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[ "関連製品\n\nアプリケーション\n\nThe application notes include recommended starting dilutions; optimal dilutions/concentrations should be determined by the end user.", "\n\nアプリケーション\n\nAbreviews\n\n特記事項\n\nIHC-Fr\n\nUse at an assay dependent concentration.", "\n\nターゲット情報\n\n機能\n\nNuclear phosphoprotein which forms a tight but non-covalently linked complex with the JUN/AP-1 transcription factor. ", "In the heterodimer, FOS and JUN/AP-1 basic regions each seems to interact with symmetrical DNA half sites. ", "On TGF-beta activation, forms a multimeric SMAD3/SMAD4/JUN/FOS complex at the AP1/SMAD-binding site to regulate TGF-beta-mediated signaling. ", "Has a critical function in regulating the Has a critical function in regulating the development of cells destined to form and maintain the skeleton. ", "It is thought to have an important role in signal transduction, cell proliferation and differentiation.", "\n\n配列類似性\n\nBelongs to the bZIP family. ", "Fos subfamily.", "Contains 1 bZIP domain.", "\n\n翻訳後修飾\n\nPhosphorylated in the C-terminal upon stimulation by nerve growth factor (NGF) and epidermal growth factor (EGF). ", "Phosphorylated, in vitro, by MAPK and RSK1. ", "Phosphorylation on both Ser-362 and Ser-374 by MAPK1/2 and RSK1/2 leads to protein stabilization with phosphorylation on Ser-374 being the major site for protein stabilization on NGF stimulation. ", "Phosphorylation on Ser-362 and Ser-374 primes further phosphorylations on Thr-325 and Thr-331 through promoting docking of MAPK to the DEF domain. ", "Phosphorylation on Thr-232, induced by HA-RAS, activates the transcriptional activity and antagonizes sumoylation. ", "Phosphorylation on Ser-362 by RSK2 in osteoblasts contributes to osteoblast transformation.", "Constitutively sumoylated by SUMO1, SUMO2 and SUMO3. ", "Desumoylated by SENP2. ", "Sumoylation requires heterodimerization with JUN and is enhanced by mitogen stimulation. ", "Sumoylation inhibits the AP-1 transcriptional activity and is, itself, inhibited by Ras-activated phosphorylation on Thr-232.", "\n\nWe do not carry any anti-c-Fos antibodies that are known to work in rabbit. ", "However, we have a few polyclonal antibodies that aren't raised in rabbit which may work due to high sequence homology with rabbit. ", "Read More\n\nDISCOUNT CODE: XXXXXXX\nExpiration date: [15/03/2012]\nI am very pleased to hear you would like to accept our offer and test ab6167 in FrFl. ", "This code will give you 1 free PRIMARY ANTIBODY before the expiration date. ", "To redeem this offer, please s...\n\nThank you for your interest.", "\nI can certainly offer a discount code for testing ab6167 for FrFl, this antibody has only been tested in IHC-Fr (mouse and human). ", "Could you please pass the customer's name, e-mail address and institute?", "\nI look forw...\n\nThank you for your enquiry. ", "All the information we have available concerning this antibody is that listed on our datasheet. ", "We are not aware of there being publications featuring this particular antibody. ", "All we have are general background references. ...", "\n\nThank you for your enquiry. ", "Although the caps are different, the antibody is from the same batch of animal. ", "We are not sure why there is difference to the second vial.", "\nWe will send you a replacement vial in the next order.", "\n\nThere is nothing special about this antibody regarding its use in\nimmunohistochemistry. ", "The antibody can be used with a routine 4%\nformaldehyde fixation (we usually add 15% saturated picric acid) on\ncryostat sections. ", "Thus, use a standard IHC pro...\n\nWe have only recently\nreleased this antibody into the market, and so have not yet had any feedback from customers. ", "However, this antibody has been used extensively in research (the source laboratory is not in\nthe US), often in double label experiment..." ]
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[ "Papua New Guinea\n\nThe first Lutheran missionaries came to the island of New Guinea in 1886 and were sent by German mission societies. ", "There were major disruptions in the German work during both World War I and World War II. ", "In 1967, shortly after the independence of Papua New Guinea, the church became fully autonomous and its name was changed to its current name, Evangelical Lutheran Church-Papua New Guinea (ELC-PNG). ", "In 1921, the former Iowa Synod responded to a call for American missionaries in Papua New Guinea and, since that time, hundreds of Americans have worked alongside Australian and German missionaries as well as Papua New Guinean companions." ]
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[ "Public hearing will offer the community an opportunity to provide comments on FPD’s ability to comply with standards\n\nFarmington, NM – The Farmington Police Department is proud to announce their upcoming Commission on Accreditation for Law Enforcement Agencies on-site assessment. ", "The assessment will take place June 18 through the 21. ", "During this time, a team of CALEA law enforcement executives will audit records, conduct personnel interviews and evaluate staff performance to verify FPD meets professional standards to maintain accreditation. ", "Participation in CALEA is a voluntary process which requires law enforcement agencies to comply with over 450 state-of-the-art standards covering four basic areas: policy and procedure, administration, operations and support services. ", "Accreditation is a highly-prized recognition of law enforcement professional excellence. ", "The Farmington Police Department first became accredited on July 29, 1995 and has passed each of the reaccreditation assessments on July 29, 2000, 2003, 2006, 2009, 2012 and most recent in 2015.", "\n\nThe assessment process includes a public hearing, which will take place on June 20 at 5:00 p.m. at Farmington City Hall inside council chambers located at 800 Municipal Dr. This is an opportunity for the public and FPD employees to offer comments about the department’s ability to comply with CALEA standards. ", "The hearing will be broadcast live and video recorded.", "\n\nAnyone who is unable to attend the public hearing but would like to provide comments to the assessment team may call (505) 599-1095 on Tuesday, June 19 between 2:00 pm and 4:00 pm. ", "Written comments may be submitted to:\n\nComments made at the hearing or by phone are limited to 10 minutes and must address FPD’s ability to comply with CALEA’s standards. ", "Individuals may obtain a copy of the standards by contacting FPD’s accreditation manager at (505) 599-1075.", "\n\nFor more information about CALEA, please visit their website at calea.org. ", "Requests for information may also be made in writing to CALEA at 13575 Heathcote Boulevard, Suite 320, Gainesville, Virginia, 20155; by calling (703) 352-4225 or by email to calea@calea.org." ]
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[ "Article content\n\nTORONTO — Brian McDermott liked what he saw in his first game in Toronto at the Wolfpack’s helm.", "\n\nThe transatlantic rugby league team thumped the Swinton Lions 52-10 Sunday before a record Betfred Championship crowd of 9,562 on a crisp sunny afternoon at Lamport Stadium, surpassing the 9,181 for a 2015 game between Bradford and Leigh, according to the Wolfpack.", "\n\nWe apologize, but this video has failed to load.", "\n\ntap here to see other videos from our team. ", "Try refreshing your browser, or Wolfpack coach Brian McDermott likes what he sees in first game in Toronto Back to video\n\n“In terms of the crowd and the venue, it’s been great,” said McDermott, whose first 11 games as Toronto coach were played in England and France. “", "I’ve heard a lot about it and they were fantastic, the crowd. (", "They) really understand the sport, really got behind it and fantastic number wasn’t it — nine-and-a-half-thousand people. ", "Really good.”", "\n\nBlake Wallace scored 24 points in the Wolfpack’s first game in Toronto since Oct. 7 when they lost 4-2 to London Broncos in the Million Pound Game with promotion to the Super League on the line.", "\n\nSunday marked a sixth straight win for Toronto (11-1-0) since a 46-16 loss March 9 at Toulouse Olympique, the lone blemish on the Wolfpack schedule. ", "Toronto sits atop the second-tier Championship standings, four points ahead of Toulouse." ]
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[ "Georg Ludwig Carius\n\nGeorg Ludwig Carius (August 24, 1829 – April 24, 1875) was a German chemist born in Barbis, in the Kingdom of Hanover. ", "He studied under Friedrich Wöhler and was assistant to Robert Bunsen for 6 years. ", "He was Director of the Marburger Chemical Institute (Marburger Chemischen Instituts) of Philipps University of Marburg from 1865. ", "He is noted for the studies of oxidation for which he developed a method involving high temperature digestion in a sealed tube. ", "Heavy wall sealed tubes, as used for digestion or thermolysis are referred to as \"Carius tubes\". ", "He also wrote a textbook on polybasic acids.", "\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nGenealogy Database Entry\nAndrea Sella's Classic Kit\n\nCategory:1829 births\nCategory:1875 deaths\nCategory:People from Bad Lauterberg\nCategory:People from the Kingdom of Hanover\nCategory:German chemists\nCategory:University of Marburg faculty" ]
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[ "John Lunn (footballer)\n\nJohn Lunn (1946 – 1973) was a Scottish professional footballer, who played as a left-back for Dunfermline Athletic. ", "Lunn helped Dunfermline win the 1967–68 Scottish Cup. ", "He later suffered from leukemia and died in 1973.", "\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:1946 births\nCategory:1973 deaths\nCategory:Date of death missing\nCategory:Place of death missing\nCategory:Scottish footballers\nCategory:Association football fullbacks\nCategory:Dunfermline Athletic F.C. players\nCategory:Scottish Football League players\nCategory:Sportspeople from Fife" ]
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[ "Berea- A developer is about to build upscale houses less than two miles from the runways at Cleveland's airport in an area where the noise from overhead jets could be as loud as a food blender in your kitchen.", "\n\nTens of thousands of planes a year, sometimes dozens a day, will buzz over the 614 houses planned for an area near Nobottom and Lewis roads, where existing homes qualify for government-paid soundproofing.", "\n\nBut Cleveland Hopkins International Airport officials, who warned the developer about the noise, say buyers will get no such government help in soundproofing their new houses, which are priced between $179,000 and $275,000.", "\n\n\"I think that's a strange place to put a new development,\" said airport watchdog Marv Hirschberg, of neighboring Olmsted Falls.", "\n\n\"They must have gotten a good deal on the land.\"", "\n\nIn a letter to the city last year, Cleveland Port Control Director John Mok pointed out that the airport has demolished homes in areas with noise levels slightly above levels in the new development.", "\n\nAnd at a public meeting last year, Hopkins Deputy Director Chris Nielson warned both the city and the developer that \"aircraft may fly as low as 500 feet above these proposed homes.\"", "\n\nDespite the warnings, developers are pushing ahead, installing sewers and streets for the project known as Sandstone Ridge.", "\n\n\"We can't stop private enterprise from doing what it feels it needs to do,\" Mok said in an interview last week. \"", "We can only hope there's full disclosure.\"", "\n\nThe builder, Ryan Homes, has already sold seven houses, according to a chart inside a field office at the site. ", "Project officials did not return repeated phone calls seeking comment.", "\n\nCity Engineer Al Troietto said Ryan Homes intends to soundproof Sandstone Ridge houses according to federal specifications. ", "He said the city has hired an architect to monitor the soundproofing.", "\n\nBut the city will not notify prospective buyers about the noise, said Berea Mayor Joe Biddlecombe, a supporter of the development.", "\n\n\"It's [Ryan Homes'] responsibility to notify these people that there are planes in the area,\" said Biddlecombe, adding that Hopkins traffic is not as heavy or loud as it used to be.", "\n\nAir traffic fell sharply in 2001 because of the poor economy and the Sept. 11 attacks. ", "But business is rebounding, and Continental Airlines, which operates a hub at Hopkins, is announcing new flights every couple of weeks.", "\n\nNew and quieter aircraft that can climb quickly and turn away from neighborhoods have reduced the noise around Hopkins in recent years, but planes still can be loud when landing because they come in slower and at lower altitudes.", "\n\nBecause of wind, most of the 100,000 planes that land at Hopkins each year approach from the northeast, making the most noise over Interstate 480 and a few industrial areas in Cleveland.", "\n\nBut over a year, about 30,000 of those planes arrive from the southwest, traversing paths directly above and slightly northwest of the new subdivision, according to Hopkins noise studies.", "\n\nMary Vedda, who lives on Nobottom Road across the street from an entrance to Sandstone Ridge, said jets come in so low that ice from the wings pelts her horse farm.", "\n\n\"I've heard it tinging off the barn roof,\" she said.", "\n\nThe low-flying aircraft have long been on the radar screens of local governments close to the airport.", "\n\nBerea, Middleburg Heights and Strongsville have formed a coalition and have hired an aviation consultant to limit noise from the expansion of the airport.", "\n\nDespite their concerns with noise, Berea officials pushed their city closer to the airport by annexing meadows and farmland from Olmsted Township. ", "That land is now the home of Sandstone Ridge.", "\n\nMayor Biddlecombe said Berea is built up and losing population. ", "The new development, he said, is the only opportunity to offer attractive, upscale housing - townhouses and single-family and cluster homes - to stem the loss.", "\n\nCleveland, which owns Hopkins, has discouraged residential construction in areas near the airport. ", "As far back as 1987, airport officials called for zoning restrictions and real estate disclosure laws in communities surrounding the airport.", "\n\nNeither Berea nor Cleveland has adopted noise-level disclosure laws.", "\n\n\"You hope the seller would make people aware,\" said Hirschberg, the airport watchdog." ]
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[ "The dilemma I have been with my husband for 10 years and he is an amazing man and a fabulous father to our kids (with another on the way). ", "He never learned to drive as a teenager and after uni he moved to London so never needed to. ", "Four years ago he took a year of lessons and passed first time, but it’s now at least two years since he has driven at all. ", "He claims that he doesn’t feel competent to drive with our kids in the car. ", "Every time I bring the subject up, I end up being the asshole. ", "I have tried every tactic I can think of to get a breakthrough – humour, guilt, reverse psychology, annoyance – but to no avail. ", "He has never been in a car accident or any other traumatic vehicle related incident, so that’s not to blame.", "\n\nMariella replies What a conundrum. ", "If you were writing about drugs or alcohol, porn addiction or rages, a tendency to anger or a predilection for putting you down, there would be plenty of murmurs and signs of recognition out there. ", "But the frustration of sharing your life with someone who refuses to do something is a much more original vantage point. ", "Whether it’s not putting dirty clothes into the laundry basket or never opening their post, never replacing bulbs or not refilling the car with petrol, the predictability of certain chores falling to one person often creates a deep sense of frustration. ", "But are you right to consider your husband’s preference for not driving a fault?", "\n\nIn your longer letter you describe how you are also lumbered with all the administration that owning a car entails and that seems to me the greater injustice. ", "Driving is, after all, a choice and a valid one at that. ", "I’m sure, like me, you’ve shared car rides with people who make you think both pedestrians and other drivers would be safer if they’d never been given a licence.", "\n\nDespite the fact that it’s a bit of an own goal at my age to complain about elderly drivers, it does seem that there’s an argument for retesting at points in our lives when we become a liability. ", "A test might offer a reminder of small details like the dangers, not only of driving way above the speed limit but also way below, the latter particularly where other drivers’ sanity is concerned. ", "It’s also good to have a refresher on what indicators levers are for (they are not to hang your house keys on as I witnessed recently), or how to park in the increasingly tight spots available on the average high street.", "\n\nSuch questionable driving skills, whether through reckless youth or decrepitude in maturity, are one of the many uniting elements between teenagers and the elderly. ", "The autonomous car promises to take this pesky issue out of our hands altogether (although, personally, I’m loathe to have another skill set eroded as technology takes over from brain power). ", "Perhaps we need to be looking not directly at the “to drive, or not to drive” question, but instead at the division of labour in any family.", "\n\nSecond-wave feminism encouraged the embrace of shared domestic labour, but maybe we’ve taken it a bit too literally. ", "Just because you’ve coupled up doesn’t mean your individual skill set has doubled in capacity, so should domestic jobs simply be halved and shared?", "\n\nI’m not one to often quote Theresa May, but in the hue and cry over “boys’ jobs and girls’ jobs” there remained a kernel of sense in so far as each of us has unique abilities. ", "Like Mr May I’m particularly good at putting the bins out. ", "I’d prefer to pull my weight technologically, but were I to be handed such responsibility we’d be back to being an analogue family within seconds. ", "If in the May household the dustbins fall to one happy camper and bungling an election to the other, could it be that in yours that driving is a talent you should own?", "\n\nIt sounds like the more general division of labour could be at the root of your dissatisfaction and not the fact that a man, with whom you are otherwise extremely happy, lacks confidence when sitting behind the wheel. ", "How about you compromise and he does all the dreary taxing and insuring, booking in for services and even washing of the family car, while you get the pleasure of steering it on the road?", "\n\nSince most of my marital discord takes place when my husband is behind the wheel, bellowing along to Bob Dylan and looking at me as he diatribes, instead of at the road, I have to admit to a degree of envy. ", "If your man doesn’t want to drive, let him fork out for minicabs when required, pull his weight on broader transport responsibilities and leave you the pleasure of the open road. ", "Owning it instead of moaning about it might actually work.", "\n\nIf you have a dilemma, send a brief email to mariella.frostrup@observer.co.uk. ", "Follow her on Twitter @mariellaf1" ]
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[ "Happy Monkey Character\n\nNature and wildlife vector footage of a monkey playing on a tree. ", "Cartoon image of a cute monkey character wearing clothes and shoes swinging on a tree branch, happy colorful birds and butterfly flying around it, smiling sun and fluffy clouds in the sky. ", "Free vector for ads and posters. ", "Playing Monkey by Shri for FreeVector.com" ]
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[ "US Time-Harmonic Elastography for the Early Detection of Glomerulonephritis.", "\nBackground Glomerulonephritis refers to renal diseases characterized by glomerular and tubulointerstitial fibrosis. ", "Multifrequency US time-harmonic elastography enables the noninvasive quantification of tissue elasticity. ", "Purpose To assess the diagnostic performance of US time-harmonic elastography for the early detection of glomerulonephritis. ", "Materials and Methods From August 2016 through May 2017, study participants with biopsy-proven glomerulonephritis were prospectively examined with US time-harmonic elastography. ", "Participants were subdivided according to chronic kidney disease (CKD) stage. ", "All participants underwent elastography of both kidneys to generate full-field-of-view maps of renal shear wave speed (SWS). ", "SWS was determined separately for the whole renal parenchyma, cortex, and medulla and was correlated with quantitative B-mode findings such as renal length and parenchymal thickness. ", "Diagnostic performance of renal elastography was assessed with receiver operating characteristic curve analysis. ", "Results Fifty-three participants with glomerulonephritis (mean age ± standard deviation, 49 years ± 14) and 30 healthy volunteers (mean age, 37 years ± 11) were evaluated. ", "Age-adjusted renal SWS was lower in participants with glomerulonephritis than in healthy volunteers in the parenchyma, cortex, and medulla, with mean values of 1.55 m/sec (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.51 m/sec, 1.59 m/sec) and 1.69 m/sec (95% CI: 1.64 m/sec, 1.74 m/sec; P < .001), respectively, in parenchyma, 1.80 m/sec (95% CI: 1.75 m/sec, 1.84 m/sec) and 2.08 m/sec (95% CI: 2.02 m/sec, 2.13 m/sec; P < .001) in cortex, and 1.25 m/sec (95% CI: 1.21 m/sec, 1.29 m/sec) and 1.33 (95% CI: 1.27 m/sec, 1.38 m/sec; P = .03) in medulla. ", "Age-adjusted renal cortex SWS was lower in participants with glomerulonephritis and stage 1 CKD (preserved renal function) than in healthy volunteers (mean, 1.88 [95% CI: 1.81, 1.96] vs 2.08 [95% CI: 2.02, 2.13]; P < .001). ", "In participants with CKD, renal cortex SWS values showed a positive association with estimated glomerular filtration rate (n = 39; r = 0.56; P < .001). ", "Exploratory diagnostic performance of US time-harmonic elastography (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve [AUC], 0.89; 95% CI: 0.82, 0.97) outperformed that of B-mode parameters such as parenchymal thickness (AUC, 0.64; 95% CI: 0.51, 0.77; P < .001) and renal length (AUC, 0.55; 95% CI: 0.40, 0.68; P < .001) in identifying glomerulonephritis. ", "Conclusion US time-harmonic elastography depicts abnormal renal stiffness in glomerulonephritis, particularly among patients with early disease and preserved renal function. ", "Advanced chronic kidney disease is associated with further cortical softening. ", "Time-harmonic elastography outperforms B-mode-based size quantification. ", "© RSNA, 2019 Online supplemental material is available for this article." ]
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[ "Part of the Star Trek Time Travel Series\n\nThe newest Star Trek movie is premised on the idea that a new, alternate timeline is created when Nero’s ship appears and destroys the USS Kelvin at the beginning of the film, killing Jim Kirk’s father and depriving the captain-to-be of the stable childhood he had in the original timeline. ", "Everything before that point remains the same as the established canon; everything after then will develop differently. ", "It’s a solid enough foundation with which to play with the original series’ characters without interfering with all the established stories of the past 40 years. ", "But some extended thinking brings up several questions about and potential paradoxes within the events of this new alternate universe.", "\n\nPlease join me as I devote far too much mental energy to some of these issues.", "\n\nThe Beastie Boys Paradox\n\nIn an early scene of the new movie, a young Kirk steals a car and cranks up some Beastie Boys (Sabotage) for a little joy ride.", "\n\nNow the Beastie Boys have a couple of songs where they make explicit references to Star Trek. ", "Intergalactic features a line about a “pinch on the neck from Mr. Spock” and Brouhaha mentions “Bones McCoy” and “Sulu” by name. ", "The song Ch-Check It Out shouts out Klingons and the video features the Boys dressed as Kirk, Spock and McCoy.", "\n\nSince we now know that the Beastie Boys exist in the Trekverse, how might the observant future-aficionados and scholars of classic music react to the realization that the rap group are themselves potential time travellers, spinning tunes with oblique nods to events and people in the future?", "\n\nStar Trek has officially been “rebooted” in the form of a new feature motion picture. ", "It’s like a new operating system and everything. ", "I saw it last week and must say that I am duly impressed. ", "I walked out of the theater having enjoyed two hours of solid film making. ", "To be sure, it’s no Wrath of Khan. ", "But the dialogue is well written with plenty of good lines scattered throughout. ", "The acting is believable and the character portrayals aren’t so bad. ", "The production value is sky high, with lots of little touches (especially sound) that bring a nice immersive feel to the universe presented. ", "And the film’s opening sequence is among the most emotionally forceful of anything with the “Star Trek” name on it.", "\n\nBut it has its shortcomings as well. ", "Oh, it’s good, and by any other title it may have been great. ", "But as Star Trek goes, it leaves much to be desired. ", "For one, there’s very little intellectual meat to be digested. ", "After some really enjoyable character development (young Jim Kirk listens to the Beastie Boys* [Sabotage]) in the first act, the movie essentially becomes big-dumb-action flick, with one-dimensional villains that lack the nuance and human tragedy that embodies the adversaries in the Star Trek universe. ", "There is no take-home parable or allegory or examination of the human condition, things that are at the very heart of the Star Trek experience. ", "On top of that, parts of the premise really do strain even the considerable suspension of disbelief that Star Trek is afforded.", "\n\nIn true Trek fashion, here are some of my criticisms. ", "I’ll try to avoid nitpicking and stick to the major ones:\n\nWhile the opening scenes are great cinema, why the hell was Lt. ", "Kirk’s 9-month pregnant wife aboard the Kelvin? ", "There are rules about being on planes when pregnant as I assume there would be for space-faring *military* vessels.", "\n\nI’m not sure how old anyone is supposed to be. ", "Kirk is in his early twenties. ", "Spock is already an officer and so is Scotty, so they’re both older. ", "McCoy is also older, having had another life before Starfleet. ", "Checkov is 17 (does that mean he was accepted into the academy at a younger age?).", "\n\nThe Narada, Nero’s ship, is a mining vessel. ", "How it was able to outmatch the Federation fleet while orbiting Vulcan is a mystery to me. ", "I would not expect a mining ship, whose primary purpose is to extract and transport ore to be well armed at all. ", "Yes, it’s from 180ish years in the future, but it was also wandering the galaxy for 23 years without a homebase. ", "To me this seems to equivalent of a modern supertanker and it’s crew of roustabouts with deck guns taking out Admiral Nelson’s Royal Navy.", "\n\nAs a side thought to that, why didn’t Nero just present his ship and its tech-from-the-future to the Romulan Empire, which could use the advances to conquer the galaxy? ", "The Federation having to overcome that advantage actually seems like a decent platform to base this new alt-Trek around.", "\n\nThe whole last scene, ie the cadet-to-captain thing. ", "Throughout the movie, Kirk isn’t even a commissioned officer. ", "Yet upon graduation he’s given the flagship of the Federation? ", "I don’t care how many planets he saved, there would certainly be dozens or hundreds of older, experienced superior officers more qualified for such a distinguished post, many of whom would probably resign in protest. ", "Assign him to the Enterprise with a bump to full lieutenant until he gets some field experience, sure. ", "But captain? ", "Hardly.", "\n\nFinally: Too much lens flare.", "\n\nOverall, an enjoyable flick, if you’re not hoping to have your mind challenged and you don’t think too hard about what you just saw. ", "This movie was a foundation however and I’m looking forward to seeing what the sequels will bring. ", "Maybe our characters might actually “boldly go” somewhere. ", "Also, everyone has been going on about how good the new cast seems to work, but for my money, the most compelling character in the film is Captain Pike. ", "I wouldn’t mind seeing more adventures with him at the helm.", "\n\nAnd oh yeah, I could probably write an entire paper on Abrams’ apparent disdain for Vulcans and their suppressed emotions and logical approaches to life: destroying the planet and “unvulcanizing” Spock by the end of the film while rewarding Kirk’s recklessness. ", "But that’s a subject for another post.", "\n\n*The Beastie Boys are huge Star Trek fans, so I’m sure they’re thrilled that young Kirk listens to their music.", "\n\ni spent the past few days in boston and have some sore legs and about 330 photos to show for it. ", "i had fun; boston has earned a place on my ‘favorite cities’ list, which includes pittsburgh, paris, and the strip in vegas. ", "the side effect, of course, is that outside of my normal daily routine, i had far less opportunity to tunequest. ", "so now, i’m officially behind schedule. ", "whereas before this trip, i had to listen to 45 songs per day to be done by 1/1/07, i now must listen to 46. ", "hopefully, i can make up the lost time in the coming week.", "\n\nwhat did i listen to in beantown?", "\n\npropellerheads [decksanddrumsandrockandroll]\n\nbjork [all is full of love]single\n\nbonobo [animal magic]\n\ntosca [dehli 9 disc 1]\n\nthe dismemberment plan [change]\n\nmouse on mars [actionist]single\n\nbran van 3000 [discosis]\n\nblur [13]\n\npropellerheads: excellent big beat electronic music that channels the above-mentioned james bond sound and seemingly anonymously took the world be storm in 1998-99.", "\n\ntosca: dehli 9 is perhaps the finest example of downtempo electronica in my collection. ", "this side project of dorfmeister’s (of kruder & dorfmeister) is about as upbeat and groovy as downtempo gets. ", "this disc is energic and jazzy.", "\n\nbonobo: more downtempo electronic, but slower and with a flair of india.", "\n\ndismemberment plan: this was the first plan album i heard and it is also the group’s last. ", "having heard the previous records, i must say that the band’s trajectory was ever upward. ", "musically more complex and lyrically engaging than anything to date, this album rocks.", "\n\nand finally, bran van 3000. ", "discosis is an inventive album that features some very slick song-writing and an impressive array of guest stars. ", "unfortunately, the record was slated for american release about a month after the beastie boys grand royal record label collapsed. ", "thus, this expression of musical genius remains hard to find in the states. ", "don’t ask, if you find it, buy it." ]
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[ "美容\n\nA comparison of Antivirus Program\n\nWith extra than one fourth of a million brand-new malware applications getting determined everyday, really painfully distinct that everybody desires the safety of any great anti virus product. ", "Flagged a lot of genuine applications for the reason that suspicious, some for the reason that harmful. ", "This article includes antivirus security software program, which runs your hard drive, detachable media, incoming and outbound mail, email attachments and instant-messaging shows for malware such as infections, worms and Computer virus horses. ", "A good full version of antivirus should have got a proper protection ranking of 00% or more, meaning they give protection to you against 00% of spyware and scratches. ", "Then you certainly will need to use a standardized EICAR code This really is something recognized by each and every one antivirus makers as a method of examining in cases where their applications are active. ", "Avast Free Malware 2017 Avast Free Rated antivirus 2017 combines a superb free of charge antivirus software which has a shockingly comprehensive collection of extra features.", "\n\nThis kind of collection features story aimed at House windows, Ie, Microsoft Office, Java, and lots of Earthy items. ", "Selecting the very best ant-virus in the universe is certainly not really an easy task if you deal with multiple operating systems from Windows XP OR 7 to Microsoft windows 20 and Mac. ", "Negatives: Double check that your Windows Fire wall is enabled, as the firewall proper protection provided in Webroot relies on the built/in Windows Fire wall. ", "For malware-the umbrella term for parasitic software just like viruses, worms, and Trojan malwares that imbed and interfere with computer functions-hasn’t only proliferated: It’s developed to better evade detection.", "\n\nWe nonetheless have that installed along with Kaspersky because the two courses seem to enhance every single other; whatsoever one course cannot find or take out, the different can. ", "Works unknown documents in realistic time just for malware and exploits. ", "A few PC protection programs have special features to secure against targeted threats when you use instant messaging IM programs or social networking websites. ", "That features a boldy modified strain repository, support for the purpose of spyware and adware and ransomware, a agreement system, and more. ", "Or in other words, they tend provide the depth and insurance coverage of antivirus security for the reason that the different applications that have a price.", "\n\nBottom Line: Kaspersky Anti virus sweeps the antivirus lab tests labs, with all perfect scores. ", "Nifty extra supplies include ransomware defense, data shredder, pass word manager and SafePay toughened web browser to guard you even though banking or store shopping online. ", "Therefore while all of us love the fuss-free way of Bitdefender as well as exemplary encoding acceleration, there is getting beyond the truth that overlooked three of our virus samples throughout the scan. ", "The text internet protection mean very little except that it will eventually take away any infections charged ending in make use of as very long as you manage this to check particular data files, certainly not just a frequent search within.", "\n\nWith respect to automated malware improvements and the best spyware and recognition, you will still need an internet connection. ", "Fire wall: Some AV’s can sieve and read your internet visitors detect newly arriving hazards on the verge of your equipment. ", "The Kaspersky Rated antivirus 2018 will take proper care of your computer system. ", "Bottom Lines: Util Internet Security Superior 20 integrates Comodo’s wash art-of-travel.com ant-virus and firewall programs and offers a fresh protected purchasing environment. ", "All of us also considered how easy every program was to work with, the number of valuable extra features this offered including free add-on software and exactly how insistently every program nagged us to upgrade to paid software program." ]
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[ "Q:\n\nStub void method using mockito\n\nI have an object whose method functionality I want to replace by just incrementing a counter when its called. ", "The method has a void return type though, so I've been looking into how to stub void methods using mockito, but have not found a solution that works. ", "From what I read I thought I could do something like this:\nint count = 0;\nMockito.doReturn(++count).when(mockObject).mockObjectMethod(Mockito.anyString());\n\nWhen I run this, I get \n\norg.mockito.exceptions.misusing.", "CannotStubVoidMethodWithReturnValue\n\nSo I believe I found two solutions: use doThrow, where I could catch the exception and increment the counter OR use toAnswer and increment the counter in the implementation of the Answer. ", "Are there other solutions?", "\n\nA:\n\ndoThrow is a really unconventional way to handle this, and I very much recommend against it—especially because it's an unusual code path, and one that will prevent the rest of your method-under-test from working after the thrown exception.", "\ndoAnswer is a much more appropriate way to make arbitrary behavior happen as the result of a void method, including counting.", "\nHowever, if the purpose of the counter is to simply ensure that a method is called an exact number of times, then you don't want stubbing at all; Mockito's default for void methods is to do nothing except for recording the invocation, which is fine for this case. ", "Instead, use verification:\nverify(mockObject, times(EXPECTED_COUNT)).mockObjectMethod(anyString());\n\nAs a side note, be very careful not to confuse this:\ndoReturn(++count).when(mockObject).mockObjectMethod(Mockito.anyString());\n\nwith (hypothetical) syntax like this:\ndoReturn(() -> ++count).when(mockObject).mockObjectMethod(Mockito.anyString());\n// ^---lambda--^\n\nOther than with Mockito matchers (through really counterintuitive hacks), Mockito doesn't get special treatment in its Java syntax. ", "If count = 0 and you run what you have, then this is exactly and only what Mockito will see:\ndoReturn(1).when(mockObject).mockObjectMethod(Mockito.anyString());\n\n" ]
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[ "\nGitHub and Trello: Integrate Your Commits - dodger\nhttp://blog.trello.com/github-and-trello-integrate-your-commits/\n======\nhliyan\nI was hoping to see a feature where certain labels could be designated as\n'lists', like here:\n[https://demo.kanban.leanlabs.io/boards/kanban_demo/test_proj...](https://demo.kanban.leanlabs.io/boards/kanban_demo/test_project)\n\n" ]
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[ "Q:\n\nConstraints on correlation coefficients of multiple random variables\n\nI am looking for a generalization of Correlation between three variables question for more than three variables. ", "It is stated in one of the answers there that, for three variables with pairwise correlation coefficients $a$, $b$, and $c$, the following should hold:\n$$a \\geq bc - \\sqrt{1-b^2}\\sqrt{1-c^2}.$$\nFor $N>3$ variables, the above should hold as well for each triple, but the question is whether considering all triples is sufficient to conclude that all $N(N-1)/2$ correlation coefficients make sense as a whole. ", "If not, what else should hold?", "\nMy goal is not to check correctness (which can be done by, for example, examining the eigenvalues of the corresponding matrix) but to find constraints for future generative purposes.", "\nThank you!", "\nBest wishes,\nIvan\n\nA:\n\nLet us consider angles\n$$\n\\varphi_{ij}=\\arccos r_{ij}.", "\n$$\nIt is the great-circle distance between points $i$ and $j$ on the unit $N$-dimensional sphere.", "\nThen for any $k$ points $i_1,i_2,\\ldots,i_k$ you have to satisfy inequality\n$$\n \\varphi_{i_1i_k} \\le \\sum_{l=1}^{k-1} \\varphi_{i_li_{l+1}}.", "\n$$\n\n" ]
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[ "C.D. Los Andes\n\nC.D. Los Andes is a Salvadoran professional soccer team based in San Jorge, San Miguel, El Salvador. ", "They currently play in the Tercera Division de Fútbol Salvadoreño.", "\n\nReferences\n\n El Salvador - Club Soccer\n\nCategory:Football clubs in El Salvador" ]
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[ "rst derivative of -4 + 2*h**2 + x - 5*h + 5*h wrt h?", "\n4*h\nLet b(w) be the second derivative of w**8/6720 + w**7/2520 + w**4/3 - 3*w. ", "Let j(v) be the third derivative of b(v). ", "What is the third derivative of j(x) wrt x?", "\n6\nLet s(b) be the first derivative of b**4 - 8*b**3 - 17. ", "What is the third derivative of s(r) wrt r?", "\n24\nSuppose r = 0, x + 6 = 4*x + 4*r. ", "Find the third derivative of -f**3 + x*f**3 + f**2 + 2*f**2 - 4*f**3 wrt f.\n-18\nWhat is the first derivative of -1 + 4*y**3 - 7*y**3 + y**3 - 1 wrt y?", "\n-6*y**2\nLet b(y) = 37*y**2 + 6*y + 28. ", "Let p(r) = -r**2 - r - 1. ", "Let i(u) = -b(u) - 6*p(u). ", "What is the first derivative of i(c) wrt c?", "\n-62*c\nWhat is the second derivative of 54*j**2 + 41*j**2 + 7*j - 87*j**2 wrt j?", "\n16\nLet a(z) be the first derivative of 0*z**3 - 3 + 0*z**5 + z**2 - 1/2*z**6 + 0*z + 0*z**4. ", "What is the second derivative of a(d) wrt d?", "\n-60*d**3\nLet g = -1 + 3. ", "Let i(o) = 7 + 5*o - 2*o + 3*o**2 + 7*o**g. ", "Let w(h) = -3*h**2 - h - 2. ", "Let d(m) = 2*i(m) + 7*w(m). ", "What is the second derivative of d(a) wrt a?", "\n-2\nLet w(k) = 5*k**4 - 3*k**3 + 9*k**2 - 3. ", "Let r(g) = -g**4 + g**3 + 1. ", "Let c(m) = 3*r(m) + w(m). ", "What is the third derivative of c(l) wrt l?", "\n48*l\nLet u = 121/3 - 40. ", "Let t(n) be the first derivative of 0*n + 0*n**2 + 1/6*n**6 - 1 + 0*n**4 + 0*n**5 + u*n**3. ", "Find the third derivative of t(i) wrt i.\n60*i**2\nLet r(g) be the third derivative of 17*g**6/40 + g**4/24 + g**3/6 - 3*g**2. ", "Find the second derivative of r(w) wrt w.\n306*w\nSuppose -8 = -4*z + 4. ", "Find the second derivative of -y + 3*y + 3*y**z - 4*y**3 + 0*y wrt y.\n-6*y\nLet w(j) = 88*j**4 - 28*j**3 - 28*j + 16. ", "Let d(b) = -16*b**4 + 5*b**3 + 5*b - 3. ", "Let l(i) = 28*d(i) + 5*w(i). ", "Find the first derivative of l(u) wrt u.\n-32*u**3\nLet h(k) be the first derivative of 0*k**2 - 2/3*k**3 + 0*k + 0*k**4 + 2/3*k**6 + 0*k**5 - 3. ", "Find the third derivative of h(i) wrt i.\n240*i**2\nSuppose 5*r = 5*g - 45, 8*g - 11 = 4*g - r. Differentiate 0*w**3 - g*w**3 - 3 - 4 + 4 with respect to w.\n-12*w**2\nFind the second derivative of -16*m**2 + 16*m - 3*m**2 - 51*m**4 + 52*m**4 + 3 wrt m.\n12*m**2 - 38\nLet w(l) = 2*l**2 + 6*l + 2. ", "Let x(z) = -z**2 - 6*z - 3. ", "Let y(b) = 3*w(b) + 2*x(b). ", "What is the second derivative of y(f) wrt f?", "\n8\nLet b(m) be the first derivative of -m**6/30 - m**4/4 + 3*m**2/2 + 3. ", "Let h(i) be the second derivative of b(i). ", "Find the second derivative of h(a) wrt a.\n-24*a\nLet y(f) = -25*f - 40. ", "Let l(u) = -u + 1. ", "Let d(s) = -6*l(s) + y(s). ", "Differentiate d(g) with respect to g.\n-19\nSuppose 4*g - 9 = 3*n, 0 = 2*g + n - 7 - 10. ", "Find the third derivative of g*c**5 + 2*c**2 - 6*c**6 - 6*c**5 - c**2 wrt c.\n-720*c**3\nLet i be -4 + (0 - -4 - -2). ", "Find the third derivative of -4*n**2 - 11*n**2 + i*n**3 + 6*n**2 wrt n.\n12\nLet n(q) = -q + 16. ", "Let f be n(11). ", "Suppose -f*t = -10*t. ", "What is the derivative of -5 + t + i**2 - 3 + 6 wrt i?", "\n2*i\nFind the second derivative of -92*u**2 + 92*u**2 - 10*u - 7*u**5 wrt u.\n-140*u**3\nLet t(v) = -v**3. ", "Let j(i) = 14*i**2 + 4 - 14*i**2 + i**3. ", "Let u(w) = j(w) + 4*t(w). ", "Find the first derivative of u(y) wrt y.\n-9*y**2\nLet f = -6 + 8. ", "Differentiate f - 4*d + 0*d + 2 - 5 wrt d.\n-4\nSuppose 0 = 3*n + n - 8. ", "Find the third derivative of -2 - 4*g**n + 2 - 4*g**2 - g**3 wrt g.\n-6\nWhat is the third derivative of -39*p**2 + 77*p**2 - 2*p**6 - 52*p**2 + 17*p**6 wrt p?", "\n1800*p**3\nLet i = -5 - -7. ", "What is the second derivative of 0*u - 5*u**i + 0*u**2 + u - u**2 wrt u?", "\n-12\nLet u(i) be the first derivative of 23*i**4/4 - 12*i**2 + 28. ", "Find the second derivative of u(m) wrt m.\n138*m\nLet m(a) be the third derivative of -a**7/70 + a**6/30 - a**3/6 - 8*a**2. ", "Let q(d) = -4*d**4 + 5*d**3 - 2. ", "Let x(g) = 5*m(g) - 4*q(g). ", "Differentiate x(c) wrt c.\n4*c**3\nSuppose -o + 3*o - 1 = 5*z, -2*o + 2*z - 2 = 0. ", "Let c be o/(-2 + 3/2). ", "Find the second derivative of 5*w**4 - 4*w**c + 5*w**4 + 4*w - 4*w**4 wrt w.\n24*w**2\nSuppose -2*a + 3 = a. Let p be 0 + 2 - (-1)/a. ", "Find the second derivative of w - 2*w**4 + 3*w**4 + w**4 - p*w**4 wrt w.\n-12*w**2\nLet j(g) be the second derivative of g**7/21 + g**4/4 - g. What is the third derivative of j(z) wrt z?", "\n120*z**2\nLet h(y) be the third derivative of y**9/24 - y**5/60 + 5*y**2. ", "Find the third derivative of h(x) wrt x.\n2520*x**3\nLet z(o) = -29*o**3 - 27*o**2 - 4*o. ", "Let h(x) = 57*x**3 + 53*x**2 + 7*x. ", "Let u(s) = 4*h(s) + 7*z(s). ", "Find the third derivative of u(g) wrt g.\n150\nLet k(c) be the third derivative of -c**4/3 + 2*c**3/3 - 9*c**2. ", "Differentiate k(z) with respect to z.\n-8\nLet r(g) = 50*g**2 + 7*g + 23. ", "Let n(t) = -25*t**2 - 4*t - 11. ", "Let i(u) = 7*n(u) + 4*r(u). ", "Differentiate i(c) wrt c.\n50*c\nSuppose -2*t + 0*t = 0. ", "Find the second derivative of 5*u**5 + t*u - 2*u**5 - 3*u wrt u.\n60*u**3\nSuppose -3*a = 5*z + 2*a, -2*a = 3*z - 4. ", "Let l = z + 1. ", "Find the third derivative of -3*c**5 - c**l - 3*c**2 + 5*c**5 - 2*c**5 wrt c.\n-60*c**2\nLet u(b) be the first derivative of 2*b**4/3 - b**3 + 6*b + 2. ", "Let f(w) be the first derivative of u(w). ", "Find the second derivative of f(z) wrt z.\n16\nLet u(y) = -3*y**2 + 10*y - 47. ", "Let x(m) = 8*m**2 - 30*m + 140. ", "Let z(f) = 11*u(f) + 4*x(f). ", "Differentiate z(c) wrt c.\n-2*c - 10\nLet v(y) = 7*y + 2. ", "Let d(r) = -2*r + 2*r + r. Let n(m) = 2*d(m) - v(m). ", "Differentiate n(z) with respect to z.\n-5\nLet w(l) be the second derivative of l**3/6 + 2*l**2 + 4*l. ", "Let j be w(-2). ", "Find the third derivative of -27*n**j + 29*n**2 + 3*n**4 + n**4 wrt n.\n96*n\nSuppose 0 = -5*w + 13 + 37. ", "Let j = w - 6. ", "Differentiate -2 + 9*u**j - 13*u**4 + 6 with respect to u.\n-16*u**3\nLet d(u) = 11*u**4 - 2*u**3 - 10*u**2 + 2. ", "Let o(i) = i**4 - i**3 + i**2 + 1. ", "Let n(s) = d(s) - 2*o(s). ", "What is the third derivative of n(b) wrt b?", "\n216*b\nWhat is the second derivative of -11*c + 9*c - 15*c - 4*c + 5*c**2 wrt c?", "\n10\nLet u(p) be the second derivative of -p**8/1120 + p**7/360 - 5*p**4/12 - p. Let y(i) be the third derivative of u(i). ", "Find the third derivative of y(b) wrt b.\n-36\nLet h = 4 + -5. ", "Let x be (-1 - h) + 2 + 0. ", "What is the third derivative of -4*r**x - 2*r**2 - 6*r**6 + 3*r**6 + 7*r**2 wrt r?", "\n-360*r**3\nSuppose 6*f - f - 25 = 0. ", "Find the second derivative of f*z - 3*z - z**2 + 3*z wrt z.\n-2\nLet a(t) = -2*t + 16. ", "Let m(y) = -2*y + 15. ", "Let n(i) = 5*a(i) - 6*m(i). ", "What is the first derivative of n(o) wrt o?", "\n2\nWhat is the second derivative of 4*l - 4*l**4 + 62*l**3 - 62*l**3 wrt l?", "\n-48*l**2\nLet z(p) be the first derivative of 41*p**5/5 + p**4/2 + 2*p**3/3 + 24*p + 53. ", "What is the third derivative of z(d) wrt d?", "\n984*d + 12\nLet v(q) be the first derivative of 1 + 1/2*q**4 + 0*q + q**3 + 0*q**2. ", "What is the third derivative of v(d) wrt d?", "\n12\nSuppose 0*g - 29 = -3*p - 2*g, -2*p + 28 = -3*g. ", "Let c = -10 + p. What is the derivative of 2 + 0*a + c + 2*a - a wrt a?", "\n1\nWhat is the first derivative of -9 + 44*f**2 + 3 - 13 - 29*f**2 wrt f?", "\n30*f\nSuppose 0 = 2*g - 5*g + 18. ", "Let w = g - 4. ", "What is the third derivative of -3*k**5 - 4*k**2 + 0*k**w + k**2 wrt k?", "\n-180*k**2\nFind the first derivative of -1 + 4 - 8*f**2 - 1 - 5*f**2 wrt f.\n-26*f\nLet i(b) = 4*b**4 - 6*b**3 + 6*b**2 - 3. ", "Let r(k) = -4*k**4 + 5*k**3 - 5*k**2 + 3. ", "Let z(s) = -5*i(s) - 6*r(s). ", "Differentiate z(o) with respect to o.\n16*o**3\nDifferentiate -8*f + 3*f + 4 + 16*f wrt f.\n11\nLet g(k) be the second derivative of k**4/4 + k**3/3 - 3*k**2 - 2*k. ", "Let a(u) be the first derivative of g(u). ", "Differentiate a(z) wrt z.\n6\nLet t be (-12)/(-9)*(8 + 1). ", "Suppose -3*r + t = 3*a, -3*r = -5*a - 0*r + 20. ", "Differentiate -1 - 4*h**4 + 5*h**a - 3*h**4 wrt h.\n-8*h**3\nLet i be 0*(-1 + (-4)/(-8)). ", "What is the second derivative of 3*b**4 - 2*b**4 + 0*b - 3*b + i*b**4 wrt b?", "\n12*b**2\nSuppose -6*f = 4*z - 3*f + 3, -5*z + f + 1 = 0. ", "Find the third derivative of z + 3*w**3 - 3*w**2 + 0 + 6*w**2 wrt w.\n18\nLet s(t) be the first derivative of t**9/756 - t**5/30 - 7*t**3/3 + 6. ", "Let n(v) be the third derivative of s(v). ", "Find the second derivative of n(r) wrt r.\n80*r**3\nLet u be ((-1)/(-2))/(5/30). ", "Suppose -u*d + d = -10. ", "What is the second derivative of 2*l**d + l - l**5 + 0*l - 4*l wrt l?", "\n20*l**3\nWhat is the third derivative of -4*w**2 + 3*w**5 - 9*w**5 + 2*w**2 - 6*w**2 wrt w?", "\n-360*w**2\nLet k be (6 + -2)*(-1)/(-2). ", "Suppose -g + k*g = 5. ", "What is the second derivative of -z**g - 2*z + z**5 + z**5 wrt z?", "\n20*z**3\nLet l(p) = 11*p**6 + 2*p**5 - 2*p**3 -" ]
{ "pile_set_name": "DM Mathematics" }
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[ "\nVLC reaches 2.1 - Garbage\nhttps://www.videolan.org/vlc/releases/2.1.0.html\n======\n0x0\nWhat's the point of posting a link to a very old release announcement? ", "2.2.1\nis the latest version.", "\n\n" ]
{ "pile_set_name": "HackerNews" }
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[ "On his continuing quest for productivity and performance in the Java language, Brian Goetz, Java language architect at Oracle, along with Alex Buckley, specification lead for the Java language and Java Virtual Machine at Oracle, proposed a set of hyphenated keywords for Java. ", "This stated goal is to provide a path to evolve a mature language in which adding new features can be a challenge due to the current set of keywords, as defined in the Java SE 12 Java Language Specification.", "\n\nThe goals of implementing hyphenated keywords, as specified in JDK-8223002, are:\n\nExplore the syntactic options open to Java language designers for denoting new features.", "\n\nSolve the perpetual problem of keyword tokens being so scarce and expensive that language designers have to constrain or corrupt the Java programming model to fit the keywords available.", "\n\nAdvise language designers on the style of keyword suited to different kinds of features.", "\n\nSeveral techniques have been used over the years to evolve the language: [a] eminent domain - reclassify an identifier as a keyword (such as assert in Java 1.4 and enum in Java 1.5); [b] overload - reuse an existing keyword for a new feature; [c] distort - create a syntax using an existing keyword (such as @interface ); [d] smoke and mirrors - and create the illusion of a new keyword used in a new context (such as var with limited to local variables). ", "These techniques have all been problematic in some way. ", "For example, the addition of assert as a keyword broke almost every testing framework.", "\n\nThe hyphenated keyword concept would complement these existing techniques and would use a combination of existing classic and/or contextual keywords. ", "Classic keywords are “a sequence of Java letters that is always tokenized as a keyword, never as an identifier.” ", "Contextual keywords are “a sequence of Java letters that is tokenized as a keyword in certain contexts but as an identifier in all other contexts.” ", "Examples of potential hyphenated classic keywords would include: non-final , break-with , and value-class . ", "Examples of potential hyphenated contextual keywords would include: non-null , read-only , and eventually-true .", "\n\nOne of the challenges implementing hyphenated keywords involves how an arbitrary lookahead or fixed lookahead lexer should parse an expression such as a-b as a three tokens (identifier, operator, identifier) or a hyphenated keyword.", "\n\nAn OpenJDK e-mail conversation earlier this year proposed introducing the break-with hyphenated keyword for JDK 13 (scheduled to be released in September 2019). ", "However, it was ultimately decided to drop the break-with keyword in favor of a new keyword, yield and to re-preview switch expressions. ", "The eventual finalization of the new switch expression construct should clear the way to introducing the pattern matching concept that has been under discussion for almost two years.", "\n\nGoetz and Buckley commented on the pros and cons of the hyphenated keyword concept, writing:\n\nLeaving a feature out of Java for reasons of simplicity is fine; leaving it out because there is no way to denote the obvious semantics is not. ", "This is a constant problem in evolving the language, and an ongoing tax paid by every Java developer. ", "One way to live without making new keywords is to stop evolving Java entirely. ", "While there are some who think this is a fine idea, doing so because of the lack of available tokens would be a silly reason. ", "Java has a long life ahead, and Java developers are excited about new features that enable to them to write more expressive and reliable code.", "\n\nGoetz spoke to InfoQ about these proposed hyphenated keywords:\n\nInfoQ: What has been the community response for hyphenated keywords in the Java language?", "\n\nBrian Goetz: As you might expect, it has covered the spectrum. ", "Some were pleased to see the care that goes into questions of how to best evolve a mature language; others complained that we were philosophizing about angels on the head of a pin, and would have preferred we work on their favorite feature instead.", "\n\nInfoQ: What is the likelihood that the existing techniques, “eminent domain,” “overload,” “distort” and “smoke and mirrors,” be used again to expand the set of keywords in the Java language if the hyphenated keyword proposal isn't accepted?", "\n\nGoetz: I look at it as a menu of options, with an interesting and flexible new option having been added to the menu. ", "Still, in any given situation, one of the other options may still be better. ", "We're not ruling anything out.", "\n\nInfoQ: As per JEP 354, the proposed break-with hyphenated keyword was dropped in favor of the new keyword, yield for JDK 13. ", "What led to the decision not to use the first hyphenated keyword in the Java language?", "\n\nGoetz: The leading hyphenated candidate was break-with , but in focus groups with users, people still found it fussy and non-obvious. ", "Hyphenated keywords are on the menu, but that doesn't mean we have to order them for every meal. ", "Overall, people found yield more natural (though, of course, some didn't like that as it reminds them of returning a value from a coroutine). ", "It turned out that yield , in the specific grammar position it was in, was a reasonable candidate for a contextual keyword (not all grammar positions are as amenable).", "\n\nInfoQ: As Java evolves more quickly with the six-month release cycle, how likely will a hyphenated keyword be ultimately introduced into the Java language?", "\n\nGoetz: When we need one, it's on the menu. ", "It's likely that Sealed Types will require a way to opt out of sealing, such as non-sealed .", "\n\nInfoQ: What is the single most important take-home message you would like our readers to know about hyphenated keywords?", "\n\nGoetz: That we're serious about balancing the need to evolve the language compatibility while keeping it readable.", "\n\nResources" ]
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[ "require 'htty/cli/commands/query_unset'\nrequire 'htty/cli/commands/address'\nrequire 'htty/cli/commands/query_add'\nrequire 'htty/cli/commands/query_remove'\nrequire 'htty/cli/commands/query_set'\nrequire 'htty/cli/commands/query_unset_all'\n\nRSpec.describe HTTY::CLI::Commands::QueryUnset do\n describe 'class' do\n let :klass do\n subject.class\n end\n\n it 'should be an alias_for the expected command' do\n expect(klass.alias_for).to eq(nil)\n end\n\n it 'should have the expected aliases' do\n expect(klass.aliases).to eq([])\n end\n\n it 'should belong to the expected category' do\n expect(klass.category).to eq('Navigation')\n end\n\n it 'should have the expected command_line' do\n expect(klass.command_line).to eq('query-unset')\n end\n\n it 'should have the expected command_line_arguments' do\n expect(klass.command_line_arguments).to eq('NAME [VALUE]')\n end\n\n it 'should have the expected help' do\n expect(klass.help).to eq('Removes query-string parameters from the ' +\n \"request's address\")\n end\n\n it 'should have the expected help_extended' do\n expected = <<-end_help_extended\nRemoves one or more a query-string parameters used for the request. ", "Does not communicate with the host.", "\n\nThe difference between this command and \\e[1mquery-r[emove]\\e[0m is that this command removes all matching parameters instead of removing matches one at a time from the end of the address.", "\n\nThe name of the query-string parameter will be URL-encoded if necessary.", "\n\nThe console prompt shows the address for the current request.", "\n end_help_extended\n expect(klass.help_extended).to eq(expected.chomp)\n end\n\n it 'should have the expected see_also_commands' do\n expect(klass.see_also_commands).to eq([HTTY::CLI::Commands::QuerySet,\n HTTY::CLI::Commands::QueryUnsetAll,\n HTTY::CLI::Commands::QueryAdd,\n HTTY::CLI::Commands::QueryRemove,\n HTTY::CLI::Commands::Address])\n end\n\n describe 'build_for' do\n it 'should correctly handle a valid, unabbreviated command line' do\n built = klass.build_for('query-unset foo bar', session: :the_session)\n expect(built).to be_instance_of(klass)\n expect(built.arguments).to eq(%w(foo bar))\n expect(built.session).to eq(:the_session)\n end\n\n it 'should correctly handle a command line with a bad command' do\n built = klass.build_for('x baz qux', session: :another_session)\n expect(built).to eq(nil)\n end\n end\n end\nend\n" ]
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[ "// Copyright (c) Microsoft Open Technologies, Inc. All rights reserved. ", "See License.txt in the project root for license information.", "\n\nusing System.", "Collections.", "Generic;\nusing System.", "Diagnostics;\n\nnamespace System.", "Web.", "WebPages.", "ApplicationParts\n{\n // IVirtualPathFactory that keeps track of a mapping from virtual paths to handler factories\n internal class DictionaryBasedVirtualPathFactory : IVirtualPathFactory\n {\n private Dictionary<string, Func<object>> _factories = new Dictionary<string, Func<object>>(StringComparer.", "OrdinalIgnoreCase);\n\n internal void RegisterPath(string virtualPath, Func<object> factory)\n {\n _factories[virtualPath] = factory;\n }\n\n public bool Exists(string virtualPath)\n {\n return _factories.", "ContainsKey(virtualPath);\n }\n\n public object CreateInstance(string virtualPath)\n {\n // Instantiate an object for the path\n // Note that this fails if it doesn't exist. ", " PathExists is assumed to have been called first\n Debug.", "Assert(Exists(virtualPath));\n return _factories[virtualPath]();\n }\n }\n}\n" ]
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[ "@echo off\r\nsetlocal\r\ncd /d %~dp0\r\n\r\necho Byte compile...\r\nrem startup.lc だけ「存在するファイルを作成することは出来ません」と言われて\r\nrem たまにエラーになるので削除\r\ndel /S /Q lisp\\startup.lc >nul 2>&1\r\n\r\ndel /S /Q xyzzy.wxp >nul 2>&1\r\nset XYZZYHOME=%~dp0\r\nset XYZZYINIFILE=\r\nset XYZZYCONFIGPATH=\r\nxyzzy.exe -q -trace -load misc/makelc.l -e \"(makelc:makelc-and-exit t)\"\r\nif not %ERRORLEVEL%==0 goto error\r\ndel /S /Q xyzzy.wxp 2> nul\r\ngoto :eof\r\n\r\n:error\r\necho Byte compile error!", "\r\nexit /b 1\r\n" ]
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[ "Faisal Agab\n\nFaisal Agab Sido (born 24 August 1978) () is a Sudanese football player who plays as an attacking midfielder and striker for Sudan national team and the Sudanese club Al-Merreikh. ", "He is also the captain of Al-Merreikh club.", "\n\nHe is the all-time leading Sudanese scorer in African championships with 21goals and Arabian championships with 7 goals. ", "Agab is the top scorer of the Sudanese league with 119 goals total since the first on 1998 in alhassahissa against alnile (3/0) 111 with almerikh and 8 with merikh alfasher .", "\n\nhe scored 4 goals for almerikh in cecafa cup.", "\n\nhe wears the number 24 in Al Merrikh and number 17 in the Nile Crocodiles Sudan national team.", "\n\nExternal links\n Official website \n \n\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:Sudanese footballers\nCategory:Sudan international footballers\nCategory:2008 Africa Cup of Nations players\nCategory:2012 Africa Cup of Nations players\nCategory:Association football midfielders\nCategory:1978 births\nCategory:Al-Merrikh SC players\nCategory:People from Khartoum (state)" ]
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[ "Hotels are embracing wireless technology, both to provide guests with the 24/7 connectivity they expect, and to enable staff to deal with requests faster and more efficiently\n\nHotels can be like nations within nations. ", "The largest chains are such that you could be anywhere in the world and receive the same level of service.", "\n\nBut as times have changed, so have our expectations of hotel facilities. ", "A kettle, hair-dryer, and some complimentary mini toiletries no longer cut it. ", "It’s unusual these days to find a hotel that doesn’t offer some form of Wi-Fi; whether that’s as a paid-for extra or free as part of the booking.", "\n\nAnd it’s no longer an imperative solely for business travellers either. ", "Families, holidaymakers, hen parties… all want 24/7 access to their favourite apps, social media sites and search engines. ", "Hoteliers have cottoned on to this fact, and how fulfilling these wants could boost repeat business, explains Nick Watson, VP EMEA at Ruckus Wireless.", "\n\n“There’s now an absolute necessity for Wi-Fi. ", "You might not choose a hotel on whether it has good Wi-Fi, but you certainly won’t return to a hotel that lets you down on [it],” he says. “", "We’re seeing a trend where it’s not [just] the five-star hotels offering this as a fundamental, all hotels now are moving [towards asking if their] Wi-Fi enables guests to do what they want to do.", "\n\n“The hotels are attempting to future-plan. ", "So they’re putting in [the best technology] they can within budget [so] they will not need to rip and replace in the near future,” Watson continues.", "\n\nMany people will arrive with more than one device, so to cater for high demand and the latest smartphone capabilities hotels are opting for powerful Wi-Fi. “", "They’re going for the latest standard: [802.11ac] Wave 2,” says Watson. “", "We’ve become very intolerant of whether applications perform effectively. ", "Nobody cares how much signal strength they’ve got; they want the application they’re using – no matter how media-rich it is – to meet their expectations.”", "\n\nHowever, Mark Campbell, CIO at the Dorchester Collection hotel chain, says: “It’s almost impossible to future-proof something in the wireless arena. ", "You have to look at a four- to five-year maximum investment.” ", "He adds that his company’s strategy is to “put in a first-class service using best of breed hardware and software to ensure the internet is always available.”", "\n\nDeployment considerations“As smartphone manufacturers turned down the wireless signal within their devices to save battery life the density and nearness of access points [had to increase],” says Campbell. “", "Whereas in the past you could have access points in the corridors that would service maybe up to 10 rooms, now they’re much more likely to be in a bedroom and turned down to a lower power.”", "\n\nA consequence of this is that it increases the need to make Wi-Fi access points as unobtrusive as possible – they’re not the most attractive things for guests to look at. ", "For this reason Ruckus created a device “that is very straightforward to install, very robust and very unobtrusive, [without any difference in performance]. ", "It also enables the hotels to use fewer access points,” explains Watson.", "\n\nHe adds that another key feature of Ruckus’ Wi-Fi access points is its Beamflex technology, which allows its antennas “to select individual devices and track where they’re moving to and avoid tracking other devices”. ", "This addresses radio interference, noise and network performance issues.", "\n\nWatson says that when it comes to deploying Wi-Fi in hotels it is important to audit systems after they’ve been rolled out, as “people want to use relatively low-skilled labour to do the installations”. ", "Sometimes this results in access points not being installed in the places set out in the RF design. “", "We’ve had some instances where people have had a fantastic design, but once it’s implemented it wasn’t quite what they expected because of how the technology was [rolled out].”", "\n\nHe adds that hoteliers are looking to better understand their customers’ requirements and the devices they’ll be using.", "\n\n“Due to antenna strength you get a very different experience using a small PDA compared with an iPad Pro for example. ", "A lot of hotels set up a complete guest suite [to] simulate this. ", "They look at not just the Wi-Fi but also the backhaul capability. ", "The performance of Wi-Fi today is so high that in many cases the limitation is the backhaul capability from the access point, [rather than the access point itself].”", "\n\nCutting the Gordian KnotOne of the biggest headaches for hoteliers is how to manage a small army of porters, cleaners and waiters so that guests’ requests are resolved in the most efficient way possible.", "\n\nThe sheer number of ‘moving parts’ can make it difficult to organise staff using voice communications alone. ", "This has led to the use of a number of job-ticketing and dispatch systems that help to improve visibility for hotel managers, such as Motorola Solutions’ TRBOnet PLUS.", "\n\nIt’s also possible to link third-party job-ticketing systems to traditional voice comms. ", "For example, in the US Starwood Hotels and Resorts Worldwide’s proprietary StarGuest application was linked to MOTOTRBO digital radios by Comtran Associates (a Motorola middleware partner) at the Aloft New Orleans Downtown hotel.", "\n\nHowever, the rise of Wi-Fi and cellular networks has meant that radios are not always the device of choice when it comes to sending and receiving job tickets.", "\n\nDorchester Collection, for instance, uses a cloud-based solution called HotSOS. “", "It’s a means of managing service requests and pushing those requests out to employees,” explains Campbell. “", "We’ve been using it for six to seven years. ", "At the end of this year it will be in every hotel in our brand.” ", "He adds that it allows Dorchester Collection to do measurement and reporting across all its hotels, but typically this is done at the regional level.", "\n\n“Typically [HotSOS] is used on an iPod touch for an entry-level employee; someone who is on the floor. ", "Supervisors and people like that would carry an iPad around with them,” says Campbell.", "\n\nIf a guest needs something they can choose whether to phone down from their room or (if the system has been rolled out in that hotel) use the iPad provided to make the request. “", "For example, they might order a pillow. ", "It automatically generates a service request, which then goes out to an employee to accept. ", "If the individual doesn’t accept it or it goes to a group of employees then it provides escalations, which enable us to make sure that we deliver on our service standards.”", "\n\nSystems like HotSOS are also supported by the Vocera platform and its associated B300n Communication Badge, which allows hospitality staff to make and receive hands-free calls over a Wi-Fi network. ", "For customer-facing staff in the airport and hospitality sectors there’s often a preference for small form factor devices, which was recently the inspiration behind Motorola Solutions’ ST7000 small TETRA radio.", "\n\nDespite using HotSOS, Campbell says the Dorchester Collection does “use two-way radios in certain locations, like the driveways and roles where it wouldn’t be appropriate for them to pull out a device. ", "We use two-way radios for security too.” ", "He adds that all two-way radio usage is local to individual hotels in the chain, with no multi-site capability.", "\n\nCampbell explains that whenever Dorchester Collection invests in new technology it looks at the service styles in its hotels to make sure they fit the chosen technology. ", "He gives the company’s current investment in its point of sales solutions as an example.", "\n\n“As we roll out the new POS system in our hotels that have swimming pools staff might now have tablets that they carry around and take orders on, rather than in the past going back to their base to place orders.”", "\n\n“Mobile is at the forefront of our minds when we’re making decisions. ", "It would be very unusual for us to not continue investing in those areas. ", "As projects come along we’re constantly looking to make sure that we’re relevant and we have the technology that enables our customers to receive the best service available,” he continues.", "\n\nCampbell explains that the market is always evolving so it requires constant vigilance to keep up. ", "Dorchester Collection, like most businesses, is looking at how apps can enable customers to use their own devices to access services and enhance their experience.", "\n\n“Sometimes in the five-star deluxe market we need to take a little bit more time to assess whether or not it’s something that the consumer really wants, or if it’s a gimmick,” he says. “", "We continue to invest in R&D to make sure that when we do bring something to market it meets our guests’ needs and has an element of longevity to it. ", "Three years would be a good investment in that sort of space.”", "\n\nMarriott’s mobile app: chat and requestsMarriott International added chat and request functionality to the Marriott Mobile App (available on iOS and Android) in May 2015. ", "It allows Marriott Rewards members at a number of its branded hotel chains (including its flagship Marriott Hotels) to have instant messaging conversations with hotel staff. ", "It also features a drop-down menu with ‘most requested’ services and amenities, such as asking for extra towels and pillows.", "\n\nDuring testing, it was found to be particularly useful for guests needing to request services and amenities before their arrival. ", "Eighty per cent of trial users preferred to use the two-way chat option when making requests. ", "Guest surveys report that the Mobile Requests feature has contributed to an increase in overall satisfaction.", "\n\nLocation-based servicesOne of the ways some hotels have been looking to improve the guest experience is through enabling people to identify where they are in the building, to better provide them with information, services, and location-specific feedback. ", "However, while Bluetooth beacons are suitable if a hotelier needs very accurate location data, Watson stresses that triangulating guests’ positions using Wi-Fi can narrow down a user’s location to within five square metres, which in many use cases is sufficient.", "\n\nHe adds that location services are “top of mind for many organisations at the moment. ", "We’ve done quite a lot of deployments. ", "The challenge most are finding is the sheer volume of data that they’re having to process.”", "\n\nWatson says that there’s demand for analytics engines capable of crunching the resulting big data into something usable, and Ruckus is working with a number of third-party companies to provide this sort of service.", "\n\nHotels are using wireless communications in several innovative ways, to benefit both guests and staff. ", "Day-to-day operations have been streamlined, made more efficient, and made safer. ", "And guests can access all the multimedia functions they’re used to at home, while their wishes are catered to quicker than ever before. ", "With the advancement of location-based beacon services their needs could be met before they’re even aware of them.", "\n\nBut as expectations only increase the pressure to innovate isn’t going to fade. ", "Hotels will need to justify expenditure on new technology and systems, and resign themselves to the fact that the pace of change is so rapid ROI is likely to be short-lived. ", "For deluxe hotels, differentiating their high-tech offerings from those of budget chains may also be a future issue as solutions become more affordable.", "\n\nLand Mobile is the only monthly publication exclusively dedicated to wireless communications for businesses. ", "Launched in 1993, this leading industry title provides practical advice, expert opinion and commentary and insightful, informative, truly authoritative editorial." ]
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[ "# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-\n#\n# test_recording_backend_memory.py\n#\n# This file is part of NEST.", "\n#\n# Copyright (C) 2004 The NEST Initiative\n#\n# NEST is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify\n# it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by\n# the Free Software Foundation, either version 2 of the License, or\n# (at your option) any later version.", "\n#\n# NEST is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,\n# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of\n# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. ", " See the\n# GNU General Public License for more details.", "\n#\n# You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License\n# along with NEST. ", " If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.", "\n\nimport unittest\nimport nest\n\n\nclass TestRecordingBackendMemory(unittest.", "TestCase):\n\n def testEventsDict(self):\n \"\"\"Test if the event dict is there from the start.\"\"\"", "\n\n nest.", "ResetKernel()\n\n mm = nest.", "Create(\"multimeter\", params={\"record_to\": \"memory\"})\n events = mm.get(\"events\")\n\n def testEventCounter(self):\n \"\"\"Test that n_events counts the number of events correctly.\"\"\"", "\n\n nest.", "ResetKernel()\n\n mm = nest.", "Create(\"multimeter\", params={\"record_to\": \"memory\"})\n mm.set({\"interval\": 0.1, \"record_from\": [\"V_m\"]})\n nest.", "Connect(mm, nest.", "Create(\"iaf_psc_alpha\"))\n\n nest.", "Simulate(15)\n self.assertEqual(mm.get(\"n_events\"), 140)\n self.assertEqual(mm.get(\"events\")[\"times\"].size, 140)\n\n nest.", "Simulate(1)\n self.assertEqual(mm.get(\"n_events\"), 150)\n self.assertEqual(mm.get(\"events\")[\"times\"].size, 150)\n\n # Now with multithreading\n\n nest.", "ResetKernel()\n nest.", "SetKernelStatus({\"local_num_threads\": 2})\n\n mm = nest.", "Create(\"multimeter\", params={\"record_to\": \"memory\"})\n mm.set({\"interval\": 0.1, \"record_from\": [\"V_m\"]})\n nest.", "Connect(mm, nest.", "Create(\"iaf_psc_alpha\", 2))\n\n nest.", "Simulate(15)\n self.assertEqual(mm.get(\"n_events\"), 280)\n self.assertEqual(mm.get(\"events\")[\"times\"].size, 280)\n\n nest.", "Simulate(1)\n self.assertEqual(mm.get(\"n_events\"), 300)\n self.assertEqual(mm.get(\"events\")[\"times\"].size, 300)\n\n def testResetEventCounter(self):\n \"\"\"\"\"\"\n\n nest.", "ResetKernel()\n\n mm = nest.", "Create(\"multimeter\", params={\"record_to\": \"memory\"})\n mm.set({\"interval\": 0.1, \"record_from\": [\"V_m\"]})\n nest.", "Connect(mm, nest.", "Create(\"iaf_psc_alpha\"))\n\n nest.", "Simulate(15)\n\n # Check that an error is raised when setting n_events to a number !", "= 0\n with self.assertRaises(nest.kernel.", "NESTErrors.", "BadProperty):\n mm.n_events = 10\n\n # Check that the event counter was indeed not changed and the\n # events dictionary is still intact\n self.assertEqual(mm.get(\"n_events\"), 140)\n self.assertEqual(mm.get(\"events\")[\"times\"].size, 140)\n\n # Check that the events dict is cleared when setting n_events to 0\n mm.n_events = 0\n self.assertEqual(mm.get(\"events\")[\"times\"].size, 0)\n\n def testTimeInSteps(self):\n \"\"\"\"\"\"\n\n nest.", "ResetKernel()\n\n mm = nest.", "Create(\"multimeter\", params={\"record_to\": \"memory\"})\n\n # Check that time_in_steps is set False by default\n self.assertFalse(mm.get(\"time_in_steps\"))\n\n # Check times are in float (i.e. ms) and offsets are not there\n # if time_in_steps == False\n self.assertEqual(mm.get(\"events\")[\"times\"].dtype, \"float64\")\n self.assertFalse(\"offsets\" in mm.get(\"events\"))\n\n # Check times are in int (i.e.steps) and offsets are there and of\n # type float if time_in_steps == True\n mm.time_in_steps = True\n self.assertEqual(mm.get(\"events\")[\"times\"].dtype, \"int64\")\n self.assertTrue(\"offsets\" in mm.get(\"events\"))\n self.assertEqual(mm.get(\"events\")[\"offsets\"].dtype, \"float64\")\n\n # Check that time_in_steps cannot be set after Simulate has\n # been called.", "\n nest.", "Simulate(10)\n with self.assertRaises(nest.kernel.", "NESTErrors.", "BadProperty):\n mm.time_in_steps = False\n\n\ndef suite():\n suite = unittest.", "TestLoader()\n suite = suite.loadTestsFromTestCase(TestRecordingBackendMemory)\n return suite\n\n\nif __name__ == '__main__':\n runner = unittest.", "TextTestRunner(verbosity=2)\n runner.run(suite())\n" ]
{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }
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0.009977
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[ "Q:\n\nMethod to copy primes from one array to another in Java\n\nI'm rather new to Java, and I'm trying to figure out a way to copy all primes inside of an array and copy those to another array.", "\nTo do so, I've implemented a separate isPrime() method to check whether the element is a prime, and another method that counts the number of primes in that array countPrimes(), such that I can determine the new array's size.", "\nHere is where I'm kind of stuck:\npublic static int[] primesIn(int[] arr) {\n int primeHolder = countPrimes(arr);\n int[] copyArr = new int[primeHolder];\n for (int i = 0; i < arr.length; i++) {\n if (isPrime(arr[i]) == true) {\n copyArr[>Needs to start from 0<] = arr[i];\n }\n }\n return copyArr;\n}\n\nint[] arrayMan = {3,5,10,15,13};\n\nAt copyArr the position should be 0, followed by +1 everytime it finds a prime. ", "If I were to give it i position, as in copyArr[i] = arr[i], then say the prime is at position 5, it would try to save the prime onto position 5of copyArr, which doesn't exist if there are only three primes in the original array, which would've given copyArr a length of only three.", "\nSomething tells me a different for loop, or maybe even an additional one would help, but I can't see how I should implement it. ", "Help is greatly appreciated!", "\n\nA:\n\nHave a second index variable int primeCount, and increment it whenever you find a prime. ", "No need for a 2nd loop.", "\nIn modern days of abundant memory, things are usually not done like this. ", "If you don't have some extra hard requirements, you could just use a resizable ArrayList<Integer>, and add() stuff in there. (", "and convert it back to int[] at the end if needed). ", "This is also better in this case, because typically your countPrimes call will run much slower than ArrayList reallocations.", "\n\n" ]
{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }
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0.001529
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[ "# Translation of Odoo Server.", "\n# This file contains the translation of the following modules:\n# \t* website_membership\n# \n# Translators:\n# JH CHOI <hwangtog@gmail.com>, 2019\n# Link Up링크업 <linkup.way@gmail.com>, 2019\n# \nmsgid \"\"\nmsgstr \"\"\n\"Project-Id-Version: Odoo Server saas~12.4\\n\"\n\"Report-Msgid-Bugs-To: \\n\"\n\"POT-Creation-Date: 2019-08-12 11:33+0000\\n\"\n\"PO-Revision-Date: 2019-08-26 09:16+0000\\n\"\n\"Last-Translator: Link Up링크업 <linkup.way@gmail.com>, 2019\\n\"\n\"Language-Team: Korean (https://www.transifex.com/odoo/teams/41243/ko/)\\n\"\n\"MIME-Version: 1.0\\n\"\n\"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\\n\"\n\"Content-Transfer-Encoding: \\n\"\n\"Language: ko\\n\"\n\"Plural-Forms: nplurals=1; plural=0;\\n\"\n\n#. ", "module: website_membership\n#: model_terms:ir.ui.view,arch_db:website_membership.opt_index_google_map\nmsgid \"\"\n\"<span class=\\\"fa fa-external-link\\\" role=\\\"img\\\" aria-label=\\\"External \"\n\"link\\\" title=\\\"External link\\\"/>\"\nmsgstr \"\"\n\"<span class=\\\"fa fa-external-link\\\" role=\\\"img\\\" aria-label=\\\"External \"\n\"link\\\" title=\\\"External link\\\"/>\"\n\n#. ", "module: website_membership\n#: model_terms:ir.ui.view,arch_db:website_membership.index\nmsgid \"All\"\nmsgstr \"전체\"\n\n#. ", "module: website_membership\n#: code:addons/website_membership/controllers/main.py:83\n#, python-format\nmsgid \"All Countries\"\nmsgstr \"모든 국가\"\n\n#. ", "module: website_membership\n#: model_terms:ir.ui.view,arch_db:website_membership.index\nmsgid \"Associations\"\nmsgstr \"연결\"\n\n#. ", "module: website_membership\n#: model_terms:ir.ui.view,arch_db:website_membership.opt_index_google_map\nmsgid \"Close\"\nmsgstr \"닫기\"\n\n#. ", "module: website_membership\n#: model_terms:ir.ui.view,arch_db:website_membership.index\nmsgid \"Find a business partner\"\nmsgstr \"협력사 찾기\"\n\n#. ", "module: website_membership\n#: code:addons/website_membership/controllers/main.py:126\n#, python-format\nmsgid \"Free Members\"\nmsgstr \"무료 회원\"\n\n#. ", "module: website_membership\n#: model_terms:ir.ui.view,arch_db:website_membership.opt_index_country\nmsgid \"Location\"\nmsgstr \"위치\"\n\n#. ", "module: website_membership\n#: model_terms:ir.ui.view,arch_db:website_membership.index\n#: model:website.menu,name:website_membership.menu_members\nmsgid \"Members\"\nmsgstr \"회원 관리\"\n\n#. ", "module: website_membership\n#: model:ir.model,name:website_membership.model_membership_membership_line\nmsgid \"Membership Line\"\nmsgstr \"회원권 명세\"\n\n#. ", "module: website_membership\n#: model_terms:ir.ui.view,arch_db:website_membership.index\nmsgid \"No result found.\"", "\nmsgstr \"결과가 없습니다.\"", "\n\n#. ", "module: website_membership\n#: model_terms:ir.ui.view,arch_db:website_membership.index\nmsgid \"Our Members Directory\"\nmsgstr \"구성원 디렉토리\"\n\n#. ", "module: website_membership\n#: model_terms:ir.ui.view,arch_db:website_membership.opt_index_google_map\nmsgid \"World Map\"\nmsgstr \"세계 지도\"\n\n#. ", "module: website_membership\n#: model_terms:ir.ui.view,arch_db:website_membership.index\nmsgid \"float-left\"\nmsgstr \"왼쪽-떠오르게\"\n" ]
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[ "Bright Idea: The Best Lighting For Applying Your Makeup\n\nEver wonder what kind of lighting is best for applying makeup? ", "To find out the answer, check out our tips below. ", "The first thing to consider:\n\nIt's a sunshine day: The best kind of lighting mimics sunlight since it's the purest light. ", "It's also the most unforgiving — perfect for makeup application so that you don't miss a thing. ", "For the easiest way to get this crisp, bright effect, purchase a natural light makeup mirror, like Conair's 7x Magnified Lighted Makeup Mirror ($60), which can be adjusted with a dimmer.", "\n\nOther things to consider:" ]
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[ "List of Borgen episodes\n\nThis is a list of episodes of the television series Borgen, a Danish political drama created by Adam Price with co-writers Jeppe Gjervig Gram and Tobias Lindholm and produced by DR, the Danish public broadcaster. ", "Borgen is set in Copenhagen. ", "Politician, Birgitte Nyborg, becomes the first female Prime Minister of Denmark against all the odds. ", "Three series of ten episodes each have been made.", "\n\nThe program has also been broadcast in various countries outside Denmark, including the United Kingdom, the United States, Italy, Spain, the Netherlands, Belgium and Portugal. ", "\nIn the UK, the first season was aired on BBC Four during the first few weeks of 2012, and the second season was aired in January 2013.<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2012/feb/05/lilyhammer-series-borgen-bbc4-zandt The Guardian, 5 February 2012: Lilyhammer series could provide just the tonic for bereft \"Borgen\" fans] Relinked 2013-12-14</ref> In the US, Link TV aired the first season in the fall of 2011 and the second in the summer of 2012.", "\n\nEach episode of Borgen'' begins with an epigraph related to that episode's theme; these epigraphs are listed along with the episode summaries below.", "\n\nSeries overview\n{| class=\"wikitable\" style=\"text-align:center\"\n|-\n! ", "style=\"padding: 0px 8px\" colspan=\"2\" rowspan=\"2\"| Season\n! ", "style=\"padding: 0px 8px\" rowspan=\"2\"| Episodes\n! ", "style=\"padding: 0px 8px;\" colspan=2| Originally aired\n|-\n! ", "style=\"padding: 0px 8px\"| Season premiere\n! ", "style=\"padding: 0px 8px\"| Season finale\n|-\n |bgcolor=\"#660000\"|\n |List of Borgen episodes#Season 1 (2010)|1\n |10\n |\n |\n|-\n |bgcolor=\"#4B4246\"|\n |List of Borgen episodes#Season 2 (2011)|2\n |10\n |\n |\n|-\n |bgcolor=\"#B39302\"|\n |List of Borgen episodes#Season 3 (2013)|3\n |10\n |\n |\n|-\n|}\n\nEpisodes\n\nSeries 1 (2010)\n\nSeries 2 (2011)\n\nSeries 3 (2013)\n\nReferences\n\nBorgen" ]
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[ "Card Battle Video Game Cosmic Brawl Heads to Kickstarter\n\nCard battle video games (also called CCGs) are super cool. ", "But most are built on a pay-to-win model … not super cool! ", "We grew tired of the fact players who spend more money get an unfair advantage during battles. ", "We wanted a more level playing field, so we created Cosmic Brawl." ]
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[ "Harold Hayman\n\nFrank Harold Hayman (12 December 1894 – 4 February 1966) was a British Labour Party politician born in Redruth, Cornwall.", "\n\nHe joined the staff of Cornwall County Council in 1913, working as a clerk, and became a District Education Officer for Redruth in 1920. ", "From 1928 onwards he held various offices in the National Association of Local Government Officers, and after the War contested the constituency of Camborne for the Labour Party, but was defeated. ", "He was a member of various overseas parliamentary delegations and of the Court of Referees for Private Bills; from November 1959 to December 1963 he was Parliamentary Private Secretary to the Leader of the Opposition, Hugh Gaitskell.", "\n\nHe was first elected to the British House of Commons at the 1950 general election as Member of Parliament for Falmouth and Camborne. ", "He was re-elected in this 3-way marginal constituency at three further general elections, before his death in 1966 at the age of 72. ", "No by-election was held, because the 1966 general election was held only 8 weeks later, on 31 March, when the seat was held for Labour by John Dunwoody.", "\n\nReferences\n\n\"HAYMAN, Frank Harold (b. Redruth, Cornwall 12 December 1894 - d. 4 February 1966)\" (2005), in: Who Was Who 1897-2005\n\nCategory:1894 births\nCategory:1966 deaths\nCategory:Politicians from Cornwall\nCategory:Labour Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies\nCategory:Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for constituencies in Cornwall\nCategory:UK MPs 1950–1951\nCategory:UK MPs 1951–1955\nCategory:UK MPs 1955–1959\nCategory:UK MPs 1959–1964\nCategory:UK MPs 1964–1966\nCategory:Local government officers in England\nCategory:Place of birth missing\nCategory:Place of death missing" ]
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[ "Future directions for doll play narrative research: a commentary.", "\nPast research into doll play narratives has been productive in elucidating children's inner experiences, their determinants, and their role in child behaviour problems. ", "The current volume takes this work forward in several directions: first, it indicates the value of designing story stems and coding schemes to address more specific questions about the developmental process of specific syndromes. ", "Second, contributions demonstrate the \"added value\" provided by children's narratives, over and above information derived from other sources. ", "Third, this recent research enhances our understanding of the role of parental representations and states of mind in influencing children's narratives; how these may come to influence child functioning via co-constructed parent - child dialogues is an important area for future research. ", "Finally, possibilities of extending the clinical utility of doll play narratives are explored." ]
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[ "johnston murphy dress shirts\n\nJohnston & Murphy knows that the matches aren’t truly an attire.johnston murphy dress shirts From 1850, the Johnston & Murphy has actually manufactured the shoes that work in a corner workplace as well as play at a corner location.", "\n\nThey understand that the males nowadays require to push the restrictions amongst present as well as excellent, comfortable and also cool; as well as approve there is room for especially American design, contemporary synopsis, and the workmanship at any kind of dimension.", "\n\nJohnston & Murphy assisted skillful, well-to-do men clothe up to influence for over 156 years as well as typically aren’t completed. ", "Much has customized and transformed because 1850 consisting of the styles, the names, the locations and lots of various other points. ", "All the same, via everything, something hasn’t already changed and also has been consistent: Johnston & Murphy shoes for men has actually continued an essential of excellent workmanship in addition to an ideas of the American style, keeping up an assurance to workmanship, top quality in addition to an improvement that laid the steps for men around the world.", "\n\njohnston murphy dress shirts Johnston & Murphy shoes for men are known for their scrupulousness, and lately, their usage of ultra-rich sheepskin cellular linings, when you use Johnston & Murphy shoes for men, you truly do seem like you are walking on the cloud.", "\n\njohnston murphy dress shirts Johnston & Murphy Melton Oxford\n\nThe Optima pad framework as well as complete natural leather cellular linings will maintain the feet comfortable and also trendy. ", "Include a resoleable leather outsole and also elastic foot single area and you have the total package.", "\n\nJohnston & Murphy’s Melton Oxford, while giving a typically updated appearance suitable for the workplace or elegant occasions will certainly bring long-lasting convenience. ", "It has actually a cushioned, breathable sole for extra padding as well as a curved instep profile for a flexible fit.", "\n\nThe heel of the footwear procedures about 1.25 inches\n\nThese pair of footwear has a resoleable natural leather outsole\n\nGoodyear welt growth enables the leather to form to the foot shape after some time to make a custom-made fit\n\nFully leather lined sole is perforated to allow the dampness scattering and also consisted of breathability\n\nPadded, a breathable insole for extra padding as well as a bent instep account for a flexible fit\n\nJohnston & Murphy Penn Moc Slip-On Loafer:\n\nLight-weight development enhances the convenience of a water-proof slip-on composed of delicate leather lining together with sturdy elastic sole.", "\n\nFeatures a waterproof complete grain leather uppers\n\nThe footwear have a super-delicate sheepskin linings\n\nRemovable created footbed to offer upgraded convenience along with s good fit\n\nThe exceptional advancement comes standard in this Johnston & Murphy shoes for men, that includes a majestic priest tie conclusion. ", "These are best to endure any kind of occasion as they are manufactured using the very best quality of natural leather to provide convenience and a wonderful fit while you wear them.", "\n\nImported\n\nGenuine high quality natural leather\n\nLeather-and-rubber sole\n\nYou can get these impressive set of footwear from their on-line shop or you can get them from Amazon additionally on your entrance action.", "\n\nJohnston & Murphy Larsey Dress Boot:\n\nThis one is also a fantastic addition to Johnston & Murphy shoes for men. ", "You can use them on any kind of occasion or set them with a suit if you are mosting likely to any kind of main occasion.", "\n\nGenuine superb leather\n\nRubber sole\n\nShaft procedures approximately 4.5 inches from the curve\n\nHeel measures approximately 1.25 inches\n\nSide-zip passage and a foot single location maneuver make venturing into this smooth dress boot simple and comfy\n\nEach combine accompanies a protective footwear sack.", "\n\nYou could obtain these remarkable set of shoes from their on the internet shop or you can get them from Amazon as well on your front door.", "\n\nJohnston & Murphy Deerfield Wingtip Slip-on\n\nExemplary tubular shoe advancement in premium calfskin offers the most comfy fit as well as feel. ", "Delicate sheepskin lining as well as cushioned sole consist of an additional step of convenience. ", "Sueded leather sole and also mix leather and also flexible foot back location for a spotless, dressy look. ", "johnston murphy dress shirts\n\nPerfect for a day at the workplace or a few days of relaxation, the Deerfield wingtip supplies spectacular versatility\n\nPremier decorated wingtip offers never-ceasing design as well as the convenience of our discerning Trampoline Cushion System\n\nFine natural leather advancement, a spin of line as well as opening specifying, as well as tufts on the vamp\n\nGoodyear welt advancement enables natural leather to form to your foot after some time for a genuinely remodelled fit.", "\n\nEach suit comes with a defensive shoe pack.", "\n\nSituate a significant decision of shoes for men at Johnston & Murphy that includes: bind up and oxford footwear, slip-on footwear, boots, tennis footwear, deck shoes, footwear, chauffeurs, great men’s dress shoes, large width shoes, which’s just the pointer of the iceberg. ", "Among the offerings is a selection of Johnston & Murphy shoes for men that were very carefully constructed in Italy.", "\n\nJ&M is an old American organization, as well as their style mirrors these origins. ", "They make excellent footwear consisting of loafers, Oxfords, reduced leg boots and deck footwear. ", "They come in excellent shades like dark-colored, dark, wine red and also tan.", "\n\nFemales furthermore have many amazing alternatives in Johnston & Murphy footwear for ladies and clothes that incorporates: tennis footwear, shoes, wheels, wedges, slouches, pads, and some more. ", "The Johnston & Murphy shoes for ladies are comfy to put on as well as you can get them from their on the internet store at your front door.", "\n\njohnston murphy dress shirts Picking the appropriate Johnston & Murphy shoes for females is a private selection. ", "If you like the normal fashionable of Johnston & Murphy, and they fall within the budget plan after that you should believe regarding purchasing them. ", "Simply attempt them on and inspect whether they are comfy." ]
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[ "Ciprofloxacin photosensitized oxidation of 2'-deoxyguanosine-5'-monophosphate in neutral aqueous solution.", "\nLaser flash photolysis studies have been carried out to investigate the reactions of ciprofloxacin (CPX) with 2'-deoxyguanosine-5'-monophosphate (dGMP), N, N, N', N'-tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamine (TMPD) and ferulic acid (FCA) in neutral aqueous solutions, respectively. ", "CPX triplet state ((3)CPX*) can be quenched by TMPD, FCA and dGMP, with rate constants of 1.8 × 10(9), 1.5 × 10(9) and 5.8 × 10(7) dm(3) mol(-1) s(-1), respectively. ", "TMPD radical cation (TMPD(·+)) and FCA radical cation (FCA(·+)) were observed directly. ", "The formation rate of CPX radical anion (CPX(·-)) was determined to be 1.5 × 10(9) dm(3) mol(-1) s(-1). ", "Redox reaction of dGMP was investigated through competing reactions using TMPD and FCA as probe. ", "The triplet energy of CPX was determined to be 262 kJ mol(-1). ", "Electron transfer from TMPD, FCA and dGMP to (3)CPX* was proposed." ]
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[ "2011 Team Kit First Look: Team Wallonie-Bruxelles\n\nHere’s a first look at the 2011 team kit for the recently-announced Belgian Continental team under the direction of former Motorola rider Michel Dernies, Team Wallonie-Bruxelles. ", "Pretty nice, huh?", "\n\nPhoto Courtesy of Vermarc\n\nAbout Whit\n\nMy experiences might easily fit many cycling fans' definitions of “living the dream.” ", "Since getting hooked on the sport watching Lance Armstrong win the 1993 U.S. Pro Championship, I've raced as an amateur on Belgian cobbles, traveled Europe to help build a European pro team, and piloted that team from Malaysia to Mont Ventoux. ", "As a former assistant director sportif with Mercury-Viatel, I've also seen the less dreamy side of the sport – the side rife with broken contracts, infighting, and positive dope tests. ", "These days, I live with my lovely wife in Pennsylvania and share my experiences and views on the sport at Bicycling Magazine, the Embrocation Cycling Journal, and at my own site, Pavé.", "\n\n4 Responses to 2011 Team Kit First Look: Team Wallonie-Bruxelles\n\nIt looks good. ", "Not too common of a color scheme, which means that when I'm squinting at a video on my computer monitor, they'll stand out. ", "Unlike RadioShack, BMC, and Caisse d'Epargne, whose common red/black scheme makes them all look like each other." ]
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[ "Half of what makes a camera good is the camera. ", "The other half of what makes a camera good is you.", "\n\nNo matter how great the camera, you will like it more, and it will be more valuable to you—and a better value, too!—if you get to grips with it. ", "Buying the right camera is only half the battle; just as important is committing to it and using it a lot. ", "The more you use it, the better it will be.", "\n\nIn that sense, the Sony A900 in my camera cabinet ended up being one of the worst cameras I ever bought. ", "I had to have one at the time; it channeled the Contax RTSIII I also always wanted, and it was, when it came out, the biggest, mostest, bestest, meanest, and baddest.", "\n\nTrouble was, I never used it much.", "\n\nI keep it now as a sorrowful monument to a vanished $2,300 I foolishly turned from real cash into a memory. ", "And it's not like that didn't matter—I've never had $2,300 to burn.", "\n\nBut it was my own fault, really.", "\n\nRight around now is the tenth anniversary of the A900's first announcement. ", "Can you believe that? ", "It was a while before it shipped, and it wasn't discontinued until 2011, but we first heard of it early in March of 2007. ", "The years they do get behind us, don't they, my brother, my sister?", "\n\nMicro 4/3 has now caught up\n\nHaving used both quite recently, it's my judgement and opinion that the newest 20-MP chip in the latest top-o'-the-line Micro 4/3 cameras more or less equals the image quality of the Sony A900's full-frame, 24-MP sensor that was SOTA back in '07.", "\n\n(As I wrote that, it occurred to me to check the DxOMark Sensor ratings...sure enough, they give the sensor in the A900 an overall score of 79 and the sensor in the new Olympus E-M1 Mark II an overall score of 80, nicely corroborating my purely subjective impression.)", "\n\nThere are differences, yes. ", "The older camera still has slightly better resolution and enlargeability at base ISOs. ", "But the newer, smaller sensor has better shadow noise and DR. (", "I'd take the sensor in the Olympus if I had to choose.)", "\n\nGranted, development is unlikely to continue at the same pace for the next ten years as it did for the previous ten; growth in the industry is slowing. ", "But small sensors are getting very good, and will surely get even better.", "\n\nThe popular push these days among hobbyists might be toward full-frame and medium-format sensors. ", "But how smart is that? ", "Go to Flickr and type \"Olympus E-M1 Mark II\" or \"Panasonic GX8\" into the search field and look at some of the pictures that come up. ", "Look good to you? ", "Great sensors are going to be getting smaller, not larger, in the long run.", "\n\nIt's not as much fun, I grant you, but the smart money might be to go against what's currently hot and settle on Micro 4/3 or APS-C, or even 1\". ", "All of those are good enough now, and they'll only be getting better in the future.", "\n\nBack to the point...\n\nIn any event, if you do drop the bucks for the Hasselblad X1D-50c or the Fuji GFX-50s, the gleaming new medium-format mirrorless marvels, be very careful. ", "Remember that the camera itself is only half of what makes a camera good. ", "How dedicated you are, how hard you work, and how many good and great pictures you get out of it are the other half. ", "How much you use it is just as important as whatever it is.", "\n\nSo go for it, my brother, my sister, if you really want to, and if you can. ", "But be sure you go whole hog and really commit, too. ", "Use that medium-format mirrorless marvel a lot, and it will be a good value. ", "Get to grips with it, make it yours, take it everywhere, and you'll never regret the expense.", "\n\nOtherwise...well, take it from me. ", "You won't want that thing sitting there staring at you from the shelf ten years from now!", "\n\nCheers,\n\nMike\n\n\"Open Mike\" is the editorial page of TOP. ", "It appears only, but not always, on Wednesdays.", "\n\nLink to this post: http://tinyurl.com/hwuz7tz\n\nOriginal contents copyright 2017 by Michael C. Johnston and/or the bylined author. ", "All Rights Reserved. ", "Links in this post may be to our affiliates; sales through affiliate links may benefit this site.", "\n\nNo regrets\n\nGive Mike a “Like” or Buy yourself something nice\n\n(To see all the comments, click on the \"Comments\" link below.)", "\n\nFeatured Comments from:\n\nJames Moule: \"I have to agree. ", "The sharpness that I am getting with my Olympus E-M1 Mark II and a high quality lens (such as an Olympus PRO or Panasonic Lumix/Leica) is simply stunning. ", "A total surprise. ", "And I usually shoot with a Sony Alpha 7RII and a Zeiss prime. ", "As a point of reference, I always shoot raw, process in Adobe Camera Raw, and never sharpen (unless I am making a print).\"", "\n\nMoose (partial comment): \"Re 'It's not as much fun, I grant you,' ohhh, but it IS more fun, really. ", "The last several years since the E-M5 came out and I switched to Micro 4/3 have been the most fun in my photographic life—and the most productive of work I really like.\"", "\n\nHugh Crawford: \"Re: 'Having used both quite recently, it's my judgement and opinion that the newest 20-MP chip in the latest top-o'-the-line Micro 4/3 cameras more or less equals the image quality of the Sony A900's full-frame, 24-MP sensor that was SOTA back in '07.' ", "Not to nitpick, but isn't that sort of the same thing as 'Micro 4/3 is 10 years behind in quality'? ", "I know what you mean, but I'm not so sure about what that bold subhead 'Micro 4/3 has now caught up' means.\"", "\n\nMike replies: Well, it speaks to another post I wrote, in 2009, \"The Point of Sufficiency.\" ", "That is, we won't have to keep chasing larger and larger sensors, because as time goes by, increasingly smaller sensors are going to be sufficient and more. ", "Time is on the side of smaller sensors, not larger ones.", "\n\nHugh: \"Time is on the side of smaller sensors thanks to Moore's law and the fact that the problems of small sensors are solvable in software. ", "Time is on the side of large sensors because manufacturing keeps improving the yield of large sensors without flaws and there are some problems that are for the time being more easily solvable by brute force than finesse. ", "It was much the same in the film era where 35mm started as a novelty format and became the de facto 'good enough' format thanks to advances in chemistry and the fact that the cost of optics cubes with size whereas the cost of sensors and film squares with size. ", "Big cameras produce a different looking image than small cameras and the fashion for big camera artifacts will die soon I hope. ", "I have a big interest in artifacts that say 'these are clues that explain how this image came to be.' ", "I'm less of a fan of 'this image is full of signifiers of my equipment budget.' ", "Of course the paradigm of one lens , one exposure , one image is a holdover from the chemical photography era and is about to be replaced whether we like it or not. ", "I suspect that time is on the side of many tiny sensors.\"", "\n\nMike: I agree with that. ", "It's always risky to extrapolate the future from current assumptions. ", "But I do think the days of the single chip are probably numbered.", "\n\nJohn: \"Re 'Micro 4/3 has now caught up': I'm skeptical. ", "I recently created a gallery wall in my home of many B&W prints from multiple cameras, including Micro 4/3. ", "They confirm what I see in my other Micro 4/3 files: they have less depth compared to APS-C and FF. ", "Granted, my Micro 4/3 body was a few years old and that technology certainly has advanced. ", "But bigger sensors have advanced, too. ", "Is Micro 4/3 sufficient? ", "Probably. ", "But only if you don't display side-by-side. ", "Physics is on my side. ", "I spent several years with Panasonic cameras, pursuing cheaper, smaller, lighter, and have many photos I like very much. ", "But I now can't help but wish I had stuck with FF and had larger sensor version of all of those images.\"", "\n\nMike replies: I don't think we're really arguing. ", "All I said was that the very latest, most up-to-date Olympus more or less equals the 2007 A900, not that an older Micro 4/3 won't be weaker in comparison to a more recent FF.", "\n\nbencr: \"The Olympus E-M5 reached the point of sufficiency for me. ", "I bought it when it first came out and it is still my only (non-cellphone) camera. ", "I use it 75% of the time with the 20mm ƒ/1.7 and the other 25% of time with the Panasonic 100–300mm for birding. ", "For both scenarios I have my favorite settings and techniques and mostly don't notice the camera at all anymore—just the pictures.\"", "\n\nMartin: \"Re 'The more you use it, the better it will be': I agree wholeheartedly. ", "How do I know that I don't use my camera enough? ", "I get recurring episodes of temptation to buy new gear that evaporate whenever I spend more than a few consecutive days shooting with it. ", "The best cure for GAS turns out to be 'getting to grips' with the great gear you've already got.\"", "\n\nSteve Jacob: \"The latest Micro 4/3 sensor is indeed very good. ", "It falls almost exactly where you might expect. ", "Slightly behind the latest 24-MP Sony APS-C, but not enough to matter. ", "Equal to 2007 FF? ", "Sure, but because 2007 is pre-EXMOR; it is antique in digital camera terms. ", "I would be amazed and disappointed if it were not. ", "But you only have to roll forward to late 2010 and the development of the Sony 16-MP APS-C EXMOR sensor (D7000, D5100, NEX-5N...) and you can see the beginning of a plateau. ", "All the features of a modern 4T sensor were in that chip. ", "Since that architecture emerged, improvements have been incremental. ", "Sensors based on the same architecture included the one in your X-T1, so it is a venerable design, and still 'relevant' nearly seven years later. ", "That's a long time in dog years. ", "The D800 (2012) used an almost identical architecture, just expanded to FF, and the D810 (current) is a development of that with the dual-gain pixel architecture now also found in the A6500, X-T2 etc. ", "This cuts read noise from about ISO800 and has improved high-ISO DR by a fair margin. ", "Sony did very well with the A7RII 42-MP BSI sensor, but I shudder to think what it costs per unit, and all for a small improvement in SNR at higher ISO. ", "Not surprised that camera is expensive. ", "So yes, almost any modern sensor is a good step up from 2007, or even 2009. ", "Since 2010, not so much. ", "Its all a little bit predictable now.\"", "\n\nMike replies: You know more about this subject than I do.", "\n\nSimon Miles: \"For what it's worth I find my new E-M1 Mark II matches my Nikon D810 in print quality up to A2 (the E-M1 was close but was at its best at A3+). ", "This is a big deal to me, as I don't print bigger than A2. ", "In all other respects I prefer the smaller size, lighter weight, EVF viewing, native 4:3 aspect ratio and deeper DoF (I usually want more, not less) of the E-M1 Mark II. ", "Of course, the D810 is better in absolute quality terms but, as Mike says, it all depends on your point of sufficiency. ", "The E-M1 Mark II has now reached mine.\"" ]
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[ "Electrodermal reactivity to emotional stimuli in healthy subjects and patients with disorders of consciousness.", "\nAfter a coma, one major challenge is the detection of awareness in patients with disorders of consciousness. ", "In some patients, the only manifestation indicative of awareness is an appropriate emotional response. ", "Preferred music is a powerful medium to elicit emotions and autobiographical memory. ", "Furthermore, music has been shown to improve cognitive functions both in healthy subjects and patients with neurological impairment. ", "We hypothesized that signs of awareness could be enhanced in some patients with disorders of consciousness under appropriate emotional stimulation such as preferred music and also probably preferred odors. ", "To investigate an objective, easily recordable marker of emotions at the patients' bedside, electrodermal activity (skin conductance level, SCL) was assessed with stimulations in auditory and olfactory modalities, notably with preferred music, neutral sound, preferred odors, and neutral odors. ", "The study was conducted in 11 patients with disorders of consciousness (DOC) and 7 healthy participants. ", "In healthy subjects, the mean amplitude of the SCL was increased during exposure to preferred music as compared to neutral sounds (respectively: 0.00037±0.0004 vs. - 0.00004±0.00019μS). ", "No significant difference between conditions was detected in patients. ", "The results of this study suggest that electrodermal activity could be a useful marker of emotions induced by music in healthy controls. ", "However, it failed to show any significant difference between conditions in patients with DOC." ]
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[ "Cragside Challenge Walk\n\nSun 26th June 2011\n\nThe demanding course covered both sides of the Coquet Valley, firstly heading up over the Carriageway Drive, before dropping down to Thropton.", "\n\nAfter crossing the Coquet the participants then headed up past Tosson Lime Kiln to the top of Simonside (the proper way to climb Simonside, from the bottom).", "\n\nAfter following the ridge down to Lordenshaws everybody continued back down to Rothbury, before following the River coquet back to Cragside and what a superb finish as the walkers passed through this stunning estate.", "\n\nA great day was had by all.", "\n\nimage gallery\n\ncomments\n\nThere are currently no comments posted, be the first and post a comment!" ]
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[ "Q:\n\nD3 path working on Mozilla, not working on Chrome\n\nAnd no, it is not a cross-resource error. ", "The code works on Mozilla Firefox and not on Chrome, IE, or Safari.", "\nI have uploaded the code as a gist and it can be tested here (check console for errors): https://bl.ocks.org/moman822/7a05fb2becde5f2081e9bdb4ee5c9511. ", "Check the checkbox then click the button to activate the graph animation.", "\nI have narrowed the error down to the appending of the path variables. ", "This is the section where it goes wrong (line 199, outputs logged to console).", "\nsvg.selectAll('path')\n .data(datNestTemp, function(d){console.log(d); return d})\n .enter()\n .append('path')\n .attr('d',function(d){console.log(lineScale(d.values)); return lineScale(d.values)})\n .attr('class',function(d){return d.key.replace(/ /g,'')})\n ...\n\nlineScale looks like this:\nlineScale = d3.line()\n .curve(d3.curveCardinal())\n\nOn Mozilla, the path is parsed correctly. ", "However, on Chrome the path is not parsed correctly, instead outputting this string (shown by console.log and error output):\nMNaN,512.1796016898008CNaN,512.1796016898008,NaN,508.7715147857574,NaN,508.7715147857574CNaN,508.7715147857574,NaN,502.3716757191712,NaN,502.3716757191712CNaN,502.3716757191712,NaN,495.0533896600282,NaN,495.0533896600282CNaN,495.0533896600282,NaN,490.1222289277811,NaN,490.1222289277811CNaN,490.1222289277811,NaN,489.2205190102595,NaN,489.2205190102595CNaN,489.2205190102595,NaN,486.3940454636894,NaN,486.3940454636894CNaN,486.3940454636894,NaN,481.", "\n\netc.", "\nI am at a loss for why this works on Mozilla and not Chrome. ", "Is this a bug? ", "Am I doing something wrong?", "\n\nA:\n\nIn Chrome your timeScale scale is incorrect, more specifically its domain is [NaN, NaN]. ", "You are trying to instantiate date with dateString but that string is not in the right format - read more about Date.parse.", "\nCompare the following code in Chrome and FF:\n[new Date('2005,0,1'), new Date('2016,0,1')]\n\nIn FF that array can be parsed to date, in Chrome it contains invalid dates.", "\nTo sum up, you need to create a correct time scale, e.g. like this:\n var min = d3.min(data, function(d) {\n return (+d.Year) + ',0,1'\n }).split(',')\n\n var max = d3.max(data, function(d) {\n return +d.Year + ',0,1'\n }).split(',')\n\n timeScale = d3.scaleTime()\n .domain([new Date(min[0], min[1], min[2]), new Date(max[0], max[1], max[2])])\n .range([0, width])\n\nexample: https://jsfiddle.net/devmzgwj/\n\n" ]
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[ "Q:\n\nLaravel decrypt() throws \"DecryptException The payload is invalid.\"", "\n\nI have my authenticated user, and for debugging, I am trying to show his password using decrypt (as it is encrypted using encrypt().", "\nTo simplify things, I create a new route /test and I can see the encrypted password of the authenticated user like so:\nRoute::get('/test', function() {\n dd(Auth::user()->password)\n});\n\nThis returns me: $2y$10$gdhYnCekBownWU62OitC6uSwoONfDWGO23FnaVwIgFPAeJI9L6DEa\n\nBut if I try using, it throws me this error: \nRoute::get('/test', function() {\n dd(decrypt(Auth::user()->password))\n});\n\nDecryptException: The payload is invalid.", "\n\nI tried searching around regarding this issue, and two things I found were: \n1) \"Make sure app key is proper.\" ", "It was there before, but to be sure, I run php artisan key:generate again. ", "Nothing has changed.", "\n2) \"It is a CSRF issue\". ", "I disabled the csrf from middleware kernel in web, nothing has changed either. ", "And I am not using post request, so I doubt this is my issue. ", "\n\nI need it because the scenario looks like this: I need to decrypt the password because I am generating a random password using this approach beforehand, and saved it to database; and I want to keep this approach.", "\n$randomPassword = rand(111111,999999);\n$user->password = encrypt($randomPassword);\n$user->save();\n\nDoes anyone know what is the reason of this or how to overcome it?", "\n\nA:\n\nYou can't (link). ", "Passwords aren't encrypted, they're hashed. ", "It's one way, and once it's hashed, it cannot be un-hashed.", "\nWhat you're trying to do is something that should be avoided. ", "I can't think of any use case where you'd need to decrypt a user's password. ", "I think you need to come up with a new strategy, maybe derive a password from a user like: lastname/yearofbirth\n\n" ]
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[ "Recently, a measurement device has drawn attention that can operate without using a primary battery, to save time and trouble of battery replacement.", "\nAs one of such measurement devices, a measurement device has been proposed that uses, for example, a solar battery as the power source.", "\nConventional technologies include those in the following list." ]
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[ "Tag: mcleod\n\nWhen it comes at no cost, grab it and take advantage of out of it. ", "Identical to your free glycemic index – a free on a regular basis guide to wholesome eating and fabulous physique. ", "Some kids given these intensive treatments improve more than others. ", "However Lovaas’ claim that half of young youngsters who receive intensive ABA remedy would get well” was clearly an overstatement. ", "And scientific psychologist Catherine Lord, an autism expert at Weill Cornell Medical College in New York City, says these promises did harm. ", "They set up parents to imagine that if they only selected the proper” therapy, they could make their kid’s autism disappear. ", "There’s simply no evidence of that in any respect,” she says. ", "Immediately, autism is generally considered a lifelong situation.", "\n\nFlexibility, Stress-free & De-stressing. ", "Gentle Yoga for Stress Discount is a gentler type of Yoga utilizing the postures that chill out and de-stress the body. ", "This class additionally provides modified variations of poses to accommodate people who have restricted power, flexibility or stamina. ", "As talked about by you, the expansion is especially due to improve in the amount of merchandise offered, indicating that the corporate has successfully penetrated deeper into existing markets and created alternatives within the new markets. ", "This can be a healthy sign for progress of the company.", "\n\nYoungsters, Adults, Seniors, Special Wants – Occupational Therapy, Physical Remedy, and Therapeutic Exercise. ", "Low glycemic index rice refers to product that has low quantities of easy carbohydrates. ", "The white variety incorporates the best amount of carbohydrate evaluate to other varieties. ", "Due to this fact, diabetic people can not eat white rice. ", "White rice can improve the sugar degree of the blood system at a speedy fee. ", "When the sugar stage is increased at a speedy price, the individual will feel that their urge for food is not happy and can hunger for more meals. ", "A low glycemic index rice such, because the brown variety, is the perfect different to white. ", "Moreover brown, there are additionally other sorts comparable to brief, medium and lengthy grain. ", "Every kind of rice has a special effect on the physique. ", "Lengthy grain rice has the bottom index ranking.", "\n\nIf anyone desires to know, robbing convenience stores is a lousy means of self-expression and, once more, solely demonstrates a real absence of masculine fortitude, unless the robber is a woman, in which case she does her gender a disservice. ", "I have zero love or loyalty to the firms who make a point of employing ONE person to deal with the night or evening shift, revealing a horrid instance of just how little worth massive companies (resembling nationwide comfort shops) put on the lives of their staff.", "\n\nThe pool and sauna are available for residents and members only. ", "It is an adult solely club although the pool runs household swim periods and a variety of classes. ", "Our degreed and licensed fitness specialists and instructors are devoted to offering you with glorious service and helping you benefit from your membership to realize your fitness and health goals. ", "Our state-of-the-artwork health club tools and extensive selection of train classes … Read More ..." ]
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[ "Q:\n\nHow to set the imageview as the background image of my LinearLayout from Picasso image loader programmatically?", "\n\nI'm using Picasso class/library to load an image from an url and display the image to a ImageView. ", "Is it possible for me to set the imageview loaded by the picasso image loader from an url as the background image of a linearlayout programmatically? ", "\n\nA:\n\nI've already found this issue - might be useful for you:\nHow do i set background image with picasso in code\nAccording to that, Use callback of Picasso\nPicasso.with(getActivity()).load(R.drawable.table_background).into(new Target(){\n\n @Override\n public void onBitmapLoaded(Bitmap bitmap, LoadedFrom from) {\n mainLayout.setBackground(new BitmapDrawable(context.getResources(), bitmap));\n }\n\n @Override\n public void onBitmapFailed(final Drawable errorDrawable) {\n Log.d(\"TAG\", \"FAILED\");\n }\n\n @Override\n public void onPrepareLoad(final Drawable placeHolderDrawable) {\n Log.d(\"TAG\", \"Prepare Load\");\n } \n})\n\nRead also\nSet background resource using Picasso\nbut there would you find the same solution.", "\n\n" ]
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[ "Tumor spread in unilateral optic glioma. ", "Study report No. ", "2. ", "North American Study Group for Optic Glioma.", "\nWe describe 106 cases with unilateral optic nerve gliomas confined initially to the orbit. ", "Thirty-four have been observed without biopsy or excision, 28 had a biopsy and 44 had complete excision of the glioma. ", "Data on these cases were collected from 21 academic centers and comprise the second report by a recently formed study group. ", "Some of the cases have been previously reported, but the present study extends their follow-up. ", "The cases have been analyzed with regard to the certainty of diagnosis, the basis for unilaterality, the type of excision, duration of follow-up and growth of the tumor. ", "We addressed three related questions. ", "Can even the most sophisticated neuroimaging and histological techniques reliably detect the cranial extent of an optic glioma? ", "Is the tumor often enough unifocal in one nerve so that excision has a reasonable chance to effect a cure? ", "What percentage of untreated unilateral optic gliomas eventually spread to the chiasm? ", "While this is an ongoing study, data collected to date seem to indicate that most tumors are unicentric and that only infrequently do they invade the chiasm (4 of 106 cases)." ]
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[ "VEDA: a web-based virtual environment for dynamic atomic force microscopy.", "\nWe describe here the theory and applications of virtual environment dynamic atomic force microscopy (VEDA), a suite of state-of-the-art simulation tools deployed on nanoHUB (www.nanohub.org) for the accurate simulation of tip motion in dynamic atomic force microscopy (dAFM) over organic and inorganic samples. ", "VEDA takes advantage of nanoHUB's cyberinfrastructure to run high-fidelity dAFM tip dynamics computations on local clusters and the teragrid. ", "Consequently, these tools are freely accessible and the dAFM simulations are run using standard web-based browsers without requiring additional software. ", "A wide range of issues in dAFM ranging from optimal probe choice, probe stability, and tip-sample interaction forces, power dissipation, to material property extraction and scanning dynamics over hetereogeneous samples can be addressed." ]
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[ "Move (If You Wanna)\n\n\"Move (If You Wanna)\" is the official first single from Mims' second studio album, Guilt. ", "The song was released to radio in October 2008.", "\n\nThe song was featured in an episode of From G's to Gents. ", "This song was also featured in Step Up 3D (soundtrack). ", "The album was released on 27 July 2010.", "\n \nThe music video, directed by Keith Schofield, was released on his official YouTube page on February 14, 2009 and premiered on 106 & Park on February 27.", "\n\nFollowing accusations of copying the rapping style for Move (If You Wanna) from Philadelphia rapper Gillie Da Kid, Mims stated he never met Gillie and was not trying to start beef with anyone. ", "Mims and Gillie would later record the remix for Move (If You Wanna) together.", "\n\nRemix\nThere was supposed to be an official remix featuring rapper Tech N9ne, but it was never released. ", "Tech N9ne's verse was released on the re-release of his mixtape, Bad Season, under the name \"Move (Acapella Remix)\".", "\n\nChart positions\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:2008 singles\nCategory:2008 songs\nCategory:East Coast hip hop songs" ]
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[ "<?", "xml version=\"1.0\" encoding=\"utf-8\" ?", ">\n\n<chapter id=\"installation\">\n <title>PHPUnit のインストール</title>\n\n <note>\n <para>\n 以前のバージョンの PHPUnit からのアップグレードをする場合は、\n <xref linkend=\"appendixes.upgrading.phpunit-4-0\"/> を参照ください。", "\n </para>\n </note>\n\n <section id=\"installation.requirements\">\n <title>要件</title>\n\n <para>\n PHPUnit 4.0 は PHP 5.3.3 以降のバージョンで動作しますが、最新版の PHP\n を使うことを強く推奨します。", "\n </para>\n\n <para>\n PHPUnit を使うには、拡張モジュール <ulink\n url=\"http://php.net/manual/ja/dom.setup.php\">dom</ulink>、<ulink\n url=\"http://php.net/manual/ja/json.installation.php\">json</ulink>、\n <ulink\n url=\"http://php.net/manual/ja/pcre.installation.php\">pcre</ulink>、\n <ulink\n url=\"http://php.net/manual/ja/reflection.installation.php\">reflection</ulink>、\n そして <ulink url=\"http://php.net/manual/ja/spl.installation.php\">spl</ulink>\n が必要です。これらは、通常はデフォルトでコンパイルされて有効になっています。", "\n 中には無効にすることすらできず、常に有効になっているものもあります。", "\n </para>\n\n <para>\n コードカバレッジをサポートするには <ulink url=\"http://xdebug.org/\">Xdebug</ulink>\n 2.1.3 以降が必要です。", "\n しかし、最新版の Xdebug を使うことを強く推奨します。", "\n また、コードカバレッジ機能を利用するには、 <ulink\n url=\"http://php.net/manual/ja/tokenizer.installation.php\">tokenizer</ulink>\n 拡張モジュールも必要です。", "\n コードカバレッジ情報を XML 形式で記録するには、<ulink\n url=\"http://php.net/manual/ja/xmlwriter.installation.php\">xmlwriter</ulink>\n 拡張モジュールも必要です。", "\n </para>\n\n <para>\n PHPUnit を PHP Archive (PHAR) から使うには、<ulink\n url=\"http://php.net/manual/ja/phar.installation.php\">phar</ulink>\n 拡張モジュールが必要です。", "\n <ulink url=\"http://suhosin.org/\">Suhosin</ulink> 拡張モジュールを使っている環境で\n PHPUnit を PHP Archive (PHAR)\n から使いたい場合は、\n <literal>suhosin.executor.include.whitelist = phar</literal> の設定が必要です。", "\n </para>\n\n <para>\n PHPUnit の PHAR で <literal>--self-update</literal> 機能を使うには、<ulink\n url=\"http://php.net/manual/ja/openssl.installation.php\">openssl</ulink>\n 拡張モジュールが必要です。", "\n </para>\n </section>\n\n <section id=\"installation.phar\">\n <title>PHP Archive (PHAR)</title>\n\n <para>\n PHPUnit を入手する一番簡単な方法は、<ulink\n url=\"http://php.net/phar\">PHP Archive (PHAR)</ulink> をダウンロードすることです。", "\n 必要な依存コンポーネントがすべて (オプションのコンポーネントの一部も含めて)\n ひとつのファイルにまとめられています。", "\n </para>\n\n <screen><userinput>wget https://phar.phpunit.de/phpunit.phar</userinput>\n<userinput>chmod +x phpunit.phar</userinput>\n<userinput>mv phpunit.phar /usr/local/bin/phpunit</userinput></screen>\n\n <para>\n もちろん、ダウンロードした PHAR をそのまますぐに使ってもかまいません。", "\n </para>\n\n <screen><userinput>wget https://phar.phpunit.de/phpunit.phar</userinput>\n<userinput>php phpunit.phar</userinput></screen>\n\n <section id=\"installation.phar.verification\">\n <title>PHPUnit の PHAR リリースの検証</title>\n\n <para>\n PHPUnit プロジェクトが配布する公式リリースにはすべて、\n リリースマネージャーによる署名がついています。", "\n 検証用の PGP 署名と SHA1 ハッシュは、<ulink\n url=\"https://phar.phpunit.de/\">phar.phpunit.de</ulink>\n から取得できます。", "\n </para>\n\n <para>\n リリースの検証をどのように行うのかについて、説明しましょう。まず、\n <filename>phpunit.phar</filename> をダウンロードし、さらにその\n PGP 署名 <filename>phpunit.phar.asc</filename> もダウンロードします。", "\n </para>\n\n <screen><userinput>wget https://phar.phpunit.de/phpunit.phar</userinput>\n<userinput>wget https://phar.phpunit.de/phpunit.phar.asc</userinput></screen>\n\n <para>\n ダウンロードした PHPUnit の PHP Archive (<filename>phpunit.phar</filename>)\n を、署名 (<filename>phpunit.phar.asc</filename>) で検証します。", "\n </para>\n\n <screen><userinput>gpg phpunit.phar.asc</userinput>\ngpg: Signature made Sat 19 Jul 2014 01:28:02 PM CEST using RSA key ID 6372C20A\ngpg: Can't check signature: public key not found</screen>\n\n <para>\n リリースマネージャーの公開鍵 (<literal>6372C20A</literal>)\n が、ローカルシステム上に存在しないようです。", "\n 検証を進めるには、リリースマネージャーの公開鍵を、鍵サーバーから取得する必要があります。", "\n 鍵サーバーには、たとえば <filename>pgp.uni-mainz.de</filename> などがあります。", "\n 公開鍵サーバーはお互いリンクしあっているので、どの鍵サーバーを使ってもかまいません。", "\n </para>\n\n <screen><userinput>gpg --keyserver pgp.uni-mainz.de --recv-keys 0x4AA394086372C20A</userinput><![CDATA[\ngpg: requesting key 6372C20A from hkp server pgp.uni-mainz.de\ngpg: key 6372C20A: public key \"Sebastian Bergmann <sb@sebastian-bergmann.de>\" imported\ngpg: Total number processed: 1\ngpg: imported: 1 (RSA: 1)]]></screen>\n\n <para>\n これで、\"Sebastian\n Bergmann &lt;sb@sebastian-bergmann.de&gt;\" さんの公開鍵を取得できました。", "\n ただ、この鍵を作ったのが本当に Sebastian Bergmann という人なのかは、確かめようがありません。", "\n ともあれ、もう一度リリースの署名を検証してみましょう。", "\n </para>\n\n <screen><userinput>gpg phpunit.phar.asc</userinput><![CDATA[\ngpg: Signature made Sat 19 Jul 2014 01:28:02 PM CEST using RSA key ID 6372C20A\ngpg: Good signature from \"Sebastian Bergmann <sb@sebastian-bergmann.de>\"\ngpg: aka \"Sebastian Bergmann <sebastian@php.net>\"\ngpg: aka \"Sebastian Bergmann <sebastian@thephp.cc>\"\ngpg: aka \"Sebastian Bergmann <sebastian@phpunit.de>\"\ngpg: aka \"Sebastian Bergmann <sebastian.bergmann@thephp.cc>\"\ngpg: aka \"[jpeg image of size 40635]\"\ngpg: WARNING: This key is not certified with a trusted signature!", "\ngpg: There is no indication that the signature belongs to the owner.", "\nPrimary key fingerprint: D840 6D0D 8294 7747 2937 7831 4AA3 9408 6372 C20A]]></screen>\n\n <para>\n とりあえず、署名が正しいことはわかりました。", "\n ただ、この署名が信頼できるものであるかどうかは、まだわかりません。", "\n ここで言う「署名が正しい」とは、リリースのファイルが改ざんされていないということです。", "\n しかし、公開鍵暗号方式の性質上、これだけでは不十分です。", "\n <literal>6372C20A</literal> を作ったのが\n Sebastian Bergmann 本人であることを、確かめる必要があります。", "\n </para>\n\n <para>\n 公開鍵を作って公開鍵サーバーにアップロードするのは、誰にだってできることです。", "\n 当然、悪意のある攻撃者にも可能なことです。", "\n 攻撃者は、このニセの鍵を使って署名した、悪意のあるリリースを作ることもできます。", "\n このリリース (そして署名) をダウンロードして検証すると、成功するでしょう。", "\n なぜならその公開鍵は、悪意のある攻撃者が作ったニセの鍵だからです。", "\n こういったことを防ぐために、鍵の作者も検証しなければいけないのです。", "\n 公開鍵の作者を検証する方法については、このマニュアルの範囲を超えるので、割愛します。", "\n </para>\n </section>\n </section>\n\n <section id=\"installation.composer\">\n <title>Composer</title>\n\n <para>\n <ulink url=\"http://getcomposer.org/\">Composer</ulink>\n を使ってプロジェクトの依存関係を管理するには、\n <literal>phpunit/phpunit</literal> への依存情報をプロジェクトの\n <filename>composer.json</filename> ファイルに追加します。", "\n 次に示すのは最小限の\n <filename>composer.json</filename> ファイルの例で、\n 開発時の PHPUnit 4.0 への依存を定義しています。", "\n </para>\n\n <programlisting><![CDATA[{\n \"require-dev\": {\n \"phpunit/phpunit\": \"4.0.*\"", "\n }\n}]]></programlisting>\n\n <para>\n システム全体で使えるように Composer でインストールするには、次のようにします。", "\n </para>\n\n <screen><userinput>composer global require \"phpunit/phpunit=4.0.*\"</userinput></screen>\n\n <para>\n <literal>~/.composer/vendor/bin/</literal> にパスを通すことを忘れないようにしましょう。", "\n </para>\n </section>\n\n <section id=\"installation.optional-packages\">\n <title>オプションのパッケージ</title>\n\n <para>\n オプションのパッケージとして、これらが使えます。", "\n </para>\n\n <variablelist>\n <varlistentry>\n <term>\n <literal>PHP_Invoker</literal>\n </term>\n\n <listitem>\n <para>\n callable をタイムアウトつきで実行するユーティリティクラス。", "\n テストのタイムアウトを厳格に指定するために必要なパッケージ。", "\n </para>\n\n <para>\n このパッケージは、PHPUnit の PHAR 版の中に含まれています。", "\n Composer でインストールするには、\n <literal>\"require-dev\"</literal>\n に次の行を追加します。", "\n </para>\n\n <screen><userinput>\"phpunit/php-invoker\": \"*\"</userinput></screen>\n </listitem>\n </varlistentry>\n\n <varlistentry>\n <term>\n <literal>DbUnit</literal>\n </term>\n <listitem>\n <para>\n DbUnit の PHP/PHPUnit 向けの移植。データベースとのやりとりをテスト可能にする。", "\n </para>\n\n <para>\n このパッケージは、PHPUnit の PHAR 版の中に含まれています。", "\n Composer でインストールするには、\n <literal>\"require-dev\"</literal>\n に次の行を追加します。", "\n </para>\n\n <screen><userinput>\"phpunit/dbunit\": \">=1.2\"</userinput></screen>\n </listitem>\n </varlistentry>\n\n <varlistentry>\n <term>\n <literal>PHPUnit_Selenium</literal>\n </term>\n <listitem>\n <para>\n PHPUnit 用の Selenium RC インテグレーション。", "\n </para>\n\n <para>\n このパッケージは、PHPUnit の PHAR 版の中に含まれています。", "\n Composer でインストールするには、\n <literal>\"require-dev\"</literal>\n に次の行を追加します。", "\n </para>\n\n <screen><userinput>\"phpunit/phpunit-selenium\": \">=1.2\"</userinput></screen>\n </listitem>\n </varlistentry>\n </variablelist>\n </section>\n</chapter>\n" ]
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[ "of Lollies, Love, Labels, Laughter, Lessons, Life, and being the Lulu…\n\nThe story of the fireworks…\n\nWho cares whether it was an early Guy Fawkes display or a grand demonstration of perhaps..err… a major event….", "\n\nI was enchanted by it, and got myself thinking…\n\nMy thoughts would best be unveiled through this lil story of mine~\n\n.", "\n\nOnce upon a time, there were two great friends – Packie and Dory. ", "They had totally different personalities, with only one common link, they were both fireworks… @_@\n\n.", "\n\nAnyway, both Packie and Dory had to make a huge decision, that could change their lives forever… They just overheard that The Man will be putting on a fireworks show because it was new years eve… Upon hearing this news, most of the fireworks shook and shuddered in fear, as they could literally see the light at the end of the tunnel…\n\n.", "\n\nPackie started trembling, and held close to Dory saying, “I don’t think I could do this… I don’t want to d… die yet… You know what?…. ", "I have … a plan…”\n\nPerplexed, Dory asked, ” What do you mean? ", "What are you up to my dear?”", "\n\nDory exclaimed, “Packie, how could you think of that??? ", "You should calm down dear, it’s gonna be alright. ", "I admit it’s scary facing what comes later… But this IS the purpose of our lives… We should embrace it, and have the most beautiful experience we could ever have, which we are meant to have…\n\n.", "\n\n.", "\n\nHours later, The Man came for them. ", "True enough, Packie stubbornly went ahead with its plan, and was thrown aside; whereas Dory and the rest soared right up to the skies, and created a spectacle for all eyes to wow at…\n\n.", "\n\nThe End?", "\n\nWell, not like this…\n\n.", "\n\nI’m relating the story above to what life is all about. ", "First of all, life is all about choices. ", "What we decide now, we would have to bear the consequences, whatever they may be…\n\nLife is just like fireworks, they make a mark, and they leave. ", "Everything is temporal, everything will come to an end. ", "The question is, are you going to be bitter and fearful and avoid life once you are well-aware of the ending? ", "Or, are you going to believe in your purpose in life, push through, to the very last moment of yours?", "\n\n.", "\n\nIt is true that Packie survived that night, and could see the other morning, but Packie was left with no one, not even his close friend. ", "Packie then continued to live through the days, meaninglessly…\n\n.", "\n\nAs for Dory and the rest… They had the most adrenalin rush they could ever asked for, they had never seen themselves so beautiful before, and they got to see the world for once, from the top of the skies….", "\n\nThey then disappeared in a split second, and were not heard of any more…\n\n.", "\n\nBut, they didn’t know…\n\n.", "\n\nThey became a magical moment for couples in love.", "\n\nThey became witnesses of promises made from sincere hearts.", "\n\nThey brought friends and loved ones together.", "\n\nThey were answered prayers to many in need.", "\n\nThey gave hope to those in despair.", "\n\nThey saved a girl from committing suicide, just because she realised there is still something so beautiful in this world.", "\n\nThey were immortalized and became a part of many lives…\n\n.", "\n\n.", "\n\n.", "\n\n.", "\n\n.", "\n\nWhen you stop living only for yourself, but set out to live your purpose-adorned life…\n\nYou will be marveled by the lives you have touched, and made a difference in…" ]
{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }
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[ "Q:\n\nWhy Jsoup wont connect and always get exception?", "\n\ntry {\n Document doc = Jsoup.connect(\"https://en.wikipedia.org/\").get();\n\n } catch (Exception e) {\n e.printStackTrace();\n }\n\nThis simple code just won't work, i always get exception and don't know why, i add implementation 'org.jsoup:jsoup:1.12.2' in gradle and internet permission in Manifest, and I not sure why i cant get document.", "\n02-21 17:55:40.569 9999-9999/com.example.myapplication E/Some Tag: null\nandroid.os.", "NetworkOnMainThreadException\n at android.os.", "StrictMode$AndroidBlockGuardPolicy.onNetwork(StrictMode.java:1145)\n at java.net.", "InetAddress.lookupHostByName(InetAddress.java:385)\n at java.net.", "InetAddress.getAllByNameImpl(InetAddress.java:236)\n at java.net.", "InetAddress.getAllByName(InetAddress.java:214)\n at com.android.okhttp.internal.", "Dns$1.getAllByName(Dns.java:28)\n at com.android.okhttp.internal.http.", "RouteSelector.resetNextInetSocketAddress(RouteSelector.java:216)\n at com.android.okhttp.internal.http.", "RouteSelector.next(RouteSelector.java:122)\n at com.android.okhttp.internal.http.", "HttpEngine.connect(HttpEngine.java:292)\n at com.android.okhttp.internal.http.", "HttpEngine.sendSocketRequest(HttpEngine.java:255)\n at com.android.okhttp.internal.http.", "HttpEngine.sendRequest(HttpEngine.java:206)\n at com.android.okhttp.internal.http.", "HttpURLConnectionImpl.execute(HttpURLConnectionImpl.java:345)\n at com.android.okhttp.internal.http.", "HttpURLConnectionImpl.connect(HttpURLConnectionImpl.java:89)\n at com.android.okhttp.internal.http.", "HttpsURLConnectionImpl.connect(HttpsURLConnectionImpl.java:161)\n at org.jsoup.helper.", "HttpConnection$Response.execute(HttpConnection.java:732)\n at org.jsoup.helper.", "HttpConnection$Response.execute(HttpConnection.java:707)\n at org.jsoup.helper.", "HttpConnection.execute(HttpConnection.java:297)\n at org.jsoup.helper.", "HttpConnection.get(HttpConnection.java:286)\n at com.example.myapplication.", "VestActivity.onCreate(VestActivity.java:32)\n at android.app.", "Activity.performCreate(Activity.java:5231)\n at android.app.", "Instrumentation.callActivityOnCreate(Instrumentation.java:1104)\n at android.app.", "ActivityThread.performLaunchActivity(ActivityThread.java:2157)\n at android.app.", "ActivityThread.handleLaunchActivity(ActivityThread.java:2243)\n at android.app.", "ActivityThread.access$800(ActivityThread.java:135)\n at android.app.", "ActivityThread$H.handleMessage(ActivityThread.java:1196)\n at android.os.", "Handler.dispatchMessage(Handler.java:102)\n at android.os.", "Looper.loop(Looper.java:136)\n at android.app.", "ActivityThread.main(ActivityThread.java:5019)\n at java.lang.reflect.", "Method.invokeNative(Native Method)\n at java.lang.reflect.", "Method.invoke(Method.java:515)\n at com.android.internal.os.", "ZygoteInit$MethodAndArgsCaller.run(ZygoteInit.java:779)\n at com.android.internal.os.", "ZygoteInit.main(ZygoteInit.java:595)\n at dalvik.system.", "NativeStart.main(Native Method)\n\nA:\n\nThere are a lot of solutions to avoid android.os.", "NetworkOnMainThreadException the easiest one could be to create a thread as below\nnew Thread(new Runnable(){\n@Override\npublic void run() {\n Document doc = Jsoup.connect(\"https://en.wikipedia.org/\").get();\n}}).start();\n\nIf you are using rxJava another approach could be\n Completable.fromCallable(() -> {\n Document doc = Jsoup.connect(\"https://en.wikipedia.org/\").get();\n })\n .subscribeOn(Schedulers.io())\n .observeOn(AndroidSchedulers.mainThread())\n .unsubscribeOn(Schedulers.io());\n\nAnother approach could be use asynctask as below \nnew AsyncTask<Void, Void, Void>(){\npublic void doInBackground(Void... params){\n Document doc = Jsoup.connect(\"https://en.wikipedia.org/\").get();\n\n}}.execute();\n\n" ]
{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }
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[ "Richard Vedder\n\nRichard K. Vedder (born November 5, 1940) is an American economist, historian, author, and columnist. ", "He is a professor emeritus of economics at Ohio University and senior fellow at The Independent Institute.", "\n\nBiography\nVedder was born on November 5, 1940. ", "He earned his bachelor's in economics in 1962 from Northwestern University in 1962 and his Ph.", "D in economics from the University of Illinois in 1965. ", "He has since studied U.S. economic history, particularly as it relates to public policy. ", "Some of his research has involved American immigration, economic issues in American education, and the interrelationship between labor and capital markets.", "\n\nVedder serves as an adjunct scholar at the American Enterprise Institute (AEI), a think tank known for mostly libertarian and conservative perspectives. ", "He has served as an economist with Congress' Joint Economic Committee. ", "In his role with the AEI, he later testified before the Committee on October 30, 2008. ", "He is also director of the Center for College Affordability and Productivity in Washington, D.C.\n\nVedder is married to Karen Vedder.", "\n\nPublic commentary\n\nHigher education\nVedder wrote in his June 2004 book Going Broke by Degree: Why College Costs Too Much that American universities have become less productive and less efficient in recent years as well as more likely to shift funds away their core mission of teaching. ", "He also criticized rising tuition costs. ", "He proposed as a broad solution moving state universities toward free market competition and privatization. ", "He specifically recommended as well that colleges expand distance learning, cut out non-educational programs, modify tenure, raise teaching loads, and reduce administrative staffs.", "\n\nOn May 27, 2011, Vedder appeared on the news/public affairs TV program PBS NewsHour and stated that since \"the cost of college is rising relative to the benefits of college,\" but \"learning outcomes are stagnant or falling in this country,\" American society must \"open up opportunities for people to consider a variety of different options after high school, one of which is college, but there are many others.\" ", "Vedder also stated that \"as many as one out of three college graduates today are in jobs that previously or historically have been filled by people with lesser educations, jobs that do not require higher-level learning skills, critical thinking skills, or writing skills or anything of that nature.\"", "\n\nGovernment spending\nVedder and writer Stephen Moore wrote in the Wall Street Journal editorial page in March 2011 that every new dollar of new taxes leads to more than one dollar of new spending according to their research. ", "Thus, they found evidence in favor of the \"Feed the Beast\" theory: that increasing taxes for the purported purpose of balancing the budget leads only to the government spending such inflows.", "\n\nU.S. bailout\nIn the aftermath of the late-2000s financial crisis, Vedder stated that he \"somewhat reluctantly\" supported the $700 billion bailout package included in the Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008. ", "He attributed the crisis to governmental failure and \"public policy miscues,\" saying the financial crisis of 2007 and 2008 \"never would have happened\" in \"the absence of these governmental mistakes.\"", "\n\nWalmart wages \nVedder wrote, along with Wendell Cox, the December 2006 book The Wal-Mart Revolution in which they asserted that criticisms of wage practices WalMart are \"unfounded.\" ", "He argued that Walmart workers are \"paid fairly\" given their skill and experience, and he stated that they also receive side benefits such as health insurance that is fairly similar to competing firms. ", "He further argued that communities with new Walmart stores have greater total employment and higher incomes.", "\n\nBooks and writings\nVedder's scholarly writings have appeared in journals such as Explorations in Economic History, The Journal of Economic History, and Agricultural History. ", "He has written over two hundred such scholarly articles. ", "Vedder's writings have also appeared in The Wall Street Journal, USA Today, Investor's Business Daily, and the Christian Science Monitor.", "\n\nHe has published the books The American Economy in Historical Perspective, Unemployment and Government in Twentieth-Century America (with Lowell Gallaway), Can Teachers Own Their Own Schools?, ", "Going Broke by Degree: Why College Costs Too Much, and The Wal-Mart Revolution: How Big-Box Stores Benefit Consumers, Workers, and the Economy (with Wendell Cox).", "\n\nBibliography\n\nSee also\n List of American Enterprise Institute scholars and fellows\n United States Congress Joint Economic Committee\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n Introduction of Going Broke by Degree: Why College Costs Too Much\n Full text of The Wal-Mart Revolution\n \n\nCategory:Economists from New York (state)\nCategory:American education writers\nCategory:American Enterprise Institute\nCategory:American political writers\nCategory:American male non-fiction writers\nCategory:Education reform\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:University of Illinois alumni\nCategory:The Wall Street Journal people\nCategory:Ohio University faculty\nCategory:1940 births\nCategory:Mackinac Center for Public Policy\nCategory:21st-century American economists" ]
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[ "Q:\n\napplying sql transactions on non consecutive steps\n\nI have the following scenario of SQL statements :\nDELETE FROM T1\nDELETE FROM T2\nDELETE FROM T3\nDELETE FROM T4\nDELETE FROM T5\n\nIn above case I need to achieve:\n\nIf the next SQL statement fails, a rollback of previous statement would occur, in case of success it will move to its next statement.", "\nBut for step 5, I need to rollback Step 3, committing the step 4 as it is.", "\n\nAny inputs, kindly advice.", "\n\nA:\n\nIn SQL Server there is no such thing as nested transactions. ", "But you can do it with a bit of error-handling orchestration.", "\nThis sample code simply re-issues the delete command from T4 again in case of errors were encountered on the T5 command.", "\nSET NOCOUNT ON;\n\n-- (use temp table, since table vars do not participate in transactions)\nCREATE TABLE #T1(C int);\nCREATE TABLE #T2(C int);\nCREATE TABLE #T3(C int);\nCREATE TABLE #T4(C int);\nCREATE TABLE #T5(C int);\n\nINSERT INTO #T1 SELECT 1;\nINSERT INTO #T2 SELECT 1;\nINSERT INTO #T3 SELECT 1;\nINSERT INTO #T4 SELECT 1;\nINSERT INTO #T5 SELECT 1;\n\nBEGIN TRY \n\n BEGIN TRAN TR1;\n\n DELETE FROM #T1;\n DELETE FROM #T2;\n DELETE FROM #T3; \n DELETE FROM #T4;\n --select 1/0 as 'forced error @ stage1';\nEND TRY\nBEGIN CATCH\n PRINT 'error @stage1';\n PRINT 'rollback @stage1';\n\n ROLLBACK TRAN TR1; \n RETURN;\nEND CATCH\n\nBEGIN TRY\n DELETE FROM #T5;\n select 1/0 as 'forced error @stage2';\n COMMIT TRAN TR1;\nEND TRY\nBEGIN CATCH\n PRINT 'error @stage2'; \n ROLLBACK TRAN TR1; \n\n BEGIN TRY\n print 'redo delete T4'\n BEGIN TRAN TR2;\n DELETE FROM #t4;\n --select 1/0 as 'forced error @redo delete';\n COMMIT TRAN TR2;\n END TRY\n BEGIN CATCH\n ROLLBACK TRAN TR2;\n PRINT 'second chance delete from T4 failed'; \n END CATCH\n\nEND CATCH\n\nselect count(*) as count,'T1' as 'table' from #T1\nunion all\nselect count(*) as count,'T2' as 'table' from #T2\nunion all\nselect count(*) as count,'T3' as 'table' from #T3\nunion all\nselect count(*) as count,'T4' as 'table' from #T4\nunion all\nselect count(*) as count,'T5' as 'table' from #T5\n\nDROP TABLE #T1;\nDROP TABLE #T2;\nDROP TABLE #T3;\nDROP TABLE #T4;\nDROP TABLE #T5;\n\n" ]
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[ "Human skin volatiles: Passive sampling and GC × GC-ToFMS analysis as a tool to investigate the skin microbiome and interactions with anthropophilic mosquito disease vectors.", "\nVolatile organic compounds (VOCs) emanating from the surfaces of human skin are of great interest to researchers in medical and forensic fields, as well as to biologists studying the ecology of blood-feeding insect vectors of human disease. ", "Research involving the comparison of relative abundances of VOCs emanating from human skin is currently limited by the methodology used for sample collection and pre-concentration. ", "The use of in-house developed silicone rubber (polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)) passive sampling devices constructed in the form of bracelets and anklets was explored to address this need. ", "The easy-to-use samplers were employed as non-invasive passive sampling devices for the non-targeted collection and concentration of volatile human skin emissions prior to thermal desorption thereof coupled with comprehensive gas chromatographic time-of-flight mass spectrometric (GC × GC-TOFMS) analysis. ", "Compounds collected were from a wide range of compound classes. ", "Several compounds, notably cyclic ketones, identified have not been previously reported in skin volatile literature. ", "Comparison of normalized unique mass peak area signals has revealed relative quantitative differences and similarities between the samples collected from two individuals' wrists and as well as between an individual's wrist and ankle. ", "The sampling method was evaluated based on its ability to provide many candidate compounds for potential biomarker discovery. ", "The results show the ability of the new sampling method for augmenting the current knowledge on human skin volatile emissions. ", "The samplers are both easy to use and economical. ", "Applications explored include the study of the complex relationships between the human skin microbiome and the attractiveness of individuals to anthropophilic blood host seeking mosquitoes." ]
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[ "\nAsk HN: What does your “Router Security Checklist” look like? - ", "jmbake\nWhat does your &quot;Router Security Checklist&quot; look like? ", "i.e. What actions do you take to ensure your wireless router is secure as possible?<p>http:&#x2F;&#x2F;routersecurity.org&#x2F;checklist.php is really great, but kind of verbose. ", "My attempt to boil it down to a simpler checklist: https:&#x2F;&#x2F;github.com&#x2F;jonmbake&#x2F;router-security-checklist.", "\n======\nzxcmx\nIt's a good list. ", "I just hate those things now.", "\n\nI worked as a wireless router firmware developer for a while and as a\nresult... I don't use them anymore. ", "The whole industry is just producing\nunfixable tire-fires.", "\n\nDifferent level of caring, but if security is important to you, put\ncable/dsl/fiber ntu in bridge mode.", "\n\nGet a pcengines apu (or your favourite sbc), install your favourite os (ubuntu\nor debian for me). ", "Don't bother with ui, just use a few nftables rules.", "\n\nIt actually worked out cheaper for me than the netgear thing shaped like a\nstealth fighter.", "\n\nThe other thing which really annoyed me was my ISP periodically updating\nsettings on their stock router. ", "Yeah, they can do that remotely if you use\ntheir unit and there's usually no good way to turn it off.", "\n\n~~~\ndrakenot\nCan you expand on this a little bit? ", "What does it buy you?", "\n\nIs this setup (the linux APU in bridge mode) so that the NTU could get hacked\nbut your internal network would still be secure behind the APU?", "\n\nWhat protects the APU from getting hacked like a traditional router would?", "\nJust easier to secure yourself?", "\n\nDid you just purchase wireless access points separately? ", "Did you buy a\nseperate switch?", "\n\nI've wanted to do something like this for awhile but I wasn't sure what all\nwas involved, or if it was that much more secure.", "\n\n~~~\nzxcmx\nThe short answer is that if you build an x86 box based on crappy linux and\nupdates then your security is based, fundamentally on the primitives which\nsecure eveything else in the world.", "\n\nIt doesn't mean that it's the best. ", "An x86/x64 ssh bug hurts everyone. ", "But it\nmeans that everyone in the world gets fucked, more or less, and you don't have\nto worry as much.", "\n\nRelying on random companies to secure your gateway puts you in the hands of\nrandom companies who not only do not care but also do not make theor own stuff\nand now lack the basic competence to do so.", "\n\n------\nwmf\n_Don 't change the password._ ", "Find a router that uses pairing instead of\npasswords.", "\n\n _Don 't check for updates._ ", "Find a router that updates itself automatically.", "\n\n _It 's a marathon, not a sprint._ ", "Find a company that writes their own\nfirmware and uses the same firmware for multiple generations. ", "This shows that\nthey are willing and able to invest in security.", "\n\nOr just check if the brand is Google or Apple.", "\n\n~~~\ntedmiston\n> Find a router that uses pairing instead of passwords.", "\n\nCan you elaborate on that? ", "I've never seen a router that doesn't use\npasswords. ", "Does this mean to use WPA2-PSK vs WPA2?", "\n\n~~~\nwmf\nI was talking about the admin password; I guess that wasn't clear. ", "You still\nneed a WPA password (unless you use WPS, but apparently that's even less\nsecure).", "\n\n------\nCanada\nNothing. ", "Why even bother? ", "My devices connect to untrustworthy networks all the\ntime anyway.", "\n\nI just don't trust the local network in the first place.", "\n\n------\nLinuxBender\n\n - SELinux Enabled\n - Sysctl tuning applied\n - Inbound/Outbound/Forward iptables rules enabled\n - ipset iptables rules enabled\n - iptables intercept rules to route all ntp/dns over VPN\n to VPS nodes.", "\n - Unbound DNS overriding many spammy domains\n - tinc vpn enabled to multiple VPS nodes.", "\n -- Each VPS node load balancing to multiple datacenter open resolvers that\n are NOT OpenDNS or Google.", "\n - ip route blackhole about 20k bad networks from firehol on github\n - syslog to internal host\n - Surricata IDS logging to syslog\n - tc cbq traffic shaping enabled\n - haproxy L4 vips for sending select traffic to select squid proxies.", "\n - power conditionor / ups enabled, one for router, one for cable modem.", "\n \n\nThose are the basic things. ", "My router is always Linux running on commodity\nhardware with dual gig interfaces for clear physical demarcation.", "\n\n~~~\ncaptaindiego\nDoes anyone know anything for somehow providing useful information/action out\nof Surricata IDS logs? ", "I have stuff routed to my syslog, but just always\nforgot to check for anything interesting.", "\n\n------\nzamalek\nChecking that I can flash custom firmware comes before anything else.", "\n\n" ]
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[ "Q:\n\nWhere to find list of binaries available in Heroku build environment?", "\n\nTitle says it all. ", "\nIf I understand correctly, the Heroku VM environment provides some built-in binaries and then additional ones can be provided in a custom build pak. ", " \nTrial (by building a little test app) and error (by having the build fail) is the only way forward so far. ", "Surely there's a better way.", "\nI have read the Heroku docs and looked in obvious places in the Ruby build pak source. ", "No list.", "\nMy immediate aim is to determine if a Rails app that requires GD2 graphics (the gd2-ruby gem) will build without a custom build pak. ", "But the general question of binaries availability comes up again and again.", "\n\nA:\n\nRun heroku run bash, and get a shell in a plain dyno. ", "Then list all rpms installed by invoking dpkg --get-selections, as for example here: https://askubuntu.com/questions/17823/how-to-list-all-installed-packages or here: http://www.howtogeek.com/howto/linux/show-the-list-of-installed-packages-on-ubuntu-or-debian/\n\n" ]
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[ "Zulkifli (name)\n\nZulkifli is both a given name and a surname. ", "Notable people with the name include:\n\nZulkifli Abbas (born 1956), Malaysian field hockey player\nZulkifli Abdhir (born 1966), Malaysian terrorist\nZulkifli Che Ros, (born 1985), Malaysian weightlifter\nZulkifli Hasan (born 1962), Indonesian politician\nZulkifli Noordin (born 1962), Malaysian politician\nZulkifli Syukur (born 1984), Indonesian footballer\nFarah Asyikin binti Zulkifli (born 1979), Malaysian singer\nMasagos Zulkifli (born 1963), Singaporean politician\nShalin Zulkifli (born 1978), Malaysian bowler\n\nSee also\nAhmad Zulkifli Lubis (born 1971), Indonesian voice actor\nMohd Zulkifli Affendi Mohd Zakri (born 1982), Malaysian footballer\nMohd Zulkifli Yusof (born 1982), Malaysian footballer" ]
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[ "Words near contemplate in the dictionary\n\nSynonyms\n\nFollow YourDictionary\n\nQuote\n\nI attacked those Western playwrights who use their influence and affluence to preach to the world the nihilistic doctrine that life is pointless and irrationally destructive, and that there is nothing we can do about it. ", "Until everyone is fed, clothed, housed and taught, until human beings have equal leisure to contemplate the overwhelming fact of mortality, we should not (I argued) indulge in the luxury of \"privileged despair.\" ", "Kenneth Tynan" ]
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[ "The Kremlin-backed troll farm at the center of Russia’s interference in the 2016 U.S. election has quietly suffered a catastrophic security breach, The Daily Beast has confirmed, in a leak that spilled new details of its operations onto obscure corners of the internet.", "\n\nThe Russian “information exchange” Joker.", "Buzz, which auctions off often stolen or confidential information, advertised a leak for a large cache of the Internet Research Agency’s (IRA) internal documents. ", "It includes: names of Americans, activists in particular, whom the organization specifically targeted; American-based proxies used to access Reddit and the viral meme site 9Gag; and login information for troll farm accounts.", "\n\nEven the advertisement for the document dump provides a trove of previously unknown information about the breadth of Russia’s disinformation effort in the United States, including rallies pushed by IRA social media accounts that turned violent.", "\n\nWhile special counsel Robert Mueller’s recent conspiracy indictment against the IRA showed a sophisticated organization aimed at targeting U.S. voters with disinformation, the seller appears not to have understood the implications of the auction.", "\n\nThe listing was titled “Savushkina 55,” the physical address in St. Petersburg from which the troll farm used to operate. ", "The date on the auction is listed as Feb. 10, 2017—seven months before Facebook and Twitter identified and pulled down Internet Research Agency accounts from Twitter. ", "It received no bids. ", "The seller, “AlexDA,” has not posted any other listings, and was unable to be reached. ", "In Russian, the listing promised “working data from the department focused on the United States.”", "\n\n“ The leaks show that Russian imposter accounts targeted activists for specific causes the Kremlin-backed troll farm wanted promoted. ", "On the target list: the daughter of one of Martin Luther King’s lieutenants. ”", "\n\nWhile the date of the auction could not be independently confirmed, the authenticity of the leak can. ", "The leaked documents list screen names connected to a number of American citizens who were used as unwitting proxies by the Russians. ", "The Daily Beast was able to track down four of those citizens, whose names have not been previously revealed. ", "The leak contains precise dates in 2016 in which the IRA-created account Blacktivist reached out to those U.S. citizens, plus a short description of the conversations. ", "The Daily Beast spoke to those citizens, and confirmed they interacted with the Blacktivist account in the ways described by the IRA in the document. ", "In one case, the American even provided screenshots of his interactions with the Russian troll trying to dupe him.", "\n\nIn short, the leaked document contains details of the Russian disinformation campaign that have not been previously made public—details which The Daily Beast was able to confirm.", "\n\nThe leak shows that even as the Russian trolls were able to influence and manipulate American political discourse online, they were less equipped to keep their own secrets. ", "While The Daily Beast does not possess anything close to a comprehensive trove of the IRA’s internal operations, it is now likely that substantial amounts of the troll farm’s files are waiting to be discovered online.", "\n\nBut what The Daily Beast has seen provides a new level of texture and detail to the IRA’s U.S. efforts, online and off. ", "While the troll farm’s use of YouTube, Twitter, and Facebook is now well-known, the leak shows that the Internet Research Agency also operated on Reddit and had a substantial footprint on Tumblr. ", "They documented and tracked their personalized interactions with specific, unsuspecting Americans, some of whom are named in the leaks.", "\n\nThose outreach efforts display conceptual sophistication. ", "The leaks show that IRA impostor accounts targeted activists for specific causes the Russians wanted promoted. ", "On the target list: the daughter of one of Martin Luther King’s lieutenants.", "\n\nBut the leaks also provide a glimpse into the troll farm’s weaknesses. ", "Some of the Americans the group contacted described receiving impersonal entreaties from unfamiliar accounts, asking for trivial aid and then declining to follow up. ", "The Internet Research Agency might have known how to leverage social media, but they knew far less about how users authentically interact with each other on it—which itself attracted suspicion amongst the very people the Russians were contacting.", "\n\n“I couldn’t put my finger on it. ", "I didn’t know who they were and why they were remaining anonymous, and I didn’t really see the need for it,” said Craig Carson, a Rochester, New York, attorney and civil rights activist who was contacted by the farm-created account Blacktivist.", "\n\nShanall LaRay Logan—who lives in Sacramento, California, and said she is active in Black Lives Matter campaigns —told The Daily Beast that these kind of trolling overtures are “actually just counterproductive to our movement.”", "\n\nThe leaks also reveal the IRA’s previously unreported connection to two additional 2016 rallies, one outside Atlanta and another in western New York, The Daily Beast can now confirm. ", "One of them turned violent.", "\n\nTricks of the Trolls\n\nOn Feb. 16, Mueller indicted 13 people for their involvement in the Russian troll farm. ", "The allegations have yet to be proven in court—and may never be, given the unlikelihood of Russia arresting and extraditing them for trial. ", "But, combined with the leaked IRA documents, they provide a glimpse into the organization’s tradecraft.", "\n\nMueller describes an extensive operation, both online and off, beginning in 2014, to “sow discord in the U.S. political system.” ", "What the Internet Research Agency called its “Translator Project” involved over 80 employees and a monthly budget that stretched to over $1.25 million. ", "As U.S. elections approached, its internal understanding of its goal was to engender American “distrust towards the candidates and the political system in general.” ", "By February 2016, with the U.S. presidential election looming, it emphasized attacking Hillary Clinton, both from the right and the left simultaneously.", "\n\nIts means included physical reconnaissance. ", "Two IRA employees went on a road trip to visit nine American states stretching from New York to California “to gather intelligence” in June 2014. ", "Five months later, a colleague spent another four days in Atlanta.", "\n\nOne of the employees who visited America was Anna Vladislavovna Bogacheva, then the head of the troll farm’s Department of Analytics. ", "The auction of the leaked IRA data offers a glimpse into that department’s work, which appears focused on understanding America and teasing out the most contentious issues. ", "One department folder is titled “US Migration Policy,” which would prove a cornerstone of the IRA’s most divisive trolling. ", "Other folders cover “The ruling political oligarch,” “False promises of America,” and “Air strike costs”—likely a reference to Trump’s bombing of a Syrian military airfield, which Putin condemned and the IRA attacked as a waste of taxpayer money. ", "One folder simply reads “Obama.”", "\n\n“ The leak shows that even as the Russian trolls were able to influence and manipulate American political discourse online, they were less equipped to keep their own secrets. ”", "\n\nAfter completing its recon, a key tactic of the troll farm was to present its offerings as authentically American. ", "They stole actual Americans’ identities and established false cover identities online. ", "A consistent approach was to posture as supporters of passionate causes. ", "But those causes varied wildly across the political spectrum. ", "Some Internet Research Agency-created accounts pretended to be Muslim groups, others anti-Muslim activists. ", "They were advocates of black liberation on one hand and its most fervent American critics on the other—whatever was necessary to aggravate long-standing and very real American divisions.", "\n\nSocial media—particularly YouTube, Facebook, Instagram, and Twitter—magnified the troll farm’s reach. ", "The money flowing into the Internet Research Agency’s coffers paid for a graphics department, data analytics, and other tools to improve their product, and they tailored their English-language propaganda to show up prominently in Google searches. ", "One employee bragged: “I created all these pictures and posts, and the Americans believed that it was written by their people.”", "\n\nBut spreading misinformation on social media wasn’t enough. ", "By summer 2016, the Internet Research Agency wanted to prompt Americans into the streets. ", "Using tools like Facebook’s events page, they staged and promoted rallies for Donald Trump and against Clinton.", "\n\nJust as social media permitted the IRA to scale a message up to reach millions, the same tools permitted person-to-person interaction to ensnare unwitting proxies. ", "The troll farm’s employees, posturing as Americans, would “send individualized messages to real U.S. persons to request that they participate in and help organize” such rallies. ", "Sometimes they had specific requests for unsuspecting activists: build a cage on a flatbed truck, or wear a costume to play-act Clinton heading to jail. ", "For a June 23, 2016 rally, they solicited an American to recruit attendees to a pro-Trump rally with the promise of “giv[ing] you money to print posters and get a megaphone.”", "\n\nThe material leaked from the troll farm sheds additional light onto both the scope and the granularity of the tactics employed. ", "In some cases, the efforts helped stoke clashes that turned violent. ", "In others, they amounted to little but the occasional Facebook message to activists who were going to turn out for issue-based protests anyway. ", "Flush with cash, the Internet Research Agency could afford to spread its bets.", "\n\nHyping the Hate\n\nThe Russians chose their potential American targets carefully. ", "As they sought to promote conflict at a rally in Stone Mountain, Georgia, the leaks indicate the Internet Research Agency reached out to a woman whose legacy hearkens back to the heart of the civil rights movement.", "\n\nAt a young age, in 1966, Barbara Williams Emerson protested the harassment of black students in Grenada, Mississippi, and was arrested for her efforts. ", "She was following in the footsteps of her parents—one of whom is Hosea Williams, a key Martin Luther King Jr. lieutenant in the Southern Christian Leadership Conference.", "\n\nAfter earning a Purple Heart as part of Gen George Patton’s (segregated) army, Hosea Williams endured a vicious beating for drinking out of a whites-only water fountain in his native Georgia. ", "He would later organize voter-registration drives in the Deep South during the pivotal Freedom Summer of 1964 and march across the Pettus Bridge on Bloody Sunday. ", "He took his fight to the Georgia Senate and the Atlanta City Council. ", "While serving on the council in 1987, Williams, then 61 years old, confronted the Klan during a march through a segregated Forsyth County town. ", "At that march, The New York Times reported at the time, a mob of “hundreds if not thousands” of rabid whites, David Duke among them, shouted “N---er, go home!” ", "Today a road in Atlanta bears his name.", "\n\n“ As pro- and anti-white supremacy groups prepared to square off, the Russian troll farm appeared to take notice of this brewing animosity—and amplified it. ”", "\n\nWilliams’ daughter Emerson, now an academic and activist, told The Daily Beast she was familiar with the Blacktivist impostor account, but marginally so. ", "Their posts started showing up in her feed, and she remembered Liking an article on its now-shuttered Facebook page, but “I don’t think I was contacted directly,” she said, and definitely not with any offer of money or resources. ", "Despite whatever inroads Blacktivist might have sought to make with her, Emerson, who lives near Stone Mountain, didn’t even attend the protest that Blacktivist hyped.", "\n\n“I remember thinking that whole Stone Mountain monuments thing… the removal of Confederate images was an example of a distraction of energy and action from real racist issues and policies,” Emerson said. “", "Now I’m seeing how that whole trolling process might have worked.”", "\n\nThe event at Stone Mountain took place on April 23, 2016, approximately 25 miles from the 2014 Atlanta recon operation Mueller accuses the IRA of performing. (", "A U.S. official confirmed to The Daily Beast that Blacktivist aggressively pushed the Stone Mountain rally.)", "\n\nAccording to a contemporaneous report from the Atlanta Journal-Constitution, demonstrators showed up to confront a group of white nationalists that numbered around two dozen people. ", "At least eight of the counter-protesters were reportedly arrested. ", "CNN reported from the scene that day saying that counter-demonstrators vastly outnumbered the white nationalists and that one of the individuals from the pro-white group allegedly threw a smoke bomb at law enforcement on the scene.", "\n\nThe organizers of the event billed it as “Rock Stone Mountain,” and it was intended to draw attention to Confederate history. ", "It was held days before Georgia’s Confederate Memorial Day. ", "An anti-white supremacy group called All Out Atlanta, was on hand that day as well to counter-protest. ", "All Out Atlanta did not respond to multiple requests for comment from The Daily Beast.", "\n\nThe IRA appeared to take notice of this brewing animosity and amplified the event on several of the Tumblr pages it was operating at the time.", "\n\nA troll farm account whose credentials are listed in the leak, This-Truly-Brutal-World.tumblr.com, repeatedly shared “Not My Heritage” protest advertisements created by fellow IRA account BlackMatters, including rallies in Stone Mountain, and Jackson, Mississippi. ", "An advertisement for the protest in Jackson said it would take place at “14 PM,” and used guillemets instead of quotation marks in the invitation to “Join us for а «NOT MY HERITAGE» rally.”", "\n\nBlackMatters.", "Com, another known IRA impostor website, has a section devoted to Not My Heritage protests. ", "The Twitter account @NotMyHeritage, which linked to the protests, was identified as an IRA-backed account in a list released by congressional investigators in November.", "\n\nThe “Not My Heritage” protest in Stone Mountain didn’t just receive press attention from CNN and local papers.", "\n\nRussian propaganda network RT pushed two videos shot by a network videographer from the day’s events in an article titled “Anti-racism protesters clash with police at Confederate rally in Georgia.” ", "The videos are under the branding of RT’s “video news agency” Ruptly.", "\n\nIn the story, the propaganda network repeatedly blames anti-racist protesters for violence.", "\n\n“Tear gas and stun grenades were used, and arrests were made—but none on the Confederate side,” the article accompanying the video reads.", "\n\n‘They Knew I'd Be Active’\n\nIn the same month, based on the Internet Research Agency leak, Blacktivist appeared to have reached out to actual or potential attendees of an April 2016 rally for India Cummings, a black woman who died suspiciously in police custody, in Buffalo, New York.", "\n\nWhen Dierra Jenkins, a Buffalo-based woman active in the local civil rights community, first came across Blacktivist, she thought its heavy concentration of Buffalo-focused content meant its creators were local. ", "She was named in the Internet Research Agency leak, and confirmed to The Daily Beast that the account contacted her about the Cummings rally. “", "I do a lot of activist work in Buffalo,” Jenkins said. “", "Whoever was running that page, I thought, was from Buffalo, because they were posting stuff that was happening in Buffalo.” (", "An attorney for the Cummings family, Matt Albert—who is not named in the leak—was familiar with Blacktivist, but said the impostor account had no role in setting up any demonstrations on Cummings’ behalf.)", "\n\nShortly before the protest, Jenkins said, Blacktivist’s Facebook page contacted her over Messenger, with “no indication why,” to send her an invitation to the demonstration. ", "She was familiar with the Blacktivist page but hadn’t previously interacted with it or anyone affiliated with it—making it likely that the Russian impostors were fishing for attendees based on similar interests visible on Facebook.", "\n\nAnother person identified in the leaked IRA documents, Rochester attorney and activist Craig Carson, said he interacted with Blacktivist in approximately three to five conversations, primarily through Facebook’s Messenger function, though he had a vague recollection that the account might have left the occasional comment on his page after he posted Blactivist material. ", "The conversations took place around the April rally for India Cummings, and for Carson, Blacktivist had a specific request: to print out flyers with their visuals to bring to the rally.", "\n\n“It seemed like they were reaching out to me because they knew I’d be active, that I’d be at the protest or the demo—‘Be sure to print this out,’” Carson recalled, and he distributed the flyers.", "\n\nCarson couldn’t deny that the material was useful and contributed to his own desire to see justice for Cummings’ death in custody. ", "Yet several things about Blactivist seemed off to him. ", "No one in western New York’s social justice community knew them, and yet Blacktivist’s Facebook page had tens of thousands of Likes. ", "They seemed to be spouting Black Lives Matter buzzwords without understanding their meaning.", "\n\nSo Carson tested his Blacktivist interlocutor. ", "What was his or her favorite Prince record? ", "What kind of syrup did they like on their pancakes? ", "The account wasn’t prepared to go off-script—though Carson remembers that Blacktivist said it was partial to Purple Rain.", "\n\n“They kind of stepped in the shoes of someone who’d make a protest sign or visual PDF for your Facebook event page. ", "It never really struck us as odd or out of place, it was genuine help, but it was weird, like, who the fuck are you?” ", "Carson said. ", "After a few weeks’ worth of India Cummings-centered actions, Blacktivist disappeared from the western New York civil rights community as quickly as it arrived, Carson recalled.", "\n\nNoah Westfall, another person named as being contacted by affiliates with the Internet Research Agency, lives in Buffalo, New York. ", "In 2016, he wanted to participate in the April protest at the Erie County Holding Center on Cummings’ behalf. ", "Prior to the protest, he had an interaction with a now deactivated Facebook user about the event.", "\n\nAccording to screenshots of the alleged conversation provided by Westfall to The Daily Beast, he was messaged on April 3 in the afternoon and told “We need a volunteer to help us with signing the petition/printing posters.”", "\n\nThe user also informed Westfall: “It would be cool if you could also periscope the protest.”", "\n\nHe was subsequently sent a petition and a set of posters to use and was encouraged to put them on cardboard.", "\n\nThe user also added that they had “two more volunteers who have the printed petition too so it would be cool if you cooperate with them so that we won’t have 3 different petitions signed.”", "\n\nUltimately, Westfall did not attend. ", "Three weeks later, the user sent a link to another Facebook event and said “you are welcome to attend our protest, on Monday, May 2.”", "\n\nWestfall had no way of knowing that his interlocutor was not who he said he was, and wouldn’t be at the rally the Internet Research Agency had seen fit to co-opt.", "\n\n—with additional reporting by Josh Russell, Adam Rawnsley, and Kevin Poulsen" ]
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[ "Q:\n\nIs it normal for GC to trigger this often?", "\n\nToday I noticed that a little program I made triggered GC quite often during the first 10~20 seconds of the programs lifetime. ", "After which it barely triggers ever again.", "\n\nDuring this period of time only 1 function runs, which is the one below. ", "Obtaining ~2k of file paths, and filtering out most of them. ", "\n public static string[] FilterFiles(string path)\n {\n // Fetch the files from given directory\n var files = Directory.", "GetFiles(path);\n\n // Delete all files that are to small\n foreach (string file in files)\n {\n string fullFile = default(string);\n\n try\n {\n fullFile = File.", "ReadAllText(file);\n }\n catch\n {\n continue;\n }\n\n if (fullFile.", "Length < Settings.", "MinimumFileSize)\n {\n File.", "Delete(file);\n }\n }\n\n // Obtain the new list without the small files\n List<string> cleanFiles = new List<string>(Directory.", "GetFiles(path));\n List<string> cleanReturn = new List<string>(Directory.", "GetFiles(path));\n\n // Remove files we have handled before\n foreach (string file in cleanFiles)\n {\n if (File.", "Exists(Settings.", "ExtractFolder + \"\\\\\" + file.", "Substring(file.", "LastIndexOf('\\\\') + 1) + \"_Extract.xml\"))\n {\n cleanReturn.", "Remove(file);\n }\n }\n\n return cleanReturn.", "ToArray();\n }\n\nIs it normal for GC to trigger this often in this period of time?", "\n\nA:\n\nWell, yes. ", "You are creating tons of objects with a short lifetime, and those are disposed as soon as possible.", "\nTry not to read the entire file. ", "Instead, just get the FileInfo to get the file size.", "\nHere you are enumerating the directory listing twice, which is unnecessary too:\nList<string> cleanFiles = new List<string>(Directory.", "GetFiles(path));\nList<string> cleanReturn = new List<string>(Directory.", "GetFiles(path));\n\nAlso here, a ton of strings are created due to string concatenation:\nSettings.", "ExtractFolder + \"\\\\\" + file.", "Substring(file.", "LastIndexOf('\\\\') + 1) + \"_Extract.xml\"\n\nUse a StringBuilder or string.", "Format there, and try to do as much in front as possible.", "\n\n" ]
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[ "[Clinical-genetic parameters and the nosological evaluation of schizoaffective psychosis in systematics of attack-like endogenous psychoses].", "\nAuthors studied 1013 first- and second degree relatives in families of 193 probands. ", "The probands were stratified by clinical diagnosis into 6 groups: 1) nuclear variant of schizoaffective psychosis (SAP); 2) \"marginal\" (intermediate) variant of SAP; 3) schizoaffective variant of schizophrenia; 4) recurrent schizophrenia; 5) attack-like progressive schizophrenia; 6) bipolar affective disorder or manic-depressive psychosis (MDP). ", "Probands (n=109) and their relatives were studied using the direct clinical examination; the study of 84 probands and their relatives was based on the medical records from the genetic archive of Mental Health Research Center, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences. ", "Mental pathology was found in 72,5% of relatives; 27,5% were healthy. ", "Prevalence of endogenous and non-endogenous psychoses, personality disorders and cases of alcoholism and suicides in the families of probands was studied. ", "A \"set\" of these psychopathologies was similar in families of all probands and their frequency was higher than that in the general population that confirmed the affiliation of SAP with endogenous diseases by genetic characteristics. ", "In patients with SAP, hereditary characteristics differed by the frequency, correlation and preference of some types of mental pathology compared to families of patients with schizophrenia and MDP, in particular, hereditary characteristics of patients with recurrent schizophrenia and MDP which were identified with SAP by many authors. ", "The clinical-genetic patterns revealed in the study are considered as an argument for nosological independence of SAP." ]
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[ "The Coalition might deride Labor's push for more humanitarian aid in the Middle East, but a visiting terrorism expert says humanitarian efforts are a crucial part of the fight against Islamic State, writes Karen Middleton.", "\n\nForeign Minister Julie Bishop is enjoying a good laugh at Labor counterpart Tanya Plibersek's expense.", "\n\n\"She wants our fighter jets to drop food hampers over Syria,\" Bishop railed in Parliament yesterday. \"", "Guess who will end up feasting on them? ", "It will be a terrorist picnic.\"", "\n\nBut Plibersek is not alone in calling for a greater humanitarian effort in Syria and its surrounds.", "\n\nGlobal terrorism expert Dr Audrey Kurth Cronin, currently visiting Australia, is also urging the United States and its allies to boost their support for refugees from the conflict in Iraq and Syria who are fleeing to neighbouring countries.", "\n\nThe former academic director of studies in the Changing Character of War program at Oxford University and former adviser to US legislators, now at George Mason University in the US, is in Canberra this week at the invitation of the Australian Army.", "\n\nThe University of New South Wales at the Australian Defence Force Academy hosted a breakfast seminar with her at Parliament House yesterday.", "\n\nHer message in relation to the organisation calling itself Islamic State, also known as Daesh, was unmistakeable:\n\nI think providing a lot more resources in a humanitarian framework would be a good thing to do.", "\n\nLate last week, Plibersek called for a boost to aid in the region:\n\nPrimarily, our assistance should be humanitarian. ", "We have a much greater humanitarian responsibility in Syria. ", "With 11.5 million people displaced, with millions in neighbouring countries like Jordan, like Lebanon, like Turkey, we should be doing more to help. ", "But we've actually reduced our assistance to Syrian refugees.", "\n\nDr Cronin argues it will be those driven out of Syria and Iraq who will undermine IS eventually - provided they receive support to remain in the region:\n\nThey're going to have more likelihood of getting back into control if they're living nearby than they are if they travel to Europe or for that matter Australia.", "\n\nIn other words, supporting them there would also help stop them needing to come here - something that fits with the Government's immigration objectives.", "\n\nDr Cronin argues that providing more aid would have multiple benefits: helping reinforce the likes of Jordan and Lebanon against IS attack and changing the \"story\" of the US' involvement to reduce local suspicion and make it more effective:\n\nParticularly in Jordan, I think the United States should be engaging in some shock-and-awe use of resources to support those refugees and displaced peoples as a way to turn around the narrative, the story of what we're doing. ", "If it's very, very clear we're helping people no matter what their ethnic foundation and background and identity - unlike IS - I think that will say something dramatic.", "\n\nShe believes Syria will remain \"an extremely serious problem\" for many years, arguing that's all the more reason for a longer-term humanitarian response, including setting up schools:\n\nI know we can provide more resources. ", "And ultimately we're putting so many resources into training a small number of Syrian rebel fighters. ", "That hasn't been going so well. ", "And it's been extraordinarily expensive.", "\n\nBut she doesn't advocate an end to military action. ", "On the contrary, Dr Cronin argues the US and its allies should stop treating IS/Daesh as a terrorist organisation.", "\n\nShe believes it has moved beyond that:\n\nI don't think we have any choice but to realise that Daesh has to be contained as a conventional threat ... and it's not going to be possible to use counter terrorism to destroy it, especially in the short term.", "\n\nAn expert in the trajectory of terrorist groups, Dr Cronin knows what she's talking about. ", "Her book How Terrorism Ends: Understanding the Decline and Demise of Terrorist Campaigns was published in 2009.", "\n\nBut lest the Labor Opposition rest too easily on her remarks, Dr Cronin's warning about the need for conventional warfare means Labor has a decision to make.", "\n\nLabor's bipartisan support for military action against IS has limits. ( ", "Reuters )\n\nIts bipartisan support for the military action against IS has limits, including that it will only endorse air strikes in Iraq and not in Syria.", "\n\nInitially, that point of differentiation was theoretical.", "\n\nBut if, as looks likely, the Prime Minister is about to expand Australia's area of operations, the Opposition has to choose: abandon its caveat and continue with bipartisan support for the action against IS or dig in, oppose strikes in Syria and expose itself to bombardment for \"going soft on terrorists\" from a Government desperately looking for any way to improve its standing with the electorate.", "\n\nIn that event, Dr Cronin's assessment that IS should no longer be described that way will probably be conveniently overlooked.", "\n\nBut both sides could do worse than listen to her logic on the kind of enemy they really face - and how to fight it.", "\n\nKaren Middleton is a freelance journalist and long-time member of the parliamentary Press Gallery." ]
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[ "Q:\n\nstring manipulation in python\n\nI have a python file like this\nimport urllib2\n\ntry:\n data = urllib2.urlopen('http:....').read()\nexcept urllib2.HTTPError, e:\n print \"HTTP error: %d\" % e.code\nexcept urllib2.URLError, e:\n print \"Network error: %s\" % e.reason.args[1]\n\nprint data1\n\nthe output looks like this\n>>>\n15.95\n\n>>>\n\nI need to perform some manipulation of data1 (or any alternate variable) so that when I print data1 (or the new variable) the output does not have the extra line. ", "In other words I want it to look like this:\n>>>\n15.95\n>>>\n\nAny help would be great I am relatively new to python. ", "I have been screwing around with \\r and cannot seem to get it to work.", "\n\nA:\n\nPerhaps you just need to strip whitespace from your variable? ", "Use data1.strip(). ", "Read up on str.strip() for more information.", "\nBy the way, to see the whitespace explicitly, use print repr(data1).", "\n\n" ]
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[ "Fibronectin is a multidomain protein with numerous functions. ", "Our goal is to determine the three dimensional structure of the fragment consisting of the ninth and tenth type III modules. ", "The tenth module contains the RGD cell attachment sequence while the ninth module contains the RGD synergy region. ", "The fragment consisting of the ninth and tenth type III modules has full fibronectin binding activity to the specific integrin receptor, alpha5beta1. ", "Initial attempts to study the human fragment were frustrated by protein aggregation at concentrations required to carry out NMR experiments. ", "This problem was overcome by expressing the recombinant mouse protein, which yields good quality NMR spectra at concentrations of 0.8mM. Virtually complete signal assignments have been obtained of the two module mouse fragment, and the complete secondary structure of both modules has been determined along with an initial 3D structure of the two module protein. ", "Although we do not yet have a high resolution structure, the available structure does show that the RGD region is on the protein surface and is highly flexible. ", "In addition it is not close to the synergy sequence in the ninth module. ", "Hence the enhanced activity of the module fragment is not due to a direct interaction between the RGD and synergy sequences. ", "The significance of the project resides in the insight that the structure of the RGD fibronectin fragment will provide about cell attachment and integrin recognition. ", "This information should facilitate the design of more active cell attachment molecules which could improve treatment of diseases resulting from impaired cell adhesion." ]
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[ "I had Novasure procedure 2.5years ago. ", "It stopped my bleeding completely. ", "Havent had any bleeding AT ALL. ", "since the day of the surgery. ", "After intercourse I suddenly have alittle bleeding. ", "Could this be caused by the deep penetration of intercourse or Maybe its time to have the procedure again?", "\n\nHi,\nWelcome to the forum. ", "I am really glad to help you out. ", "You seem to be suffering post-coital bleeding. ", "The causes can be inflammation or swelling and infection of the vagina or cervix(causing cervicitis), vaginal infections, cervical polyps, fibroids and endometriosis. ", "Investigations like cervical swab and ultrasound need to be done.", "\n\nIt is very difficult to precisely confirm a diagnosis without examination and investigations and the answer is based on the medical information provided. ", "For exact diagnosis, you are requested to consult your doctor. ", "I sincerely hope that helps. ", "Take care.", "\n\nDISCLAIMER:\n\"Ask a Doctor\" questions are answered by certified physicians and other medical professionals.", "\nFor more information about experts participating in the \"Ask a Doctor\" Network, please visit our\nmedical experts page.", "\nYou may also visit our Sexual Health - Women , for moderated patient to patient support and information.", "\n\nThe information provided on eHealth Forum is designed to improve, not replace, the relationship between a patient and his/her own physician.", "\nPersonal consultation(s) with a qualified medical professional is the proper means for diagnosing any medical condition." ]
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[ "Monday, 12 December 2016\n\n10,000 evacuated living along the Bay of Bengal coast: Tropical Cyclone Vardah poised for landfall while nearly 100,000 students suffer from the cold\n\nPhoto NASA\n\nOne week after dropping flooding rains and killing 14 people in southern Thailand, Tropical Cyclone Vardah was poised for landfall along the east coast of India.", "\nOver 10,000 people living along the Bay of Bengal coast in SPS Nellore district of Andhra Pradesh were on Monday evacuated to relief camps amid heavy rains due to the influence of severe cyclonic storm Vardah.", "\nEight fishermen belonging to Tamil Nadu were rescued from the sea near the Sriharikota High Altitude Range while search was on for ten more persons feared trapped at sea.", "\nWith the cyclonic storm Vardah set to make landfall between Sriharikota and Chennai, a state of high alert is being maintained in SPS Nellore district.", "\n\"The police and CISF personnel are on the job and all the ten fishermen are safe.", "\nBut they are somehow reluctant to come to the shore.", "\nWe will soon bring them out,\" Nellore Superintendent of Police Vishal Gunni told PTI over phone. ", "Municipal Administration Minister P Narayana, who is camping in Nellore to oversee the rescue and relief operations, said Vakadu and Tada received 4.8 and 3 cms of rain, respectively, since on Monday morning.", "\n\"We have already moved over 10,000 persons in seven vulnerable mandals to safety.", "\nAll necessary measures have been taken to ensure safety of people,\" he said.", "\nEarlier, Chief Minister N Chandrababu Naidu had directed the Nellore district administration to evacuate people in about 255 low-lying areas to safer places.", "\nThe Chief Minister reviewed the situation through teleconference and asked the official machinery to remain on high alert to prevent loss of lives.", "\nThe holy Tirumala Hills have been receiving rainfall since last night, causing some hardship to devotees visiting the shrine of Lord Venkateswara.", "\nTemple Executive Officer D Sambasiva Rao has directed the temple staff to make necessary arrangements for the comfort of the pilgrims in view of the inclement weather.", "\nUnder the influence of Vardah, Nellore and Chittoor districts are expected to receive heavy rainfall. ", "In Sullurpeta mandal in Nellore district, 30 persons were shifted to a relief camp this morning.", "\nThe South Central Railway has cancelled some passenger trains between Sullurpeta and Chennai in view of the cyclone.", "\nThe Vijayawada-Chennai-Vijayawada Pinakini Express has been diverted via Renigunta and Arrakkonam. ", "Some other Express trains on the Chennai route have also been diverted via Arrakkonam.", "\nMeanwhile the dip in temperature has hit education of thousands of children studying in Kasturbaa and other government residential schools in Telangana.", "\nThe students in these schools are unable to sleep well due to the severe cold and they are finding it difficult to wake up early in the morning.", "\nThe cold is severe in Agency areas so much so that it is dropping below 10 degree Celsius in some areas.", "\nAs students are not able to sleep well and focus on their studies, the government has decided to supply woollen blankets to kids this year.", "\nDeputy Chief Minister and Minister for Education Kadiam Srihari said the problem was identified first in 391 Kasturbaa schools in the state, in which 73,000 girls are studying.", "\n\"The children are not having proper blankets to protect them from the cold and this affecting their studies,\" he said, adding that students in other residential schools and welfare hostels were also facing the same situation." ]
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[ "\n828 F.Supp. ", "1168 (1993)\nLeonard GALLICK and Sonina Gallick, his wife, Individually and as Parents and Natural Guardians of Brittany Gallick, a Minor, Plaintiffs,\nv.\nBruce BARTO and Betty Barto, his wife, Defendants and Third-Party Plaintiffs,\nv.\nLeonard GALLICK and Sonina Gallick, his wife, Individually and as Parents and Natural Guardians of Brittany Gallick, a Minor, Third-Party Defendants,\nand\nShawnee Miller and Todd Long, Third-Party Defendants.", "\nNo. ", "4:CV-92-1426.", "\nUnited States District Court, M.D. Pennsylvania.", "\nJuly 26, 1993.", "\nJoseph F. Orso, III, Casale & Bonner, Williamsport, PA, for plaintiffs and third-party defendants Gallicks.", "\n*1169 John A. Mihalik, Bloomsburg, PA, for defendants and third-party plaintiffs Bartos.", "\nJohn P. Pietrovito, Muncy, PA, for third-party defendant Miller.", "\nAmy F. Ershler, Susquehanna Legal Services, Williamsport, PA, for third-party defendant Long.", "\n\nMEMORANDUM\nMcCLURE, District Judge.", "\n\nBACKGROUND:\nOn March 8, 1991, plaintiff Brittany Gallick, an infant then aged seven months, was bitten on and about the face by a ferret owned by Shawnee Miller and Todd Long. ", "The bites left open wounds which have left scars on the face of Brittany. ", "Her parents, Leonard and Sonina Gallick, initiated this action to recover for Brittany's injuries. ", "Originally, the defendants were Bruce and Betty Barto, the landlords of Miller and Long. ", "They raised affirmative defenses against the Gallicks, and eventually Miller and Long were joined as third-party defendants. ", "The Gallicks also have been named as third-party defendants.", "\nBefore the court is a motion for summary judgment filed by Bruce and Betty Barto. ", "The resolution of that motion will be determined by the answers to two primary questions: Is a ferret a wild animal? ", "If so, can a landlord not in possession be held liable for injuries caused by a wild animal when the landlord may not have had actual knowledge of the animal's wildness?", "\nAs set forth at length below, we find that a ferret is a wild animal. ", "Moreover, the landlords may be held liable, since a jury may find that they permitted Miller and Long to keep a wild animal on the property. ", "The Bartos had the right to begin eviction proceedings to enforce the terms of the lease, and did not do so. ", "While the landlords did not have the right to an immediate eviction of the tenants, they might have concluded eviction proceedings prior to the date of the incident in question. ", "A jury could reasonably find that this constitutes control over the property. ", "If the jury should so find, the landlords might be liable for injuries caused by a wild animal, the presence, if not the nature, of which they were aware.", "\n\nSTATEMENT OF FACTS:\nThe material facts are undisputed. ", "Leonard and Sonina Gallick are the natural parents of Brittany Gallick, a minor who was seven months old on March 8, 1991. ", "Bruce and Betty Barto are the owners of a rental property located at R.D. # 1, Box 355, Hughesville, Pennsylvania. ", "On July 28, 1990, Todd R. Long signed a lease for the house in Hughesville. ", "Sharon Miller signed the same lease on July 30, 1990. ", "Long and Miller resided in the house on March 8, 1991. ", "The lease indicated that a violation of the lease rules could be enforced with a 30-day notice of eviction. ", "Paragraph 8 of the lease stated, \"No Pets.\"", "\nApproximately one week after Miller and Long moved into the Hughesville property, they informed Betty Barto that they had a ferret. ", "Approximately two weeks after the signing of the lease, Betty Barto visited the premises and there observed one ferret. ", "Betty Barto did not know what a ferret was; in fact, she thought that the ferret was a mink.", "\nNeither Bruce Barto nor Betty Barto issued a 30-day eviction notice after having seen the ferrets. ", "They claim that they had no actual knowledge of any violent propensities on the part of ferrets in general or the ferrets owned by Miller and Long in particular. ", "Bruce and Betty Barto had no right to evict the ferrets or the tenants without legal process.", "\nThree ferrets were purchased by Miller from the pet shop in which she worked and were kept as pets by Miller and Long. ", "They were allowed to roam freely about the rental property and slept on the couch. ", "Although there was a cage, it was used for keeping the ferrets' food and water bowls. ", "The ferrets generally were playful, though some aggressive behavior may have occurred.", "\nOn March 8, 1991, Leonard Gallick and Sonina Gallick went to the house rented by Miller and Long at approximately 7:00 p.m. for social purposes. ", "Brittany was left on the floor of the bedroom to sleep, and the door *1170 was closed and secured by a chair. ", "Sometime later, Sonina Gallick entered the bedroom to check on Brittany, and found that she had been bitten by one of the ferrets.", "\n\nDISCUSSION:\n\nI. IS A FERRET A WILD ANIMAL?", "\nIn Pennsylvania, a person who keeps a wild animal, or a domestic animal with known vicious propensities, may be liable for injuries caused by the dangerous nature of the animal. ", "Summit Hotel Co. v. NBC, 336 Pa. 182, 8 A.2d 302, 305-306 (1939); Andrews v. Smith, 324 Pa. 455, 188 A. 146, 147-148 (1936). ", "The early cases indicate that the cause of action is for negligence, not strict liability: \"The negligence is in keeping such an animal after notice ...,\" Andrews, supra, 188 A. at 147 (quoted in Summit Hotel Co., supra, 8 A.2d at 305), although the Pennsylvania Superior Court has more recently discussed the keeping of wild animals in the context of strict liability. ", "Albig v. Municipal Authority of Westmoreland County, 348 Pa.Super. ", "505, 502 A.2d 658, 662 (1985) (\"... the doctrine [of strict liability] has long been applied to the keeping of wild animals....\").[1]\nIf a ferret is a wild animal, then, its owner, and perhaps the owner's landlord, may be liable for injuries caused by the ferret. ", "We conclude that, under the applicable principles of Pennsylvania law, a ferret is a wild animal.", "\n\nA. GENERAL FACTS ABOUT FERRETS\nAccording to Webster's New World Dictionary of the American Language (College Ed. ", "1968), a ferret is \"a kind of weasel, easily tamed and used for hunting or killing of rabbits, rats, etc. ...\" ", "Generally, two types of ferrets are found in the United States: the black-footed ferret (Mustela nigripes) and the domestic[2] or common ferret (Mustela putorius or Mustela putorius furo).", "\n\n\n1. ", "The Black-Footed Ferret[3]\nThe black-footed ferret has a yellow-buff coat, with brown fur on the top of the head and the middle of the back. ", "It has a black facial mask and its feet, legs, and last quarter of its tail are black. ", "The male black-footed ferret is larger than the female; it is about 22 inches long, approximately 5½ inches of which is its tail, and it weighs about 2 pounds.", "\nThe black-footed ferret is nocturnal and feeds mainly on prairie dogs. ", "It moves into a prairie dog colony, occupies the tunnels, and hunts the occupants. ", "Due to the extermination of prairie dogs, the black-footed ferret is now nearly extinct in the wild, if not already so. ", "As of 1989, a few survived in captive breeding programs run by the Wyoming Game and Fish Department and in the National Zoological Park at Front Royal, Virginia.", "\nObviously, the ferret which injured Brittany Gallick was not this type of ferret.", "\n\n2. ", "The Domestic or Common Ferret\nThe domestic ferret varies in color from black or dark brown to albino, the latter being predominant. ", "On average, it is about 19 inches long, including 5 inches of tail, and weighs about 2 pounds. ", "Domestic ferrets will live for about four years. ", "The females produce one, and sometimes two litters per year, with about 6 or 7 young per litter.[4]\nThe domestic ferret, sometimes given the subspecific name M[ustela] putorius furo, is thought to be a descendant of the European polecat. ", "It was bred in captivity as early as the fourth century B.C. It is usually tame and playful, and is used to *1171 control rodents and to drive rabbits from their burrows. ", "It is now found in captivity in much of the world. ", "An estimated 1 million are kept as pets in the United States, though there have been a few reported cases of rabid individuals and savage attacks on children. (", "Washington Post, 5 April 1988). ", "Unlike the wild polecat, it is generally white or pale yellow in color. ", "According to Asdell (1964),[5] females may have two or three litters annually. ", "Both the domestic ferret and the polecat were introduced in New Zealand, and large feral populations are now established there. ", "These animals are trapped for their fur in New Zealand, as well as in their original range....\nII Ronald M. Novak, Walker's Mammals of the World 1112-1113 (1991). ", "A polecat is \"a European mammal, Mustela putorius, of the weasel family, having a blackish fur and ejecting a fetid fluid when attacked or disturbed[6] ...\" The Random House Dictionary of the English Language (2d Ed.1987).", "\nWe turn now to the question of whether ferrets are wild animals. ", "Hereinafter, the term \"ferret\" shall refer to common or domestic ferrets.", "\n\nB. PENNSYLVANIA LAW ON WILD ANIMALS\nAs noted above, under Pennsylvania law, one who brings onto his land and keeps a wild animal is liable for any injuries caused by the dangerous nature of the animal.", "\nBoth parties cite authorities which purport to define \"wild animal\" for the present purposes. ", "Included are Corpus Juris Secundum and a statutory section which refers to the control of diseases among domestic animals.", "\nHowever, as recently as 1987, the Commonwealth Court of Pennsylvania established a definition of \"wild animal\" for purposes of tort law. ", "In Deluca v. Whitemarsh Twp., ", "106 Pa.Cmwlth. ", "325, 526 A.2d 456 (1987), plaintiff had been injured by a wolf owned by a private citizen. ", "In her complaint, she sought to recover from the township in which the owner lived, arguing that it had been negligent in allowing him to keep the wolf. ", "Whitemarsh Township filed preliminary objections in the nature of a demurrer, contending that it was not liable because Pennsylvania has declined to waive governmental immunity for injuries caused by wild animals. ", "Deluca, supra, 526 A.2d at 456-457.", "\nThe Commonwealth Court reviewed the Political Subdivision Tort Claims Act. ", "42 Pa.Cons.", "Stat.", "Ann. §§ ", "8541 et seq. ", "A provision of the Act includes the following:\n(b) Acts which may impose liability. ", "— The following acts by a local agency or any of its employees may result in the imposition of liability on a local agency:\n. . . . .", "\n(8) Care, custody or control of animals. ", "— The care custody or control of animals in the possession or control of a local agency, including but not limited to police dogs and horses. ", "Damages shall not be recoverable under this paragraph on account of any injury caused by wild animals, including but not limited to bears and deer, except as otherwise provided by statute.", "\n42 Pa.Cons.", "Stat.", "Ann. § ", "8542(b)(8) (Purdon 1982). ", "In short, local agencies may be liable for injuries caused by animals in the care, custody or control of its agents, but not wild animals. ", "Deluca, supra, 526 A.2d at 457.", "\nIn deciding whether a wolf, in this case a 175-pound timber wolf, is a wild animal, the Commonwealth Court looked to the definition set forth in the now-repealed Pennsylvania Game Law, 34 Pa.Stat.", "Ann. §§ ", "1311.1 et seq. (", "Purdon 1967). ", "That Law defined \"wild animals\" as \"all animals other than domestic animals.\" ", "34 Pa.Stat.", "Ann. § ", "1311.101 (Purdon 1967). ", "While \"domestic animals\" was not defined by the Game Law, wolves were included in the definition of \"wildlife,\" and so the Commonwealth Court concluded that a wolf is a wild animal. ", "Deluca, supra, 526 A.2d at 457-458.", "\nFollowing the repeal of the Game Law and the enactment of the present Game and *1172 Wildlife Code, Pub.", "L. no. ", "442, No. ", "93, §§ 1 et seq., ", "enacted as Title 34, Pa.Stat.", "Ann. (", "Purdon 1993 Supp.), ", "the Court of Common Pleas was faced with the issue of whether a raccoon is a wild animal. ", "Holmes v. Borough of Lansdowne, 9 Pa.D. & C.4th 344 (1991). ", "That court looked to the Game and Wildlife Code for guidance. ", "In the new Game and Wildlife Code, \"wild animals\" is defined as \"[a]ll mammals other than domestic animals as defined in 1 [Pa.Cons.", "Stat.", "Ann.] § ", "1991 (relating to definitions).\" ", "34 Pa.Cons.", "Stat. ", "Ann. § ", "102 (Purdon 1993 Supp.). \"", "Domestic animal\" is defined as \"[a]ny equine animal, bovine animal, sheep goat and pig.\" § ", "1991.[7] Moreover, \"raccoon\" is one of the animals listed in the definition of \"furbearers\" in § 102. ", "Based on these two provisions, the court determined that a raccoon is a wild animal, and the Commonwealth has not waived immunity for injuries arising from its care and control. ", "Holmes, supra, at 349-350.", "\nBased upon Deluca, supra, it is apparent that the statutory section to be relied upon was the Game Law. ", "Despite its repeal, the Court of Common Pleas relied upon the parallel act which was enacted in place of the Game Law, the Game and Wildlife Code. ", "Under the Game and Wildlife Code, a wild animal is any animal that is not a domestic animal under the general definitions provision, § 1991. ", "Under that section, a ferret is not a domestic animal. ", "Therefore, a ferret must be a wild animal.", "\n\nC. GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS\nIn addition to the case law set forth above, we believe that there are general considerations which lead to the conclusion that a ferret is a wild animal.", "\nFirst, ferrets have been kept by humans for some time basically because of their propensity to attack small animals. ", "According to one article, they were first brought to this country from Europe in 1875 to hunt for rabbits. ", "United Press International, Domestic News Section, Dateline: Fitchburg, Mass., March 22, 1988. ", "The obvious conclusion from this fact is that, while people have kept ferrets, they have done so for the limited purpose of hunting, and ferrets serve that purpose only because of their ferocity.", "\nFor this reason, many authorities have warned against keeping ferrets as pets. \"", "Some animals should never be pets. ", "Turtles, poisonous snakes, chimpanzees, skunks, ferrets, and other wild animals bite and carry diseases. ", "Furthermore, as this type of animal matures, it can become aggressive, ...\" Bruce A. Epstein, Pets Can Play Important Part in Child's Growth, St. Petersburg Times, November 25, 1989, at 2 (emphasis added). ", "In 1986, Dr. Kenneth Kizer, then-director of the California Health Department, stated that there had been several documented instances in which savage attacks by ferrets had led to the death or maiming of babies. ", "He attributed the attacks to the possibility that babies had odors similar to those of suckling rabbits. ", "Jon Van, Ferret Fad Dangerous, Vets Told, Chicago Tribune, September 7, 1986, Section C at 1. ", "Joining Dr. Kizer in his position were the American Veterinary Medical Association and the Humane Society of the United States. ", "Id.\nSeveral states do not allow residents to possess ferrets,[8] while others put limits on ferret ownership.[9] A large number of states *1173 prohibits the use of ferrets in hunting.[10] Tennessee has specifically denominated ferrets as \"Class III\" wildlife.[11] Finally, in Maine, a ferret is not permitted off the premises of the owner unless caged, leashed, or otherwise under the actual physical control of the owner, and the seller of a ferret must provide the following written notification:\nA. Ferrets have been known to attack humans, particularly children, for no reason and without warning.", "\nB. There is no proven vaccine for rabies in ferrets nor is there an accepted procedure for judging a rabid ferret without sacrificing the ferret. ", "A ferret which bites a person may be immediately seized and put to death by the State in order to obtain necessary test samples.", "\nMe.", "Rev.Stat.", "Ann. ", "tit. ", "7, § 3966 (West 1993).", "\n\nD. THE PARTIES' ARGUMENTS\nIn their brief in support of the motion for summary judgment, defendants Bruce and Betty Barto set forth various legal standards for determining whether an animal is wild or domestic. ", "While their authority appears to be outdated, considering the authorities set forth above, we believe that ferrets would be wild animals under those authorities.", "\nDefendants first argue that the court should apply the following distinction:\n\nDomestic animals include those which are tame by nature, or from time immemorial have been accustomed to the association of man, or by his industry have been subjected to his will, and have no disposition to escape his dominion.", "\n\nWild animals comprehend those wild by nature, which, because of habit, mode of life, or natural instinct, are incapable of being completely domesticated, and require the exercise of art, force, or skill to keep them in subjection.", "\nBrief in Support of Defendants', Bruce Barto and Betty Barto, Motion for Summary Judgment at 5 (quoting Com. ", "v. Johnson, 31 Som.", "L.J. 195, 208 (C.P.1975), which in turn cited C.J.S. Animals § 3.", "\nAs noted above, ferrets have been known to return to a feral state upon escaping, and have done so in large numbers in New Zealand. ", "Novak, supra. ", "Obviously, an animal which has a propensity to bite, which has traditionally been kept for the purpose of hunting rabbits and rats, and which will savagely attack small children without provocation is not an animal capable of being completely domesticated. ", "It appears that people have kept ferrets as house pets only in recent years, and it cannot be said that they have been accustomed to this type of association \"from time immemorial.\" ", "At best, ferrets' natural predisposition to attack has been used as a tool by humans in ridding themselves of rodents and other pests. ", "The instincts of a ferret clearly are not such as would allow it to be completely domesticated.", "\n*1174 Defendants also cite Andrews v. Smith, supra, which distinguishes between wild animals such as \"a tiger or a venomous reptile\" and \"horses, oxen and dogs.\" ", "Certainly, the former are wild and the latter are domestic. ", "The problem with such a simple distinction is that so many animals fall between the categories which these examples clearly delineate. ", "For example, dogs may be domestic, but there are dogs, such as pit bulls, doberman pinschers, and rottweilers, the hazard of keeping which cannot be denied. ", "Moreover, there are wild animals, such as box turtles or iguanas, which may be harmless in captivity. ", "It is for this reason that an owner of a domestic animal with known dangerous propensities is also liable for injuries caused thereby.", "\nIn fact, in Pennsylvania, one can say that the policy of the state is to favor the party injured by animals. ", "As discussed in Deluca, the Commonwealth has waived immunity for injuries caused by the negligence of its employees in the care, custody and control of domestic animals. ", "Moreover, the Legislature has statutorily limited the application of the \"one-bite\" rule, which held that the owner of a dog had to have reason to know of his animal's vicious tendency, such as a previous bite, before he or she could be held liable for injury caused by the dog. ", "See 3 Pa.Stat.", "Ann. § ", "459-502(b) (\"... Any cost to the victim for medical treatment resulting from an attacking or biting dog must be paid fully by the owner of such dog....\").", "\nIn their brief in opposition to the motion for summary judgment, plaintiffs rely heavily upon 3 Pa.Stat.", "Ann. § ", "331 for their definition of \"wild animal.\" ", "While that section is not conclusive in itself, in combination with at least three other instances of the same or very similar definitions, it is a strong indication that the Pennsylvania legislature strictly limits those animals which will be considered domestic. ", "In its view, domestic animals are dogs, cats, and very common farm animals, including horses, cows, goats and pigs. ", "Deluca and Holmes indicate that the view of the Legislature is shared by the courts.", "\nIn their reply brief, defendants argue that the facts of this case indicate that the ferrets owned by Miller and Long were domestic. ", "They focus on the fact that the ferrets were permitted to roam about the house, that the cage was used only for food and water bowls, and that ferrets are sold in pet stores.", "\nFirst, whether these particular ferrets were tame is not the issue, since a wild animal may be tame without changing its essential nature. ", "A case cited by defendants, Johnson, supra, supports this conclusion. ", "In that case, the defendants acquired two African leopard cubs, had them declawed and tamed, and accustomed them to captivity. ", "The Court of Common Pleas of Somerset County held that their essential nature as wild cats remained unchanged. ", "Id. at 208-209.", "\nSecond, the facts of this case do not necessarily support the contention that the ferrets were tame. ", "A wild animal may be permitted to roam outside of its cage. ", "There is no indication that they were permitted outside of the residence and would return when called or otherwise summoned. ", "Moreover, two of the ferrets apparently were caged at the time of the attack on Brittany Gallick.", "\nIn sum, we are of the view that ferrets are an inverse of the types of dogs we have noted above. ", "A pit bull may be considered a domestic animal because dogs generally are considered domestic animals. ", "Therefore, a pit bull is a domestic animal with dangerous propensities.", "\nA ferret, on the other hand, is a wild animal which people may, to a point, be successful in keeping in their home. ", "Therefore, a ferret is a wild animal with domestic propensities. ", "However, those propensities do not change its essential character as a wild animal. ", "We hold that a ferret is a wild animal.", "\n\nII. ", "CAN THE LANDLORD BE LIABLE?", "\nIn Pennsylvania, the general rule is that a landlord out of possession is not liable for injuries caused by animals kept by tenants when the tenant has exclusive control of the premises. ", "Palermo v. Nails, 334 Pa.Super. ", "544, 483 A.2d 871, 873 (1984) (citations omitted). \"", "However, a landlord out of possession *1175 may be held liable for injuries by animals owned and maintained by his tenant when the landlord has knowledge of the presence of the dangerous animal and where he has the right to control or remove the animal by retaking possession of the premises.\" ", "Id.\nDefendants first argue that plaintiffs had exclusive control over the premises. ", "We disagree. ", "The lease specifically stated \"No Pets\" and expressly provided that the rules contained therein were enforceable through a thirty-day notice of eviction. ", "Betty Barto learned of the presence of at least one ferret in early August, 1991. ", "She saw one of the ferrets on the premises about one week later. ", "Had she or her husband acted then to enforce the provisions of the lease, Miller and Long would have been evicted in due course. ", "They clearly had control over the premises, at least to that extent.", "\nThe defendants also argue that, since the Bartos, the landlords, did not have actual knowledge that a ferret had dangerous qualities, they cannot be held liable. ", "This contention also fails for two reasons. ", "First, Betty Barto believed that the animal she saw was a mink, which is also a wild animal. ", "Second, when the landlords allowed the tenants to keep a wild animal on the premises, they \"stepped into the shoes\" of the tenants concerning liability. ", "Since the owner of a wild animal is legally responsible for all harm caused by the animal, the landlord is also liable. ", "There is a legal presumption that the owner of a wild animal knows or should know, that is, has notice, of the animal's dangerous qualities. ", "As the Pennsylvania Supreme Court stated many years ago, \"The negligence is in keeping such an animal after notice.\" ", "Andrews, supra.", "\n\nIII. ", "CONCLUSION\nSince a ferret is a wild animal, the landlords were aware of the presence of at least one ferret, and plaintiffs may be able to prove that the landlords had the ability to exercise control over the premises prior to the incident in question, the landlords may be held liable under a theory of negligence. ", "For all of these and the foregoing reasons, the motion for summary judgment will be denied.", "\n\n* * *\nAn appropriate order shall issue.", "\nNOTES\n[1] The Superior Court, however, did not cite Pennsylvania cases for this proposition, relying instead upon Prosser and Keaton, The Law of Torts § 77. ", "Regardless, the issue of strict liability for keeping wild animals was dicta, since the alleged ultrahazardous activity at issue in Albig was the collection and storage of a large quantity of water on a hillside reservoir.", "\n[2] It should be emphasized that the name \"domestic ferret\" is a zoological term, and the name should not be construed as meaning that this type of ferret is legally \"domestic.\"", "\n[3] This information was compiled from II Ronald M. Novak, Walker's Mammals of the World (5th Ed.1991) 1113-1114, and 11 Encyclopedia Americana 125.", "\n[4] 11 Encyclopedia Americana, supra, note 2, at 125.", "\n[5] Referring to S.A. Asdell, Patterns of Mammalian Reproduction (1964).", "\n[6] Hence the use in this country of the term to refer to skunks.", "\n[7] It may be noted that this definition does not include dogs and cats, both of which are clearly domestic animals. ", "However, the legislature has so defined \"domestic animal\" in a number of statutes. ", "See, e.g., 3 Pa.Stat.", "Ann. § ", "459-501-A (Purdon 1993 Supp.) (", "the Dog Law); 3 Pa.Stat. ", "Ann. § ", "331 (Purdon 1963) (regarding the prevention and suppression of diseases); 18 Pa.Cons. ", "Stat.", "Ann. § ", "5511(q) (Purdon Supp.1993) (Crimes and Offenses, cruelty to animals). ", "In each of these statutes, the Pennsylvania legislature has defined \"domestic animal\" to mean any of the above-enumerated animals, as well as dogs or cats, and, in the case of § 331, poultry.", "\n[8] Those jurisdictions not permitting possession or sale of ferrets are the District of Columbia, Michigan, Rhode Island, and South Carolina. ", "See D.C.Code Ann. § ", "6-1008 (1981, WESTLAW 1993); Mich.Comp.", "Laws Ann. § ", "317.151 (West 1993); R.I.Gen.", "Laws § 20-16-3 (1992, WESTLAW 1993); S.C.Code Ann. § ", "47-5-50 (Law. ", "Co-op. ", "1992, WESTLAW 1993).", "\n[9] States restricting the possession, sale and/or ownership of ferrets include Georgia, Kentucky, and New York. ", "See Ga.Code Ann. § ", "27-5-5(1)(A) (Michie 1992, WESTLAW 1993) (license or permit required); Ky.Rev.Stat.", "Ann. § ", "150.355 (Michie/Bobbs-Merrill 1992, WESTLAW 1993) (permit required); N.Y.Envtl.", "Conserv.", "Law § 11-0511 (West 1993) (permit required). ", "Also, until recently, Pennsylvania required a permit for the ownership of ferrets, and it was illegal to sell ferrets to a person without a permit. ", "34 Pa.Stat. ", "Ann. § ", "1311.413 (Purdon 1967), repealed and renumbered to § 1311.413a, Pub.", "L. 165, No. ", "40, § 4 (1983), renumbered section repealed, Pub.", "L. 442, No. ", "93, 7(a) (1987).", "\n[10] States prohibiting the use of ferrets in hunting include Connecticut, Delaware, Illinois, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Maryland, Massachusetts, Minnesota, Nebraska, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, West Virginia, and Wisconsin. ", "See Conn.Gen.Stat.", "Ann. § ", "26-87 (West 1993); Del.Code Ann. ", "tit. ", "7, § 771 (1992, WESTLAW 1993); Ill.Ann.", "Stat. ", "Ch. ", "520, para. ", "5/2.33(d) (West/Smith-Hurd 1993); Iowa Code Ann. § ", "481A.53 (West 1993); Kan.Stat.", "Ann. § ", "32-1003(d) (1992, WESTLAW 1993); Ky.Rev.Stat. ", "Ann. § ", "150.355 (Michie/Bobbs-Merrill 1992, WESTLAW 1993); Md.Nat.", "Res.", "Code Ann. § ", "10-410(l) (1992, WESTLAW 1993); Mass.Gen.Laws Ann. ", "ch. ", "131, § 77 (West 1993); Minn.Stat.", "Ann. § ", "97B.101 (West 1993); Neb.Rev.Stat. § ", "37-512 (1992, WESTLAW 1993); N.H.Rev.", "Stat.", "Ann. § ", "207:6 (1991, WESTLAW 1993); N.J.Stat.", "Ann. ", "23:4-14 (West 1993); N.Y.Envtl.", "Conserv.", "Law § 11-0901(5) (McKinney 1992, WESTLAW 1993); Ohio Rev.Code Ann. § ", "1533.02(C) (Anderson 1992, WESTLAW 1993); W.Va.", "Code § 20-2-5(13) (1992, WESTLAW 1993); Wis.Stat. ", "Ann. § ", "29.03(9) (West 1992). ", "Pennsylvania prohibited the use of ferrets in hunting under the former Game Law. ", "34 Pa.Stat.", "Ann. ", "1311.704(e) (Purdon 1967), repealed, Pub.", "L. 442, No. ", "93, 7(a) (1987).", "\n[11] Tenn.Code Ann. § ", "70-4-403(3)(D) (1992, WESTLAW 1993).", "\n" ]
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[ "With these votes, the amendment to the tax decree that reformulates the consumption tax on refill liquids for e-cigarettes, has passed into the Senate Finance Committee. ", "The amounts equate to 4cents per ml of liquid without nicotine and 8cents on nicotine-containing types. ", "This will be a significant reduction from the previous tax which equated to approximately 40 cents per ml on both kinds of liquids.", "\n\nFrom now on manufacturers must comply with the TPD, and can only sell nicotine liquids that contain a maximum nicotine concentration of 20 milligrams per milliliter.", "\n\nWith regards to online sales, e-cig manufacturers will also be able to sell e-liquids online after registering with the tax (customs) warehouse. ", "Additionally, from now on, manufacturers must comply with the European Tobacco Directive (TPD), and can only sell nicotine liquids that contain a maximum nicotine concentration of 20 milligrams per milliliter. ", "A similar regulation applies to nicotine placed on the market in other forms: powder, gel or capsules.", "\n\nIn case of non-compliance, retailers will be fined 150 thousand euros, and have their AAMS (Monopoly) authorization revoked. ", "Furthermore, marketing e-liquids without an AAMS authorization will invoke a smuggling charge.", "\n\nHigh prices had driven vapers to the foreign market\n\nBack in 2016, a parliamentary intergroup had pointed out that e-liquids should have brought a revenue of €85 million into the country, as opposed to the €5 million collected by the Department of Finance. ", "According to group member Sebastian Barbanti, the ridiculous prices had driven consumers to the foreign market." ]
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[ "###### Strengths and limitations of this study\n\n- Pragmatic design to facilitate implementation within routine clinical practice.", "\n\n- Optimised protocol to reduce risk of bias.", "\n\n- Appropriate sample size calculation and a planned intention-to-treat analysis.", "\n\n- Lack of blinding among clinicians delivering the intervention.", "\n\n- Single-centre design.", "\n\nIntroduction {#s1}\n============\n\nTotal knee arthroplasty (TKA) is the commonest joint replacement, with over 82 000 procedures performed annually in the National Health Service (NHS).[@R1] Demand is growing and this, combined with an ageing population, the frequency of TKA and its burden on the NHS increases year on year. ", "During the last decade, there has been increased interest in optimal perioperative care to enhance recovery following TKA. ", "Improvement of analgesia; reduction of surgical stress responses and organ dysfunctions; including nausea, vomiting and ileus; early mobilisation; and oral nutrition have all been examined. ", "Measures to try and improve pain management have been developed including multimodal regimes which theoretically allow functional rehabilitation to be initiated more rapidly postoperatively. ", "TKA generates substantial amounts of postoperative pain, which effects range of movement and ability to mobilise. ", "Good pain relief with minimal physiological disturbance is important for postoperative knee rehabilitation.[@R2] Epidural analgesia is very effective in pain control but is associated with side effects such as pruritus, urinary retention and motor block.[@R2] Epidural analgesia can also occasionally lead to serious complications such as spinal cord ischaemia, vertebral canal haematoma, vertebral canal abscess, infective meningitis, nerve and spinal cord injury, wrong route administration and cardiovascular collapse.[@R5]\n\nThe use of opioid drugs, administered by means of either patient-controlled analgesia or other methods, is another effective method of postoperative pain relief but is often associated with systemic side effects, including nausea and vomiting, respiratory depression, drowsiness, pruritus, reduced gut mobility, and urinary retention.[@R6] Drowsiness in particular may delay the patient\\'s postoperative mobilisation. ", "Femoral nerve block, as a single perioperative infiltration or via an indwelling catheter, has been shown to improve postoperative pain control and reduce the use of systemic analgesics and is currently the standard care for perioperative analgesia.[@R7] The key advantage of the technique is that it avoids the systemic effects associated with both epidural and opioid analgesics. ", "However, it may be associated with complications such as vascular puncture, nerve damage, infection and diminished muscle control.[@R8] The inhibition of the quadriceps muscle group can delay postoperative mobilisation.[@R9] Since the posterior capsule of the knee joint is innervated by the branches of the sciatic nerve rather than the femoral, femoral nerve blockade may also result in incomplete pain relief. ", "Femoral nerve block is currently the standard perioperative analgesia for TKR surgery among anaesthetists working within the NHS.", "\n\nRecently the use of intraoperative, periarticular infiltration of multimodal analgesics has gained in popularity. ", "Periarticular infiltration has the advantage of delivering drugs directly to the sources of pain, thereby avoiding systemic side effects.[@R10] The concept of multimodal analgesia refers to the simultaneous administration of multiple anaesthetic agents, such as local anaesthetics, opiates and non-steroids anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). ", "To produce optimal pain relief combined with the lowest incidence of side effects, a multimodal pain therapy is essential.[@R5] This technique of analgesia was developed specifically to avoid sedation and facilitate rapid physiological recovery after lower limb arthroplasty in order to enable early mobilisation and discharge.[@R9] In contrast to femoral nerve blockade, periarticular infiltration does not inhibit quadriceps function and also reaches the posterior capsule of the knee joint. ", "Published studies suggest that periarticular infiltration may reduce requirements for postoperative analgesia, lead to earlier mobilisation and discharge from hospital. ", "However, the number of published randomised controlled trials involving TKA is small and all are underpowered and lack statistical rigour. ", "An initial pilot study comparing femoral nerve block and multimodal periarticular infiltration has already been completed in order to help plan and design a full trial with the following null hypothesis.[@R14]\n\nPostoperative pain following primary TKA does not differ between multimodal periarticular knee infiltration with levobupivacaine 150 mg, morphine 10 mg and ketorolac 30 mg diluted in 0.9% saline to make a volume 100 mL (0.5 mL 1:1000 epinephrine) and the single-agent femoral nerve blockade.", "\n\nThese two comparators have been chosen for comparison because femoral nerve block is the current standard care for perioperative analgesia for TKR surgery and multimodal periarticular infiltration represents a new but now established alternative.", "\n\nObjectives {#s2}\n==========\n\nThe primary objective of this full trial is to quantify and draw inferences on the efficacy between treatment groups based on observed differences as shown by a validated, patient-reported 100 mm visual analogue pain score, prephysiotherapy on the first postoperative day, collected by an independent physiotherapist. ", "This is the most important outcome as pain at the time when the patient is first starting to walk and use their new knee replacement will determine the ability of the patient to mobilise. ", "Early mobilisation is associated with improved functional outcomes and a reduced risk of complications.[@R15]\n\nThe secondary objectives of the study are to quantify and draw inferences on the efficacy of the treatment groups based on observed differences as shown by: Visual analogue scale (VAS) after physiotherapy on the first postoperative day and before and after physiotherapy on the second postoperative day.", "The total use of opiate analgesia up to 24 and 48 h after the operation.", "Ordinal pain score (routinely collected up to 40 min after surgery).Independent routine functional physiotherapist assessment on days 1 and 2 postoperatively assessing: straight leg raise (SLR), knee range of movement, Timed Up and Go (TUG), bed transfers and distance mobilised.", "Oxford Knee Score (OKS) collected preoperatively and 6 weeks postoperatively.", "EuroQol (EQ-5D-5L) Score collected preoperatively and 6 weeks postoperatively.", "Douleur Neuropathic Pain Scores (DN2/seven-item DN4) collected preoperatively and 6 weeks and 12 months postoperatively.[@R16] [@R17]The number and type of adverse events (AEs) up to 12 months postoperatively.", "\n\nMethods and analysis {#s3}\n====================\n\nThe protocol (V.5.0 dated 7 October 2015) was prepared in accordance with the Standard Protocol Items: Recommendations for Interventional Trials (SPIRIT) guidelines.[@R18] This study is jointly sponsored by the University of Warwick and University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust. ", "The trial will be carried out in accordance with the Medicines for Human use (Clinical Trials) Regulations 2004 (SI 2004/1031), amended regulations (SI 2006/1928) and the International Conference on Harmonisation Good Clinical Practice (ICH-GCP); all collaborators will be trained in GCP, and in accordance with this protocol. ", "This trial will be reported in line with the Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials (CONSORT) statement.", "\n\nA single-centre two-arm parallel group superiority type trial design will be completed. ", "All patients undergoing an elective primary unilateral TKA under the care of an orthopaedic consultant at University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust are potentially eligible for entry to the trial. ", "However, patients with any of the following will not be eligible: Concomitant medical or psychiatric problems which, in the opinion of the investigator, would prevent completion of treatment or follow-up.", "Preoperative history of neurological abnormality in the ipsilateral leg, for example, history of stoke, neurogenic pain or previous nerve pain.", "Specific contraindication to the analgesic agents used: *Morphine* i. Hypersensitivity reaction.*Ketorolac* i. Active or previous peptic ulcer;ii.", " History of upper gastrointestinal bleeding or perforation, related to previous NSAID therapy;iii.", " Haemorrhagic diatheses, including coagulation disorders;iv.", " Hypersensitivity to ketorolac, trometamol or other NSAIDs;v.", " Moderate or severe renal impairment (serum creatinine \\>160 μmol/L).*Levobupivacaine* i. Known hypersensitivity to levobupivacaine, local anaesthetics of the amide type or any of the excipients;ii.", " Uncontrolled angina;iii.", " Second or third degree heart block.", "Participation in a clinical trial of an investigational medicinal product (IMP) in the past 90 days.", "Previous entry in the present trial.", "Evidence that the patient would be unable to adhere to trial procedures.", "\n\nPatients fulfilling the eligibility criteria will be identified by consultants and research associates in outpatient clinics. ", "In order to ensure all eligible patients are approached for recruitment patients already on the waiting list (as identified via hospital operative planning software, Opera) for a unilateral TKA will be screened and may be contacted during their preoperative assessment at the hospital, which normally occurs a few weeks before surgery. ", "All appropriate patients will be approached as per ICH-GCP guidelines. ", "Patients will be recruited by trained research associates who will help to present the trial and interventions in a consistent and unbiased manner. ", "Recruitment by trained research associates will also be a mechanism to help ensure optimum participant enrolment.[@R19] Patients will only be given 'Letters of Invitation' if, in the opinion of the research associate, there has been an adequate verbal introduction to the trial. ", "Patients will be given adequate time to consider their participation in order to ensure informed consent to participate in the trial. ", "Signed and dated informed consent will be obtained by medically trained personnel as per trust protocol for Clinical Trial Investigation of a Medicinal Product (CTIMP) study. ", "In the event that any further information becomes available, which may influence the patient\\'s willingness to continue in the trial, the trial team will contact the participant. ", "The participant\\'s general practitioner (GP) will be informed by letter that the patient is taking/has taken part in this clinical trial. ", "A participant may deny the research team permission to inform the GP of their trial involvement by not initialling the appropriate box on the consent form. ", "Prerandomisation eligibility checks will be carried out to ensure that a patient fit the eligibility criteria and is not randomised in error. ", "Inclusion of a patient in the trial will be flagged on their clinical notes by means of a trial sticker.", "\n\nRandomisation {#s4}\n=============\n\nAllocation of trial treatments will be provided through a distal randomisation service. ", "Randomisation will be a 1:1 allocation using a computer-generated randomisation schedule stratified by anaesthetic type---general or spinal block using permuted blocks of random sizes. ", "The block sizes will not be disclosed, to ensure concealment. ", "To ensure allocation concealment, the mechanism of contact being used is via a telephone and has a stringent procedure to ensure enrolment before randomisation. ", "Randomisation via telephone will be undertaken by a trained member of the theatre team present on the day of surgery. ", "They will then inform the rest of the theatre team (excluding the participant) of the treatment allocation.", "\n\nSample size {#s5}\n===========\n\nThe primary outcome measure for this study is pain on day 1 postoperatively, assessed using a 100 mm VAS. ", "Pilot data (n=46) were used in a power analysis to estimate the sample size required for a two-arm parallel group RCT. ", "Based on the available literature, a change in the VAS of 12 mm (95% CI 9 to 15) is clinically meaningful; thus, these calculations assume the minimum clinical important difference (MCID) to be approximately 12 mm.[@R20] The observed SD from the pilot study was 30 mm, giving a standardised effect size (MCID/SD) of 0.4, a moderate value, and of the appropriate order of magnitude for a pragmatic study of this type. ", "Hence, to power a trial to test the null hypothesis of equality of the treatments, assuming approximate normality for the VAS, would require 132 patients in each treatment arm or 264 in total---assuming 90% power, 5% significance, a SD of 3 cm and an MCID of 12 mm. ", "Given that the majority of data collection will occur during participant hospital stay, with the exception of the patient-reported outcome measures, we anticipate loss of follow-up data will be minimal (\\<5%). ", "The sample size for this trial corresponds to effects observed in previous similar studies.[@R20] [@R21] These studies demonstrated effects on a 100 mm VAS (our primary outcome measure) and on participant consumption of 'as required' analgesia with 20--25 patients per experimental group.", "\n\nRecent audit within the department indicated there are approximately 50 elective primary unilateral total knee replacements carried out per month, of whom over half would be eligible for this trial. ", "Although not all patients will want to take part, our previous experience in trials of perioperative adjuncts to surgery has shown high levels of patient recruitment (80--100%) with only 7% declining the pilot study. ", "Therefore, we believe 11 patients per month to be a realistic recruitment figure. ", "At this rate, the entire study sample can be recruited within 24 months. ", "However, if recruitment rate is not as high as anticipated, a sample size of 200 patients will still be adequate to identify any difference between groups with 80% power.", "\n\nParticipants may withdraw from the trial treatment and/or the whole trial at any time without prejudice. ", "Unless a participant explicitly withdraws their consent, they should be followed-up and data collected as per the protocol until the end of the trial.", "\n\nShould a participant withdraw from the trial, they would continue to be treated as per normal routine postoperative management, follow-up and clinical practice. ", "The data collected up until the point of withdrawal would be used for analysis at the end of the trial. ", "Participants may be withdrawn from the trial at the discretion of the investigator and/or the Trial Steering Committee (TSC) due to safety concerns.", "\n\nBlinding {#s6}\n========\n\nPatients will be blind to the intervention to which they are allocated, as femoral nerve blocks will be done after sedation and or anaesthetic. ", "All interventions will be conducted within a sterile zone with drapes which will physically prevent patients seeing which intervention they receive. ", "Owing to the nature of the study, it is not possible for the surgeon and anaesthetist delivering the interventions to be blinded to the treatment options. ", "Outcome data will be collected by a research associate and an independent clinical physiotherapist who are blinded to the treatment allocation. ", "Furthermore, the trial statistician will be blinded to the treatment allocations throughout.", "\n\nInterventions {#s7}\n=============\n\nIn this pragmatic trial, patients will undergo routine elective primary unilateral TKA using the standard technique of the anaesthetist and the operating surgeon. ", "In addition, the patient will receive one of the following perioperative analgesic interventions: Femoral nerve block\n\nUnder aseptic conditions, the femoral artery will be palpated immediately below the inguinal ligament and nerve stimulation and or ultrasound will be used to identify the femoral nerve just lateral to the artery. ", "Once the femoral nerve has been identified, the block may be performed in the routine manner (15, 16) using 30 mL (75 mg) of levobupivacaine hydrochloride 0.25%. ", "Intraoperative periarticular injection\n\nThe periarticular infiltration of multimodal agents will involve the preparation of two 50 mL syringes each containing 30 mL (75 mg) of levobupivacaine hydrochloride 0.25% injection, 0.5 mL (5 mg) morphine sulfate injection, 0.5 mL (15 mg) ketorolac trometamol injection and 0.25 mL of 1:1000 epinephrine then diluted with 0.9% saline to make a mixture containing a total volume of 50 mL. Epinephrine is added to the mixture to reduce blood loss after the operation. ", "Each syringe will be prepared for immediate use and not stored. ", "Fifty millilitre of the mixture will be injected into the posterior, medical and lateral soft tissues just prior to implantation of the TKR components. ", "Care will be taken to avoid excessive infiltration in the area of the common peroneal nerve. ", "Then, while the cement is curing, the anterior soft tissue including the quadriceps mechanism, the retinacular tissues and the subcuticular tissues will be infiltrated with the remaining 50 mL of periarticular injection.[@R13] Following wound closure, the tourniquet will be released and the 'tourniquet-down time' noted on the trial documentation.", "\n\nThe allocated intervention will be discontinued if there is evidence of an immediate serious adverse reaction such as anaphylaxis. ", "Once randomised if a participant specifically requested that the intervention was discontinued or modified this would be honoured provided valid consent was obtained; however, as both interventions are delivered perioperatively such a scenario is extremely unlikely.", "\n\nA routine preoperative, perioperative and postoperative analgesic medicines regimen will be used for all of the participants following hospital guidelines for TKR surgery:\n\n*Premedication (before surgery)* 1.", " Gabapentin 300 mg (100 mg if older than 70 years or chronic kidney disease (CKD) stage 3).", "\n\n*Perioperatively* 1.", " Spinal: 2 mL of 0.5% heavy bupivacaine or 2 mL of 0.5% isobaric levobupivacaine (chirocaine).2.", " Sedate with target-controlled infusions of propofol or general anaesthetic if needed.3.", " If unable to do a spinal, use intravenous morphine 0.1--0.2 mg/kg intraoperatively.4.", " Paracetamol: 1 g intravenous.", "\n\n*Postoperatively* 1.", " Paracetamol 1 g four times a day;2.", " Diclofenac 50 mg or ibuprofen 400 mg three times a day if no contraindications and to be started 8 h postoperatively;3.", " Gabapentin 300 or 100 mg three times a day for 5 days (lower dose for the over 70 s or CKD stage 3);4.", " Morphine sulphate tablets (MST) 20 mg twice daily for 5 days or until needed first dose in recovery before spinal wears off;5.", " Oramorph 10 or 20 mg (maximum hourly) as required.", "\n\n*On discharge* 1.", " MST 10/20 mg twice daily (to cover 5 postoperative days);2.", " Gabapentin 300 mg three times a day (100 mg three times a day for over 70 s; to cover 5 days postoperative);3.", " Paracetomol 1 g four times a day;4.", " Ibuprofen/diclofenac 400 mg/50 mg three times a day.", "\n\nAll postoperative analgesia taken by the participants, both regular and as required (prn), will be recorded. ", "All of the participants will follow the standard university hospitals coventry and warwickshire (UHCW) postoperative rehabilitation protocol under the supervision of a physiotherapist. ", "This involves immediate full weight bearing with the use of crutches, no restriction in flexion and the regular use of a cryocuff for cold therapy.", "\n\nThe fidelity with which both interventions are delivered will be captured by regular audits against the standards described. ", "The results will be relayed to those delivering the intervention in order to improve and/or maintain ongoing protocol compliance.", "\n\nOutcome assessments and time points {#s8}\n===================================\n\nWe will use techniques common in long-term cohort studies to ensure minimum loss to follow-up, such as collection of multiple contact addresses and telephone numbers, mobile telephone numbers and email addresses. ", "Trial outcome assessment time points are shown in [Table 1](#BMJOPEN2015009898TB1){ref-type=\"table\"}.", "\n\n###### \n\nTrial outcome variables, analysis metric, aggregation method and time points\n\n Time point \n -------------------------------------------- ------------- --------------------- ------------ ------------------------------------ ------------------------------------ --- ---\n VAS (0--100 mm) Final value Mean × (before and after physiotherapy) × (before and after physiotherapy) \n 4-point pain scale Final value Proportion and type × × \n Total use of opiate analgesia (mg) Final value Mean × × \n Straight leg raise (yes/no) Final value Proportion × × \n Knee ROM (degrees) Final value Mean × × \n Timed Up and Go (impaired mobility yes/no) Final value Proportion × × \n Bed transfers (4-point ordinal scale) Final value Proportion and type × × \n Distance mobilised (metres) Final value Mean × × \n OKS Final value Mean × × ×\n EQ-5D-5L Final value Mean × × ×\n DN2 (7-item DN4 ordinal scale) Final value Proportion × × ×\n Adverse events Final value Proportion and type × × × ×\n\nDN, Douleur Neuropathic Pain Score; EQ-5D-5L, EuroQol; OKS, Oxford Knee Score; ROM, range of motion; VAS, visual analogue scale.", "\n\nOur primary outcome measure will use the well-established 100 mm VAS reported by the participant prior to physiotherapy on first day postoperatively, as this is when the patient would be expected to get out of bed and mobilise the knee after their surgery. ", "The mean VAS score will be reported for both treatment groups. ", "A further VAS measurement will be performed before physiotherapy on the second day. ", "This will allow us to define the analgesic effect following mobilisation. ", "Any failure to mobilise and the reason for failure will be recorded from the patient\\'s physiotherapy record. ", "Additional routine standard of care pain score data will be collected during the patient\\'s hospital admission. ", "The pain score is a four-point ordinal scale. ", "The pain data will be reviewed by the research associate and entered onto an anonymised participant data sheet. ", "Early knee function will be assessed by an independent physiotherapist in both groups of patients using four basic methods: SLR: with patient supine the participant is to attempt (unaided) to flex at the hip with knee locked in extension to raise their operated-side ankle off the bed. ", "If the participant is able to raise ankle at least 5 cm off bed the bed, they are deemed to be able to SLR. ", "The proportion of participants able to SLR in each group will be reported.", "Knee range of movement: the patient\\'s own active knee range of motion (ROM) to both extension and flexion will be measured in degrees. ", "The mean knee ROM in each group will be reported.", "The participant is assessed in their ability to transfer from bed to chair: (1) independently, (2) with assistance of one, (3) with assistance of two and (4) unable to mobilise. ", "The proportion of participants in each group will be reported for this ordinal scale.", "TUG is a test of functional mobility. ", "It uses the time that a person takes to rise from a chair, walk 3 m, turn around, walk back to the chair and sit down. ", "During the test, the patient is expected to wear their regular footwear and use any mobility aids that they would normally require. ", "A time of \\>20 s indicates impaired mobility. ", "The proportion of participants with impaired mobility in each group will be reported.", "\n\nAt 48 h postoperatively, participant drug charts and anaesthetic charts will be reviewed by the research associate. ", "Opiate analgesia used will be converted to 'morphine equivalent dose' (see [table 2)](#BMJOPEN2015009898TB2){ref-type=\"table\"}.[@R22] Total morphine equivalent dose used up to 24 and 48 h postoperatively will be recorded for each participant in milligrams and the mean dose reported for each treatment group. ", "The total dose of paracetamol and/or NSAIDS will also be reported.", "\n\n###### \n\nOpiate analgesia converted to morphine equivalent dose\n\n Opiate analgesia Route Typical dose Total 24 h dose Equivalent morphine 24 h dose Four hourly oral morphine dose Relative potency to oral morphine (24 h)\n ---------------------- ------- ------------------------ ----------------- ------------------------------- -------------------------------- ------------------------------------------\n Codeine[@R22] Oral 60 mg four times a day 240 mg 24 mg 4 mg 0.1\n Dihydrocodeine[@R22] Oral 60 mg four times a day 240 mg 24 mg 4 mg 0.1\n Tramadol[@R22] Oral 50 mg four times a day 240 mg 40 mg 6.6 mg 0.2\n\nAt 6 weeks and 12 months postoperatively, all participants will asked to complete some questionnaires either at their routine clinical follow-up appointment or via post. ", "The questionnaires will ask participants to complete three validated outcome scores: OKS will assess participant\\'s perceived function following their procedure. ", "This is a validated self-administered osteoarthritis outcome measure and should only require 10 min to complete.[@R23] The mean final value for OKS will be reported for both treatment groups at 6 weeks and 12 months.", "EQ-5D-5L is a validated measure of health-related quality of life, consisting of a five-dimension health status classification system and a separate VAS.[@R24] [@R25] The mean final value for EQ-5D-5L will be reported for both treatment groups at 6 weeks and 12 months.", "DN2/seven-item DN4, a validated screening tool for neuropathic pain consisting of two questions.[@R16] [@R17] The proportion of participants with evidence of neuropathic pain in each group will be reported.", "\n\nAll AEs will be recorded up to 12 months after surgery*.* ", "An AE is defined as any untoward medical occurrence in a participant and which does not necessarily have a causal relationship with the treatment. ", "A serious adverse event (SAE) is an AE that fulfils one or more of the following criteria: Results in death;Is immediately life-threatening;Requires hospitalisation or prolongation of existing hospitalisation;Results in persistent or significant disability or incapacity;Is a congenital abnormality or birth defect;Is an important medical condition.", "\n\nSuspected unexpected serious adverse reactions are SAEs that are unexpected, that is, their nature or severity is not consistent with the summary of product characteristics, and are considered to be caused by one or more of the trial medicinal interventions.", "\n\nThe following (serious) AEs will be expected and therefore will not need immediate reporting to the trial office: chest infection, urinary tract infection, myocardial infarction, stroke, superficial surgical site infection, deep surgical site infection, bleeding, removal/revision of metalwork, deep vein thrombosis (DVT)/Pulmonary Embolism (PE), damage to nerves in the surgical area. ", "The total number, type (with proportions) of AEs will be reported for both groups.", "\n\nData management {#s9}\n===============\n\nThe case report forms will be designed by the trial coordinator in conjunction with the trial management team. ", "All electronic patient-identifiable information will be held on a secure, password-protected database accessible only to essential personnel. ", "Paper forms with patient-identifiable information will be held in secure, locked filing cabinets within a restricted area of the Clinical Sciences Building at University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire. ", "Participants will be identified by a code number only. ", "Direct access to source data/documents will be required for trial-related monitoring. ", "All paper and electronic data will be retained for at least 5 years after completion of the trial.", "\n\nStatistical analysis plan {#s10}\n=========================\n\nStandard statistical summaries (eg, means and variances, medians and ranges or proportions dependent on the distribution of the outcome) and graphical plots showing correlations will be presented for the primary outcome measure and all secondary outcome measures. ", "Baseline data will be summarised to check comparability between treatment arms, and to highlight any characteristic differences between those individuals in the study, those ineligible and those eligible but withholding consent.", "\n\nThe main analysis will investigate differences in the primary outcome measure, the VAS pain score prephysiotherapy on the first day postoperatively, between the two treatment groups (single injection femoral nerve block and multimodal periarticular injection) on an intention-to-treat basis. ", "Initial analysis will investigate differences in pain score measurements on an intention-to-treat basis using a t test based on an assumed normal distribution for the primary outcome (VAS pain score). ", "Tests will be two-sided and considered to provide evidence for a significant difference if p values are less than 0.05 (5% significance level). ", "Estimates of treatment effects will be presented with 95% CIs. ", "The simple t test will be augmented with a linear regression analysis that adjusts for expected confounders of age and gender. ", "Adjusted and unadjusted analyses will be presented together with diagnostics that assess the modelling assumptions (eg, quantile-quantile plots). ", "Subsidiary analyses will also test for differences at intermediate times and more generally across all times using a repeated-measures approach (eg, generalised estimating equations). ", "For secondary outcome measures that can be assumed to be approximately normally distributed (eg, OKS, EQ-5D), data will be analysed in a similar manner to VAS pain scores. ", "However, routinely collected pain scores, measured on a four-point ordinal score scale, will be analysed using the proportional odds model and the time course modelled using appropriate methods (eg, repolr). ", "Counts of AEs will be compared between groups using χ^2^ tests.", "\n\nInevitably some data may not be available due to voluntary withdrawal of patients, lack of completion of individual data items or general loss to follow-up. ", "Where possible, the reasons for missing data will be ascertained and reported. ", "Although missing data are not expected to be a problem for this study, the nature and pattern of the missing data will be carefully considered including in particular whether data can be treated as missing completely at random. ", "If judged appropriate, missing data will be imputed using the multiple imputation facilities (eg, mice in R). ", "Any resulting imputed data sets will be analysed and reported, together with appropriate sensitivity analyses. ", "Any imputation methods used for scores and other derived variables will be carefully considered and justified. ", "Reasons for ineligibility, non-compliance, withdrawal or other protocol violations will be stated and any patterns summarised. ", "More formal analysis, for example, using logistic regression with 'protocol violation' as a response, may also be appropriate and aid interpretation.", "\n\nThe main analyses will be conducted using the software package R (<http://www.r-project.org/>), with some additional analyses in SPSS if this proves necessary. ", "The primary focus of the statistical analysis will be the comparison of the two treatment groups, and this will be reflected in the analysis which will be reported together with appropriate diagnostic plots that check the underlying model assumptions.", "\n\nTrial organisation, regulation and oversight {#s11}\n============================================\n\nAll issues pertaining to the management of the trial will be coordinated by a trial management group (TMG). ", "The TMG comprises the chief investigator, trial manager, coinvestigators, trial statistician and the hospital site (UHCW) principal investigator.", "\n\nThe Data Monitoring Committee (DMC) comprises an independent chair with relevant experience in trial statistics, the trial statistician and the trial manager. ", "The main roles of the DMC will be to review/approve the Statistical Analysis Plan, and to review trial progress, interim data and safety aspects of the study.", "\n\nThe TSC comprises an independent chair, chief investigator, trial manager, coinvestigator, statistician, an independent public representative and sponsor representative. ", "The remit of the TSC is to: Monitor and supervise the progress of the trial towards its interim and overall objectives.", "Review at regular intervals relevant information from other sources.", "Consider the recommendations of the DMC.Inform the funding body on the progress of the trial.", "\n\nAny proposed changes to the protocol will first be reviewed by the TSC and if approved then submitted for independent review and approval by the trial sponsor and local research ethics committee. ", "Substantive amendments defined as changes that may affect the safety of trial participants or the scientific validity, scope or ethical rigour of the trial will also be communicated to the trial registries and funding body. ", "All approved protocols will be marked by a version number and date.", "\n\nThe trial is registered with the International Standard Randomised Controlled Trial Number Register, the Medicine and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency (MHRA) UK and EudraCT. ", "The study will conform to regulations for a CTIMP. ", "The blinding will only be broken for clinical management purposes. ", "In exceptional circumstances beyond this agreement will be sought from the chief investigator and statistician before the blinding is broken.", "\n\nFor this trial, levobupivacaine hydrochloride 0.25% injection, morphine sulfate injection, ketorolac trometamol injection, 1:1000 epinephrine injection and sodium chloride 0.9% injection used perioperatively are being used as IMPs. ", "All IMPs will be taken from commercially available stock, and drug accountability logs for IMPs will be maintained by the chief investigator and those individuals with designated responsibilities. ", "Accountability logs will record the manufacturer, batch number, expiry dates and the patient\\'s trial number, in order to maintain traceability of the stock issued within the trial. ", "All records will be maintained in accordance with current GCP and in line with the Medicines for Human Use (Clinical Trials) Regulations 2004.", "\n\nThe allocated recruitment period for the trial is 24 months. ", "Recruitment began in December 2013 and is due to finish in December 2015. ", "Once recruited participants are randomised to a treatment allocation within 3 months and then followed up for 12 months. ", "It is anticipated that the trial will be finished by March 2017. ", "The trial has been funded for participant follow-up to 6 weeks after surgery and a study report to the funders is anticipated by May 2016.", "\n\nEthics and dissemination {#s12}\n========================\n\nThe definitions of the EU Directive 2001/20/EC article 2 based on ICH-GCP apply in this trial protocol. ", "Both investigators and sponsors will follow specific procedures when notifying and reporting AEs/adverse reactions in this trial. ", "SAEs that are not listed as expected will be considered to be related or potentially related to the administration of the IMP. ", "Expectedness will be determined by the investigators using the information within the products SPC. ", "SAEs that are deemed to be unexpected and related to the trial will be notified to the main research ethics committee, MHRA and trial sponsor within 15 days for a non-fatal or non-life-threatening event and within 7 days for a fatal or life-threatening event. ", "All participants experiencing SAEs will be followed-up as per protocol at the end of the trial and causality of SAEs assessed.", "\n\nParticipant in the study are covered by indemnity for negligent harm through the standard NHS indemnity arrangements. ", "The University of Warwick has insurance to cover for non-negligent harm associated with the protocol. ", "The liability of the manufacturer of medicinal products being administered is strictly limited to those claims arising from faulty manufacturing of the product.", "\n\nThe results of the trial will be disseminated via patient information material prepared in collaboration with NHS Choices. ", "All key findings from the trial will be presented at national and international conferences such as the British Orthopaedic Association (BOA) and British Association of Specialist Knee Surgeons (BASK), and we aim to publish the results in at least one major peer-reviewed publication.", "\n\nFunding and sponsorship {#s13}\n=======================\n\nThis study protocol presents independent research funded by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) under the Research for Patient Benefit Scheme: PB-PG-0212-27098. ", "The views expressed are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the NHS, the NIHR or the Department of Health.", "\n\nThe study is jointly sponsored by the University of Warwick (Mrs Jane Prewitt) and University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust (Mrs Ceri Jones). ", "The trial sponsors provide ultimate approval of all new versions of the protocol before they become live. ", "Both the funders and sponsors are required to provide final approval before publication of any study material.", "\n\nAPS died tragically on 13 March 2015. ", "He was the chief investigator and main grant holder for this trial. ", "APS was an academic orthopaedic surgeon who was dedicated to improving evidence-based care in his field. ", "He was an exceptionally enthusiastic researcher and surgeon and will be sadly missed by both his academic and clinical colleagues. ", "The authors would like to acknowledge the following additional PAKA collaborators: Thompson P, Lawrence C, Pursall R, Brown J, Clarkson L, Dube A, Stevens S and Clark T. They would also like to acknowledge the support of University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS trust, The University of Warwick and the Musculoskeletal Biomedical Research Unit of the National Institute for Health Research at the University of Oxford.", "\n\n**Collaborators:** Perioperative Analgesia for Knee Arthroplasty (PAKA) collaborators: P Thompson, CP Lawrence, RC Pursall, J Brown, L Clarkson, A Dube, S Stevens.", "\n\n**Contributors:** APS developed the trial protocol and contributed to the writing of the manuscript. ", "APS was the original chief investigator and grant holder for this study. ", "PDHW contributed to the writing of the manuscript. ", "PDHW is the current chief investigator for this study. ", "NP, HP, JA, SB and MLC developed the trial protocol and contributed to the writing of the manuscript. ", "MLC was chief investigator for the pilot study.", "\n\n**Funding:** National Institute for Health Research (PB-PG-0212-27098).", "\n\n**Competing interests:** None declared.", "\n\n**Ethics approval:** NRES Committee West Midlands, 23 September 2013 (ref: 13/WM/0316).", "\n\n**Provenance and peer review:** Not commissioned; peer reviewed for ethical and funding approval prior to submission.", "\n\n[^1]: AP Sprowson is since deceased. ", "PDH Wall acts on behalf of AP Sprowson.", "\n" ]
{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Central" }
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[ "[A 4-year retrospective study of neonatal outcome on preterm premature rupture of the membranes].", "\nDuring a four year period, 60 patients with premature rupture of membranes (PROM) met the inclusion criteria of having a single living fetus with gestational age between 25 to 36 weeks and more than 24 hours between PROM and delivery were admitted in Karolinska Hospital, Sweden. ", "These cases were reviewed retrospectively. ", "Five neonates died postnatally and the total survival rate was 91.7%. ", "Three of them had major malformations and one died of hyaline membrane disease with 29 weeks of gestational age. ", "In only one case the immediate cause of death was due to infection. ", "The present protocol of expectant treatment for PROM in this hospital tends to be a minimum of unnecessary intervention for obtaining a high survival rate." ]
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[ "Follow The Americans\n\nArkady: If you are wrong, we'd be giving up the biggest intelligence success since the atom bomb.", "Claudia: That's what they always say right before our people die for nothing. ", "The next thing they always say, \"It was so obvious.\"" ]
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[ "The New Electra Woman and Dyna Girl 2016\n\nThe new mini series adaptation/reboot/whatever of Sid and Marty Krofft’s extra-cult classic superhero series Electra Woman & Dyna Girl is looking pretty fun, if a bit formulaic: Small-town superheroes come to the big city, get too big for their spandex, break up, only to then make up to save the day. ", "But that doesn’t mean they can’t sneak a subtly dirty joke for adults in there." ]
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[ "Objective\n=========\n\nThe aim of the study was to determine whether a new method, based on intrapatient comparisons between estimated rates of prediagnosis radiological progression and subsequent progression, can be used to assess the efficacy of commonly used disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) in a longitudinal early rheumatoid arthritis (RA) inception cohort.", "\n\nMethods\n=======\n\nWe analyzed clinical data and radiographs from 149 newly diagnosed RA patients. ", "Four groups were chosen: patients treated with methotrexate (MTX, *n*= 56), sulfasalazine (SSZ, *n*= 55) and auranofin (AUR, *n*= 19), and a control group of patients who had changed therapy twice during the first 2 years after diagnosis and whom we previously presented as a group of poor responders with persistent clinical activity (control, *n*= 19). ", "Radiographs were quantified by an experienced reader using Larsen Erosion Score and the \\'X-RayRheuma-Coach\\' software. ", "The rate of prediagnosis radiological progression per time was estimated by taking the first onset of RA symptoms as the starting date for radiographic damage.", "\n\nResults\n=======\n\nThe mean disease duration from onset of symptoms until diagnosis and DMARD institution was 6.7 ± 3.6 months. ", "The mean baseline Larsen Score was 13.2 ± 9.3, resulting in an estimated prediagnosis progression rate of 23.6 ± 16.7 Larsen Score units/year. ", "In the control group and in the patients receiving AUR, radiological progression after diagnosis was similar to the predicted progression based on the estimated prediagnosis progression rates. ", "In patients for whom MTX or SSZ was the first-line therapy, a marked (*P*\\< 0.001) reduction in radiographic progression in the first year after treatment initiation was seen compared with prediagnosis progression.", "\n\nConclusions\n===========\n\nPrediagnosis rates of radiological progression can be used quantitatively to obtain important information on the potential efficacy of DMARDs, and indicate that MTX and SSZ, but not AUR, significantly retard radiographic damage in the first year after diagnosis.", "\n" ]
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[ "---\nabstract: 'A regular method for constructing vortex-like solutions with cylindrical symmetry to the equations of the SU(2) Skyrme chiral model is proposed. ", "A numerical estimate for the length density of mass is given.'", "\nauthor:\n- |\n Yu.", " P. Rybakov, A. M. Tarabay, and I. G. Chugunov\\\n Department of Theoretical Physics,\\\n Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia,\\\n 6, Miklukho-Maklay Str., ", "117198 Moscow, Russia.\\\n E-mail: yrybakov@mx.pfu.edu.ru\ntitle: ' SU(2) Skyrme Vortices'\n---\n\nThe Skyrme model \\[1\\] proved its efficiency in modelling the structure of baryons \\[2\\] and nuclei \\[3\\] since the appearance of Witten’s analysis of quark confinement problem\\[4,5\\]. ", "The model considers pions as Goldstone bosons and uses the Lagrangian density $${\\cal L}=-\\frac{1}{4\\lambda^{2}}{\\rm\nSp}\\,(l_{\\mu}l^{\\mu})+\\frac{\\varepsilon^2}{16}{\\rm\nSp}([l_\\mu,l_\\nu][l^\\mu,l^\\nu]),$$ constructed from the chiral current $l_\\mu=U^+\\partial_\\mu\nU,\\,\\,U\\in SU(2).$ The energy in the model is estimated from below through the topological charge $$Q=-\\frac{1}{24\\pi^2}\\varepsilon^{ijk}\\int_{}^{}d^3 x\\,{\\rm\nSp}(l_i\\,l_j\\,l_k)$$ which takes integer values and can be interpreted as baryon number. ", "In particular, the nucleon emerges as an absolutely stable state with the minimal energy in the first homotopic class $(Q=1)$ \\[6\\]. ", "Unfortunately the corresponding hedgehog configuration cannot be described analytically due to complexity of the nonlinear equations for the chiral field. ", "The situation is aggravated for the higher homotopic classes in view of nonseparability of radial and angle variables. ", "To overcome these difficulties we propose to approximate the configurations with higher charges by closed vortices. ", "As a first step in this direction we consider in the present paper the simplest static vortex configuration given by the matrix $$U=\\exp\\,(i\\tau\\Theta(\\rho)),\\quad\n\\tau=\\left[\\matrix{0& e^{-i\\varphi}\\cr e^{i\\varphi}&0\\cr}\\right],$$ with $\\rho,\\,\\varphi$ being cylindrical coordinates. ", "The configuration (2) appears to be equivariant under the group $G=T(z)\\otimes {\\rm diag}[{SO(2)}_I\\otimes {SO(2)}_S]$ including the translation along the vortex and combined isotopic-space rotations around its axis. ", "Usually the massive term proportional to $2 - U - U^{+}$ is added to the expression (1). ", "Though its role being essential for the existence of regular solutions, we omit it in the present text, with the aim to illustrate the method and to simplify the formulae.", "\n\nSubstituting (2) in (1) amounts to the radial Lagrangian density for the chiral angle $\\Theta(\\rho)$: $${\\cal\nL}=-\\frac{1}{2\\lambda^2}\\left({\\Theta'}^2+\\frac{\\sin^2\\Theta}{\\rho\n^2}\\right)-\\varepsilon^2{\\Theta'}^2\\frac{\\sin^2\\Theta}{\\rho^2}.$$\n\nAfter the change of variable $\\rho=\\lambda\\sqrt 2 e^{t},\\,\\,\n-\\infty\\le t \\le +\\infty,\\,\\,$ we obtain the mechanical problem given by the action functional $$I[\\Theta]=\\int\\limits_{-\\infty}^{+\\infty}dt\\left[\n{\\dot \\Theta}^2(\n1+\\varepsilon^2 e^{-2t}\\sin^2\\Theta)+\\sin^2\\Theta\n\\right],\n%(4)$$ where the dimensionless parameter $\\varepsilon^2$ is reserved for the technical purposes.", "\n\nFrom (3) one derives the canonical momentum $$p=2{\\dot \\Theta}{(\n1+\\varepsilon^2\ne^{-2t}\\sin^2\\Theta)}=\\partial_\\Theta S\n%(4)$$ and the Hamilton-Jacobi equation $$\\partial_t S+\\frac{1}{4}(\\partial_\\Theta S)^2 {(1+\\varepsilon^2\ne^{-2t}\\sin^2\\Theta)}^{-1}-\\sin^2\\Theta=0.", "\n%(5)$$\n\nNow we search for the solution to the Eq.(5) as a formal series $$S(t,\\,\\Theta)=\n\\sum_{n=0}^{\\infty}\\varepsilon^{2n}S_n(t,\\,\\Theta).", "\n%(6)$$\n\nInserting (6) into (5) we get the recurrence relation $$\\frac{1}{4}\\sum_{l=0}^{n}\\partial_\\Theta\nS_l\\,\\partial_\\Theta S_{n-l}+\\partial_t S_n+\\partial_t\nS_{n-1}e^{-2t}\\sin^2\\Theta= \\\\ \\delta_{n0}\\sin^2\\Theta+\n\\delta_{n1}e^{-2t}\\sin^4\\Theta\n%(7)$$ with the evident private solution for $n=0:$ $$S_0=W_0(\\Theta)=2\\cos\\Theta.", "\n%(8)$$\n\nIn order to satisfy (7) we put for $n>0$ $$S_n(t,\\,\\Theta)=e^{-2nt}W_n(\\Theta).", "\n%(9)$$\n\nFrom (7), (8) and (9) we derive for $n=1$ the equation $$\\sin\\Theta\\,W_1'+2W_1+\\sin^4\\Theta=0$$ with the two different solutions (two branches) corresponding to the ranges $\\pi/2\\le\\Theta\\le\\pi$ and $0\\le\\Theta\\le\\pi/2$ respectively: $$W_1^+(\\Theta)=\\frac{1}{3}(1+\\cos\\Theta)^2\\left(\n\\frac{4}{1-\\cos\\Theta}+3-\\cos\\Theta\n\\right),\n%(10)$$ $$W_1^-(\\Theta)=-\\frac{1}{3}(1-\\cos\\Theta)\\sin^2\\Theta.", "\n%(11)$$\n\nFor $n>1$ we deduce from (7), (8) and (9) the equation $$\\begin{array}{l}\n\\sin\\Theta W_n'+2nW_n=\n\\frac14\\sum_{l=1}^{n-1}W_l'W_{n-l}'-2\n(n-1)\\sin^2\\Theta W_{n-1}\n\\end{array}$$ with the solution $$\\begin{array}{l}\nW_n^{\\pm}(\\Theta)=\n{\\rm tg}^{-2n}(\\Theta/2)\\int\\limits_{a_{\\pm}}^{\\Theta\n}\\frac{d\\Theta}{\\sin\\Theta}{\\rm tg}^{2n}(\\Theta/2)\\times{} \\qquad {}\n\\\\[10pt]\n\\qquad\n\\left[\n\\frac14\\sum_{l=1}^{n-1}W_l'W_{n-l}'-2\n(n-1)\\sin^2\\Theta W_{n-1}\n\\right],\n\\end{array}\n%(12)$$ where $a_+=\\pi,\\,\\,a_-=0.$ Formulae (10), (11) and (12) determine the recurrent procedure for constructing the solution to the Hamilton-Jacobi equation (5). ", "Putting this solution to the r.h.s. ", "of the equation (4), one can find the canonical momentum $p$ for the two branches of solution: $$p=2{\\dot \\Theta}{(\n1+\\varepsilon^2\ne^{-2t}\\sin^2\\Theta)}=\\sum_{n=0}^{\\infty}\\varepsilon^{2n}e^{-2\nnt}W_n'(\\Theta).", "\n%(13)$$\n\nFor matching these branches at the point $\\Theta=\\pi/2,\\,\\,\nt=t_0$ one deduces from (13) the algebraic equation $$\\sum_{n=1}^{\\infty}\\varepsilon^{2n}e^{-2nt_0}[{W_n^{+}}'(\\pi/2)-\n{W_n^{-}}'(\\pi/2)]=0.", "\n%(14)$$\n\nIn particular, within the scope of $n=2$ approximation one gets from (14) the effective development parameter $$\\xi=\\frac13\\varepsilon^2 e^{-2t_0}=2(16\\ln 2-37/15)^{-1}\\approx\n0,232$$ that permits to calculate the mass of the vortex (its length density):\n\n$$\\begin{array}{l}\nM=\\frac\\pi{\\lambda^2}I\n=\\frac\\pi{\\lambda^2}[\nS^-(+\\infty,\\, 0)-S^-(t_0,\\,\\pi/2)+\nS^+(t_0,\\,\\pi/2)-S^+(-\\infty,\\pi)]=\n \\\\[10pt]\n\\frac{4\\pi}{\\lambda^2}[1+2\\xi+\\xi^2(41/15-8\\ln\n2)+O(\\xi^3)]\\approx\\frac{4\\pi}{\\lambda^2}1,31.\\end{array}$$\n\nIn conclusion we notice that the function $\\Theta(t),$ defining the radial distribution of matter inside the vortex, can be found from Eq.(13) which is represented in the integral form: $$\\begin{array}{l}\n{\\rm tg}\\frac\\Theta 2=\ne^{t_0 - t }\\exp\\left\\{\\int\\limits_{t_0}^t dt(1+\\varepsilon^2\ne^{-2t}\\sin^2\\Theta)^{-1}\\times \\right.\\\\{}\n\\left.", "\n\\left(\n\\varepsilon^2 e^{-2t}\\sin^2\\Theta+\\frac12\\sum\\limits_{n=1}^\\infty\n\\varepsilon^{2n}e^{-2nt}\\frac{W_n'}{\\sin\\Theta}\\right)\\right\\}.", "\n\\end{array}$$\n\n[99]{}\n\nSkyrme T.H.R. A Unified Field Theory of Mesons and Baryons // Nucl. ", "Phys. ", "1962. [**", "31**]{}. ", "N4. ", "P.556-569. ", "Adkins G.S, Nappi. ", "Ch.", "R., Witten E. Static Properties of Nucleons in the Skyrme Model // Nucl. ", "Phys., ", "ser.", "B, 1983. [**", "228**]{}. ", "N4. ", "P.552-556. ", "Nikolayeva R. M., Nikolayev V. A., Tkachov O.G. Nucleus-like States in the SU(2) Skyrme Model //Physics of Elementary Particles and Atomic Nuclei. ", "1992. [**", "23**]{}. ", "N2. ", "P. 542-571. ", "Witten E. Global Aspects of Current Algebra // Nucl. ", "Phys., ", "ser.", "B, 1983. [**", "223**]{}. ", "N3. ", "P. 422-432. ", "Witten E. Current Algebra, Baryons and Quark Confinement // Nucl. ", "Phys., ", "ser.", "B, 1983. [**", "223**]{}. ", "N3. ", "P. 433-444. ", "Rybakov Yu. ", "P. Stability of Many-Dimensional Solitons in Chiral Models and Gravitation // VINITI series “ Classical Field Theory and Gravitational Theory”. ", "V.2. ", "Gravitation and Cosmology. ", "Moscow: VINITI, 1991. ", "P.56-111.", "\n" ]
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[ "Filed 9/30/13 Bellezzo v. Bellezzo CA2/8\n NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS\nCalifornia Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for\npublication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). ", "This opinion has not been certified for publication\nor ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.", "\n\n\n IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA\n\n SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT\n\n DIVISION EIGHT\n\n\nEDWARD BELLEZZO, B238159\n\n Plaintiff and Respondent, (Los Angeles County\n Super. ", "Ct. ", "No. ", "PS006130)\n v.\n\nDONALD BELLEZZO, as Trustee, etc.,", "\n\n Defendant and Appellant.", "\n\n\n\n APPEAL from a judgment of the Superior Court of Los Angeles County.", "\nJames A. Steele, Judge. ", "Affirmed.", "\n\n\n Stephen R. McLeod for Defendant and Appellant.", "\n\n\n Law Offices of John R. Walton, John R. Walton and Walter M. Moore for Plaintiff\nand Respondent.", "\n\n\n __________________________________\n\f We affirm a probate court judgment enforcing a trust‘s no contest clause.", "\n FACTS\nBackground\n In April 1995, Edward Bellezzo (Father) and Nancy Bellezzo (Mother) executed\nan amended and restated declaration of trust (Trust). ", "The Trust provided that upon the\ndeath of one spouse, the original trust‘s assets were to be allocated into two trusts: an\nirrevocable exemption trust for federal income tax purposes and a survivor‘s trust.1\n(Articles Sixth, Seventh, and Eighth.) ", "The Trust provided that the surviving spouse\nreserved the ―absolute power‖ to amend, revoke or terminate the survivor‘s trust.", "\n(Article Third.) ", "The Trust provided that, following the surviving spouse‘s death, the\nbalance of the exemption trust and the survivor‘s trust was to be distributed equally to\nFather and Mother‘s sons, Edward Bellezzo and Donald Bellezzo. (", "Article Ninth.)", "\nThe Trust included a ―no contest‖ clause (Article Eighteenth) which reads as follows:\n ―In the event any beneficiary under this trust shall singly or in conjunction\n with any other person contest in any court the validity of this trust or the\n provisions of any deceased Settlor‘s last will (whether or not pertaining to\n this trust) or shall seek to obtain an adjudication in any proceeding in any\n court that this trust, or any its provisions, or that such will, or any of its\n provisions, is void or shall seek otherwise to void, nullify or set aside this\n trust, or any of its provisions, or such will, or any of its provisions, then the\n\n1\n We understand an irrevocable exemption trust to be an estate planning tool for\nmarried persons who have a level of assets such that a taxable event might arise upon the\ndeath of one spouse. ", "When married persons foresee that a transfer of assets upon the\ndeath of a spouse could potentially result in a taxable event as to the surviving spouse,\nthey may arrange for assets to be placed into and held by an irrevocable exemption trust\nupon the death of a spouse. ", "In the eyes of the IRS, the assets placed in the irrevocable\nexemption trust have not been transferred to the surviving spouse, and the transfer of\nremaining assets to the surviving spouse is viewed as being below the taxable threshold.", "\nThe irrevocable exemption trust exists as a separately taxed entity until it is closed.", "\nAccordingly, income from the assets in the trust, if any, is subject to applicable taxes,\npayable by the trust. ", "Apart from this mini-primer to help explain the setting of this case,\nthis case does not implicate issues concerning taxes or irrevocable exemption trusts.", "\n\n 2\n\f right of that person to take any interest given to him by this trust shall cease\n and the disposition of the trust shall be determined as though such person\n and all his issue had predeceased such Settlor. . . . .‖ (", "Italics added.)", "\n Father died in November 1996. ", "Mother died in February 2007.", "\nThe Proceedings as to the Distribution of Assets Pursuant to the Trust\n After Mother died, Donald filed a ―safe harbor‖ petition (see former Prob. ", "Code,\n§ 21320, repealed by Stats. ", "2008, ch. ", "174, § 1, operative Jan. 1, 2010; and see Prob.", "\nCode, §§ 21310-21315) for a determination that filing a petition to validate an offered\namendment to the Trust –– purportedly signed by Mother in January 2000 –– would not\nconstitute a ―contest‖ of the Trust within the meaning of its no contest clause. ", "In\nSeptember 2008, the probate court entered an order that Donald‘s filing of his petition to\nvalidate the offered amendment to the Trust ―would not constitute a contest‖ of the Trust.", "\nThe court‘s order further provided: ―All issues remain subject to court review after any\ndetermination of the validity of the amendment. ", "These include but are not limited to any\nissues as to [Donald]‘s conduct, [Edward]‘s conduct, whether that conduct violates or\ndoes not violate the no contest clause or . . . ", "the Probate Code [and] the validity of the no\ncontest clause . . . .‖ (", "Italics added.)", "\n In November 2008, Donald filed his petition to validate the offered amendment to\nthe Trust purportedly signed by Mother. ", "The offered amendment provided that $100,000\nof the Trust‘s assets were first to be distributed to Donald, and the remaining assets then\ndistributed equally. ", "In short, the offered amendment changed the original, straight 50-50\ndistribution of assets to Donald and Edward as specified in the Trust, to the $100,000 first\nto Donald distribution scheme.2\n\n\n\n2\n The offered amendment to the Trust purportedly signed by Mother is not in the\nform of a formal trust amendment akin to what we have seen in other cases; it is in the\nform of a typed document entitled ―DECLARATION.‖ It is not notarized. ", "The offered\namendment modified the 50-50 distribution of assets to Donald and Edward prescribed in\nthe Trust as follows: ―I WANT THE FIRST . . . {", "$100,000} TO BE TAKEN OUT OF\nTHE AMERICAN FUNDS INVESTMENT AND GIVEN TO . . . ", "DONALD\n\n 3\n\f At a series of hearings, the parties tried the validity of the offered amendment to\nthe Trust to the probate court. ", "Thereafter, the probate court signed and entered a\nstatement of decision denying Donald‘s petition to validate the amendment to the Trust.", "\n The probate court‘s statement of decision shows that Donald testified he had\n―authored‖ the amendment for Mother‘s signature, then drove Mother to visit Bonnie\nWusz & Associates (BWA) in Orange County (―120 miles or so round trip‖) for Mother\nto sign the document and to have Laurel Hackett, a BWA employee, affix a ―Medallion\nSignature Guaranty‖ stamp on the document. ", "Bonnie Wusz and Laurel Hackett testified\nthey never met Mother in person. ", "Other testimony showed that a ―Medallion Signature\nGuaranty‖ stamp is typically used to keep a record of incoming documents in the\ninvestment industry, and that it is not and was never intended to be the equivalent to a\nnotary acknowledgment. ", "Hackett was and is not a notary public. ", "The court found it\n―curious‖ that Donald had employed the ―Medallion Signature Guaranty‖ stamp process\nrather than a notary public. ", "The court found ―very troubling‖ other evidence showing\nthat Donald had filed a petition in 2003 to remove Mother as trustee, and that in his\nearlier pleading, Donald had alleged Mother ―was . . . ", "incompetent since 1996‖ (i.e., three\nor four years before she purportedly signed the offered amendment to the Trust). ", "The\ncourt ―did not find the least credible‖ testimony from Donald that his attorney for the\nearlier petition had ―made up‖ facts without any input from Donald. ", "The court found the\ntestimony of Mother‘s caregiver to be ―impeccably credible.‖ The caregiver‘s testimony\nshowed that Mother could not have physically tolerated the amendment-signing activities\nascribed to Mother by Donald (i.e., the 120 mile round trip drive to Orange County).", "\nThe court‘s statement of decision also refers to evidence showing Donald‘s ―penchant for\nsigning the names of others.‖ There is more, but we have not included all of it as we\nbelieve we have made our point.", "\n\n\n\n\nBELLEZZO. ", "THIS IS TO BE DONE BEFORE ANY OF THE REMAINDER IS\nDIVIDED EQUALLY . . . .‖", "\n\n 4\n\f This is the probate court‘s final conclusion: ―The court . . . ", "finds [Donald] has\nfailed to meet his burden to establish the authenticity and genuineness of the [offered\namendment to the Trust]. ", "The petition of Donald . . . ", "is denied.‖\nThe No Contest Proceedings\n After the ruling on the offered amendment to the Trust, Edward filed a petition for\nan order enforcing the Trust‘s no contest clause as to Donald. ", "At a hearing, the parties\nargued Edward‘s petition to the probate court, and the court took the matter under\nsubmission. ", "Thereafter, the court issued an order granting Edward‘s petition. ", "In granting\nthe petition, the court ruled as legal matter that an amendment to a trust that would\nchange a material term of the trust could be deemed an attempt to ―void, nullify or set\naside‖ the affected trust term within the meaning of the Trust‘s no contest clause. ", "Thus,\nit could constitute a contest under the no contest clause. ", "Next, the court noted that, under\nthe Probate Code, a no contest clause will not be enforced unless the contest is brought\nwithout probable cause. ", "The court restated its prior finding that Mother ―never signed‖\nthe amendment offered by Donald, and added this further finding: ―there is no reason to\nbelieve [that Donald] would not have known the document had not been signed by his\nmother.‖ In other words, the court found that Donald did not have probable cause to\nbelieve the offered amendment was authentic. ", "The court signed and entered judgment\ngranting Edward‘s petition to enforce the Trust‘s no contest clause.", "\n Donald filed a timely notice of appeal.", "\n DISCUSSION\n Donald does not challenge the probate court‘s underlying decision that he did not\nmeet his burden to prove Mother had signed the amendment to the Trust that he offered.", "\nDonald contends the court erred when it subsequently ruled that he violated the Trust‘s\nno contest clause by litigating the validity of the offered amendment. ", "We disagree.", "\nI. A “No Contest” Clause Was Intended\n Donald contends there is no evidence that his parents intended to include a no\ncontest clause in the Trust, and thus it should be disregarded. ", "He is mistaken.", "\n\n\n\n 5\n\f We agree with Donald that a no contest clause must be ―strictly construed‖ to\navoid a forfeiture that the testator did not intend. (", "Prob. ", "Code, § 21312; and see former\nProb. ", "Code, § 21304; and see also Burch v. George (1994) 7 Cal.4th 246, 254.) ", "We also\nagree with him that no evidence was presented outside of the Trust itself showing Father\nand Mother‘s intentions concerning the no contest clause. ", "However, we disagree with\nDonald‘s claim that his parents had no idea the no contest clause was in the testamentary\ndocument or that they would not have sanctioned its broad application. ", "The evidence\nshowing that Father and Mother intended the no contest clause to be included in the Trust\nis established by its undisputed existence in the Trust, their undisputed signatures on the\nTrust, and by the absence of evidence, or even a colorable claim, that the no contest\nclause was somehow put in the Trust, without their knowledge, after the fact.", "\n Donald filed a ―safe harbor‖ petition for a determination whether a petition to\nvalidate the offered amendment to the Trust would violate the no contest clause in the\nTrust; his petition did not challenge the no contest clause as a sham. ", "Donald‘s petition by\nits very nature explicitly acknowledged that the no contest clause existed and was\npotentially implicated. ", "Donald cites no legal authority in support of his proposition that\nlanguage in a written instrument must be deemed out in the first instance, and deemed in\nonly after there is evidence showing it was intended to be in. ", "Here, where there is\nabsolutely no dispute concerning the existence of a written instrument or the presence of\na term in the writing, even a rule requiring ―strict construction‖ does not mean a court\nmay simply excise language from the writing.", "\nII. ", " There Was a “Contest”\n Donald next argues that when a testator makes an amendment to a testamentary\ninstrument it is not a ―contest,‖ and, thus, the amendment ―could not be a contest as to the\nbeneficiary who brings it forward.‖ Donald cites and discusses Poag v. Winston (1987)\n195 Cal.", "App.3d 1161 (Poag), Estate of Lewy (1974) 39 Cal.", "App.3d 729, and Estate of\nWatson (1986) 177 Cal.", "App.3d 569 (Watson) in support of his argument. ", "We are not\npersuaded.", "\n\n\n\n 6\n\f Before discussing the cases cited by Donald, we must note an initial\nmisconception in his argument. ", "Donald did not merely bring forward an amendment to\nthe Trust. ", "The probate court in the underlying proceeding found that Donald did not\nprove that Mother signed the offered amendment to the Trust. ", "In the no contest\nproceeding, the court found that Donald had ―no reason to believe‖ that Mother signed\nthe amendment. ", "In the current appeal, Donald does not challenge these factual findings.", "\nAs a result, we remain mindful of the following factual context in evaluating Donald‘s\nlegal arguments: Donald did not bring forward an amendment to the Trust; he brought\nforward a document never signed by Mother, with no reason to believe it was signed by\nMother, and offered it as an amendment to the Trust. ", "With this framework in place, we\nturn to the cases.", "\n In Poag, supra, 195 Cal.", "App.3d 1161, Weingart established a trust with\napproximately 29 beneficiaries, including Winston. ", "The trust instrument contained this\nno contest clause:\n ―‗The provisions of this Trust Agreement are in each case conditioned that\n the beneficiaries named in each case shall not, directly or indirectly, aid,\n counsel, commence, or prosecute any demands, claims, negotiations, suits,\n actions or proceedings; in any court of law, or other arenas, having as an\n object: [¶] ‗A. The defeat in whole or in part of this Trust Agreement, or\n any provision or part thereof; or [¶] ‗B. The obtaining for anyone of\n (i) anything of value from this Trust or my estate, (ii) any of the assets of\n this Trust or of my estate, or (iii) any assets in which I had an interest\n immediately prior to my death . . . .‘‖ (", "Poag, supra, 195 Cal.", "App.3d at pp.", "\n 1166-1167, italics added.)", "\n Winston subsequently pursued a number of legal proceedings arising from her\nrelationship with Weingart, including claims against persons appointed as conservator of\nWeingart‘s person and estate, and, later, in a probate proceeding. ", "In the course of these\nproceedings, Winston proffered documents (e.g., trust instruments, an agreement to make\nfifth codicil to Weingart‘s will, and a fifth codicil to Weingart‘s will), all of which seem\n\n 7\n\fto have shown indications that they were either written or executed by Weingart.", "\nThe various documents contained promises of such items as cash, bonds, jewelry and a\nresidence on Hudson Avenue in Los Angeles. ", "Eventually, Winston‘s claims were\nrejected, it seems for want of proper legal formalities. ", "At some point, the trustees under\nWeingart‘s trust, who also had been involved to some extent or another in Winston‘s\nprior actions, filed a petition for a determination of Winston‘s rights under Weingart‘s\ntrust. ", "Specifically, whether she had violated the trust‘s no contest clause by her activities\nin the conservatorship and probate proceedings. ", "The trial court ruled that Winston‘s\nactivities did not violate the no contest clause in Weingart‘s trust. (", "Poag, supra, 195\nCal.", "App.3d at pp. ", "1165, 1167, 1172, 1181.) ", "The trustees filed an appeal.", "\n On appeal, Division One of our court affirmed. ", "The court first interpreted the\nlanguage of the no contest clause in Weingart‘s trust, focusing on the ―limiting‖ language\nwhich provided that no one could bring a contest ―having as an object‖ one of four listed\nobjectives (―A‖ and ―B,‖ parts ―(i), (ii) and (iii),‖ noted above). ", "The court then found\nthat Winston‘s activities in the conservatorship proceedings had asserted no claim to any\nasset of Weingart‘s trust, and had posed no threat to the trust, in whole or part, and thus,\nthe activities did not constitute a ―contest‖ under the language of the no contest clause.", "\n(Poag, supra, 195 Cal.", "App.3d at pp. ", "1175-1181.) ", "As to Winston‘s claims in the probate\nproceedings, the court ruled that they had to be ―characterized as an offer of additional\npurported testamentary documents, an action long recognized as falling outside the\npurview of a forfeiture clause, in that it seeks to establish rather than frustrate the\ntestator‘s intent.‖ (Poag, supra, 195 Cal.", "App.3d at p. 1182, citing Estate of Lewy, supra,\n39 Cal.", "App.3d at p. 734.)", "\n Poag is not helpful to Donald because the no contest clause in the Trust signed by\nFather and Mother did not have the same type of ―limiting‖ language as was included in\nthe trust instrument involved in Poag. ", "In Poag, a person had to pursue some legal matter\nwith the object of obtaining trust assets in order to violate the no contest clause, and this\ndid not occur.", "\n\n\n\n 8\n\f Here, in contrast, the no contest clause in the Trust signed by Father and Mother\nbroadly provided that Donald and Edward, too would forfeit any right under the Trust by\nbringing a contest seeking to ―set aside the Trust, or any of its provisions . . . .‖ ", "The trial\ncourt found this happened when Donald proffered an amendment that was not real, and\nwe agree. ", "Donald tried to set aside the Trust‘s 50-50 split provisions by way of an\namendment that he had no reason to believe was real, and to replace it with a ―$100,000\nfirst to Donald, then a 50-50 split.‖ We read nothing in Poag which would preclude a\nfinding that such actions fell within the reach of the language of the no contest clause\ninvolved in the current case. ", "To the extent there is a difference between ―seeking to set\naside‖ a trust provision -- which would result in a forfeiture under the terms of the Trust\nhere -- and ―seeking to show an amendment‖ -- which may not have resulted in a\nforfeiture under a Poag-like analysis--, the difference is not important. ", "It was established\nas fact that Donald did not seek to show an amendment because he had no reason to\nbelieve that that the piece of paper he offered as an amendment was truly an amendment.", "\nWe do not have to say definitively what Donald was doing; we only have to say that what\nhe was doing was not actually seeking to show a true amendment; he was misusing the\nprobate court to gain a distribution advantage over his brother.", "\n Estate of Lewy, supra, 39 Cal.", "App.3d 729, is also not helpful to Donald. ", "Lewy is\nanother decision by Division One of our court. ", "In Estate of Lewy, the court ruled that\nwhen one person in good faith presents documents in an attempt to show that a second\nperson had substituted pages in a will filed by the second person, the former is not\nasserting a contest of the will; the proceedings by the first person were not an attempt to\ninterfere with the testator‘s testamentary plan, but rather, were an attempt to show the\ntestator‘s true intent. (", "Id. at pp. ", "733-736.) ", "Here, in contrast Donald did attempt to\ninterfere with Mother‘s intent when he offered the amendment to the Trust purported\nsigned by Mother, but which, in fact, she did not sign.", "\n\n\n\n\n 9\n\f In Watson, supra, 177 Cal.", "App.3d 569, Division One of the Fourth District Court\nof Appeal reversed a ruling that two daughters had violated a no contest clause in their\nfather‘s will. ", "In Watson, the father‘s will left cash bequests to his two daughters, and the\nremainder of his estate to his wife. ", "When wife died, her will provided for distribution of\nher estate to various beneficiaries, none of whom were the father‘s two daughters.", "\nThe two daughters filed a creditor‘s claim in the wife‘s probate proceeding, claiming that\nthe wife had entered an oral agreement promising the father that she would transfer assets\nto the two daughters. ", "The creditor‘s claim in the wife‘s probate proceeding was rejected.", "\n(Id. at pp. ", "570-571.) ", "The Court of Appeal ruled that the daughter‘s creditor‘s claim in the\nwife‘s probate proceedings had not violated the no contest clause in the father‘s will. ", "In\nshort, the two daughters‘ creditor‘s claim in the wife‘s probate proceeding did not have\nany effect on any property in the father‘s estate subject to disposition by his will. (", "Id. at\npp. ", "574-575.)", "\n We find Watson unhelpful to Donald here. ", "We read nothing in Watson to support\nthe proposition that offering a non-genuine amendment to a trust, with no basis to believe\nthat the offered amendment is genuine, in an attempt to alter the settlor‘s expressly stated\ndistributive intent in the trust, cannot –– as a matter of law –– be found to be a contest of\nthe trust‘s distribution provisions.", "\nIII. ", " The No Contest Clause Applies to the Survivor’s Trust\n Donald next contends the no contest clause involved in this case ―would not apply\nto sub-trusts that came into existence after the original trust.‖ We disagree.", "\n Donald‘s argument is based on the language of the no contest clause. ", "He argues\nthere is no indication the no contest clause applied to sub-trusts that only come into\nexistence after the first of Father or Mother to die. ", "Edward argues Donald is wrong\nbecause he cannot point to a separate trust document that omitted a no contest clause.", "\nIn addition, he claims there is nothing in the family trust document that excludes\nsubsequent sub-trust from the no contest clause.", "\n\n\n\n\n 10\n\f Fazzi v. Klein (2010) 190 Cal.", "App.4th 1280 (Fazzi) defeats Donald‘s argument.", "\nIn Fazzi, spouses Lloyd and Norma created a family trust. ", "Under the terms of the trust,\non the death of either spouse, the survivor, as trustee, was to divide the trust assets into\nthree trusts: Trust A, Trust B, and Trust C. The Trust directed the trustee, the surviving\nspouse, to place his or her share of the community property and his or her separate\nproperty into Trust A, and this trust would remain revocable during that spouse‘s\nlifetime. ", "The trustee was to place into Trusts B and C, according to a specified formula,\nthe decedent spouse‘s separate property and share of community property. ", "The spouses\nhad multiple children and stepchildren who were to be the remainder beneficiaries of\nTrusts B and C, which would become irrevocable trusts when the first spouse died. ", "The\nsurviving spouse was to be the income beneficiary of all three trusts until his or her death.", "\n(Id. at p. 1282.)", "\n After father died, but before mother died, a child beneficiary, Christopher, filed a\npetition for a ―safe harbor‖ determination that filing a proposed petition challenging\nmother‘s status and actions as trustees of the two trusts in which he was a beneficiary\nwould not violate a no contest clause in the trust instrument. ", "The proposed petition\nwould also challenge a trust provision directing that Christopher‘s brother, Michael, serve\nas the successor trustee to mother. (", "Fazzi, supra, at p. 1282) The trial court entered a\nsafe harbor order, ruling that Trusts B and C did not contain their own no contest clause,\nand did not refer to or incorporate the no contest clause in the original trust instrument.", "\n(Id. at p. 1284.)", "\n The Court of Appeal reversed for the following reasons: ―The rules for\ninterpreting the scope of a ‗no contest‘ clause are well-established. ", "Where, as here,\n‗[t]here is no conflict or question of credibility in the relevant extrinsic\nevidence[,] . . . ", "interpretation of the trust is a question of law for our independent review.", "\n[Citation.] ", "Although no contest clauses are enforceable and favored by the public\npolicies of discouraging litigation and preserving the transferor‘s intent, they are\nnevertheless strictly construed and may not be extended beyond their plainly intended\nfunction. [", "Citations.]‘ . . . ", "The key is to determine the intent of the trustors, Norma and\n\n 11\n\fLloyd. ", "‗In construing a trust instrument, the intent of the trustor prevails and it must be\nascertained from the whole of the trust instrument, not just separate parts of it.‘", "\n[Citation.] [¶] ", "Christopher‘s argument for interpreting the ‗no contest‘ clause as\ninapplicable to Trusts B and C is beguilingly simple. ", "He contends that because the Trust\ndoes not explicitly state the ‗no contest‘ clause applies to the subtrusts, it must be strictly\nconstrued as applying only to the original trust. ", "But such a construction not only ignores\nthe trustors‘ intent as revealed in ‗the whole of the trust,‘ it is also patently unreasonable.", "\n[¶] The trustors‘ intent that the ‗no contest‘ clause applies to the subtrusts is implicit in\nthe terms of the Trust. ", "This document, a revocable instrument, created and funded the\nthree subtrusts upon the first trustor‘s death. (", "Trust, ¶ 4.02(b).) ", "At operation, Trusts B\nand C were irrevocable, and a host of provisions in the original trust immediately came\ninto play, establishing rules for the administration of the subtrusts. ", "For example,\nparagraph 4.02(b) directed that each of the subtrusts ‗shall constitute and be held,\nadministered and distributed by the Trustee as a separate Trust.‘ ", "Paragraphs 4.04 and\n4.05 established distribution rules for the assets and principal of Trusts B and C. Most\nimportantly, for our purposes, paragraph 6.05 prohibited any beneficiary entitled to ‗any\ndistributions . . . ", "or any benefits under this trust instrument‘ from ‗contest[ing] in any\ncourt any of the provisions of this instrument.‘ ", "Taken together, these provisions reveal\nthe trustors‘ intent that the Trust should govern the trustee‘s administration of the\nsubtrusts upon their creation and funding. [¶] ", "This conclusion the ‗no contest‘ clause\napplies to the subtrusts is the only reasonable construction of the clause. ", "Because the\noriginal trust was revocable, a ‗contest‘ was never a possibility during the joint life of the\ntrustors. ", "Only upon Lloyd‘s death, when the remainder beneficiaries gained their\nirrevocable interests in Trusts B and C, did the possibility of a ‗contest‘ pose a risk to the\ntrustors‘ plan for the assets they placed in trust. ", "Ascertaining the intent of the\ntrustors . . . ", "from ‗the whole of the trust instrument,‘ we conclude the ‗no contest‘ clause\napplies to Trust B and C. [¶] McIndoe v. Olivos (2005) 132 Cal.", "App.4th\n483 . . . (", "McIndoe) bolsters our conclusion. ", "In McIndoe, the husband and wife trustors of\na revocable family trust created and funded two separate trusts, a ‗survivor‘s trust‘ and an\n\n 12\n\f‗exempt trust,‘ upon the death of the first spouse, a plan that differs from the Kleins‘ only\nin the number of subtrusts created, two rather than three. ", "The McIndoe family trust, also\nlike the Kleins‘, included a no contest clause that did not specifically state that it applied\nto the subtrusts. ", "After the death of the first spouse in McIndoe, the surviving spouse\nrepeatedly exercised her right to amend the revocable ‗survivor‘s trust,‘ which held her\nseparate property and share of the trustors‘ community property. ", "These amendments\nfavored one sibling beneficiary over the other, and when the surviving trustor died, the\ndisadvantaged beneficiary challenged the amendments on the ground of undue influence.", "\nThe disadvantaged beneficiary sought a safe harbor determination that her proposed\ncontest to the heavily amended survivor‘s trust would not constitute a contest to the\nexempt trust. ", "The court agreed, based on the terms of the original trust. [¶] ", "Importantly\nfor our purposes, the court in McIndoe affirmed that ‗the no contest clause in the original\ntrust applies to challenges to the original trust, the exempt trust and the survivor‘s trust,‘\neven though the no contest clause there did not specifically state it applied to the\nsubtrusts. (", "McIndoe, supra, 132 Cal.", "App.4th at p. 487.) ", "The court stated, ‗The no\ncontest clause was located in the ―general provisions‖ section of the trust document,\nwhich specified that all general provisions ―apply to each trust established\nhereunder.‖ . . . ", "Because the no contest clause of the original trust applied to all subtrusts,\nthere was no need to add a no contest clause to the exempt trust.‘ (", "Id. at p. 488.)", "\n[¶] . . . [", "T]he ‗no contest‘ clause in the present case was . . . ", "located in a . . . ", "section of\nthe Trust — article 6, entitled ‗MISCELLANEOUS PROVISIONS.‘ (", "Trust, ¶¶ 6.01 to\n6.06.) ", "Though article 6 did not specify that its provisions applied to each subtrust, that\nintent was implied in the provisions themselves, and from the instrument as a whole, as\nexplained above.‖ (Fazzi, supra, 190 Cal.", "App.4th at pp. ", "1285-1286, fn. ", "omitted.)", "\n We agree completely with the reasoning expressed above, and find it applies to the\ncurrent case. ", "The language in the no contest clause in the Trust here, regularly referring\nto ―this trust,‖ plainly applies to the contemplated subtrusts as well. ", "The subtrusts only\nexisted pursuant to the original Trust. ", "There are no separate trust instruments for the\nsubtrusts. ", "The subtrusts are governed by provisions in the Trust. ", "Although the no contest\n\n 13\n\fclause here was not segregated and included in section setting forth generally applicable\nterms of the Trust as in McIndoe, supra, 132 Cal.", "App.4th 483 (―general provisions‖) or\nFazzi, supra, 190 Cal.", "App.4th 1280 (―miscellaneous provisions‖), the plain language of\nthe no contest clause here, in the context of the Trust as a whole, is susceptible of no\nother reasonable interpretation than that its reference to ―this trust‖ referred to all of the\ntrusts which were formed or which were to be formed under the terms of the single\ninstrument.", "\nIV. ", " The New Law Applies\n Donald claims ―The ‗new‘ no contest law was applied in this matter.‖ Although\nwe are not certain of Donald‘s point, it appears he may believe the trial court could not\nhave found a contest under the old law. ", "Assuming the implication in Donald‘s argument\nis that the probate court somehow erred by applying the ―new‖ no contest law, when it\nshould have applied the ―old‖ no contest law, we find this incorrect and, in any event, too\nundeveloped to support reversal of the judgment.", "\n In 2008, the Legislature enacted the ―new‖ Probate Code law. (", "See Stats. ", "2008,\nch. ", "174, § 1.) ", "Under ―new‖ Probate Code section 21315, subdivision (a), the ―new‖\nProbate Code law ―applies to any instrument, whenever executed, that became\nirrevocable on or after January 1, 2001.‖ Under ―new‖ Probate Code section 21315,\nsubdivision (b), the ―new‖ Probate Code law ―does not apply to an instrument that\nbecame irrevocable before January 1, 2001.‖\n Father and Mother signed the Trust in 1995. ", "Father died in 1996, at which time\nthe irrevocable exemption trust and revocable survivor‘s trust came into place. ", "Mother\ndied in February 2007, making the survivor‘s trust irrevocable . ", "Donald takes issue only\nwith the Survivor‘s Trust. ", "The new law applies to resolution of issues concerning the\nsurvivor‘s trust because it became irrevocable after January 1, 2001, the effective date of\nthe new Probate Code law.", "\n We also note that Donald asserted in the trial court that the new Probate Code\napplied to his case.", "\n\n\n\n 14\n\fV. There Was a No Contest Clause in the Trust\n Donald next contends the judgment enforcing the no contest clause must be\nreversed because the probate court erred in its application of the new Probate Code law.", "\nWe disagree.", "\n Donald tells us that new Probate Code section 21311, subdivision (a), defines what\nno contest clauses can be enforced, and that it allows a no contest clause to be enforced\nagainst ―(1) a direct contest that is brought without probable clause.‖ This is correct.", "\nDonald tells us that a ―direct contest‖ is defined in new Probate Code section 21310,\nsubdivision (b), to mean: ―[A] contest that alleges invalidity of a protected instrument or\none or more of its terms, based on one or more of the following grounds: . . . [¶]", "\n(5) . . . [", "R]evocation of a trust pursuant to Section 15401 . . . .‖ (", "Italics added.) ", "Finally,\nDonald tells us that new Probate Code section 21310, subdivision (e), defines a\n―protected instrument‖ to mean an instrument ―that contains the no contest clause‖ and or\nan instrument ―that is in existence on the date the instrument containing the no context\nclause is executed and is expressly identified in the no context clause . . . .‖ (", "Prob. ", "Code,\n§ 21310, subds. (", "e)(1), (e)(2).)", "\n Donald claims that because the offered amendment itself did not have a no contest\nclause, it was not a ―protected instrument.‖ We agree. ", "Donald next implies that there\ncould be no finding ––as a matter of law–– as to any any contest issue because the\noffered amendment was not a protected instrument. ", "What Donald fails to realize is that\nthe no contest clause which was enforced was the one in the Trust. ", "Beyond this, we find\nhis argument too vague and undeveloped to support reversal of the judgment.", "\nVI. ", " Revocation\n Donald contends the probate court erred in ruling that the offered amendment was\nan attempted partial revocation of the Trust, which invoked the no contest clause.", "\nWe disagree.", "\n\n\n\n\n 15\n\f As noted above, Probate Code section 21310, subdivision (b)(5), defines a ―direct\ncontest‖ to include a contest alleging the invalidity of a protected instrument (that is, an\ninstrument with a no contest clause), ―or one or more of its terms,‖ based on the ground\nof a ―revocation of [the] trust pursuant to Section 15401.‖ Under Probate Code section\n15401, a trust that is revocable by the settler may be revoked in whole or in part by any\none of listed methods, including by a ―writing (other than a will) signed by the settler and\ndelivered to the trustee during the lifetime of the settler. . . .‖ ", "When Donald attempted to\noffer the amendment to the Trust, he was alleging that a term in the Trust was invalid\nbecause it had been revoked and replaced with a new and different term.", "\n Donald contends only a ―full attack‖ on the trust that seeks to make the instrument\na nullity can bring the no contest clause in the Trust into play. ", "He contends that the Trust\n―distinguished between a revocation and an amendment,‖ and the Trust does not indicate\nthat an amendment has the effect of partial revocation. ", "Finally, Donald claims that even\nif the no contest clause can be construed such that an amendment is considered a partial\nrevocation, ―the case law does not support doing so in this case.‖\n We adopt the probate court‘s reasoning on this issue: ―[Donald] . . . ", "asserts that\nhis prior petition could not qualify as an attempt to invalidate the protected instrument\n[i.e., the Trust] on the grounds of revocation but rather constituted a mere amendment.", "\nAlthough no case law was provided directly on point, and the court was unable to find\nany, there are cases which have suggested that a trust amendment can affect a revocation.", "\n(See Ike v.Doolittle (1998) 61 Cal.", "App.4th 51, 75 . . . ; ", "Heifetz v. Bank of America Nat.", "\nTrust and Savings Assoc. (", "1957) 147 Cal.", "App.2d 776, 780 . . . (", "noting that the trial court\nbelow held a settlor‘s amendment had revoked a paragraph of her trust).) ", "In Ike, the\n[Court of Appeal] examined a poorly drafted, ambiguous trust instrument. . . . ", "The court\naddressed whether or not an amendment to the pertinent flawed provision implicitly\nrevoked the trust‘s intestacy provision. ", "The court eventually concluded the amendment\nwas too ambiguous to be found to have revoked that provision. ([", "Ike, supra, 61\nCal.", "App.4th at p. 75].) ", "Here, [Donald] presented the court with a purported amendment\nwhich would have increased his share by $100,000. ", "Although, as pointed out by\n\n 16\n\f[Donald]‘s counsel, Article Third of the survivor‘s trust includes words referring to both\n‗amendment‘ as well as ‗revocation,‘ the context and a reasonable interpretation would\nnot indicate that an amendment and a partial revocation would be mutually exclusive.", "\nIn other words, there is no practical distinction between these terms given the facts.", "\nFurther, the [purported] amendment clearly affected the survivor‘s trust distribution\nscheme and, if validated, regardless of whether or not titled an ‗amendment,‘ would have\nconstituted a revocation of [Mother]‘s intended estate plan.‖ We agree.", "\nVII. ", " Public Policy\n Donald contends the no contest clause in the Trust ―is invalid as against the public\npolicy of the State of California.‖ Not so under the circumstances of this case.", "\n Donald argues that the public policy of this state –– as expressed in one version or\nanother of the Probate Code and or in the state‘s common law –– allows for many types\nof proceedings to be initiated and litigated without constituting a contest of a\ntestamentary instrument. ", "In short, Donald argues that because the no contest clause\nformed the basis for the forfeiture imposed as to him, it violated some public policy\nprotecting the actions he took in the underlying proceeding to determine the validity of\nthe amendment to the Trust that he offered.", "\n Donald‘s reliance on Estate of Parrette (1985) 165 Cal.", "App.3d 157 in support of\nhis argument is misplaced. ", "In Parrette, the Court of Appeal ruled that a no contest clause\nwhich provided that a trustee was not subject to the jurisdiction of any California court\nviolated public policy. (", "Id. at pp. ", "161-162.) ", "We simply do not see the no contest clause\nin the current case to be of a nature similar to the one involved in Parrette. ", "We agree in\nthe abstract that an attempt to defeat our state courts from exercising jurisdiction may be\na matter implicating public policy. ", "That is not what the no contest clause in the current\ncase attempted to do.", "\n Similarly, Donald‘s reliance on Estate of Ferber (1998) 66 Cal.", "App.4th 244 does\nnot support his claim. ", "In Ferber, the Court of Appeal ruled that a no contest clause\nwhich provided that actions to remove fiduciaries, or to restrict objections to accounts,\nwere restricted unless they were deemed frivolous and violated public policy. (", "Id. at\n\n 17\n\fp. 255.) ", "We fail to see the no contest clause in the current case as being of the same\nnature as the no contest clause in Ferber. ", "We agree in the abstract that public policy\nshould disfavor an attempt to restrict actions aimed at breach of fiduciary duty, or the\naccuracy of accounts. ", "That is not what the no contest clause in the current case attempted\nto do.", "\n In the current case, the no contest clause allowed for forfeiture for offering an\namendment to a trust purportedly signed by a settler, knowing the amendment was not, in\nfact, signed by the settler. ", "Donald cites no legal authority supporting the proposition that\npublic policy should not condone such a no contest clause.", "\n DISPOSITION\n The probate court‘s judgment dated October 21, 2011, enforcing the no contest\nclause in the Trust, and awarding all Trust assets to Edward Bellezzo, is affirmed.", "\nRespondent is awarded costs on appeal.", "\n\n\n\n\n BIGELOW, P. J.\nWe concur:\n\n\n FLIER, J.\n\n\n\n\n GRIMES, J.\n\n\n\n\n 18\n\f" ]
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[ "Quicken 2018 is in the market now and it boasts of many new features and functions that are all aimed at easing the fiscal management while also at the same time, offering front-line capabilities to its users." ]
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[ "Late on a cold night above the roof tops of Gotham, the hero senses an evil presence lurking in the shadows! ", "Suddenly another Dark Knight out of nowhere approaches and cuts him down where he stands! ", "He has come to claim the city for his own. ", "It is none other than..... NU-NU-NU Dark Lord!!" ]
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[ "The statements in this section merely provide background information related to the present disclosure and may not constitute prior art.", "\nMedical research has demonstrated a significant source of systemic disease is related to specific oral bacteria, with special emphasis on certain gram negative anaerobic bacteria that have been found associated with a variety of systemic inflammatory responses and appear to originate only in periodontal pockets and enter the bloodstream through a close proximity to the host circulatory system. ", "There are very few regions of the body which can readily be rendered conducive to the growth of anaerobic bacteria. ", "Deeper periodontal pockets are one region that readily demonstrates infections that are predominantly anaerobic, with gram-negative bacteria being the most common isolates. ", "The anatomic closeness of these biofilm periopathogens to the bloodstream can facilitate bacteremia and systemic spread of bacterial products, components, and immunocomplexes (antigen/antibody reactions, chemokines and cytokines).", "\nIt has been found that these oral periopathogens can become systemic. ", "Research has demonstrated that bacteremia was observed in 100% of the patients after dental extraction and in 70% after dental scaling. ", "Mastication on infected gum tissues increases systemic bacterial endotoxins levels four-fold. ", "Simple oral hygiene procedures, such as brushing of the teeth, can increase the prevalence of bacteremia from 17 to 40%. ", "Research has also demonstrated that the dissemination of oral microorganisms into the bloodstream is common. ", "In fact, it has been found that within less than 1 minute after an oral procedure, organisms from an infected site can reach the heart, lungs, and peripheral blood capillary system of a patient. ", "These periopathogens can cause host injury (exotoxins and toxic bacterial products), inflammation (immune system—antigen/antibody reactions) and infections (bacteremia) in a person. ", "Periodontitis may affect the host's susceptibility to systemic disease in three ways: by shared risk factors, by subgingival biofilms acting as reservoirs of bacteria, and through the periodontium acting as a reservoir of inflammatory mediators.", "\nIt has also been found that controlling these periopathogens in the mouth decreases systemic responses. ", "Studies have evaluated periodontitis and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels in patients. ", "For example, one study evaluated three groups: (1) an untreated control group of 24 subjects; (2) a group of 21 subjects with a standard regimen of periodontal therapy (SPT), consisting of subgingival mechanical instrumentation; and (3) a group of 20 subjects who had an intensive course of periodontal treatment (IPT), consisting of SPT with adjunctive local delivery of minocycline-HCl (Arestin®, Orapharma, Warminster, Pa., USA). ", "The results of this study in both treatment groups identified a considerable reduction of periodontal lesions after therapy [60±27 (P<0.0001, N=21) and 60±23 (P<0.0001, N=20) mean differences tested by t test, respectively]. ", "No changes were observed in the untreated controls. ", "Similar results were found in the IL-6 markers. ", "The report of that study concluded that periodontitis causes moderate systemic inflammation in systemically healthy patients because reducing the periodontal disease resulted in a reduction in the systemic inflammatory markers.", "\nPeriodontitis is an infection that can stimulate the liver to produce C-reactive protein (CRP) (a marker of inflammation), which in turn will form deposits on injured blood vessels. ", "CRP binds to cells that are damaged and fixes complement, which activates phagocytes, including neutrophils. ", "These cells release nitric oxide, thereby contributing to atheroma formation. ", "It has been found that patients with adult periodontitis have higher levels of CRP and haptoglobin than subjects without periodontitis. ", "Both CRP and haptoglobin levels decline significantly after periodontal therapy. ", "Additionally, in another study of 153 systemically healthy subjects consisting of 108 untreated periodontitis patients and 45 control subjects, the mean plasma CRP levels were higher in the periodontitis patients. ", "Patients with severe periodontitis had significantly higher CRP levels than mild-periodontitis patients, and both had significantly higher levels than the controls. ", "Another recent study evaluated the relationship of cardiovascular disease and CRP into three groups of adults: i) had neither periodontal nor cardiovascular disease, ii) had only one of these two diseases, and iii) had both of two diseases. ", "In those with both heart disease and periodontal disease, the mean level of CRP (8.7 g/ml) was significantly different from that (1.14 g/ml) in controls with neither disease. ", "It was also shown in that study that treatment of the periodontal disease caused a 65% reduction in the level of CRP within 3 months of treatment.", "\nHowever, current methods to treat periodontal disease and the resulting effects thereof suffer from a number of significant drawbacks and are often ineffective in addressing the systemic effects of periodontal originated disease. ", "Many of the systemic biomarkers decrease following conventional oral disinfection, but these biomarker decreases are short lived and return to abnormal elevated pre-treatment levels. ", "The inventor of the present methods and systems has identified a significant need and desired benefit to many patients in developing new procedures and systems that address the systemic effects of periodontal originated diseases." ]
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[ "ChristianCinema.com\n\nChristianCinema.com, Inc. is a Christian film production company as well as a distribution company, founded in 1999, by brothers Bobby Downes and Kevin Downes. ", "In addition, the website reviews both theatrical released movies (over 6000 currently), carries news articles about Christian film and media, and often interviews filmmakers. ", "It is also an online store for Christian films, with over 1,300 Christian-themed movies, and sells or rents digital streaming.", "\n\nHistory \nChristianCinema.com was co-founded in 1999 in Visalia, California, by brothers, Kevin (President) and Bobby Downes (CEO). ", "They wanted to make movies and create a system for independent filmmakers to distribute their films. ", "Bobby designed the website in the small apartment where he lived, Kevin shipped the first movie from his spare bedroom, and they produced their first movie, The Moment After, the same year. ", "It has been shown on the Trinity Broadcasting Network, and its website gives filmmakers a place to submit screening copies of their work with the possibility of being distributed and promoted by the website. ", "The company now has its own warehouse and 14 employees. ", "Angela Walker (director of producer relations) sends a weekly e-newsletter with recommendations about new releases and more to over 58,000 people. ", "Jared Geesey is the Vice President of ChristianCinema.com.", "\n\nOnline store \nChristianCinema.com is also an online store for Christian films, and carries only Christian-oriented or family-friendly films. ", "It calls itself \"the biggest Christian movie store on the planet,\" with, in 2007, over 1,300 Christian-themed movies, and it sells and/or rents them worldwide. ", "Many of ChristianCinema.com's members are churches that have weekly or monthly movie nights.", "\n\nFilmography \nThey have created, worked on, or distributed the following films:\n The Moment After (1999)\n Mercy Streets (2000)\n Lay It Down (2001)\n Time Changer (2002)\n Six: The Mark Unleashed (2003)\n The Moment After II (2006)\n The Visitation (2006)\n The List (2007)\n In Gramps' Shoes (2014)\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n Official website\n ChristianMovieNews.com – By ChristianCinema.com\n \n\nCategory:Christian websites\nCategory:Film production companies of the United States\nCategory:Film distributors of the United States\nCategory:Video rental services\nCategory:Christian film production companies" ]
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[ "Q:\n\nNeed the greatest value in new column\n\nSo I have a table that looks like this:\nID amt_1 amt_2 amt_3 amt_4\n001 100.00 300.00 50.00 200.00\n002 200.00 400.00 100.00 200.00 \n003 700.00 50.0 200.00 700.00\n\nAnd I want to make a new column that carries only the greatest value per ID ie:\nID amt_1 amt_2 amt_3 amt_4 NEW_COL\n001 100.00 300.00 50.00 200.00 300.00\n002 200.00 400.00 100.00 200.00 400.00\n003 700.00 50.0 200.00 700.00 700.00\n\nNot that I think a CTE would help me, but let me say I cannot use them because this is being imported to Tableau which does not recognize CTE's. ", " \n\nA:\n\nUsing CASE Statement you can find the largest value among the columns.", "\nSELECT ID,\n amt_1,\n amt_2,\n amt_3,\n amt_4,\n CASE\n WHEN amt_1 >= amt_2 AND amt_1 >= amt_3 AND amt_1 >= amt_4 THEN amt_1\n WHEN amt_2 >= amt_1 AND amt_2 >= amt_3 AND amt_2 >= amt_4 THEN amt_2\n WHEN amt_3 >= amt_1 AND amt_3 >= amt_2 AND amt_3 >= amt_4 THEN amt_3\n WHEN amt_4 >= amt_1 AND amt_4 >= amt_2 AND amt_4 >= amt_3 THEN amt_4\n END NEW_COL\nFROM Tablename \n\nIf you are using SQL SERVER 2008 or later versions then try this\nSELECT ID,amt_1,amt_2,amt_3,amt_4,\n (SELECT Max(amt) FROM (VALUES (amt_1), (amt_2), (amt_3),(amt_4)) AS value(amt)) NEW_COL\nFROM tablename\n\n" ]
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[ "Ninnu Kori Movie Review, Rating: Nani, Nivetha Thomas\n\nNinnu Kori Movie Review: Ninnu Kori movie released on July 7, 2017, worldwide, Movie is starred with Nani, Nivetha Thomas and Aadhi. ", "Makers kept good expectations on the movie, It was expected to be a triangle love story. ", "In this romantic entertainer, Nivetha is playing the role of Pallavi and Aadhi will be seen as Arun. ", "Nani is playing the role of Uma. ", "The movie opens with Nivetha and Aadi anniversary celebrations and shifts back to Vizag to showcase the relationship between Nani and Nivetha Thomas at their Ph.D. scholar levels. ", "First Half of Ninnu Kori resembles like a routine movie but the treatment is fresh. ", "Music brings attention to watch the film.", "\n\nMany films were released with love backdrop but Ninnu Kori is something different came up with a refreshing love story where a boy and girl will win the parents when they are opposing their love. ", "Leaving the twist, This refreshing love story says that when the girl getting ready to marry someone else than her lover, Then the lover boy will think that his love is superior to any love than her spouse may offer. ", "The whole movie runs on this concept. ", "Finally, the viewers will feel that this should be true in their lives.", "\n\nStory:\n\nNani as Uma Maheshwara Rao, Nivetha as Pallavi is the boy and girl in the love story. ", "Unfortunately, Uma relocates to Delhi to continue his career. ", "Meanwhile, Pallavi parents will be searching for the perfect groom, NRI Arun comes into the picture. ", "Finally, Pallavi marries Arun and moves to Bay Area of USA. ", "Uma will be turned as Devadasu searching for alcohol, Here comes the twist Uma will be landing in Los Angeles. ", "From here story turns predictable. ", "Pallavi comes to know about Uma’s addiction and tries to stop him. ", "Besides Uma witnessed that Pallavi is not happy with her married life. ", "On this context, Pallavi and Arun invite Uma to stay with them for few days. ", "Rest of the plot is how Pallavi turns her life into happy moments.", "\n\nAnalysis:\n\nShiva Nirvana marks debut with Ninnu Kori, First Half goes with a classy touch and balancing it in the second half. ", "Besides Ninnu Kori deals with melodious songs, Rich Visuals, Most of the scenes were shot in the USA. ", "Kona Venkat is back with the perfect screenplay, Prawin Pudi managed to edit during the 2 hours 15 mins.", "\n\nPlus Points:\n\nNani, Nivetha performances\nSecond Half\nClimax\nNarration is simple\n\nMinus:\n\nFirst half is slow\n\nFinal Verdict:\n\nNinnu Kori is watched worth for families and youngsters, Another hit film added into Nani’s career." ]
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[ "/* Any copyright is dedicated to the Public Domain.", "\n * http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/\n */\n\n/**\n * Test applying an update by staging an update and launching an application to\n * apply it.", "\n */\n\nasync function run_test() {\n if (!", "setupTestCommon()) {\n return;\n }\n const STATE_AFTER_STAGE = gIsServiceTest ? ", "STATE_APPLIED_SVC : STATE_APPLIED;\n gTestFiles = gTestFilesCompleteSuccess;\n gTestDirs = gTestDirsCompleteSuccess;\n await setupUpdaterTest(FILE_COMPLETE_MAR, true);\n await stageUpdate(STATE_AFTER_STAGE, true);\n checkPostUpdateRunningFile(false);\n checkFilesAfterUpdateSuccess(getStageDirFile, true);\n checkUpdateLogContents(LOG_COMPLETE_SUCCESS, true);\n // Switch the application to the staged application that was updated.", "\n await runUpdateUsingApp(STATE_SUCCEEDED);\n await checkPostUpdateAppLog();\n checkAppBundleModTime();\n standardInit();\n checkPostUpdateRunningFile(true);\n checkFilesAfterUpdateSuccess(getApplyDirFile, false, true);\n checkUpdateLogContents(LOG_REPLACE_SUCCESS, false, true);\n await waitForUpdateXMLFiles();\n checkUpdateManager(STATE_NONE, false, STATE_SUCCEEDED, 0, 1);\n\n let updatesDir = getUpdateDirFile(DIR_PATCH);\n Assert.ok(\n updatesDir.exists(),\n MSG_SHOULD_EXIST + getMsgPath(updatesDir.path)\n );\n\n let log = getUpdateDirFile(FILE_UPDATE_LOG);\n Assert.ok(!log.exists(), MSG_SHOULD_NOT_EXIST + getMsgPath(log.path));\n\n log = getUpdateDirFile(FILE_LAST_UPDATE_LOG);\n Assert.ok(log.exists(), MSG_SHOULD_EXIST + getMsgPath(log.path));\n\n log = getUpdateDirFile(FILE_BACKUP_UPDATE_LOG);\n Assert.ok(log.exists(), MSG_SHOULD_EXIST + getMsgPath(log.path));\n\n waitForFilesInUse();\n}\n" ]
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[ "The invention relates to a luminaire comprising a housing which defines an internal space containing at least one light source formed by a light-emitting diode (LED) and optical means for guiding the light emitted by the LED to the exterior of the housing.", "\nSuch a luminaire is known from the document WO 98/33007. ", "This luminaire, designed for street lighting, utilizes light emitted by LEDs: the optical guiding means used ensure on the one hand a concentration of the luminous intensity produced by the LED into a beam and on the other hand a defined direction of the beam.", "\nThe emission characteristic of a LED has a special shape. ", "The optical means, which operate by principles of physical optics, have a geometry which renders it possible to obtain an optimum performance, provided the optical means occupy an accurate and constant position with respect to the emission characteristic of the LED. ", "Since the luminaire is to be first transported and then installed, the robustness of the mounting of the optical means with respect to the LED must be guaranteed if the luminaires are to maintain the properties claimed by the manufacturer.", "\nIn the document WO 98/33007, the LED is fixed inside the optical means, which in their turn are fixed to the housing. ", "The realization of this construction necessitates delicate manipulations of the LED. ", "The LEDs, however, are highly sensitive to mechanical manipulations: their operational life and their light-emission performance depend on the care with which they are handled, especially during their mounting inside a luminaire as described in the opening paragraph. ", "The LED comprises, among other things, a fragile dome on which no major forces are allowed to be exerted. ", "A delicate mounting operation such as the one proposed in the document WO 98/33007 is accordingly to be avoided. ", "In addition, this mounting is time-consuming and costly in terms of automated operations.", "\nIt is an object of the invention to resolve to a high extent the problem of mounting the optical means relative to the LED inside the luminaire.", "\nAccording to the invention, a luminaire as described in the opening paragraph is for this purpose characterized in that the LED is mounted to a support connected to the housing, and in that the optical means are held between a retaining element connected to the housing and the support of the LED.", "\nThe mounting thus realized involves a placement of the optical means on the support of the LED and the use of the retaining element connected to the housing for keeping it fixed. ", "This mounting provides the advantages that no delicate manipulations of the LED are necessary because the latter may be pre-installed on its support, that it is fast, and that it can be readily automated.", "\nIn an embodiment of the invention, the optical means are elastically held between the retaining element connected to the housing and the support of the LED by elastic retention means. ", "Said elastic retention means in cooperation with the retaining element connected to the housing then exert a pressure on the optical means. ", "As a result, the optical means exert a pressure on the support of the LED. ", "Any mechanical play which may exist between the retaining element connected to the housing and the optical means and between the optical means and the support of the LED is eliminated, and this prevents relative movements of the optical means with respect to the support of the LED. ", "The shapes of the optical means and those of the support of the LED are advantageously adapted such that, under pressure, the contact between the optical means and the support of the LED will serve to guarantee a precise and constant position which causes the assembly to provide an optimum performance.", "\nIn a preferred embodiment of the invention, the elastic retention means of the optical means are realized in the form of a block of elastic material placed in a position such that it is compressed between the retaining element connected to the housing and the optical means. ", "Said elastic material may in particular be one of any number of foam types. ", "This solution has the advantages that it is simple in its implementation and that it renders it possible to control the intensity of the pressure exerted by the optical means on the support of the LED through the choice of the characteristics of the elastic material used.", "\nIn an advantageous embodiment of the invention, a material having a low adhesion coefficient is placed between the optical means and the retaining element connected to the housing. ", "This material achieves the contact between the optical means and either the retaining element of the optical means or the elastic retention means. ", "The effect of this material of low adhesion coefficient, which may be polyethylene, is to facilitate relative translatory movements at the level of contact between the optical means and either the retaining element connected to the housing or the elastic retention means. ", "Translatory movements of the retaining element connected to the housing or of the elastic retention means with respect to the housing on which the support of the LED is fixed may in fact carry the optical means along with them, which optical means in that case will be shifted from their position of optimum performance in relation to the emission characteristic of the LED. ", "Said translatory movements resulting in shifts at the level of contact between objects may be the result of an external mechanical stress such as that caused by differences in thermal expansion between different materials. ", "The differences in expansion are indeed the source of relative movements between certain objects in this environment, in which said objects made from different materials are present and in which the temperature is made to vary considerably, which movements may not be negligible.", "\nIn an advantageous embodiment of the invention, the retaining element connected to the housing is connected to the housing by gluing means. ", "This solution avoids the necessity of using screws. ", "Screws are habitually used in the field of luminaires, but they cause problems in relation to differences in expansion when the materials joined together are different, which is generally the case with a luminaire as described in the opening paragraph. ", "An additional advantage is that a greater miniaturization of the luminaire is rendered possible than can be achieved with screws, because the use of gluing means requires a certain surface area but does not occupy a substantial volume of material.", "\nIn a special embodiment of the invention, the gluing means are formed by adhesive tapes.", "\nIn a particularly advantageous embodiment of the invention, the retaining element connected to the housing is a plate which transmits light. ", "This arrangement is advantageously chosen when the light-transmitting plate is laid over the optical means, because in that case it fulfills two functions: it protects the optical means, which are usually fragile, and it keeps said optical means in place." ]
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[ "\"This is one of the few programs worldwide that is systematically testing which acceleration methods work and why. ", "This gives SUP the unique advantage of building on scientific evidence and becoming a beacon for many other programs to follow\"\n\nMichael Leatherbee, Ph.D. Assistant Professor, PUC & Academic Director, EPIC Lab, Chile" ]
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[ "People japanese dating sites japanese romances\n\nDon't you like an idea to watch a horny grandma in action! ", "If yes - you are on the righty place and in the right time! ", "All the granny porn you will find on our website is completely free to download! ", "Everybody will object that the experience comes with the time and the women in our grandma sex stories are extremely experienced!", "\n\nNo sign up just meet and fuck speedla dating\n\nUpdated to add: The use of the term ‘single mother’ is not exactly accurate. ", "If you screw up and get pregnant, don’t screw up even more and bring an innocent child along with you! ", "Divorced moms who escaped abusive marriages with drug/sex/gambling/whatever addicts should not get a free pass from you, either.", "\n\nIf you are a mother and you are collecting child support, you are not a single mother. ", "The rest of us who have to LIVE with your fucked up, emotionally scarred children will PAY you to have a fucking abortion. ", "Second, single mothers are clearly really, really shitty at making life decisions. ", "You both put each other’s happiness above your own. ", "Now divorced mothers, who are a breed of single mothers, MIGHT be a little different, but whenever you approach one, sing this little song in your head: it takes two to tango. ", "Even if it’s TRUE that the husband was a colossal fuck-up, you need to ask yourself what kind of imperceptive moron couldn’t spot that?", "\n\nSingle mothers are bona fide idiots and here is why you should never even consider dating one: First, this is a woman who clearly doesn’t give a shit about her child’s well-being and future prospects.", "\n\nI'm looking for the name of an american porn movie, it's from the 60', 70's, or 80's, I can't remember but I know it was vintage.", "\n\nThe scene I remember is, the guy walks into his bedroom and takes off his robe and gets into bed, he then notices a girl sleeping next to him and he says \"I forgot my daughter was sleeping over tonight\" at one point she starts to mumble in her sleep \"I want you to touch me billy\" and the dad says \"well, it sure would be awkward if she were to wake up, better do what she says\" then at one point she mumbles \"billy I want you inside of me\" then the dad says \"better do what she says\". ", "The time was my wedding day, over 4 years ago I was 19 now although it seems like yesterday.", "\n\nafter he's done fucking and cumming, she wakes up and says \"oh daddy that was wonderful\" he says \"yea yea, i just have one question, who the hell is billy\".... Obviously, \"Brother bangs Sister.", "\"The only shit that isn't being called family-fucking is the interracial action. ", "He always m zeea makes me cum and squad so fucking hard! ", "That day went from being the most hectic of my life to the best in a split second.", "\n\nDepression, suicide, drug abuse, jail and psychiatric medications are all more common in populations of children raised by single mothers. ", "journalid=37&articleid=107&sectionid=692 Ladies, this is why abortion exists!", "\n\nChildren of single mothers do poorly on every imaginable scale: they have more emotional problems, experience more stress, are more likely to grow up poor, they have lower educational achievements and experience way more behavioral problems than children who grow up with married parents." ]
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[ "Personal Loans Henry Nebraska – Bad Credit Accepted\n\nHere at BTE Financial we strive to become your primary source with regard to personal loans in Henry, NE, regardless of your current credit standing. ", "Our new speedy and easy internet financing application process permits you to receive the particular funding that you need at the time you need it most. ", "Even though several of our rivals around Henry Nebraska ignore applicants that have poor credit, our doorway is undoubtedly always open. ", "Whether or not you might be very new to credit completely or possibly experienced some challenges when it comes to your credit history, leading to poor or bad credit, we provide you with a wide variety of financial solutions to match your main requirements. ", "Save yourself a trip to the traditional bank and fill out an application online for a quick personal loan approval right away!", "\n\nThe Top Personal Loan Options for NE Having The Financial Versatility One Needs\n\nNothing at all is more painful than being in a very tough money scenario and then getting turned away repeatedly by financial institutions and creditors. ", "With BTE Financial Services , our staff members treat each of our customers with the respect which they should have, and also make it our company’s #1 mission to accommodate the vast majority of individuals despite their particular credit standing. ", "You could acquire a personal loan together with the plethora of solutions to choose from the majority of people can easily receive the perfect financing to help their own precise predicament.", "\n\nWe offer a variety of choices pertaining to personal loans for people with bad credit in Henry, giving you choices to attain the financing that you have been trying to find. ", "If you’re trying to find a short term or possibly long-term personal loan, we will work hard in order to enable you to get the financing that you want quickly.", "\n\nIf you suffer from poor credit, it usually is very difficult to get approved for a personal loan. ", "The large majority of creditors within Henry probably will not even consider approving a loan to a person with a fico score less than 650. ", "Even so, at BTE Financial Services we fully grasp that situations happen and even though you?ve made a mistake with your credit status, you shouldn’t ever be left with no finance solutions. 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[ "Fairbanks, the Chena River, and the Riverboat Discovery\n\nToday marked the official start of our first day of touring on Cruise Experts Travel’s Ultimate Alaska CruiseTour, as we set out to explore the striking city of Fairbanks and its surrounding environs at the start of this 12-day tour that will eventually conclude in Vancouver, British Columbia, some 2,077 miles (3,342 kilometres) away.", "\n\nAlong for the ride with me this time are 24 fantastic guests from all over the United States and Canada, along with our talented Tour Director Cam, who came here eight years ago from “the outside” (the term for the Lower 48 states) and never left. ", "Honestly, I think I lucked out with this group; I can’t imagine a more fun, easygoing bunch of people than the folks I have the privilege of helping along on this journey.", "\n\nOur coach driver, Lindy, has lived in Alaska all his life, and knows these parts like the back of his hand. ", "He’s also a local native, and he’s entertained us with stories from his childhood and his culture and traditions. ", "He also has a wicked sense of humour!", "\n\nEarly this morning, we set out for a cruise on the Riverboat Discovery – well, actually, theriverboat Discovery III, to be exact: a four-deck high replica sternwheeler just like the type that would have been used on the Chena River over 100 years ago.", "\n\nWhat was fantastic about this, though, was that it wasn’t just a three hour cruise up the Chena. ", "Instead, numerous stops were made along the way. ", "The first of these had us sail closer to the shoreline so an Alaskan Bush Pilot could grace us with a narrow waterway takeoff and landing, while the second had us come alongside for a quick demonstration from the kennels of Susan Butcher, an Iditarod dog sled racer.", "\n\nOur final stop before returning to dock, though, was the hour we had on-shore at the Chief Indian Village, a replica native village where local young Athabascan Indians told us about their rich culture and heritage through a series of different outdoor stops. ", "It was absolutely stunning, and far and away what you get from the commercialisation of so many of the lower Alaskan cruise ports.", "\n\nFor me personally, that has been the most rewarding aspect of my journey to Fairbanks: I feel like after six separate trips to Alaska, I’ve finally seen the “real” Alaska. ", "Fairbanks has surprised and delighted me; I could actually see myself moving here – a sentiment that a few other guest on our tour also agreed with. ", "There’s something very interesting about Fairbanks: it’s very community-oriented, and people here are fiercely proud of their history and heritage.", "\n\nI also discovered another thing: the mosquitoes up here are ferocious. ", "The coach door literally opened at the Riverboat Discovery this morning and a mosquito zipped in and bit me on the wrist. ", "After spraying myself down heavily with OFF!, ", "that was no longer an issue. ", "Advice to any and all those journeying up here: bring heavy-duty bug spray. ", "DEET is your friend here.", "\n\nAfter the cruise along the Chena, our coach returned us to the SpringHill Suites Marriott for lunch on our own and some free time. ", "If you’re me – part host, part blogger – that means retiring to the room to answer emails and ensure that deadlines are met. ", "But it’s fantastic for those guests who arrived late last evening and haven’t had the luxury of being able to explore Fairbanks just yet.", "\n\nBefore journeying to our evening Salmon Bake dinner at Pioneer Park, Lindy took us to see the Trans-Alaska Pipeline that runs through Fairbanks on its way from Prudhoe Bay in the north to Valdez in the south. ", "Being born and raised in the oil and gas metropolis of Calgary, Alberta, seeing this amazing feat of engineering in person was a real highlight of my day – and of the guests on the tour, who all posed for pictures beside and underneath the massive pipe.", "\n\nOur evening concluded with an enormously-enjoyable Salmon Bake dinner at Pioneer Park, which used to be called “Alaskaland” until a name change several years ago. ", "But you don’t have to love salmon in order to enjoy dinner here: prime rib, cod, and hot dogs were also on offer, along with an assortment of accompaniments like potato salad, beans, salad, pasta salad, and more.", "\n\nWhat better way to conclude our first day of touring than by dining outdoors, under the sun (or indoors – there’s something for everyone) than with the kind of feast that will keep you full until breakfast and beyond?", "\n\nOne thing that interested me was just how much better the Salmon Bake was than I had thought. ", "I think this sentiment was echoed throughout the group, with everyone coming away very pleasantly surprised by the food and by Pioneer Park, which features dozens of old machines and antiques that would have been used here a century ago, along with an aviation museum and a small train that runs around the park.", "\n\nBefore returning for our last night at the SpringHill Suites, we made a quick stop at the local Fred Meyer to pick up “supplies” for tomorrow for those guests who wanted to purchase snacks, drinks, or bug-spray strong enough to take down a horsefly in order to tackle Alaska’s new mascot, the mosquito.", "\n\nAs the midnight sun blazes on tonight amid an ever-changing haze of smoke from the nearby forest fires that have plagued the region recently, I am making a mental note to plan a trip back to Fairbanks. ", "Next time, though, I want to come in the winter to see the flipside of the coin!", "\n\nTomorrow, we depart Fairbanks and head deep into Denali National Park, first by train and then by bus. ", "Not only do we get to see one of Alaska’s most majestic sites, we also get to spend a night there, as far removed from the “real world” as one could arguably get these days." ]
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[ "Sir Robert Boyle and his unique case report on depressed cranial fracture.", "\nSir Robert Boyle is one of the foremost English scientists in history. ", "He received his inspiration from the scientific approaches initiated by Galileo and his disciple, Torricelli. ", "Through rigorous experimentation, Boyle established the fundamental gas laws as we know them today. ", "Although not a physician himself, he contributed enormously to the practice of medical sciences. ", "His voluminous observations and writings represent a landmark in the history of human thought. ", "This article summarizes the scientific contributions of Robert Boyle, with particular emphasis on his contributions to medicine. ", "Boyle wrote a unique case report describing in detail a patient with depressed cranial fracture who underwent successful surgery. ", "Although on only a single case report, it provides us with a unique and rare opportunity to look at the practice of neurosurgery in the mid-17th century. ", "Also presented in this article is Boyle's accurate description of a horse with holoprosencephaly, which was perhaps the first in history. ", "The oft-quoted axiom in clinical medicine \"First, do no harm (primum non nocere)\" attributed to Sydenham, may be partially credited to Robert Boyle as well." ]
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[ "Introduction\n============\n\nThe reproductive strategies of an organism play a major role in the dynamics of the population and the biogeography and continuity of the species. ", "Prior to the offspring production, reproduction process involve numerous biological development process with spermatogenesis and oogenesis as fundamental phase of gametogenesis ([@B4]). ", "The process also involves in differences reserve energy expenditure pattern for growth and reproduction that allow animal to continue grow and reproduce healthily at different life stages as a survival strategy that have been developed in marine invertebrates ([@B16]).", "\n\nThe Kumamoto oyster *Crassostrea sikamea* is widely distributed throughout Southeast Asia, including in Japan (Ariake Sea and Seto Inland Sea) ([@B13]; [@B11]), Korea (Suncheon Bay) ([@B15]) and China (Southern China) ([@B26]). ", "It occurs not only naturally in China, but also lives in abundance over a wide geographical distribution, ranging from Jiangsu to Guangxi, including Hainan Island ([@B26]). ", "Traditionally, this oyster was a wild fishery resource; farmers capture these oysters from the reef or stones in the intertidal zone. ", "Recently, the wild resource has sharply declined due to environmental pollution and marine land reclamation, so the artificial hatching and culture of *C. sikamea* was in demand to increase oyster yield ([@B29]).", "\n\nThe key biological factors influencing the Kumamoto oyster reproduction are broodstock sizes and ages ([@B3]). ", "The understanding of the parents' biology is critical in determining the availability of broodstock for spawning, the seedling production success and the length of breeding cycles. ", "In the present study, we re-examined the stages of gametogenesis during the early life phases of *C. sikamea*, and evaluated the breeding potential of these early forming gametes by comparing the phenotypic traits of progeny from parents aged between 2 and 15 months old. ", "We further divided it into three phases: sex differentiation (1 month old, shell height 2--3 mm), physiological maturity (2 months old, shell height 3--5 mm) and functional maturity (3 months old, shell height 9--12 mm). ", "This study can provide a new scientific selective standard of Kumamoto oyster broodstock for seed production, and can be applied to genetic breeding field.", "\n\nMaterials and Methods\n=====================\n\nGametogenesis\n-------------\n\nThe mature broodstock of Kumamoto oyster *C. sikamea* were originally collected from Zhanjiang (Guangdong, China) at Qintang Town (110.621894E, 21.226126N) and their status was confirmed by the molecular markers ([@B25]) in May 2013. ", "Artificially hatched progeny of *C. sikamea* were examined during the first three months of their early life, where three sets of samples were collected at 30, 60, and 90 days, respectively, after fertilization. ", "Oyster samples were cleaned using running water to remove debris. ", "The shell height of all oysters were measured using an electronic caliper (LINKS, 0.01 mm). ", "All oysters samples were placed in Bouin's fluid for 24 h and then preserved in 70% alcohol for histology section ([@B9]). ", "Subsequently, specimens were dehydrated with ethanol, and embedded in paraffin. ", "Standard 6-μm sections were stained with Hematoxylin and Eosin for optical observation. ", "Gametogenesis levels during the early stages were determined using the protocol for *C. gigas* ([@B19]) and *C. sikamea* ([@B3]). ", "Early gametogensis protocol of *C. sikamea* was described by [Figure 1](#F1){ref-type=\"fig\"}.", "\n\n![", "Experimental protocol of early gametogensis of *Crassostrea sikamea* and their breeding potential evaluation.](fphys-10-00524-g001){#F1}\n\nArtificial Hatchery\n-------------------\n\nGametes from four sets of broodstocks with varying parental ages (2-, 3-, 6- and 15-month old parents, [Table 1](#T1){ref-type=\"table\"}) by artificial hatching were obtained by dissection in October 2014. ", "Each experimental age group consisted of three replicates. ", "For each group, eggs from 100 females were pooled, and then fertilized with pooled sperm from ten males within 60 min at a density of approximately 5--8 sperm per egg. ", "In total, approximately 90 × 10^4^ eggs from 1.2 liters of seawater were used for each experimental group and the remaining eggs from each replicate were abandoned. ", "Fertilized eggs were sampled and kept in beakers to evaluate the fertilization. ", "Fertilization was conducted at 27.8--28.2°C in sand filtered seawater with a salinity of 20 ppt.", "\n\n###### \n\nAge, size and fecundity of different old oyster broodstocks.", "\n\n Age (months) Shell height (mm) Fresh weight g/ind. ", " Fecundity × 10^4^ eggs/ind.", "\n -------------- ------------------- --------------------- -----------------------------\n 2 3--5 0.1--0.2 \\<0.1\n 3 9--12 1.0--1.5 3--5\n 6 24--30 4.5--7.0 120--180\n 15 40--60 15.0--27.5 600--900\n\nAfter 20 h fertilization, D-larvae from each replicate were collected on a 40-μm screen and reared in three 100 L buckets at concentrations of 2--3 larvae/mL with aeration. ", "Larvae were fed with *Isochrysis zhanjiangensis* on days 0--6, and a mixture of wholly diatom species *Nannochloropsis oculata* after day 6. ", "Feeding was increased gradually from 6,000 to 80,000 cells/mL/day during 3 weeks ([@B29]). ", "Seawater was exchanged 50% every day. ", "The following water quality parameters were maintained: temperature at 27.6--28.9°C, salinity at 20 ppt, and pH at 7.83--8.20.", "\n\nWhen over 60% larvae developed an eye spot and foot, they were placed in pools with settlement substrate by cleaning at a density of 2 shells/L. Larvae set within 8 days, and newly settled spat were nursed for 9 weeks and fed 80,000--100,000 cells/mL/day of a 1:1 mixture of *Chlorella vulgaris* and *Nannochloropsis oculata* (volume ratio). ", "Water was exchanged new filtered seawater 30% once daily. ", "Breeding potential of gametes from *C. sikamea* was designed by [Figure 1](#F1){ref-type=\"fig\"}.", "\n\nIndex Measurements\n------------------\n\nThe embryo development (egg diameter, fertilization rate and hatching rate), D larvae ratio was the percent value by calculating the number fertilized eggs to D larvae; Larval shell height was measured by the optical microscope (Olympus, CX33); survival rate, growth rate and metamorphic index of each group were evaluated. ", "Larvae survival rate was taken as the ratio of the number of eye larvae to the number of D larvae; larvae growth rate was the daily increase in larval shell height; the metamorphic time was defined as the duration length of time between the appearance of D larvae to 90% larval settlement; the metamorphic rate was the ratio of the number of spat to the number of eye larvae; and the metamorphic size was the maximum primary shell height.", "\n\nData Analysis\n-------------\n\nDifferences in phenotypic traits between groups and replicates were analyzed using multiple comparisons of means using one-way ANOVA. ", "To improve the normality and homoscedasticity, the fertilization rate, hatching rate, survival rate and metamorphic rate were arcsine transformed prior to analysis, and the size of egg diameter, D larvae and metamorphic size and metamorphic time were logarithmically transformed (base 10) ([@B20]). ", "All statistical analyses were performed using SPSS19.0 and significance for all analyses was set to *P* \\< 0.05 unless noted otherwise.", "\n\nResults\n=======\n\nEarly Gametogenesis\n-------------------\n\nThe gonads of the oyster are scattered throughout the visceral mass and their absolute size varies depending on the number and diameter of gametes enclosed. ", "The gametogenesis process throughout the first 3 months of life was divided into three phases: sex differentiation, physiological maturity and functional maturity.", "\n\nSex Differentiation\n-------------------\n\nAt 1 month, the shell height of oysters ranged from 1.5 to 3.0 mm, with a mean value of 2.48 mm (±0.36) and no obvious gonadal development in the visceral mass ([Figure 2Aa](#F2){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "27.0% of individuals developed reproductive follicles with sperm ([Figure 2BI](#F2){ref-type=\"fig\"}), while in the other 73% there was no sexual differentiation visible by histological section ([Figure 2BII](#F2){ref-type=\"fig\"} and [Table 2](#T2){ref-type=\"table\"}). ", "During the process of sexual differentiation, the primary gonad of *C. sikamea* contains the antecedent cells of both sexes when very young, and its protandric trait were recognized as the rapid proliferation of spermatogonia and then formation of sperm.", "\n\n###### \n\nSex ratio of 1.0, 2.0, and 3.0 month old *C. sikamea* during the first three months of life history.", "\n\n Item Replicate Female Male Hermaphroditism Asexuality Total\n ----------- ----------- ---------- ---------- ----------------- ------------ --------\n 1.0 month 1 -- 25 -- 75 100\n 2 -- 24 -- 76 100\n 3 -- 32 -- 68 100\n **Mean** **--** **27.0** **--** **73.0** **--**\n 2.0 month 1 12 79 1 8 100\n 2 10 83 0 7 100\n 3 8 82 1 9 100\n **Mean** **10.0** **81.3** **0.7** **8.0** **--**\n 3.0 month 1 35 65 -- -- 100\n 2 24 76 -- -- 100\n 3 26 74 -- -- 100\n **Mean** **28.3** **71.7** **--** **--** **--**\n\n![", "Gonad of oyster *Crassostrea sikamea* **(A)** and gametogenesis **(B)** during the early life history at the first three months stage. ", "In plane **A**: a, One month old oyster; b, Two month old oyster; c: Three month old oyster. ", "In plane B: I, Male at one month; II, Asexuality at one month; III, Female at two month; IV, Hermaphrodite (spermatocyte and oocyte) at two month; V Hermaphrodite (Sperm and oocyte) at two month; VI, Male at two month; VII, Female at three month; VIII, Male at three month. ", "In panels **B**, the gray, black, and red arrows indicate oocytes, sperms and spermatocytes, respectively. ", "All histological section pictures were taken under multiple of ×40.](fphys-10-00524-g002){#F2}\n\nPhysiological Maturity\n----------------------\n\nAt 2 months, the shell height of the 90 oysters ranged from 3 to 5 mm, with a mean value of 3.96 mm (±0.57) with a small amount of gonadal development in the visceral mass ([Figure 2Ab](#F2){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "10.0, 0.7, 81.3, and 8.0% of the oysters were female, hermaphroditic, male and asexual, respectively, suggesting that the physiological maturity stage had begun ([Figures 2BIII,VI](#F2){ref-type=\"fig\"} and [Table 2](#T2){ref-type=\"table\"}). ", "At this stage, oocyte diameters in females ranged from 27 to 40 μm, and they were not of uniform size ([Figure 2BIII](#F2){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "There were two types of hermaphrodite, one type with oocytes and spermatocytes and another type with oocytes and sperm ([Figure 2BV](#F2){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "A certain number of sperm were found in the male gonads ([Figure 2BVI](#F2){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "Sex differentiation still had not occurred in asexual individuals. ", "Physiological maturity of bivalves is defined as the point at which the gametes in the gonad attain their mature size and morphology. ", "However, this stage does not mean that the individual actually participates in spawning behavior. ", "Although we were able to observe gametes by histology section, very few eggs were obtained from soft body by dissection for hatchery.", "\n\nFunctional Maturity\n-------------------\n\nAt 3 months, the shell height of the 90 oysters ranged from 9 to 12 mm, with a mean value of 10.78 mm (±1.25). ", "All oysters had fully mature gonads and gametes ([Figure 2Ac](#F2){ref-type=\"fig\"}), and were either female or male; no hermaphroditism or asexuality was observed. ", "28.3% of oysters were female and 71.1% were male ([Figures 2BVII,VIII](#F2){ref-type=\"fig\"} and [Table 2](#T2){ref-type=\"table\"}), meaning that they had reached the functionally mature stage. ", "At this stage, the females' oocytes were close to 40 μm in size with consistent diameters, while in the males large quantities of sperm were present in the seminal vesicles. ", "Functional (physical) maturity is defined as the point at which the oysters enter the first spawning stage, when the males and females spontaneously release sperms and eggs, respectively.", "\n\nHatchery\n--------\n\nTo assess whether these early gametes are fully functional, we conducted an artificial hatchery experiment using 2- and 3-month-old oyster parents, with 6- and 15-month old oyster parents as control groups. ", "The average diameter of the eggs from the 3-month group (45.17 μm) was significantly larger than that of those from the other three groups (*P* \\< 0.05) ([Figure 3A](#F3){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "The fertilization rate (30.27%) and D larval rate (4.53%) for the 2-month group were significant lower than the other three groups (*P* \\< 0.05), while fertilization rate and D larvae for the 3-, 6- and 15-month groups all exceeded 90%, with no significant differences among these three groups (*P* \\> 0.05) ([Figures 3B,C](#F3){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "Normal embryo development, including fertilization, first polar stage, second polar stage, 2 cell stage, 4 cell stage, 8 cell stage, 16 cell stage, and multi-cell stage, mulberry stage, blastocyst stage, trochophore stage and D larvae ([Figures 4A--L](#F4){ref-type=\"fig\"}), was observed, and the duration of development from fertilization to D larvae was approximately 20 h for all four groups, which were kept at a temperature of 27.8--28.2°C with a salinity of 20 ppt. ", "D larvae of shell length from the 2-, 3-, 6-, and 15-month groups were 72.88, 73.93, 73.43, and 72.97 μm, respectively. ", "No significant difference was found between the D larval size of 6-month group and the other three groups (*P* \\> 0.05) ([Figure 3D](#F3){ref-type=\"fig\"}).", "\n\n![", "Hatching index, larval survival, growth, metamorphosis of progeny from 2, 3, 6, and 15 month old parents. **(", "A)** Egg diameter; **(B)** Fertilization rate; **(C,D)** larvae rate; **(D)** D larvae size; **(E)** Larval survival rate; **(F)** Larval growth rate; **(G)** Metamorphic rate; **(H)** Metamorphic time; **(I)** Metamorphic size.](fphys-10-00524-g003){#F3}\n\n![", "History life cycle of the Kumamoto oyster. **(", "A)** Fertilized egg; **(B)** First polar; **(C)** Second polar; **(D)** Two cells; **(E)** Four cells; **(F)** Eight cells; **(G)** Sixteen cells; **(H)** Multi-cells; **(I)** Mulberry; **(J)** Blastocyst; **(K)** Trochophore; **(L)** D larvae; **(M)** Early umbo-larvae; **(N)** Middle umbo-larvae; **(O)** Late umbo-larvae; **(P)** Eye larvae; **(Q)** New forming spat; **(R)** Spat; **(S)** Youth; **(T)** Adult.](fphys-10-00524-g004){#F4}\n\nLarval Survival, Growth, and Metamorphosis\n------------------------------------------\n\nDuring the larval planktonic period, the larvae underwent early-umbo, middle-umbo, and late-umbo and eye larval stages and then set the substrate-forming spat ([Figures 4M--Q](#F4){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "Larval survival rate was 9.77% for the 2-month group, which was significant lower than those for the 3-month group (84.28%), 6-month group (82.15%), and 15-month groups (80.79%) ([Figure 3E](#F3){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "The larval growth rate of the 3-month group (17.64 μm⋅d^--1^) was significantly higher than that of the 2-month (14.56 μm⋅d^--1^), 6-month (15.03 μm⋅d^--1^) and 15-month groups (14.00 μm⋅d^--1^) (*P* \\< 0.05) ([Figure 3F](#F3){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "The metamorphic rate for the 2-month group was merely 3.45%, significantly less than that of the 3-month (72.91%), 6-month (70.63%), and 15-month groups (69.01%) (*P* \\< 0.05) ([Figure 3G](#F3){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "The metamorphic time was 21.00 days for the 2-month group, 16.00 days for the 3-month group, 18.67 days for the 6-month group and 20.00 days for the 15-month group ([Figure 3H](#F3){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "Metamorphic size ranged from 353 to 362 μm, with no significant differences between the experimental groups (*P* \\> 0.05) ([Figure 3I](#F3){ref-type=\"fig\"}).", "\n\nSpat Formation\n--------------\n\nFinally, 420, 55.36 × 10^4^, 52.75 × 10^4^, 50.46 × 10^4^ spat were obtained from about 90.00 × 10^4^ eggs from each of the 2-, 3-, 6-, and 15-month groups, respectively ([Figure 4Q](#F4){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "Then, the spat underwent the youth and adult stages to complete their life history ([Figures 4R--T](#F4){ref-type=\"fig\"}).", "\n\nDiscussion\n==========\n\nGametogenesis During Early Life History\n---------------------------------------\n\nIn this study, we only observed male sex differentiation in 1-month-old spat, because oysters are protandrous animals and exhibit rapid proliferation of spermatagonia ([@B12]). ", "Here, it should be pointed out that no female sex differentiation was observed due to the sample interval of 1 month. ", "Since it is impossible to examine the gonad of individual at successive stages of its life, it becomes necessary to infer its history from an examination of other individuals at different ages ([@B6]; [@B28]). ", "At the physiologically mature stage, a large proportion of gametes are mature based on size and morphology, but are incapable of spontaneous spawning due to reproductive dysfunction until they enter the functionally mature stage.", "\n\nThe functionally mature stage of life history is defined as the age at which the female spontaneously produces the first batch of eggs ([@B7]; [@B16]). ", "Our results showed that the first functionally mature stage of the Kumamoto oyster started at 3 months old with a shell height of 9.0--12.0 mm. ", "This opinion differs from the previous reports ([@B3]), because they defined gamete maturity as the stage that is referred to as physiological maturity in this text. ", "Age and size for functionally mature gametes could also be different among *Crassostrea* species. ", "The shell height for first gamete maturity in *C. gigas* ranged from 16 to 39 mm ([@B1]), while for *C. virginica* it is smaller than 35 mm, and as young as 42 days post-settlement ([@B2]; [@B24]). ", "In summary, our re-examined results demonstrate that *C. sikamea* is the smallest species in the *Crassostrea* genus at functional maturity.", "\n\nThe sex ratio changed as the oysters grew, and there were significantly more males than females throughout the early gametogenesis process. ", "Sex change is phylogenetically widespread but uncommon in both the plant and animal kingdoms ([@B21]). ", "Although it is rare among vertebrates, there is evidence of sex changes in most groups of invertebrates ([@B27]). ", "Interestingly, we found the oocyte maturation of *C. sikamea* was delayed until 3 months old in this study. ", "A small proportion of *C. sikamea* individuals in this study displayed hermaphroditism at 2 months old, but no hermaphrodites were observed at 3 months old, suggesting that this hermaphroditism may be occasional as intervening stage during early history stage ([@B10]; [@B14]).", "\n\nBreeding Potential\n------------------\n\nTo establish an effective oyster production management practices in a hatchery, it is very important to research gametogenesis in natural populations of bivalves in order to determine if the early development of gametes takes place in nature or if it was influenced by the hatchery operation ([@B8]). ", "Our results indicate that no eggs can be obtained by dissection from spat with a shell height of 1.5--3.0 mm for hatchery experiment, despite expressed male sex differentiation. ", "Moreover, presence of sperm in these oysters does not mean that they are physiologically active ([@B3]). ", "Once they reach a shell height of 3--5 mm, a small number of eggs (\\<1000/ind.) ", "are partially functional; about 30% of eggs can be fertilized and 5% produce D larvae, with less than 4% forming spat. ", "This indicated that, a large number of gametes from the physiological maturity stage are dysfunctional, leading to low fertilization, higher larval mortality and very low levels of metamorphosis.", "\n\nWhen the shell height of *C. sikamea* reaches 9--12 mm at an age of 3 months, the oyster gonad becomes fully mature and contains eggs (\\>1 × 10^4^/ind.). ", "We found that gametes from this stage were completely functional; almost 100% of eggs can be fertilized and produce viable progeny with high survival rate and grow fast. ", "Therefore, this stage was defined as the functionally mature stage, which can spawn and produce viable progeny. ", "Generally, the age of functional maturity plays a pivotal role in the life of an individual, dividing the lifespan of the organism into two phases, preparation and fulfillment ([@B22]). ", "This stage is extremely sensitive to age at maturity, because selection for age at first maturity results from the balance of benefits and costs of starting reproduction at that age ([@B5]). ", "This balance is affected by the interaction between age and size, which plays an important role in the determination of the onset of gametogenesis ([@B23]).", "\n\nOur results clearly demonstrate that the early life history (fertilization, hatching, survival, growth, metamorphosis) of progeny from 3-month-old parents was similar to that of progeny from 6- and 15-months-old parents. ", "However, the progeny from 3-month-old parents grew faster than those of the other three age parents. ", "We speculated that the egg quality differed from other age parents, no spawning occurred in the 3-month-old oysters due to these functionally mature gamete comprising a large amount of endogenous nutrition ([@B17]). ", "In contrast, 6- and 15-month-old parents underwent spawning which may cause a lack of egg nutrition, leading to slow growth ([@B18]). ", "The Kumamoto oysters over 3 months old are possible to participate in reproductive activities in nature and help to restore the wild resource.", "\n\nProspective Aquaculture Applications\n------------------------------------\n\nOur results showed that first functional gametes from 3 months old parents can produce normal progeny, in other words, the 3 months old Kumamoto oyster is reproductively viable and produces healthy progeny, comparable to older broodstock tested in our study. ", "Traditionally, 3--4 years old oyster were selected as parents in Taylor Shellfish Farm (United States), 2--3 years old oyster were selected as parents in Japan, 1--2 years old oyster were selected as parents in China ([@B30]). ", "Thus, our paper provides a new select standard of Kumamoto oyster parents, which is age 3 months old onward, where oyster size exceeds 9--12 mm shell height.", "\n\nOn the longer term, the successive selection of four generations for Kumamoto oyster by artificial select breeding currently requires 12--16 years in the United States (Personal communication), 8--12 years in Japan (Personal communication), and 4--8 years in China ([@B30]). ", "Based on our results, it is hypothetically to reduce the four generations breeding time for Kumamoto oyster to 12 months long, which is the great novelty in this study. ", "One full generation of Kumamoto oysters only needs 3 months, which can shorten the breeding cycle and research biology traits as model organism in bivalves.", "\n\nConclusion\n==========\n\nGametogenesis in *C. sikamea* began when individuals were very small and young, but most gametes were dysfunctional during the sex differentiation at 1 month old and physiological maturity life stages at 2 months old. ", "Once the oysters reached 3 months of age, the gonad was full and contained a large number of eggs, which were completely mature and could spontaneously spawn. ", "This was defined as the functionally mature phase. ", "Successful artificial hatchery of *C. sikamea* was conducted using these viable gametes. ", "No significant difference was observed among the different age groups on phenotypic traits of progeny from functionally mature gametes except growth ability. ", "Results here provide the baseline data for the age selection of Kumamoto oyster parents during seedling production. ", "Based on our results, we recommend to widen the empirical reproductive age of *C. sikamea* between 3 and 12 months old, with shell heights between 9--12 and 30 mm. ", "This hatchery method can effectively shorten the breeding cycle, which also implies that these small oysters will participate in spawning and form a natural supplement for the oyster resource recovery.", "\n\nAuthor Contributions\n====================\n\nZY and YZ designed the experiments. ", "ZY, LM, ZZ, and YP carried out all of the experiments with the help of YQ, SX, HM, and JL. ", "JL analyzed the data and wrote the manuscript. ", "ZY and YZ critically revised the manuscript and approved the final version to be published.", "\n\nConflict of Interest Statement\n==============================\n\nThe authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.", "\n\n**Funding.** ", "This research was supported by Chinese Ministry of Science and Technology through the National Key Research and Development Program of China (No. ", "2018YFD0901400), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. ", "31872566 and 31702340), Guangdong Province Program, China (Nos. ", "2016A020208011; A201601A04; 2016B020233005; and 2016TQ03N905), Science and Technology Planning Project of Guangdong Province, China (No. ", "2017B030314052), and China Agriculture Research System (No. ", "CARS-49).", "\n\n[^1]: Edited by: Menghong Hu, Shanghai Ocean University, China\n\n[^2]: Reviewed by: Wai Kuen Ko, Hong Kong Oyster Cultural and Ecological Association, China; Hon Jung Liew, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Malaysia; Huaiping Zheng, Shantou University, China\n\n[^3]: This article was submitted to Aquatic Physiology, a section of the journal Frontiers in Physiology\n" ]
{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Central" }
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[ "Drawing upon decades of experience, RAND provides research services, systematic analysis, and innovative thinking to a global clientele that includes government agencies, foundations, and private-sector firms.", "\n\nThe Pardee RAND Graduate School (PRGS.edu) is the largest public policy Ph.D. program in the nation and the only program based at an independent public policy research organization—the RAND Corporation.", "\n\nThe Kosovars Need to Know Where They're Headed\n\nThe recent elections in Kosovo demonstrate the stability in Kosovar\nvoting patterns, the determination of the majority of Kosovars to achieve independence\npeacefully, and the bankruptcy of the international community's \"status\nbefore standards\" posture toward Kosovo's final status.", "\n\nEarly returns indicate that Ibrahim Rugova's Democratic League of Kosovo\nwill again win a commanding plurality of the votes. ", "Rugova is anything but\na charismatic personality. ", "Almost a recluse, he is seldom caught doing anything\nphotogenic or saying anything quotable.", "\n\nYet for 15 years, since then-President Slobodan Milosevic disbanded the\nautonomous self-government that the former Yugoslav leader, Tito, had granted\nthat province, Rugova has personified the ethnic Albanians' quest for a peaceful\nachievement of their national aspirations.", "\n\nAfter nearly a decade of nonviolent resistance, a minority of Kosovars did\nturn to more violent measures. ", "Eventually, as Serb repression grew, the militants\nsecured the support both of the majority of the population and of the international\ncommunity.", "\n\nYet even at the height of ethnic cleansing in 1999, the people looked to\nRugova, and not the Kosovo Liberation Army, for political leadership. ", "This\nwas the result of a remarkable opinion poll taken in the refugee camps of\nMacedonia and Albania, where hundreds of thousands of Kosovars were waiting\nfor the NATO bombing campaign to rid their homeland of Serbian security forces.", "\n\nWhen the poll was taken, Rugova had just been photographed at an ill-considered\nand useless meeting in Belgrade with Milosevic, which was held even as the\nyoung men of the KLA were fighting and dying.", "\n\nThe poll indicated that nearly all the Kosovars supported the KLA's efforts\non their behalf and admired their sacrifice. ", "But a substantial majority of\nthese same refugees said they would nevertheless vote for Rugova and his\nparty, rather than for any of the younger leaders and more militant parties\nassociated with the KLA, in any future election. ", "And this is just what they\ndid.", "\n\nMany in the international community are disappointed that only a handful\nof the Serbs in Kosovo chose to vote in the recent election. ", "Their boycott\nshould hardly come as a surprise.", "\n\nFirst of all, Kosovo's interim constitution guarantees the Serb minority\na number of seats in the Parliament, more or less commensurate with their\nnumbers, whether they vote or not. ", "Also, the Kosovo Serbs saw little advantage\nin adding legitimacy to an election which was bound to return an overwhelming\nmajority for independence, which is supported by the entire Albanian majority.", "\n\nReconciliation between the Albanian and Serb communities in Kosovo will\nbe difficult, given their history of ethnic conflict. ", "Reconciliation cannot\neven begin, however, until both sides have a coincident vision of what they\nare reconciling for.", "\n\nSerbs will not reconcile themselves to living as a protected minority in\nan independent Kosovo as long as the prospect of a reunited Serbia survives.", "\nAlbanians will not reconcile themselves to the need for protecting a substantial\nSerb minority in Kosovo so long as that minority continues to regard itself\nas the forward element of renewed Serb rule.", "\n\nThe international community's evasion of responsibility for determining\nKosovo's final status - under the slogan that standards must be met before\nstatus can even be discussed - perpetuates the tensions between the two communities.", "\n\nCertainly it is reasonable to demand that the Albanian majority agree to\nsecurity and some level of autonomy for the Serb minority before independence\nis granted.", "\n\nBut it is not reasonable to expect those arrangements be put in place before\nindependence is agreed upon as the ultimate objective.", "\n\nThe recent elections suggest that the majority of Kosovars remain committed\nto achieving independence peacefully under a moderate leadership. ", "It is time\nfor Europe and the United States to provide those leaders with a practical\nroad map toward this goal.", "\n\nJames Dobbins is director of the International Security and Defense\nPolicy Center at the RAND Corporation, a nonprofit research organization.", "\nHe was\nthe Clinton administration's special envoy for Somalia, Haiti, Bosnia\nand Kosovo, and the Bush administration's first special envoy for Afghanistan.", "\n\nThis commentary originally appeared in International Herald Tribune on October 29, 2004. ", "Commentary gives RAND researchers a platform to convey insights based on their professional expertise and often on their peer-reviewed research and analysis.", "\n\nThe RAND Corporation is a research organization that develops solutions to public policy challenges to help make communities throughout the world safer and more secure, healthier and more prosperous. ", "RAND is nonprofit, nonpartisan, and committed to the public interest." ]
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[ "Q:\n\nRunning my program with command line arguments\n\nI am attempting to run my program using the command line. ", "I am trying to return my command line arguments:\nimport System.", "Environment \nimport Data.", "List \n\nmain :: IO()\n\nmain = do \n args <- getArgs \n progName <- getProgName \n putStrLn \"The arguments are:\" \n mapM putStrLn args \n putStrLn \"The program name is:\" \n putStrLn progName \n\nI am executing the code by calling the main function with my arguments: \nmain argument arguments \"more arguements\"\n\nHowever, I am getting a complier error: \n<interactive>:33:6: Not in scope: ‘argument’\n<interactive>:33:15: Not in scope: ‘arguments’\n\nIs there an issue with how I am calling my function with my arguments? ", "\n\nA:\n\nYou have to use :main if you want to simulate command line arguments. ", "main alone only executes your IO () action, but doesn't actually build the arguments. ", "For all what GHCi knows, main doesn't necessarily need to be IO (), it could be Int -> Int -> IO ().", "\nHowever, if you use :main, GHC will use main in the same way it would get invoked during an runhaskell call, e.g. with interpreting the following parameters as command line arguments.", "\nAlternatively, you can use withArgs from System.", "Environment:\nghci> withArgs [\"argument\", \"arguments\", \"more arguments\"] main\n\n" ]
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[ "947 F.2d 941\nNOTICE: Fourth Circuit I.O.P. 36.6 states that citation of unpublished dispositions is disfavored except for establishing res judicata, estoppel, or the law of the case and requires service of copies of cited unpublished dispositions of the Fourth Circuit.", "James Earl HOLSTON, Petitioner-Appellant,v.NORTH CAROLINA; Attorney General of North Carolina,Respondents-Appellees.", "\nNo. ", "91-6626.", "\nUnited States Court of Appeals, Fourth Circuit.", "\nSubmitted Sept. 27, 1991.Decided Nov. 5, 1991.", "\n\nAppeal from the United States District Court for the Eastern District of North Carolina, at Raleigh. ", " Franklin T. Dupree, Jr., Senior District Judge. ", " (CA-91-164-HC)\nJames Earl Holston, appellant pro se.", "\nClarence Joe DelForge, III, Office of the Attorney General of North Carolina, Raleigh, N.C., for appellees.", "\nE.D.N.C.\nDISMISSED.", "\nBefore DONALD RUSSELL, K.K. HALL and SPROUSE, Circuit Judges.", "\nOPINION\nPER CURIAM:\n\n\n1\nJames Earl Holston seeks to appeal the district court's order refusing habeas corpus relief pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2254. ", " Our review of the record and the district court's opinion accepting the recommendation of the magistrate judge discloses that this appeal is without merit. ", " Accordingly, we deny a certificate of probable cause to appeal and dismiss the appeal on the reasoning of the district court.* ", " Holston v. North Carolina, No. ", "CA-91-164-HC (E.D.N.C. July 25, 1991). ", " We dispense with oral argument because the facts and legal contentions are adequately presented in the materials before the Court and argument would not aid the decisional process.", "\n\n\n2\nDISMISSED.", "\n\n\n\n*\n We deny Holston's \"Motion For Waiver of Certificate of Probable Cause to Appeal.\"", "\n\n\n" ]
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[ "Age-related decline in deciduogenic ability of the rat uterus.", "\nTo study age-related changes in uterine responsiveness to deciduogenic stimuli, virgin female rats of the T strain were ovariectomized at 4, 8, 10, or 12 mo of age and given daily s.c. ", "injections of 3 mg progesterone for 7 days, commencing on the day after operation, and a single s.c. ", "injection of 0.1 microgram estradiol-17 beta on the third day of the period. ", "Endometrial stimulation was effected by either endometrial traumatization or intraluminal instillation of sesame oil or prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), applied 16 h after the injection of estradiol. ", "Decidual response began to decrease at 8 mo of age and completely disappeared between 8 and 12 mo, regardless of the type of induction stimulus. ", "At 8 mo of age, females formed deciduomata in response to instillation of oil or PGE2, only when they had been cycling regularly at the time of ovariectomy. ", "In 10-mo-old rats, instillation of oil or PGE2 invariably failed to elicit a positive response, regardless of the pattern of estrous cycles at surgery. ", "However, if an ovary was transplanted s.c. ", "5 or 7 mo after ovariectomy at 4 mo of age, the uteri responded positively to oil instillation at 10 and 12 mo of age, after the ovarian grafts had been removed and steroid treatments had been administered. ", "Moreover, a 2-mo interval between ovariectomy at 8 mo of age and the commencement of the standard treatment schedule restored or maintained the uterus's ability to form deciduomata by 10 mo of age.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)" ]
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[ "BP oil and tar that washed ashore or was uncovered in Plaquemines, Jefferson, St. Bernard and other Louisiana parishes during Hurricane Isaac is settling into wetlands and shutting some public beaches." ]
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[ "Q:\n\nSQL Server BCP Utility incorrect data import\n\nI am using BCP utility to import a .csv file. ", "One of the columns has a value separated by comma but its enclosed in doubled quotes. ", "BCP tools is unable to detect it and is incorrectly uploading data to my table. ", "\nHere is a repro:\nCREATE TABLE [dbo].[test_temptable]\n(\n --[ID] [int] IDENTITY(1,1) NOT NULL,\n [Column1] [varchar](100) NULL,\n [Column2] [varchar](100) NULL,\n [Column3] [varchar](100) NULL,\n\n /*PRIMARY KEY CLUSTERED ([ID] ASC)\n*/\n) \nON [PRIMARY]\nGO\n\nTest data in inputData.csv file:\nvalue1,\"test,test\",value3\n\nWhen I run the bcp command it works\nbcp \"testDB.dbo.test_temptable\" in c:\\temp\\test\\inputData.csv -c -t, -T -S \"testDBServer\" -e c:\\temp\\test\\error.csv\n\n1 rows copied.", "\nNetwork packet size (bytes): 4096\nClock Time (ms.) ", "Total : 1 Average : (1000.00 rows per sec.)", "\n\nHowever data in table is incorrect:\n\nColumn2 should have been test, test and column 3 value3. ", " \nWhat am I doing wrong? ", "Any pointers? ", "Thanks all. ", "\n\nA:\n\nLong story short.. it won't work with commas in your data and as a delimiter. ", " Even though Excel handles it, SQL BCP isn't as friendly:\nsql server Bulk insert csv with data having comma\nI've had to do this in the past and you have some options:\n\nOpen up the .csv file in Excel, save it as a tab delimited file (which makes it a .txt), then you can run this to indicate you now are using a tab as the delimiter:\nbcp \"testDB.dbo.test_temptable\" in c:\\temp\\test\\inputData.csv -c -t\"\\t\" -T -S \"testDBServer\" -e c:\\temp\\test\\error.csv\nOf course if you have a tab in your data.. same problem. ", " However using the little example you have provided that does work.", "\nYou could try using BULK INSERT from inside SQL\nYou could look into using SSIS or DTX but honestly I try to stay away from that extra overhead/complexity.", "\n\n" ]
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[ "A new ‘Skater Made’ team video is on the Horizon. ", "The SMS Team has been filming the ‘Rip/Shred’ through this past Summer and things are beginning to shape up. ", "Check the website for new products and stay tuned for exclusive premieres of this new joint. ", "DVDs will be available with product purchases sooner than later.. “Stay Stoked 4 Life!”", "\n\nA progressive skateboard company built on integrity, as only a skateboarder knows. ", "Skater Made is a skater-owned business, with 35 years of experience, whose custom products are all about quality guaranteed. ", "Skater Made is built on core values and dependability. ", "Company owner, Bart Saric, chooses to stay true to the cause and offer you the best value for your dollar. ", "Skater Made products were built for the ride. ", "For information, please visit: www.skatermade.com" ]
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[ "Sleep-disordered breathing and C-reactive protein in obese children and adolescents.", "\nSleep-disordered breathing (SDB) is common among overweight and obese children. ", "It is a risk factor for several health complications, including cardiovascular disease. ", "Inflammatory processes leading to endothelial dysfunction are a possible mechanism linking SDB and cardiovascular disease. ", "Elevated C-reactive protein (CRP) is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease and is independently correlated with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) in adults. ", "Our goal is to evaluate the relationship between CRP and OSAS in overweight and obese children and adolescents. ", "One hundred and twenty children were prospectively studied (85 without OSAS, 20 mild OSAS, 15 moderate-to-severe OSAS). ", "All subjects underwent polysomnography, and a blood sample was taken to determine CRP levels. ", "No significant differences were found in CRP between subjects with or without OSAS, and no correlations were found between CRP and OSAS severity, despite the relationship between CRP and BMI (r = 0.21, p = 0.015) and between CRP and fat mass (r = 0.31, p < 0.001). ", "These results suggest that CRP levels are correlated with the level of obesity but are not influenced by SDB in obese children and adolescents; hence, this in contrast to that in adult population." ]
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[ "Travel Blogs\n\nSpain is full of great places to travel, from beach island paradises to high snowy ski slopes. ", "But sometimes it is well worth it to explore another fascinating country. ", "These travel bloggers are traveling full time to bring their readers the best travel advice, travel stories, travel pictures, and more on their amazing travel blogs." ]
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[ "Details & Care\n\nWhat it is: A revolutionary facial cleansing device that combines sophisticated T-Sonic pulsations with a gentle silicone brush to provide deep yet gentle cleansing, leaving your complexion looking clearer, brighter and healthier.", "\n\nWho it's for: All skin types.", "\n\nWhat it does: The nonporous brush is bacteria resistant and up to 35 times more hygienic than standard nylon bristles. ", "The three-zone brush has over 1,300 touch-points to draw out impurities for a glowing and radiant complexion. ", "It gently removes dead skin cells and unclogs pores of dirt, oil and makeup residue to reveal more vibrant, even-toned skin. ", "Designed to fit in the palm of your hand, the waterproof LUNA mini requires no replacement brushes, has two adjustable intensities and a single button interface, and can be used up to five months (300 uses) after one full charge.", "\n\nHow to use: Apply your regular cleanser. ", "Wet LUNA and activate its cleansing mode. ", "Gently massage into your face with the cleansing surface for one minute. ", "Rinse and dry your face, then apply your favorite skin care products. ", "Use the thicker silicone touch points on the back of the device to deep-cleanse oily areas of the face, such as the T-zone, to remove impurities and reveal a glowing complexion." ]
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