input stringlengths 1 125 | context stringlengths 8 1.18k | output int64 0 1 |
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Tally Marking | The counting of observations in a class using tally (/) marks. Tallies are grouped in fives. | 1 |
floating-rate bond | A bond whose interest rate is reset periodically according to a specified market rate. | 0 |
DEFERRED ANNUITY | An ANNUITY funded with single or multiple pay- ments that entitles the ANNUITANT or BENEFICIARY to benefits at a future date. | 0 |
Vanguard Exchange-Traded Funds | Vanguard exchange-traded funds (ETFs) are a class of funds offered by Vanguard. Exchange-traded funds combine the diversification of mutual funds with a lower investment minimum required. Vanguard also offers real-time pricing. ETFs are traded the same way that individual stocks are traded. | 1 |
security characteristic line SCL | A plot of the excess return on a security over the risk-free rate as a function of the excess return on the market. | 0 |
What Is Egalitarianism? | Egalitarianism is a philosophical perspective that emphasizes equality and equal treatment across gender, religion, economic status, and political beliefs. Egalitarianism may focus on income inequality and distribution, which are ideas that influenced the development of various economic and political systems. Egalitari... | 1 |
MOMENTUM TRADING | A TRADING strategy that is based purely on the short-term movement and momentum of a SECURITY or INDEX rather than on FUNDAMENTAL ANALYSIS or TECHNICAL ANALYSIS. See also MOMO,NEGATIVE MOMENTUM TRADING, POSITION TRADING, SWING TRADING. | 0 |
Back-End Ratio | The back-end ratio, also known as the debt-to-income ratio, is a ratio that indicates what portion of a person's monthly income goes toward paying debts. Total monthly debt includes expenses, such as mortgage payments (principal, interest, taxes, and insurance), credit card payments, child support, and other loan payme... | 1 |
Levered Free Cash Flow (LFCF) | Levered free cash flow (LFCF) is the amount of money a company has left remaining after paying all of its financial obligations. LFCF is the amount of cash a company has after paying debts, while unlevered free cash flow (UFCF) is cash before debt payments are made. Levered free cash flow is important because it is the... | 1 |
NOTIONAL | A common method of denominating the size, though not necessarily the RISK, of a DERIVATIVE transaction (generally SWAPS and FORWARDS). In most instances notional is used only as a reference to compute amounts payable and/or receivable, although for CURRENCY SWAPS the full notional is typically exchanged on TRADE date a... | 0 |
Quarterly Income Debt Securities (QUIDS) | Quarterly Income Debt Securities (QUIDS) are tradable debt instruments that pay a quarterly coupon. | 1 |
LTV | See LOAN-TO-VALUE. | 0 |
DEFENDED TAKEOVER | A TAKEOVER that is opposed by the DIRECTORS of the TARGET company. | 0 |
Present Value Interest Factor of Annuity (PVIFA) | The present value interest factor of an annuity is a factor that can be used to calculate the present value of a series of annuities when it is multiplied by the recurring payment amount. The initial deposit earns interest at the interest rate (r), which perfectly finances a series of (n) consecutive withdrawals and ma... | 1 |
NAKED OPTION | An OPTION position where the seller of the option does not own the UNDERLYING ASSET or cash that must be delivered if the buyer EXERCISES the CONTRACT. Selling naked options is generally a high RISK strategy since the seller must acquire the underlying asset in the open market or source cash should exercise occur. Also... | 0 |
Schumpeter, Joseph | After growing up in the Austro-Hungarian empire, in which he worked as an itinerant lawyer, Joseph Schumpeter (1883-1950) became an academic in 1909. He was appointed Austrian minister of finance in 19 19, presiding over a period of HYPER-INFLATION. He then became president of a small Viennese BANK, which collapsed. He... | 1 |
Leveraged Loan | A leveraged loan is a type of loan that is extended to companies or individuals that already have considerable amounts of debt or poor credit history. Lenders consider leveraged loans to carry a higher risk of default, and as a result, a leveraged loan is more costly to the borrower. Default occurs when a borrower can'... | 1 |
Employee Stock Option (ESO) | Employee stock options (ESOs) are a type of equity compensation granted by companies to their employees and executives. Rather than granting shares of stock directly, the company gives derivative options on the stock instead. These options come in the form of regular call options and give the employee the right to buy ... | 1 |
Revenue per User (RPU) | Revenue per user (RPU) is a ratio used to express revenue generated by a company on a per-user basis. It is most often used by companies that generate revenue by selling subscription services and measures how robust the product usage is across the customer base. Social media sites that allow free access also use the re... | 1 |
Over the counter | In the case of drugs, those that can be purchased without a prescription from a doctor. In the case of financial SECURITIES, those that are bought or sold through a private dealer or BANK rather than on a financial exchange. | 1 |
Bank rate | The rate of interest payable by commercial banks to RBI if they borrow money from the latter in case of a shortage of reserves. | 1 |
Ghetto | The term ghetto refers to an urban area with low property values and relatively little public or private investment. The word is slang and is generally considered an offensive stereotype because ghettos have historically been inhabited by racial minorities. Ghettos are also characterized by high unemployment, high rate... | 1 |
Transfer on Death (TOD) | The transfer on death designation lets beneficiaries receive assets at the time of the person's death without going through probate. This designation also lets the account holder or security owner specify the percentage of assets each designated beneficiary receives, which helps the executor distribute the person's ass... | 1 |
EXPIRY DATE | The date on which an OPTION contract comes due, after which it becomes invalid. Also known as EXPIRY. | 0 |
CONVERSION FACTOR | A multiplicative factor that is applied to a DELIVERABLE ASSET under an EXCHANGE-TRADED DERIVATIVE CONTRACT to determine the precise amount that needs to be delivered. Since different types and grades are often deliverable, the seller of the contract must use a conversion factor to make the appropriate adjustment. See ... | 0 |
Excise Tax | An excise tax is a legislated tax on specific goods or services at purchase such as fuel, tobacco, and alcohol. Excise taxes are intranational taxes imposed within a government infrastructure rather than international taxes imposed across country borders. A federal excise tax is usually collected from motor fuel sales,... | 1 |
GOVERNMENT BILL | A MONEY MARKET instrument issued by a governmen- tal authority as a funding mechanism and a tool for conducting MONETARY POLICY. Bills are often issued on a DISCOUNT, rather than COUPON-bearing, basis, and typically have MATURITIES extending from 1 week to 1 year. Those issued by governments of industrialized nations a... | 0 |
Balloon Payment | A balloon payment is a large payment due at the end of a balloon loan, such as a mortgage, a commercial loan, or another type of amortized loan. It is considered similar to a bullet repayment. | 1 |
Risk-Based Capital Requirement | Risk-based capital requirement refers to a rule that establishes minimum regulatory capital for financial institutions. Risk-based capital requirements exist to protect financial firms, their investors, their clients, and the economy as a whole. These requirements ensure that each financial institution has enough capit... | 1 |
DEBIT | An ACCOUNTING entry that leads to an increase in ASSETS or a decrease in LIABILITIES or CAPITAL. A debit balance also represents assets or expenses. See also CREDIT. | 0 |
Debt Issue | A debt issue refers to a financial obligation that allows the issuer to raise funds by promising to repay the lender at a certain point in the future and in accordance with the terms of the contract. A debt issue is a fixed corporate or government obligation such as a bond or debenture. Debt issues also include notes, ... | 1 |
LOOKBACK OPTION | An OVER-THE-COUNTER COMPLEX OPTION that grants the buyer a maximum gain by “looking back” over the price path of the ASSET and determining the point that creates the greatest economic profit. See also FLOATING STRIKE , OPTION ON THE MAXIMUM/ MINIMUM. | 0 |
forward exchange rate | exchange rate fixed today for exchanging currency at some future date (cf. spot exchange rate). | 0 |
MARGINAL COST | The change in TOTAL COST that comes from producing an incremental unit of a good or service. Marginal cost can change at each new level of production, so the marginal cost at any point relates to the change in cost for that unit. It is computed as the first derivative of total cost with respect to quantity, or:where MC... | 0 |
Low-Hanging Fruit | The term "low-hanging fruit" is a commonly-used metaphor for doing the simplest or easiest work first requiring little or no effort, or for a quick fix that produces ripe, delectable results. In investing, low-hanging fruit may refer to those obviously underpriced securities or "no-brainer" investments that would be sn... | 1 |
MULTIPLE BARRIER OPTION | An OVER-THE-COUNTER COMPLEX OPTION package that contains at least two BARRIER OPTIONS that cre- ate or extinguish an underlying EUROPEAN OPTION. Sine the multiple barrier option has two barriers the PROBABILITY of knock-in or knock- out increases. See also TWIN-IN BARRIER OPTION, TWIN-OUT BARRIER OPTION. | 0 |
Federal Insurance Contributions Act (FICA) tax | A tax or required contribution that most workers and employers pay. FICA is a payroll tax used to fund Social Security and Medicare. | 1 |
COMPANION BOND | A TRANCHE of a COLLATERALIZED MORTGAGE OBLIGATION that accompanies PLANNED AMORTIZATION CLASS (PAC) BONDS and TARGETED AMORTIZATION CLASS (TAC) BONDS. The compan- ion serves to absorb PREPAYMENT RISK, giving PACs and TACs greater CASH FLOW, and thus price stability. Also known as SUPPORT BOND. | 0 |
INTERMARKET SWEEP ORDER | In the United States, under REGULATION NMS, a LIMIT ORDER designated for automatic EXECUTION in a specified venue even when a better quote is available from another venue. In order to adhere to regulations, the order must be concurrently sent to the venues with better prices but is not subject to auto-routing. | 0 |
liquid market | A market in which securities can be bought and sold quickly and with low transaction costs. | 0 |
dividend discount model DDM | A formula stating that the intrinsic value of a firm is the present value of all expected future dividends. | 0 |
Federal Savings and Loan Insurance Corporation @FSLIC@ | An agency that provided deposit insurance to savings and loans similar to the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation that insures banks. FSLIC was eliminated in 1989. | 0 |
Liar's Poker | Liar's Poker is a game often associated with Wall Street traders. The game involves wagering on the aggregate amount of numbers appearing on the serial numbers of players' dollar bills. | 1 |
STRAIGHT-LINE DEPRECIATION | A DEPRECIATION mechanism that applies equal reductions in value to a depreciable ASSET based on the expected life of the asset. Straight-line methods are commonly applied to FIXED ASSETS that are not expected to become obsolete before the end of their economically useful lives. See also ACCELERATED DEPRECIATION.Payoff ... | 0 |
net asset value NAV | Assets minus liabilities expressed on a per-share basis. | 0 |
Scrips | A scrip is better known as a substitute or alternative to legal tender. Holding a scrip entitles the bearer to receive something in return. Scrips come in many different forms, primarily as a form of credit, with the document acknowledging the debt. Scrips also represent a temporary document representing fractional sha... | 1 |
Pareto Improvement | Under the rubric of neoclassical economic theory, a Pareto improvement occurs when a change in allocation harms no one and helps at least one person, given an initial allocation of goods for a set of persons. The theory states that Pareto improvements can keep enhancing value to an economy until it achieves a Pareto op... | 1 |
Times Interest Earned (TIE) | The times interest earned (TIE) ratio is a measure of a company's ability to meet its debt obligations based on its current income. The formula for a company's TIE number is earnings before interest and taxes (EBIT) divided by the total interest payable on bonds and other debt. | 1 |
INDEMNITY CONTRACT | An INSURANCE CONTRACT that provides the INSURED with restitution for actual losses sustained. The indemnity contract, which includes PROPERTY AND CASUALTY INSURANCE and LIABILITY INSURANCE, is designed to return the insured to the financial state it occu- pied prior to the loss. See also INDEMNITY, VALUED CONTRACT. | 0 |
Yen ETF | A yen ETF is an exchange traded fund (ETF) that tracks the relative value of Japan’s currency, the Japanese yen (JPY), in the foreign exchange (forex) market against a basket of other currencies or a single currency such as the U.S. dollar (USD). This is achieved by investing primarily in yen-backed assets, including s... | 1 |
Articles of Association | Articles of association form a document that specifies the regulations for a company's operations and defines the company's purpose. The document lays out how tasks are to be accomplished within the organization, including the process for appointing directors and the handling of financial records. | 1 |
SUBROGATION | (1) The transfer of rights of loss recovery from the INSURED to the INSURER, allowing the insurer to seek its own restitution. The insured, whose rights are transferred, is known as the subrosor; the insurer accepting the subrogated rights is known as the subrosee. (2) The right to substitute one CREDIT for another in ... | 0 |
Sweep Account | A sweep account is a bank or brokerage account that automatically transfers amounts that exceed, or fall short of, a certain level into a higher interest-earning investment option at the close of each business day. Commonly, the excess cash is swept into a money market fund. | 1 |
Depreciated Cost | Depreciated cost is the value of a fixed asset minus all of the accumulated depreciation that has been recorded against it. In a broader economic sense, the depreciated cost is the aggregate amount of capital that is "used up" in a given period, such as a fiscal year. The depreciated cost can be examined for trends in ... | 1 |
Occupational Safety And Health Act | The Occupational Safety and Health Act is a law passed by the U.S. Congress in 1970 to ensure safe workplace conditions around the country. It established the federal Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), which sets and enforces workplace health and safety standards. | 1 |
Venture Capital | Venture capital (VC) is a form of private equity and a type of financing that investors provide to startup companies and small businesses that are believed to have long-term growth potential. Venture capital generally comes from well-off investors, investment banks, and any other financial institutions. However, it doe... | 1 |
COMFORT LETTER | A letter issued by a PARENT company to a BANK or other financial institution extending CREDIT indicating that it is aware of the factthat its SUBSIDIARY or AFFILIATE is seeking funds. The comfort letter does not serve as a legal GUARANTEE, suggesting that the bank has no RECOURSE to the parent should the subsidiary or ... | 0 |
Welfare and Pension Plans Disclosure Act (WPPDA) | The Welfare Pensions Plan and Disclosure Act (WPPDA) was a 1950s-era law that gave the U.S. Department of Labor regulatory authority over private employee benefits plans for the first time. In an effort to increase transparency, the WPPDA mandated that employers and labor unions provide plan descriptions and financial ... | 1 |
theory of portfolio choice | The theory that tells how much of an asset people want to hold in their portfolio. | 0 |
Vesting | Vesting is a legal term that means to give or earn a right to a present or future payment, asset, or benefit. It is most commonly used in reference to retirement plan benefits when an employee accrues nonforfeitable rights over employer-provided stock incentives or employer contributions made to the employee's qualifie... | 1 |
Joint Owned Property | Joint owned property is any property held in the name of two or more parties. These two parties could business partners or another combination of people who have a reason to own property together. The matrimonial status of joint ownership of assets is when the two parties are husband and wife. | 1 |
Formal Sector Establishments | Formal Sector Establishments | 1 |
Initial Public Offering (IPO) | A company’s first sale of stock to the public. | 1 |
Krugerrands | Krugerrands are gold coins that were minted by the Republic of South Africa in 1967 to help promote South African gold to the international markets and to make it possible for individuals to own gold. Krugerrands are among the most frequently traded gold coins in the world market. | 1 |
SMALL GROUP | In the United Kingdom, a group with NET WORTH, REVENUES, and staffing that do not exceed specified levels, and which are therefore permitted to prepare FINANCIAL STATEMENTS according to a dif- ferent set of rules than those applied to PUBLIC COMPANIES. | 0 |
EBRD | See EUROPEAN BANK FOR RECONSTRUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT. | 0 |
Homeowner's equity | The owner's interest in a property, calculated as the current fair market value of the property less the amount of existing liens. The appraised, or carrying value, of a property minus the amount of existing liens. | 1 |
Real-Time Quote (RTQ) | A real-time quote (RTQs) is the display of the actual price of a security at that very moment in time. Quotes are the price of a stock or security displayed on various websites and ticker tapes. In most cases, these figures are not real-time numbers of where the securities are trading but are delayed quotes. Delayed qu... | 1 |
Customer Service | Customer service is the direct one-on-one interaction between a consumer making a purchase and a representative of the company that is selling it. Most retailers see this direct interaction as a critical factor in ensuring buyer satisfaction and encouraging repeat business. | 1 |
Nonresident Alien | A nonresident alien is a noncitizen who "has not passed the Green Card test or the substantial presence test," according to the Internal Revenue Service (IRS). Nonresident aliens must pay taxes on income earned in the U.S. Typical examples of nonresident aliens are teachers, people seeking medical treatment, and studen... | 1 |
CAPITALIZATION | (1) The structure and amount of CAPITAL a company has on its BALANCE SHEET. (2) An ACCOUNTING practice where a cost is recorded as a CAPITAL INVESTMENT and depreciated over several periods instead of being recorded as an expense and charged off against EARNINGS in a single period. (3) See MARKET . | 0 |
ESOT | See EMPLOYEE SHARE OWNERSHIP TRUST. | 0 |
Three Black Crows | Three black crows is a phrase used to describe a bearish candlestick pattern that may predict the reversal of an uptrend. Candlestick charts show the day's opening, high, low, and closing prices for a particular security. For stocks moving higher, the candlestick is white or green. When moving lower, they are black or ... | 1 |
Attribute | A characteristic that is qualitative in nature. It cannot be measured. | 1 |
Systematic Risk | Risk that cannot be diversified away. | 0 |
COMPLIANCE | The processes used by BANKS and other FINANCIAL INSTI- TUTIONS to ensure adherence to the legal and regulatory rules governing their business. | 0 |
Alternative Depreciation System (ADS) | An alternative depreciation system (ADS) is one of the methods the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) requires taxpayers to use to determine the depreciation allowed on business assets. An ADS has a depreciation schedule with a longer recovery period that generally better mirrors the asset's income streams than declining b... | 1 |
SHORT AGAINST THE BOX | A practice of BORROWING SECURITIES from a SECURITIES FIRM or BROKER/DEALER and selling them SHORT in order to protect gains embedded in an offsetting LONG POSITION. From a TAX perspective, shorting against the box is generally considered a “construct- ive sale” that generates a CAPITAL GAINS LIABILITY. | 0 |
Sensitivity Analysis | A sensitivity analysis determines how different values of an independent variable affect a particular dependent variable under a given set of assumptions. In other words, sensitivity analyses study how various sources of uncertainty in a mathematical model contribute to the model's overall uncertainty. This technique i... | 1 |
DIVIDEND | A periodic amount a company pays from its net EARNINGS to COMMON STOCK and/or PREFERRED STOCK INVESTORS; dividend payments are generally discretionary, meaning they can be suspended at will, though in certain instances they are made mandatory through terms of a SECURITIES issue. In most systems the BOARD OF DIRECTORS i... | 0 |
Loan Shark | A loan shark is a person who – or an entity that – loans money at extremely high interest rates and often uses threats of violence to collect debts. The interest rates are generally well above an established legal rate, and often loan sharks are members of organized crime groups. | 1 |
Group Life Insurance | Group life insurance is offered by an employer or another large-scale entity, such as an association or labor organization, to its workers or members. It is fairly inexpensive, may even be free, and is pretty common nationwide. It has a relatively low coverage amount and is typically offered as a piece of a larger empl... | 1 |
Unbundling | Unbundling is a process by which a company with several different lines of businesses retains core businesses while selling off, spinning off, or carving out assets, product lines, divisions, or subsidiaries. | 1 |
Yield on Earning Assets | The yield on earning assets is a popular financial solvency ratio that compares a financial institution’s interest income to its earning assets. Yield on earning assets indicates how well assets are performing by looking at how much income they bring in. | 1 |
ACH | See AUTOMATIC CLEARINGHOUSE. | 0 |
Capital resources | Goods that have been produced and are used to produce other goods and services. They are used over and over again in the production process. Also called capital goods and physical capital. | 1 |
UBS | UBS (derived from the Union Bank of Switzerland) is a multinational diversified financial services company headquartered in Zurich and Basel. UBS is involved in virtually all major financial activities, including retail and commercial banking, investment banking, investment management, and wealth management. UBS has a ... | 1 |
PREMIUM TAX | A TAX payable by an INSURER to a state or jurisdiction based on the amount of PREMIUMS earned from INSURANCE activities. Premium taxes are generally included in EXPENSE LOADING. | 0 |
Defeasance | Defeasance is a provision in a contract that voids a bond or loan on a balance sheet when the borrower sets aside cash or bonds sufficient enough to service the debt. The borrower sets aside cash to pay off the bonds; therefore, the outstanding debt and cash offset each other on the balance sheet and do not need to be ... | 1 |
Tax Deduction | A tax deduction is a deduction that lowers a person’s or an organization’s tax liability by lowering their taxable income. Deductions are typically expenses that the taxpayer incurs during the year that can be applied against or subtracted from their gross income to figure out how much tax is owed. | 1 |
DEALER MARKET | A financial marketplace where activity is restricted to DEALERS acting as PRINCIPALS for their own accounts; BROKERS acting as AGENTS for their clients are not permitted to participate. See also AUCTION. | 0 |
Market Model | A model most commonly used by traders. | 0 |
variation margin | See maintenance margin. | 0 |
internal rate of return (irr) | discount rate at which investment has zero net present value. | 0 |
Private Company | A private company is a firm held under private ownership. Private companies may issue stock and have shareholders, but their shares do not trade on public exchanges and are not issued through an initial public offering (IPO). As a result, private firms do not need to meet the Securities and Exchange Commission's (SEC) ... | 1 |
liquidity services | Services that make it easier for customers to conduct transactions. | 0 |
PUBLIC SECTOR | The broad component of the economy that is related to the government, which typically centers on social services, health, defense, and any state-run CORPORATIONS. | 0 |
BLUE CHIP | The COMMON STOCK of a high quality company, gener- ally one with a large MARKET CAPITALIZATION, established reputation and market share, and a strong record of growth and EARNINGS. | 0 |
BACKTESTING | The process of determining the validity of a VALUE-AT-RISK model by comparing actual profit and loss experience with results predicted by the model. The process is also applicable in INVESTMENT management, where an investment strategy is applied to prior periods to create a hypothetical per- formance history. See also ... | 0 |
Freudian Motivation Theory | Freudian motivation theory posits that unconscious psychological forces, such as hidden desires and motives, shape an individual's behavior, like their purchasing patterns. This theory was developed by Sigmund Freud who, in addition to being a medical doctor, is synonymous with the field of psychoanalysis. | 1 |
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