input stringlengths 1 125 | context stringlengths 8 1.18k | output int64 0 1 |
|---|---|---|
M-Pesa | M-Pesa is a mobile banking service that allows users to store and transfer money through their mobile phones. M-Pesa was introduced in Kenya as an alternative way for the population of the country to have access to financial services. Safaricom, the largest mobile phone operator in Kenya, launched M-Pesa in 2007. The s... | 1 |
REVERSE REPO | See REVERSE REPURCHASE AGREEMENT. | 0 |
PASSPORTING | The ability for BANKS and other FINANCIAL INSTITU- TIONS operating in the EUROPEAN UNION to provide services in all EU coun- tries once they have been approved to provide such services in any one country. | 0 |
PREFERENCE | The transfer of valuable property within 90 days of a com- pany’s BANKRUPTCY filing; preference payments made by the company to third parties that prejudice or impair the position of CREDITORS, or which favor one creditor over others, may be subject to CLAWBACK by the TRUSTEE or RECEIVER. Also known as VOIDABLE . See a... | 0 |
Nifty 50 | The Nifty Fifty was a group of 50 large-cap stocks on the New York Stock Exchange that were most favored by institutional investors in the 1960s and 1970s. Investment in these top 50 stocks—similar to blue-chip stocks of today—is said to have propelled the American economy to its bull market of the 1970s. Companies in ... | 1 |
Liquidity Adjustment Facility | A liquidity adjustment facility (LAF) is a tool used in monetary policy, primarily by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) that allows banks to borrow money through repurchase agreements (repos) or to make loans to the RBI through reverse repo agreements. This arrangement is effective in managing liquidity pressures and ass... | 1 |
RATE-SENSITIVE ASSETS | ASSETS of a FINANCIAL INSTITUTION that are exposed to changes in INTEREST RATES (e.g., FIXED INCOME INVESTMENTS,REVERSE REPURCHASE AGREEMENTS, LOANS). Measurement of rate-sensi- tive assets is an essential component of GAP MANAGEMENT; by determining sensitivity to changes in interest rates, a financial institution can ... | 0 |
Law of Supply and Demand | The law of supply and demand is a theory that explains the interaction between the sellers of a resource and the buyers for that resource. The theory defines the relationship between the price of a given good or product and the willingness of people to either buy or sell it. Generally, as price increases, people are wi... | 1 |
Key Performance Indicators (KPI) | Key performance indicators (KPIs) refer to a set of quantifiable measurements used to gauge a company’s overall long-term performance. | 1 |
NONCOMPETITIVE TRADING | An illegal practice where a DEALER or MARKET MAKER executes a client ORDER within a proprietary account, with- out first exposing it to the market. Noncompetitive trading reduces transpar- ency into order flows and allows dealers to profit at the expense of clients. | 0 |
Federal Reserve Districts | Twelve regions in the United States that are represented by a reserve bank. | 1 |
Ontario Securities Commission (OSC) | The Ontario Securities Commission (OSC) is the largest securities regulator in Canada, enforcing securities laws in the province of Ontario. As a crown corporation, the OSC is answerable to the provincial government of Ontario. | 1 |
C-Suite | C-suite, or C-level, is widely-used vernacular describing a cluster of a corporation's most important senior executives. C-suite gets its name from the titles of top senior executives, which tend to start with the letter C, for "chief," as in chief executive officer (CEO), chief financial officer (CFO), chief operating... | 1 |
Writ | The term writ refers to a formal, legal document that orders a person or entity to perform or to cease performing a specific action or deed. Writs are drafted by judges, courts, or other entities that have administrative or judicial jurisdiction. These documents are part of common law and are often issued after a judgm... | 1 |
ABA TRANSIT NUMBER | In the United States, a unique identifier assigned by the AMERICAN BANKERS ASSOCIATION to a BANK, which is used in rout- ing of CHECKS and WIRE TRANSFERS. | 0 |
DEAD CAT BOUNCE | A temporary recovery in a market or SECURITY following a steady or sharp decline; the recovery is typically fleeting and the downward trajectory generally continues. | 0 |
Red Herring Filing | A red herring is a preliminary prospectus filed by a company with the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), usually in connection with the company's initial public offering (IPO). A red herring prospectus contains most of the information pertaining to the company's operations and prospects but does not include key ... | 1 |
Liquidity Trap | A liquidity trap is a contradictory economic situation in which interest rates are very low and savings rates are high, rendering monetary policy ineffective. First described by economist John Maynard Keynes, during a liquidity trap, consumers choose to avoid bonds and keep their funds in cash savings because of the pr... | 1 |
commercial draft (bill of exchange) | demand for payment. | 0 |
Social Sciences | Social sciences are a group of academic disciplines dedicated to examining society. This branch of science studies how people interact with each other, behave, develop as a culture, and influence the world. | 1 |
Appraisal Costs | Appraisal costs are a specific category of quality control costs. Companies pay appraisal costs as part of the quality control process to ensure that their products and services meet customer expectations and regulatory requirements. These costs could include expenses for field tests and inspections. | 1 |
Life-Cycle Hypothesis (LCH) | The life-cycle hypothesis (LCH) is an economic theory that describes the spending and saving habits of people over the course of a lifetime. The concept was developed by Franco Modigliani and his student Richard Brumberg in the early 1950s. The theory is that individuals seek to smooth consumption throughout their life... | 1 |
Substitution effect | @of a price change@. The tendency of consumers to consume more of a good when its relative price falls @to “sub-stitute” in favor of that good@ and to consume less of the good when its relative price increases @to “substitute” away from that good@. This substitution effect of a price change leads to a downward-slopin... | 1 |
Day Trade | A trade that is entered into and closed out on the same day. | 0 |
on the run | Recently issued bond, selling at or near par value. | 0 |
OUTSTANDING SHARES | The total amount of SHARES issued by a com- pany and which are currently held by INVESTORS, including shares held by employees and executives but excluding shares that have been repurchased from the market under a TREASURY STOCK program. Also known as ISSUED AND OUTSTANDING, SHARES OUTSTANDING.CREDIT DERIVATIVE, CURREN... | 0 |
Paradox of Thrift | The paradox of thrift, or paradox of savings, is an economic theory that posits that personal savings are a net drag on the economy during a recession. This theory relies on the assumption that prices do not clear or that producers fail to adjust to changing conditions, contrary to the expectations of classical microec... | 1 |
effective annual yield | Annualized interest rate on a security computed using compound interest techniques. | 0 |
Unrealized Loss | An unrealized loss is a "paper" loss that results from holding an asset that has decreased in price, but not yet selling it and realizing the loss. An investor may prefer to let a loss go unrealized in the hope that the asset will eventually recover in price, thereby at least breaking even or posting a marginal profit.... | 1 |
Japan Inc. | Japan, Inc. is a descriptor for that country’s modern, highly centralized economic system and development strategy of export-led growth. In a sense, Japan since the 1980s has been defined by a corporate culture of capitalism and export profits. Despite its rapid growth of corporatism, the country experienced prolonged ... | 1 |
Foreign Tax Credit | The foreign tax credit is a non-refundable tax credit for income taxes paid to a foreign government as a result of foreign income tax withholdings. The foreign tax credit is available to anyone who either works in a foreign country or has investment income from a foreign source. | 1 |
NATIONAL ASSOCIATION (N.A.) | In the United States, a term appended to certain federally chartered BANKS, which are required by REGULATORS to include the term “national” in their names. | 0 |
Parent Company | A parent company is a company that has a controlling interest in another company, giving it control of its operations. Parent companies can be either hands-on or hands-off owners of its subsidiaries, depending on the amount of managerial control given to subsidiary managers, but will always maintain a certain level of ... | 1 |
ASSET ALLOCATION | The process of investing CAPITAL across, or within, a specific set of ASSET classes in order to achieve a desired RISK/RETURN profile. See also DISCRETIONARY TACTICAL , STRATEGIC , SYSTEMATIC TACTICAL , TACTICAL . | 0 |
ARREARS SWAP | An INTEREST RATE SWAP with a FLOATING RATE that is set in arrears rather than in advance; thus, the rate may be set two days before payment date, rather than six months plus two days before payment date (as on a standard semiannual swap). Also known as IN-, LIBOR IN-. | 0 |
Net Present Value Rule | The net present value rule is the idea that company managers and investors should only invest in projects or engage in transactions that have a positive net present value (NPV). They should avoid investing in projects that have a negative net present value. It is a logical outgrowth of net present value theory. | 1 |
INSTALLMENT OPTION | An OVER-THE-COUNTER COMPLEX OPTION allow- ing the buyer to pay the seller PREMIUM in installments, rather than upfront, and to cancel the CONTRACT at any time by suspending remaining payments. If the buyer completes all required payments, the seller grants a conventional EUROPEAN OPTION with contract details as specifi... | 0 |
INTANGIBLE | See ASSET. | 0 |
Yearly Probability of Dying | Yearly probability of dying is a numerical figure that depicts the likelihood of someone dying per year. The yearly probability of dying is determined by looking at a mortality table which shows the rate of death at each age in terms of the number of deaths per thousand. The data in the chart is determined by dividing ... | 1 |
SURPLUS LINES INSURANCE | INSURANCE cover that cannot be obtained from an ADMITTED INSURER and which must therefore be provided by a NONADMITTED INSURER. Also known as EXCESS . | 0 |
FREE MARKET ECONOMY | An economic system where the means of pro- duction and distribution are primarily owned by the private sector, and where government involvement is very limited. The economy encourages competi- tion and resource allocation and pricing is driven primarily by market forces of SUPPLY and DEMAND. Also known as MARKET ECONOM... | 0 |
Credit Derivative | A derivative whose payoff depends on the creditworthiness of one or more companies or countries. | 0 |
Say's law | SUPPLY creates its own DEMAND. So argued a French economist, Jean-Baptiste Say (1767-1832), and many classical and neo-classical economists since. KEYNES argued against Say, making the case for the use of FISCAL POLICY to boost demand if there is not enough of it to produce FULL EMPLOYMENT. | 1 |
POSITIVE BASIS | A market state where the price of the cash or SPOT MARKET SECURITY is greater than the price of the underlying FUTURES contract. See also BASIS RISK, NEGATIVE BASIS. | 0 |
Dynasty Trust | A dynasty trust is a long-term trust created to pass wealth from generation to generation without incurring transfer taxes—such as the gift tax, estate tax, or generation-skipping transfer tax (GSTT)—for as long as assets remain in the trust. | 1 |
Form 1099-MISC | Form 1099-MISC: Miscellaneous Income (or Miscellaneous Information, as it's called starting in 2021) is an Internal Revenue Service (IRS) form used to report certain types of miscellaneous compensation, such as rents, prizes and awards, healthcare payments, and payments to an attorney. Before the 2020 tax year, Form 10... | 1 |
PORTFOLIO MANAGER | A financial professional that invests the CAPITAL of investors in a range of SECURITIES. The manager may choose an active or pas- sive strategy, and may specialize in particular ASSET classes, such as EQUITIES, FIXED INCOME, EMERGING MARKETS, and so forth. Also known as ASSET MANAGER, INVESTMENT MANAGER. | 0 |
THRIFT | See SAVINGS AND LOAN ASSOCIATION. | 0 |
EQUITY | (1) In INSURANCE, the concept of pricing fairness across CON- TRACTS. PREMIUMS must be set according to the loss expectations within RISK classifications; those with the same risk characteristics should face thesame premium and should not be subject to any discriminatory pricing. (2) See CAPITAL, COMMON SHARES, COMMON ... | 0 |
Investment Advisor | An investment advisor (also known as a stock broker) is any person or group that makes investment recommendations or conducts securities analysis in return for a fee, whether through direct management of clients' assets or by way of written publications. The precise definition of the term was established through the In... | 1 |
Equity Financing | Equity financing is the process of raising capital through the sale of shares. Companies raise money because they might have a short-term need to pay bills, or they might have a long-term goal and require funds to invest in their growth. By selling shares, a company is effectively selling ownership in their company in ... | 1 |
Whitewash Resolution | Whitewash resolution is a European term used in conjunction with the Companies Act of 1985, which refers to a resolution that must be passed before a target company in a buyout situation can give financial assistance to the buyer of the target. A whitewash resolution occurs when directors of the target company must swe... | 1 |
Overnight Trading | Overnight trading refers to trades that are placed after an exchange’s close and before its open. Overnight trading hours can vary based on the type of exchange in which an investor seeks to transact. Not all markets have overnight trading. Overnight trading is an extension of after-hours trading. | 1 |
Flexible Manufacturing Systems (FMS) | A flexible manufacturing system (FMS) is a production method that is designed to easily adapt to changes in the type and quantity of the product being manufactured. Machines and computerized systems can be configured to manufacture a variety of parts and handle changing levels of production. | 1 |
RIGHTS OFFERING | See RIGHTS ISSUE. | 0 |
wealth | All resources owned by an individual, includ-ing all assets. | 0 |
nonconventional monetary policy tools | Three non-interest-rate tools used to stimulate the economy | 0 |
LONG ONLY | A common HEDGE FUND or INVESTMENT strategy where a manager creates a PORTFOLIO of LONG positions in an EQUITY market. The strategy only permits the manager to express views on stocks that are believed to be undervalued. A long only portfolio generates SYSTEMATIC RISK and IDIOSYNCRATIC RISK. See also MARKET NEUTRAL. | 0 |
AMORTIZING SWAP | An OVER-THE-COUNTER SWAP featuring a NOTIONAL PRINCIPAL balance that amortizes, or declines, on a preset schedule or throughthe triggering of a market event (commonly the breaching of an INTEREST RATE level). Amortizing swaps typically have a LOCKOUT PERIOD during which amortization is prohibited. See also ACCRETING SW... | 0 |
Wage drift | The difference between basic pay and total earnings. Wage drift consists of things such as overtime payments, bonuses, PROFIT share and performance-related pay. It usually increases during periods of strong GROWTH and declines during an economic downturn. | 1 |
stripped bond (strip) | bond that is subdivided into a series of zero-coupon bonds. | 0 |
Value Network Analysis | Value network analysis is the assessment of an organization's members and the interactions of these members within a value network. Value network analysis is usually done by visualizing relationships using a chart or web. | 1 |
Comprehensive Income | Comprehensive income is the variation in a company's net assets from non-owner sources during a specific period. Comprehensive income includes net income and unrealized income, such as unrealized gains or losses on hedge/derivative financial instruments and foreign currency transaction gains or losses. Comprehensive in... | 1 |
Hyperledger | Hyperledger is a global enterprise blockchain project that offers the necessary framework, standards, guidelines, and tools to build open source blockchains and related applications for use across various industries. Hyperledger's projects include a variety of enterprise-ready permissioned blockchain platforms, where n... | 1 |
408(k) Plan | A 408(k) account, commonly referred to as a Simplified Employee Pension (SEP) plan, is an employer-sponsored, retirement savings plan. The 408(k) plan is the SEP version of the popular 401(k) plan. A SEP is intended for smaller companies, such as those with fewer than 25 employees. | 1 |
Implied Tree | A tree describing the movements of an asset price that is constructed to be consistent with observed option prices. | 0 |
IMPORT DUTY | A TAX or TARIFF applied to goods that are being IMPORTED into a country, generally as a way of controlling the inflow of foreign goods and to generate additional tax-based REVENUES. An import duty may be lev- ied via a fixed charge or on an AD VALOREM basis. | 0 |
VARIANCE/COVARIANCE MATRIX | A matrix of COVARIANCES between the variables in a vector, reflecting VARIANCES on the diagonal and covari- ances on the off-diagonal. The matrix is commonly used in PORTFOLIO ana- lysis and VALUE-AT-RISK computations. The general form of a two-variable matrix is given as:σ2⎣where x, y are variables, cov is the covaria... | 0 |
Scarcity | The distinguishing charac-teristic of an economic good. That an economic good is scarce means not that it is rare but only that it is not freely available for the taking. To obtain such a good, one must either produce it or offer other economic goods in exchange. | 1 |
Discount Yield | The discount yield is a way of calculating a bond's return when it is sold at a discount to its face value, expressed as a percentage. Discount yield is commonly used to calculate the yield on municipal notes, commercial paper and treasury bills sold at a discount. | 1 |
Deficit Spending | In the simplest terms, deficit spending is when a government's expenditures exceed its revenues during a fiscal period, causing it to run a budget deficit. The phrase "deficit spending" often implies a Keynesian approach to economic stimulus, in which the government takes on debt while using its spending power to creat... | 1 |
CHARTERED FINANCIAL ANALYST (CFA) | A professional designation awarded to those who have completed the examination requirements of the CFA program, which focuses on INVESTMENT MANAGEMENT, ECONOMICS, SECURITIES ANALYSIS, and ACCOUNTING. | 0 |
Enterprise Multiple | Enterprise multiple, also known as the EV multiple, is a ratio used to determine the value of a company. The enterprise multiple, which is enterprise value divided by earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation, and amortization (EBITDA), looks at a company the way a potential acquirer would by considering the compan... | 1 |
Special Purpose Acquisition Company (SPAC) | A special purpose acquisition company (SPAC) is a company with no commercial operations that is formed strictly to raise capital through an initial public offering (IPO) for the purpose of acquiring an existing company. Also known as "blank check companies," SPACs have been around for decades. In recent years, they've ... | 1 |
GAAP | See GENERALLY ACCEPTED ACCOUNTING PRINCIPLES. | 0 |
UNDERBANKED | A future NEW ISSUE of SECURITIES with few INDICATI- ONS OF INTEREST, suggesting that the deal may be difficult for the SYNDICATE to place with INVESTORS unless pricing or other deal terms are altered. | 0 |
Depression | A prolonged period characterized by high unemploy-ment, low output and investment, dence, falling prices, and widespread business failures. A milder form of business downturn is a recession, which has many of the features of a depression to a lesser extent. | 1 |
cash/bond selection | Asset allocation in which the choice is between short-term cash equivalents and longer-term bonds. | 0 |
Peak pricing | When CAPACITY is fixed and DEMAND varies during a time period, it may make sense to charge above-AVERAGE PRICES when demand peaks. Because this will divert some peak demand to cheaper off-peak periods, it will reduce the total amount of capacity needed at the peak and reduce the amount of capacity lying idle at off-... | 1 |
CAPE Ratio | The CAPE ratio is a valuation measure that uses real earnings per share (EPS) over a 10-year period to smooth out fluctuations in corporate profits that occur over different periods of a business cycle. The CAPE ratio, using the acronym for cyclically adjusted price-to-earnings ratio, was popularized by Yale University... | 1 |
Competitive advantage | Something that gives a firm (or a person or a country) an edge over its rivals. | 1 |
Widow's Exemption | A widow’s exemption refers to a reduction of tax burdens on a taxpayer following the death of a spouse. State laws vary, but generally allow for a reduction in taxes for a surviving spouse for a certain period, which often comes in the form of a reduction in property taxes. On a federal level, widows and widowers recei... | 1 |
Barter exchange | Exchange of commodities without the mediation of money. | 1 |
Deficit Spending Unit | A deficit spending unit is an economic term used to describe how an economy, or an economic group within that economy, has spent more than it has earned over a specified measurement period. Both companies and governments may experience a deficit spending unit. | 1 |
CONTINGENT SURPLUS NOTES | A form of PRE-LOSS FINANCING where an INSURER or REINSURER issues NOTES to INVESTORS via a TRUST if a pre- defined loss-making TRIGGER event occurs. The issuance provides funding to compensate for losses sustained. See also CONTINGENT CAPITAL. | 0 |
Uniform Commercial Code (UCC) | The Uniform Commercial Code (UCC) is a standardized set of laws and regulations for transacting business. Then UCC code was established because it was becoming increasingly difficult for companies to transact business across state lines given the various state laws. | 1 |
Call | A call, in finance, will usually mean one of two things. | 1 |
Scenario analysis | Testing your plans against various possible scenarios to see what might happen should things not go as you hope. Scenario analysis is an important technique in RISK MANAGEMENT, helping FIRMS and especially financial institutions to ensure that they do not take on too much RISK. Its usefulness does of course depend on r... | 1 |
Shareholder value | Putting shareholders first; the notion that all business activity should aim to maximise the total value of a company’s SHARES. Some critics argue that concentrating on shareholder value will be harmful to a company’s other STAKEHOLDERS, such as employees, suppliers and customers. | 1 |
PREANNOUNCEMENT | A process used by a PUBLIC COMPANY where it releases financial or corporate information (particularly forecast earnings) to the marketplace ahead of a formally scheduled release date to allow the market to absorb the information and dampen the potential impact on its STOCK PRICE. | 0 |
UNDERLYING | The ASSET or market reference defining or underpinning a DERIVATIVE contract. | 0 |
Procyclic | Procyclic describes a state where the behavior and actions of a measurable product or service move in tandem with the cyclical condition of the economy. | 1 |
reinsurance | Allocating a portion of the risk to another company in exchange for a portion of the premium. | 0 |
Investors | People of institutions who provide money or other assets to a company in return for possible financial gain in the future. | 1 |
Rent Control | Rent control is a government program that places a limit on the amount that a landlord can demand for leasing a home or renewing a lease. Rent control laws are usually enacted by municipalities, and the details vary widely. All are intended to keep living costs affordable for lower-income residents. | 1 |
Sole Proprietorship | A sole proprietorship also referred to as a sole trader or a proprietorship, is an unincorporated business that has just one owner who pays personal income tax on profits earned from the business. | 1 |
UCLA Anderson School of Management | UCLA Anderson School of Management is the graduate business school of the University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA). Founded in 1935 and located in Los Angeles, California, it is considered one of the most prestigious business schools in the United States. | 1 |
Unemployment | @1@ In economic terms, involuntary unemployment ed workers who are willing to work at prevailing wages but cannot cial @U.S. -nition, a worker is unemployed if he or she @ a @ is not working and @ b @ either is waiting for recall from layoff or has actively looked for work in the last 4 weeks. See also frictiona... | 1 |
Pro Forma Invoice | A pro forma invoice is a preliminary bill of sale sent to buyers in advance of a shipment or delivery of goods. The invoice will typically describe the purchased items and other important information, such as the shipping weight and transport charges. | 1 |
full-payout lease | financial lease. | 0 |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.