in anhydrous methanol overnight. ", "Pyrene is known to adhere onto carbon nanotube sidewalls via π--π stacking interactions and is well established for functionalizing carbon nanotubes in biosensors.^[@ref16]−[@ref20]^ CaptAvidin experiments with AuNP decorated FETs were conducted after incubation with 50 μM P--B and 50 μM (±)-α-lipoic acid--biotin (LA-B) for 42 h in methanol. ", "The functionalized devices allow for reproducible results even after extended storage (see [Supporting Information](#notes-1){ref-type=\"notes\"}).", "\n\nFor protein experiments, a universal buffer (Britton-Robinson) was used and adjusted to the desired pH value by KOH titration.^[@ref21],[@ref22]^ The compositions of the buffers were adjusted to the requirements of each experiment as detailed in the [Supporting Information](#notes-1){ref-type=\"notes\"}. ", "Biotin-binding proteins CaptAvidin, NeutrAvidin, and streptavidin were purchased from Life Technologies.", "\n\nFurther information regarding the device fabrication, functionalization, characterization, additional SEM images of AuNP decorated FETs, as well as details on the synthesis of the functionalization molecules are provided in the [Supporting Information](#notes-1){ref-type=\"notes\"}.", "\n\nResults and Discussion {#sec3}\n======================\n\nCaptAvidin is a commercially available, tyrosine modified avidin, which offers the advantage of a pH-dependent binding affinity toward biotin with its highest association constant of \\>10^9^ M^--1^ at pH 4 and complete dissociation occurring at pH 10.^[@ref10]^ This system has been already successfully exploited using surface plasmon resonance biosensors by García-Aljaro et al.^[@ref11]^ Here, we demonstrate that the biotinylated SWNT FET surface can be regenerated after a pH 10 washing step by monitoring the transfer characteristics before and after protein incubation as well as after pH 10 device regeneration. ", "As previously demonstrated, protein sensing may suffer from parasitic signals that can eventually occur from protein attachment onto the gate electrode.^[@ref23]^ Thus, we avoided any contact of the electrode with solutions containing the protein by removing the electrode from the fluid chamber during protein incubation.", "\n\nFigure [1](#fig1){ref-type=\"fig\"}b shows a typical CaptAvidin experiment. ", "A transfer curve (I~D~ vs V~G~) of the device was taken in pH 4 buffer (1) before incubation in 140 nM CaptAvidin for 15 min. ", "After thoroughly rinsing the device with pH 4 buffer to ensure the removal of all excess protein from the solution, a second I~D~ vs V~G~ transfer characteristic was recorded (2). ", "Bound protein was then removed with a pH 10 washing step (detailed in [Supporting Information](#notes-1){ref-type=\"notes\"}) and then transfer curve 3 was recorded.", "\n\nAfter protein incubation, a threshold voltage shift of about 20 mV toward negative voltages was observed. ", "This shift was entirely reversed after the pH 10 washing step, indicating a complete dissociation of the biotin-CaptAvidin complex. ", "This procedure involving the reversible immobilization of CaptAvidin on P--B functionalized SWNT FETs is repeatable multiple times and was successfully used for various experiments. ", "Control experiments were performed to verify that pristine, unfunctionalized devices do not show this recovery after washing ([Supporting Information](#notes-1){ref-type=\"notes\"} Figure S4c).", "\n\nUsing this biosystem, further experiments were performed to gain information about binding strength and the effect of Debye screening length on the sensor's response. ", "To probe the pH-dependent binding affinity of the biotin-CaptAvidin complex, data obtained from four different transistors were analyzed and the results are shown in Figure [1](#fig1){ref-type=\"fig\"}c. ", "In the graph, normalized sensing response ((\\|*I*~o~ -- *I*~P~\\|)/*g*~m~)\\|*V*~D~ is plotted as a function of CaptAvidin concentration, allowing comparison between devices by compensating for device-to-device variations. *", "I*~0~, *I*~P~, and *g*~m~ are extracted from transfer curves, where *I*~0~ is the drain current at *V*~G~ = −0.6 V before protein incubation, I~P~ is the drain current at the same potential after protein incubation, and g~m~ is the maximum of the transconductance ∂*I*~D~/∂*V*~G~. Using previously published analytical models to determine the dissociation constant of CaptAvidin at pH 4 and pH 5, data were fitted according to eq [1](#eq1){ref-type=\"disp-formula\"}.^[@ref24],[@ref25]^In this equation, \\[B\\]~max~ is the maximum surface density of binding sites on the surface of the carbon nanotubes, *C*~0~ is the analyte/channel capacitance, and *q*~p~ is the charge from the protein.", "\n\nOur sensing protocol differs significantly from previous work utilizing streptavidin and other proteins with extremely high binding affinities, wherein sensors cannot be reused after a protein binding experiment.^[@ref4],[@ref18]^ Here, CaptAvidin was released from the sensor's surface after incubation with a certain protein concentration by a pH 10 washing step and devices could be reused to obtain data for subsequent protein concentrations. ", "As SWNT FETs are intrinsically sensitive toward changes of the electrolyte's pH, all transfer curves were taken at pH 4, however the 15 min protein incubations were performed at pH 4 or pH 5.^[@ref26],[@ref27]^ At pH 4 and pH 5, dissociation constants of 43 ± 7 and 308 ± 170 nM were obtained, respectively.", "\n\nAs previously mentioned, experiments addressing the effect of ionic strength on protein sensing can also be performed using the CaptAvidin--biotin system. ", "By consecutively sensing the response upon incubation of 140 nM CaptAvidin in pH 4 buffer with varying KCl concentrations ranging from 0.25 mM to 50 mM, the response of four transistors was analyzed and the results are depicted in Figure [1](#fig1){ref-type=\"fig\"}d. ", "The graph shows the normalized response as a function of the Debye screening length (*L*~D~), which was calculated by solving eq [2](#eq2){ref-type=\"disp-formula\"} for monovalent ions.", "Here, *L*~B~ is the Bjerrum length (0.7 nm) and ρ~*i*~ and *z*~*i*~ the density and the valence of ion species, *i*. ", "These results are in agreement with the work of Sorgenfrei et al. ", "on FET biosensors, in that the sensing response depends exponentially on the ionic strength of the electrolyte.^[@ref8]^ Furthermore, we find that the response drops significantly in a L~D~ regime on the order of the hydrodynamic diameter of avidin at a distance from the nanotubes surface, which is given by the length of the functionalization molecule.^[@ref28]^ The P--B length in the lowest-energy conformation estimated using molecular modeling (Spartan 10 software) was 2.7 nm.", "\n\nAdditionally, pH-dependent measurements with two other biotin-binding proteins, NeutrAvidin and streptavidin, were performed. ", "For each pH value, transfer curves were recorded before and after protein incubation. ", "All protein incubations were conducted in 10 mM PBS buffer (pH 7) for 15 min. ", "In contrast to measurements with CaptAvidin, however, sensors cannot be regenerated after binding to biotin; thus, each measurement requires a new transistor. ", "Typical transfer curves are shown in Figure [2](#fig2){ref-type=\"fig\"}. ", "The curves in panels a and b were collected for biotinylated devices at buffer pH's of 3.4 and 6.3, respectively. ", "We observed that the threshold voltage shift after NeutrAvidin incubation depends on the buffer pH (experiments with streptavidin reveal the same trend, thus transfer characteristics are not shown). ", "For the experiment conducted at pH 3.4, the threshold voltage shifts toward more negative gate voltages and for pH 6.3 the threshold voltage shifts in the opposite direction. ", "This phenomenon does not occur for experiments with unfunctionalized SWNT FETs as shown in Figure [2](#fig2){ref-type=\"fig\"}c. ", "The *I*~D~--*V*~G~ measurements in Figure [2](#fig2){ref-type=\"fig\"}c show an overall decrease in device conductance and a slight tilt of the curve after protein adsorption, indicating that the mobility of the device is affected upon protein adsorption, a phenomenon which does not appear if a spacer provided by the functionalization prevents unspecific protein adsorption onto the sidewalls of the carbon nanotubes.", "\n\n![", "Transistor characteristics of a biotinylated SWNT FET before (black) and after (red) NeutrAvidin adsorption, measured at pH 3.4 (a) and at pH 6.3 (b). (", "c) Transfer characteristics of an unfunctionalized device before (black) and after (red) NeutrAvidin adsorption measured at pH 6.5. (", "d) Normalized sensor response (*I*~0~ -- *I*~P~)/*g*~m~ of pyrene-biotin-functionalized SWNT FET toward NeutrAvidin (blue) and streptavidin (gray) under different buffer concentrations as a function of buffer pH. The protein response was measured in 1.6--2 mM buffer (triangles) and 0.8--0.9 mM buffer (circles) concentrations. ", "Error bars result from averaging responses of several devices. ", "The solid lines represent sigmoidal Boltzmann fits.](jp-2014-03670a_0002){#fig2}\n\nTo further investigate this phenomenon, we conducted the same experiments for a broad range of pH values for NeutrAvidin and streptavidin; the results thereof are presented in Figure [2](#fig2){ref-type=\"fig\"}d. ", "The data points of this graph are calculated by taking the normalized currents at a gate potential of −0.6 V from the transfer curves before and after protein binding. ", "The solid curves represent sigmoidal Boltzmann fits. ", "The experiments for both proteins were conducted at two different buffer dilutions which resulted in buffer concentrations of 1.6--2 mM (triangles) and 0.8--0.9 mM (circles). ", "Details regarding the buffers are presented in the [Supporting Information](#notes-1){ref-type=\"notes\"}. ", "Irrespective of the parameters applied, a transition from a negative to a positive transistor response can be observed, which is best described by the intercept of the fitted curves with the horizontal, which is plotted as dashed-dotted gray line. ", "The intercept will be referred to as point of zero response (PZR). ", "The measurements at the higher buffer concentration yielded a PZR at pH 4.7 for NeutrAvidin (blue) and a PZR at pH 6.2 for streptavidin (gray). ", "At the lower buffer concentration, a PZR at pH 5.1 for NeutrAvidin and a PZR at pH 4.2 for streptavidin were obtained. ", "In general, we suspect that the transition from negative to positive response is associated with the zeta potential of the proteins, which is the potential at the hydrodynamic shear boundary. ", "In particular, for proteins, surface charges arise due to pH-dependent ionization of the acidic or basic side groups of amino acids located at the surface. ", "In this regard, the zeta potential, which can be positive or negative depending on the pH value, gives information on a protein's electric landscape in solution.^[@ref29]^ At the transition point from positive to negative charge, there is a point of net neutral charge, or the isoelectric point (IEP). ", "The zeta potential and the IEP are usually determined by measuring the particle motion under an applied electric field in solution for various buffer pH. Similarly, a pH dependent transition from a positive to a negative transistor response, including a point of zero response, should be also detectable with a field-effect transistor.^[@ref30]^ Namely, if a positively charged particle approaches the vicinity of the surface of a SWNT FET, the net charge of this particle will cause a threshold voltage shift toward the positive *x*-axis, which results in *I*~0~ -- *I*~*P*~ \\< 0 and vice versa for negatively charged particles. ", "NeutrAvidin is an engineered protein with an almost neutral IEP of 6.3 as stated by the provider (Invitrogen). ", "Various IEPs for streptavidin are reported throughout the literature and range from roughly 5 to 7.5.^[@ref5]^ However, those values were obtained in solutions with higher ionic strength than those used in this work. ", "Hence, to compare our data with previous results, experiments with NeutrAvidin and streptavidin under different pH values were conducted using a zeta potential analyzer (details and corresponding data are provided in the [Supporting Information](#notes-1){ref-type=\"notes\"}). ", "NeutrAvidin revealed an IEP of 4.8 for both buffer concentrations and streptavidin yielded an IEP of 5.1 in 1.6 mM PBS and of 4.8 in 0.8 mM PBS ([Supporting Information](#notes-1){ref-type=\"notes\"} Figure S6). ", "For NeutrAvidin, the values obtained from the two independent experiments are in good agreement. ", "However, the discrepancy between the zeta analyzer and the FET experiments is significant for streptavidin. ", "In both experiments, the IEP and PZR depend on the electrolytic conditions wherein a shift toward more acidic pH for lower buffer concentrations is observed. ", "However, the shift is much greater for the FET measurements, possibly because of changes in salt concentration having an effect on the equilibrium of charges in basic and acidic amino acids, which can modify the protein's IEP. ", "However, predicting the PZR obtained with an FET for a specific protein and at a certain ionic strength requires exact knowledge of the surrounding potential and charge distribution of the protein. ", "Although the observed behavior for our two model proteins cannot be considered universal because of well-known batch-to-batch variations (a broad spectrum of isoelectric points is reported for streptavidin),^[@ref5]^ we believe that such zeta-potential-like SWNT FET measurements can provide a new tool to differentiate between proteins and thus give rise to new cost-effective methods applicable in fields such as protein engineering.", "\n\nThere is an increasing interest in surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) for applications in chemical and biological sensing, due to its unique sensitivity with regards to molecular fingerprinting.^[@ref31]−[@ref33]^ Surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy can be realized by decorating carbon nanotubes with gold nanoparticles directly on chip by electrodeposition from a AuCl~3~ solution.^[@ref34],[@ref35]^ To assess the feasibility of this approach for solution processed SWNT FETs, we utilized AuNP-SWNT hybrid devices, the fabrication of which is detailed in the [Experimental](#sec2){ref-type=\"other\"} Section. ", "In Figure [3](#fig3){ref-type=\"fig\"}a, a scanning electron microscope image of a gold decorated device (deposition parameters −0.4 V for 10 s) reveals a distribution of particle sizes ranging from 50 to 200 nm.", "\n\n![(", "a) SEM image of gold nanoparticle decorated SWNTs. ", "The particle sizes obtained from the applied parameters for this device are 50 to 200 nm. (", "b) Raman spectra of gold nanoparticle decorated SWNTs using varying deposition times of bulk electrolysis (deposition voltage −0.4 V). (", "c) Transfer characteristics of a SWNT FET recorded before and after functionalization with gold nanoparticles. (", "d) Transfer characteristics recorded for CaptAvidin detection with a LA-B functionalized device. (", "1) Transfer curve was taken before exposure to CaptAvidin, (2) after incubation with 140 nM CaptAvidin, and (3) after 15 min exposure to pH 10 buffer. (", "e) Raman spectra of gold nanoparticle-decorated SWNTs functionalized with LA-B after incubation with CaptAvidin and after pH 10 washing. ", "Peaks unique to the protein can be discerned after incubation which disappear upon rinsing.](jp-2014-03670a_0003){#fig3}\n\nFigure [3](#fig3){ref-type=\"fig\"}b shows the SERS spectra for different gold nanoparticle deposition times. ", "The enhancement of the SWNT SERS signal is proportional to both the size of the nanoparticles as well as the variation in interparticle distances, and thus on the duration of the deposition pulse.^[@ref36]^ We do not observe a shift in the frequency of the enhanced modes, from which we conclude that electromagnetic enhancement plays the predominant role of SERS here. ", "Electrical characterization of an SWNT FET before and after gold deposition is shown in Figure [3](#fig3){ref-type=\"fig\"}c. ", "The rise in conductance of the devices after gold deposition can be attributed to additional metallic pathways between the source and drain electrodes as well as the direct charge transfer between AuNPs and SWNTs.^[@ref37]^\n\nFor protein sensing, (±)-α-lipoic acid−biotin (LA-B) molecules were synthesized to enable covalent biotinylation of the gold particles. ", "Nanotube sidewalls were biotinylated as previously with P--B to prevent signals from unspecific protein adsorption onto the pristine nanotubes.^[@ref38]^ In Figure [3](#fig3){ref-type=\"fig\"}d, transfer curves upon CaptAvidin binding and dissociation are shown. ", "Similar to the experiments without gold nanoparticles, we observe a 20 mV shift of the threshold voltage. ", "In addition to electrostatic gating, the threshold voltage shift may be explainable by a modulation of AuNP-SWNT Schottky barriers due to the presence of the protein.^[@ref39]−[@ref41]^\n\nAnalysis of Raman spectra agrees well with the FET results. ", "After attachment of CaptAvidin, spectra show clear protein signals, specifically the 1240 cm^--1^ peak, indicative of β-sheet protein structures,^[@ref42]^ which disappear after pH 10 washing (Figure [3](#fig3){ref-type=\"fig\"}e). ", "For SERS to occur the analyte species must be in close proximity to the SERS substrate surface, in this case the AuNPs. ", "This Raman signal enhancement is generally aided by specific binding such as DNA hybridization,^[@ref43]^ protein-antibody interactions,^[@ref44]^ and avidin--biotin coupling.^[@ref45]^ Advantages of using SERS in combination with FET sensors include its ability to perform dry measurements, whereas the ionic strength of electrolyte solution and background signal drift may influence the FET device; SERS provides molecular fingerprints^[@ref32]^ allowing for facile differentiation of proteins; last it is a nonelectrical method, which is immune to parasitic signals from analyte-electrode interactions, and complements FET characterization. ", "This type of dual mode measurement could be extremely useful for development of future biomedical applications.", "\n\nConclusion {#sec4}\n==========\n\nIn conclusion, we successfully detected reversible protein--ligand binding with pyrene-biotin functionalized SWNT FETs. ", "Hereby, we introduced CaptAvidin, a tyrosine modified avidin, as a useful protein to engineer and optimize FET biosensors due to its reversible binding to biotin. ", "Using this biosystem, we were able to probe the dissociation constant of CaptAvidin at two different pH values and to demonstrate that the sensor signal depends on the Debye screening length. ", "Furthermore, we were able to differentiate between two different biotin-binding molecules, streptavidin and NeutrAvidin, by their pH-dependent sensor response. ", "Additionally, SWNT FETs decorated with gold nanoparticles were shown to be a promising platform providing a supplemental surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy substrate useful for the detection of proteins.", "\n\nSynthesis of functional biotin moieties, device fabrication, experimental protocols, and additional imaging and experiments are available in the Supporting Information. ", "This material is available free of charge via the Internet at <http://pubs.acs.org>.", "\n\nSupplementary Material\n======================\n\n###### \n\njp503670a_si_001.pdf\n\nThe manuscript was written through contributions of all authors. ", "All authors have given approval to the final version of the manuscript.", "\n\nThe authors declare no competing financial interest.", "\n\nThis work (A. M. M.; K. M.; G. S.) was supported by the International Graduate School for Science and Engineering (IGSSE) at the Technische Universität München. ", "The authors would like to thank Prof. Dr. Martin Zacharias for valuable comments and discussion. ", "This work was partially supported by NIEHS Award R01ES019304.", "\n" ]
{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Central" }
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[ "Times are rapidly changing, but for many people around the world, marriage remains the ultimate symbol of happiness. ", "And, of course, for the companies that facilitate this happiness, it remains a very lucrative industry.", "\n\nAccording to an IBISWorld report on wedding services, the global market is worth an estimated $300bn per year – and that number is just a fraction of the whole picture. ", "What’s less well known, however, is that marriage is also financially beneficial for the couple involved.", "\n\nOver time, much has changed in the institution of marriage: from the 1950s, when marriage was about bringing together the traditional roles of men and women to form a union based on practicality and compromise, to today, when it is largely seen as a equal partnership rooted in love and mutual respect.", "\n\nA growing number of individuals, however, are bucking a trend that stretches back centuries by choosing to unshackle themselves from society’s\nonce-paramount norms.", "\n\nThere are a number of reasons behind this, but the perceived protection of hard-earned assets is one of the most significant. ", "However, though it is true that divorce can be costly to the point of bankruptcy, marriage actually tends to lead to increased wealth.", "\n\nIndeed, married couples are considerably better off than their single peers – as long as they take the phrase ‘till death do us part’ literally.", "\n\nCashing in\nIn 2005, the most comprehensive study on the economics of marriage was published. ", "Written by Jay Zagorsky, the report, Marriage and Divorce’s Impact on Wealth, closely followed the net worth of individuals throughout their 20s, 30s and early 40s, and found that the wealth of married respondents increased by around 14 percent for each year they were wed. “Compared to being single, married people almost doubled their wealth, increasing it over 93 percent,” said Zagorsky.", "\n\nThere are three main principles that explain this considerable difference. ", "The first relates to savings – married couples save more, as thinking and living as a unit, so to speak, is more conducive to long-term financial planning.", "\n\nMarried couples are better off than their single peers, as long as they take the phrase ‘till death do us part’ literally\n\nAs Zagorsky explained: “Married people are more likely to buy homes or make other investments together than people who are co-habiting.” ", "In essence, knowing the relationship is for life inspires a greater readiness to invest and plan for the future.", "\n\nCohabiting couples, on the other hand, tend to save and invest less, while keeping their finances separate. ", "In this sense at least, they are not as fully committed to one another as married couples.", "\n\nIn the UK, for example, 31 percent of cohabiting couples keep their finances completely separate and just 54 percent are homeowners (in comparison to 74 percent of married couples), while their finances are in poorer health too, according to Aviva’s Family Finances Report.", "\n\nWhat’s more, this trend of wealth accumulation has augmented considerably over time. “", "Marriage confers more economic and interpersonal benefits today than in the past, because two-earner families have a huge advantage over single-earner ones, and laws and social values encourage more equality and democracy for all family members,” said Stephanie Coontz, Director of the University of Texas Council on Contemporary Families.", "\n\nAnother interesting aspect is that married couples are more likely to receive money from their families than their single or cohabitating peers. ", "This is particularly the case when it comes to the wedding itself, with monetary gifts being customary in cultures around the world. ", "In many countries, it is also common for parents to help newlyweds buy their first home.", "\n\nWhat’s mine is yours\nThe second principle is that the sharing ethos of marriage is especially beneficial in terms of both daily and longer-term expenses. ", "For example, there is little difference in the cost of home insurance or heating for a dwelling used by one person or by two, so the cost is considerably lower when split.", "\n\nThe same economies of scale apply to numerous purchases: married couples can share cars, household appliances and furniture, rather than each buying the same things independently.", "\n\nFinally, there is the division of labour. ", "Married couples share the responsibility of looking after their home, meaning that less time is lost compared with those who live alone. ", "Household chores and other daily administrative duties can be allocated based on each partner’s strengths and schedule, increasing efficiency and effectiveness.", "\n\nWhat’s more, the spouse with the less demanding job, for example, can do more in terms of housework and errands, leaving the bigger earner to focus more on their career. ", "In turn, this can help the latter excel in the workplace, get promoted, and bring home a bigger paycheque.", "\n\nThe difference with single peers is stark. ", "It can be increasingly difficult for a single person to cover all their household chores and expenses alone, while also having a full-time job that grows more demanding over time.", "\n\nThis becomes even more problematic for single parents who must also raise children by themselves, leaving little room for savings and, in many cases, career progression.", "\n\nThis combination of factors makes married couples significantly better off. “", "By the time they reach their 50s, married couples generally have about three times the assets their single peers do,” said W Bradford Wilcox, Professor of Sociology at the University of Virginia.", "\n\nCoinciding trends\nWhile the above has been borne out statistically, there is some bias to note. ", "Interestingly, nowadays, people who choose to get married are more likely to be in a better position to accumulate wealth in the first place.", "\n\n“Today, those who are better educated and earn more are also more likely to get and stay married. ", "So one reason the married are wealthier is that today’s group of married men and women are more selective,” explained Wilcox. ", "Coontz added: “The big story is the growing gap in marriage rates between educated, professionally employed people and less-educated workers whose real wages have stagnated or even fallen over the past 40 years.”", "\n\nIndeed, getting married is itself a marker of financial stability. ", "In many cases, couples wait and save until they are financially secure before taking this step, particularly if the intention is to have children one day.", "\n\nWeddings can be a huge expense, implying pre-existing wealth and available financial support from families, supporting the notion that modern marriage is, to some extent, an institution of the well-off.", "\n\nModern relationship trends play a role here too. “", "The availability of divorce means that people feel a greater need to be confident in their partner’s commitment before they invest in joint ownership of assets or take on debts to pay for education or a house,” Coontz explained. “", "The benefits of egalitarian marriage also depend on negotiating skills, and the investment of time and energy in the relationship, all of which are easier for people who are not struggling with chronic economic insecurity.”", "\n\nDivorcees face a reduction in wealth of\n\n77%\n\nThe annual value of the US divorce industry is\n\n$50bn\n\nState bonus\nMarriage and wealth have always been deeply intertwined. “", "For thousands of years, marriage was itself a way of accumulating resources,” said Coontz. “", "Whether by expanding the family labour force, as in some ranked horticultural societies where ‘big men’ collected wives and used their labour and their children’s labour to establish networks of dependence, or in class societies where marriage was a way of making military alliances, consolidating claims to aristocratic rank, raising capital, and forging advantageous alliances.”", "\n\nOver time, states began to assert authority over who could wed, prohibiting some groups from marrying others and barring illegitimate offspring from inheriting wealth. ", "This level of control was consolidated by the 19th century.", "\n\nWestern governments around this time began to charge themselves with making marriages valid. ", "Thereafter, marriage licences were used to authenticate all the benefits of marriage, including the entitlements of bereaved spouses.", "\n\nMarriage licences became even more important when social welfare programmes were established during the following century. ", "This consolidated rights to benefits, which is of particular significance in the US, where family healthcare plans can only be accessed by married couples.", "\n\n“Over the past few decades, there have been successful efforts to disconnect certain rights from possession of a marriage licence, but a legal marriage still confers much more security in terms of access to benefits,” said Coontz. “", "Unmarried partners or singles do not get many of the legal and economic benefits that remain linked to a marriage licence.”", "\n\nAs a case in point, according to the Aviva report, nearly one in five cohabiting respondents are under the false impression that they are fully entitled to bereavement benefits. ", "Such discrepancies in the law, which are common across the globe, mean that unmarried individuals are more open to financial risk than their married counterparts.", "\n\nI do not\nDespite the economic benefits, however, marriage rates are on the decline on both sides of the Atlantic. ", "That said, it is worth noting that this decline is linked to age: as more and more couples leave it later in life to wed, the rate of marriages falls.", "\n\nThat said, as Coontz explained, there may be gender factors at play too: “It is certainly true that the growing economic independence of women, and the lessened economic clout of many men, have removed some of the older incentives to wed.”\n\nThis is exacerbated by an increased fastidiousness in choosing the ideal partner. ", "With the freedom to choose who we spend our lives with, fewer of us than ever are willing to settle. ", "This is a significant divergence from even the recent past, when marriage was seen more as a compromise and a necessity in life’s progression.", "\n\nMounting inflexibility is also linked with finances, according to Coontz: “People are afraid to get tied down to someone who could become an economic liability.”", "\n\nThe fall in the rate of marriage correlates with a decline in the rate of divorce (see Fig 1). ", "The figures suggest that in being more selective with one another, and by waiting longer to tie the knot, married couples are less likely to separate.", "\n\n“I think couples marrying today are often better educated, more committed, or more religious than couples marrying a generation or two ago,” said Wilcox. “", "All these factors combine to reduce their risk of divorce.”", "\n\nCoontz elaborated: “This is one of the most interesting trends we are seeing. ", "All the ‘rules’ about what makes for a satisfying marriage and what predicts divorce are in flux.", "\n\nUp until the 1980s, marriages where the wife had more education than her husband had a higher rate of divorce. ", "That risk has now disappeared. ", "Recent studies show that when a wife earns more than her husband, that too has ceased to raise the risk of divorce.", "\n\nMen with egalitarian views are now more likely to marry than traditional-minded men, and less likely to divorce. ", "In Europe, especially in countries with good work-family support systems, dual-earner couples are now less likely to divorce than couples with a single breadwinner.", "\n\nIn the US, couples who share childcare and housework now report the highest marital and sexual satisfaction, again a reversal of findings about marriages formed in the 1960s to 1980s.”", "\n\nHowever, as Wilcox explained, the inverse is also true: “Divorce and family instability are especially common among the poor and working classes. ", "My own research, for instance, suggests divorce is about three times more common among less-educated Americans, compared to college-educated Americans. ", "So, the family revolution of the last 50 years has left working-class Americans doubly disadvantaged – they have fewer socioeconomic resources, and they\nface more family instability.”", "\n\nCostly goodbye\nDespite numbers falling, the divorce industry is still booming. ", "In the US, this surge can, to some extent, be attributed to the introduction of the ‘no fault’ divorce in 1970, which enabled couples to split without proven wrongdoing.", "\n\nToday, more than 800,000 divorces take place in the US each year, according to the National Centre for Health Statistics, making for an industry that is worth a mammoth $50bn a year.", "\n\nAs financially beneficial as marriage can be, the impact of divorce can be worse than if a couple had never married in the first place. ", "First, the economies of scale are immediately lost as the couple reverts to separate homes, and begin paying for products and services individually once more.", "\n\nThen there is the cost of divorce itself to consider. “", "Divorce is expensive in out-of-the-pocket terms, such as paying for lawyers and court fees,” said Zagorsky.", "\n\nThe cost of legal fees and the final settlement naturally depends on the net worth and earning power of the individuals involved. ", "At the extreme end of the spectrum, divorce can cost the higher earner of the pair millions – billions even.", "\n\nWhen Formula One tycoon Bernie Ecclestone divorced his wife Slavica after 23 years of marriage in 2009, a settlement of $1.2bn was reached, while the 1999 divorce of Rupert Murdoch from his wife Anna cost the media tycoon a whopping $1.7bn.", "\n\nTopping the list of most expensive divorces, however, is that of French businessman Alec Wildenstein from his wife Jocelyn in 1999, which was estimated to cost the former $2.5bn.", "\n\nThe costliest divorces of all time\n\n$2.5bn\n\nAlec Wildenstein and Jocelyn Wildenstein (1999)\n\n$1.7bn\n\nRupert Murdoch and Anna Murdoch (1998)\n\n$1.2bn\n\nBernie Ecclestone and Slavica Ecclestone (2009)\n\n$874m\n\nAdnan Khashoggi and Soraya Khashoggi (1980)\n\n$435\n\nMel Gibson and Robin Moore (2009)\n\nSuch high figures may not be applicable to the average person, but the relative cost is still significant. ", "Though a barrage of ‘quickie divorces’ advertised online now offer couples the opportunity to split for fees as low as $299, the traditional route with legal firms can cost between $15,000 and $20,000.", "\n\n“Divorce is also very time-consuming and takes people away from work – you can’t earn money if you’re sitting in a lawyer’s office. ", "In combination, these factors reduce savings, which drags down wealth,” Zagorsky explained.", "\n\nOf course, when numerous assets are involved, the cost can quickly escalate, particularly when combined with a lengthy marriage and the involvement of children. ", "For this reason, a growing number of couples – an increase of 63 percent in the past three years, according to the American Academy of Matrimonial Lawyers – are choosing to sign prenuptial agreements, or pre-nups, as they’re commonly known.", "\n\nPrenuptial tension\nFor many individuals, the idea of a pre-nup is utterly unromantic – the expectation that things will eventually go awry perhaps even revealing something about a partner’s deepest feelings. ", "In a sense, the thought of preparing for the worst before even starting what is meant to be a joyous journey seems like a sure sign of trouble ahead. ", "However, the logic behind pre-nups is not so simple.", "\n\nFor high-net-worth individuals, having a pre-nup in place offers confidence that their hard-earned wealth, inherited assets and children’s birthrights will be secure.", "\n\nThey proceed with pre-nups not in the expectation of failure, but from a desire to be prepared for any eventuality, and to ensure they do not lose decades (or even centuries) of accumulated wealth in a relationship that is – by comparison – short-lived.", "\n\nUltimately, with divorce as accessible and ubiquitous as it is, pre-nups are by no means a wholly misjudged precaution.", "\n\nThat said, just because there is a pre-nup in place does not mean that one’s pre-existing assets are completely protected in the event of divorce. ", "There are many reasons why a court may find a pre-nup to be void; it could be deemed fraudulent if one partner failed to disclose all of their assets to the other, for example.", "\n\nThere are also cases where one party was forced to sign the contract against their will, and cases in which a lack of understanding from one party is enough to invalidate the agreement.", "\n\nOther stumbling blocks included signing without legal representation, incorrect paperwork, and the inclusion of preposterous provisions, including difficult-to-believe clauses against weight gain.", "\n\nUntil death\nMarriage can be a wonderful thing – it can provide lifelong companionship, invaluable support through good times and the bad, and a level of intimacy born from enduring commitment.", "\n\nIt can also help create a better life for a couple – and any children they may have – through the amalgamation of finances, earnings and savings. ", "By sharing everything from a home to chores, married couples are in a stronger position than their counterparts to accumulate wealth.", "\n\nOf course, the picture is not completely black-and-white. ", "As recent evidence shows, those who are better educated and more financially stable are more likely to marry, and so tend to be wealthier in the first place.", "\n\nAs financially beneficial as marriage can be, the impact of divorce can be worse than if a couple had never married in the first place\n\nBut such factors do not invalidate the economies of scale that marriage confers, nor the statistical tendency to save and invest more when wed.\n\nWhile this could inspire some people to marry purely for the financial benefits, however, the cost of divorce is far greater than the gains of marriage. ", "Together with legal fees and potential lost assets, exiting a marriage can see divorcees in a considerably poorer position than if they had never married in the first place, and this may be the case even with a pre-nup in place.", "\n\nAccording to Zagorsky, divorcees face a calamitous 77 percent reduction in wealth, which could easily lead to financial ruin. ", "Clearly, when deciding to marry, the stakes are high – in financial terms alone, it’s best to be absolutely certain, or else just say ‘I don’t’." ]
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[ "The continuing push to produce faster semiconductor devices with lower power consumption has resulted in transistor miniaturization and higher integrated circuit packing densities with each new technology node. ", "For instance, transistors with smaller components allow a higher packing density, which is conducive to faster device operating speeds. ", "Along with shrinking transistor geometries, however, also come a number of challenges to optimize both transistor and integrated circuit (IC) layout design.", "\nOne consequence of transistor miniaturization is the construction of smaller gates and source/drain regions in transistors. ", "This, in turn, has caused changes in the composition and construction of the source/drain electrodes used to facilitate device interconnection. ", "To produce a transistor with a sufficiently low series resistance, each transition to a new technology node, has seen the source/drain electrode's composition change from titanium silicide, to cobalt silicide, and now nickel silicide.", "\nUnfortunately a number of problems have been encountered when manufacturing transistors with nickel silicide source/drain electrodes. ", "In some cases, unacceptable numbers of nonfunctional transistors are constructed. ", "In other instances, the source and drain regions punch through the source/drain junction into the semiconductor substrate, resulting in a large leakage current. ", "In still other cases, there is an unacceptably large diode leakage between the source and drain regions and the semiconductor substrate. ", "These problems contribute to the production of unacceptably low yields of transistors that operate within performance specifications.", "\nAccordingly, what is needed in the art is method of manufacturing a semiconductor device with metal silicide source/drain electrodes that do not suffer from the disadvantages associated with conventionally manufactured metal silicide source/drain electrodes, as discussed above." ]
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[ "By figuring out how to help solar cells capture more photons, a team of engineers unexpectedly improved the collision-avoidance systems of autonomous cars. ", "When a team of engineers went to work in 2015 looking for a new technique to boost the cost-effectiveness of solar cells, they didn’t realize they’d end with a bonus – a way to help improve the collision avoidance systems of self-driving cars.", "\n\nBut that’s precisely what happened, as the engineers, James Harris and graduate student Kai Zang, explain in a recent Nature Communications article.", "\n\nThe twin discoveries started, they say, when they began looking for a solution to a well-known problem in the world of solar cells. ", "Solar cells capture photons from sunlight in order to convert them into electricity. ", "The thicker the layer of silicon in the cell, the more light it can absorb, and the more electricity it can ultimately produce. ", "But the sheer expense of silicon has become a barrier to solar cost-effectiveness.", "\n\nSo the Stanford engineers figured out how to create a very thin layer of silicon that could absorb as many photons as a much thicker layer of the costly material. ", "Specifically, rather than laying the silicon flat, they nanotextured the surface of the silicon in a way that created more opportunities for light particles to be absorbed. ", "Their technique increased photon absorption rates for the nanotextured solar cells compared to traditional thin silicon cells, making more cost-effective use of the material.", "\n\nThen came the surprise. ", "After the researchers shared these efficiency figures, engineers working on autonomous vehicles began asking whether this texturing technique could help them get more accurate results from a collision-avoidance technology called LIDAR, which is conceptually like sonar except that it uses light rather than sound waves to detect objects in the car’s travel path.", "\n\nLIDAR works by sending out laser pulses and calculating the time it takes for the photons to bounce back. ", "The autonomous car engineers understood that current photon detectors use thick layers of silicon to make sure they capture enough photons to accurately map the terrain ahead. ", "They wondered if texturing a thin layer of silicon, much like on the solar cells, would lead to more accurate maps than the current thin silicon.", "\n\nIndeed, in their new paper, the Stanford engineers report that their textured silicon can capture as many as three to six times more of the returning photons than today’s LIDAR receivers. ", "They believe this will enable self-driving car engineers to design high-performance, next-generation LIDAR systems that would continuously send out a single laser pulse in all directions. ", "The reflected photons would be captured by an array of textured silicon detectors, creating moment-to-moment maps of pedestrian-filled city crosswalks.", "\n\nHarris said the texturing technology could also help to solve two other LIDAR snags unique to self-driving cars – potential distortions caused by heat and the machine equivalent of peripheral vision.", "\n\nThe heat problem occurs because the LIDAR laser apparatus can heat up during extended use, causing photon wavelengths to shift slightly. ", "Such shifts could cause light particles to bounce off traditional silicon that is made to absorb specific wavelengths. ", "But the Stanford nanotexturing technology can absorb photons across a broad spectrum, eliminating this heat-shift issue.", "\n\nWith respect to the machine equivalent of peripheral vision, Harris and Zang believe it may be possible to make a flexible version of their nanotextured silicon receptor. ", "Flexibility would allow them to curve the receptor. ", "Between that and the light-trapping advantage of their nanotextured surface, they think it may be possible for LIDAR systems to enlarge the angle of acceptance for photons, in order to more completely identify all potential obstacles." ]
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[ "---\nabstract: |\n J.H. Koolen and J. Park have proved a lower bound for intersection number $c_2$ of a distance-regular graph $\\Gamma$. Moreover, they showed that the graph $\\Gamma$ which attains the equality in this bound is a Terwilliger graph. ", "We prove that $\\Gamma$ is the icosahedron, the Doro graph or the Conway-Smith graph, if equality is attained and $c_2\\ge 2$.\n\n [**Key Words:**]{} Terwilliger graphs, distance-regular graphs\nauthor:\n- |\n Alexander Gavrilyuk [^1]\\\n Ural Division of the Russian Academy of Sciences\\\n Institute of Mathematics and Mechanics\\\n 16, S.Kovalevskaja street, 620219, Yekaterinburg, Russia\\\n [alexander.gavriliouk@gmail.com]{}\\\ntitle: ' **[On a Koolen – Park inequality and Terwilliger graphs]{}**'\n---\n\nIntroduction\n============\n\nLet $\\Gamma$ be a distance-regular graph with degree $k$ and diameter at least 2. ", "Let $c$ be maximal such that for each vertex $x\\in \\Gamma$ and every pair of nonadjacent vertices $y,z$ of $\\Gamma_1(x)$, there exists a $c$-coclique in $\\Gamma_1(x)$ containing $y,z$. In [@KP], J.H. Koolen and J. Park have shown that the following bound holds: c\\_2-1{ | 2c’c}, and equality implies $\\Gamma$ is a Terwilliger graph. (", "For definitions see sections 2 and 3.)", "\n\nThe similar inequality for a distance-regular graph with $c$-claw was proved by C.D. Godsil, see [@CDG]. ", "J.H. Koolen and J. Park [@KP] have noted that the bound (\\[E11\\]) is met exactly for all known examples of Terwilliger graphs. ", "We recall that only three examples of distance-regular Terwilliger graphs with $c_2\\ge 2$ are known: the icosahedron, the Doro graph and the Conway-Smith graph.", "\n\nIn this paper, we will show that the distance-regular graph $\\Gamma$ with $c_2\\ge 2$ which attains the equality in (\\[E11\\]) is a known Terwilliger graph.", "\n\nDefinitions and preliminaries\n=============================\n\nWe consider only finite, undirected graphs without loops or multiple edges. ", "Let $\\Gamma$ be a connected graph. ", "The *distance* ${\\rm d}(u,w)$ between any two vertices $u$ and $w$ of $\\Gamma$ is the length of a shortest path from $u$ to $w$ in $\\Gamma$. The *diameter* ${\\rm diam}(\\Gamma)$ of $\\Gamma$ is the maximal distance occuring in $\\Gamma$.\n\nFor a subset $A$ of the vertex set of $\\Gamma$, we will also write $A$ for the subgraph of $\\Gamma$ induced by $A$. ", "For a vertex $u$ of $\\Gamma$, define $\\Gamma_i(u)$ to be the set of vertices which are at distance $i$ from $u$ ($0\\le i\\le {\\rm diam}(\\Gamma))$. The subgraph $\\Gamma_1(u)$ is called the *local graph* of a vertex $u$ and the *degree* of $u$ is the number of neighbours of $u$, i.e. $|\\Gamma_1(u)|$. For two vertices $u,w\\in \\Gamma$ with ${\\rm d}(u,w)=2$, the subgraph $\\Gamma_1(u)\\cap \\Gamma_1(w)$ is called $\\mu$-*subgraph* of vertices $u,w$. We say the number $\\mu(\\Gamma)$ is *well-defined*, if each $\\mu$-subgraph occuring in $\\Gamma$ contains the same number of vertices which is equal to $\\mu(\\Gamma)$.\n\nLet $\\Delta$ be a graph. ", "A graph $\\Gamma$ is *locally* $\\Delta$, if, for all $u\\in \\Gamma$, the subgraph $\\Gamma_1(u)$ is isomorphic to $\\Delta$. A graph is *regular* with degree $k$, if the degree of each its vertex is $k$.\n\nA connected graph $\\Gamma$ with diameter $d={\\rm diam}(\\Gamma)$ is *distance-regular*, if there are integers $b_i$, $c_i$ ($0\\le i\\le d$) such that for any two vertices $u,w\\in \\Gamma$ with ${\\rm d}(u, w)=i$, there are exactly $c_i$ neighbours of $w$ in $\\Gamma_{i-1}(u)$ and $b_i$ neighbours of $w$ in $\\Gamma_{i+1}(u)$ (we assume that $\\Gamma_{-1}(u)$ and $\\Gamma_{d+1}(u)$ are empty sets). ", "In particular, distance-regular graph $\\Gamma$ is regular with degree $b_0$, $c_1=1$ and $c_2=\\mu(\\Gamma)$. For each vertex $u\\in \\Gamma$ and $0\\le i\\le d$, the subgraph $\\Gamma_i(u)$ is regular with degree $a_i=b_0-b_i-c_i$. The numbers $b_i$, $c_i$ ($0\\le i\\le d$) are called the *intersection numbers* and the array $\\{b_0,b_1,\\ldots,b_{d-1};c_1,c_2,\\ldots,c_{d}\\},$ is called the *intersection array* of distance-regular graph $\\Gamma$.\n\nA graph $\\Gamma$ is *amply regular* with parameters $(v,k,\\lambda,\\mu)$, if $\\Gamma$ has $v$ vertices, it is regular with degree $k$ and the following two conditions hold:\n\n$i$) for each pair of adjacent vertices $u,w\\in \\Gamma$, the subgraph $\\Gamma_1(u)\\cap \\Gamma_1(w)$ contains exactly $\\lambda$ vertices;\n\n$ii$) $\\mu=\\mu(\\Gamma)$ is well-defined.", "\n\nAn amply regular graph with diameter 2 is called a *strongly regular* graph and it is a distance-regular graph. ", "A distance-regular graph is an amply regular graph with parameters $k=b_0$, $\\lambda=b_0-b_1-1$ and $\\mu=c_2$.\n\nRecall that a ($c-$)clique (or *complete* graph) is a graph (on $c$ vertices) in which every pair of its vertices is adjacent. ", "A ($c-$)coclique is a graph (on $c$ vertices) in which every pair of its vertices is not adjacent.", "\n\nLet $\\Gamma$ be a strongly regular graph with parameters $(v,k,\\lambda,1)$. There are integers $r$ and $s$ such that the local graph of each vertex of $\\Gamma$ is the disjoint union of $r$ copies of $s$-clique. ", "Futhermore, $v=1+rs+s^2r(r-1)$, $k=rs$ and $\\lambda=s-1$. We denote the set of strongly regular graphs with such parameters by ${\\cal F}(s,r)$.\n\nAny graph of ${\\cal F}(1,r)$, i.e. a strongly regular graph with $\\lambda=0$ and $\\mu=1$, is called a *Moore* strongly regular graph. ", "It is well known (see Chapter 1 [@BCN]) that any Moore strongly regular graph has degree 2, 3, 7 or 57. ", "The graphs with degree 2, 3 and 7 are the pentagon, the Petersen graph and the Hoffman Ц- Singleton graph, respectively. ", "Whether a Moore graph with degree 57 exists is an open problem.", "\n\nSuppose that ${\\cal F}(s,r)$ is nonempty set of graphs. ", "Then $s+1\\le r$. Let $\\Gamma$ be a graph of ${\\cal F}(s,r)$. We may choose vertices $u$ and $w$ of $\\Gamma$ with ${\\rm d}(u,w)=2$. Let $x$ be a vertex of $\\Gamma_1(u)\\cap \\Gamma_1(w)$. Then the subgraph $\\Gamma_1(w)-(\\Gamma_1(x)\\cup \\{x\\})$ contains a coclique of size at most $r-1$. Let us consider a $s$-clique of $\\Gamma_1(u)-\\Gamma_1(w)$ on vertices $y_1,y_2,..,y_s$. The subgraph $\\Gamma_1(w)\\cap \\Gamma_1(y_i)$ ($1\\le i\\le s$) contains a single vertex $z_i$. The vertices $z_1,z_2,..,z_s$ are mutually nonadjacent and distinct. ", "Hence, $s\\le r-1$. The lemma is proved.", "\n\nTerwilliger graphs\n==================\n\nIn this section we give a definition of Terwilliger graphs and some useful facts concerning them.", "\n\nA *Terwilliger graph* is a connected noncomplete graph $\\Gamma$ such that $\\mu(\\Gamma)$ is well-defined and each $\\mu$-subgraph occuring in $\\Gamma$ is a complete graph (hence, there are no induced quadrangles in $\\Gamma$). ", "If $\\mu(\\Gamma)>1$, then, for each vertex $u\\in \\Gamma$, the local graph of $u$ will also be a Terwilliger graph with diameter 2 and $\\mu(\\Gamma_1(u))=\\mu(\\Gamma)-1$.\n\nFor an integer $\\alpha\\ge 1$, a $\\alpha$-clique extension of a graph $\\bar \\Gamma$ is the graph $\\Gamma$ obtained from $\\bar \\Gamma$ by replacing each vertex $\\bar u\\in \\bar \\Gamma$ by a clique $U$ of $\\alpha$ vertices, where for any $\\bar u,\\bar w\\in \\bar \\Gamma$, $u\\in U$ and $w\\in W$, $\\bar u$ and $\\bar w$ are adjacent if and only if $u$ and $w$ are adjacent.", "\n\nLet $\\Gamma$ be an amply regular Terwilliger graph with parameters $(v,k,\\lambda,\\mu)$, where $\\mu>1$. There is the number $\\alpha$ such that the local graph of each its vertex is the $\\alpha$-clique extension of a strongly regular Terwilliger graph with parameters $(\\bar v, \\bar k,\\bar \\lambda,\\bar \\mu)$, where $$\\bar v=k/\\alpha,\\ \\bar k=(\\lambda-\\alpha+1)/\\alpha,\\ \\bar \\mu=(\\mu-1)/\\alpha,$$ and $\\alpha\\le \\bar \\lambda+1$. In particular, if $\\bar \\lambda=0$, then $\\alpha=1$. The result follows from [@BCN Theorem 1.16.3].", "\n\nWe know only three examples of amply regular Terwilliger graphs with $\\mu\\ge 2$. All of them are unique distance-regular locally Moore graphs:\n\n$(1)$ the icosahedron with intersection array $\\{5,2,1;1,2,5\\}$ is locally pentagon.", "\n\n$(2)$ the Doro graph with intersection array $\\{10,6,4;1,2,5\\}$ and the Conway-Smith graph with intersection array $\\{10,6,4,1;1,2,6,10\\}$ are locally Petersen graphs.", "\n\nIn [@GM], A. Gavrilyuk and A. Makhnev have shown that a distance-regular locally Hoffman – Singleton graph has intersection array $\\{50,42,9;1,2,42\\}$ or $\\{50,42,1;1,2,50\\}$ and hence it is a Terwilliger graph. ", "Whether the graphs with these intersection arrays exist is an open question.", "\n\nLet $\\Gamma$ be a Terwilliger graph. ", "Suppose that, for an integer $\\alpha\\ge 1$, the local graph of each its vertex is the $\\alpha$-clique extension of a Moore strongly regular graph $\\Delta$. Then $\\alpha=1$ and one of the following holds:\n\n$(1)$ $\\Delta$ is the pentagon and $\\Gamma$ is the icosahedron$;$\n\n$(2)$ $\\Delta$ is the Petersen graph and $\\Gamma$ is the Doro graph or the Conway-Smith graph$;$\n\n$(3)$ $\\Delta$ is the Hoffman – Singleton graph or a graph with degree $57$, in both cases diameter of $\\Gamma$ is at least $3$. It is easy to see that the graph $\\Gamma$ is amply regular. ", "By Lemma \\[L31\\], we have $\\alpha=1$. The statements (1) and (2) follow from [@BCN Proposition 1.1.4] and [@BCN Theorem 1.16.5], respectively.", "\n\nIf the graph $\\Delta$ is the Hoffman – Singleton graph and diameter of $\\Gamma$ is 2, then $\\Gamma$ is strongly regular with parameters $(v,k,\\lambda,\\mu)$, where $k=50$, $\\lambda=7$ and $\\mu=2$. By [@BCN Theorem 1.3.1], the eigenvalues of $\\Gamma$ are $k$ and the roots of the quadratic equation $x^2+(\\mu-\\lambda)x+(\\mu-k)=0$. The roots of the equation $x^2-5x-48=0$ are not integers, that is impossible. ", "In the remained case, when $\\Delta$ is regular with degree 57, we will get the same contradiction. ", "The lemma is proved.", "\n\nThe next lemma is useful in the proof of Theorem \\[T41\\] (see Section 4).", "\n\nLet $\\Gamma$ be a strongly regular Terwilliger graph with parameters $(v,k,\\lambda,\\mu)$. Suppose that, for an integer $\\alpha\\ge 1$, the local graph of each its vertex is the $\\alpha$-clique extension of a strongly regular graph $\\Delta$ with parameters $(\\bar v,\\bar k,\\bar \\lambda,\\bar \\mu)$. Then $\\bar k-\\bar \\lambda-\\bar \\mu>1$ implies that $k-\\lambda-\\mu>1$. We have $k=\\alpha(1+\\bar k+\\bar k(\\bar k-\\bar \\lambda-1)/\\bar \\mu)$, $\\lambda=\\alpha \\bar k+\\alpha-1$ and $\\mu=\\alpha\\bar \\mu+1$. If $\\bar k-\\bar \\lambda-\\bar \\mu>1$, then $\\bar k(\\bar k-\\bar \\lambda-1)/\\bar \\mu>\\bar k$ and this implies that $k-\\lambda-\\mu=\\alpha(\\bar k(\\bar k-\\bar \\lambda-1)/\\bar \\mu-\\bar \\mu)>\\alpha(\\bar k-\\bar \\mu)>\\alpha(\\bar \\lambda+1)\\ge 1$.\n\nKoolen – Park inequality\n========================\n\nIn this section, we consider the bound (\\[E11\\]) and classify distance-regular graphs with $c_2\\ge 2$ which attain this bound.", "\n\nThe next proposition is a slight generalization of [@KP Proposition 3]. ", "J.H. Koolen and J. Park [@KP Proposition 3] formulated the next proposition for distance-regular graphs. ", "We generalize it to amply regular graphs. (", "Our proof is similar to the one in J.H. Koolen and J. Park [@KP], but we give it for convenience of the reader.)", "\n\nLet $\\Gamma$ be an amply regular graph with parameters $(v,k,\\lambda,\\mu)$ and $c\\ge 2$ be maximal such that for each vertex $x\\in \\Gamma$ and every pair of nonadjacent vertices $y,z$ of $\\Gamma_1(x)$, there exists a $c$-coclique in $\\Gamma_1(x)$ containing $y,z$. Then $$\\mu-1\\ge {\\rm max}\\{\\displaystyle {{\\frac {c' (\\lambda+1)-k}{{c'\\choose 2}}}}\\ |\\ 2\\le c'\\le c\\},$$ and if equality is attained, then $\\Gamma$ is a Terwilliger graph. ", "Let $\\Gamma_1(x)$ contain a coclique $C'$ on vertices $y_1,y_2,\\ldots,y_{c'}$, $c'\\ge 2$. Since ${\\rm d}(y_i,y_j)=2$, $|\\Gamma_1(x)\\cap \\Gamma_1(y_i)\\cap \\Gamma_1(y_j)|\\le \\mu-1$ holds for all $i\\ne j$. Then by the principle of inclusion and exclusion, $$k=|\\Gamma_1(x)|\\ge |\\cup_{i=1}^{c'}(\\Gamma_1(x)\\cap (\\Gamma_1(y_i)\\cup \\{y_i\\}))|$$ $$\\ge \\sum_{i=1}^{c'}|\\Gamma_1(x)\\cap (\\Gamma_1(y_i)\\cup \\{y_i\\})|-\\sum_{1\\le i<j\\le c'}|\\Gamma_1(x)\\cap \\Gamma_1(y_i)\\cap \\Gamma_1(y_j)|$$ $$\\ge c'(\\lambda+1)-{c' \\choose 2}(\\mu-1).$$\n\nSo, -1 .", "\n\nNote that equality in (\\[E41\\]) implies that $\\Gamma_1(x)\\subseteq \\cup_{i=1}^{c'}(\\Gamma_1(y_i)\\cup \\{y_i\\})$ holds and we have $|\\Gamma_1(x)\\cap \\Gamma_1(y_i)\\cap \\Gamma_1(y_j)|=\\mu-1$ for all $i\\ne j$.\n\nLet $c$ be maximal satisfying the condition of the Proposition \\[P41\\]. ", "Then -1 { | 2c’c}.", "\n\nWe may assume that for an integer $c''$, where $2\\le c''\\le c$, equality holds in (\\[E42\\]), i.e. -1==[max]{}{ | 2c’c}.", "\n\nWe will show $c=c''$. For a vertex $x\\in \\Gamma$ and nonadjacent vertices $y,z\\in \\Gamma_1(x)$, there exists a $c$-coclique $C$ in $\\Gamma_1(x)$ containing $y,z$. The equality (\\[E43\\]) implies that, for any subset of vertices $\\{y_1,y_2,\\ldots,y_{c''}\\}\\subseteq C$, $\\Gamma_1(x)\\subseteq \\cup_{i=1}^{c''}(\\Gamma_1(y_i)\\cup \\{y_i\\})$ holds. ", "But if $c''<c$, then $C\\not\\subset \\cup_{i=1}^{c''}(\\Gamma_1(y_i)\\cup \\{y_i\\})$, which is the contradiction.", "\n\nHence, $c=c''$ and we have $|\\Gamma_1(x)\\cap \\Gamma_1(y)\\cap \\Gamma_1(z)|=\\mu-1$ for every pair of nonadjacent vertices $y,z\\in \\Gamma_1(x)$ and for all $x\\in \\Gamma$. This implies that each $\\mu$-subgraph occuring in $\\Gamma$ is a clique of size $\\mu$ and $\\Gamma$ is a Terwilliger graph.", "\n\nWe call the inequality (\\[E42\\]) $\\mu$-*bound*.", "\n\nLet $\\Gamma$ be an amply regular Terwilliger graph with parameters $(v,k,\\lambda,\\mu)$. If $\\mu=1$, then the local graph of each its vertex is the disjoint union of $k/(\\lambda+1)$ copies of $(\\lambda+1)$-clique, so equality in $\\mu$-bound is attained. ", "If $\\mu\\ge 2$, then we know only three examples of $\\Gamma$ (see Section 3) with $\\mu=2$ and each of them attains equality in $\\mu$-bound:\n\n$(1)$ $\\Gamma$ is the icosahedron. ", "The pentagon contains a 2-coclique and is regular with degree 2, i.e. $c=2$ and $\\lambda=2$, hence we have $(2\\cdot (2+1)-5)/{2 \\choose 2}=1=\\mu-1$.\n\n$(2)$ $\\Gamma$ is the Doro graph or the Conway-Smith graph. ", "The Petersen graph contains a 4-coclique and is regular with degree 3, hence we have $(4\\cdot (3+1)-10)/{4 \\choose 2}=(16-10)/6=1=\\mu-1$.\n\nRecall that the Hoffman – Singleton graph contains a 15-coclique. ", "If $\\Gamma$ is an amply regular locally Hoffman – Singleton graph and is a Terwilliger graph, then $\\mu=2$, but equality in $\\mu$-bound is not attained.", "\n\nLet $\\Gamma$ be an amply regular graph with parameters $(v,k,\\lambda,\\mu)$ and $\\mu>1$. If $\\Gamma$ attains equality in $\\mu$-bound, then $\\mu=2$ and $\\Gamma$ is the icosahedron, the Doro graph or the Conway-Smith graph. ", "By Proposition \\[P41\\], the graph $\\Gamma$ is a Terwilliger graph and, be Lemma \\[L31\\], there is an integer $\\alpha\\ge 1$ such that the local graph of each its vertex is the $\\alpha$-clique extension of a strongly regular Terwilliger graph with parameters $(\\bar v,\\bar k,\\bar \\lambda,\\bar \\mu)$. By Lemma \\[L31\\], we have $k=\\alpha \\bar v$, $\\lambda=\\alpha \\bar k+(\\alpha-1)$ and $\\mu=\\alpha \\bar \\mu+1$.\n\nBy the assumption on $\\Gamma$, for a vertex $u\\in \\Gamma$, the local graph of $u$ contains a $c$-coclique which attains equality in $\\mu$-bound, i.e. $$\\mu(\\Gamma)-1=\\alpha \\bar \\mu={\\frac {c (\\alpha \\bar k+(\\alpha-1)+1)-\\alpha \\bar v}{{c\\choose 2}}}=\\alpha {\\frac {c (\\bar k+1)-\\bar v}{{c\\choose 2}}}$$ and $$\\bar \\mu={\\frac {c (\\bar k+1)-\\bar v}{{c\\choose 2}}}.$$\n\nStraightforward, $$c^2\\bar \\mu-c(\\bar \\mu+2(\\bar k+1))+2\\bar v=0,$$ so $$c={\\frac {(\\bar \\mu+2(\\bar k+1))\\pm \\sqrt{(\\bar \\mu+2(\\bar k+1))^2-8\\bar v\\bar \\mu}}{2\\bar \\mu}},$$ and $$(\\bar \\mu+2(\\bar k+1))^2\\ge 8\\bar v\\bar \\mu.$$\n\nLet the subgraph $\\Gamma_1(u)$ be isomorphic to the $\\alpha$-clique extension of a strongly regular Terwilliger graph $\\Delta$. The cardinality of the vertex set of $\\Delta$ is equal to $\\bar v=1+\\bar k+\\bar k(\\bar k-\\bar \\lambda-1)/\\bar \\mu$, hence: $$(\\bar \\mu+2(\\bar k+1))^2\\ge 8(\\bar \\mu+\\bar k\\bar \\mu+\\bar k(\\bar k-\\bar \\lambda-1)),$$ $$\\bar \\mu^2+4\\ge 4\\bar \\mu+4\\bar k\\bar \\mu+4\\bar k^2-8\\bar k\\bar \\lambda-16\\bar k.$$\n\nNext, $$(\\bar \\mu/2)^2+1\\ge \\bar \\mu+\\bar k\\bar \\mu+\\bar k^2-2\\bar k\\bar \\lambda-4\\bar k,$$ ((|/2)-(|k+1))\\^22|k(|k-|-1).", "\n\nAt first, we may assume $\\bar \\mu=1$. There are integers $s,r$ such that $\\Delta\\in {\\cal F}(s,r)$ and $\\bar k=rs$, $\\bar \\lambda=s-1$. If $\\bar k-\\bar \\lambda-1\\ge \\bar k/2+1$, then $2\\bar k(\\bar k-\\bar \\lambda-1)\\ge 2\\bar k(\\bar k/2+1)=\\bar k^2+2\\bar k$. It follows from (\\[E44\\]) that $(\\bar k+1/2)^2\\ge \\bar k^2+2\\bar k$ and hence $1/4\\ge \\bar k$, that is impossible. ", "Therefore, $\\bar k-\\bar \\lambda-1<\\bar k/2+1$, i.e. $\\bar k<2(\\bar \\lambda+2)$ holds. ", "Substituting the expressions for $\\bar k$ and $\\bar \\lambda$ into the previous inequality yields $rs<2(s+1)$. By Lemma \\[L21\\], we have $s+1\\le r$. Hence, $s+1\\le r<2(s+1)/s$ and this implies that $s=1$, $r\\in \\{2,3\\}$ and $\\Delta$ is the pentagon or the Petersen graph. ", "In both cases Theorem \\[T41\\] follows from Lemma \\[L32\\].", "\n\nNow we may assume $\\bar \\mu>1$. Since $\\bar \\mu<\\bar k$, the left side of (\\[E44\\]) is at most $\\bar k^2$. On the other hand, if $\\bar k-\\bar \\lambda-1>\\bar k/2$ holds, then the right side of (\\[E44\\]) is more than $2\\bar k \\bar k/2=\\bar k^2$, that is impossible. ", "Hence, we have $\\bar k-\\bar \\lambda-1\\le\\bar k/2$, i.e. $\\bar k\\le 2(\\bar \\lambda+1)$.\n\nSince $\\bar \\mu>1$, there is an integer $\\alpha_1\\ge 1$ such that, for a vertex $w\\in \\Delta$, the subgraph $\\Delta_1(w)$ is the $\\alpha_1$-clique extension of a strongly regular Terwilliger graph $\\Sigma$ with parameters $(v_1,k_1,\\lambda_1,\\mu_1)$, where $v_1=\\displaystyle{{\\frac {\\bar k}{\\alpha_1}}}$, $k_1=\\displaystyle{{\\frac {\\bar \\lambda-(\\alpha_1-1)}{\\alpha_1}}}$, $\\mu_1=\\displaystyle{{\\frac {\\bar \\mu-1}{\\alpha_1}}}$. Then the inequality $\\bar k\\le 2(\\bar \\lambda+1)$ is equivalent to the inequality $v_1\\le 2(k_1+1)$ and the cardinality of the vertex set of $\\Sigma$ is equal to $$v_1=1+k_1+k_1{\\frac {(k_1-\\lambda_1-1)}{\\mu_1}}.$$\n\nNext, $v_1\\le 2(k_1+1)$ implies that $${\\frac {k_1(k_1-\\lambda_1-1)}{\\mu_1}}\\le k_1+1,$$ so $$k_1-\\lambda_1-1\\le \\mu_1(1+1/k_1)<\\mu_1+1,$$ and k\\_1&lt;\\_1+\\_1+2.", "\n\nIf $\\mu_1=1$, then, for certain $s_1,r_1$, we have $k_1=r_1s_1$ and $\\lambda_1=s_1-1$. It follows from (\\[E45\\]) that $r_1s_1<s_1-1+1+2=s_1+2$, $r_1<1+2/s_1$ and $s_1=1$, $r_1=2$. Hence, the graph $\\Delta_1(w)$ is the $\\alpha_1$-clique extension of the pentagon. ", "By Lemma \\[L32\\], the graph $\\Delta$ is the icosahedron and diameter of $\\Gamma_1(u)$ is 3, that is impossible because $\\Gamma$ is a Terwilliger graph.", "\n\nHence, $\\mu_1>1$. Let us consider a sequence of strongly regular graphs $\\Sigma_1=\\Sigma$, $\\Sigma_2,\\ldots,\\Sigma_h$, $h\\ge 2$ such that, for an integer $\\alpha_{i+1}\\ge 1$, the local graph of a vertex in $\\Sigma_i$ is the $\\alpha_{i+1}$-clique extension of a strongly regular Terwilliger graph $\\Sigma_{i+1}$ with parameters $(v_{i+1},k_{i+1},\n\\lambda_{i+1},\\mu_{i+1})$, $1\\le i<h$ and $\\mu(\\Sigma_h)=1$, i.e. $\\Sigma_h\\in {\\cal F}(s_h,r_h)$ for certain $s_h,r_h$. The sequence exists by Lemma \\[L31\\].", "\n\nAssuming that $s_h>1$, we may note $k_h-\\lambda_h-\\mu_h=r_hs_h-(s_h-1)-1=s_h(r_h-1)>1$. According to Lemma \\[L33\\], we have $k_i-\\lambda_i-\\mu_i>1$ for all $1\\le i\\le h-1$, which is the contradiction with (\\[E45\\]). ", "Hence, $s_h=1$ and $\\Sigma_h$ is a Moore strongly regular graph. ", "By Lemma \\[L32\\], diameter of $\\Sigma_{h-1}$ is at least 3, which is the contradiction that completes the proof.", "\n\n[99]{}\n\nJack H. Koolen, Jongyook Park: Shilla distance-regular graphs // arXiv:0902.3860 \\[math.", "CO\\]\n\nC. D. Godsil: Geometric distance-regular covers. ", "New Zealand J. Math. ", "22 (1993), 31Ц38.", "\n\nA.E. Brouwer, A.M. Cohen, A. Neumaier: Distance-Regular Graphs, Springer-Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg New York, 1989.", "\n\nA.L. Gavrilyuk, A.A. Makhnev: Locally Hoffman – Singleton Distance-Regular Graphs // [*to appear*]{}.", "\n\n[^1]: Partially supported by RFFI grant (project no. ", "08-01-00009).", "\n" ]
{ "pile_set_name": "ArXiv" }
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[ "# Copyright (C) 2004, 2007 Free Software Foundation, Inc.\n\n# This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify\n# it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by\n# the Free Software Foundation; either version 3 of the License, or\n# (at your option) any later version.", "\n# \n# This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,\n# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of\n# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. ", " See the\n# GNU General Public License for more details.", "\n# \n# You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License\n# along with GCC; see the file COPYING3. ", " If not see\n# <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.", "\n\n# This file contains GCC-specifics for status wrappers for test programs.", "\n\n# ${tool}_maybe_build_wrapper -- Build wrapper object if the target\n# needs it. ", " FILENAME is the path to the wrapper file. ", " If there are\n# additional arguments, they are command-line options to provide to\n# the compiler when compiling FILENAME.", "\n\nproc ${tool}_maybe_build_wrapper { filename args } {\n global gluefile wrap_flags\n\n if { [target_info needs_status_wrapper] !", "= \"\" \\\n \t && [target_info needs_status_wrapper] !", "= \"0\" \\\n\t && ![", "info exists gluefile] } {\n\tset saved_wrap_compile_flags [target_info wrap_compile_flags]\n\tset flags [join $args \" \"]\n\t# The wrapper code may contain code that gcc objects on. ", " This\n\t# became true for dejagnu-1.4.4. ", " The set of warnings and code\n\t# that gcc objects on may change, so just make sure -w is always\n\t# passed to turn off all warnings.", "\n\tset_currtarget_info wrap_compile_flags \\\n\t \"$saved_wrap_compile_flags -w $flags\"\n\tset result [build_wrapper $filename]\n\tset_currtarget_info wrap_compile_flags \"$saved_wrap_compile_flags\"\n\tif { $result !", "= \"\" } {\n\t set gluefile [lindex $result 0]\n\t set wrap_flags [lindex $result 1]\n\t}\n }\n}\n" ]
{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }
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[ "Tumour necrosis factor alpha 308 G/A is a risk marker for the progression from high-grade lesions to invasive cervical cancer.", "\nTumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) is a strong pro-inflammatory cytokine with important functions on immune response to viral infections. ", "A single nucleotide polymorphism on the -308 position of the promoter region of TNFA gene characterised by a G > A transition has been associated with different TNF-α levels and therefore with differential susceptibility for the development several diseases. ", "A cross-sectional case-control study was performed with 509 women with cancer from the northern region of Portugal, including 205 healthy women and 337 women with different cervical lesions including invasive cervical. ", "The -308G > A polymorphism genotyping was performed with TaqMan® SNP Genotyping Assay and studied for its association with cervical cancer development. ", "This study showed increased frequency of the -308A allele in women with any cervical lesions. ", "Statistical analysis revealed that -308A carriers are associated with an almost 2-fold increased risk for invasive cervical cancer development (p = 0.005; odds ratio (OR) = 1.87). ", "Similar results were found when comparing the risk of progression between preinvasive lesions and invasive cervical cancer development (p = 0.002; OR = 2.41). ", "Our results reveal that -308 TNFA AA individuals are at increased risk of invasive cervical cancer development and more important, that the risk is significantly increased for the progression from premalignant lesion to invasive cancer. ", "Considering previous data and this study, this polymorphism confirms to be a significant marker in our population." ]
{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }
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[ "Charlie Williams (soccer)\n\nCharlie Williams (born 15 February 1944) is a Maltese former professional soccer player.", "\n\nWilliams learned to play soccer in the streets of Valletta. ", "At the age of ten, he started playing organized soccer for the Valletta Lilywhites in the Valletta youth league. ", "Williams entered Stella Maris College when he was 11 years old. ", "He represented his school's top team on a regular basis.", "\n\nDuring his playing days at the Independence Arena, Charlie was discovered by Valletta FC officials and was asked to join Valletta FC at the age of 13 years. ", "At 16 years old, Charlie was the captain of the Valletta FC minors team, while also playing for the under-21 team and the Valletta FC reserves team on a regular basis.", "\n\nThe Malta Football Association (MFA) quickly picked him to represent Malta as a youth International. ", "Charlie Williams made his Valletta FC debut at age 17, playing a midfielder. ", "He scored many important goals for Valletta FC, notably against Norwich City FC. ", "Another crucial goal was against Floriana FC 3 minutes from time to give Valletta FC their 1962/63 championship.", "\n\nDuring his stay with Valletta FC, Williams won the League Championship, Scicluna Cup, FA Trophy and the Cassar Cup.", "\nHe represented Valletta FC in European competitions, playing against Dukla Prague in the UEFA Champions League (formerly the European Cup) and against Real Zaragoza in the UEFA Europa League (formerly UEFA Cup Winners' Cup).", "\n\nAt the age of 18, Charlie Williams made his International debut playing for the Malta National Football Team against Italy C. He also played for the Malta National Football Team at the Liguria, Italy tournament where Malta finished in 3rd place, beating Italy and tying the Netherlands.", "\n\nAt the age of 23, first Norwich City FC, and then the newly formed professional soccer league in the USA, National Professional Soccer League (NPSL), were recruiting Williams. ", "In 1967 Charlie decided to sign a professional contract to play in the NPSL, which later became the NASL. ", "Charlie was a pioneer in North American soccer, as he was one of the first players to form the original founding teams. ", "Among the American sides he played for were the Pittsburgh Phantoms, San Diego Toros, Dallas Tornado and Rochester Lancers. ", "He also played for ASL sides Syracuse Scorpions, Syracuse Suns and Boston Astros.", "\n\nWhen Williams retired from playing, he decided to take up a coaching career. ", "In 1995, he was voted Best Coach in the State of New York. ", "He also founded and operated his own soccer academy from 1993 to 2006. ", "Charlie retired from soccer activities in 2010.", "\n\nForeign Cup Appearances\nEuropean Cup: 2 \n 1963\n\nValletta FC 0 vs Dukla (Czech) 6 \n 1963\n\nValletta FC 0 vs Dukla (Czech) 2 \n 1963\n\nUEFA Cup Winners' Cup: 2 \n 1964\n\nValletta FC 0 vs Saragozza (Spain) 3 \n 1964\n\nValletta FC 1 vs Saragozza (Spain) 5 \n 1964\n\nDomestic Cup Appearances\nMaltese FA Trophy: 9 \n 1962, 1963, 1964, 1965\n\nCassar Cup: 6 \n 1962, 1963, 1966\n\nSports Festival Shield: 1 \n 1962\n\nOlympic Cup: 2 \n 1963\n\nDouglas Cup: 2 \n 1963, 1964\n\nCharity Shield: 2 \n 1963, 1964\n\nScicluna Cup: 2 \n 1964, 1966\n\nIndependence Cup: 1 \n 1964\n\nTestaferata Cup: 1 \n 1965\n\nChristmas Cup: 3 \n 1966, 1967\n\nChristmas Tournament Appearances\n\nValletta FC 6 vs Ittihad (Libya) 2 *Williams scored the 4th goal\n 1962\n\nValletta FC 1 vs FK Sarajevo (Yugoslavia) 1\n 1962\n\nValletta FC 0 vs HNK Rijeka (Yugoslavia) 2\n 1962\n\nValletta FC 1 vs SK Motorlet Prague (Czech Republic) 1\n 1963\n\nValletta FC 0 vs First Vienna FC (Austria) 1\n 1965\n\nSports Festival Shield\n\nValletta FC 3 vs Sliema 1\n 1962\n\nFriendlies Appearances Against Foreign Teams\n\nValletta FC 1 vs Ahli S.C. (Tripoli) 1\n 1962\n\nValletta FC 4 vs S.C. Ahly (Benghazi) 1\n 1962\n\nValletta FC 3 vs Hilal (Benghazi) 2\n 1962\n\nValletta FC 0 vs S.C. Medina (Benghazi) 1\n 1963\n\nValletta FC 0 vs Ittihad (Benghazi) 2\n 1963\n\nValletta FC vs Najma (Libya)\n 1963\n\nValletta FC 1 vs Norwich City FC (UK) 1 *Williams scored the goal\n 1964\n\nSan Diego Toros 1 vs Cruz Azul (Mexico) 2 \n 1968San Diego Toros 1 vs Club Deportivo Guadalajara (Mexico) 1 \n 1968\n\nReferences\n\nNasljerseys.com: Charles Williams\nValletta FC Hall of Fame: Charlie Williams\nTimesofmalta.com: Valletta Spoil Canaries 100% Record\nTimesofmalta.com: City Sees Off Blues Challenge\nTimesofmalta.com: Zammit hits hat-trick in 1966 final\nNetnews.com: Charlie Williams soccer career in the United States\n\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:1944 births\nCategory:Dallas Tornado players\nCategory:Maltese footballers\nCategory:Maltese expatriate footballers\nCategory:Valletta F.C. players\nCategory:Malta international footballers\nCategory:North American Soccer League (1968–1984) players\nCategory:National Professional Soccer League (1967) players\nCategory:American Soccer League (1933–1983) players\nCategory:People from Valletta\nCategory:Pittsburgh Phantoms players\nCategory:Rochester Lancers (1967–1980) players\nCategory:San Diego Toros players\nCategory:Syracuse Scorpions players\nCategory:Expatriate soccer players in the United States\nCategory:Maltese expatriate sportspeople in the United States\nCategory:Association football midfielders" ]
{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
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[ "The Aussie Next Door\n\nAmerican Angie Donovan has never wanted much. ", "When you grow up getting bounced around the foster system you learn not to become attached to anything. ", "But it only took her two days to fall in love with Australia. ", "With her visa clock ticking, surely she can fall in love with an Australian-and get hitched-in two months. ", "Especially if he's as hot and funny as her next-door neighbor. ", "Jace Walters has never wanted much-except a bathroom he didn't have to share. ", "The last cookie all to himself. ", "But when you grow up in a family of seven, you can kiss those things goodbye. ", "He's finally living alone and working on his syndicated comic strip in privacy. ", "Sure, his American neighbor is distractingly sexy and annoyingly nosy, but she'll be gone in a few months. ", "Except now she's determined to find her perfect match by checking out every eligible male in the town. ", "So why does it suddenly feel like he could be exactly what she needs?" ]
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[ "Sunday, January 24, 2010\n\nAfter the Storm...\n\nNo rain in sight so took the camera out with me today, since I didn't get any pictures DURING the storm...\n\nStanding on the west side of my house looking southwest which is where that big storm blew in from... and VERY THANKFUL to have NOTHING but BLUE SKY!!!", "\n\nBut WAIT! ", "LOOK! ", "WHAT is THAT peeking over the neighbor's house????? ", "It's too soon for another storm... Wait a minute, looking south and west here... AHA! ", "It's just the steam cloud from Palo Verde (for those of you not local, that's the nuclear generating plant) WHEW!!!", "\n\nThe \"ravine\" on the left side of the road from our front gate back toward the horses - you can see the standing water shining in the morning sun.", "I didn't take any closeup pictures of what I was DOING while I was walking around... care to take a guess? ", "Hint - it's one of Mikey's pet peeves... a lot of dogs might live here but the yard doesn't need to look like it LOL... I headed back to the big horse stalls that are next to the neighbor's house you see in the first pictures...\n\nThe first stall on the north side...ANd the second stall on the north side. ", "You can see by the holes left in the muck that the horses usually eat in these first two stalls.", "\n\nThe third stall on the north side - obviously it did not get as much dirt as the first two!", "\n\nThe fourth stall on the north side, also obviously needs more dirt addedThe fifth stall, with no cover at all, since the gate was shut and no one was in there to stir things up it dried pretty fast. ", "Because of course there is NO WAY that Miss Darci Jean would walk in ANY of the other four!The aisle way where we normally walk to put the horses away for dinner...The first pen on the south side of the big horse stalls... the girls shut the gate and shut themselves out, so no hoofprints in this mud...Looking down the \"south side\"As I head around toward the mini pen, I come to the first of TWO wheelbarrows full almost to the top!My new girl Nikki Renee. ", "with the swamp behind herNow she is eyeing the dogs walking with me...Wiley thinks the camera might be a snack...The east third of the mini pen, in the worst shape... I'm hoping keeping Dillon and his girls out of his pen will help it dry quick so I can put them back, then I can open the gates and let Wiley and his girls over to the dry side of this pen. ", "But right now, even THIS is better than Dillon's pen...The middle third of the mini pen, really soupy in spots...The west third of the mini pen, actually pretty dry!Dillon, not happy to be \"sharing\" a pen with Wiley, despite the fact that he lucked out and got the best section... the boys do much better when they have the barn between their pens!He sure is a handsome little guy though huh?Every conceivable receptacle is full of water... I dumped buckets and barrels and all kinds of miscellaneous things and made a bunch of new puddles!Luna, home again from Boot Camp, and the ONE spot in the arena that the water didn't soak in - where the green feeder used to be and they always stand to eat, and have it packed down. ", "We moved the green feeder over last night so the girls didn't have to stand in the mud to eat.", "Now I am standing with my back to the arena, looking north on the east side of our property. ", "The green on the right is the neighbor's dump truck which is backed up to our fence, if you look carefully you can see a shader right above it, that is part of Dillon's pen, which was evacuated due to flooding... between that and the container you see is \"the road\" which I had the neighbor build up on the east side, leaving a low spot along the container, in the hopes that water running from the north part of our property would bypass Dillon's pen. ", "The smaller storms we have had since the \"road work\" proved this to be a great idea... however THIS storm just dumped so much water we learned a couple places we need to make the high spots higher... Pretty much all the dirt you see right in front was under water until we trneched to run it off, as well as Dillons whole pen... And on the left...Here's a close-up, of the container that 5 of my donkeys spent the night in the day it rained so much... It was awful dark for them but they were out of the wind and their shared body heat dried them all up pretty fast. ", "Cleaning it yesterday was NOT fun though...Caught a nice shot of Dodge sunning himselfI just dumped the second wheelbarrow (it's just like the other one, NOT the red one you see upside down here) and you can see the water running off down the trench we dug to drain from the \"road\"We trenched all the way back to the fenceTwo of the three small pens inside the Donkey Garden have a couple of small sections of roof, my goal is to use some scrap we have and attach the two roofs, without moving them, so that there is one great big roof...So most of my afternoon was spent hosing off scrap panels, dragging them up front, measuring and marking so Randy could saw them, dragging them halfway back to where they came from and over the fence into the Donkey Garden, climbing ladders and screwing down new roof panels. ", "And YAY done with one... kinda hodge-podge looking but at least they will have a BIG shader to hopefully keep them dry when the next storm hits Wednesday... unfortunately the other pen, just to the south, was still way too muddy to risk a ladder, so it will have to wait. ", "But the materials are all prepped and ready to go so the next one won't take near so long!", "\n\nI'm beat! ", "Almost glad tomorrow is Monday so I can go to the office and REST!", "\n\n2 comments:\n\nNothing like a big storm to show you all the things you need to do, lol. ", "We've been fixing roof and scraping mud off the horses. ", "You reminded me, I need to pick up my dog poop! ", "Been to wet to do it the last few days!", "\n\nWow, that blue sky and sunshine look nice, eh? ", "Now you just need a light wind to help dry things up even more! :) ", "Looks like everyone fared pretty well all and all, though. ", "We face mud like that most of the winter, unfortunately. :( ", "Your mini donkeys are really cute!!" ]
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[ "Isaak Shvartsev\n\nIsaak Sergivich Shvartsev () (born 1949) is a Moldovian Soviet architect, known for his work in Chișinău. ", "In 1970 he graduated from the Chișinău Construction College, and then Chișinău Polytechnic Institute five years later. ", "In the 1980s he designed much of the shopping centre and residential quarter in Salgannoy, Chișinău. ", "He was also the architect of the animated film studio in Chișinău, the Educational Laboratory Complex, and a cinema in Plovdiv, Bulgaria (1986). ", "In 1976 he won the award of the National competition of architects to design the memorial complex, commemorating the 30th anniversary of the Jassy–Kishinev Offensive. ", "He later moved to the United States, where he resides in New York City.", "\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Moldovan architects\nCategory:1949 births\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:People from Chișinău\nCategory:Soviet architects\nCategory:Moldovan emigrants to the United States\nCategory:20th-century Moldovan architects" ]
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